Tîrpeşti: From Prehistory to History in Eastern Romania 9780860541257, 9781407324715

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Tirpe�ti From Prehistory to History in Eastern Romania Silvia Marinescu-Bilcu translated from the Romanian by Georgeta Bolomey

BAR International Series I 07 1981

B.A.R.

B.A.R., 122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, M.A.

B .A .R. S107, 1981: "Tirpesti: Eastern Romania"

From Prehistory to History in

© Silvia Marinescu-Bilcu, 1981 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860541257 paperback ISBN 9781407324715 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860541257 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS

P age

1

F oreword C hap ter

I

The S i te a nd E xcava t ions

3

The L inear P o t tery L eve l

8

I I

T he P recucuten i L eve l

2 4

I V

The C ucuten i o ccupa t ion

5 0

V

R ema ins f ro m P hases A-B a nd B o f t he

V I

V I I

C ucuten i C u lture

8 2

P er iod o f Trans i t ion f ro m t he C ha lco li th ic t o t he B ronze Age

8 9

Bronze Age a nd Ha l ls ta t t

V I I I

The Bas tarnae , b y Mircea Babe

I X X X I

1 02 §1 09

The Daco-Carp ic Occupa t ion

1 14

The S ix th-Seven th C en tur ies A .D .

1 23

C onc lus ions

1 26

R eferences

1 59

The C ha lco li th ic P a laeofauna f ro m t he S e t t le men ts o f Ti rpe§t i ( Precucu ten i a nd C ucu ten i A 1-A2 C u l tures ) , b y O lga N ecrasov a nd Mar ia

5 t ir b u

1 74

I n me mor ia m c ar issi maru m am icaru m S uzana Bogdan e t Mar iana S to icescu

Draw ings b y E lena Beche§ Arge § E pure C orne lia L ungu I u liana Barnea Constan t in C onstant iniu Pho tos b y

Dan P er ianu

FOREWORD

To g ive r esearchers i n o ther c oun tr ies a c lear n o t ion o f t he ma ter ia l d es cr ibed a nd t o f ac i li ta te g eograph ic l oca t ion , we h ave c hosen a c o mprehens ive t i t le , c over ing a nd d ef in ing t he who le a rchaeo log ica l c o mp lex u nder c ons iderat i on .

I n f ac t t h is i s t he r epor t o n s evera l s easons o f e xcava t ion o n t he s i te

a t Ti rpe§t i , av i l lage b e long ing t o t he c om mune o f P e tr ican i , C oun ty N ea m t „ where , a lthough mos t d iscover ies d a te f ro m t he N eo l ith ic a nd C ha lco l i th ic , h ab i ta t ion c on t inued , w i th n atura l b reaks , o ver a v ery l ong t ime , e nding i n t he s ix th-seven th c en tur ies A . D . We wan t t o e xp la in o ur a pproach t o c er tain p rob le ms n o t t o j us t ify o urs e lves , b ut t o a n t ic ipa te t he q ues t ions t o wh ich b o th t ex t a nd i l lustra t ions migh t g ive r ise . S ta t is t ica l d a ta a re m issing , f i rs t b ecause t hey wou ld h ave o n ly t hrown c onfus ion i n to t he e ssen t ia l r esearch .

F or e xa mp le , s o me C ha lco li th ic dwe l-

l i ngs , wh ich h ad b een a bandoned i n ah urry , p robab ly d ur ing a r ap id a nd i nt ense f i re , c on tained l arger amoun ts o f ma ter ia l , ma in ly p ot tery , whereas o thers , wh ich h ad b een l ef t w i thou t h aste , were p rac t ica l ly emp ty o f c o mp le te v esse ls .

Th is a pp lies i n p ar t icu lar t o t he C ucuten i dwe l lings .

A c o mpar ison ,

b ased o n s ta t is t ica l d a ta , b etween s uch i nstances wou ld h ave l ed t o s er ious e rrors .

As f or t he P recucu ten i dwe l l ings , a l mos t a l l were a bandoned a t

l e isure a nd t heir o ccupan ts c ou ld t ake p rac t ica l ly a l l t he i n tac t ware w ith t he m . S ince o n ly t he ma ter ia l d iscovered i n t he r u ined dwe l lings d ur ing a nd a f ter c lear ing was i nc luded i n t he i nven tory , a nd t ha t f ound o uts ide t he m was n o t , a l though i t migh t h ave b e longed t o t he m , as ta t is t ic wou ld h ave p rov ided a d ist or ted p ic ture a nd a ny c onc lus ions d rawn f ro m i t wou ld h ave b een u nre liab le . I f we may v en ture a n o p in ion , i t s ee ms t ha t n o c onc lus ions t ha t r evo lu t ion ized a rchaeo logy h ave b een d er ived f rom a ny s ta t is t ica l s urvey o ft he p o t tery u ne ar thed f ro m a ny s e t t lemen t .

Wha t i s more , d a ta h ave a c er ta in v a lue o n ly

i fe xhaust ive e xcava t ions h ave b een c arr ied o u t a nd a l l t he ma ter ia l h as b een c o l lec ted . F ur ther more , t he r a t io b e tween a c omp le te p a in ted v esse l a nd t he s herds o f an on-res torab le j ar , f or i ns tance , may b e 1t o 4 0 , wh ich makes t he r es u lt ing e rror e ven more o bv ious .

We wou ld a lso a dd a no ther f ac t , o f wh ich

o n ly a rchaeo log is ts who e xcava ted C ha lco li th ic s e t t lemen ts i n S outh-Eas t E urope c an b e aware .

S uch a h uge amoun t o f c era m ic ma ter ia l , s o me t i mes

e x treme ly f rag mentary , i s b rough t t o l i gh t f rom e very C ucuten i o r G u me ln4a s e t t le ment t ha t c oun t ing i ti s ap rac t ica l ly imposs ib le j ob f or a t ea m o f t wo o r t hree , l e t a lone f or a n a rchaeo log is t work ing a lone i n t he f ie ld . S ince t he l arge q uan t i ty o f ma ter ia l p rec luded i t s f u l l p ic tor ia l r epresent a t ion , we h ave e ndeavoured t o i l lus tra te a l l c lasses i n e qui tab le p ropor t ions . Moreover , f or t echn ica l r easons , t he i l lus tra t ions c ou ld n o t b e o rgan ized , a s

1

t hey s hou ld h ave b een , o n o ther c r i ter ia t han t ha t o f c a tegor ies o f o b jec ts . I fa l l t he i nven tory o f a dwe l ling ( po t tery , t oo ls , f i gur ines , e tc . )h ad b een p laced o n t he s a me p la te , c on ta ining b ico lour a nd mu lt ico lour p ic tures a nd l i ne d raw ings , t ypograph ica l r eproduc t ion wou ld h ave b een i mposs ib le .

H owever ,

t he i nven tory o f e ach dwe l ling c an b e r eadi ly p ut t oge ther b ecause t he n u mber o ft he dwe l ling i s men t ioned f or a l l t he a r tefac ts r ecovered f ro m dwe l l ings . A s r egards p o tsherds , s ome t i mes i t was i mposs ib le t o i l lus tra te a l l t hose f ound , wh i le a t o ther t imes o n ly a f ew e xa mp les c ou ld b e p rov ided d ue t o t he s carc i ty o f t he ma ter ia l .

B u t a l l t he c omp le te a nd r es torab le a r tefac ts , a l l

t he c harac ter is t ic f or ms a nd t oo ls o f e very p reh is tor ic c u lture a re r epresen ted . The l a te ma ter ia l, i .e . f rom t he s econd-th ird a nd s ix th-seven th c entur ies A .D . ,i s i l lus tra ted s e lec t ive ly , b ecause t he a rea i nhab ited

a t t he t ime

s tre tches f ar b eyond t he i nves t iga ted t rac t o f l and , a nd we h ave l ef t t he d oor o pen f or f u ture r esearch a nd f or a f u ture s tudy o f t he mater ia l b y a ssoc ia t ions ( obv ious ly , p rov ided t ha t e xp lora t ion i s e x tended i n t he c o ming y ears ) . E xcava t ing o n t he e dge o f t he t errace was p oss ib le t hanks t o g rants-in-a id f ro m t he Museu m o f t he f ormer B acäu R eg ion .

We a re much i ndeb ted t o I u l ian

A n tonescu , t hen D irec tor o f t he Museu m , who d id e very th ing i n h is p ower t o f i nance o ur f i e ld work , a nd It ake t h is o ppor tun ity t o t hank h im o nce a ga in f or h is i nva luab le s uppor t . Iam e spec ia l ly g ra tefu l t o Mrs . H or tensia Du m i trescu a nd t o my men tor P rofessor V ladim ir Du m i trescu w i thou t whose p resence o n t he s i te l arges ca le e xcava t ions wou ld n o t h ave b een c arr ied o ut .

To my c o l league a nd f r iend

E rsi l ia T udor , who was w i th u s d ur ing t wo e xcava t ing s easons , a nd t o a l l t he s tuden ts who h e lped u s Ia lso e xpress my t hanks . Iowe much t o t he E ncyc lopaedic a nd S c ien t if ic P ub lishing House o f B uchar es t a nd t o t he e di tors o f B r i t ish Archaeo log ica l R epor ts who h ave made p oss ib le t he p ub lica t ion o f t h is work . It hank E lena B eche§ , Arge § E pure , C orne lia L ungu , I u l iana B arnea a nd C ons tan t in C ons tan t in iu f or t he d raw ings , Dan Per ianu f or t he p ho tographs , a nd i n p ar t icu lar E lena B eche§ who made t he r econs truc t ions o f t he dwe l lings , s e t t le men ts a nd ware , u s ing a l l h er t a len t , s par ing n o e f for t a nd h av ing p a t ience w i th my o f ten t ry ing d e mands . Ia lso t hank my f r iend George ta B o lomey who t ook g rea t p ains t o f i nd t he a ppropr ia te a rchaeo log ica l t erms a nd t o t rans la te t he t ext i n to g ood E ng l ish . To my work Ih ave a dded t he c on tr ibu t ion o f P rofessor O lga N ecrasov a nd Mar ia S t irbu o n t he f auna l r e ma ins f ro m Ti rpe§t i a nd t hat o f M ircea B abe§ o n t he v est iges o f t he B as tarnae . S . M . -B .

2

THE S ITE AND EXCAVATIONSx ( F ig . 1 -10 )

Geographers d ef ine t he Mo ldovan P la teau a s " the h i l ly r eg ion w i th w ide f l a t i n terf luves wh ich e x tends f ro m t he C arpa th ians ( t he Obcine o f B ucov ina ) a nd t he ir f oo th i l ls t o t he v a l ley o f t he Dn ies ter i n t he e as t a nd n or th , a nd t o t he R o man ian P la in i n t he s outh . "1

A long i t s wes tern l im i t " a d epress iona l

c orr idor s epara tes t he p la teau p roper a nd t he C arpa th ian-Precarpa th ian a rea . .. Th is c orr idor , b ordered b y t he t wo b ig v a l leys o f t he Mo ldova a nd t he S ire t i n t he west o f t he Mo ldovan P la teau , i s c a l led t he Mo ldova-S ire t c orr ii 2 d or . t S outh o f t he N ea mt v a l ley t he c orr idor n arrows a s ar esu lt o f t he e as tward c ou lee o f g rave l f rom " the g rea t d e tr i ta l f an o f t he Topo l4a" .

B y " the Du lcee t i

p ied mon t a nd t he h igh t erraces o n t he S ire t a nd Mo ldova , t here a re t ransverse p assages i n t he f orm o f b road s add les ( Girov , N egr4e e i ) o verhang ing t he s ubC arpa th ian d epress ions ( Ne mVeor , Topo l 4a ) . "3

When i tr eaches t he mass ive

wooded h i l ls o f B o ie tea ( be tween t he N eanA a nd t he Topo lita ) , T o lic i , e tc ., wh ich a l l e nd i n s teep r idges , t he Mo ldova-S ire t c orr idor c an b e d e li m i ted t owards t he C arpath ian f oo th i l ls .

4

Z oogeograph ica l ly t he a rea u nder c onsidera t ion i s i nc luded i n " zone B "— D is tr ic t o f t he E as tern C arpa th ians ( Carpa th ian s ub-prov ince ) .

5

I ti s i n t h is a rea o fp assageways a nd p ied mon ts , w i th h i l ls o ver 4 00 m i n a l t i tude , t ha t t he s i te R ipa l u i B oda i6 l i es o n a modera te ly h igh t errace l ef t o f t he Topo lita ,

7

o n t he p recinc ts o f T irpee t i , av i l lage b e long ing t o t he c o m-

mune o f P e tr ican i , C oun ty N eanA . The t errace h as a c o mparat ive ly d om ina t ing p os i t ion .

I tc on tinues n or th-

wards a l mos t t o t he woods o f B o ie tea , wh ich o ver tops i ta nd f ro m wh ich i ti s s epara ted b y t he h ighway c onnec t ing T irgu N eanA w i th P ia tra N eanA v ia Räzb o ien i .

To t he e as t t he t errace e x tends t owards t he v i l lage o f R gb l ia a nd t o

t he s ou th i tf a l ls d own s teep ly i n to t he Topo l4a s trea m , wh ich s epara tes i t f ro m t he v i l lage o f T irpee t i ( f ig . 1 /2-3;

2 ) .

A t t he f oo t o f t he t errace t here a re s evera l s pr ings w i th p len ty o f wa ter , wh ich f ac i li ta ted t he s e t t le men t o f N eo li th ic c om mun i t ies o n i t s e dge . De luv ia l , g rav i ta t iona l a nd p ro luv ia l d epos i ts p redomina te i n t he a rea , wh ich o n t he h ypso me tr ic map i s f eatured w i th h e igh ts v ary ing b e tween 3 00 a nd 5 00 m .

E luvia l d eposi ts a re a lso f ound .

o ak f ores ts s tood i n t he d is tan t p ast .

1 0

9

There i s a rab le l and where

The n earby h i l ls a nd p la teaux a re

c overed w i th d urmas t o ak f ores ts , p redo minan t ly Quercus p e traea , Q . d a lec ha mpi i o r Q . p o lycarpa , i n s o me p laces a ssoc ia ted w i th a h igh p ropor t ion 3

o f o ther d ec iduous s pec ies .

The p eduncu la te v ar ie ty , ma in ly Q uercus r obur

L ., o f ten m ixed w i th c ons iderab le amoun ts o f o ther d ec iduous t rees , a lso g rows o n t he h i l ls a nd p la teaux a nd i n t he p lain .

1 1

The f auna i s t yp ica l o f t he r eg ions c lose t o t he b oundary b etween moun ta in a nd h i l l f ores ts .

Wi ld life i s r epresen ted b y t he r oe d eer ( Capreo lus c apreo lus

L . ) , w i ld b oar ( Sus s crofa L . ) , r ed d eer ( Cervus e laphus c arpa th icus ) , The s i te was d iscovered i n 1 937 b y N ico lae V . P opa o f T irpe t i a nd i mmed ia te ly r epor ted t o C . Ma tasä . , t hen d irec tor o f t he P ia tra N ea mt Museu m , who wen t t here t oge ther w i th R . V u lpe i n 1 938 .

T he o ne-daiy s ounding t hey

made c lose t o t he e dge o f t he t errace y ie lded p oor r esu lts .

T h is mus t h ave

1 3

b een o ne o f t he r easons why t he i nves t iga t ion was d iscont inued a nd t he d isc overy mere ly men t ioned i n C . Ma tasä 's s urvey o f h is r esearch t hroughout a l mos t t he who le o f C oun ty N ea mt . 14 Tha t f i rs t s ounding b rough t t o l igh t P recucuten i s herds , af ew f rag men ts o f a n thropo- a nd z oomorph ic f igur ines , a nd s ome p o t tery o f t he F o lte§ t i t ype , a t tr ibuted b y C . Matasä . t o t he P recucuten i c u lture .

1 5

C ucuten i B ma ter ia l

was a lso men t ioned , b u t u nfor tuna te ly i t was n o t i l lus tra ted .

1 6

I t was a s ign i-

f i can t d iscovery b ecause o n ly o ne sma l l c oncentra t ion o f ma ter ia l f ro m p hase Bo f t he C ucu ten i c u lture was f ound d ur ing t he s ubsequen t l arge-sca le e xcav a t ions . The ma ter ia l f rom t he f irs t t es t d igging b e ing l os t , t he o n ly r e ma in ing e v id ence a re t he p ic tures a nd p aper p ub lished more t han 4 0 y ears a go . P romp ted b y t he i ndefa t igab le N ico lae V . P opa o f T irpe t i , we v is i ted t he s i te i n t he s pr ing o f 1 959 . The w ide t errace , wh ich o ver looks t he v i l lage o f T irpe§t i , t he v a l ley o f t he Topo lita , wh ich o pens i n to t he v a l ley o f t he N ea mt , t he i n teres ting ma ter ia l c o l lec ted t he p rev ious y ear b y D . C ons tant inescu ( t he d irec tor o f t he T irgu N ea mt Museu m ) f rom a t rench d ug o n t he t errace , s t irred o ur c ur ios i ty a nd made u s c arry o u t as ounding .

The f i nds j us t if ied a t horough i nves t iga t ion o f

t he s i te o n R ipa l u i B oda i i n s evera l c a mpa igns ( f ig .

1/ 3a -3b;

2/ 34 ;

3 ) .

B ecause a gr icu ltura l l and was n o t c o l lec t ive p roper ty a t t he t ime , i n t he f irs t t wo y ears t he e xcava t ions were l im i ted t o p lo ts f or w h ich a rrange men ts c ou ld b e made w i th t he ir owners . The 1 959 e xcava t ions i nc luded a t rench ( I ) measur ing 3 2 x 2m a nd o r ien ted a pproxima t ive ly ENE- WSW ( para l le l t o t he s lope ) a nd t wo e x tens ions made t o c lear t he r e ma ins o f s ome dwe l lings .

1 7

The f o l low ing y ear ( 1960 ) , t rench I ,

3 4 x 2 m, was d ug o ne me tre t o t he n or th o f t rench Ia nd p ara l le l t o i t . F rom 1 961 t he e xcava t ions c ou ld b e e x tended t o t he r es t o f t he t errace ; t he t renches d ug t ha t y ear ( I I I a nd I V ) were p erpend icu lar t o t he f irst t wo , measured 3 9 x 2m a nd were o r ien ted a l mos t S SE-NN W .

N a tura l ly , t he

t renches were w idened where r e mains o f dwe l lings a nd s o me t i mes o f r ubbish p i ts were i den t if ied .

A sma l l e nc losure d i tch was d iscovered a nd t raced i n

a l l t he f o l low ing s easons b y means o f s evera l t renches . Thanks t o s ubs tan t ia l c on tr ibut ions f ro m t he B acau Museu m o f H is tory ,

1 8

more e x tens ive a nd much more r ewarding i nves t iga t ions c ou ld b e c arr ied o ut i n 1 962-1963 . 4

T renches V IIX , v ary ing b etween 3 9 a nd 1 00 m i n l eng th , were c u t t o t he wes t o ft renches I I a nd I Vw i th a v iew t o d e lim it ing , a s f ar a s p oss ib le , t he N eo l i th ic a nd C ha lco li th ic s e t t le men ts . Two d efence d i tches were a lso f ound , o ne f rom t he P recucu ten i o ccupa t ion ( phase I I ) a nd t he o ther i n aC ucuten i A l eve l .

F ur ther dwe l lings , p i ts a nd a ssoc ia t ions were i den t if ied a nd c leared .

Trenches V b is , VC , VD , a nd X I I a -d were c ut a t t he wes tern- most e nd o ft he t errace e dge t o t race t he t wo d efence d i tches . B ut t he d i tches t urned s harp ly s o t ha t t he t renches c rossed t hem o n ly o ver a l im i ted s ec t ion . H owever , t hese t renches h e lped d iscover t he b urnt r ema ins o f a dwe l ling , t wo f l a t i nhu ma t ion g raves f ro m t he C ha lco li th ic-to-Bronze t ransi t ion p er iod , a nd t he f i rs t v es t iges o f ma ter ia l c u lture b e longing t o t he B as tarnae . T he e xcava t ion o f t he wes tern p ar t o f t he s i te e nded i n t he 1 963 s eason , when t wo t renches ( X-X I ) were c u t b etween t renches I X a nd X I I d .

F ie ldwork

p roceeded i n t he e as tern p ar t o f t he t errace , where t renches X I I I-XV I were d ug ( and w idened wherever dwe l lings h ad t o b e c leared) . Opera t ions i n t he f o l low ing t wo y ears ( 1964-1965 ) were c oncentra ted i n t ha t a rea , where t renches XV I I-XVI I I ( 1964 ) a nd X IX-XX ( 1965 ) were c u t . s ounding was a lso made o n t he t errace i n 1 965 :

A

t rench XX I , s ome 2 00 m t o

t he w es t o f t rench V D , o n ly p ar t ly d ug t ha t y ear . E xcava t ions a t T irpe§ t i were i n terrupted f or t wo y ears a nd t hen r esu med i n 1 968, when t rench XX I was c o mp le ted a nd t renches

x x ru -xxr y

were c ut t o

c heck whe ther t he r est o ft he t errace h ad b een i nhab i ted o r n o t i n p reh is tor ic t imes . Trenches XX I I a nd XXV , c ut 4 m t o t he e as t o f t rench XX , s erved t o t race t he t wo d efence d i tches o ft he s e t t le men t . T he t renches were f our- me tre d istan t , w i th t he e xcep t ion o f t rench I , c u t o ne me tre f rom t rench I , t rench X , s epara ted f rom t rench I X b y t wo me tres , a nd t rench X I , a lso t wo- me tre d is tan t f ro m t renches X a nd X I I d . Trenches Vb is , V C , VDa nd X I I a -d were o n ly o ne- me tre d is tan t b ecause t he f l a t g raves men t ioned a bove were d iscovered i n t he a rea t hey c rossed, wh ich h ad t o b e c lose ly i nves t iga ted f or a p oss ib le c eme tery .

A l l t he dwe l lings f ound

a long t he t renches were f u l ly c leared a nd e xa m ined ( f ig . 3 ) ,1 9 e xcept p ar t o f dwe l ling 2 0 b is wh ich c ou ld n o t b e c leared f or p rac t ica l r easons . E xcava t ions o n R ipa l u i B oda i t o ta l o ver 3 ,200 s q m a nd t he i nves t iga ted a rea more t han 1 0 ,000 s q m . T he t renches h e lped t o i den t ify a nd c lear t he r e mains o f t wen ty-six s urface dwe l lings , t hree p i t-dwe l lings ( one b e long ing t o L inear P o t tery p eop le a nd t wo d a t ing f ro m t he s ix th-seven th c entury A .D . ) ,t hree l arge h o l lows , a sma l l e nc losure d i tch a nd t wo d efence d i tches , many p i ts , a ssoc ia t ions f rom d if feren t p er iods , a nd f our f l a t i nhu ma t ion g raves ( f ig . 3 ;

2 29) .

T he f i rs t o ccupan ts o f R ipa l u i B oda i were b earers o ft he L inear P o t tery c u lture .

U nfor tuna te ly , b esides a p i t-dwe l ling a nd t wo sma l l a ssoc ia t ions ,

f rom t ha t t ime t here r ema ined o n ly a f ew r ubb ish p i ts , wh ich h ad d if feren t s hapes a nd c on ta ined sma l ler o r g rea ter amoun ts o f ma ter ia l . A f terward t he t errace was u noccupied a l most t o t he e nd o f t he P recucuten i Ip hase , when sma l l h u man g roups s e t t led h ere a nd d ug t he l i t t le e nc losure 5

d i tch i den t if ied i n 1 961 . Occupa t ion c on t inued a l mos t u n in terrup ted ly f ar i n to P recucu ten i I I , f ro m wh ich d a te o ne o ft he d efence d i tches , s evera l s o lid dwe l lings b u i lt o n t he s ur face a nd s o me p i ts .

The P recucuten i p eop le may h ave

a rr ived h ere i n t wo s tages , a nd t he f irs tcomers p oss ib ly were f ew i n n u mber . The n ex t , v ery p roduc t ive o ccupa t ion l ayer b e longs t o t he C ucu ten i A c u lt ure , w i th dwe l lings a rranged a ccording t o a n o rgan ized p lan 2° a nd t he o ther d efence d i tch .

S poradic C ucuteni A-B a nd B ma ter ia l e nds t he o ccupa t ion o f

t he t errace i n t he N eo li th ic a nd C ha lco li th ic . ' I so la ted g roups p robab ly s tayed h ere o ccas iona l ly i n t he t rans i t ion p er iod f ro m t he C ha lco li th ic t o t he Bronze Age , t o wh ich t he f our f l a t g raves a nd a f ew , g rouped o r i so la ted , r e ma ins were a ss igned . O ther f i nds were Bronze Age s herds a nd t oo ls , l a te Bronze Age n o tched s hou lder b ones , p o t tery a nd v ar ious o b jec ts ( Noua c u lture ) , s o me H a l lsta t t ma ter ia l , a nd r e ma ins l ef t b y B astarnae , a l l p o in t ing t o o ccasiona l s tays o rs topovers. R ipa l u i B oda i was o nce more i nhab i ted i n t he s econdth ird c en tur ies A .D . , f ro m wh ich d a te s evera l p i ts a nd o pen h ear ths . Af ter a no ther b reak , t he t errace was a gain o ccup ied i n t he s ixth-seven th c entur ies A . D .

R e ma ins i nc lude t wo p i t-dwe l lings a nd a f ew a ssoc ia t ions

( f ig . 4 -10 ) . F ro m t he s even th c en tury A .D . ,R ipa l u i B oda i was n o l onger o ccupied .

N o tes I n t he 1 959-1960 s easons , S i lv ia Mar inescu-B i lcu was i n c harge o f t he o pera t ions ;

i n 1 961-1962 a nd 1 963 t he t ea m was h eaded b y Prof . V ladim ir

Du m i trescu a nd i nc luded H or tens ia D um i trescu , S i lv ia Mar inescu-B i lcu a nd E rsi l ia Tudor , a s we l l a s s tuden ts H or ia Ma te i , Mar iana Marcu , Miha i I ere m ia a nd Miha i M i lian;

i n 1 964-1965 a nd 1 968 S i lv ia Mar inescu-

B i lcu was o nce more i n c harge , s he was a ss is ted b y H or ia Ma te i i n t he f irs t t wo y ears .

1 .

V . Mihä i lescu , 1 966, p . 2 45 ."The Mo ldovan P lain" ( see V . Bä .cäuanu , 1 968, p . 2 0-21) , s i tua ted i n t he d epressions o ft he J i jia a nd Ba§eu , i s s o me times s epara ted f ro m t h is u n i t ;

h owever , t h is g eo morpho log ic s ub-

d iv is ion i s i rreve lan t h ere . 2 . V . Mihä i lescu , 1 966, p . 2 45 . 3 . I bid ., p . 2 47 . 4 . I b id . 5 . Monogra f ia g eogra f ica - ,1 960/Addendum XXVI . 6 .

Z oogeograp-h ic z on ing .

C Ma tasä , 1 938, p . 1 16, men t ions t he s i te a s " R ipa l u i B udär ; b ut a l l t he v i l lagers c a l l i t " R ipa l u i Bodai" ( Boda i 's S teep ) .

The o ld n a me o f

b udä i =s pr ings , p robab ly d er ived f ro m t he r ich s pr ings i ssuing a t t he f oo t o ft he t errace , b eca me a p roper n a me —BODAI—long

7 . V . T ufescu, 1 966, p . 8 7, s ays a bou t ' t he N ea mt Depress ion ':

' Mos t o f

t he d epress ion e as t o f t he p ied mon t s lope i s ap la in t ha t u ndu la tes i n t he i n terf luves a nd r ises i n s uccessive w ide t erraces i n t he r e ma in ing a rea . Three t errace l eve ls h ave b een d ist ingu ished :

al ower t errace , r is ing

8 -10 m a bove t he ma in r iver b ed , o f ten f ound a long t he N ea mt v a l ley a nd i n t he Topo lita v a l ley , a median t errace o ur t errace i s ac ase i n p o in t wh ich c overs t he i n terf luve b e tween t he t wo ma jor v a l leys ( t he H u mu le§t i a nd t he Topo lita h i l ls ) , a nd t he u pper t errace 8 . Monograf ia g eograf icä , 1 960 , A ddendu m I I , H ypso me tr ic map . 9 . I de m

A ddendu m X , Q ua ternary d epos i ts .

1 0 .

I de m

A ddendu m XX I I I , Geo-bo tan ica l map .

1 1 .

I b id .

1 2 .

Monograf ia g eograf ici . , 1 960 , A ddendu m XXV , F auna l map .

1 3 .

C . Ma tasä , 1 938, p . 16 , f i g . 4 9 .

1 4 .

I b id .

1 5 .

I b id ., f i g . 3 0 .

1 6 .

I b id ., p . 1 16 .

1 7 .

S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu , 1 962 , p p . 2 35-243 .

1 8 .

We wan t o nce more t o t hank I u lian A ntonescu , t hen d irec tor o f t he B aciu Museu m , f or h is g ran ts t owards a rchaeo log ica l e xcava t ion a t T irpe§t i f or s evera l y ears .

1 9 .

U nfor tuna te ly , t he f irst p ub lished p lan ( see S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu , 1 968, f i g . 1 ) c on ta ins s evera l e rrors . c a ted o n t he p lan );

The s ca le i s 1 :400 , n o t 1 :200 ( as i ndi-

s evera l dwe l lings a nd t renches a re n o t n u mbered;

n ex t t o dwe l ling 2 0 i s 2 0 b is ( no t 2 2 b is ) ; t ions d iscovered a re marked .

a nd n o t a l l t he p i ts a nd a ssoc ia-

R egre t tab le e rrors a ppeared i n 1 974 t oo

( see S . Mar inescu-B i lcu , 1 974a , p p . 2 1-22 ) :

t he a rea e nc losed b y t he

sma l l P recucu ten i d i tch i s a pprox . 2 ,200 s q m ( no t 6 30 s q m )a nd t ha t e nc losed b y t he l arge d i tch c . 4 ,600 s q m ( no t 1 ,160 s q m) .

The c orrect

f igures a re g iven i n c hap ter I I o f t h is work . 2 0 .

F irs t we b e l ieved t ha t t he p lan o f t he C ucu ten i s e t t le men t was u n l ike t ha t a t H äbä§ t i .

L a ter , i n ap aper r ead a t t he B uchares t I nst i tute o f Archae-

o logy , we s a id t ha t t he C ucuten i dwe l lings s tood i n ac irc le w i th o n ly o ne b u i lding i n t he midd le , t hough n o t a t t he c entre .

7

I THE L INEAR POTTERY LEVEL ( F ig . 3 ;

1 5-31)

A s men t ioned i n t he p rev ious c hap ter , r e la t ive ly sma l l g roups o f L inear P o t tery p eop le were t he f i rs t o ccupan ts o f t he t errace c a l led R ipa l u i B oda i .

1

A lthough more t han 3 ,000 s q m were e xcava ted a nd t he N eo li th ic a nd C ha lc o li th ic s et t le men ts were a l mos t e n t ire ly c leared , o n ly o ne p i t-dwe l ling was f ound i n t he L inear P o t tery l eve l .

I t was o va l i n s hape , w i th t he l ong a nd

s hor t a xes 5 a nd 3 m r espec t ive ly , a nd s unk 1 .95 m f rom t he p resen t s urface a nd 0 .9 0-1 m f rom i t s d igg ing l eve l .

I tc on ta ined h o les t yp ica l o f L inear P o t-

t ery p i t-dwe l lings , ar uined h ear th i n t he m idd le , af ew c lods o f b urn t d aub a nd a sh ( f ig . 1 5 ) . The o ther f i nds b e long ing t o t h is c u lture were n ine p i ts ( f ig . 3 ) o f v ar ious s hapes a nd , w i th o ne e xcep t ion , o f sma l l s ize ( i ndica t ing t ha t t hey c ou ld n o t h ave b een t he b ases o fp i t-dwe l lings ) a nd t wo sma l l i n s i tu a ssoc ia t ions o fp o t tery a nd l u mps o fd aub , wh ich mus t h ave s erved t o b u i ld l i gh t wa l ls . T he b r i t t le d aub , wh ich c on ta ined n o c hopped s traw o r c haf f , was s andt empered a nd r a ther u neven ly b aked . T he l eng th o ft he o va l o r a l mos t o va l p i ts v ar ied b etween 1 .50 a nd 3 m, t he d ia me ter o ft he r ound o r a l mos t r ound o nes b e tween 1 -2 .50 m , a nd t he d ep th o fb o th t ypes b etween 1 .80 a nd 3 m . F rag ments o f " shoelas t" c e lts were d iscovered i n t he l eve l . Mos t o f t he m a re made o fy e l low ish-wh i te o r l i gh t g rey d ia tom i te , b u t t here a re a lso af ew made o fg rey men i l i te , ah arder r ock .

The r aw ma ter ia l was l oca l ,

s ince b o th r ocks a re f ound i n t he C arpa th ian f oo th i l ls . The c e l ts a re 7 -11.4 cm l ong , 2 .1-3 .9 cm t h ick a nd 1 .7-3 .1 cm w ide ( f ig . 1 6; 1 7/15-16, 1 8, 2 1, 2 2 ) .

B esides t yp ica l s hoelas t c e l ts , t here a re t wo s pecimens wh ich l ook l i ke

h igh c h ise ls w i th a r ectangu lar s ec t ion ( f ig . 1 7/17 , 1 9 ) a nd o ne wh ich i s a lmos t f l a t ( f ig . 1 7/20 ) . N o l arge c e l ts c harac ter is t ic o f t he L inear P o t tery p eop le i n o ther a reas , s uch a s C zechos lovak ia 2 o r e ven G ermany ,3 a nd n o p erfora ted a xes 4 were f ound a tT irpe t i . S tone t oo ls a lso i nc luded f l in t s crapers a nd f l akes w i th t races o f wear , a sma l l d oub le-po in ted t oo l worked o n af l in t was te-core , f l int was te-cores , aq uar tz i te b lade , a nd s p lin ters o f o bs idian , wh ich a re p resen t i n p rac t ica l ly a l l L inear P o t tery s et t le ments ( f ig . 1 7/1-14 ) . N o g eome tr ic f l in t t oo ls , c om mon a t Tra ian-Dea lu l F in tin i lor , 5 were f ound , a l though micro li ths a nd t he g eo me tr ic s hape a re c harac ter is t ic f ea tures o f L inear P o t tery s i tes .

6

8

Ac ons iderab le amoun t o fp o tsherds was c o l lec ted f rom t he p i t-dwe l ling , t he n ine r ubb ish p i ts a nd t he t wo sma l l a ssoc ia t ions ( f ig . 1 8-31) . T he l i near ware o f T irpee t i was d escr ibed e lsewhere 7 a nd w i l l t herefore b e p resen ted b r ief ly h ere w i th t he emphas is o n i t s p ecu l iar e le men ts .

Three

g roups were d is t ingu ished a l though u pon a f i ner a na lys is t he f i rs t t wo c ou ld b e d iv ided i n to t wo s ubgroups e ach , i n t erms o f p as te , b ak ing a nd mou lding . T he f i rs t l arge g roup i s t he f i ne , h omogeneous ware , we l l f i red t o g rey ish b lack , g rey ( of ten mo t t led ) , b lack , o r o range-brown ( more s e ldom a nd d ue t o s econdary f i r ing i n s ome c ases ) .

Most of ten i t was p o lished p r ior t o i nc ision .

A s ubgroup c ou ld b e s epara ted h ere , i nc luding v ery f i ne ware w i th t h in , r esonan t a nd c arefu l ly p o lished wa l ls . T he s econd l arge g roup c ons is ts o f c oarse k i tchen ware made o f p oor p as te , c on ta in ing c haf f , g round s herds o r p ieces o fn on-homogen ized c lay . I ti s f i red t o g rey , g rey ish-b lack , r eddish-brown o r b r ick-red , s ome t imes o n ly s uper f ic ia l ly , t he r es t o f t he wa l l r ema in ing b lack . t h ick .

Wa l ls a re 1 -2 cm

T he t h ird a nd l as t g roup c on ta ins mediu m-qua li ty ware , s ome t imes o f c haf f -te mpered b ut we l l-kneaded , h omogeneous p as te ; i ti s l ess c oarse , b e t ter f i red , w i th t h inner , c arefu l ly mou lded a nd smoo thed wa l ls . T he s hapes o ft he v esse ls c anno t b e s ta ted i n d e ta i l b ecause t he ware was b roken i n to sma l l p ieces , b ut h em ispher ica l b ow ls a re f requent : t hey h ave a w ider o r n arrower mouth ( f ig . 1 8/3; 1 0 , 1 2;

3 0/2-5 , 7 -8, 1;

2 3/9 , 1 4 ;

2 7/8-9 , 1 2-13 ;

2 9/1-3 , 8 -

3 1/1-7, 9 -10 , 1 2-15 , 1 8-19 ) a nd s o me t imes a t h ick

a nd f l a t tened r im ( f ig . 2 9/3, 9 ;

31/9 , 1 2 , 1 8); o ther s hapes a re g ob le ts w i th

h igh n eck a nd r ounded b ody ( f ig . 2 3/7, 1 0-11, 1 3 ;

2 8/5 , 7 ;

2 9/6;

31/2 2 -23 ) ,

v esse ls w i th a s tra igh t , c y lindr ica l n eck a nd a r e la t ive ly b icon ica l o r e ven g lobu lar b e l ly ( f ig . 1 8/4a-4b;

2 4/14;

2 8/10;

3 1/27, 3 0 ) , s ome w i th e ver ted

r im ( f ig . 3 0/9; 31/28 ) , r e la t ive ly c on ica l v esse ls ( f ig . 2 9/4 ; 3 0/10 ; 3 1/24 , 2 9 ) , b ow ls ( f ig . 2 7/11; 3 0/12 , 1 4 ; 31/8 ,2 5-26) a nd l arge s torage j ars ( f ig . 3 0/13 ) . V esse ls w i th a t ubu lar s pou t were a lso f ound ( f ig . 1 8/5 ; 2 9/7) , b icon ica l v esse ls ( f ig . 2 9/5 , 1 1; 3 1/11, 1 6) , a nd , mos t s trange ly , af ragmen t o f h and le p robab ly c oming f rom a l ad le ( ?) ( f ig . 1 9/18;

2 7/5 ) .

The f i ne ware h as a h igh ly v ar ied i nc ised d ecora t ion . The t yp ica l p a tt erns a re f o t Ind , c onsis t ing o f h or izon ta l l i nes i n terrup ted b y sma l ler o r b igger " no te-heads", r ound, o va l o r t r iangu lar i n s hape , p laced b e low t he r im a nd a ssoc ia ted e i ther w i th s tanding a nd h anging p a irs o f s emic ircu lar l i nes ( f ig . 1 8/3; 2 9/1) , o r w i th z ig-zag l i nes ( f ig . 2 4/5 , 1 6; 2 7/6; 2 9/2 , 1 2 ) , o r e ven w i th a r homb ic p at tern ( f ig . 2 4/8) . S ome f ragmen ts a re d ecora ted w i th a " f irtree" mo t if ,i . e . av er t ica l l i ne w i th l arge n o te-heads f rom wh ich s lant ing l i nes emerge o n b o th s ides ( f ig . 1 9/12; 2 4/17) , whereas o n o thers t wo l i nes c onverge a t a n e longa ted n o te ( f ig . 1 9/1; 2 8/4 ) , r eca l ling t he e l iezovce t ype . T here a re a lso sma l ler a nd l arger b ow ls d ecora ted w i th i nc ised h or iz on ta l l i nes i n terrup ted b y c are less ly o r r ude ly made n o te-heads ( f ig . 2 4/11; 2 9/10 ) .

V er t ica l ly d rawn l i nes a re a lso p resent ( f ig . 2 2/15 ;

a s t he a ngu lar mo ti fw i th n o tes a t t he p o in ts ( f ig . 2 2/8;

2 4/1;

2 4/6) , a s we l l 2 7/6) , l i nes

w i thout n o tes r unning t o t he b o t tom o ft he v esse l ( f ig . 2 4/3 ) , b o t to ms d e9

c ora ted w i th a c ross ( f ig . 2 4/23 ) , s l ight ly c urved p ierced l ugs ( f ig . 2 3/15 ; 2 9/9 ) a nd p er fora ted l ugs f ash ioned l i ke t w in h orns ( f ig . 1 9/2; 21/8 ) . Ano ther d ecora t ion f ound a t T irpe§ t i s hou ld b e emphas ized b ecause i ti s q u i te n ew i n Mo ldova . I tc onsis ts o n ly o f r ows o f e longa ted o r t r iangu lar d o ts made w i th a s harp wood o r b one p o in t , a rranged v er t ica l ly o r h or izon ta l ly , i n g roups o r i ndiv idua l ly , b e low t he r im a nd o n t he b e l ly ( f ig . 1 9/15; 2 0/4-6; 2 3/3-4 , 7 -8, 1 0-13;

2 8/5 , 7 -9 ) .

S ome t imes t he d o ts a re a ssoc ia ted w i th i n-

c ised l i nes , w i th wh ich t hey a l terna te , b e ing n o l onger p laced a long t he l i nes ( f ig : 1 9/19; 2 8/2 ) . A s imp le p at tern o f i nc ised l i nes i s a lso f ound , w i th a d ash r ep lac ing t he n o te-head a t t he mee t ing p o in t ( f ig . 2 3/6; 2 8/1) , at echn ique w ide ly u sed i n l a ter N eo li th ic c u ltures . I n s ome i nstances , f rom a n i nc ised l i ne r unn ing b e low t he r im o ft he b ow l s tar t b und les o f i nc ised v er t ica l l i nes c are less ly emphas ized b y n o tes wh ich s ome t imes a re p laced b es ide t he l i ne ( f ig . 2 3/ 14 ;

2 7/8) .

N o tab le i n t h is l a te a spec t o f Mo ldovan L inear P o t tery a re s evera l f ragmen ts o f v esse ls wh ich c anno t b e c lassi f ied i n to t he g roups k nown s o f ar i n R oman ia a nd t he S ov ie t U n ion . On a f ragmen t o f v esse l s haped a l mos t l i ke at runca ted c one , ar ow o f r ound d o ts immedia te ly b e low t he r im i s f o l lowed b y t wo i nc ised l i nes w i th r are d o ts b e tween t hem . The r est o f t he b e l ly s ee ms t o h ave b een d ecora ted w i th a ngu lar l i nes ( f ig . 2 4/19; 2 9/4 ) . Ano ther v esse l , p robab ly a b ow l , h as o b lique l i nes b e low t he r im , t hen a r ow o f o va l d o ts b et ween t wo h or izonta l l i nes , s ucceeded b y ap a ir o f d e lica te ly i nc ised , n o tef ree z ig-zag l i nes ( f ig . 2 3/5; 2 7/11) . I ta lso h ad ap ro jec t ion . The t rend t owards a bandon ing t he o ld a nd r ig id l i ne-no te c omb ina t ions i s e qua lly o bv ious i n t he p a t tern o n af ragmen t w i th a r ow o f o va l o r t r iangu lar d epressions b el ow t he r im , f o l lowed b y t hin , h or izon ta l ly i nc ised l i nes , b ordered b y a no ther r ow o f a pprox ima te ly t r iangu lar d epress ions ( f ig . 2 0/9; 2 7/7 ) . I ti s a lso b orne o u t b y t he d eep ly i nc ised p a t tern l eav ing i n r eserve wavy b ands a nd l ong t r iang les w i th a n o te h ere a nd t here ( f ig . 2 3/2; 2 7/10 ) o r o n ly t r iang les wh ich s ee m t o h ave b een a rranged i n p a irs ( f ig . 2 4/20 ) ; u nfor tuna te ly , t he f ragmen t i s b roken e xac t ly a long t he s ides o f t he s econd t r iang le . One more e le men t , p oss ib ly t he mos t i mpor tan t , w i l l b e d iscussed .

Whereas t he t wo s herds j us t

d escr ibed ( f ig . 2 3/2; 2 4/20 ) s ugges t e xc ised d ecora t ion , r esu l t ing i n o ur o p in ion f ro m c on tac t w i th p opu la t ions t ha t were f am i l iar w i th t h is t echn ique , t he f ragmen t we s ha l l c ons ider c omb ines t he o ld l i near p a t tern—a l i ne w i th d eep a nd r ando m n o te-heads —w i th l arge e xc ised s quares ( f ig . 2 3/1; 2 7/3 ) . T hough a sma l l s herd, t he e xc ised c hequers a re c lear ly v is ib le .

Th is p a t-

t ern mus t a lso c ome f ro m a c u lture t ha t emp loyed e xc is ion , s pec if ica l ly o ne t ha t d ecora ted i t s ware w i th c hequers , b ecause t he L inear P o t tery c u lture n ever u sed t h is p a t tern i n a ny o f i t s p hases a nd t hroughou t i t s a rea . T he o b jec t ion migh t b e r a ised t ha t t h is ware d oes n o t b e long t o t he L inear P o t tery c u lture . H owever , b o th t he t yp ica l p as te a nd n o te-heads , a nd t he g enera l c on tex t i n wh ich i to ccurred e xc lude t h is a l terna t ive . T he ware i n t he o ther t wo g roups i s d ecora ted w i th d eep o va l h o l lows o r d imp les i mm edia te ly b e low t he r im ( f ig . 2 5/3 , 4 , 7 , 1 1-12 , 1 6-17;

2 6/1, 5 ,

7 -8, 1 1) a nd e ven w i th h o l lowed s quares f rom wh ich t he p aste was r e moved, s ome t imes a ssoc ia ted w i th a d eep ly i nc ised l i ne ( f ig . 2 5/5 , 1 4 ; 3 0/8) , sma l l r ound p ro jec t ions ( f ig . 2 5/7-8, 1 0 , 1 7; 2 6/11; 3 0/3 , 5 , 1 1) o r b ig , h orn1 0

s haped o nes ( f ig . 2 5/3; 2 6/13) , d imp led p las t ic b ands ( f ig . 2 5/6) , a nd n a i l impress ions ( f ig . 2 5/9 ; 2 6/3 ) . A l though t he p las t ic a nd t he n a i l-impressed d ecora t ions w ere t radi t iona l i n t he C r i c u lture , t hey p ers is ted t o t he e nd o f t he L inear P o t tery c u l ture a nd, t ogether w i th o ther e lemen ts , e n tered t he P recucuten i s yn thes is . 2 6/9-10 , 1 2 , 1 4-16;

U ndecora ted ware was a lso f ound ( f ig . 2 5/13 , 1 5 ;

3 0/7 , 1 0 , 1 2 , 1 4 ) .

N o tab le i n t he i n termedia te g roup i s t he f rag men t o f ab ow l f i red t o b lack a nd d ecora ted w i th a r ow o fd epressions b e low t he r im a nd a mo t if a pparen t ly r epea ted f our t imes a nd c onsist ing o fp las t ic o va l p ro tuberances , e ach w i th t wo d epressions , a nd o f d imp led p las t ic b ands r unn ing o b l ique ly o n t he b e l ly o ft he v esse l . The e nds o f e ach b and r es t i n t urn o n t he u pper a nd o n t he l ower s ide o f ap ro tuberance , s o t ha t t he p a t tern l ooks s omewha t l i ke a r unn ing s p ira l ( f ig . 2 5/1;

3 0/2 ) .

S o f ar , i ti s au n ique p at tern i n t he a rea o ft he

L inear P o t tery c u l ture a nd i t was made c arefu l ly , u n like t he d ecora t ion o f t he ware i n t hese t wo g roups , wh ich was e xecu ted r a ther p erfunc tor i ly . The i n termedia te ware i nc ludes a lso a v esse l a lready d escr ibed o n o ther o ccas ions ; i t s d ecora t ion c opies a nd a ssoc iates t he i nc ised a nd p unched d ec ora t ion o f t he f i rs t g roup o f ware w i th t he c oncave p ro jec t ions o f t he o ther t wo g roups . A t t he b ase o ft he n eck t here i s ah or izonta l r ow o f p unches , wh ich i s f o l lowed b y t hree i nc ised h or izonta l l i nes .

The u pper h a lf o f t he

v esse l i s d iv ided i n to r ecurr ing p ane ls c on ta in ing v ar ious f igures :

a rcs w i th

n o te-heads a t t he ir e nds , c urves s et t ing o u t f rom o ppos i te d irec t ions , j o ining i n a ng les marked b y n o te-heads a nd e nc los ing a r hombus w i th c oncave s ides , a nd meanders ( f ig . 1 8/4a-4b ; 2 8/10 ) . The meander p a t tern o n t h is v esse l a nd e xc ised d ecora t ion were n o t u sed b y t he L inear P o t tery t r ibes , b u t t hey were we l l k nown t o t he B o ian-Giu le§ t i t r ibes , a nd t hey a re a lso f ound, a s r epor ted , i n t he r eper to ire o f t he H a mang ia c u lture .

8

H igh ly i n terest ing , t hough o ccurr ing v ery s e ldo m a nd o n ly o n ware o ft he l as t g roup , i s t he d ecora t ion b y n arrow b ands p a in ted p i tch b lack ( f ig . 2 0/8; 2 8/6) .

9

P ar t o ft he f oo t o f a n a n thropomorph ic f igur ine i s t he f i rs t s uch f i nd i n a L inear P o t tery s e t t le men t o n t he t err i tory o f R o man ia . I ti s made o fg ood p aste , mo t t led g rey a nd d ecora ted w i th " f ir-trees" a nd s em ic irc les marked w i th n o te-heads ( f ig . 1 8/1; h ead ( f ig . 1 8/2; 2 7/4 ) .

2 7/2) .

Ah and le f ragmen t c arr ies a h u man

1 °

The f ac t s hou ld b e p o in ted o u t t ha t a t T irpe§t i t he b earers o ft he L inear P o t tery c u lture o ccupied t he e dge o f at errace t ha t d om ina tes t he v a l ley o f t he Topo lga , wh ich o pens t he way t o t he Ozana r iver . The most p roduc t ive L inear P o t tery s i tes i nvest iga ted s o f ar i n Mo ldova a re s i tua ted i n t he h i l ly a rea o f N ean4 ( Tra ian-Dea lu l F in tin i lor a nd T irpe§ t i ) a nd i n t he p la in o ft he J i jia ( G läväne§ t i i V ech i ) .

The f i rs t t wo s e t t le men ts ,

l y ing o n h e igh ts t ha t c ou ld b e r eadi ly d efended , p ossessed n o a r t if ic ia l f or t if i ca t ion , i .e . moa t o r e ar thwork;

t he t h ird i s o n al ow mound i n ar iver 1 1

meadow .

S e t t le men ts were f ound e ven i n d epress ions , a t Trude§t i-Gh igoe§ t i

f or i ns tance , a l though many t erraces s u i ted f or h ab i ta t ion r ose i n t he n e ighb ourhood . Df

1

T h is i s e v idence o f q uie t t imes , w i thou t i n tertr iba l c onf l ic ts ,

ac o mpara t ive ly s parse p opu la t ion , a nd e nough n atura l r esources f or s ub-

2 i s tence . S urpr is ing o n t he Mo ldovan s i tes i s t he s carc i ty o f dwe l lings . The r ema ins o f ah u t w i th h eaps o f b urn t d aub , ar u ined h ear th a nd t he h o l low o f a pt-dwe l l ing ( ?) were d iscovered a t G liväne t i i V ech i .

1 2

A t Tra ian t here

was a h o l low o f v ary ing d ep th , whose o va l s hape was o ut l ined b y t he ma ter ia l s l _r eading o n a n a rea o f s ome 1 2 x6m a nd r epresen t ing t he r e ma ins o f a l arge , i rregu lar h u t , b ui lt o f l i gh t mater ia ls , s uch a s s t icks , t w igs , r eed , f o liage a nd p oss ib ly r eed- mace ;£ 3

n o tw i ths tanding i t s 4pressed b ase , i t

was o n ly a s l igh t ly s unk c ons truc t ion , n o t ap i t-dwe l l ing . 14 The d aub f ound i n t he L inear P o t tery l eve l a t Tra ian-Dea lu l F in tin i lor was f r iab le , s l igh t ly b urn t o r a l mos t u nburn t a nd o f as pec ia l t ype .

1 5

We a lready

r epor ted t ha t t he d aub i n t he L inear P o t tery l eve l a t T irpe§t i was e n t ire ly d iff eren t f ro m t ha t i n t he s ubsequen t l eve ls , i .e . P recucu ten i a nd C ucuteni A .

1 6

I tn ever c on ta ined c haf f , was s andte mpered , v ery f r iab le a nd o ccurred a s sma l l , more o r l ess b urn t , l u mps .

I ti s l i ke ly t ha t o ther dwe l lings o f t he

l i gh t h u t t ype e x is ted a t b o th T irpe§ t i a nd Tra ian , b es ides t he h u t a nd p i tdwe l ling f ound , a nd t he ir r e ma ins were d es troyed b y l a ter o ccupa t ions .

Th is

may a lso a ccoun t f or t he s carc i ty o f L inear P o t tery dwe l lings t hroughou t Mo ldova .

The h ypo thes is i s p laus ib le , c ons ider ing t ha t d epos i ts b e long ing

t o o ther c u ltures were f ound i n a l l t he L inear P o t tery s e t t le men ts i nves t iga ted s o f ar i n Mo ldova .

Moreover , o n ly a sma l l n u mber o f s i tes h ave b een e xca-

v a ted . The s i tua t ion d if fers g rea t ly f ro m t ha t i n mos t t err i tor ies o ccup ied b y L inear P o t tery t r ibes , s uch a s C zechos lovak ia , 1 7 P o la nd , 1 8 Ger many , 1 D France ,

2 0

a nd T he N e ther lands ,

2 1

where t here a re v ery l arge s urface dwe l-

l ings ( t yp ica l o f t h is c u lture ) , w i th many p os t-ho les a nd s evera l r oo ms , e ach r oo m b e ing p robab ly o ccup ied b y af am i ly . I n v iew o f t he c onc lus ion r eached b y S ov ie t r esearcher E . K . C hernysh t ha t L inear P o t tery s e t t le men ts i n R o man ia a nd t he USSR a re a like d ue t o t he s im i lar i ty o f dwe l lings ,

2 2

we s ha l l b r ief ly p resen t t he t ypes o f dwe l lings i n

t he USSR i n o rder t o s ee whe ther t hey c an b e c o mpared w i th t he f ew dwe l lings d iscovered s o f ar i n R oman ia . Dn ies ter b asin

The L inear P o t tery s e t t le men ts i n t he U pper

a re s i tua ted , l ike t hose o f Mo ldova , i n r iver v a l leys ( Nezvy-

s ko , T ira , Märcu lee t i ) o r o n h igh t erraces ( F lore t i , T sorskoe , Z venyach b ) .

2 3

They c on ta ined o va l s em i-p i t dwe l lings l y ing f a ir ly c lose , a t d istances o f s o me 4 -8 m, r a ther sma l l ( 2 .50 x 2 m) a nd 0 .50-0 .80 m d eep ( Tsorskoe ) . 24 H ence , dwel l ings f or o ne sma l l f am i ly , wh ich a re s e ldo m f ound i n C zechoslovak ia a nd a re s o f ar u nknown i n Mo ldova .

Moreover , E . K . C hernysh r epor ted i nstances

i n wh ich s evera l n e ighbour ing a nd c o m mun ica t ing p i ts f ormed l ong h u ts . They were 1 0-12 . 5 0 m l ong , 4m w ide a nd 0 .5 0-1 . 5 0 m d eep .

Dwe l lings o f

t h is t ype were i nves t iga ted i n t he s e t t le men ts o n t he R u t , i n t he n e ighbourh ood o f F lore§ t i .

2 5

They were c o mposed o f s evera l r oo ms a nd i ns ide were

l arge h ear th p i ts , f i l led w i th a sh a nd c harcoa l , n ex t t o wh ich l ay s tone q uerns .

1 2

T a t iana P assek p ara l le led t hese h uts t o t hose d iscovered i n t he b ig s e t t le men t a t K ö ln-L inden tha l . 26 F u l ly n ew a nd s urpr is ing i n t he a rea o f t he L inear P o tt ery c u l ture a re t he f rag men ts o fp la tform b ui lt i n s urface dwe l l ings f or s pec ia l p urposes .

On a s i te n ear N ezvysko , n ex t t o as em i-p i t dwe l ling , E . K .

C hernysh f ound a s ur face dwel l ing , measur ing 1 2 x 7m , w i th a n o pen h earth i n t he midd le a nd a sma l l f i red c lay p latform b eside i t ; a more d is tan t a nd l arger p la tform , measur ing 2 .20 x 2 .20 m h ad s erved f or g ra in g r inding . . B o th p la tforms were b u i lt l i ke t he Tr ipo lyan o nes. 27 Th is i s r a ther s trange , a t l east i n t he p resen t s tage o f r esearch , t he more s o a s t he p la tforms o n wh ich dwe l lings were s o me t imes r a ised i n t he P recucuten i Ip hase d if fered f unda ment a l ly f rom t hose o ft he C ucu ten i-Tr ipo lye c u lture ( t hey c on ta ined l ess wood, b u t i nc luded t w igs a nd f o l iage , t he l ayer o f c lay was t hinner , more i nco mp le te ly f i red e tc . ) .2 8 The e luc ida t ion o f t h is p rob le m i s at ask f or f u ture r es earch , e spec ia l ly s ince t he mos t r ecen t i nves t iga t ions c arr ied o u t o n t yp ica l L inear P o t tery s i tes i n P o land , Ger many a nd The N e ther lands h ave n o t b rough t t o l i gh t s im i lar s truc tures . The dwe l lings i n t ha t v as t a rea a re s urpr ising ly u n iform .

2 9

I f , b es ides t he s i mp le a nd l i gh t h u ts o f t he t ype f ound a t G livinee ti i Vech i a nd Tra ian-Dea lu l r in t in i lor , s ur face dwe l lings b u i l t o f at imber f ra me a nd d aub , l i ke t he C ucu ten i h ouses , were k nown i n t he s outh-eas tern most a rea o ft he L inear P o t tery c u lture , t oge ther w i th t he a t l eas t p ar t ia l c onstruc t ion o fp la tforms , i tw i l l n o l onger b e n ecessary t o s eek t he o r ig in o f t he P recucut en i s ur face dwe l ling i n t he a reas o f o ther c u ltures .

H owever , s ince i n t he

l i gh t o ft he d iscover ies made s o f ar o n t he t err i tory o f R oman ia , t he b earers o ft he L inear P o t tery c u lture u sed o n ly t he h u t ( ra ised o ver a s ha l low d ep ress ion o r o n l eve l g round) a nd t he p it-dwe l l ing , we s t i l l b e l ieve t ha t t he s o lid d aub h ouse a nd t he p la tform a re g a ined f rom o ther c u ltures ; t hey a pp eared f irs t i n t he V in a c u lture a nd were t aken o ver b y t he P recucuten i I c u lture , wh ich i n t h is r espec t owes n o th ing t o t he L inear P o t tery t r ibes . " We t herefore p ers is t i n t he o p in ion t ha t t he N ezvysko dwe l ling ( prov ided i t r ea l ly b e longs t o t he L inear P o t tery l eve l) i s t he r esu l t o ft he i nf luences e xer ted b y t he P recucu ten i Ic u lture o n t he l as t s urv ivors o ft he L inear P o tt ery c u lture , s ince we b e lieve t ha t , a t l eas t i n t he ir l as t p hase o f e vo lut ion , t he L inear P o t tery t r ibes a t N ezvysko were c on temporary w i th t he b eg inning o ft he P recucuten i Ip hase .3 1 Th is c onc lus ion i s b ased e spec ia l ly o n d ecorat ive e le men ts o ft he N ezvysko p o t tery i n t he Museu m o f Man i n L en ingrad . Obv ious ly , we d o n o t p rec lude t he p oss ib i li ty t ha t l arge dwe l l ings , w i th t he we l l-known p os t-ho les t yp ica l o ft h is c u lture , w i l l b e d iscovered o n t he t err it ory o f R o man ia , e spec ia l ly s ince t hey h ave n ow b een r epor ted i n P o land t oo , where t heir a bsence h ad a lso b een n o ted b efore e x tensive e xcava t ions were c arr ied o ut . 3 2

Whereas t he t ype o f dwe l ling o f fers n o g round f or a f i ner a na lys is , p o tt ery , w i th i t s i n terna l e vo lu t ion ,furn ishes r e levan t d ata . I n t he f i rs t p aper o n t he mos t c harac ter ist ic l i near ware f rom T irpeet i , we p o in ted o u t t ha t i td a ted f ro m a l a te p er iod, s ugges ted t ha t o ccupa t ion l as ted t i l l t he b eg inn ing o ft he P recucu ten i Ic u lture , a nd emphas ized t he c on tr ibut ion 1 3

wh ich t he L inear Po t tery t r ibes made t o t he f orma t ion o f t he v as t P recucu ten i c omp lex .3 3 T he h ypo thes is was s trong ly s uppor ted i n t he f irs t p lace b y t he c onnec t ions t ha t c ou ld b e e s tab l ished b e tween t he ma ter ia l d iscovered a t T irp eet i a nd t ha t f ound i n C zechos lovak ia , P o land a nd t he USSR .

3 4

S o me p a t terns o n t he T irpee t ip o t tery b ear c ons iderab le a na logy t o t he e l iezovce s ty le a nd e ven t o t he ä arka s ty le o f S lovak ia a nd B ohem ia , wh ich e x tended t o P o land a s we l l . The d egenera t ion o ft he n o te-head t o t he e x ten t t ha t i tb ecame a d ash c onnec t ing t wo o r more l i nes a nd t he f i ne b lack f abr ic o fa 'po tsherd f rom T irpee t i ( f ig . 1 9/1; 2 8/4 ) a re t yp ica l o f t he e l iezovce a ssemb lage 35 a nd a re a lso f ound i n P o land 3 6

a nd t he U SSR ( a t L utsk ) .

3 7

I n

c ontrad is t inc t ion t o C zechos lovakia ( t he o r igina l h ome ) a nd P o land h owever , t h is d ecora t ive s ty le i s i nfrequent i n Mo ldova a nd t he U SSR , b ecause af ter r each ing i t s s outh-eas tern mos t l im i ts o f d if fus ion , t he L inear P o t tery c u lture n o l onger h ad v ery a c t ive c onnec t ions w i th c en tres a t h ome o r e ven c loser t o i t , l i ke t he s et t le ments i n P o land . I ti s af ac t t ha t t he f ea tures a nd e vo lut ion o f ac u l ture a t i t s p er iphery , where i ti s u nder t he i mpac t o f i nf luences a nd s t imu li f rom o ther c u ltures , may d if fer f rom t hose i n i t s h o me land o r a reas b order ing o n t ha t h ome , l i ke P o land i n o ur c ase , where , d esp i te c er ta in l oca l c harac ters , b o th t he § arka a nd t ures k nown i n C zechos lovak ia .

2 e l iezovce

t ypes 3 8 d isp lay a l mos t a l l t he f eaOn t he o ther h and , t he r ough l arge n o te-head,

s ome t imes t r iangu lar i n s hape , i s of ten f ound a t ' T irpee t i ( f ig . 2 0/9; 1 6, 2 2;

2 7/6-7, 9 ;

2 9/6;

3 0/1, 6 ) a nd i n t he U SSR ,

3 9

2 4/4 ,

a s we l l a s d o ts , more

n u merous t han t he l i nes w i th wh ich t hey a re c om mon ly a ssoc ia ted ( f ig . 2 4/4 , 1 8; 2 9/6, 1 1) , a nd t hese a re d ecora t ive e lemen ts o f t he 2 e l igzovce a nd o ther l a te L inear P o t tery g roups i n C zechos lovak ia 40 a nd P o land . 4 1 The t yp ica l d ecora t ion c ons ist ing o f e rec t a nd i nver ted s em i-c ircu lar l i nes ( f ig . 1 8/3;

2 9/1) , z ig-zag l i nes , r hombo ids , f i ne v er t ica l o r h or izonta l l i nes

a nd sma l l o b l ique n o te-heads , t he " f ir-tree" mo t if a nd h orn-shaped p ro jec t ions ( f ig . 1 9/2 ) a re a lso f requent i n l a te L inear P o t tery g roups o f C zechos lovak ia 42 a nd t he USSR , e spec ia l ly a t F loree t i , N ezvysko a nd Tsorskoe . 4 3 H or izonta l l i nes r unning r ound t he v esse l , s uperf ic ia l ly i nc ised ( f ig . 2 0/17; 2 3/9; 2 7/ 1 3 ) o r d eep ly c u t ( f ig . 2 4/11, 1 5; 2 9/10-11) ,are r arer i n C zechos lovak ia a nd more f requen t i n P o land ( O lszan ica 44 a nd S trze lce 4 5 )a nd t he USSR ( Nezvysko , Tsorskoe a nd T im ) .

4 6

On t he o ther h and, n o c lose a na logues h ave b een f ound

s o f ar t o t he b und les o f l i nes ( f ig . 2 3/14 ; 2 7/8) 4 7 a nd many o ther p a t terns o f T irpee t i .

As f or t he t ubu lar s pou t ( f ig . 1 8/5;

2 9/7) ,a lthough k nown i n L inear

P o t tery ,4 8 i t was n o t ac o m mon e le men t . The s ame a pp l ies t o t he r ows o f l arge d o ts p laced i ndependen t ly o n t he r im ( f ig . 2 4/19; 2 9/4 ) a nd u sed a t P atn ice , S lovak ia , o n ly o n av esse l o n wh ich a h u man f i gure i s mou lded . The v esse l c omes f rom a s i te o ft he 2 e l iezovc e g roup . 49 I n P oland , a t K rzywosadz ,

5 0

t he r ows o fd o ts a re s o me t imes a ssoc ia ted w i th w ide b ands

f i l led w i th p unches a nd r ound o r t r iangu lar n o tes . On a no ther o ccas ion we p o in ted o u t t ha t t he d ecora t ion w i th d o ts o f v ar ious s hapes a nd w i thout l i nes was a c harac ter is t ic f eature o f t he T irpece t i ware . P ara l le ls t ake u s t o ä arka 5 1 a nd , o bv ious ly , a ga in t o N ezvysko ,

5

t he s i te

wh ich , f or t he t ime b e ing , b ears t he b es t a na logy t o t he l a te Mo ldovan g roup . H owever , whereas o n t he ä arka ware , wh ich a nnounces t he " po in t i l le" p o tt ery , a ss igned b y B . S oudsky t o p hase I V5 3 a nd b y P o lish r esearchers t o 1 4

p hase I I ( t he l as t ) o ft he L inear P o t tery c u lture ,

5 4

a nd o n t he N ezvysko

ware 55 t he r ows o fd o ts f or m t ypica l L inear P o t tery p at terns , l i ke t hose c o mb in ing i nc is ion w i th n o te-heads , a t T irpee t i t he d o ts a re a rranged h or izonta l ly , v er t ica lly o r i n b o th d irec t ions ( f ig . 1 9/15; 2 0/15; 2 3/3-4 , 7 -8, 1 0-13 ; 2 8/5 , 7 -9) , o r t hey a l terna te w i th i nc ised l i nes ( f ig . 1 9/9; 2 2/10; 2 8/2 ) . We f ee l t ha t t he o ld d ecora t ive " ru les"were e luded a nd t ha t n ew f orms o f e xp ress ion h ad b een f ound .

D ecora t ion a t T irpee t i a lso s hows a t rend t owards

i so la t ion , e l im inat ion o r t ransforma t ion o ft he n o te i n to r ows o f d o ts a nd t he e xc lusive o r a l mos t e xc lus ive u se o f i nc is ion , at rend wh ich was a lso r ep or te d a t F loree t i .

5 6

Moreover , a t F loree ti we f i nd t he s l igh t ly u ndu la t ing

l i ne marked w i th sma l l n o te-heads , b ow l f rom T irpeet i ( f ig . 2 3/2;

5 7

l i ke o n t he f rag men t o f at h ick-r i m med

2 7/10 ) , wh ich , h owever , b ears a lso a d eep ly

i nc ised t r iangu lar mo t i fn o t f ound a t F loree t i a nd i n t he who le L inear P ot tery a rea . As men t ioned b efore , a lso u nknown i n t he t yp ica l L inear P o t tery r ep er to ire a re e xc ised c hequers , g rooved p a t terns , a nd meanders l i ke t hose o rnamen t ing t he v esse l d iscovered a t T irpee t i ( f ig . 1 8/4a-4b; 2 8/ 10 ) .

When

t h is v esse l was p ub lished , t he o n ly a na logue o f t he meander was i n t he Ha mang ia c u lture , wh ich made u s a ssu me " a c on tac t a nd mutua l i nf luences b etween t he t wo c u ltures , g iven a lso t he f ac t t ha t t he ir b oundar ies a re d raw ing c loser . "5 8

L a ter , we e ven c onsidered "a L inear P o t tery i n f luence o n t he

H a mang ia c u l ture . "5 9 Our h ypo thesis was r e jec ted o n t he g round t ha t t he meander p a t tern " has s o f ar o ccurred o n ly o nce i n Mo ldova ," b eing t yp ica l o ft he D udee t i c u lture w here i ti s f ound q u i te o f ten " on B ware . "60 I ts hou ld b e n o ted , h owever , f i rs t t ha t t he meander p a t tern o n t he l a t ter i s f u l ly u n like t ha t o n o ur v esse l;

whereas o n t he D udee t i ware i to ccurs a s h a tched , d ot ted

a nd/or r eserved b ands ,

6 1

e xecu ted b y p osi t ive a nd b y n ega t ive t echn iques , o n

t he T irpee t i v esse l i ti s r endered b y f i ne l i nes i nc ised i n as ty le a lso f ound i n C zechos lovak ia ( ra ther i nfrequen t ly t hough ) . 62 Wha t i s more , i ta lso r es e mb les t he meander p at tern o n av esse l d iscovered a t Ho tare le a nd a t tr ibuted t o t he B o ian-Giu lee t i c u lt ure .

6 3

S econd ly , t he ma ter ia l o f Igi rpee t i b e longs

t o t he l a tes t L inear P o t tery p hase d iscovered s o f ar o n t he t err i tory o f Ro man ia , wh ich was p ar t ly s ynchronous w i th t he b eg inn ing o f t he B o ian-Giu lee t i p hase . T h is i s ah igh ly i nvor tan t f ac t b ecause i tp rec ludes a n i nf luence o f t he Dudee t i c u lture wh ich , a ccording t o i t s d iscoverer/ was f o l lowed b y t he Bo lin t ineanu a nd G iu lee t i p hases o ft he Bo ian c u lture .

On t he o ther h and, t he p ossibi li ty

s t i l l e x is ts o f mu tua l i n f luences b e tween t he L inear P o t tery a nd H amangia c u lt ures , a nd t here i s l i t t le d oub t a bout t he c on tac t ( i n Mo ldova ) o f t he l a te L inear P o t tery c u l ture w i th t he b eg inn ing o ft he G iu lee t i p hase o f t he Bo ian c u lture ( Bo lan I ) . As f or t he c oarse ware , most ly i nher i ted f rom t he S tarcevo-Cr ie c u lture , a na logues a re f ound i n C zechos lovak ia ,

6 5

P o land ,

6 6

a nd t he USSR .

6 "

I t

s hou ld b e n o ted , h owever , t ha t d i mp les a nd e spec ia l ly h o l lowed o u t s quares , whose p resence a t T irpee t i h as b een p o in ted o ut a bove , a re missing f ro m o ther s i tes . Wha t c an b e s a id f or c er ta in a bout t he L inear P o t tery o f T irpee t i i s t ha t : ( a ) i th as t he c loses t p ara l le ls i n t he l a te e l iezovce a nd § arka g roups o f C zechos lovak ia a nd P o land , a nd i n t he L inear P ot tery o f t he USSR , a lso d a ted ( w i th a f ew e xcep t ions o n wh ich we s ha l l n o t dwe l l h ere ) t o t he l a s t s tages i n

1 5

t he e vo lut ion o ft he c u lture ; ( b ) c onnec t ions w i th t he § arka g roup s eem more i n tense a l though t h is g roup i s more d istant f rom Mo ldova a nd d id n o t s pread t o e as tern Po land e i ther ; ( c ) l i ke t he U SSR g roup ( F lore§ t i , N ezvysko e tc . ) , t he l a te Mo ldovan g roup d eve loped o n i t s own , mos t o f ten a par t f rom i t s o r ig ina l h ome , b ut o f ten c onnec ted w i th t he P o lish g roups 6 8 t he n e ighbour ing c u ltures ;

a nd o bv ious ly w i th

( d ) l i ke a t N ezvysko , t he s p ira l was s e ldo m u sed

a t T irpe§t i ; 69 ( e ) o fp ar t icu lar i mpor tance i s t he f ac t t ha t t he T irpee t i p eop le c ame i n to c on tac t w i th a p opu la t ion wh ich u sed e xc is ion , c hequered a nd t r ia ngu lar p a t terns , a s we l l a s t he wo lftee th p a t tern ( wh ich may h ave e vo lved f rom t he t r iangu lar n o te ) , a nd a c er ta in t ype o f i nc ised meander . Wi th a f ew e xcep t ions 7° t he ware i n t he s ou thernmost p ar t o f t he L inear Po t tery t err i tory d oes n o t c onta in g raph i te a nd t he s paces b etween l i nes a re n o t p a in ted i n r ed o r i n ap i tchy s ubs tance . A s a lready n o ted , n arrow p i tchb lack s tr ipes ( wh ich a re n o t a ssoc ia ted w i th a n i nc ised d ecora t ion ) , f i ne b lack ware ( l ike s ome s pec imen ts f rom T irpe§ t i ) a nd sma l l dwe l lings o ccur s e ldom . F am i ly dwe l l ings a re r epor ted b y B . S oudsky - i n C zechos lovak ia o n ly i n t he l a te a nd v ery l a te s tages .

I n t he we ll-known s et t le men t o f B y lany - ,t he l a te

C zechos lovak a rchaeo log is t d iscovered a sma l l o ne-fam i ly dwe l ling i n t he " l igh t g reen" p hase a nd o ne i n t he " red" p hase , whereas , l a ter , i n t he " brown I I" p hase , d a ted t o a bout 3 ,000 B .C., most dwe ll ings were o f t h is ty pe. 7 1 However , z iven t he f ac t t ha t t he dwe l lings o f t he " po in t i l la o p o t tery c u lture o f P o land 7 a re l arge a nd most ly t rapezo ida l , w i th many p ost-ho les ( l ike t he t yp ica l L inear-Pot tery dwe l lings ) , we s hou ld h ave r eserva t ions a bout t he g enera l c onc lus ions s ugges ted b y t he s o f ar u n ique s i tua tion a t B y lan S r . F ac ts a nd a rgu men ts p o in t t o av ery l a te d a te o ft he L inear a spec t a t T irp e§t i , wh ich may b e t he l as t i n t he e vo lut ion o f t he c u lture i n Mo ldova . A s b efore , we b e lieve t ha t a more e xac t p icture o f t he e vo lu t ion o f t he L inear P o t tery c u lture i n R o mania c anno t b e d rawn b ecause o ft he s t i l l sma l l n u mber o f e xcava ted s i tes .

The p ub lica t ion o f t he r ich c orpus o f ma ter ia l

f ound a t Tra ian-Dea lu l F in tin i lor a nd o f t ha t u near thed a t G livine t i i V ech i w i l l f i l l i n many o ft he e x ist ing b lanks . E xcep t wes tern R o man ia , where t he L inear P o t tery c u lture i s p resen t o n ly i n t he p hase k nown a s " eas t-S lovak" , t he mos t r ecent d iscover ies i n Mo ldova a nd i n c en tra l a nd s ou th-eastern Trans y lvania d a te f rom t he c lass ica l p hase , when t he d ecora t ion c ons is ted o f i nc ised l i nes a ssoc ia ted w i th n o te-heads . The L inear P ot tery c u lture a dvanced f rom C zechos lovak ia i n to P o land t hrough t he d ef i le o f t he Morava a nd o ther p asses i n t he C arpa th ians a nd t hen s pread a long t he t wo l arge v a l leys o ft he Oder n or th-westwards a nd o ft he V istu la e as twards a nd n or th-eas twards . L a ter i td escended t he Dn iester a nd e x tended t o Mo ldova , where i t may h ave c ome a lso b y a more d irec t r oute f rom t he p resen t U kra ine .

F rom Mo ldova i tg radua l ly d if fused i n to s outh-

e as tern Transy lvan ia o n t he o ne h and , i n to Munten ia o n t he o ther ( L inear P o tt ery i mpor ts i n to o ther c u ltures a re n o t c onsidered h ere ) , a nd p oss ib ly e ven i n to Dobrogea . The d iscover ies made s o f ar s ugges t t ha t , e xcep t f or t he e as t-S lovak g roup i n wes tern R o man ia , t he L inear P o t tery c u l ture d eve loped i n t hree ma jor s tages . 1 6

— C er ta in f i nds f rom T ra ian ,7 3 Danee t ix 74 G lavane§t i i-Vech i , 75 P er ien i ,7 6 G h igoe§ t i , L arga J i jia , B ancu ,7 7 R upea , I8 e tc . i ndica te t ha t b earers o ft he L inear P o t tery c u lture f i rs t e n tered Mo ldova a nd s ou th-eastern Transy lvan ia a t at ime when t he S tarC 'evo-Cr i§ c u lture was s t i l l d eve lop ing t here .

Th is

h ypo thes is i s a lso s uppor ted b y an u mber o f d iscover ies made a t v ar ious s i tes , i nc luding t he C r i§s i te o f Gru mäze§ t i .

T he e v idence we r e ly o n i nc ludes a

t ype o fg rey ware whose p as te a nd f ir ing r esemb le t hose o f L inear P o t tery , t he s hoelas t c e lts , t he a ppearance o f p erfora t ion , a nd p o tsherds whose p resence c an o n ly b e e xp la ined b y d irec t c ontac t b e tween b earers o f t he t wo c u ltures .

7 9

Mos t o ft he ma ter ia l u near thed a t G läväne§ t i i-Vech i ( where o lder d ecora t ive e le men ts a re a lso f ound ) , Tra ian-Dea lu l F in tin i lor , C ipäu , H ärman , S ud iV a nd o ther s e t t le men ts c an b e a ssigned t o t he f o l low ing s tage i n t he e vo lut ion o ft he L inear P o t tery c u lture , when more t r ibes c ame t o Mo ldova f rom s econd ary c en tres a t t he p er iphery o f i t s t err i tory . I ti s i n t h is s tage t ha t t he f ragmen ts w i th " punc tured r ibbons" a nd t hose w i th t he " decora t ion d iv ided i n to 0p ane ls a nd t he s urface h a tched w i th p ara l le l s lan t ing l i nes" f ro m G läväne§ t i ,

° °

a nd t he b uLk o f t he p ot tery f ro m Tra ian-

D ea lu l F in t in i lor c ou ld b e c lassi f ied . B es ide t he p o tsherd o ft he § arka t ype 8 1 f ro m t he l a t ter s i te , w e h ave i n mind t he t endency t o r ep lace i nc ised l i nes b y d o ts , 82 t he p resence o ft r iangu lar 8 3 o r o b long 84 n o tes , t he p unc tured r ibbons , p las t ic o rnamen ts ,

8 5

a nd c er ta in s hapes wh ich t he e xcava tors o f t he s e t t le men t

r e la te t o f orms t ha t a re c om mon i n s e t t le men ts o f t he " po in t i l le" 86 T urdae c u l tures .

a nd V inCa-

Among t hese s hapes t here i s a sma l l s quare v esse l w i th

t h ick a nd r ounded e dge e 7 a nd t he f ragmen t o f at w in v esse l o n sma l l f ee t ;8 8 t hough r are , f oo ted v esse ls a re k nown i n L inear P ot tery . 89 As f or t he r ibb on f i l led i n w i th d o ts ( or p unctures o f v ar ious s hapes ) , wh ich i s s o c ommon o n mos t o ft he t err i tory o ft he L inear P o t tery c u lture a nd t he p redom inan t mo ti f i n C zechos lovak ia , P o land , G ermany , H o l land, e tc ., i ts hou ld b e p o in ted o u t t ha t i ti s s e ldom f ound i n t he s outh e as tern mos t p ar ts o f t he t err i tory . " Aq uest ion a r ises i n c onnec t ion w i th i t s f requency i n t he r eper to ire o f mo ti fs o ft he V in C . a-Turda§ c u lture .

S hou ld i tb e a t tr ibu ted t o aL inear P o t tery c on-

t r ibu t ion o r i nf luence d ur ing t he d eve lopmen t o f t he V in C . a-Turda§ c u l ture , o r i s t he T urda§ c u l ture a v ar ian t o f V i aa o n wh ich L inear P o t tery l ef t s uch as trong mark? A s ou th-to-nor th d if fusion s ee ms r a ther i mprobab le b ecause t he V inCa A c u lture u ses t he p unc tured r ibbon more r are ly , s econdary

a r eas

9 1

whereas i n t he p r imary a nd

o ft he L inear P ot tery c u lture t h is p a t tern i s q u i te c ommon .

N a tura l ly , we s hou ld a lso t ake t he r eg iona l a spec ts o f t he c u ltures i n to a cc oun t , b ut s o g rea t as im i lar i ty i n t he ir p o t tery d ecora t ion c an h ard ly b e a dmi t ted w i thou t i nf luences a nd r e la t ions ( possib ly d irec t d escen t a s we l l ) b b e tween t he t wo c u ltures . The l as t s tage 9 2 i n t he L inear P o t tery c u l ture o f Mo ldova i s d ocu men ted o n ly b y t he d iscover ies o n R ipa l u i B oda i , where , a s men t ioned b efore , ma ter ia l w as f ound wh ich e n t i t les u s t o s peak o f ac ontact b etween t he b earers o ft h is c u l ture a nd t hose o ft he Bo ian-Giu le§ ti c u lture ( Greaca s tage ) .

C hron-

o log ica l ly a nd c u ltura l ly , t hese d iscover ies h ave f i l led t he a pparen t b reak b e tween t he L inear P o t tery a nd P recucu ten i Ic u l tures . 9 3 1 7

S ynchronis ms , t he S udit i a nd Här man a spec ts , a nd t he c hrono logy o f d isc over ies a t T irpee t i w i l l b e d iscussed i n t he l as t c hapter .

B u t we s ha l l men-

t ion h ere t ha t t he t wo a va i lab le C14 d a tes f or t he L inear P o t tery l eve l o f T irpeet i a re 4 220 ± 1 00 a nd 4 295 ± 1 00 B . C .

B efore c los ing t he c hap ter , we want t o r epor t a n impor tan t d iscovery wh ich c an b e a ss igned o n ly t o t he L inear P o t tery l eve l a lthough i t was n o t made i n ac losed a ssoc ia t ion .

Two p o tsherds o ft he L u mea N ouä . t ype ( f ig . 8 9/1-2 )

were u near thed a t ad ep th o f 1 .05-1 .30 m, i .e . i n t he e ar lies t c u lture l ayer a t t he s i te .

The more s ign if ican t s herd c o mes f rom t he u pper p ar t o f ag lobu-

l ar v esse l ( ?) , made o f f i ne p as te , whose wa l l i s f i red t o b r ick-red o u tside a nd t o g rey i ns ide .

I t s e x terna l s urface was p a in ted i n p ink ish-wh ite a nd

t hen d ecora ted w i th r ed v er t ica l a nd o b lique l i nes ; ad eep r ed c o lour , s im i lar t o t ha t i n wh ich t he d ecora t ion was p a inted, was a pp l ied t o t he i nner s urface ( f ig . 8 9/1) . Ana log ies t ake u s t o t he p a inted p ot tery o f L u mes N ou a94 a nd i nd ica te c u ltura l s ynchron is m b e tween t he l a te L inear P o t tery o f T irpee t i a nd t he c u ltura l a spec t o f L u mea N ouä , e ven i f , a s ment ioned, t he t wo f ragments were n o t f ound i n ac losed a ssoc ia t ion .

N o tes 1 . F or t he L inear P o t tery d iscover ies o f T irpee t i s ee S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu , 1 966, p p . 4 23-426, f i g . 1 ; 1 971, p p . 4 -36 , f i g . 1 -7;

I de m , 1 968 , p p . 3 96-401, f i g . 3 -4 ;

i dem ,

i de m , 1 972 , p p . 1 62-171, f ig . 1 -2 .

2 . A . S tock S T , 1 929 , p . 6 1, ment ions 2 -40 cm l ong s pec i mens ;

s ee a lso

f ig . LX I I/1, 1 0-11 . 3 . W . S chönwe iss , 1 976, f i g . 3 6/2 , 1 1 . 4 . These a re a lso k nown i n C zechos lovak ia ( see A . S tock , 1 929 , p l . LX IV ) , Ger many ( see W . S chönwe iss , 1 976, f ig . 3 7/1, 2 , 6 ) , a nd i n t h is c oun try : s ee H . a nd V l . Du m i trescu , 1 962 , p . 2 54 , who men t ion t wo f rag men ts o f we l l-po lished maces , o ne i ncomp le te ly p erfora ted , made o f h ard r ock , d iscovered i n t he L inear P o t tery l eve l a t Tra ian-Dea lu l e in t in i lor .

Th is

s i te a lso p roduced a no ther p er fora ted, o va l t oo l ( see H . a nd V I . Du m i trescu , 1 970 , p p . 4 3-44 , f i g . 4 /2 ) , wh ich , a ccording t o t he a u thors o ft he e xcava t ion , migh t b e h a lf o f as hoelas t c e lt u sed f or s tr ik ing af ter b e ing b roken .

I ti s h owever n o t i mposs ib le t ha t t h is o b jec t was a mace

s im i lar t o t he t wo d iscovered p rev ious ly . 5 . H . a nd V I . Du m i trescu , 1 970 , p p . 4 3-44 , f i g . 1 /1-3 . 6 . R . R . N ewe l l, 1 972 , p p . 9 -38;

W . S chönwe iss , 1 976, f i g . 3 4 ;

3 5 .

There a re many d iscover ies , b ut we q uo te o n ly t he most r ecen t s tudies . 7 . S ee n o te 1 . 8 . S . Mar inescu-B i lcu , 1 966, p . 4 25 , f ig . 1 . 9 . I n Ro man ia s uch a d ecora t ion i s a lso f ound a t Tra ian-Dea lu l

1 8

1 0 .

An thropomorph ic f igur ines a re n o t u ncom mon i n t he L inear Po t tery c u lt ure ( see D . Kaufmann , 1 976, p p . 5 9-96 , f i g .

2/ ad;

3 /b-k ;

o n ly t h is

s tudy i s men t ioned b ecause i th as c omp le te r eferences ) , b u t i n R o man ia , e xcep t t he s pec imen

o f T irpe§ t i , o n ly f rag men ts o f v esse ls w i th p las t ic

h u man f igures ( see A . L äsz lö , 1 968, p p . 7 3-91, f i g . 1 ) o r a n thropo morp h ic h and les ( ?) ( see V I . Du m i trescu , 1 974 , p . 1 76, f ig . 1 83/7) were f ound . 1 1 .

The ma ter ia l h as n o t b een p ub lished; we c arr ied o ut e xcava t ions a t t h is s i te i n 1 969-1970 .

1 2 .

G li .vine t i i-Vech i , 1 950 , p . 2 9 .

The r epor t c onta ins n o a ddi t iona l i n-

f orma t ion a bou t t he dwe l lings , n o d e ta i led d escr ip t ion , p lans o r d raw ings . 1 3 .

H . a nd V l . D um itrescu , 1 970 , p p . 4 2-43 , f i g . 2 .

1 4 .

I bid .

1 5 .

I b id .

1 6 .

S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu , 1 971, p . 6 .

1 7 .

B . S oudskY , 1 966, f i g . 5 -8;

1 8 .

S . Mi l isauskas , 1 976 , p p . 5 3-60 , f i g . 3 0-33; p l . D C-XV I .

1 9 .

W . B ut t ler , 1 938, p p . 8 -14 , f i g . 1 ;

1 1;

1 3;

1 6;

3 ;

6 ;

p l . I -II I .

p l . 2 4 ; W . S chönwe iss ,

1 976, p p . 1 3-18, f i g . 4a nd s upp l . 1 . 2 0 .

B . S oudskY , 1 974 , p p . 2 2-27, 7 5-79 a nd g enera l p lan ; 1 976, p p . 3 16-318; A . Theven in , 1 974 , p p . 4 7-55 .

F . Bourdier ,

R . S chwe i tzer 's

o bserva t ion o n t he p repara t ion o ft he g raves i n t he c e me tery a t R ixhe im ( A . Theven in , 1 974 , p p . 5 0-51) i s h igh ly i n teres t ing i n r espec t o f mag ic r e l ig ious b e liefs a nd t he r e la t ionsh ip b e tween l i fe a nd d ea th .

The g rave

p i ts d ug i n a l luv ia l d epos i ts were f i l led w i th s and mixed w i th r ed o chre a nd t he g raves were marked w i th f our p os ts wh ich s uppor ted a l i t t le r oof o r f ormed t he s caf fo lding o f a sma l l s hr ine wh ich was a min ia ture r ep roduc t ion o f t he dwe l lings o ft he l iv ing . 2 1 .

P . J . R . Modderman , 1 970 , p p . 6 -34 , p l . 7 -8;

2 2 .

E . C hernysh , 1 965 , p p . 2 63-264 .

2 3 .

I b id .

2 4 .

I b id ., p . 2 64 .

2 5 .

I b id .

2 6 .

T . P assek , 1 965 , p . 1 31 .

2 7 .

E . C hernysh , 1 965 , p . 2 64 .

2 8 .

H . D um i trescu , 1 959 , p . 1 98;

2 9 .

S ee n o tes 1 7 , 1 8 a nd 1 9 .

3 0 .

S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu , 1 974a , p . 3 7 .

1 78-195 .

S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu , 1 974 , p p . 2 5-37 .

1 9

3 1 .

S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu , 1 971, p . 7 .

3 2 .

S ee n o te 2 0 .

Dwe l lings o ft h is t ype were d iscovered i n a l mos t a l l k nown

s et t le men ts where L inear P o t tery s i tes were e xcava ted ( Zlo ta , S trachow , P ie trow ice , Wie lk ie , N iemzca , Gn iechow ice , S koroszow ice , N owa H uta . , e tc . ) . 3 3 .

S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu , 1 971, p p . 3 -36 .

3 4 .

I bid .

3 5 .

J . Pavük , 1 969 , p p . 2 69-367, f i g . 4 2/17; 4 3/4 , 1 4 ; Much more ma ter ia l o f t he

4 7/ 18-19 , a .o .

e l iezovce t ype h as b een p ub l ished , b u t we

c i te o n ly t h is a r t ic le b ecause i ti s t he mos t t horough a nd r ecen t s tudy a nd, moreover , c on ta ins e xhaus t ive r eferences . 3 6 .

A . K u lczycka-Lec ie jew iczowa , 1 970 , p p . 1 4-75 , f i g . 1 3/1-5; Mi lisauskas , 1 976, p p . 2 7-28, f i g . 1 0-12;

p l . V/C-D ;

3 7 .

T . Passek a nd E . C hernysh , 1 963 , f i g . 2 5/22 .

3 8 .

A . K u lczycka-Lec ie jew iczowa , 1 970 , p p . 4 9-52 .

3 9 .

VI I/E ;

V I I I/E-F .

T . Passek a nd E . C hernysh , 1 963, f i g . 2 3/1-2 ( F lore§ t i ) a nd 2 3/3 , 6 -7 ( Tira ) ;

4 0 .

S .

p l . XV/1;

XV I I/7;

XVI I I/10 .

J . Pavük , 1 969 , f i g . 1 2/1-2 , 6 ;

1 5/8-9 , 1 2 , 1 4-15 .

F or t he s a me s ty le

o f d ecora t ion s ee J . K udrna ,k , 1 953 , p . 4 28, f i g . 1 55/1, 5 ;

J . B ar ta ,

1 956, f ig . 2 57/2-3 ( and i n f ig . 2 76 a p o tsherd d ecora ted o n ly w i th d o ts , w i thout i nc ised l i nes , s im i lar t o t hose o f T irpe§ t i ); T . M . D u ek , 1 959 ,

I V/5 ;

S . Vene l , 1 961, f i g . 6 ;

1 0-28 ( much ma ter ia l d ecora ted o n ly w i th d o ts ,

w i thou t i nc ised l ines , t yp ica l § a .rka ; i n t h is l a te g roup o f B ohe m ia ) . 4 1 .

K o ln ik a nd J .

P au lik , 1 957 , p l . I/4 ;

S ee n o te 3 5 .

P .

7 84 , f i g . 2 89/4 ;

a ctua l ly , t h is i s ac om mon d ecora tion

L ike i n C zechos lovak ia , many more d iscover ies h ave b een

made h ere , b u t f or t he s ake o fb rev i ty we men t ion o n ly t he mos t s ign if ican t , u s ing o n ly g enera l p apers when t h is i s p ossib le . 4 2 .

J . Pavük , 1 969 , f i g . 1 2/1;

3 6/1;

J . P au lik , 1 957 , f i g . 1 5/4 , 6 ; S . Vend, 1 961 . 4 3 .

E . P les l , 1 952 , f i g . 8 ;

p l . I V/2;

T . Passek a nd E . C hernysh , 1 963 , N ezvysko : V I/3;

V I I I/2 , 6 ;

XV I I/9-10 ;

T sorskoe :

p l . X I I I/8 , 2 1;

S . Mi l isauskas , 1 976, f i g . 9 /F ;

4 5 .

The ma ter ia l i s i n t he Museu m o f L odz .

4 6 .

T . P assek a nd E . C hernysh , 1 963, N ezvysko :

4 7 .

f i g . 2 5/7; F lore t i :

p l . I/6; I V/6;

p l . X IV/12;

XV I I I/ 12; XX I/11; XX I I/6 .

4 4 .

Tsorskoe :

T . K o ln ik a nd

B . S oudsk i r , 1 966, p l . V I I I/3;

p l . X I I I/1;

T i m

1 0/A-B , D , F ;

1 1/D :

1 2/B , E -F .

p l . I/1, 5 ;

V I I I/16;

p l . XXV/19 .

S o me p ara l le ls i n t he § arka g roup ( see V end, 1 961, f i g . 1 5/11) .

2 0

4 8 .

R . T ich i r , 1 956 , f i g . 1 3; . E . F . N eustupn i r , 1 956, f ig . 1 63; 9 , 1 1;

1 74/3 , 5 ,

p . 4 61, d iv ides t hese t ubu lar s pou ts i n to f our p hases a nd t h inks

t ha t t hey a re o f E as t Medi terranean o r igin .

H is h ypo thes is i s s trong ly

s uppor ted b y s im i lar f i nds o n V ida s i tes , a nd e spec ia l ly o n N eo li th ic s i tes o f Greece .

They a re a lso p resen t i n t he N eo li th ic o f C yprus a nd

a t J er icho , a nd a re p ar t icu lar ly f requen t i n I rak ( Tepe Gawra , Uruk , Te l l Uqa ir , D je mde t N asr , e tc . )a nd I ran ( Susa ) . The t ubu lar s pou t o f T irp e§ t i wou ld b e long t o N eus tupnY 's t ype A , b u t we d o n o t b e lieve t ha t i t j us t if ies a c hange i n t he d a te o f t he who le ma ter ia l f rom o ur s e t t le ment . The more s o a s i t s d ecora t ion i s e xecuted v ery c are less ly , w i th b ig a nd r ough n o tes .

Moreover , t he c o mp lex a t Mohe ln ice , where a s im i lar s pec i-

men was f ound ( see R . T ich S T , 1 956, f i g . 1 3) , i s a lso f a ir ly r ecen t . 4 9 .

M . Dugek , 1 959 , f i g . 2 88/2;

S . V end, 1 961, f i g . 1 0/9;

2 4/8, e tc . ;

t he l as t men t ioned ma ter ia l b e longs t o t he ä a .rka g roup . 5 0 . 5 1 .

The ma ter ia l i s i n t he Museu m o f L odz . B . S oudskY , 1 954 , p . 1 04 , f i g . 3 /10-13;

4 , s ays t ha t l ines a re a bandoned

i n t h is p hase , d o ts b ecome t he o n ly o rna men t , a nd t he who le e vo lu t ion e nds i n ak ind o f F urchens t ich .

S ee a lso S . Vend, 1 961, p p . 1 37-140 .

5 2 .

T . Passek a nd E . C hernysh , 1 963 , p l . V I 11/1, 1 1 .

5 3 .

B . S oudsk i r , 1 965 , p . 2 77 .

The i dea h ad a lready b een p ut f orward i n

1 956, when B . S oudskY , 1 956 , p p . 3 4-35 , d id n o t e xc lude a f our th p hase wh ich wou ld i nc lude t he krka t ype , i fi t s i ndependent e x istence c ou ld b e p roved .

S ubsequen t d escr ipt ions p roved t ha t t he h ypo thes is o f t he l a te

C zech r esearcher was c orrec t . 5 4 .

The g rea tes t P o lish a uthor i ty i n t he L inear P ot tery c u lture , A . K u lczyckaL ec ie jew iczowa ,informed u s t ha t i n P o land i tc ou ld b e d iv ided i n to t hree p hases , wh ich we a re s u m ming u p h ere :

p hase Ic harac ter ized b y d ecora-

t ion w i th d eep b road i nc ised l i nes f or m ing v ar ious b ands ( i nc luding t he s p ira l ) a nd b y t he a bsence o f n o te-heads; p hase I w i th a d ecora t ion c ons is ting o f d o t ted r ibbons , i nc ised l i nes a nd n o te-heads ( t he Oder z one s epara ted f ro m t he V is tu la z one i n t h is p hase );

i n p hase I l l , t he ä arka

t ype i s f ound i n t he v a l ley o ft he Oder , a nd t he

e l iezovce t ype i n t he

v a l ley o f t he V istu la . b o th z ones .

Do t ted r ibbons were s t i l l u sed , t hough r are ly , i n

5 5 .

T . P assek a nd E . C hernysh , 1 963, p l . V II I/1, 1 1 .

5 6 .

I b id ., p l . XX I/2 , 5 .

5 7 .

I b id ., p l . XV/10 .

5 8 .

S . Mar inescu-B l icu , 1 966, p . 4 25 .

5 9 .

S . Mar inescu B i lcu , 1 968, p . 4 01 .

6 0 .

E . C om p . , 1 972 , p . 1 74 a nd n o te 1 1 .

6 1 .

E . C om a , 1 971a , f i g . 1 7/1-10 ; 3 , 4 , 6 ;

2 7/4 , 6 -7;

1 8/1-7 , 1 0-15 , 1 7-25; 1 9;

2 8/1-2 , 5 -12;

1 0/1-2 , 4 , 6 -8, 1 1-14 ;

2 4/1,

M . N ica , 1 976, f ig . 5 /1, 4 -7, 9 , 1 1;

1 3/1-2 , 7 -8 .

2 1

2 0 ;

6 2 .

I . P ay lu 0 ,1 972 , p . 1 37 , f i g . 3( Prague-De jv ice a nd By lan S 7 ) .

6 3 .

E . C om a , 1 955 , p . 4 22 , f i g . 9 /2;

6 4 .

E . C om p , , 1 971a , p . 2 47 .

6 5 .

A . S tock , 1 929 , f i g . 1 9/18-19; p l . V I I I/2;

1 0 .

B . S oudsk i r , 1 954 , f i g . 3 /2 , 5 , 7 -8;

XV I/12;

XXIX/3 , 1 3-14;

J . P avük , 1 964 , f i g . 1 0 .

Once

more , o n ly a f ew o f t he r e la t ive ly l arge n u mber o f e x is t ing e xa mp les h ave b een c hosen . 6 6 .

K . J äzdzewsk i , 1 938, p l . XXX/6-8 , 1 0-13; A . K u lczycka-Lec ie jew iczowa , 1 970 , f i g . 7 /9-10 ; 9 /10 ; 1 3/6, 8 . Ma ter ia l o f t h is t ype i s f ound o n p ract ica l ly a l l L inear P o t tery s i tes o f P o land .

6 7 .

T . Passek a nd E . C hernysh , 1 963, p l . 1 /7 , 1 5;

I ; V I II/10 ; X IV/3 , 5 ;

XV I/4 , 6 , 8 . 6 8 .

K . J aZdiewsk i, 1 938, p l . XX IX ;

XX/1-11;

p l . I/1, 2 a , 4 -6; I I/11 ;

V/1 ;

I V/1 ;

A . K u lczycka , 1 961, p l . I I/4-11; I V ;

6 9 .

9 /B-E ;

1 0/D-G ;

J . K . K ozlowsk i a nd

V/1-6; V I/1-11; A . K u lczycka-

L ec ie jew ieczowa , 1 970 , f i g . 7 /1, 7 , 9 -11; f i g . 8 ;

Z . P odkow inska , 1 959 ,

f ig .9 /a ;

p l . V/A-B ;

1 3/1, 8 ;

V I I/A-D , F ;

Mi l isauskas , 1 976 , V I I I/C-H .

The t rue s p ira l , n o t s em ic irc les a rranged a l terna te ly w i th t he a rc u pwards a nd d ownwards a nd s e t o f fb y n o te-heads .

Th is i s n o t as p ira l p a t-

t ern a s E . C om p . , 1 972 , p . 1 75 , b e l ieves i tt o b e . 7 0 .

E . C om a , 1 960 , p . 2 32 , r epor ts l i near p o t tery w i th t he i n terva ls b et ween l i nes p a in ted i n r ed a t Z ven iach ika a nd N ezvysko .

7 1 .

B . S oudskY , 1 966, f i g . 1 1 ( t op ) ;

7 2 .

J . Kam ier iska a nd J . Koz lowsk i , 1 970 , p . 1 10 , f i g . 2 9 .

7 3 .

1 3 ;

H . D um i trescu , 1 955 , f i g . 9 /15 , 2 0 ;

1 5 ,

H . a nd V l . D um itrescu , 1 962,

f ig . 7 /1 . 7 4 .

M . P e trescu-D imbov4a a nd Em . Z ahar ia , 1 962 , f i g . 2 .

7 5 .

G livine§ t i i-Vech i , 1 950 , f i g . 1 -2 .

7 6 .

M . P e trescu-D imbov4a 1 957, f i g . 9 .

7 7 .

