Toxicological profiles - Benzene

Table of contents :
TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR BENZENE......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 8
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 6
PEER REVIEW......Page 7
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 12
LIST OF TABLES......Page 13
1.1 WHAT IS BENZENE?......Page 14
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO BENZENE WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 15
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO BENZENE?......Page 16
1.4 HOW CAN BENZENE ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 17
1.5 HOW CAN BENZENE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 18
1.6 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO BENZENE?......Page 20
1.7 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 21
1.8 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 22
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 23
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 25
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 54
2.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 68
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 73
2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 76
2.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 78
2.2.1.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 81
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 88
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 100
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 101
2.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 125
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 127
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 128
2.2.2.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 129
2.2.2.8 Cancer......Page 132
2.2.3.1 Death......Page 135
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 136
2.2.3.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 138
2.2.3.8 Cancer......Page 139
2.3.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 140
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 144
2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 145
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 148
2.3.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 150
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 151
2.3.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 164
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 167
2.3.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 168
2.3.4.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 169
2.3.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 170
2.3.5.1 Summary of PBPK Models.......Page 172
2.3.5.3 Discussion of Models.......Page 174
2.4.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 184
2.4.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 185
Overview.......Page 190
Minimal Risk Levels for Benzene.......Page 195
Systemic Effects.......Page 202
2.6 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 235
2.6.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Benzene......Page 236
2.6.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Benzene......Page 242
2.7 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 243
2.8 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 245
2.9 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 246
2.9.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 247
2.9.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 248
2.10 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 250
2.10.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Benzene......Page 251
2.10.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 253
Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect.......Page 263
2.10.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 267
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 274
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 277
4.2 IMPORT/EXPORT......Page 279
4.3 USE......Page 282
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 283
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 285
5.2.1 Air......Page 286
5.2.2 Water......Page 288
5.2.3 Soil......Page 291
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 292
5.3.2.1 Air......Page 294
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 296
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 299
5.4 LEVELS MONITORED OR ESTIMATED IN THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 300
5.4.1 Air......Page 301
5.4.2 Water......Page 304
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 305
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 306
5.6 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 311
5.7.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 313
5.7.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 316
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 318
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 322
6.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 328
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 329
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 331
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 332
8. REFERENCES......Page 356
Intermediate Exposure......Page 427
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)......Page 428
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 429
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL......Page 430
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL WORKSHEET......Page 432
USER’S GUIDE......Page 439
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 446