Tomorrow's enterprising scientists computer software designers and specialists 9781422218228, 1422218228, 9781422220436, 1422220435

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New Careers for the 21st Century: Finding Your Role in the Global Renewal

Tomorrow’s Enterprising Scientists: Computer Software Designers and Specialists

New Careers for the 21st Century: Finding Your Role in the Global Renewal Careers in Green Energy: Fueling the World with Renewable Resources Environmental Science & Protection: Keeping Our Planet Green Freelance and Technical Writers: Words for Sale Green Construction: Creating Energy-Efficient, Low-Impact Buildings Media in the 21st Century: Artists, Animators, and Graphic Designers Medical Technicians: Health-Care Support for the 21st Century Modern Mechanics: Maintaining Tomorrow’s Green Vehicles The Pharmaceutical Industry: Better Medicine for the 21st Century Physicians’ Assistants & Nurses: New Opportunities in the 21st-Century Health System Social Workers: Finding Solutions for Tomorrow’s Society Tomorrow’s Enterprising Scientists: Computer Software Designers and Specialists Tomorrow’s Teachers: Urban Leadership, Empowering Students & Improving Lives Tomorrow’s Transportation: Green Solutions for Air, Land, & Sea 21st-Century Counselors: New Approaches to Mental Health & Substance Abuse Therapy Jobs in Educational Settings: Speech, Physical, Occupational & Audiology

New Careers for the 21st Century: Finding Your Role in the Global Renewal

Tomorrow’s Enterprising Scientists: Computer Software Designers and Specialists by Camden Flath

Mason Crest Publishers

Tomorrow’s Enterprising Scientists: Computer Software Designers and Specialists Copyright © 2011 by Mason Crest Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the publisher. MASON CREST PUBLISHERS INC. 370 Reed Road Broomall, Pennsylvania 19008 (866)MCP-BOOK (toll free) www.masoncrest.com First Printing 987654321

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Flath, Camden, 1987– Tomorrow’s enterprising scientists : computer software designers and specialists / by Camden Flath. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4222-1822-8 ISBN 978-1-4222-1811-2 (series) ISBN 978-1-4222-2043-6 (ppb) ISBN 978-1-4222-2032-0 (series ppb) 1. Computer scientists—Vocational guidance. 2. Computer software developers—Vocational guidance. I. Title. QA76.25.F595 2011 004.092—dc22 2010019187 Produced by Harding House Publishing Service, Inc. www.hardinghousepages.com Interior design by MK Bassett-Harvey. Cover design by Torque Advertising + Design. Printed in USA by Bang Printing.

Contents Introduction…6 Chapter 1: Computer Software Jobs in the Twenty-First Century…9 Chapter 2: Education and Training…25 Chapter 3: Job Opportunities…37 Chapter 4: The Future of Computer Software Jobs…47 Further Reading…60 Find Out More on the Internet…60 Bibliography…61 Index…62 Picture Credits…63 About the Author/About the Consultant…64

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Introduction Be careful as you begin to plan your career. To get yourself in the best position to begin the career of your dreams, you need to know what the “green world” will look like and what jobs will be created and what jobs will become obsolete. Just think, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the following jobs are expected to severely decline by 2012: • word processors and data-entry keyers • stock clerks and order fillers • secretaries • electrical and electronic equipment assemblers • computer operators • telephone operators • postal service mail sorters and processing-machine operators • travel agents These are just a few of the positions that will decrease or become obsolete as we move forward into the century. You need to know what the future jobs will be. How do you find them? One way is to look where money is being invested. Many firms and corporations are now making investments in startup and research enterprises. These companies may become the “Microsoft” and “Apple” of the twenty-first century. Look at what is being researched and what technology is needed to obtain the results.

Introduction

Green world, green economy, green technology—they all say the same things: the way we do business today is changing. Every industry will be shaped by the world’s new focus on creating a sustainable lifestyle, one that won’t deplete our natural and economic resources. The possibilities are unlimited. Almost any area that will conserve energy and reduce the dependency on fossil fuels is open to new and exciting career paths. Many of these positions have not even been identified yet and will only come to light as the technology progresses and new discoveries are made in the way we use that technology. And the best part about this is that our government is behind us. The U.S. government wants to help you get the education and training you’ll need to succeed and grow in this new and changing economy. The U.S. Department of Labor has launched a series of initiatives to support and promote green job creation. To view the report, visit: www.dol.gov/dol/green/ earthday_reportA.pdf. The time to decide on your future is now. This series, New Careers for the 21st Century: Finding Your Role in the Global Renewal, can act as the first step toward your continued education, training, and career path decisions. Take the first steps that will lead you— and the planet—to a productive and sustainable future. Mike Puglisi Department of Labor, District I Director (New York/New Jersey) IAWP (International Association of Workforce Professionals)

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This time, like all times, is a very good one, if we but know what to do with it. —Ralph Waldo Emerson

ABOUT THE QUOTE Sometimes people talk as though the future looks bleak and gloomy, with few opportunities for people who will be entering the career world. The reality, however, is that while the future will be different from the past (it always is!), it will hold plenty of new opportunities. Although there will no longer be a need for some of the old jobs people once held, new jobs will be created. Computer engineering and software design are fields that will expand with opportunities in the twenty-first century.

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Chapter Computer Software Jobs in the Twenty-First Century Words to Know

applications: Also known as “apps;” computer software designed to perform a specific task for the user. computer programming languages: Are artificial languages used to direct the functions of computers. databases: Are organized collections of information. cyber attacks: Are breaks in a computer system’s security, allowing for theft of data and user’s personal information. information technology (IT): The general term for the design, implementation, and support of computer-based systems including software applications and computer hardware.

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oday, computer software has become a part of the daily lives of people all over the world. Software helps us communicate with others, entertains us, and assists us in doing work. But who does the work of putting the software together, deciding how it will work and how people use it?