The ma ter ia l i s i n t he Museu m o f M iercurea C iuc .

7 8 .

V l . Du m i trescu , 1 958, f i g .

7 9 .

S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu , 1 975 , p p . 5 00-501 .

1/5 .

A t b o th R upea a nd P er ien i

( i b id ., p p . 4 88, 4 97) we a ssu med a p oss ib le c on tac t b etween t he C r i§ a nd L inear P o t tery c u ltures . I n Ro man ia i t was s ugges ted b y V I . Du m i trescu t wen ty y ears a go , s ee V I . D um i trescu , 1 958 , 4 04-405 . 8 0 .

E . C om a , 1 960 , p . 2 32 .

S ince t he ma ter ia l i s n o t i l lus tra ted , t h is

c lassif ica t ion may n o t b e c orrec t .

U n t i l t he p o t tery o f G lävine§t i i s

p ub lished i ti s mere ly a h ypo thes is .

A t a ny r a te h a tched a reas a re f ound

i n C zechos lovak ia i n l a te p hases ( see P . ü ap lov ij , 1 956, f i g . 1 20/4 ; 1 22/1) , a nd i t may n o t b e i rreve lan t t o ment ion t ha t t h is t ype o f d ecorat ion i s a lso u sed i n t he B t ikk c u lture . 2 2

8 1 .

H . Du m i trescu , 1 955 , f i g . 9 /11 .

8 2 .

I bid ., f i g . 9 /4 ;

8 3 .

H . Du m i trescu , 1 955 , f i g . 9 /10 ;

8 4 .

H . D um i trescu , 1 955 , f i g . 9 /12 .

8 5 .

I b id ., f i g . 9 /1 .

8 6 .

H . a nd V l . D um i trescu , 1 962 , p . 2 56, f i g . 7 /3 .

8 7 .

I b id ., p . 2 56 .

8 8 .

I bid .

8 9 .

M . D t liek , 1 959 , f i g . 2 88/4 .

H . a nd V I . D um i trescu , 1 962 , p . 2 56 . H . a nd V l . D um i trescu , 1 962 , p . 2 56 .

I ti s i n teres t ing t o n o te t ha t a t N ezvysko

t here i s a sma l l f oo ted v esse l r egarded a s z oo morph ic ( see T . Passek a nd E . C hernysh , 1 963 , f i g . 1 2;

p l . I V/5 ) , b u t wh ich i n o ur o pin ion i s

r a ther a v esse l w i th p las t ic a pp l ica t ions , p robab ly sma l l h orns .

Th is i s

af ur ther l i nk b e tween t he L inear P o t tery o f Mo ldova a nd t ha t o f t he S ov ie t U n ion . 9 0 .

S ince t h is d ecora t ion ( t hough r arer ) i s s t i l l u sed i n t he l a te p hases o f P o land , C zechos lovak ia ( see S . Vend, 1 961, f i g . 2 9/61, 6 3 , 6 5 , e tc . ) , t he USSR ( see V . P assek a nd E . C hernysh , 1 963 , f i g . 2 3/9 ; p l . X II I/181 9;

XV II I/1-2 ;

) 0 (V/13 ,15 ;

XXV I/4 ) , a nd a t Hi .rman ( see A . D .

A lexandrescu , 1 971, f i g . 4 /12 ) , we i nc luded i ti n t ha t p hase b ecause o f t he s carc i ty o f ma ter ia l o rna men ted i n t h is s ty le a nd i t s a ssoc ia t ion w i th ware o f t he l a te L inear P o t tery t ype . 9 1 .

V l . Mi lo jC iC , 1 949 , p l . 3 0/7-8, i l lus tra tes t wo s herds d ecora ted w i th d ot ted r ibbons , b u t r ecen t i nves t iga t ions i n B ana t ( see Gh . L azarov ic i , 1 973 , p p . 3 2-33 ) s howed t ha t t h is d ecora t ion o ccurs s e ldo m a t Gornea i n V in a . A .

Ac tua l ly , a t V inCa i ti s f ound a t ad ep th o f 7 .9 0-4 m ( see

M . M . Vas iC , 1 936, f i g . 4 8; 9 2 .

7 8;

9 3-94 ;

1 39;

1 62-163 ) .

E . C om a , 1 972 , p p . 1 77-178 , a dvoca tes t he d iv is ion o f t he L inear P o tt ery c u lture o f R o man ia i n to t wo p hases .

9 3 .

As e ar ly a s 1 963 , V ladim ir D um i trescu p o in ted o u t t he L inear Pot tery c on tr ibut ion t o t he Precucu ten i Ip hase ( see V I . D um i trescu , 1 963 , p . 5 4 ) , a cknow ledged t ha t n o i n termedia te l i nk h ad a s y e t b een d iscovered b et ween t he L inear P o t tery w i th n o te-head d ecora t ion o f Mo ldova a nd t he f irs t p hase o f t he P recucuten i c u l ture , b u t h e i ns is ted t ha t s uch a l i nk e x is ted .

On t he o ther h and , E . Z ahar ia ma in ta ined t ha t i t was a s t i l l

imag inary l eve l ( see E . Z ahar ia , 1 967, p . 3 5 ) .

T he d iscover ies o f T ir-

p e§ t i , p ar t ly k nown i n 1 967 ( see S . Mar inescu-B i lcu , 1 966, p p . 4 23-426) , f u l ly p rove t he e x is tence o ft he miss ing l i nk b etween t he t wo c u ltures . 9 4 .

D . B erc iu , I . B erc iu , 1 947-1949 , p p . 8 -13 , f ig . 6( i n p ar t icu lar 2 , 3 , 1 4 ) a nd 8 /6 .

2 3

I I THE PRECUCUTEN I LEVEL ( F ig . 3 -11;

1 3;

3 2-115 )

T he P recucuten i l eve l ( f ig . 3 ; 1 0-11) , i n wh ich t en dwe l l ings ( a l l f rom t he P recucu ten i I Ip hase ) , t hree l arge h o l lows , s evera l p i ts , a nd t wo d i tches ( one f or d efence ) were c leared a nd i nves t iga ted , c on ta ined much t yp ica l mat er ia l a nd i nc luded t wo l iv ing f l oors . Ac om mun i ty b e long ing t o t he P recucuten i c u lture s e t t led o n t he t errace b efore t he e nd o f t he P recucu ten i Ip hase l—actua l ly a f ew P recucu ten i Ip o ts herds were f ound ( f ig . 5 5/1-2 ; 8 5/1-2 ) b ut s o f ar n o a ssoc ia t ion f rom t h is p hase h as b een d iscovered i n t he e xcava ted a rea—and i nhab i ted i tp robab ly w i thou t i n terrup t ion , b u t w i th n ew e thn ic i nf lows , a l mos t t o t he e nd o ft he c u lt ure , t ha t i s t o t he t rans i t ion f rom t he P recucu ten i I l l p hase t o t he C ucuteni A l s tage . A sma l l e nc losure d i tch ( f ig . 3 -8) , a bou t 9 8 m l ong , e ncompass ing a n a rea o f s ome 2 ,200 s q m , was d ug o n t he t errace s oon a f ter i t s s e t t le men t . D igg ing i ti nvo lved t he r e mova l o f 1 60 ± 5 % c u m o f e ar th .

I t was mos t ly s haped

l i ke a r ounded o r b lun ted V ( f ig . 4 -8) , 1 .20-1 .75 m w ide a t t he o pen ing , r eac hed d own t o 1 .40-1 .70 m f rom i t s d igg ing l eve l a nd b ecame s ha l lower t owards t he t wo e nds o ft he t errace . I t s f i l ling c on ta ined P recucu ten i ma ter ia l a nd s evera l l i near p o tsherds , wh ich were a n a tura l o ccurrence b ecause i n d igg ing t he d i tch t he P recucu ten i p eop le h ad t o d isturb e ar lier , i .e . L inear P o t tery , d epos i ts . I ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t t he t hree P recucu ten i h o l lows ( con te mporary w i th t he d i tch ) l ay o u tside t he e nc losed a rea ( f ig . 3 ; 5 -6) a nd t ha t t he d i tch was s oon p u t o u t o fu se; t wo o f t he l a te P recucu ten i dwe l lings ( end o f P r . I I ) p ar t ly o ver lay i t( f ig . 3 , dwe ll ings 7 a nd 1 6) . I n v iew o ft he L inear P ot tery h ab i ta t ion o f T irpe§ t i , t o wh ich s ome s cho lars migh t f ee l i nc lined t o a ss ign t he d i tch , we p o in t o u t t ha t i th ad b een d ug s tar t ing f ro m t he P recucu ten i l eve l ( f ig . 4 ;

6 -8) a nd t ha t i t s f i l ling c onta ined P recu-

c u ten i p o tsherds d own t o i t s b o t to m . I ti s more d if f icu l t t o e s tab lish t he r o le o ft he d i tch .

G iven i t s sma l l d i-

mens ions , i tc ou ld n o t h ave h ad a d efens ive p urpose ; i tp robab ly was a n e nc losure t o k eep t he c a t t le i n a t n igh t2 o r ar i tua l b oundary made b y t he f irstc omers , b ecause we h ave n o d oub t t ha t t he P recucuten i p eop le a rr ived h ere i n t wo s tages , s tra t igraph ica l ly d ocu men ted .

Dwe l l ing 3 , f or i ns tance , p ar t ly

o ver lay a P recucu ten i p i t ( f ig . 3 ) , a nd dwe l ling 6 h ad b een b u i lt o ver t he l eve l led r e ma ins o fa no ther Precucuteni dwe l ling whose h ear th was f a ir ly we l l p reserved ( f ig . 5 ;

3 5/5 ) .

3

2 4

At rue d efence d i tch s urv ived a lso f ro m t he P recucu ten i I I p hase ( f ig . 3 ; 5 -8; 9 /3; 3 3 ) . I t was a pprox i ma te ly 1 29 m l ong a nd e nc losed s ome 4 ,600 s q m . N o P recucu ten i I l s urface dwe l l ing was f ound b eyond i t . I t s d ep ths v ar ied b e tween 1 .50 a nd 1 .90 m ( f rom i t s d igg ing l eve l ) a nd i t s w idth a t t he o pen ing c ou ld o n ly b e e s t ima ted a t 3 -3 . 5 0 m b ecause t he d efence d i tch o ft he s ubsequen t ( Cucu ten i ) h ab ita t ion h ad b een p ar t ly d ug i n i t .

I t was s haped l i ke

aw ide- mou thed f unne l w i th f a ir ly s teep s lopes a nd r ounded b o t tom ( f ig . 5 -8; 9 /3) a nd h ad r equ ired t he r e mova l o f 4 40 ± 4 % c u m o f e ar th . I t s f i l ling c ont a ined t yp ica l p o t tery ( f ig . 6 6/3-8) . A s men t ioned a bove , t he b urnt r ema ins o f t en P recucu ten i s urface dwe ll i ngs , n u mbered 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 1 4 , 1 4 b is , 1 6 a nd 2 2 b is , were d iscovered a t T irpe t i ( f ig . 8 ;

1) .

Dwe l lings 1 4 a nd 1 4 b is were o ver la in b y t he l arge

C ucu ten i dwe l ling 1 2, a nd 2 2 b is b y t he C ucu ten i dwel l ing 2 2 ( f ig . 3 -4 ) . P recucu ten i dwe l lings c ou ld b e d iv ided i n to t wo c a tegor ies : o f 3 5-77 s q m ( f ig . 3 4/1;

3 6/D . 3 ;

3 7;

3 8/D .8;

3 9/D . 1 4 ;

a nd sma l l o nes o f 1 2-30 s q m ( f ig . 3 5/3; 3 6/D . 2 , D . 4 ; b is ; 4 0/D .16) ; a l l were r ectangu lar i n p lan .

The

l arge dwe l lings 4 0/D .22 b is )

3 8/D .7;

3 9/D .14

The p oor f urn ish ing o f t he dwe l lings a nd h igh ly f ragmentary c ondi t ion o f t he p o t tery s hou ld b e emphas ized . The s e t t lemen t was p robab ly a bandoned w i thout h as te , af ac t a lso s tressed e lsewhere .

4

O ft he t en dwe l lings , o n ly N o . 6h ad b een r a ised o n ap la tform ( f ig . 2 4/2; 3 5/2 ) .

S leep ing b enches were i den t if ied i n dwe l l ings 3 , 8 , 1 4 a nd 1 6 .

On a no ther o ccas ion we men t ioned t ha t t he b u i lding o fp la tform-free dwe l lings e n ta i led n o d if f icu l ty .

5

S leeper b eams were l a id o n t he g round o r

p oss ib ly r ecessed i n to i tt o b e b et ter h e ld i n p os i t ion , a nd f orked p o les , 1 0-15 cm t h ick , were i nser ted i n t he m , 1 -1 .20 m a par t .

The u pper e nds o f t he

p o les were s tuck i n as o lid wood f rame , wh ich s uppor ted t he s truc ture o f t he c e i ling a nd t he r af ters o ft he g ab led r oof . Wa t t le made o f i n ter tw ined s t icks a nd t w igs c onnec ted t he p o les a nd a l ayer o f c lay mixed w i th much c haf f , c hopped s traw , g rave l , l eaves e tc . was a pp lied t o i t , f i rs t i ns ide a nd t hen o u ts ide . Wa l ls 3 0-40 cm t h ick were made i n t h is way . R ound o r o va l w indows were c u t i n t he m a nd t he e ntrance was r eserved p robab ly i n t he wa l l o ppos i te t o t he h ear th ( f ig . 1 3 ) . Mos t p robab ly t he a t t ic a nd r oof t ha tch ing were a lso d aubed . Th is h ypot hesis , p u t f orward e ar lier , i s s uppor ted b y t he G u me ln4a h ouse- mode ls d iscovered i n R oman ia a nd b y t he Tr ipo lyan h ouse- mode l f rom R osshova tka .6 Af ter d ry ing , t he wa l ls were p las tered b o th i ns ide a nd o utside w i th a mixt ure o f f i ne c lay a nd s and , a nd t hen p a in ted y e l low ish-wh i te a nd more s e ldom r ed . P o lychrome wa l ls may h ave b een made s o me t imes , b ut f or t he t ime b e ing t here i s n o p roof o ft h is p rac t ice a t T irpe§ t i . T he b ui lding o f dwe l lings p rov ided w i th a p la tform , wh ich , t hough k nown f ro m Precucuten i I , d id n o t b eco me g enera l ized e ven i n P recucu ten i I I , was more c omp lica ted .

C lef tb ea ms , 2 0-25 cm i n d iame ter , were l a id p erpen-

d icu lar t o t he l ong a x is o ft he dwe l ling o n p rev ious ly l eve l led g round . The i n terva ls b e tween t he b ea ms were s ome t imes f i l led w i th t w igs , s t icks o r e ven t h in r ound o r r homb ic l ogs ( f ig . 3 5/2 ) , wh ich were c overed w i th 1 5-25 cm o f 2 5

c lay mixed w i th c haf f , c hopped s traw , s and a nd g rave l ( af abr ic s im i lar t o t ha t u sed f or wa l ls ) . S pace f or t he h ear th o r o ven was of ten r eserved i n t he p la tfor m ( f ig . 3 4/2-3; 3 7) . I n c ase o f i n ten t iona l f i r ing o f t he p la tform , t he wa l ls were e rec ted o n b eams l a id r ound i tl i ke a f rame i n wh ich t he f orked p os ts were i nser ted , o bv ious ly af ter f i r ing t he p la tform .

7

The wa l ls a nd r oof were

made l i ke t hose o fp la tform-free dwe l lings . H ear ths w ere f ound b o th i ns ide a nd o uts ide t he dwe l lings .

As a r u le t hey

were o pen h ear ths , b u i l t d irec t ly o n t he g rcund a nd p las tered w i th 2 -3 cm o f h igh-qua li ty c lay mixed w i th v ery f i ne s and . r eddish-ye l low , l ooked l i ke a sma l l mosa ic .

T he ir s urface , u sua l ly b aked t o Depending o n t he i n tens i ty o f t he

f i re a nd o n t he l eng th o fu se , t he s o i l o n wh ich t he h ear th s tood was c o loured t o al i gh ter o r d arker r eddish-brown o r e ven t o b r ick-red t o d ep ths o f 2 -6 cm . Dwe l ling 6 , w i th p la tform , c on ta ined a lso a f i ne ly made r ec tangu lar o ven , 2x 1 .60 m , p rov ided w i th a k erb w i th r ounded c orners .

I ns ide i t , a rranged

a long t he k erb , were t he a l mos t c ub ic b locks t ha t f ormed t he b ase o f t he d o me ( f ig . 3 4/2-3; 3 7) . I n c o l lapsing , t he d ome h ad p ar t ly d es troyed t he h ear th wh ich , l i ke t he b locks , h ad b een l a id d irec t ly o n t he s o i l i n ah o l low r eserved i n t he p la tform , whereas t he k erb h ad b een b u i lt o n t he p la tform o ft he dwe ll i ng . Ad iscovery o fp ar t icu lar i n teres t was made o n o ne s ide o f t he o ven , where a n a l mos t i n tac t f i g-u r ine was f ound a t tached t o t he k erb ( f ig . 9 3/3; 1 03/ 11) .

I th ad p robab ly b een p laced t here t o p ro tec t t he h ouse a nd f i re .

T he g oddess o f f er t i li ty a nd f ecund i ty t herefore h ad v ar ious a t tr ibu tes , b e ing t he p ro tec tor o f l i fe a nd d ea th a ccording t o d iscover ies made i n c eme ter ies f rom e ar lier 8 o r p ar t ly c onte mporary 9 c u ltures . T he Precucu ten i p i ts f rom T irpe§ t i were p robab ly " borrowed p i ts" f rom wh ich c lay was e x trac ted t o b ui ld t he dwe l lings , a f ter wh ich t hey were f i l led w i th r ubbish .

T heir c on ten t was o f ten f a ir ly p oor .

They h ad a c oncave b o t-

t om a nd w ide o pening , a nd were a lways d ug i n to y e l low c lay .

The ir f i l l ing

c on ta ined p o tsherds , b ones , s na i l s he l ls , a shes , d aub , i n tac t o r b roken o bj ec ts , a nd f rag men ts o f f igur ines . A lso n o tewor thy i s t he f i nding made i n dwe l ling 4 , where a sma l l p rev ious ly f ired v esse l ( f ig . 5 6/2; d a t ion .

8 0/2 ) h ad b een b ur ied i n t he c lay o f t he f oun-

I tp roves t ha t t he r i tua l , f i rs t d ocu men ted i n p hase A -B o ft he

C ucu ten i c u lture , 1° a nd a f terwards i n p hase A , was much o lder . I t s c ont i nu i ty c an b e r eadi ly t raced n ow : a t T irpe§ t i i n t he Precucu ten i I I p hase , a t B ere§ t i ,1 1 Tru e§ t il 2 a nd Drägu§en i1 3 i n t he v ar ious s tages o f C ucuten i A , a nd a t Tra ian-Dea lu l An tini lor a nd C or lä ten i i n C ucuteni A -B . A no ther d iscovery wh ich d eserves f u l l a t ten t ion was made b e low t he f l oor o ft he C ucuten i dwe l ling 5 , where a P recucu ten i a ssoc ia t ion was d e li m i ted o n s ome 2 0 s q m . I tc ons is ted o f much p o t tery , b es ide wh ich were t h ir ty-four a n thropomorph ic f i gur ines , s ix i n tac t a nd t he o thers b roken , mos t o f t hem r a ther p oor ly p reserved , v ar ious min ia ture c lay c ha irs a nd a t ab le o f minute s ize ( f ig . 5 6/3-6; 6 4-65 ; 1 13/9-11, 1 7) .

6 6/1-2; 8 2; 9 4 ;

9 5/1-7 ;

1 02/1;

1 04 ;

1 05/1-8;

T h is d epos i t o fa nthropo morph ic s ta tue t tes i s c er ta in ly r e la ted t o ap lace o f worsh ip .

U nfor tuna te ly , n o th ing was p reserved f rom t he s anctuary i t se lf ,

2 6

wh ich mus t h ave a lso b een a s ur face c ons truc t ion .

The w ide r ange o ft ypes

a nd e spec ia l ly o ft echn iques b y wh ich t he s ta tue t tes were made e xc ludes t he p robabi li ty o f al oca l workshop . T hus , b es ides f ragmen ts o fl arge f i gur ines w i th t races o f wh i te p a int ( f ig . 9 5/1; 1 05/7) , we n o te t he c harac ter is t ic P recucu ten i t ype w i th a c ons iderab le n u mber o f v ar ian ts , min iature f i gur ines ( f ig . 9 4/3; 1 04/1, 2 ) o n t he o ne h and, b ig a nd midd le-s ize f i gur ines ( f ig . 9 4/1-2, 4 , 6 -7 , 9 -11, 1 8; 9 5/1-6; 3 -5 , 7 , 1 0 , 1 3;

1 04/

1 05/3-6 , 8 ) o n t he o ther , o bv ious ly c ompared t o t he s ize o f

t he c o mmon P recucuteni t ype . There a re f igur ines w i th l egs a par t ( f ig . 9 4/5 , 8 ; 1 5-17; 1 04/8, 1-12; 1 05/1) , w i th n o tches a t t he e x tre m i ty o f t he ir f ee t , i ndica t ing t he t oes ( f ig . 9 4/1, 5 -6, 1 0 ; 9 6/1-2 , 5 -6 ; 1 04/5 , 7 , 1 2 ; 10 5/3 , 7 ) , a nd a s pec i men w i th b en t k nees ( f ig . 9 4/15 ; 1 04/12) . R e la t ive ly f la t f i gur ines w i th p las t ic b reas ts , i n wh ich t he t endency t o a bandon t he t yp ica l ly P recucu ten i s tea topyg ia i s e v iden t ( f ig . 9 4/12-13;

1 04/6, 9 ) , a nd h igh ly s ty-

l i zed h ead less s pec i mens ( f ig . 9 4/14 ; 1 05/2) were a lso f ound . B u t t hey a re v ery c rude ly s haped . They a re r udimen tary p rec ise ly b ecause t hey were n o t made a ccording t o a" canon" a nd h ence d id n o t c opy a r eadi ly im i tab le mode l . S tea topygous f i gur ines were d iscovered b es ide t hem ( f ig . 9 5/4 , 6 ; 1 05/5 ) .

10 4/3 , 1 1;

I n t he c urren t P recucu ten i t ype , t he b reas ts , n ose , mou th , e yes a nd

e ven t he n ave l a re s ome t imes marked b y s hor t l i nes ( f ig . 9 5/6;

1 04/7 , 1) .

One o ft he t hree h o l lows d iscovered a t T irpe§ t i h ad i n teres t ing f ea tures . I to ccurred a t ad ep th o f 1 .60-1 .65 m a nd d escended s tepw ise t o 2 .45-2 . 5 0 m ( f ig . 3 ; 5 ; 3 2; 5 7/1-9; 8 0/7-11; 9 8/10 ; 10/10 ) . H av ing t he f orm o f a s lop ing , c oncave p i t , w i th h o les i ns ide , i tr eca l led t he " irregu lar" p i t-dwe l lings o ft he L inear P o t tery c u lture .

As a ma t ter o f f ac t , a l l t he t hree h o l lows , t he

sma l l d i tch , s o me o f t he p i ts a nd t he a ssoc ia t ion , i nc luding a h ear th d iscovered u nder t he p la tforms o ft he P recucu ten i dwe l ling 6 b e long t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he P recucu ten i o ccupa t ion o ft he t errace , wh ich c hrono log ica l ly a nd c u ltura l ly i s al i t t le e ar l ier t han t he e nd o f P recucu teni I ( f ig . 5 7/1-9; 1 02/10 , 1 2; 10/10 ; 1 14/1-2 ) .

8 0/7-11;

9 8/10 ;

I ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t t he f i rs t P recucu ten i o ccupan ts d id n o t a bandon t he t errace a nd t ha t t he ir d escendan ts , who were p robab ly j o ined b y n ewco mers , b u i lt s o lid s urface dwe l lings a nd c ont inued t o l i ve a t R ipa l u i Boda i a l mos t t o t he e nd o ft he P recucu ten i I I p hase .

The P recucu ten i dwe l lings a nd p i ts p roduced a lso many f l in t , s tone a nd b one t oo ls . T he f l in t t oo ls i nc lude u nre touched b lades , many o ft hem r agged b y wear ( f ig . 41/2 1 -22 ) , b lades w i th t he s ide e dges p ar t ly r e touched b y f i ne c h ipp ing ( f ig . 41/27 ) , ab lade f rag ment w i th a brup t ly r e touched s ide e dges ( f ig . 41/25 ) , b lades w i th f i ne ly i nden ted s ide e dges ( f ig . 41/2 3 -24 ) , s crapers o n s hor t b lades w i th r e touch a long b o th s ide e dges a nd s l igh t ly c onvex o r s tra igh t e nd ( f ig . 4 1/ 1 , 3 , 5 ) , h igh s crapers o n t h ick b lades w i th u nre touched s ide e dges a nd c onvex o r s tra igh t e nd ( f ig . 4 1/11, 1 4 ) , s crapers o n t h in b lades w i th f i ne ly r e touched e dges , s o me w i th f i ne n o tches o r i nden ta t ions ( f ig . 41/4 ; 4 6/3) , s crapers o n u nre touched b lades w i th b o th e dges worn b y u se a nd a c onvex , s tra igh t , s lan t ing

2 7

o r s em ib lun t e nd ( f ig . 41/6 7 , 1 5-16, 1 8; 4 6/2 , 4 -7) , s crapers o n s hor t w ide f l akes ( f ig . 4 1/11) w i th o ne r e touched e dge o r w i th u nre touched a nd worn e dges , ac ircu lar s craper ( f ig . 4 1/13; 4 6/1) , ag ra t to ir o n as hor t w ide f l ake , d oub le e nd-scrapers o n s hor t f l akes ( f ig . 4 1/19-20 ) , ad oub le e nd-scraper o n ab lade ( f ig . 4 1/26) , an arrow b lade w i th o b lique ly t runca ted a nd f i ne ly r et ouched e dges ( f ig . 4 6/3) , ab lade w i th f i ne r e touch a long b o th s ide e dges a nd a brup t r etouch o f t he e nd ( f ig . 4 1/26) , c h ise llike t oo ls o n waste-cores ( f ig . 4 1/29 ) w i th t he e nd worked b y a l terna te c h ipping , a micro li th ic a rrowhead w i th s l igh t ly c oncave b ase ( f ig . 4 1/1 0 ; 4 6/8) a nd s ha l low c h ipping o n b o th s urf aces . T he n o t v ery n u merous c ores ( f ig . 41/3 1 -33, 3 5 ) a re p rys ma t ic a nd p yramida l a nd a f ew a re micro li th ic . H a mmers ( f ig . 4 1/34 ) a nd c ore-ham mers ( f ig . 41/3 0 ) a re a lso f ound . The c o mmon ma ter ia l u sed was g rey-b lack P ru t f l in t .

B rown f l in t ( rese mb ling t ha t i n t he p re-Ba lkan " p la tform" b u t a lso

f ound i n t he P ru t d epos i ts ) was s e ldom u sed a nd g rey-wh i te f l in t e ven more r are ly . T oo ls made o f c oarse g rey g laucon i te s andstone were a lso d iscovered ( f ig . 4 1/17-18 , 3 3 ) . T hey i nc lude u nre touche c i b lades , af ew b lades w i th f i ne r e touch a long b o th e dges , ab lade w i th o ne e dge s em i-abrup t ly r e touched b y w ide c h ipp ing , ab lade s craper w i th c onvex e nd a nd f i ne r e touch a long p ar t o f i t s e dges , a nd c ores . F rom among t he s tone t oo ls , p erfora ted a xes s hou ld b e men t ioned f i rs t b ecause t hey a re t he mos t e f f ic ien t . Made o fb asa lt ( f ig . 4 2/15 , 2 6-29 ; 4 7/ 7 ) , g ranodior i te ( f ig . 4 2/5 , 1 7; 4 7/8) , v ery f i ne a nd h ard s ands tone ( f ig . 4 2/ 3 1; 4 7/5 ) a nd c rys ta l line l imes tone ( f ig . 4 2/25; 4 7/12) , t hey a re g rey , g reen ish-grey , g rey-b lack a nd e ven y e l low ish-wh i te i n c o lour . U nfor tuna te ly , a l l a re f ragmen tary .

I n g enera l t hey h ave a s tra igh t a nd more s e ldom a

r ounded b ut t a nd a c onvex c ut t ing e dge , wh ich was we l l s harpened b ut i s mos t ly worn b y l ong u se .

Among t he p er fora ted t oo ls were t hree a l mos t t r iangu lar

sma l l a xes ( f ig . 4 2/24 , 3 0 ;

4 7/9) , a lso b roken , made o fd ia to m i te , an o t v ery

h ard r ock , af ragmen t o f sma l l f l a t a xe ( f ig . 4 2/18) , a nd a b a l l-shaped s ands tone whose p erfora t ion was n o t c omp le ted ( f ig . 4 2/33) . C ut a nd p o lished h a m mer-axes were made o fb asa l t ( f ig . 4 2/38; 4 7/1 0 ) , men i li te ( f ig . 4 3/18) a nd d ia to m i te ( f ig . 4 2/37) , w i th b road r ounded b u t t a nd e dge a nd many t races o f h a mmer ing . B u t t he b u lk o f s tone t oo ls i s r epresen ted b y u nperfora ted h am mers . They c an b e c lass if ied i n to t he f o l low ing t ypes : t rapezo ida l ( f ig . 4 2/1, 3 , 8 , 1 4 ; 4 3/2 , 7 , 1 9; 4 4/11, 1 4-15 , 1 9; 4 6/12 , 1 4 ) o r c ompara t ive ly t rapezo ida l ( f ig . 4 2/9-1 0 , 1 9; 4 3/3; 4 6/17; 4 7/2) , f l a t ( f ig . 4 6/13) , p lano-convex ( f ig . 4 6/2 , 1 4-17) o r b iconvex ( f ig . 4 6/19; 4 7/1-3) , o f d if feren t s izes , w i th a c urved, s tra igh t o r s lop ing c ut t ing e dge , ac urved , s tra igh t a nd s ome t imes b lun ted b ut t ;

av ar ian t o ft rapezo ida l a xes i nc ludes s l im e xa mp les w i th o ne

o r b o th s ides r ounded, c urved c ut t ing e dge a nd s l igh t ly r ounded b ut t ( f ig . 4 2/ 2 0-21;

4 3/6;

4 4/17;

4 7/1, 3 ) ; a xes t ha t c an b e i nscr ibed i n a n i sosce les

t r iang le w i th b lun ted p o in t , w i th g ent ly a rched c u t t ing e dge ( f ig . 4 3/1;

4 6/16);

l arge a xes ( f ig . 4 3/ 14 , 2 1) w i th b oth s ides c urved , t rapezo ida l o r a l most r ect angu lar i n s hape ; h igh c h ise l-axes ( f ig . 4 4/1-3 ) , t rapezo ida l o r r ec tangu lar ,

2 8

f l a t o r b u lg ing , b i- a nd p lano-convex , w i th s tra igh t o r s l igh t ly c urved c u t t ing e dge a nd s tra igh t , r ounded o r b lun ted b u t t . H erm ine t tes were s t i l l i n u se ( f ig . 4 5/3 , 8 -9 , 1 1-19 , 2 1, 2 3-24 , 2 6-28) , b u t s ome s pec imens a re l arger . A lso p resen t a re r e la t ive ly r ectangu lar a xes ( f ig . 4 4/5-6 , 1 0 , 1 2-13; 4 6/13 ) w i th c urved c ut t ing e dge a nd s tra igh t o r b lun ted b ut t ; min ia ture a xes ( f ig . 4 5/ 2 4 , 2 7) , o f v ar ious f orms ( t rapezo ida l , r ectangu lar , t r iangu lar ) ; h igh , u sua l ly r ec tangu lar c h ise ls w i th o ne c onvex f ace ( f ig . 4 2/11-13 , 1 6; 4 4/20-23; 4 5/ 1 9-20 , 2 5 , 2 9-30 ; 4 6/18; 4 7/4 ) . Q ui te a f ew o f t he a bove men t ioned t oo ls were f ound i n ab roken s ta te .

S o me were b e ing r eworked o r r e touched f o l-

l ow ing wear . O thers were d a maged i n t he f i re wh ich d es troyed t he P recucut eni s e t t le men t . The ma ter ia ls c om mon ly u sed were g rey-wh i te o r y e l low ish-wh i te d ia tom i te ( f ig . 4 2/2-3 , 6 , 9 -13 , 1 9-22; 4 3/1-8, 1 0-11, 1 3 , 1 5-16 , 1 9-20 ; 4 4/1-2 , 4 8 , 1 2-15 , 1 7-18, 2 1-23;

4 5/1-6, 8 -10 , 1 2-17 , 2 0-29;

4 6/12-19; 4 7/1-2 , 4 )

a nd men i li te ( f ig . 4 2/7 , 1, 1 4 , 2 3; 4 3/9, 1 4 , 1 8; 4 4/11, 1 6, 1 9-20 ; 4 5/7, 1, 1 8, 3 0 ; 4 7/3 ) , g rey-b lack o r g reen ish-grey b asa lt ( f ig . 4 2/1; 4 4/9-10 ; 4 5/19 ) , a ndes i te ( f ig . 4 2/16) , s ha le ( f ig . 4 3/12 ) a nd g rani te ( f ig . 4 3/21) . S of t mar ls were u sed a cc identa l ly .

A s a lready r epor te d ,

1 4

a l l s tone t oo ls

were made l oca l ly , a l mos t c er ta in ly b y s pec ia l ized c raf ts men , a s p roved b y t he g rea t amoun t o f was te , l u mps o f r aw ma ter ia l , a nd u nf in ished t oo ls . I t i s t rue t ha t workshops h ave a s y e t b een f ound o n ly i n t he c ontex t o f o ther c u lt ures . The t echn ique was t he c onvent iona l o ne : c h ipp ing f o l lowed b y g r inding a nd p o lish ing . Ag enera l f ea ture o f t he s tone t oo ls i s t he ir c arefu l f i n ish . O ther s tone a r tefac ts a re r ectangu lar q uerns worn b y l ong u se , h am mers tones a nd a f ew p o lishers f or b one t oo ls ( f ig . 4 2/4 , 3 5-36; c oarse r ock , mos t ly s ands tone .

4 7/11) made o f

B one t oo ls a re f a ir ly i mpor tan t i n t he P recucu ten i l eve l o f T irpe§ t i : p o lishers ( f ig . 5 0-51;

5 4/1, 8 -11) o n o x a nd a uroch me tapodia ls , o x t ib ia

a nd r adius , a nd f e murs o f v ar ious s pec ies , p o lished a s traga l i ( f ig . 4 9/11-16; 5 4/4-6) , as ka te f ragmen t ( f ig . 4 9/7; 5 4/2 ) worked o n t he h u merus o f a sma l l a n i ma l , aw ls ( 4 8/1-29, 3 1-35 , 4 6-47; 4 9/3-6; 5 2/8-13 , 1 6, 1 8-19, 2 2-23; 5 3/4 , 6 -7, 1 2 ) , c h ise ls o f v ar ious s izes ( f ig . 4 8/36-41, 4 5; 5 2/15 , 2 0-21, 2 4 ; 5 3/8, 1 1, 1 3 ) , ac h ise l-aw l ( f ig . 4 8/30 ; 5 2/17 ) , d aggers ( f ig . 4 9/1-2; 5 2/14 ; 5 3/1-3 , 9 ) , worked b oar t usks ( f ig . 4 8/48; 5 2/4 ) , a sma l l f la t t oo l w i th o ne s l igh t ly a rched a nd f i ne ly n o tched e dge ( f ig . 4 8/42; 5 2/26) , wh ich mus t h ave s erved t o d ecora te p ot tery , a no ther b roken b one w i th a c urved a nd d eep ly n o tched e nd ( f ig . 5 2/27) a nd a s im i lar ly f ash ioned b oar t usk ( f ig . 4 8/ 4 4 ; 5 2/25 ) wh ich were u sed f or t he s ame p urpose . Tes ts o n s of t c lay a nd p las t ic ine l eave n o d oub t a s t o t he u se o ft he l a s t t hree t oo ls ( f ig . 5 2/28) . D eer a n t lers s erved t o make h oes ( f a ir ly r are ) , s haf ts f or v ar ious s tone a nd b one t oo ls a nd o ther i mp le men ts ( f ig . 4 9/8-10 , 1 7-19; 3 , 7 , 1 2-13 ) .

5 3/5-6 , 1 0 ;

5 4/

C opper was worked i n to sma l l o b jec ts , s uch a s aw ls , p ins ( ?) a nd c h ise ls ( ?) , o f wh ich o n ly p o in ts o r o ther f ragments were p reserved ( f ig . 52/5 ) , sma l l f i sh ing h ooks ( f ig . 5 2/1-2; 1 02/17-18) , l oops ( f ig . 52/3 ; 10 2/16) , a nd b i ts o f w ire ( f ig . 5 2/6-7) wh ich p robab ly s erved t o make o rnamen ts .

2 9

I n as urvey o ft he P recucuten i I I ware , we c ons idered i ti n t erms o f manuf ac tur ing t echn ique a nd d ist ingu ished t hree b ig g roups 1 5 w h ich a lso a pp ly t o t he p ot tery f rom T irpe§ t i . B u t , a s a lready men t ioned , t h is s i te p roduced a lso l a te P recucuten i I ma ter ia l :

s evera l f ragmen ts o fp o t-s tands d ecora ted

w i th d egenera te c hequers , made b y e xc is ion a nd f i l led w i th r ed p a in t a f ter f i r ing ( f ig . 5 7/1-3; v ar ian t 91 6

8 5/1) , p edesta l led v esse ls o f v ar ious f orms b e long ing t o

( f ig . 5 5/4-9 , 1 4 ;

5 7/5 ;

8 5/3) , a nd a n i n teres t ing p o tsherd d e-

c ora ted w i th p r icks made w i th a t h in t ubu lar i nstru men t , wh ich l ef t sma l l d rops when i t was p ressed i n to t he s of t p as te ( f ig . 6 5/9a-b ; 8 2/9 ) .

The p a t tern

l ooks l i ke a d egenera te c hequer . We p o inted o ut e lsewhere t ha t s uch a p a tt ern was c urren t ly p roduced w i th a s im i lar t oo l a t F lore§ t i , i n t he S ov ie t Un ion . 17 T h is t echn ique , u nknown t o t he P recucu ten i t r ibes , i s p robab ly d ue t o i n f luences f ro m t he B ug-Dn iester c u l ture , where i ti s wel l d ocumen ted . O nce more we s tress i t s a bsence west o f t he P ru t , w i th t he e xcep t ion o f t he s ing le e xa mp le f ro m T irpeet i , a nd i t s c o mpara t ive r ar i ty e as t o f t he P ru t . T he t hree c a tegor ies d is tinguished i n t he P recucuteni I I p ot tery a re : 1 .

H igh-qua li ty , h omogeneous , v ery f i ne f abr ic ( i t c ou ld b e s ubdiv ided

i n to l a a nd l b ) , we l l f i red t o v ar ious s hades o fg rey , w i th a n a l mos t b lack o r g rey c ore a nd s ome t i mes d arker i ns ide . An umber o f v esse ls a re f i red t o g rey-b lack , g rey-brown , r ed-brown a nd e ven r ed ( t he l as t men t ioned c o lour i s d ue t o s econdary f i r ing ) .

Af i ne ly p o lished s l ip was a pp lied .

T he c o mmon

d ecora t ion was b y f l u t ings , i mpress ions , n o tches , i nc ised l i nes , p ro jec t ions a nd r are ly wh i te p a int a pp lied b efore f ir ing ( f ig . 5 5/10-13 , 1 7 , 1 9-29 ; 5 6/1-7 , 9 , 1 1-13 , 1 7-18; 5 7/4 , 6 -7 , 9 -27; 5 8/1-3 , 5 -7 , 1-16; 5 9/1-3 , 5 , 7 -9 , 1 4 , 1 6-17;

6 0/1-3 , 6 -9 , 1 2-17;

1 3 , 2 2-25; 3 7;

6 8;

2 4-27; 1 3-15 ; 2 .

6 5/2-7, 1 2 ;

7 0-73;

6 1/1-11, 1 4;

6 6/5-8;

6 7/1-3 ,

7 5/9 , 2 1, 2 4-25 ;

6 2/6-7, 9 ;

6 4/1-

6 -13 , 1 5-19 , 2 3-29 , 3 1-32 , 3 4-

7 6/9-18;

8 0/1-2 , 4 , 6 , 1; 8 2/1-4 , 6 -8, 1 2; 8 7; 8 9/4-11; 9 0/1-6; 9 1 ) .

6 3/1-5 , 9 , 1;

7 9/1-7 , 1 0-11, 1 3-17, 1 9-22 , 8 3/ 1 -12 , 1 4-16; 8 4/1-5 , 7 ,

L ess h o mogeneous , c oarse f abr ic made o f l ess c arefu l ly c hosen c lay

mixed w i th s and , s e ldom w i th f i ne ly g round s herds a nd b i ts o f l imestone , a nd n ever w i th g rave l . I ti s f i red t o g rey , g rey-b lack o r r eddish-brown , c overed w i th a f i ne , we l l p o lished s l ip , a nd d ecora ted w i th d eep a nd w ide i nc is ions , n o tches , i mpress ions , r eserved o r s cra tched mo t ifs , a nd o n ly a cc iden ta l ly f l u ted o rp a in ted ( f ig . 5 5/15-16 , 1 8; 1 8-19;

5 9/4 , 6 , 1 0 , 1 5;

5 6/8, 1 0 , 1 4 , 1 7;

6 0/4-5 , 1 0 ; 6 1/12-13 , 1 5-19;

5 7/5 , 8 ;

5 8/4 , 9 ,

6 2/1, 3 -5 , 8 ;

6 3/

7 -8, 1 0 ; 6 4/16, 1 8-21, 2 6; 6 5/1, 8 , 1; 6 6/1, 4 , 1 2; 6 7/4-5 , 1 4 , 2 0-22 , 3 0 , 3 3; 6 9; 7 4 ; 7 5/1-8 , 1 0-20 , 2 2-23 , 2 6; 7 6/1-8 ; 7 8; 7 9/8-9 , 1 2 , 1 8, 2 3; 8 0/3 , 5 , 7 , 9 -10 ; 8 1/1-4 , 6 -7; 8 2/5 , 1 0-11; 8 3/13 ; 84/6 , 8 -12 ; 8 5/ 4 -9; 8 6/1-5 , 7 -9; 8 8; 8 9/3; 9 0/7-9) . 3 .

N on-ho mogeneous , c oarse f abr ic , o f ten w i th g round p o tsherds a nd

l imes tone .

D ue t o c are less k neading , i n g roups 2 a nd 3 b i ts o f c lay o f ten r e-

ma ined i n t he p as te a nd f i r ing made t he m l ook l i ke g round p o tsherds , b u t microscopy p roved t he m t o b e o n ly n on-ho mogen ized c lay . T he ware i s g rey , g rey-b lack o r b r ick r ed-brown . B e ing i nsuf f ic ient ly f i red , i t s wa l ls of ten h ave a b lack c ore , ar eddish b rown o u ter s urface a nd a g rey-b lack i nner s urf ace . The r a ther s i mp le d ecora t ion c ons is ts o f d i mp les , d imp led p las t ic r idges a nd n on-organ ized b arbo t ine . Pr icks i n t he " Cr i§ s ty le" a re r are ( f ig . 3 0

5 8/8 , 1 0 , 1 7; 7 7;

8 0/8;

6 0/11;

61/2 0 ;

6 3/6;

81/5 ; 8 6/6 , 1 0-12 ) .

6 4/14-15 , 1 7;

6 5/10 ;

6 6/2-3 , 9 -11;

An u nco m mon v esse l w i th t wo p a irs o f

h and les , o ne o n t he s hou lder a nd t he o ther o n t he l ower h a lf , c o mb ines b arbot ine w i th v er t ica l a nd o b lique d imp led p las t ic r idges ( f ig . 6 3/6; 81/5 ) . Organ ized b arbo t ine ( f ig . 7 7/8, 1 8) a nd a p o tsherd d ecora ted w i th a p las t ic s p ira l r unn ing r ound t he v esse l ( f ig . 7 8/12 ) s hou ld a lso b e men t ioned h ere . The mos t f requen t o rnamen t a t T irpe t i a re f l ut ings :

h or izon ta l , s lant ing ,

c ircu lar o r c ircu lar-concen tr ic ( enc losing p ro jec t ions ) , s p ira liform , t angent t o ac irc le , e tc . ( f ig . 5 6/1-5 , 7 , 1 1, 1 8; 61/7 8, 1 0 , 1 4 , 1 8;

6 2/1, 7 , 9 ;

6 8/6, 1 6, 1 8, 2 0 , 2 3 , 2 5 ;

7 0/1-12 ;

1 4 , 1 6;

7 8/10-11, 1 4 , 1 7;

8 2/1-4;

8 3/1-5 , 7 -8, 1 1-12 , 1 5-16;

6 ;

5 7/ 11, 1 4 , 2 3 , 2 5 ;

6 3/3-5; 7 1;

6 0/15 , 1 7;

6 4/1-7, 9 ; 6 7/9 , 1 6, 2 9 , 3 2; 7 2;

7 3/1-11, 1 3-17, 1 9;

7 9/14-17, 1 9-22 , 2 4-25 , 2 7; 8 4/1-2 , 5 , 1 3;

8 7;

7 6/9-11,

8 0/1-2;

81/4 ;

8 9/7-9;

9 0/1, 5 -

9 1/1, 3 , 6 , 1 3 ) . Apar t f ro m f l ut ings a nd a ssoc ia ted w i th t he m , a no ther c o m mon ly u sed p a t-

t ern i s t he r ow o f i mpress ions made w i th t he n o tched b one t oo ls d escr ibed b efore ( f ig . 4 8/42 , 4 4 ;

5 2/25-28) .

They s erved t o make h or izonta l l i nes

a rranged e i ther s ing ly o r i n g roups b e low t he r im o r o n t he n eck o f v esse ls ( f ig . 5 6/1, 3 ;

5 7/10-11, 2 3-25; 6 2/9;

2 2-25 , 2 7, 2 9;

7 2/4-5 , 7 -19;

6 4/2-3; 6 6/7; 7 0/2-3; 7 1/14-16,

7 3/2 , 8 -9 , 1 4-15;

8 2/1-2 , 4 ;

1 5 ) a nd s lan t ing l i nes o n t he r idges o f t he f l u t ings ( f ig . 6 7/34 ;

8 3/4 , 6 , 1 2 , 7 1/1;

t o f i l l r ibbons o f v ar ious w idths b ordered b y i nc ised l i nes ( f ig . 5 5/23;

8 3/11) , 6 9/

1 3 ) o r t he s pace b e tween d es igns , u sua l ly s p ira ls , l ef t i n r eserve ( f ig . 5 6/1; 5 8/5 ;

5 9/2 , 1 0;

61/6 ; 6 4/1;

6 7/25-26;

6 9/22;

8 0/1, 3 ;

81/3 ) , t o s e t o f f

g roups o f f l u tings o r t o f i l l t he s pace b e tween t he m ( f ig . 5 6/2; 6 0/15; 6 3/5 ;

7 0/12;

8 0/2; 8 2/4 ;

( f ig . 7 9/17 , 2 1, 2 5 ;

8 3/4;

6 2/7;

9 0/5 ) , t o d raw c irc les r ound p ro jec t ions

8 3/15 ) a nd s lan t ing l i nes b e tween c oncen tr ic c ircu lar

f l u t ings , wh ich was a n ew way o f mak ing a t angen t t o ac irc le ( f ig . 6 0/17) , t o make t r ip le s p ira ls w i th f orked e nds ( f ig . 6 3/3;

8 3/16a-b ) , wh ich a re r e-

miniscences o f t he P recucuten i Ia nd I a pexes , b unches o f o b lique l i nes ( f ig . 6 8/4 , 1 8-19; 7 3/7) a nd c ircu lar l i nes ( f ig . 6 8/7, 1 6, 2 3 ; 1 2 ; 8 4/1, 4 ; 9 0/5 ; 9 1/1, 3 , 6 , 9 ) , e tc .

8 2/2 , 8 ;

8 3/4 , 8 ,

F requen t ly f ound a re a lso f i ne n o tches o n t he r im ( f ig . 5 6/1, 3 -5 ; 2 5 ;

5 8/3;

5 , 7 , 9 , 1 1;

6 1/2 , 7 ; 6 2/1, 7 , 9 ;

2 -8, 1 0-15 , 2 1; 1 6a-b ;

6 3/4-5 ;

6 4/2-7 , 1 0 ;

7 1/1-3 , 9 , 1 2-16 , 1 8-20 , 2 2-25 , 2 7-29; 7 5/5 , 9 , 1 6-20 , 2 5;

8 4/1-2 , 4 -5 , 9 ;

8 5/6;

8 0/1;

5 7/24-

6 7/10 , 1 2-13 ;

7 0/2-3 ,

7 2/1-11 , 1 3 , 1 9;

7 3/

81/4 ; 8 2/1-4 ;

8 3/1, 5 -6, 9 ,

e tc .) .

Occasiona l ly , t he d ecora t ion i s i mpressed o n t he r idges o f f l ut ings , a me thod more of ten u sed e as t o f t he P rut 1 8 p or ts" i n Transy lvan ia .

a nd a lso f ound o n Precucuten i " i m-

1 9

A c er ta in l i k ing i s n o ted f or n arrow o r b road i nc ised b ands , f i l led w i th p erpendicu lar d ashes ( f ig . 5 5/15 , 1 7-18; 8 , 1 9 , 2 8;

8 1/1) ;

5 6/15;

6 0/6; 61/5 ; 6 7/27;

7 4/4 ,

t he b ands a re c ircu lar , a ngu lar , o b lique , h or izonta l , v er-

t ica l a nd s o me t i mes s em i-sp ira l . More i nfrequen t a re l arger o r sma l ler d o ts , o rgan ized i n to v ar ious p a tt erns ( assoc ia ted o r n o t w i th f l u t ings ) , u sua l ly o n t he l ower h a lf o f t he v esse l ( f ig . 5 7/22; 6 0/14 ;

6 3/4 ; 6 9/1;

7 0/13; 7 3/23; 8 3/1, 1 0 ) . 3 1

L ike t ha t o f t he

n a i l-i mpressed d ecora t ion ( f ig . 7 0/12; 8 3/8) , t he ir o r ig in mus t b e s ough t i n t he v ery d istan t L inear P o t tery c o mponen t o f t he P recucu ten i c u lture ( phase I ) . T he t h ick a nd d eep o r f i ne i nc ised l i ne i s w ide ly u sed ( f ig . 5 5/19-29;

5 6/

6 , 1 6-17; 5 7/4-5 , 1 5-19; 5 8/1-2 , 4 , 6 -7 , 9 , 1-16; 5 9/4-10 , 1 5-17; 6 0/ 1 -10 , 1 2-13 , 1 5-16; 6 1/1, 4 , 8 -10 , 1 2-14 , 1 8; 6 2/1, 3 -6, 8 ; 6 3/7-8; 6 4/ 1 0-13 , 1 8-25 ; 6 5/1-9 , 1 1; 6 6/1, 4 -8, 1 2; 6 7/1-8, 1 3 , 1 5-17 , 1 9 , 2 1-24 , 3 0-33; 6 8/1-2 , 5 , 8 -13 , 1 5 , 2 1, 2 3 , 2 6; 6 9/1-18, 2 0-21, 2 3; 7 0/1, 4 -7, 1;

7 1/14-15 , 1 8-21, 2 6-29;

1 6 , 1 9-22;

7 4/1, 4 -29;

1 3-14 , 1 7-18; 1 4 ;

8 5/5-9;

7 2/1-4 , 6 , 9 -13 , 1 5-18;

7 5/2-7 , 1 0-20 , 2 2-23 , 2 5-26;

8 0/5 , 1 0 ;

7 3/1 , 3 -6, 1 2-13 , 7 6/1-7 , 1 0-18; 7 8/

8 1/1, 3 -4 , 6 -7; 8 2/1, 4 -7, 9 ; 8 3/5 , 9 ;

8 6/1, 3 -5; 8 7; 8 8; 8 9/10 ;

8 4/13-

9 0/1-4 ; e tc .) t o make s lan t ing ,

h or izon ta l , s p ira l o r c urved r ibbons a nd t o d e li m i t r eserved p a t terns .

I t

s hou ld b e n o ted t ha t P recucu ten i p o t ters h ad a p reference f or r eserved d ec ora t ion . T he t h ick wh i te p aste u sed f or i ncrusta t ion h as s ome t i mes b een p reserved . E xceeding ly s e ldo m we f i nd a d ecora t ion e xecu ted w i th a b rush o n t he l ower h a lf o f v esse ls ( f ig . 6 1/19 ;

6 8/22 ;

9 1/12 ) a nd t he w ide i nc ised r ibbon f i l led

w i th f i ne p r icks ( f ig . 6 7/18) . E qua l ly r are i s p a in t ing i n r ed a f ter f i r ing , u sed r a ther t o c omp le te t he d ecora t ion s ince i tc overs mos t ly t he p la in s paces o r t he i ns ide o f r i ms . Wh i te p as te was a pp l ied a lso a f ter f i ring t he v esse ls i n t he o ven ( f ig . 7 0/8; 7 3/20 ; 7 5/24 ; 8 9/8) . T he c omb ina t ion o f r ed a nd wh i te o n t he g rey-b lack g round ( f ig . 8 9/6) g ave p o t tery a s oph is t ica ted l ook a nd i s y e t a no ther p roof o ft he p o t ters ' s k i l l . N ew a nd h igh ly r e levan t i s p a in t ing p r ior t o f i r ing :

b rown o n al i gh t ( f ig .

8 9/3 ) o r g rey g round ( f ig . 71/2 ; 8 9/1) , wh i te a nd v ery s e ldom r ed .

I n t he b e-

g inn ing i t was l im i ted t o f a ir ly s i mp le l i nes o n t he n eck a nd s hou lder ( f ig . 6 1/ 2 ;

6 4/8;

7 0/9;

8 2/12;

8 9/7 , 9 , 1 1) , l ower h a lf ( f ig . 8 9/4 ) a nd e ven i ns ide

s urface o f v esse ls ( f ig . 8 9/6, 9 -10 ) .

S ome v esse ls a re d ecora ted o uts ide w i th

wh i te a nd r ed a f ter f i r ing a nd p a in ted i ns ide w i th f i ne r ed l i nes b efore f i r ing ( f ig . 8 9/6) . A par t f rom t hese l i near d es igns , a n o r igina l mo t if was a lso u sed , i .e . b ig wh i te d o ts p a in ted i ns ide a l ad le o n a we l l p o lished g rey-b lack b ackg round ( f ig . 7 0/1;

8 7) .

B urn ished d ecora t ion a ppears , b o th s i mp le ( f ig . 6 7/

2 0 ) a nd b ordered b y i nc ised l i nes ( f ig . 6 7/22; 7 3/21; 7 6/18, e tc . ) . T he t wo n ew d ecora t ive t echn iques , i .e . p a in ting a nd b urn ish ing , were t aken o ver a nd u sed i n v ar ious manners i n p hase A o f t he C ucuteni c u lture . D ipping i n a mi lky-wh i te b u t t ransparen t b a th , w e l l k nown a t T irgu N egre§t i a nd Tra ian-Dea lu l l ' in t in i lor , was u sed more s e ldom a t T irpe5t i ( f ig . 5 9/4 ; 62/5 ; 6 7/33; 7 8/4 , 7 -8, e tc . ) . L ugs a re n o t missing , b u t t hey a re n o t a s l arge a nd e legan t a s t he h orned l ugs f rom t he c on te mporary s i tes a t Tra ian-Dea lu l F in tin i lor 2 °a nd I zvoare 1 2.

3 2

S ince t he f orms o f v esse ls i n a l l t he t hree p hases o f t he P recucuten i c u lt ure a nd t he ir e vo lu t ion t hroughou t t he c u lture were d escr ibed i n t he work r eferred t o ,

2 2

h ere we s ha l l u se t ha t g enera l c lassi f ica t ion a nd l i s t o n ly t he

f orms a nd v ar ian ts o ccurr ing a t T irpe5 t i i n t he P recucuten i I I p hase , t hose f rom t he l a te P recucu ten i Ip hase h av ing b een men t ioned a bove . A s a ma t ter o f f ac t , t he e xceed ing ly b roken s ta te o ft he ma ter ia l p rev en ted u s f rom i den t ify ing a l l t he f orms t ha t may h ave b een u sed b y t he c ommun i t ies a t R ipa l u i B oda i .

T hose t ha t c ou ld b e e s tab lished a re :

1a 1 . S l igh t ly b icon ica l g ob le ts w i th u nequa l h a lves ( f ig . 9 2/4-5 ) . The s hor ten ing o ft he u pper h a lf makes t he v esse l l ook l i ke a sma l l b ow l w i th c onc ave b o t tom . T he d ecora t ion c ons is ts o f n o tches o n t he r im , h or izon ta l f l u t ings o n t he u pper h a lf , a nd r ows o f b ig p unches o n t he l ower o ne ( f ig . 5 6/ 1 3;

6 3/4; 1b .

8 3/1-2) .

U ndecora ted s pec imens a re a lso p resen t .

B icon ica l g ob le ts w i th a l mos t e qua l h a lves , e ver ted r im , r ounded

s hou lder , a l mos t a lways f l a t b o t tom ( f ig . 9 2/6) , s o me t imes w i th h or izon ta l ly p ierced l ugs a bove t he l arges t c ircu mference .

The f a ir ly v ar ied d ecora t ion

u ses f l u t ings , impressed l i nes , p ro jec t ions a nd n o tches ( f ig . 71/2 0 ; 7 9/20 , 2 4 ; 1b 1 .

7 2/4;

8 3/3 ) . Gob le ts mere ly s ugges t ing a b icon ica l s hape ( f ig . 9 2/1-2 , 7 -14 ) ,

w i th t he l ower h a lf much h igher t han t he u pper o ne , r ounded s hou lder , marked o r n o t b y p erfora ted l ugs , e ver ted r im a nd c oncave b o t tom . a re f i ne ly n o tched .

I n g enera l , r i ms

T he d ecora t ion o n t he b ody o f t he g ob le ts c omb ines f l u-

t i ngs w i th i mpressed o r i nc ised l i nes a nd r ows o fn a i l i mpressions , b u t s o met imes i tc ons ists o n ly o f h or izonta l f l u t ings w i th o b long p r icks l i ned u p b e low o r o fb ig , a l mos t r ound p r icks s ca t tered o n t he l ower h a lf o ft he v esse l o r a rranged i n g roups o f v er t ica l r ows ( f ig . 5 6/3 , 5 , 1 8; 8 3/4-6, 8 -10 ) .

8 2/1-2 , 4 , 8 , 1 2 ;

P a inted d ecora t ion o ccurs s e ldom i n a ddi t ion t o n o tches o n

t he r im ( f ig . 71/2 ; 8 9/5 ) . 2b .

Sma l l h and le less c ups w i th a r ound b ody a nd e ver ted r im ( f ig . 9 2/

1 5-16) , o rna men ted w i th r ows o f i mpressions , s ome t i mes c omb ined w i th f l u t ings a nd a l most a lways w i th f i ne n o tches o n t he r im ( f ig . 5 6/11; 8 3/12 ) . I n s ome i ns tances r ows o f i mpress ions were made o n t he r idges o ft he f l u t ings ( f ig . 7 1/1; 8 3/11) . Th is t ype o fd ecora t ion , l i t t le u sed b y t he P recucuten i t r ibes o f R o man ia , i s w idespread i n t he Tr ipo lyan t err i tory , b ut i t s d irec t ion d if fers , b e ing o b l ique a t T irpe§ t i a nd v er t ica l i n t he U SSR . 2c .

C ups w i th a h igh l ower h a lf , s haped l i ke a n i nver ted t runca ted c one ,

e ver ted r im , r ounded s hou lder ( f ig . 9 2/17) , s ome t imes emphas ized b y p roj ec t ions , a nd c oncave b o t to m .

B es ides f l ut ings , t he d ecora t ion u ses i nc ised

a nd i mpressed l i nes ( f ig . 6 1/7; 6 4/1; 7 1/16; e tc . ) . An u ndecora ted s pec imen f rom T irpe t i i s t aper ing t owards t he b o t tom ( f ig . 8 3/13 ) a nd f i nds g ood a na logues i n t he Tr ipo lyan ware f rom t he S ov ie t U n ion . 2 3 I ti s r e min iscen t o ft he B ug-Dn ies ter c ups a l though i th as b een a lso r epor ted i n t he a reas o f t he B o ian , 24 G u me ln4a 2 J a nd V inca2 6 c u ltures . 2c ' .

Av ar ian t w i th a much s harper s hou lder , o u tturned r im , s l igh t ly

f l ar ing l ower h a lf , b road a nd f l a t b o t tom ( f ig . 9 2/18) . 8 ; 8 4/6) .

3 3

U ndecora ted ( f ig . 5 6/

3b . A l mos t g lobu lar v esse ls , w i th h igh , s l igh t ly f l ar ing n eck , e ver ted r im a nd f l a t b o t tom ( f ig . 9 2/19-20 ) . T hree o r f our war ts s i t t ing o n t he b e l ly make t he m l ook l i ke c ornered v esse ls . They a re d ecora ted w i th f l ut ings a nd impress ions , a nd s ome t i mes w i th n o tches o n t he r im .

I n o ur o pin ion , t h is i s

o ne o ft he mos t e legan t a nd h armon ious f orms o ft he P recucu ten i ware ( f ig . 5 6/ 1 -2;

8 0/1-2 ) .

3c .

Av ar ian t w i th a much s hor ter n eck , s l igh t ly e ver ted r im , a nd p er-

f ora ted war ts o n t he b e l ly ( f ig . 9 2/21-22 ) .

F a ir ly v ar ied d ecora tion ( f ig . 5 7/

2 5 ; 8 3/15 ) . N o tab le i s as pec imen o rnamented, b e tween t he t hree war ts , w i th t hree s p ira l b ands c ons is t ing o ft hree l i nes e nding i n a pexes a nd made b y impress ion . T he n eck i s c hanne l led ( f ig . 6 3/3; 8 3/16a-b ) . The l i ne w i th f orked e nds , i .e . t he P recucu ten i Ia pex t ransformed d ur ing t he e vo lu t ion o f t he c u lture , r ecurs , p a in ted i n wh i te , o n C ucu ten i A l ware f rom T irpe§t i ( f ig . 1 66/2a-b ) a nd o ther C ucu ten i s i tes . 5c .

2 7

B ow ls o f v ar ious s izes , w i th r ounded s hou lder , s l igh t ly c oncave u pper

p ar t , e ver ted r im ( f ig . 9 2/23-26) , a nd c oncave b o t tom , wh ich i n o ne b ow l i s s haped l i ke a n umbo ( f ig . 8 2/3; 9 2/26) , t he o n ly s uch e xamp le f ound a s y e t i n t he P recucu teni c u lture . T he r im i s c ommon ly n o tched , t he d ecora t ion ma in ly c hanne l led , s e t o f f o r n o t b y i mpressed l i nes ( f ig . 6 3/5; 8 2/3; 8 4/1) a nd more s e ldom c onsis ts o f f l u t ings a ssoc ia ted w i th l i nes p a in ted i n wh i te b efore f ir ing ( f ig . 61/2 ; 7 0/9; 8 9/7 , 9 ) . 5d .

More o r l ess b icon ica l b ow ls , w i th s hor t n eck , e ver ted r im , s ome-

t imes t h ickened s hou lder , f l a t o r c oncave b o t tom ( f ig . 9 2/27-31) .

I ti s a

f orm d er ived f rom 2 cb y e xcessive s hor ten ing o ft he b ody . B ut tonl ike p roj ec t ions o r ap erfora ted war t a re s ome t imes p laced o n t he r ounded s hou lder . B es ides f l u t ings , t he d ecora t ion u ses impressed l i nes , s hor t i nc ised l i nes , n o tches a nd e ven d o ts .

An i nc ised h or izon ta l l i ne u sua l ly r uns r ound t he b ow l

a t t he b ase o ft he n eck ( f ig . 5 6/9; 5g .

6 7/10-11; 7 0/3 ; 8 3/7; 8 4/2-5 , e tc . ) .

B ow l w i th a r ough ly c y lindr ica l u pper h a lf , t he l ower h a lf i n t he s hape

o f at runca ted c one , a nd c oncave b o t tom ( f ig . 9 2/32 ) .

I t s o n ly o rnament i s a

h or izonta l r ow o f o b long p unches o n t he s hou lder ( f ig . 6 3/1;

8 4/7) .

7a . P yr iform v esse ls w i th h igh c y l indr ica l n eck a nd s l igh t ly e ver ted r im ( f ig . 92/3 3 ) . T he n eck i s d ecora ted w i th a h or izonta l r ow o fp r icks , s omet imes c omb ined w i th f l ut ings ( f ig . 7 8/9-10 ;

8 4/15 ) ;

o n ly f rag men ts were

d iscovered a t T irpe§ t i . 7a 1 . F rag men ts o fn ecks o f h igh a nd l ess h igh v esse ls , more o r l ess f unne l s haped , w i th d is t inc t , e ver ted r im . They p robab ly c ome f rom p yr iform v esse ls ( f ig . 8 4/8; 9 2/34 ) . 7a 2 .

P yr ifor m v esse l w i th w ide mouth , o uttu r ne d r im , h igh n eck ,

r ounded s hou lder c arry ing p erfora ted war ts ( f ig . 9 2/35 ) . The d ecora t ion c omb ines n o tches w i th f l ut ings a nd i nc is ions ( f ig . 6 2/1; 81/4 ) . 7b . P yr iform v esse ls w i th r ounded s hou lder , s omet imes emphas ized b y p erfora ted war ts ( f ig . 8 0/3) , s hor t a nd s l igh t ly i nver ted o r e ver ted r im , ma in ly i nc ised d ecora t ion ( f ig . 5 5/19-21, 2 3-24 , 2 6, 2 9;

3 4

5 9/3 , 9 -10 ;

8 0/3) .

8b 1 .

Deep d ish , s haped l i ke a n i nver ted t runca ted c one , w i th o u t-turned

a nd n o tched r im ( f ig . 9 2/36-38) .

The d ecora t ion c o mb ines n o tches w ith i n-

c ised l i nes , i n p ar t icu lar o n t he s hou lder ( f ig . 5 8/11;

7 5/25;

c ons ists o f f l u t ings a nd a war t o n t he s hou lder ( f ig . 6 3/10 ; 8b 2 .

8 4/9 , 1 1) , o r

8 4/10 ) .

Var ian t o f 8b 1 w i th l ess e ver ted r im a nd more r ounded b ody ( f ig .

9 2/39 ) , d ecora ted w i th i nc ised l i nes ( f ig . 8 4/14 ) . 8d .

D eep d ishes w i th s hor t n eck , e ver ted r im a nd c ar ina ted s hou lder

( f ig . 9 2/42 ) . 8 4/12 ) .

E xcep t f or t he b urn ished c ar ina , t he v esse l i s u ndecora ted ( f ig .

I ti s ar are f orm a nd migh t b e d ue t o G u me ln * i nf luence .

8e .

D eep d ish w i th h igh , a l mos t c y lindr ica l n eck a nd r ounded s hou lder

( f ig . 9 2/40-41) .

T he f l uted d ecora t ion i s s o me t imes a ssoc ia ted w i th i nc isions

a nd s cra tches ( f ig . 7 0/6; 9c .

8 0/6;

F rui ts tands c o mposed o f ab ow l w i th s trong ly e ver ted r im o n ah igh

h o l low p edesta l ( f ig . 9 2/43-47) . o f r eserved d ecora t ion . f i l led w i th d ashes . 8 8/1-2 ) .

R ich ly o rna men ted ma in ly b y t he t echn ique

The s pace r eserved b etween i nc ised l i nes i s of ten

N o i n tac t p iece was f ound a nd n one c ou ld b e r econstruc ted

( f ig . 5 8/6, 1 2; 6 4/13 , 1 9-21; 1 ;

8 4/13 ) .

6 7/1-24 ;

7 5/1-20 , 2 2-23;

8 2/7; 8 5/5-6;

A lso p resen t a re u ndecora ted e xa mp les ( f ig . 6 1/15 ;

8 6/

7 8/1, 5 -

6 ) a nd s peci mens a dorned w ith b road wh i te s tr ips p a in ted a f ter f ir ing ( f ig . 7 8/4 , 7 ) . 9c ' .

C y lindr ica l p edes ta ls w i th o u tturned b ase , s t i l l c arry ing t he b o t-

t om o f t he d ish o r b ow l ( f ig . 92/48 , 5 0 , 5 2 , 5 4 , 5 6) . p ar t i s p ierced b y t wo r ound o r o va l h o les .

S o me t i mes t he u pper

I n af ew i nstances , t he i nc ised

a nd impressed d ecora t ion c on t inues i nside t he b o t to m o f t he v esse l ( f ig . 6 1/ 1 3;

81/3 ) .

I to f ten u ses d egenera te s p ira ls a nd o b lique r unn ing s p ira ls , a nd

r ibbons f i l led w i th a d eep ly i nc ised c r iss-cross ( f ig . 5 7/5; 6 2/4 ; 6 3/7-8;

6 5/8, 1 1;

6 6/1;

6 9/2 , 4 ;

7 6/1-2 , 4 , 6 -7;

5 8/4 , 1 8; 8 0/10 ;

6 0/5; 8 2/5 ;

8 5/4 , 9 ) . 9c1 .

L ower p ar ts o f h o l low c y lindr ica l p edesta ls w i th o ut-turned b ase ,

d ecora ted w i th d eep ly i nc ised l i nes , n o tches a nd i mpress ions ( f ig . 5 8/2, 9 ; 6 0/4 ;

6 4/24-25;

8 6/2;

8 8/3-5 ) .

6 6/3 , 9 ;

6 9/1 , 3 ,

5 -17 , 2 0-23;

7 6/5 , 8 ; 8 0/5 ;

8 5/7-8;

They may c o me f ro m f rui ts tands o ft ype 9 c o r f rom p o t-

s tands , i n wh ich c ase t hey migh t b e c lass if ied i n to v ar ian t 9 c 2d is t ingu ished i n t he work r eferred t o i n n o te 2 8 b ut o f wh ich n o i n tac t s pecimen h as s o f ar b een d iscovered a t T irpe§ t i . 1 0 c1 .

H em ispher ica l l i ds w i th a h em ispher ica l o r d isk-shaped k nob o n

as hor t c y lindr ica l f oo t ( f ig . 92/57 -60 ) . r unn ing s p ira ls ( f ig . 5 6/6; 1 5-19;

5 9/5 , 1 7; 6 0/6-10 ;

R eserved d ecora t ion i n t he s hape o f

8 2/6) , o va , sma l l l eaves , d isks e tc . 62/56; 6 3/11-12 ;

6 4/11-12 , 1 4 ;

( f ig . 5 7/4 , 7 4 ;

81 /6 ) ,

s ome t i mes i nc ised c oncen tr ic l i nes , h ere a nd t here h atched w i th g roups o f s hor t v er t ica l l i nes ( f ig . 5 6/15 ;

8 1/1) , o r r ando m ly s trewn i nc ised l i nes ( f ig .

6 2/8; 81/7 ) . T he k nobs a re d ecora ted w i th v ar ious i nc ised o r i mpressed p a t terns ( f ig . 5 7/4 ; 7 4/12-15 , 2 3-26; 8 6/3-5 ) . 1 2 a .

Rare f ragmen ts o f v esse ls w i th b urn ished s hor t c y lindr ica l n eck

a nd t yp ica l ly C r i §p r icks o n t he b ody ( f ig . 6 4/15 , 1 7;

3 5

6 6/10-11;

7 7/2 ) .

1 5 a1 .

Sma l l s hor t v esse l , s haped a l mos t l i ke a n i nver ted t runca ted c one ,

w i th t h ick r ing-shaped c oncave b o t to m ( f ig . 9 2/77) , d ecora ted w i th a h or izont a l r ow o fd i mp les b e low t he r im ( f ig . 7 7/6, 8 6/6) . 1 8 a . Var ious l ad le-vesse ls ( f ig . 9 2/61-63) made b y a t tach ing a s hor ter o r l onger h and le , o f ten f ea tur ing a s ty lized h u man f i gure ( f ig . 1 0 1/2 1 ; 1 02/ 5 -6;

1 15/5 ) , t o v ar ious g ob le ts a nd b ow ls .

T hey a re d ecora ted w i th f l u tings ,

impress ions a nd i nc ised l i nes ( f ig . 6 0/2-3; 61/9 ; 7 9/1-13; 8 0/4 ; 8 2/11; 1 01/19-20 ; 1 02/4-5 , 9 , 1 1, 1 5 ; 15/1-4 , 6 -8) . One o f t he f i nest s pec imens i s o rnamen ted w i th s lan t ing f l u t ings o n t he s hou lder , i nc ised l i nes o n t he l ower h a lf ; a nd l arge wh i te d o ts p a in ted b efore f i r ing i ns ide ( f ig . 7 0/1; 8 7) . On a no ther s pec imen b urn ished b ands a re c ombined w i th i nc is ions a nd f i ne l i nes p a in ted i n wh i te p r ior t o f i r ing ( f ig . 8 9/11) . A par t f rom t hese v esse ls , wh ich c an b e c lass i f ied i n to t he p rev ious ly e s tab lished t ypes a nd v ar iants , t he P recucu ten i l ayer y ie lded v esse ls o f more u ncom mon f orms : 1 9 .

Sma l l , s hor t v esse l , i n t he s hape o f at runca ted i nver ted c one , w i th

t h ick wa l ls , al edge b e low t he r im , a nd c oncave b o t tom ( f ig . 9 2/65 ) .

U n-

d ecora ted ( f ig . 81/2 ) . 2 0 . B ow l w i th t h ickened a nd g ent ly i nward b eve l led r im ( f ig . 9 2/66) , s o mewha t r em in iscen t o f V inCa f orms ( f ig . 8 6/8) , wh ich a re a lso f ound i n t he G u me ln ita ware . 2 1 .

Var ious d eep d ishes ( ? ) , s haped l i ke a n i nver ted t runca ted c one ( f ig .

9 2/67-68, 7 1-72 ) , made o fg ood p aste a nd p a inted ( f ig . 7 5/21, 2 4; 8 9/3 , 6 ) o r o fp oor p as te , p rov ided w i th war ts ( f ig . 8 6/11) , w h ich s ome t imes a re d roop ing a nd c o mbined w i th n o tches a nd t w in p ro jec t ions o n t he r im ( f ig . 8 0/ 8) . 2 1 a .

Var ian t w i th o ut-turned b o t tom ( f ig . 9 2/70 ) , u ndecora ted ( f ig . 8 6/

2 2 a .

F la t-bot to med b ow l s haped l i ke a n i nver ted t runca ted c one ( f ig .

1 0 ) .

9 2/75 ) , d ecora ted w i th war ts ( f ig . 8 6/9) . 2 2 b .

Av ar ian t w i th t he s hou lder marked b y a n o u tside d rop i n t he wa l l ,

w i th a f unne l-shaped n eck a nd s l igh t ly c oncave b o t tom ( f ig . 9 2/73) .

T he n eck

i s d ecora ted w i th h or izonta l f l u t ings a nd t he b ody w i th v er t ica l f acet ted f l utes ( f ig . 8 6/7) . 2 2 c . A v ar ian t b e tween a r ound b ow l a nd a t runca ted c one ( f ig . 9 2/69) , c are less ly d ecora ted w i th b arbo tine ( f ig . 8 6/12 ) . 2 3 .

A s torage j ar w i th r ounded s hou lder c arry ing h and les , p resu mab ly

s tra igh t n eck a nd f l a t b o t tom ( f ig . 9 2/74 ) .

I ti s made o f c oarse p as te a nd

a dorned w i th t wo p a irs o f h and les , b arbo tine a nd d imp led r idges ( f ig . 6 3/61; 81/5 ) . Af ew min iature v esse ls ( f ig . 9 0/4-5 ;

9 2/76, 7 8-80 ;

1 0 1/417) , whose

s hape a nd d ecora t ion c opy t hose o ft he c urren t ly u sed p o t tery ( f ig . 9 0/4-5 ) o r a re r a ther u ncom mon , s hou ld a lso b e men t ioned . c y lindr ica l v esse l ( f ig . 5 6/17;

9 0/2a-2b ;

3 6

T he l a t ter i nc lude a n a l mos t

92/8 0 ) , ac up ( f ig . 9 0/3a-3b;

9 2/76) , b o th d ecora ted w i th r ando m ly s trewn i nc ised l i nes , a nd a f our-cornered v esse l w i th c y lindr ica l n eck a nd b o t to m ( f ig . 9 2/79) , whose s hape i s d ue t o f our l arge war ts s i t t ing o n i t s b e l ly a nd d ecora ted w i th s p ira l f l u t ings . l i nes o n c er ta in p ar ts o f t he b ody c o mp le te t he d ecora t ion ( f ig . 5 6/12;

I nc ised 9 0/1a-1b) .

One f rag men t c a me f ro m a p robab ly t w in v esse l ( f ig . 9 0/6) a nd a nother f rom t he u pper p ar t o f ab aske t-vesse l w i th e ver ted r im , whose h and le , most ly b roken , f ormed a n a rch o ver i tl i ke i n ab aske t ( f ig . 1 00/5 ;

1 14/10a-10b ) .

I t

i s d ecora ted w i th d eep ly i nc ised l i nes . Apar t f rom t he p o t tery whose f orm c ou ld b e e s tab l ished , a n i mpress ive amoun t o fp o tsherds c a me f ro m o ut-turned b o t to ms , c oncave o r f la t ( f ig . 5 7/6-7,

2 7; 6 8/1-23 , 2 5 ;

9 1) , s ome t i mes d ecora ted ( f ig . 6 8/8) , f ro m r ing-

s haped f ee t ( f ig . 6 4/26; 6 5/12 ) , p la in b o t to ms , r i ms ( f ig . 5 7/12-14 , 2 3-24 ; 5 9/14 ; 6 4/1-7;

6 7/2 , 7 ;

e tc . )o r v ar ious p ar ts o f t he b ody ( f ig . 5 8/1, 5 ;

5 9/16; 6 0/13 , 1 7; 61/4 6;

62/3 ; 6 5/1-7; 6 7/15-37 , e tc .) .

The ir o rna men-

t a t ion , l i ke t ha t o f t he ware d escr ibed a bove , c o mbines f l u t ings w i th impress ions , i nc is ions , b rush-decora t ion , n o tches , more s e ldo m w i th p r icks , e tc . Wor thy o fn o t ice i s af rag ment f ro m t he u pper p ar t o f av esse l w ith b urn ished n eck , s pout a t t he b ase o f t he n eck a nd b arbo t ine o n t he b ody ( f ig . 7 7/26) . V esse ls w i th a s pou t a t t he b ase o ft he n eck a re n o t at ra i t o f t he P recucu ten i c u lture .

V ery l i ke ly o ur s pec i men i s t he r esu lt o f G u me lnga i nf luence .

On ly

o ne o ther s pouted v esse l i s k nown i n t he a rea o f t he P recucuten i I I c u lture , b u t i ti s a" stor ied" v esse l d iscovered a t I zvoare le .

2 9

I tb e longs t o t ype 1 3b

o f P recucu ten i I I a nd i s t he r esu l t o f ac o mbina t ion o f t ypes 1 3a a nd 1 4a .

3 0

I n s hape h owever , i ti s f u l ly d if feren t f rom t he s pou ted f rag men t f ound a t Ti rpe§t i .

T he d ecora t ion t oo i s d iss im i lar :

b arbo t ine a t Ti rpe§ t i , a lso r e-

c a l ling t ha t f ro m G u me ln4a , a nd g rooves , i nc is ions a nd p unches , t ha t a re t yp ica l P recucuteni d es igns , a t I zvoare .

The P recucu ten i s e t t le men t a t Ti rpe t i p roduced much c lay s cu lpture . When we s tudied t he P recucuten i c u l ture a s a who le , we d iv ided f igur ines i n to t wo ma jor t ypes , s idera t ion .

3 1

b o th o f wh ich a re a lso f ound i n t he s et t le men t u nder c on-

A lthough s ub-div is ions c ou ld b e d ist ingu ished , we p refer t o u se

l arger g roups , wh i le p o in t ing o ut more u nco mmon v ar ian ts a nd s ubvar ian ts when t hey o ccur .

We h ave r e ta ined t he t wo b ig g roups a s t hey e nab le u s t o

f o l low t he o r igin a nd e vo lut ion o f P recucuteni a r t a l l a long i t s t hree p r inc ipa l p hases ( Precucu ten i I, I a nd I I ) .

3 2

T ype A : S tanding o r s em i-rec lin ing s ta tue t tes ( f ig . 9 8; 9 9/1-8, 1 1, 1 3 , 1 5-17; 1 03/5 , 1 4 ; 1 05/7; 1 06/13; 1 08/1-2 , 4 -5 , 1 0-13: 1 0 9 /36 , 8 , 1 0 , 1 2; 1 10/1-3 , 8 -10 , 1 2 ; e tc . ) . The ir n eck a nd h ead were p robab ly r endered a s a sma l l c y lindr ica l p ro jec t ion w i thout a ny f ac ia l f eatures . i n tac t s pec imen was r ecovered . t he a r ms .

U nfor tuna te ly , n o

S hor t s tu mps o r l a tera l p ro jec t ions r epresent

The b reasts a nd p rotuberances o f t he h ip b ones a re s o me t imes

i ndica ted o n t he s tra igh t , w idened a nd c ompara tive ly f l a t t orso ( f ig . 9 8/7 , 1 0; 9 9/5 ; 1 08/2 , 1 0 ; 10/1, 1 0 ) . T he l ower h a lf o f t he b ody , w i th modera te s tea topyg ia , c an u sua l ly b e i nscr ibed i n at r iang le w i th s harp o r r ounded p o int . F igur ines w i th a c y l indr ica l , i .e . w idened b ase ( f ig . 9 8/14 ; o ut s tea topyg ia ( f ig . 1 10/12 ) a re r are .

b y sma l l p e lle ts p laced n orma l ly ( f ig . 9 8/6; 3 7

1 09/12 ) , a nd w i th-

I n s o me c ases t he k nees a re i ndica ted 1 09/3;

1 10/12) o r c lose t o t he

t oes ( f ig . 9 9/1;

1 10/5 ) .

T he l egs a re v ir tua l ly s epara ted a nd t he p ub ic t r i-

a ng le i ndica ted b y i nc ised l i nes o r d epress ions ( f ig . 9 8/1-2 , 4 , 9 , 1 3-14 , 1 6; 9 9/2-4 , 6 , 8 ;

1 05/7;

1 08/10 ;

1 09/4-5 , 1 2;

1 10/3 , 1 2 ) .

n o tches a t t he b ase o ft he l egs f ea ture t he t oes ( f ig . 9 5/1;

Occas iona l ly , sma l l 1 05/7) .

Many

f i gur ines a re p ar t ia l ly o r who l ly o rnamen ted , b u t t here a re a lso u ndecora ted s pec imens .

T he i nc ised d ecora t ion c ons is ts o f h a tched b ands ( f ig . 9 9/11;

1 08/5 ) , l arge t r iang les w i th s em ic irc les i ns ide t he m ( f ig . 9 8/4 ;

1 09/6) , l i nes

a rranged i n s p ira ls , r ho mbo ids , v er t ica l ly , o b lique ly o r r ando m ly , f or m ing v ar ious p a t terns a nd f o l low ing t he o u t lines o f b ody p ar ts ( f ig . 9 8/1-3 , 8 -9 ,12 ; 9 9/13 , 1 5-17;

1 08/1-2 , 4 , 1 1-12;

1 09/4-5 , 8 , 1 0 ) .

The wh i te a nd more

s e ldom r ed i ncrus ta t ion h as b een p reserved i n s o me i nc is ions , wh i le t races o f r ed o chre c o mp le t ing t he d ecora t ion a re s t i l l v is ib le o n o ther s pec i mens . T he wh i te i ncrus ta t ion a nd t he r ed p a in t a pp l ied a f ter f ir ing must h ave p roduced a n e xcep t iona l p o lychrome e f fec t o n t he p o lished g rey o f t he f igur ines .

Traces

o f r ed p a in t h ave b een p reserved o n o ne f rag men t ( f ig . 9 7/29) a nd o f wh i te p a in t o n a no ther ( f ig . 9 5/1) . T h is t ype was t he mode l f ro m wh ich p hase A o f t he C ucu ten i c u lture d er ived i t s s cu lp ture , o bv ious ly b y s oph is t ica t ing i t . The s ign if icance o f t he i nc ised d ecora t ion o f N eo li th ic f i gur ines , wh ich h as b een w ide ly d iscussed i n a rchaeo log ica l l i tera ture , w i l l c ont inue t o f ocus t he a t ten t ion o f s cho lars f or a l ong t ime .

S o me c ons ider t ha t i tf ea tures t he

d ress o f t he P recucuten i p eop le ( a weak h ypo thes is , g iven t he u sua l p ubic t r iang le a nd t he s p ira ls o n t he h ips ) , o thers r egard i ta s t a t toos , a nd o thers a ga in i n terpre t c er ta in c onst ituents o f t he d es ign , l i ke t he r ho mbus , c rossl i ke f i gures e tc . ,a s mag ic s igns .

F or s ome t ime n ow , we h ave c oncurred i n

t he o p in ion t ha t t he d ecora t ion r eproduces t he t a t toos o f t he P recucuten i p opu la t ion a nd t he o rna men ts t hey wore . The i nc ised g eome tr ic-sp ira l d ecora t ion o f f i gur ines a ppeared i n t he P rec ucu ten i I I p hase a nd c on t inued , w i th modif ica t ions a nd more s ubt le ty i n d et a i ls , i n C ucu ten i A .

E lsewhere , we a t tr ibuted t he d ecora t ion o f P recucu ten i

f igur ines t o an ew s outhern s t i mu lus p resu mab ly t rans m i t ted t o t he N eo li th ic t r ibes l i v ing b e tween t he E astern C arpa th ians a nd t he D nieper t hrough Gu me ln ita t r ibes , a nd p o in ted o ut i t s g radua l a ppearance i n P recucuten i a sse mb lages .

3 3

We d o n o t t h ink t ha t t he d ecora t ion o f f igur ines was c op ied o n t ha t o f p o t tery , b ecause i t s c o mponent e le men ts a re f u l ly d if feren t .

A t Tf rpe t i t here i s o n ly

o ne i ns tance , t o wh ich we w i l l r ever t l a ter , i n wh ich a h u man l eg i s d ecora ted e xac t ly l i ke t he ware ( f ig . 1 00/10 ; t hropo morph ic v ase .

11/1) , b ut i tp robab ly b e longed t o a n a n-

A s o mewha t s im i lar s i tua t ion i s f ound a t R äuce§ t i ,

3 4

where t he b ack o f as ta tue t te , a l most c er ta in ly a f igur ine i n a" hora" , i s d ecora ted, l i ke p o t tery , b y " impress ion" . Type B :

S i t t ing f i gur ines a nd f igur ines mou lded t o s i t o n c lay min ia ture

c ha irs ( f ig . 9 3; 1 5-21, 2 4 , 2 8;

9 4/1, 3 -11, 1 5-18; 1 03/1-4 , 6 -13;

1 07/1-2 , 5 -6, 8 ;

1 04;

9 5/1-6 , 8 -19; 9 6/1-3 , 8 ; 1 05/1, 3 -5 , 8 -9 , 1 1;

1 08/3 , 6 , 8 -9 , 1 4-18;

9 7/1-10 , 1 3 ,

1 06/1-7 , 9 -12;

1 09/2 , 1; 1 10/4 , 7 , 1 1) .

A s a

ma t ter o f f ac t , t h is i s t he c lass ic t ype o f P recucu ten i f i gur ine , i nher i ted f ro m p hase I a nd d eve loped a l l a long p hase I I . B was n o t t rans m i t ted t o t he C ucu ten i c u lture .

3 8

I ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t t ype

The t orso i s n arrow a nd f la t , most ly w i th a s l igh t ly c oncave b ack a nd s o me t i mes w i th a ssyme tr ica l s hou lders .

The n eck i s s hor ter o r l onger , t he

h ead e n b ec d 'o iseau w i th a s l igh t ly p ro truding n ose , a nd w i th n o tched o r p unched e yes a nd mou th . f i ne n o tches .

The b reasts a re f ea tured b y p e l le ts o r i ndica ted b y

S o me s pec i mens h ave a s ta lklike u pper h a lf w i th a f l a t b ack ,

t he f ac ia l f ea tures b e ing i ndica ted a t i t s e nd ( f ig . 9 3/1; 9 5/5 ; 1 04/2 , 5 ; 1 06/6, 9 ; e tc . ) , a nd v ery r are ly p las t ic b reas ts a pp l ied s o mewhere a bout i t s midd le ( f ig . 9 6/1;

1 06/2 ) .

o f t he l ower h a lf .

S tea topygy , s o me t i mes e xaggera ted , i s ac harac ter ist ic T he l egs a re u sua l ly a l l o f ap iece , i ndica ted b y a n i nc ised

l i ne a nd more s e ldom s epara ted ( f ig . 9 3/3 , 1 1,28; 9 ä/2-3;

9 7/15-16;

1 03/1, 7 , 1 4 ;

1 08/6, 8 , 9 , 1 4-15 ;

1 09/11) .

a par t ( f ig . 9 7/13 , 2 1, 2 8;

1 04/8, 1 1-12;

9 4/5 , 8 , 1 5-17;

1 05/1;

1 04/7 , 1 2 ;

1 05/3 , 7 ;

1 08/6, 9 ) .

Sma l l n o tches o f ten i ndica te

1 06/1-3 , 6 , 1 1) .

9 6/1;

9 7/1, 9 , 1 5 ;

Ti rpe t i p roduced a lso f i gur-

i nes w i th b en t k nees a nd more modera te s tea topygy ( f ig . 1 03/8-10 ; 1 06/10 ) .

9 5/17;

1 07/1;

I n ma le f i gur ines h owever , t hey a re most ly

1 06/12;

t he t oes ( f ig . 9 3/4 , 7 ; 9 4/1, 5 -6; 9 5/1, 2 , 5 -6, 1 1, 1 6; 1 03/3 ;

1 06/9;

1 05/1;

T he f i gur ines o f t h is t ype , a lso n o tab le f or t he g rea t n u mber o f

v ar iants , s e ldo m a re a s l arge a s t hose f ro m t he Precucuteni I p hase ( f ig . 9 5/1;

1 05/7;

9 4/2;

1 04/1-2 ) .

1 09/11) a nd t here a re e ven min ia ture s pec i mens ( f ig . 9 3/1; More r ough ly mode l led s ta tue t tes a re a lso f ound ( f ig . 9 5/14 ;

e tc . E xcep t f or t he i nc ised l i nes d iv iding t he l egs a nd marking t he p ub ic t r ia ng le , t ype B i s more s e ldo m d ecora ted w i th f i ne n o tches ( f ig . 9 7/16;

1 03/8;

1 08/17; e tc . ) , p r icks ( f ig . 9 5/12-13 ) , o r i nc ised l ines o n t he l egs o r b ut tocks ( f ig . 9 3/17; 1 04/13;

9 5/19;

9 7/6) , ar ow o f p r icks o r n o tches o n t he b e l ly ( f ig . 9 4/2;

1 07/8) , a nd when r epresent ing ma les w i th r ows o fp unches o n t he

l egs ( f ig . 9 5/18; ( f ig . 9 7/ 13;

1 08/9 ) a nd a n o tched b and , p oss ib ly a b e l t , r ound t he wa is t

1 08/9) .

One f i gur ine i s f i ne ly n o tched a l l o ver t he b ody ( f ig . 9 4/4 ;

1 04/10 ) a nd a no ther d ecora ted w i th d eep i nc is ions ( f ig . 1 09/11) . Traces o f r ed o chre p ers is t o n s ome f ragmen ts ( f ig . 1 06/9;

e tc . ) . A

f igur ine was p a in ted i n r ed b efore f ir ing . I ti s mode l led w i th d iv ided l egs , l i ke t he ma le s tatuet tes a nd a n u mber o f f e ma le f igur ines , h as n o b reasts , b u t t he p ub ic t r iang le i s r epresented . a sh-wh i te s l ip ( f ig . 9 6/2 ;

1 07/1) .

The d ark r ed p a in t was a pp l ied t o a n

I nc iden ta l ly , a l mos t a l l t he f e ma le f i g-u r-

i nes w i th d iv ided l egs h ave n o b reas ts ( f ig . 9 3/28;

9 4/5 , 1 6;

1 04/12;

1 06/9 ) .

I ti s c lear t ha t t he ir makers wan ted t o r epresen t y oung g ir ls o r t o c onvey a s t i ll u ndiscovered mag ic-re lig ious c oncep t .

A s f or t he u se o f r ed p a in t ing

b efore f ir ing , at echn ique c er ta in ly b orrowed f ro m a no ther c u lture , p oss ib ly P e tre§t i , a s e ar ly a s t he P recucu ten i I Ip hase , i ta ccoun ts f or t he p a inted f i gur ines o f t he C ucu ten i A c u lture . These f igur ines a re t he o n ly p a in ted s pec imens f ound i n t he R o man ian a rea o ft he P recucu ten i c u lture .

S o me were f u lly c overed w i th c o lour ,

r a ther t han p a in ted i n t he manner d escr ibed a bove ( f ig . 9 6/2; s o me s ta tue t tes f rom S aba t inovka 35 i n B u lgar ia ,

3 6

1 07/1) o r o f

a nd o f t he Precucu ten i f i gur ine d iscovered

wh ich i s t he s outhern mos t P recucu ten i " i mpor t" i n t he a rea

o f o ther c u ltures .

Traces o f mechan ica l p o l ishing p ers is t o n an u mber o f

f igur ines f ro m Ti rpe§t i , c lear ly p rov ing t ha t t hey were n o t p a in ted .

3 9

The c arefu l r ender ing o f s o me d e ta i ls s hou ld b e p o inted o ut . t he b reas ts a re s agging i n s ome f i gur ines ( f ig . 9 4/15; 9 6/ 1; a nd f i rm i n o thers ( f ig . 9 4/10 ; 9 5/9;

1 04/3;

t he ir c ond i t ion b efore a nd af ter c h i ldb ir th .

F or i nstance ,

1 03/4 ;

1 06/2 ) ,

1 06/1) , o bv ious ly t o s ugges t

3 7

The ma le c ompan ion o ft he g oddess i s a lso r endered f a ir ly f a i thfu l ly ( f ig . 9 7/21, 2 8;

1 06/12-13;

1 08/6, 9 ; 10/4 ) .

Af ew f i gur ines f rom Ti rpe§t i h ave mou lded a rms . T hey were d escr ibed b efore 3 8 a nd b ecause t hey a re e xcept ions f ro m t he g enera l a nd s tr ic t r u les o bserved i n mode l ling P recucu ten i s ta tue ttes , a lso c harac ter ized b y t he a bsence o f a rms , w e a t tr ibu ted a r i tua l mean ing t o e very g es ture . T he f i rs t i n o rder o f i mpor tance a nd a n t iqui ty i s a ma le f i gur ine i n as i t t ing p os i t ion , t o b e s ea ted i n al i t t le c ha ir , w i th h ands h o lding t he h ead a nd e lbows r es t ing o n t he k nees ( f ig . 9 6/5 ) ;

1 07/4 ) .

I ta c tua l ly i s aP recucuteni r ep lica 3 9

o ft he " th inker" f rom C ernavoda . T he s econd f igur ine , wh ich c an l i kew ise b e p laced among t he " thinkers" , r epresen ts a woman w i th t he r igh t a rm r a ised a nd t ouch ing t he h ead , a nd l ef t a rm b en t a t t he e lbow a nd a pparen t ly s uppor ting t he r igh t o ne ( f ig . 9 5/8;

1 07/2 ) .

I ts ee ms t ha t t he maker o f a no ther r a ther c rude f igur ine , wh ich was p robab ly ah and le a pp l ied t o av esse l ( ?) , p ursued t he s ame a im . The f igur ine h as a s harp ly c urved b ack , p ro truding A dam 's a pp le , b eak like h ead , b ig n ose , n o tched e yes a nd mou th .

B o th a rms a re b roken , b u t ah and w i th a l l f i ve f i ngers r es ts

o n t he l ef t s ide o ft he n eck ( f ig . 9 7/25 , 1 07/7) .

One a rm , p oss ib ly t he l ef t ,

was b en t a t t he e lbow a nd r a ised t o t he h ead . O ther f rag men ts o f s ta tue t tes w i th o ne a rm r a ised t o t he h ead were d iscovered a t Ti rpe§ t i ( f ig . 9 7/22; 1 07/3 ) . A n a rm less f i gur ine , p robab ly a ma le , i s i n teres t ing e spec ia l ly b y t he r ender ing o f t he h ead ( f ig . 9 5/10 ; 1 07/9 ) wh ich r ese mb les t he h eads o f t he f amous mas terp ieces f ro m C ernavoda a nd o f s ome V inja f igur ines .

Ano ther

p ecu l iar f ea ture o f o ur s pec imen i s t he n o tched b e lt r unning r ound i t s h ips , wh ich i s l a ter f ound i n t he r eper to ire o f C ucuten i s cu lp ture . " We a t tr ibu ted a l l t hese s ta tue t tes t o i nf luences o f t he H a mang ia c u lture o n t he P recucuten i c u lture .

4 1

Two f ragments o f f igur ines mode l led w i th o ne h and o n t he p ub is were a lso d iscovered a t Ti rpe§ t i . I n t he f i rs t , made w ith p ar t icu lar c are , i nc ised l i nes f i l led w i th wh i te p aste i ndica te t he l ef t e lbow , wr is t a nd t hree f i ngers o n i t s s ing le a rm ( f ig . 9 6/3;

1 07/6) .

o n t he s econd ( f ig . 9 6/8) .

Traces o f t he wr is t a nd o ne f i nger a re v isib le

Th is g esture i s a lso f ound i n Hamang ia f igur ines .

4 2

Apar t f rom t he t wo " c lass ic" t ypes o f P recucuteni f i gur ines , an u mber o f s ta tue t tes w i th a r adica l ly d if feren t f orm s hou ld b e men t ioned . 1 .

The l ower p ar t o f as t anding s tea topygous f i gur ine w i th t he f ee t p o int ing

f orward t o f orm a k ind o fb ase a nd d ecora ted o n ly w i th t hree i nc ised l i nes o n t he f ace ( f ig . 1 08/7 ) . 2 .

Ano ther s tanding h o l low f i gur ine , w i th s epara ted f ee t , s hor t l a tera l

s tu mps f or a rms , a nd d eep ly i nc ised d ecora t ion ( f ig . 9 5/20 ; 3 .

1 09/1) .

T he l ower h a lf o f af l a t f i gur ine , w i th p ro truding n ose , p unched e yes ,

n o tched mouth , l ong n eck , sma l l b reasts a nd r a ised a rms ( f ig . 9 9/14 ; 4 0

1 09/9) .

4 .

P ar t o f t he u pper h a lf o f a n a rm less f i gur ine w i th t he h ead made b y

p ressing t he p as te b e tween t he f i ngers , s l igh t ly d epressed mouth , h igh n eck , sma l l p las t ic b reas ts a nd r ounded s hou lders ( f ig . 9 9/9 ) . 5 .

A c ompara t ive ly c y l indr ica l f i gur ine , w i th t he h ead d a maged i n a nc ien t

t imes , b ut p reserv ing t races o f f ac ia l f ea tures , c are less ly d ecora ted w i th i nc ised l i nes ( f ig . 9 7/26; 6 .

1 09/7) .

Two s i t t ing f i gur ines , o ne a f i nger-pressed l u mp o f c lay w i th n o tched

e yes a nd n ose ( f ig . 9 7/23 ;

1 06/8) a nd t he s econd mode l led h ead less , w i th

l a tera l ly o u ts tre tched a rms ( f ig . 9 4/14 ;

1 05/2 ) .

They c anno t b e a ssoc ia ted

w i th t ype B f or t hey a re r adica l ly d if feren t f ro m t he s ta tue t tes o f t h is t ype . The f i gur ines d escr ibed u nder 3 -6 c an o n ly b e t he r esu lt o f G u me ln4 a . A i nf luences o n t he P recucuten i t r ibes , s ince s im i lar s pec i mens a re n o t f ound i n t he a rea o f o ther n e ighbour ing c u ltures .

4 3

O ther f rag men ts , e spec ia l ly o f t he u pper p ar t ( f ig . 9 3/2; 9 4/13; 9 6/9 ; 1 04/9; 1 05/10 ) , n o l onger r espec t t he P recucu ten i " canon" a nd c ou ld a lso b e d ue t o s ou thern i nf luences .

Af rag men t o f h igh ly s ty lized b one s tatue t te ( f ig .

1 05/12) p o in ts i n t he s a me d irec t ion . O ther f i nds i nc lude f rag ments o f a n thropo morph ic v esse ls ( f ig . 1 00/14 ; 1 1 1/58) , a sma l l v esse l whose l i p s uggests a h u man h ead ( f ig . 9 6/7;

1 13/16) ,

a nd s evera l l egs o f a n thropo morph ic v ases o r l arge f i gur ines ( f ig . 9 3/33; 1 00/9-13;

1 11/1-4 , 6 -7, 9 ) .

S o me , w i th u nben t k nee , h ave a l dnd o fk nee-h igh

b oo ts o n ( f ig . 10 0/11;

1 11/4 , 6 -7) , wh i le o thers h ave a median r idge a bove

t he k nee ( f ig . 10 0/12 ;

1 1 1/4 ,6 ) .

Traces o f f i ne wh i te-pa in ted l i nes a pp lied

b efore f i r ing s urv ive o n o ne o f t he m ( f ig . 1 1 1/6 )a nd o f i nc ised l i nes o n a no ther ( f ig . 1 00/9; 1 1 1/3 ) . A s pecimen mode l led w i th p ar t icu lar c are i s b en t a t t he k nee , h as i ndica ted t oes a nd i nc ised mo t ifs t yp ica l o f t he p o t tery ( f ig . 1 00/10 ;

1 11/1) .

