Toxic Effects of Nanomaterials [1 ed.] 9781608052837, 9781608054213

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Toxic Effects of Nanomaterials Edited By

Haseeb Ahmad Khan King Saud University Saudi Arabia

Ibrahim Abdulwahid Arif King Saud University Saudi Arabia

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CONTENTS About the Editors

i

Foreword

ii

Preface

iii

List of Contributors

iv

CHAPTERS 1. Nanoparticle-Induced Toxicity: Focus on Plants Anna Speranza and Kerstin Leopold 2. Plants as Indicators of Nanoparticles Toxicity Mamta Kumari, Vinita Ernest, Amitava Mukherjee and N.Chandrasekaran 3. Cell Life Cycle Effects of Bare and Coated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Morteza Mahmoudi, Sophie Laurent and W. Shane Journeay 4. Safety of Magnetic Iron Oxide-Coated Nanoparticles in Clinical Diagnostics and Therapy Ângela Leao Andrade, Rosana Zacarias Domingues, José Domingos Fabris and Alfredo Miranda Goes

3

29

53

67

5. Hazards of TiO2 and Amorphous SiO2 Nanoparticles Lucas Reijnders

85

6. Molecular Methods for Nanotoxicology Lisa Bregoli, Stefano Pozzi-Mucelli and Laura Manodori

97

7. Risks Associated with the Use of Nanomaterials Sajjad Haider, Nausheen Bukhari and Adnan Haider

121

8. Toxicologic and Environmental Issues Related to Nanotechnology Development Ibrahim Abdulwahid Arif, Haseeb Ahmad Khan, Salman Al Rokayan, Abdullah Saleh Alhomida, Mohammad Abdul Bakir and Fatima Khanam

137

Index

149

i

About the Editors

Dr. Haseeb Ahmad Khan is a Chair Professor at Prince Sultan Research Chair for Environment and Wildlife, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Before joining this position, he served as a Senior Scientist at Armed Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and then as an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at King Saud University, Riyadh. He obtained his PhD from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India and received scientific trainings at USA and UK. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, UK and a Member of American Chemical Society, USA and Royal Australian Chemical Institute, Australia. He is an editorial board member and reviewer for several international journals. He has published more than 100 research papers, authored six book chapters and filed two patents. He has also developed seven software tools for biomedical applications. His multidisciplinary research interests include toxicology, analytical biochemistry, drug interactions, molecular diversity and bioinformatics.

Prof. Ibrahim Abdulwahid Arif is a Professor of Biology at the Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Recently, he has been appointed as a Consultant at the Ministry of Higher Education. He is also holding the authoritative positions of the Supervisor of Prince Sultan Research Chair for Environment and Wildlife and the President of Saudi Biological Society. He completed his MSc from Colorado State University and PhD from the University of Utah and started his professional career as a faculty member at King Saud University. During his tenure, he has also served as a Deputy Dean of the College of Science as well as the Chairman of various administrative committees. He has published about 50 research papers in international journals, authored 10 scientific books and filed two patents. His achievements in environmental issues are noteworthy due to his significant contribution in environmental conservation by studying the multi-factorial biological interactions with the environment.

ii

FOREWORD Biomedical, technological, and consumer product oriented applications of engineered nanomaterials is an expanding global phenomenon that is outpacing our scientific and quantitative understanding of potential toxicological consequences from nanomaterial exposure. This has hastened on an international scale the intensity of efforts to investigate the environmental and human health and safety risk from nanomaterial exposure. In 2001 the United States established the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) program to coordinate National nanotechnology research. Since 2008 a key NNI focus has been on developing a National strategy for assessing nanotechnology-related environmental, health, and safety research. In March 2009 the European Union (EU) was the first in the world to establish strict regulatory guidelines imposing stringent workplace practices and requiring that nanomaterials be proven safe before used in products to prevent exposure to potentially toxic materials. Considerable challenges exist however, in the endeavor to quantify the safety of nanomaterials given their diversity in terms of size, shape, charge, composition, solubility, and the wide range of processes used to synthesize and incorporate them into products. There is an added challenge that nanomaterials maybe transformed upon contact with biological systems and in the environment. Overcoming these challenges is encumbered by the lack of sensitive analytical techniques to detect and quantify nanomaterials in biological matrices, the environment, and in the workplace. This has spurred efforts to develop standardized nanomaterials for use in toxicological testing as well as standardized methods to characterize their physicochemical properties. Again the EU is leading this charge as in February 2011 the European Commission's Joint Research Centre launched the first European repository of nanomaterials comprising of 25 nanomaterial standards. These can be used to investigate important questions as to which physicochemical properties most affect nanomaterial interactions with epithelial tissues, cytotoxicity, and transport through biological and environmental systems. Comprehensive documentation of results as presented in this book, “Toxic Effects of Nanomaterials”, is one important mechanism to communicate the status of this emerging field of Nanotoxicology for which few previous examples exist. A key feature of this book is inclusion of studies investigating potential toxicity of nanomaterial exposure to plants and aquatic life in the environment for which far less is known as the research community has focused mostly on assessing human health concerns particularly from skin and respiratory exposure. In summary, this timely book presents a state of the art view of all aspects of this complex Nanotoxicology field and is a contribution that will serve as a foundational guide in this field and the truth about the safety of nanomaterials evolves.