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Teams of highly skilled individuals create computer software, each doing her part to create the software we use everyday. Whether checking your e-mail inbox, playing your favorite video game, or writing a paper, you are using computer software that had to be designed and developed by groups of workers. Careers in computer software will prove to be a vital part of the coming decades of the twenty-first century, just as they have been in its first decade. As software is increasingly used in every aspect of business, communications, and recreation, workers who understand how to create and how to utilize software will be in high demand. Who will companies and organizations turn to when they need advice about communications and computer technology? Who will create tomorrow’s software—the next useful tool that will change the world or the newest million-selling game? Young adults growing up today will be the workers and job seekers of the future. For the youth of today, selecting a career path that incorporates the needs of the modern world is a great way to find success and personal satisfaction. In addition, these new workers should understand which jobs and careers best suit their individual talents, passions, and ambitions. Over the next few years, some industries are expected to add more jobs than others. The number of jobs in computer software is projected to grow faster than the average rate across all other industries. According to the United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment across all occupations is expected to grow by 11 percent through 2018, while employment

Chapter 1: Computer Software Jobs in the Twenty-First Century

in positions related to computer software are on track to grow by an average of more than 20 percent.

Computer Software Engineers Computer software engineers design and create computer software applications. These workers use their knowledge of computer science and mathematics to develop and test the kind of software used to run computers. This includes the systems that make computers function, called operating systems, as well as the software applications that people use in their daily lives. Computer software engineers must continually add to their existing knowledge as advances or changes in technology, practices, or their particular specialization are adopted.

Computers are everywhere in our society—in our homes, our businesses, our schools, and our vehicles. All of these computers need specialists to constantly develop and improve systems and software.

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The software that engineers design, develop, and test includes games, business software, network systems, or the operating systems in computers. Software engineers must be experts on computer theory, systems, and hardware in order to create software that works correctly. These workers must understand the needs of users and then design software accordingly, making sure to continually test the software as they work with computer programmers to develop it. While developing a particular piece of software, software engineers often work with computer programmers who carry out their design. Some software engineers may do programming work themselves. Computer software engineers are often separated into two broad categories: systems engineers and applications engineers.

Systems Engineers Computer systems software engineers organize and plan the implementation of computer systems for a company or organization. They are often also responsible for the maintenance and repair of their employer’s computer systems. No matter what the needs of the company for which they work (such as billing, inventory records, payroll, etc.), these workers must offer solid technical solutions. Systems software engineers may also help set up the networks that connect the computer in an office. Systems software engineers may work for companies that plan and install computer systems for use in other businesses or organizations. These workers may be part of sales, providing technical assistance and expertise to a team of sales professionals. Systems software engineers must be able to evaluate the needs of clients

Chapter 1: Computer Software Jobs in the Twenty-First Century

in this industry as well, customizing their recommendations for the individual client. This often requires that systems software engineers explain the technical aspects of computer systems to people who have little computer experience. They are often also responsible for ensuring that the systems they help plan and implement are secure.

Applications Engineers Computer applications software engineers look at the needs of a client, user, or organization and then create software applications that meet those needs. This may include adapting existing software for the use of a business or organization. Applications software engineers must be able to use a variety of computer programming languages, including C, C++, Python, and Java, sometimes changing languages depending on the kind of work they are required to do at any given time. Some applications software engineers also create databases for clients or employers.

Computer Programmers Computer programmers write computer code that allows computer software to function. Once software engineers and others have designed a program, programmers use their knowledge of computer programming languages to translate that design into directions that the computer can interpret and follow. Like applications software engineers, programmers must know how to use different programming languages depending on the type of software that they are creating. C, C++, and Python are the most common of the languages used by computer programmers.

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Computer programmers write and adjust the computer codes that make computers and computer software work.

Chapter 1: Computer Software Jobs in the Twenty-First Century

Computer programmers also update, fix, or change software that was originally created by other workers. Programmers who work on large projects work on teams of programmers to complete projects using what is called computer-assisted software engineering (CASE) tools that help the programmer write code. Computer programmers may also choose Did You Know? to use libraries of already-written In 2008, 1,336,300 computer code that can be used people were employed again and again. This code is known as computer software to be of good quality and functional, engineers and computer programmers according allowing programmers who use it to the Bureau of Labor to focus on unique aspects of the Statistics. project they are working on, cutting down on repeated work. Software development tools have become so advanced that in some cases they are able to automatically do work that a computer programmer would usually do. This has led to many programmers shifting their focus to software engineering. Software engineers and programmers often work together to come up with solutions to software design problems, developing some of the program’s functions together.

Computer Network, Systems, and Database Administrators Computer network, systems, and database administrators work to integrate information technology into the businesses, recreation, and daily lives of people all over the world. This broad category of

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workers might also be described as computer specialists, though their expertise is highly differentiated. These workers connect people and information through the Internet, computer networks, and digital databases.

Network Architects or Network Engineers Network engineers (sometimes called network architects) design computer networks. This includes the set up of local area networks (also called LANs), Internet access, and other communications networks. They may work on connecting computers within a single office, connecting computers in multiple different offices, connecting people across the globe, maintaining company e-mail systems, operating voice mail storage, or working on other systems. Network engineers must understand how to solve problems using hardware and software, computers, and other communications technologies. They must be well versed in a variety of different applications and methods of completing projects. These workers must plan out the networks they seek to implement, making sure that what they are doing matches the needs of their employers or coworkers. Network engineers also must understand how to use hardware in connecting people, such as setting up a router, wireless adaptor, or computers, as well as how to operate the software that runs this hardware. In some cases, these workers are also involved in maintaining network security for a company or organization.

Network and Computer Systems Administrators Network and computer systems administrators are responsible for designing and implementing the computer systems used by a

Chapter 1: Computer Software Jobs in the Twenty-First Century

company or organization. This means that they oversee the connections between computers in workplaces, between offices, and between workers’ computers and the Internet. These workers may be employed in government agencies, small businesses, or larger companies. Should any problems come up with the computer or network systems in a company, they must also make sure that these problems are solved quickly. Systems administrators work to find out what their coworkers or customers need, and then come up with technology that can serve those needs. They may gather information about how a network system is working, as well as what workers think about the system. Network and computer systems administrators are in charge of making sure that computers, networks, and software all work together correctly so that they can be used to the greatest effect by businesses and organizations. They may also advise their supervisors as to how to expand or upgrade an existing computer or network system.