F ine c hanne ls o n t he f ront s ide o f af oot , r ound i t s b ase

a nd a bove t he mou lded a nk le c er ta in ly p or tray s o me f oo twear ( f ig . 1 1 1/9 ) . T h is i s e v idence f or t he wear ing o f l ong a nd s hor t b oo ts a t Tf rpe§t i .

The

l ast- men t ioned l egs a nd f ee t mus t h ave b e longed t o a n thropo morph ic v esse ls , b ecause f igur ines o f t h is s ize a re n o t k nown i n t he N eo li th ic a nd C ha lco li th ic o f R o man ia .

The s pec imens f ro m S zegva -r -T t izköves a nd K ökenydo mb 4 4

migh t h ave b een a s ource o f i nsp ira t ion , t hough a p oss ib le i nf luence o f t he T isa c u l ture o n t he P recucu ten i c u lture i s h igh ly i mprobab le . a re a lso p resent ( f ig . 9 3/33;

1 00/10 ;

B arefoo t l egs

1 11/1-2 ) .

" Hora" p o ts tands were t aken o ver f ro m t he p receding p hase , i .e . P rec ucu ten i I . a .

Tirpe§ t i p roduced t he f o l low ing v ar ian ts :

Wi th s chema t ized f igure a nd modera te s tea topyg ia .

The s tatue t tes

h ave t wo sma l l h o les c lose t o t he l a tera l ly e x tended a r ms ( f ig . 9 9/20 ; 1 a-lb ) . b 1 .

The s pec imen i s s im i lar t o t he we l l-known e xa mp le f ro m F ru mu§ica .

4 5

Wi th marked s tea topyg ia , u pper p ar t a nd l egs s tuck t o ar ound h o l low

s tand ( f ig . 9 9/18;

1 12/3a-3b ) .

Var ian t b 2 i s missing f ro m Ti rpe t i . c .

12/

4 6

Wi th a s l im f i gure , sma ll b ut tocks a nd p ar ted t h ighs ( f ig . 9 9/19;

1 12/2a-2b ) .

4 1

E xcep t f or t ype b 1, i n wh ich f our f igur ines w ere a t tached t o t he s tand , a l l t he o ther p edesta ls c onsis ted o f s ix f i gur ines a t tached a t a rms a nd l egs . v esse l r es t ing o n s uch a s tand h as b een p reserved .

N o

When we r epor ted t hese p o tstands , we i n terpre ted t hem a s r epresent ing t he r i tua l d ances p erformed wh i le mak ing o f fer ings t o ac h thon ic d iv in i ty

47

o r e ven t he c arr iers o f t he o f fer ings .

P recucuten i p o t ters u sed t o a dorn v esse ls a nd l ad le h and les w i th a nthrop o morph ic f i gures . One s pec i men h as b een d escr ibed a bove ( f ig . 9 7/25; 1 07/17) , b ecause h av ing a rms i th as b een c lassif ied w i th t he f i gur ines w i th mode l led a rms . h a lf .

The s er ies i nc ludes o ther f i gur ines , s pec if ica l ly t he ir u pper

T hey a re l arger , w i th a s o me t imes r ea lis t ica l ly mode l led h ead , s haped

s hou lders a nd p las t ic b reasts , a nd s l igh t ly c oncave b ack ( f ig . 9 4/12;

1 04/6) .

The b ody o f o ne s pec i men i s d ecora ted w i th v ery f i ne c hanne ls ( f ig . 1 07/10 ) wh ich p robab ly c on t inued a l l o ver t he v esse l o r l adle .

4 8

L ad le h and les were

o f ten s haped a s more o r l ess s trong ly s chema t ized h u man f i gures ( f ig . 1 00/6; 1 01/21;

1 02/5-6;

15/5 , 8 ) .

P las t ic a n thropo morph ic f i gures o n v esse ls a re c om mon i n t he P recucut eni I Ip hase .4 9 A s herd u near thed a t Tfrpe t i c arr ies a s che ma t ized h u man f i gure w i th r a ised a rms a nd t wo p e l le ts , o bv ious ly t he b reas ts , s ym me tr ica l ly p laced b e low ( f ig . 9 0/7; 9 9/21) . Together w i th " horasf , t hese p las t ic f i gures were h anded d own t o t he C ucu ten i Ac u lture . 50 S o me p o t h and les f rom Tf rpe t i e nd i n f i ve-f ingered h ands ( f ig . 9 0/8-9; 1 00/7-8) .

L ike t he v esse ls w ith a n thropomorph ic h and les o r a pp lica t ions ,

t hey mus t h ave h ad a r i tua l p urpose .

As t he s ign if icance o f N eo li th ic a nd C ha lco li th ic c lay f igur ines i n g enera l h as b een d ea lt w i th b efore 5 1 a nd w i l l b e d iscussed i n t he e nd c hap ter o f t h is b ook , h ere we s ha l l o n ly r eca l l t ha t we a gree w i th t he h ypo thesis t ha t t he n o t ion o fd iv in i ty a nd i t s p or tray ing a s f igur ines e n tered S outh-Eas t E urope f rom A s ia Minor .

Though f ew , s ome z oo morph ic f igur ines a re d ocu men ted a t Tfrpet i ( f ig . 1 00/26-30 ; 1 13/2 , 5 ) . F rag men ts o f f ourlegged a nima ls made o f n onh omogeneous p as te , u neven ly f i red t o v ar ious s hades o f g rey , were f ound . There a re a lso t wo f rag men ts o f z oomorph ic v esse ls , r epresen t ing h orned a nima ls , o ne w i th t he h orns b roken i n a nc ien t t imes , r ound e yes , i ndica ted n os tr i ls a nd mouth , a nd d ecora ted w i th p r icks a nd i mpressed l i nes ( f ig . 9 6/6;

13/1) , a nd t he o ther d ecora ted w i th i nc ised l i nes ( f ig . 1 13/4 ) .

The h and le o f af i ne ly made b one s poon w i th b roken b ow l e nds i n ab ird w i th r ounded h ead a nd p o in ted b eak ( f ig . 9 6/4; 13/3 ) . E xcep t f or b irds , a l l k nown z oomorph ic r epresen ta t ions a re h orned a n i ma ls , p robab ly r e la ted t o t he c u lt o f man liness , a lso o f E astern o r ig in .

4 2

Af ew more p ecu l iar f i nds , u nfor tuna te ly i n ab roken s ta te , s hou ld b e ment i oned b efore c onc luding t he d escr ip t ion o f t he Precucuten i ma ter ia l f ro m

Two s hor t l egs d ecora ted w i th i nc is ions a nd e xc ised t r iang les must h ave b e longed t o sma l l a l tars ( f ig . 1 02/10 , 1 2;

1 14/1-2) .

On t he b as is o f t he ir

. d ecorat ion a nd o f t he c ontext i n wh ich t hey were f ound, t hey were a ss igned t o t he e ar lies t h ab i ta t ion o f t he t errace b y P recucuten i p eop le , i .e . t o t he e nd o f t he P recucuten i Ip hase . Sma l l l egs , s im i lar t o t hose j ust d escr ibed , b ut d ecora ted w i th i nc is ions ( f ig . 1 30/3-4 ;

1 01/20 , 2 2 , 2 4;

1 02/14;

14/3-6) a nd f rag men ts o f c ircu lar

a l tar-vesse ls w i th h igh o r s hor t n eck , e ver ted o r s tra ight r im ( f ig . 1 00/1-2; 1 01/23 , 2 5 ;

14/7-9 ) , l arge o pen ings i n t he b ody a nd p robab ly f a ir ly h igh f ee t

( f i g . 1 14/7b ) c an b e d a ted t o t he l ast p hase o f t he c u lture . M in ia ture f urn i ture i nc ludes c ha irs , e i ther s quare w i th h orned b ack ( f ig . 9 4/19;

1 02/7;

13/9 , 1 4 ) , o r r ound w i th t rapezo ida l b ack ( f ig . 9 4/21;

1, 1 3) , ar ound c ha ir mode l led i n a min ia ture o va l t ray ( f ig . 1 02/1; af oo t less c ouch ( f ig . 1 02/3; 2 ;

1 13/

1 13/10 ) ,

13/15 ) , a nd r ound t ab les o n f our l egs ( f ig . 1 02/

13/12) . I ti s l i ke ly t ha t t he c ha irs a nd t ab les a re c opies o f t he wooden f urn i ture

u sed b y t he P recucuten i p eop le , b u t we d o n o t b e lieve t he m t o b e mere t oys , a l though t h is i s n o t who l ly i mposs ib le .

They were made f or t he a n thropomor-

p h ic f i gur ines o f t ype B , f or t hey a re p ropor t iona te t o t he m ( f ig . 1 06/4 ) . More e v idence i s p rov ided b y f i gur ines f rom o ther N eo li th ic a nd C ha lco li th ic c u ltures , wh ich a re mode l led i n o ne p iece w ith t he c ha irs t hey s i t o n . The o n ly o rna men ts f ound a t T irpe§ t i a re a c ircu lar p endant w i th a h o le i n t he midd le a nd a r ow o f p unches , o ccas iona l ly p ierc ing i t , e xecu ted f ro m t he b ack ( f ig . 9 5/7;

13/17) , a nd a s tar-shaped c lay b ead ( f ig . 1 01/1) .

S o lid d aub f ee t ( f ig . 5 9/11-12; 1 4 .

1 15/9-12 ) were f ound i n dwe l lings 6 a nd

They p robab ly c o me f ro m l ow t ab les w i th a wood p la te , f ro m s too ls , a nd

o ther p ieces o f " furn i ture" .

S o me f rag men ts h ave p reserved t he i mpr in t o f

t he wood t o wh ich t hey were a pp lied ( f ig . 5 9/13 ) , p rov ing t ha t a t l east s ome wooden t ab les o r s he lves were t h ick ly p lastered .

As men t ioned b efore , t he P recucuten i h ab i tat ion o f T irpe t i b egan i n t he l a te P recucuten i Ip hase a nd c on t inued a l l a long t he Precucu ten i I I p hase . When t hey a rr ived a t R ipa l u i Boda i t he P recucuten ians were s t i l l u sing e xc ised d ecora t ion ( degenera te c hequers , wo lf-teeth , r eserved b ands , e tc . ) , b ut t hey r ap id ly g ave i tu p a s t hey d eve loped i n to t he mos t f lour ish ing p hase ( I I I ) o f t he c u l ture , t o wh ich t he b u lk o f t he ma ter ia l a nd a l l s urface dwe l lings c an b e a ss igned . The r adiocarbon d a te a va i lab le f or t he P recucuteni I I p hase f ro m T irpe§ t i i s 3 560 ± 9 0 B . C . ,i .e . b e tween 3 650 a nd 3 450 B . C .

4 3

N o tes 1 .

S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu, 1 962 , p . 2 39 , f i g . 7 /1-2 .

2 .

S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu, 1 968,

3 .

I bid .,

4 03 .

P .

4 06 .

Be low t he Precucuten i dwe l ling 6 , al ayer o f s andy c lay

1 0-20 cm t h ick was f ound, p robab ly t he r e ma ins o f t he u nburnt wa lls o f a n e ar lier dwe l ling , a nd i t s h ear th . 4 .

S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu, 1 968, p . 4 03;

5 .

S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu, 1 974 , a ,pp . 3 2-33 .

6 .

I b id .

7 .

i de m , 1 974 , a , p . 1 69 .

S uch b ea ms were f ound r ound t he p la tfor ms a t f l äbi§e t i ( see V I . Du m itrescu e .a . ,1 954 , p . 1 87) .

8 .

D . Berc iu , 1 966, p p . 8 6-108 .

9 .

I . S . I vanov , 1 975 , p p . 1 -17;

1 0 .

M . G i mbutas , 1 977, p p . 4 4-51.

H . a nd V I . D um itrescu , 1 959, p p . 1 66 a nd 1 72-173 .

Beside t he g ob le t

p ainted i n t he a 2 s ty le , t he f ounda t ion o f fer ings i n dwe l ling 1 1/3 i nc luded f rag ments o f a n o x s kul l .

A l l t he f oundat ion v esse ls d iscovered a t Tra ian-

Dea lu l r int ini lor h ad t he s a me s hape a nd were p a in ted i n s ty le a 2 . 1 1 .

I . T . Drago mir , 1 967, p . 4 3, f ig . 4 /1.

I n s hape a nd d ecora tion t he v es-

s e l i s s im i lar t o t he t r ichrome p ain ted g ob le ts f ro m Drigueen i , C ounty Bo to pni . 1 2 .

M . Pe trescu-Di mbov e , who m we t hank o nce a gain , i nfor med u s t ha t h e h ad d iscovered v esse ls l a id a s o f fer ings b efore e rec ting t he h ouse a t Tru e§t i .

1 3 .

Recen t e xcavat ions a t Dragu§eni , C ounty Bo to§ani , p roved t ha t t he r i tua l was a lso p rac tised i n C ucuten i A4 .

C on t inui ty c an t herefore b e a ssu med

f rom Precucuteni I I t o C ucuteni A-B , a nd p oss ib ly t o C ucu ten i B . 1 4 .

S . Marinescu- B i lcu , 1 974 , a , p p . 4 9 a nd 1 45 .

1 5 .

I b id . ,p . 7 5 .

1 6 .

I bid . ,p . 7 1 .

1 7 .

I b id ., p . 6 6 a nd n . 5 3 .

1 8 .

T . Passek , 1 949 , f ig . 9 /5 , 7 -9 .

1 9 .

I . P au l , 1 969, p l . I I/1.

2 0 .

H . Du m i trescu , 1 954 , f ig . 8 /1-2 .

Many more s peci mens o f t h is t ype

were d iscovered a t Tra ian-Dea lu l Antin i lor .

The v esse ls p rov ided w i th

h orns p robab ly s erved f or r itua l p ract ices . 2 1 .

R . V u lpe , 1 957, f i g . 1 6/2;

1 7/2 .

2 2 .

S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu , 1 974 , a , p p . 5 9-84 . v ar iants s ee p p . 7 8-83 .

4 4

F or Precucuteni I I f or ms a nd

2 3 . 2 4 .

I . N . B ibikov , 1 953, p l . 3 5/a , v . V I . Mi lo jj iC , 1 949 , p l . 2 3/5 , 6 .

The v esse l i l lus trated i n p l . 2 3/8 h as

ap o inted b o t to m a nd i s d ecora ted w i th a r unn ing s p ira l r eserved b etween impressed l i nes .

f lI T T )

I t may b e aP recucuten i impor t ( probab ly f ro m p hase

o r av esse l made b y b earers o f t he Bo ian c u lture u nder Precucuteni

i nf luence .

I t was d iscovered i n B u lgar ia a nd h as n o a na logy i n t he Mar i tsa

c u lture o r i n t he S ava ware . 2 5 .

V I . Mi lo jj iC , 1 949 , p l . 2 4/5-7, 1 0 , 1 4;

2 7/3, 5 -6, 9 .

F orms a re v ar ied

a nd we h ave i n mind o n ly t he t rend t owards a n arrower b o t to m . 2 6 .

I b id ., p l . 3 3/2 , 5 .

A lso n o t iced i n s o me k i tchen p o ts f ro m R ast .

2 7 .

C . Ma tasä , 1 946, p l . XXX I/200;

R . V ulpe , 1 957, f i g . 1 12/2 .

2 8 .

S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu, 1 974 , a ,

8 2 , f i g . 5 7/3 .

2 9 .

R . V u lpe , 1 957, f i g . 3 4 .

3 0 .

S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu, 1 974 , a , p . 8 3 , f i g . 6 3/6.

3 1 .

I b id ., p p . 8 9-103;

3 2 .

I b id .

3 3 .

S . Mar inescu-B i lcu , 1 974 , a , p . 9 6;

3 4 .

U npub lished s pecimen , Museu m o f T irgu N ea mt „

3 5 .

M . M . Makarev i tch , 1 960 , f i g . 3 /7 .

P .

s ee a lso S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu , 1 974 , c , p p . 3 99-436 .

I de m

1 974 , c , p p . 4 15-417 .

A l l t he s cu lpture f ro m S aba tinovka

h as i t s c lesest p ara l le ls i n t he P recucuten i I I s e t t le men ts o f R o man ia . 3 6 .

V . Mikov , 1 935 , f i g . 1 24/1 .

The f i gur ine d iscovered a t Kod ja Der men

i s at yp ica l ly Precucuten i s pec i men a nd r epresents t he s ou thern mos t Precucuteni " i mpor t" i n t he a rea o f t he G u me ln4a c u lture .

I t was r e-

c ent ly c leaned a nd f ound t o h ave b een p a inted i n r ed . 3 7 .

Th is v iew , a dvanced i n 1 970 , was p u t i n p r in t much l a ter , c f . Mar inescuB i lcu, 1 974 , a , p . 9 7;

I de m , 1 974 , c , p p . 4 18-419, where we a lso s ug-

g es ted a r epresen ta t ion o f mo ther a nd d aughter , wh ich , h owever , s ee ms h igh ly improbab le i n t ha t p er iod . 3 8 . 3 9 .

S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu , 1 967, p p . 4 7-58 . The p ub lica t ion o f t he s pec i men ( see S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu , 1 964 , p p . 3 073 12 ) a roused d iscuss ions i n l i tera ture , d ue t o t he u nco m mon p ose o f t he f igur ine a nd t o i t s o n ly p oss ib le a na logue i n t he a rea o f t he Ha mangia c u lt ure .

S ee D . Berc iu , 1 966,

P .

3 3 , f i g . 1 .

4 0 .

A . Cr h maru , 1 977, f i g . 5 4/5;

4 1 .

S . Mar inescu-B i lcu , 1 964 , p p . 3 07-312;

4 2 .

D . Berciu , 1 966, f i g . 4 2 .

4 3 .

5 5/1. i de m , 1 974 , a , p . 9 8 .

Bo th a r ms o f t he f igur ine l i e o n t he p ubis .

E lsewhere ( S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu , 1 974 , a , p . 9 9 ) we r epor ted t ha t t he g enera l f ea tures o f t he h u man b ody a re f u l ly , o r a l most f u l ly , i gnored o n ly i n t he G u me Inga c u lture , where sma ll l u mps o f c lay were made i n to f igurines b y p ressing t he m w i th t he f ingers . 4 5

We c annot s ay f or c er ta in

t hough i f s uch f igur ines , d iscovered i n t he P recucu teni I I ma ter ia l, h ave t he ir o r ig in i n t he e ar ly p hase o f t he Gu me ln ita c u lture , b ecause n o s tudy i s a s y e t a va i lab le a bout t he e vo lut ion o f f igur ines i n t ha t c u lture . 4 4 .

N . Ka licz , 1 970 , f i g . 3 2-34 ( Szegvär-T t izköves );

f ig . 3 7 ( Kökenydo mb ) .

4 5 .

C . Ma tasä , 1 946, v igne t te o n P . 7 7 =p l . XXVI I/249 .

4 6 .

F or t he t ypo logy o f t hese s pec i mens , t he p rob le ms t hey r aised a nd r ef erences , s ee S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu, 1 974 , d , p p . 1 67-179 .

4 7 .

I b id .

4 8 .

I zvoare y ie lded a lso a l ad le h and le t o wh ich a t yp ica l f i gur ine was a pp lied, s ee R . V u lpe , 1 954 , f i g . 7 9 .

R econs truc ted d raw ing i n S . Marinescu-

B i lcu, 1 974 , a , f i g . 8 5/2 . 4 9 .

H . Du mi trescu , 1 953, f i g . 1 2 .

5 0 .

V I . D u mi trescu , 1 974 , f i g . 2 32/3-4;

5 1 .

S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu, 1 974 , a , p p . 8 9-103; i de m , 1 974 , d , p p . 1 67-179 .

4 6

2 34 ;

2 39 . i de m , 1 974 , c , p p . 3 99-436;

ADDENDU M 1 PRECUCUTEN I DWELL INGS F ig . 3 ;

1 0-11

S . Mar inescu-B i lcu , 1 968, p p . 4 01-406, f i g . 1 ;

i de m , 1 974 , a , p p . 3 0-

3 7 , f i g . 6 . Dwe l ling 2 ( 1961) — f i g . 3 6/D2 I t was sma l l , c a 3x 4 m, a nd a ppeared a s h eaps o f f r iab le d aub wh ich c ont a ined much c haf f a nd c hopped s traw a nd was i nco mp le te ly b urn t t o many s hades r ang ing f rom r ed t o y e l low , a nd o f ten mere ly smoked b lack . was p reserved o n ly o n af ew l u mps .

Wa t t le impr int

The dwe l ling h ad h ad n o p la tfor m , h ear th

o r o ther i n ter ior f urn ish ing , a nd t he d aub c a me f ro m i t s r uined wa l ls . ma ter ia l was d iscovered i ns ide : 1 -4 ) a nd p o t tery ( f ig . 5 6/1;

L it t le

t oo ls o f f l in t ( f ig . 4 6/ 12 ) a nd s tone ( f ig . 4 2/

8 0/1) .

Dwe l ling 3 ( 1961) — f i g . 3 6/D3;

4 /SIV

I t was c o mpara t ive ly r ec tangu lar , measur ing s o me 1 0 x 5 m, a nd h ad b een o r ien ted S SW- NNE .

I t s r e ma ins c onsis ted o f h eaps o f d aub w i th h o l lows i n-

s ide , d ue t o t he c o l lapsing o f t he wa l ls a t v ar ious i n terva ls a nd t o s ubsequen t d is turbance .

The d aub , wh ich c on ta ined much c haf f a nd s traw , h ad b urn t u n-

e ven ly t o b r ick-red a nd y e l low ish-brown ; i ta lso d isp layed s cor if ica t ion , wh ich p roves t ha t t he f i re h ad b een f a ir ly i n tense . o f r eed , t h in a nd t h ick l ogs , a nd b ea ms . r ounded c orners o f t he dwe l ling .

I tp reserved t he impr in t

S o me l arge p ieces c ame f ro m t he

An i nco mp le te p la tform was d iscovered i n-

s ide , more e xac t ly a s leeping p la tform , wh ich was smoo th b ut u neven ly f i red . T he wa l l p las ter ing was 1 0-20 cm t h ick .

A lthough n o r e ma ins o f ap ar t i t ion

wa l l were f ound, we s uppose t ha t t he dwe l l ing h ad h ad t wo r ooms . most P recucuten i dwe l lings , t he i nven tory was modes t : 1 3 , 1 8;

4 6/1, 9 ) , s tone ( f ig . 4 2/5 ;

4 6/17;

L ike i n

t oo ls o f f l int ( f ig . 4 1/

4 7/8) , b one ( f ig . 4 8/3 ) a nd p o t-

t ery ( f ig . 5 7/10-27) . Dwe l ling 4 ( 1961) — f i g . 3 6/D4 ;

4 /S IV

I t was r ec tangu lar i n p lan a nd sma ll , 5x 3 m . i nco mp le te ly b urn t w a l ls were p reserved .

R e ma ins o f i t s r uined b ut

T he l u mps o f d aub a nd p ieces o f

t he wa l l p laster ing a pp lied t o t he wa t t le were sma l l , c arr ied i mpr in ts o f r eed a nd wa t t le , c onta ined much c haf f a nd r anged i n c o lour f ro m r eddish-brown t o u nburn t b lack .

N o i n ter ior s truc ture was f ound a nd t he i nventory was p oor :

af ew t oo ls o f f l in t ( f ig . 4 1/11, 3 3 ) , s tone ( f ig . 4 2/6; 5 8/1-8) .

4 7/2 ) a nd p o t tery ( f ig .

H owever , e v idence o f ah igh ly i n terest ing r i te was s upp l ied b y a

sma l l f i red v esse l ( f ig . 5 6/2;

8 0/2) b ur ied i n t he f ounda t ion p r ior t o t he c on-

s truc t ion o f t he dwe l ling , ap rac t ice a lso f ound l a ter , i n p hases A a nd A-B o f t he C ucu ten i c u l ture . 4 7

Dwe l ling 6 ( 1962 ) — f i g . 3 4 ;

3 5/1-2;

3 7;

5 .

I t was r ec tangu lar a nd f a ir ly l arge , measur ing a bout 1 0 x 7m . d isturbed b y l a ter h ab i ta t ion .

I th ad b een

T he r e mains o f i t s b urn t a nd c o l lapsed wa l ls

s howed i mpr in ts o f r eed a nd t w igs , were b r ick-red i n c o lour a nd s ome t i mes s cor if ied .

Af i ne p la tform was f ound af ter c lear ing t he d ebr is .

P ieces o f

d aub a rranged i n t en e ven r ows , s ome 6 0-70 cm w ide , p reserved o n t he ir u pper s ide t he i mpr in t o f t he b ea ms u sed i n t he s truc ture . T he p laster ing was 1 0-12 cm t h ick , a nd u p t o 1 8 cm i n t he i n terva ls b e tween t he b ea ms .

The

d aub was mixed w i th much c haf f , c hopped s traw , p ebb les a nd v ery s e ldo m p o tsherds .

A s pace was r eserved i n t he p la tform f or t he o ven b ui lt d irec t ly

o n t he g round .

The k erb was r a ised o n t he p la tform ( see c hap ter I I ) a nd a n

a n thropomorph ic f i gur ine was s tuck i n i t ( f ig . 1 05/11) .

B e tween t wo a nd t hree

me tres o f t he r ounded wa l l b ase h ad b een p reserved o n o ne s ide o f t he dwe l ling a nd t hree s hor t d aub f ee t s tood i n i t s n or th-eas tern c orner . l onged t o at ab le w i th a wooden t op ( f ig . 1 15/9 , 1 0 ) . f ound t oo ls o f f l int ( f ig . 4 1/23 ) , s tone ( f ig . 4 2/7 ; 5 0/13 ;

5 2/10 , 1 2, 2 1) , p ot tery ( f ig . 5 9/1-13 ;

f igur ines ( f ig . 9 3/2-5 ;

9 9/5 ;

1 05/6 ;

T hey p robab ly b e-

I nside t he dwel l ing were

4 7/2) , b one ( f ig . 4 9/6 ; 8 0/3-4) , a n thropo morph ic

1 10/1) a nd r ec tangu lar q uerns.

T h is dwe l ling was b ui lt o ver t he r uins o f a no ther , u nburn t , P recucuteni dwe l ling ( f ig . 6 ) , wh ich h ad b een n ea t ly l eve l led a nd whose h ear th h ad f or tun a te ly b een p reserved ( f ig . 3 5/4 ) .

Al ayer o f s andy c lay , 1 0-20 cm t h ick ,

wh ich mus t h ave c ome f ro m t he d e mo lished d aub wa l ls , h ad r e ma ined f ro m t he e ar lier dwe l ling .

Typ ica l ly P recucuten i p o t tery was f ound i n t he l ayer

( f ig . 5 9/14-17) . Dwe l ling 7 ( 1962 ) — f i g . 3 5/3;

3 8/D7

I t s r e ma ins , w i th many h o l lows i nside , c overed a r ec tangu lar a rea meas ur ing s o me 8 .50 x 4 m .

The l u mps o f d aub f ro m t he c o l lapsed wa l ls were

u neven ly b urn t , mos t ly t o b r ick-red, b u t a lso t o b lack a nd y e l low ish s hades , a nd c on ta ined c haf f , c hopped s traw a nd s o me g rave l . p la te were f ound o n t he wes tern s ide o f t he dwe lling . we l l f ired, p erfora ted , a nd h ad r ounded c orners . f ro m t he o ven . n ish ings . 8 -15 ;

F rag men ts o f a n o ven I t was c a 5 cm t h ick ,

N o thing e lse h ad s urv ived

A l arge q uern h ad s tood u nder t he p la te .

Poor i nven tory :

N o i n ter ior f ur-

t oo ls o f f l in t ( f ig . 4 1/21; 4 6/11) , s tone ( f ig . 4 2/

4 7/1) , b one ( f ig . 5 4/11) , c opper ( f ig . 5 2/2 , 6 ) , p o t tery ( f ig . 6 0/1-5;

8 0/5 ) a nd f i gur ines ( f ig . 9 3/6; Dwe l ling 8 ( 1 962 )

1 03/1) .

— f i g . 3 8/D8

I t was f a ir ly l arge , 8 .25 x 5 .60 m.

I ta ppeared a s h eaps o f d aub w i th i n-

t er ior h o l lows a nd more c o mpac t l u mps .

T he d aub c om ing f ro m t he wa l ls was

f r iab le , u neven ly b urn t , f rom b r ick-red t o g rey-b lack i n c o lour .

B es ides

c haf f a nd s traw , t he f abr ic c on ta ined a c ons iderab le amoun t o f g rave l .

Much

o f t he d aub w i th wh ich t he wa l ls h ad b een p las tered s howed t races o f y e l low ishwh i te p a in t . i nside .

Ap ar t ia l p la tform , i .e . ap lace f or s leep ing , h ad b een b u i lt

The f rag men ts f ound were 1 5-20 cm t h ick , u neven ly a nd s uperf ic ia l ly

b urn t a nd c arr ied t he impr in t o f t he l ogs u sed i n t he s truc ture .

The o b jec ts

i nc luded t oo ls o f f l in t ( f ig . 4 1/12 , 2 5 , 2 7 , 3 0 , 3 2 ) , b one ( f ig . 4 8/9-12 , 4 2 ; 5 2/26) , p o t tery ( f ig . 5 6/12; ( f ig . 9 3/7;

5 8/9-19;

8 0/6;

9 0/1) , a n thropomorph ic f i g-u r ines

1 03/3) a nd worn q uerns o f a verage s ize ( 35 x 1 5 cm ) .

4 8

Dwe l l ing 1 4 ( 1963 ) — f i g . 3 9/D14;

1 18/1

C over ing a f a ir ly l arge a rea , 1 0 x6 .50 m, i th ad b een p ar t ia l ly o ver la id ( and p oss ib ly a lso d is turbed ) b y t he C ucu ten i dwe l ling 1 2 . The d aub h ad b el onged t o t he b urn t a nd c o l lapsed wa l ls a nd p reserved t he i mpr in t o f t w igs a nd r eed , a nd t o ap ar t ia l p la tform , o f wh ich c ompara t ive ly l arge o va l p ieces h ad s urv ived a nd wh ich h ad b een b u i lt o n l ogs , 2 0-25 cm t h ick , p robab ly a s as leepi ng b ench . The f a ir ly i n tense f i re h ad b urn t t he d aub t o b r ick-red . I th ad a lso c aused t he s econdary f i r ing o f t he p o t tery a nd s ome f ragments o f q uerns . T he i nven tory i nc luded :

t oo ls o f f l in t ( f ig . 4 6/6) , s tone ( f ig . 4 2/16-18) , b one

( f ig . 4 8/13 , 4 5; 4 9/17; 5 2/9) , p o t tery ( f ig . 5 6/7, 1 5; 6 1; 6 2/1, 3 -4; 6 3/ 6 ) , a nthropo morph ic c lay s ta tue t tes ( f ig . 1 03/4 ; 1 08/8) , af ragmen t o f b one s ta tuet te ( f ig . 1 05/12 ) , ab one s poon w i th t he e nd o f t he h and le i n t he s hape o f ab ird ( f ig . 9 6/4;

1 13/3) a nd d aub l egs ( f ig . 6 2/2;

1 15/11-12 ) o n wh ich a

l ow t ab le must h ave s tood . Dwe l ling 1 4 b is ( 1 963 ) — f i g . 3 9/D14 b is ;

1 18/1; 7

I t was s i tua ted c lose t o dwel l ing14 a nd was a lso o ver la id b y t he l arge C ucuten i dwe l ling 1 2 a nd c er ta in ly d estroyed b y i t . The c o l lapsed wa l ls o f t h is p robab ly l arger b ui lding c overed a n a rea o f s ome 6 .5 0 x4 .50 m .

T he

d aub , i n wh ich many i mpr in ts o f r eed a nd t w igs were v isib le , , c on ta ined c haf f , c hopped s traw , a nd s o me g rave l , a nd r anged i n c o lour f ro m b r ick-red t o y e ll ow ish b rown ;

s cor if ied l u mps were f ound i n t he l arger h eaps .

The dwe l ling

c onta ined n o i n ter ior s truc ture a nd p roduced o n ly a q uern a nd p o tsherds ( f ig . 62/56;

81/6 ) .

Dwe l ling 1 6 ( 1963 ) — f i g . 4 0/D16;

7

I t was n o t v ery l arge , measur ing 6 .50 x 4m, a nd h ad b een b u i lt n ear t he sma l l P recucuten i d i tch , wh ich was o ut o f u se b ut i ncomp le te ly f i l led a t t he t ime . When t he n or th-wes tern c orner o f t he dwe l ling c o l lapsed , p ar t o f t he wa ll f e l l i n to t he d i tch .

T he dwe l ling h ad b een d isturbed b y l a ter p i ts .

A f ter

c lear ing t he r u ined wa l ls , p ieces o fp la tform w i th t he i mpr in t o f r ound b eams a nd f l a t l ogs a nd s uccess ive l ayers o fp las ter were d iscovered . I t was a p ar t ia l p la tform , a bout 1 0 cm t h ick . 6 0/6-17) .

P o tsherds were r ecovered f rom i t ( f ig . 5 6/11;

Dwe l ling 2 2 b is ( 1/1960 ) — f i g . 4 0/D22 b is ; 4 /S IV I t was p ar t ia l ly o ver la id b y t he C ucuten i dwe l ling 2 2 . r ema ins c overed a n a rea o f a pprox . 7x 5 .50 m . b u t i th ad b een c ut b y t he 1 938 s ound ing .

I t s l i t t le d is turbed

The dwe l ling h ad b een l arger ,

T he d aub f rom t he c o l lapsed wa l ls ,

s ome t imes i n f a ir ly l arge h eaps , was c o loured f rom b r ick-red t o y e l low ishb rown , o f ten o n ly s uperf ic ia l ly b urn t .

T he f abr ic was d ense , mixed w i th c haf f .

Many l u mps c arried t he i mpr in t o ft he wa t t le t o wh ich c lay h ad b een a pp lied . T he wa t t le s ee ms t o h ave b een more i rregu lar a nd more c are less ly made t han t ha t u sed i n t he o ther dwe l lings .

S ome l u mps b ear a lso t he impr in t o f p os ts

a nd t h icker l ogs , wh i le o thers , p robab ly f ro m t he b ase o f t he wa l ls , h ad b een i n ten t iona l ly r ounded . Af ew p o tsherds l ay u nder a nd b e tween t he h eaps o f d aub ( f ig . 6 2/7-9; 81/7 ) . F ew r estorab le v esse ls a nd s ome d is turbed h ear ths , b ut many a n ima l b ones a nd q uerns were d iscovered i n t he Precucu ten i dwe l lings . 4 9

I V THE CUCUTEN I OCCUPATION ( F ig . 3 -10 ;

1 2-14 ;

3 3;

16-202)

T hough sma l l c ompared t o s e t t le men ts l i ke 1 abi§e§t il a nd T ru e§ t i ,

2

t he

C ucu ten i s e t t lemen t a t T irpe§t i mus t h ave b een i n tense ly o ccupied . L ack o f f unds p reven ted u s f ro m c lear ing i tc omp le te ly , b u t o n ly sma l l a reas were n ot s yste ma t ica l ly e xcava ted ( f ig . 3 ; 1 2) . One o f t he ma jor c oncerns o f t he C ucuteni c om mun i ty wh ich s e t t led o n R ipa l u i B oda i was t o p ro tec t t he t errace w i th a d efence d i tch .

F our dwe l lings

( 9 , 1 0 , 2 0 a nd 2 0 b is ) , a l l f rom t h is p er iod , l ay b eyond t he d i tch , a nd t h is was as urpr is ing f i nd . As men t ioned i n t he p rev ious c hap ter , t he P recucu ten i s e t t le men t t oo h ad h ad a d efence d i tch i n i t s l as t p hase ( I I I ) , Tha t d i tch p robab ly was n o t f i l led u p o n t he a rr iva l o ft he n ew o ccupan ts a nd t he C ucuten i p eop le d ec ided t o s pare t he ir e f for ts a nd u se i t( f ig . 3 ) .

T hey w idened a nd d eepened i ti n s ome p ar ts

( f ig . 6 /S X ) , d ug t he ir d i tch i n i t ( f ig . 6 /S XV I I ; 9 /3) , o r made a n a l toge ther n ew d i tch a t al i t t le d is tance f rom t he o ld o ne . A s ar esu l t , t he t wo d i tches a re p ara l le l a nd p ar t ly o ver lapping , e xcep t t owards t he b ot tom , o r d ug o ne i n t he o ther ( f ig . 3 ; 5 -8;

9 /3;

3 3/1-3) .

I ts hou ld b e n o ted h owever t ha t t he

C ucu ten i d i tch s omet i mes i s s ha l lower b ut w ider t han t he P recucuteni o ne . T he C ucuten i d i tch i n g enera l was U -shaped, w i th a w ide mouth a nd a rched b o t tom , a nd h ad b een d ug f rom t he C ucu ten i l iv ing f l oor . t yp ica l b i- a nd t r ichrome C ucuten i Ap o tsherds .

I t s f i l ling c onta ined

I t was 1 29 m l ong , 1 .2 0-

1 .75 m d eep f rom i t s d igg ing l eve l a nd 2 -5 m w ide a t i t s o pening .

Mos t o f ten

h owever , i t s w idth was a bout 3 m a nd i t s d epth f rom t he e xcava t ion l eve l s ome 2 .30 m .

I te nc losed a n a rea o f a pprox . 4 ,600 s q m .

t he r e mova l o f 6 20 ± 5 % c u m o f e ar th . s e lf was :

I t s d igg ing h ad r equired

The f i rs t q ues t ion wh ich p resen ted i t -

wha t h ad b een d one w i th s o much e ar th?

U nfor tuna te ly , i tc ou ld n o t

b e a nswered s a t isfac tor i ly . P ar t o f i t was p robab ly u sed t o b u i ld t he dwel l ings o r maybe t hrown d own t he s lope . A t a ny r a te , t he d i tch was n o t c oup led w i th a n e ar th b ank . As s upposed b y V ladim ir D um i trescu i n t he c ase o ft he d i tch a t Tra ian-Dea lu l V ie i , i t s e f f ic iency was e nhanced b y ah igh f ence , p robab ly made f ro m p o les a nd wa t t le a nd e rec ted o n t he s e t t lemen t s ide ( f ig . 1 2 ) . T he p urpose o ft he C ucuteni d i tches was w ide ly d iscussed .

3

H av ing e x-

p ressed o ur o p in ion a t t he t ime , we s ha l l o n ly r epea t t ha t we a gree w i th t he r esearchers who b e lieve t ha t t he d i tches were mean t ma in ly f or d efence . On amount o ft he dwe l l ings b eyond t he d i tch , we c an a ssu me t ha t a t tacks b y p red a tory a nima ls a ga ins t t he d omes t ic a nima ls , wh ich were c er ta in ly k ept i n t he s e t t le ment d ur ing t he n igh t , were more o f at hrea t t han a t tacks b y n e ighbour ing t r ibes .

At e l ling p roof wou ld b e t he l arge u nbu i l t a rea i n t he midd le o f t he

5 0

3

s e t t le men t .

More p ro tec t ion migh t h ave b een p rov ided b y a no ther wa t t le

f ence o n t he e dge o ft he t errace .

Obv ious ly , t h is i s n o th ing b ut a working

h ypo thes is wh ich c anno t b e c hecked , t he r e levant f ea ture b e ing d es troyed . I n t he b eg inning t he dwe l lings s ee med t o b e d is tr ibu ted c hao t ica l ly ,

b ut

4

ac arefu l r e-exam ina t ion o ft he p lan s howed t ha t t hey h ad b een s i ted a ccording t o a n o rgan ized p a t tern .

They were a rranged i n ac irc le ( excep t f or dwe l lings

1 2 , 1 5 a nd 1 7, p ar t ly l oca ted i ns ide i t ) r ound dwe l ling 1 , wh ich was n o t e xac t ly a t t he c en tre ( f ig . 3 ;

1 2 ) .

The f a ir ly l arge o pen a rea was p robab ly u sed a s

a mee t ing p lace , f or c ere mon ies a nd t o k eep t he l ivestock d ur ing t he n igh t ( as a lready men t ioned) . The C ucuten i dwe l lings o f l irpe§ t i ( f ig . 3 ; I V ; 1 ;

1 20/D .1) , 5( f ig . 1 16/1-3;

1 20/D .5 ) , 9( f ig . 5 ;

1 25/D .10 ) , 1 1 ( F ig . 6 /S X ; 1 16/4 ;

1 17;

1 22/D .11) , 1 2 ( f ig . 7 ;

1 3 ( f ig . 1 26/D .13 ) , 1 5 ( f ig . 1 19/2; 6 /S XV I I ;

1 2 ) a re n u mbered l ( f ig . 4 /S 1 21) , 1 0 ( f ig . 1 19/

18/1-3;

1 23;

1 24/1) ,

1 28/D . 1 5 ) , 1 7 ( f ig . 1 25/D .17) , 1 8 ( f ig .

1 27/D .18) , 1 9 ( f ig . 1 19/2;

1 28/D. 1 9) , 2 0 ( f ig . 7 ;

D .20 ) , 2 0 b is ( f ig . 1 29/D .20 b is ) , 2 1 ( f ig . 1 19/4 ;

1 29/

1 26/D .21) , 2 2 ( f ig . 4 /S I ;

1 22/D .22 ) , 2 3 ( f ig . 1 25/D .23 ) , a nd 2 4 ( f ig . 1 27/D . 2 4 ) . They c overed b e tween 3 2 a nd 9 6 s q m . s erved dwe l lings were n o t i nc luded .

Badly d amaged a nd p ar t ia l ly p re-

N or was t he o n ly v ery l arge dwe l ling ,

n o . 1 2 , wh ich e x tended o ver 1 20 s q m a nd h ad h ad p ar t i t ion wa l ls ( f ig . 1 4 ; 1 18/2;

1 24/1) .

Dwe l lings 1 2 a nd 1 8

( f ig.1 6 / 4; 1 8 / 2 ; 124/1)

were e rec ted o n s pec ia l ly

b ui lt p la tforms , a nd dwe l lings 1 5 a nd 2 1 c on ta ined p ar t ia l p la tforms .

Ovens

a nd h ear ths , w i th o r w i thout k erb , were d iscovered i n dwe l lings 1 , 5 , 9 , 1 2 , 1 5 , 1 7, 1 8 , 2 0 , 2 0 b is , 2 2 , 2 3 a nd 2 4 ( f ig . 1 19/3; 1 28/15;

1 20-121;

1 25/D .17, D .23;

1 29) .

S evera l h ear ths , s tr ic t ly c ontemporaneous w i th t he C ucuten i dwe l lings , were f ound i n t he o pen ( f ig . 1 19/1; Dwe l lings 1 2 ( f ig . 7 ;

1 24/2;

1 26/D .21) .

1 18/1) a nd 2 2 ( f ig . 4 /S I ) o ver lay Precucuteni

dwe l l ings . The b u i lding t echn ique o f dwe l l ings w i th a nd w i thout f ounda t ion p la tform was d escr ibed i n t he c hap ter o n t he P recucuteni h ab i ta t ion . .

We s ha l l n o t r e-

v er t t o i t , a s t he C ucuten i dwe ll ings were c ons truc ted i n t he s a me manner ( f ig . 1 3-14 ) . Af ac t wh ich s hou ld b e emphas ized i s t he c o mpara t ive p over ty o f t he c eram ic i nven tory .

Wi th a f ew e xcep t ions , a sma l l n u mber o f b roken v esse ls

were f ound i n s i tu ( f ig . 1 16/2-3; men ts where p o t tery a bounds .

1 17/2-3) , c ompared t o mos t C ucuteni s et t le-

I ts hou ld a lso b e n o ted t ha t s o me dwe l lings

c onta ined n o h ear th , wh ich s ugges ts t ha t p or tab le h ear ths migh t h ave b een u sed . B ut p ieces o f "mosa ic" t ha t migh t h ave c o me f rom a h ear th were n o t f ound i n a ny o f t hose dwe l lings — N o . 1 0 , 1 3 , 1 9 , a nd 2 1 .

N or d id c arefu l

s crap ing r evea l a ny t races o f t he p os ts wh ich s uppor ted t he wa l ls a nd r oof . We s uppose t ha t b o th wa l l a nd c en tra l p os ts were i nser ted i n t imber o r e ven i n d aub s leepers ( see c hap ter I V ) .

5 1

T he h ear ths a nd o vens h ad b een c arefu l ly smoo thed a nd p las tered w i th a d ense , we l l-kneaded p aste , t e mpered e xc lusive ly w i th v ery f ine s and a nd s o met imes w i th e qua l ly f i ne ly g round mica . Mos t h ear ths were b u i lt d irec t ly o n t he g round , b u t s o me o f t he m were r a ised o ver a b edding o f sma l l r iver p ebb les . T here were f ew r efuse p i ts ( f ig . 3 ) , u sua l ly r ound o r o va l i n s hape , c u t i n to t he y e l low l oa m d own t o 2 .25-2 .45 m f rom t he p resen t l eve l . They c ont a ined s o me p o t tery , much a sh , b ones , d aub , s tones e tc .

N one h ad b een u sed

a s s torage p i ts . P i ts d ug t o k eep f ood were n o t d iscovered a t T irpe§ t i , b ut b ig 's torage j ars , s unk i n t he g round i ns ide o r n ear dwe l lings ( No . 1 0 a nd 1 2 ) , were f ound ( f ig . 1 18/3;

19/1) .

T he n u mber o f f l in t t oo ls c o l lec ted f rom dwe l lings , p i ts a nd t he r es t o f t he l i v ing f l oor was f a ir ly sma l l c ompared t o t ha t o f s tone t oo ls . Excep t i n af ew C ucuten i s i tes i n Mo ldova , C ucuten i Af l in t t oo ls a re n o t v ery n u merous . T he r eason f or t he ir sma l l-sca le u se i s u nknown .

T he s i tua t ion i s i n s harp c on-

t ras t w i th t he G u me ln4a s i tes , wh ich c on ta in a n i mpressive n u mber o f h igh ly v ar ied f l in t t oo ls . Most o f t he s pec imens u near thed a t T Irpeet i f ro m t he C ucu ten i Al ayer were made o f v io le t-b lue C retaceous f l in ts tone f rom Prut d epos i ts .

Much l ess

u sed were a b rown-ye l low f l in ts tone a lso f ound o n t he P rut a nd g rey r iver f l int . 5 Most t oo ls a re u nre touched t h in , n arrow b lades , w i th s harp p ara l le l e dges ( f ig . 1 30/15-16, 1 9 , 2 1, 2 5 ) . 9 0 p er c en t o ft hem a re b roken . A lt hough n o s pec imen i s p o lished b yu se , a l l a re r agged b y wear , wh ich p roves t ha t t hey were u sed a s c u t t ing t oo ls , h e ld i n t he h and o r p oss ib ly a t tached t o a h and le .

R e touched b lades t oo a re mos t ly b roken ( f ig . 1 4 1/910 ) .

A l l h ave

o ne o r b o th e dges who l ly o r p ar t ia l ly r e touched b y sma l l v en trodorsa l f l ak ing a nd o n ly s e ldom b y d orso-ven tra l s trokes .

P o lish b y u se i s v is ib le o n p ar ts

o ft he r etouched e dges i n s o me s pec imens .

On t wo b lades , r e touch r esu lted

i n sma l l i nden ta t ions wh ich make t he m l ook l i ke s aws ( f ig . 1 30/1, 1 4 ) .

A

f l ake ( f ig . 1 40/30 ) a nd t hree b lades w i th a t r iangu lar s ec t ion h ave o b lique ly r e touched e dges;

t owards t he ir e nd , r e touches o n t he v en tra l s urface r each

a l most t o t he c en tra l r ib ( f ig . 1 30/24 ;

1 40/7;

1 41/15) .

Ap o in ted e nd was

t hus o b ta ined s o t ha t t he t oo l c ou ld a lso b e u sed a s a n aw l a nd b orer . A s pec ia l c a tegory i nc ludes t runca ted b lades , w i th a n o b lique o r s tra igh t e nd ( f ig . 1 30/19 , 2 1) . r e touched e nd .

Most o ft he m h ave u nre touched e dges a nd a n a brup t ly

Among t he m a re t hree s pec i mens t runca ted a t b o th e nds ,

t wo o f wh ich h ave p ar t ia l ly r e touched e dges ( f ig . 1 30/11, 2 2) .

N o tw i ths tanding

b lun t ing b y r e touch o f o ne o r b o th e nds , p o l ish i s v is ib le o n o n ly t wo s pec imens a nd a ga in o n ly o n t he e dges .

One t runca ted b lade h as a n o tch c lose t o t he

s tr ik ing p la tform a nd migh t h ave b een i n tended f or a b ur in ( f ig . 1 30/18) . E nd s crapers o n s hor t a nd c ompara t ive ly w ide f l akes ( 1 30/8;

1 40/12;

1 41/2 , 4 ) , u nre touched b lades ( f ig , 1 30/4 , 1 2; 1 40/ 15-16 ,2 2 , 2 8) a nd b lades w i th r e touch a long o ne o r b o th e dges ( f ig . 1 40/4 , 2 1; 1 4 1/3 )a re n u merous a nd v ar ied . L ike o n t runca ted b lades , i n t he f ew i ns tances i n wh ich i tc an b e n o t iced , p o lish f ro m wear o ccurs o n t he e dge , n o t o n t he e nd o f t he s craper . 5 2

I n g enera l t he e nd i s c onvex , o b ta ined b y n arrow , o f ten a brupt a nd more s e ldom s lan t ing , c h ipp ing ( f ig . 1 40/ 2 , . 2 6) . T here a re a lso s crapers w i th a s tra igh t e nd ( f ig . 1 30/4;

1 40/6, 1 4 . 2 1-22 ) a nd w i th a n o b lique o ne ( f ig . 1 40/25 , 2 8) .

The f l in t t oo ls i nc lude s ix d oub le e nd-scrapers o n b lades a nd f l akes ( f ig . 1 30/5 , 8 ; 1 40/9 , 1 3 , 2 5 ) . Two b ear c on t inuous r e touch a long b o th e dges ( f ig . 1 4 1/8 , 1 2 ) .

F a in t t races o fp o l ish a nd c h ipping f rom wear a re v ery

r are o n t he c ut t ing e dges . Among t he f l in t t oo ls a lso u sed a s weapons a re t wo a rrowheads made o f t he s a me f l in t a s t he b u lk o ft he ma ter ia l . B o th a re t r iangu lar i n s hape a nd h ave a s tra igh t b ase ( f ig . 1 4 1/6 7) . One o f t hem h as a p o inted e nd a nd t he o ther a t runca ted o ne .

A l l t hree e dges a re s harpened b y sma l l r e touch a nd

b o th s ur faces a re f l a t tened b y w ide f l aking . Apar t f rom t hese b lades a nd t oo ls , af a ir ly l arge n u mber o f b ig s p lin ters was d iscovered . T hey were o b ta ined when t he c or tex , r ugged p ar ts a nd n odu les were r e moved f ro m t he p aren t p iece o f f l in t a nd s andstone b ecause t hey p rev en ted t he r emova l o f t h in b lades .

N o t iceab le among t he m i s as andstone f l ake ,

1 1 cm l ong a nd 6 .5 cm w ide , w i th a l arge b ut t a nd a w ide a nd f l a t e nd .

I t

i s i rregu lar ly c h ipped o n b o th e dges a nd t he e nd, v en tra l ly a nd d orsa l ly . T he c h ipp ing p a t tern s ugges ts t ha t i t was o bta ined b y u sing t he f l ake a s ac ut t ing t oo l r a ther t han b y i n tent iona l r e touch . Desp i te t he l arge n u mber o fl ong t h in b lades , c ores a re f ew ( f ig . 1 30/28, 3 0 ) a nd o n ly o ne o ft he m i s ab lade c ore ( f ig . 1 30/30 ) . F lakes were s truck f ro m t he o thers . Al arger c ore h as a w ide s tr ik ing p la tform o f 6 -7 cm a nd ap o inted e nd . i t s c or tex .

I tc onta ins many l imes tone i nc lus ions a nd h as p ar t ly r e ta ined

I t s u ncom mon s ize i s d ue t o i t s i n terna l s truc ture wh ich was n o t

s u i ted t o t he r e mova l o fb lades . The a bsence o f t yp ica l c ores ( w i th p erfec t c on tours ) f rom t h is l iv ing f l oor may b e a ccoun ted f or b y t he f ac t t ha t g ood p aren t p ieces were u sed u p . Ano ther t en c ores s erved a s ' mappers ( f ig . 1 30/ 2 8) o r a s ' mappers a nd h am mers .

They a re l u mps o f f l in t o r s ands tone f rom

wh ich b lades o r f l akes were r emoved a nd whose e nds a re r agged a s ar esu l t o f s tr ik ing .

B es ides c ore-knappers , t rue k nappers made o f f l in t a nd s andstone

were f ound ( f ig . 1 30/26-27, 2 9 ) . I ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t whereas t he t oo ls d escr ibed a re c om mon ly made o f f l in t a nd s ome t imes o f s ands tone ( f ig . 1 30/ 1 4-15 , 2 2 ) , k nappers a nd s ome c ore-knappers a re most ly o f s ands tone . On ly l u mps o f f l in t f rom wh ich b lades c ou ld n o t b e r e moved were u sed a s ' mappers .

As a lready men t ioned, a s urpr is ing ly l arge n u mber o fp o lished s tone t oo ls — a l mos t 4 00 — was d iscovered i n t h is l ayer ( more t han i n t he P recucuten i f l oor ) .

They were i n tac t o r b roken , f i n ished o r i n v ar ious p hases o f manu-

f acture . The p o l ished s tone a xes a re made o f d ia to m i te ( f ig . 1 31/1, 3 -9 , 1 1 , 1 3-18, 2 0-22 , 2 7-33; 1 32/1-28; 1 33/1-19 , 2 1-25; 1 34/1, 3 , 5 -37; 1 35/1-9 , 1 11 3 , 1 5-28;

1 36/5-7 , 1 1-19, 2 1-23 , 2 5-32;

1 2 , 1 9, 2 3-24 ; 1 32/29; 1 34/2, 4 , 3 8;

1 37) a nd men i lite ( f ig . 1 31/2 ,

1 35/10 , 1 4 ;

1 36/20 , 2 4 ) .

6

The l a t ter

a ccoun ted f or o n ly s o me 1 0 p er c en t o f t he t o ta l a nd were i n af a ir ly a dvanced s ta te o f wear .

Many a re b roken a nd t he ir c u t t ing e dge i s c h ipped f ro m l ong 5 3

u se , o thers were b e ing worked o r r eshaped ( espec ia l ly t he r agged c u t t ing e dge ) . Many a re c h ipped f ro m wear o n a l l s ides , many a re f rag men tary , a nd s o me a re i n a n e ar ly s tage o f manufac ture . T he mos t f requen t s hapes a re : 1 2 , 2 4 , 2 6; 1 0 ;

1 33/5 , 1 8;

1 44/1-2 , 4 , 6 , 1 1;

1 34/31-33 , 3 7-38;

1 34/3-5 ;

t rapezo ida l ( f ig . 1 3 1/5 ,2 0 , 3 3; 1 35/2-3 , 6 -10 ;

1 32/1-4 ,

1 42/2 , 6 , 1 0-11 ;

1 43/6,

e tc .) , r ectangu lar ( f ig . 1 3 1/6 ; 1 32/27 , 2 9;

1 33/2;

1 43/7) , a l mos t r ec tangu lar ( f ig . 1 32/19;

1 42/4 ) a nd t r iangu lar ( f ig . 1 36/16;

1 37/17-18) .

1 33/6-7 , 1 9;

The c ut t ing e dge i s c urved

( t o ag rea ter o r l esser d egree ) , s tra igh t o r o b lique a nd was s harp .

The s ec t ion

i s b i- a nd p i a no-convex ( f ig . 1 42/2 , 4 , 6 ) , b u t f la t s pec i mens w i th a r ectangul ar s ec t ion a re n o t l ack ing ( f ig . 1 42/1; o fb iconvex s pec i mens ( f ig . 1 43/6; c onvex o nes .

1 44/4 , 8 ) .

T he b ut t i s s tra igh t ( f ig . 1 3 1/9 ; 1 32/1;

1 31/5 ;

1 35/17;

1 32/4 ;

1 42/1) o r a ngu lar ( f ig . 1 32/11;

1 43/6;

1 6;

1 44/8) , o b lique ( f ig .

1 44/4 , 6 ) a nd more s e ldom c urved ( f ig . 1 3 1/23 ; 1 33/1) .

S o me sma l l h igh a xes s hou ld b e p o in ted o ut . 1 32/11;

The d egree o f c urva ture

1 44/11) i s h igher t han t ha t o ft he p iano-

T hey a re t rapezo ida l ( f ig .

1 42/5 , 8 ; e tc . )o r r ec tangu lar ( f ig . 1 32/10 ;

e tc . ) ,u sua l ly p ia no-convex i n s ec t ion .

1 33/7 , 1 9;

1 35/13-

The ir s l i mness r eca l ls s hoe-

l as t c e l ts . H a m mer-axes , s quare o r r ectangu lar i n s ec t ion , a re made o f men i l i te , d ia tom i te a nd s ands tone ( f ig . 1 3 1/22 -23;

1 36/23-32;

s ands tone s pec i mens t he ir e dges a re mos t ly g round .

1 44/9) .

E xcep t f or t he

However , g r inding was

n o t v ery c arefu l , f or t races o ft he i n i t ia l c h ipping a re s t i l l v is ib le . f ew e xcept ions ( f ig . 1 36/26; mer ing .

Wi th a

1 44/9 ) , b o th t he p o in t a nd b u t t were u sed f or h a m-

S pec i mens o ft h is k ind were p oss ib ly u sed f or t he r ough working o f

s tone a xes .

Af ine k napperha m mer , t rapezo ida l i n s hape a nd r ec tangu lar i n

s ec t ion , c arefu l ly g round o n a l l f our f aces , i s made o fg reen ish a ndes i te ( f ig . 1 44/12) .

Ano ther i n teres t ing s pec i men i s a sma l l k napperaxe o fg reen ish-

b lack g ne iss , g round o n t hree f aces , w i th a n a ngu lar c ut t ing e dge r e touched a long b o th s ides a f ter g r ind ing , p erhaps t o r e-sharpen i t ( f ig . 1 33/27) . mine t tes were a lso d iscovered ( f ig . 1 31/21, 2 8-31; 1 3 2/58 , 2 3; 1 5-18, 2 4-25 ;

1 34/6-9 , 2 2;

1 35/24-28;

H er-

1 33/8 b is ,

1 43/2-3 ) , b ut t hey a re n o t t ypica l

e xamp les l i ke t hose f ound i n P recucuten i a nd G u me ln it a . c on tex ts .

They a re

5 .6-6 . 5 cm l ong a nd e i ther h ave t he c lass ic f orm o r a re sma l ler c op ies o f l arger a xes .

A l l a re made o f d ia to m i te .

T he l ength o f a xes r anges f ro m 6 .2

t o 1 5 . 4 cm a nd t he ir w idth f rom 1 .2 t o 5 .2 cm . s l imness b e ing t he ir p redo m inan t f ea ture .

L arge s pec i mens a re r are ,

U n like P recucuten i a xes , t hey

a re r a ther c are less ly f i n ished . S o met imes , p ar t icu lar ly i n c h ise ls , o n ly t he c ut t ing e dge was worked . There a lso a re i ns tances o f l ong a nd f la t , a l most r ho mb ic , s tones wh ich were g round , s harpened a t o ne e nd , r ounded a t t he o ppos i te o ne a nd t hus made i n to t oo ls ( f ig . 1 32/10 , 2 8;

1 33/6-7;

1 34/20 ;

1 35/15-16, 1 8;

1 37/8-10 ) .

Trapezo ida l a xes , b i- o r p ia no-convex o r r ec tangu lar i n s ec t ion , were a lso made o f h ard r ock l i ke b asa l t ( f ig . 1 33/26 ) , g ran i te ( f ig . 1 33/28) , b lack s ha le , s andstone ( f ig . 1 31/10 ) o r q uar tz i te ( f ig . 1 44/13 ) .

Th is g roup , much

sma l ler t han t hose o f d ia tom i te a nd men i li te a xes , a ccoun ts f or o n ly 2 p er c en t o f t he t o ta l .

I ti nc ludes s pec i mens made o n p ebb les b y g r inding a l l f our

5 4

f aces ( or b y e nhanc ing t he n a tura l g r inding a ch ieved i n s treams ) a nd s harpen ing t he c u t t ing e dge ( f ig . 1 33/26) . B ecause work ing h ard r ock was a d if f icu lt o pera t ion , t he C ucuten ians h ad t o c hoose p ebb les most s im i lar i n f orm t o t he t oo l t hey wan ted a nd c ou ld o n ly make a sma l l n u mber o f a xes f rom h ard mat er ia l . Most ly n arrow , h igh c h isels were f ound i n t he C ucu ten i l eve l ( f ig . 1 31/3 , 8 , 1 5-16, 1 8; 1 32/15 , 2 8; 1 33/6-9 , 1 2; 1 34/10-21, 2 3-25; 1 36/11-12 , 1 5; 1 37/1-2 ,8 -11; 1 42/3 , 7 -8; 1 43/4-5 , 8 , 1-13 ) . T hey a re p lano-convex i n s ec t ion , more s e ldom r ec tangu lar , i .e . f l a t , a nd s ome t i mes t hey r eca l l L inear P o t tery s hoelas t c e l ts , a l though t here i s n o d irec t c onnex ion b e tween t he t wo , e xcep t p erhaps t he t rans m iss ion o f t he l a t ter 's t radi t ion t hrough t he P recucut en i c u lture ; ( f ig . 1 42/7 ;

b iconvex s pec i mens a re r are ( f ig . 1 43/4 , 8 , 1 3 ) .

The c urved

1 43/13) o r s tra igh t ( f ig . 1 43/8) c u t t ing e dge i s c areful ly s harpened ,

a nd t he s tra igh t ( f ig . 1 42/7-8 ; 1 43/5 , 8 , 1 1) o r o b l ique ( f ig . 1 33/7 ; 1 34/17 , 2 3-24 ; e tc . )b ut t more r ough ly worked . L ong p ebb les were s ome t imes t urned i n to c h ise ls b y s harpening t he e nd a nd g r inding t he e dges ( f ig . 1 3 1/8 ; 1 34/17, 2 0 , 2 3 , 2 5 ; ( f ig . 1 32/28; 1 6) .

e tc . ) .

A lso f ound were u nf inished , mere ly c h ipped , c h ise ls

1 36/11-12 , 1 5 ) a nd a n i n teres t ing d oub le-end c h ise l ( f ig . 1 34/

C h ise ls a re 5 -12 .6 cm l ong a nd t hey a re made o f d ia tom i te , l i ke most

a xes . The ma jor ity o f t hese s tone t oo ls were c er ta in ly f i xed i n a nt ler h af ts t o wh ich wooden h and les were a dded i n t he manner k nown f rom d iscover ies i n P i le-Dwe l ling c on tex ts a nd e ven i n Ro man ia , where o n ly p erfora ted a nt ler h af ts were a c tua l ly p reserved , a s was t o b e e xpec ted .

7

We b e l ieve t ha t s ome a xes were u sed w i thout a h and le .

T h is mus t h ave

h appened e spec ia l ly w i th sma l l , u sua l ly p ia no-convex a xes ( f ig . 1 3 1/2 1 , 2 8-31; 1 32/5-8, 2 3;

1 33/8 b is , 1 5-18, 2 4-25;

1 34/6-9 , 2 2;

e tc . ) , wh ich c ou ld b e e asi ly h e ld i n t he h and .

1 35/24-28;

1 43/2-3;

They a re made o f d ia tom i te ,

we l l s harpened a nd b ear marked t races o f wear o n t he c urved e dge , wh ich p rob ab ly s erved t o work h ides a nd o ther p er ishab le ma ter ia ls . s copy w i l l p robab ly f urn ish more c onc lus ive d a ta .

E lec tron micro-

H owever , we c an s ay f or

c er ta in t ha t wood was n o t worked w i th t hese a xes . T hey may h ave b een u sed t op erform c er ta in o pera t ions o n p o t tery o r o ther c lay o b jec ts . The s a me a pp l ies t o s im i lar t oo ls f rom t he P recucuten i l eve l . H owever , t he mos t e f f ic ien t a xes must h ave b een t he p er fora ted o nes . T hey were made o f v ery h ard g rey o r g reen ish-grey r ock ; 3 -4;

1 45/1, 4 ) , a ndes i te ( f ig . 1 36/1;

d ior i te ( f ig . 1 36/

1 45/5 ) , b asa lt ( f ig . 1 31/26;

c h lor i t ic s ha le , s yen i te ( f ig .133/20) , g ran i te ( f ig . 1 31/25 ;

1 43/1) ,

1 42/9 ) a nd s and-

s tone . On ly a f ew s pec i mens were made o f men i li te ( f ig . 1 3 1/32 ) a nd d ia tomi te ( f ig . 1 36/5 , 7 ; 1 45/2 ) , t he r ocks u sed f or u nperfora ted a xes . P er fora ted a xes h ave a s l igh t ly c urv ing , s harp c u t t ing e dge ( f ig . 1 3 1/26 ; 1 ;

1 45/1, 5 ) , t he ir b ut t i s s tra igh t ( f ig . 1 36/4 ;

1 36/1, 3 ;

1 43/

1 45/4 ) o r a rched ( f ig . 1 31/

2 5 ; 1 33/20 ) a nd a l l a re g round w i th p ar t icu lar c are . To t he d if ference o fu np erfora ted a xes o n wh ich t races o f t he i n it ia l c h ipp ing a re of ten v isib le , p erf ora ted a xes h ave a p erfec t f i nish .

The s pecimens made o f d ia to m i te a nd

men i li te a re much f l a t ter ( f ig . 1 3 1/3 2 ; whose t yp ica l f ea ture i s t he ir t h ickness .

5 5

1 36/5 , 7 ;

1 45/2) t han t he o thers ,

Grey g ran i te was u sed t o make a n a l mos t o va l , i ncomp le te ly p erfora ted , t oo l , p oss ib ly a mace , f l a t o n o ne f ace a nd b u lg ing o n t he o ther ( f ig . 1 36/2; 1 45/3 ) , o n ly a f ragmen t o f wh ich was f ound . I tp robab ly b roke d ur ing p erf ora t ion . Ar e la ted ma ter ia l , i .e . d ia tom i te , was c hosen f or a n a l most p entagona l t oo l , f a ir ly we l l g round , b ut w i th t races o f h ammer ing o n t he t h ick a nd a rched c ut t ing e dge a nd t he b u t t . n o t c o mp le ted ( f ig . 1 36/6;

1 45/6) .

H ere t oo , p er fora t ion was b egun , b u t Ag round d ia tom i te a xe r eca l ls a s hoe-

l as t c e l t , b ut i ti s a brup t ly c ut t owards t he s harp b u t c h ipped c urved c ut t ing e dge , h as a s tra igh t b u t t a nd a n i ndica ted h o le ( f ig . 1 45/7); b i ts o f s tone h ave c ome o f f i t s b ody .

I ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t a l l t hese t oo ls were g round p r ior

t o p erfora t ion . T he c ut t ing e dges o f s tone a xes were s harpened o n r ound , a l mos t f l a t s tones , wh ich a lso s erved t o g r ind a nd f i n ish o ther s tone t oo ls , a nd p oss ib ly b one i mp le men ts a s we l l , w i th t he h e lp o f f i ne s and . M icaceous s andstones u sed f or t h is p urpose were f ound i n t he C ucuten i l eve l o f T irpee t i ( f ig . 1 34/39-40 ) . They c arry t races o fu se o n b o th s urfaces , wh ich e ventua l ly b ecame p o lished . T he p o lishers u sed t o s harpen a nd f i n ish b one t oo ls , e spec ia l ly t he n umerous aw ls , were a lso made o f s tone .

F ew were f ound, most ly b roken .

I n c on tradist inc t ion t o t he G u me ln ita a nd P recucu ten i p o lishers , t hey a re made o f f i ne-gra ined s ands tone ( f ig . 1 36/8-9 ) a nd , s urpr ising ly , s ome t imes o f we l lg round d ia tom ite ( f ig . 1 32/25 ) . S tone i mp le men ts i nc lude q uerns o f v ar ious f orms a nd s izes . They a re d eepened b y l ong u se a nd mos t ly b roken . Af ew p es t les were a lso f ound . They a re r ound p ebb les , t ha t c an b e r eadi ly c lasped , w i th t wo a nd more s e ld om w i th f our p lanes o f wear ( f ig . 1 42/12-13 ) , p oss ib ly u sed a lso t o p ound c o lours . A l l t he t oo ls d iscovered a t T irpee t i a re made o f r ocks f ound i n t he E astern C arpa th ians , mos t o f wh ich c ou ld h ave b een c arr ied b y s treams t o o ur p reC arpa th ian a rea .

B one i mp le men ts were p len t ifu l .

Ou ts tanding a re t he aw ls o f v ar ious f orms

a nd s izes ( f ig . 1 38/4-17 , 1 9-33 , 3 7-38; 1 46/2-4 , 9 -10 , 1 6; 1 47/3-6) , r ang ing f ro m b roken b ones r eady t o b e worked t o c arefu l ly p o lished s pec i mens . They a re made o n d og , s heep/goa t a nd o x u lnae , s heep/goa t a nd o x metacarpa ls , s heep/goa t a nd r oe d eer ( ? ) me ta tarsa ls , d og , s heep/goa t a nd e ven p ig t i b iae . They v ary i n l eng th b etween 4 a nd 1 3 cm . Many a re b roken a nd of ten o n ly t he we l l p o lished p o in t h as b een p reserved . Wor th ment ion ing i s a n aw l made o n ad eer me ta tarsa l , c arefu l ly p o lished a nd w i th a s harp p o in t ( f ig . 1 46/14 ) , wh ich i s s im i lar t o P recucuten i d aggers a nd was c er ta in ly u sed a s s uch . F ine p ins ( f ig . 1 38/2 , 1 8; 1 46/8) , 5 -9 cm l ong , were p robab ly u sed b y wo men a lso t o k eep t he ir h a ir i n p lace . S harp n eedles , 8 -13 cm l ong ( f ig . 1 46/111 2 ) , p rove t ha t t he C ucu tenians o f T irpee t i s ewed . Apar t f rom aw ls , s evera l b ones s hou ld b e men t ioned ( a me ta tarsa l o f sma l l r um inan t , as heep metacarp a l , e tc . )whose s hor t p o in t i s v ery f i ne a nd s harp ( f ig . 1 38/2-3) o r d u l led b y l ong u se .

They d o n o t s ee m t o b e aw ls o r b ur ins , g iven t heir p oor r es is tance .

They migh t h ave b een u sed t o d ecora te p o t tery a nd f i gur ines . 5 6

The C ucu ten i

A 1-A2 p hase i s k nown t o h ave u sed , b es ides b i- a nd t r ichrome p a in t ing , i nc is ion t o d raw d es igns o r t o s e t o f fp a in ted mo t ifs .

F igur ines t oo a re d e-

c ora ted w i th i nc ised l i nes a nd p r icks . These i nc is ions , wh ich s ome t i mes a re e xtre me ly f i ne , were p robab ly made w i th i ns tru men ts o f t h is k ind . A sma l l d oub le-po in ted aw l , 4 .7 cm l ong , s haped l i ke a n i rregu lar r hombo id ( f ig . 1 38/ 1 ;

1 46/6) may h ave b een u sed a s a n a rrow t o k i l l sma l l b irds .

p ened a nd p o lished w i th p ar t icu lar c are . 1 38/42-51;

1 45/8-10 ;

1 46/5 , 7 , 1 7-18 ) .

I t was s har-

C h ise ls were q ui te n u merous ( f ig . They a re i n tac t o r f rag men tary ,

made o n v ar ious b ones , i nc luding o x u lnae a nd e ven a mandib le .

They r ange

i n l eng th f ro m 1 5 cm t o o n ly 3 .4 cm , b u t t h is v ery sma l l s pec i men i s b roken . As a r u le , c h ise ls h ave a we l l p o lished a nd s harp e dge , u sua l ly s l igh t ly c urved ( f ig . 1 38/46-48; 1 45/10 ; 1 46/17; 1 47/2) , s tra igh t ( f ig . 1 38/49; 1 46/5 ) o r s lan t ing ( f ig . 1 38/43;

1 45/8) .

F ew c h ise ls a re worked o n a l l s urfaces .

The

sma l l g roup o f i n tac t s pec imens i nc ludes a t rapezo ida l c h ise l w i th a n o b lique ly t runca ted c ut t ing e dge h av ing o ne r ounded c orner , a nd a s tra igh t a nd n arrow b u t t ( f ig . 1 38/51) , a nd a r ec tangu lar c h ise l w i th a s tra igh t a nd s harp c ut t ing e dge a nd c urved b ut t ( f ig . 1 46/18) .

B o th a re f l a t a nd c arefu l ly worked .

Two f rag men ts o ft oo ls made o n l ong b ones , b u lg ing o uts ide a nd h o l low i ns ide ( f rom wh ich a l l s pongy t i ssue was r e moved) l ook l i ke l ong s coops whose f unc t ion c anno t b e d ef ined . One s pec imen r e ta ins t he l ong ish " bow l" o n wh ich d eep , l ong i tudina l a nd t ransverse s cra tches made wh i le work ing i ta re v isib le ( f ig . 1 46/1) .

On ly t he l ong h and le a nd a v ery sma ll p ar t o f t he " bow l" h as

b een p reserved f rom t he s econd o ne ( f ig . 1 47/7) .

B o th c ou ld b e f rag ments o f

s pa tu lae , t oo ls t ha t a re we l l d ocu men ted n ow , e spec ia l ly b y r ecen t d iscover ies a t Dragu§en i ( Coun ty B o to§an i ) . L ike t he P recucuten i l ayer , t h is l i v ing f l oor p roduced a b one f rag men t , u nfor tuna te ly v ery sma l l , wh ich migh t b e p ar t o f as ka te ( f ig . 1 38/45 ) .

Made

o n ap rox ima l me tacarpa l ( probab ly o f o x ) , i ti s we l l p o lished o n o ne f ace , wh ich a lso b ears v ar ious l ong i tudina l s cra tches p oss ib ly f ro m h ard i ce . The b one d isp lays marked t races o fb urning . C aprov ine r ad i i , h u mer i a nd t ib iae a nd d eer t ines were u sed t o make , s ome t i mes o n ly b y c ut t ing t hem a nd r emov ing t he marrow a nd s pongy t i ssue , v ar ious h and les ( f ig . 1 38/35-36; p oss ib ly wooden t oo ls .

1 39/7, 9 -10 ;

1 46/15 ) f or b one , f l int a nd

N o h and les o f c opper o b jec ts were f ound , l i ke t hose

f ro m G u me ln%a a sse mb lages ; n o b one b ears t races o f c opper o x ides . A sma l l d isk , c u t f rom a c ompara t ive ly f l a t b one , was d iscovered . I ti s i rreg u lar i n s hape , p o lished a l l o ver , a nd was p robab ly t o b ecome a s p inning whor l o r more l i ke ly a h a irdress o rnament ( f ig . 2 00/12 ) . I ti s d if f icu l t t o t e l l o r e ven t o s ugges t wha t u se h ad a p erfora ted o x p ha lanx a nd a n i ncomp le te ly p erfora ted o x r adius . Ox a s traga li , s ome b urn t , more o r l ess p o lished o n o ne f ace , were u ne ar thed f rom t h is l ayer , a s t hey were f ro m t he P recucuten i l ayer , b ut i n a sma l ler n u mber ( f ig . 1 39/12-13 ) .

Hav ing d iscussed t he p rob le m i n t he p re-

v ious c hap ter , we s ha l l n o t r ever t t o i t . They were c er ta in ly u sed t o p o l ish h ard a nd f l a t o b jec ts a nd mos t l i ke ly t o f i n ish s tone a xes .

5 7

Deer a n t lers were t he r aw ma ter ia l f or h oes o f wh ich o n ly f ragments s urv ived ( f ig . 1 39/19-20 ; 1 47/8-9yand f or sma l l d igg ing s t icks ( f ig . 1 39/21 ; 1 47/10 ) .

Ad agger ( ?) was made b y c ut t ing t he a n t ler l eng thw ise a nd l eav ing

a sma l l k nob a t o ne e nd t o f ac i l ita te g rasp ing ( f ig . 1 39/1; i s b roken .

1 47/1) .

I t s p o in t

Many d e libera te ly c ut r oe a nd r ed d eer a n t lers o f v ar ious s izes ,

w ith a nd w i thou t t races o f wear , were a lso f ound ( f ig . 1 39/11, 1 4-18, 2 2) , a s wel l a s r oe a nd e ven r ed d eer t ines wh ich s how , b esides n atural p ol ish , a s l ight p o l ish r esu lt ing f ro m u se. B oar t usks were c u t a nd made i n to v ar ious s crap ing , c ut t ing a nd p unching t oo ls ( f ig . 1 39/4-6, 8 ) .

C opper t oo ls were a lso p resen t i n t he C ucuten i l ayer . F irs t r ank ing a re f i sh ing h ooks ( f ig . 1 98/8; 1 99/5 ) , s im i lar t o t he P recucuten i o nes , a nd a sma l l S -shaped h ook ( f ig . 1 99/16) . F a ir ly n u merous were f ragments o f l ong , t h icker o r t h inner , p ins , u sua l ly r ound i n s ec t ion ( f ig . 1 98/5 , 9 ) .

Mos t ly t he p o ints

were p reserved s o t ha t we d o n o t k now i ft hey h ad a h o le a t t he o ther e nd a nd were u sed a s n eed les , o r s erved e xc lus ive ly t o f as ten t he h a ir a nd d ress . I n tac t p ins , 8 .7-9 .4 cm l ong , w i th a s harp p o int were a lso f ound ( f ig . 1 98/3; 1 99/21-22 ) . They migh t h ave b een u sed a s aw ls . Aw ls a re c ompara t ive ly n u merous b u t most ly b roken . They h ave a n o va l ( f ig . 1 99/8) o r r hombo id s ect ion ( f ig . 1 98/10 ) a nd t hey a re t h icker t han t he p ins . Doub le-end aw ls , s harp a t b o th e nds , a re r ectangu lar a nd s quare i n s ec t ion ( f ig . 1 99/2 , 9 ) . Ap ar t icu lar ly i n teres t ing c opper t oo l i s t he c h ise l-aw l .

I ti s f i ne , a bou t

6 cm l ong , h as a r ound s harp p o in t a t o ne e nd a nd a t h in c h ise l made b y d e lic a te h a m mer ing a t t he o ppos i te o ne ( f ig . 1 98/4;

1 99/18) .

A1 0 .3 cm l ong

s pec imen h as a s quare s ec t ion , as harp p o in t , af l a t tened e dge a t t he o ppos i te e nd a nd a t h ick b ody t owards t he c h ise l e nd ( f ig . 1 99/19 ) .

Ad istor ted b ar

was a lso f ound . I tg rows n arrower t owards o ne e nd ( broken i n a n t iqui ty ) , i s a l most s quare i n s ec t ion , s o me 0 .2-0 . 4 cm t h ick a nd o ver 1 7 cm l ong ( f ig . 1 98/11;

1 99/20 ) .

We d o n o t k now i fi t was u sed a s s uch o r was t o b e c u t t o

make sma l ler t oo ls . I t s b roken e nd a nd i t s f i n ish s uggest t ha t i t was a t oo l . Af ew l onger o r s hor ter p ieces o f c opper " w ire" ( f ig . 1 98/1 ; 1 99/14 ) may b e r egarded a s ma ter ia l f or f u ture sma l l t oo ls o r o rna ments .

T he c lay t oo ls were l im i ted t o s evera l c on ica l o r b icon ica l whor ls ( f ig . 2 00/ 1;

2 01/26-37 ) a nd a f ew we igh ts o f v ar ious s izes a nd f orms :

f l a t , o va l o r

t r iangu lar ( f ig . 2 0 1/3 8 -39 ) . The sma l ler o nes may h ave b een u sed o n l ooms , whereas t he b igger o nes p robab ly s erved t o we igh t f i sh ing n e ts , t hough t hey c ou ld a s we l l b e whor ls f or t he v er t ica l l oom .

S ome a re worn o ut , w i th t he

e dges o f t he h o le s cra tched b y t he y arn ( f ig . 2 01/33-34 ).

The p o t tery f ro m T irpe§ t i i s r emarkab le , l i ke a l l C ucuten i ware .

I tf a l ls

i nto t wo ma jor g roups : o ne made o f c arefu l ly c hosen a nd p repared c lay , u sua l ly f ired t o b r ick-red , y e l low ish-brown o r r eddish-brown a nd p a in ted o r d ecora ted

5 8

w i th c hanne ls a nd i nc is ions ( f ig . 1 48-150 ;

1 51/1-9;

1 52-153;

1 54/1-11, 1 3-

2 2 ; 1 55 ; 1 56/1-18 , 2 0-23; -1 57/1-7; 1 58/1-5 , 7 -19; 1 59-164 ; 1 65/1-9; 1 66-168; 1 69/1-2 , 4 -8, 1 1; 1 70/1-6, 8 ; 1 71/1-3, 5 -7; 1 72-177; 1 78/1-6; 1 79/1-2 , 4 -7;

1 80-182;

1 83/2 , 4 , 6 -8;

1 84 ;

1 85/1, 3 -4 ;

1 86 ) ;

a nd t he

o ther ( no t v ery n u merous a t T irpe§t i ) made o f l ow q ua l i ty f abr ic , s ome t imes t e mpered a lso w i th g round s herds , f i red t o r eddish-brown o r b r ick-red ( o f ten mo t t led ) , d ecora ted w i th b arbo t ine , k nobs o f v ar ious s izes , b ig war ts , h and les , r ows o f i mpress ions a t t he b ase o ft he h igh n eck , s ome t imes c hanne ls a nd e ven c ompara t ive ly r egu lar d i mp les o n t he s hou lder , o r u ndecora ted ( f ig . 1 56/ 1 9; 1 57/9-12; 1 65/10-12; 1 69/3 , 9 -10 ; 1 70/7 , 9 ; 1 7 1/4 ,8 -11; 1 78/7; 1 83/1, 3 , 5 , 9 -11; 1 85/12 ) . Th is f abr ic was u sua l ly u sed f or l arge s torage j ars ( a l mos t b icon ica l , b u t w i th a s hor ter u pper h a lf a nd e ver ted r im ) a nd s ome t imes f or k i tchen ware . S o me g enera l r emarks s hou ld b e made a bout t he f irs t c lass o f ware . F irs t , i tb ears b i- a nd t r ichrome d ecora t ion .

S econd ly , b ichrome v esse ls

a re made o f l ow q ua li ty , n on-homogeneous p as te , f i red u neven ly , r anging i n s hade f rom g rey t o b r ick-red , y e l low ish-red , d eep r ed e tc ., a nd t he ir i ns ide i s mos t ly r ugged, t ha t i s r ough ly f i n ished .

On t he o ther h and , sma l l

a nd midd le-s ize t r ichrome v esse ls a re made o f h igh q ua li ty c lay , a nd a re r emarkab ly f i ne a nd we l l f i red . L arger v esse ls a re i ncomp le te ly f i red a nd made o f c oarser f abr ic . The c omp le te a nd r es tored p ot tery b e ing amp ly i l lus tra ted , we s ha ll o n ly r eca l l t he ma jor f orms , d ecora t ive t echn iques a nd mo t ifs o f t he b i- a nd t r ic hrome ware .

1 8;

Wh i te was u sed t o d raw a l l k inds o f l i nes ( f ig . 1 48/1; 1 5 1/23; 1 54/13 , 1 56/13; 1 59/4 ; 1 63/1-3 ; 1 66/2; 1 68/2 , 5 ; 1 69/6; 1 77/4 ; 1 78/3;

1 80/3 ;

1 86/3;

e tc . ) , t h inner o r t h icker , s l an t ing , c ircu lar , v er t ica l, h or i-

z onta l o r c o mbined i n to v ar ious d es igns ( f ig . 1 48/8-9; 1 49/6-9; 1 5 1/7 9; 1 54/8; 1 59/1-2; 1 66/1; 1 67/1; e tc . ) , and l arger o r sma l ler d o ts , a rranged i n g roups o r f orm ing l i near p a t terns ( f ig . 1 50/4 ; 1 51/1; 1 54/20-21; 1 55/9; 1 56/6; 1 58/1; 1 6 1/4 ; 1 63/4-5 ; 1 68/4 ; 1 70/1, 4 ) . T he d imp les s ome t imes a dded t o t he d ecora t ion ( f ig . 1 51/1-2;

1 59/4 , 6 , 1 2 ) , t he i ns ide o r e ven t he

b o t tomward p ar t o f s o me v esse ls ( f ig . 1 77/1;

1 80/1) were p a in ted i n wh i te .

Wh i te was s o met imes u sed t o r eserve t h inner o r t h icker g rey-b lack l i nes e spec ia l ly i ns ide t he v esse ls , t o p a in t s p ira ls ( f ig . 1 59/12; 1 85/1) , t o r eserve d eep r ed h or izon ta l b ands , s ubsequen t ly p o lished , o n t he o uts ide o f v esse ls ( f ig . 1 60/3; i n d eep r ed .

1 77/5;

1 80/1) , a nd a s s l ip o ver wh ich t he d ecora t ion was p a in ted

Mo t i fs r eserved b y i nc ised l i nes were t hen p a in ted i n r ed o r

b rown a nd b urn ished , o r o n ly t he s ur face o f t he v esse l was b urn ished ( f ig . 1 50/ 1 ) . 2 ;

B urnished b ands a lso a lterna te w i th l i nes p a in ted r ed af ter f i r ing ( f ig . 1 60/ 1 78/1a-1b ) .

The r ed o r b rown s l ip a nd wh i te p a int ing of ten h ad e qua l d e-

c ora t ive v a lue , s o t ha t t he d ecora t ion c an b e c onsidered t o b e b o th p os i t ive a nd n ega t ive ( f ig . 1 48/8, 1 0 ;

1 57/1-4 ;

F luted ( f ig . 1 48/1, 3 ; 1 50/4 ; 1 6 1/2 ,8 ; a nd i nc ised d ecora t ion ( f ig . 1 48/3; 5 , 8 ;

1 70/6, 8 ;

1 66/1;

1 63/13;

1 50/1, 3 ;

1 7 2/5 ; 1 82/1-2, 5 ) .

1 65/3 , 7 -8;

1 52/7;

1 57/5;

1 69/2 , 6 -7) 1 63/19;

1 69/

1 78/5-6; 1 83/4 , 7 ) , i nher i ted f rom t he Precucuteni I I c u l-

t ure , i s n o t miss ing . v esse ls :

1 63/9;

Mos t o f ten v ar ious c o mbina t ions a re f ound o n t he s ame

i nc is ions , d imp les , f l ut ings a nd wh i te p a in t ing ( f ig . 1 6 1/4 ; 1 66/2a5 9

2 b ;

1 70/1, 4 -5;

1 63/13;

1 72/4 ) , i nc is ions a nd f l u t t ings ( f ig . 1 48/3;

1 65/2 , 7 -9;

1 55/1;

1 57/6;

1 79/1) o r b urn ished d ecora t ion r eserved b y i nc ised l i nes

t o wh ich a b and p a in ted r ed a f ter f i r ing was a dded o n t he r im .

N o t i nfre-

q uen t ly h owever , i n p ar t icu lar o n t he l ower p ar t o f t he v esse ls , t he d ecora tor mere ly s ke tched i nc ised l i nes a t r ando m ( f ig . 1 7 1/7 ; 1 78/2; o n ly o ccas iona l ly d rew t he m w i th g rea ter c are .

1 83/4a-4b ) a nd

P its a re s o me t imes c o mbined w i th f i ne g rooves ( f ig . 1 59/7-11;

1 63/14-

1 7 ) a nd i n r are i ns tances w i th wh i te p a in t ing i ns ide t he v esse l ( f ig . 1 59/12; 1 85/1) a nd r ed o chre o n t he r im a nd a s d o ts , a nd i nc is ion i s c o mbined w i th p a in t ing ( f ig . 1 49/1, 5 ;

1 5 1/2 ; 1 52/7;

1 54/1) o r d o ts ( f ig . 1 54/11;

1 56/9 ) .

T he s pira l-der ived b and i s of ten u sed .

I ti s i nc ised ( f ig . 1 52/7;

9 ;

1 66/2a-2b ) , i nterrup ted b y g roups o f

1 69/8;

1 72/4 ) , p a in ted ( f ig . 1 48/1;

1 60/2;

1 65/

i nc ised o r p a inted d ashes . A l l t hese d es igns a nd d ecora t ive t echn iques a re c harac ter is t ic o f t he C ucut en i A l-A2 p o t tery a nd o r igina te i n t he P recucuten i H I ware .

Pa t terns h ave

t he s a me r oo ts , o n ly t he t echn ique b y wh ich t hey were made c hanged .

" Im-

p ressed" d ecora t ion was a bandoned , i nc is ions b eca me d eeper a nd w ider , a nd wh i te p a in t a pp lied b efore f ir ing was more w ide ly u sed .

R ed o r d eep r ed p a in t

( f ig . 1 73/5 ) , a pp lied b y t he P recucuten ians o n ly a f ter f ir ing , was c urren t ly t hough n o t c ons tan t ly a pp lied b efore b ak ing t he v esse l . B ichromy i s t he r esu l t o fp a in t ing , b ut a lso o f t he b urn ish ing o fd es igns r eserved b y i nc ised l i nes , i n wh ich c ase t he v esse ls d isp lay t wo s hades o f t he s ame o r a l mos t t he s a me c o lour , mos t ly y e l low ish b rown a lterna t ing w i th d ark b rown ( f ig . 1 50/1;

1 70/5 ) .

S evera l n ove l f ea tures o f t he b ichro me ware f ro m T irpe t i s hou ld b e p o in ted o ut .

On v esse ls made a ccording t o t he b es t C ucuten i t echn ique , i .e .

o f f i ne f abr ic we l l f ired t o b r ick-red, we f i nd a n u nco m mon c o mb ina t ion o f c o lours .

An e xquis i te l ad le i s p a in ted w i th c hoco la te-b lack d o ts , s p ira ls ,

c ro tche ts a nd c irc les w i th t angen ts o n a we l l p o lished r eddish b rown s l ip ( f ig . 1 55/3; 1 73/1) a nd a n u mber o f f rag men ts a re d ecora ted w i th d eep r ed mo t ifs o n ab r ick-red g round ( f ig . 1 63/7, 1 0-12 ; 1 74/2-3 ) . They c a l l t o mind c er ta in c a tegor ies o ft he P e tre t i p o t tery , t hus s ugges t ing p resu mab ly d irec t r e la t ions b e tween t he b earers o f t he t wo c u ltures . A s f or t he d ecora t ive mo t ifs , i n p ar t icu lar t he c irc le w i th t angen t , t hey p o int t o d irec t d escent f ro m t he s p ira l o f t he P recucuten i c u lture t hrough t he c ircu lar c hanne ls c ombined w i th i nc ised l i nes o f C ucuteni A l-A2 .

I ts hou ld

b e n o ted t ha t b efore T irpe t i t here i s n o e v idence o ft he c a 2 .5 cm b road r ibb on c on ta in ing f our c irc les w i th g roups o f s lan t ing t angen ts p a in ted i n b lack a t r egu lar i n terva ls ( f ig . 1 55/3; e xc lus ive ly i n c o lour .

/ 73/1) , p robab ly r ender ing a s i mp lif ied s p ira l

We emphas ize t h is e xa mp le b ecause t he s ame mo t if ,

s i mp l if ied t o ag rea ter o r l esser d egree , o ccurs o f ten , b ut i t was p roduced b y a more c o mp l ica ted t echn ique a ssoc ia ting f l ut ings a nd i nc is ions , f l u t ings a nd p a in t ing , e tc . A no ther h er i tage f ro m t he P recucuten i c u lture i s t he t r iang le n ow p a inted i n d eep r ed o n t he l igh t b rown v esse l a nd a rranged i n c ircu lar b ands o n t he n eck ( f ig . 1 73/5 ) .

L ess c o m mon i n t he r eper to ire o f C ucu ten i mo t ifs , i ta lso

o ccurs a t T irpe t i i n r ed a nd wh i te a pp lied af ter f ir ing o n al i gh t b rown g round ( f ig . 1 8 1/3 ) . 6 0

Tr ichrome ware ( f ig . 1 48/4 ;

1 49/4 ;

1 52/6;

1 53/1-2 , 4 -7 , 1-15;

1 54/

2 -7, 9 , 1 5-17; 1 55/8-9; 1 56/1, 4 -5 , 7 -8, 1 0 , 1 2 , 1 6-18, 2 1, 2 3; 1 58/2-3 , 8 -9 , 1 1-18; 1 59/3 , 5 ; 1 60/1; 1 61/1; 1 62; 1 64; 1 65/1; 1 66/3 , 5 ; 1 67/ 2 -6; 8 ;

1 68/1;

1 72/1 , 3 ; 1 73/2-4 ; 1 74/1, 4 ;

1 81; s1 82/3-4 , 6 ;

1 84 ;

1 75-176;

1 77/1-3;

1 80/2 , 4 -6 ,

1 85/4 ) , d iscovered i n g rea ter q uan t i ty t han t he

b ichro me p o t tery , i s d ecora ted w i th c ircu lar , meander , s pira l , l i near o r a ngu lar mo t ifs , c ro tche ts , e tc ., p a in ted i n t he t hree we l l k nown c o lours , i .e . r ed , wh i te a nd c hoco la te b lack . wh ich s hou ld b e p o in ted o ut .

Th is c a tegory t oo h as s ome p ecu liar i t ies

F irs t , t here i s t he p redi lec t ion f or a s paced o ut

d ecora t ion . R a ther u nequa l c hoco la te b lack l i nes f rame v ar ious mo t ifs o n t he g round-s l ip a nd t he l arge p la in a rea i s p a in ted i n mi lky wh i te ( f ig . 1 54/4 , 1 6; 1 55/8 , 1 0 ; 1 56/18; 1 60/1; 1 61/1; 1 62/7 , 2 0-25 , 2 7-28; 1 64/2-4 , 6 -7; 1 65/1; 1 66/5 ; 1 67/2 , 5 ; 1 68/1; 1 73/2-3; 1 74/1; 1 75-176; 1 81/1-2 , 4 -6; 1 84/1-5 , 7 -8) . Wh i te p a in t o r s paced-ou t d ecora t ion of ten c overs t he i ns ide o f v esse ls a s we l l ( f ig . 1 62/7; 1 64/3; 1 65/1; 1 74/1; 1 81/1b , 4 -6; 1 84/1, 3 -5 ) . A lso p resen t i s t he t yp ica l t r ichrome d ecora t ion r eserved i n t he s l ip , wh ich i s r ed ( f ig . 1 49/4 ; 1 52/6; 1 53/1-2 , 4 -7, e tc .; 1 62; 1 66/3 , 5 ; 1 67/ 6 ) o r wh i te ( f ig . 1 54/3 , 5 ; 1 59/5; 1 64/5 ) , b e tween b lack l i nes a l terna t ing w i th wh i te l i nes o f e qua l w id th a nd d ensi ty .

However , t he s parse ly d ecora ted

ware s ee ms t o b e p redo m inan t . An i mpression o ft r ichromy i s a lso g iven b y af ew s pec imens p a in ted w i th wh i te a nd d eep r ed o n t he r eddish-brown s urface ( f ig . 1 52/5; 1 72/2 ) .

The

t wo c o lours p lus t he g round migh t h ave b een t he o r ig in o ft he t yp ica l t r ichrome d ecora t ion . P a in t ing af ter f i r ing was s t i l l i n u se . An eck f rag men t i s a dorned w i th r ed t r iang les a nd b road b ands a l terna t ing w i th wh i te b ands ( f ig . 1 8 1/3 ) . Aga in , t he t wo c o lours a nd g round e n t i t le u s t o s peak o f t r ichromy . B efore c los ing , we s hou ld a lso ment ion a b ow l f ragmen t w i th s l igh t ly c ar in a ted s hou lder a nd r ee l-shaped h and le , d ecora ted w i th d eep r ed l i nes o n t he y e l low ish wh i te s ur face ( f ig . 1 61/9;

1 86/1) .

Bo th s hape a nd mo t if , wh ich

a re a l ien t o t he a rea o ft he C ucu ten i c u lture , p o in t t o t he s ou th , maybe a s f ar a s Macedon ia a nd T hessa ly , f rom whence t hey may h ave r eached Mo ldova b y i n ter-tr iba l e xchanges . The o n ly E uropean a na logues o f t he h andle a re f ound a t Kr i tsana a nd Armenochbr i i n a Macedon ian E ar ly Bronze Age c on tex t .8 A t K r itsana t he b ow l r i ms a re i nver ted, t he s pec imen f rom Armenochör i h as as l igh t ly e ver ted r im , whereas t he f ragmen t f rom l irpe§ t i h as a more e ver ted r im . T he t ype o fp a in t ing o n o ur b ow l i s a lso k nown i n t he C ha lco li th ic o f Macedon ia . C ups , o f v ar ious s hapes a nd s izes ( f ig . 1 87/1-29 , 3 2 ) , a re t he p reva i ling f orm o fp o t tery .

9

T here a re t ypica l c ups w i th s tra igh t o r s l igh t ly i nward

s lant ing u pper p ar t , b i troncon ic c ups w i th o r w i thou t e ver ted r im , s ome t imes w i th marked n eck , u sua l ly w i th a s ing le p erfora ted p ro jec t ion o n t he l arges t c ircu mference ( f ig . 1 69/4 , 6 ; 1 70/4-5; 1 72/4 ; 1 78/2-3; e tc . ) , s pecimens w i th t wo l ugs ( f ig . 1 68/1) , w i th a p erfora ted p ro jec t ion o n t he r im ( f ig . 1 70/ 1 ) , a nd w i thout p ro jec t ions a nd l ugs . B o t toms a re g enera l ly f l a t ( f ig . 1 66/ 2 -3; 1 70/1-2; e tc . )o r c oncave ( f ig . 1 68/1-2; 1 69/1, 4 , 6 -7; 1 70/3 , 6 ; e tc . )i n t he P recucu ten i I I t radi t ion .

T he d ecora t ion i s v ar ied :

c omb ined o r n o t w i th f l u t ings ( f ig . 1 48/3;

6 1

1 50/3;

1 57/6;

i nc ised ,

1 6 1/7 ; 1 65/7;

1 69/1, 7 ;

1 70/6) , f l u ted a nd b urn ished ( f ig . 1 61/2;

1 78/3 ) o r o n ly f l uted

( f ig . 1 6 1/8 ) , i nc is ions u sed t o s epara te mo t ifs , b urn ished z ones a l terna t ing w i th ma t z ones ( f ig . 1 50/1; 1 70/5 ) , ma t z ones a l terna t ing w i th wh i te p a in t ( f ig . 1 6 1/4 ; 1 70/4 ) , o r an arrow b and o f wh i te p a in t l a id o ver t he i nc is ion ( f ig . 1 52/7 , 1 72/4 ) . When t he l ower p ar t o f t he v esse l i s d ecora ted w i th i nc ised d es igns , i t s u pper p ar t b ears mo t ifs c o mposed o f wh i te d o ts , a nd h or iz on ta l f l ut ings s ome t imes s epara te t he t wo t ypes o f d ecora t ion ( f ig . 1 50/4 ; 1 51/2 ; 1 53/10 ; 1 6 1/34 ; 1 63/4 ; 1 70/ 1, 4 ) . On ly s i mp le l i near mo t ifs were d rawn w i th wh i te p a in t , c omb ined o r n o t w i th f l ut ings a nd d i mp les ( f ig . 1 51/3 ;

1 53/3;

1 58/ 1;

1 59/4 ; 6 ;

1 68/2;

1 69/6;

1 77/4 ) .

T he o n ly e xcep-

t i on t o t h is r u le i s av esse l ( f ig . 1 48/1; 1 66/2 ) d ecora ted o n t he n eck w i th a s p ira l mo t if r eserved b e tween t h ick , e qua l ly s p ira l , wh i te l i nes ; e very l i ne e nds i n at r iden t , b e ing a p a in ted c oun terpar t o f t he P recucuten i a pexes . D esp i te i t s l ow i nc idence i n t he C ucu ten i c u lture , t h is mo t i f i s d oub t less d er ived d irec t ly f rom P recucuten i I I . ware f ro m o ther C ucuten i s i tes . mo t ifs ( f ig . 1 48/4,

I ta lso o ccurs s poradica l ly o n t r ichrome

T here a re a lso c ups p a in ted w i th t r ichrome

1 53/7 , 1 4-15;

1 54/17;

1 55/8;

1 61/1;

1 62/1, 3 -6, 9 -

1 4 ; 1 66/3; 1 68/1; 1 73/3; 1 75/3-4 ; 1 8 1/2 ,4 -6; 1 84/2-3 , 7 ) , s pec imens whose p a in ting h as f aded ( f ig . 1 48/6-7; 1 50/2 , 5 -6; 1 55/6; 1 6 1/6 )a nd u nd ecora ted o nes ( f ig . 1 55/5;

1 6 1/5 ) .

B i troncon ica l v esse ls w i th e ver ted r im ( f ig . 1 87/30 ) , s o met i mes f oo ted ( f ig . 1 87/31) , a re r egarded a s av ar ian t o f t he c ups . The ir d ecora t ion i s c omp ara t ive ly s i mp le , c o mbin ing b road i nc is ions w i th f l ut ings a nd d i mp les ( f ig . 1 55/1;

1 69/5 ) o r i nc is ions w i th t h in wh i te-pa in ted l i nes ( f ig . 1 83/7 ) .