Lisa A. Delouise Departments of Dermatology and Biomedical Engineering University of Rochester Medical Center, USA

iii

PREFACE This decade has seen revolutionary developments in the field of nanotechnology with newer and diverse applications of nanoparticles appearing everyday. Novel nanomaterials are emerging with different characteristics and compositions for specific applications such as cosmetics, drug delivery, imaging, electronic etc. However, little attention is being paid to understand, assess and manage the environmental impact and adverse effects of nanoparticles. Currently the information about the toxicity of nanoparticles and their environmental fate in air, water, soil and tissues is severely lacking. Inhalation, ingestion and dermal penetration are the potential exposure routes for nanoparticles whereas particle size, shape, surface area and surface chemistry collectively define the toxicity of nanoparticles. Several studies have shown excessive generation of reactive oxygen species as well as transient or persistent inflammation following exposure to various classes of nanoparticles. Increased production and intentional (sunscreens, drugdelivery, etc.) or unintentional (environmental, occupational, etc.) exposure to nanoparticles increases the possibilities of adverse health effects. Thus, the novel nanomaterials need to be biologically characterized for their health hazards to ensure risk-free and sustainable implementation of nanotechnology. Currently there are only a few books available in this specific area to cover toxicological aspects of nanoparticles. A reasonably priced, comprehensive book on nanotoxicology was therefore badly needed by the nanocommunity to clearly understand the subject and we tried fulfill their demand. The present book "Toxic Effects of Nanomaterials", comprised of 8 chapters with 77 illustrations (60 figures and 17 tables), provides an authoritative work of international experts in the field of nanotoxicology. The most important feature of the book is a broad coverage of phytotoxicity of nanoparticles, which is largely neglected in many texts. The first two chapters of this book deal with the toxicity of nanoparticles in plants. The third, fourth and fifth chapters discuss the toxicities of iron oxide, titanium oxide and silicon oxide nanoparticles. The sixth chapter provides a comprehensive review of methodologies used in nanotoxicology. The last two chapters highlight the risks associated with the use of nanoparticles and the environmental impact of nanomaterials. Such a broad coverage of nanotoxicology renders this book highly beneficial to the scientists from multidisciplinary areas including nanotechnologists, toxicologists, pharmacologists, environmental chemists and biomedical scientists. This book would equally be useful for the individuals advocating for sustainable use of nanotechnology. We are thankful to all the eminent scientists who have contributed their chapters to this book. The publishing platform provided by the Bentham Science Publishers is gratefully acknowledged.

Haseeb Ahmad Khan Ibrahim Abdulwahid Arif

iv

List of Contributors ABDULLAH SALEH ALHOMIDA Department of Biochemistry, College of Science King Saud University, Riyadh SAUDI ARABIA E-mail: [email protected] ADNAN HAIDER Department of Chemistry Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat PAKISTAN E-mail: [email protected] ALFREDO MIRANDA GOES Department of Biochemistry and Immunology ICB, UFMG, Campus-Pampulha Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais BRAZIL E-mail: [email protected] AMITAVA MUKHERJEE Nanobiomedicine Lab School of Biosciences and Technology VIT University, Vellore INDIA E-mail: [email protected] ANGELA LEAO ANDRADE Department of Chemistry, ICEB Federal University of Ouro Preto Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais BRAZIL E-mail: [email protected] ANNA SPERANZA Dipartimento di Biologia ES Università di Bologna, Bologna ITALY E-mail: [email protected] FATIMA KHANAM Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Saud University, Riyadh SAUDI ARABIA E-mail: [email protected] HASEEB AHMAD KHAN Prince Sultan Research Chair for Environment and Wildlife King Saud University, Riyadh SAUDI ARABIA E-mail: [email protected]