Database Administrators Database administrators use software to manage the data of an organization or company. They help organize, present, and understand important information and vital company data. Often, database administrators will need to set up new computer databases, bringing in data from older systems. They also may work to upgrade an existing database system rather than create an entirely new one. When issues arise involving a company’s database, their database administrator is responsible for solving the problem. Database administrators must make sure that the database system for an organization works effectively and

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consistently. They also may educate new workers or users about the database and how to move data correctly. In addition, these workers may be responsible for information and data security for a company or organization, but in many cases they will coordinate with a computer security specialist for this work.

Computer Security Specialists Computer security specialists are responsible for planning and maintaining the information and data security of their employers. They may teach coworkers about computer security, install software for security purposes, and work to prevent cyber attacks. As cyber crime becomes more prevalent and more technically sophisticated, both the number of workers needed for this occu-

Cyber crime is a growing problem in the United States. This chart shows the increase in cyber crime complaints to the Department of Justice’s Internet Crime Complaint Center over the last 10 years.

Chapter 1: Computer Software Jobs in the Twenty-First Century

pation, as well as the responsibilities of those employed in the field, has increased.

Telecommunications Specialists Workers employed as telecommunications specialists use computer software and communications technology to help connect people. They may coordinate video, voice, or other types of communications systems for companies, clients, or organizations. These workers may also supervise the installation process or oversee repairs after communications systems have been installed.

Web Developers and Web Administrators Web developers are responsible for the creation of websites. They may write code, use software, and work with other tools to help build websites. These workers will Did You Know? need to be able to assess the needs According to the BLS, of site users and create a functional, 921,200 people had jobs easy-to-use site around these needs. in computer network, Some of these workers are also in systems, and database administration in 2008. charge of how the site looks, as well as how it works. Web administrators, also called webmasters, manage and coordinate the operation of one or more websites. These workers are responsible for the content of a site as well as the experience of the people who use the site. They also must gather data on how many people use the site and respond to feedback from users.

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Computer and Information Systems Managers Information technology (IT) has become an integral part of almost every successful twenty-first-century business and organization. Computer and information systems managers help to implement and oversee this technology within their companies or organizations. They may direct the technical research or software development a company does, as well as maintaining the company’s network security. These workers often supervise other information technology professionals, including computer programmers and software engineers. They also must make sure that the software and hardware that a company or organization is using is up to date. Computer and information systems managers are increasingly becoming involved in maintaining the security of the data, network, and computer systems that they plan and implement. These workers oversee the technical needs of the company or organization from a short- and long-term perspective, watching technology trends to look for potentially useful tools. Computer and information systems managers can work in a variety of positions within the companies and organizations that employ these workers.

Chief Technology Officers Chief technology officers (CTOs) watch technology trends and decide whether or not their company or organization should adopt particular technologies, software, or practices. They may

Chapter 1: Computer Software Jobs in the Twenty-First Century

Businesses hire information technology professionals—often known as IT workers—to maintain computer systems, prevent security breaches, and fix problems.

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What Kind of Person Are You?

Career-counseling experts know that certain kinds of people do best in certain kinds of jobs. John L. Holland developed the following list of personality types and the kinds of jobs that are the best match for each type. See which one (or two) are most like you. The more you understand yourself, the better you’ll be able to make a good career plan for yourself. • Realistic personality: This kind of person likes to do practical, handson work. He or she will most enjoy working with materials that can be touched and manipulated, such as wood, steel, tools, and machinery. This personality type enjoys jobs that require working outdoors, but he or she does NOT enjoy jobs that require a lot of paperwork or close teamwork with others. • Investigative personality: This personality type likes to work with ideas. He or she will enjoy jobs that require lots of thinking and researching. Jobs that require mental problem solving will be a good fit for this personality. • Artistic personality: This type of person enjoys working with forms, designs, and patterns. She or he likes jobs that require selfexpression—and that don’t require following a definite set of rules. • Social personality: Jobs that require lots of teamwork with others, as well as teaching others, are a good match for this personality type. These jobs often involve helping others in some way. • Enterprising personality: This person will enjoy planning and starting new projects, even if that involves a degree of risk-taking. He or she is good at making decisions and leading others. • Conventional personality: An individual with this type of personality likes to follow a clear set of procedures or routines. He or she doesn’t want to be the boss but prefers to work under someone else’s leadership. Jobs that require working with details and facts (more than ideas) are a good fit for this personality.

Chapter 1: Computer Software Jobs in the Twenty-First Century

also supervise the workers who help implement and operate the technology used in an office, speaking with them about potential issues. When the CTO of a company thinks that a new technology or system would improve some aspect of the work that the company does, she is responsible to bring it to the attention of her supervisors, proposing a budget and implementation plan.

Management Information Systems (MIS) Directors Management information systems directors are also known as MIS directors or information technology directors. These workers manage the information technology systems of the companies or organizations by which they are employed. MIS directors often supervise other workers and report to the chief technology officer of their company or organization. They oversee many different information technology and computing departments to coordinate and operate information systems effectively.

Information Technology Project Managers IT project managers oversee the information technology projects of the organizations or companies that employ them. They may create a budgets and schedules for installing new communications or computer systems. They often supervise lower-level IT workers and speak with outside vendors to coordinate purchase of new equipment. In addition, IT project managers are involved more and more in the security aspect of information technology.

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Life shrinks or expands in proportion to one’s courage. —Anais Nin

ABOUT THE QUOTE You can limit yourself right at the beginning of your adult life by not exploring all the educational opportunities that are open to you. It’s tempting, of course, to do what seems safest and easiest—but that course may lead you to a more narrow future than what you could otherwise build for yourself. As you enter the next stage of your education, dare to explore your full potential. Take a chance by trying a new course of study. You may discover new skills and possibilities you never suspected.

