Traffic and Granular Flow 2019 9783030559724, 9783030559731

Table of contents :
Preface
Book_BookNotesTitle_1
Contents
Contributors
Part IPedestrian Dynamics
1 Influence of Corridor Width and Motivation on Pedestrians in Front of Bottlenecks
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Methods
1.3 Results
1.3.1 Influence of Corridor Width on Density
1.3.2 Waiting Time and Velocity in Target Direction
1.3.3 Flow Through the Bottleneck
1.4 Discussion and Conclusion
References
2 The Measurement of Stress at Open-Air Events: Monitoring Emotion and Motion Utilizing Wearable Sensor Technology
2.1 Introduction and Research Objectives
2.2 Theoretical Background
2.3 Methodical Framework
2.4 Application of Stress and Motion Monitoring—Case Studies
2.5 Conclusion and Discussion
References
3 Smoothing Trajectories of People's Heads
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methods
3.2.1 Central Moving Average (CMA)
3.2.2 Spline Interpolation of Inflection Points (SIP)
3.2.3 Moving Convex Hull (MCH)
3.3 Results
3.4 Conclusion and Outlook
References
4 Influence of Small-Scale Obstacles on Passenger Flows in Railway Stations
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Background and Objective
4.1.2 Related Research
4.2 Influence of Standing Benches on the Waiting Location
4.3 Influencing the Passenger Flow
4.4 Discussion
References
5 Analysis of Pedestrian Motion Using Voronoi Diagrams in Complex Geometries
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Voronoi Diagrams in the Presence of Obstacles
5.3 Cutoff and Construction of a Density Distribution
5.4 Averaging
References
6 The Trouble with 2nd Order Models or How to Generate Stop-and-Go Traffic in a 1st Order Model
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Model
6.3 Simulations
6.4 Conclusion
References
7 The Impact of Walking Speed Heterogeneity on the Pedestrian Fundamental Diagram
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Research Methodology
7.2.1 The CrowdLimits Experiment
7.2.2 Set-up of the CrowdLimits Experiment
7.2.3 Derivation of the Macroscopic Flow Variables
7.3 The Impact of Speed Heterogeneity and Flow Ratio
7.4 Conclusions and Implications for Design and Management
References
8 Experimental Investigation on Information Provision Methods and Guidance Strategies for Crowd Control
8.1 Introduction and Background
8.2 Experimental and Technical Setup
8.3 Results
8.4 Conclusions and Future Work
References
9 The Impact of Guidance Information on Exit Choice Behavior During an Evacuation—A VR study
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Experimental methods
9.2.1 Experiment design
9.2.2 Experiment Apparatus
9.2.3 Experiment Questionnaire
9.2.4 Experiment Procedure
9.3 Findings and Conclusions
References
10 Experimental Study on Crowds with Different Velocity Composition
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Experiment Setup
10.3 Fundamental Diagrams
10.4 Density Distribution and Mean Speed
10.5 Conclusion
References
11 The Effect of an Obstacle Before a Bottleneck: Inert Particles, Sheep, and Persons
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Obstacles with Granular Matter Flows
11.3 Observations of a Sheep Herd
11.4 Evacuation Drills
11.5 The Effect of the Obstacle on a Pedestrian Flow
11.6 Discussion and Conclusion
References
12 Towards Inferring Input Parameters from Measurements: Bayesian Inversion for a Bottleneck Scenario
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Parameter Calibration
12.1.2 State-of-the-Art
12.1.3 Paper Outline
12.2 Bayesian Inversion
12.2.1 Theory Behind Bayesian Inversion
12.2.2 Bayesian Inversion in Practice
12.3 Parameter Estimation for the Bottleneck Scenario
12.3.1 Modeling of the Bottleneck Scenario
12.3.2 Setup of the Inversion
12.4 Applying Bayesian Inversion
12.4.1 Surrogate Model
12.4.2 Results of the Inversion