Modera te ly o r marked ly b i troncon ica l v esse ls ( f ig . 1 87/33-36 ) o f ten h ave a n e ver ted r im , o ne o r t wo h andles o n t he l arges t c ircu m ference , af la t o r s l igh t ly c oncave b o t to m a nd s o me t i mes a s hor t t runca ted f oo t ( f ig . 1 87/37) . On ly s po ts o f wh i te p a in t c o mb ined w i th i nc is ions h ave s urv ived o n av esse l ( f ig . 1 50/10 ;

1 69/8) , a no ther i s d ecora ted w i th i nc is ions a nd war ts ( f ig . 1 52/

3 ; 1 70/8) , b ut t here a re a lso t r ichrome v esse ls d isp lay ing t races o fp a in t ( f ig . 1 55/10 ) , a nd u npa in ted o nes ( f ig . 1 79/7) . T he f oo ted v esse l i s d ecora ted w ith b urn ished b ands b ordered b y i nc is ions a nd r ed b ands p a in ted a f ter f i r ing ( f ig . 1 60/2; 1 78/la-lb ) . The mo t if i s b o th n ega t ive a nd p os i t ive a nd t he a ltern a t ion o fg lossy g rey a nd d eep r ed must h ave p roduced a s tr ik ing e f fec t . A s v ar ian ts o f t he b i troncon ica l v esse ls we c ou ld d is t ingu ish t he v esse ls w i th a more marked s hou lder , as tra igh t n eck , s l igh t ly e ver ted r im ( f ig . 1 87/ 4 0 ) , p a in ted w i th t r ichrome d es igns ( f ig . 1 53/5 ; 1 74/4 ) , a nd modera te ly b it roncon ica l v esse ls w i th a c y l indr ica l n eck a nd t wo h and les o n t he b e l ly o r j us t b e low t he r im ( f ig . 1 87/41-43 ) .

U nfor tuna te ly , t he p a int ing h as f aded f rom

a l l c omp le te v esse ls ( f ig . 1 7 1/5 ; 1 83/3 , 1 1) . v isib le o n as ing le s pec imen ( f ig . 1 50/7) .

F a in t t races o f wh i te p a in t a re

Af ew v esse ls a re s haped l i ke a n

i nver ted t runca ted c one , h ave a r ounded s hou lder , s tra igh t n eck , c oncave o r f la t b ot tom , s ome t imes h and les b e low t he l arges t c ircu mference a nd l ugs o n i t ( f ig . 1 87/44-45 ) . They a re d ecora ted w i th i nc is ions ( f ig . 1 60/4 ; 1 83/4 ) o r p a in t ing , n ow f aded ( f ig . 1 7 1/8 ) . B ow ls a nd t runca ted b ow ls ( f ig . 1 87/48-76 )a re a s f requen t a s c ups a t l ' irp e§t i . T hey h ave a s tra igh t o r s l igh t ly i nwards s lan t ing u pper p ar t , s omet imes

6 2

af l a t tened r im , af l a t b o t tom , r ing-base o r a n umbo i n t he b ase , a nd of ten l ugs o n t he l arges t c ircu mference ( f ig . 1 87/48-52 ) . O thers h ave a s l igh t ly

.

e ver ted n eck a nd r im , as hor t h and le o n t he b e l ly a nd a c oncave b ase ( f ig . 1 87/ 5 3-54 ) . T here a re t rue b ow ls w i th a r ounded b ody ( f ig . 1 87/56-59 ) a nd w idemouthed o nes w i th a n e ver ted r im , w i th o r w i thout l ugs ( f ig . 1 87/60-67 ). The h igh t ype h as a d is t inc t r im ( f ig . 1 87/68-70 ) a nd t he t runca ted b ow ls ( f ig . 1 87/ 7 1-75 ) i nc lude a more u ncom mon v ar ian t w i th o u tcurv ing s ides a nd p rof i led r im ( f ig . 1 82/4 ; 1 87/76) . The ir d ecora t ion i s a s v ar ied : p a in t ing i n wh i te o n t he g rey-b lack o r d ark b rown s urface ( f ig . 1 54/13 ; 1 63/1-3; 1 68/5; 1 86/3) , b urn ished b ands a l terna t ing w i th wh i te p a int a nd e ven wh i te p a in t o n t he i nt er ior ( f ig . 1 52/4 ; 1 60/3; 1 77/5 ; 1 80/1) , c arefu l t r ichrome p a in t ing ( f ig . 1 53/1, 1 1-12 ; 1 58/ 14 , 1 6; 1 64/3-4 , 7 ; 1 66/5; 1 67/5 ; 1 72/3 ; 1 73/4 ; 1 75/1-2 , 5 ; 1 77/3;

1 80/5-6;

1 81/1;

1 84/4-5 ) .

p a int ing h as c o mp le te ly f aded ( f ig . 1 50/8; f a int t races ( f ig . 1 50/9;

1 52/2 , 4 ;

There a re s pec imens whose

1 58/10 ;

1 68/7b ;

1 79/2;

1 71/2 , 6 ) o r p ers ists a s 1 80/1;

v esse ls were of ten c arefu l ly p a inted i ns ide ( f ig . 1 72/3; 5 ;

1 80/5-6;

1 81/1b ;

1 82/4-6;

1 84/4-5 ) .

1 85/4 ) .

1 73/4 ;

These

1 74/1;

1 75/

S ome o f t he t runca ted b ow ls were

n o t p a in ted ( f ig . 1 71/11) , o r were d ecora ted w i th sma l l p e l le ts , g rouped v ert i ca l ly o n t he b ody ( f ig . 1 7 1/910 ) . F a ir ly f requen t a re t he j ars w i th a h igh n eck a nd s l igh t ly e ver ted r im , s hor t c on ica l l ower p ar t , a nd l ugs o ver t he l arges t c ircu mference ( f ig . 1 87/ 4 7 ) , w i th t r ichrome p a in t ing , of ten i ns ide a s we l l ( f ig . 1 64/2; 1 65/1; 1 84/1) . Af orm wh ich , s l igh t ly modif ied , w i l l b ecome o ne o f t he t yp ica l C ucuten i A -B f orms a ppears n ow . I ti s a n a lmost g lobu lar v esse l w ith a s tra ight b ack , s l igh t ly r ounded u pper h a lf a nd c on ica l l ower p ar t , r ing-base , a nd p erfora ted l ugs b e low t he s hou lder ( f ig . 1 87/78 ) .P ar t icu lar ly i n teres t ing i s i t s d ecorat i on i n t hree h or izon ta l r eg is ters ( f ig . 1 60/1; 1 76) :

t he n eck i s p a inted i n

wh i te o n ar eddish-brown s l ip w i th mo t ifs wh ich we s ha l l f i nd i n t he t r ichrome t echn ique o n t he ware o ft he n ex t C ucu ten i p hase ( A-B ) , t he u pper a nd l ower p ar ts a re a dorned w i th r unn ing s p ira ls a nd o va r eserved o n t he r ed s l ip b et ween b lack l i nes , a nd t he p la in a rea i s p a inted i n wh i te . t i on i s f requen t ly u sed a t T irpe§t i . L ad les

Th is t ype o f d ecora-

i nher i ted f ro m t he Precucuteni f orerunners , c hange t heir p rof i le

a nd mos t o f ten h ave a l onger h and le ( f ig . 1 87/79-84 ) . B es ides a f ew p ieces d ecora ted b y i nc is ion a nd b urnish ing ( f ig . 1 55/4 ; 1 78/6) o r p a in ted i n wh i te ( f ig . 1 67/3 ) , whose h andle i s i den t ica l w i th t ha t o f P recucuten i l ad les , t here a re f i ne ly a dorned s pecimens w ith t r ichro me mo t i fs ( f ig . 1 54/6, 1 4 ; 1 56/17; 1 58/2 , 1 2-13 , 1 5 , 1 8 ; 1 73/2 ; 1 77/1-2 ; 1 80/2, 8 ; 1 86/2) a nd t he l ad le ment i oned b efore w i th a more u ncom mon b ichrome d ecora t ion : c hoco la te b lack o n r edd ish b rown a nd b eau t ifu l ly p o lished ( f ig . 1 55/3; 1 73/1) . Th is p iece a nd t ha t w i th i nc ised d ecora t ion ( f ig . 1 55/4 ; t he j ar ( f ig . 1 78/7) i n dwe l l ing 1 2 .

1 78/6) were d iscovered i ns ide

Two l ad les a re u ndecora ted ( f ig . 1 83/1-2)

wh i le o thers c er ta in ly l os t t he ir p a int ing . L ids t oo h ave v ar ious s hapes .

T he c lass ic , p a in ted t ype h as a h em is-

p her ica l d ome , a n e ver ted r im a nd a s hor t d isk-shaped o r r ounded k nob ( f ig . 1 87/85-84 ) .

R uder , u ndecora ted s pec imens a re sma l l i n s ize , h em ispher ica l

w i th h igh k nobs ( f ig . 1 69/10 ; 1 60/5;

1 85/2;

1 87/88) .

1 87/87) o r f l a t w i th a b ig p erfora ted h and le ( f ig .

T he k nob o f al arge l i d made o f d aub ( f ig . 1 54/12; 6 3

1 79/11) , wh ich p robab ly s erved t o c over s torage j ars , s hou ld b e men t ioned . L ike t he p o t tery , t he l i ds were .pa in ted i n t wo c o lours , s ome t imes c omb ined w i th f l ut ings ( f ig . 1 5 1/8 ; 1 59/1-2) , a nd i n t hree c o lours ( f ig . 1 5 2 /6 ; 1 72/1). Wor thy o fn o te i s al i d whose d ecora t ive t echn ique a nd mo t ifs a re a s y e t u n ique i n t he a rea o ft he C ucuteni A c u l ture . B r igh t r ed a nd wh i te were u sed t o p a int o r ig ina l a nd i n teres t ing d es igns o n t he r eddish-ochre s l ip ( whose c o lour was a l tered b y b urning ) : b ands , l arge d o ts , sma l l d o ts a nd g roups o f t hree s hor t a rcs a l terna te ly p o in t ing u pwards a nd d ownwards ( f ig . 1 52/5; 1 72/2 ) . B ear ing ab ichrome o rnamen t o n ab ackground s l ip , t h is s pec i men h as a t r ichrome c harac ter .

I ti s , p erhaps , af i rs t impor tan t s tep f ro m b ichro my t o t r ichromy ,

at echn ique , wh ich , d esp i te e x terna l i nf luences , was n o t r eadi ly d eve loped . A no ther f orm f or wh ich t he C ucuten ians ( l ike t he ir Precucuteni a nces tors ) h ad a s pec ia l l i k ing i s t he f ru i ts tand o n ah igh o r l ow p edes ta l , a lways w i th e ver ted r im a nd r ound o r t rapezo ida l " w indows" c ut o u t i n t he b ody . The d ish i s w ide a nd o ccas iona l ly h as a c lear ly d ef ined r im ( f ig . 1 87/89-90 , 9 3, 9 7 , 1 00-102 ) . 1 5 1/7 , 9 ; 6 ;

F rui ts tands a re most ly b ichrome ( f ig . 1 48/8-10;

1 52/1;

1 68/3 , 6 ;

1 53/17;

1 72/5;

1 54/8, 2 2;

1 57/1-4 ;

1 58/4 , 7 ;

1 49/3 , 6 -9;

1 63/8-9 ;

1 66/

1 74/5 ) a nd s o me t imes d ecora ted w i th o r ig ina l mot ifs.

On t he i n ter ior o f ad eep r ed d ish , b ands a nd l i nes a re p a in ted i n wh i te , b ig r ed c irc les a re l ef t i n r eserve a nd a wh i te d o t i sp laced a t t he c entre o f e very c irc le ( f ig . 1 48/9; 1 67/1) . Ap edes ta l i s a lso p a in ted i n wh i te o n ab r igh t r ed s l ip w i th a l i near mo t if f orm ing e igh t p ane ls ; i n e ach p ane l t here i s a l arge wh i te d o t w i th a sma l l r ed d o t l ef t i n r eserve a t i t s c entre ( f ig . 1 52/1; 1 68/6) .

A n e xquis i te s pec imen c omb ines a s p ira l o rnamen t i n t he p os i t ive

a nd n ega t ive t echnique a rranged i n t wo r eg is ters o n t he p edes ta l a nd h as s p ira ls a nd v ar ious l i near p a t terns p a in ted i n wh i te i ns ide t he d ish ( f ig . 1 82/ 1 ) .

A more s pec ia l b ichro me d ecora t ion , ment ioned b efore , i s a lso u sed .

I ti s v ery s im i lar , i fn o t i den t ica l , w i th t ha t o f t he P e tre§ t i c u lture , a nd a lways e xecu ted o n v esse ls made o f h igh-qua li ty a nd we l l-f ired f abr ic : d eep r ed mo t ifs p a in ted o n b r ick-red ( f ig . 1 63/7 , 1 0-12 ;

1 64/5 ;

1 74/2 , 3 ;

1 82/

5 ) . R are ly , a s ar em in iscence f rom t he P recucu ten i I I p hase , wh i te i s u sed t o p a in t af i ne s p ira l i ns ide a b lack d ish , whose e x ter ior i s d ecora ted w i th f i ne g rooves c o mb ined w i th sma l l p i ts , a lso f ound o n t he i n ter ior o f t he e ver ted r im ( f ig . 1 59/12 ;

1 85/1) a nd f i l led w ith r ed c o lour a f ter f i r ing t he v esse l .

A

p ar t icu lar p o lychrome e f fec t was t hus p roduced a t l eas t i ns ide t he d ish w i th i t s b urnished b lack s l ip . F rui ts tands were a lso p a in ted i n t he t r ichrome t echnique ( f ig . 1 49/4 ; 1 56/5; 1 58/11; 1 59/5; 1 62/16; 1 64/1; 1 67/6; 1 75/6; 1 82/3; 1 84/8) . T he p a int ing o f o thers was d es troyed b y s o i l a c ids ( f ig . 1 60/7; 4 ) .

1 7 1/3 ; 1 78/

H igh p o ts tands , s o me times s haped l i ke t he f ru i ts tands , a re s e ldom p erf ora ted , b ut t here a re s pec i mens w i th sma l l h o les a t t he t op ( f ig . 1 8 7/98 -99 ) . Wh i te p a in t ing o n t he d eep r ed s l ip ( damaged b y b urning ) p ers is ts o n o n ly t wo o ft he c omp le te s tands ( f ig . 1 48/8 , 1 1-12;

1 55/9 ;

1 82/2 ) .

One o f t he m

c arr ies t h in s p ira l l i nes ( f ig . 1 55/9) , a nd t he o ther i s d ecora ted w i th wh i te d o ts o n t he r im a nd wh i te r unn ing s p ira ls i n t wo r eg is ters , p osi t ive s pira ls a l terna t ing w i th n ega t ive o nes , o n t he b ody .

6 4

A sma l l c ube-shaped v esse l h as a s hor t c y lindr ica l n eck , as l igh t ly e ver ted r im a nd a sma l l h or izonta l ly p ierced p ro jec tion o n o ne s ide ( f ig . 1 60/6; 3 ;

1 87/109 ) .

1 85/

Th is f orm , a lso f ound i n o ther C ucuten i s e t t le ments , s uch a s

P ode i , Ghe lä iee t i , I zvoare , e tc . ,1 0

migh t b e ac lay c oun terpar t o f l arge

wooden v esse ls u sed t o s tore wa ter o r s o lid f ood . T he k i tchen ware ( f ig . 1 56/19;

1 57/7, 9 -12;

1 65/10-12 ) d oes n o t a ccount

f or more t han 1 0-15 p er c en t o ft he T irpee t i p o t tery a nd i t s f orms a re c omp ara t ive ly s i mp le ; h igh b ow ls w i th l ugs o n t he b ody a nd b arbo t ine d ecora t ion ( f ig . 1 7 1/4 ; 1 87/46 ) , v esse ls w i th a b u lg ing u pper p ar t a nd a s tra igh t a nd l arge l ower p ar t ( f ig . 1 83/10 ; 1 87/77) , g lobu lar v esse ls w i th h and les o n t he b e l ly a nd l ugs a t t he b ase o ft he n eck ( f ig . 1 70/9; 1 87/108) , a nd s torage j ars d ec ora ted w i th k nobs , h and les a nd b arbo tine d es igns ( f ig . 1 69/9; 1 78/7; 1 87/1061 07) .

P i ts , d i mp les , n a i l i mpress ions , b u t tons a nd b urnishing o f t he r im a re

a lso u sed t o d ecora te t h is ware . I ts ee ms t ha t t he C ucu ten i p eop le made l arge s torage j ars o f f i red d aub , a pparen t ly t o k eep g ra in . Af rag men t was d iscovered i n t he r uins o f dwe l ling 2 0 b is , b u t i ti s t oo sma l l t o p rov ide more d e ta i ls ( f ig . 1 57/8; Min ia ture v esse ls s hou ld n o t b e i gnored .

1 79/6) .

They a re made o fb e t ter o r

c oarser p as te a nd u sua l ly c opy l arge a nd med iu m-s ize v esse ls ( f ig . 2 01/1-24 ) . S ome o ft he m a re d ecora ted w i th i nc ised o r p a inted l i nes .

Wor thy o f n o te i s

av esse l w i th b roken l eg p a in ted w i th wh i te v er t ica l l i nes ( f ig . 1 80/3;

1 87/112).

P ar t icu lar ly i mpor tan t a re t he f ew f rag men ts o f v esse ls w i th a s pou t b e low t he r im ( f ig . 1 51/10-11;

1 58/6; 1 70/7;

1 79/3) a nd b arbo t ine d ecora t ion , b e-

c ause t hey a re r e liab le e v idence o f r e la t ions w i th t r ibes o f t he G u me Inga c u lture , where t h is f orm was f a ir ly c o mmon . Mos t o ft he p o t tery f orms a nd mo t ifs o r ig ina te i n t he b as ic t ypes o f t he P recucu ten i I I c u lture , o n wh ich a n u mber o f o u tside i nf luences , ma in ly f ro m t he G u me ln4a a nd P e tree t i c u ltures , were g raf ted .

B u t C ucu ten i Aa lso h as

i t s t yp ica l f orms wh ich a re n o t f ound i n t he i nven tory o f a ny o ther c u lture .

T he c lay s cu lpture o f t heCucuteni A c u lture i s a s s pectacu lar a s i t s p o t tery . Mos t f i gur ines h ave t he ir a nc ient mode l i n t ype A o f t he P recucuten i i f i c u lture , b eing r epresen ted s tanding o r i n as em i-rec lin ing p os i t ion ( f ig . 1 88/ 1 -2 , 4 -8; 1 89/1-6, 8 , 1 1-13; 1 90/1-31, 3 6; 1 91; 1 9 2/3 6 , 8 -9 , 1 3; 1 93/ 2 ; 1 94/1-4 , 6 -11; 1 95/1-2 , 5 -6) . T he n eck a nd h ead a re r endered a s a more o r l ess c y l indr ica l p ro jec t ion , w i th i nc ised e yes a nd mouth a nd f ash ioned n ose a t i t s e nd ( f ig . 1 88/4 ; 1 94/9 ); i n r are i nstances t he b ack o ft he n eck i s a lso i ndica ted ( f ig . 1 88/7) .

I n o ther s pec imens t he s of t c lay was p inched b e tween

t he f i ngers t o s ugges t t he h u man f ace ( f ig . 1 88/6;

1 90/21, 2 4 ;

1 9 2/5 ; 1 94/

8 ) a nd a ga in o thers b ear n o f ac ia l f ea tures ( f ig . 1 88/1; 1 90/20 , 2 2-23 , 2 5-26) . F igur ines a re a rm less , b u t h ave b road r ounded o r p o in ted s hou lders a nd s hor t l a tera l s tu mps ( f ig . 1 88/1, 5 -7; 1 93/2 ;

1 94/2-10 ;

1 95/1) .

1 89/1, 1 2;

1 90/2-26;

1 91;

1 92/5 , 8 -9 ;

The t runk i s u sua l ly f l a t b u t c arefu l ly s haped ,

t he wa is t mos t ly marked , t he a bdomen b u lg ing a nd r ea list ica l ly t rea ted i n s ome s pec i mens ( f ig . 1 88/1, 5 ; 1 90/ 1; 1 91/1; 1 94/1-2) , t he b reas ts a re 6 5

more s e ldo m i nd ica ted ( f ig . 1 90/5 , 9 -13 , 1 5 , 1 7 , 1 9 , 2 2 , 2 5 ;

1 94/7) , s o me-

t imes o n ly b y t wo sma l l p erfora t ions i n t he t runk ( f ig . 1 88/5 ;

1 89/1;

2 6;

1 91/1;

1 93/2 ;

1 94/8) .

1 90/

T he l ower h a lf o f t he b ody , w i th modera te o r

e ven w i thou t s tea topyg ia , i s o f ten a l mos t t r iangu lar , a nd s o me t i mes e ven t rapezo ida l i n s hape .

The l egs a re v ir tua l ly s epara ted b y ad epress ion o r

mere ly b y a n i nc ised l i ne , b u t t hey a re mou lded i n r e lief ( f ig . 1 88/5; T here a re a lso s pec i mens w i th t he l egs i n o ne p iece ( f ig . 1 89/11;

1 90/1) .

1 92/4 , 8 ;

1 94/11) o r s epara ted o n ly a t t he b ack ( f ig . 1 88/8; 1 89/10 ; 1 92/2-3 ) . A more marked s tea topyg ia ( f ig . 1 90/1; 1 93/2; 1 94/1) was c er tain ly i nher i ted f ro m Precucuten i I I . 1 88/3 ;

I n af ew i ns tances a n a pp lied p e l le t f ea tures t he n ave l ( f ig .

1 89/7-8;

1 92/7;

1 93/1) , wh ich may a lso b e marked b y a sma l l p ro-

j ec t ion , h or izon ta l ly p erfora ted o r n o t ( f ig . 1 88/2 ) .

More s e ldom t he k nees ,

p laced t owards t he e nd o f t he l egs , were i nd ica ted i n t he s a me manner ( f ig . 1 88/3 ;

1 92/7) .

Sma l l p ro jec t ions were a lso u sed t o f eature t he e nds o f t he

i l l iac b ones ( f ig . 1 89/1;

1 93/2;

1 94/5) .

c luded i n t h is s er ies ( f ig . 1 89/2-5;

Af ew ma le f i gur ines s hou ld b e i n-

1 95/2-3 , 5 -6) .

Wi th a s ing le e xcep t ion ,

t hey h ave mere ly i ndica ted b ut tocks , d iv ided b ut c are less ly mou lded l egs . T he ir f abr ic i s n on-homogeneous a nd f ir ing u neven .

S ome a re r ough ly s haped .

Type B , i nc luding f i gur ines i n as i t t ing p os i t ion o r t o b e s ea ted i n c ha irs ( f ig . 1 88/3;

1 89/7, 9 -10 ;

r are ly f ound .

1 92/1-2 , 7 , 1 0 ;

1 93/ 1;

1 94/5 ;

1 95/3-4) , i s more

E xcep t f or t he ir p os i t ion , t hese s ta tue t tes d o n o t d if fer , i n

t er ms o f b ody t rea t men t , f rom t hose o f t ype A a nd h ave t herefore b een i nc luded i n t he d e ta i led d escr ip t ion g iven a bove . s pec ia l n o t ice :

On ly o ne f ragmen t d eserves

i th as f l a t b u t tocks , d ist inc t l egs , p robab ly b en t a t t he k nees

b ut b roken i n a n t iqu i ty , a nd a n arrow t runk , a lso b roken ( f ig . 1 89/3 ) . T he f igur ines r ange i n s ize f rom 4 -5 cm t o 2 0-22 cm . Daub f i gur ines o ccur a t I i .rpe t i , b ut t hey a re r are .

B es ides a f rag men t

o f t he l ower p ar t o f af igur ine i n t he a bove- ment ioned s ize r ange ( f ig . 1 89/13) , t he u pper h a lf o f al arge l eg , measur ing a pprox . 2 3 cm , was f ound ( f ig . 1 79/ 9 ) .

I t mus t h ave b e longed t o af i gur ine wh ich c ou ld h ave b een o ne me tre t a l l .

Bo th s pec i mens a re o f t ype A a nd t hey a re r ough ly s haped a nd f i red t o b r ickr ed . T he C ucu ten i l ayer a lso p roduced a f ragment o f " Tro jan" f i gur ine ( ?) , wh ich i s f l a t , c arefu l ly f ash ioned a nd p er forated b y f our a l mos t r ound h o les ( f ig . 1 90/36;

1 92/6) .

The f irs t o bserva t ion o n t he f i gur ines o f b o th t ypes i s t he a bsence o f d ec ora t ion o n ma le r epresen ta t ions .

One s pec i men , a pparen t ly a ma le , c arr ies

ap las t ic b e lt r ound t he h ips a nd i t s k nees were s e t o f f b y p inching t he s o f t c lay ( f ig . 1 95/1) .

Af rag men t o f ma le s ta tue t te h ad a p las t ic o rna men t o n t he

b e l ly , p robab ly a b e lt , a nd d o ts b e low i t , b u t i t s b roken s ta te d oes n o t a l low o f f ur ther c o m ments ( f ig . 1 95/4 ) . The f i gur ines a re e i ther u ndecora ted ( more i n frequen t ly ) o r d ecora ted w i th f i ne i nc isions o r p a int ing . U nfor tuna te ly many p a in ted s pecimens l os t t he ir d ecora t ion a nd s how o n ly f a in t t races o f t he y e l low ish wh ite s l ip o r d eep r ed c o lour .

On a b e t ter p reserved s pec i men , t he d ecora tor c o mbined h or izon ta l ,

d iagona l , s em ic ircu lar o r a ngu lar b ands a nd l i nes w i th sma l l s p ira ls , f u l ly

6 6

c over ing i to ver t he p rev ious ly a pp lied y e l low ish wh i te s l ip ( f ig . 1 88/5;

1 91/

1 ) . The s l ip must h ave b een wh i te , b ut i t was a l tered b y s o i l a c ids . A no ther f ragmen t o f t he u pper p ar t o f af i gur ine s ee ms t o h ave h ad a p ain ted p endan t h ung r ound t he n eck ( f ig . 1 94/4 ) ;

a lthough t races o f p a in ted l i nes p ers is t o n

b o th f ron t a nd b ack , i ti s n o t p oss ib le t o t e l l e xac t ly wha t t hey f ea tured .

L ines

a nd s tr ipes i n v ar ious a rrange men ts h ave e ndured o n a no ther sma l l f i gur ine wh ich was p a in ted a f ter f i r ing ( f ig . 1 91/2 ) . H igh ly r e levan t a re t he f i gur ines d ecora ted w i th i nc isions wh ich s ome t i mes a re v ery f i ne , t yp ica l o f t he C ucuten i Ap hase .

On a n u mber o f t hese f i gur ines,

we c an f o l low t he e vo lu t ion o f t he i nc ised d ecora t ion .

S o me s pec i mens h ave

o n ly a n i nc ised h ip b e lt f i l led w i th d ashes , b e low wh ich i nc ised d o ts f or m a n a l mos t c oncen tr ic c ircu lar p a t tern ( f ig . 1 95/4 ) .

O thers h ave t he f ron t l ower

p ar t d ecora ted w i th i nc ised d o ts a rranged i n c oncen tr ic t r iang les ( f ig . 1 92/10 ) . Af i ne s ta tue t te b ears a l terna t ing r ows o f sma l l a nd l arge p o ints i n f ron t a nd t he we l l k nown f i ne ly i nc ised d ecora t ion , mos t ly f orm ing h a tched i rregular t r iang les , o n t he b ack ( f ig . 1 88/8;

1 9 2/3 ) .

T he c ombina t ion o f f i ne i nc ised

l i nes w i th r ows o f p o in ts o r p r icks o f v ar ious s hapes i s a lso f ound o n f rag ments o f h u man l egs ( f ig . 1 92/13 ) , b ut n o c o mp le te s pec i mens a re a va i lab le , s o t ha t af u l l r econs truc t ion o f t he d ecora t ion h as n o t b een p oss ib le .

V ery r are a re

f igur ines d ecora ted w i th i nc ised l i nes p robab ly r ender ing v ar ious a ccessor ies worn b y t he C ucuten i p eop le ( f ig . 1 90/13 ) . D eeper o r s ha l lower f i ne i nc is ions u sua l ly c over t he who le b ody e xcep t t he h ead a nd of ten t he e nd o f t he l egs .

They a re a rranged i n ac er ta in o rder a nd

o f ten f orm a l l k inds o f p a t terns — linear , c urved , s p ira l , g eo me tr ic —and e ven r epresent o rna men ts ( f ig . 1 88/1-3 , 6 -7; 1 93/1;

1 94/3) .

1 89/7-9;

1 90/27-28;

1 92/1, 5 , 7;

One s pec i men s hou ld b e men t ioned b ecause i tb ears n o d e-

c ora t ion o n t he b ack , whereas t he r es t o f t he b ody i s a dorned w i th s hor t a nd d eep n o tches ( f ig . 1 89/10 ;

1 92/2) .

To s um u p , t he i nc ised d ecora t ion p roceeded f rom p o in ts , p o in ts c o mbined w i th i nc ised l i nes , a nd i n t he e nd u sed e legan t ly d rawn ,very f i ne l i nes c omp arab le t o t hose k nown a t O lten i , Ar iu§d , 1 F ru mu ica ,1 2 I zvoare , 1 3 e tc . A s p o in ted o u t e lsewhere , t he i nc ised d ecora t ion , o bv ious ly modif ied a nd e labora ted , i s d er ived f rom t he t ype A f i gur ines o f t he P recucuten i I I c u lture .

1 4

C ucu ten i f i gur ines t es t ify t o g rea ter s k i l l a nd s oph is t ica t ion i n f ash ion ing t he b ody , c o mb in ing a nd e xecut ing t he d ecora t ion .

We d o n o t k now why t he C ucu-

t en ians o f r irpe§ t i a dop ted t he d ot ted d ecora t ion , wh ich r e ma ins i so la ted , l im i ted , a nd was n o t t aken o ver i n to t he f o l low ing s tages . P ain t ing o f t he f i gur ines b efore f i r ing , a lso k nown i n t he l as t p hase o f t he P recucuten i c u lture i n R oman ia a nd i n t he Tr ipo lyan a rea o f t ha t c u l ture , i s a no ther h er i tage f rom t he P recucu ten i p redecessors , b ut i t was c arr ied t o a n a r t is t ica l ly s uper ior l eve l . H owever , p a in ted o rna men ta t ion was l i t t le u sed i n t he C ucuten i Ap hase a nd o n ly b eca me c harac ter is t ic o f t he f o l low ing p hases , i .e . C ucuten i A-B a nd B . Anthropo morph ic a pp l ica t ions o n v esse ls a re a lso o f P recucuten i 1 T I d es cen t .

T irpe§t i p roduced a r a ther r ough ly mode l led h u man f i gure w i th r a ised

a rms ( f ig . 1 90/35 ; 1 90/34;

1 92/12 ) .

1 92/11) a nd t he l ower p ar t o f ab e t ter made f igur ine ( f ig . B o th h ad b een p ar t o f t he a n thropo morph ic r e lief d ecora t ion 6 7

o f s pec ia l p urpose v esse ls .

Ap oor ly p reserved f i gur ine mus t h ave b een a pp lied

t o t he r im o f av esse l o r p oss ib ly t o as tand .

I t s e yes a re f ea tured i n r e lief ,

i t s a rms were e x tended l a tera l ly , i t s f ee t a re p o in ted o utwards a nd t he ir e dges s ee m t o h ave b een mode l led l i ke t he l i p o f av esse l ( f ig . 1 92/15 ) . P recucuten i I I a lso h anded d own t o t he C ucuteni c u lture l ad le h and les i n t he s hape o f ah u man f i gure w i th a s tra igh t a nd f l a t h ead , p o in ted s hou lders , o ccas iona l ly p las t ic b reas ts a nd k nees marked b y sma l l p ro jec t ions ( f ig . 1 92/ 1 4 ) , o r e x tre me ly s chema t ized r epresen ta t ions b are ly r eca l ling t he g enera l c on tours o f t he h u man b ody ( f ig . 1 90/33 ) . The s equence o fp las t ic r epresen ta t ions f rom T irpe t i e nds w i th a f ew f rag ments o f a n thropomorph ic v ases . I n v iew o f t he f ac t t ha t o n ly p ar ts o f h o l low l egs w i th w idened f ee t o n wh ich t he t oes o r f oo twear a re i ndica ted o r n o t ( f ig . 1 90/32;

1 95/7-11) were d iscovered , ar econs truc t ion c anno t b e a t-

t e mp ted . We c an s uppose t ha t t hey were s im i lar t o t he v esse ls k nown f ro m a l most a l l C ucuten i s i tes : C ucu ten i , 1 5 H aba§e§t i , 1 6 F ru mu0 .ca , 1 7 e tc . We d o n o t k now whe ther t hey were p ainted o r n o t ;

t hey v ery l i ke ly were ,

g iven t he a bove- men t ioned s pec imens . The sma l l a l tars mus t h ave b een c onnec ted w i th t he f igur ines . f ew e x tre me ly f rag men tary p ieces were f ound . t hey b e longed t o t wo d is t inc t t ypes :

N ever the less , i t s ee ms t ha t

mass ive ( f ig . 1 67/4;

d e lica te , p rov ided w i th l egs ( f ig . 1 66/4;

On ly a

1 98/33) .

t hey b ore t r ichro me d ecora t ion , l i ke t he p o t tery .

1 96/30 ) , a nd more

Made o f h igh-qua li ty p as te , Var ious l egs , made o f

f i ne c lay a nd f ace t ted ( f ig . 1 96/32-33 ) may h ave b e longed t o r i tua l t ab les s im il ar t o t hose d iscovered i n t he Tr ipo lyan a rea l 8

o f t he C ucuten i c u lture .

Z oo morph ic f i gur ines a re n u merous a nd v ar ied a t ' r irpe t i ( f ig . 1 96/1-24 ; 1 97/2-5 , 8 ) .

U sua l ly mode l led i n a verage-qua li ty , r a ther n on-ho mogeneous

p aste , r ang ing i n c o lour f rom g rey t o b r ick-red, o f ten mo t t led, t hey t ry t o r ender , b u t s e ldo m d o , a n i ma ls w i th wh ich N eo li th ic man c a me i n to more o r l ess d irec t c on tac t .

H orned c a t t le r ank f irst ( f ig . 1 96/2 , 8 , 1 2;

1 97/4 , 8 ) .

O ther a n i ma ls f ea tured a re t he b oar w i th i t s s pec i f ic mane ( f ig . 1 96/14 , 2 1? , 2 3 ) , d og ( f ig . 1 97/5?) , p robab ly s heep ( f ig . 1 96/17) .

Mos t o f ten h owever ,

t he a n i ma l c anno t b e i dent if ied b ecause o f t he s che ma t ized r epresen ta t ion a nd f rag men tary s ta te o f t he ma ter ia l .

I n g enera l z oo morph ic f igur ines a re u n-

d ecora ted , b u t t here a re s pec i mens w i th p r icks s trewn a t r ando m a l l o ver t he b ody ( f ig . 1 96/5-6, 2 2 , 2 4 ) , v ery f i ne l i nes o n t he h orns ( f ig . 1 96/8) , n eg lig en t ly i nc ised l i nes ( f ig . 1 97/3 ) , o r mere ly s l igh t ly s cra tched .

There a re

h orn f rag men ts b ear ing t r ichro me p a in t ing ( f ig . 1 96/25-26) , wh ich p robab ly b e longed t o v esse ls r a ther t han t o b ig z oo morph ic f igur ines , a nd v ar ious h and les , mos t ly r epresen t ing c a t t le ( f ig . 1 97/7) .

Wor thy o f n o t ice i s a n

a n i ma l h ead w i th t he h orns b roken i n a nc ien t t imes , e yes i nd ica ted b y d epress ions , a nd t races o f f a ir ly f i ne l i nes i n c hoco la te b lack p a in t o n ad eep r ed s l ip ( f ig . 1 97/1) .

On ly t he a nter ior s urface was p a in ted a nd t he f rag men t

migh t e qua l ly c ome f ro m a z oo morph ic v ase o r f ro m t he h and le o f ac om mon v esse l .

F rag men ts o fp a in ted z oo morph ic v esse ls were f ound, b ut t he ir d e-

c ora t ion h as u nfor tuna te ly f aded ( f ig . 1 97/6) .

6 8

L ike t he P recucuten i h ab i ta t ion l eve l , b irds a re r epresented b u t r are ly . They h ave a l ong n eck , n o h ead b ecause i t was b roken i n a n t iqui ty , s hor t o uts tre tched w ings , ac ompara t ive ly l ong t a i l a nd t he ir l egs f orm a p edes ta l w i th w idened b ase ( f ig . 1 96/1;

1 97/2 ) .

b irds o n t he p o in t o f t ak ing o f f .

The a r t isan a pparen t ly w an ted t o s ugges t

F ly ing b irds a re f ound l a ter , p a in ted o n t he

p o t tery o ft he C ucu ten i Bp hase .

F ew o ther c lay a r tefac ts were f ound . l i ef s p ira l ( f ig . 1 98/31; ( f ig . 1 98/13-15;

Among t hem a re a s tamp w i th a r e-

2 00/8) , af ew r ough ly mode l led c ones o f v ar ious s izes

3 7-39 ) , a nd s ome r ude ly f ash ioned r ee ls ( ?) ( f ig . 1 96/27-28) .

Two more u ncommon o b jec ts d eserve n o t ice .

One i s af ragmen t o f t oo l ,

p robab ly a c lay c opy o f a n a n t ler h oe ( f ig . 1 96/29; 2 00/9 ) . The s hape , a nd e x terna l a nd i n terna l s tructure o ft he a n t ler a re s crupu lous ly r endered . The o ther a r tefac t i s a min ia ture c opy o f a n a xe w i th c urved c ut t ing e dge , w ide b u t t ( de ter iora ted i n a n t iqu i ty ) a nd a s hor t s leeve ( a lso b roken ) , r eproducing t he h af t h o le , o n o ne s ide ( f ig . 1 98/32; 2 00/10 ) . I n a l l l i ke lihood, b o th s erved s ome r i tua l p urpose .

They migh t e ven b e r egarded a s s ymbo ls o f a u thor i ty .

T he min ia ture a xe c ou ld a lso h ave b een a n amu le t .

The f i rs t a ssu mp t ion i s

s uppor ted b y a no ther f i nd f ro m T irpe§ t i—a min ia ture c opper c oun terpar t o f al arge p o lished s tone a xe .

R a ther r ough ly made b y c are less h am mer ing , i t

h as a w ide u nsharpened c ut t ing e dge a nd n arrow b u t t ( f ig . 1 99/23 ) . B e ing sma l l , 2 .1 cm l ong a nd 0 .5 cm t h ick , i tc ou ld n ot h ave b een worked b et ter . An a l mos t s im i lar s pec i men was d iscovered i n t he G u me ln4a c eme tery o n t he t errace c lose t o t he s et t le men t . Th is g rave g i f t i s a no ther p roof t ha t s treng the ns o ur h ypothesis. A s a ma t ter o f f act , min iature c lay t ools were a lso d iscovered a t C ucu ten i , 19 Habasest i , 2 ° Dragusen i a nd many o ther Cucu ten i s ites.

The n u merous whole a nd b roken p ieces f ound a t Habases t i a re c onsidered

v o t ive o b jec ts , 21 worn " as amu lets t ha t g ave s treng th a nd h ea l th t o t heir p ossessors. "22

We d o n o t e xc lude t he p oss ib i l i ty t ha t t hey were worn a s

s y mbo ls o f a u thor i ty o r b adges o ft he " craf t" , s ince t oo ls a nd p ot tery were manufactured b y s pec ia l ized c raf ts men , a s d e monstra ted o n o ther o ccasions. 23

Ornaments a re made o f b oar t usks , v ar ious b ones , c lay a nd c opper . P endan ts were o b ta ined b y p erfora t ing b oar t usks ( f ig . 1 39/2-3;

2 00/1-3) .

Sma l l , a l mos t r ec tangu lar , p erfora ted b one p ieces , w i th o ne o f t he sma l l s ides s l igh t ly c urved , c onvexo-concave i n s ec t ion , s erved t o f i x t he h a ir ( f ig . 1 38/ 4 0-41; 2 00/12 , 1 4 ) . T he ir u se was i nferred f rom t he d es igns o n t he b ack o f C ucu ten i Bf i gur ines d iscovered a t P ode i ( f ig . 2 00/15 ) a nd Märg ineni ( f ig . 2 00/ 1 3 ) a nd i s a lso d ocu mented i n P recucu ten i I .

Tra ian-Dea lu l V ie i p roduced a

b one s pec i men ( f ig . 2 00/16) wh ich i s i den t ica l w i th t ha t p a inted o n t he b ack o f t he f i gur ine f ro m P ode i , a nd F ru mu§ ica o ne t ha t i s s l igh t ly d if feren t i n f orm . A t T irpe§t i b es ides a who le , c arefu l ly f i n ished s pec imen ( f ig . 1 38/40 ; 2 00/ 1 4 ) , we f ound a n u nf in ished , i .e . u nperfora ted p iece ( f ig . 1 38/41) . Th is t ype o f o rnamen t i s a lso k nown i n Tr ipo lyan a ssemb lages .

6 9

C lay b eads , f ew i n n u mber , a re more o r l ess s pher ica l ( f ig . 1 98/22-26 ) , a l mos t h em ispher ica l ( f ig . 2 00/6-7) , c on ica l ( f ig . 1 89/16) o r o f o ther s hapes ( f ig . 1 98/27-30 ) . A sma l l marb le b ead a nd a s tone b ead were a lso f ound . The l a t ter s ee ms t o i m i ta te a n ima l t eeth ( f ig . 2 00/4-5 ) , wh ich were p erfora ted a nd s trung i n to n eck laces b y N eo li th ic p eop le .

T he we l l-known h oards f rom

Hibi§e§ t i a nd C ärbuna a re s uf f ic ien t e v idence o f t he l i k ing wh ich C ucuten i t r ibes h ad f or o rnamen ts . C opper was u sed t o make t he f ew t oo ls d escr ibed a bove a nd v ar ious o rnamen ts :

sma l l t ubu lar b eads ( f ig . 1 99/17) , p endan ts f rom t h in , a l mos t r ec-

t angu lar , s heets w i th o ne o f t he sma l l s ides , u nfor tuna te ly n ow d amaged , c urved a nd h o les c lose t o b o th sma l l s ides ( f ig . 1 98/12;

1 99/10 ) , t h in r ing-

l e ts r ound i n s ec t ion , w i th t aper ing a nd s epara te e nds ( f ig . 1 99/1, 1 1) , t h in b race le ts made o f r ound w ire ( f ig . 1 99/4 , 6 ) , b road a nd t h ick b race le ts ( f ig . 1 99/7 ) , a nd b race lets t ha t a re s em ic ircular i n s ec t ion , a nd h ave t aper ing a nd l app ing e nds ( f ig . 1 98/6 ; 1 99/12) , b u t a re n o t i den t ica l w i th t he we l l-known s p ira ls f ro m Häbäeeet i , 24 c onvex d iscs , s o me o f wh ich a re p oor ly p reserved , made o ft h in s heet a nd p robab ly c arry ing o ne o r s evera l h o les c lose t o t he e dge ( f ig . 1 98/2 ; 1 99/3 , 1 3) . The t race o f ap er fora t ion p ersists o n o ne s pec i men , s ugges t ing t ha t t hey were worn h ung r ound t he n eck o r a t tached t o t he d ress ( f ig . 1 98/2 ; 1 99/13 ) . The p resence o f d iscs a longside p er fora ted t eeth a nd b eads i n t he h oard f ro m Häbäee§t i a lso s ugges ts n eck laces made o f a l l t hree. We s hou ld a lso b ear i n mind t he p resence a t mos t C ucuten i s i tes o f c lay d iscs o f v ar ious s izes , wh ich migh t h ave b een u sed i n s imi lar c ombina t ions . T he e xa mp les f rom T irpe§t i a re d ecora ted w i th p r icks ( f ig . 1 98/17-20 ) , n o t a u r epousse , l i ke t hose f ro m i l ibi§e§ t i . C opper o rnamen ts , ma in ly t he r ing le ts , t h in b race le ts a nd d iscs , b ear marked t races o fb urn ing , p robab ly f ro m t he f i re t ha t d es troyed t he dwe l lings . T he min ia ture c lay c ha irs a nd t ab les d iscovered i n t h is f loor ( f ig . 1 98/343 6) a re more r ude ly made t han t hose f rom t he P recucu ten i l ayer .

The c ha irs

h ave n o l egs a nd t he ir b ack e nds i n ak ind o f sma l l l a tera l h orns . One t ab le i s more s o lid a nd was p robab ly p a in ted ( f ig . 1 79/10 ) . S o l id b aked d aub l egs ( f ig . 1 79/12) , b e long ing t o t ab les , wh ich p robab ly h ad wooden t ops , were e xp osed when c lear ing s ome dwe l lings . A n o ven p la te ( f ig . 2 02 ) , u nfor tuna te ly d es troyed i n a n t iqu i ty , was d iscovered n ear a dwe l ling .

The e ssen t ia l q uest ion a bou tt he C ucu ten i s et t le men t a t T Irpeet i i s i t s b eg inn ing . A s r epor ted e lsewhere , t here a re dwe l lings f rom wh ich t r ichrome p a in ted p o t tery was miss ing ,2 5 b u t a l l t hose dwe l l ings h ad b een d isturbed a nd t he p o lychrome ware may h ave b een l os t o r s ca t tered . On t he b as is o f t he s i tua t ion f ound , we c an h ypo the t ica l ly p lace t he b eg inn ing o f t h is h ab ita t ion i n t he C ucuten i A l s tage a nd i t s e nd i n t he l a te A 2 s tage , o r p oss ib ly e ven i n t he e ar ly A 3 s tage , i n v iew o f s ome f orms o f v esse ls , ac er ta in t ype o f t runca ted b ow l a nd t he t r ichrome d ecora t ion i n wh ich t he t hree c o lours h ad t he s ame v a lue .

7 0

N o tes 1 . V l . D um i trescu e .a . ,1 954 , p l . I .

The s e t t le men t , t he f irst i n Ro man ia

t o b e f u l ly e xcava ted , h ad 4 4 dwe l l ings a nd v ar ious a nnexes . 2 . M . P e trescu-D imbov i t ,a , 1 963 ,

1 73 , f i g . 1 .

P .

The s e t t le men t , a lso f u l ly

e xcava ted , c o mpr ised 9 8 dwe l l ings ( 93 f rom t he C ucuten i A 2 s tage a nd 5 f ro m t he C ucuten i B 2 s tage , a ccording t o t he ir d iscoverer ) . T he C ucuten i A dwe l lings migh t b e long t o d if ferent s tages o f t h is p hase .

We h ope t ha t

t he p ub lica t ion o f t he monograph o n Tru§e§t i w i l l p rov ide a n a nswer t o t h is q ues t ion . 3 . H . a nd V I . D um i trescu , 1 970 , p . 4 8 . 4 . S . Mar inescu-B i lcu , 1 968, p . 4 11 . 5 . We t ake t h is o ppor tun i ty t o t hank Mar ia B i t ir i o nce a ga in f or h er h e lp i n t he c lass if ica t ion o f t he f l in t t oo ls f ro m a l l t he s et t le men ts a t T irpe§ t i , i .e . L inear P o t tery , P recucu ten i a nd C ucu ten i . 6 . We o nce more t hank Mar in C irc iu maru who i den t if ied t he r ocks o f wh ich t he L inear P o t tery , P recucuteni , C ucuten i a nd Bronze Age a xes f ro m T irpe§ t i a re made . 7 . We h ave i n mind a n e xquis i te f l in t a xe h af ted i n ap er fora ted d eer a n t ler , d iscovered a t C äsc ioare le . 8 . W. A . H eur t ley , 1 939 , p . 1 66, f i g . 3 7/a-e ( Kr i tsana ) ; p . 1 92 , n o. 3 17 ( Armenochör i ) .

F or t he p a int ing s ee a lso p p . 1 58-159 ,f ig . 2 7-28 .

Very

l ike ly t h is t ype o f h and le b e longs t o ac lass o f t ubu lar h and les t ha t r ise al i t t le a bove t he r im a nd h ave p rof i led l a tera l s ides , c o m mon i n Troy I ( see C . W . B iegen e .a ., 1 950 , I , 2 , f i g . 2 44/1-6, 1 0 ;

e tc . ) .

On t he

o ther h and , s im i lar ha nd les were f ound a t P o liochn i i n t he g reen a nd a dvanced b lue p er iods ( see L . Bernabb-Brea , 1 964 , I , 1 -2 , p l . XXV I I/c ; CX I/C ) , where t hey a re c ons idered i mpor ts f ro m Troy , b ut t hey a lso o ccur i n t he C ha lco li th ic a t Beycesu l tan ( see S . L loyd , J . Me l laar t , 1 962 , I , f i g . p . 6 /28) a nd f ar ther i n C i lic ia , a t Mersin , e ven o n v esse ls w i th p a in ted d ecora t ion ( see J . Gars tang , 1 953 , f i g . 9 2/3 , 7 ; 1 1) .

9 3/18;

9 4/9 ,

H owever , t he f rag ment f ro m T irpe§ t i i s a s y et u n ique i n t he D anube-

C arpa th ian a rea . 9 . I n t he a bsence o f ac lass if ica t ion o f t he f or ms i n a l l C ucuten i A s tages , wh ich c an b e made o n ly i n ag enera l s urvey s uch a s we d o n o t y et h ave , a nd b ecause n o t a l l t he f orms o ccurr ing i n t h is p hase were d iscovered a t T irpe§ t i , a s was t o b e e xpec ted , we w i l l n o t d es igna te t he ma jor f orms b y n u mbers a nd t he v ar ian ts b y l e t ters , a s we h ave d one i n t he p rev ious c hap ter .

We s ha l l o n ly d escr ibe t he m a nd l eave t he d eter m ina t ion o f a l l

C ucuten i A f orms f or a no ther o ccas ion . 1 0 .

5 t . C uco§ , 1 976 , f i g . 1 -2;

4 , a lso d iscusses t he s pec i mens f ound i n a s-

s e mb lages o f o ther c u ltures , i nc luding sma l l f oo ted a l tars a nd z oo morph ic h and les , a nd d oes n o t e xc lude t he p oss ib i li ty t ha t p ara l le lep iped v esse ls ( p . 7 0 ) s erved r i tua l p urposes , a lthough h e d oes n o t c ons ider t he h ypo thes is v ery s trong .

Actua l ly , a s l ong a s sma l l a ltars were u sed i n t he a rea o f

t he C ucu ten i c u l ture , i ti s u n l ike ly t ha t t he ir r o le s hou ld h ave b een t aken 7 1

o ver b y p ara l le lep iped v esse ls , u sed o ver a v ery l arge a rea , f ro m Turda§ a nd V i aa t o Arene C andide . 1 1.

Because o ft he d ea th o f F r . L äsz lö , who e xcava ted Ar iu§d , t he p o t tery f ro m t ha t s e t t le men t a nd t he s im i lar o ne f ro m O lten i were n o t f u l ly p ubl ished , 'p r ior i ty b e ing g iven t o s tra t igraphy , dwe l l ings , o vens e tc . C eram ic f orms c ame o n ly s econd a nd d ecora t ive t echn iques were o n ly t ouched u pon ( see F r . L äsz lö , 1 911, p p . 2 47-256; i de m 1 914 , p p . 3 874 17; i de m 1 924 , p p . 1 -27) . N or h as t he e xcep t iona l ma ter ia l u near thed a t Ar iu§d d ur ing more r ecent e xcava t ions b een g iven t he t rea t men t i td es erves ( see E . Z ahar ia , 1 973 , f i g . 1 ) .

We were g iven t he o ppor tun i ty t o

s tudy t he p o t tery f ro m Ar iu§d a nd O lten i i n t he museu ms o f S f intu Gheorghe , C lu j a nd Bra§ov a nd f ound t ha t f i ne i nc is ion was u sed , t hough n o t v ery f req uen t ly , t o d e lim i t a reas p a in ted mos t ly i n wh i te , a s i t was a t T irpe§ t i . 1 2 .

C . Ma tasä , 1 946, p l . XXV I/203, 2 06; XXV I I/211-212b;

1 3 .

R . V u lpe , 1 957 , f i g . 8 6;

1 4 .

S . Mar inescu-B i lcu , 1 974 , a , p . 9 7 .

1 5 .

H . S chmidt , 1 932 , p l . 3 4/5a-5b ( ass igned t o t he C ucuten i Bp hase ) .

1 6 .

V l . D um i trescu e .a . ,1 954 , p l . CD /1-3, 8 -9 .

1 7 .

C . Ma tasä , 1 946, p l . LX/402-403 .

1 8 .

T . Passek , 1 949 , f i g . 5 0/4 ;

1 9 .

H . S ch m idt , 1 932 , f i g . 1 9/a .

2 0 .

V l . D um i trescu e .a ., 1 954 , f ig . 4 6 .

2 1 .

I b id ., p . 4 69 .

2 2 .

I b id .,

2 3 .

S . Mar inescu-B i lcu , 1 965 , p p . 5 2-53;

2 4 .

V l . D um i trescu e .a . ,1 954 , f i g . 41/2 3 .

2 5 .

S . Mar inescu-B i lcu , 1 968, p . 4 13 .

P .

8 9/2;

9 0-92;

XXV I I I/221;

e tc .

5 4-55 .

4 72 .

7 2

i de m

1 974 , a , p p . 1 45-146 .

e tc .

ADDENDUM 2 CUCUTEN I DWELL INGS ( F ig . 3 ;

Dwe l l ing 1 ( 1 961) — f i g . 4 /S I V ;

1 0 ;

1 2 )

1 20/D .1

I t measured c a 8 .50 ( 9 ) x 5m a nd h ad t he c o mmon r ec tangu lar f orm . On i t s s outh-wes t s ide i th ad b een p ar t ly c u t b y ap i t dwe l ling f rom t he s ixths even th c en tury A .D . R ema ins o f ah ear th were p reserved o n i t s s outh-eas t s ide . The d ebr is c ame f rom t he b urn t wa l ls wh ich h ad f a l len o ver s ome v esse ls , wh ich h ad r e ma ined i n s i tu .

The d aub was i n t he f orm o f c ru mb ly l u mps ,

b aked b r ick-red , d eep r ed o r r ed-brown i n t he c onf lagra t ion .

T he d ense

f abr ic c on ta ined much c haf fa nd s and , a nd i mpr in ts o f t he t w igs a nd p os ts u sed t ob ui ld t he wa lls were p reserved i n t he d aub .

N o e v idence o f ap ar t i t ion wa l l

o rp la tform was f ound . S evera l a l mos t c y lindr ica l b locks o fd aub a nd b ig p ieces o fd aub b ear ing t he i mpr in t o fb eams were d iscovered i n t he n or the astern c orner o ft he dwe l ling . The l a t ter c ou ld n o t b e t he r ema ins o f ap la tf orm f or t hey l ay o n ap o ts tand .

T hey may h ave b e longed t o a sma l l i n ter ior

s truc ture , p oss ib ly a b ench s uppor ted b y t he c y l indr ica l b locks . p reserved o ver a bou t 1 .20 x 1 .35 m, h ad b een p ar t ia l ly r es tored;

The h ear th , r e ma ins

o ft he s ubsequen t p las ter ing s urv ived o ver t he i n i t ia l o ne , a pp lied d irec t ly o n t he g round . The f i rs t p las ter ing h ad b een much more c arefu l ly made t han t he s econd o ne .

Among t he wa l l-debr is were f ound many f ragmentary v esse ls

d a maged i n t he f i re wh ich h ad f used s ome o f t he m .

The p ot tery b e longs t o t he

C ucuten i A l-A2 s tages ( f ig . 1 48-149; 1 66-167; 1 68/1-4; 1 69/1-2 ) . Apar t f ro m t he ware , t he dwe l ling p roduced a f ew p o l ished s tone a xes a nd c hise ls ( f ig . 1 31/1-2; 1 42/1-5) , af l in t s craper ( f ig . 1 30/1 ; ( f ig . 1 38/14 ) . Dwe l ling 5 ( 1962 ) — f i g . 1 16/1-3;

1 40/1) a nd a b one aw l

1 20/D .5

I t was r ec tangu lar i n s hape , b u t h ad b een b ad ly d amaged b y a gr icu ltura l o pera t ions , b ecause i t was l oca ted c lose t o t he e dge o ft he t errace , o n g en t ly s lop ing g round s ub jec t t o wash-of f , a nd l ay a t a sma l l d ep th . I t measured a bou t 1 2 .50 x 5 .20 m a nd i t s r ema ins a ppeared a s h eaps o f sma l l l u mps o f v ery c ru mb ly d aub , b aked b r ick-red, s cor if ied i n s ome p laces , a nd i ncomp le te ly b urn t i n o thers . P o tsherds , s tones a nd b ones were f ound among t he d aub l u mps .

The d ebr is c ame f rom t he b urnt wa l ls .

The i mpr int o f t w igs

a nd t h ick s t icks , a nd o fg rasses were p reserved i n t he d aub .

The wh ite p a in t

o ft he wa l ls p ers is ted o n t he smoo thed l u mps . The wa l l p laster ing , 3 -5 cm t h ick , h ad b een t empered w i th c haf fa nd g rave l a nd h ad b een a pp l ied i n s ucc ess ive l ayers p o in t ing t o r epea ted r estora t ion i n t he manner i n wh ich p resentd ay d aub h ouses a re k ept i n g ood r epa ir . 7 3

T he d isturbed r e ma ins o f ah ear th , t he r ec tangu lar b ase o f t he k erb e nc los ing i t , a nd c lose t o i ts evera l v esse ls , s ome b roken , wh ich l ay i n s i tu were d iscovered o n t he s outh-eas t s ide o f t he dwe l l ing . A lso n ear t he h ear th l ay a r ectangu lar p iece o fd aub w i th r ounded c orners , s l igh t ly c oncave s urf ace , a nd p ar t ly p reserved k erb , wh ich p robab ly was a t ab le . T he p o t tery d iscovered i n t h is dwe l l ing b e longs t o t he C ucuten i A l s tage ( f ig . 1 50-151;

1 52/1-4 ;

1 68/5-7;

1 70 ;

1 71/1-6 ;

1 74/5) , b u t an umber o f

v esse ls h ave u nfor tuna te ly l ost t he ir p a in t ing s o t ha t t he dwe l ling c anno t b e d ef in i te ly a ss igned t o t h is s tage . T he i nven tory i nc luded a lso t oo ls made o f f l in t ( f ig . 1 30/8) , s tone ( f ig . 1 31/3-14; 1 35/11; 1 42/6-7 ) a nd b one ( f ig . 1 38/35; 1 39/15; 1 46/1) , af ew f ragmen tary q uerns , b a l ls o f f i red c lay , d e libera te ly p repared f or , b u t n o t p ut t o u se i n t he h ouseho ld , a nd v ar ious o ther o b jec ts ( f ig . 1 96/29;

2 00/5 , 9 ;

2 0 1/8 ) . The dwel l ing h ad n o p la t for m . Ah igh ly i n teres t ing P recucu ten i s hr ine ( ?) was d iscovered u nder i t( see C hap ter I I ) . Dwe l ling 9 ( 1 962 ) — f i g . 5 ; 1 17;

1 21 .

I t was r ec tangu lar i n p lan , measur ing a pprox . 1 2 x 4m , a nd we ll p ers erved .

The d ebr is , h eaped e spec ia l ly i n t he midd le o f t he dwe l ling , c ons is ted

o f l u mps o f d aub b urn t t o b r ick-red . S ome l u mps b ore many i mpr in ts o ft w igs a nd r eed . I n t he c entra l a rea o ft he wes tern a nd s ou th-wes tern h a lf o ft he dwe l ling , t he d aub , s ome t i mes 3 0-40 cm t h ick , was s cor if ied .

The f abr ic

h ad b een t empered w i th much c haf f , a nd w i th sma ll a nd midd le-s ize g rave l . I n f a l ling , t he wa l ls c overed a n u mber o fp o tsherds , many o f wh ich were s cor if ied a nd d eformed b y b urn ing . T he h ear th was p ar t ly p reserved i ns ide t he dwe l ling , o n i t s e as t s ide . Many p ieces o f r ock , e spec ia l ly y e l low ish-wh i te men i l i te , p ar t ly b aked r ed i n t he f i re wh ich d es troyed t he dwe l l ing , were d iscovered a long i t s west a nd s outhe as t s ides .

They h ad b een d e l ibera te ly s tored w i th a v iew t o t he manufac ture

o ft oo ls a nd migh t e ven i ndica te a workshop .

O ther f i nds were :

af rag men t

o fn arrow k erb p robab ly f ro m a h ousework f ac i li ty ( ap lace f or g r inding ) , a d aub s tand , s evera l b i- a nd t r ichrome p o ts ( f ig . 1 52/5-7; 1 58/13; 1 69/3-4 ; 1 72/1-4 ) a nd p o tsherds ( f ig . 1 53; 1 54/1-6; 1 73/4; 1 74/4 ) , t oo ls made o f p o lished s tone ( f ig . 1 31/15-26;

1 42/8-9;

1 43/1) , f l in t ( f ig . 1 30/14 ) , af rag-

men t o f ad aub f i gur ine ( f ig . 1 89/13) , af i gur ine a pp l ied t o av esse l ( f ig . 1 90/ 3 5; 1 92/11) a nd a c opper r ing ( f ig . 1 99/1) . The dwe l l ing s tood b eyond t he d efence d i tch a nd h ad a p la tform .

N ear i t

was a p i t o f t he s a me a ge ( f ig . 1 57/7-8) . Dwe l ling 1 0 ( 1962 ) — f i g . 19/1;

1 25/D .10 .

I t was modes t i n s ize ( about 4x 4 .50 m) , b ut h ad b een d is turbed b y sma l l h o llows d ug b y t he Bastarnae a nd b y a ssoc ia t ions f rom t he s ix th-seven th c ent ur ies A .D . ,s o t ha t i t may h ave b een l arger o r ig ina l ly .

7 4

The l u mps o fd aub f rom t he f a l len wa l ls were b aked t o b r ick-red a nd p res erved t he i mpr in t o f t w igs a nd p os ts u sed t o b ui ld t he h ouse . Among t he d ebr is were f l a t p ieces o fd aub , a lso f ro m t he wa l ls , b ear ing t races o f wh i te p a in t o n o ne s ur face .

Th is p a in ted p las ter ing was 2 .5-3 cm t h ick a nd t e m-

p ered w i th s and, whereas t he d aub l u mps c on ta ined c ha f f , c hopped s traw a nd g rave l , a nd were u neven ly b u t b e t ter b aked t han t he p laster .

The h eaps o f

d ebr is were h igher i n t he c en tre o f t he dwe l ling a nd l ower t owards i t s s ides . Al arge j ar ( f ig . 1 69/9) , d e l ibera te ly t urned u ps ide d own , was d iscovered i n ap i t a l mos t a t t he c en tre o ft he dwe l ling .

F our sma l l v esse ls were f ound

i ns i tu i n o ther p ar ts o f t he dwe l ling .

Two a re d ecora ted w i th i nc is ions a nd wh i te p a int ( f ig . 1 69/6 , 8 ) a nd t wo w i th i nc is ions a nd f l u t ings ( f ig . 1 55/1-2; 1 69/5 , 7 ) .

T he o ther p o t tery f ound was k i tchen ware .

I ft he dwe l l ing h ad n o t

b een d isturbed ( on wh ich o ccas ion t he c eram ic ma ter ia l i n t he a rea was d es troyed ) we wou ld h ave h ad n o d oub t a s t o i t s b e long ing t o t he C ucu ten i A l s tage . U nder t he c ircu ms tances , h owever , we d o n o t k now whe ther t r ichro me ma ter ia l d id n o t e x is t i n t he d es troyed a rea . The dwe l ling c on ta ined n o h ear th , r e ma ins o f ap la tform o r s ome o ther i nt er ior s truc ture . T oo ls made o f f l in t ( f ig . 1 30/13 ) a nd p o lished s tone ( f ig . 1 31/ 2 7-31; 1 42/10-13 ) , a nd a f ragmen t o f t ab le ( f ig . 1 79/10 ) were f ound . Dwe l ling 1 ( 1963 ) — f i g . 6 /S X ;

1 22/D .11

A l mos t r ec tangu lar i n s hape , d is turbed o n i t s e as t a nd wes t s ides , i th ad measured a bout 7 .50 x 8 .50 m .

T he d aub f rom t he b urnt a nd f a l len wa l ls was

sma l l , c ru mb ly , r ed , y e l low ish r ed a nd e ven b lack i n c o lour , d epending o n t he i n tens i ty o ft he f i re i n t he p ar t i tc ame f rom . T he d ebr is d id n o t f orm a c ompac t mass o f d aub , b ut were f a ir ly s ca t tered , o bv ious ly b ecause t hey h ad l a in u ncovered f or a l ong t ime .

T he f abr ic c on-

t a ined much c haf f a nd l i t t le g rave l a nd p reserved t he i mpr int o f r eed a nd o f t he t h in s p l i t t imber u sed i n t he wa l l f ramework . R ema ins o f ad isturbed h ear th , w i th a f ew s tones b eside i t , h ad s urv ived i n t he c entre o ft he dwe lling .

N o p la tform .

Ac ompara t ive ly sma l l amount o fp o tsherds , mos t ly f rom t he C ucuten i A l-A2 s tage , were f ound i n t he dwe l ling ( f ig . 1 54/9-10 ) . O ther f i nds were c opper o b jec ts ( f ig . 1 99/2-3 ) , f ragments o fq uerns , az oomorph ic f i gur ine d ecora ted w i th p r icks ( f ig . 1 96/5 ) , t oo ls made o f f l in t ( f ig . 1 30/5-7) , s tone ( f ig . 1 32/1-10 ; 1 43/2-3) a nd b one ( f ig . 1 38/15-16, 4 9-50 ) . A c on te mporary p i t was f ound n ear t he dwe l ling ( f ig . 1 59/1-6; 1 77; 1 78/1-5 ) . Dwe l ling 1 2 ( 1 963) — f i g . 7 ;

18/1-3;

1 23;

1 24/1

I t was r ec tangu lar ( w i th t he sma l l s ides t o t he west a nd e ast ) a nd o f c ons iderab le s ize , 1 5 x 8 m, b e ing t he l argest dwe l ling d iscovered a t T irpe§ t i . L ike t hose o fa l mos t a l l wel l-preserved dwe l lings , i t s r e ma ins c ons is ted o f c losely ing h eaps o fd aub , b aked b r ick-red a nd s ome t imes s cor if ied . L arge smoo th p ieces o f wa l l p las ter ing c oa ted w i th we l l-preserved wh i te p a int were f ound h ere a nd t here .

On t he wes t s ide , t he d aub f ormed a f a ir ly c o mpac t

mass , wh i le o n t he e as t s ide i t was s ca t tered a nd mixed w i th p o tsherds , g rave l a nd b ones . T he wa l l may h ave b een t h inner a nd b roken b y ad oor o r w indow . 7 5

The p a in ted wa l l p las ter ing was v ery t h ick , 8 -15 cm , a nd many p ieces p reserved t he i mpr in t o ft he s t icks a nd s p l i t t imber i n t he f ramework o f t he b u i lding .

Mos t o f t he p la tform was p reserved .

The p ieces o f d aub i n i t s

s outh-wes t c orner h ad n o t b een v ery we l l f i red , b ut p reserved t he i mpr in t o fb road b eams o n t he ir v en tra l s urface .

The p la tform was b e t ter b aked o n

i t s s urface , o ver wh ich t he b urn t wa l ls f e l l a nd l ay . The d aub f l oor ing was 1 0-15 cm t h ick a nd h ad b een r ecoa ted s evera l t imes . T he l ogs i n t he p la tf orm were f l a t , s quared o f f o r r ound ( ma in ly t owards i t s s ides ) . The b ase o f ap ar t i t ion wa l l , r unn ing wes t t o e ast , was d iscovered i n t he n or thern h a lf o ft he dwe l l ing .

T he d aub c on ta ined v ery l i t t le c haf f , much s and

a nd e ven g rave l . I t was i n t he s hape o f sma l l b locks , 1 7-20 cm t h ick , b aked t o b r ick-red . On o ne s ide t he b locks p reserved t he i mpr in t o f t he l ogs t o wh ich t hey h ad b een a pp lied , a nd n ex t t o t hem l ay t h in p ieces o fd aub f rom t he p la tf orm . T he s urv iv ing p ar t o ft he p la tform was made o f t h ick l ogs s p li t i n t wo a nd a rranged f ace d ownwards o ne b es ide a no ther ; r ound l ogs were p laced a t t he ir j unctures t o k eep t he m i n p lace a nd f i l l t he emp ty s paces .

Th is b u i ld ing s ys tem

i s we l l d ocu men ted a t Drigu§en i , C ounty B o to§an i , a nd a t N ovy i R usesh t i , Mo ldav ian S SR . T he p la tform s tood 2 0-25 cm h igh where i th ad b een made o f r ound b ea ms . Over ly ing p ieces o f d aub , f rom a l ow b ench o r ar epa ir o f t he p la tform , were f ound i n t he s outh-wes tern c orner . Among t he d ebr is were f ound f ragments o fp er fora ted o ven p la tes , i n s i tu r e ma ins o f o vens o n t he s outh s ide ( 3m f rom t he wa l l ) a nd i n t he s outh-east c orner , a nd r e ma ins o f h ear ths o n t he n or th s ide a nd i n t he n or th-wes t c orner . The o vens , h ear ths a nd b ase o ft he p ar t i t ion wa l l c lear ly s how t ha t t he dwe ll i ng h ad h ad s evera l r oo ms . s i te .

Ano ther p er t inen t o bserva t ion was made o n t he

Two d aub r idges c rossing t he dwe l ling l eng thw ise a t ad is tance o f 2 -

2 .50 m c ou ld h ave b een r e ma ins o f f a l len wa l ls .

P erpendicu lar t o t hem were

a no ther t hree r idges , p oss ib ly a lso f rom f a l len p ar t i t ion wa l ls . F ragmen ts o f l arge j ars were f ound i n t he midd le o f t he dwe l ling a nd a long i t s n or th s ide . Outs ide , wes t o f t he dwe l ling , was b ur ied a no ther b ig j ar ( f ig . 1 78/7) , i n wh ich t wo l ad les were f ound ( f ig . 1 55/3-4 ; b es ide i t af i ne ly p a in ted v ase ( f ig . 1 60/1; 1 76) .

1 73/1;

1 78/6) , a nd

O ther r ecovered o b jec ts were : b i- a nd t r ichrome C ucuten i p o tsherds ( f ig . 1 56/1-20 ; 1 73/1-3; 1 74/1; 1 75/6) , t hree sma l l r ec tangu lar q uerns , a f ragmen t o f al arge c oncave q uern , ab urnt s tamp w i th s p ira l o rnamen t ( f ig . 1 98/31; 2 00/8) , t he o n ly o ne d iscovered i n t he s e t t le men t , v ar ious c opper a r tefac ts ( f ig . 1 99/4-6) , t oo ls o f f l in t ( f ig . 1 40/2-3) , s tone ( f ig . 1 32/11-25; 1 34/25; 1 43/4 ) , b one ( f ig . 1 38/19-20 ,39 , 5 1 ; 1 39/13 ; 1 46/2-4) , a n thropomorph ic f i gur ines ( f ig . 1 89/1; 1 93/2; 1 94/1, 6 ) , m in iature v esse ls ( f ig . 2 01/ 1 0 ) . The dwe l ling was o ver ly ing t wo P recucu ten i dwe l lings . Dwe l ling 1 3 ( 1 963 ) — f i g . 1 26/D .13 I th ad b een b adly d amaged b y f arm ing o pera t ions a nd a s ar esu lt o f t he b reak-of fo ft he t errace e dge o n wh ich i ts tood .

I tc ons is ted o f s ca t tered h eaps

o fd aub ( w i th i n ter ior h o l lows ) , u neven ly b urn t t o b r ick-red, y e l low ish a nd 7 6

g rey ish-b lack . i n s o me p laces .

S cor if ied l u mps were a lso f ound .

The d aub was h eaped h igh

The d i mens ions o f t he dwe l ling , 7 .50 x 4 .50 m , were c er-

t a in ly sma l ler t han t he i n i t ia l o nes .

I th ad t he c om mon r ec tangu lar p lan .

T he c lay f or t he d aub h ad b een mixed w i th much c haf f a nd e spec ia l ly w i th c hopped s traw .

S ome p ieces o f d aub p reserved t he i mpr in t o f t w igs a nd e ven

o f s p l i t l ogs , a nd t he i mpr int o f ah o l lowed-ou t l og was c lear ly v is ib le o n a b ig l u mp o f d aub wh ich h ad b een r a m med i n to t he h o l low . C lear ing o f t he d ebr is b rough t t o l i gh t s o me v ery p oor ly p reserved b ia nd t r ichro me C ucu ten i p o t tery , af ew b urn t s tones a nd t wo f rag ments o f q uerns .

T he h ear th , i ft here h ad b een o ne , h ad b een f u l ly d estroyed .

dwe l ling was n o t p rov ided w i th a p la tform .

T he

The p ot tery was v ery p oor ly p re-

s erved . Dwe l ling 1 5 ( 1963) — f i g . 1 19/2;

1 28/D .15

The r e ma ins o f t h is dwe l ling were h igh ly s ca t tered a nd a l mos t c o mp le te ly d es troyed , e spec ia l ly i n t he n or th-west p ar t where p i ts a nd h ear ths h ad b een d ug i n t he s econd-th ird c entur ies A . D . s ou th-wes t c orner .

Ano ther p i t h ad i n truded i n to t he

U nda maged , t he dwe l ling wou ld h ave measured a bou t

8x 4 m . The d aub f ro m t he f a l len wa l ls was f r iab le , i n t he f orm o f sma l l l u mps , u neven ly b urn t f ro m y e l low ish-brown ( a l mos t t he c o lour o f c lay ) t o b r ick-red . S evera l l arge p ieces s ugges ted a p la tform , b u t i n c lear ing t he d ebr is , i t was f ound t ha t t he dwe l ling h ad b een f urnished w i th s uch a s tructure o n ly i n i t s n or th-wes t p ar t .

H owever , ap la tform i n t he r e ma ining p ar t o f t he dwe l l ing

may h ave b een d es troyed b y t he i n truding p i ts . L ike i n a l l t he dwe l lings , t he p las ter ing o f t he wa l ls a nd f l oor c onta ined much c haf f a nd c hopped s traw .

The r e ma ins o f ah ear th , measur ing a pprox .

1 .50 x 1 m a nd b u i lt o n t he g round , were p reserved a long t he n or th s ide . I ti s i n teres t ing t o n o te t ha t t h is dwe l ling t oo c onta ined o n ly b ichro me p o tt ery ( f ig . 1 54/11-14 ; C ucu ten i A l s tage .

1 55/5;

1 7 1/7 )a nd c ou ld t herefore d a te f rom t he

H owever , g iven t he a lready men t ioned d amage , n o p os i t ive

c onc lus ion c an b e d rawn .

S evera l s tone t oo ls ( f ig . 1 3 1/3 2 -33;

1 32/26-27)

a nd t he k nob o f ad aub l i d ( f ig . 1 79/11) were a lso f ound . Dwe l ling 1 7 ( 1963 ) — f i g . 1 25/D .17 Bad ly d a maged i n a nt iqu i ty , i t s r e ma ins c ons isted o f a sma l l a ssoc ia t ion o fd aub l u mps , b ones a nd p o tsherds ( i n wh ich p i ts f ro m t he s econd-th ird c ent ur ies A . D . h ad i n truded) .

A h ear th b u i lt o n ab ed o f v ery sma l l p ebb les was

p reserved i n t he s ou th-wes t c orner .

The d aub f ro m t he b urn t wa l ls was b r ick-

r ed i n c o lour , s howed i mpr in ts o f t w igs a nd s t icks , a nd t races o f c haf f a nd c hopped s traw . G iven t he l im i ted a rea a va i lab le b e tween t he dwe l lings 1 2 a nd 2 4 , where i t was l oca ted , t he dwe l ling mus t h ave b een c ompara t ive ly sma l l . T he f ew p o tsherds c o l lec ted f ro m t he d ebr is b ear t r ichro me p a int ing ( f ig . 1 54/15-16) .

S tone a nd f l in t t oo ls were s can ty ( f ig . 1 30/27;

7 7

1 33/1-2 ) .

Dwe l ling 1 8 ( 1964 ) — f i g . 6 /S XVI I ;

16/4 ; 1 27/D .18

I t measured a bou t 1 4 x4 .5 i n , b ut i t s n or thern c orner h ad b een d estroyed . Moreover , t he d ebr is h ad b een i n truded f rom a bove b y t hree p i ts , o ne d ug b y t he B as tarnae a nd t wo wh ich d id n o t c on ta in a ny ma ter ia l . wa l ls was h eaped e spec ia l ly i n t he midd le o f t he dwe l ling .

The d aub f ro m t he I tp reserved t he

i mpr int o f t w igs a nd r ound l ogs , 7 -15 cm i n d iame ter , c on ta ined much c haf f , c hopped s traw a nd e ven g rave l , a nd was b aked b r ick-red o r d eep r ed .

Much

t imber mus t h ave b een u sed i n t he s truc ture , f or s ome d aub l u mps c arr ied t he i mpr int o fb eams . T he t imber was r ound o r s p li t a nd 4 -8 cm o f p las ter ing h ad b een a pp l ied t o i t . The f i re wh ich d es troyed i t was v ery i n tense . T he dwe l l ing h ad a p la tform made o f s p l i t l ogs , 1 4-17 cm i n d iame ter , a rranged o ne b es ide t he o ther p ara l le l t o t he sma l l s ides t o f orm a k ind o f wooden f l oor wh ich was d aubed w i th c lay a nd a f terwards r epa ired , a s i to f ten h appened i n t he dwe l lings p rov ided w i th a p la tform wh ich d e ter iora ted w i th t ime . T he wa l ls were p a inted i n wh i te . R e ma ins o f ad isturbed h ear th s tood c lose t o t he s ou th-eas t c orner , a nd p o t tery , b ones a nd s tones were f ound among t he d aub l u mps . T he c eram ic f ragmen ts b e long t o b i- a nd t r ichrome C ucu ten i ware ( f ig . 1 54/17-22; 1 7 1/8 11; 1 72/5 ) . L ike i n a l mos t a l l t he dwe l l ings a t T irpe§t i , t he s tone t oo ls were r a ther s can ty ( f ig . 1 30/28;

1 40/4-5 ) .

T he dwe l ling r eached a l mos t t o t he b ank o ft he C ucu ten i d i tch , p ar t ly o verl ay a P recucu ten i p i t , a nd t ouched o n t he i n ter ior o ft he P recucuten i E l l d efence d i tch . Dwe l ling 1 9 ( 1963 )— f i g . 1 19/2;

1 28/D .19

On ly p ar t ly p reserved o ver a n a rea o f 4x 2 .50 m , b ecause i t s n or th h a lf h ad b een f u l ly d es troyed . The d aub , e xc lus ive ly f rom t he f a l len wa l ls , was c ru mb ly , i n t he f orm o f sma l l l u mps w i th much c haf fa nd c hopped s traw , u ne ven ly b aked ma in ly t o y e l low ish s hades c lose t o t he c o lour o f c lay . N o p la tform was f ound .

The p o t tery b ears b i- a nd t r ichrome d ecora t ion

( f ig . 1 56/21-23; 1 79/1) , a nd t oo ls made o f s ands tone ( f ig . 1 30/15 ) , s tone ( f ig . 1 33/3-5 ) a nd b one ( f ig . 1 46/5 ) a re s can ty . Dwe l ling 2 0 ( 1964 ) — f i g . 7 ;

1 29/D .20

T he r e ma ins o ft h is dwe l l ing c overed a n a rea o f s ome 1 2 x8 .50 m , r ank ing i tn ex t t o dwe l ling 1 2 i n s ize . They f ormed c ompac t h eaps . On t he s outh-east s ide t hey h ad b een d isturbed b y t wo l arge p i ts ( w i th a d iame ter o f 2a nd 1 .5 m, r espec t ive ly ) f rom t he s econd-th ird c en tur ies A .D . o n t he n or th-nor thwest s ide .

S im i lar d amage was f ound

T he d aub f rom t he b urn t a nd f a l len wa l ls p reserved many i mpr in ts o f s t icks ( more s e ldo m o f v ery t h in t w igs a nd r eed ) a nd e ven o f p os ts u sed i n t he f ramework . o f r ed;

I tl ooked l i ke t ha t i n t he o ther dwe l lings , b e ing b aked t o v ar ious s hades s ome l u mps were g rey ish-b lack f rom s uper f ic ia l b urn ing , wh i le o thers

( espec ia l ly i n t he c en tre a nd s outh-southeas t c orner o ft he dwe l ling ) were s cor if ied . 7 8

The dwe l l ing h ad h ad a c entra l h ear th , b ui lt d irec t ly o n t he g round .

A

sma l l C ucu ten i Ba ssoc ia t ion was d iscovered a long t he s outhern s ide . T here was n o p la tform .

I n c on tradis t inc t ion t o mos t b ui ld ings , i n s i tu

b roken v esse ls a nd t wo q uerns were f ound u nder t he d aub a long t he e as t s ide . F ew p o tsherds were d iscovered i n t he r est o f t he dwe l ling , wh ich i s a l most i nexp licab le .

F ragmen ts o f al arge s torage j ar l ay i n t he wes t-nor thwest

c orner . T he p o t tery i s d ecora ted w i th b i- a nd t r ichro me p a t terns ( f ig . 1 55/6; 1 58/1-3;

1 79/2-5 ) , a nd t he t oo ls a re made o f s ands tone , f l in t ( f ig . 1 30/29;

1 40/6-7) , s tone ( f ig . 1 33/6-18;

1 43/5-6) a nd b one ( f ig . 1 39/19;

1 46/6) .

Af rag men t o f a n a n thropo morph ic v ase ( f ig . 1 95/9) a nd c opper o b jec ts ( f ig . 1 99/7-8) were a lso f ound . Dwe l ling 2 0 b is ( 1964 ) — f i g . 1 29/D .20 b is I t was l oca ted n ear dwe l ling 2 0 a nd c ou ld n o t b e f u l ly e xposed . a rea measured c a . 6 .50 x 8 m . h ad i n truded i n i t .

The c leared

P i ts f ro m t he s econdth ird c en tur ies A . D .

T he d aub b e longed e xc lusive ly t o t he b urn t a nd f a l len wa l ls

a nd , l ike t ha t f rom dwe ll ing 2 0 , i t was i n t he f orm o f l u mps u neven ly b aked a nd r anging i n c o lour f rom b r ick-red t o d eep r ed . t imber was p reserved i n t he d aub .

The i mpr int o f t w igs a nd

The dwe l ling h ad n o p la tform .

The h ear th o f 1 .20 x 1 m , e nc losed o n t hree s ides b y af i ne s ing le k erb , was l oca ted a l most c en tra l ly .

L ike i n t he o ther dwe l l ings a t T irpe t i , s tones ,

b ones a nd p o tsherds were d iscovered i n t he d ebr is .

I ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t

o nce a ga in t he c eram ic i nventory i nc luded n o p a in ted p o t tery ( f ig . 1 57;

1 79/

6 -8) , wh ich means t ha t t he dwe l ling migh t b e long t o aC ucuten i A l l ayer . B ut i t s i nco mp le te c lear ing l eaves t h is q ues t ion o pen . Dwe l ling 2 1 ( 1/ 1959 ) — f i g . 1 19/4 ;

1 26/D .21

S i lv ia Mar inescu-Bi lcu , 1 962 , f i g . 3 . was t he f irs t dwe l ling c leared a t T irpe t i .

P ub lished a s dwe l ling 1 , i ta c tua l ly I t s n u mber was s ubsequen t ly

c hanged . I t measured a bout 1 0 x 6 m; a n e ar lier s ounding .

p ar t o f i t s e as t s ide h ad b een d es troyed b y

I tl ooks a s i fi th ad h ad a p orch o r a n a nnex o f 2x 2 m

a long i t s n or th s ide . Th is i s t he o n ly s uch i ns tance f ound a t T irpe t i . I fi t was a p orch , t hrough wh ich t he dwe l l ing was e n tered , i ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t n o c ons truc t ion o f t h is t ype i s a s y e t k nown i n t he a rea o f t he C ucu ten i-Tr ipo lye c u lture .

S t i l l , i t may h ave b een a n a nnex o f t he k ind k nown i n C ucuten i s et t le-

men ts . The dwe l ling , r ec tangu lar i n p lan , h ad c o l lapsed i n to l arge h eaps o f sma l l l u mps o f c ru mb ly d aub , b urn t t o b r ick r ed h ere a nd t here a nd b ear ing t he i mp r in t o f t w igs a nd t h in p os ts u sed i n t he f ra mework .

R e ma ins o f ap la tform

made o f l arge , we l l b aked p ieces o f d aub l a id o n t h ick b ea ms were p reserved i n t he s outh-wes t a nd s outh-eas t c orners . The dwe l l ing p robab ly h ad n o p la tform o ver i t s e n t ire s ur face , b u t i t may h ave h ad s pec ia l s truc tures t o s leep o n o r f or s o me o ther p urpose .

B es ides

much p o t tery f rom t he C ucuten i A l-A2 s tages , i tc on ta ined a n a l most s quare q uern a nd v ar ious b roken c lay a nthropo morph ic f igur ines . f ound . 7 9

N o h ear th was

S o me n ine me tres wes t o f t he dwe l ling t here was a h eap o f d ia tomi te p ieces , wh ich f ormed a r eserve o f r aw ma ter ia l d e l ibera te ly s tored f or t he manufact ure o f t oo ls .

Among t he m was a p ar t ly g round p iece , wh i le o thers b ore

t races o f h a m mer ing .

The p o t tery , n ow i n t he Museu m a t T irgu N ea m, c ou ld

u nfor tuna te ly n o t b e p ho tographed .

I t was n o t i n g rea t q uant i ty b ut r ese mb led

t ha t f ound i n t he o ther A l-A2 dwe l l ings . Dwe l ling 2 2 ( 3/1959 ) — f i g . 4 /S I ;

1 22/D .22

S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu , 1 962 , f i g . 2 , p . 2 37 . Th is dwe l ling t oo was g iven a no ther n u mber . F a ir ly sma l l , i tr e ma ined a s h eaps o f d aub a nd p o tsherds h igh ly d isturbed i n a n t iqu i ty .

P robab ly r esu lt ing f ro m a modera te f ire , t he r e ma ins h ad l a in

i n t he o pen f or a l ong t ime a nd h ad b een s ca t tered o r e ven s l id d own t he n earb y s lope . T he p reserved a rea measured s o me 8 x 3 .60 m .

Many p o tsherds , s tones

a nd a nima l b ones were f ound a long t he n or th a nd s outh s ides .

T he d aub was

u neven ly b aked , r ang ing i n c o lour f ro m b lack a nd y e l low ish t o b r ick-red , a nd c on ta ined l i t t le c haf f a nd c hopped s traw . c lear ly v is ib le o n l arger l u mps . p la tform . m .

The i mpr int o fp os ts a nd r eed was

The dwe l ling h ad n o t b een p rov ided w i th a

I n i t s s outhwes t c orner was a h ear th , p reserved o n a bou t 1x 0 .40

I t s sma l l f loor , 1 -2 cm t h ick , l ay d irec t ly o n t he a nc ien t g round, wh ich

h ad t urned r ed f ro m t he f ire b urning o n t he h ear th .

A l l t he p o t tery c o l lec ted

i n t he dwe l ling a nd a round i tb e longed t o t he C ucu ten i A 1-A2 s tage . b ead was f ound i n t he dwe l ling ( f ig . 1 99/22 ) .

A c opper

A l eg f ro m a n a nthropomorph ic

f igur ine , d ecora ted w i th v ery f i ne i nc ised l i nes a nd p r icks , a lso t yp ica l o f C ucu ten i A 1-A2 ( f ig . 1 92/13) , was d iscovered c lose t o t he dwe l ling .

The

p o t tery s hared t he f a te o ft he ware p roduced b y dwe l ling 2 1 . Dwe l ling 2 3 ( 1964 ) — f i g . 1 25/D .23 I t measured 6 .50 x 5 ( 5 .50 )m .

The d ebr is c ons isted o f l arger a nd

sma l ler p ieces o f d aub wh ich h ad b een b aked b r ick-red o r d eep r ed , a nd s o met imes s cor if ied i n t he f ire . p reserved o n s o me p ieces .

The wa l ls h ad b een wh i tewashed , t he p a in t b eing C hopped s traw , c haf f a nd g rave l h ad b een a dded

t o c lay f or t he d aub . T he d ebr is i n t he s outh-eas t a nd n or th-eas t c orners c ons isted o f 5 -7 r ows , e ach a bou t o ne me tre l ong , o f b e tween 7 a nd 8 cm w ide p ieces o f d aub , a lso f ro m t he f a l len wa l ls .

They h ad p robab ly b een r am med i n to t he wooden f rame-

work o r r a ther s haped t o f i l l t he s paces b etween t he wal l p osts. t he n or th-eastern e x ter ior wal l was p ar t ly p reserved . s leeper made o fd aub b locks l a id d irec t ly o n t he s o i l;

The b ase o f

I t was a 1 5-20 cm w ide t he c orner b lock was

r ounded . The dwe l ling h ad n o t b een p rov ided w i th a p la tform . was a n o ven f ac ing e as t .

I n ac en tra l p osi t ion

The dwe l ling was p robab ly e n tered t hrough t ha t wa l l .

S urv iv ing o n s o me 1 .60 x 1 .20 m, t he o ven h ad a c ompara t ive ly we l l p res erved d oub le a nd e ven t r ip le k erb .

The h ear th was i ntac t , b ut d epressed

i n t he midd le d ue t o t he we igh t o f t he c o l lapsed wa l ls .

8 0

The f abr ic o f t he 7 -9 cm t h ick k erb was t e mpered w i th f i ne s and a nd p ounded mica a nd t he p las ter c oa t ing t he h ear th c on ta ined o n ly v ery f i ne s and . On t he h ear th s ide t he k erb was b aked t o b r ick-red , whereas t he r es t was b urn t o n ly s uperf ic ia l ly a nd t he c ore h ad r e ma ined b lack o r g rey-b lack .

The

p las ter ing o f t he h ear th i t se lf was 5 -6 cm t h ick , wh i te-ye l low i n c o lour , a nd h ad b een l a id d irec t ly o n t he g round .

T he r e ma ins o f a no ther h ear th were

f ound a long t he s ou th-wes t wa l l . T he dwe l l ing p roduced t oo ls o f f l in t ( f ig . 1 30/9) , p o l ished s tone ( f ig . 1 33/ 1 9-21;

1 43/7) , b one ( f ig . 1 38/17-18;

1 46/8-9 ) , af ew q uerns , a n i ma l b ones

a nd b i- a nd t r ichro me p o tsherds ( f ig . 1 58/4-6;

1 69/11;

1 80/1) .

Among t he

f ew o b jec ts d iscovered were a f ragmen t o f a nthropo morph ic v esse l ( f ig . 1 95/ 1 1) , ab roken ma le f igur ine , af rag ment o f Tro jan f igur ine ( f ig . 1 90/36) a nd ac opper a r tefac t ( f ig . 1 99/9 ) .

T he dwe l l ing p ar t ia l ly o ver lay a P recucu ten i

p i t . Dwe l ling 2 4 ( 1964 ) — f i g . 1 27/D .24 The r e ma ins o f t h is dwe l ling c overed a n a rea o f a bout 6 .4 0 x3 .50 m a nd c ons is ted o f d aub d ebr is , d es troyed i n t he e as tern c orner a nd s how ing v ar ious h o l lows ( l a ter p i ts ) .

L arge h eaps o fd aub were n o t f ound , b u t w ha t was t here

was b aked b r ick-red a nd c onta ined c hopped s traw a nd c haf f . f ro m t he wa l ls a nd l i t t le ma ter ia l was d iscovered i n i t :

The d ebr is c a me

p o tsherds , b ones ,

s tones e tc . P ar t o f ah ear th , p laced d irec t ly o n t he g round , was p reserved a long t he n or th-wes t wa l l .

Too ls o f f l in t ( f ig . 1 40/8) a nd s tone ( f ig . 1 33/22-25 ) a nd

ac opper o rna men t ( f ig . 1 99/10 ) were f ound i n t he d aub . The p o t tery i s C ucuten i A l b ichro me ware ( f ig . 1 58/7-8;

1 69/10 ) .

H owever , l ike dwe l l ings 5 , 1 0 , 1 5 a nd 2 0 b is , t h is t oo was d isturbed a nd c ann o t b e i ndub itab ly a ss igned t o as tage i n wh ich t r ichro me p a in ting o f t he v esse ls was n o t y e t u sed . The a bsence o f t r ichrome p o t tery f rom f ive dwe l lings , n o tw i ths tanding t ha t t hey were p ar t ly d estroyed , i s ar e levan t f ac t .

On i t s s treng th we f ee l t e mp ted

t o a dm i t , a s a work ing h ypo thes is , t he p oss ib i l i ty o f h ab i ta t ion f ro m t he C ucut eni A l s tage , when p o t tery was d ecora ted o n ly w i th c o mb ina t ions o f i nc is ions , f l u t ings a nd b ichro me p a in t ing .

8 1

V REMAINS FRO M PHASES A -B AND B OF THE CUCUTEN I CULTURE ( F ig . 2 03-204 )

We h ope t ha t t he p receding c hap ters h ave made i tc lear t ha t R ipa l u i B oda i was i n tense ly o ccup ied i n t he N eo li th ic ( L inear P o t tery h ab i ta t ion ) a nd i n t he C ha lco li th ic ( two P recucuten i l eve ls , o ne f ro m t he e nd o fp hase I a nd t he o ther f rom p hase I I , a nd a C ucuten i A l-A2 l eve l ) . S poradic r e ma ins d a t ing f rom a l a ter , b ut s t i l l C ha lco li th ic , p er iod were a lso d iscovered . They p rove t ha t t he t errace was o ccasiona l ly u sed a s a h a lt ing p lace b yo ne o r a no ther o f t he h u man g roups l i v ing i n t he v a l leys o f t he O zana , t he Mo ldova a nd t he ir sma l ler o r b igger t r ibutar ies .

The N eamt

p ied mon ts a nd t he v a l leys c ross ing t hem a re n o t o n ly a ppropr ia te p laces f or h u man s e t t le men t , b ut a lso g a teways o f t he Mo ldova-S iret c orr idor .

Th is

a ccoun ts f or t he c on t inui ty i n h ab i ta t ion a t T irpe§ t i a nd i t s s urround ings , a nd f or t he many a nd h igh ly d iverse s e t t lemen ts o r mere e ncamp men ts i n t he a rea .

S evera l mi l lenn ia a go p eop le c ou ld move e asi ly o n ly i n v a l leys a nd

t hrough moun ta in p asses . I tt herefore was n a tura l f or t he m t o t ake t he r ead i ly a ccess ib le r ou te a long t he Topo lit a . ( and t he T o l ic i i n o ur a rea ) a nd t o u se t he t erraces b order ing t hese s treams f or s tab le o r s easona l s e t t le men ts a nd f or b r ief s tays . T he d iscover ies d escr ibed i n t h is c hapter c ome f rom t rans i tory o ccupa t ion . F irs t , t here i s as l igh t ly b u lg ing , h igh-necked g ob le t , w i th a sma l l , h or iz on ta l ly p ierced p ro jec t ion o n t he l i ne o ft he l arges t d iame ter . f i ne p as te , we l l f ired t o b r ick-red-brown;

I ti s made o f

i t was p a in ted , b ut u nfor tuna te ly

o n ly f a in t t races o fp a in t p ers is t o n a sma l l p or t ion i n t he f orm o f a l terna t ing s imp le a ngu lar s tr ipes —wh i te , r eddish-brown a nd c hoco la te b lack ( f ig . 2 03/6; 2 04/1) .

I tc er ta in ly i s ap a in t ing i n t he a 2 s ty le o ft he C ucuten i A -B p hase

( t he s hape o ft he v esse l i s a lso c harac ter is t ic o ft h is s ty le ) . S ome r i ms a nd f ragmen ts o fb ody p a in ted i n t he a 2 s ty le ( f ig . 2 03/2-3 ) a nd t he u pper p ar t o f a n a n thropomorph ic f i gur ine ( f ig . 1 90/37 ) b e long t o t he s ame p hase . D irec t ly a nd c lose ly c onnec ted w i th t hese d iscover ies a re a f ew p o tsherds t yp ica l o f C ucuten i C ware , wh ich i s k nown t o b e p resen t i n a l l t he s e t t lements o ft he C ucuten i A -B a nd B p hases . A l l c ome f rom a t yp ica l b ow l w i th t he b ody s haped l i ke a t runca ted c one , r ounded s hou lder a nd e ver ted r im ( f ig . 2 03/ 1 ) . I ti s made o fn on-homogeneous p as te c onta in ing a s ubstant ia l amoun t o f g round s he l ls a nd f ired t o r ed-brown , w i th t races o fb urning o n t he r im . The d ecora t ion c ons ists o f i rregu lar n o tches o n t he o u ter s ide o f t he r im , t races o f B esens tr ich o n t he r im , i nc ised r hombs a nd X 's o n t he a rched s hou lder a nd l arge , b ut u nperfora ted p ro jec t ions , s uggest ing a b and h and le , a t tached b e low t he r im a nd a bove t he s hou lder . 8 2

Th is t ype o fp o t tery , r a ther improper ly n amed C ucu ten i C , h as b een t he o b jec t o f many d iscuss ions ma in ly b ecause i ti s f u l ly a l ien t o t he e nv ironmen t i n wh ich i ti s d iscovered , i .e . t he v as t a rea o f t he C ucuten i c u l ture w i th i t s s p lendid p o lychrome ware , f rom wh ich i td if fers i n a l l r espec ts . c ompara t ive ly r ecen t d iscover ies a t B ere§ t i a nd Drigu§en i ,

1

B efore t he

i t was s upposed

t o h ave p ene tra ted wes t o ft he P rut d ur ing t he C ucuteni A -B p hase , s ince i t was c ons tan t ly f ound i n t he C ucu ten i A -B s e t t le men ts o f Mo ldova . H owever , I to ccurs i n sma l l amounts a lso i n t he C ucu ten i A -B2 s tage a nd t he C ucu ten i Bp hase . T he j us t men t ioned d iscover ies i ndica te t ha t C ucuten i Ce le men ts ( charact er is t ic o ft he s teppe a nd f orest-s teppe p opu la t ions e as t o ft he D n ieper ) b egan t o c ross t he P rut wes twards i n t he C ucu ten i A 3 s tage f i rs t a nd c on t inued i n t he C ucu ten i A 4 s tage .

Th is i s n o t s urpr is ing , t he more s o a s t h is t ype o f

p o t tery i s a lso p resen t i n t he S o loncen i Ia nd J uri s i tes o n t he D n iester , b o th d a ted t o " the midd le Tr ipo lyan s tage B/ I-B/ I I" b y T . G . Movsha , T r ipo lye B/ Ib y T . P assek ,

3

2

a nd t o

t ha t i s , c on temporary w ith t he Drigu§en i s e t t le-

men t d a ted b y V ladim ir D um i trescu t o t he l as t s tage ( 4 ) o ft he C ucu ten i A c u lture .

4

P o t tery o ft ype C o ccurs o n t he Dn ieper ( i n g rea ter amoun ts ) a

l i t t le e ar l ier , i n Tr ipo lye B/ I C ucuten i A 3) , t es t ify ing t o o lder c on tac ts b e tween Tr ipo lyans a nd s teppe t r ibes . I td if fused f a ir ly r ap id ly , a s i ndica ted b y i t s p resence a t B ere§t i .

E ar l ier a nd more a c t ive c on tac ts w i th Tr ipo ly a n

t r ibes were t o b e e xpec ted , b ecause we k now t ha t t he e astwards a dvanc ing Tr ipo lyans h ad r eached a l mos t a s f ar a s K iev a t t he t ime .

As f or T . G .

Movsha 's h ypo thes is t ha t " groups o f s ou th-eas tern s teppe t r ibes" l i ved o n t he D n ies ter i n Tr ipo lye . 1 3/1 ,5 V lad im ir Dum i trescu p roves t ha t i ti s u nfounded . H e p o in ts o ut t ha t n o t yp ica l s et t le men t o f t hese t r ibes i ndica t ing t he ir a ct ua l p resence o n t he Dn iester h as a s y e t b een d iscovered a nd t ha t o n ly s poradic f i nds h ave b een made i n C ucuten i-Tr ipo lye s e t t le men ts .6 I n o ur o p in ion t oo , t he s teppe e thn ic e lemen t , t hough p resen t , was i rre levant . On t he o ther h and , ma ter ia l o f t ype C may h ave e n tered t he C ucuten i-Tr ipo lye a rea b y b ar ter . C ons idera t ion s hou ld a lso b e g iven t o t he f ac t t ha t s e t t lements o f t he N eo li th ic s teppe c u l ture , S redny i S tog I f or i ns tance , y ie lded p a in ted Tr ipo lyan C ucu ten i ) ware ,7 l i kew ise i ndica t ing a n e xchange o f g oods b e tween b earers o f f u l ly d if feren t c u l tures .8 V ladim ir D um i trescu a lso r efutes Ta t ia na P assek 's h ypo thes is t ha t t he C ware was a p roduc t o ft he C ucuten i c u lture . 9 Accord ing t o h im , i t was a f ore ign e le ment i n troduced f rom t he o u ts ide . 1° H owever , h e s ays , t h is n ew t ype o fp o t tery c ou ld n o t h ave b een e xc lus ive ly t he r esu lt o f c u ltura l i nf luences .

I tc er ta in ly was r e la ted t o an ew , t hough v ery l im i ted,

e thn ic e le men t i n t he C ucuten i t r ibes , r epresen ted e i ther b y f am i ly s laves , ma in ly women t aken i n c lashes o ccas ioned b y p lunder ing r a ids , o r b y b art erers ,1 t o wh ich we s hou ld a dd e xoga my . T he q ues t ion whe ther t he emergence o f t he C ucuten i A -B p hase c an b e d irec t ly o r i nd irec t ly c onnec ted t o t he p ene tra t ion o f t h is n ew e thnic e le men t among t he C ucuten i t r ibes was a nswered i n t he a f f irma t ive b y I . N es tor .