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Chapter Education and Training Words to Know bachelor’s degree: Is a college degree awarded, usually, after four years of study. graduate degrees: Are degrees that require additional education after four years of college. internship: Is a program of on-the-job training, often an opportunity for a student to learn more about a career. innovative: Putting new ideas and ways of doing things into action. associate’s degree: Is a two-year degree, often from a community college. master’s degree: Is a graduate degree usually requiring a year or more of study beyond a bachelor’s degree.

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he majority of computer software careers require at least a bachelor’s degree, typically in a computer-related field. Some workers may choose to get advanced degrees in business with a specialization in business technology or computer software.

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Training to Be a Computer Software Engineer or Computer Programmer For the majority of software engineering and computer programming positions, employers will seek job applicants who have at least a bachelor’s degree. Many employers also seek workers with relevant work experience, and an advanced knowledge of many different computer technologies. These workers usually major in computer science, software engineering, or mathematics in college. Workers who wish to be employed in higher positions may need graduate degrees. Although many programming jobs require a bachelor’s degree (as is the case with many careers in computer software), a twoyear degree may be enough for some jobs. Workers may also have certification in a particular technique or type of software, which may help Did You Know? The National Association them qualify for certain positions. of Colleges and Employers These workers may also choose to reported in 2009 that the get additional education in business average starting salary for or some aspect of computer propeople with a bachelor’s degree in computer gramming. science was $61,407. Employers who utilize computer equipment for scientific research or software development almost exclusively hire college graduates with degrees in computer science, engineering, or mathematics. Employers who hire computer software engineers and programmers for business-related work will seek

Chapter 2: Education and Training

employees who hold degrees in business, or applying technology to business. Many employers will look for employees with advanced degrees. In addition to a solid educational background, employers who are looking to hire software engineers or computer programmers value programming work experience and skill. An internship can

Internships provide experience and job training for students. Many internships also earn the students credits toward their degree.

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provide students with their first work experience, allowing them to observe professional software engineers and programmers. In some cases, employers want new employees to undergo unique educational programs offered within the company. Computer software engineers and programmers will need to have knowledge of the newest technologies and techniques used in their field. Workers may choose to take classes or attend seminars that provide them with education about new topics in the occupation. These opportunities may be offered by employers, software makers, or at colleges and universities.

Other Qualifications Certification is a good way for software engineers and programmers to exhibit their knowledge in a particular aspect of their job or technology. Certification in a particular technique, software, or technology can give workers in software engineering or programming a competitive advantage when looking for jobs in the field. Software firms who create software products or professional computing organizations often offer programs that end in certification. Computer software engineers and programmers must be able to analyze and solve problems effectively. These workers will need to be creative in creating quality, innovative software. Engineers and programmers must also communicate well with their coworkers and the users of their software. Software engineers and programmers who want to advance to positions in management can benefit from having or developing business skills.

Chapter 2: Education and Training

Advancement As computer software engineers gain more experience over time, the number of opportunities for advancement open to them will likely increase. These workers may be promoted to project manager, manager of information systems, or chief information officer. Some software engineers become information technology consultants for businesses and corporations. In large companies or organizations, computer programmers may be promoted to positions as supervisors or programming team leaders. Business education or experience can help programmers move to other jobs in computer software, such as systems analyst or software engineer. Some computer programmers will become consultants, advising companies as they hire outside firms to do programming work.

Training to be a Computer Network, Systems, or Database Administrator Network and computer systems administrators are usually required to have at least a bachelor’s degree. Some positions, however, may only require an associate’s degree or relevant work experience. Many of these workers begin their careers as computer support specialists, assisting consumers or company employees with computer problems. In college, these workers may have majored in computer science, information science, or management information systems (MIS). The majority of computer-related bachelor’s degrees take four years to earn. These programs include courses in computer

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programming, mathematics, and computer science, as well as general education courses. MIS majors may attend a business school or four-year college and take courses in finance, business management, and marketing, as well as computer-related courses. Network architects and database administration jobs are typically only available to those with degrees in computer-related fields. Specifically, employers may search for employees who have a master’s degree in business administration (MBA) with a focus in information technology. The majority of these programs will take two years and include coursework in subjects like finance, accounting, marketing, and other business-related topics. MBA programs that have a concentration in a computer-related field, will often also include courses in online and electronic business, data management, and computer systems management. For almost all other positions in computer network, systems, and database administration (including web developer, webmaster, and telecommunications specialist, among others) employers seek workers with at least a bachelor’s degree. These workers will often be more competitive in their respective job markets if they hold a degree in a computer-related field.

Other Qualifications Computer network, systems, and database administrators must be able to evaluate problems and offer solutions in a clear manner. These workers must pay close attention to details, particularly because they may be called upon to carry out many tasks at once. They also must be able to work well with others, as

Chapter 2: Education and Training

Real-Life Career: Kurt Wilms, Software Engineer Kurt Wilms works for a very popular news aggregation website, where users submit news stories and vote on which stories they think are the most interesting, entertaining, or important. Kurt’s job is to create and maintain the software that allows the site to function the way it does. He works on the features that make the site as popular as it is, that keep users coming back each day. “Online communities,” Kurt says, “can be powerful and open up new ways to communicate and share information.” After studying computer science in college, Kurt now spends his days writing programming code and designing new features for the site his company operates. Kurt and his coworkers work in an average office, each sitting at a desk with a computer, but they often break up the potentially monotonous writing of code by working in groups to come up with new ideas that will please users of their site. The company he works at is relatively small, despite their site’s popularity, with only around 80 employees. Kurt was only the eighteenth worker hired by the company for which he works. “Now we have many more engineers compared to the early days,” Kurt says. “This is nice because it allows our engineers to work on pieces of the software that interest them.” Kurt tells up-and-coming software engineers to be flexible in what methods and technologies they use when beginning their careers. “These things change, and they change constantly,” Kurt warns. “The most important skills are the skills that are transferable. Once you have a deep understanding of general computer science concepts you will know where to look for the details later when you need them.” (From www.insidethewebb.com/2009/11/interview-with-a-digg-com-softwareengineer-kurt-wilms/)

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Computers and related technology are constantly evolving, so the specialists who work with them must be able to keep up with all the changes.