12.5 Conclusion and Outlook
References
13 Spatially Dependent Friction—A Way of Adjusting Bottleneck Flow in Cellular Models
13.1 Introduction and Motivation
13.2 Model Description
13.3 Maximal Flow and Local Friction Calibration
13.4 Conclusions
References
14 Experimental Study on the Congestion-Sharing Effect of Obstacle on Pedestrian Crowd Egress
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Experiment
14.3 Variation of Egress Time
14.4 The Congestion-Sharing Effect
14.4.1 Qualitative Description
14.4.2 Numerical Analysis
14.5 Conclusion
References
15 Experimental Setups to Observe Evasion Maneuvers in Low and High Densities
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Methods and Materials: Experiment Description
15.2.1 High-Density Experiment: Motion Through a Dense Crowd
15.2.2 Low-Density Experiment: Evasion Behavior
15.3 Discussion
15.3.1 Obtain Reliable Data: Measures to Avoid Biases
15.3.2 Data Collection
15.4 Outlook
References
16 How to Change the Value of Social Force Model's Relaxation Time Parameter with Desired Speed Such that Bottleneck Flow Remains Unchanged
16.1 Motivation
16.2 Assumptions and Consequences
16.3 Application
16.4 Summary, Conclusions, Outlook
References
17 An Analytical Solution of the Social Force Model for Uni-Directional Flow
17.1 Motivation
17.2 Setting, Assumptions, and Approximations
17.3 Analysis and Results
17.4 Summary—Conclusions—Outlook
References
18 A Cognitive, Decision-Based Model for Pedestrian Dynamics
18.1 Introduction
18.2 The Model Approach
18.3 Modelling Results
18.3.1 Single-File Motion
18.3.2 Evacuation
18.4 Conclusion
References
19 Exploring Koopman Operator Based Surrogate Models—Accelerating the Analysis of Critical Pedestrian Densities
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Surrogate Model
19.1.2 Collecting Data from Example Scenario
19.2 Koopman-Based Surrogate Model
19.2.1 Koopman Operator
19.2.2 Construct Surrogate Model
19.3 Results
19.4 Conclusion and Future Work
References
20 Evacuation Characteristics of Students Passing Through Bottlenecks
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Experiment Setup
20.3 Results and Data Analysis
20.3.1 Density Distributions
20.3.2 Specific Flow Distribution
20.4 Conclusion
References
21 An Efficient Crowd Density Estimation Algorithm Through Network Compression
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Methods
21.2.1 The Architecture of Crowd Counting Network
21.2.2 Network Compression
21.2.3 Datasets
21.3 Results and Discussion
21.3.1 Evaluation Metrics
21.3.2 Determining Single Layer's Sensitivity to Pruning
21.4 Conclusion
References
22 Modelling Pedestrian Social Group Passing Strategy with Expression-Matrix and Social Force
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Methods
22.2.1 Expression-Matrix
22.2.2 Extended Social Force Model
22.3 Results and Discussion
22.3.1 Comparison by Passing Strategies
22.4 Conclusion
Reference
23 Pedestrian Fundamental Diagram in Between Normal Walk and Crawling
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Experiment Setup
23.3 Results and Discussions
23.3.1 Method
23.3.2 Fundamental Diagram
23.3.3 Relation Between Headway and Speed
23.4 Conclusion
References
24 Deep Fundamental Diagram Network for Real-Time Pedestrian Dynamics Analysis
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Method
24.2.1 MSR-Net
24.2.2 Optical Flow Module
24.2.3 Calculate Fundamental Diagram
24.3 Experimental Result and Analysis
24.4 Conclusion
References
25 Data-Driven Simulation for Pedestrians Avoiding a Fixed Obstacle
25.1 Introduction
25.2 The Data-Driven Model
25.3 Simulations
25.4 Conclusions and Perspective
References
26 Entropy, Field Theory and Pedestrian Dynamics: Prediction and Forensics
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Geometry
26.3 Field Theory and Cybernetics
26.4 Entropy
26.5 Example
26.6 Conclusions
