Traditional Japanese Arts and Culture: An Illustrated Sourcebook [Illustrated] 0824820185, 9780824820183

Japanese artists, musicians, actors, and authors have written much over the centuries about the creation, meaning, and a

205 86 2MB

English Pages 344 [272] Year 2006

Table of contents :
Contents
List of Historical Periods and Era Names
Preface
Introduction
1. Early Japan
2. Courtly Japan
3. Samurai Japan
4. Merchant Japan
Suggested Further Readings in Western Languages
Bibliography
Text Credits
Index

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Traditional Japanese Arts and Culture: An Illustrated Sourcebook [Illustrated]
0824820185, 9780824820183

Author / Uploaded
Stephen Addiss (editor)
Gerald Groemer (editor)
J.Thomas Rimer (editor)

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Ki X[`k`feXc AXgXe\j\8ikj Xe[:lckli\

ki X[`k`feXc aXgXe\j\ XikjXe[ :lckli\ An Illustrated Sourcebook Edited by Stephen Addiss, Gerald Groemer, and J. Thomas Rimer

u n i v e r si t y of h awa i‘i pr e s s | honolu lu

© 2006 University of Hawai‘i Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 13 12 11 10 09 08 7 6 5 4 3 2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Traditional Japanese arts and culture: an illustrated sourcebook / edited by Stephen Addiss, Gerald Groemer, J. Thomas Rimer. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn: 978-0-8248-2018-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Arts, Japanese. I. Addiss, Stephen. II. Groemer, Gerald. III. Rimer, J. Thomas. nx584.a1t73 2006 700.952 — dc22 2005025291 University of Hawai‘i Press books are printed on acidfree paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources. Designed by April Leidig-Higgins Printed by The Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group

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List of Historical Periods and Era Names ix Preface xi Introduction 1

1

early japan The Jōmon, Yayoi, Tumulus, Asuka, and Nara Periods 9

2

courtly japan The Heian Period and After 33

3

samurai japan The Kamakura and Muromachi Periods 81

4

merchant japan The Momoyama and Edo (Tokugawa) Periods 137 Suggested Further Readings in Western Languages 225 Bibliography 233 Text Credits 241 Index 245 Color plates follow pp. 50, 114, and 146

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Jōmon: c. 15,000 – c. 200 bce Yayoi: c. 200 bce – c.250 ce Tumulus: c. 250 – c. 550 Asuka: late 6th to first half of 7th century Hakuhō: second half of 7th century to early 8th century Tenpyō: 710 – 794 Nara: 710 – 784 (or 794) Heian: 794 – 1185 Kamakura and Muromachi (Ashikaga): 1185 – 1568 Momoyama: 1568 – 1600 Edo (Tokugawa): 1600 – 1868 Meiji: 1868 – 1912

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For nearly fifty years, students of Japan, whatever their particular interests, were exposed to Japanese culture, history, and philosophy through the English translations of primary documents as found in Sources of Japanese Tradition (Tsunoda, de Bary, and Keene). In the preface to the first edition, the editors remarked that “since the arts of Japan have such a unique importance in the modern world — indeed, are the embodiment of Japanese civilization to many — there must be a place for the discussion of Japanese aesthetics” (ix). For that reason they included a small number of translated texts dealing with subjects related to the arts. In the intervening decades, it has become increasingly evident that the cultural and artistic traditions of Japan, perhaps more than any other element in that society, helped to create a consciousness among Japanese of their history and identity and provided, and still provide, a context for an understanding of the aims and accomplishments of their culture. In addition, there is now a greater interest in traditional Japanese culture abroad than ever before. Art exhibitions, touring theatrical groups, translations of traditional Japanese literature, and concerts of traditional music — to say nothing of the work of European and American potters and those who write haiku in Western languages — have brought the arts of Japan ever closer to Western enthusiasms and sympathies. Therefore, we believe this is the appropriate occasion to assemble for the first time a reader on traditional Japanese art and culture that will serve and inform this growing interest. This collection will be appropriate both for classroom study and for general readers who seek some understanding as to how Japanese writers, artists, and intellectuals viewed their own culture before the coming of the modern period. The collection should also be useful to those with an interest in comparative studies, particularly since we have included a certain amount of material concerning the connections Japan maintained both with China and later, in the Edo (or Tokugawa) period (1600 – 1868) with Europe, significant historical connections now far better understood by Western scholars than they were fifty years ago. In our view, perhaps the most remarkable feature of the collection lies in the fact that in all the periods of traditional Japanese culture surveyed, we discovered

xii pr eface

that the connections among individual forms of artistic expression were, if sometimes subtle, always profound and powerful. The shared assumptions among those working in the visual arts, literature, music, and theater are here made strikingly clear in a fashion not possible in a collection dealing with only one form of creative activity. In addition, the effect of these traditions is often cumulative. Those writing poetry or plays in the Tokugawa period, for example, used and appropriated cultural forms from earlier periods in a highly creative fashion. We hope that our cross referencing, plus the index, will allow these connections to become even more apparent. The index can thus serve as a kind of reader’s guide, both to individual topics and to the connections among artistic forms. We hope in particular that teachers will find material here that, whatever their particular interests, will help them to understand wider issues in traditional Japanese culture. We chose to group the readings by large historical periods, then within those periods by artistic forms (poetry, gardens, theater, calligraphy, etc.). The introductory matter given before each reading is meant to provide a context for a greater understanding on the part of the reader of each individual selection, linking the sections together so as to reveal both their differences and their commonalities. The illustrations, chosen and annotated by Stephen Addiss, also point out elements that help to make up the particular traditions of visual culture. Although a significant amount of the material that appears here has already been made available in English translation, much of it has appeared in sources difficult to obtain and often out of print. In addition to these, a number of selections, particularly in the area of traditional Japanese music and theater, are translated here for the first time by Gerald Groemer. It has been our hope to make these readings as accessible as possible to students, teachers, and others making use of this book. For this reason, many of the footnotes have been removed from the original translations, many of which were originally intended for more limited scholarly purposes. Explanatory interpolations lacking in the original texts or translations are indicated in brackets. We have maintained the romanization of Asian languages as found in the original translations. For those wishing to research these details, the sources of the translations and the location of the original Japanese texts are provided at the end of each selection. When texts have been retranslated, easily available standard translations have also often been cited to allow the reader to locate a given passage in its larger context. Bibliographical information is included in the references. Finally, the reader should be reminded that this is a collection of readings about Japanese artistic and cultural traditions. Those who desire to read works of literature, philosophy, theater texts, etc. should look to a number of splendid anthologies that have appeared in recent years, as well as to other studies, listed in the section on further readings, many of which have excellent bibliographies of such primary material. Note: Terms in Chinese are rendered in the pinyin system. When citations in-

pr eface

clude words rendered in the older Wade-Giles system, pinyin has been added in brackets.

The three editors of this volume have received help from a number of sources. We would first like to thank Patricia Crosby of the University of Hawai‘i Press for her enthusiastic encouragement and her patience, without either of which this volume could never have been assembled. We also wish to thank many scholars for their help over a period of several years during which the project has been realized. In particular, we would like to acknowledge Audrey Yoshiko Seo for her many useful comments and suggestions and Paula Locante of the University of Pittsburgh for her skill in preparing the manuscript from so many disparate sources. We would like to thank as well our managing editor, Jennifer Harada, and our intrepid copy editor, Bojana Ristich, who located and corrected our various infelicities. Finally, we are very appreciative of the efforts of Dr. Katherine Carlitz of the University of Pittsburgh, who provided pinyin readings for some older renderings of Chinese names, titles, and place names.

xiii

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