Chapter 2: Education and Training

computer network, systems, and database administrators often work on teams for larger projects. Solid communication skills will help these individuals work better with programmers, managers, and other coworkers, including those who have little experience with computers. Computer specialists must continually update their understanding of the latest skills, techniques, and technologies in order to remain effective in their jobs, and competitive in the job market. Many workers will seek certification in particular software, technologies, or practices offered by organizations across the country. Technical training institutions, software makers, and computing trade associations offer certification programs. Employers may hire workers based on their being certified in a given technology or practice.

Advancement Workers entering computer systems administration are usually tasked with maintaining and monitoring the function of computer systems at a company or organization. As these individuals gain work experience, they may move to positions in which they oversee other workers. Database and network administrators may be promoted to chief technology officer if they have sufficient experience and skills. Some computer systems, network, and database administrators may find work as independent consultants if they have a specialized base of knowledge.

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Training to be a Computer and Information Systems Manager A bachelor’s degree is required for almost all positions in computer and information systems management. Undergraduate students who are looking to go into computer and information systems management may choose to major in computer science, management information systems (MIS), or other information technology related field. MIS programs often include course work in business, finance, marketing, as well as database, network, and system management. Employers often prefer to hire workers who have graduate degrees, particularly MBAs with a focus in applying technology in business. MBA programs typically take two years to complete after students have earned their undergraduate degree. These programs offer courses in finance, management, marketing, database management, and electronic business, among other subjects. Computer and information systems managers advance in their careers by being promoted to positions of leadership in IT departments as they gain work experience.

Other Qualifications Evaluating the information technology of a particular company or organization often requires that chief technical officers and others in computer and information system management have a solid understanding of business. Employers may wish to hire workers who have specialized in business management or even

Chapter 2: Education and Training

If You Have a Realistic or Conventional Personality. . .

Being a software designer or computer specialist may not be the best career choice for you. These careers do not allow you to physically handle your work product the way some other career choices will. Instead, software engineer and other computer specialists spend most of their time inside, sitting at a desk. Their work tends to vary from project to project, rather than following a set, predictable routine.

If You Have an Investigative Personality. . .

Because almost all organizations in today’s world require people with computer expertise, you might enjoy working for a medical facility, a scientific research company, or an engineering firm. This would allow you to be in a setting that focuses on studying and solving math or science problems—and you would not be in a position where you were expected to sell things or persuade people of anything. If you see yourself as precise, scientific, and intellectual—AND you enjoy working with computers, look for a job connected with science, medicine, or engineering where you will be able to do both.

sales. Computer and information systems managers often supervise other workers, as well, and must exhibit leadership and communication skills. In addition, these workers must be able to explain complicated technical matters to clients, supervisors, or coworkers.

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The highest order of duty to self is to follow your bliss. To thine own self be true. The highest order of duty to society is to make your greatest contribution to its well-being. These duties meet in your life’s work —Laurence G. Boldt

ABOUT THE QUOTE What do you enjoy doing most? Chances are that’s also one of the things you’re best at doing. And it may be the best skill you have to offer society. When you’ve found those three things, you’ve likely found the right career for yourself.

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Chapter Job Opportunities Words to Know median: Is a type of average based on the middle number of a list of numbers from lowest to highest. subordinates: Are the people within an organization for whom you are the boss.

Computer Software Engineers and Computer Programmers Employment In 2008, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reported that 1.3 million workers held computer software engineer and computer programmer positions. Of the 1.3 million people that worked as computer software engineers or computer programmers in 2008, 514,800 worked as computer applications software engineers, 394,800 worked as computer software engineers, and 426,700 were computer programmers. Thirty-two percent of all computer software engineers and computer programmers were employed in computer systems design and services related to that industry.

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Software engineers and programmers also worked for computer manufacturers, insurance companies, financial firms, and computer software publishers.

Work Conditions Software engineers and programmers usually work in offices or, in some cases, in laboratories that house computer equipment. As communication technology advances, many workers are also telecommuting from locations other than a centrally located office. Some software engineers may need to travel to consult for clients or speak with customers.

Software engineers are needed in a variety of industries, so work conditions will vary. This software engineer works on equipment at Robins Air Force Base in Georgia.

Chapter 3: Job Opportunities

The majority of software engineers and programmers work the standard forty-hour week, though some do work fifty hours a week or more. Working at a computer for extended periods of time causes some workers in these occupations back pain, eyestrain, or problems with their hands and wrists such as carpal tunnel syndrome.

Earnings According to the BLS, the average yearly wages of computer applications software engineers were around $85,000.The highest-paid 10 percent of these workers made annual earnings of more than $128,500, on average. The lowest-paid 10 percent made less than $53,700 per year. The middle 50 percent earned annual incomes of between $67,790 and $104,870, Median annual wages in the industries employing the largest numbers of computer applications software engineers in May 2008 were as follows: professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers software publishers management of companies and enterprises computer systems design and related services insurance carriers

$93,740 87,710 85,990 84,610 80,370

In 2008, the annual incomes of computer systems software engineers were around $92,400, on average. Of these workers, the highest-paid 10 percent made an average of more than

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$135,000 per year, while the lowest-paid 10 percent made less than $57,800 annually. The middle 50 percent made between $73,200 and $113,900, on average. Median annual wages in the industries employing the largest numbers of computer systems software engineers in May 2008 were as follows: scientific research and development services computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing software publishers navigational measuring electromedical and control instruments manufacturing computer systems design and related services

$102,090 101,270 93,590 91,720 91,610

The average annual earnings of computer programmers were about $69,500 in 2008. The highest-paid 10 percent of these workers made average annual incomes of more than $111,000, while the lowest-paid 10 percent made less than $40,000 a year. Median annual wages in the industries employing the largest numbers of computer programmers in May 2008 are shown below: software publishers management of companies and enterprises computer systems design and related services employment services insurance carriers

$81,780 71,040 70,270 70,070 69,790

Chapter 3: Job Opportunities

Computer Network, Systems, and Database Administrators Employment Of the approximately 921,200 computer network, systems, and database administration workers who had jobs in 2008, 339,500 worked as network and computer systems administrators, 292,000 worked as data and network communication analysts, and 120,400 worked as database administrators. The Bureau of Labor Statistics classifies around 209,300 additional workers as general “computer specialists,” a category covering the remaining jobs in computer network, systems, and database administration. These workers held positions in the computer systems design, telecommunications, financial, and insurance industries, as well as in government agencies.