v

IBRAHIM ABDULWAHID ARIF Prince Sultan Research Chair for Environment and Wildlife King Saud University, Riyadh SAUDI ARABIA E-mail: [email protected] JOSE DOMINGOS FABRIA Department of Chemistry, ICET Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys Diamantina, Minas Gerais BRAZIL E-mail: [email protected] KERSTIN LEOPOLD Fachgruppe für Analytische Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstrasse, Garching GERMANY E-mail: [email protected] LAURA MANODORI Veneto Nanotech, via San Crispino 106, Padua ITALY E-mail: [email protected] LISA BREGOLI Veneto Nanotech, via San Crispino 106, Padua ITALY E-mail: [email protected] LUCAS REIJNDERS IBED, University of Amsterdam Nieuwe Achtergracht, Amsterdam THE NETHERLANDS E-mail: [email protected] MAMTA KUMARI Nanobiomedicine Lab School of Biosciences and Technology VIT University, Vellore INDIA E-mail: [email protected] MOHAMMAD ABDUL BAKIR Prince Sultan Research Chair for Environment and Wildlife King Saud University, Riyadh SAUDI ARABIA E-mail: [email protected] MORTEZA MAHMOUDI National Cell Bank, Pasteur Institute of Iran Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Sharif University of Technology, Tehran IRAN E-mail: [email protected]

vi

N. CHANDRASEKARAN Nanobiomedicine Lab School of Biosciences and Technology VIT University, Vellore INDIA E-mail: [email protected] NAUSHEEN BUKHARI Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Saud University, Riyadh SAUDI ARABIA E-mail: [email protected] ROSANA ZACARIAS DOMINGUES Department of Chemistry, ICEx, UFMG Campus-Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais BRAZIL E-mail: [email protected] SAJJAD HAIDER Department Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering King Saud University, Riyadh SAUDI ARABIA E-mail: [email protected] SALMAN AL ROKAYAN King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology King Saud University, Riyadh SAUDI ARABIA E-mail: [email protected] SOPHIE LAURENT Department of General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons BELGIUM E-mail: [email protected] STEFANO POZZI-MUCELLI Veneto Nanotech, via San Crispino 106, Padua ITALY E-mail: [email protected] VINITA ERNEST Nanobiomedicine Lab School of Biosciences and Technology VIT University, Vellore INDIA E-mail: [email protected]

vii

W. SHANE JOURNEAY Nanotechnology Toxicology Consulting and Training, Inc., Nova Scotia Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie Medical School Dalhousie University, Halifax CANADA E-mail: [email protected]

Toxic Effects of Nanomaterials, 2012, 3-27

3

CHAPTER 1 Nanoparticle-Induced Toxicity: Focus on Plants Less is more (Robert Browning, 1812-1889)

Anna Speranza1* and Kerstin Leopold2 1

Dipartimento di Biologia ES, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy and 2Fachgruppe für Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße, Garching, Germany Abstract: Nanoparticle technology offers a large array of applications also in plants, for either plant biology research or agricultural practice. Indeed, plants are at the base of any ecological web, in both natural and artificial ecosystems; nanoparticles of various origins, natural as well as anthropogenic or engineered, are being increasingly released into the environment. Therefore, assessment of possible risks is urgent before nanoparticles become more and more ubiquitous in every aspects of life. The present chapter critically reviews recent knowledge on phytotoxicity of nanoparticles, considering both lower and higher plants.

Keywords: Natural NPs, Anthropogenic NPs, Engineered NPs, Carbon NPs, Metal NPs, Metal oxide NPs, Oxidative stress, Uptake by plants, Translocation in plants, Phytotoxicity, Microalgae, Seed germination, Pollen germination. INTRODUCTION Nanoparticles (NPs) are defined as particulate matter with at least one dimension that is less than 100 nm [1, 2]. Thereby, the particle consists of either atomic or molecular aggregates ranging in their scale between the atomic/molecular level and larger scale bulk material. Since the beginning of the earth there have always been natural NPs in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and soil, such as salt aerosols from sea water spills, hydro colloidal clays, humic matter, volcanic dust, lunar dust, mineral composites, etc. Furthermore, with the industrialization anthropogenic NPs caused by coal combustion, traffic, and industrial processes, were unintended formed and emitted into the environment. The sum of all airborne anthropogenic particulate matter is often referred to as “fine dusts” or “air pollution particles” being a mixture of organic and inorganic particles with a size range from the nanometer scale up to 10µm [3, 4]. However, the majority of anthropogenic NPs are carbon-based and result from incomplete incineration processes, such as soot from coal combustion, diesel exhausts, fly ash, tar leachates, etc. [5]. Moreover, carbon black is also emitted by e.g., abrasion from tires [6]. Inorganic anthropogenic NPs are often formed by corrosion and abrasion processes. Metal oxide NPs, such as TiO2 for instance, can be found in waters from exterior facades and roof run-offs [7]. Metal and metal oxide NPs can be emitted from bearings and brakes [8]. Furthermore, automotive exhaust catalytic converters release platinum group metal NPs (mainly platinum, Pt; palladium, Pd; and rhodium; Rh) which are applied as main catalytic active elements for the conversion of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons into non-hazardous gases. About 90% of these emissions are particulate matter varying in size from >10.2µm to