References
27 The Impact of Social Groups on Collective Decision-Making in Evacuations: A Simulation Study
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Methods
27.3 Results
27.4 Discussion
References
28 Set-Up of a Method for People-Counting Using Images from a UAV
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Experimental Set-Up
28.3 Infra-Red Image Processing
28.4 Results Under Different Lighting Conditions
28.5 Conclusions and Next Steps
References
29 Modeling of Position Finding in Waiting Processes on Platforms
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Model
29.2.1 Static Floor Field S
29.2.2 Dynamic Floor Fields D and R
29.3 Results
29.4 Conclusion and Outlook
References
30 Exploring the Effect of Crowd Management Measures on Passengers’ Behaviour at Metro Stations
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Existing Studies on Crowd Management Measures
30.3 Method
30.4 Results
30.5 Conclusions
References
31 Rotation Behaviour of Pedestrians in Bidirectional and Crossing Flows
31.1 Introduction
31.2 CrowdLimits Experiment
31.3 Extracting the Rotations from the Video Data
31.4 Results
31.5 Conclusions and Discussion
References
32 Experimental Study on One-Dimensional Movement with Different Motion Postures
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Experiment Setup
32.3 Measurements and Methods
32.4 Results and Discussion
32.5 Conclusions
References
33 A Decision Model for Pre-evacuation Time Prediction Based on Fuzzy Logic Theory
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Video Analysis
33.3 Model Description and Validation
33.3.1 Model Description
33.3.2 Model Calibration and Validation
33.4 Parametric Study
33.4.1 Influence of Physical Signals on Investigating/evacuating Decision
33.4.2 Influence of Instructions on Evacuating Decision
33.5 Conclusion and Future Work
References
34 Clogging in Velocity-Based Models for Pedestrian Dynamics
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Velocity-Based Models
34.3 How to Identify a Stable Clogging
34.4 Simulations
34.5 Conclusion
References
35 Exit-Choice Behavior in Evacuation Through an L-Shaped Corridor
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Experiment
35.3 Floor Field Model and Simulation
35.3.1 Distance to Exits (Static Floor Field)
35.3.2 Herding Behavior (Dynamic Floor Field)
35.3.3 Exit Crowding
35.3.4 Inertia
35.3.5 Transition Probability
35.3.6 Results
35.4 Conclusion
References
36 Bidirectional Flow on Stairs at Different Flow Ratios
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Experiment Setup
36.3 Preliminary Results
36.4 Conclusion and Outlook
References
37 Gender Profiling of Pedestrian Dyads
37.1 Introduction and Related Work
37.2 Data Set and Variables
37.3 Automatic Recognition of Gender Profiles
37.4 Results and Discussion
37.5 Conclusion
References
38 The Effect of Social Groups on the Dynamics of Bi-Directional Pedestrian Flow: A Numerical Study
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Computational Model
38.3 Experiments
38.3.1 Experimental Setting
38.3.2 Observables
38.4 Results
38.5 Conclusions
References
39 Experimental Study on Pedestrian Flow Under Different Age Groups and Movement Motivations
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Experimental Setup
39.3 Spatial-Temporal Distribution of Density
39.4 Summary
References
40 Experimental Analysis of the Restriction Mechanisms of Queuing on Pedestrian Flow at Bottleneck
40.1 Introduction
40.2 Experiment
40.2.1 Settings
40.2.2 Data Processing
40.3 Results and Discussion
40.3.1 Trajectory Analysis
40.3.2 Relation Between Time and Distance to Exit
40.3.3 Effective Speed and Flow Rate Time-Series
40.3.4 Fundamental Diagrams
40.4 Conclusions
References
41 Vadere—A Simulation Framework to Compare Locomotion Models
41.1 Introduction
41.2 Methods and Materials
41.3 Results and Discussion