Working Conditions Workers employed in network, systems, and database administration usually work in offices or facilities that house computer equipment. The majority of these individuals work a standard forty-hour workDid You Know? week. Around one out of every six In 2008, around 48,200 of network, systems, and database computer software administrators worked more than engineers and computer programmers were selffifty hours a week in 2008, accordemployed. ing to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Some of these workers may need to

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be available outside of work, so that they can be called upon to solve unexpected problems or technical issues that occur outside of normal work hours. Some network, systems, and database administrators work outside the office—from home, on the road, or from another location—using e-mail and other communications methods to keep in touch with employers and coworkers.

Website design provides an opportunity to combine artistic skills with a computer career.

Chapter 3: Job Opportunities

Earnings In 2008, the average yearly incomes of network and computer systems administrators were around $66,300, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. On average, the highest-paid 10 percent of network and computer systems administrators made more than $104,000 a year, while the lowest-paid 10 percent made less than $41,000 annually. Median annual wages in the industries employing the largest numbers of network and computer systems administrators in May 2008 were as follows: management of companies and enterprises computer systems design and related services wired telecommunications carriers colleges, universities, and professional schools elementary and secondary schools

$70,680 70,490 66,950 57,380 56,320

The average yearly incomes of database administrators were around $69,700 in 2008. Of these workers, the highest-paid 10 percent made an average of $111,950 each year, while the lowest-paid 10 percent made an average of less than $40,000 annually. The average annual earnings of network systems and data communication analysts (including telecommunications specialists, web administrators, and web developers) were around $71,000 in 2008, according to the BLS. The highest-paid 10

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percent of these workers made average incomes of more than $110,000 annually. The lowest-paid 10 percent made less than $41,600 a year. Median annual wages in the industries employing the largest numbers of network systems and data communications analysts in May 2008 were as follows: wired telecommunications carriers insurance carriers management of companies and enterprises computer systems design and related services local government

Computer and Information Systems Managers Employment

$75,930 74,910 73,720 72,410 64,230

Did You Know? In 2008, one of every four computer and information systems managers worked for more than 50 hours per week.

In 2008, computer and information systems managers held approximately 293,000 jobs, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. These workers were employed in systems design companies, financial firms, insurance companies, government agencies, among other industries.

Working Conditions Computer and information systems managers typically work in offices. Many of these individuals must put in long hours, often

Chapter 3: Job Opportunities

over fifty hours a week, in order to meet deadlines or solve issues that arise unexpectedly. These workers may also have to work with subordinates who do not work in a central office, instead working outside of the office and communicating by e-mail.

Earnings In 2008, the average annual earnings of computer and information systems managers were $112,210. In addition, many workers in computer and information systems management received benefits that included bonuses and company stock. Median annual wages in the industries employing the largest numbers of computer and information systems managers in May 2008 were as follows: software publishers computer systems design and related services management of companies and enterprises depository credit intermediation insurance carriers

$126,840 118,120 115,150 113,380 109,810

If You Have an Artistic Personality. . .

Then you might find that certain kinds of software design jobs would be an excellent match for your skills. You’ll find opportunities to work independently, and to come up with your own original ideas. If you have artistic talents, you may be able to integrate these with your computer skills to create games and other creative software. However, you probably would not enjoy being a systems or database manager.

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I think the person who takes a job in order to live— that is to say just for the money— has turned himself into a slave. —Joseph Campbell

ABOUT THE QUOTE It’s important to think about the practical side of life. As an adult, you will need to make enough money to cover your living expenses. You will want money for recreational purposes as well. There’s nothing wrong with enjoying money, and you should consider how much salary you can make in whatever career you choose and whether it will be enough to cover your needs AND wants. But you should also never choose a job ONLY because of the money. The best way to earn a living is by being paid to do something you truly love doing.

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Chapter The Future of Computer Software Jobs Words to Know

mobile devices: Are small, portable communication instruments such as cell phones. outsourcing: When a company sends its work to another company in another location, often overseas.

T

aken as a group, the job outlook for workers in computer software-related fields is projected to be very good over the next few years, with the majority of these occupations growing faster than the average rate for growth across all industries. In general, competition for jobs is expected to be less intense than in many other occupations, partially due to the large increases in the overall number of jobs available. More workers will be able to enter the careers that involve computer software, including many new workers looking to gain valuable work experience.

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Computer Software Engineers and Computer Programmers Employment Change Overall, employment of computer software engineers and computer programmers is projected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to increase by around 21 percent by 2018, a much higher rate of growth than the average for all industries. While employment in computer software engineering is on track to grow rapidly, employment in programming is expected to decline slightly. Employment of computer software engineers is projected by the BLS to increase by around 32 percent over the next few years. Demand for these workers will continue to increase due to the growing importance of computer software to business, communication, and recreation. Opportunities to create software for use on the Internet, for instance, are expected to be numerous over the next several years. In addition, government agencies, healthcare providers, telecommunications companies, businesses, and nonprofit organizations will all need to use computer software, and will seek to hire software engineers to advise them as to how to integrate this technology into their work most effectively. Software engineers will also be hired in large numbers to maintain and upgrade existing computer software that is being sold and used by companies around the world. Changes in technology will only add to growth in this occupation. As new products and technologies emerge, and their use is widely adopted, workers who understand how to use these

Chapter 4: The Future of Computer Software Jobs

technologies will find themselves more competitive for jobs in the software engineering field. The widespread popularity of mobile devices and handheld computers, for instance, has created many jobs in designing software for use on these devices. The Internet is another example of a technological advancement that has driven increased employment of software engineers, and will continue to drive growth in the occupation as it becomes even more widely used. Businesses will also need employees who are experts in integrating these new technologies and software into their companies.