1 2

V ladi m ir D um i trescu s ays t ha t t he n ew e le men t c anno t b e r egarded a s ad et erm inan t f ac tor mere ly b ecause i tc o inc ides w i th t he a ppearance o f t he n ew p a in ted s ty les t yp ica l o fp hase A -B . 1 3 Moreover , e le men t Co ccurred a lready i n C ucu ten i A ( s tages A 3 a nd A4 ) .

8 3

T he h ypo thes is o f as udden t rans i t ion o f t he C ucuten i c u lture f rom p hase At o p hase A -B h as a lso b een r e jec ted o n t he g round t ha t s uch a l eap c ou ld n o t b e c aused b y af ore ign f ac tor c ons is t ing o f af ew b earers o f C ware . B esides , t he s hapes, p as te a nd d ecora t ion t yp ica l o ft he C ucuten i c u lture e v ince n o i nf luence o ft he C ware , wh ich i s d ef in i te ly i nfer ior t o t he p a in ted p o t tery . Trans i t ion t o t he A -B s ty le o f t he C ucu ten i c u lture i s t herefore c ons idered t o h ave b een a p rocess o fi n terna l e vo lut ion , i n wh ich t he e x terna l f ac tor o ft ype C p layed n o r o le . 14 R esu m ing s ome o f h is o lder h ypo theses , R adu V u lpe s a id i n 1 972 V vhen p o t tery C f i nds i n C ucuten i A s et t le men ts h ad a lready b een r epor ted )l a t ha t t he a bsence o f C ware f rom C ucu ten i A s et t le men ts was t he o n ly r eason why h e d id n o t c ons ider t h is p o t tery a s -p ar t a nd p arce l o f t he c om mon i nven tory o f C ucuten i As e t t le men ts . 1 6 H e s ta ted t ha t a l l C ucu ten i A s e t t le men ts were d estroyed i n ac onf lagra t ion a nd t ha t t he a ppearance o f t he n ex t p hase , C ucut en i A -B , i n Mo ldova was d ue t o n ew i nvas ions f rom a cross t he D n ies ter , where i th ad s prung u p , s ince v esse ls d ecora ted i n t wo s ty les , marking a t rans i t ion p hase , were f ound o n t he D n ieper i n t he U kra ine . Th is p o t tery was c arr ied t owards t he C arpa th ians b y p eop le who d es troyed t he C ucuten i A s et t lemen ts . 1 7 To a gree w i th s uch a c a tegor ica l v iew we s hou ld f i nd e v idence i n a l l C ucut eni A s et t le men ts o f a n i nvas ion b y " war like" p opu la t ions , e v idence wh ich s hou ld a lso i nc lude A-B ma ter ia l . many C ucuten i As i tes .

I n f ac t , t he A -B p hase i s miss ing f rom

S econd ly , we s hou ld h ave t o a dm i t t ha t a l l p hase A

s et t le ments e nded a t t he s a me ( o r a lmost t he s ame ) t ime , a nd i ti s we l l k nown t ha t t hey t erm ina ted a t v ar ious momen ts , mark ing b y t he ir f ea tures t he f our s tages o ft he f i rs t p hase . The c harac ter is t ics o f e very s tage a re n ow a ck now ledged b y a l mos t a l l t he r esearchers i n teres ted i n t he C ucu ten i c u lture . The f ac t t ha t t he C ucuten i Ah ouses were d es troyed b y f i re i s n o a rgu men t i n s uppor t o f i nvasion; t he dwe l lings i n t he P recucuten i s e t t le men ts ( o f a l l t hree p hases ) a nd t hose o ft he C ucuten i A -B a nd B p hases were a lso b urn t d own , a nd we d o n o t s ee wha t f ore ign p opu la t ions migh t h ave s e t t hem o n f ire .

1 8

F ina l ly , we s hou ld h ave t o a ccep t t he h ypo thes is , r efuted b y t he d iscover ies o f Mo ldova , t ha t t he C ucu ten i A -B p hase d eve loped s omewhere o n t he e as tern o utsk ir ts o ft he C ucuten i a rea a nd t hen a dvanced b y s teps westwards , t ha t i s i n t he o pposi te d irec t ion t o t he n orma l o ne . T he d iscover ies a t Drigu§en i ( Coun ty Bo to§an i )1 9 a nd o ther s i tes , mos t ly c lose t o t he P ru t , a re we l l k nown t oday a nd t hey t oo s how t ha t t he a bove t heor ies a re u nfounded .

Many e le men ts i ndica t ing t he d awn o f t he C ucuten i

A-B p hase were f ound a t Drigueen i , at ypica l C ucuten i A4 s e t t lemen t , a nd n o t o n ly t here . They i nc lude t ypica l g ob le ts w i th a s hor ter n eck t han t he c o mmon A -B o ne , p a in ted i n a n i nc ip ien ta 2 s ty le , w ide c hoco la te-b lack s tr ipes , many s hapes o f v esse ls w i th a r ounded a nd f l a t tened b ody a nd a h igh c y lindr ica l n eck , l i ke t hose f ro m p hase A -B , t he a ppearance o f p a inted Vs , t he g enera li za t ion o f t ecton ic d ecora t ion , a l l d eve loped i n p hase A -B . T he f orms a nd d ecora t ion o ft he p o t tery f ound a t Dräg .u §en i t hus s how h ow t he n ew p hase , A -B , o ft he C ucu ten i c u lture e vo lved f rom t he l ast s tage ( 4 ) o f C ucu ten i A : g radua l ly , smoo th ly , a nd i n t he a bsence o f o utside i n terference . 8 4

2 0

T hey p rove n o t o n ly a n a tura l a nd s tra igh t e vo lut ion f ro m o ne s tage t o a no ther , b u t a lso t he much more i mpär tan t f ac t t ha t t he n ew p hase emerged a nd c rys ta l lized o n t he t err i tory o f Mo ldova a nd t he Mo ldav ian S SR , t he s i tes e ast o ft he Dn ies ter b e ing ( l ike t hose o f t he P recucu ten i I I-Tr ipo lye A c u lture ) o n ly t he r esu lt o f e xpans ion f ro m i t s h o me c en tres wes t a nd e as t o f t he P rut . T h is v iew i s a lso s uppor ted b y ma ter ia l f rom C ucuten i A -B s i tes , l i ke Tra ian , where t he ABa p a in ted p o t tery 2 1

i s a l mos t i den t ica l w i th c er ta in t r i-

c hro me v esse ls o f t he C ucu ten i Ap hase , b e ing o ne p roof o f l oca l c on t inui ty f rom p hase A i n to p hase A -B , wh ich makes i nvas ions a nd f ore ign p opu la t ions n eed less .

More e v idence—though h ardly n ecessary —is s upp l ied b y t he n u-

merous s i tes a ss igned t o p hase A-B1 a nd s ca t tered a l l o ver Mo ldova .

I f

C ucuten i A -B h ad a r isen o n t he Dn ieper , n o s i tes mark ing t he t rans it ion f ro m o ne p hase t o t he n ex t wou ld h ave b een d iscovered i n Mo ldova , o r s i tes t ha t c ou ld b e d a ted t o t he v ery b eg inning o f t he f irs t s tage ( 1 ) o f t he C ucuteni A -B p hase .

2 2

Moreover , t rans i t ion f rom o ne p hase t o t he n ex t i n a ny c u lture , a nd more e spec ia l ly i n t he p a in ted p o t tery c u ltures , c ou ld n o t ( and n ever d id ) o ccur a t t he p er iphery o f t he d if fus ion a rea o ft ha t c u lture .

On t he c ontrary , e vo lut ion

p roceeded i n t he z ones o f h ighest c oncen tra t ion a nd f u l l f lour ish ing , a nd o u ts ide i nf luences , whenever manifes t , p layed a minor r o le .

R o man ian r esearch

i n t he l as t d ecade h as a lso t he mer i t o f h av ing d e mons tra ted t he l oca l e vo lut ion , o n l oca l b ases , o f t he C ucuten i c u l ture f ro m i t s emergence t o t he e x t inc t ion o f i t ss p lend id ma ter ia l p roduc t ion a nd a r t a s ar esu lt o f t he a rr iva l o f f ore ign p opu la t ions f ro m t he n or th-Pont ic s teppes , f rom t he f ores t-s teppe z one o r maybe e ven f ro m more n or thern r eg ions .

2 3

T hose s e mi-no madic p as tora lis ts

were t he g er ms o f I ndo-European iza t ion a nd o f t he r adica l t ransforma t ions t ha t o ccurred d ur ing t he t rans i t ion f rom t he C ha lco l i t ic t o t he B ronze Age a nd e spec ia l ly i n t he E ar ly Bronze Age .

As emphas ized b efore , t he t errace a t R ipa l u i Boda i , l y ing b y a n e asy r oute , was o f ten u sed a s ah a lt ing-p lace .

T he f ew C ucu ten i Bf i nds p robab ly

c ome f ro m s uch a s topover . On t he n or th-eas tern s ide o f dwe l ling 2 0 ( be longing t o t he C ucuten i A l-A2 s tage ) , a sma l l a ssoc ia t ion was f ound ( f ig . 1 .29) , c onsist ing o f af ragment o f h ear th a nd s evera l sma l l C ucuteni B v esse ls .

Among t he l a t ter was a b ow l

i n t he s hape o f at runca ted c one , w i th r ounded s hou lder a nd f l a t b o t to m , made o fg ood p as te , c onta ining t races o f mica , f i red t o r eddish-brown .

On ly t he

r im a nd s hou lder s ee m t o h ave b een d ecora ted w i th sma l l l i nes , s tr ipes o r s tr ipes w i th o ne w idened e nd i n t he s hape o f al arge t r iang le , p a inted i n c hocol a te-b lack a nd d eep r ed o n ar eddish-brown s l ip .

Traces o f t he s a me s l ip

p ers ist i ns ide t he v esse l , a nd a w ide c hoco la te-b lack s tr ipe o n t he e dge o f t he r im ( f ig . 2 03/11; 2 04/3) . Two g ob le ts w i th t he l ower p ar t i n t he s hape o f at runca ted c one , r ounded b e l ly , v ery h igh n eck , a nd s l igh t ly e ver ted r im .

Made o fg ood p as te ( l ike a l l

C ucu ten i Bp ot tery ) , t hey were f ired t o b r ick-red-brown a nd h ad a r edd ishb rown s l ip ( mos t ly worn o f f ) p a inted w i th h or izonta l , v er t ica l o r a rc-shaped

,8 5

c hoco la te-b lack s tr ipes a nd l i nes , a nd w i th h or izonta l o r s lan t ing f i ne r eddish l i nes i ns ide t he t wo p ane ls o b ta ined b y d raw ing v er t ica l g roups o f c hoco la te b lack l i nes o n t he b ody o ft he g ob le t ( f ig . 2 03/13; 2 04/4-5 ) . A par t f rom t hese v esse ls t here were s ome p o tsherds d ecora ted i n t he s ame s ty le , ap o tsherd d ecora ted i n t he 8 s ty le ( f ig . 2 03/4-5 , 7 -10 , 1 2;

2 04/2) ,

a nd t wo f rag men ts o f c lay a n thropomorph ic f igur ines . One f rag men t c omes f rom a f i gur ine made o f f a ir ly g ood p as te , f i red t o b r ick-red-brown o u tside a nd t o g rey i nside . I t s a r ms were r a ised a nd s l ight ly i nc lined f orwards ;

u nfor tuna te ly , t hey were b roken i n a nc ien t t imes .

T he

d ecora t ion c onsis ts o f f i ne l i nes p a in ted i n c hoco la te-b lack o n t he b r ick-red s l ip a nd was a pp lied o n b o th f ron t ( where i t may f ea ture a p endan t ) a nd b ack . On ly t he u pper p ar t o ft he f igur ine was f ound , b u t i t s h ead was b roken ( f ig . 2 04/7 ) . The s econd f i gur ine h ad a lso b een mou lded w i th r a ised a nd f orward b en t a rms , o ff a ir ly g ood p as te , mot t led r eddish-brown ( f ig . 2 04/8) . I t was p a in ted , b ut t he d ecora t ion d isappeared c omp le te ly i n t he a c id s o i l . B es ides t he s trange p osi t ion o ft he a rms ( Cucuten i f i gur ines a re k nown t o b e a rm less i n g enera l , o r t o h ave o n ly p erfora ted l a tera l s tu mps ) , i n b o th s ta tue t tes we n o te t he u nco mmon s hape o f t he c hes t , t he o n ly p ar t p reserved . I td oes n o t c onform t o t he C ucu ten i c anon , b e ing f l a t , much b roader , a nd n arr owed o n ly t owards t he wa is t . A l mos t i den t ica l a na logues a re f ound a t t he Zhvane ts s i te . 24 T he a ssoc ia t ion o f s ty les a a nd ß ,t o which t he j ust d escr ibed p o t tery was a ss igned , e nab les u s t o c lassify i ti n as tage o ft he C ucuten i Bc u lture , n ame ly i n C ucu ten i B i .

I n f ac t , a s a lready p o in ted o u t , t ransi t ion f rom C ucu ten i A -

Bt o C ucuten i Bp roceeded smoo th ly , w i thout a ny s udden l eap i nduced b y a n o u ts ide f ac tor .

2 a

B e ing i so la ted a nd l im i ted , t he d iscover ies made a t T irpe§t i d o n o t p rov ide n ew d a ta a bou t ma jor q ues t ions o ft he C ucu ten i Bc u lture . B ut t hey a dd a no ther s i te where a C ucuten i g roup made a s hor t s top o n t he map f ea tur ing t he t err i tory o ft h is c u lture . Actua l ly , a n i mpor tan t C ucu ten i s i te ( A-B a nd B ) i s o n ly 3 km d istan t f rom o ur s i te . The p lace i s n amed l i ana a nd l i es o n t he p rec inc ts o f P e tr ican i c om mune .

8 6

N o tes 1 . V I . D um i trescu , 1 973 , p p . 1 77-196 , f i g . 5 ; V l . D um i trescu , 1 974 , 2 , p p . 3 3-46 , f i g . 4 . 2 . T . G . Movsha , 1 961, p p . 1 86-199 . 3 . T . P assek , 1 965 , p . 1 36 . 4 . V l . D u mi trescu , 1 973 , p p . 1 75-196; 5 . T . G . Movsha , 1 961, p . 1 97;

V I . D u mi trescu , 1 974 , 2 , p p . 3 3-46 .

T . G . Movsha a nd G . F . C hebo tarenko ,

1 969 , p p . 4 5-49 , p ub l ished t he i nven tory o f ag rave d iscovered a t Ciu§an i i n t he Mo ldav ian S SR , wh ich t hey a ss igned t o S redny i S tog s teppe t r ibes , mak ing i tc on te mporary w i th Tr ipo lye B/ I .

H owever , t he v esse l ( f ig . 1 6) ,

t he s upposed n eck lace a nd t he b race le t ( f ig . 1 8) a re t yp ica l o f t he C ucu ten i Ap hase a nd we d o n o t s ee why t hey c ou ld n o t b e d a ted t o al a te s tage o f C ucuten i A . 6 .

V I . D um i trescu , 1 963 , p . 2 87 .

7 . D . G . Te legin , 1 970 , p p . 3 -21, f i g . 1 3/2 . 8 .

S redny i S tog i nf luences were a c tua l ly o bserved wes t o f t he P rut t oo . A t Mi toc , f or i ns tance , i n aC ucu ten i dwe l ling ( f rom t he C ucuteni A2 s tage a ccording t o Dan Monah , who e xcava ted i t , a nd f rom C ucuten i A3 i n o ur o pin ion ) , t he f i nds i nc luded a v esse l w i th a p o in ted b ase , t yp ica l o f t he s teppe c u l ture , b u t o f C ucu ten i f abr ic .

We t ake t h is o ppor tun i ty t o t hank

Dan Monah o nce more f or h is p erm iss ion t o men t ion t h is u n ique a nd i mp or tan t d iscovery made i n R oman ia . 9 . T . P assek , 1 949 . 1 0 .

V l . D um i trescu , 1 963 , p . 2 87 .

1 1 .

I b id .

1 2 .

I . N es tor , 1 959 , p p . 2 53f f .

1 3 .

V l . D um i trescu , 1 963 , p p . 2 87-289 .

1 4 .

I b id .

1 5 .

D . P opescu , 1 965 , p . 5 91, n o . 2 5 ;

A . C r i§ maru, 1 970 , p . 2 74 , f i g . 5 /2 .

Bo th d iscover ies were made a t Drägu§en i . 1 6 .

R . V u lpe , 1 972 , p p . 1 53-154 .

1 7 .

I bid .

1 8 .

We c ons idered o n ly Mo ldova , b ut we n eed n o t l ook f ur ther t han S outhE as t E urope t o f i nd r e ma ins o f b urn t dwe l lings ( V inja , B o ian , Gu me ln ita , P e tre§ t i , Mar i tza , K aranovo , a .o . c u l tures ) .

1 9 .

V l . D um i trescu , 1 973 , p p . 1 77-197;

2 0 .

According t o V l . D um i trescu , 1 973 , p p . 1 77-196 a nd 1 974 , 2 , p p . 3 3-46 .

2 1 .

V I . D um i trescu , 1 945 , p p . 4 6-47, p l . 1 /1-2; p p . 2 90-291 .

8 7

V l . D um i trescu , 1 974 , 2 , p p . 3 3-46 .

V l . Du mi trescu , 1 963 ,

2 2 .

The s tages i n t he C ucu ten i A-B p hase ( and i n t he o ther C ucu ten i p hases ) were d eter m ined i n 1 963 , s ee V l . D um i trescu , 1 963, p p . 5 1-78; p p . 2 853 08 .

2 3 .

We b e l ieve i t may b e o f i n teres t t o c ons ider a lso t he d iscover ies made i n n or thern P o land , a nd e ven i n S i les ia a nd F in land , where we migh t f i nd a more j udic ious e xp lana t ion o f t he o r ig ins o f " C ware" a nd o f i t s r ou te t o Mo ldova .

S ee t he c o mb-pr icked ware d iscover ies a s r e-discussed b y

I . K e mp is ty , 1 970 , p p . 2 32-295 , who p laces t he h ome o f t h is c u l ture i n Mazov ia .

Obv ious ly , t he q ues t ion r e ma ins o pen f or f uture r esearch .

' I n t he s u m mary o f h er t hes is f or a d oc tor 's d egree e n t i t led The F irst " S teppe" E le men ts i n t he R o man ian N eo li th ic ( Jassy , 1 978, p . 1 2 ) , Ann Dodd Opr itescu s ays t ha t as trong P recucu ten i I I-Tr ipo lye A i nf l uence may b e d e tec ted i n t he f orms a nd o rna men ts o f t he C ucuten i C ware .

Wha t i s more , s he ma inta ins t ha t o ne a nd t he s ame p opu la t ion

c rea ted b o th p a in ted p o t tery a nd C ware .

S he p roduces n o a rgu men ts ,

b u t o n ly c omp le te i gnorance o f t he P recucuten i Tr ipo lye A ) c u lture c an l ead t o s uch a n u nsc ien t if ic c onc lus ion . I n t erms o f f abr ic , f ir ing , f orms , d ecora t ive t echn iques , p a t terns , f i n ish ing a nd o ther f ea tures , t he Precucu ten i I I ware i s e n t ire ly u n l ike t he " Cucuten i C " ware .

Ob-

v ious ly , a more c omprehens ive d iscuss ion w i l l o n ly b e p oss ib le o n t he b as is o f t he a rgu men ts wh ich Ann Dodd Opr4escü w i l l , we h ope , p roduce i n s uppor t o f h er p ronounce men ts . 2 4 .

T . G . Movsha , 1 969 , p . 2 5 , f i g . 5 / 1 .

2 5 .

V l . Du m i trescu , 1 963 , p p . 2 89f f .

8 8

V I PERIOD OF TRANSITION FROM THE CHALCOL ITH IC TO THE BRONZE AGE ( F ig . 2 05-213)

A s e ar ly a s t he a utu mn o f 1 958 , a n u nau thor ized s ounding o n t he t errace a t R ipa l u i B oda i r esu l ted i n t he d es truc t ion o f aC ucuteni dwe l l ing a nd t he d iscovery o f ag rave wh ich , u nfor tuna te ly , c anno t b e a ccura te ly a ss igned t o a ny o ccupa t ion o f t he t errace .

S ubsequen t ly c o l lec ted d a ta e nab led u s t o e s-

t abL ish o n ly t he c rouched p os i t ion o f t he s ke le ton , b u t f urn ished n o i ndica t ion a s t o d ep th , o r ienta t ion , g rave g oods , e tc .

F rom t he workers we l earned

o n ly t ha t a sma l l a xe , wh ich was l os t , h ad b een d iscovered s omewhere i n t he g rave ( or p oss ib ly i n t he s o i l a bove ) .

C onsequen t ly , we d o n o t k now whe ther

i t was mere ly a s tone a xe—a h igh ly c ommon t oo l o n t he s i te—or a f l in t a xe , i mpor tant f or t he c u ltura l a ss ign men t o ft he g rave . The f ac t t ha t f our f l a t i nh u ma t ion g raves were d iscovered d ur ing o ur e xcava t ions e nt i t les u s h ypot he t ica l ly t o a ss ign t he 1 958 s ke le ton t o t he s ame p er iod , i .e . t rans it ion t o t he Bronze A ge . T he f our g raves were e xcava ted i n t he 1 962-1963 a nd 1 968 c ampa igns ; t wo o ft he m h ad b een d estroyed b y p i ts d ug b y t he Bastarnae a nd i n t he s econdt h ird c en tur ies A .D . Grave 1 .

The s ke leton , d iscovered i n t rench X I I b , a t t he wes tern e nd o f

t he C ucu ten i dwe l ling 1 0 , wh ich h ad b een p ar t ia l ly d estroyed , was t ha t o f a woman .

I tl ay o n i t s b ack a t ad ep th o f 0 .80-0 .85 m a nd was o r ien ted a l mos t

E -W , more e xac t ly E SE- WN W ( head e as tward a nd f ee t westward ) . I t s l egs h ad b een c on trac ted u pward, b ut t hey h ad f a l len s ideways u nder s o i l p ressure I t s e lbows were b en t o utward w i th h ands o n h ips , a nd t he l ef tp ha lanxes were f ound u nder t he p e lv is . t he l ef t .

I t s h ead , wh ich h ad p robab ly l ooked u p , h ad f a l len t o

T he s p ine was s l igh t ly b en t a nd mos t o f t he r ibs were r ot ten .

The

b ones a bove t he r igh t wr ist h ad t urned g reen a s ar esu l t o f c ontac t w i th a c opper o rnament ;

o n ly a sma l l t ubu lar b ead was r ecovered , b u t i ti s l i ke ly

t ha t t here were more b eads .

Ab roken v esse l ( f ig . 2 05/1;

2 06/1) h ad b een

l a id b es ide t he f ee t o ft he s ke le ton . T he t races o f t he g rave c ou ld b e s een o n ly i n t he a rea i n wh ich i tc ut t hrough t he C ucu ten i dwe l lings a nd t he b ot tom o f t he g rave was b e low t he C ucu ten i l i v ing f l oor . T he o f fer ing v esse l i s a l mos t p ir iform ( t hough d eformed b y s econdary f ir ing ) . I th as a h igh n eck a nd a s l igh t ly e ver ted r im d ecora ted w i th i rregu lar p i ts . I ti s made o f c o mpara t ive ly g ood p aste , t empered w i th l imes tone . U ne ven ly f i red , i ti s mo t t led g rey , r eddish-brown a nd e ven b lack .

On i t s l arges t

c ircu mference i th as t wo b and h and les a nd i t s u pper p ar t i s d iv ided i n to f our 8 9

z ones b y n o tched p las t ic r idges; t here a re f our g roups o ft hree v er t ica l r idges e ach , t wo o f t he m e xac t ly o ver t he h and les;

t wo g roups c on t inue w i th s hor t

h or izon ta l r idges a nd o ne h as sma l l i rregu lar p ro tuberances a t i t s l ower e nd ( f ig . 2 08/1; 2 11/1) .

The d ecora t ion was c are less ly e xecu ted .

S ome t imes t he

n o tches a re t r iangu lar , r ese mb l ing t he d epress ions; i n o ne i ns tance t hey a re p laced b es ide t he r idge a nd l ook more l i ke e longa ted p r icks . most p robab ly b roken when i t was l a id i n t he g rave;

T he v esse l was

much o f i t s n eck i s

miss ing . Grave 2 . D iscovered b e tween t renches X I I ba nd XI I c , a t ad ep ths o f 0 .85_ 0 .95 .m , i t was v ery c lose t o g rave 1 . I tc onta ined a ma le s ke le ton w i th t he s a me o r ien ta t ion a nd p os i t ion a s t he o ne p rev ious ly d escr ibed , b ut i t s c hest was much b et ter p reserved , i t s s p ine was more d ef lec ted a nd i t s l ef t a rm was s tre tched a longs ide t he b ody . T he marked d isp lace men t o f t he s pine a nd o f t he mandib le , wh ich l ay o n t he l ef t s hou lder p rove t ha t t he u pper p ar t o f t he c orpse h ad b een d e l ibera te ly t w is ted o n b e ing l a id i n t he g rave .

Ap i t d ug

l a ter t han t he b ur ia l t o t he r igh t o ft he g rave d es troyed t he t h igh-bone , p ar t o f t he p e lv is a nd t he f orearm .

The o ut line o ft he p i t c ou ld b e a ccura te ly d e-

l im i ted , b ecause i t was f i l led w i th b lack e ar th . Ab roken v esse l , p robab ly l a id i n t h is c ondi t ion i n t he g rave , was f ound a t t he f ee t o f t he s ke le ton , al i t t le t o t he ir l ef t ( f ig . 2 05/2; t he m l ike i n g rave 1 .

2 06/2) , n o t b es ide

A f ew s heep b ones , t wo c a lf b one f ragmen ts a nd a n o x

b one f ragmen t were d iscovered n ex t t o t he v esse l; t hey h ad o bv ious ly b een o f fered t o t he d ead a t t he b ur ia l c ere mony .

The c orpse h ad h ad a c opper o rna-

men t , p robab ly a p endan t fh ung r ound h is n eck o r p laced o n t he c hes t o f t he d ress , b ecause t he f i f th a nd s ix th v er tebrae were s l igh t ly t a in ted g reen b y o x ides . The v esse l i s g lobu lar i n s hape , w i th t he l ower h a lf r ese mb ling a t runca ted c one , h igh c y lindr ica l n eck , a nd n o tched e ver ted r im .

Made o fp oor p aste ,

c onta in ing g round s herds , i t was u neven ly f i red ( l ike t he v esse l i n g rave 1 ) a nd i t s s urface i s mo t t led b rown , g rey a nd e ven g rey-b lack , t he wa l ls b e ing i nco mp le te ly f ired ( f ig . 2 08/2; 2 1 1/2 ) . Grave 3 was d iscovered i n t rench X I , a t ad ep th o f 1 .20-1 .30 m , a bou t 1 0 m t o t he n or th o fg rave 2 .

I tc on ta ined t he s ke le ton o f ay oung wo man l y ing o n

i t s b ack w i th t he h ead i nc lined t o t he l ef t , a nd was o r ien ted l i ke t he o ther t wo . The r igh t a rm , b en t a t t he e lbow , h ad b een p laced o n t he c hes t , a nd t he l ef t a rm h ad p robab ly h ad t he s a me p os i t ion ( f ig . 2 05/3;

2 06/3 ) .

U nfor tuna te ly ,

ap i t d a t ing f ro m t he s econd-th ird c en tury A . D . h ad d es troyed t he l ower h a lf o f t he s ke le ton , a nd t he u pper p ar t was p oor ly p reserved . The g rave g oods , wh ich p resu mab ly a cco mpan ied t he c orpse , were l os t when t he l ower p ar t was d es troyed . Grave 4 , t he l as t d iscovered a t R ipa l u i Boda i , was f ound 8 6 m t o t he n or th o fg rave 3 , a t t he o ppos i te e nd o f t he s i te , i n t rench XX . The c orpse h ad b een l a id o n i t s l ef t s ide i n ac on trac ted p os i t ion :

t he l ef t a rm was e x tended w i th t he

h and u nder t he p e lv is , t he r igh t a rm b en t a t t he e lbow a nd t he wr is t h ad b een p laced o ver t he l ef t e lbow . The l egs were f l exed w i th t he k nees r each ing a s h igh a s t he p e lv is . The p ha langes were we l l p reserved , e spec ia l ly i n t he r igh t f oo t .

S o i l p ressure h ad c aused t he l ef t r ibs t o s l ip s ideways .

9 0

The s ke leton ,

w i th a s tr ic t ly E -W o r ien ta t ion , h ad b een d epos i ted, l i ke t he o thers , w i th t he h ead t o t he e as t a nd t he l egs t o t he west , w i th t he f ace l ooking s outh . B ecause i th as n o t y e t b een e xa m ined a n thropo log ica l ly , we d o n o t k now t he s ex a nd a ge o f t he d eceased . T he f unerary g if ts c ons is ted o f t wo b roken v esse ls ( f ig . 2 06/4 ) , f ound b es ide t he h ead a nd c hest r espec t ive ly . One v esse l i s a n a pp rox i ma te ly S -shaped b ow l , w i th d eep a nd i rregu lar n o tches o n t he r im a nd s hou lder . Two n o tched u pwards p o in t ing c rescen t-shaped p ro jec t ions s tood o n t he s hou lder . Two sma l l h o les p reserved b e low t he s hou lder were n o t made w i th a v iew t o r epa ir ing t he b ow l , s ince t he b reak i s n e i ther c lose t o t he m , n or b e tween t hem ( f ig . 2 11/10 ) .

They may h ave b een i n tended mere ly

f or h ang ing t he v esse l . Made o f ap as te w i th i mpur i t ies , t he b ow l was u ne ven ly f i red ( l ike t he o ther v esse ls ) a nd i t s who le s urface i s mot t led b rown a nd g rey . On ly f ragmen ts o f t he s econd v esse l were d epos i ted i n t he g rave :

p ar t o f

t he n eck a nd s hou lder , af ew sma l l s herds c om ing f rom t he b e l ly a nd t he b o tt om p ar t .

I tp robab ly was a sma l l amphora , w i th h igh n eck a nd e ver ted r im .

Ad i mp led p las t ic r idge ( on ly n o tched h ere a nd t here ) r uns r ound t he b ase o f t he s l igh t ly b u lg ing n eck a nd i m media te ly b e low i tt here a re v ar ious i rregu lar p r icks ( 2 1 1/3 ) . The r idge a nd p r icks d ecora te o n ly t he f ron t p ar t o f t he v ess e l , b u t i t s e xceeding ly f ragmentary c ondi t ion a l lows o n ly a h ypo the t ica l r ec ons truc t ion .

Made o fg ood p aste , t he v esse l h ad a smoo thed s urface , y e t

mo t t led g rey a nd b rown . L ike t he o ther v esse ls , i t was p robab ly d amaged b y s econdary f ir ing . The mot t le mus t b e d ue t o t he l onger o r s hor ter u se o f t he v esse ls a s c ook ing u tens i ls a nd t he ir c onstan t c om ing i n to c on tac t w i th f ire . A l l f our were f l a t i nhu ma t ion b ur ia ls i n p la in , d eeper o r s ha l lower , p i ts ; n o s pec ia l s tructure , t races o fg irders o r woodwork were f ound . F rom t he d escr ipt ion g iven a bove i t mus t r esu lt t ha t g rave 4 i s s o mewha t d if feren t f ro m t he f i rs t t hree .

The b ur ia l r i te was t he s ame , b u t t here was

a sma l l d issi m i lar i ty i n r i tua l . Whereas t he f i rs t t hree s ke le tons were d ep osi ted o n t he ir b ack w i th l egs c on trac ted u pwards , t he l as t l ay c rouched o n i t s l e f t s ide . I n t he f i rs t t wo g raves ( and mos t p robab ly i n t he t h ird o ne , where t he l ower h a lf o ft he s ke leton was miss ing ) , t he f unerary g if ts h ad b een p laced a t t he f oo t o ft he d ead , whereas i n t he l as t t hey s tood b es ide h im . As f or o r ien ta t ion , t he d if ference b e tween t he f i rs t t hree s ke le tons a nd t he f our th o ne was n on-s ign if ican t , i .e . o ne d egree , p o in t ing e i ther t o b ur ia l i n d if ferent s easons , o r t o o vercas t wea ther d ur ing t he f i rs t i nhu ma t ions a nd t o s unsh ine a t t he t ime o ft he l as t . The b ur ia ls c er ta in ly o ccurred a t d if feren t t imes , wh ich i s f u l ly p roved b y t he f ac t t ha t t he f irs t t hree g raves were c lose e nough ( t he f i rs t t wo may h ave e ven b een s i mu ltaneous o r c lose ly s ucceeding i n termen ts , a nd t he t h ird was p robab ly p er formed when t races o f t he f i rs t t wo were s t i l l v is ib le ) , whereas g rave 4 mus t h ave b een d ug much l a ter .

However ,

i ti s a lso p oss ib le t ha t t wo d if feren t g roups ( be long ing t o t he s ame p opu la t ion i n t he s ame c u ltura l p hase ) b ur ied t he ir d ead d ur ing a s top-over a t R ipa l u i B oda i .

The d ead i n Grave 4 may h ave h ad a c er ta in s oc ia l p osi t ion i n t he g roup

a nd h ence b een e nt i t led t o a no ther t ype o f b ur ia l .

I ti s a lso p oss ib le t ha t t he

d ead were me mbers o fd if feren t f am i l ies o f o ne a nd t he s ame h u man g roup t e mporar i ly s et t led a t T irpe§ t i . As ment ioned a bove , t he o r ien ta t ion o f t he s ke le tons i s i den t ica l a nd , mos t i mpor tan t , t he f unerary v esse ls b e long t o t he s ame c u ltura l a spec t . 9 1

A no ther c om mon a nd r e levan t f ea ture i s t he f urn ish ing o ft he g raves w i th b roken v esse ls .

Th is may h ave b een p ar t o f ar i tua l —hav ing a f unera l mea l

i n h onour o f t he d eceased a nd p lac ing o n ly s o me r e ma ins o f i ti n i t s g rave , o r ap rac t ica l a c t ion —depos i t ing b roken v esse ls b ecause i n tac t p o ts were v a luab le t o ap opu la t ion i n c ons tan t move men t a nd h ence h av ing l i t t le t ime t o mou ld c lay .

We f avour t he l a t ter h ypo thes is b ecause t he f irs t t wo g raves c on-

t a ined o n ly o ne b roken v esse l a nd t he l as t ,fragmen ts o f t wo p o ts .

I ft he r e-

ma ins o f af unera l mea l h ad b een d epos i ted a s g if ts , t here wou ld h ave b een many more p o tsherds .

T o emphas ize t he v a lue wh ich p ot tery mus t h ave h ad

f or t hose t r ibes , we a lso p o in t o ut t ha t , e xcep t f or t he s pec i mens f ound i n t he g raves , n o t as ing le v esse l , n o t e ven a sma ll o r midd le-s ized o ne , c ou ld b e r econs truc ted a l though o ver 3 ,000 s q m were e xcava ted a t T irpe§t i a nd t he e n t ire ma ter ia l was c o l lec ted .

A s im i lar , o r a l mos t s im i lar s i tua t ion was

e ncoun tered i n c on te mporary l ayers a t o ther s i tes , s uch a s 1 3 ;b 4e t i , h et i i Mar i ,

2

1

Do l-

a nd o thers .

T he a n thropo log ica l e xa mina t ion o f t he f i rs t t hree s ke le tons y ie lded a n u mb er o fp ar t icu lar ly i mpor tan t d a ta .

Moreover , g raph ic r econs truc t ions o f t he

f aces b ased o n G erasimov 's me thod ta re a va i lab le d ue t o d oc tors C ante m ir R4cut ia a nd D ardu N ico liescu-P lop pr .

3

The a n thropo log ica l a na lys is s u m-

mar ized b e low was made b y Dardu N ico lä .escu-P lop§or .

4

T he f irst d a ta o b ta ined p er ta in t o t he s ex ( a lready men t ioned when t he g raves were d escr ibed) a nd a ge .

The a ge o f t he woman i n Grave 1 was e s t i-

ma ted a t 3 0-35 y ears , t he wo man i n Grave 3 h ad a n a verage o f 1 7-20 y ears , a nd t he man i n Grave 2 was 2 5-35 y ears o ld . S turdiness was a g enera l f ea ture o f t he s ke le ta l ma ter ia l .

A l l r e l iefs o f

musc le i nser t ion were s trong ly d eve loped a nd t he musc les i n t he r igh t a rm a nd f orearm were u sed p referen t ia l ly o ver t he l ef t o nes . The s ku l l o f t he man i n Grave 2 i s a t t he l owes t l im i t o f t he h yperdo l ichoc epha lic r ange . The man was t a l l , measur ing 1 71 .4 cm . S o me o f h is c ons t itut iona l a nd b ehav ioura l c harac ters r esu lted f ro m t he morphob io log ica l a na lys is :

" An a du l t , c lose t o ma tur i ty , s trong ly b u i lt a nd

t a l l, who p er formed c ons iderab le muscu lar a c t iv i ty f or a l ong t ime i n a ccord ance w i th t he p oss ib i l i t ies o f h is we l l-deve loped muscu lar s yste m , i n tense ly e xerc ised d ue t o h is way o f l i fe , c us to ms a nd o ccupa t ions .

R igh tlef t f unc-

t iona l s ym me try o f a rms a nd f orearms d ef ines t he i ndiv idua l a s r igh t-handed . The g enera l d eve lop men t o f a l l musc le g roups i nd ica tes a v ar ied a c t iv i ty , n on s pec ia l ized i n ac er ta in k ind o f l abour . The l egs p rov ide e v idence o f c onstan t a nd l ong a c t iv i ty o ft he musc le g roups e xer ted wh i le wa lking l ong d istances . C er ta in morphofunc t iona l a l tera t ions a re r e la ted t o j ourney ing o n f oo t i n t he p lain a nd e spec ia l ly i n u ndu la ting a nd h i l ly r eg ions , where wa lking i mp lies a g rea ter f l ex ion o f t he f oo t o n t he s hank .

I ti s n o t o u t o f t he q ues t ion t ha t t he

man u sed t o r es t i n as qua t ting p os i t ion , a lthough c er ta in b one f eatures s upp or t t he f unct iona l i n terpre ta t ion r e la ted t o as em inomadic l i fe" .

9 2

5

G rave 1 .

The s ku l l o f t h is woman i s mesocepha l ic , o r thochamaecepha lic

a nd t ap inome tr iocepha l ic . T he s ke le ton d isp lays n o s ign if icant d if ferences b e tween t he r igh t a nd t he l ef t s ides , wh ich i ndica tes t ha t t he musc les i n t he f orearms a nd a rms were a bou t e qua l ly e xerc ised i n t he a c t iv i t ies p er formed b y t he woman . Morphof unc t iona l d eta i ls c ons idered a s a who le p o in t t o av ar ied muscu lar a c t iv i ty , b u t d o n o t make i tp oss ib le t o i den t ify a c er ta in a c t iv i ty p erformed f or a l onger t ime a nd wh ich c ou ld b e r e la ted t o a we l l-de termined o ccupa t ion . T he t h igh a nd s hank b ones a re r obus t f or a woman a nd h ave d eve loped musc le i nser t ions a s ar esu lt o f l ong a nd r epea ted j ourneys o n f oo t . T he d ev e lop men t o ft he p i las ter , wh ich h as h igh i ndices , a nd t he h igher p la tymer ic i ndex o ft he l ef t f e mur a re a lso a t tr ibuted t o as eminomadic way o f l i fe . T he wo man was l ess t han midd le-sized i n s ta ture , measur ing 1 54 .4 cm . T he c onc lus ions o ft he morpho log ica l e xamina t ion i s t ha t Grave 1 c on ta ined t he r e ma ins o f a ma ture wo man , w ho h ad j us t e n tered a du lthood a nd was s trong ly b u i lt f or h er s ex a nd o f l ess t han a verage h e igh t .

I n h er l i fe s he h ad p erformed

p ermanent a nd v ar ied work d e manded b y t he o ccupa t ions t ypica l o f t he s e min omadic way o f l i fe l ed b y t he p as tora l t r ibes t o wh ich s he b e longed , j us t l i ke t he man i n terred c lose t o h er ;

t he t wo a re c lose ly l i nked b y t he s ame mor-

p ho log ica l ly mode l l ing f unc t iona l c harac ters .

6

Grave 3 c onta ined t he s ke le ton o f ay oung f e ma le w i th a s ku l l d ef ined a s d o lichocepha lic a t t he l im i t w i th h yperdo l ichocepha l ic , h ypsiorthocepha l ic a nd a crocepha l ic , w i th a n o r thocepha l ic a nd me tr ioacrocepha lic v au lt . B ecause much o ft he s ke le ton was miss ing , a morphob io log ica l e xamina t ion was n o t p ossib le .

S t i l l , i ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t , d espi te t he y oung a ge o f t he

i n terred woman , t he i nser t ions o f t he l arge p ec tora l were we l l d eve loped a nd t hose o ft he d e lto id s omewha t l ess .

7

A lthough more t han t en y ears p assed s ince t he l ast o ft he f our s ke letons was f ound a t T irpe§ t i , u nfor tuna te ly we s t i l l d o n o t h ave a n a n thropo log ica l e xamina t ion . On t he g round o fb one s ize a nd s turdiness, a ma le , b u t t h is i s a l l t he i nforma t ion we c an f urn ish .

we a t tr ibute i tt o

A s a lready men t ioned ? , t here a re r econs truc t ions made af ter t he s ku l ls o f t he f i rs t t hree s ke le tons .

ö

" The r econs truc t ion o f t he p hys iognomy o f t hese

p eop le ( t he f i rst a nd t he o n ly o ne i n t h is c ountry made a f ter s ku l ls f rom t ha t t u mu ltous p er iod ) i s j us t ly r egarded a s a n e ssen t ia l e le ment o f r esearch . Graph ic a nd p last ic r econstruc t ions o f t he f ace p rov ide a c oncre te a nd c o mp lex p ic ture o f t he morpho log ica l b as is o f i ndiv idua l p hysiogno my . I ti s a r ea li ty s een d a i ly wh ich c an b e f ur ther u sed a nd e ven c ompared i n p a laeoa n thropo log ica l r esearch .

Morpho log ic-phys iognom ic e xamina t ion a c tua l ly

p lays a ma jor r o le i n p hys ica l a n thropo logy , e qua l t o t ha t o f a n thropome try . " For t hese r easons t he g enera l o p inion i s t ha t g raph ic a nd p las t ic r econs truc t ions o ft he h u man f ace s hou ld c urren t ly a cco mpany p a laeoanthropo log ica l s tudies n o t o n ly i n o rder t o s how t he p hys ica l t ype o f e x t inct p opu la t ions , b ut ma in ly b ecause t hey c an a dd a n u mber o f i mpor tan t morpho logica l c harac ters t ot he d a ta s upp l ied b y c ranio log ic a na lys is . 9 3

" Geras imov 's me thod was u sed f or t he g raph ic r econs truc t ion .

H a ir

s hape a nd c o lour were c hosen i n k eep ing w i th t he i ndiv idua l 's a nthropo log ica l c harac ters ." 9 I n t he ma le f ro m Grave 2 t he a ge c ou ld b e d e term ined more a ccura te ly : b e tween 2 7 .2 a nd 3 1 .1 y ears . o u t lined p rof i le ( f ig . 2 07/c ) .

The p or tra i t r epresents a man w i th a s harp ly H e h as t he c harac ter is t ic f ea tures o f a modern

E uropean . T he a ge o f t he wo man i n Grave 1 c ou ld a lso b e more s tr ic t ly e stab l ished : b e tween 3 1 .6 a nd 3 4 .4 y ears .

The r econstruc t ion s hows a f a ir ly h armon ious

f ace w i th a n e ven s harper p rof i le t han t he man 's .

N ever the less , s he i s a

E uropid w i th a f ew p a laeoeurop id c harac ters ( f ig . 2 07/a ) . T he a ge o f t he y oung wo man i n Grave 3 was n o t c hanged b y t he r econs truct ion , wh ich f ea tures a d e lica te f ace , w ith a s o mewha t c urved f orehead a nd a sma l l a nd c oncave n ose .

The f ea tures a nd c er ta in morpho log ica l c harac ters

i ndica te a N egro id Aus tra lo id f ac ies , a lso k nown a s "Negro id" o f t he G r ima ldi t ype ( f ig . 2 07/ 1 3 ) . To s um u p , t he f i rs t t wo i ndiv idua ls a re o f t he E uropid t ype , whereas t he t h ird h as a n u mber o f Gr ima ldo id c harac ters .

1 0

According t o t he a uthors ,

t he c harac ters o f t he f irs t t wo a re of ten f ound i n t he t r ibes o fp as tora lists f rom t he l a te N eo li th ic , whereas t he l as t , s e ldo m f ound i n t hose t r ibes , c an b e r egarded a s b e ing o f l oca l o r ig in , wh ich i s s uppor ted b y i t s h igh i nc idence i n t he N eo li th ic s er ies o f t he Medi terranean r egion .

1 1

B ased o n t he morpho log ica l d a ta , we c an s ay t ha t t he d ead i n terred i n t he f irs t t wo g raves l ed a s em ino madic l i fe , t rave l ling l ong d is tances o n f oo t , a s p as tora lis ts u sed t o d o . T he f irst t wo s ku l ls were a ssigned t o s truc tura l g roup AC w i th i t s t hree s ubgroups , wh ich i nc lude s ku l ls w i th i ndices r ang ing f ro m d o licho-hyperdo l ichoc epha lic t o b rach icepha lic .

Th is i s t he c harac ter is t ic g roup o f t he s e mino madic

p as tora l t r ibes o f t he l a te N eo li th ic a nd E ar ly Bronze Age .

H owever , an u mber

o fd if ferences d ue t o e ndogamy a re ment ioned i n t he v ar ious C ha lco li th ic p ast ora l t r ibes o f t ha t t ime , wh ich g enera l ly r e ta ined t he f ea tures o f t he b asic s truc tura l g roup t o wh ich a l l p as tora l t r ibes b e longed , f or t hey c a me f rom t he s a me s tock .

B es ides t h is p reva i ling b as ic s truc tura l g roup , e le men ts b e-

l ong ing t o o ther s tructura l g roups a re f ound i n a l mos t e very t r ibe ;

t hey

u sua l ly c ome f ro m t he a u toch thonous p opu la t ions w i th wh ich t he C ha lco li th ic p as tora lis ts c ame i n to c on tac t d ur ing t he ir s easona l migra t ions f ro m t he n or th-Pon t ic s teppes t o t hese r eg ions . The wo man i n Grave 3 p robab ly b e longed t o t he o r ig ina l a utoch thonous p opu la t ion a nd was t hen a ssimi la ted b y t he t r ibe o fp as tora lis ts wh ich l i ved a t T irpe t i f or a s hor t t ime .

1 2

A c o mpar ison w i th t he more o r l ess c on te mporary g roups o fp as tora l p opul a t ions a t H o lboca , Br i li 1 ja , Do lhe§t i i Mar i , G li .vine t i , S to ican i-Ce t 4u ia a nd V a lea L upu lu i i n R o man ia , a nd Vykhva t in ts a nd o ther U kra in ian s er ies r ev ea led a g rea t s im i lar i ty , more marked i n wo men .

H owever , i t was n o t p os-

s ib le t o s ay f or c er ta in i ft he s im i lar i t ies were d ue t o c hance o r t o ac om mon s tock o f t he C ha lco li th ic t r ibes o fp as tora lis ts . 9 4

1 3

A t a ny r a te t he t r ibe wh ich b ur ied i t s d ead a t T irpe§ t i l ived mos t ly i n h i l ly a nd u ndu la t ing r eg ions , a s t he morphob io log ic e xam ina t ion d emons tra tes . 1 4

C eram ic ma ter ia l o ft he s ame a ge a s t he v esse ls f ound i n t he g raves was d iscovered a t T irpe§ t i a s e ar ly a s 1 959 . A t t he t ime , t he f ew f rag men ts f ound were a ss igned t o t he H onx Ii§ tea-Gorodsk c u lture . More d iscover ies were made d ur ing t he f o l low ing c ampa igns , b u t t hey s t i l l a re r a ther sma l l i n n u mber . E xcep t f or a f ew s tones , b ones a nd p o tsherds ( unburn t ) , i dent if ied i n t he e astern s ec tor o ft he s i te , n o th ing e lse was f ound i n s i tu

t he o ther

ma ter ia l b e ing s ca t tered a l mos t a l l o ver t he e xcava ted a rea . H ence , t he s i te c on ta ined o n ly r e ma ins o f av ery s hor t h ab ita t ion , n o t ac u lture l ayer p roper . Moreover , a s men t ioned a bove , t he c eram ic ma ter ia l was e xceeding ly f ragmen tary a nd n o t as ing le v esse l c ou ld b e r econstruc ted ( excep t t hose f ound i n t he g raves) . I n b road o ut line t he p o t tery f a l ls i n to t wo b ig g roups , d epending o n f abr ic : f i ne a nd k i tchen ware . An i n termedia te g roup c ou ld a lso b e d is t inguished , c ompr is ing ware made f ro m c ompara t ive ly g ood a nd f a ir ly h omogeneous p as te . T he f i rs t t ype o f ware , r a ther s carce ( b ut s t i l l r epresenta t ive ) i s made o ff a ir ly h omogeneous p as te , s o me t i mes c on ta ining mica o r e ven p ounded l imes tone , i s u neven ly f i red t o many s hades o f b rown , r eddish-brown , g rey , e tc ., w i th wa l ls of ten i ncomp le te ly b aked a nd t races o fb urn ing .

The v es-

s e ls i nc luded i n t h is g roup a re c o mmon ly o rnamen ted w i th p last ic r idges ( i n p a irs , t hrees a nd e ven f ours ) , e nd ing i n o r s ome t i mes i n terrup ted b y o va l b osses a nd e ven b y l ugs ( f ig . 2 09/1-12; 2 1 2/89 ) a nd a lways d ecora ted w i th v ar ious n o tches , d imp les a nd e ven sma l l p i ts . v ery f i ne .

I n af ew i nstances t hey a re

One v esse l h as t wo h or izon ta l r idges a t t he b ase o ft he n eck , t he

s econd o f wh ich i s s l igh t ly l ower , i mpressed w i th a sma l l t w in-po in ted t oo l ( o f wood o r b one ) wh ich l ef tp a irs o f f a ir ly d eep p i ts a nd a s ha l lower n o tch i nb e tween ( f ig . 2 09/10 ) . I n s ome v esse ls t he d ecora t ion i s l im i ted t o n o tches o n t he s hou lder o r r im . Men t ion s hou ld a lso b e made o ft wo p o tsherds , o ne d ecora ted w i th v ery f i ne n o tches a nd t he o ther w i th t w in r ows o fn a i l i mpress ions , a rranged i n t r iang les w i th sma l l p ro jec t ions a t t he c orners ( f ig . 2 09/11) . The k i tchen ware i s made o fp oor p as te , c onta in ing i mpur i t ies , s ome t i mes p o tsherds ( and p robab ly l imestone t oo ) , a nd u neven ly f i red t o a l l s hades o f r eddish-brown a nd g rey .

The mos t t yp ica l d ecora t ion i s o n t he e ver ted r im

o ft he v esse ls a nd c ons is ts o f v ar ious n o tches , d i mp les , d epress ions a nd h o l lows ( f ig . 2 10/16, 1 9-20 , 2 3 ; 2 12/11) . T he d epress ions made o n t he e dge o f o ne r im w i th t he n o tched p o in t o f as t ick l ook l i ke a c ord-impressed d ec ora t ion ( f ig . 2 10/19) wh ich t hey a c tua l ly a re n o t . S ome t i mes t wo n o tched t h in p las t ic r idges s tar t b e low t hem . S ome r i ms s ee m t o h ave b een d ecora ted w i th s lender s t icks o r b ones wh ich were f i ne ly n o tched o r wrapped i n t h in t hread ( poss ib ly a lso t h icker a n i ma l h a ir ) b ecause t hey l ef t f i ne marks i n t he s of tp as te ( ma in ly i n t he d i mp les o n t he r im ) . The b e l ly a nd s houlder were o f ten o rnamen ted w i th v ar ious , more o r l ess o rgan ized , n o tches o r d ep ress ions ( f ig . 2 09/23 , 3 0 ) .

I n g enera l t he d ecora t ion i s s urpr is ing ly c are-

l ess a nd of ten p ar t icu lar ly c rude . 9 5

I n t h is c eram ic g roup , we a lso f i nd b and h and les o n t he b e l ly o fg lobu lar v esse ls ( f ig . 2 10/10 ) a nd r ough ly s haped h igh h and les , a t tached b y o ne e nd t o t he l i p o f l arge- mou thed b ow ls w i th e ver ted r im ( f ig . 2 10/20 , 2 2-23 ) .

D imp les ,

s im i lar t o t hose u sua l ly o rnamen t ing e ver ted r i ms , r un r ound v ar ious b ases , p robab ly o fb ow ls r a ther t han o fg lobu lar v esse ls ( f ig . 2 10/24-26) . The i n termedia te ware i s made o fp as te w i th l ess i mpur i t ies , b e t ter k neaded , c on ta in ing a lso c oarser s and , b ut , l i ke t he o ther ware , i ti s mo t t led b rown , r eddish-brown a nd g rey a nd t he c ore o f t he wa l l i s of ten u nf ired, b lack a nd g rey-b lack i n c o lour . I n af ew i ns tances t he s ur face was c arefu l ly smoo thed . T he d ecora t ion c ons is ts o n ly o fn o tches , d imp les , h o l lows , p erf ora ted o r u nper fora ted b osses , l ugs o r sma l l h and les , mos t o f ten a t tached t o t he r im a nd p ro jec t ing u pwards l i ke a s pur o r mere ly r ising a l i t t le a bove t he r im ( f ig . 2 09/14-33;

2 10/1-7, 9 , 1 2-15 , 1 8; 2 1 1 /9 ; 2 12/1-7 , 1 0 , 1 2-19 ) .

Af ew b ow l f rag men ts a re u ndecora ted ( f ig . 2 09/17; 2 10/11, 1 7; 2 11/13) . G iven t he h igh ly f ragmen tary c ond i t ion o f t he ware , i ti s h ard t o d e termine s hapes , w i th t he e xcep t ion o ft he v ases f ound i n t he g raves .

I n a ddi t ion t o t he

v esse ls w i th a h igh n eck , e ver ted r im a nd b u lg ing o r g lobu lar b ody , t here were sma l l a nd midd le-s ized p o ts w i th a h igh c y l indr ica l n eck , e ver ted r im a nd f l a t ter b ody ( f ig . 2 1 1/56, 8 , 1 1 ; 2 12/1) . B ow ls a re f requen t a nd v ar ied ( 209/12 b is 22 , 2 4-32 ; 1 5 , 1 7-18;

2 1 1/9 , 1 3;

2 12/2-6, 1 0 , 1 2-19 ;

2 13/12-13) .

2 10/1-5 , 7 , 9 , 1T here a re l arge

b ow ls s haped l i ke a n i nver ted t runca ted c one , w i th a n o ut-turned r im , sma l ler , S -shaped , b ow ls , w i th a r ounded s hou lder , b ow ls w i th a h igh ly e ver ted r im , o n whose e dge d eep n o tches a l terna te w i th sma l l, a l mos t t r iangu lar p ro jec t ions , a nd b ow ls w i th t he r im s loping i nwards , u ndecora ted o r w i th n o tched e dges a nd t w in b osses o n b o th s ides o f h or izon ta l ly p er fora ted a nd s l igh t ly r is ing l ugs . Af ew b ow l f ragments h ave c are less ly i nc ised X 's o n t he n eck a nd a p o tsherd i s c overed w i th s o me b arbo t ine o ver wh ich l i nes were i nc ised . O fp ar t icu lar i n teres t i s t he f ragmen t o f ac ompara t ive ly g lobu lar v esse l w i th t he l ower h a lf i n t he s hape o fa n i nver ted t runca ted c one a nd t h ick n o tched r im .

I ti s made o fn on-homogeneous a nd p oor ly k neaded p as te w i th many i m-

p ur i t ies , b r ick r ed-brown i n c o lour a nd mo t t led a s ar esu lt o f s econdary f ir ing . N o tched b and h and les , b roadened where t hey a re a t tached t o t he v esse l , s i t b e low t he r im ;

a wavy , n o tched c ordon s tar ts a t t he l ower e nd o f t he

h and le a nd r uns i n b o th d irec t ions , b ut o n t he r igh t s ide i ti s missing ( f ig . 2 11/ 1 2 T he mos t r e markab le s pec imen , h owever , i s a n a skos ( a lso b roken ) made o f f a ir ly g ood p as te , f ired t o g rey-b lack a nd d ecora ted w i th a d imp led p last ic r idge ; i th as a f l a t b ody ( a l mos t l i ke t he G u me ln ita a sko i ) , ah igh n eck , b u lgi ng i n f ron t , a nd a s pout l i p ( f ig . 2 1 1/4 ) . Among t he f i nds was a f rag men t o f l ad le made o fp aste w i th p ounded s he l ls a nd l imes tone , u neven ly f i red t o g rey-brown o uts ide a nd d ark g rey i ns ide . The s herd i s sma l l a nd u ndecora ted ( f ig . 2 08/12) . An u mber o f s p ind le-whor ls f a l l i n to t he s ame p er iod ( f ig . 2 08/4-10 ; 5 -11) .

2 13/

They a re most ly i n t he s hape o ft runca ted c ones , b ut t here a re a lso

b i troncon ica l o nes , made o ft he s ame impur it ies—conta ining p as te , mo t t led 9 6

g rey-brown a nd of ten u ndecora ted .

Af ew s pec i mens a re d ecora ted w i th n o tches

o n t he l arges t c ircu mference a nd a h or izon ta l r ow o f i rregu lar d o ts ( f ig . 2 13/ 6 ) o r v er t ica l r ows o fn a i l i mpress ions a bove ( f ig . 2 08/4 ;

2 13/7) .

I ncom-

p le te ly p er fora ted s pec imens , l ooking l i ke a f i ne ly d ecora ted min ia ture v esse l) were a lso f ound ( f ig . 2 13/4 ) . Th is t ype o f whor l i s we l l k nown i n t he c u l ture u nder d iscuss ion . I ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t T irpeet i y ie lded n o p a in ted p o t tery o f t he U sa tovo t ype , c onnec ted b y mos t r esearchers w i th l a te C ucu ten i B -Tr ipo lye C / I e lemen ts a dop ted b y t he t r ibes o fn omadic p as tora lis ts f rom s et t led C ha lco li th ic a gri cu l tura l ists. Our s easona l h ab i ta t ion h as a na logues i n t he c orresponding o ccu r t ion l eve ls a t H ibieee t i ,1 5 I zvoare ,1 6 S to icani ( t he Ha l ls ta t t c eme tery ) , 7 U r icani , Do lheet i i Man, 1 9 a nd o ther s i tes .

1 8

When we p ub l ished t he f i rs t d iscover ies o f T irpee t i , we a lready c onnec ted c er ta in s hapes a nd d ecora t ions , s uch a s t he b ow ls w i th a f l ar ing , i nward b ev e l led a nd mos t ly n o tched r im , t o t he Horodie tea-Fo ltee t i Ih or izon , a nd t he n o tched r idges , b and h and les a nd f i ne p as te o fg lobu lar v esse ls w i th t he e ar ly G l ina f f l —S chneckenberg A c u lture . A t t he s ame t ime , we p laced a l l t he ma ter ia l f rom erpee t i b e tween F o ltee t i Ia nd I a nd s ugges ted t ha t i t was o n ly al i t t le e ar l ier t han t he B ogdinee t i s tage , F o lteet i I . 2 1

2 0

a ssigned b y Mar i lena F lorescu t o

Th is p ic ture s hou ld b e modif ied n ow i n t he l i gh t o f r ecen t s tra t igraph ic e v idence wh ich h as s hown t ha t a t F o ltee t i t here i s o n ly o ne c u lture l ayer c ont a in ing a l l t he t ypes o f ware k nown t here , p a inted p ot tery i nc luded .

2 2

F or

t h is r eason we l eave a s ide t he R o man n u mbers I , I ( or e ven I I ) a nd u se o n ly t he n ame o ft he s i te i n t he s im i lar i t ies we s ha l l e stab lish . N o tched c ordons a nd n o tches o n t he r im a nd s hou lder a re e le ments t ransmi t ted t o t he S chneckenberg A c u lture f rom wha t migh t b e t ermed t he HorodieteaE rbicen i-Fo ltee t i s tage . I n o ur v iew , t ransm iss ion migh t h ave o ccurred a lso t hrough t he h or izon d iscovered a t T irpee t i , br icani , Do lheet i i Mar i e tc .

A s

a ma t ter o f f ac t , t he a skos d ecora ted w i th n o tched p las t ic r idges d iscovered d ur ing t he e ar ly e xcava t ions a t F o ltee t i a nd a ssigned a t t he t ime b y M . P e trescu-D imbov ita t o al a te h or izon f rom t he E ar ly B ronze Age , c orresp onding t o t he G lina I ISchneckenberg A c u lture ,2 3 n ow p roves t o b e long t o t he u n i tary c u lture l ayer ( and , i mp l ic i t ly ,t o t he c u ltura l a spec t ) o f F o lteet i . As a lready p o in ted o ut , a n a skos was f ound a t T irpee t i .

2 4

The c ord o rna men t i s miss ing f rom l irpee t i , b u t t he o ther t ra i ts , i .e . s hapes a nd d ecora t ions , a re s tr ic t ly c on temporary , i nd ispu tab ly i ndica t ing t he p hase o ft rans i t ion wh ich p reserved a nd t rans m i t ted H orodietea-Fo l tee t i e lements t o t he S chneckenberg A h or izon o f Mo ldova , o r t o wha t Mar i lena F lorescu t erms t he " Fo ltee t i I " c u lture . 2 5 The v ases d iscovered i n t he g raves ( t hose i n g rave 4 i nc luded) a re s im i lar t o t he p o t tery f ound o n t he s i te , t hus p lacing t he b ur ia ls w i th in t he s a me c u lt ura l a nd c hrono log ica l li m i ts . We h ave a lso men t ioned t ha t t he v esse l f rom g rave 2 i s a l mos t i den t ica l w i th t ha t d iscovered a t C acova ; i to n ly l acks t he h and les a nd n o tched p last ic o rna men t . 9 7

A s im i lar d ecora t ion i s h owever f ound

o n s ome p o tsherds f ro m T irpee t i a nd o n t he v esse l f rom g rave 1 .

T he h and les

o ft he l a t ter v esse l a nd s ome o ft hose r ecovered f rom t he s et t le men t s hou ld a c tua l ly b e l i nked t o d iscover ies d a ted t o t he E ar ly Bronze Age . 2 6 The s hape o ft he v esse l u near thed f rom Grave 1 r eca l ls t he h igh-necked s tra igh t-r i m med p ir i for m v esse ls t yp ica l o f t he C ucuten i A -B p hase , t hough n o f i lia t ion ( no t e ven a n i ndirec t o ne ) c an b e e stab lished b e tween t he t wo c ult ura l a spec ts . On t he o ther h and, t he v esse l h as c lose a na logues a t U r ican i , where a s im i lar s pec i men was a t tr ibu ted t o t he H orodie tea-Fo lteet i-Gorodsk h or izon .2 7 B y i t s d ecora t ion a nd t he s hape o f i t s h and les , i tt oo c an b e r e la ted t o a : la te h or izon wh ich a dop ted a nd d eve loped e lemen ts r esu lt ing i n t he Bronze Age o f Mo ldova . C er ta in s im i lar i t ies ( espec ia l ly t he g enera l s hape o f t he v esse ls ) p o in t t o t he S ofyevka g roup , b u t n o i den t i ty c an b e e s tab lished , i n p ar t icu lar b ecause t he b ur ia l r i te o ft he l a t ter was i nc inera t ion i n b arrows , i n c ontradis t inc t ion t o i nhu ma t ion i n f l a t g raves a t T irpee t i . E v iden t ly , b y t he ir s hapes t he v ess e ls o fT irpee t i a re a lso l i nked t o t he G lobu lar Amphorae g roup , wh ich u sed t he n o tched c ordon o rnamen t ; c onsequen t ly , we s hou ld n o t e xc lude a c er tain i nf luence e xer ted i n o ne way o r a no ther o n t h is h or izon b y G lobu lar Amphorae , t he more s o a s t hey a re a n e ar l ier g roup . Ano ther f ac t wh ich s hou ld n o t b e o ver looked i s t ha t t he s e t t le men t o f T irpee t i a nd t ha t o f U r icani a re r e la ted t o t he G orodsk a spec t i n t he f ores t-s teppe z ones o f wes tern U kra ine r a ther t han t o t he U sa tovo a spec t , whose t ra i ts i nc lude p a in ted p ot tery , wh ich i s miss ing f rom T irpee t i . J us t l i ke t he o ther v es t iges f rom t ha t p er iod , t he f l a t g raves d iscovered a t T irpeet i a re c lose ly c onnec ted w i th t he l arge g roup o f s em inomadic p as tora l p opu la t ions wh ich k ept e n ter ing t he t err i tory o f R omania f rom t he e as t , p rob ab ly u nder p ressure f rom o ther t r ibes i n s earch o fp as ture l and . The f ert i le t erraces a long t he v a lleys o ft he Ozana a nd Mo ldova ( and t he ir t r ibutar ies ) o f fered g ood g raz ing g rounds .

As a ma t ter o f f ac t , t he a n thropo log ica l e xa m ina-

t ion r evea led c harac ters t yp ica l o fp eop le who c overed l ong d istances o n f oo t a nd , wha t i s more , i t emphasized t he f ac t t ha t t hey wa lked mos t ly i n u ndul a t ing a nd h i l ly a reas , n o t i n t he f l a t s teppe , wh ich means t ha t t hose p eop le ( a t a ny r a te t hose who e n tered Mo ldova ) d id n o t c ome f rom t he n or th-Pon t ic s teppes , a s o f ten c on jec tured . We a lready made i tc lear o n a no ther o ccasion t ha t l irpee t i was o n ly u sed a s at emporary , a l mos t c er ta in ly s easona l , s e t t lement where p eop le l i ved i n h uts o f wh ich n o r ema ins h ave s urv ived . S o me o ft he i so la ted h ear ths d iscovered a t l ow d epths , i .e . 0 .15-0 . 2 5 m ( b u t w i thout a ny c eram ic ma ter ia l a bout t he m ) migh t b e a t tr ibu ted t o t ha t p opu la t ion; s er ious d oubts p ers is t t hough , b ecause o f t he a bsence o f o ther d epos i ts n ear t he m a nd b ecause s ome were d ef in i te ly d ated t o t he s econd a nd t h ird c entur ies A . D . D iscuss ing a p oss ib le d eno m ina t ion o f t he l ayer , we s a id f i rs t t ha t i tc ou ld n o t b e a ss igned t o t he H orodietea-Fo ltee t i c u lture ( Fo ltee t i I , we c a l led i ta t t he t ime ) a nd i t s Gorodsk-Usa tovo e qu iva len t o n t he g round o f i t s f eatures . A t t he s a me t ime we p o inted o u t D . B erciu 's p ostu la te o f 1 961, i .e. t hat t here i s al a te F o lteet i Ih or izon i n c en tra l Mo ldova , t o wh ich h e a ss igned ma in ly t he p o tsherds w i th n o tched p las t ic r idges f rom I l ibieeet i , p robab ly 9 8

f o l lowed b y al as t , F o ltee t i I I , h or izon .

I n t he a rchaeo log ica l l i tera ture Ip ub lished a t t he t ime h owever , F o l tee t i Is tood ma in ly f or t he G lina I S chneckenberg A a spec t f rom F o l tee t i . B ut t he h or izon d iscovered a t T irpeet i , 2 8

H ibieee t i , S to ican i , U r ican i , Do lhee t i i Mar i , a nd o ther s i tes c anno t b e a ss igned t ot he S chneckenberg A a spec t o f Mo ldova . We t herefore c ons idered t ha t t ha t h or izon , wh ich we p laced a t t he e nd o f t he t ransi t ion p er iod a nd wh ich c er ta in ly was t he o r ig in o ft he B ronze Age o f Mo ldova , s hou ld b e n amed t he Ur ican i-Do lheet i i Mar i h or izon , b ecause i t was t here t ha t t he o rnamen ta l e lemen t d eve loped a nd c arr ied t o p er fec t ion i n t he E ar ly B ronze A ge ( Schneckenb erg A c u lture ) , i .e . t he n o tched o r d i mp led p las t ic r idge , h ad b een d iscovered f or t he f irs t t ime .

I n i t we i nc luded f i nds f rom T irpee t i a nd s im i lar o nes

f rom I zvoare , H ibieee t i , S to ican i ( t he H a l lsta t t c e me tery ) , a nd o thers. 29 R ecen t t es t s oundings a t F o ltee t i h ave, h owever , modi f ied t he e arl ier s eq uence ( Fo ltee t i I —T irpee t i-Ur ican i-Fo ltee t i I ) . Wha t h ad b een d ef ined a s F o ltee t i I , t ha t i s aG l ina I ISchneckenberg A a spec t i n Mo ldova , n ow c harac ter izes t he s ing le c u lture l eve l a t F o ltee t i , t hus p rov ing ( according t o t he a uthors o f t he s ounding ) p erfec t s ynchron is m o f p a inted p o t tery , t he ware d ecora ted w i th n o tches , g rooves , i nc is ions , a nd o bv ious ly , t he p o t tery o rna men ted w i th n o tched c ordons , f re twork , c ordi mpressed , e tc . " To t h is we s hou ld a dd t he a skos , f ormer ly r egarded , t og e ther w i th o ther e lemen ts , a s at yp ica l t ra i t o f t he E ar ly Bronze A ge a t F o lteet i .

Ac tua l ly , t hough n o t i dent ica l , t he a skos f rom T irpee t i h as p ara l-

l e ls a t b o th F o lteet i3 1 a nd R ädieen i .

3 2

We h ave s een t ha t T irpee t i y ie lded n o p a in ted p o t tery , c ord-decora ted ware , h igh-hand led u rns , b and h and les w i th t h ickened e dges s im i lar t o t hose o f t he G l ina I I t ype ( on ly s imp le b and h and les were f ound) , r ibbons f i l led w i th c ross h a tch ings , i nc ised d ecora t ion p roper ( t here a re o n ly t hree f rag men ts d ecora ted w i th X 's o n t he n eck ) , i nc ised b ands f i l led w i th n o tches , r ows o f d o ts o n b o th s ides o f ad eep ly i nc ised l i ne , b arbo t ine d es igns , impressed r ing le ts o n t he r im o r b e l ly , a nd p la in c ordons e nding i n ab oss . Moreover , o n ly o ne v esse l w i th n o tched b and h and les was d iscovered ( f ig . 2 1 1/4 ) .

The o ther p a t terns

k nown a t F o ltee t i were f ound , a s we l l a s s ome a n thropomorph ic f igur ines . Made , l i ke t he p o t tery , o fp oor p aste a d mixed w i th much s and a nd u neven ly f i red , t he f i gur ines a re r ough ly s haped . On ly f ragmen ts o ft he f l a t , a pprox ima te ly h ear t-shaped u pper p ar t o f f igur ines w i th a h igh n eck a nd sma l l, o f ten a sym me tr ica l ly p laced , b reasts were p reserved ( f ig . 2 08/3;

2 13/1-2 ) .

I ti s

h ard ly b e lievab le t ha t t hey were d er ived f rom t he s p lendid C ucu ten i f i gur ines . S t i l l , t hey p o in tt o mag ic-re lig ious b e liefs l i nked t o t he c u lt o f f ecundi ty a nd f er t i li ty t yp ica l o fb o th p as tora lis ts a nd a gr icu l tura l is ts . A no ther f i nd f rom T irpee t i i s af l in t a xe made o fg rey-b lack r ock a nd c arefu l ly worked .

H owever , i n c on tradist inc t ion t o many s uch t oo ls d iscovered

i n Mo ldova , o n ly i t s c ut t ing e dge , h igh ly worn o u t a nd c h ipped b y l ong u se , i s p o lished ( f ig . 2 08/11; 2 13/3 ) . The p o lish may b e t he r esu lt o f l ong u se r a ther t han o fd e l ibera te f i n ish . The a xe h as a t rapezo id f orm , p i a no-convex s ec t ion , s l igh t ly a rched c ut t ing e dge a nd b lun ted b ut t .

I ti s at yp ica l t oo l o f t he t r ibes

t ha t e n tered t he t err i tory o f R oman ia a t t he t ime , b u t c ou ld b e t he r esu lt o f b ar ter , b ecause i ti s n o t ac om mon s tone i mp le men t o f t he b earers o ft he 9 9

c u ltura l a spec t d iscovered a t T irpest i . Ye t , we h ave a f a ir ly l im i ted k nowl edge o f t hose p eop le a nd i ti s n ot i mpossib le t ha t s im i lar s pecimens w i l l b e d iscovered a t o ther s i tes i n t he f u ture , t he more s o a s t hey a re c o mpara t ive ly f requent i n s tone c ist g raves. G iven t he d if ferences b e tween t he ma ter ia l d iscovered a t F o ltes t i a nd t ha t o f T irpes t i , i ti s c lear t ha t t he t wo s i tes were n o t c ontemporaneous . A l though much o ft he F o l test i ma ter ia l i s t ypo log ica l ly more d eve loped a nd l a ter t han t he T irpes t i ware , t he p resence a t F o ltes t i o fp a inted p o t tery a nd o f o ther e lemen ts ( i nc lud ing t he s tone imp lemen ts , e spec ia l ly t he sma l l f l a t t rapezo id mar l a xes ) makes u s a t tr ibu te t he s e t t le men t a t T irpes t i t o al a ter d a te t han t ha t a t F o ltes t i . H owever , i ft he 1 971 s ounding h ad n o t c hanged t he s i tua t ion a t F ol test i ,3 3 w e wou ld h ave p laced T irpeet i b e tween F o l teet i Ia nd F o l teet i I . I n 1 964 we h ad a lso e s tab lished t he r e la t ionsh ip b etween T irpes t i a nd Bogdänes t i a nd s ugges ted t ha t o ur s e t t lemen t was a l i t t le e ar lier t han Bogdänes t i . 34 B ut M . F lorescu f ound a n E ar ly B ronze Age h or izon a t B ogd änes t i , 1 .e . " the F o l tes t i Ic u lture" , whose d eve lopmen t s ee ms t o h ave b een a rres ted b y t he p ene tra t ion o ft he Mon teoru c u lture i n Mo ldova .

3 5

Obv ious ly ,

i ti s d if f icu lt t o o pera te w i th t he t erm F o ltes t i n ow t ha t we h ave o n ly o ne c u lt ure l ayer a t t he t ype s i te . I tw i l l , p erhaps , b e n ecessary t o work o ut a no ther c hrono log ica l-evo lut ionary s che me a nd g ive o ther n ames t o t he s tages ( or e ven t o t he c u l tures ) c harac ter is t ic o f t he t rans i t ion p er iod , a nd p oss ib ly o f t he E ar ly Bronze A ge o f Mo ldova , b ecause o therw ise i tw i l l b e i mposs ib le t o o pera te w i th t erms b y wh ich e very r esearcher means s ome th ing e lse . And i tw i l l b e e qua l ly d if f icu lt t o work w i th a rb i trar i ly c rea ted c oncepts o n t he b as is o f o ne o r s evera l c a tegor ies o f ware r e moved f rom t he c on tex t i n wh ich t he r esearchers ma inta in t ha t t hey d iscovered t hem . F or t hese r easons , we s ha l l p lace t he d iscover ies o f T irpes t i i n ac hrono log ica l a nd c u ltura l s tage c lose ly p receding t he G lina I ISchneckenberg A c omp lex , t o whose f orma t ion t hey mus t h ave c on tr ibuted . N o tes 1 . V I . D um i trescu e .a .

1 954 , p p . 4 77-485 , p l . CXXV I , CXXVI I I-CXXD C .

2 . D . Mann , 1 959 , 2 , p . 2 15 , f i g . 2 . 3 .

C . R iscut ia , D . N ico liescu-P lopsor , 1 964 , p p . 1 72-176 , f i g . 1 -3 .

4 . D . N ico liescu-P lopsor , 1 964 , p p . 1 58-172 . 5 . I b id . 6 . I b id . 7 .

I b id .

8 .

C . R iscut ia , D . N ico gescu-P lopsor , 1 964 , p p . 1 72-176 .

9 . I b id . 1 0 .

I b id .

1 1 .

I b id .

1 00

1 2 .

D . N ico läescu-P lo Kor , 1 964 , p . 1 68f f .

1 3 .

I bid .

1 4 .

I bid .

1 5 .

V I . Du m itrescu e .a . ,1 954 ,

1 6 .

R . V u lpe , 1 957, f i g . 2 71 a nd 2 79 .

1 7 .

M . P etrescu-Dimbov4a , 1 953 , p p . 1 62-166, f i g . 4 -5 .

1 8 ,

D . Ma hn , 1 959 , 1 , p p . 2 52-254 , f i g . 1 0 .

1 9 .

D . Mar in , 1 959 , 2 , p . 2 15 , f i g . 2 .

2 0 .

S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu , 1 964 , 2 , p p . 2 41-250 .

2 1 .

M . F lorescu , 1 964 , f i g . 1 -4;

P .

4 81, p l . CXXV I ;

M .

F lorescu, C . B uzdugan , 1 972 , p p .

1 03-205 . 2 2 .

M . P etrescu-D imbov i4a , D . Mar in , 1 974 , p p . 1 9-72 .

2 3 .

M . Petrescu-D imbov ita e .a . ,1 951, p p . 2 56, 2 63, f i g . 3 /3 .

2 4 .

M . P e trescu-D imbov i tsa , D . Ma hn , 1 974 , p . 6 3 .

2 5 .

M . F lorescu , C . B uzdugan , 1 972 , p . 1 94f f .

2 6 .

S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu, 1 964 , 2 , p . 2 46 a nd n . 2 2 .

2 7 .

N . Zahar ia , M . P e trescu-Di mbovga , Em . Zahar ia , 1 956, p . 9 , f ig . 1 0 .

2 8 .

S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu , 1 964 , 2 , p p . 2 47-248 a nd n o te 3 1 .

2 9 .

I bid .

3 0 .

M . P e trescu-D imbov i t ,a , D . Mann, 1 974 , p p . 1 9-72 .

3 1 .

I bid ., f i g . 1 7/1-2 .

3 2 .

V .

Our s pec i men i s f l a t ter .

C iurea , 1 933, f i g . 1/7 .

F ig . 1/4 , 6p o tsherds f ro m t he t rans i t ion

p er iod . 3 3 .

M . P e trescu-Dimbov%a , D . Ma hn , 1 974 , p p . 1 9-72 .

3 4 .

S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu, 1 964 , 2 , p . 2 45 .

3 5 .

M . F lorescu , C . B uzdugan , 1 972 , p . 1 94f f .

The a uthors a lso d iscuss

" the c oncept o f F o lte t i I c u lture" i n d eta i l a nd t he a rbi trary a nd e rrone ous v iews p rev ious ly e xpressed b y v ar ious r esearchers ( pp . 1 94-196 a nd n o tes 2 9-30 , 3 2 a nd 3 6) .

1 01

V I I BRONZE AGE AND HALLSTATT ( F ig . 1 0 ;

2 14-223)

A s we h ave men t ioned i n t he f i rst c hapter , R ipa l u i Boda i o f fered g ood c ondi t ions f or t he s e t t le men t o f many c om mun i t ies t ha t d eve loped o n t he p res ent t err i tory o f t h is c oun try i n p re- a nd p ro toh is tor ic p er iods . U nfor tuna te ly , t hese f requen t a nd s ome t i mes f a ir ly l ong s e t t le men ts mos t of ten d es troyed o r d isturbed e ar lier c u lture l ayers o r a ssoc ia t ions .

Th is i s

wha t h appened w i th t he s et t le ment we s ha l l d iscuss b e low a nd o f wh ich o n ly c era m ic f ragmen ts , t yp ica l t oo ls a nd o b jec ts , b u t n o c losed a ssoc ia t ion , were p reserved . E xcep t af ew b and h and les , i nc luding o ne w i th t wo sma l l b osses o n e i ther s ide ( f ig . 2 16/15;

2 18/12 ) , a nd a no ther s tar t ing b e low t he r im ( f ig . 2 17/3)

a nd a pp l ied t o ab road a nd u pwards d rawn b ase ( so mewha t s im i lar t o t he h and les o f t he G lina t ype ) , wh ich c ou ld b e d a ted t o t he E ar ly Bronze A ge o f Mo ldova ( or e ven i nc luded i n t he ma ter ia l d escr ibed i n t he p receding c hap ter ) , t he Bronze Age ma ter ia l d iscovered b e longs t o s tage Io f t he N oua C u lture , i n to wh ich Monteoru , K o marovo-Cos t i§a a nd S igh i para- W ie tenberg d ecorat ive e le men ts p ersis ted . F irs t we n o te c ups o f t he Monteoru t ype , made o f c o mpara t ive ly g ood p as te , u neven ly f ired t o s hades r ang ing f rom g rey-b lack t o mot t led g reyb rown , a nd h av ing v ar ious s izes a nd h igh h and les ( f ig . 2 16/26;

2 19/11) .

The modes t d ecora t ion c ons is ts o f a n i nc ised l i ne o r ah or izon ta l d epress ion a t t he b ase o f t he n eck , s e t o f fb y o ne o r t wo r ows o f p r icks i m media te ly b el ow i to r f ra ming i t .

A l arger v esse l ( o f wh ich o n ly a f ragmen t was f ound )

b ears s ha l low , w ide v er t ica l f l u t ings u nder t he r ow o f p r icks . B es ides t hese c ups a nd l arge v esse ls w i th b road h and les ( probab ly h igh ) , t here a re s hor t-necked v esse ls w i th a s l igh t ly e ver ted r im , d ecora ted w i th f l u t ings o n b o th n eck a nd b ody ( f ig . 2 16/21) a nd f ragmen ts o f v esse ls w i th s l igh t ly o ut-turned a nd t h ick r im , b ear ing i nc ised p ara l le l l i nes r ound t he n eck ( f ig . 2 16/5 ) .

O ther o rna men ts a re :

r ows o f h o l lows w i th a f i ne ly i nc ised mo t if

b e low t hem, s e ts o f a ngu lar l i nes i nc ised o n t he b ody o f c ups b e low a g roup o f h or izon ta l l i nes ( f ig . 2 16/16) , n arrow b ands b ordered b y i nc ised l i nes , b ands f i l led w i th p r icks , i nc ised t r iang les a ssoc ia ted w i th r ows o fp r icks a nd d esigns made w i th w ide a nd v ery s ha l low i nc is ions ( f ig . 2 16/27) .

I mpressed

d o ts s ee m t o b e more i nfrequen t . N o tab le i n t h is c on tex t i s t he C os t i§a-der ived ware , made o fp oor p as te , u neven ly f i red , a lso d ecora ted w i th p a t terns o f l i nes a nd p r icks , s ome t i mes w i th a " f ir-tree" mo t if ( f ig . 2 16/8 , 9 ;

2 18/7, 10 ) , a t o ther t imes w i th h a tched

1 02

i rregu lar t r iang les a ssoc ia ted w i th i nc ised l i nes a nd p r icks ( f ig . 2 16/12-13; 2 18/6) a nd e ven w i th p i ts .

A ga in t he r im i s t h ick a nd s l igh t ly o ut-turned i n

s ome i ns tances . T h is c a tegory i nc ludes a f ragment o fb ow l w i th r ounded s hou lder a nd t w in b osses o n t he r im , made o fb e t ter p as te , b ut d a maged i n a f i re . I ti s d ecora ted o n ly w i th f i ne ly i nc ised l i nes o n t he s hou lder ( f ig . 2 16/ 1 0 ; 2 18/1) ; more i nforma t ion c anno t b e s upp lied b ecause o f t he f ragmen tary c ondi t ion o f t he v esse l . Ac up f ragmen t , b r ickred-brown i n c o lour ( wh ich was c overed w i th a c arefu l ly p o lished s l ip ) b ears a h or izonta l l i ne b e tween t wo r ows o fp r icks a t t he b ase o ft he n eck a nd s hor t v er t ica l l i nes ( a t s ome d ist ance ) a lso b ordered b y r ows o fp r icks ( f ig . 2 16/11; 2 18/2 ) . S o me f rag ments o fb ow ls a re d ecora ted w i th f i ne p r icks o n t he e dge o f t he r im a nd w i th r ing le ts c omb ined w i th p r icks ( f ig . 2 16/7) .

S ome t imes , b road

r ibbons i n r eserve b e tween d eep ly i nc ised l i nes a re f i l led w i th a r ow o f h a tched l ozenges ( f ig . 2 16/1;

2 18/3) .

Mos t i n teres t ing i s t he ware i n t he S igh4oara- W ie tenberg t radi t ion , made o f c ompara t ive ly g ood p as te , f i red t o v ar ious s hades o f b r ick-red , b rown a nd g rey , w i th t he c harac ter is t ic e ver ted r i ms d ecora ted b y t he t yp ica l s ta mped t r iang les ( f ig . 2 16/6, 1 8; 2 18/4 ) , i nc lined S s ( f ig . 2 16/2; 2 18/11) b e tween f urrowed l i nes ( t he S 's a re made b y t he s ame t echn ique ) , o r s hor t l i nes f orm ing a ng les o n t he e dge ( f ig . 2 16/3;

2 18/11) .

B e low t he r im a no ther

f urrowed l i ne i s f o l lowed b y ar ow o f sma l l p i ts ( f ig . 2 16/3-4 ;

2 18/11) .

B e-

s ides t yp ica l b and h and les , t here a re v er t ica l ly p er fora ted l ugs ( f ig . 2 16/4 , 1 8; 2 18/4 , 1 4 ) .

Men t ion s hou ld a lso b e made h ere o f t he o n ly p o tsherd f ro m

T irpe§t i b ear ing a f ragmen t o f h ooked c ordon d ecora ted w i th v ery f i ne n o tches ( f ig . 2 16/22; 2 18/9 ) . Mos t u ncommon a re a f ew f ragmen ts o fb ow ls w i th s harp ly e ver ted r im , made o f f i ne p as te f i red t o g rey i n t he c ore o f t he wa l l a nd t o g rey-brown o uts ide . The s l ip , wh ich c onta ins a c er ta in amoun t o f mica , was p o l ished w i th p ar t icu lar c are t o a me ta l lic l us tre ( f ig . 2 17/3) . H owever , mos t v esse ls a re made o fn on-homogeneous p as te , o f ten o f p oor q ua li ty , f i red t o v ar ious s hades o fb r ickred-brown , a nd more s e ldom t o g rey o r g rey-b lack . Because o f t he f ragmen tary c ondi t ion o f t he ma ter ia l, s hapes c ou ld n o t b e d e term ined i n d e ta i l . Af ew f rag men ts c o me f rom t he h igh n ecks o f v esse ls w i th a s tra igh t a nd s l igh t ly p rof i led o r e ven a n e ver ted r im , w i th a p robab ly t runca ted b ody , a nd b road b and h and les s i t t ing o n t he n eck ( f ar b e low t he r im ) ( f ig . 2 17/19-20 ) .

N ex t c omes t he who le r ange o f t yp ica l

N oua Iware . F irs t t he h em ispher ica l b ow l w i th a s tra igh t o r s l igh t ly e ver ted r im , w i th k nobs o n t he b e l ly , p la in o r d ecora ted w i th c are less ly made p r icks a bove t he k nobs ( f ig . 2 16/23; 2 17/5 , 8 ; 2 18/13) . Then t he t runca ted b ow ls , w i th a t h ick i nver ted r im , p rov ided w i th a p las t ic r idge b e low t he r im a nd p rob ab ly w i th l ugs ( f ig . 2 19/17) . Mos t f requen t h owever , i s t he p ouched v esse l ( f ig . 2 17/1-2 , 4 , 6 -7, 9 -12 , 1 4-17 , 2 1-24 ; 2 18/15-16; 2 19/1-10 , 1 2-16, 1 8-19 ) , s ome t imes t h ickr i m med 7w i th a s tra igh t o r f l ar ing mouth ( f a ir ly w ide s ome t i mes ) , c ommon ly w i th a h or izon ta l p last ic r idge , s ome t i mes s e t o f f b y b osses , b e low t he n eck . Of ten , t he r idge i s t h ick a nd d imp led o r n o tched; d i mp led o r n o tched p roj ec t ions a re a lso f ound , a nd s e ldom n o tches o r d i mp les o n t he r im .

The

c harac ter ist ic r ows o f h o les p laced i mmedia te ly b e low t he r im ( f ig . 2 17/4 ,

1 03

1 4 , 1 7, 2 1;

2 19/1, 9 ) a nd p ierced e i ther f rom t he i ns ide o r f rom t he o u ts ide

a re a lso p resen t .

F a ir ly f requen t a re t he r i ms w i th a s l igh t ly t h ickened o uter

e dge . On ly o ne t yp ica l c up w i th a b ut ton h and le a nd a p a t tern o f i nc ised l i nes a ssoc ia ted w i th r ows o f f i ne p r icks was f ound ( f ig . 2 16/14 ; 2 18/5 ) . I ti s made o fb e t ter p aste a nd f i red t o g rey-b lack . Ano ther n o tab le c up i s made o f f a ir ly g ood p as te , n ever the less c on ta ining v ar ious i mpur i t ies ; i ti s f i red t o g rey-b lack i ns ide a nd t o t he s a me c o lour , b ut mo t t led l i gh t g rey , o uts ide . I th as a h igh , s l igh t ly f l ar ing n eck , ag lobu lar b ody , b osses o n t he s hou lder , a nd a p a t tern o f f i ne ly i nc ised l i nes ( l ook ing l i ke p lea ts ) o n t he s hou lder ( f ig . 2 16/20; 2 18/8) .

As a lready ment ioned , p ouched v esse ls o utnu mber c ups

made o ff i ne p as te .

B es ides t he c eram ic ma ter ia l d escr ibed , wor thy o fn o t ice a re t he f l in t , b one a nd s tone t oo ls wh ich , t hough f ew i n n u mber a nd f ragmentary , a re c haract er is t ic a nd b e long t o t he s ame c hrono log ica l a nd c u ltura l p er iod . F irs t , t here a re t wo f ragmen ts o f c urved f l in t k n ives—Kru mmesser— ( f ig . 2 14/7-8; 2 15/8-9 ) , o ne made o f wh i t ish a nd t he o ther o fb lack-grey r ock , a nd s econd ly , af ew f ragmen ts o f s harp a nd f i ne ly p o lished c urved s ands tone k n ives ( f ig . 2 15/ 10-12 ) .

The l a t ter make t he ir f i rs t a ppearance i n t he E ar ly

Bronze Age ( G i na I ISchneckenberg B c u lture ) a nd c on t inue i n to t he M iddle Bronze Age .

The s pec imens f rom T irpe§t i c an b e a ssigned o n ly t o t he N oua

h or izon . I n t he s ame h or izon b e long a mace f ragmen t whose p erfora t ion h as a mode l led e dge ( 2 14/9; 2 15/13 ) a nd a f ragment o fp erfora ted h am mer-axe ( f ig . 2 14/10 ;

2 15/14 ) .

Bo th a re made o f a ndesi te a nd p o lished w i th p ar t icu lar

c are . Ox s hou lder b lades 1 w i th n o tches o n t he r im o f t he a r t icu lar c av i ty ( f ig . 2 14/11-13; 2 15/15 ) a re p ar t o ft he T irpe§t i i nven tory . Th is t oo l , wh ich i s r egarded a s ab as ic t ra i t o ft he N oua c u lture , i s s t i l l s ub jec t t o c on tradict ory d iscussion a bou t i t s u se ; a ccording t o s ome a rchaeo log is ts , i ts erved t o work h ides . f ac ts .

N o o ther c u lture o n t he t err i tory o f R oman ia y ie lded s uch a r te-

T he t oo l-se t o f t he c u lture u nder c ons idera t ion c on t inues w i th t wo f ragmen ts o fb ronze k n ives , i n v ery p oor c ondi t ion ( f ig . 2 22/5 ) . a re :

O ther b ronze o b jec ts

a sma l l d agger ( f ig . 2 15/6) w i th a v ery s hor t a nd p o in ted g r ip , p robab ly

t o b e more e asi ly f i t ted i n to a wood o r b one h and le , a nd a f ew c h ise l-aw ls i nc lud ing t wo sma l l s pec imens made o f a n a l loy w i th much t i n ( f ig . 2 14/5 ;

2 15/

4 -5 ) a nd a l arge o ne w i th a t h ick m idd le p ar t a nd r hombo id s ec t ion ( f ig . 2 14/ 4 ; 2 15/7) , c on ta in ing 9 8 .21% c opper ( z inc c ou ld n o t b e d e term ined b ecause i ti s b ound b y c opper ) . Ornamen ts a re l im i ted t o t wo s p ira l-headed p ins ( f ig . 2 14/1-2; 2 15/1-2 ) s i mil ar t o t hose d iscovered a t S aba t inovka a nd G irbovie a nd o n o ther s i tes o f t he s a me c u l ture .

T hey a re made o fb ronze w i th 9 2 .94% c opper .

One h undred p er c en t c opper i s ar o l l-headed p in ( f ig . 2 14/3; 2 15/3) wh ich h as a na logues a t V a lea L upu lu i3 a nd o ther N oua-Saba t inovka s i tes .

1 04

L ow-copper b ronze was u sed t o make a s harp-po in ted p in w i th a v er t ica l ly p erfora ted g lobe h ead ( f ig . 2 14/6; 2 22/ . eq . I t s c loses t a na logues a re f ound i n t he h oards f rom Bä len i4 a nd Tä täran i . A s a lready men t ioned , t he p o t tery f ound i n t he s e t t lemen t o n R ipa l u i Boda i d isp lays h e terogeneous d ecora t ive e lements o f K omarovo-Cos t i§a , S igh i paraWie tenberg a nd Mon teoru o r ig in wh ich g ive t o t he f i rst p hase o f t he N oua c u lt ure i t s c harac ter is t ic a spec t .

D ue t o t hese e le men ts o ur s e t t lement i s s im i lar

t o t hose i n s outhern a nd n or thern Mo ldova ( Girbovä tsZahareasca , C avadine§t i I , C or lä ten i I , Tru§e§ t i- Mov i la i n t he p la in o f t he eia 1 -2 ) ,6 a nd t o s o me s e t t le men ts i n Transy lvan ia , N ico len i f or i nstance .

I

I n t wo c o mprehens ive a nd e xce l len t s urveys o f t he N oua c u lture , A dr ian F lorescu d e mons tra ted t ha t t he l arge N oua-Saba t inovka c omp lex i s as yn thes is o ft yp ica l M idd le B ronze A ge e le men ts f rom t he c en tra l a nd e as tern C arpa th ianDanubian a nd n or th-wes t P on t ic r eg ions w i th e as t E uropean i nf lows o f S rubnoH va l insk o r igin . I t was a c omp lex p rocess , i nvo lv ing a c rea t ive c onfron ta t ion a nd i n terference o ft he t wo c o mponen ts :

t he a utoch thonous f actor o f C arpa th ian-

Danubian o r n or th-wes t P ont ic o r ig in o n t he o ne h and , a nd t he e as t E uropean f ac tor o n t he o ther .

A n e thn ic a nd c u ltura l c onvu ls ion , i ta lso r esu lted i n a

n ew way o f l i fe , d if ferent f rom t ha t o f t he p receding p er iod .

8

According t o t he s ame a uthor , t he p o t tery o f t he N oua c u lture was ma in ly t he o utcome o f c on tr ibut ions f rom t he Midd le B ronze A ge c u ltures i m media te ly p receding i ti n i t s a rea o fd if fus ion , n ame ly K omarovo-Cost i§a , Monteoru , S igh i para- W ie tenberg a nd T e i . 9 Th is w ide r ange o f mo t ifs was g radua l ly r ed uced , at rend t owards u n iform i ty b ecame man ifes t , t he d ecora t ion o f t he N oua p o t tery was s i mp lif ie d a nd u t i litar ian e lements were g iven p reference o ver a es the t ic o nes , 10 wh ich i s u nderstandab le i n t ha t p er iod o fg rea t t urmo i l . B ased o n t he d iscover ies made u p t o 1 967, A . F lorescu d is t inguished t wo s tages ( Ia nd I ) i n t he e vo lut ion o ft he N oua c u l ture . I n t he f i rs t s tage , t he t yp ica l f ea tures o f t he Midd le Bronze A ge c u ltures were d isp laced b y aS rubno-Hva linsk c urren t a nd t he e le men ts o f t he c u ltures c oncerned e n tered ap rocess o f s yn thesis .

I ti s t he s tage i n wh ich t he N oua

g roup was f ormed . P ecu l iar t o N oua Ia re r emin iscences o f Midd le Bronze A ge c u l tures wh ich p ers is ted i n i t s a rea a nd g ave t he N oua c u lture i t s r eg iona l c harac ter . 1 1 The ma ter ia l f rom T irpe§ t i b e longs t o t he N oua Is tage , b u t t he s i te was i nhab i ted o n ly f or a s hor t t ime a nd n o z o ln ik i ( ash mounds ) were d iscovered i n t he e xcava ted a rea . However , i ti s n o t i mposs ib le t ha t s uch a s et t le men t e x is ts o n t he l arge t errace a t R ipa l u i B oda i a nd t ha t w e d id n o t c ome a cross i td ur ing o ur e xcava t ions .

L ike o n mos t N oua s i tes o f Mo ldova a nd t he U kra i ne ,1 2 a t T irpe§t i t oo , t he N oua h abi ta t ion was f o l lowed b y aH a l ls ta t t o ccupa t ion . E xcep t t wo sma l l p i ts a d jo in ing o n C ucuten i dwe l l ings a nd c on ta in ing c ompara t ive ly l i t t le mat er ia l , t he r e ma ins b e long ing t o t h is l ayer were n o t f ound i n c losed a ssoc iat i ons a nd t hey h ad b een d isarranged b y p os t-Ha l ls ta t t o ccupan ts o f t he t errace . Though s canty , t he p o t tery i s t ypica l . 1 05

L arge v esse ls , h igh ly f rag mentary , a re made o fp aste w i th l i t t le i mpur i t ies , f a ir ly we l l f i red t o b lack o uts idç a nd t o r eddish-brown i ns ide , o r o n ly t o r edd ish-brown , s ome t imes mo t t led b lack . The ir wa l ls a re 1 -2 cm t h ick a nd t he ir s hapes c anno t b e d ef ined . We n o te b u lg ing wa l ls , p las t ic r idges u nderl i ned b y d ownward-drawn , s i mp le o r s add le—backed p ro jec t ions , w ide h and les , e ver ted a nd g rooved r i ms , h igh n ecks ( f ig . 2 20/18; 2 21/1-2 , 4 -5 , 1 6;

2 22/

1 0 ; 2 23/1, 9 ) . T he d ecora t ion c ons ists a l most e xc lus ive ly o f h or izon ta l g rooves , a ssoc ia ted i n o n ly o ne c ase w i th a f es toon c omposed o fg roups o f f our v ery f i ne ly i nc ised l i nes ( f ig . 2 21/12; 2 23/4 ) .

The s ur face o f t he v es-

s e ls was p o lished w i th p ar t icu lar c are b u t mos t o f ten s o i l a c ids d es troyed t h is a r t i f ic ia l l ustre . Among t hese l arge v esse ls , w i th a n a l mos t b icon ica l b ody , h igh f unne ls haped n eck , o u t-turned a nd p rof i led o r s harp ly e ver ted r im ( f ig . 2 21/1; 2 22/10 ) , t here a re s o me d ecora ted e xc lus ive ly b y p ro jec t ions ( f ig . 2 2 1/2 ; 2 23/ 1) . Made o fp oorer p as te , u neven ly f i red t o r eddish-brown mo t t led g rey , t hey s o me t imes , b ut n o t c o m mon ly , a re c o loured g rey i ns ide . L ike t he v ess e ls d escr ibed a bove , t hey were c arefu l ly p o lished , b u t t he l ustre d isappeared f or t he mos t p ar t . N ex t c ome v ar ious b ow ls ( f ig . 2 20/3 , 9 -11, 1 3 , 1 5-17 , 1 9-24; 2 2 1/3 ,7 1 1, 1 3;

2 22/8;

2 23/2-3 , 5 -6, 8 , 1 0-11) made o fg ood o r l ess h o mogeneous

p as te , f i red t o b rown , r eddish-brown , b lack , g rey-b lack o r mo t t led . I n g enera l , t hey h ave a s hor t r im , a l most a lways i n turned , r ounded , f l a t tened o r t h inned , a nd mos t of ten a l l s or ts o fu nperfora ted p ro jec t ions o n t he b ody . B es ides u ndecora ted b ow ls ( excep t f or t he a bove- men t ioned p ro jec t ions ) , we f i nd s o me s pec imens d ecora ted e xc lusive ly o n t he e x ter ior o f t he r im w ith f l u t ings ( f ig . 2 20/23; 2 21/13; 2 23/11) a nd many s pec i mens b ear ing c ircu lar f l u t ings o n t he r im a nd b e low i t( f ig . 2 20/10 , 1 3 , 1 5 , 2 4; 2 2 1/9 ; 2 23/5 , 8 , 1 0 ) . I ts ee ms t ha t t here a re n o b ow ls e n t ire ly c overed w i th t h is o rna men t a t T irpe§ t i .

The b ow ls t oo were c arefu l ly p o lished a nd t he p o lish h as b een p re-

s erved o n many s herds , s o me o f wh ich h ave a me ta l lic s h ine . More o r l ess h igh-necked v ases ,usua l ly w i th a n e ver ted r im , a re a lso p resen t ( f ig . 2 2 1/5 ; 2 23/9) . a re d ecora ted w i th d iagona l

The g lobu lar v esse ls w i th a s harp ly e ver ted r im f l u t ings o n t he s hou lder a nd t he f ew h igh-necked

v ases w i th h or izon ta l f lu t ings o n t he n eck ( f ig . 2 21/4) . b ow ls ( f ig . 2 21/14-15 ;

The sma l l t runca ted

2 23/7 ) w i th p erfora ted o r n on-perfora ted l ugs b e low

t he r im o r w i th b osses o n t he s l igh t ly f lat tened r im , o therw ise u ndecora ted , a re made o fn on-ho mogeneous p aste a nd u neven ly f i red f ro m r edd ish-brown t o g rey-b lack . T he h igh-hand led c ups w i th a median r idge , o f ten d ecora ted w i th v ery f i ne i nc ised l i nes—R i l len —were mode l led o fn on-homogeneous p as te f ired t o r edb rown ( f ig . 2 20/4 ; 2 21/17; 2 22/12) o r o f f i ne p as te f i red t o g rey-b lack ( f ig . 2 20/5-8 , 1 2;

2 22/6, 9 , 1 4 ) .