41.4 Conclusion
References
Part IIGranular and Active Matter
42 First-Order Contributions to the Partial Temperatures in Dilute Binary Granular Suspensions
42.1 Introduction
42.2 Boltzmann Kinetic Equation for Binary Granular Suspensions
42.3 Homogeneous Steady States
42.4 First-Order Contributions to the Partial Temperatures
References
43 Acoustic Resonances in a Confined Set of Disks
43.1 Introduction
43.2 Description of the System and Computational Methods
43.3 Results and Discussion
43.4 Conclusions
References
44 Morphological Response of Clogging Arches to Gentle Vibration
44.1 Introduction
44.2 Experimental Setup and Methods
44.3 Results
44.4 Conclusions
References
45 Gravity-Driven Flow and Clogging in the Presence of an Intruder
45.1 Introduction
45.2 Methods
45.3 Results
45.4 Discussion
References
46 Analysis of the Collective Behavior of Boids
46.1 Introduction
46.2 Boids
46.3 PCA
46.4 DMD
46.4.1 Singular Values to Represent Boids Dynamics
46.4.2 Reconstruction Error Analysis
46.5 Conclusion
References
47 Modelling the Flow Rate Dip for a Silo with Two Openings
47.1 Introduction
47.2 Kinematic Model
47.3 µ(I) Model
47.3.1 Derivation
47.3.2 Results
47.4 Conclusion
References
48 Jammed Disks of Two Sizes in a Narrow Channel
48.1 Introduction
48.2 Geometry
48.3 Energetics
48.4 Combinatorics
48.5 Statistical Mechanics
48.6 Results
48.7 Outlook
References
49 Statistical Properties of a Granular Gas Fluidized by Turbulent Air Wakes
49.1 Introduction
49.2 Description of the System
49.3 Particle Tracking
49.3.1 Error Estimation
49.3.2 Isotropy and Homogeneity Conditions
49.4 Discussion
References
50 Scaling Analysis and CFD Simulations of the Silos Discharge Process
50.1 Introduction
50.2 Numerical Protocol and Calibration Procedure
50.3 Numerical Results
References
51 Dense Pedestrian Crowds Versus Granular Packings: An Analogy of Sorts
51.1 Theoretical Framework
51.2 Bottleneck Flows
51.2.1 Common Features
51.2.2 Granular Hopper Flows
51.2.3 Pedestrian Flows Through a Bottleneck
51.3 Crossing by an Intruder
51.3.1 Granular Mono-Layer
51.3.2 Static Pedestrian Crowd
51.3.3 Pedestrian specifics
References
52 Elongated Self-propelled Particles Roaming a Closed Arena Present Financial Stylized Facts
52.1 Introduction
52.2 Experiment
52.3 Results
52.4 Conclusions
References
53 Set Voronoi Tessellation for Particulate Systems in Two Dimensions
53.1 Introduction
53.2 Limitations of the Classical Voronoi Tessellation
53.3 Set Voronoi Algorithm and Implementations
53.4 Granular Rod Monolayer as a Test Case
53.5 Why Set Voronoi Is Essential for Elongated Particles
53.6 Performance Versus quality Trade-Off via Erosion
53.7 Conclusion
References
Part IIICities, Vehicular Traffic and Other Transportation Systems
54 A Geostatistical Approach to Traffic Flow Reconstruction from Sparse Floating-Car Data
54.1 Introduction and Problem Statement
54.2 Interpolation of STV-Field: Method and Assumptions
54.3 Experiments and Results
54.4 Conclusions and Future Work
References
55 Double-Deck Rail Car Egress Experiment: Microscopic Analysis of Pedestrian Time Headways
55.1 Introduction
55.2 Experiment 1
55.3 Egress Experiment 2
55.4 Conclusions
References
56 Urban Mobility Observatory
56.1 Introduction
56.2 Data Types
56.3 Components of UMO
56.3.1 Sensor Networks
56.3.2 Population Sampling
56.3.3 Simulators
56.3.4 Coupling Module
56.3.5 Data Integration, Storage and Retrieval Module
56.4 Leeghwaterstraat: Example of a Living Lab in UMO
56.5 Conclusions
57 Investigating the Role of Network Morphology in the Underpinning of a Network Fundamental Diagram
57.1 Introduction
57.2 Static Traffic Assignment
57.3 Network Model
57.4 Experiments: Set-Up, Variables and Results
57.5 Conclusions
References
58 Experiments and Usability Tests of a VR-Based Driving Simulator to Evaluate Driving Behavior in the Presence of Crossing Pedestrians