Computers are no longer just large desktop machines—they are present in laptops, portable music players, and cell phones.

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Concerns over the risk of cyber crime have also shaped software engineering employment. Companies who wish to protect their networks, computer systems, and data will look for software engineers who have some experience with security software, potentially designing unique security applications in order to meet the needs of the company. In addition, software engineers may be hired to update older, less secure computer systems or software. Cyber security will continue to be a field in which many computer software designers and specialists find work. As is the case with many computer software related industries and occupations, outsourcing will affect the growth in employment of software engineers, though less so than it will affect employment of computer programmers. Some software engineering jobs may be outsourced to countries where labor costs less, but this will not significantly harm the chances for most workers to find jobs in software engineering. Though many occupations in computer software are expected to grow in numbers over the next few years, according to the BLS, employment of computer programmers is expected to decrease slightly, by 3 percent over the next few years. As programming languages become known and understood by more people, allowing people who once only used programs to write their own, and programming projects are increasingly outsourced to overseas companies, the demand for programmers will decline. Computer programming can be done from anywhere, rather than being tied to a single office space, and as a result, this work has been sent to companies in other countries where labor is less costly than

Chapter 4: The Future of Computer Software Jobs

in the United States. Computer programming jobs are particularly affected by outsourcing as compared with other fields in computer-related industries. In most cases, workers with more technically complicated jobs will have less chance of having their work outsourced. While decline in employment and outsourced work is the current state of domestic computer programming, some employers will need the skills and services of computer programmers in the United States. Companies who require some programming done but not enough to make outsourcing financially worthwhile may choose to hire programmers locally, for instance. To stay competitive when searching for these local positions, computer programmers will need to keep their base of knowledge up to date. They will need to continually learn changes to the way that they use certain programming languages, and in some cases, they will have to learn new languages on their own time. Some employers may also choose to hire companies that do programming work in low-cost areas of the United States in order to avoid potentially difficult situations that may arise when working with offshore companies.

Job Prospects Job prospects for those in computer software engineering are typically best for those who have at least a bachelor’s degree, as well as relevant work experience. The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects the job prospects for software engineers to be very good. The BLS expects that the number of jobs available will be

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much higher in most cases than the number of workers competing for those positions. Employers will also search for workers with backgrounds in computer programming, business, and communications in some cases. Though the majority of the new software engineering jobs will be added due to increased demand for these workers, many new workers will also be hired to replace workers who are leaving the workforce or moving on to other occupations. Companies and organizations also may seek software engineering consultants to assist them in managing their computer systems. While employment of computer programmers is expected to decline over the next few years, new jobs will be created as older workers leave the workforce or workers move onto other jobs. Computer programmers who have a bachelor’s degree as well as experience with Did You Know? many different programming lanThe Bureau of Labor guages will be the most competitive Statistics projects that when searching for these new jobs. between 2008 and 2018, 295,000 new jobs in As is the case with most careers software engineering will in computer software, computer be created. programmers will need to continually learn new ways of doing things, new programming techniques, and new programming languages. These workers can also benefit from seeking out certifications in some aspect of their field, such as a specific type of software or programming language.

Chapter 4: The Future of Computer Software Jobs

Computer Network, Systems, and Database Administrators Employment Change According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment of computer network, systems, and database administrators is on track to grow 30 percent through 2018, much faster than the 11 percent average rate of growth for all industries. This will mean 286,00 more computer network, systems, and database administration jobs. The level of growth in employment of network, systems, and database administrators will differ on the specialization of workers. Employment of network and computer systems administrators is projected to grow by 23 percent by 2018, according to the BLS. Over the next few years, companies and organizations will continue to invest in new technologies, leading to an increase in demand for workers who understand how to manage computer networks and systems. As mobile technologies become a greater part of business and communication, workers in many jobs will increasingly use the Internet. Network and computer systems administrators will be hired to coordinate the communications technologies for company employees, clients, and customers. In addition, these workers will be assisting in keeping data and networks secure from cyber attack, making individuals with computer security experience particularly valuable to employers. The BLS projects that employment of database administrators is going to grow by approximately 20 percent over the next few

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These images show examples of two types of networks that a network administrator might encounter. The top is a local area network (LAN), which is confined to a single location, while the bottom image is of a virtual private network (VPN) which allows users to connect from terminals that are away from the main location.

Chapter 4: The Future of Computer Software Jobs

years. Companies, organizations, and government agencies will need to hire these workers to help manage greater amounts of information in orderly ways. It is also becoming more common for these information databases to be connected to the Internet, making database administrators who understand how to keep data safe from online security threats increasingly valuable to potential employers. According to the BLS, employment of network systems and data communications analysts is projected to grow by 53 percent by 2018. This is among the fastest rate for any occupation that the Bureau of Labor Statistics observes. This group of workers includes network engineers, web administrators, web developers, and others. As businesses and organizations continue to seek better networks in order to further their ability to do business and communicate efficiently, they will seek to hire more network engineers to design and implement network and communications technologies. The expansion in popularity of wireless technologies also necessitates more workers be hired in this occupation. Network engineers with experience in cyber security will also be in high demand. Webmasters and web developers will be in high demand over the next few years. The Internet’s popularity and the need for many businesses to conduct transactions and communicate online will mean employers will hire more workers with knowledge of the web. The number of different kinds of services that the Internet delivers to users is also increasing, leading to further growth in this occupation.

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Computer network, systems, and database administrators will also see very rapid growth in employment, particularly in the software publishing, technical consulting, and data processing industries, among others. Health-care providers hiring individuals with knowledge of these technologies will drive part of the growth in employment opportunities for these workers. Information technology will continue to be a key part of any growing business or organization in the next several years. While some jobs may be sent offshore, outsourced to other companies that will do work for less money, there is also a growing trend toward consolidating the information technology workers of a company or organization in low-cost areas in the United States, leading to some job opportunities in these areas. Outsourcing should not drastically affect the growth in employment of computer network, systems, and database managers.