S ome s pec imens were d amaged b y b urn ing .

Two v esse ls d iscovered a t T irpe§t i , o ne c omp le te a nd t he o ther r estored , w i l l b e d escr ibed s epara te ly b ecause t hey a re t he o n ly s pec imens whose s hape mus t n o t b e r econs t ituted h ypo the t ica l ly . 1 .

An a l mos t t runca ted b ow l w i th f our o b long p ro jec t ions immedia te ly b e-

l ow t he r im .

Made o f r a ther n on-homogeneous p as te , i ti s u neven ly f i red t o 1 06

s hades r ang ing f ro m g rey t o b rown a nd mo t t led ( f ig . 2 20/1; h ave s erved a s al i d , b ut t h is . is r a ther i mprobab le .

2 22/13 ) .

I t migh t

2 . An a l mos t t runca ted sma l l v ase , w i th a f l a t b o t tom a nd c o mparat ive ly i rregu lar mouth , made o f af abr ic t ha t c on ta ined i mpur i t ies a nd mica a nd v ery u neven ly f i red y e l low ish-brown w i th r ed a nd b lack s po ts . F our sma l l p roj ec t ions , d epressed i n t he midd le a re s yme tr ica l ly a rranged b e low t he r im ( f ig . 2 20/2; 2 22/11) . The s er ies o f H a ls ta t t d iscover ies e nds w i th t hree b ronze p ins . The f irs t i s ab eaut ifu l p in w i th a h igh-qua l i ty p a t ina . I ti s t h in , s harp ( but b roken i n t wo ) , a nd i t s p o in t r ese mb les t ha t o fp resen t-day n a i ls ( f ig . 2 22/3) . The u pper h a lf o ft he s econd p in , o f wh ich o n ly a f ragmen t was f ound , i s t w is ted l i ke a t orque ( f ig . 2 22/1) , a nd t he t h ird o ne , a lso f ragmen tary , h as a f i ne ly d ecora ted h ead ( f ig . 2 22/2) . One o ft he ma jor p rob le ms r a ised b y t he H a l ls taa t ma ter ia l d iscovered a t T irpe§t i i s i t s e xac t c hrono log ica l a nd c u ltura l c lass if ica t ion . The N oua c u lture b eing r epresen ted a t o ur s i te o n ly b y i t s e ar l ies t p hase , i .e . N oua I , i t s c on t inui ty i n to t he E ar ly I ron A ge i s imposs ib le .

Moreover ,

t he d iscover ies p o in t t o at e mporary s et t le men t , wh ich wou ld a ccoun t f or t he a bsence o fa sh mounds— z o ln ik i —typica l o f t h is c u lture . T here r esu l ts t ha t ag ap c orresponding t o N oua I f o l lowed a t T irpe§t i , af ter wh ich we f i nd , a lso i n at e mporary s et t lemen t , t he e ar l ies t H a l ls ta t t ma ter ia l o f Mo ldova , i .e . h igh-hand led c ups ( f ig . 2 20/4-8, 1 2; 2 21/17; 9 , 1 2 , 1 4 ) , s im i lar t o t hose f ro m Truee§ t il 3

C or li ten i ,

1 4

Andr ie§en i ,

2 22/

1 5

mark ing t he b eg inn ing o ft he Ha l ls ta t t p er iod i n Mo ldova . T he b ronze p ins ( f ig . 2 22/1-3) c ou ld a lso i ndica te t he s ame d a te , t ha t i s t he b eg inn ing o ft he H a l lsta t t . N o tes 1 . A l l t he s pec i mens f ro m T irpe§ t i a re made o f c a t t le s hou lder b ones . However , as heep b one was f ound a t G irbov 4 ( i nforma t ion s upp lied b y Adr ian F lorescu ) , a nd B ir lad y ie lded h orse b ones worked i n to s uch t oo ls ( see S . H a imov ic i , 1 964 , f i g . 1/2 ,l ef t ) . 2 . A . F lorescu , 1 964 , f i g . 2 2/1-3 . 3 . I b id ., f i g . 2 3/13 . A l though t wo s im i lar p ins d iscovered i n Transy lvan ia ( a t N o§ lac ) were a ssigned b y K . H oredt ( 1 976 , p p . 1 75-181, f i g . 1 /b-c ) t o t he P e tre§ t i C ha lco l i th ic c u l pre , we a ss igned t he p in f rom T irpe§ t i t o t he N oua c u lture , b ecause a l l t he o ther s pec imens o ft h is t ype f rom Ro man ia a nd t he U SSR were f ound i n N oua-Saba t inovka c on tex ts .

The

p ins f ro m N o§ lac , wh ich were n o t d iscovered i n P e tre§ t i c losed a ssoc iat ions , migh t b e long t o t he N oua c u lture .

On t he o ther h and , i n As ia Minor ,

a t B eycesu ltan ( see S . L loyd a nd J . Me l laar t , 1 962 , I , p . 2 88, f i g . F . 1 1/4-5) , T roy ( s ee C . W. B iegen e .a ., 1 950 , I , 2 , f ig . 1 25/5 , a nd Kusura ( s ee W. L a mb , 1 937 , f ig . 1 8/12-13 ) , s uch p ins o ccur i n Ear ly B ronze Age c on tex ts , n o t o nly i n L a te o nes. T he l ast ment ioned s i te y ielded a lso a s p ira l-headed p in ( op .c i t ., f ig . 1 8/18) . 1 07

4 .

I . T . Drago m ir , 1 967, b , f ig . 6 /5 , a ss igns t he p in t o t he N oua c u lture .

5 .

C . I cono mu , 1 977,

P .

2 18, f ig . 2 1-23 .

To t he d if ference o f t he Ti täran i

s peci men , t he T irpeet i p in h as a p la in g lobe h ead a nd n o moving p ar t o n i t s s haf t .

C . I cono mu, p . 2 28, d ates t he Tä tä .ran i h oard t o t he 1 3th-12th

c entur ies B . C ., a ssigning i tt o t he p er iod b e tween t he e nd o f N oua I a nd t he b eg inn ing o f Ha l lsta t t A l. 6 .

A . F lorescu , 1 964 , p p . 1 87f f . ; A . F lorescu , 1 967, p . 7 0 .

7 .

A . F lorescu , 1 964 , p . 1 98 .

8 .

A . F lorescu , 1 964 , p p . 1 43-217;

A .

F lorescu , 1 967, p p . 5 9-94 .

9 . A . F lorescu , 1 967, p p . 6 1f f . 1 0 .

I bid . ,p p . 7 0-71.

1 1 .

S ee n o te 7 .

1 2 .

S im i lar s i tua t ions a re f ound a t Tru§e t i ( t he s et t le ment o n t he mound i n t he J i jia p la in) , C or li ten i-Pe a rin , Andr ie§en i , Zapodeni , C avadine5 t i , a t Maha la i n t he n or th-western U kra ine ( see A . F lorescu , 1 964 , p . a nd a t L ich i t i§en i a nd Va lea L upului ( i nforma t ion f urn ished b y A .

1 , 90 ) ,

F lorescu ,

who m we t hank o nce a ga in ) . 1 3 .

A . F lorescu , 1 957, f i g . 1 1;

1 4 .

I n it ia l ly p laced i n t he Middle I ron Age ,

Tru2e2t i( t he s e t t le men t o n t he mound i n t he J i jia p lain ) was d a ted t o a n e ar lier p er iod, i .e . t he s eventh c entury B . C ., f o l low ing e xcava t ions a t Andr ie§en i ( see A . F lorescu, 1 959, p . 3 35 a nd n o te 6 ) . 1 4 .

J i jia , 1 952 , p . 9 1, f i g . 6 .

1 5 .

A . F lorescu , 1 959 , f i g . 6 /11 .

V I II THE BASTARNAE ( F ig . 1 0 ;

2 24-228) b y Mircea B abe§

E xcava t ion o n R ipa l u i Boda i , e spec ia l ly i n t he 1 962-1965 c a mpa igns , b rough t t o l i gh t a rchaeo log ica l e v idence f or t he p resence o f b earers o f t he P o iene§ t i Lukashevka t c u lture .

1

The ma ter ia l c ons is ts ma in ly o f t yp ica l

p o t tery , i nc lud ing f i ne b urn ished b lack ware a nd c oarse , o f ten b arbo tined ecora ted ware , a nd o f a sma l l n u mber o f me ta l o b jec ts a ssigned, o n t he b as is o f t ypo log ica l a nd c hrono log ica l c r i ter ia , t o t he s a me o ccupa t ion . A s ar u le t he f rag men tary p o t tery was s ca t tered i n t he l eve l a t d ep ths o f 0 .20-0 .40 m .

Groups o f s herds f ro m wh ich 1 -3 v esse ls c ou ld b e r es tored

were f ound o n ly i n af ew i ns tances a t g rea ter d ep ths , i .e . 0 .50-1 m , p robab ly i n t he f i l ling o f r efuse p i ts ( f ig . 2 24/1-2 ) .

S ince p i t-dwe l lings w i th c era m ics

2

i n t he m were n o t d iscovered , i ti s t o b e s upposed t ha t a t T irpe§ t i , t he P o ien e§ t i- L ukashevka p eop le l ived i n dwe l lings b u i lt o n t he s urface , t he r e ma ins o f wh ich d isappeared a s ar esu l t o f s ubsequen t o ccupa t ions ( 2nd-3rd a nd 6 th7 th c en tur ies A .D . )a nd f ar ming i n modern t imes .

S uch dwe l lings may h ave

e x is ted i n t renches V I I I a nd X I , where t he l eve l c onta ined more ma ter ia l , o r i n t renches X I I a nd XV I I , n ear t he j us t ment ioned p i ts . A lthough t hey a re s ca t tered o ver a c o mpara t ive ly l arge a rea ( t hroughou t t he i nvest iga ted p ar t o f t he t errace ) , t he P o iene§t i-Lukashevka v est iges a re s can ty , p o int ing t o t e mp orary o ccupa t ion b y a sma l l c om mun i ty .

Anyway , t hey p rove w i thout t he

s hadow o f ad oub t t ha t t here was a s e t t le men t , n o t ac e me tery a s o ne migh t h ave t hough t i n t he i n i t ia l p hase o f r esearch .

3

P o t tery f orms t he b u lk o f t he ma ter ia l d iscovered i n t he B astarn ian s et t lemen t o f T irpe§t i a nd i ti s t he mos t t yp ica l .

I n a ddi t ion t o t he t wo ma jor

c lasses , f i ne a nd c oarse , t here were f ound i n termedia te ware a nd a f ew f ragmen ts o f C e l t ic v esse ls , o bv ious ly impor ts .

H e l len ist ic impor ts , amphorae

i n t he f irs t p lace , of ten d iscovered i n o ther s e t t le men ts o f t h is c u lture ( Lunca C iure i , Borose§ t i , Lukashevka I ) a re miss ing . F ine ware , b lack , more s e ldom g rey o r y e l low ish , u sua l ly c arefu l ly mode l led a nd b urnished , i s r epresen ted ma in ly b y r ound b ow ls a nd t runca ted b ow ls w i th t h ickened , b eve l led , e ver ted l i p , p rov ided w i th X-shaped h and les . T he r ound b ow ls a re sma l l a nd mediu m-s ized; d ia me ter ( f ig . 2 25/5 , 9 , 1 4 , 1 5 ; ( f ig . 2 25/11; 2 26/8; 2 27/9 ) .

t he mouth i s 1 2-18 cm i n

2 27/1, 3 ) a nd s e ldo m a s w ide a s 1 9-25 cm

L arge b ow ls , o f t he P o iene§ t i t ype , a re miss ing .

S evera l s pec imens a re n o tab le f or d is t inc t f ea tures l i ke f acet t ing o f t he l i p ( f ig . 2 25/11) , u nco m mon s hape o ft he h and le ( t r iangu lar s ec t ion , f i g . 2 2 7/9 ) , as tep mark ing t he s hou lder ( f ig . 2 25/9; 2 27/1) . T he t runca ted b ow ls , 2 03 2 cm i n d ia me ter , s how a f a ir ly w ide r ange o f p rof i les , b ut e ssen t ia l ly t hey a re o f o ne a nd t he s a me t ype ( f ig . 2 25/8 , 9 , 1 2; 1 09

2 26/1;

2 27/11, 1 4-21) .

Much r arer a re t he f rag men ts o fp o ts w i th i nward s lan t ing ( f ig . 2 27/4 , 5 ) o r o ut-curv ing r im ( f ig . 2 27/6) .

I n t he f i ne ware , o n ly a f rag men t o f h and led p o t

i s d ecora ted w i th i nc ised b ands f i l led w i th sma l l n o tches a nd f orming p ane ls ( f ig . 2 25/7;

2 27/2) .

The j ug i s r epresented b y ar estored s pec i men d iscovered

t oge ther w i th a t runca ted b ow l i n t he p i t i n t rench X I I ( f ig . 2 25/13) . C oarse ware i s made o fy e l low ish-brown o r g rey -brown p as te t e mpered w i th p ounded c oarse-gra ined f ire-c lay . 1 4 ;

As t he r es tored s pec imens ( f ig . 2 26/13-

2 28/24-25 ) a lso s how , mos t f ragmen ts ( f ig . 2 26/2-4 ;

2 28/1-5 ) c ome f ro m

b ig p o ts , 3 2-37 cm h igh , w i th t he max i mu m d ia me ter i n t he u pper p ar t , smoo th n eck , a nd b arbo t ine o n t he b ody . f ace t ted; 1 -2) .

The r im o f t hese p o ts i s o f ten v ery t h ick a nd

a s ar u le i ti s e ver ted ( f ig . 2 28/3-5 ) , a nd r are ly i n turned ( f ig . 2 28/

Orna ments ( s ing le o r p a ired war ts , d i mp les , e tc . )a re v ery r are ( f ig .

2 28/1) .

B es ides p o ts , t here a re v ery f ew c oarse v esse ls , s uch a s b ow ls

( f ig . 2 26/5;

2 28/7) a nd c on ica l l i ds ( f ig . 2 28/6) .

The i n termedia te c lass i s made o f a l most t he s ame p as te a s t he c oarse ware ( coarse a ddi t ive , o x idizing f i r ing , s ome times b arbo t ine ) , whereas b y i t s more c arefu l mode l ling , s l ip a nd b urn ish i tc o mes c loser t o t he f i ne ware . F orms c o me f ro m t he r eper to ire o f c oarse a nd o f f i ne ware : 9 , 1 0 ;

p o ts ( f ig . 2 26/

2 28/10 , 1 2 , 1 4-16 ) , r ound b ow ls ( f ig . 2 28/8 , 9 , 1 1, 1 3) , t runca ted

b ow ls ( f ig . 2 28/17-20 ) , mugs ( f ig . 2 28/21) .

Q uan t i ta t ive ly , t h is c lass i s f ar

b ehind t he f i ne a nd c oarse p o t tery . A l l t he ware i n t he t hree c lasses i s t yp ica l o f t he P o iene§ t i-Lukashevska c u lture .

I th as d irec t a na logues i n t he s e t t le men ts a nd c e me ter ies a t P o iene§ t i ,

Borose§ t i , Bo to§ana , L unca C iure i , S orogar i ,

Lukashevka , B ranest i e tc .

a nd d if fers s harp ly f ro m t he c on te mporary Ge to-Dac ian p o t tery , wh ich i s a bsen t f rom T irpe§ t i .

I ti s d er ived f ro m t he J as tor f c era m ics o f t he o r ig ina l

Ger man ic t err i tory , ma in ly t he Oder-E lbe a rea .

4

T irpe§ t i y ie lded a lso t wo p o tsherds made o fg raph i te-con ta in ing p as te ( f ig . 2 28/22, 2 3 ) b e longing t o t he we l l-known " combed" C e lt ic ware ( Ka m mstr ichk eram ik ) .

The b igger f rag men t c o mes f rom a s i tu la w i th s hor t r im , t h ickened

o u ts ide a nd d epressed i ns ide , we l l-def ined n eck a nd f l a t r idge a bove c lose-se t v er t ica l g rooves ( mouth d ia me ter 2 4 cm , f i g . 2 28/22 ) .

According t o c erta in

a uthors , t hese t ypo log ica l c harac ters a nd e spec ia l ly t he r idge s epara t ing t he n eck f ro m t he g rooved a rea a re t yp ica l o f t he Midd le L a Tene .

5

The s econd

f rag men t c o mes f ro m a l arger s i tu la , w i th w ider a nd more r egu lar g rooves ( f ig . 2 28/23) . T he meta l o b jec ts , o ccurr ing h ere a nd t here i n t he l eve l , wh ich c an b e a t tr ibuted t o t he Bas tarn ian o ccupa t ion o f T irpe§ t i , a re f ew : a n i ron a xe , t wo i ron k n ives a nd t wo f rag men tary b ronze f i bu lae . T he a xe , aT t I l lenbe i l , h as a n arrow r ec tangu lar s ocke t ( 2 .6 x 2 .6 cm ) a nd a r e la t ive ly w ide ( 5 cm ) , s l igh t ly c urved e dge ( f ig . 2 25/1;

2 27/10 ) .

Axes o f t h is t ype a re c o m mon i n t he C e lt ic

wor ld , where t hey a re o lder , b u t c on t inue a longs ide s haf t-ho le a xes , wh ich p rev a i l i n t he Midd le a nd L a te L a T ene .

6

I n t he E as t-Ger man ic wor ld o n ly o ne

s pec i men f ro m S i les ia i s k nown a nd s evera l s im i lar a xes f rom a sse mb lages o ft he Z arubin tsy c u lture i n t he U kra ine .

7

The l arger k n ife ( poor ly p reserved, f rag men ted , 8 . 2 cm l ong , maximu m b lade w idth 2 .9 cm ) h as a c urved e dge , as tra igh t b ack , a nd i s p rov ided w i th 1 10

at ongue f or i nser t ion i n to t he h and le ( f ig . 2 27/13 ) .

S im i lar s pec i mens were

f ound o n t he t err i tory o ft he P o iene t i-Lukashevska c u lture , i n t he c eme tery a t B orose§ t i ,8 b ut i t s p ro to type s ee ms t o b e C e lt ic . 9 A s im i lar s pec i men a ppeared a t S che la C ladove i i n ap i t-dwe l ling , t oge ther w i th Dac ian a nd C e lt ic p o t tery a nd a h and le o f as ta mped R hodian amphora d a t ing f rom 2 20-180 B . C . T he s econd k n ife ( f ig . 2 25/4 ;

1 °

2 27/12 ) h as a c urved e dge a nd b ack a nd i s p ro-

v ided w i th a s ta lklike h and le , c urved i n t he o ppos i te d irec t ion , t he e nd o f wh ich ( r ing , b ut ton? ) i s miss ing . I ti s sma l l : p resen t b lade l eng th 3 .3 cm , t o ta l l eng th 5 .7 cm . I tb e longs i n t he S ichelmesser s er ies , c harac ter ist ic o f t he E as t-German ic a rea ( Przeworsk a nd Oksy v v ie c u ltures ) a lready i n t he E ar ly B ronze A ge .

1 1

T he b ronze w ire f i bu lae a re f ragmentary .

The t ype o f t he f i rs t f i bu la

( f ig . 2 25/3; 2 27/7) c ou ld n o t b e d e term ined b ecause i t s c a tchp la te a nd f oo t a re miss ing . were f ound .

F ro m t he s econd ( f ig . 2 25/2;

2 27/8) o n ly t he s pr ing a nd b ow

J udg ing b y t he a va i lab le e lements , b o th f i bu lae s ee m t o b e o f

t he M idd le L a T ene t ype ( Cl) a nd migh t b e d a ted t o t he s econd c entury B . C . L a T ene C l f i bu lae w i th r e lief o rna ments were a lso d iscovered a t t he n earby s i te o f Dav ideni , C oun ty N ea l 4 1 2 T he f i bu lae f ro m T irpe§ t i a re r e la ted , b u t n o t i den t ica l , b e ing p robab ly o lder , t o c er ta in c urved b ow s pec imens d isc overed i n t he B astarn ian c e me ter ies o f P o iene t i ( grave 9 6, b ronze )1 3

a nd

B orose§ t i ( a l l made o f i ron , u npub l ished ) . T irpe§ t i i s o ne o f t he f i rs t s et t le men ts o f t he P o iene t i- L ukashevka t ype r ecorded wes t o ft he S ire t .

A t t he t ime , i .e . i n 1 963 , b ased o n u npub lished

i n forma t ion , S i lv ia Mar inescu-B i lcu c ou ld c onsider o n ly t he B astarn ian mat er ia l f rom B o to§an i , C ounty S uceava , a nd G irov , C oun ty N eamt „

1 4

P r ior t o

t hose f i nds , i th ad b een a ssu med t ha t , a f ter s ome e ar ly a t te mpts t o e n ter T ransy lvan ia ( t he Oro les e pisode , s ubs tan t ia ted b y t he B as tarnian p o t tery d isc overed a t More§ t i b y K . H oredt ) , t he B as tarnae h ad r e-grouped " on ly i n t he r eg ions e as t o f t he S ire t ." 1 5 Our k now ledge h as b een c ons iderab ly i mproved i n t he p as t f if teen y ears ma in ly b y s urveys a nd s ys te ma t ic e xcava t ions . Two i mpor tant g roups o f d isc over ies o f t he P o iene t i- .L ukashevka t ype o ccurred wes t o f t he S ire t : o ne o n t he S uceava P la teau a nd t he o ther i n t he N ean4 r eg ion .

They a re n o t a s

s ubs tan t ia l a s t he g roup i n t he C en tra l Mo ldovan P la teau , b u t t hey p rov ide e nough e v idence f or a l ong p resence o f t he B as tarnae i n t he C arpa th ian f oo th i l ls o f Mo ldova . 1 6 I n N ea mt c oun ty , B astarn ian p o t tery was f ound a t T irpe§ t i , P e tr ican i , I ngäre§ t i , D av iden i , Dragom ire§ t i ,

B irgäoan i , G he l ie t i , D o ina

a nd G irc ina , b eing c oncen tra ted ma in ly i n t he p ied mon t h i l ls b ordered b y t he N ean4 a nd C raci t i-B istr ita d epressions t o t he wes t a nd t he Mo ldova v a l ley t o t he e as t .

T hey s ee m t o c ome f ro m s e t t lemen ts , b u t p os i t ive p roofs h ave

b een o b ta ined o n ly f rom t he s ys te ma t ica l ly i nves t iga ted s i tes a t T irpe t i a nd G he li ie§ t i . 1 7 Dragom ire§t i migh t h e ac eme tery o n a ccount o ft he f ac t t ha t i n tac t v esse ls ( a l arge b ow l w i th X-shaped h and le ; c f . s upra n . 1 3 ) a re e xt reme ly r are i n s e t t le men ts .

D av iden i , where dwe l lings were n o t e xcava ted ,

i s e i ther a d isturbed s e t t le men t ( l ike t ha t o f T irpe§t i ) o r ap lace were o ff er ings were d eposi ted c lose t o s pr ings .

I ti s l ike ly t ha t t he c rown-l ike c ol lar

d iscovered h ere was a n o f fer ing , l i ke t ha t f rom T ibucan i .

1 °

C ons idered

s epara te ly , n one o ft hese d iscover ies , n o t e ven t hose r esu lt ing f rom f a ir ly 1 11

e x tensive s ys te ma t ic e xcava t ions , d ocu men ts a l ong h ab i ta t ion o f o ne p lace b y l arge c o m mun i t ies . On t he who le , h owever , t hey t est ify t ha t q u i te a n u mber o fg roups o f G erman ic p eop le l ived west o ft he S ire t d ur ing t he p er iod i n wh ich t here i s e v idence o f B astarnae i n t he e as tern p ar t o f Dac ia . The s e t t le ment o f T irpeet i i s r epresen ta t ive o f t he e ar ly p er iod .

A lthough

s ta mped R hodian amphorae , wh ich a re mos t r e liab le i n i den t ify ing e ar ly Bast arn ian s e t t le ments , were n o t f ound , t he s econd c entury B . C . i s s uggested b y t he t wo C e lt ic p o tsherds o fg raph i te-te mpered p as te ,

1 9

a nd t he t wo f rag men-

t ary f i bu lae , a l l o f wh ich c an b e a ssigned t o t he M idd le L a T ene.

T he s i te a t

Dav iden i s hou ld a lso b e d a ted t o a n e ar ly p er iod o n t he g round o f t he r e la t ive ly o ld t ype o f t he K ronenha lsr ing ( t ype I K os trzewsk i-Be l tz = R ipdorf p hase o f t he J as trof c u l ture = L a Tene C ) ,

2 0

a nd t he L a T ene C l f i bu lae f ound t here .

The l a te p er iod i s i l lus tra ted b y t he s e t t le men t a t G h e lg iee t i , wh ich y ie lded a" Po meran ian" f i bu la o f ar ecen t t ype p rov ing t ha t Ger man ic p eop le e ntered t he a rea wes t o f t he S ire t t i l l t he midd le o f t he f irs t c en tury B . C .

z i

I n g enera l , we c an s uppose t ha t t he B as tarnae a dvanced s outhwards i n t he v a l ley o f t he S ire t i n b o th t he e ar ly a nd t he l a te p er iods . F rom t here t hey s pread e as twards , t hrough t he p assage a t R ug inoasa , i n t he B ah lui v a l ley a nd t he C en tra l Mo ldovan P la teau , a nd westwards , a long t he r ivers S uceava a nd Mo ldova a s f ar a s t he f irs t r idges o f t he E astern C arpa th ians .

U nfor tuna te ly ,

e xcava t ions a t T irpeet i a nd o ther p laces h ave n o t s upp l ied s uf f ic ien t d a ta o n t he i ndigenous p opu la t ion wh ich t he B astarnae mus t h ave me t i n t he N ea r rA a rea a nd wh ich s ubsequen t ly r eached a p eak o fd eve lop men t , a s b orne o ut b y t he C arp ic c u lture o f t he 2 nd a nd 3 rd c en tur ies A .D . N o tes 1 .

S . Mar inescu- l e lcu , 1 963 .

The f i rst " re ma ins o f ma ter ia l c u lture b e-

l ong ing t o t he B as tarnae" d iscovered a t T irpee t i i n 1 962 a re r epor ted . 2 .

1 . SX I I , n ear t he C ucuten i dwe l ling 1 0 , a t t he d ep th o f 1m ( ab ow l a nd a j ug ;

S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu , 1 963 , f i g . 1a nd 2 /1;

2 25/12-13) ;

2 .

i l lus tra ted h ere i n f i g .

SXV I I , s quare 1 3 , a t t he d ep th o f 0 .50-0 .55 m ( many

f ragments f ro m wh ich t wo b arbo t ine-decorated p o ts a nd o ne b ow l were r es tored;

f i g . 2 26/13-14 ;

2 28/24-25 a nd 2 26/1;

s quare 1 8, d ep th 0 .80 m ( ab roken b ow l; 3 .

2 27/11) ;

3 .

SXV I I ,

f i g . 2 26/8) .

A l though S . Mar inescu-B I lcu , 1 963 , p . 4 14 s howed why t h is i n terpre ta t ion was u nfounded , u n t i l r ecen t ly t he s i te a t T irp e i was s t i l l r egarded a s ac e metery i n s o me p ub l ica t ions ( S . T eodor , 1 973 , p .41) .

4 . M . Babe , 1 970 , p . 2 22f f . ;i de m , 1 973 , p . 2 07f f . 5 .

C f . L . f r orakovä-Jansovä . , 1 955 , p . 1 83 .

Ana logues a t Manch ing a nd o ther

C e lt ic o pp ida ( I . K appe l , 1 969 , p l . 3 /27; 5 /51; 6 .

G . J acob i , 1 974 , p p . 2 8-32 a nd p l . 1 5/276;

1 9/524-525 , e tc . ) .

1 6/281, 2 87 .

mens i n t he E as tern C e lt ic a rea , s ee V . B idz i l ia , 1 964 , 1 0-12 , a nd B . C zerska , 1 970 , f i g . 1 1/1 . 7 . J . K os trzewsk i , 1 919 , p . 1 73 , f i g . 1 88; 6 5/2; 6 7/3 .

1 12

P .

S im i lar s pec i9 8 a nd p l . I /

L . D . P obo l , 1 973 , f i g . 6 0/21;

8 .

E xcava t ions c arr ied o u t b y M . B abe §t oge ther w i th a n thropo log ist N . Mirgo iu i n 1 972-1978 .

The c e me tery c on ta ined 1 50 g raves .

The

e xa mp les a re f ro m g raves 9 a nd 1 06 ( perhaps a lso t he k n ife f rom g rave 2 , p reserved i n i t s i ron s hea th ) . 9 . V l . Z irra , 1 967 , f i g . 3 6;

J . Todorov iC , 1 972 , p l . X I I I ;

G . J acobi , 1 974 ,

p l . 2 1/350-353 . 1 0 .

V . Boronea g , M . Dav idescu , 1 968, p . 2 55 a nd f i g . 2 -8 .

1 1 .

J . K os trzewsk i , 1 919 , p p . 1 53-158 .

Our k n ife i s p robab ly o f K os trzewsk i ' s

t ype I a ( i b id ., p p . 1 54-155 a nd f i g . 1 50 ) .

I n t he a rea o f t he P o ienee t i-

L ukashevka Lc u l ture , af ew S iche l messer were f ound i n t he c e me tery a t Borosee t i .

Th is t ype i s n o t k nown i n t he C e lt ic c u lture a nd o ccurs v ery

s e ldo m i n t he Wes t-German ic J as tor f c u lture . 1 2 .

C hance f i nds , c o l lec t ion o f t he s choo l a t Dav iden i .

Ab ronze c o l lar o f

t he Kronenha lsr ing t ype h ad b een d iscovered o n t he s a me s i te ( M . B abe , I . U n taru , 1 969 , p p . 2 83-290 ) .

T he e xcava t ions b egun b y u s a nd c on-

t inued b y I . Mi trea b rough t t o l i gh t s o me p o t tery o f t he P o ieneet iL ukashevska t ype .

Though d iscovered s epara te ly , t h is p o t tery , t he t yp i-

c a l ly G ermanic c o l lar a nd t he p resu mab ly C e lt ic f i bu lae a re a ssu med t o b e long t o t he s ame B astarn ian l eve l , p robab ly c on te mporary w i th t ha t o f T Irpee t i . 1 3 .

R . V u lpe , 1 953 , p . 3 46 a nd f i g . 1 67 .

1 4 .

S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu , 1 963 , p p . 4 15-416 .

I n af i rs t r epor t o n t he e xcava t ions

a t B o toeana , S . Teodor ( 1969 , p p . 3 3-42) e rroneous ly s poke a bou t a GetoDac ian s e t t le men t where " so me h eterogeneous P rzeworsk e le men ts" o cc urred a longside i ndigenous p o t tery .

I n f ac t , mos t o f t he p o t tery ,

p ub l ished a nd u npub lished , b e longs t o t he P o ieneet i. Lukashevka c u l ture . As f or t he s econd f i nd , men t ioned a f ter R . V u lpe , i t s ee ms t o b e t he Po ieneet i- Z L ukashevka b ow l d iscovered a t Drago m iree t i ( no t a t G irov ) b y M . Z a moeteanu i n 1 961 ( i nforma t ion s upp lied b y V . Mihä i lescuB ir liba ) . 1 5 .

R . V u lpe , 1 960 , p . 2 44 .

1 6 .

M . B abe , 1 978 , p p . 3 3-34 a nd 1 49-156 ( L is t o f d iscover ies ) .

1 7 .

M . B abe , 1 969 , p p . 1 95-217; 1 971, p p . 1 82f f .

1 8 .

M . B abe , I . U n taru , 1 969 , p . 2 85;

1 9 .

S im i lar C e lt ic f rag men ts were a ssoc ia ted w i th t he h and le o f as ta mped

M . B abe , V . Mihä i lescu-Bir liba , 1 970-

E . C o man , 1 968, p p . 5 27-530 .

R hod ian amphora f ro m 2 20-180 B . C . i n t he p i t-dwe lling a t S che la C ladove i ( supra , n . 1 0 ) . 2 0 .

M . B abe , I . U n taru , 1 969 , p p . 2 88-289 .

2 1 .

M . Babe , 1 969 , p p . 2 05-206 a nd 2 15; a nd f i g . 4 .

1 13

K . Tackenberg , 1 972 , p . 2 52

I X THE DACO-CARPIC OCCUPAT ION ( F ig . 4 -6;

8 ; 1 0 ;

2 24/3-4;

2 29-240 )

R ipa l u i B oda i c on t inued t o b e o ccup ied i n t he s econd a nd t h ird c en tur ies o f o ur e ra . T he e v idence d iscovered i n t he e xcava ted a rea c ons ists a l most e xc lus ive ly o f h ear ths a nd p i ts ( f ig . 2 24/3-4 ;

2 29 ) , s ome o f wh ich mus t h ave s erved f or

r i tua l p urposes . The s econd-th ird c entury o ccupa t ion e x tended f ar t o t he n or th a nd s outh o ft he t errace . However , b ecause t he ma jor i n i t ia l o b jec t o f o ur e xcava t ions h ad b een t o c lear t he N eo li th ic-Cha lco li th ic dwe l lings ( t he 1 938 a nd 1 959 s ound ings h ad p roduced o n ly r ema ins f rom t he N eo li th ic , C ha lco l i th ic a nd t rans it ion p er iods , a nd t he 1 960 s ounding h ad a lso b rough t t o l i gh t t races o f h ab i ta t ion f rom t he s ix th a nd s even th c entur ies o f o ur e ra ) , w i th a f ew e xcept ions , o ur t renches c u t o n ly a cross t he f ron t o f t he t errace , t ha t i s t he a rea i n tense ly o ccup ied b y L inear-Po t tery , P recucu ten i a nd C ucuten i t r ibes .

Y e t ,

we c an s ay f or c er ta in t ha t t he C arp i i nhab i ted a l mos t t he who le t errace a nd , t o a l l a ppearances , more e spec ia l ly i t s n or th-nor th-eastern a nd s outh-southwestern p ar ts .

Th is i s , we b e lieve , t he r eason why n o s ing le C arp ic dwe l ling

was f ound i n o ur t renches .

The dwe l l ings mus t l i e more t o t he s outh .

T he

l arge amount o f ma ter ia l f rom t ha t p er iod, s ca t tered a l l o ver t he s i te , s upp or ts t h is a ssu mp t ion . I t wou ld c er ta in ly b e i n teres ting t o u nder take e x tens ive r esearch a t R ipa l u i B oda i b eyond t he a lready e xcava ted a rea . At est d igg ing was made i n 1 965 , b u t t he c ircu ms tances d id n o t a l low i t s e xpans ion , a l though i t s r esu lts j us t if ied a more t horough i nves t iga t ion .

At rench o r ien ted

l i ke a l l t he o thers was c u t i n t he w es tern p ar t o f t he t errace , s ome 3 00 m s outh-south-wes t f ro m t he l ast t rench d ug o n t he e dge o f t he h i l l ( S V d) . H ear ths a nd a ssoc ia t ions c ame t o l i gh t , b ut u nfor tuna te ly , t hey c ou ld n o t b e c leared . These were t he f i rs t d iscover ies o f t h is t ype made a t T irpe t i a nd t hey a re r e liab le p roofs o f aC arp ic s e t t le men t . R eturning t o t he e dge o ft he h i l l wh ich was c omp le te ly e xcava ted , we mus t s ay t ha t n o C arp ic c u lture l ayer p roper was f ound , e xcep t t he h ear ths , a sma l l a ssoc ia t ion a nd f a ir ly n u merous p i ts , s ome t i mes c oncen tra ted i n sma l l a reas . C arp ic p i ts o f ten d es troyed o lder dwe l lings , c u t o r i n truded i n to d efence d i tches , b ored t hrough dwe l lings , p ene tra ted i n to t he f i l ling o f L inear P o t tery p i ts ( f ig . 5 -6; 8 ; 1 29-130 ) , d is turbed g raves ( one i nstance i s g rave 3 ( f ig . 2 05/3; 2 06/3) . H owever , C arp ic r e ma ins t oo , i n p ar t icu lar h ear ths , were d isturbed o r e x tensive ly d es troyed b y s ubsequen t h ab i ta t ions ( s ix th-seven th c entur ies A .D . )a nd a lso b ecause t hey l ay e xposed t o t he e le men ts f or many d ecades .

1 14

The p i ts ( f ig . 4 -6;

8 ;

2 24/3-4 ;

2 29 ;

e tc .) , w i th a n o va l , r ound o r o b long

mouth , were s haped l i ke a s ack , p ear , o r b e l l a nd e ven l ike a t runca ted c one . The mouth o pen ing measured b e tween 0 .90 a nd 2 m a nd t he ir d ep th b etween 1 -2 .55 m . I n t he m were f ound p ot tery , s tones , a sh , b urn t d aub a nd e ar th , r are i ron o b jec ts a nd i n o n ly o ne c ase c haf f-con ta ining d aub , p oss ib ly f ro m a f a l len dwe l l ing o r a n o ut-of-use o ven .

T he p i ts t ha t were d eeper t han 2 m h ad b een

d ug t o e xtrac t c lay a nd most of ten t he ir f i l ling c on ta ined v ery l i t t le ware . B ut t here were p i ts whose r itua l n a ture c anno t b e d oub ted . ap i t ( f ig . 2 24/3) was d iscovered a t 6 was c leared . d e tec ted .

The b o t to m o f s uch

1 .25 m when t he P recucuten i dwe l l ing

The p i t b e ing p ear-shaped , i t s sma l l mouth was n o t r eadi ly

I th ad l i t t le d a maged t he d aub o f t he dwe l ling a nd i t s c o mp le te o ut-

l i ne c ou ld b e t raced o n ly a f ter c lear ing t he dwe l ling .

The p i t c onta ined a b ow l

made o n t he w hee l f rom g ood p as te , f i red t o g rey ( f ig . 2 32/11;

2 39/10 ) , t wo

l arge f rag men ts c om ing f ro m a r ed a nd a g rey v esse l , a lso whee l- made ( f ig . 2 33/16) , amphora f ragmen ts ( f ig . 2 34/2 ) , f rag ments o f ah and- mode l led p o t w i th s harp ly e ver ted a nd n o tched r im ( f ig . 2 37/7) , a nd t wo a n i ma l b ones . Much b urn t e ar th a nd a l arge c a t t le j aw l ay u nder o ne b ow l h a lf . The p i t h ad b een s pec ia l ly p repared :

af ter i t was d ug , i t s b o t to m h ad b een c overed w i th a

l ayer o fb lack e ar th , o n wh ich t he v esse ls a nd p robab ly t he r e mains o f as acr if i ce , a s i ndica ted b y t he b urnt e arth , were p laced , t oge ther w i th c er tain p ar ts o f t he a n i ma l t ha t h ad b een k i l led .

T h is must h ave b een a n ofer ing p i t a nd a

n umber o f s im i lar p i ts c an b e r egarded a s s uch .

Wor thy o fn o te i s t he f act

t ha t amphorae f rag men ts were f ound i n a l l t he p i ts , wh ich s ugges ts a r e la t ions h ip w i th a c er ta in r i tua l . T he h ear ths ( f ig . 2 29;

2 43 ) , d iscovered a t d ep ths o f 0 .15-0 .40-0 .55 m,

were most ly sma l l ( 0 .75-2 s q m) a nd b u i lt o n af ounda t ion o fp ebb les o f v ar ious s izes o r o f c oarse g rave l , o r d irec t ly o n t he s o i l .

The p laster ing , 0 .5-2 cm

t h ick a nd t empered e xc lus ive ly w i th f i ne s and, was b aked t o wh i t ish-ye l low i n t he u pper p ar t a nd t o b r ick-red a t t he b o t tom . T he c lay u sed h ad a lways b een c arefu l ly c hosen . S ome h ear ths h ad b een r econs truc ted . A ssoc ia t ions f rom t ha t p er iod were d iscovered e spec ia l ly when c lear ing dwe l ling 1 2 ( f ig . 2 29;

2 43) o ver wh ich were f ound many h eaps o f sma l l f l a t

p ebb les o f t he k ind u sed f or h ear th f ounda t ions , t oge ther w i th p o tsherds .

The

p ebb les were s o me t imes c overed b y p las ter ing , wh ich p roves t ha t t hey b el onged t o s ubsequen t ly d estroyed h ear ths .

B e tween t he p ebb les a nd t he r e mains

o f dwe l ling 1 2 , t here was a n e ar th l ayer a bout 1 0-15 cm t h ick wh ich d id n o t c on ta in a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l .

T he sma l l a ssoc ia t ions a nd e spec ia l ly t he p i ts y ie lded a n i mpress ive amoun t o fp o t tery , mos t ly b roken .

I tc an b e d iv ided i n to t he t wo ma jor c a tegor ies o f

C arp ic ware , e ach w i th i t s own v ar ian ts . One g roup i nc ludes t he v esse ls made o f f i ne p as te , f or wh ich c lay h ad b een c hosen w i th p ar t icu lar c are , t o c onta in n o i mpur i t ies , a nd t e mpered o n ly w i th we l l-sieved s and; t hey were f ired t o v ar ious s hades o f g rey o r b r ick-red . N ever the less , w i th a f ew e xcep t ions , i t was a h ard , s o mewha t r ough p as te

1 15

wh ich a lways h ad t o b e c overed w i th a f i lm i n ac lay mi lk b a th i n o rder t o b e p o lished , a lso v ery c arefu l ly .

A l l t he ware made o f t h is p as te was whee l

made . A s ubdiv is ion o f t h is g roup wou ld i nc lude a f ew s pec i mens made o f s of ter , s l igh t ly c ha lky p aste .

N atura l ly , o n ly c he m ica l a na lys is c ou ld t e l l wh ich ware

was made f rom c lay m ined i n t he n e ighbourhood .

Most p robab ly i t was t he p re-

v a i ling p ot tery , i .e . t ha t made o f c oarser p as te .

I n t h is c ase i t wou ld b e o f

i nteres t t o f i nd o ut , i ft h is were p oss ib le , t he p lace o f o r ig in o f t h is ma ter ia l . Was i tt he R o man wor ld o r t he Dac ian wor ld o f Transy lvan ia?

These a re

s t i l l u nanswered q uest ions . Ano ther t ype o f v esse l i nc luded i n t he h igh-qua l i ty ware i s t he amphora ( f ig . 2 32/6;

2 34-235;

2 39/1-4 ;

2 40/2 , 5 ) .

The f abr ic f or amphorae i s n o t

a s p ure a nd f i ne a s f or t he o ther ware a nd t he ir f i r ing i s a lso d if feren t . They a re mos t ly p ink o r e ven wh i t ish , t hough b r ick-red o nes a re a lso p resen t . They a re o f R o man o r wes t P on t ic o r igin a nd s o me t imes b ear p o t ter 's marks ( f ig . 2 35/2;

2 39 ' 1 ) , d ist inc t ive s igns l i ke g roups o f Greek c harac ters p a inted

i n r ed o n t heir b e l ly o r b ody ( f ig . 2 38/4 ; p r ior t o f ir ing ( f ig . 2 35/3; 1 a-lb ) .

2 39/1) , L a t in c harac ters i mpressed

2 40/5 ) a nd a Greek s ta mp i n o ne i nstance ( f ig . 2 35/

The ir p resence i s q ui te n atura l , i n v iew o ft he i n tense e xchanges o f

g oods a nd c u l ture b e tween t he C arp i o n t he o ne h and , a nd t he Daco-Romans o r o n ly t he R o mans o n t he o ther . Th is e xchange mus t h ave b een more a c t ive w i th t he Pon t ic r eg ion , a s p roved b y t he f requency o f r ed-pa inted Greek c harac ters , t he p resence o f amphorae made f rom k ao lin , at yp ica l P ont ic ma ter ia l , a nd t he Greek s ta mp HPYM ( f ig . 2 35/la-lb ) , t he o n ly o ne d iscovered s o f ar i n c en tra l-wes tern Mo ldova .

Moreover , s o me amphorae a re made f ro m y e l low ish p as te , t hey

h ave a h igh n eck ( t hose w i th a s hor ter a nd w ider n eck a re n o t missing ) a nd l arge h and les .

They a re o f at ype wh ich a ppeared i n t he f irs t c entury A . D . ,

b u t was more c o m mon i n t he s econd a nd e ven i n t he e ar ly t h ird c entury A . D . I n t he ware i mpor ted f ro m t he R o man wor ld , we wou ld a lso i nc lude a sma l l g lobu lar v esse l w i th a s tra igh t n eck a nd a f oo t , b roken i n a nc ien t t imes , c overed w ith a p o lished r eddish-brown s l ip ( f ig . 2 32/5;

2 38/5) , a nd a n a l most

c y lindr ica l p o t made o f f i ne b ut s of t p as te , w i th a n e ver ted r im a nd a mou lded b and a t t he b ase ( f ig . 2 38/7) , wh ich was g rea t ly d eformed b y b urning . E xcep t t he amphorae a nd t he j ust d escr ibed v esse ls , t he ma jor f orms o f t he h igh-qua l i ty ware a re :

t he b i troncon ica l j ar w i th p rof i led b ase , s l igh t ly

e ver ted r im a nd b road b and h and les ( f ig . 2 32/1;

2 39/5 :

2 40/6) ;

t he v esse l

w i th a s harp ly e ver ted a nd o utward t h ickened r im a nd a p las t ic r idge a t t he b ase o f t he n eck ( f ig . 2 33/16; e ver ted r im ( f ig . 2 32/3-4 ;

2 36/7;

2 33/5;

2 39/6);

t he f oo ted c up w i th s harp ly

2 36/1, 5 , 1 7;

2 38/1-2 ) ;

t he h em ispher i-

c a l b ow l w i th o utward t h ickened r im a nd i nver ted Sp rof i le ( f ig . 2 32/11; 8 -9 , 2 0 ;

2 36/18, 2 0 , 2 4 ;

a nd r ing-base ( f ig . 2 32/10 ;

2 39/10 ) ; 2 33/10;

2 33/

t he b ow l w i th e ver ted a nd r ounded r im 2 38/6) , b ear ing t hree h or izon ta l l i nes

a nd many sma l l v er t ica l l i nes , l ook ing l i ke a t a l ly o r ac o mb w i th v ery l ong t ee th , s cra tched o n t he b o t to m i n o ne i ns tance ( f ig . 2 32/10 ;

2 38/6) ;

t he

sma l l f oo ted c up w i th b and h and les d escending f rom t he r im ( f ig . 2 32/9; 2 33/ 12; 2 39/7 ) ;

t he c o mpara t ively b i troncon ica l c up w i th a h igh n eck , s l igh t ly

1 16

e ver ted r im , b u lg ing a nd f i ne ly g rooved b e l ly , a nd r ing-base ( f ig . 2 32/2 ; 2 33/2;

2 38/3 ) .

One r eca l ls t he S ar ma t ian c ups , a nd p erhaps a S ar ma t ian

e le men t p ers isted i n to t he t ime o f t he C arp i . T he d ecora t ion o f t h is k ind o f ware i s f a ir ly p oor , c ons is t ing main ly o f p o lished " f irtree" mo t ifs ( f ig . 2 33/1;

2 40/1) , z ig zags ( f ig . 2 33/5 ) , n e twork

d es igns , v er t ica l b ands , af ew g rooves , p las t ic r idges r unn ing r ound t he v ess e ls , s cra tches e tc . T he p o t ters p a id n o a t ten t ion t o t he k i tchen ware o f wh ich a sma l l amoun t was f ound .

One h as a l mos t t he i mpress ion t ha t i t was n o t made b y t he s a me

c raf ts men .

V esse ls i n t he o ld H a l lsta t t a nd L a I l ene s ty les were made b y

h and f ro m p as te c on ta in ing e very p oss ib le i mpur i ty f rom g round p o tsherds t o p lan t r e ma ins a nd g rave l , wh ich was b are ly mixed , n o t k neaded , a nd c arel ess ly mode l led a nd f i red .

T hey a re mo t t led g rey , b rown a nd b lack-brown ,

i nco mp le te ly f i red, o f ten smoked , a nd t hey d if fer f rom t he o ther g roup i n e very r espec t ( f ig . 2 37; o ft he p as te ;

2 39/8-9;

2 40/7) .

F or ms c orrespond t o t he q ua li ty

most ly p ouched v esse ls w i th a s l igh t ly o r more s harp ly e ver ted

f ace t ted r im , t h ickened o r n o t , n o tched o r n o t , w i th o ne o r t wo d i mp led , n o tched , p la in , o r r idged c ordons r unn ing r ound t he ir b e l ly o r b e low t ;e ir n eck ( f ig . 2 37/1-10 , 1 2-16;

2 39/8-9 ) .

V ery s e ldo m , n o tched c ordons f or m

s ome th ing l i ke a p a t tern ( f ig . 2 37/3 , 1 4 ) . t he i ncense c up ( f ig . 2 37/11;

The s econd f orm i n t h is g roup i s

2 40/7) , w ide ly o r s l igh t ly f l ar ing , u sua l ly w i th

ap la in o r n o tched h and le a nd s o me t i mes d ecora ted w i th d i mp led o r n o tched c ordons a nd e ven w i th n o tches o n t he r im a nd b o t to m . Th is c oarse ware c anno t b e s epara ted f ro m t he r es t o ft he ma ter ia l a nd d a ted t o a no ther p er iod , b ecause i tc ons tan t ly a cco mpan ied t he f i ne ware . I t was f ound i n e very p i t a nd a gg lo mera t ion o f ma ter ia l .

I tc an t herefore b e

r egarded a s ad eep-roo ted t radi t ion p ers is t ing a longs ide t he n ew , s oph ist icated a nd h igh-qua l i ty ma ter ia l d escr ibed a bove . Among t he mos t i mpor tan t f i nds f ro m t ha t p er iod i s af rag ment o f s i lver t orque o f t he Dac ian t ype . n o t i n t he e xcava t ion .

U nfor tuna te ly , i t was d iscovered o n t he s urface ,

I t was made f ro m o ne b ar , o ne e nd o f wh ich was f l a t-

t ened l ike a b lade o ver 1 0 cm .

The b ar h ad h ad a s quare s ec t ion a nd s l igh t ly

c oncave s ides . L arge r ound d o ts , s epara ted b y h or izon ta l l i nes , h ad b een s ta mped o n t he f our s ides . T owards t he f l a t e nd o f t he b ar , t h is d ecora t ion h ad b een r ep laced b y e ngraved l i nes , o ne o n e very s ide .

1

T he s ubsequent

c o ld t w ist ing o f t he b ar d eformed s o me d o ts , mak ing t he d ecora t ion l ook i rreg u lar , a nd g ave t he u ndecora ted p ar t t he a spec t o f aw ire b ra id .

2

T he b lade-

l i ke p ar t o f t he t orque g e ts g radua l ly n arrower t owards t he e nd wh ich i s s haped l i ke a s ty l ized s nake h ead . I ti s s ta mped w i th t he s a me p a t tern o f d o ts a nd l i nes , b ordered b y t wo e ngraved p ara l le l l i nes . T he sma l l s pace b et ween t he t w is ted p ar t a nd t he b lade i s d ecora ted w i th t wo c oncen tr ic c irc les b e tween t wo e ngraved sma l l l i nes .

T he r ounded e nd o f t he b lade c arr ies t wo

c irc les w i th a d o t i n t he midd le , s ugges t ing t he s nake 's e yes ( f ig . 2 30/1; 2 31/1) . The t orque was b roken i n a nc ien t t imes , p robab ly d e libera te ly b ecause t he t races l ef t b y t hree c h ise l s trokes a re v is ib le c lose t o t he p o in t where i t was u lt ima te ly b roken b y s uccessive b ending .

1 17

T he d iscovery o f t h is t orque f rag men t c an b e r egarded a s p ar t icu lar ly i mp or tan t b ecause i ti s u n ique o n t he t err i tory o f Mo ldova . s i lver n eck t orque h as b een f ound s o f ar t here .

N o o ther Dac ian

Among t he f i nds made b y

N . B e ldiceanu a t C ucuten i b efore 1 890 a re men t ioned " torsades" , " brace le ts .. wh ich a re n o l onger a va i lab le" .

o ne o f s i lver ,

T he o ld i nventory o f t he

3

N a t iona l Museu m o f An t iqu i t ies ment ions a " s i lver b race le t" made o f t wo t w is ted w ires , i n t he N . B e ldiceanu c o l lec t ion .

I n 1 942 , when t he c o l lec t ions

i n t ha t museu m were f i led , t wo f rag men ts o f t orque , p robab ly b race le ts j udg ing b y t he ir d i mens ions ( t he b iggest was a l i t t le o ver 9 cm i n d ia me ter ) were r ecorded .

I t may b e s upposed t ha t t he t wo f rag men ts b e longed t o t he

s a me s pec i men . T he ir d imens ions a nd s truc ture ( two t w isted s i lver w ires ) d if fer f rom t hose o f t he s pec i men f ound a t T irpe t i . H ence , t he l a t ter c an b e c ons idered t he o n ly t orque d iscovered i n Mo ldova . I n v iew o f t he r ar i ty o f t h is k ind o f o b jec t i n Mo ldova , a nd t he Dobrogea , Dor in P opescu e xc ludes t he p oss ib i li ty t ha t t hey w ere made a t O lb ia o r a no ther Greek P on t ic c i ty .

T he t orque f ro m T irpe§t i , s o f ar t he o n ly s uch f i nd i n

4

Mo ldova , d oes n o t r efute h is c onc lus ion .

I tt herefore s ee ms l i ke ly t ha t t he

t orque r eached t he r eg ion i nhab i ted b y C arpo-Dac ians t hrough i n ter-tr iba l e xc hanges , a n o pin ion wh ich i s a lso s uppor ted b y t he f ac t t ha t t he s pec i men was d e l ibera te ly b roken .

5

Two s i lver c o ins were a lso d iscovered i n t he s e t t le men t ( f ig . One d a tes f rom t he t ime o f Tra jan

Pn d

2 30/2-3) .

b ears DAC ( i cus ) i n h is t i t le , wh ich

means t ha t i t was i ssued a f ter t he c onques t o f Dac ia , i .e . l a ter t han A . D . 1 06, a nd t he s econd f ro m t he t ime o f H adr ian , l a ter t han A .D . 1 17 . T ak ing t he c o ins a nd e spec ia l ly t he c era m ic ma ter ia l i n to a ccount , we b e lieve t ha t t he t orque f rag men t , wh ich b e longs t o t he s a me C arp ic s e t t le ment , c an b e d a ted t o t he s econd c entury A . D .

I ti s t rue t ha t i ti s s im i lar t o t he

c haracter is t ic l arge s p ira l t orque f ro m t he f i rs t c en tury B . C . t o t he f i rst c ent ury A .D , a nd h as c lose a na logues i n t he t orque f rom e georg iu 6 a nd i n a t orque a t t he B udapes t Museu m' ( whose p lace o f o r ig in i s n o t k nown ) .

H owever ,

i t s o ccurrence i n Mo ldova l a ter t han t he t ime o f i t s p roduc t ion i s n o t s urp r ising , e spec ia l ly s ince t he C arp ic s e t t le men t o f T irpe5t i s ee ms t o h ave l as ted f a ir ly l ong .

I t mus t h ave b een c arefu l ly p reserved p rec ise ly b ecause s i lver

o b jec ts were r are i n Mo ldova a t t he t ime . i nc lined t o h oard u p v a luab les .

Moreover , t he l oca l p eop le were

Ah oard o f R o man c o ins was d iscovered o n

t he p rec inc ts o f T irp e i l ess t han 3 km s outh o f t he s e t t le men t o n R ipa l u i Boda i .

T he f ac t t ha t i tc on ta ined R o man r epub lican d enar i i , c oins f ro m t he

t ime o f V espas ian , Tra jan , H adr ian , Marcus Aure l ius , t he t wo F aust inas a nd C o m modus i s n o t i ns ign if ican t .

I fc o ins c o m mon ly made f rom l ow-qua l i ty

me ta l were h oarded , t he more l i ke ly i ti s t ha t a n o b jec t made o f t he b est Trans y lvanian s i lver wou ld b e p reserved . We t herefore b e lieve t ha t t he t orque was made i n a Dac ian s hop i n Trans y lvan ia a nd b rough t t o Mo ldova b y i n tertr iba l e xchanges s ome t ime a f ter i t s p roduc t ion a nd t ha t i t was k ep t a nd p robab ly h anded d own f ro m o ne g enera t ion t o t he n ex t . T he a r tefac ts d escr ibed b e low a re t yp ica l ly C arp ic , e xcep t , p erhaps , t he p endant , a nd t hey were made f ro m b ronze .

1 18

T he p endant i s s haped l i ke a h ear t

w i th a t h ickened p o in t e nd ing i n a sma l l b ulge a nd h ung f rom a t hree-p iece c ha in ; e ach p iece was made o ft wo b ronze w ires , o ne t w is ted r ound t he o ther ( f ig . 2 30/9; 2 31/4 ) .

F or t he t ime b e ing , i t s o n ly a na logue i n C arp ic s e t t le-

men ts c o mes f ro m P o iene t i8 a nd i tc ou ld b e a n i mpor t , p oss ib ly R o man . H owever , w e b e lieve t ha t t he s pec imen f ound a t P o iene t i i s ap endant , n o t a c ha in t o wh ich t he s pr ing o f af i bu la i s a t tached .

9

The t yp ica l C arp ic f i bu lae , made o f b ronze , a re mos t ly f ragmen tary . On ly t wo o ft he m a re r e la t ive ly we l l p reserved . T he f i rs t i s a l most i n tac t .

I t s b ow i s c urved a t t he t ru mpe t-shaped b ase

f rom wh ich b o th t he p in a nd t he v er t ica l c o i led s pr ing s tar t . b ow , e nding i n ak nob , h as a w ide a nd f a ir ly h igh c a tch-p la te .

The f oo t o f t he The b ow i s

r ho mbo ida l i n s ec t ion a nd b ecomes a l most b i troncon ica l t owards i t s f oot .

I t

i s d ecora ted w i th v ery f i ne r ows o f d o ts a long i t s e dges ( f ig . 2 30/7; 2 31/2 ) . T he f i bu la

i s t he f i nes t s pec i men o f t h is t ype k nown s o f ar i n Mo ldova .

The s econd f i bu la , i n much p oorer c ond it ion , h as a much more a rched b ow , t he f oo t t w is ted u ndernea th , a nd a n arrow c a tch-p la te a t tached t o t he f oo t b y as p ira l w ire ( f ig . 2 30/6;

2 3 1/3 ) .

U nfor tuna te ly , t he p in a nd p ar t o f

t he s pr ing h ave l ong b een b roken . The c orroded b ow s ee ms t o h ave b een r ho mbo ida l i n s ec t ion . G h . B ich ir c onsiders s i mi lar p ieces t o b e o f n orthP ont ic o r ig in , f ro m w hence t hey were b rough t b y t he S ar ma t ians a nd t hen a dop ted b y o ther p opu la t ions a s wel 1 . 1° Among t he i ron o b jec ts t here i s as er ies o f k n ives . Two c lasses c an b e d is t inguished : sma l l k n ives w i th r e la t ive ly s tra igh t b lade a nd n arrow t ongue f or t he h and le ( f ig . 2 31/18-20 , 2 2 ) a nd b ig k n ives , s ome t imes c urved , w i th ab road b lade a nd s ome t i mes w i th s t i l l e xis t ing r ive ts f or a t tach ment t o t he h and le ( f ig . 2 31/15 , 1 7 , 2 1) .

S ome f ragments migh t c ome f ro m s cy thes

( f ig . 2 31/17) , b ut t hey a re i n s uch a p oor c ond i t ion t ha t n o th ing c an b e s a id f or c er ta in a bout t he m . Ab lade f ragment migh t h ave b e longed t o a n i ron weapon o r al arge t h ick-edged k n ife ( f ig . 2 31/16, 2 1) , b ut , a ga in , i t s v ery b ad s tate c a l ls f or c au t ion . At wo-po in t aw l was f a ir ly we l l p reserved .

One h a lf h as a r ound a nd t he

o ther a r ec tangu lar s ec t ion ( f ig . 2 31/13 ) . S pikes w ere p resen t i n s evera l v ar ian ts .

A v ery l arge o ne w i th a r ec-

t angu lar s ec t ion migh t h ave b een a p unch ( f ig . 2 3 1/7 ) ,b ut i t s p o in t i s t oo d e ter iora ted t o a l low a d e term ina t ion o f i t s u se . O ther i ron f i nds w ere :

v ar ious c h ise ls ( f ig . 2 3 1/8 )a nd l arge s p ikes ( f ig .

2 3 1/6 )wh ich a re s o f rag men tary t ha t n o th ing c an b e s a id a bou t t hem ; ah ammer ( wh ich h ad h ad a meta l h and le ) w i th t wo e qua l a rms , o ne w i th a s quare s ec t ion a nd f l a t e nd , a nd t he o ther w i th a r ec tangu lar s ec t ion ( f ig . 2 30/4 ) a nd s l igh t ly t aper ing , y e t b lun t , n o t s harp , e nd;

t wo-purpose t oo ls , l i ke a

p unch a nd f i ne c h ise l ( f ig . 2 31/14 ) , f rag men ts o f s hee t i ron , i ron l u mps , s purs ( f ig . 2 30/10-11) , a nd many f ragmentary o b jec ts whose i n i t ia l f orm c anno t b e d e ter m ined . o b jec ts .

A minia ture a nv i l ( f ig . 2 31/12 ) s erved t o work sma l l

1 19

Af ew more u nco m mon f i nds wh ich c anno t b e d a ted t o l a ter p er iods a re c ons idered h ere a l though s im i lar s pec i mens h ave n o t y e t b een r epor ted f ro m C arp ic s e t t le men ts a nd c e me ter ies .

They a re :

i n t he s hape o f al arge r ing ( f ig . 2 30/12;

a" stee l" w i th i t s u pper p ar t

2 31/10 ) , p robab ly e nd ing i n as ty-

l i zed b ird b eak ( unfor tuna te ly , n o th ing more c an b e s a id a bout i t , b ecause i t i s p oor ly p reserved )1 1

a nd t wo f rag men ts o f ac heek-p iece ( ? ) c ons ist ing o f

a n i ron c ore i n to wh ich b ronze r ing le ts were s e t ( 230/5:

2 31/11) .

1 2

The

l as t o b jec t was p robab ly i mpor ted f ro m t he R o man wor ld , where t he i nser t ion o fb ronze r ings was a f a ir ly c o m mon t echn ique .

T h is i s y et a no ther p iece o f

e v idence f or f requen t e xchanges b e tween t he C arp i a nd t he R omans . Traces o f as im i lar t echn ique a re a lso v is ib le o n af i ne c h ise l , wh ich i s r ec tangu lar i n s ec t ion a nd h as a r a ther d u l l e dge a nd a n arrow a nd s tra igh t o ppos i te e nd ( f ig . 2 3 1 /8 ) . U nfor tuna te ly , a l l t he r ing le ts f e l l o f f l eav ing o n ly t heir impr ints i n t he me ta l . E urope ,

1 3

t h 7

,

The " stee l" h as c lose a na logues i n n or thern

; , id ica t ing a no ther t rading r ou te o ft he C arp i .

T he l as t n o tab le i ron o b jec t i s a sma l l t yp ica l c lasp ( f ig . 2 3 1/9 ) . l arge n u mber o f i ron o b jec ts a nd t he p resence o f s heet i ron a nd l umps

T he p rove

t ha t t he me ta l was worked l oca l ly , p ossib ly n o t i n o ur s et t le men t , b ut s o mewhere i n i t s n e ighbourhood .

The me ta l was p robab ly b rough t f ro m d is tan t

p laces a nd g iven i t s f i na l s hape h ere . Moreover , t he t ools t est ify t o o ther c raf ts p rac t ised b y t he C arp i who i nhab i ted t he s e t t le men t , s uch a s wood-work ing , t he manufac ture o f sma l l o bj ec ts a nd , n atura l ly , p o t tery mak ing . N o f i r ing k i ln was d iscovered a t T irpee t i , b ut we may s uppose t ha t t he k i lns were l oca ted a t t he f oo t o f t he t errace , c lose t o t he wa ter a nd c lay d ep osi ts . N ever the less , t he p oss ib i li ty i s n o t e xc luded t ha t t he p o t tery was p roduced i n an earby C arp ic s e t t le men t a nd b rough t h ere . T here a re f ew c lay o b jec ts :

al oo m we igh t made o f c oarse p as te c ontain ing

much s and a nd f ired t o b r ickred-brown a nd s evera l s p indle whor ls o f v ar ious s hapes ( f ig . 2 30/13-23 ) , made f ro m t he s a me s andy c lay a nd f i red mos t ly t o g rey-b lack . As e ar ly a s 1 965 ,

1 4

b ased o n t he d iscover ies a t T irpee t i , we p laced t he

C arp ic h ab i ta t ion i n t he 2 nd-3rd c entur ies A .D . ,t hus l ower ing t he f ormer d a te o ft he C arp ic ma ter ia l ( 3rd c en tury A .D . ) .

Af ew y ears b efore , when

t he f ragmen t o f Ge to-Dac ian s i lver t orque h ad b een p ub l ished , we h ad a lready p roposed t he s a me d a te .

1 5

The s a me c hrono logy i s s uppor ted b y t he c onc lus ions o f G h . B ich ir , who , i n h is monograph o n t he C arp ic c u lture , d is t ingu ishes a t l eas t t wo p hases o f h abi ta t ion i n Mo ldova , o ne l as t ing t o t he t urn o ft he 2 nd c entury a nd t he o ther o n ly i n t he s econd h a lf o ft he 3 rd c entury .

1 6

A C1 4 d a te i s a va i lab le , c a lcula ted a t Groningen o n ac harcoa l s a mp le t aken f ro m a h ear th o f T irpeet i i n 1 963 . I n 1 970 , i .e . e igh t y ears af ter t he p ub licat iol o f t he t orque , t he l abora tory i n Gron ingen i nfor med u s t ha t t he r esu l t was 2 070 ± 5 0 B . P . 1 7

1 20

The y ear 1 07 ± 5 0 B . C . d oes n o t c orrespond w i th t he d a te o ft he c o ins a nd o ft he t orque f ound a t t he s i te .

The s a mp le must h ave b een c on ta m ina ted a nd

s hou ld b e r egarded a s i nconc lus ive . B y i t s who le i nven tory T irpe§ t i b e longs t o t he P o iene§ t i-Po iana-Päduren i s er ies o f s e t t le men ts ,1 8 b eing t herefore t yp ica l o f t he 2 nd-3rd c en tur ies A . D . a nd o f ag roup o f C arp i who o ccup ied Mo ldova a t t he t ime . A c harac ter is t ic f ea ture o f o ur s e t t le men t i s t he l arge q uan t i ty o f t yp ica l ly R o man ma ter ia l .

We h ave a lready men t ioned t he impress ive n u mber o f am-

p horae , s ome b ear ing a s ta mp , ap ot ter 's mark o r r ed-pa inted Greek o r R o man c haracters , o f ten made o f k ao lin ( a ma ter ia l missing f ro m Mo ldova a nd ma in ly u sed b y R oman p o t ters i n t he P on t ic a rea ) , s o me sma l l v esse ls ( f ig . 2 33/3-4 ) a nd i n p ar t icu lar t he h igh-qua l i ty r ed s l ip t ypica l o f R o man ware , i ron o b jec ts w i th i nse t b ronze r ings ( wh ich c ou ld b e made o n ly i n R oman workshops ) , a nd e spec ia l ly t he p resence o f R oman i mper ia l c o ins i n t he s et t le men t i t se lf . Moreover , t here i s t he h oard o f more t han 8 0 R o man c o ins d iscovered i n t he p rec inc ts o f t he v i l lage , l ess t han 3 km f ro m t he s i te , wh ich c anno t b e i so la ted f rom t he s e t t le men t o n R ipa l u i Boda i . t or ica l e ven t (s ) l ed t o i t s b ury ing .

I ti s d if f icu lt t o s ay wha t h is-

A t a ny r a te , t he f ac t t ha t t he C arp i i n-

h abi ted Mo ldova t o t he e nd o f t he 3 rd c en tury a nd e ven t he b eg inning o f t he 4 th c entury 1 9

i ndica tes t ha t t he t urmo i l i n t he l a te 2 nd c en tury , wh ich c aused t he

b ury ing o f many h oards i n Mo ldova , d id n o t i n terfere w i th l i fe i n t he r egion . R e la t ions b e tween t he c o m mun i ty o f T irpe t i a nd t he n orthern wor ld s hou ld a lso b e t aken i n to a ccoun t , f or s o me me ta l o b jec ts , l i ke t he " stee l" , h ave a na logues o n ly i n t he P s-e vorsk c u lture . L iv ing b etween t he R o man a nd t he German ic wor lds , t he C arp i p robab ly f ac i l i ta ted t he e xchange o f c o mmodi t ies b etween t he m . The o ccupa t ion o f T irpe§ t i c eased a t l east h a lf a c entury b efore t he e nd o f t he C arp ic o ccupa t ion o f Mo ldova a nd migh t f a l l o n ly w i thin t he 2 nd c en tury A . D . N o tes 1 . P ub lished b y u s_ for t he f i rs t t ime i n 1 962 ( see S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu , 1 962 , 2 , p p . 1 11-114 ) a nd r ediscussed b y G h . B ich ir i n 1 973 ( s ee G h . B ich ir 1 973 , p p . 1 21-122 ) , who c ou ld n o t f i nd o ther a na logues a nd a ss ign i tt o a nother c u l ture t han t hose i nd ica ted b y u s a t t he t ime o f p ub l ica t ion . To o ur s urpr ise h owever , G h . B ich ir a dm i ts o n ly t ha t we g ave a " de ta i led d es cr ipt ion" o f t he s pec i men ( see G h . B ich ir , 1 973 , p . 1 21, n o te 3 44 ) . 2 . The t echn ique was e xhaus t ive ly d escr ibed b y N . F e t t ich , 1 955 , p . 1 50 . 3 . Cr . B utpreanu , 1 889/1890 , p p . 2 60 -268 . 4 . D . Popescu, 1 958 , p . 2 05 . 5 . The s a me o bserva t ions were a lso made i n 1 962 ( see S . Mar inescu-B i lcu , 1 962 , b , p . 1 12 ) . 6 .

N . F e t t ich , 1 953 , p l . XX I I .

1 21

7 .

i bid ., p l . XXX I I/1 a nd 1 a .

8 .

R . V u lpe , 1 953 ,

P .

3 25 , f i g . 1 25 .

Po iene§t i a re s im i lar .

On ly t he c ha ins f ro m T irpe t i a nd

Ap endan t h angs f rom t he f ormer , whereas t he

c ha in p ieces f ro m Po iene t i a re a ttached t o ar ing , t hus f or ming a n o r ig ina l p endan t . 9 .

Gh . B ich ir , 1 973, p . 1 22 .

1 0 .

I b id .,

1 1 .

" S tee ls" o f t h is k ind a re k nown i n t he P s-e vorsk c u lture a nd i n Romania

P .

1 0 .

( see Gh . D iaconu , 1 964 , p p . 4 27-431, f i g . were a ss igned t o t he 4 th c entury A .D .

1/ 34 ) .

Those f ro m T irg or

( Gh . D iaconu, 1 964, p . 4 29 ) .

B ut

t he s peci men f ro m T irpe t i i s more s lender a nd h as a c ircu lar s uspens ion r ing;

i tp robab ly i s o f a n o lder t ype t han t he " stee ls" f ro m T irg pr a nd

p roves t ha t t he f ree Dac ians u sed s uch o b jec ts ( c f . Gh . D iaconu, p . 4 29 , who s ays t ha t t he f ree Dac ians d id n o t h ave " stee ls" i n t he 2 nd-3rd c ent ur ies A .D .) . 1 2 .

A f rag ment o f c heek-piece worked b y as im i lar t echn ique was r ecent ly d iscovered a t Ocn4a .

Once more , we w ish t o t hank D . Berciu f or h is

p ermission t o men tion i t . 1 3 .

S ee n o te 1 1.

1 4 .

S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu, 1 965 , b ,

1 5 .

S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu , 1 962 , b , p p . 1 11-114 .

1 6 .

Gh . B ich ir , 1 973, p p . 1 47-154 .

1 7 .

GrN 4 425 .

1 8 .

Gh . B ich ir , 1 973, p p . 1 47-157 .

1 9 .

I bid .

P .

4 35 .

1 22

X THE S IXTH-SEVENTH CENTUR IES A . D . ( F ig . 2 29;

2 41-245 )

T he l as t o ccupan ts o f R ipa l u i B oda i b e longed t o ap opu la t ion g roup f rom t he s ix th-seven th c entur ies A .D .

T he o n ly ma ter ia l r e ma ins t hey l ef t a re

t wo p i t-dwe l lings a nd many h eaps o f s tones wh ich , e xcept o ne , h ad b een s trong ly b urn t t o ab r ick-red c o lour ( f ig . 2 41-243 ) . These b ig h eaps a re b el i eved t o c ome n o t o n ly f ro m t he s tone wa l ls a nd d o mes o f o vens , b ut a lso f rom t he r oofs o f dwe l lings , mos t p robab ly l i gh t h uts , c overed w i th r eed o r s traw h e ld i n p lace w i th s tones . The dwe l lings , c er ta in ly made o f wood, mus t h ave b urn t b r igh t ly a nd r ap id ly a nd t he s tones o n t he ir r oofs ( a lso s trong ly b urn t ) mus t h ave f a l len t o t he g round .

T he s tones , wh ich s p l i t i n t he f i re ,

c ame mos t ly f rom t he b ed o ft he T opo l i t ,a .

Among t hem were many f rag men ts

o f N eo l i th ic a nd C arp ic q uerns , wh ich t he o ccupan ts o f t he t errace h ad p robab ly f ound o n t he g round a nd r e-used .

To s um u p , most h eaps d id n o t c ome f rom

o vens , b ecause t hey w ere mounds o f v ar ious s izes w i thou t t races o f d aub among t he s tones o r u nder t he m ( f ig . 2 41/2-4 ;

2 43) .

E xcep t ions t o t h is r u le were t he h eaps i n t he c orners o f t he t wo p i tdwe l l ings , i n p ar t icu lar t he h eap i n dwe l l ing ß , wh ich p roduced a lso t he k erb o f a n o ven whose d ome may h ave b een b u i lt o f s tone . S ome o f t he s tone h eaps d iscovered a t g rea ter d ep ths , i .e . b e low 0 .40 m ( f ig . 2 29; 2 42 ) , c ou ld a lso h ave b een t he o n ly r e ma ins o f p i t-dwe l lings . Anyhow , t he l arge n umber o f s tone h eaps o n o ur s i te i ndica tes t ha t t hey c ou ld n o t h ave c o me o n ly f rom s tone o vens b ui l t i n t he o pen a nd s uppor ts o ur h ypo thes is t ha t t he s tones were u sed t o f i x t he r eed o r s traw-roof o f l i gh t h uts w i th u np las tered wooden wa l ls . The s outh-wes tern p ar t o f t he t errace was more i n tense ly o ccup ied i n t he s ix th-seven th c en tur ies ( f ig . 2 29) , a l though d iscover ies f rom t ha t p er iod were made a l l o ver t he s i te . Moreover o ccupa t ion e xtended b eyond t he l im i ts o f t he i nves t iga ted a rea .

I ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t i n t he j ust men t ioned western

p ar t o ft he t errace t he s tone h eaps s ee med t o b e a rranged i n t wo r ela t ively p ara l le l r ows , p oss ib ly p o in ting t o ac er ta in o rder o f t he h uts . Moreover , e ach h eap c on tained many more s tones t han t he amount n eeded t o b ui lt o vens l i ke t hose a t B o to§ana .

2

P i t-dwe l ling a ( 0 .90 m d eep ) , wh ich h ad p ar t ly d estroyed a C ucuteni dwe l ling , was r ec tangu lar i n p lan , h ad r ounded c orners , a nd measured 5 .25 x3 .40 m ( f ig . 2 42 ) . I tc ou ld n o t b e e n t ire ly c leared a nd may h ave b een e n tered f ro m t he u nc leared s i de .

N o t races o fp os ts were f ound , wh ich means t ha t

t he r oof r es ted o n wooden r af ters p laced o u tside t he dwel l ing . The n u merous b urn t s tones d iscovered i n ac orner o f t he dwe l ling p robab ly c a me f ro m t he r oof ( t hose f ound a t d ep ths o f 0 .45-0 .50 m) a nd f ro m a n o ven ( t hose o n t he b ot to m o f t he p i t ) i n t he s hape o f ah orseshoe. 1 23

C lear ing r evea led b i ts o f c har-

c oa l among t he s tones , c er ta in ly r e ma ins o f t he wooden s truc ture o f t he dwel li ng .

Excep t af ew p o tsherds , i t s f i l l ing c on ta ined n o o ther ma ter ia l . P i t-dwe l l ing ß h ad b een s unk a l mos t t o t he s a me d epths , ( i . e . 0 .80-0 .85

m) , h ad t he s a me r ec tangu lar s hape w ith r ounded c orners , b ut was sma l ler , 1 .e . 3 .45 x 2 .60 m .

Access was t hrough o ne o f t he c orners where a s tep h ad

b een c ut ( f ig . 2 41/1;

2 42 ) .

I n t he o ppos i te c orner was a h orseshoe o ven w i th

ac lay k erb , a nd s tone wa l ls a nd d ome , wh ich h ad c o l lapsed o n t he s l igh t ly s ta mped e ar th f l oor .

The k erb , c arefu l ly made , b u t sma l l ( l ike t he o ven ) ,

s tood 1 0-12 cm h igh ;

t he e ar th n ear i tw as b urn t a nd c on ta ined s o me c harcoa l .

I n t he p i t , a long t he n or th-western s ide , was a s or t o f s i l l , 2 0 cm w ide a nd 1 0 cm h igh .

The p i t h ad d es troyed a C ucu ten i s truc ture , p oss ib ly a dwe l ling ,

o f wh ich o n ly a sma l l mound o f d aub r e ma ined .

On ly a f ew p o tsherds were

c o l lec ted f ro m t he p i t-dwe l ling .

T he p o t tery , mos t o f wh ich was b ad ly b roken ( f ig . 2 44 ; l ow-qua li ty , n on-homogeneous p as te .

2 45 ) , was made o f

I t was u neven ly f ired , t he wa l l c ore

b eing g rey-b lack , g rey a nd e ven b rown i n c o lour , a nd t he o uts ide mo t t led f ro m g rey t o b rown .

V esse ls w i th t h inner wa l ls , made f ro m a b e t ter b u t s t i l l n on-

h o mogeneous p as te , h ad b een smoo thed .

H owever , mos t o f t he ware i s p oor ly

f i n ished a nd c racked when i t was f i red . S hapes i nc lude p o ts o f v ar ious s izes , w i th f l ar ing r im a nd r ounded s hou lder ( f ig . 2 45/2-3;

7 ) , r e la t ive ly a ngu lar s hou lder a nd n ear ly b i troncon ica l b ody

( f ig . 2 45/1) , s tra igh t r im a nd b u lg ing b ody ( f ig . 2 45/6) , p rof i led r i ms ( f ig . 2 44/7 , 9 , 1 7;

2 45/5) a nd w i th o ne o r s evera l r ough ly i nc ised l i nes b e low t he

r im i n af ew i ns tances ( f ig . 2 44/15; v esse ls a re v ery r are .

2 45/2 ) .

F ragmen ts o f b rush-s moo thed

V ery t h ick b o t toms s hou ld a lso b e p o in ted o ut ( f ig . 2 44/

4 0-41, 4 4-45 ) . T he s econd ma jor s hape i s t he t h ick-bo t tomed s ha l low r ound d ish ( f ig . 2 44/ 3 6, 3 8;

2 45/8) a nd t he d ish w i th a t h ick p rof i led r im ( f ig . 2 44/26) .

Whee l- mou lded p o t tery , made o f as omewhat b e t ter f abr ic , c on taining more s and , mo t t led g rey-b lack , i s v ery r are a t T irpe§ t i .

I t s s hape i s ap o t w i th

e ver ted r im a nd t he u pper h a lf d ecora ted w i th a more o r l ess r egu lar ly h a tched h or izon ta l r ibbon ( f ig . 2 44/1, 3 0 ;

2 45/4 ) .

I t s r ar i ty s hou ld b e emphas ized b e-

c ause i ti s ma in ly o n t he b as is o f whee l- made p o t tery t ha t t he s i te a t T irpe§ t i was t en ta t ive ly d a ted t o t he f i f th-six th c en tur ies A . D .

3

wh ich , i n o ur o pin ion ,

d oes n o t c orrespond t o f ac ts .

A f ter t h is l as t o ccupa t ion i n t he s ixth-seven th c en tur ies A . D . ,p robab ly b y ac ompara t ive ly sma l l g roup o f n a t ives , who n atura l ly were i nf luenced b y t he n e ighbour ing p opu la t ions w i th who m t hey c a me i n to c on tac t , t he s i te a t R ipa l ui B oda i was a bandoned . The f euda l v i l lage men t ioned i n s ix teen th-cen tury d ocu men ts 4 o rgan ized i t s p rec inc ts o n a more s he ltered s i te b e tween t he Topol i ta a nd To lic i v a l leys .

1 24

N o tes 1 . T he p o t tery f ro m T irpe t i was d a ted b y Mar ia C om p . , who m we t hank o nce a gain .

F or r eferences , s ee a lso M . C om p . , 1 973 , p . 2 16 .

2 . D . Gh . T eodor , 1 978, p . 1 7 , f i g . 3 /1-3 . 3 . D . Gh . T eodor ( i b id ., p . 1 2 ) d a tes t he T irpe§ t i s e t t le men t t o t he e nd o f t he f i f th c en tury a nd t he b eginn ing o f t he s ix th c en tury A . D . a nd i n n o te 1 2 , p . 5 1, h e a ss igns t he ma ter ia l f ound h ere t o t he f i f th-seven th c entur ies A .D .

H e s ays t ha t " whee l- made p o t tery o f t he I po te§t i-C inde t i t ype i s

a ' ssoc ia ted w i th h and- made p o t tery" s ugges t ing t ha t t he f ormer was t he ma jor c lass o f ware , wh ich i s c a tegor ica l ly r efuted b y t he d iscover ies made s o f ar . 4 .

D IR ,

p p . 3 23-324 .

D eed o f p roper ty d a t ing f ro m 1 586 .

1 25

X I CONCLUS IONS

D ue t o t he e xce l len t l i ving c ondi t ions o f fered b y t he Topo l4a v a l ley , t o t he s o i l o n t he t errace wh ich was s u ited f or a gr icu lture , t o t he n earby d ec id uous f ores ts , wh ich c er tain ly c on ta ined much w i ld l ife , a nd t o t he p resence o f r aw ma ter ia l f or t oo ls , R ipa l u i Boda i w as o ccup ied a s e ar ly a s t he f i f th mi l len iu m B . C . We h ave s a id t ha t t he f irs t h u man g roups who i nhab i ted t he t errace b el onged t o L inear P o t tery t r ibes whose e cono my was b ased o n p r i mi t ive a gr ic u lture , a s i ndica ted among o ther t h ings b y t he ir p redi lec t ion f or l oess s o i l , wh ich i s g ood f or t i l lage .

Bes ides a gr icu lture , s tock r ear ing a nd h un t ing

p layed t he ir we l l-known r o le . The t erraces a long t he Topo li tA h ad a ctua l ly b een o ccup ied i n e ar l ier t imes t oo .

The we l l-known C r i

s i te o n t he p recinc ts o f t he c o m mune o f Gru ma 7ze§ t i

l i es o n al ow t errace o n ly 3 -4 km s outh-wes t o f o ur s e t t le men t .

We c an t here-

f or s ay t ha t t he p ied mon ts i n t he l arge a l luv ia l c one o f t he Topo l ita were i nh ab i ted f ro m t he Ear ly N eo l ith ic . F irs t h owever , we s hou ld c onsider t he b eg inn ings o f N eo li th ic l i fe i n Mo ldova . The d iscover ies made a t S orok i a nd Tr ifi g il i n t he Mo ldav ian S SR s ugg ested a p ene tra t ion o f a cera m ic N eo lith ic t r ibes i n to N or thern Mo ldova wes t o f t he Pru t .

2

Without min im iz ing t he i mpor tance o f t he d iscover ies made e as t o f t he P rut , we mus t p o in t o ut t ha t t wo ma jor N eo li th ic t ra i ts a re m iss ing t here , i .e . p o lished s tone t oo ls a nd p r im i t ive c rop g row ing .

Af ew d o mes t ica ted c a t t le

a nd p ig b ones ( we k now t ha t t he d og h ad a lready b een d omest ica ted ) a nd f l in t b lades wh ich migh t h ave b e longed t o c o mpos i te p ieces a re i nsuf f ic ien t e v idence f or a N eo li th ic .

I n v iew o f t he i mpor tance a nd i mp l ica t ions wh ich t he p re-

s ence o f a n a cera m ic N eo li th ic i n t hese r eg ions wou ld h ave , we b e lieve t ha t t horough p o l len a na lyses s hou ld b e c arr ied o u t t o g e t t he mos t e xac t a nd c o mp le te p oss ib le d a ta .

Once a gain we s tress t he a bsence o f p o lished s tone t oo ls

a nd t he sma l l amoun t o f d omes t ica ted a n i ma l b ones , i s i rreve lan t .

3

wh ich f or t he t ime b eing

I ti s n o t i mposs ib le , h owever , t ha t s ome E p ipa laeo li th ic o r

Meso li th ic p opu la t ions l ived h ere , wh ich , l i ke t hose i n t he I ron Ga tes a rea , p rac t ised t he s e lec t ive k i l ling o f g a me a nd h ad a mixed e conomy 4—hun t ing a nd f i shing ( docu men ted) a nd p lan t g a ther ing ( supposed) . Anyway , t he p resence o f t hese p opu la t ions , whe ther E p ipa laeo li th ic o r N eo li th ic , wes t o f t he Prut i s n o t y et p roved .

1 26

5

T he h ypo thes is was a lso p ut f orward o f t he p resence i n N or thern Mo ldova o f t he B ug-Dn ies ter c u l ture , o ne a rgu ment i n s uppor t o f i tb e ing- " severa l v esse ls o f t he B ug-Dn ies ter t ype d iscovered a t Z a 7ne t i" .

6

We i mag ine t ha t t hese a re t he t wo v esse ls d iscovered a t Tra ian-Dea lu l V ie i ,

7

as i te b e longing t o t he P recucu ten i Ic u lture , wh ich i s l a ter t han t he

L inear P o t tery c u lture . " Impor ts" s erved t o d e mons tra te t ha t p hase I o f t he B ug-Dn ies ter c u lture a nd t he C r i

c u lture were a l mos t c on te mporaneous a nd t o e qua te t he e nd o f

p hase I I a nd p hase I V o ft he B ug-Dn iester c u l ture w i th t he " no te-head" L inear P o t tery c u l ture . 8 Moreover , i ti s k nown t ha t t owards t he e nd o f t he f i f th mi ll enn iu m B . C . t he a reas o f t he L inear P o t tery a nd B ug-Dn ies ter c u ltures were a l mos t i n c on tac t . T he B ug-Dn ies ter t r ibes a rr ived i n t he S orok i r eg ion i n p hase I o f t he ir n-o lut ion, 9 a t nt ime w hen Mo ldova was o ccup ied b y b earers o f t he C r i 5c u ll ( ) t ure , wh ich a ccoun ts f or t he C r i " impor ts" i n t he B ug-Dn ies ter c u lture . G iven t he a bsence o f e v idence , i ti s d if f icu lt t o a ssu me t ha t t he B uc fD n ies ter c u lture a dvanced wes t o f t he P rut b efore p hase I , t ha t i s b e fore t he e s tab li

men t o f b earers o f t he C r i

c u lture i n Mo ldova , l e t a lone a f terwards .

T he b earers o f t he t wo c u l tures may h ave h ad c on tac ts , a s d emons tra ted b y C r i

" impor ts" i n t he B ug-Dn ies ter a rea , a nd B ug-Dn iester mater ia l may b e

d iscovered i n C r i

s e t t le ments .

1

A t a ny r a te , f or t he t ime b e ing i tl ooks a s i ft he C r i

a nd L inear P o t tery

c u ltures were i ndif feren t t o t he n on-func t iona l f orms , c oarse p as te , a nd monot onous d ecora t ion o f t he B ug-Dn ies ter p o t tery . We a ctua l ly h ave t wo d ist inc t v iews o f d ecora t ion , p o in t ing t o t wo wor lds wh ich , a t l east i n t h is r espec t , e xc lude o ne a no ther , t he more s o a s t he C r i

a nd L inear P o t tery c u ltures were

much s uper ior t o t he B ug-Dn ies ter c u lture . T he o n ly k nown e xcept ion a re t he t wo v esse ls ment ioned a bove , wh ich , h owever , w ere d iscovered i n aP recucuten i Tc on tex t . When s he p ub lished t he m , H or tens ia D um i trescu p ointed o ut t he f ac t t ha t t he o n ly s imi lar i ty w i th t he p o t tery o f E as tern c u l tures was t he ir p o in ted b ase , t he p ast e- a nd d ecora t ion b eing t yp ica l o f t he P recucu ten i c u lture .

1 2

S he b e-

l i eves t ha t t hese f orms a ppeared i n Mo ldova a s ar esu lt o f a" superf ic ia l i nf i ltra t ion , e xp la inab le b y t he a t trac t ion o fn ove lty wh ich t he p ecu liar a nd s omewhat ' I nn f unc t iona l p o in ted b ase may h ave e xer ted o n t he b earers o f t he C entra l a nd S outh-Eas t E uropean c u ltures , who a f ter s ome e xper iments , d emanded

t he h emispher ica l s hape o f t he ir e ar ly p o t tery , h ad f ro m t he s tar t

c hosen a nd s tuck t o f l a t-bo t tomed v esse ls" .

1 3

A s r egards t he p oss ib le ways o fp ene tra t ion i n Mo ldova , H or tens ia D um it rescu s uggests t ha t L inear P o t tery migh t h ave p layed t he r o le o f a n i n termediary wh ich c onveyed t he t yp ica l B ug-Dn iester f orm i n to t he a rea o f t he P recucu ten i Ic u lture . H owever , b ecause s uch a f orm i s s t i l l miss ing f ro m t he i nven tory o f t he L inear P o t tery c u lture , s he s ugges ts t ha t i t migh t h ave b een c op ied i n wood a nd t hen c onveyed f ur ther .

T he p resence o f t he t wo v es-

s e ls c an o n ly b e e xp la ined b y i ndirec t t rans m iss ion f ro m f ar away . 14

1 27

I tc lear ly r esu lts t ha t t he t wo v esse ls d o n o t i nd ica te a n a c tua l B ugDn ies ter p resence wes t o f t he P rut .

They a re n o t t yp ica l o f t h is c u lture ,

whose ware c anno t b e mis taken f or a ny o f t he p o t tery o f t he N eo li th ic c u ltures i n Mo ldova . V esse ls w i th a p o in ted b ase o r g row ing n arrower t owards t he b o t tom were n o t f avour i tes w i th t he P recucu ten ians e i ther .

T he s pec i mens o ccurr ing i n

v ar ious p laces a t g rea t i n terva ls c an b e a ssoc iated w ith t he B ug-Dn ies ter c u lture o n ly d ue t o t he s hape o ft he ir l ower p ar t , b o th p as te a nd d ecora t ion b e ing t yp ica l ly P recucu ten ian . I n f ac t , i ft he P recucuten i c u lture h ad b een i nf luenced b y t he c u lture d eve loped b e tween t he B ug a nd t he D n ies ter , t o wh ich i t was s uper ior i n a l l r espec ts , i t wou ld h ave r egressed i ns tead o f d eve loping i n to t he s p lendid C ucuten i c u lture . We t herefore a gree w i th t he c urrent o p in ion , b ased o n t he e x is t ing e v id ence .

I n o ther words , we a dm i t t ha t t he f i rs t N eo li th ic c u lture o f Mo ldova

was t he C r i

c u lture ( w i th t hree o r , p erhaps , f our p hases o f d eve lop men t )

a nd t ha t i t was f o l lowed b y t he " no te-head" L inear P o t tery c u lture i n w h ich we a re i nc lined t o d ist inguish t hree p hases , t he l as t o ne b e ing t ha t d iscovered a t R ipa l u i B oda i . T h is l ast p hase i s i mpor tan t b ecause i ti s t he l i nk , missing b efore t he e xcav a t ions a t T irpe t i , b e tween t he L inear P ot tery c u lture a nd t he f irs t p hase o f t he P recucuten i c u lture .

I tp roves t hat " the P recucu ten i Ic u lture r esu lted

f ro m a n a ssoc ia t ion a nd e ven a s yn thes is o f t wo d i f feren t c u ltures :

t he L inear

P o t tery a nd t he B o ian c u ltures . "1 5 A l l t he o p in ions o n t he c on tr ibut ion o f t he L inear Po t tery c u lture t o t he f or ma t ion o f t he Precucu ten i a nd/or o ther c u ltures a nd o n i t s p os i t ion i n t he R o manian N eo li th ic were r epor ted e lsewhere .

1 6

N ow we s ha l l o n ly r ev iew

t he ma jor p rob le ms r a ised b y t he L inear P o t tery c u l ture a nd c onsider t he c hrono logica l r e la t ionsh ip a nd s ynchron is m o f t he d iscover ies made a t T irp et i w i th t he r es t o f t he L inear P o t tery mater ia l o f R o man ia . We h ave a lready p o in ted o ut t ha t t he L inear w are f ro m T irpe t i i s p ar t ic u lar ly i mpor tant d ue t o i t s p os i t ion i n t he e vo lut ion o f t he c u lture o n t he t err i tory o f Mo ldova a nd t o i t s p ecu liar t ra i ts wh ich t es t ify t o d irec t c ontac ts w i th t he G iule t i p hase ( Greaca s tage ) o f t he B o ian c u lture . I n 1 959 , e labora t ing a n o lder i dea o f H or tens ia D um itrescu ,

1 7

V ladi m ir

D um i trescu s a id t ha t , when t hey e n tered Mo ldova , t he B o ian-Giu le t i t r ibes f ound L inear P o t tery t r ibes f rom w hich t hey a dop ted a n u mber o f c u ltura l e lemen ts .

T he t yp ica l t ra i ts o f t he P recucuten i Ic u l ture were t he o utco me o f

t he ir merging .

I S

E ven i fs ome i n termedia te l i nks s ee m t o b e missing b e-

t ween t he l as t " no te-head" L inear P o t tery o ccurrences i n Mo ldova a nd P recuc u ten i I , t he L inear d escen t o f t he l at ter c anno t b e q ues t ioned .

1 9

V ladi m ir D um i trescu was t he f i rs t a rchaeo log is t who a ssu med s t i l l u nknown l inks b e tween t he " no te-head" L inear Po t tery c u lture a nd t he P recucu ten i I c u lture . According t o E ugen ia Z ahar ia h owever , t he B o ian c u lture was n o t i nvo lved i n t he d eve lop ment o f t he Precucu ten i c u lture , b ecause i fi th ad b een , " i t wou ld b e p oss ib le t o f o l low t he p rocess a f ter t he G iu le t i p hase t oo . T he 1 28

h ypo thes is o f t he f orma t ion o ft he Precucuteni c u lture f rom a l a te L inear c u lt ure , a n i mag inary o ccupa t ion l eve l f or t he t ime b eing , a nd t he B o ian-Giu le§ t i c u lture n ecessar i ly i mp l ies a c on t inua t ion o f t he L inear P o t tery c u lture i n to t he B o ian-Giu le§ t i p hase i n Mo ldova a lone , s ince t he e ar l ies t ( Bo lin t ineanu ) p hase o ft he B o lan c u lture h as a " no te-head" L inear c omponen t . "20 P roceeding a long t h is l i ne , E ugen ia Z ahar ia a dm i ts t ha t t he Bo ian a nd P recucu ten i c u ltures h ave a L inear c omponen t ( i ndirec t i n t he l a t ter ) , b ut r ej ec ts a ny d irec t r e la t ion b e tween o r c ontemporane i ty o f t he B o ian a nd P recuc u ten i c u ltures o n t he o ne h and , a nd t he L inear P o t tery c u lture o n t he o ther . S he s ays t ha t t he p resence i n Mun ten ia a nd s ou th-eas t Transy lvan ia o f p o t tery o ft he " Sud it i" t ype i mp l ies a t l eas t o ne more p hase b e tween t he L inear ware a nd t he B o ian-Bo lin t ineanu p hase .

S he r egards t he " Sudit i a spec t" a s al as t

p hase o ft he L inear P o t tery c u lture , wh ich makes t he t ransi t ion t o t he B o ian c u lture a nd i s e ar lier t han t he B o lin t ineanu p hase . 2 1 Wha t i s more , s he c ons iders t he f i nds f rom S udit i a nd Härman a s t he r esu lts o f ac ontac t b e tween L inear P o t tery a nd t he V inja c u lture ( I n wha t p hase a nd where? we a sk ) a t a t ime when e xc is ion was n o t y e t u sed .

N o t e ven i n t he D ude t i c u lture , we a dd ,

s ince t he t echn ique o f e xc is ion was k nown t o t ha t c u lture .

Moreover , E ugen ia

Z ahar ia s ugges ts t ha t e xc is ion was p erformed i n t he V inja c u lture a nd a ss u mes a t rans i t ion l eve l b etween t he S udit i a spec t a nd t he B o lin t ineanu p hase . We p o in ted o ut t he c on tradic t ion i nheren t i n t h is v iew e lsewhere .

2 3

2 2

The

S udit i a spec t e i ther d eve loped i n to t he B o lin t ineanu p hase , o r c onc luded t he e vo lut ion o f t he L inear P o t tery c u l ture , wh ich was f o l lowed b y al eve l o f t rans it i on t o t he B o lin t ineanu p hase , a ssu med b y E . Z ahar ia , b u t n o t y et d iscovered . S uch a l eve l wou ld i n troduce a s t i l l u nknown " pre-Bo ian” p hase i n to t he c hronol ogy o f t he R oman ian N eo li th ic . We wro te o n a no ther o ccas ion t ha t " the e vo lut ion o f ac u lture c anno t c ome t o as udden e nd b y d es truc t ion o r b y t he q u ick mass a ss im i la t ion o f p opu la t ions l i v ing o n af a ir ly l arge a rea a nd h av ing a r emarkab le mob i li ty . H is tory s hou ld b e r egarded a s ac omp lex e vo lut ionary p rocess , w i thout f ar-fe tched o utcomes . T he L inear P o t tery t r ibes c ou ld n o t , a nd h ad n o mo t ive t o , l eave Mo ldova i n g rea t n u mbers s o a s t o c ome i n c ontac t w i th a nd b e i nf luenced b y t he V inja c u lture ( d ur ing wha t p hase a nd where?) a nd p roduce t he S udit i a spec t , b eing a ss im i la ted ( by who m?) b efore t he f orma t ion o f t he B o l int ineanu p hase a nd d isappear ing b efore t he b eg inning o f t h is c u l ture" .

2 4

We were p robab ly r igh t

when we s upposed t ha t , a f ter t he f irs t c on tac t b e tween t he L inear P ot tery c u lt ure a nd t he B o lin t ineanu p hase , t he t r ibes c om ing f rom Mo ldova were g rad ua l ly a bsorbed i n to t he more n u merous a nd c er ta in ly more v igorous B o lin t ineanu t r ibes . I n t h is v iew i tl ooked l i ke ly t ha t t he S udit i a spec t c onc luded t he p ene tra t ion o f L inear P o t tery t r ibes f rom Mo ldova a nd t he e vo lut ion o ft he c u lture i n Mun ten ia .

2 5

N or d o we a gree w i th t he o p in ion o f V ic tor Teodorescu t ha t t he " Sudit ia a spec t" r esu lted f ro m a c on tac t o f L inear P o t tery p eop le w i th b earers o f t he D ude§ t i c u lture ,

2 6

a nd w i th t ha t o f E ugen C om p who a ss igns t he a ssoc ia t ion

L i a t S udit i t o t he D ude§ t i c u lture , a l though t he " l inear ware" f rom S udit i s ee ms s o mewha t l a ter t han t ha t d iscovered a t D ude§ t i . 2 7

1 29

We s t i l l h o ld t he o p in ion t ha t t he f irst L inear P o t tery p eop le who migra ted f rom Mo ldova a nd whose ware r eached D ude§t i , n ear B ucharest , c on tr ibu ted t o t he f orma t ion o f t he B o ian-Bo lin tineanu c u lture ,

2 8

a nd t ha t t he d iscover ies

a t S udit i a re t he r esu lt o f ac on tac t b etween a l a te , b ut n o t l as t , L inear P o tt ery migra t ion f ro m Mo ldova a nd t he n ew c u lture w hich h ad emerged i n Munt en ia , i .e . t he B o ian-Bo lin t ineanu c u lture .

2 9

The L inear P o t tery t r ibes who c a me i n t ouch w i th B o lint ineanu t r ibes a t S udit i a dop ted i n p ar t icu lar e le men ts wh ich c ou ld b e r eadi ly a dap ted t o t he ir t echn ique a nd d ecora t ion .

There o ccur a t S udit i c ombina t ions o f t yp ica l ly

L inear. a nd Bo lin t ineanu mo t ifs , n ame ly i nc ised l i nes w i th o r w i thout n o teh eads a nd f i ne g rooves , o n t he s a me v esse l , " a s we l l a s B o lin t ineanu f or ms d ecora ted i n t he L inear s ty le . p et i ,

3 1

A t S udit i a nd i n c er ta in s pec i mens f rom T ir-

we n o ted a t rend t owards d ecorat ing o n ly p ar t o f t he v esse l , wh ich

d id n o t h appen i n t he L inear P o t tery , a nd a p reference f or t h ickened wa l ls o n t he r ounded b e l ly a nd f or b ow ls .