58.1 Introduction and Background
58.2 Experimental Equipment, Participants and Procedure
58.3 Results
58.4 Conclusions
References
59 Bicycle Parking Choice Behaviour at Train Stations. A Case Study in Delft, the Netherlands
59.1 Introduction
59.2 Data Collection
59.3 Model Estimation Approach
59.4 Results
59.5 Conclusions
References
60 Exploring the Potential of Neural Networks for Bicycle Travel Time Estimation
60.1 Introduction
60.2 Research Methodology
60.2.1 Simulation for Data Generation
60.2.2 Selection of Feature Variables
60.2.3 The Model
60.3 Numerical Results
60.3.1 Neural Network Structure
60.3.2 Model Performance
60.4 Conclusions
References
61 Extended Longitudinal Motion Planning for Autonomous Vehicles on Highways Including Lane Changing Prediction
61.1 Introduction
61.2 Lane Change Prediction by Means of Hidden Markov Model
61.3 Empirical Analysis of Lane Changes in Highways
61.4 Coupling ACC Systems to Lane Changing
61.5 Conclusion
References
62 Continuum Traffic Flow Modelling: Network Approximation, Flow Approximation
62.1 Introduction
62.2 Discretized Continuum Model
62.2.1 General Principles
62.2.2 Notations
62.2.3 Phenomenological Equations
62.3 Determining the Physical Constants
62.3.1 Equilibrium Functions
62.3.2 Effective Evaluation of Mean Densities, Supplies and Demands
62.4 Concluding Remarks
References
63 Voronoi Densities for Bicylists: Adaptation for Finite Object Size and Speed
63.1 Introduction
63.2 Background: Voronoi Densities
63.3 Proposed Method
63.3.1 Accounting for Physical Space
63.3.2 Accounting for Speed
63.4 Discussion and Conclusion
References
64 The HighD Dataset: Is This Dataset Suitable for Calibration of Vehicular Traffic Models?
64.1 Introduction
64.2 Car-Following Model
64.3 Dataset of Naruralistic Vehicle Trajectories
64.4 Methods
64.5 Results and Discussion
64.5.1 Global Calibration
64.5.2 Inter-driver and Intra-driver Variations
64.6 Discussion and Conclusions
References
65 Single-File Dynamics of Cyclists: Two Experiments and Two Microscopic Models
65.1 Introduction
65.2 Models
65.3 Ring-Road Experiments
65.4 Methodology
65.5 Results and Discussion
65.5.1 Collective Driving Behavior and Calibration
65.5.2 Inter-Driver Variation and Validation
65.6 Conclusion
References
66 Response Time and Deceleration Affected by Lateral Shift of Leaders in Vehicular Traffic with Weak Lane Discipline
66.1 Introduction
66.2 Experiment to Measure the Response Time and Deceleration
66.2.1 Experiment Configuration
66.2.2 Results
66.3 Function Fitting
66.4 Discussion
66.5 Conclusion
References
67 Multi-lane Traffic Flow Model: Speed Versus Density Difference as Lane Change Incentive and Effect of Lateral Flow Transfer on Traffic Flow Variables
67.1 Introduction
67.2 State-of-the-Art on Multilane Traffic Flow Models
67.3 Proposed Model
67.4 Results
67.5 Conclusions
References
68 Diversity Analysis of the Brazilian Air Transportation Network
68.1 Introduction
68.2 Methodology
68.3 Results and Discussions
68.4 Conclusions
References
69 Braess' Paradox in Networks with Microscopic Stochastic Dynamics and Traffic Information
69.1 Introduction
69.2 Model
69.3 Results
69.4 Summary
References
70 Robustness Analysis of Car-Following Models for Full Speed Range ACC Systems
70.1 Introduction
70.2 Constant Time Gap Models for ACC Systems
70.2.1 Linear Car-Following Models
70.2.2 Non-linear Car-Following Models
70.3 Linear Stability Analysis
70.3.1 Perturbed Linear System
70.3.2 Stability Condition
70.4 Stability Robustness
70.4.1 Latency and Response Time
70.4.2 Stochastic Noise
70.4.3 Heterogeneity
70.4.4 Kinetic Constraints
70.5 Summary
References
71 Uniform Cluster Traffic Model on Closed Two-Contours System with Two Non-symmetrical Common Nodes
71.1 Introduction
71.2 Formulation of Problem
71.3 Behavior of Closed Two-Contours System with Two Non-symmetrical Common Nodes
71.4 Conclusions
References
72 Paris-Gare-de-Lyon’s DNA: Analysis of Passengers’ Behaviors Through Wi-Fi Access Points
72.1 Introduction
72.2 Data Settings
72.2.1 Wi-Fi Access Points in the Station and the Definition of a Node
72.2.2 A Subsection Sample
72.3 Results
72.3.1 Basic Statistics of Passengers’ Behavior
72.3.2 Path Analysis
72.4 Discussion and Conclusion
References
73 Departure Rates Optimization and Perimeter Control: Comparison and Cooperation in a Multi-region Urban Network
73.1 Introduction
73.2 Methodology
73.2.1 Network Transmission Model: MFD-based Traffic Dynamics
73.2.2 Optimization: A Genetic Algorithm
73.3 Problem Formulation and Case Study
73.4 Conclusions
References
Author Index
Subject Index