The ma ter ia l f ro m H ärman ,

3 2

3 3

s im i lar t o

t ha t f rom S udit i , c o mp letes t he s equence o f f or ms a nd p a t terns t yp ica l o f t he L inear P o t tery-Bo lint ineanu c on tac t .

There i s , f or i ns tance , t he u pper p ar t

o f ab ow l d ecora ted w i th a b and f ormed o f i nc ised s p ira l e le men ts a nd i nc ised h or izon ta l l i nes w i th n o te-heads b enea th i t .

The a uthor o f t he d iscovery c ou ld

o n ly t h ink o f a n a na logue i n t he B o ian c u lture .

3 4

A s a ma t ter o f f ac t , t yp ica l ly

L inear ware i s p resen t a t b o th S udit i a nd H är man a nd t he l a t ter h as g ood a nal ogues i n s o me p o tsherds f rom T irpe t i .

3 5

T he L inear P o t tery p eop le a t S udit i a nd Här man s howed n o l i k ing f or e xc is ion , b y wh ich o n ly v ery l i t t le o f t he B o lin tineanu ware was d ecorated a nd wh ich h ad n o t b een u sed a nywhere i n t he l arge a rea o f t he L inear P o t tery c u lt ure .

We b e l ieve t ha t t hey i gnored t he n ew t echn ique b ecause t hey p robab ly

d id n o t u se c arved wooden v esse ls .

B ut we d o n o t e xc lude t he p oss ib i li ty t ha t

L inear v esse ls d ecora ted b y e xc is ion , l i ke t ha t f ound a t T irpe t i , w i l l b e d isc overed a t S udit i o r i n s o me o ther p lace .

3 6

N ever the less , we i ns ist t ha t

e xc is ion i s n o t a nd w i l l n o t emerge a s ac rea t ion o f t hese t r ibes .

A s a lready

p o in ted o ut , t he d iscovery o f e xc ised L inear ware w i l l n o t modify t he e ssent ia l d a ta o ft he p rob le m;

i tw i l l o n ly b e a no ther p roof o f c on tac ts b e tween L inear

P o t tery t r ibes a nd o ther c u ltures .

3 7

The d iscover ies a t Härman a nd C ern ica 3 8

a lso s uppor t o ur h ypo thes is t ha t

t he s o-ca l led S udit i a spec t i s t he r esu lt o f c on tac t b e tween t he L inear P o t tery a nd B o ian-Bo lin t ineanu c u ltures .

A lthough t he F arman ma ter ia l ( wh ich c on-

t a ined S udit i ware a nd B o lin t ineanu s herds ) h ad b een o n ly b r ief ly r epor ted when t h is p rob le m was d iscussed, we wro te :

" The c onc lus ion t o b e d rawn i s t ha t

L inear P o t tery c ont inued t o d eve lop a t H ärman u n t i l t he a rr iva l i n t he a rea o f Bo lin t ineanu g roups .

The r esu lt o f t he ir c u ltura l o ver lapping was t he ware

c ons idered a bove , t o wh ich n on-con ta m ina ted t yp ica l L inear P o t tery a nd B o lint ineanu ma ter ia l was n a tura l ly a dded . "3 9 P ub l ishing t he r esu lts o f h er r esearch a t H är man , A lexandr ina D . A lexandrescu r eached a s im i lar c onc lus ion a nd a dded t ha t " in t he l a te L inear P o t tery s e t t le ment , wh ich r e ta ins much o f t he c lass ic a spec t o f t he c u lture , t here a ppear n ew d ecora t ive e le men ts , i n p art icu lar n o te-heads w i thou t as tave , a s t hey o ccur a t T irpe§t i , a longs ide t he S udit i a nd B o lin t ineanu e le men ts . "40 P o in t ing o ut t he h or izon ta l b and d ecora t ion o n t he r im o f av esse l f ound a t 1 30

H ärman ( uncom mon i n L inear P o t tery ) , s he r e la tes i tt o t he b and ( ac tua l ly a meander ) d ecora t ing a v esse l f rom H o tare le a ss igned t o t he G iu le§t i p hase o ft he B o ian c u lture . A nd s he s ays : " Th is d oes n o t mean t ha t t he d iscover ies a t H arman c over t he who le p er iod b e tween t he C r i §a nd B o ian c u ltures ( Giul ee t i p hase ) , a l though i tm igh t b e s o .

B u t t hey c er ta in ly c over t ha t c orres-

p ond ing t o t he B o lin t ineanu p hase o f t he B o ian c u lture .

,4 1

I n ar ecen t p aper , S . Mor in tz , who e xcava ted S udit i , r epor ts h is l a tes t d iscover ies wh ich i nc lude a h o l low w i th B o ian-Bo lin t ineanu ma ter ia l i n truding ap i t-dwe l ling w i th S udit i ma ter ia l .

4 2

The S udit i-Bo lin t ineanu s uccess ion wou ld t hus b e s tra t igraph ica l ly p roved . T hese f i nds c on tradict e very th ing we h ave k nown s o f ar .

Above a l l , t hey

i nva l ida te t he r esu lts o f r esearch a t C ern ica a nd H ärman , where t he s i tua t ion i s p ar t icu lar ly c lear . A t C ern ica , t he B o ian-Bo lint ineanu l eve l p roduced a b ow l f rag men t d ec ora ted w i th i nc ised h or izon ta l wavy l i nes , i n terrup ted b y n o te-heads ,4 3 wh ich h as p er fect a na logues a t S ud i t.i .44

A s a lready men t ioned , t h is t ype o f

b ow l i s missing f rom t he r eper to ire o f t he c lassic L inear P o t tery c u l ture , b ut i ti s f ound i n i t s e nd p hase . The d ecora t ion o ft he t wo f ragments f rom C ern ica a nd S udit i i s at ranspos i t ion o ft he h or izonta l wavy f i ne g rooves c harac ter is t ic o f t he B o l in t ineanu p hase i n to t he i nc ised l i nes a nd n o te-heads t yp ica l o f L inear P o t tery t r ibes . 4 5 Wavy l i nes a re a bsen t f rom t he r eper to ire o f t he D ude§t i c u lture , b ut t hey o ccur i n t he c o mpara t ive ly l a te B 2-C l eve l o f t he V inCa c u lture .

T he h or izon-

t a l wavy b and o ver t he s hou lder o ft he v esse l t hus c ompe ls u s t o d a te t he f i nds a t S udit i t o t he V inCa B 2-C ( ?) p hase a nd i n t h is c on tex t t he s ynchron is m s ugg es ted b y V . Teodorescu ( Sudit i c ontemporaneous w i th D udee t i ) d oes n ot h o ld .

4 6

I ti s t rue t ha t , a ccording t o s ome a uthors , t he D udeet i c u lture was i ndeed c onte mporaneous w i th V inCa B . We h ave j ust s een t ha t t he H ärman f i nds p rov ide more e v idence i n s uppor t o f o ur v iew . J . P avük , a n a uthor i ty i n t he L inear P o t tery c u lture , a ctua l ly c o mes t o a s im i lar c onc lusion : t ha t t he d iscover ies a t S udit i p o in t t o a n i n terest ing ; s ymb ios is a nd a mutua l i nf luence o ft he L inear P o t tery a nd B o ian c u ltures . '8 D iscussing E ugen ia Z ahar ia 's h ypo thes is o f ap dssib le c ontac t b etween t he L inear P o t tery a nd V inCa c u ltures , wh ich r esu lted i n t he S udit i a spec t , we s a id t ha t i t was c on tradic ted b y a rchaeo log ica l f ac ts . 4 9 N o V inC & t t r ibes l i ved i n Munten ia , wh ich was o ccup ied b y t he D ude§ t i t r ibes a ccording t o V . T eodorescu a nd E . C om p ( S udiV t i neanu t r ibes , a ccor ding t o u s . a°

D udeet i +L inear P o t tery ) , o r b y B o linWe f ur ther s a id t ha t t o a ccep t t he h ypo-

t hes is o f E ugen ia Z ahar ia , who d oes n o t a gree w i th a L inear P ot tery-Dudee t i s ynchron is m , we s hou ld h ave t o p lace V inZa g roups i n Mun ten ia p r ior t o t he D udee t i c u lture . The r outes a nd s tages o fp ene tra t ion a nd d if fus ion o f t he V inCa c u lture i n R oman ia b e ing a scer ta ined ,5 1 i ti s c lear t ha t V inCa g roups o r i n f luences c ou ld n o t h ave p receded t he D udeet i c u lture i n Mun ten ia .

5 2

To t h is s hou ld b e a dded t he a lready men t ioned a ppearance o f wavy f i ne g rooves 1 31

on the upper part of vessels as late as the Bolintineanu level and analogues of some waves which cannot be earlier than Vinca B2-C. 53 Fine grooves are found earlie� at Vinca, but they are not wavy. Certain "Precucuteni traits" were also attributed to the Sldi!i aspect. According to V. Teodorescu, the association of the southern element, repre­ sented by the fine grooves, with the Central European Linear element gives the Sldi!i aspect a Precucuteni character, while the absence of excision makes it earlier than the Precucuteni culture, proving the existence and antiquity of a Precucuteni phenomenon t_hat was different from the genuine Precucuteni culture. Along this line of thought, he s�/ests a re-consideration of part of the material from Traian-Dealul Viei.

We have said before that nobody denied that the finds from Sldi!i were earlier than Precucuteni I, wjth which they have no connection, but we drew attention to the fact that typical Precucuteni I material was assigned to a non­ existent "pre-Precucuteni phenomenon". 55 We further wrote: "Even if against all reason we admitted, which we do not, that a pre-Precucuteni pheno­ menon occurred in Moldova, at the Slditi chronological level, which according to V. Teodorescu, was parallel to the Dude§ti culture, we should come to the conclusion that it occurred in almost three stages, i. e. Dude§ti, Bolintineanu and Giule§ti I, before Precucuteni I.· The formation of the Precucuteni cul­ ture could not even have begun concurrently with Boian-Bolintineanu, for Linear Pottery tribes were in full development at the time in Moldova and west USSR. As a matter of fact, the similarities pointed out by V. Teodorescu him­ self preclude a Sudi�i/Dude§ti synchronism. He considers that the Sldi�i forms, decorative elements and white incrustation have obvious analogues in the Zeliezovce ware. But J. Pavuk, an expert on the Zeliezovce group, regards it as contemporaneous with the Bttkk culture, the Szakalhat group and the Boian culture (Bolintineanu, Giule§ti- and most of the Vidra phase). Moreover, the well-known Zeliezovce ilnport at Vinca proves, as demonstrated on many occasions, that Vinca B and the Zeliezovce group were synchronous. V. Teodorescu' s reasoning is therefore based on a number of chronological dis­ crepancies, which will have to be corrected before drawing general conclusions with wide implications. It is necessary either to renounce analogies with the late Slovak groups, which is not the case, or to accept by now obvious facts in Muntenia, Moldova and south-east Transylvania. If we were to put Teodorescu 's opini_ons into a formula, we should have to equate cultures and cultural aspects fairly distant in time, like Sudi�i-Dude§ti-Zeliezovce and Vinca Bl. n 56 However, a number of "imports" preclude the chronological identity re­ sulting from the parallelism established by V. Teodorescu. The Linear Pottery "imports" at Dtlde§ti57 exclude the contemporaneity of the Dude§ti culture and the Zeliezovce group, because they are classic Linear Pottery specimens decorated with "note-heads". The Bolintineanu material from Harman58 (where, as already mentioned, ware similar to that from Sldi!i was also discovered) testifies to the Harman-Sldi\i-Bolintineanu synchronism, 5 9 which is also confirmed by the already mentioned bowl frag­ ment from Cernica, 6 O resembling that from Sldi�i61 _but found in the Bolin­ tineanu level. 62 The Linear Potte�y and Bolintinea.nu sherds from Vadastra 132

a

(!)63 are further evidence of continuation of classic Linear Pottery, de­ corated with note-heads, into the Bolintineanu phase. If we �lso take into account the synchronism of Vinca B2-Cl and Sarka, based on the material discovered at Rast, 64 it clearly results that the Sudi�i aspect cannot precede the Boian-Bolintineanu culture. In fact, some forms and in particular some decorative motifs could only be taken from the bearers of the latter culture. Reverting to the "as yet imaginary habitation level" suggested by Eugenia Zaharia and to her search in Moldova for cultures corresponding to the Sudi�i and Bolintineanu phases, 65 we have to recall our earlier view that her claim

drains the Precucuteni I phase of its content. 66

Denying the direct contribution of the Linear Pottery and Boian-Giule§ti cultures to the formation of the Precucuteni I culture and interpolating so far undiscovered cultures between Linear Pottery and Precucuteni I, Eugenia Zaharia leaves open the question of the origin of the Precucuteni culture, though she discusses it. Again we take into consideration, as we did in 19 71, the situation in central and northern Moldova, for its southern parts may offer the surprise of other cross-cultural relations. Although the Sarka potsherd discovered at Traian-Dealul Fintinilor had been known for a long time, 67 Eugenia Zaharia did not take it into account,

claiming that its decoration was unknown in the Linear Pottery of Moldova and that it was too distant from Slovakia...(the Sarka type actually is characteristic in Bohemia, which is even more distant from Moldova), and also because the sherd was found at Traian and the Bolintineanu phase did not develop in Moldova and was earlier than the "Zane§ti culture". 68 We already said that the frag­ment under discussion was found in the Linear Pottery level at Traian-Dealul Fintinilor and was published as such and that it bears no territorial relation to the Precucuteni I settlement at Traian-Dealul Viei (which E. Zaharia per­ sists in calling Zane§ti). 69 Glavane§tii Vechi too produced "rare ceramic

fragments with the surface divided into panels decorated with hatched parallel lines". 70 Pointing out that this decoration was known only in the late Linear Pottery of Slovakia, we concluded: "Under the circumstances, even if we re­ gard this material only as isolated finds or imports, it nevertheless is present in the area of the Linear Pottery culture in Moldova and we have not the right to ignore it". 71 We therefore remain of the opinion that the evolution of Linear Pottery in Moldova and the USSR could not be similar to its evolution in Bohemia or Slovakia. J. Pavuk notes that the ware from Moldova and the Ukraine cannot be compared with the Bohemian one in terms of form, but could be classified by the general character of the decoration, which tends to abandon incised ornament and increase the proportion of thick-walled plain ware and of pricked ware.72 We have shown that this is one feature of the linear pottery from our settle­ ment. At Tirpe§ti one sees how the musical note-head degenerates into the Zeliezovce type (fig. 19 /1; 22/1; 28/4), how the incised line disappears and is replaced by points (fig. 20/4-6; 23 /3 -4, 7-8, 10-13; 28/5, 7-9 ; 3 1/6 ), how points are grouped to form a ribbon on the rim (fig. 24/19 ; 29 /4) or at

133

the base of the neck (fig. 18/4b; 28/10), how decoration left in reserve appears, and how the influence of populations which used excision led to the adoption of excised decoration (fig. 23/1; 27/3), deeply cut motifs (fig. 19/11; 23/2, 14; 24/15), hollowed out ornament (fig. 25/3-5; 30/6, 8), and combinations of lines with groups of small pits, sometimes triangular in shape, timidly out­ lining the wolf-teeth design (fig. 20/9; 27/7). We also recorded the rare use of the hemispiral (fig. 18/3; 29/1, 5-6) and the absence of the true spiral, and emphasized the appearance of the meander decoration (fig. 18/4; 28/10), which we paralleled to both the vessel from Hotarele and the Cernavoda ware. 73 Besides, we recall new forms such as bowls and bitronconical vessels, and thicker walls. We again point out that these new forms and decorations could only appear as a result of direct contact with a population using excision, chequer and wolf-teeth motifs, the meander of a ce.rtain type, the bowl, high- · necked bitronconical vessel-and goblet, specifically with the bearers of the Boian-Giule§ti I culture. 74 We said that the material from Tirpe9ti has marked characters of its own, but was also affected by neighbouring cultures and that it would be mistaken to remove it from the general Linear Pottery context and regard it as an offshoot from which the Precucuteni I culture was descended. All its traits-fabric, decoration, tools-determine us to incorporate it with the Linear Pottery cul­ ture. 75 As for the excised decoration which we discussed before because it occurs at Tirpe§ti, Eugenia Zaharia's suggestion that it was brought to Moldova from Theba Phtiotica, Alishar, g;roups of the Vinca culture 76 (where it is not known) or other regions does not seem to have·any chance of being proved, for ex-· cision is present in the close neighbourhood. Whereas two lids, one assigned to the Precucuteni I culture and the other to the Giule§ti phase of the Boian culture, are identical in terms of typology and decoration, 77 the decoration used at Theba Phtiotica, 78 which sometimes suggests excision and sometimes is truly excised, can be associated only with the decoration of the Bolintineanu ware. It contains no element which is at least similar to those of the Moldovan excised ware. As for the R akhmani II group, 79 scholars of the Greek Neolithic agreed on a comparatively late dating. 8 0 D. R. Theocharis admits a syn­ chronism with the end of the Bubany, Gumelni� and Cucuteni cultures and prolongs it into the beginning of Troy I. 81 In that case the Rakhmani culture could not have influenced the much earlier Precucuteni I culture. We synchronized the late Linear Pottery aspect at Tirpe§ti with the Greaca stage of the Boian-Giule§ti culture, when Boian-Giule§ti tribes and elements began to infiltrate Moldova, and the first phase of the Precucuteni culture with the Aldeni stage in Boian-Giule§ti and possibly with the beginning of the Boian­ Vidra phase. 8'2 We shall not discuss the origin of the Precucuteni I culture, because it was the subject of an exhaustive study. 83 The Boian-Giule§ti excised and finely grooved decorations have been brought up only because they became ele­ ments of the late Linear Pottery culture in Moldova and the Soviet Union. We hope it is clear that the "imaginary habitation level" is not imaginary, for it is well documented at Tirpe§ti and is an indisputable historical fact. 134

As we wrote on another occasion, it is difficult to admit that all Linear Pot­ tery tribes in Moldova marched to Muntenia or other regions and were im­ mediately assimilated into other tribes. 8 4 . No social or natural phenomenon justifying such a far-fetched interpretation can be detected in Moldova at the time. A settlement was abandoned because the soil was exhausted, the climate in the region changed, or new independent communities were created as a result of population growth. Most likely, the Linear Pottery people on the territory of Romania, like those in other areas of this culture, practised cyclic agriculture. As regards funeral rites and magic-religious rituals, our knowledge has not expanded. It is known that Linear Pottery tribes practised inhumation and that cre­ mation appeared in the late phases, 8 5 but apart from two graves, at Cipau86 and Nezvysko, 8 7 no other graves or cemeteries have been discovered in the south-easternmost area of this culture. As a matter of faGt we paralleled the association at Nezvysko, where we have a special rite, not incineration prop�r, to the ritual pits with human sacrifices at Traian-Dealul �mtinilor (Cucuteni A-B phase) and to those with animal sacrifices at Poiana in Pisc (Petre§ti culture), where the first agri­ cultural produce and the first animals born were probably offered to Nature, which was still so very mysterious to men. Moreover, we recalled that the somewhat later cylinders from Mesopotamia often feature the presentation of these offerings-cereal ears, fruits, animals-at the temple. 88 The only artefact from Tirpe§ti which can be linked to certain magic­ religious practices, specifically to the cult of fecundity and fertility, is the fragment of anthropomorphic figurine described in the chapter on the Linear Pottery habitation (fi,g. 1 8 /1; 27 /2). We do not consider the vessels with a plastic human figure firstly because such examples were not discovered at Tirpe§ti and secondly because they were discussed in a comparatively recent study. 8 9 The Linear Pottery culture in Moldova ended when it entered into the Precucuteni synthesis during the Boian-Giule§ti phase. Having dealt in detail with the essential material and spiritual elements taken into the Precucuteni I culture, 90 we shall not dwell on this question, the more so as there is no habitation from the first Precucuteni phase at Tir­ pe§ti. We must however say that we have modified our former view on a possible contribution of the Bug-:-Dniester culture to the formation of the Pre­ cucuteni culture. Several years ago we wrote: "We cannot overlook the fact that, especially in its second phase, the Southern Bug ware uses the narrow band filled with dots . . . Although caution is necessary until a monograph study of the Southern Bug culture is published, we believe that its closest analogues can be found in the late Linear Pottery context. Has the Precucu­ teni I culture taken this decorative style from the Bug culture and conveyed it to Czechoslovakia? For the time being, nothin·g but question marks. n 91 Following the publication of the results of Soviet research into the Bug­ Dniester culture, 92 and having seen the material in the institutes and museums 135

at Kiev and Kishinev, we can say that neither the Linear Pottery culture, nor the Precucuteni culture was influenced by the Bug-Dn iester culture. As for the dotted Iibbon, it was discussed in the chapter on the Linear Pottery habi­ tation at Ripa lui Bodai. We ;repeat that no link can be established between the dotted ribbon of the Bug-Dniester culture and the similar motif in the Linear Pottery culture. Motifs, the quality and forms of ware are fully dis­ tinct. However, the two cultures exchanged goods, the most telling proof being the well-known discovery at Basikov-Ostrov, where Linear potsherds were 93 found' in a Southern Bug settlement. Without reverting to the division made on a typological basis, we cannot end this section without reviewing the major moments in the history of the Moldovan Linear Pottery tribes. Entering Moldova in the "note-head" phase, they came into contact with the last bearers of the Crif? culture, whom they assimilated or compelled to withdraw to other regions. 94 The already discussed finds from the Cri§ settlement at Grumaze§ti, County Neam�, confirm that communities of the two cultures lived side by side at times. We even believe that the great preference of the Linear Pot­ tery people of Moldova for coarse ware and plastic decoration could be the result of a Cri§-Linear Pottery contact on tqe territory of Moldova. Nor did the Cri§ trtbes remain indifferent to Linear Pottery goods. This is the only possible explanation for the presence at Grumaze§ti and on other Cri§ sites of shoe-last celts, the practice of perforating axes, and typically Linear grey ware. 95 We wrote elsewhere 96 that bearers of the· Linear Pottery culture who, after assimilating the last Cri§ trtbes, were the only inhabitants of Moldova, en­ tered Mlllltenia, Transylvania and possibly also Dobrogea in successive waves and contributed to the synthesis of new cultures. Those who did not leave Moldova contributed substantially to the formation of the Precucuteni I culture and their long evolution came to an end. The last stage in this evolution, in which we distinguish three phases, is that dis­ covered in the settlement at Tirpe§ti. The entire Linear Pottery culture of Moldova was partly contemporaneous with the Dude§ti culture and with the Bolintineanu and Giule§ti (Greaca stage) phases of the Boian culture, and implicitly with Vinca A2 (?)-Bl-B2, and the Tirpe§ti aspect was also contemporaneous with Lumea Noua. When we reported the c 14 dates of charcoal from the Linear Pottery level at Tirpe§ti, we also pointed out the controversies about absolute chronology. 9 7 In the present stage of research, we believe that we must take into account the results obtained by strictly scientific methods. The more so as lumin­ escence pushes the absolute chronology of the Neolithic back by almost a millen­ nium. Despite the still existing differences in the absolute dates of various Linear Pottery sites, dating has constantly been improved. If the two dates of Tirpe§ti, i. e. Bln 800 and Bln 80 1 , 4 220 ± 100 and 4 29 5 ± 1 00, do not agree

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with the dates from Germany, Bohemia and Moravia, which fall between 5300 and 4700 B. C., 98 they are close tp the dates that have recently become ava!­ lable for the Linear Pottery culture in Holland, 99 France, 1 OO Poland, 1 OO bis etc.

As already mentioned, Linear Pottery in Moldova was followed by Precu­ cuteni I. No settlement from this phase has so far been discovered at T!rpe§ti, but the ceramic fragments discussed in Chapter III (fig. 55/1-2; 85/1-2) prove that some part of the large terrace may have been inhabited at the time. If a settlement were discovered in the still unexcavated area, we could have a demonstrative Precucuteni I-Precucuteni II stratigraphy, even though it were only a horizontal one. The Precucuteni II-Precucuteni III sequence was proved at Izvoare long ago. The two stratigraphically evidenced Precucuteni levels of Tirpe§ti indicate that two groups of bearers of this culture arrived here in succession, a fairly normal thing in view of the fact that an excessive population growth in a settle­ ment led to the foundation of new settlements, close_r or more distant to the home base, but in locations offering every condition for a sedentary life. While part of the material from the first Precucuteni habitation of our site (fig. 55/3-9, 14; 57 /1-9; 85/3-4) has analogues at Precucuteni II sites and is intermediate between phases II and m, the pottery, figurines and other artefacts from the second Precucuteni level are typical of the Precucuteni phase.

m

The dwellings in that level were not left in a hurry, and we can say that their inventory was rather modest. Moreover the pottery discovered round them and in the culture layer was exceedingly fragmentary. In general how­ ever, it has the closest analogues in Precucuteni III (= Tripolye A) sites of Moldova and the USSR, like Izvoare, Traian-Dealul F'"rntinilor, Andrie§eni, Luka Vrublevetskaya, Darabani, Putine§ti, Moghila, Bernovo-Luka, Polivanov Yar I, Sabatinovka II, Haivaron, etc. We have said "in general", because Luka Vrublevetskaya, for instance, which is a Tripolye A (= Precucuteni III) settlement, lasted longer than Tir­ pe§ti and was partly contemporaneous with the Cucuteni Al-A2 stages. This view is based on the fabric, forms and decoration of the ware, which are typical of the early Cucuteni culture. Examples are burnished bands com­ bined with bands painted red after firing, large incised dots, etc. Red painting, though scanty, is more similar to the Cuquteni technique, and sup­ ports our hypothesis. On the other hand, there are settlements like Carbuna and Darabani (and they are not the only examples) which are typical of the Cucuteni A (= Tri­ polre BI) phase, but must have been founded before the end of Tripolye A (== Precucuteni III). The settlement at Bernovo- Luka, which, apart from fluted, incised and impressed ware, yielded vessels decorated with bands framed by incised lines and painted red after firing, figurines with marked steatopygia and without steatopygia and decorated with deep incisions, and fragments of "hora" vessels (simila:r to those from Tirpe§ti and Lu:ka Vrublevetskaya),

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was more short-lived than Luka Vrublevetskaya. Nevertheless, it saw the be­ ginning of the Cucuteni culture (A) west of the Siret. It is a well known fact that the Precucuteni settlements east of the Prut · (and up to a certain moment those east of the Siret as well) lasted longer than those situated to the west of these rivers. This explains the persistence of the deeply incised decoration into the Tripolye Y 2 phase in the western and north-western parts of the vast Cucu­ teni area. However, east of the Prut there are also settlements which, like Tirpe§ti, fall strictly within the Precucuteni III (= Tripolye A) phase. One of them is Sabatinovka II, which produced material that is identical or almost identical with that from Tirpe§ti, so much so that the ware, anthropomorphic figurines, painted or unpainted, and tools, seem to have been made by the same artisans. Unfortunately, only part of the Tripolyan (A) material_ from the above­ mentioned settlements, with the exception of Luka Vrublevetskaya, has been published, so that possible analogies would contain blanks. Moreover Soviet archaeologists still use the old chronological scheme worked out by Tatiana Passek, although they admit that the Romanian scheme is correct. Lately they have however sought to adopt a more judicious scheme, adjusted to the situation in the field. Thus at the International Conference on the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age of South-East Europe and Asia Minor, held at Plovdiv in 1978, Ekaterina Chernysh rediscussed the older and more recent discoveries made on the territory of the Moldavian SSR at Flore§ti, Chetri§ I, Rogojeni I and other typical Precucuteni II settlements, subdivided the Tripolye A period into two distinct stages, Al and A2, and equated the former with Precucuteni II and the latter with Precucuteni

m.

Besides accepting the Romanian chronological division, she thus agreed with the cultural assignments in Romanian research. The discussion oc­ casioned by the settlements of Larga Jijia, G higoie§ti-Trude§ti, Flore§ti etc. are well known and we shall not re-open it. Reverting to Tirpe§ti, and the Precucuteni III phase, we must point out several new traits, on which we dwelt in Chapter III, such as the appearance of the burnished brown decoration (fig. 67/20), painted brown decoration (fig. 7/2; 89/3, 5), red and white paint applied after firing (fig. 61/2; 70/1, 9; 89/4, 6-11), the combination of red and white paint on the grey surface of the vessel (fig. 75/24; 89/6) suggesting trichromy for the first time, the alternation of burnished bands with painted bands bordered by incised lines (fig� 73/20-23; 75/26), the painting of figurines both before and after firing (fig. 96/1; 97/29; 107/1; 110/8; 111/6), etc. Based on all these elements, which were taken over into the first phase (A) of the Cucuteni culture, we as­ sume _that the settlement under discussion reached the turning point between the Precucuteni and Cucuteni cultures. To draw definite conclusions however, we shall have to wait for a de­ tailed publication of the rich Precucuteni collections in museums of Romania and the USSR. All the more so as future research might come up with re-

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gional aspects of the culture, forms and motifs prevailing in certain zones, and various influences of the neighbouring cultures, of one type in the east and of another in the west. We consider that for the moment any conclusion would be premature. But we must emphasize that the existence of regional facies is normal in a culture which in its last stage of evolution (Precucuteni III-Tripolye A2) covered several tens of thousands of square kilometres and cannot be equated with a break of its unity. The problems raised by the Precucuteni culture as a whole were the ob­ ject of our earlier studies, 1 Ol and we shall not dwell on them here. The type of settlement, defence ditches, type of dwelling (with and without platform), tools, pottery, anthropomorphic figurines (except those of un­ questionable southern descent) discovered at Tirpe§ti are derived from the preceding, Precucuteni II, phase, and show modifications due to the genius of the craftsmen who made them and to outside· influences. Thus the appearance of white paint applied before firing in the Precucuteni ill phase is attributed to a southern current from the area of the Gumelnita culture. The Precucuteni culture in turn influenced its neighbouring cultures. One example are the techniques and motifs of Precucuteni origin discovered in Dobrogea102 and on the Bulgarian shore of the Black Sea. Pottery resembling

that in the former Solacolu collection (at the National Museum of Antiquities in Bucharest), which we attributed to the influence exerted by the Precucu­ tenians on the Chalcolithic cultures of Dobrogea, 103 was recently found at the periphery of the well-known cemetery• at Varna. 104 The Precucuteni material discovered in the context of other cultures should also be mentioned. It in­ 105 cludes "imports" in settlements of the Petre§ti and Torda§ cultures and on 1 06 Several years ago, they enabled us to establish the con­ Gumelnita sites. temporaneity of the Precucuteni II and III phases with the neighbouring cul­ tures. 107

At the time we agreed with Vladimir Dumitrescu who placed the earliest Petre§ti phase before the Precucuteni III culture, which we paralleled to Vinca C (Vinca-Plocnik I, possibly also the beginning of II), the end of Boian-Span�ov, Gumelnita Al and even the dawn of Gumelni� A2. O bviously the evolution of the preceding phase, i. e. Precucuteni II, must have begun at the latest to­ wards the end of Vinca B2. But we do not preclude the possibility that Precucuteni ill and Vinca D were synchronous, at least in part. The specimens in the Zofia Torma collection published as Torda§ finds in 1 OS support of relations between Vinca and Mesopotamia are not convincing, because, according to information supplied by Marton Roska to Joan Andrie§escu, "the collection also includes pieces from elsewhere in a still uncertain propor­ tion� "109 The objects could have therefore come from the Near East and their inclusion in the collection did not imply that they originated at the Torda§ settlement.

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The first question raised by the following, Cucuteni A, level at Tirpe§ti , is its assignment to a stage in the first Cu cuteni phase.

The Cucuteni culture, with its sophisticated pottery and sculpture, drew the attention of specialists a long time ago. We shall not make an excursion into the history of research, but we shall point out the relevant moments in the estab_lishment of the phases of evolution of the Cucuteni culture and try to define the characteristics of our settlement in comparison with the material discovered in other contemporaneous or al­ most contemporaneous Cucuteni settlements and express our choice of the best chronology worked out so far. It is to H. Schmidt that we owe the first scientific division of the Cucuteni culture (the division of the Tripolyan sites and material by Hvoiko and later by J. Ailio will not be taken into account). Based on research at Cetattiia Cucutenilor and Dimbul Morii, he distinguished phases A, A-B and B, using 11 O stratigraphic and stylistic criteria. But when he published the full report of excavations at Cucuteni (1932), he no longer mentioned the Cucuteni A-B phase and included the styles a , {3_ and 111 y, characteristic of the middle Cucuteni phase, into the last phase (B). H. Schmidt did not say why he had renounced,. at least formally, his initial division. This is the less understandable since he had also made excavations at Dimbul Morii, a typical settlement of the Cucuteni A-B transition phase. The actual reason may possibly be the direct connection between the styles of the A-B and B phases and his discovery--of y pottery at both Ceta�ia and Dimbul Morii. The A-B phase with its problems and a finer description of its stylistic sub-groups were again brought up for discussion onlr: after the excavations conducted at Traian-Dealul F"mtinilor in 1936-1940. 12 In the post-war years, Romanian archaeological research made great strides in the study and understanding of the essential problems raised by the Cucuteni culture as a whole. The first exhaustive excavation of a Chalcolithic settle­ ment, i. e. Holmul Haba§e§tilor, 113 in Romania, followed by the excavation of Tru§e§ti 114 and earlier research, on a smaller scale, at Ariu§d, 115 i Cucuteni, 1 6 Ruginoasa, 117 Dragu§eni, 118 Bonte§ti, 119 Calu, 120 Izvoare, 121 Traian, 122 Frumu§ica, 123 Coste§ti-Baia, 124 �ipenit, 125 Podei, 126 etc. , enabled Vladimir Dumitrescu to establish the origin and area of formation of the great Ariu§d-Cucuteni-Tripolye complex, on the one hand, and to round up the evolutionary picture of the Cucuteni A cultu,re, 127 outlined by Radu Vulpe, 128 and distinguish the stages in all the phases of this culture, on the other. 129 Because here we are concerned mainly with the first phase of the Cucuteni culture, we shall confine ourselves to the literature dealing in particular with the stages in phase A. We shall discuss peripheral. Cucuteni settlements, which preserved the old Precucuteni III-Tripolye A characters. As early as 1944, Vladimir Dumitrescu supposed that the white-painted pottery from Frumu§ica and Ariu§d might be older than the polychrome ware. 130 His view was utterly different from that of H. Schmidt who sought the origin 140

of white paint in the Buck ware from Hungary, even thoujh he placed white 1 painted ware at the base of the Cucuteni painted pottery. 3 Whereas in 1 934l 3 2 he had been inclined to accept his view, Vladimir Dumitrescu later rejected it. In 1954, when he outlined the evolution of the Cucuteni A phase, he wrote:· "The fact that dwellings containing exclusively bichrome pottery and dwellings in which there was only polychrome ware were found in this settlement [F'rumu§ica), although such remains lay together in other places, can only mean a succession of phases in the development of painted pottery nl 33

In 1949, when he published a brief report on some excavating campaigns at Izvoare, Ra.du Vulpe distinguished " a new chronological and stratigraphic phase-Izvoare II (= Ariu§d I)", which he called "Protocucuteni" to define it more sharply. It differed from the following phase "Izvoare II2, which con­ sists exclusively of elements of the Cucuteni A culture proper, with trichrome pottery. nl 34 Publishing the complete results of excavations in 1957 , Radu Vulpe added an important detail: Izvoare Ill "is characterized by monochrome or bichrome ware of the Ariu§d type ... even though elements of the trichrome painted pottery in the Cucuteni A style are not missing"135 Thus the significant facts we should bear in mind are the presence in the level of polychrome ware, regardless of its sinall or very small amount, and the outlining of two distinct stages in the first Cuc uteni phase. Unfor­ tunately, no closed association (dwelling or pit) from Izvoarele was published. At Frumu§ica however, the late Constantin Matasa, founder of the Museum at Piatra Neamt, reported a dwelling (No. 8) in which he had discovered ex­ clusively bichrome ware, while the inventory of an _adjacent dwelling (No. 9) consisted exclusively of trichrome vessels. 1 36 For the rest, the two types of ware occurred always together everywhere, even in "the deepest layers". Obviously the view that the two types of ware come from two different popu­ lations which lived side by side while each preserved its old tradition in pottery making137 cannot be accepted. Both bichromy and trichromy are characteristic of the material culture of the same population from the first stages of the Cucuteni culture. It results that as early as Frumu§ica there were at least three stages in the Cucuteni A phase: (1) exclusively bichrome ware; (2) bi chrome ware together with a fairly high amount of trichrome pottery, and (3) trichrome ware alone. Like at Frumu§ica, there were dwellings at Tirpe§ti from which trichrome pottery was missing. But this finding must be treated with caution in view of the fact that some of the vessels found in those dwellings lost their painting, which could have been bi- or trichrome, and that the dwellings had been dis­ turbed and their inventory partly destroyed by later habitations. Still, the absence of trichrome ware cannot be ignored, particularly since a similar situation is emerging at Ribiia, 138 a settlement situated on the territory of the commune of Petricani, only 3 -4 km distant from our site. Earlier excavations at Bon\e§ti, Calu and other sites had brought to light trichrome material associated w1th bichrome ware. Recent excavations on Horodi§tea at Calu139 identified two Cucuteni A levels containing identical ware. A similar situation is found at Margineni, 0ounty Bacau.l40 Nor

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have recent excavations in south-eastern Transylvania modified the picture there. The two major ceramic categories are associated at Ariu9d and in the other settlements of the big-Ariu§d-Cucuteni-Tripolye complex. Based on these older and more recent discoveries, Vladimir Dumitrescu could work out a new schel!le of the evolution of the Cucuteni A phase. 1 41 Speaking against the term of "Protocucuteni", for the good reason that the letter A is protos in the alphabet, he divided the Cucuteni A phase in three142 and then in four major stages: Al = bichrome painting, alongside with incised and fluted decoration, sometimes found together on the same vessel; A2 = bichrome and trichrome painting and occasionally incised decoration; A3 = trichrome painting and vessels with incised decoration; A4 = trichrome and bichrome painting of a new type, disappearance of the old incised decoration, and appearance (at least in some settlements) of a wide and deep decoration and of a certain incision which is unlike that used in the first stages. 143 Because this very brief description of the peculiarities of every stage might cause confusion, Vladimir Dumitrescu does not fail to mention that the so-called kitchen ware and a category of ware decorated with lugs and pro­ jections, dimpled cordons and plain barbotine (mainly big storage jars) are found in all the phases and stages of the Cucuteni culture. They show no differences and therefore need not be taken into consideration when working out the scheme of evolution. On the other hand, the painted pottery itself includes variants of little impori:"ance which were not discussed in detail. For example red paint applied after firing,· obviously a Precucuteni reminis­ cence, is found on incised ware from Haba9e9ti (a settlement placed in stage A3 because it lacked bichrome decoration in the old manner), but it did not justify a classification of the settlement in an earlier stage of phase A. On the other hand, there are polychrome vessels from Cucuteni and other settle­ ments which are decorated, on the interior of the rim, with chocolate black designs on the reddish surface. This is a bichrome decoration but of another nature than that found in the first Cucuteni stages. When he distinguished the stages in the Cucuteni culture, Vladimir Dumitrescu also discussed its origin. He said it was beyond doubt that the Precucuteni III culture was its basic stock, on which a. number of outside influences coming from the areas of the Gumelnita and Petre§ti cultures were grafted. He sees such influences in the preparation of the fabric, firing of vessels and painting technique. Particularly important is his assumption "that the birth of the Cucuteni culture from the Precucuteni culture could by no means have happened in the large area over which this culture is known as early as phase A. It must have occurred in a smaller zone, situated in the south-western part of its subsequent area, namely in south-eastern Tran­ sylvania, south-western Moldova and north-eastern Muntenia. It is clear that contact between Precucuteni tribes on the one hand, and north-east Gumelnita, tribes and the culture Petre§ti on the other could only take place in this limited zone. The structural changes thus induced in the material culture, more es pecially in the pottery, of the Precucuteni tribes resulted in the trans­ formation of the Precucuteni III culture into the Cucuteni A culture. Contact

142

of the was facilitated by territorial vicinity as well as by the ethnic community 144 · es of the three cultures ••_._ '' trib With our present knowledge of the Precucuteni III culture it is difficult to maintain that there was such a habitation, even a less intense one, in south­ eastern Transylvania, let alone in north-eastern Muntenia, though Precucuteni imports and influences have been reported not only in the area of the Boian­ Gumelni�a culture, at Vidra, Tangiru, �agurele and Kodja-Dermen, but as far as Dobrogea and the area of the Varna group. We have already mentioned the Precucuteni imports in the ·areas of the Turda§ and Petre§ti cultures. Moreover, we recall the Petre§ti fragment at Gumelnita, 145 and the Gumel­ nigt pottery and figurines· at Traian-Dealul Fintinilor and Tirpe9ti. Very many material goods and spiritual assets were conveyed over great distances among populations that were certainly related, but actual habitation carries another weight in an estimate of the complex phenomenon of cultural synthesis. If we consider the forms of vessels and major motifs in the Cucuteni Al­ A2 stages, we see that almost all are derived from the Precucuteni III ware: the wide range of cups, the lids, globular vessels, pot-stands (which became more slender in Cucuteni possibly also under the influence of the Petre§ti culture), ladles, truncated bowls, fruitstands, footed vessels, projecl,ions, spirals, circles and tangents to the circle (derived from the running spiral), dots, hatching between the principal motifs, executed in paint however (or combined with the old techniques of incision and fluting). The typical Precucuteni III notches on the rim of vessels, for example, became the small white dots on t�terior of the rim in the Cucuteni A phase at Tirpe§ti (fig. 154/20). The Cucuteni A1-A2 stages also took the type of anthropomorphic statuette, and obviously the magic-religious beliefs linked to them, and at the same time they built dwellings and fortified settlements very much like the Precucuteni culture, but they improved the methods. What changed radically was the preparation of the fabric and firing of tri­ chrome vessels. Whereas bichrome pottery (in which we include the ware with combined decoration: white paint, burnishing, incision, fluting), used a less homogeneous, porous paste and always needed a slip to apply the decora­ tion on, the fabric of the trichrome ware was dense, homogeneous, well­ lrneaded and well-fired, making hard, resonant walls. The white paint and fabric of the bichrome pottery have been rightly considered Gumelni� contri­ butions, while trichromy has been attributed to Petre§ti influences. 46 The origin of the excellent fabric of the trichrome ware should probably also be sought in central Transylvania. It is true that the Gumelnitsa culture knew and used trichrome painting, but it applied the paint only after firing. 14 7 Naturally, new motifs appeared, for colour offers more possibilities and varia­ tion than incision and impression. It may seem strange, but the Precucuteni culture, which used the meander in the first phase, abandoned it in the fol­ lowing phases, notwithstanding contacts with the Hamangia culture. On the othe·r hand, Cucuteni A used it extensively. The explanation of this and other similar developments is still pending. Angulation of the spiral can be sug­ gested for the meander.

143

The essential thing in the present stage of research is to make certain whether we can speak of a Cucuteni Al stage or not, and if we can, what its area was. Admitting that a new culture can only form in an area where the culture which preceded it (and from which it was born) reached a peak in its development and where collateral influences diffuse� readily in various ways, we shall have to leave out (cautiously and as a working hypothesis for the moment) south-eastern Transylvania from the territory in which the Cucuteni culture was formed, because, as already mentioned, it seems that there was no genuine Precucuteni m habitation there. 148 We shall have to do this in partipular if evidence is found that Cucuteni tribes inhabited the Carpathian foothills of Moldova as early as the Cucuteni Al stage, for it is a fact that material po:int:ing to an independent stage was not found anywhere :in Transyl­ v�ia. Assuming a Cucuteni Al occupation in central-western Moldova (possibly extending to the central-southern part of that province) as a result of the Precucuteni III-Gumelnita synthesis, we may suggest that it spread to south­ eastern Transvlvania, where the A2 stage, which uses trichromy and high­ quality ware, evolved following a more direct contact with the Petre§ti culture. This happened on a larger area, including the entire territory delimited 1 )y Vl:1dimir Dumitrescu as the area of formation of the Cucuteni culture. We insist on the fact that this is merely a working hypothesis, suggested by the absence from south-eastein Tr?.nsylvania of the major component of the Cucuteni culture, i. e. the Precucuteni III phase, and by the emergence of a Cucuteni Al stage :in the settlements at Frumu§ica, 11:rpe§ti and Petricani. The recent division of the Cucufenf culture by A. Nitu, 149 who based it

on the ratio between the pottery painted on a brown surface and that painted on a white ground, indirectly raises the question of the formation of the Cucu­ teni culture. In regarding the Stoicani.,-Aldeni aspect alone (subdivided into I, II, ill) as the first stage of Cucuteni Al, 150 A. Nitu implicitly excludes not only south-eastern Transylvania, but also central-western Moldova from the area in which the Ariu§d-Cucuteni complex was formed and limits it to a stretch of land in northern Mur/cnia and southern Moldova, that is to a terri­ tory from which its major compcment, i. e. Precucuteni III, is missing.

Obviously, our hypothesis too is founded on the still hypothetical indepen­ dent Al, which, if it existed, formed in the Precucuteni III phase as a result of contact with the Gumelni�a culture, as suggested by Vladimir Dumitrescu. 151 Shortly afterwards, the strong influence of the Petre�ti culture transformed it into the genuine Cucuteni culture. There is a controversial hypothesis about a southward Petre§ti migration, which produced the Dimini culture. 152 We proposed a reverse cultural cur­ rent, that is another southern (Thessalian) wave which brought the high-quality fabric and painting of the Petre§ti culture to Transylvania. 153 We have just mentioned that the first stages of the Cucuteni culture have also been equated with the Stoicani-Aldeni aspect. What does the table "im­ brications of the classes of ware" published by A. Nitu, 154 the propounder of the new hypothesis, show?

144

W i th t he e xcep t ion o f c lass 1 , e xc ised p o t tery , wh ich h e u n just if iab ly e xt ends i n to t he P recucuten i I I p hase , o ur c o l league f ro m J assy c on t inues a l l t he o ther P recucuten i Ic lasses ( 2-5 ) i n to t he C ucuten i A 3 s tage , t he S to ican iA lden i a spec t i nc luded . L e t u s c ons ider t he m s epara tely .

C lass _ 2 w i th d eep d ecora t ion . 155

I ti s

t rue t ha t d eep i nc is ion a s at echn ique l as ts f rom P recucuten i It o C ucuten i A 3, b u t i ti s a lso t rue t ha t t he mo t i fs a nd f or ms o f ware d i f fer , s o me ti mes f undamen ta l ly , i n t he v ar ious s tages .

B ecause t here were f ew d ecora t ive t echn iques ,

t he s a me were u sed o ver h uge g eograph ica l a reas f or mi l lenn ia a nd t herefore a r

n o t p roofs o f c on t inui ty o r o f r ela t ions b etween d i f feren t h u man c o m mun i t ies. C lass 3 , p orous , d ecora ted w i th b arbo t ine .

1 56

s o f ar , i to ccurs f rom t he P recucu ten i I I p hase .

According t o d a ta a va i lab le I ti s made o f h o mogeneous

p as te , a nd c arefu l ly smoo thed , p orous wa l ls a re n o l onger f ound , a nd b arbot i ne i s o ccas iona l .

T h is ware i s miss ing f rom s ome s e t t le men ts .

C lass 4 , p o t tery i n t he C r i et radi t ion , d ecora ted w i th t l i mp les o r p ro jecj ec t ions . 157

I td isappears a t t he e nd o f P recucuten i I I , when we c anno t s peak

o f aC r i et radi t ion a ny more , f or , a s i s k nown , t ha t c u l ture h ad c ome t o a n e nd a l mos t o ne t housand y ears e ar l ier . C lass 5 , ware w i th a wh i te g round .

1 58

We h ave s tudied t he who le P recu-

c u ten i c era m ic ma ter ia l a nd f ound t ha t s uch a ware i s miss ing f ro m t he f i rs t t wo p hases a nd a ppears o n ly i n t he t h ird , s pec if ica l ly a t t he e nd o f P recucu ten i I I .

The s l ip c anno t a nd s hou ld n o t b e mistaken f or wh i te wash . C lass 6 , ware d ecora ted b y d eep i nc is ion a nd wh i te o r r ed p a in t a pp lied

a f ter f ir ing ( encrus ted p aste ) wh ich , a ccord ing t o A . N%u , a ppears i n Precucut en i 1 1 .1 59

A s i s k nown , wh ite c rust ing o f e xc ised a nd o f d eep a nd b road i n-

c ised mo t i fs was a c tual ly u sed a s e ar ly a s Precucu ten i Ia nd t he f ol low ing p hases ( I I a nd I I ) c on t inued t o a pp ly i ta nd i n troduced r ed c rust ing a s we l l . C lass 7 , b ichrome p o t tery w i th wh i te p a in t f orming l i near mo t ifs o r smeared o ver t he b lack-red s urface i s , a ccording t o A . N it ,u , t he p r inc ipa l c lass i n P recucuten i U I ( Tirpee t i ) a nd " Pro tocucu ten i" a nd t he s econdary o ne u n t i l C uc uten i A 3 .

1 60

Th is h ypo thes is c o mp lica tes t he s i tua t ion e ven more .

O f t he

t housands o f P recucuten i p o tsherds f ound a t T irpeet i , o n ly a f ew a re p ain ted w i th wh i te l i nes , as ing le o ne i s d ecorated w i th wh i te d o ts , a no ther w i th r ed b efore f ir ing a nd t wo a re p a in ted b rown .

We c anno t r egard a s a ma jor c lass

a ware wh ich was f ound i n ap ropor t ion o f l ess t han 0 .1% a nd was c er ta in ly t he r esu l t o f G u me ln4a i nf luences , f or t h is c u l ture k new a nd c urren t ly u sed wh i te p a in t o r g raph i te t o make l i near d es igns .

Moreover , s et t le men ts l i ke F ru mu-

e ica a nd I zv c) are , wh ich u se t h is t ype o f p a in t ing , t aken f ro m Precucuten i a nd f ur ther d eve loped , a re a rb i trar i ly s epara ted f ro m P recucuten i m b y t he i n terc a la t ion o f t he S to ican i-A lden i a spec t .

1 61

Over mos t o f Mo ldova we wou ld

t hus h ave e i ther a g ap b e tween Precucuten i a nd C ucu ten i , t hough t he l a t ter i s k nown t o h ave f o l lowed u pon t he f ormer , o r ac on t inuat ion o f Precucuten i I I i n to t he C ucu ten i A 2a s tage ( over a l im i ted a rea ) .

The q uest ion wh ich n a tura l ly

a r ises i s h ow a nd t hrough wha t a gen t were a l l t he P recucuten i I I e le men ts f ound i n t he C ucuten i A c era m ic f or ms a nd d ecora t ion a nd t he mag ic-re lig ious b e liefs t rans m it ted t o t h is c u lture i ft he e ssen t ia l c on tr ibutor ( Precucu ten i I I ) t o i t s f ormat ion i s e xc luded? 1 45

According t o A . Ngu , n ew c lasses o f ware a ppear i n t he s o-ca l led A l ( "Pro tocucu ten i") , i n f ac t t he S to ican i-A lden i f ad es :

8 , p o t tery w i th d eep d e-

c ora t ion a nd b ichrome ( wh i te a nd r ed ) o r t r ichrome ( wh ite , r ed a nd b lackb rown ) p a int ing ; o r v ice v ersa ;

9 , p o t tery w i th f l ut ings a nd b ichrome p a int ing , wh i te o n r ed 1 0 , b ichro me v esse ls w i th z ones d ecora ted i n a mixed Ar iu 0-

I zvoare I/b-Fru mu§ ica s ty le ;

a nd 1 1, t r ichro me ware o n ab rown s ur face .

1 62

A . N i ty men t ions a ware o f " the Ar iuedIzvoare-Fru mu O .ca t ype", b u t , t o o ur s urpr ise , when h e d ef ines t he S to ican i-A lden i c a tegor ies o f ware , t he o n ly s e t t le ment wh ich h e p laces b efore t he C ucuten i A 2a i s I zvoare .

H e d ates

Ar i l * much l a ter a nd F ru mu§ ica d oes n o t e ven o ccur i n h is t ab le . Moreover , t he e ssen t ia l d iscuss ion a nd t he c r i ter ia b y wh ich p rob le ms a re j udged a re b ased o n t he s i tua t ion a t B on t ,e§ t i a nd Rug inoasa , s e t t le ments wh ich were e xcavated ( more e xac t ly , s ounded ) i n 1 926 . We h ave a lready s a id t ha t o n ly l arge-sca le e xcava t ions w i l l make i tp oss ib le t o c lar ify t he c omp lex p rob le ms o f t he C ucuten i c u lture . O f t he h undreds o f C ucuten i s e t t le men ts s ca t tered a l l o ver Mo ldova , o n ly H äbi§e§ t i , Tru§ee t i a nd T irpe§ t i h ave b een c o mp le te ly e xcava ted , a nd o n ly t he f i rst was p ub l ished . f ro m b r ief r epor ts f or wh ich t he i l lustrat ion was

Draw ing c onc lus ions

s e lec ted o n t he b asis o f s ub-

j ec t ive c r i ter ia , a s i s n orma l , d oes n o t s ee m t o b e t he b es t t h ing t o d o .

T ir-

p et i i s ac ase i n p o in t . To i l lus tra te t he o ccurrence o f wh i te p a in t i n t he P recucuten i l eve l , we p ub lished t he p o tsherd b ear ing wh i te-pa in ted d o ts o n t he i n ter ior .

B u t i ti s t he o n ly s uch p iece a t T irpe§ t i a nd t o r egard i ta s t he

" pr inc ipa l c lass" i s ag lar ing o vers ta te men t . T he s a me a pp lies t o o ther s e t t le men ts , n o t t o s peak o f t he f act t ha t e ven b ichro my o f t he o ld t ype d if fers i n t he v ar ious s e t t lemen ts a nd t ha t t he w ide ly d iscussed wh i te g round a ppears a s e ar ly a s t he C ucuten i A l-A2 s tage a nd i s n o t at ra i t o f t he l a te C ucuten i s tages .

The wh ite d ip u sed b y t he P recucu-

t en ians may b e t he s ource o f t he wh i te g round o f t he C ucuten i ware . B ecause t he j us t d iscussed t ab le i s b ased o n s uch s i tua t ions i ti s p rac t ic a l ly u nusab le .

We w i l l t herefore c ontinue t o u se t he o ld d iv is ion o f t he

C ucuten i c u lture , wh ich was p roposed b y V ladi m ir D um i trescu a nd i s a ccep ted b y mos t R o manian r esearchers a nd b y a l l f ore ign a rchaeo log is ts . Whereas t he C ucuten i A l s tage i s a n o pen p rob le m , f rom s tage A 2 o nward t h ings a re d if ferent .

We l l d ef ined , p oss ib ly h aving s ubdiv is ions wh ich a re

s uspec ted a t Märg inen i a nd C a lu , t he C ucuten i c u lture c ons iderab ly e xpanded i t s a rea .

I fi tf ormed i n c en tra l-wes tern Mo ldova , a s we s uggested a bove , i t

b egan t o d if fuse f a ir ly r ap id ly , s ince i ti s f ound i n s ou th-eas tern Transy lvan ia a lready i n s tage A 2 . S uch a we l l-kn i t c u ltura l u n i ty was f ormed t ha t c er tain wares f ro m T irp e§t i , C a lu , I zvoare , F ru mu§ ica , Vä len i , Ar iu§d , O lten i , B od, Härn ian , F e ld ioara a nd o ther s e t t le men ts a re s urpr is ing ly i dent ica l .

I ti s n o t o n ly t he

c ase o f t he p o t tery d ecora ted w i th i nc isions c o mb ined w i th f l ut ings , b urn ish ing , wh i te p a in t o r e ven r ed o chre a pp l ied a f ter f ir ing , b u t a lso o f t he t r ichrome ware a nd e spec ia l ly o f t he s parse ly d ecora ted ware w i th l arge s paces p a in ted i n wh i te ( f ig . 1 55/8, 1 0 ;

1 56/18;

1 68/1;

1 61/1; 1 62/20-25 , 2 7;

1 65/1;

1 66/5 ;

4 -6;

1 82/6;

1 84/1-5 , 7 -8) , wh ich i s f ound i n a l l t he a bove- men t ioned s e t t le-

1 63

1 46

1 73/2-3;

1 74/1;

1 75 ;

1 64/2-4 ,

6 -7;

men ts .

1 67/2-3 , 5 ;

1 60/1;

1 81/1-2 ,

The greatest number of parallels for T1rpe§ti are found at Izvoare, but we do not draw definite conclusions because the material from Izvoare has not been published by levels or closed associations. The ware was classified into bichrome and trichrome, the former being assigned to level II 1, and the latter presented as a whole, not as found in the two levels (II 1 and II 2) . 164 Thus, it is not impossible that, as at Frumu§ica and Tirpe§ti, at Izvoare too, there were dwellings from which trichr,ome ware was missing. In that case Cucuteni Al would take shape on a territory limited to the area in.which we hypothesize that the Cucuteni culture formed. T1 rpe§ti may be dated to the first two Cucuteni stages (Al and A2), in view of the fact that we cannot ignore the absence of trichrome ware from several dwellings, even if these were subsequently disturbed. We have mentioned that recent excavations at Calu and Margineni revealed two Cucuteni A2 levels. Moreover, a chronological sequence of the settle­ ments in the first or the first two Cucuteni stages has been attempted. 165 But valid conclusions cannot be drawn before the complete excavation of several Cucuteni settlements and their detailed publication. Soundings only cause confusion by multiplying stages and sub-stages without a real �round. This is also the reason why, like in the case of the Precucuteni settlement, we do not seek exact analogues of every class of ware or figurines in one settlement or another. We believe that the rich illustration of this volume will be of greater help to specialists than the hypotheses we could put forward. Moreover, the genius of the Cucuteni craftsmen should also be reckoned with. In the same stage, they may have preferred a whole set of motifs in one settle­ ment and rejected it in another. At Tirpe§ti for instance, we note a predi­ lection for smaller or larger dots painted in white or left in reserve on the surface of the vessel (fig. 148/9; 152/1; 167/1; 168/6; 172/2), for painted ornament in registers, etc. These preferences may be due to one of the centres which supplied them with pottery, to the taste of the itinerant potter(s), or to regional aspects. We consider, however, that there was almost complete unity, at least in stages Al and A2, and that diversification began mainly in stage A3, when Cucuteni tribes spread over a large area. We do not want to be misunderstood though. Full identity is impossible, but its absence does not entitle us to deny unity. Moreover, we believe that it would be wrong to evaluate a culture exclusively i.p terms of its ware and ignore all its other material productions and evidence of spiritual life, and especially to trans­ form every modification of the spiral and meander into as many elements differentiating the various settlements which by the rest of their material be­ long to one and the same stage. The relations of the Cucuteni culture with other cultures have been out­ lined on the basis of "imports" and of relative and absolute dates. We shall not revert to them, the more so as we agree with the conclusions reached by Vladimir Dumitrescu in his synthetic studies. 166 The stage with which we are concerned, i. e. Cucuteni Al-A2, was paral­ leled with Gumelni�a A2a-b-Petre§ti (partly)-Tiszapolgar (Cstlszhalom)­ Oborin I-Lengyel III, 167 while the parallelisms Vinca Bl-Gumelni� Al/A2 and Vinca B2-Gumelnita A2/Bl_ and, implicity, Vinca B-Troy I, l6 suggested 147

by VL Milojcic, 1 69 were excluded. On the basis of the Cucuteni "imports" at Gumelni�a, Cucuteni A1 -A2 was even synchronized with the end of Gumelni�a Al and all Gumelnita A2. 17 O At any rate, it should be noted that the synchro­ nisms prop�sed by Milojcic between Vinca Bl-C2 and Troy I-II171 no longer correspond to stratigraphy, being contradicted by the already mentioned dis­ coveries at Dikili Tash, Kun Tepe .I-II, Mikhailitch etc. It is true that we considered a clay artefact discovered at Tirpe§ti (fig. to be a schematized figurine vaguely recalling the waisted pebbles from Vinca, also known in the Macedonian and Thessalian Neolithic. But our specimen is made of clay and has two shallow notches. Its similarity to the waisted pebbles is a mere coincidence, for there is no direct relation between them. 1 90/31 )

On the other hand, the fragment of a vessel with reel-shaped handle (fig. 1 61 /9; 1 86/1), which we have mentioned in the chapter on the Cucuteni culture, has analogues exclusively in the Chalcolithic of Cilicia (where it is associated with painting) and in the Anatolian and Macedonian Old Bronze Age, where painting is missing. Synchronisms can thus ?e established with these periods. Ttrpe§ti yielded also fragments of copper collars(?) (fig. 1 98/1 , l 1 ; 1 99/1 4, 20) similar to the specimen from the grave at Cainari, Moldavian SSR, 172 which was assigned to the Sredni stog II culture, 17 3 parallel with

Tripolye BI (= Cucuteni A), but all the grave goods, from the vessel to the collar (�xcept, perhaps, the ornament�_ made from Unio shells although their likes are found in Chalcolithic cultures of Romania) fit perfectly well into the Cucuteni A culture. In any case, contacts between the people living in Ro­ mania and eastern tribes had not begun at the time of the Tlrpe§ti aspect of the Cucuteni A culture. These contacts have been discussed in Chapter V and we shall not revert to them. Before concluding, we must consider the absolute dates available for Pre­ cucuteni m and Cucuteni A. Whereas for the former there is a single radio­ carbon date, i. e. 3580 ± 85, obtained from charcoal from our site, for the latter we have several dates which were discussed .in the context of all radio­ carbon dates from Neolithic and Chalcolithic sites of Romania, � 7 4 and that is why we shall only list them. Cucuteni A3 and A4 are dated between 339 O ± 8 O and 3405 ± 100 B. C. 17 5 Two dates were subsequently obtained for Cucu­ teni A2, i. e. 367 5_± 50 and 3535 ± 60 B. C. 1 76 Discussions on radiocarbon dating and recalibration and on agreement between high chronology and his­ torical data are far from being closed and we see no point in dealing with them, the more so as new methods, like thermoluminescence, push absolute dates further back.

The Neolithic and Chalcolithic populations which successively occupied Ti rp e§ti were sedentary. Their major occupation was plant growing in the Neolithic and farming in the Chalcolithic. They also reared livestock for furs, hides, wool, meat and milk. Gathering was no longer a means of subsistence and hunting was an occasional pursuit. Crafts were practised, with tool and pottery-making ranking first and requiring special skills. We suppose that 148

there were both potter's workshops and itinerant potters, as well as an active exchange of material goods and spiritual assets. We do··not elaborate on these problems and on magic-religious beliefs and practices, for they were dealt with elsewhere. 177 Habitations later than Cucuteni A have. been discussed in the relevant chapters. Notes 1. V. I. Markevitch, 1974, p. 127, speaks of an a:ceramic Neolithic exclu­ sively at Soroki I, level 2, and Soroki II, levels 2 and 3, and includes Trrniu�i in the ceramic Neolithic, see p. 128, although he admits that it was very poor in pottery. 2. E. Com§a, 1971, b, p. 382, places Soroki and Trifauti in the same acera­ mic complex. 3. V. I. Markevitch,

1974, p. 32, 46, 59.

4. A. Bolomey, 1973, pp. 41-52, says that controlled killing of red cleer and pigs was practised in the Iron Gates area. As regards pigs, mainly very young animals were killed while the mature ones, fit for reproduction, seem to have been spared. We suppose tbat this may have been done with the aurochs too, east of the Prut, where it lived. 5. E. Com§a, 1971, b, p. 382, acknowledges the absence of such settlements from northern Moldova. 6. Ibid., p. 383, n. 45. 7. H. Dumitrescu, 1976, pp. 47-54, fig. 1; 2. 8. V. N. Danilenko, 1969, fig. 154. 9. V. I. Markevitch, 1974, pp. 144-163; Danilenko, 1969. 10. E. Com§a, 1971, b, p. 377, maintains that all Cri§ settlements in the eastern half of Romania date from the end period in the evolution of this culture. If the Cri§ discoveries of Moldova are dated so late, there re­ mains room for the advance of Bug-·Dniester groups west of the Prut. But excavations in Moldova, at Trestiana for instance, proved that Cri9 tribes occupied Moldova much earlier, most likely at the end of phase III or even before that. 11.

E. Com9a, 1971, b, p. 383, writes: "Contact with and pressure from Cri§ communities resulted in the formation of a mixed cultural complex by the combination of the two categories_ of elements (Cri§ and Bug­ Dniester) with predominance of the former". Up to now, however, only Cri§ "imports" have been found in the area of the Bug-Dniester culture, not a single settlement which could be regarded as part of a "mixed cul­ tural complex". Both the Cri� and the Bug-Dniester cultures retained their own traits: pottery forms, fabric, d�coration etc.

12. H. Dumitrescu, 1976, p. 50.

149

13. Ibid. 14. Ibid., pp. 50-51. 15. H. Dumitrescu, 1954, pp. 50-51. 16. S. Marinescu-Bilcu, 1971, pp. 4-36. Although the problems pertaining to and the opinions of specialists on the Suditi aspect were discussed in this study, we believe that a further discussion and the addition of new data are useful. 17. H. Dumitrescu, 1954, ·pp. 50-51; idem, 1955, p. 469; idem, 1957, p. 63. 18. Vl. Dumitrescu, 1959, p. 12.. 19. Vl. Dumitrescu, 1963, p. 54. Eugen Com§a too, 1960, p. 240, admitted a possible contact between Giule§ti communities and late Linear tribes, differing from those known so far, but he did not take into account the contribution of Linear Pottery to the formation of the Precucuteni I cul­ ture, which he continued to consider a peculiar variant of the Boian­ Giule§ti culture, due to the Linear tribes which the Boian-Giule§ti people met in Moldova (see E. Com§a, 1965, p. 644). 20. E. Zaharia, 1967, p. 35. We pointed out the role played by the Boian­ Giule§ti culture in the· formation of the Precucuteni I culture and the evolution of this phase into the following two phases (II and III). See S. Marinescu-Bilcu, 1974, a, pp.--121-131; idem, 1974, b, p. 9-30. 21. E. Zaharia, 1967, p. 37. 22. Ibid., p. 25. The author also assigns to the Suditi aspect of Transylvania two potsherds discovered at Bradut (H. Schroller, 1933, pl. 21/2, 4), which, we believe, have nothing in common with linear pottery and the Sudi�i-influenced ware, since they are decorated by a well-known Precu­ cuteni II technique and motifs (see S. Marinescu-Bilcu, 1971, p. 25, n. 55; idem, 1974, a, p. 115, n. 51. 23. S. Marinescu-Bilcu, 1971, p. 25. 24. Ibid. 25. Ibid. pp. 25-26. 26. V. Teodorescu, 1966, p. 231. 27. E. Com§a, 1969, pp. 571-573. It may not be unimportant to point out that whereas the Linear vessels of Dude§ti are "imports", at Sudi�i and Harman (see A. D. Alexandrescu, 1971, pp. 11-15) we have a Linear Pottery culture with outside influences. 28. E. Com§a, 1960, p. 238, regards the Bolintineanu phase as the outcome of a Linear Pottery-Dude§ti symbiosis, as we do; see also E. Com§a, 1974, pp. 225-229. 29. S. Marinescu-Bilcu, 1971, p. 26. 30. V. Teodorescu, 1966, fig. 1-3. 150

31. S.

Marinescu-Bilcu, 1971, pp. 26-�7.

32.

V. Teooorescu, 1966, p. 230 , fig. 4/4-5; 5/3-4.

33.

A. D . Alexandrescu, 1971, pp. 11-15.

34.

Ibid., p. 15, fig. 4/13; 7/4.

35.

The "note-head" decoration without incised lines (see A. D . Alexandrescu,

1971, p. 15, fig. 4/7-9; 6/2, 8-9; S. Marinescu-Bilcu, 1971, pl. 3/1- 9, 11; fig. 2/6-7, 9), truncated vessels with slightly flaring mouth (A. D. AlexandrescU:, 1971, p. 15, fig. 4/14; 7/7; S. Marinescu-Bilcu, 1971, fig. 1/9; 4/3). 36. S.

Marinescu-Bilcu, 1971, pp. 26-27.

37.

Ibid.

38.

Ibid.

39.

Ibid.

40.

A. D. Alexandrescu, 1971, pp. 14-15.

41.

Ibid., p. 15. Teooorescu, Results of Excavations at Suditi, paper read at the Institute of Archaeology, Bucharest, December 1976.

42. V. 43. S.

Morintz, 1968, fig. 4/6.

44. V.

Teooorescu, 1966, fig. 3/9.

45. S.

Marinescu-Bilcu, 1971, p. 27.

Morintz, 1968, p. 14, the first excavator o� Cernica, subscribes to a Bolintineanu�Linear Pottery synchronism when he writes: "In a more advanced stage, the bearers �f the Boian I (Bolintineanu) culture spread over the plain in southern Muntenia, most probably under the pressure of bear�rs of the Linear Pottery culture of Moldova." As early as 1966, however (see S. Marines·cu-Bilcu·, 1966, p. 424), we regarded the Sudi�i aspect as a result of contact between late Linear Pottery and the Bolin­ tineanu culture and suggested that Linear tribes from Moldova entered Muntenia in successive waves.

46. S.

47.

Gh. Lazarovici, 1971, p. 35.

48.

J. Pavuk, 1969, p. 357.

49. S.

l\Iarinescu-Bilcu, HUI, pp. 27-28.

50.

At the time S. Morintz, 1968, p. 14, also placed ;Bolintineanu tribes in Muntenia. A. D. Alexandrescu, 1971, pp. 14-15, admits Morintz' hypo­ theses.

51.

Gh. Lazarovici, 1973, pp. 25-54.

52. S. 53.

Marinescu-Bilcu, 1971, p. 28.

Gh. Lazarovici, 1971, p. 36. 151

54. V. Teodorescu, 1966, p. 280, n. 17. 55. S. Marinescu-Bilcu, 1971, p. 28. 56. Tuid., pp. 28-29 and notes 70, 71 and 72. 57. E . Com§a, 1969, fig. 5. 58. A.

D.

Alexandrescu, 1971, pp. 12-15, fig. 8/1-4.

59. Ibid. 60.

S.

Morintz, 1968, fig. 4/6.

61. V. Teodorescu, 1966, fig. 3/9. 62. S. Morintz, 1968, fig. 4. 63.

C.

Mateescu, 1961, fig. 1/2 (Linear potsherd); fig. � (vessel with wavy

fine grooves from the Bolintineanu phase of the Boian culture); idem, 1959, fig. 2/2 (Boian-Bolintineanu potsherd). 64. We thank Professor Vladimir Dumitrescu once again for having given us permission to use this unpublished material, consisting of potsherds made of Vinca fabric and decorated in the sarka style. 65.

E.

Zaharia, 1967, p.~- 38.

66. S. Marinescu-Bilcu, 1971, p. 29. 67. H. D umitrescu, 1955, fig. 9/11 68. E . Zaharia, 1967, p. 23. 69.

S.

Marinescu-Bilcu, 1971, p. 29.

In note 76 we added:

"Vladimir

D umitrescu has repeatedly pointed out that the name of Zane§ti given to the settlement at Traian-Dealul Viei is inadequate, and it is surprising to see that it is still used. . Both ·settlements, i. e. Dealul Fintlnilor, with several habitation levels (Linear Pottery, .Precucuteni m, Cucuteni A­B), and Dealul Viei, belonging to the_ Precucuteni I culture, are situated on the territory of the village of Traian, commune of Zane11ti. The first is about 1. 7 km and the second some 3 km distant from Za.ne§ti. " It is time to discard an inappropriate name, especially since Dealul Viei has always been part of Traian.

70. E . Com§a 196-0, p. 232. 71. S. Marinescu-Bilcu, 1971, p. 30. 72. J. Pavuk, 1964, p. 54. 73. See the discussion of the problem in the chapter o� the Linear Pottery Level and notes 8, 59 �d 64.· 74. S. Marinescu-Bilcu, 1971, p. 30. 75. Ibid. 76. E. Zaharia, 1967, p. 36. 77. Vl. D umitrescu, 1967, fig. 1 and �-

152

78.

A. J. B. Wace, M. S. Thompson, 1912, fig. 113.

79.

Ibid. , fig. 9/1. Milojcic, 1959, pp. 31-32, places the Rakhmani group earlier than the Ancient Helladic.

80. Vl. 81.

D. R. Theocharis, 1973, p. 120, chronological table.

82.

S. Marinescu-Bilcu, 1971, p. 31, idem, 1974, a, p. 139.

83.

S. Marinescu-Bilcu, 1974 a.

84.

S. Marinescu-Bilcu, 1971, pp. 31-32.

85.

M. Stekla, 1956, p. 770, does not exclude the possibility that the change in rite was the result of a south-eastern stimulus. So far, however, no Neolithic cremation grave has been discovered in Romania.

86.

N. Vlassa, 1959, pp. 240-241.

87.

E. Chernysh, 1965, p. 265.

88.

S. Marinescu-Bncu, 1971, pp. 32-33 and notes 86-88.

89.

A. Laszlo, 1972, pp. 211-234, deals in his study with almost all the specimens of this type discovered in the other Neolithic a11d Chalcolithic cultures· of Romania.

90. 91.

s. s.

Marinescu-Bil�, 1971, pp. 33-34; idem, 1974, a, pp. 114-121. Marinescu-Bilcu, 1971, p. 34, n. 95.

92.

V. N. Danilenko,

93.

T. Passek, 1965, p. 130.

94.

Much to our regret, we have found that in recent studies some archae­ ologists (see H. Todorova, 1978, table 33) have eliminated the Cri§ culture from Moldova and replaced it by the Bug-Dniester culture. They have been probably prompted by the h,vpothesis of E. Com�a (1971, b, pp. 377-386) that Bug-Dniester material will be discovered in northern Moldova as well. It is an unfound�d hypothesis, but it may be used to replace reality with fiction (�ee also notes 1-2, 5-11).

95.

These problems have been discussed before, see S. _Marinescu-Bilcu, 1975, pp. 497-500 and n. 53.

1969;

V. I. Markevitch,

1974.

96. S. Marinescu-Bilcu, 1971, p. 35. ��

Ibid., p. 36.

98.

E. Neustupny, 1969, pp. 783-784.

99. P. J. R. Modderman, 1970, p. 200. 100.

E. Decker, Ch. Guillaume, R. Mic4els, 1977, p. 159.

1 no his

S. Milisauskas, 1976, pp. 31-33.

153

101. S. Marinescu-Bilcu, 1974, a. This work has aroused criticism (see Vl. Milojcic, 1978, pp. 246-249) mainly because we opted for the high chronology (which reason is not stated expressly, but clearly results from the fact that our .arguments have been ignored). Our synchroni­sation of the Zeliezovce phase with the note-head ,Linear Pottery (&mdsky II/ill) and of Precucuteni I �th Vinca B2 was considered a "fatal error". Here is the relevant passage in our work (see S. M. -B. 1974, a, pp. 139-140): "On the basis of the well-known Zeliezovce import at Vinca, the Zeliezovce group has been equated with Vinca B. Since we date the 102. Linear Pottery of T1rpe§ti to this period (which, however, it probably does not entirely cover), we can synchronize the beginning of Precucu­ teni I with Vinca Bl-B2 (= Vinca-Turda§ I�II). Consequently, the Pre­ cucuteni II phase would begin its evolution towards the end of Vinca B2 at the latest." The Romanian text may have been misunderstood and the summary in German ts, by its nature, an abbreviation of our argu­ment. However, in an earlier article (S. Marinescu-Bilcu, 1971, pp. 4-36) on the Linear Pottery at Tirpe§ti and its contribution to the for­mation of the Precucuteni culture requested by Vl. Milojcic himself and published in Prfillistori�che Zeitschrift in French, .we clearly said that the Linear Pottery �f Tirpe§ti, which was severed from its home centres and developed independently, like part of the culture in the USSR, con­tained enough elements that justify its synchronization with the Zeliezovce and Sarka phases (see also Chapter II of this work). The persistence of the note-head decoration,, which did n9t disappear f rom late groups even in the original area, does not exclude our corr_�lation. In fact, looking at the material illustrated in our:197· 1 article, every specialist can see the very late character of Linear ..Po�ery at Tirpe§tL The synchronisms proposed by Vl. Milojcic (1978, p. 248) are unfounded. As is known, the Vinca culture began to develop before the end of the Starcevo ...:Cri§ culture,· and excavations at Grumaze§zi in Moldova pro­ duced pottery whtch made Vl. Milojcic himself exclaim: "This is Vinca". It has been proved that in Moldova the Starcevo-Cri§ culture was followed by a fairly intense Linear Pottery occu��tion_ with at least three stages of evolution, the last of which was synchronous with the late Linear Pot­ tery of Czechoslovakia and Poland. Hence, to admit a Precucuteni I Vinca A synchronism, we should have to eliminate the Linear Pottery from the chronological table .of the Neolithic cultu.res of Moldova and agree with Milojcic's chronology of 1967 {.$ee Vl.. Milojcic, 1967, p. 19), in which the Precucuteni III culture is synchronous with Vinca A3 while the Gumelni�a and Cucuteni cultures are contemporaneous throughout their evolution with Vinca B and C, implicitly, with Troy I and II. Such correlations would be exaggerated even for the advocates of low chrono­ logy. To defend his view, Milojcic accuses the Romanian archaeologists of the Neolithic that they introduce chaos in certain problems (1978, p. ·2 47), but he does not give a tpought to his categorical refusal to renounce his opinions of 194 9 and endeavours once again to justify the synchronisms he proposed in 1967 (in support of the same opinions) by typological cri­ teria and "imports", sometimes coming from hundreds of kilometres (see V. Milojcic, 1967, pp. 9-37 ). His conclusions lead, indeed, to

154

c haos a nd c onfus ion among r esearchers . I tr ea l ly i s a" fa ta l mistake" t o c orre la te i n 1 967 a nd a ga in i n 1 978, a sM i lo jC it d oes , t he P recucu ten i I -I I p hases w i th V inCa A a nd , imp l ic i t ly , Troy Ia nd I w i th V inja . Ba nd Ca nd w i th a l l t he p hases o ft he C ucuten i a nd G u me ln ita c u l tures , wh i le o ver look ing t he d iscover ies a t M ikha i l i tch , D ik il i tash , Ezero , Ku m-Tepe I a-lb ( see a lso S . Mar inescu-B i lcu , 1 976, p p . 3 47-353 , f or a d e ta i led a rgu men t a ga ins t t he c onnec t ions d es ired b y M i lo jj iC b e tween c er ta in v esse ls a nd f i gur ines i n t he V inCa a nd G u me ln ita c u ltures ) . Mi lo jC i: c f ur ther b lamed u s ( 1978, p p . 2 46-249 ) f or n o t h av ing men t ioned t he S tarjevo-Cr ie a nd V inCa e le men ts f ound i n t he P recucu ten i Ip hase . On p age 1 31 o f o ur b ook ( t he r ev iew o f wh ich h e ma in ly u sed t o a rgue a ga inst a l mos t a l l R o man ian a rchaeo log ists o f t he N eo li th ic , a nd n o t o n ly a ga ins t t he m ) , af ter s u m ming u p t he d iscuss ions o n t he o r ig in a nd e vo lut ion o f t he Precucuten i c u lture , we wro te :

" The c on tr ibu t ion o f t he C r ie

c u lture a nd p erhaps a lso t ha t o f t he V inZa c u lture c anno t b e s a t isfac tor i ly e xp la ined f or t he moment .

A l l a long t he e vo lut ion o f t he P recucuten i c u l-

t ure , we f i nd V i aa e le ments i n i t s i nven tory , b u t t he ir r oute o f a ccess t o Mo ldova c anno t b e t raced ."

The d iscuss ion o f t he r ev iew o f o ur b ook

migh t b e c on t inued, b ut we s top h ere b ecause we r ea lize t ha t i t mus t h ave b een r a ther d if f icu lt f or Mi lo jC ict o a ccep t ac hrono logy a nd s tra t igraphy t ha t h ad n o t b een worked o ut a t H e ide lberg . 1 02 .

S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu , 1 972 . b , p p . 5 3-73 . Dea ling w i th t he i nf luences o f t he P recucuten i c u lture o n t he H a mang ia c u lture , we a lso t ake i n to a ccoun t r e la t ions w i th t he " V inCa c u lture" .

R e levan t r eferences a re

c i ted i n t he a r t ic le . 1 03 .

S . Mari nescu-B i lcu , 1 972 , b , f i g . 1 -3;

5 /2-3;

1 04 .

I . I . I vanov , 1 978, p p . 6 1-62 , f i g . 4 0 ;

4 2;

6 /1-3 , 5 .

p . 1 20/40 ;

1 22/42 .

I n

t he museu m a t V arna we s aw t he r est o f t he i nventory , wh ich i s i dent ica l w i th t he s pec imens i n t he S o laco lu c o l lec t ion .

On ly t he s ize d if fers .

The v esse ls a t V arna a re l arger a nd t he ir wh i te a nd r ed p a in t ing , a pp l ied a f ter f ir ing , i s v ery we l l p reserved . 1 05 .

I . P au l , 1 961, p p . 1 14-117, f i g . 5 /1-5; p p . 4 7-48, 6 2 , p l . I I ;

V I/9 .

6 /1-9; 7 /7-9; i de m , 1 969 ,

Ano ther Precucuten i " i mpor t" ( f ro m t he

e nd o f p hase I i n o ur o p in ion ) was d iscovered i n a dwe l ling o f t he P e tree t i s e t t le ment a t G h irbom , c oun ty A lba .

F or a d iscuss ion o f t he p rob le m

a nd r eferences s ee S . Mar inescu-B i lcu, 1 974 , a , p p . 1 31-134 . 1 06 .

S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu , 1 976 , p p . 3 47-353 . T he a r t ic le i s as urvey o f a l l Precucuten i f i nds i n G u me ln ita c on tex ts o f R o man ia a nd c onta ins r e lev ant r eferences .

We a dd t he t ypica l ly P recucuten i f i gur ine d iscovered

a t K od jadermen ( see V . Mikov , 1 935 , f i g . 1 24/1) , wh ich i s aG u me ln ita s e t t le men t , a nd a f igur ine f ound i n Greece , a t Tsang li ( see A . J . B . Wace , M . S . Thompson , 1 912 , f i g . 7 1/b ) wh ich r eca l ls t he P recucuteni f igur ines .

The B u lgar ian f i nd i s a no ther p roof o f a c t ive e xchanges among

N eo li th ic a nd C ha lco li th ic p opu la t ions . 1 07 .

S . Mar inescu-B i lcu , 1 974 , a , p p . 1 31-141 .

1 55

1 08 .

N . V lassa , 1 971, p p . 5 0-54 , f i g . 2 4-25 .

1 09 .

I . G . Andr ieeescu, 1 912 , p . 1 2 , n . 1 0 .

1 10 .

H . S ch m idt , 1 911, p p . 5 81-601 .

1 11 .

H . S ch m idt , 1 932 , p p . 2 5-43 .

1 12 .

V I . D um i trescu, 1 945 , p p . 1 1-114 .

1 13 .

V I . D um itrescu , e .a . ,1 954 .

1 14 .

,

M . P e trescu-Dimbovga , 1 957, b , p p . 1 -22;

1 15 .

F r . L asz lö , 1 914 , p p . 3 87-417;

i de m

1 16 .

H . S ch m idt , 1 932 .

1 17 .

H . D um i trescu , 1 932 , p p . 5 6-87 .

1 18 .

V I . D u mitescu, 1 932 , p p . 1 15-149 .

1 19 .

V I . D um itrescu , 1 932 , p p . 8 8-114 .

1 20 .

R . V u lpe , 1 940 , p p . 1 3-68 .

1 21.

R . V u lpe , 1 957 .

1 22 .

V I . D um i trescu , 1 945 , p p . 1 1-114 .

1 23 .

C . Ma tasä , 1 946 .

1 24 .

E . V u lpe , 1 944 , p p . 3 7-38 .

1 25 .

0 . K andiba , 1 937 .

1 26 .

C . Ma tasä , 1 964 , p p . 1 1-66 .

1 27 .

V I . D um itrescu , 1 959 , p p . 6 -48;

i de m

1 963, p p . 1 72-186 .

1 924 , p p . 1 -27 .

i de m, 1 960 , a , p p . 6 0-70 ;

i de m ,

1 963 , p p . 5 1-78, 2 85-308 . 1 28 .

R . V u lpe . 1 956, p p . 6 4-70 .

1 29 .

S ee n . 1 27 .

1 30 .

V I . D um itrescu , 1 945 , p . 8 9 , n . 4 .

1 31 .

H . S ch m idt , 1 932 , p p . 8 2f f . a nd 1 12 .

1 32 .

V I . D um itrescu , 1 934 , p p . 2 1f f .

1 33 .

V I . D um itrescu

1 34 .

R . V u lpe , 1 949, p p . 1 25-130 .

1 35 .

R . V u lpe , 1 957, p . 1 2 .

1 36 .

C . Ma tasä , 1 946, p . 2 0 .

1 37 .

I b id . ,p p . 9 0-91 .

e .a ., 1 954 , p . 5 21.

S tefan C ucoe , who e xcava ted t he s i te , h as i nfor med u s t ha t h e f ound dwe l lings f ro m wh ich t r ichro me p a in ted p o t tery was missing b ut wh ich h ave n o t y e t b een f u l ly c leared .

1 56

1 39 .

E xcava t ions a t C a lu ( now n a med P iatra 5 oi mu lui ) were r esu med i n 1 973 b y at ea m c o mposed o f S i lv ia Mar inescu-Bi lcu , S tefan C uco§ a nd V irgi l Mihä i lescu B ir liba w i th f unds p rov ided b y t he Museu m a t P ia tra N ea mt , .

1 40 .

D . Monah , 1 978, p p . 3 5-36, a ssigns b o th l i v ing f loors t o t he C ucuteni A2 s tage .

1 41.

S ee n . 1 27 .

1 42 .

V I . D um i trescu , 1 959, p p . 1 5-18, who a lso t ook a s tage A3b i n to a cc oun t ( p . 1 8) .

1 43 .

V I . D um itrescu , 1 963, p . 7 3 .

1 44 .

I b id ., p p . 6 6-67 .

1 45 .

V l . D um itrescu, 1 925 , f i g . 4 7;

1 46.

V l . D um itrescu , 1 963 , p p . 6 2-65 .

1 47 .

V I . D um itrescu , 1 966, p p . 1 62-172 , f i g . 1 0-11;

i de m , 1 960 , b , f i g . 1 , p p . 1 89-200 .

1 4 .

There i s much

more ma ter ia l d ecora ted i n t h is manner , b ut u nfor tuna te ly most o f i t h as n o c b een p ub lished . 1 48 .

The i nforma t ion a bout t hc d iscovery o f a Precucuten i I I l eve l a t Bancu ( see D . Popescu, 1 964 , p . 5 53) i s mis leading .

The ma ter ia l f ound t here

i s o f t he Ar iu§d t ype , l ike t he s im i lar o ne f ro m Bräd g .

The Precucu-

t en i Ip o t tery i n t ha t r egion w i l l n o t b e d iscussed h ere . 1 49 .

A .

N i t ,u , 1 975 , p p . 6 3f f .

1 50 .

I b id ., f i g . 1 .

1 51.

V l . D um itrescu, 1 963 , p p . 6 Of f .

1 52 .

Fr r eferences a nd a r ediscuss ion o f t h is p rob le m , s ee V l . D um itrescu, 1 960 , h , p p . 1 89-200 .

1 53 .

S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu, 1 975 , p . 4 95 .

1 54 .

A .

1 55 .

I b id ., p . 1 13 .

1 56 .

I b id .

1 57 .

I b id .

1 58 .

I b id .

1 59 .

I b id .

1 60 .

I b id .

1 61.

I b id ., p . 8 3 .

N i lsa , 1 975 , f i g . 1 .

I b id . ,p . 1 13 , f i g . 1 . 1 63 .

F r .

L aszr ) , 1 924 .

( Ar iu§d);

P l .

1 /1;

1/14;

T I I16, 8 ;

R . V u lpe , 1 940 , f i g . 1 3/2;

1 946, p l . A/8;

X IX/144

1 48;

1 4;

3 0 C IV/178;

1 57

I V/9;

V/3 , 5 ;

16 /9 ( Ca lu ); XXIX/255;

V I I/3 , 6 -7

C . Ma tasä . XXX/257

( Fru mue ica ); 1 61;

R . V u lpe , 1 957, f i g . 1 38/2;

1 65/1, 3 ;

e tc . ( I zvoare ) .

1 66;

1 67/1-2;

1 70/1;

1 39/2;

1 73/2;

1 57/1;

1 75/1;

1 59/1;

1 82/2;

1 98;

The ma ter ia l f ro m O lten i , Bod , Härman a nd o ther

s i tes i n s outh-eas tern Transy lvan ia i s k ep t i n t he museu ms a t S f intu Gheorghe , Braeov , C lu j, Miercurea C iuc a nd T irgu Muree . 1 64 .

1 65 .

R . V u lpe , 1 957, p p . 1 20-155 ( b ichrome p o t tery , I zvoare I 1 ) ; 1 55-211 ( t r ichrome p o t tery , I zvoare I ) .

P p -

D . Monah , 1 978, p . 3 8, i nc ludes V ermee t i , G ura Vi i i , F ru mue ica a nd , I zvoare I 1 i n t he " f irs t s equence" o f C ucu ten i s e t t le ments wh ich h e p laces a t t he v ery b eg inn ing o f s tage A2 .

Märg inen i h e r egards a s p ar t ly

c onte mporaneous w i th a nd p ar t ly s ucceed ing t he m .

He t hen a dm i ts c on-

t e mporane i ty b e tween Märg inen i a nd I zvoare I 2 , wh ich d o n o t h owever e nd t he e vo lut ion o f t he C ucuten i A 2 s tage .

A l l t hese p rob le ms a re s t i l l

o pen , s ince t he d iscuss ion i s c ons tant ly b ased o n u npub lished ma ter ia l r esu lted f ro m l arge-sca le e xcava t ions , l i ke t hose a t Märg ineni , o r s oundings ( D . Monah , 1 976, p p . 7 f f ., s ays t ha t t he C ucu ten i ma ter ia l w i l l b e p ub lished i n a no ther v o lu me ) o r o n t he r esu lts o f s a lvage e xcava t ions , l i ke t hose c arr ied o ut a t G ura Vi i i ( see A . N i4u , C . B uzdugan , C . Em inov ic i , 1 971, p p . 3 1-80 ) .

The mos t s urpr is ing f i nds f ro m t h is

s e t t le ment a re c ups w i th a v ery h igh f oo t wh ich i s u nco m mon i n o ther s e t t le ments ( op . c i t ., f i g . 1 8-19; 1 66 .

2 0/2) .

V l . D um i trescu , 1 966, p p . 1 62-172; i de m , 1 969 , p p . 8 7-103; 1 972 , p p . 2 5-51;

i de m

1 974 7 37 -p p . 2 3-40 .

d a te . 1 67 .

V l . Du m i trescu , 1 969 , p . 9 8 .

1 68 .

V I . D um i trescu , 1 974 , 3 , p . 4 5 .

1 69 .

V l . Mi lo jC iC , 1 967 , p . 1 9 .

1 70 .

V l . D um itrescu , 1 966, p . 1 72 .

1 71.

V I . Mi lo j ac , 1 967, p . 1 9 .

1 72 .

T . G . Movsha , G . F . C hebo tarenko , 1 969 , f i g . 1 8 ( r igh t ) .

1 73 .

I b id ., p p . 4 5-49 .

1 74 .

V l . D um i trescu , 1 974 , 3 , p p . 2 3-39 .

1 75 .

I b id ., t ab le 1 .

1 76 .

D . Monah , 1 978, p . 3 7 .

1 77 .

S . Mar inescu-Bi lcu , 1 974 , a ;

1 974 b ;

1 58

i de m

A l l w i th r eferences t o

1 974 c ;

1 974d .

R eferences A . D . A lexandrescu , 1 971. d e l ai lärman ,

A lexandrescu D . A lexandr ina , C era m ica l in iarä

C um idava , V , 1 971, p . 1 1-15 .

I . Andr ie§escu, 1 912 .

Andr ie§escu G . J oan, Con tr ibuge l a Dac ia i na inte d e

r o man i , I a§ i , 1 912 . V . Bäcäuanu , 1 968 . M . Babe , 1 969 .

B äcäuanu Vasi le , Cimpia Mo ldove i , B ucure§t i , 1 968.

B abe §Mircea , N o i d a te p r iv ind a rheo logia s i i s tor ia b as-

t arni lor ( 0 " f ibu lä p o meran ianä" d escoper itä i n Ro män ia ) , S tudi i § 1 c ercetär i d e i s tor ie v eche , 2 0 , 1 969 , 2 , p . 1 95-217 . M . B abe , 1 970 .

B abe §Mircea , Daci i s i b astarn i i , Me mor ia An t iqui ta tis ,

I , 1 970 , p . 2 15-236 . .B abe , 1 973 .

B abe §Mircea , Ger manische l a teneze it liche E inwanderungen

im Rau me ö st lich d er K arpa ten p un h eut igen S tand d er F orschung ü ber d ie Po ienes t i-Lukasevka- Ku lturgruppe ) , Ac tes d u ' V il le C ongres I n tern a t iona l d es S c iences Preh istor iques e t Protoh istor iques , I I , Beograd, 1 973, p . 2 07-213 . . Babe , 1 978 . IT .e .n .

B abe §Mircea , Mo ldova c en tra l

ä § i d e n ord i i s eco le le I -

( Cu ltura P o ienest i-Lukasevka ) , d octora l t hes is, manuscr ipt ,

B ucure§t i , 1 978 . M . Babe , V . Mihäi lescu- B ir liba „1970-1971 .

B abe §Mircea , Mihä l lescu-

B ir liba V irg i l , Ger man ische l a tenezei t liche " Feuerböcke" a us d er Mo ldau , Ber ich t d er Rö m isch —German ischen Ko m min ission , 5 1-52, 1 970-1971, p . 1 76-196 . M . Babe , I . U ntaru , 1 969 .

Babe §Mircea , U ntaru I on , Der f rüheste l a te-

n eze i t liche g er man ische F und a us d er Mo ldau .

Der Kronenha lsr ing v on

Dav ideni , Dac ia , N ouve l le s er ie , X I I I , 1 969 , p . 2 83-290 . J . Bär ta , 1 956 .

Bär ta J ., P eup ler nent n eo lith ique d es g ro t tes p res d e Porä .6

e n S lovaquie , Archeo logicke r ozh ledy , V I I I , 1 956, 5 , p . 6 33-638;

6 22;

6 93 . D . Berc iu , 1 966 .

Berc iu Du m itru , C u ltura H a mang ia , I , B ucure§t i , 1 966 .

D . Berc iu , I . Berc iu, 1 947-1949 . Berc iu Du m itru , Berc iu I on , S äpä tur i s i c ercetär i a rheo log ice i n a n ii 1 944-1947 , Apu lu m , I I , 1 947-1949, p . 1 -43 . I . N . B ibikov , 1 953 .

B ib ikov I . N ., R anne tr ipo lskoe p ose len ie L uka-

Vrub levetska ia n a D nestr ie , Ma ter ia lt ii ss ledovani ia p o a rheo logi i S .S . S .R . ,3 8, 1 953 . Gh . B ich ir , 1 973 .

B ich ir Gheorghe , C ultura Carpicä , B ucure§t i , 1 973 .

I . B idz i lia , 1 964 .

B idzi lia V . I . , Pose lenn ja Ga lis-Lovacka , Arheo logi ja ,

K iev , XV I I , 1 964 , p . 9 2-143 . C . W . B iegen , e .a . ,1 950 , I , 2 .

B iegen W .

c inna t i , 1 950 .

1 59

C ar l, e .a . ,Troy , I , 2 , C in-

A l . Bo lo mey , 1 973 .

Bo lo mey A lexandra , An o ut line o f t he l a te E p ipa laeo-

l i th ic e cono my a t t he I ron Gates :

t he e v idence o n b ones , Dac ia , N ouve l le

s er ie , XV II , 1 973 , p . 4 1-52 . V . Boroneant , M . Dav idescu , 1 968 .

Boroneant Vas i le , Dav idescu Mieu ,

Doug b orde ie d ac ice l a S che la C ladove i , T urnu S ever in , Apu lu m V I I , 1 968, 1 , p . 2 53-259 . F . Bourdier , 1 976 .

Bourdier Franck , Preh is to ire d e F rance , P ar is , 1 976 .

L . Bernabb-Brea, 1 964 , I , 1 -2 .

Brea I 3 ernabb L uig i , Po liochn i , I , 1 -2 ,

Ro ma , 1 964 . W

B ut t ler , 1 938 .

B ut t ler Werner , Der Donau landische u nd d er Wes t ische

Ku lturkre is d er J üngeren S te inze i t , Ber l in , L e ipzig , 1 938 . Gr . Butureanu , 1 889/1890 .

Butureanu Gr igore , N o t ita a supra s äpä tur i lor S i

c erce tär i lor f äcute l a C ucuteni , Arh iva c oc ietät i i e t i int if ice e i l i terare , I aei , I , 1 889/1890 , p . 2 57-270 . P .

h _ ap lov ij , 1 956.

a p lov iC- P ., H urbanovo-Bacherov Ma jer , h ab i ta t n eo-

l i th ique e n S lovaquie , Archeo logicke r ozh ledy , V I I I , 1 956, 3 , p . 3 11-321, 4 57-458 . E .

C hernysh , 1 965 .

C hernysh E ka ter ina , Terr i to ire o r ienta l d es t r ibus d e l a

c era m ique l i n a ire , A t t i d e l V I C ongresso I n ternaz iona le d e lle S c ienze Pre istor iche e Pro tostor iche Ro ma-1962, I , p ub lished, 1 965 , p . 2 632 67 . V .

C iurea , 1 933 .

C iurea Vasi le , Aperçu d es a nt iqu ites p reh istor iques d u

d epar te men t d e B al a . , Dac ia ,

1 927-1932 , B ucureet i , 1 933 , p . 4 6-

5 5 . E .

C o man , 1 968 .

C o man E ., 0 p ies äd e p odoabä g ermanicg d escoper i tä i n

j udetu l N ea mt , S tudi i

ic ercetgr i d e i s tor ie v eche , 1 9 , 1 968, 3 ,

p .

5 27-

5 30 . E .

C o rnea , 1 955 . f a t

C om a E ugen , S äpä tur i d e s a lvare e i c erce tgr i d e s upra -

i n r egiunea Bucureet i , S tudi i

ic erce tgr i d e i stor ie v eche , V I , 1 955 ,

3 -4 , p . 4 11-445 . E .

C om p . , 1 960 .

C ornea E ugen , C onsiderat i i c u p r iv ire l a c u ltura c u c era-

mica l i niarg . d e p e t er itor iul R . P . R .

e id in

r eg iun i le v ecine , S tudi i

c erce tär i d e i s tor ie v eche , X I , 1 960 , 2 , p . 2 17-244 . E .

C o rnea , 1 965 .

C ornea E ugen , C u ltura Bo ian i n Trans i lvania , S tudi i e i

c erce tär i d e i s tor ie v eche , 1 6, 1 965 , 4 , p . 6 29-647 . E .

C om p , 1 969 .

C om a E ugen , Da te n o i c u p r iv ire l a r e la ti i le d intre c u l-

t ura Dudeet i e i c u ltura c era m ic i i l i n iare , S tudi i

ic erce d .r i d e i s tor ie

v eche , 2 0 , 1 969 , 4 , p . 5 67-573 . C om p , 1 971, a .

C om a E ugen , Donnees s ur l a c iv i lisa t ion d e Dudeet i ,

Praeh isto ir ische Z ei tschrif t , 4 6, 1 971, 2 , p . 1 95-249 .

1 60

E . C om a , 1 971, b . C ornea E ugen , U ne le d a te p r iv ind r apor tur i le d in tre c u ltur i le n eo li t ice t impur i i d in e s tu l R o män ie i e i c e le d in s ud-vestu l U . R . S .S ., S tudi i E . C ornea , 1 972 .

ic erce tär i d e i s tor ie v eche , 2 2 , 1 971, 3 , p . 3 77-386 .

C ornea E ugen , Que lques n ouve l les d onnees s ur l a c u lture

hc era m ique r ubad ee e n t err i to ire r ou ma in , Ak tue l le Fragen d er B andk era m ik , S zekesfehervär , 1 972 , p . 1 73-179 . E . C om p . , 1 974 .

C om p E ugen , I s tor ia c o mun ität i lor c u ltur i i Bo ian , B ucu-

r ee t i , 1 974 . M . . Co m a , 1 973 .

C o m a Mar ia , D ie S lawen i m Karpa t isch —donau ländischen

Rau m im 6 -7 .

J ahrhunder t , Z e i tschr if t f ür Archäo log ie , 7 , B er lin , 1 973 ,

p . 1 97-228 . A . C r le maru , 1 970 .

C r ie maru Ar is to te l , C on tr ibug i l a c unoae terea n eo li t i-

c u lu i d in impre jur ita i le S även i lor ( j ud . Bo toean i ) , S tudi i

ic erce tär i d e

i s tor ie v eche , 2 1, 1 970 , 2 , p . 2 67-285 . A . C r le maru , 1 977 .

C r ie maru Ar is to te l , Dri .g-u een i .

C on tr ibu t , i i l a o mono-

g raf ie a rheo log icä . , B o toean i , 1 977 , C ucoe , 1 976 .

C ucoe 5 tefan , Vase p r is ma t ice n eo-eneo li t ice , Me i or ia

An t iqu i ta t is , I V-V , 1 972-1973 , P ia tra N eanA , 1 976, p . 6 7-72 . B . C zerska , 1 970 .

C zerska B ., S ur l ap rob le ma t ique d e Phab i ta t c e lt ique e n

H au te-S i les ie , Archaeo log ia P o lona , X I I , 1 970 , p . 2 97-320 . V

.

N . Dan i lenko , 1 969 .

Dan i lenko V . N ., N eo li t U kra iny , K iev , 1 969 .

E . D ecker , C h . G u i l lau me , R . Miche ls , 1 977 .

Decker E ., G u i l lau me C h .,

Miche ls R ., L e g ise men t r ubane l i nea ire r ecen t d u " Do le m" ( K irschnau menE vendorf f , Mose l le ) : d a ta t ion C 1 4 , B u l le t in d e l a S oc ie te P reh istor ique França ise , t om 7 4 , n o . 5 , Gh . D iaconu , 1 964 .

1 977, p . 1 55-160 .

D iaconu Gheorghe , Doug amnare d e t ip P eevorsk d esco-

p er i te i n Mun ten ia , S tudi i e i c ercetär i d e i s tor ie v eche , 1 5 , 1 964 , 3 , p . 4 27-432 . D IR , A .

Docu men te p r iv ind i s tor ia r o män i lor , s er ia A ., Mo ldova , s ec . XV I ,

v o l . I I . I . T . Drago m ir , 1 967 .

Drago m ir T . I on , S äpä tur i a rheo log ice l a T g . B eree t ip

Danub ius , I , Ga lag , 1 967, p . 4 1-59 . I . T . Drago m ir , 1 967, b . Drago m ir T . I on , U n n ou d epozi t d e o b iec te d e b ronz d escoper i t l a Bä len i , D anub ius , I , Ga lat i , 1 967 , p . 8 9-105 . H . D um i trescu , 1 932 . R ug inoasa , Dac ia , H . D um i trescu , 1 953 .

D um i trescu H or tens ia , L a s ta t ion p reh is tor ique d e 1 927-1932 , p . 5 6-87 . D urn itrescu H or tens ia , S ant ieru l Tra ian , S tudi i

c erce tär i d e i s tor ie v eche , I V , 1 953 , 1 -2 , p . 4 5-68 . H . Du m i trescu , 1 954 . S tudi i

Du m i trescu Hor tens ia , S an t ieru l a rheo log ic Traian ,

ic erce tär i d e i s tor ie v eche , V , 1 954 , 1 -2 , p . 3 5-67 .

1 61

H . Du m itrescu, 1 955 .

Du m itrescu Hor tens ia , S ant ieru l a rheo logic Traian

( 1954 ) , S tudi i § i c erce tär i d e i stor ie v eche , V I , 1 955 , 3 -4 , p . 4 59-478 . H . Du m i trescu , 1 957 .

D um itrescu Hor tens ia , C ontr ibut i i l ap rob le ma o r ig ini i

c ultur i i Precucuteni , S tudi i § i c erce tär i d e i s tor ie v eche , V II I , 1 957 , 1 -4 , p . 5 3-73 . H . Du m itrescu , 1 959 .

D um itrescu Hor tens iä , S ant ieru l a rheo logic Traian ,

Ma ter ia le § i c erce tär i a rheo log ice , V , 1 959 , p . 1 89-201 . H . Du m itrescu , 1 976 .

Du m itrescu H or tens ia , Doug v ase d e of orm äd eose-

b itä d escoper i te i n a §ezarea d e l a Tra ian-Dea lu l V ie i , Me mor ia Ant iquit a t is , I V-V , 1 972-1973;

1 976, p . 4 7-54;

H . a nd V l . Du m itrescu , 1 959 .

3 17-318 .

Du mi trescu Hor tens ia a nd Du m itrescu V ladi mir ,

S ipätur i le d e l a Tra ian-Dea lu l l int in i lor , Ma ter ia le § i c ercetä .r i a rheol og ice , V I , 1 959, p . 1 57-178 . H . a nd V l . Du m itrescu , 1 962 . Ac t iv i ta tea

D um i trescu Hor tens ia a nd Du m itrescu V ladi m ir ,

a nt ieru lu i a rheo logic Tra ian , Ma ter ia le § i c ercetär i a rheo-

l og ice , V I I I , 1 962 , p . 2 45-260 . H . a nd V I . Du m itrescu , 1 970 .

Du m itrescu H or tens ia a nd Du m i trescu

S ant ierul a rheo log ic Tra ian , Ma ter ia le § i c ercetär i a rheo logice , I X , 1 970 , p . 3 9-58 . V I . Du m itrescu , 1 925 . D um itrescu V ladi m ir , F oui l les d e G u me ln ita , Dacia , I , 1 925 , p . 2 9-103 . V l . Du m i trescu , 1 932 .

D um i trescu V ladi m ir , L a s tat ion preh istor ique d e

Bonte t i , Dac ia V l . Du m itrescu , 1 932 .

1 927-1932 , p . 8 8-114 . Du m itrescu V lad im ir , U ne n ouve l le s ta t ion ' ac era-

mique p e in te d ans l a n ord-oues t d e l a Mo ldav ie , Dacia , I I-IV , 1 927-1932 , p . 1 15-149 . V I . D um itrescu , 1 934 .

D um itrescu V ladi m ir , N o tes s ur C ucuteni , I s tros , I ,

Bucure§t i , 1 934 , p . 1 9-36 , V I . Du m itrescu, 1 945 .

Du m itrescu V ladi m ir , L a s ta t ion p reh istor ique d e

Tra ian ( f oui l les d e 1 936, 1 938 e t 1 940 ) , Dac ia , D (-X , 1 941-1944 , p . 1 11 14 . V I . Du m itrescu e .a ., 1 954 .

D um itrescu V ladi m ir e .a . H äbäee t i , Monograf ie

a rheo log icä , B ucure§ t i , 1 954 . V I . Du m itrescu, 1 958 .

Du m itrescu V ladi m ir , C era mique d u t yp C r i

e t

f ragment r ubane d ans l e s ud-est d e l a Transy lvanie , Dac ia , N ouve l le s er ie , I , 1 958, p . 4 01-405 . . escu, 1 959 .

D um i trescu V ladi m ir , L a c ivi lisa t ion d e C ucuteni ,

Ber ich ten v an d e r i jksdienst v oor h e t o udheidkundig b ode monderzoek , Amersfoor t , 1 959 , p . 6 -48 . V I . Du m itrescu , 1 960 , a .

Du m itrescu V ladi m ir , C o mp lexu l c u ltura l C ucuteni ,

I stor ia R o man ie i , I , B ucure§t i , 1 960 , p . 6 0-71.

1 62

V l . D um i trescu , 1 960 , b .

Du m i trescu V ladi m ir , P eut-on a d me t tre —du p o in t

d e v ue c hrono log ique—une p ar t ic ipa t ion d es t r ibus d e l a c iv i lisa t ion ' a c era m ique p e in te o ues t-Transy lvaine ' al a "m igra t ion D im in i"?, S w ia tow i t , XXI I I , 1 960 , p . 1 89-200 , V I . D um itrescu , 1 963 .

D um itrescu V ladi m ir , Or ig inea

C ucu ten i-Tr ipo l ie , 1a nd 2 , p . 5 1-78 : V l . D um i trescu , 1 966 .

S tudi i

e ie vo lg ia

c u l tur i i

ic erce tär i d e i s tor ie v eche , X IV , 1 963 ,

2 85-308 . D um i trescu V ladi m ir , N ew D iscover ies a t G u me ln i tza ,

Archaeo logy , 1 9 , 1 966, 3 , p . 1 62-172 . V l . D um itrescu , 1 967 .

D um itrescu V ladi m ir , Que lques r e marques a u s u je t

d e l a c u lture n eo li th ique Precucu ten i e t d e l a s ta t ion d e Tra ian-Dea lu l V ie i

Dac ia , N ouve l le s er ie , X I , 1 967 , p . 3 9-46 .

V l . D um i trescu , 1 969 . D um i trescu V ladim ir , B etrach tungen z ur c hronol og ischen Anse tzung d er C ucuten i —Ku ltur im Verhä ltn is z u d en N achbark u lturen , § tudi jne Z ves t i , 1 7, 1 969 , p . 8 7-103 . V l . D um i trescu, 1 972 .

D um itrescu V ladi m ir , Q ue lques a spec ts d es s ynchro-

n is mes d es c u ltures n eo-eneo li th ique e t d e l a p er iode d e t rans i t ion ' aP age d u b ronze d ans l 'Europe s ud-or ienta le e t l e monde e g o-ana to liennes , Ac tes d u I le C ongres I n terna t iona l d es E tudes d u S ud -Es t E uropeen , I , A tena , 1 972 , p . 2 5-51 . V l . D um i trescu , 1 973 .

D um i trescu V ladim ir , E inige F ragen z ur C ucuten i-

K u ltur im L ich te d er Ausgrabungen b e i Drägueen i

( No

d er Mo ldau , S .R .

R u män ien ) , Z e i tschr if t f in. *kre Mo log ie , 7 , B er lin , 1 973 , p . 1 77-196 . V l . D um itrescu , 1 974 .

D um i trescu V ladi m ir , Ar ta p re is tor icä i n R o man ia ,

B ucureet i , 1 974 . V l . D um itrescu , 1 974 , 2 .

D um i trescu V lad im ir , U ne le p rob le me r idica te d e

a eezarea c ucuten ianä d e l a Drägueen i , D in t recutu l j ud e lu i B otoean i , Bo toeani , 1 974 , p . 3 3-47 . V l . D um i trescu , 1 974 , 3 .

D um itrescu V ladi m ir , C rono log ia a bso lut ä a e neo-

l i t icu lu i r o manesc i n l u mina d a te lor C 1 4 , Apu lu m , X I I , 1 974 , p . 2 3-40 . M . D ujek , 1 959 .

D ugek M ., N eo li th ische S ied lung i n P a t ince , B ez irk H ur-

b anovo , Archeo log icke r ozh ledy , X I , 1 959 , 6 , p . 7 82-784 ; N . F et t ich , 1 953 .

8 04-805 .

F et t ich N andor , Archäo log ische B e i träge z ur G esch ichte

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1 63

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1 64

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1 66

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1 67

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1 68

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P assek Ta t iana , R e la tions e ntre P E urope Occ identa le e t

PE urope Or ien ta le a Pepoque n eo lith ique ? A t t i d e l V I C ongresso I ntern aziona le d e l le S c ienze Pre istor iche e Pro tostor iche , Ro ma-1962, I , 1 965 , p . 1 27-142 . T . P assek , E . C hernysh , 1 963 .

P assek Ta t iana a nd C hernysh E ka ter ina ,

Pa m ia tn ik i c u ltury l i neino l en toch ino i k era mik i n a t er i tor i i S .S .S .R ., Arkheo logia S .S .S .R ., 1 -11, Moskva , 1 963 . I . Pau l , 1 961 .

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P av i ik J ura j, Grab d es

Z e l iezovcet ipus

i n Dvory n ad

i tavou ,

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e l iezovce-Gruppe , S lovenskä

Arheo lög ia , XV I I , 1 969 , 2 , p . 2 69-367 . M . P etrescu-Di mbov i4a , 1 953 .

P etrescu-Di mbov i t ,a Mircea , C im it iru l h a l l-

s ta tt ian d e l a S to icani , Ma ter ia le e i c erce tär i a rheo logice , I , 1 953, p . 1 57-211.

1 69

M . P e trescu-Dimbov4a , 1 957 .

Pe trescu-Di mbov ita Mircea , S onda ju l s tra t i-

g raf ic d e l a P er ien i , Ma ter ia le

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6 5-82 . M . P e trescu-Di mbov ita , 1 957, b .

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P .

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1 -22 .

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E rgebn isse d er a rchno log ischen Ausgrabungen i n d er n eo li th ischen S iedl ung v on Tru e t i ( Mo ldau ) , Praeh is tor ische Z e i tschr if t , XLI , 1 963 , p . 1 72-186 . M . P e trescu-Di mbov4a , e .a . ,1 951.

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P etrescu-Di mbov4a M ircea ,

Z ahar ia Emi lia , S onda ju l a rheo logic d e l a Däne t i , Ma ter ia le

ic ercetär i

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1 8-20 .

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Popescu Dor in , S äpä tur i le a rheo logice d in R epub lica

Popu larä Ro mänä , i n a nu l 1 963 , S tudi i

ic erce tär i d e i s tor ie v eche , XV ,

1 964 , 4 , p . 5 51-567 . D . P opescu, 1 965 .

Popescu Dor in , S gpä tur i le a rheo log ice d in R .

i n a nu l 1 964 , S tudi i

S . R o män ia

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P lo Kor Dardu, Por tre te le u nor o a men i a par tinind n eo lit icu lui t irz iu , d escoper ig l a Tr i rpe t i ( reconst ituir i g raf ice d upä c rani i ) , S tudi i

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S chmidt H uber t , Vor inuf iger B er ich t f i ber d ie A usgrabungen

1 909-1910 i n C ucuten i b e i J assy ( Ru manien ) , Z e itschr if t f t ir E thno log ie , 4 3, 1 911, p . 5 81-601 .

1 70

H . S ch m idt , 1 932 . mänien

S ch m idt H uber t , C ucuteni .

I n d er o beren Mo ldau , R u-

Ber lin-Le ipzig , 1 932 .

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7 5-105 .

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s pira l e , Chrono log ie Preh is tor ique d e l a Tchecos lovaquie , Prague , 1 956, p . 3 2-36 . B . S oudsk i r , 1 965 .

S oudsk i r Bohu m i l, Genese , p er iodisa t ion e t e cono m ie d u

N eo lith ique a nc ien e n E urope c en tra le , A t t i d e l V I C ongresso I nternaziona le d e l le S c ienze Pre istor iche e P ro tos tor iche , Ro ma 1962, I , 1 965 , p . 2 76-281. B . S oudsk i r , 1 966 .

S oudsk i r Bohu m i l, By lan i o sada n e jstar kch

eme 'd ac i i z

ma lads i d oby Ka menne , Prag , 1 966 . B . S oudsk i r , 1 974 .

S oudsk i 7 Bohu m i l e .a . ,L es f oui l les p ro toh is tor iques d ans

l a v a l lee d e l 'A isne , Rappor t d 'ait iv i te , ( 2 ) , Par is , 1 974 . M . S tek lä , 1 956 .

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6 97-723 .

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K . Tackenberg , 1 972 .

Tackenberg K ., Z u d en Wanderungen d er Ger manen im

e rsten J ahrhunder t v or C hr . Geb ., An t ike u nd Universa lgesch ich te . F es tschr if t Hans E r ich S t ier , Muns ter , 1 972 . D . I . Te leg in , 1 970 .

Te legin D . I . , Osnovni r is i t a k hrono logia S rednes to-

g osko i k u ltury ? Arkheo logia , XX II I , K iev , 1 970 , p . 3 -22 . D . Gh . Teodor , 1 978 .

Teodor Gh . Dan , Ter itor iul e st-carpa t ic i n v eacur i le

V-X I e .n . ,I a§ i , 1 978 . S . Teodor , 1 969 .

Teodor S i lv ia , Une le d a te c u p r iv ire l a c u ltura g e to-dacicä

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P .

ic erce-

3 3-42 .

Teodor S i lv ia , Bastarni i p e t er i tor iu l Mo ldovei , S tudi i

ma ter ia le , S uceava , 3 , 1 973 , p . 3 7-46 . V . Teodorescu, 1 966 .

Teodorescu V ictor , Da te p re li minare p r iv ind c u ltura

c u c era mic äl i n iarä d in t er i tor iu l d e l a s ud d e C arpag a l Ro män ie i , S tudi i

e ic ercetär i

d e i s tor ie v eche , 1 7, 1 966, 2 ,

D . R . Theochar is , 1 973 .

P .

2 23-233 .

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A tena , 1 973 . A . Thevenin , 1 974 .

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( A l a l um iere

d es d ecouver tes r ecents ) , Archeo log ia , Tresors d es a ges , 7 6, n ove mber , 1 974 , p . 4 7-55 .

1 71

R . T ich i r , 1 956 .

T ich S T R ., Hab ita t n eo l ith ique d e Mohe lnice e n Morav ie ,

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3 3-38 .

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s

J . Todorov ic , 1 972 .

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mladeg g vozdenog d oba , Beograd , 1 972 . V . T ufescu , 1 966 .

Tufescu V ictor , S ubcarpa t i i

id epresiun i le margina le a le

Transi lvanie i , B ucure t i , 1 966 . M . M . Vas ic , 1 936 .

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1 936. S . V end, 1 961.

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muzea v Praze , XV , 1 961, 3 , p . 9 3-140 . N . V lassa , 1 959 . S tudi i

V lassa N ico lae , C u ltura c era m ic i i l i niare T n Trans i lvania ,

ic ercetär i d e i s tor ie v eche , X , 1 959 , 2 , p . 2 39-246 .

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V lassa N ico lae , C on tr ibuü i l a prob le ma r acordär i i c rono-

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V u lpe E ca ter ina , R apor t a supra s äpä tur i lor d in c o muna

C os te t i-Ba ia , Rapor tu l Muzeu lui N a tiona l d e An t ichi tät i , B ucure t i , 1 944 , p . 3 7-38 . R . V ulpe , 1 940 .

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1 940 , p . 1 3-68 . R . V ulpe , 1 949 .

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S tudi i , I , 1 , Bucure t i , 1 949 , p . 1 25-130 . R . V u lpe , 1 953 .

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a rheo log ice , I , Bucure t i , 1 953, p . 2 13-506 . R . V ulpe , 1 956 .

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l um ina s äpä tur i lor d e l al zvoare , S tudi i

e ic ercetir i

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1 957 . R . V ulpe , 1 960 .

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2 48 . R . V ulpe , 1 972 .

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Acta o f t he 2 nd I n ternat iona l c o llo-

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D ie S iedlung v on L e t „ Dac ia , N ouve l le s er ie , X I , 1 967, p . 5 -38 . 1 72

E . Z ahar ia , 1 973 .

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s äpä tur i lor d e l a Ar iusd , S tudi i )

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2 6-32 .

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1 73

ic ercetär i

t i ingf ice I a§ i , V I I , 1 956,

THE CHÄLCOLITHIC PALAEOFAUNA FROM THE S ETTLEMENTS OF T IRPEeTI ( PRECUCUTEN I AND CUCUTEN I A 1-A2 CULTURES )R O lga N ecrasov a nd Mar ia

5 t ir b u

The p a laeofauna l ma ter ia l t ha t r eached u s f rom t he C ha lco li th ic s e t t lemen ts a t T irpe§t i b e longs t o t wo d if feren t c u ltures : P recucuten i a nd C ucuten i A lA 2 . Thanks t o t h is ma ter ia l —qui te i mpor tan t f rom t he n u mer ica l p o int o f v iew —our k now ledge o ft he way o f l i fe a nd e spec ia l ly o f t he p r im i t ive e conomy o f N eo l i th ic a nd C ha lco li th ic t r ibes l iv ing i n t he f oo th i l ls o f t he E as tern C arpa th ians h as b een c ons iderab ly e nr iched . A t t he s a me t ime , t he s tudy o ft h is ma ter ia l h as p rov ided n ew d a ta a bout t he c ompos it ion o ft he n a tura l f auna o f t he r eg ion i n t he N eo l i th ic a nd C ha lcol i th ic , t hus e nhanc ing o ur u nderstand ing o f t he e vo lut ion o f t he g eograph ica l s e t t ing a nd f auna o f R o man ia , a s we l l a s o f t he e vo lut ion o f a n ima ls t a med b y

MATER IAL AND METHOD The ma ter ia l f rom t he P recucuten i s et t le men t c ons isted o f 4 ,550 d eterm inab le f rag ments; t ha t f ro m t he C ucu.t en i s e t t lemen t , o f 1 ,505 d e term inab le f ragmen ts .

According ly , we u nder took t o i nvest iga te 6 ,0 55 f ragments a s a

who le . I ts hou ld b e p o in ted o ut t ha t t he ma ter ia l was f ound i n t he c u lture l ayers o ft he C ha lco li th ic i nhab itan ts o ft he r eg ion .

I t was i n as ta te o f i n tense f rag-

men ta t ion , w i th f ew c omp le te p ieces . Our work ing me thod was t ha t n orma l ly u sed .

I tc ons is ted i n d etermining

t he b one f ragmen ts b y s e t t ing u p f requency t ab les o ft he i den t if ied f orms ( i n a bso lute n u mbers a nd p ercen t v a lues ) , i n e s tab lish ing t he a ssu med n u mber o f i ndiv idua ls f rom wh ich t hey o r ig ina ted , a nd i n a ch iev ing a b iome tr ic a nd morp hoscop ic s tudy o n t he b ones w i th a v iew t o f i nding o ut t he c harac ter is t ic f eat ures o ft he a n i ma ls t hey b e longed t o . CO MPOS IT ION OF THE MATERIAL ACCORDING TO CULTURES I .

P recucuten i c u lture

T he p a laeofauna l ma ter ia l f ro m t he P recucuten i s e t t lemen t was v ery r ich . T he n u mber o f d e terminab le b one f ragments b e longing t o ma mma ls amoun ted t o 4 ,320 . These f ragmen ts were v ery r are ly c omp le te b ones . To t hese were a dded 2 30 s he l ls t ha t b e longed t o t he f lc o mmon s na i l H e l ix p oma t ia , a lso f ound i n t he P recucuten i l ayer . As t o t h is l a t ter ma ter ia l , we wonder whe ther i ti s i t Trans lated b y M . Z uckermann .

1 74

r ea l ly c on te mporaneous w i th t he P recucuten i s e t t le men t ( and , i fi ti s , whether t he s of t p ar ts o f t he s na i l were u sed a s f ood o r t he emp ty s he l ls s erved f or o ther p urposes ) , o r whe ther i tb e longs t o a n i ma ls t ha t s ubsequen t ly g o t i n to t he l ayer . Mos t o f t he ma mma l b ones were i n as ta te o f c ons iderab le f rag menta t ion . Moreover , t he f ragments were n o t f ound i n a na to m ic c onnect ions , wh ich p roves t ha t we were i n t he p resence o f k i tchen r efuse . Tab le 1 s hows t he a bso lute a nd p ropor t iona l d istr ibu t ion i n to s pec ies a nd g roups a s we l l a s t he min i mu m n u mber o f i ndiv idua ls ( a lso i n a bso lute a nd p ercent v a lues ) f rom wh ich t he b one f ragmen ts b e long ing t o ma m ma ls c o me . The a na lys is o f t he d ata r ecorded i n t h is t ab le s hows t ha t t he n u mber o f b ones b e long ing t o d omest ica ted ma m ma ls i s g rea ter t han t ha t o f w i ld a n i ma ls , t he f ormer r epresen t ing 9 4 .65% o f t he e n t ire ma ter ia l a nd t he l a t ter o n ly 5 .34% . Th is f ac t i s c ons is ten t w i th t he p art icu lar i mpor tance a t tr ibuted t o a n i ma l b reeding i n t he p r im i t ive e cono my o f t he P recucu ten i t r ibe t ha t l i ved i n T irp e§ t i , where h un t ing a s as ource o f f ood p layed o n ly a minor p ar t . I f , f rom t h is v iewpo in t , we c o mpare t he s i tuat ion a t T irpeet i w i th t he a lr eady p ub lished d a ta f ro m t he Precucuten i s e t t le men t a t Tra ian-Dea lu l V ie i , where t he n u mber o f ma m ma l r e mains was q u i te s im i lar ( 5 ,518 b ones ) we s ee t hat h ere t oo t here was a t re mendous p reva lence o f b ones o r igina t ing f ro m t a med ma m ma ls o ver t hose o f w i ld a n i ma ls ( 84 .63% a s a ga inst 1 4 .79% ) , a cc ording t o O lga N ecrasov a nd S . H a i mov ic i . Th is f ac t i s n o t s urpr is ing , i fo ne c ons iders t ha t i n s e t t le men ts wh ich d a te f ro m a nc ien t c u ltures , t he amoun t o f r e mains b e longing t o d o mes t ica ted a n ima ls e xceeds b y f ar t hose b e long ing t o w i ld a n i ma ls .+ ) Do mes t ic a n ima ls The l i s t o f d o mes t ic a n i ma ls i nc ludes t he f o l low ing f orms :

b ov inae ( Bos

t aurus L . ) , o v icapr inae , ag roup i nc luding s heep a nd g oa ts ( Ov is a nd C apra ) , whose s ke leta l r ema ins , e spec ia l ly i ft hey a re i n af rag mentary s ta te , c an o n ly s e ldo m b e d if ferent ia ted,

s uinae ( Sus s crofa d o mes t icus ) , a s we l l a s t he d og

( Can is f am i liar is ) . A lthough we f ound c er ta in f ragmen ts b e long ing t o t he h orse ( Equus c aba ll us ) , we s hou ld n o t i nc lude t he h orse i n t he c a tegory o fd o mes t ic a n i ma ls , s ince , o n t he o ne h and , we h ave n o i ndica t ion a s t o i t s d o mest ic s ta te , a nd o n t he o ther , t he sma l l n u mber o f f rag men ts r a ther p o in ts t o t he f requency o fw i ld a n imals —the h unt ing t arge t o f t he t r ibes . + ) We r efer t o t he f i ndings o fO lga N ecrasov c oncerning p a laeofauna l r e ma ins f ro m c er ta in s e t t le men ts b e long ing t o t he C r i ec u lture ( Gura B ac iu lui , Lq . 1 1 V ech i , V a lea L upu lu i , P ogori§ t i , G livineet i ) o r t o t hose p ub lished b y u s c oncern ing t he s e t t le men ts o f B a l§ a nd Tres t iana b e long ing t o t he s a me c u lt ure ;

we a lso r efer t o f i ndings p ub lished b y N ecrasov a nd Ha i mov ic i o n t he

p a laeofauna o f t he H a mang ia s e t t le men t a t Tech irg ,h io l a nd t o t he ir s tudy ( unp ub lished) o n t he p a laeofauna f ro m t he s a me s e t t le men t b e longing t o t he B o lan c u lture .

1 75

I n p o in t o f f requency , b ov inae r ank f i rs t among t he d omes t ic a n ima ls

( i .e .

6 9 .83% o ft he t o ta l ) , a n a l mos t g enera l s i tuat ion i n a l l t he N eo l i th ic a nd C ha lc o li th ic s e t t lemen ts , e xcep t p erhaps B a l§ , L e t ju l V ech i a nd Tres t iana ( Cr i§ c u lture ) , B oga ta m ( Bo ian c u lture , V idra s tage ) , A lden i I( Gu me lnga c u lture ) , where o v icap 'r inae r e ma ins a re more n u merous , e ven t hough a t Tres t iana t hey a re r epresen ted a l mos t a t p ar i ty . S uinae r ank s econd , r epresen t ing 1 3 .77% o f t he t o ta l ma ter ia l , s l igh t ly more t han t he o v icapr inae , wh ich r ank t h ird ( i . e . 1 0 .57% ) . A s f ar a s t he p ropor t ion o f o v icapr inae a nd s u inae i s c oncerned , we s hou ld p o in t o ut t ha t t he s a me s i tua t ion i s f ound a t S in t A na-Ho lu mb ( T isa c u l ture ) , where s uinae a re t w ice a s n u merous a s o v icapr inae , a t R adovanu I , Ia nd I I ( Bo lan c u lture ) , Tra ian-Dea lu l F in t in i lor ( L inear P o t tery c u l ture ) , T irpe§t i ( Cucu ten i c u lture , p hase A ) , b ut n o t a t Tra ian-Dea lu l V ie i ( Precucu ten i c u lture ) where , d esp i te o v icapr inae b e ing l ess f requen t t han s uinae , b o th s pec ies a re r epresen ted b y minor r a tes ( 3 .22% a nd 1 .5 1% r espec t ive ly ) . I ti s l i kew ise i n teres t ing t o p o in t o ut t ha t i n a l mos t a l l t he s e t t lements b el ong ing t o t he C r i§c u lture ( excep t t he s e t t lemen ts o f B a l§-Vas lui ) whose p a laeofauna l ma ter ia l h as a lready b een s tudied , s uinae a re v ery s l igh t ly r ep resented, t he r a te v ary ing f rom 1 .63% t o 5 .68% . I n t he s e t t le men t o f Trest iana ( Cr i§c u lture ) , a s we l l a s i n t he s e t t lemen ts o fA lden i I , I , I I , I V , a nd o f Greaca , r emains o f t he d omes t ica ted p ig a re l ack ing . We wonder whe ther t he t am ing o f t he p ig o ccurred l a ter t han t he t a ming o f o v icapr inae a nd b ov inae

o r whe ther t he a bsence o f i t s r e mains f rom c er tain

E ar ly N eo li th ic s e t t le men ts s hou ld b e a ccoun ted f or b y t he way o f l i fe , more o r l ess n omadic , o ft he ir i nhab i tan ts . I ndeed , t he r ear ing o f s uinae i s g enera l ly c ons idered a s a n i ndica t ion o f a s eden tary way o f l i fe , s ince wander ing a bout w ith s uch a n ima ls was n o t a n e asy j ob . I ft h is i s t rue , t hen t he c o mpara t ive ly h igh p ropor t ion o fb one r e mains b el ong ing t o t he d omes t ic p ig may a ccoun t f or t he s eden tary l i fe l ed b y t he P rec ucuten i p opu la t ion o f T irpe§ t i . On t he o ther h and , t he f ac t s hou ld b e c ons idered t ha t p ig r ear ing a lso d epended o n t he p oss ib i li ty o f s ecur ing p roper f ood a nd t ha t t he e x is tence , among o ther t h ings , o f b eechnuts a nd a corns , wh ich r ep resented s ome o f t he mos t i mpor tant s ources o f f ood f or t he p ig 's w i ld a nc es tor—the b oar— may h ave s t imu la ted i t . Ov icapr inae r ank t h ird . H owever , t he ir g loba l f requency , amoun t ing t o 1 0 .57% , i s v ery c lose t o t ha t o f s uinae . We t herefore wonder i ft h is s i tua t ion s hou ld n o t b e a t tr ibu ted t o t he f ac t t ha t o v icapr inae b ones b e ing more f rag i le a nd f r iab le t han t hose o f s uinae were d es troyed i n g rea ter n u mber d ur ing t he ir mu lt imi l lenary s tay i n t he s o i l . Ov icapr inae c ons t i tuted a n o vera l l g roup c ompr is ing b one r ema ins o f s heep a nd g oa t wh ich c ou ld n o t a lways b e d if feren t ia ted, e ven when t he b ones were c omp le te , l e t a long when t hey were r educed t o f ragmen ts . N ever the less , a t tes ta t ion o f t he p resence o f b o th s pec ies i s s ugges ted b y t he h orns f ound i n t he ma ter ia l s tudied , s ome o f wh ich c er ta in ly c ome f rom

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g oa ts , wh i le o thers b e long t o s heep .

Y e t , we a re n o t i n ap os i t ion t o s ay

a ny th ing d ef in i te a bou t t he f requency o f e i ther o f t he t wo s pec ies . I n many N eo li th ic a nd C ha lco li th ic s e t t lemen ts , t he f requency o f o v icapr inae r e ma ins i s r a ther h igh , p ar t icu lar ly a t L e ty l V ech i a nd B a l§ ( Cr i §c u lture ) , a s we l l a s a t A lden i I( Gu me ln ita c u lture ) , where t he ma ter ia l b e longing t o t he m l arge ly s urpasses t hat o fb ov inae ( 5 7 .14% a s a gainst 3 2 .65% i n t he f i rs t s e t t le ment ; 4 7 .42% a s a ga ins t 2 0 .12% i n t he s econd; 3 5 .72% a s a ga inst 1 4 .20% i n t he t h ird ) , t he o v icapr inae r ank ing f i rst .

T he ir p ropor t ion i s s l igh t ly h igher

t han t ha t o fb ov inae a lso i n a no ther s e t t lement b e long ing t o t he C r i§c u lture , Tres t iana , where t he ma ter ia l d er ived f rom o v icapr inae amounts t o 5 0 . 7 5% a nd t ha t f rom b ov inae t o o n ly 4 8 .98% .

The ir t o ta l i s a ga in v ery h igh a t

G ura Bac iu lu i ( 35 .22% ) , e ven t hough i n t h is s e t t lement ( Cr i §c u lture ) t hey l ost t he ir f irs t p lace i n f avour o f b ov inae . L ikew ise , o v inae r ank s econd i n o ther s e t t le men ts , s urpass ing t he r a te o f s u inae a t T ech irgh io l ( Hamang ia c u lture ) , where t hey amoun t t o 4 1 .45% a s a ga inst 2 .0 0% f or s u inae , a t R adovanu I V ( Bo ian c u l ture ) , 2 0 .00% a s a ga ins t 8 .7 5% , a s we l l a s i n o ther s e t t le men ts where t he r a tes a re q u i te c lose t o o ne a no ther . T he d omest ic d og r anks f our th w i th o n ly 2 0 f ragmen ts r epresen t ing 0 .46% o ft he e n t ire p a laeofauna l ma ter ia l . A s urvey o f t he p a laeofauna l ma ter ia l d er ived f rom o ther N eo li th ic s e tt lemen ts s tudied b y u s h as s hown t ha t e verywhere t he d og i s r epresen ted b y v ery l ow r ates o r i s n o t r epresen ted a t a l l . T hus , i n s et t le men ts b e long ing t o t he C r i §c u lture , s uch a s G ura B ac iu lui , where o v icapr inae amoun t t o v ery h igh r a tes , t he d og r epresents o n ly 0 .56% , wh i le a t L e i V ech i , T rest iana a nd B a l§ n o c an ine r e ma ins h ave b een f ound . The s ame s i tua t ion was f ound a t V a lea L upu lu i , G lävine§ t i i-Vech i a nd P ogori§ t i ( wh ich b e long t o t he C r i§c u lt ure ) , a nd i n s e t t lemen ts o f t he L inear P o t tery c u lture , s uch a s Tra ianD ea lu l An t in i lor . A t T ech irgh io l ( wh ich b e longs t o t he H amang ia c u lture ) , t he d og r epresen ted 0 .63% o f t he who le ma ter ia l . I n t he s e t t le men t g r i t Ana-Ho lu mb ( T isa c u lture ) d og r emains amoun t t o 1 .30% wh i le i n t he s e t t le ment a t L iubcova ( V inZa-Turda§ c u l ture ) t hey amount t o 1 .74% .

T he s a me s i tua t ion h as b een f ound i n t he P recucuten i s e t t le men t

a t Tra ian-Dea lu l V ie i ( i .e . 0 .33% ) , i n t he C ucu ten i s e t t lemen ts a t Tru§e§t i , p hase A ( i .e . 0 .75% ) , C ucuten i , p hase A -B ( 0 .34% ) , a nd V a lea L upu lui , p hase B ( 0 .61% ) .

S l igh t ly h igher r a tes o ccur i n c er ta in s e t t lemen ts b e longing t o

t he B o ian c u lture , n ame ly Boga ta I , I I a nd I V , i .e . 1 2 .50% , 7 .10% a nd 1 0 . 6 0% ( ye t , h ere t he f u l l q uan t i ty o fp a laeofauna l ma ter ia l i s r a ther s carce ) o r i n s et t le men ts b e long ing t o t he s a me c u lture wh ich h ave p roduced more ma ter ia l . They a re R adovanu I a nd Ia nd I zvoare le ( 1 . e . 5 .0 0% , 4 .17% a nd 4 .40% , r espec t ive ly o ft he ma ter ia l) . I f we r egard t he d og a s t he f i rs t t o h ave b een d omes t ica ted b y Man ( acc ording t o s ome , a t t he e nd o ft he P a laeo li th ic ; a ccording t o o thers , t hrougho u t t he Meso li th ic ) , t hen t he l ow f requency o f c an ine r ema ins a t T irpe§t i , a s we l l a s i n a l l t he N eo l i th ic a nd C ha lco li th ic s e t t lements we h ave s tudied s o f ar f ro m t h is p o in t o f v iew , migh t b af f le u s . A pparen t ly , t he e xp lana t ion o f t h is s i tua t ion i s t o b e f ound i n t he f ac t t ha t o ur C ha lco li th ic p opu la t ion o n ly e xcep t iona l ly a te d og mea t , t he a n ima l b e ing c h ief ly u sed a s a wa tch-dog o r h un t ing-dog . 1 77

T he p a laeofauna l ma ter ia l wh ich e ssent ia l ly o r ig ina ted f ro m " garbage h eaps" c ou ld o n ly c on ta in d og r e ma ins v ery r are ly a nd i n v ery sma l l q uan t i t ies . Wi ld a n i ma ls We h ave a lready p o in ted o ut t ha t t he n u mber o f w i ld a n ima l b ones i s v ery sma l l ( 5 .34% ) , b e ing t he s a me a s i n mos t o f o ur N eo li th ic a nd C ha lco li th ic s e t t lemen ts .

Th is i s a n i nd ica t ion t ha t h un t ing h ad b ecome a s econd-rank

o ccupa t ion c ompared t o a nima l r ear ing a nd f arm ing . L ike i n a l l o ur N eo l i th ic a nd C ha lco li th ic s e t t lemen ts , t he c h ief g a me was t he r ed d eer ( Cervus e laphus ) whose r e ma ins r ise t o 3 .33% o ft he t o ta l amoun t . R ed d eer was s ough t n o t o n ly f or i t s mea t , s kin a nd f ur , b ut a lso f or i t s a n t lers t ha t s erved t o make t oo ls , e spec ia l ly h oes . T ak ing i n to a ccoun t t he v ery sma l l r a tes o fw i ld a n ima ls , we may i nfer t ha t t hey were o n ly a n o ccas iona l q uarry . The o rder o f f requency i s : r oe d eer ( 1 .11% ) , b oar ( 0 .32% ) , b ison ( 0 .27% ) , b eaver ( 0 .11% ) , b ear ( 0 . 0 9% ) , h orse ( 0 . 0 6% ) , wo lf ( 0 . 0 2% ) . C ucuten i A l-A2 c u lture T ab le 2 i l lus tra tes t he d istr ibut ion b y s pec ies ( or g roups ) i n a bso lute a nd r e la t ive v a lues ( % ) , a s we l l a s t he minimu m n umber o f i ndiv idua ls f ro m wh ich t he b one ma ter ia l c omes . T he d a ta r ecorded i n t ab le 2 s how t ha t i n t he C ucuteni A l-A2 s e t t le ment t oo , t he r a te o fd o mes t ic a n ima ls i s o verwhe lm ing ly g rea ter t han t ha t o f w i ld a n ima ls ( 89 . 4 8% a s a ga inst 1 0 .46% ) . H ere t oo , t he f irst p lace i s h e ld b y b ov inae ( 6 8 .70% ) , f o l lowed b y s uinae ( t he r a te o f wh ich i s h igher , i .e . 1 4 .66% ) , t he t h ird p lace b e ing a ga in h e ld b y o v icapr inae ( 4 .91% ) , t he r a te o f wh ich , h owever , d ropped t o h a lf o ft ha t f ound i n t he P recucuten i s e t t le men t . T he q ues t ion a r ises whe ther , f or a c er ta in r eason , t he p ropor t ion o f o v icap r inae i n t he p r im i t ive e conomy o ft he C ucuten i t r ibe was l ower t han i n t ha t o f i t s p redecessors i n t he r eg ion , whe ther t hese a nima ls w ere u sed f or t he ir woo l a nd mi lk r a ther t han f or t he ir mea t , o r whe ther , i n t he f i na l c oun t , t h is l ower p ropor t ion was o n ly a pparen t , b e ing o n ly ama t ter o f s amp ling . L as t ly , t he r a te o ft he d og was s l igh t ly h igher , b ut r ema ined q u i te sma l l ( 1 . 2 6% ) . Among t he w i ld a n ima ls t ha t were t he h un t ing t arge t o f t he C ucu ten i t r ibe t he f i rs t p lace was h e ld b y r ed d eer ( 5 .78% ) , f o l lowed b y t he r oe d eer ( 2 . 2 5% ) , t hen b y t he b ison a nd t he b oar i ns im i lar p ropor t ions ( 0 .73% e ach ) . The r a te o ft he h orse was s l igh t ly h igher h ere t han i n t he p rev ious s et t le men t ( 0 . 4 6% ) . T he o ther w i ld a n ima ls were r epresen ted b y s t i l l l ower p ropor t ions—the b ear a nd t he b eaver , 0 .13% e ach , t he f ox a nd t he r abb i t , 0 .19% a nd 0 .0 6% r espect ive ly . CHARACTER IST ICS OF S OME DO MEST IC AND WILD S PECIES A s a lready men t ioned, t he p a laeofauna l ma ter ia l f rom b o th s e t t lemen ts a t T irpe§t i i s r epresen ted b y r a ther f ragmented b ones .

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N ever the less , we h ave

managed t o g e t i nforma t ion a bout t he c harac ter is t ics o f c er ta in a n ima l r ema ins f ro m T irpe§ t i . T ab le 3 i nc ludes t he b io me tr ic c harac ter is t ics o f b ov inae a nd t ab le 4 t hose o f o v icapr inae . The d a ta r ecorded i n t ab le 3 s how t ha t t he C ha lco li th ic b ov inae f rom ' f irp e§ t i a re much s lenderer t han t he ir w i ld a nces tor , B os p r im igen ius .

Th is

p o in ts t o t he l ong d ura t ion o ft he d o mest ica t ion p rocess o f t hese a n ima ls a lso o n t he t err i tory o f R o man ia . On t he o ther h and, a c ompar ison o f t he s ize o f b ov inae f rom t he f i rst s e t t lemen t w i th t hose f rom t he s econd s e t t lemen t s hows t ha t t he b ov inae b e long ing t o t he l a t ter s ee m t o h ave b een s omehow s lenderer t han t hose b e long ing t o t he f ormer . I ts hou ld b e p o in ted o u t , h owever , t ha t t h is d if ference i s r a ther minoryb e ing r e la ted t o s a mp ling . A s f ar a s o v icapr inae a re c oncerned ( t he g roup i n wh ich s heep a re p redom in an t ) , f ac ts s ee m t o s how t ha t t hey b e longed t o av ar ie ty o f c ompara t ive ly sma l l s ize , t he s a me a s t ha t o ft he N eo li th ic s heep o r t ha t o f t he p receram ic N eol i th ic s heep f ro m t he c ave " La A dam" a nd t he s heep f rom t he E ar ly N eo l i th ic s e t t le men ts o f Greece . With in t he g roup o fw i ld a nima ls s ome o bserva t ions were made c oncerning c er ta in b one f ragmen ts b e long ing t o t he d eer . According t o t hese o bserva t ions , t he C ha lco li th ic d eer f ro m T irpe§ t i i s i nc luded i n t he g enera l v ar ie ty o f t he s pec ies .

I t s s ize i s s l igh t ly g rea ter t han t ha t o f t he c on temporary d eer .

CONCLUS IONS ABOUT THE OCCUPATIONS OF THE I NHABITANTS AND THE IR WAY OF L IFE The s tudy p er formed o n C ha lco li th ic p a laeofauna r ema ins f ound a t T irpe t i h as r evea led t ha t a n ima l r ear ing a long w i th p r im i t ive p lan t g row ing was t he ma in o ccupa t ion o ft he i nhab i tan ts , a n i ma l o r ig in .

i n t h is way t hey were a b le t o g e t f ood o f

F rom t h is p o in t o f v iew , h un t ing b ecame a minor o ccupa t ion .

Among t he a n i ma ls b red b y t he C ha lco li th ic i nhab i tan ts o f 11 1rpe t i , t he g rea tes t s hare i n t he ir p r im i t ive e cono my was h e ld b y b ov inae , f o l lowed a t l ong d is tance b y s u inae a nd t hen b y o v icapr inae . The d og i s l ess r epresented i n o ur ma ter ia l , b ecause i t s f l esh was n o s tap le f ood o f t hese t r ibes . Thus , i t s b one r e ma ins c ou ld n o t r each t he " k i tchen r efuse" . The w i ld a nima l mos t ly h un ted a t T irpe§ t i ( as i n o ur e n t ire N eo li th ic a nd C ha lco li th ic ) was t he d eer . I tp rov ided n o t o n ly mea t a nd h ides , b u t a lso a n tl ers , u sed f or mak ing t oo ls , e spec ia l ly h oes t o t i l l t he s o i l . The s econd p lace among t he a n ima ls t ha t were t he t arge t o f a l mos t s ystema t ic h un t ing was h e ld b y t he r oe d eer whose a n t lers were a lso u sed f or mak ing t oo ls . On a ccoun t o f t he sma l l n u mber o f r ema ins b e longing t o t hese a n ima ls , a l l t he o ther s pec ies o ft he n a tura l f auna o f t he r eg ion were t he t arge t o f o n ly s poradic h un t ing .

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The w i ld a nima ls f ound i n t hü p a laeofauna l ma ter ia ls f ro m T irpe§t i d o n o t n o t c onc lude t he l i s t o f ma m ma ls o f t he n atura l f auna o f t he a rea .

The ir r e-

ma ins a re t he r esu lt o f s uccessfu l s poradic h unt ing , e xcep t t he r e ma ins o f t he d eer a nd t he r oe d eer wh ich s ee m t o h ave b een t he t arge t o f s ys te ma t ic h un t ing o n a ccoun t o ft he v a lue o f t he ir a n t lers t ha t p rov ided r aw ma ter ia l n o t r eq u ir ing h ard work f or p rocess ing . F or u s , t he p resence o f s o me o f t hese a n i ma ls c ons t i tu tes a g ood i ndica t ion f or u nders tanding c er ta in a spec ts o f t he g eograph ica l s cenery o f t he r eg ion . Thus , t he p resence o f t he d eer a nd b ear p o ints t o t he e x is tence o f t h ick f orests , t he l i fe o ft hese a nima ls b e ing c lose ly l i nked w ith t he f orest ;

t he p resence o f

t he b oar a t tes ts t o t he e x is tence o f t he o ak a nd b eech , t he a corns a nd b eechn uts b e ing t he ma in f ood o f t hese a n i ma ls . L as t b u t n o t l eas t , t he p resence o f t he b eaver a t tes ts t o t he e x is tence n o t o n ly o ft he f ores t , b ut a lso o f ar ich h ydrograph ic s yste m , i t s l i fe d epending o n t he e x is tence o f t rees a s we l l a s o f wa ter b asins .

U n ivers i ty o f I a§ i ( Jassy ) L abora tory o f Morpho logy a nd An thropo logy

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S ur l a p resence d e l a Dorade ( Aura ta

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I n L ucrar i le s es . § t . aS tagun i i z oo log ice mar ine Ag igea ,

p p . 5 63-566 . O lga N ecrasov , S . H a i mov ic i ( 1962 ) .

S tudiu l r es tur i lor f aune i n eo li t ice ( c .

Ha mang ia ) d escoper i te l a Tech irgh io l .

Ma t . § i c erce t . a rcheo l . V I I I ,

p p . 1 75-185 . O lga N ecrasov , S . H a i mov ic i ( 1962 ) . l a Tra ian .

Ma t .

e ic ercet .

S tudiu l r estur i lor d e f auna d escoper i te

a rcheo l . V I I I , p p . 2 61-266 .

O lga N ecrasov , S . H a i mov ic i ( 1966) .

S tudiu l r es tur i lor d e f auna n eo li t icä

d escoper i te i n s ta t iunea Gu me ln i t ,a .

S .C .I .V ., XV I I , p p . 1 01-108 .

O lga N ecrasov , S . H a i mov ic i F auna d in u ne le aezar i d in c u l tura B o ian . Manuscr ip t . O lga N ecrasov , Mar ia 5 t irbu ( 1977 ) .

P a leofauna n eo li t ica d e l a L iubcova

u ne le a spec te a le o cup g i i lor l ocu itor i lor d in c omp lexu l c u ltura l V inCaTurdas .

S tud . c erce t . a n tropö l . 1 4 , p p . 1 1-17 .

O lga N ecrasov , Mar ia 5 ` t irbu ( 1978 ) .

S tudiu l p a leofaune i d escoper i te l a Tres-

t iana ( Bir lad) d a t ind d in c u ltura C r i N eo li t icu l v ech i .

iprob le ma c re ter i i a n i ma le lor i n

S tud . § i c erce t . a n trop ., 1 5 , p p . 9 -16 .

O lga N ecrasov , Mar ia 5 t irbu ( 1978 ) .

L 'i mpor tance d e l ' e levage d ans l 'econo-

mie p r im i t ive d es t r ibus d u N eo li th ique a nc ien d e R ou man ie .

A im . Rou m .

d 'An throp ., 1 5 , p p . 1 5-20 . C . Ri .du lesco , P . S amson ( 1962 ) .

S ur u n c en tre d e d omes t ica t ion d u mouton

d ans l a g rot te " La A da m" e n Dobrogea .

Z ei tschr . f . T ierz t ich tung u .

a tch tungsbio log ie , 7 6, 2 /3 , p p . 2 82-320 . F . E . Z euner ( 1963 ) .

A H is tory o f Do mest ica ted An i ma ls , H utch inson ,

L ondon , 1 963 .

1 81

Tab le 1 :

D is tr ibut ion b y s pec ies/groups o f mam ma ls f ro m T irpe§t i ( Precucuten i l eve l) F rag ments

S pec ies o rg roup Bos t aurus

I ndiv idua ls

N o .

Approx . No .

3 017

6 9 .83

Ov icapr inae ( Ov is + C apra )

4 57

S us s crofa d omest icus

5 95 2 0

0 .4 6

4 089

9 4 .65

C anis f a mi liar is To ta l d o mest ic ma mma ls

1 50

4 9 . 1 8

1 0 .57

5 0

1 6 .39

1 3 .77

6 0

1 9 .67

3

O .9 8

2 63

8 6.23

C astor f i ber

5

0 .11

4

1 .31

Canis l upus

1

0 .0 2

1

0 .3 3 0 .3 3

Ursus a rctos

0 .0 9

1

1 4

0 .32

3

0 .9 8

1 44

3 .33

2 1

6 .89

C apreo lus c apreo lus

4 8

1 .11

6

1 .97

Bos p r i migen ius

1 2

0 .27

3

0 .9 8

S us s crofa f erus C ervus e laphus

4

Equus p rzewa lsk i i

1

0 .0 2

1

0 .3 3

Equus c aba l lus

2

0 .0 4

2

0 .6 5

To ta l w i ld ma m ma ls Ma m ma ls o n t he who le

2 31

5 .34

4 2

1 3 .77

4 320

9 9 .99

3 05

1 00 . 0 0

1 82

Tab le 2 :

D is tr ibut ion b y s pec ies/groups o f ma m ma ls f ro m T irpe§ t i ( Cucuten i l eve l ) F ragmen ts

I ndiv idua ls

S pec ies o fg roup

N o .

%

Approx . N o .

B os t aurus

1 034

6 8 .70

5 2

4 2 .98

7 4

4 .91

1 1

9 .09

2 20

1 4 .61

2 4

1 9 .83

1 9

1 .26

1 347

8 9 .48

Ov icapr inae ( Ov is + C apra ) S us s crofa d omes t icus C an is f a mi l iar is To ta l d o mest ic ma m ma ls

3 9 0

2 .48 7 4 .38

L epus e uropaeus

1

0 .06

1

0 .83

C astor f i ber

2

0 .13

1

0 .83

C an is v u lpes

3

0 .19

1

0 .83

U rsus a rc tos

2

0 .13

1

0 .83

S us s crofa f erus

1 1

0 .73

C ervus e laphus

8 7

5 .78

3

C apreo lus c apreo lus

3 4

2 .25

5

4 .13

B os p r im igen ius

1 1

1 2

2 .48 9 .92

0 .73

3

2 .48

E quus p rzewa lsk i i

2

0 .13

1

0 .83

E quus c aba l lus

5

0 .33

3

2 .48

To ta l w i ld ma m ma ls Ma m ma ls o n t he who le

1 58

1 0 .46

3 1

2 5 .62

1 505

9 9 .94

1 21

1 00 .00

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F ig . 1

1 , Map o f R o man ia; 2 , C en tra l-west Mo ldova ; v a t ions a t T irpe t i ( R ipa l u i Boda i ) .

3 a-b , P lan o f e xca-

3 -4 , S i te v iews d ur ing e xcava t ions .

.7

L EGEND 5 X 1 I I

SW

5 1 5 c P RECU M ITEN I

. . .

2 21 , ‘ , 7 3

2 10T , C H c.

P RECUCUTEN I M ELL ING

c u m. , •

e

A REA O F H IE I NVELUNGS 2 .14 A le MSS

D EFENCE PT .

uU T C T U L ET EN . IE D EFENCE

DWELL ING

H EARTH OVEN

O L R d P IT MTH /NEAR-POTTERY O

S X

O

Pp l PRECUCUTEN I

P IT

C AM CUCUTE M p / IHALLSTATT P IT G r

INHUMAT ION G RAVES

Z ECUCUTEN I SWA LOW

S l y D2 0b s V I

S VD

5 ) 11

S vc S Vb X l l .1 . 2 I hX l I cX l k l

T -DWELL ING FR . T IE C ENTUR IES A D .

5 1

F ig . 3

X V I I

T irpe§ t i—R ipa l u i B oda i .

v I n iv n

5 1 1

G enera l p lan o f t he N eo li th ic a nd C ha lco-

l i th ic s e t t le men ts a nd o f t he g raves f ro m t he C ha lco li th ic-to-Bronze A ge t rans i t ion p er iod .

z c r > - > -

a

b rown

P a le

1 0 YR

7/ 47 /6

V ery p a le b rown -ye l low

1 0Y R 3 / 1-2 ,5 / 1 V ery

S ec t ions o f t renches I a nd I V .

b rown

5/ 3 -6 / . 11 3rown p o le b rown

G ray ish

3 /2-4 /2 V e ry d ark g ray ish b rown

3 2

L I Z

S ec t ion o f t rench V I .

P recucu ten i d e fence d i tch

i sm

m a n

-

•

• • •

a n o me M

1 1 . 11

M .\

w o mo b eK ," ..... . . .. . . . w e e‚e . p l e

.,ze m ir

' ‘ I M IK W.— w o w », tO

> -

P a le b rown

0

P recucu ten i s ha l low p i t

0 YR3 / 1-2 ,5 1 1 V e ry d ark g ray-b lack

r " )

S ec t ions o f t renches X a nd XV I I I .

L 1 J C D 1 . 1 B rown-pa le b rown

G ray ish b rown

C ucuten i d we l l ings

_ a

G ray ish

J r — ) c r c

b rown

P a le b rown

2

C •1

c

7-7 c >

—7 ,

S ec t ion o f t rench XV .

1 0YR 7 / 4-7/ 6 V ery p a le b rown -ye l low

e n ' 7 a : e n

d i tch

P recucu ten i

C ucuten i d e fence d i tch

L i t t le p recucuten i

7-

7

S ec t ion o f t rench XDC

P a te b rown

G ray ish b rown

Z rZ

0n c pee

d e fence

P recucu ten i p i t

P recucuten i

C ucuten i

d i tch

4

5

7

8

. , . . , . . , 3 ,30m .

s . i v

2 L EGEND 1 0YR 3 /2-4/2 V e ry d arkgray ish b rown

/

/ /l it

1 0YR 5 /2

G ray ish b rown

1 0 YR 5 / 3-6 /3

B rown-pa le b rown

1 0YR 6 /3

P a le

1 0YR 7 / 4-7 /6

V ery p a le b rown-ye l low

b rown

a o. s m EN . A she 17-71 L i t t le p recucuten i d i tch

KW : Cucuteni

d e fence

d i tch

P recucu ten i d e fence d i tch P recucuten i p i t W-Daub , 4-S tones , e l-Sherds, e . ' -Bones

3

F ig . 9

1 , P ar t ia l s ec t ion t hrough t rench I I ; 2 , P recucuten i p i t b etween dwe l lings 3 a nd 4 ( a—p lan a nd b—sec t ion ); 3 , Defence d i tches a nd aP recucuten i p i t c u t b y t rench XV I I I .

f i l

t le t ,= L %

'

, : e , g _ -, , _ , . . „ •< i e _ Z s t zf e .g ..! _e . , _

T _ y , --1": , . \ : , (3 • , f ,x v 1_ ,. i , _ . ,

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7

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L i nea r- B and P o t tery L eve l

I i--

: -

L eve l

Q t b

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e i e

P recucu ten i

W

IS i x th-seven th c en tur ies A .D . L eve l D aco-Carp ic L eve l ,s econdt h ird c en tu r ies A .D .

1

2 • )

P recucu ten i I L eve l

I ,D)

0

e i

. ,

C ucuten i A L eve l

I g

• I l

t i ee t i e d 0s 9

t r

e v „ : . i . g e . . e e r ")

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1 4 40

C===-•

e Ci>

C

CD

H a l ls ta tt P er iod B ronze A ge , N oua C u l ture T rans i t ion P e r iod f r om t he C ha lco l i th ic t o t he B ronze A ge

a t

@©

C aw D 4 1 21 u . ' t 7 3 c - C

. , . , —

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, , . . , .,

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i i3 -

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, _ :—= ' " "L‘ t, » , r, ' ., .r e,— _ 14.t j —3 .

f r L

T enta t ive r econs truc t ion o f t he P recucuten i dwe l ling .

7

e

. , -

\

\ e ‘\

. . . , . .,\, \ \ ‘ ‘ \ \\ \\

R econs truc t ion o f aC ha lco li th ic s urface dwe l l ing , w i thout p la tform .

F ig . 1 4

R econs truc t ion o f t he C ha lco l i th ic s ur face dwe l ling 1 2 , p rov ided w i th a p la tform made o f wood l ogs a nd f i red c lay .

> c r ) i I n

o D c c o

, 3

I t r i . A I 4 C J 1

L inear Po t tery p i t-dwe l ling .

\

e i 3 V IVdd O nvo I Nd f 18

N

4

3

7

1 0

1 2

9 8 C I

1 3

1

1 4

1 6 F ig . 1 6

L a te L inear P o t tery s tone t oo ls; 1 -13 , s ca le a ;

1 5-16 , s ca le b .

F ig . 1 7

1 -7, Obs idian t oo ls ; t oo ls .

8 -14 , F l in t t oo ls ;

L a te L inear P o t tery c u lture .

1 5-22 , P o lished s tone

F ig . 1 8

F rag ment o f a n thropo morph ic f igur ine ; o f ah u man h ead;

3 -5 , Ware .

2 , P o t h and le i n t he s hape

L ate L inear P o t tery c u lture .

F ig . 1 9

L a te L inear P o t tery s herds .

F ig . 2 0

1 , Whor l f ragmen t ; 2 , Broken a r tefac t ; 3 -19 , Ware ( 8 , w i th p a in ted d ecora t ion ) .

L a te L inear P o t tery c u lture .

F ig . 2 1

L a te L inear P o t tery s herds .

F ig . 2 2

L a te L inear P o t tery s herds .

F ig . 2 3

L a te L inear P o t tery s herds .

F ig . 2 4

L a te L inear P o t tery s herds .

F ig . 2 5

L a te L inear P o t tery k i tchen ware .

F ig . 2 6

L a te L inear P o t tery k i tchen ware .

F ig . 2 7

1 , Bone t oo l;

2 , F ragmen t o f a n thropo morph ic f igur ine ; 4 , F ragmen t o f a n thropo morph ic h and le ; 5 , L ad le h and le ( ? ) ; 3 ,

6 -13 , P o tsherds .

L a te L inear P o t tery c u lture .

1 0 F ig . 2 8

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b

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1 0 , s ca le b .

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La te L inear Po t tery ware; s ca le b .

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P recucuten i h o l low i n t rench V I .

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1 2 , 2 5 , 2 7 , 3 0 , 3 2 , f ro m dwe l l ing 8 ; f rom dwe l l ing 7 ; 2 3 , f ro m dwe l ling 6 ; 1 -7 , s ca le a ; 8 -35 , s ca le b .

1 3 , 1 8, f ro m dwe l ling 3 ;

2 1,

1 1, 3 3 , f ro m dwe l l ing 1 4 .

F ig . 4 2

P recucuten i s tone t oo ls : 3 ;

6 , f rom dwe l ling 4 ;

1 6-18 , f rom dwe l ling 1 4 ; V I ;

1 -4 , f rom dwe l ling 2 ; 7 , f ro m dwe l ling 6 ;

5 , f rom dwe l ling

8 -15 , f rom dwe ll ing 7 ;

1 9 , f rom t he P recucuten i h o l low i n t rench

2 0-23 , f rom t he a ssoc ia t ion u nder dwe l l ing 5 .

F ig . 4 3

Preeueuten i s tone a xes a nd h a m mers .

F ig . 4 4

Precucu ten i s tone a xes a nd c h ise ls .

F ig . 4 5

Precucuten i s tone a xes .

F ig . 4 6

1 -11, F lin t t oo ls ;

1 2-19 , s tone t oo ls :

6 , f ro m dwe l ling 1 4 ;

1 , 9 , 1 7 , f ro m dwe l ling 3 ;

1 1, f rom dwe l l ing 7 ;

1 2 , f ro m dwe l ling 2 .

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1 9

1 7

2 0

2 1

2

2 3

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2 6

2 7

2 8

2 9

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3 1

3 9 3 4

3 5

3 6

3 7

3 8

4 1

4 5 F ig . 4 8

P recucuten i b one t oo ls :

4 , f rom dwe l l ing 3 ;

9 -12 , 4 2 , f ro m

dwe l ling 8 ; 1 3 , 4 5 , f rom dwe l ling 1 4 ; 1 4-16, f rom b enea th dwe l ling 5 .

4 0

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1 3

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F ig . 4 9

B one a nd a n t ler t oo ls : 6 , f rom dwe l l ing 6 ; s ca le b .

2 , f rom t he a ssoc ia t ion u nder dwe l ling 5 ;

1 7 , f rom dwe l ling 1 4 .

1 -16 , s ca le a ; 1 7-19 ,

F ig . 5 0

Precueuten i b one po lishers;

1 3 , f rom dwe l l ing 6 .

F ig . 5 1

Preeueu ten i b one p o lisher ;

b -e , d e ta i l o f o ne s ide .

F ig . 5 2

1 -3 , 5 -7 , C opper a r tefac ts;

4 , b oar t usk o rna men t ;

t oo ls; 2 5-27, b one t oo ls f or p o t tery d ecora t ion ; t oo ls .

P recucuten i c u lture .

dwe l ling 1 4 ;

2 , 5 -6 , f ro m dwe l ling 7 ;

1 0 , 1 2 , 2 1, f ro m dwe l ling 6 ;

dwe l lings 3 a nd 4 ;

2 6, f ro m dwe l l ing 8 ;

a ssoc ia t ion u nder dwe l ling 5 .

8 -24 , b one

2 8 , u se o ft hese 9 , f ro m

8 , f ro m t he p i t b e tween

1 1, 1 4-15 , 2 4 , f rom t he

1 3 v F ig . 5 3

Precucu ten i weapons a nd b one a nd a n t ler t oo ls . 1 0 , s ca le b .

1 -9 , 1 1-13 , s ca le a ;

F ig . 5 4

P recueu ten i b one a nd a n t ler t oo ls . t he p i t b e tween dwe l lings 3 a nd 4 .

1 1, f rom dwe l ling 7 ;

1 3 , f ro m

F ig . 5 5

P reeueuten i p o t tery ;

1 -2 , p hase I ; 3 -9 , 1 4 , e nd e fp hase

g inn ing o fp hase I I ; t he r es t f rom p hase

m .

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F ig . 5 6

P recucuten i I Ip o t tery ;

1 , f rom dwe l ling 2 ;

2 , v esse l d iscovered

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F ig . 5 7

P recucu ten i p o t tery ;

1 -9 , f ro m t he h o l low i n t rench V I ( end o f

p hase I a nd b eg inn ing o fp hase I I ) ;

1 0-27 , f ro m dwe l ling 3 .

5 8

P recucuten i p o t tery ; 1 -8 , f rom dwe l ling 4 ; dwe l l ing 8 .

9 -19 , f rom

F ig . 5 9

P recucuten i p o t tery a n c l d aub a r tefac ts ( 1 1-13 ); 1 -13 , f rom dwe l ling 6 ; dwe l ling 6 .

1 4-17, f rom t he a bandoned dwe l ling d iscovered b e low

F ig . 6 0

F ragmen ts o f Precucuten i v esse ls ; f rom dwe l l ing 1 6 .

1 -5 , f ro m dwe l ling 7 ; 6 -17 ,

F ig . 6 1

P reeueu ten i p o t tery f ro m dwe l ling 1 4 .

2

I b i F ig . 6 2

P recucuten i p o t tery a nd d aub f oo t ( 2 ) ;

1 -4 , f rom dwe l ling 1 4 ;

5 -6, f rom dwe l l ing 1 4 b is ; 7 -9 , f rom dwe l ling 2 2 b is . 2 -9 , s ca le b .

1 , s ca le a ;

F ig . 6 3

Precucuten i p o t tery ; 6 , f ro m dwe l ling 1 4 .

Var ious s ca les .

mg . 64

P recucu ten i p o t tery f rom t he a ssoc ia t ion b e low dwe l l ing 5 .

F ig . 6 5

P o t tery f rom t he Precucuten i a ssoc ia t ion u nder dwe l ling 5 .

2

F ig . 6 6

P recucuten i p o t tery ; 1 -2 , f rom b e low dwe l ling 5 ; 3 -8, f ro m t he f i l ling o f t he d efence d i tch o ft he Precucu ten i v i l lage ; 9 -12 , f rom t he f i l ling o f t he sma l l Precucu ten i d i tch .

F ig . 6 7

Preeueuten i p ot tery .

F ig . 6 8

P recucuten i p o ttery .

F ig . 6 9

Preeueuten i p o t tery .

F ig . 7 0

Preeueuten i p o t tery .

F ig . 7 1

Precueu ten i p o t tery .

F ig . 7 2

Preeueuten i p o t tery .

F ig . 7 3

Preeueuten i p o t tery .

F ig . 7 4

F ragmen ts o f P reeueu ten i l i ds .

2 2

2 3

2 4 F ig . 7 5

2 5 F ragmen ts o f P reeueuten i f oo ted v esse ls .

2 6

F ig . 7 6

Precueuten i p o t tery .

F ig . 7 7

Precucuten i k i tchen ware .

F ig . 7 8

P reeu e uten i p o t tery .

F ig . 7 9

L adle h and les ( 1-12) a nd p otsherds w i th v ar ious p ro jec t ions . t en i c u lture .

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P recucuten i p o t tery ;

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P a in ted p o t tery ;

1 -2 , o f t he L u mea N oug . t ype ; 3 -11, Precucuten i ;

9 , f ro m dwe l ling 1 4 ;

1 1, f rom t he p i t b e tween dwe l l ings 3 a nd 4 .

2c

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F ig . 9 0 1 -6 , Sma l l v esse ls; 7 , a pp l ied a n thropomorph ic f i gure ; 8 -9 , h and les i n t he s hape o f ah u man h and; 1 , f rom dwe l ling 8 . P recuc uten i c u lture .

f 3 . 19 7 f 'e,N eeP , ievp.5 9; 2 c ; c / c9 ,9 j ' 1 7-" . /'

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P recucu ten i a n thropo morph ic f i gur ines; 2 -5 , f rom dwe ll ing 6 ; 6 , f rom dwe l ling 7 ; 7 , f rom dwe l ling 8 .

4 3 5

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1 0

F ig . 9 5

Precucuten i a n thropo morph ic f igur ines ( 1-6, 8 -20 ) a nd o rna men t ( 7 ) ; 1 -7, f rom t he a ssoc ia t ion u nder dwe l l ing 5 ; 1 5 , ma le f i gur ine . Var ious s ca les .

F ig . 9 6

1 -3 , 5 , 8 -9 , C lay a n thropo morph ic f i gur ines ;

4 , b one s poon w i th

t he e nd o ft he h and le i n t he s hape o f ab ird; 6 , f rag men t o f z oomorph ic v esse l; dwe l ling 1 4 .

7 , sma l l a n thropomorph ic v esse l;

P recucu ten i c u lture .

V ar ious s ca les .

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F ig . 9 7

2 4

P recucuten i a n thropo morph ic f i gur ines; 1 3 , 2 1, 2 8 , ma le f i gur ines . 1 -14 , s ca le a ; 1 5-24 , s ca le b ; 2 5-29 , s ca le c .

F ig . 9 8

P recucuten i a n thropo morph ic f i gur ines ; t rench V I .

1 0 , f rom t he h o l low i n

1 -11, s ca le a ; 1 2-20 , s ca le b .

1 7 1 5

2 1 1 9 F ig . 9 9

2 0

1 -17, C lay a n thropomorph ic f igurines ; 1 8-20 , f rag men ts o f " hora" p o t-s tands ; 2 1, a n thropomorphic a pp lica t ion o n ap o tsherd; 5 , f rom dwe l ling 6 . P recucuten i c u lture .

1

5

1 3

F ig . 1 00

1 -4 , F ragmen ts o f sma l l a l tars; morph ic ( ?) l ad le h and le ; h u man l egs ; t en t c u lture .

5 , b aske t v esse l;

6 , a n thropo-

7 -8 , h and-shaped h and les;

1 4 , f ragmen t o f a n thropomorph ic v esse l . V ar ious s ca les .

1 0-13 , P recucu-

F ig . 1 01

1 -2 , 3 1, C lay a r tefac ts ;

3 -18 , min iature v esse ls;

1 9-21,

l ad le h and les; 2 2-25 , f rag men ts o f sma l l a l tars ; 2 6-30 , z oomorph ic f igur ines ; 3 2-46, s p ind le whor ls . Precucuten i c u lture .

1

5

7

8

F ig . 1 02

1 , M in ia ture t ray w i th c ha ir i ns ide; 2 , min ia ture t ab le ;

3 ,

min ia ture c ouch ( ? ) ; 4 -6, 9 , 1 1, 1 3 , 1 5 , l ad le h and les; 7 , min ia ture c ha ir ; 8 , min iature v esse l; 1 0 , 1 2 , 1 4 , f ragmen ts o f sma l l a l tars ; t ure .

1 6-18, c opper a r tefac ts .

1 , F rom b e low dwe l ling 5 .

P recucuten i c u l-

1 -8, s ca le a ; 9 -18 , s ca le b .

I /

\

9

F ig . 1 03

Precucuten i a n thropomorph ic f igur ines ; 1 , f rom dwe l ling 7 ; 2 , f rom t he h o l low i n t rench V I ; 3 , f rom dwe l l ing 8 ; 4 , f rom dwe l ling 1 4 .

F ig . 1 04

P recucuten i a n thropomorph ic f i gur ines f rom t he s hr ine ( ?) b enea th dwe l ling 5 .

F ig . 1 05

P recucuten i a n thropomorph ic f i gur ines ; ( ?) b e low dwe l l ing 5 ; f rom dwe l l ing 1 4 .

1 -8, f rom t he s hr ine

9 -11, f rom dwe l ling 6 ;

1 2 , b one f igur ine

F ig . 1 06

P recucuten i a n thropo morph ic f igur ines .

1 2-13 , ma les .

3

2

4

• •

6

7 • \ • • •

8

—

* ' 7

-

MO 1 1 10

e /

I

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F ig . 1 07

Precucuten i a n thropo morph ic f igur ines ; av esse l .

» mu )t

7 1

,

H I ( n

t i ( f i t i f l AnU r

• j i • ,e, 9 1 1.1.1 .1 111111‘ 11111111

1 0

1 0 , a pp lied t o t he r im o f

F ig . 1 08

P recucuten i a n thropomorph ic f i gur ines ; dwe l ling 1 4 .

6 , 9 , ma les ;

8 , f ro m

F ig . 1 09

Precucuteni a n thropo morph ic f igur ines .

F ig . 1 10

P recucuten i a n thropomorph ic f i gur ines ; 1 0 , f rom t he h o l low i n t rench V I .

1 , f rom dwe l ling 6 ;

1

9

F ig . 1 11

1 -4 , 6 -7 , 9 , H u man l egs; 5 , 8 , f rag men ts o f a n thropo morph ic v esse ls . P recucuten i c u lture .

0

0

2b

F ig . 1 12

Precucuteni n horan p ots tands .

R econstruct ions .

2

/

-

•

i v r r ir r im t ur n r f l Tn t iI

F ig . 1 13

1 , 4 , F rag men ts o f z oomorph ic v esse ls ; f igur ines ;

2 , 5 , z oomorph ic

3 , b one s poon w i th b irdlike h and le; 6 -8 , b aked

c lay a r tefac ts ;

9 -15 , b aked c lay minia ture f urn iture ;

sma l l a n thropomorph ic ( ?) v esse l ; dwe l ling 1 4 ;

1 7, o rnamen t ;

1 6 ,

1 3 , f rom

9 -11, 1 7 , f rom t he s hr ine ( ?) b e low dwe l ling 5 .

P recucuten i c u lture .

1 0a

1 0b F ig . 1 14

,

1 / /

1 -9 , Sma l l a ltars ; 1 -2 , p hase I -I I I ;

1 0 , b aske t v esse l . t he r est , p hase I I .

P recucuten i c u lture . 1 -9 , s ca le a ;

1 0 , s ca le b .

• • •

9

FZ . 2

8

1 0

F ig . 1 15

1

1 -8, L ad le h and les ; f rom dwe l ling 6 ; t ure .

9 -12 , t ab le l egs , made o fd aub ;

1 1-12 , f ro m dwe l ling 1 4 .

9 -10 ,

Precucuten i c u l-

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C ucuten i Ac u lture .

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F ig . 1 30

F lint a nd s ands tone t oo ls ( 13-15 , 2 2 , 2 8, s ands tone ); dwe l ling 1 ; dwe l ling 1 0 ;

8 , f rom dwe l ling 5 ;

5 -7, f rom dwe l ling 1 1;

f rom dwe l ling 1 8;

1 , f ro m 1 3 f rom

2 7 , f rom dwe l ling 1 7;

2 8 ,

1 5 , f rom dwe l ling 1 9; 2 9 , f rom dwe l l ing 2 0 ;

9 , f ro m dwe l ling 2 3 . s ca le b .

1 4 , f ro m dwe l ling 9 ;

C ucuten i A c u l ture .

1 -4 , s ca le a ;

5 -30 ,

F ig . 1 31

C ueu ten i p o l ished s tone t oo ls;

1 -2 , f rom dwe l ling 1 ;

f rom dwe l ling 5 ; 1 5-26 , f rom dwe l l ing 9 ; 1 0 ; 3 2-33 , f rom dwe l l ing 1 5 .

3 -14 ,

2 7-31, f rom dwe l ling

F ig . 1 32

C ucu ten i s tone t oo ls; dwe l l ing 1 2;

1 -10 , f ro m dwe l l ing 1;

2 6-27, f rom dwe l l ing 1 5 .

1 1-25 , f rom

F ig . 1 33

C ucu ten i s tone a xes ;

1 -2 , f rom dwe l ling 1 7;

3 -5 , f rom dwe l l-

i ng 1 9; 6 -18, f rom dwe l ling 2 0 ; 1 9-21, f rom dwe l ling 2 3 ; f rom dwe l ling 2 4 .

2 2-25 ,

F ig . 1 34

C ueuten i s tone t oo ls ;

2 5 , f ro m dwe l ling 1 2 .

F ig . 1 35

C ueuten i A s tone t oo ls ;

1 1, f rom dwe l ling 5 .

F ig . 1 36

C ueuten i A s tone t oo ls .

F ig . 1 37

C ucuten i A s tone t oo ls .

1 -7, s ca le a ;

8 -27, s ca le b .

4 3 3 8

T . 4 5

4 6 F ig . 1 38

4 7

4 8

C ueu ten i Ab one t oo ls ; dwe l l ing 1 1; i ng 1 2;

4 9 W 5 0W

5 1

1 4 , f ro m dwe l l ing 1 ; 1 5-16 , 4 9-50 , f ro m

1 7-18 , f rom dwe l ling 2 3; 1 9-20 , 3 9 , 5 1, f ro m dwe l l-

3 5 , f rom dwe l l ing 5 .

44

F ig . 1 39

Ar tefac ts made o fb oar t usks ( 2-6 , 8 ) , b one ( 7 , 1 2-13 ) a nd a n t ler ( 1 , 9 -11, 1 4-22 ) . f rom dwe l ling 5 ;

C ucuten i Ac u lture ; 1 3 , f rom dwe l ling 1 2; 1 9 f rom dwe l l ing 2 0 .

1 5 ,

8

1 3 1 4
1 5

2 0

2 1

-

2 7 F ig . 1 40

c e s.

2 8

• 2 0

3 0

a e zz

222,

, f rom dwe l ling 1 ; 2 -3 , f ro m dwe l l ing 1 2; C ucu ten i Af l in t t oo ls ; 1 -7 , f rom dwe l ling 2 0 ; 8 , f rom dwe l l ing 4 -5 , f rom dwe l ling 1 8;6 24.

d < Z ZS D >

1 0

1

1 2

e, J,

F ig . 1 41

1 4

1 5

1 6.

C ucuten i At oo ls o f f l int a nd s ands tone ( 1 1) .

.

8

5

I i

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F ig . 1 42

C ucuten i A s tone t oo ls; 1 -5 , f ro m dwe l ling 1 ; 6 -7 , f ro m dwe l li ng 5 ; 8 -9 , f ro m dwe l ling 9 ; 1 0-13 , f ro m dwe l ling 1 0 .

F ig . 1 43

C ucuten i A s tone t oo ls; 1 , f rom dwe l ling 9 ; 2 -3 , f ro m dwe l ling 1 1; 4 , f rom dwe l ling 1 2; 5 -6 , f rom dwe l ling 2 0 ; 7 , f rom dwe l ling 2 3 .

F ig . 1 44

C ucuten i As tone a xes .

F ig . 1 45

C ucuteni A s tone a xes , p erfora ted ( 1 , 4 -5 ) o r i nco mp lete ly p erf ora ted ( 2-3 , 6 -7) , a nd b one t oo ls ( 8-10 ) .

F ig . 1 46

C ucuten i Ab one t oo ls; 1 , f rom dwe l ling 5 ; 2 -4 , f rom dwe l l ing 1 2; 5 , f rom dwe l ling 1 9; 6 , f rom dwe l l ing 2 0 ; 7 , f rom dwe l li ng 2 2; 8 -9 , f rom dwe l ling 2 3 .

F ig . 1 47

C ucuteni A t oo ls o fb one ( 2-6) , a nt ler ( 1 , 8 -10 ) a nd t usks ( 7 ) . 1 -7, 1 0-11, s ca le b ;

8 -9 , s ca le a .

F ig . 1 48

C ucuten i Av esse ls f rom dwe l ling 1 .

V ar ious s ca les .

F ig . 1 49

P o tsherds f rom dwe l ling 1 . a ; 4 , s ca le b .

C ucu ten i A c u lture .

1 -3 , 5 -9, s ca le

F ig . 1 50

C ucuteni A ware f rom dwe l ling 5 .

V ar ious s ca les .

F ig . 1 51

C ucuten i Ap o tsherds f rom dwe l l ing 5 .

F ig . 1 52

C ucuten i A ware ; 1 -4 , f rom dwe l ling 5 ; 9 . Var ious s ca les .

5 -7 , f ro m dwe l ling

F ig . 1 53

C ueu ten i A ware f ro m dwe l l ing 9 .

F ig . 1 54

C ueuten i Ap o t tery ; 1 -6 , f rom dwe l ling 9 ; 7 -8 , f ro m t he p i t o f dwe l l ing 9 ; 9 -10 , f rom dwe l l ing 1 1; 1 1-14 , f rom dwe l li ng 1 5 ;

1 5-16, f rom dwe l l ing 1 7; 1 7-22 , f rom dwe l ling 1 8 .

F ig . 1 55

C ucuten i A ware ; 1 -2 , f ro m dwe l ling 1 0 ; i ng 1 2 ; 5 , f rom dwe l ling 1 5 ;

3 -4 , f rom dwe l l-

6 , f rom dwe l l ing 2 0 ;

dwe l l ing 2 0 b is ; 8 -9 , f ro m dwe l l ing 2 1; 2 2 . V ar ious s ca les .

7 , f ro m

1 0 , f ro m dwe l l ing

F ig . 1 56

C ueu ten i Ap o tsherds; 1 -20 , f rom dwe l l ing 1 2; dwe l l ing 1 9 .

2 1-23 , f rom

F ig . 1 57

C ueuten i Ap o tsherds f ro m dwe l l ing 2 0 b is .

F ig . 1 58

C ucuten i Ap o tsherds ; 1 -3 , f ro m dwe l l ing 2 0 ; 4 -6 , f rom dwe l l ing 2 3; 7 -8, f rom dwe l l ing 2 4 ; 9 -12 , f rom t he f i l l ing o f t he C ucu ten i d efence d i tch ;

1 3 , f ro m dwe l l ing 9 .

1 -5 , 7 -20 , s ca le a ; 6 , s ca le b .

F ig . 1 59

C ueuteni A p o tsherds ;

1 -6 , f ro m t he p i t b es ide dwe l l ing 1 1 .

1

5

F ig . 1 60

C ucuten i Av esse ls ; 1 , f ound o uts ide dwe l ling 1 2 .

V ar ious s ca les .

F ig . 1 61

1 -8 , C ucu ten i A v esse ls ;

9 , s ou thern i mpor t .

Var ious s ca les .

F ig . 1 62

C ueuten i Ap o tsherds .

F ig . 1 63

C ueuten i Ap o tsherds .

F ig . 1 64

C ucuten i Ap o tsherds .

F ig . 1 65

C ueuten i Ap otsherds .

1 , 1 0 , s ca le a ;

2 -9, 1 1-12 , s ca le b .

3b

6 F ig . 1 66

C ueuten i Aw are f rom dwe l l ing 1 . 4 -6 , s ca le e .

1 " s ca le 1 ,

2 -3 , s ca le a ;

F ig . 1 67

C ucuten i Av esse ls ( 1-2 , 5 -6) , l ad le h and le ( 3 ) a nd f rag men t o f sma l l a l tar ( 4 ) f rom dwe l ling 1 . 1 -5 , s ca le a ; 6 , s ca le b .

1 /

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8

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F ig . 1 69

9

C ucuten i Ap o t tery ;

1 -2 , f rom dwe l ling 1 ;

3 -4 , f ro m dwe l ling 9 ;

5 -9 , f ro m dwe l ling 1 0 ; 1 0 , f ro m dwe l ling 2 4 ; 1 1, f rom dwe l l ing 2 3 . 1 -2 , 4 -8, 1 1, s ca le a ; 3 , 1 0 , s ca le b ; 9 , s ca le c .

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C ucuteni A p o t tery ( 1-6 , 8 -9) a nd v esse l o f t he G u me ln it a t ype ( 7 ) f rom dwe l ling 5 .

1 -4 , 6 , s ca le a ;

5 , 8 , s ca le c ;

, .

, .. • I , flti,, 1 , . . . .„ »/, ', « I fty, ”* .••

7 , 9 , s ca le b .

3

4

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"a wr i z i e tY P 2 (

.,

9

1

F ig . 1 71

C ucuten i Ap ot tery ;

1 -6, f ro m dwe l ling 5 ; 7 , f ro m dwe l l ing 1 5 ;

8 -11, f ro m dwe l ling 1 8 . b ; 7 , 9 -10 , s ca le c .

1 -2 , 5 , 8 , 1 1, s ca le a ;

3 -4 , 6 , s ca le

_ F ig . 1 72

C ucu ten i A ware ; 1 -4 , f rom dwe l ling 9 ; 1 -2 , 4 , s ca le a ; 3 , 5 , s ca le b .

5 , f rom dwe l ling 1 8 .

. _ — _ _ _A mm. . .- -11• 1 11

C

C O

C ueuteni A v esse l

n ear dwe l l ing 1 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1[ZZ I I I I I IC 7 . >

1 3 1 1 1 3 1330 11j j P ow ,—

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c o m o g n o m m in e m o s o f t i i i ( I n i n i u mm o r\ m a . " 1 1 « i n ( \ \ \. \ \ \ \ \ \

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I O i l LI , i tI \ \ M \ ) 1 . 1 )P 1 / 1

F ig . 1 78

C ucuten i A ware ; 1 -5 , f rom t he p i t n ear dwe l l ing 1 1; 6 -7 , f rom dwe l l ing 1 2 . 1 -3 , 6 , s ca le a ; 4 -5 , s ca le b ; 7 , s ca le c .

' ' '' ' ""m Tem e e t i t tme t ti r t re ' . ' f re r rer re f f f tr e f fee f f IN i t ,m , , t t t i t t imp t . , try t t r

ei l l ?1 ,1 7 ,70 ;

u t t r t t t l t t t t l t l f f t f t f r t ( t r t t c ! ! f f ( f f r f f f (M 1 1 ‘ ‘ ‘

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F ig . 1 79

1 -2 , 4 -5 , 7 -8, P o t tery ;

6 , d aub p o t-s tand; 9 , f oo t o fd aub a n thro-

p o morph ic f i gur ine ; 1 0 , f ragmen t o f sma l l a l tar ; 1 1, k nob o fa d aub l i d; 1 2 , t ab le l eg , made o fd aub . C ucuten i A c u lture . 3 , Po tsherd o ft he Gu me ln ita t ype . b ; 1 , 7 , 1 0-12 , s ca le c .

4 -5 , 8 , s ca le a ;

2 -3 , 6 , 9 , s ca le

1b

6 F ig . 1 81

C ucuten i Aw are .

1 , 6 , s ca le a ;

2 , s ca le b ; 3 -5 s ca le c .

3

4

2 F ig . 1 82

C ucuteni A ware .

1 -2 , s ca le l a ;

3 -6, s ca le a .

2

4b

4a

s e% \ \ \ \ \ \ . \ \N wa l l \ I I I i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , 1 , 1 1 10 1 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 1

% \ \ e l l i i l 1e l/ / (

7

t i

9

1 0

F ig . 1 83 .

1

C ucuten i A ware . s ca le b .

1 , 4 -5 , 7 , 9 -10 , s ca le a ;

2 -3 , 6 , 8 , 1 1,

\

1

a

2

F ig . 1 85

C ucuteni A ware .

3

4

1 , 3 -4 , s ca le a ;

2 , s ca le b .

1

F ig . 1 86

1 -2 , A lien p o t tery ; 3 , C ueuten i Ap o tsherd .

C ucuten i A s hapes o f v esse ls ( f ro m T irpe§ t i ) .

5

F ig . 1 88

C ucuten i Aa n thropo morph ic f i gur ines .

1 -7, s ca le a ; 8 , s ca le b .

F ig . 1 89

C ucu ten i Aa n thropo morph ic f i gur ines ; 2 -5 , ma le f i gur ines ; 1 3 , made o f d aub ( f rom dwe l ling 9 ) ;

1 , f rom dwe ll ing 1 2 .

1 2-13 , s ca le a ;

1 0 , s ca le c .

9 , 1 1, s ca le b ;

1 -8,

F ig . 1 90

1 -31, 3 6, a n thropomorph ic f igur ines; 3 2 , f rag men t o f a n thropomorph ic v esse l; 3 3-35 , f i gur ines a pp l ied t o v esse ls . C ucuten i A c u lture ; 3 7, b roken C ucu ten i A -B f i gur ine . 9 ;

3 6, f ro m dwe l l ing 2 3 .

3 5 , f rom dwe l l ing

2

F ig . 1 91

C ucuten i A a nthropo morph ic f igur ine .

0 .

1 1 1 1,0 1 1 , „ ' 1( 1 r r '1) 1 i

r i)

6

9

8

1

F ig .

1 92

1 -10 , 1 3 , An thropo morph ic f i gur ines ;

morph ic f igur ines a pp lied t o v esse ls ; h and le o f l ad le .

1 1-12 , 1 5 , a n thropo1 4 , a n thropomorph ic

C ucuten i A c u lture ; 1, f rom dwe l ling 9 ;

f rom dwe l ling 2 2;

6 , f ro m dwe l ling 2 3 .

1 3 ,

F ig . 1 93

C ucuten i Aa n thropo morph ic f i gur ines;

2 , f ro m dwe l l ing 1 2 .

S

F ig . 1 94

C ucuten i Aa n thropo morph ic f i gur ines;

1 , 6f rom dwe l ling 1 2 .

h7 97 1 ;

, 2

S T

7 4

1

1 , 1 . 1 . 0 w / 7 r F ig . 1 95

1 -6, An thropo morph ic f i gur ines ( 2-3 , b -t •, . , . .a .69 , f ro m dwe l ling 2 0 ; 1 1,

ments o f a n thropo morph ic p o t-stands ;

f ro m dwe l ling 2 3 .

C ucu ten i A c u lture .

F ig . 1 96

1 -24 , Z oomorph ic f i gur ines ; 2 5-26, h orns o fl arge f i gur ines o r z oomorph ic v esse ls ; 2 9 , c lay t oo l ( ?) im i ta t ing h orn ; 2 7-28, 3 1-33 , v ar ious c lay a r tefac ts ; C ucuten i Ac u lture ; 1 , s ca le a ;

3 0 , f rag men t o f sma l l a ltar .

2 9 , f ro m dwe l ling 5 ;

2 -33 , s ca le b .

5 , f rom dwe l ling 1 1 .

F ig . 1 97

F rag men ts o f z oo morph ic v esse ls ( 1 , 6 ) a nd f igur ines ( 2-5 , 7 -8) . C ucuten i A c u l ture .

F ig . 1 98

1 -12 , C opper a r tefac ts; 1 3-30 , 3 7-39 , c lay a r tefac ts ; 3 1, c lay s tamp ; 3 2 , m in ia ture c lay a xe ; 3 5-36, m in ia ture c ha irs ; 3 4 , m in ia ture t ab le ; 3 3 , f rag men t o f sma l l a l tar . 8 , 3 1, f rom dwe l l ing 1 2 .

C ucuten i A c ulture ;

IN

2

1 1 0

1 2

2 1

2 2 2 3 2 0

1 9 F ig . 1 99

C ucuten i A c opper a r tefac ts ; dwe l ling 1 1;

1 , f ro m dwe l l ing 9 ;

2 -3 , f ro m

4 -6, f ro m dwe l ling 1 2; 7 -8, f ro m dwe l l ing 2 0 ;

f ro m dwe l l inp- 2 2 _ !

1 0 . f rom dwe l l ing 2 4 - 1 7

f rom dwe l li n c r

9 , 22 _

9

* 1

1 2

1 3

1 6

F ig . 2 00

1 -3 , T usk o rna men ts ; b eads ;

4 , b one b ead;

5 , s tone b ead;

6 -7 , c lay

8 , s ta mp; 9 , c lay t oo l ( ? ) i m i ta t ing a h orn s pec i men ;

1 0 , min ia ture c lay a xe;

1 1, s p ind le whor l;

men ts u sed i n t he h a irdress .

1 2 , 1 4 , b one o rna-

C ucu ten i A c u lture .

1 3 , 1 5 ,

P a in ted f i gur ines d iscovered a t P ode i ( 15 ) a nd Märg inen i ( 13) , a ss igned t o t he C ucu ten i Bc u lture , w i th o rna men ts s im i lar t o N os . 1 2 a nd 1 4 p a in ted o n t he ir b ack .

1 6 , Bone a r tefac t f rom

Tra ian-Dea lu l V ie i ( Precucu ten i Is e t t le men t ) r eca l ling t he o rna men t p a in ted o n N o . 1 5 f i gur ine . f rom dwe l l ing 1 2 .

9 , f rom dwe l ling 5 ;

8 ,

1 5

F ig . 2 01

1 -24 , Min ia ture v esse ls; 2 5 , c lay a r te fac t d ecora ted w i th p r icks ; 2 6-37 , s p ind le whor ls ; 3 8-39 , n e t we igh ts .

C ucuten i A c u lture .

F ig . 2 02

F rag ment o f a n o ven p late .

C ueuten i A .

F ig . 2 03

1 , C ucuteni C ware ; C ucuten i B ware .

2 -3 , 6 , C ucuteni A-B ware ;

V ar ious s ca les .

4 -5 , 7 -13 ,

4

F ig . 2 04

1 , C ucuteni A-B v esse l; morph ic f i gur ines ( 7-8) .

C ucu ten i B ware ( 2-6) a nd a n thropo-

3 F ig . 2 05

Graves 1 , 2a nd 3 f rom t he C ha leo li th ie-to-Bronze t rans i t ion p er iod .

C r1

0

G r2

0 , 5m

S . 4 7

G r3 F ig . 2 06

O rI .

Graves 1 -4 f ro m t he C ha lco li th ic-to-Bronze t rans i t ion p er iod .

F ig . 2 07

The women a nd man b ur ied i n g raves 1 -3, r econstruc ted b y C . R i§cut ia .

F ig . 2 08

1 , V esse l f ro m g rave 1 ; 2 , v esse l f rom g rave 2 ; 3 , a n thropomorph ic f i gur ine ; 5 -10 , s p ind le whor ls; 1 1, f l int a xe ; 1 2 , l ad le f ragment . Bronze A ge .

P er iod o f t rans i t ion f rom t he C ha lco l i th ic t o t he

V ar ious s ca les .

F ig . 2 09

Po t tery f rom t he C ha leo lith ie-to-Bronze t rans i t ion p er iod .

F ig . 2 10

P o t tery f ro m t he C ha leo l ith ieto-Bronze t ransi t ion p er iod .

F ig . 2 11

P o t tery f ro m t he C ha lco l i th icto-Bronze t rans i t ion p er iod; 1 , f ro m g rave 1 ; 1 -2 , s ca le a ;

2 , f rom g rave 2 ;

3 -4 , 1 0 , 1 2 , s ca le b ;

3 , 1 0 , f rom g rave 4 . 5 -9 , 1, 1 3 , s ca le c .

„ f h e m A t u u t u t

, a

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0

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0

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f r i f f ir , ) ! rr ' \ o wl , \ i

1 1

5

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3

6 -

t a r, r e rreer t

7

T r r 4 11 7 , e » 1

t 1 \ C r . \OUH W 1 1 1 I1 11 1 1 1

1 2

u 066 1 5

1 7

1

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1 1I 1 5

011 1 1 ` ' 1 1 /1

1

t irI A

1 6

1 7

F ig . 2 12

1 8

1 9

Po t tery f ro m t he C ha lco li th ic-to-Bronze t ransi t ion p er iod .

F ig . 2 13

1 -2 , A nthropo morph ic f i gur ines; 3 , f l int a xe ; whor ls ;

1 2-13 , p o ttery .

l i th ic t o t he Bronze Age .

4 -11, s p ind le

P er iod o f t rans i t ion f rom t he C ha lco-

7 2

5

8

9

F ig . 2 14

1 -6, C opper a nd b ronze p ins;

7 -8, c urved f l in t k n ives

( Kru m messer ); 9 , p erfora ted mace ; 1 0 , p erforated s tone a xe ; 1 1-13 , n o tched s chou lder b lades . N oua c u lture .

4

7' f : ; / „

9

8

1 0 1 2

1 3

1 4 /4

F ig . 2 15

1 -7 , C opper a nd b ronze a r tefac ts ; o f f l in t ; a xe ;

1 0-12 , o f f i ne s ands tone );

1 5 , n o tched s hou lder b lade .

1 5

8 -12 , c urved k nives ( 8-9 , 1 3 , s tone mace ; N oua c u lture .

1 4 , s tone

F ig . 2 16

Noua ware .

F ig . 2 17

Noua ware .

F ig . 2 18

N oua ware .

1 -9 , 1 2-16, s ca le a ;

1 0-11, s ca le b .

w) » ) ; )») ) ) ) ) ,

2

1 4

5 4

" r ( i e r l

e z e

6

1 6

" f e nem ie tme

1 7

lA l ie l ie T u re m l e b e n t re ge r g re 9

f 1 0

7

1 2

e

1 3

1 F ig . 2 19

Noua ware .

2 -3, 5 , s ca le a ;

1 , 4 , 6 -19, s ca le b .

F ig . 2 20

Ha l ls ta t t ware .

1 , s ca le a ;

2 , s ca le b ;

3 -24 , s ca le c .

F ig . 2 21

Ha l lsta t t w are .

•

Z :t

It t t ;$ .

; I

t

i

t '

•

3 /

1 0

F ig . 2 22

4 , N oua b ronze p in ;

1 -3 , b ronze p ins;

mou ld; 6 , 8 -14 , p o t tery . s ca le b .

H a l ls ta t t A .

5 , b ronze k n ife ; 1 -9 , s ca le a ;

7 , s tone

1 1-14 ,

1 0 9

F ig . 2 23

Ha l lsta tt ware .

b e

( \ I

a )

2 . 4

F ig . 2 25

1 , I ron a xe; p ot tery .

2 -3, b ronze f i bu lae;

Bastarnae .

4 , sma l l i ron k n ife ;

1 -10 , S ca le a ;

1 1, s ca le b ;

5 -17,

1 2 , s ca le c ;

F ig . 2 26

E as tarn ian ware .

1 -12 , S ca le a ;

1 3 , s ca le b ;

1 4 , s ca le c .

D C 1 8

9

1 9 1 6

F ig . 2 27

1 7Y

1 8

1 -6, 9 , 1 1, 1 4-21, Bastarn ian ware; sma l l i ron a xe;

2 0

7 -8, b ronze f i bu lae;

1 2-13 , c urved i ron k n ives .

Bastarnae .

1 0 ,

1 0

1

2 4

1 8

( ;;

" yc 2

1 9

2 0

` 1 7• ;; .

` " , •: t / -

1 -r/

L S

C (7 e

Y( 1

> r ' • )

z z i r v 9 2 2

2 3

_

F ig . 2 28

1 -21, 2 4-25 , Bastarn ian ware; 1 -23, S ca le a ;

2 4-25 , s ca le b .

2 2-23 , C e lt ic g raph i t ted ware .

L EGEND

IA I AO V I - W AD

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V 1-3 , 1 1 AD I

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F ig . 2 29

P lan o f h ab i ta t ions i n t he s econd-th ird a nd s ix th-seven th c en tur ies A . D .

9 1

1 7

F ig . 2 30

1 3

1

2

2 3

1 , S i lver c o l lar ; 2 -3 , s i lver c o ins; 4 , i ron h am mer ; 5 , i ron c heek-p iece w i th b ronze i ncrusta t ions ; 6 -8, b ronze f i bu lae ; 9 , b ronze o rnament ;

1 0-11, i ron s purs;

c lay s p ind le whor ls .

1 , s ca le a ;

1 2 , i ron " stee l";

4 -23 , s ca le b .

1 3-23 ,

1 0

1 5 1 6 ( g f » ie f i ! . •A K

I ,

•

1 7

,

1

4

, ‚" . , 1 1 1• \

1 8

a -

1 9 1 2 2 0 g ,f r ,r •, 7j o

I7/ j

1 \ Ji t ,

1 4 . 1 -3

2 1 F ig . 2 31

1 3

2 2 1 , S i lver c o llar ;

2 -3 , b ronze f i bu lae;

4 , b ronze o rna ment ;

g lass b ead; 6 -22, v ar ious i ron a r tefac ts .

1 4 5 ,

F ig . 2 32

Pot tery f ro m t he s econd-th ird c en tur ies A .D .

Var ious s ca les .

F ig . 2 33

Po t tery f rom t he s econd-th ird c entur ies A .D . 1 -15 , 1 7-21, S ca le a ;

1 6, s ca le b .

4 t . F ig . 2 34

Amphorae f ro m t he s econdth ird c en tur ies A .D . 1 3 , s ca le b ;

1 4 , s ca le c ;

1 5 , s ca le d ;

1 -12 , s ca le a ;

1 6-17 , s ca le e .

F ig . 2 35

1 -2 , S ta mped amphora h and les ; b ody o f a n amphora .

3 , i nc ised c harac ters o n t he

F ig . 2 36

Po t tery f ro m t he s econd-th ird c en tur ies A .D .

M. 1 0 10

b

F ig . 2 37

P o t tery f rom t he s econdth ird c entur ies A . D . S ca le a ;

1 4 , s ca le b .

1 -13 , 1 5-16 ,

3

1

t1 I

i

4

F ig . 2 38

Po t tery f ro m t he s econd-th ird c entur ies A .D . 3 -5 , s cale b ;

7 , s ca le c .

1 -2 , 6 , S ca le a ;

• ‘,r t u r t i ,

( 4 /M „ r 1

‘, • ,; ffyr

K i _ \ :g • ii .: . . '

, , , ,,

1

1 l '

iY ( 9 , 3 P 0 e' 1\

' ,\ \ \ \

',7 •

\

!

y

! H I

( 1

II

F ig . 2 39

Po t tery f ro m t he s econd-th ird c entur ies A .D . s ca le b ; 9 , s ca le c ; 8 , 1 0 , s cale d .

1 -6, S ca le a ;

7 ,

F ig . 2 40

P o t tery f ro m t he s econd-th ird c entur ies A .D . 6 -7, s ca le b .

1 -5 , S ca le a ;

0 ,90 m .

0

I m

SV I

F ig . 2 42

P it-dwe l l ings a a nd p f ro m t he s ix th-seven th c en tur ies A . D .

SX

1-1 Icen t ,A .D -0 , 40-0 ,45

a

025

c o' Zr o

A

025

4 )

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I lc en t AD

•

a 2 5 -a2 8

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0 ,45 V I

o t t o4::

-

1 / 1cent AD .

m5

m3 0 A REA O F T HE DWELL ING 1 2

1

V I I-V I I I c en t AD .

2 m 0

m0

1 m

SV I

m 25

V I

SI V

m 38

e .. V I -V I

c en t .A .D .

c e l

0 ,20 -0 ,21

0

m1 0

LEGEND

l m

9 , 0 S TONES 4 , D AUB

e BONES • H EARTH

m 3 1,

0

F ig . 2 43

I m

Assoc ia t ions f rom t he s econd-th ird a nd s ix th-seven th c entur ies A .D .

F ig . 2 44

Pot tery f ro m t he s ixth-seventh c entur ies A .D .

I111 /9 '

II T! !

• \ • \ \\

\ %\ • \\\

4

F ig . 2 45

Po t tery f ro m t he s ixth-seventh c entur ies A .D . 3 -7, s ca le b .

1 -2 , 8 , S ca le a ;

Bos t aurus:

Bos t aurus:

F ig .

I V

F ig. V

Capra h ircus:

Ov is a r ies :

metacarpa ls

metacarpa ls

F ig. V I

S us s crofa d omest icus:

F ig . V II

S us s crofa f erus :

f ragments o f humerus

f ragments o f humerus

Fig. VIII and IX · Cervus elaphus:

fragments of humerus

F ig. X

F ig . X I

Capreo lus c apreo lus:

a nt lers

Ursus a rctos: p ha lanx, metapoda l, f ragments o f c ubi tus a nd t ibia

F ig. X II

Castor f iber : f ragment o f p a late, humerus, f ragments o f f emur

metacarpa ls