Job Prospects The job prospects for those searching for work in network, systems, or database administration are projected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to be very good. Over the next several years, the BLS expects the number of available positions in this field to be higher than the number of workers competing for these jobs. Generally, job seekers who hold a college degree and extensive technical knowledge will have the best chance to find work in network, systems, or database administration. New workers will need to enter the occupation to replace retirees and those who move on to other positions, and to fill new jobs created by increased demand for network, systems, or database administrators.

Chapter 4: The Future of Computer Software Jobs

Computer and Information Systems Managers Employment Change The BLS projects that employment of computer and information systems managers will grow by 17 percent, faster than the average for all industries. As new technologies are adopted by businesses and organizations, demand for computer and information systems managers will increase. Companies will need to continually upgrade their computer systems and networks in order to

Modern companies do a lot of business via the Internet, so having a welldesigned website is an essential component of success.

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remain competitive in their industries. Computer and information systems managers will be hired to coordinate these ongoing upgrades and seek out the best new technologies. Additionally, security will continue to be a growing concern for many companies and organizations that need to use computer networks in their daily work, leading to more growth in computer and information systems management jobs. Employers may seek workers with this experience in particular. Growth in the employment of computer and information systems managers is expected to closely follow the employment growth in the occupations they manage and supervise, including computer programmers, software engineers, analysts, and administrators. Many industries will increase their hiring of computer and information systems managers, but growth is expected to be greatest in software publishing, data management, computer systems design, and technical consulting companies, as well as health-care providers.

Job Prospects Job prospects for those seeking work in computer and information systems management should be very good, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The BLS projects that the number of jobs in the field should remain higher than the number of workers competing for these positions. Workers who have specialized knowledge of business and communications will be the most successful when searching for work in the occupation. Computer and information systems managers who hold an MBA with a con-

Chapter 4: The Future of Computer Software Jobs

centration in information systems will be the most sought after by employers.

If You Have a Social Personality. . .

You might enjoy using your computer skills for nonprofit organizations, schools, hospitals, and counseling services. These environments would allow you to feel like you are making a difference in the world by helping to solve some of the world’s problems. You might also like working with a team of people who share your values and who are, like you, helpful, friendly, and trustworthy.

If You Have an Enterprising Personality. . .

You should use your computer skills to move you to the top of your field, where you can be a director or manage your own company. These higherlevel careers will allow you opportunities to be in a leadership position where you can express your ambitions. Be aware, though, that there are few entry-level positions like this, so you need to be prepared to put in your time at lower levels of responsibility, proving over time both your computers skills and your ability to make decisions and lead others.

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Further REading

Further Reading Burns, Julie, and Julie Kling Burns. Opportunities in Computer Careers. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001. Farr, Michael. Top 100 Computer and Technical Careers: Your Complete Guidebook to Major Jobs in Many Fields at All Training Levels. St. Paul, Minn. Jist Publishing, 2008. Goldberg, Jan. Great Jobs for Computer Science Majors. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002. Henderson, Harry. Career Opportunities in Computers and Cyberspace. New York. Facts on File, 2004. Stair, Lila and Leslie. Careers in Computers. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002.

Find Out More on the Internet Computing Degrees and Careers www.computingcareers.acm.org Data Management International (DAMA) www.dama.org IEEE Computer Society www.computer.org League of Professional System Administrators www.lopsa.org National Center for Women and Information Technology (NCWIT) www.ncwit.org

Bibliography

National Workforce Center for Emerging Technologies (NWCET) www.nwcet.org

Disclaimer The websites listed on this page were active at the time of publication. The publisher is not responsible for websites that have changed their address or discontinued operation since the date of publication. The publisher will review and update the websites upon each reprint.

Bibliography United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Computer and Information Systems Managers,” http://www.bls.gov/oco/ ocos258.htm (21 April 2010). United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Computer Network, Systems, and Database Administrators,” http://www. bls.gov/oco/ocos305.htm (21 April 2010). United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Computer Software Engineers and Computer Programmers,” http://www. bls.gov/oco/ocos303.htm (21 April 2010). United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Computer Systems Analysts,” http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos287.htm (21 April 2010).

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index

Index Bureau of Labor Statistics 10, 15, 37, 41–42, 44, 48, 51–53, 55–56, 58 business 10, 12–13, 15, 17, 20, 25–29, 34, 48–49, 52–53, 55–58 administration 30 management 29, 34 school 29 cyber crime 18, 50 degree 26–27, 30, 56 associate’s 25, 29 bachelor’s 25–26, 29–30, 33, 51–52 graduate 25–26, 34 master’s 25, 30 undergraduate 34 engineers applications engineers 13 network engineers 16, 55 software engineers 11–12, 15, 20, 26–29, 31, 35, 37–41, 48–52, 58 systems engineers 12 information technology 9, 15, 20, 22, 29–30, 34, 56

Internet 16–17, 48–49, 53, 55 internships 25, 27 local area networks 16 management information systems (MIS) 22, 29, 34 MBA 30, 34, 59 outsourcing 50–51, 56 programmers 12–13, 15, 20, 26–30, 37–41, 48, 50–52, 58 software 12–13, 15–20, 25–26, 28–29, 31, 33, 45, 47–50, 52 publishing 56, 58 systems managers 20, 33–34, 44–45, 57–59 telecommunications 19, 30, 41–43, 48 web developers 19, 30, 43, 55 webmasters 19, 30, 55

Picture Credits

Picture Credits Creative Commons Attribution Brent Nelson: pg. 43 Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.0 Generic tswicegood: pg. 14 Fotolia.com artcalin: pg. 8 auremar: pp. 11, 27 Eimantas Buzas: pg. 21 jeancliclac: pg. 32 Lizard: pg. 46 Nmedia: pg. 57 Phototom: pg. 49 raven: pg. 36 Stephen Coburn: pg 24 GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 Hcberkowitz: pg. 54 Ludovic.ferre: pg. 54

To the best knowledge of the publisher, all images not specifically credited are in the public domain. If any image has been inadvertently uncredited, please notify Harding House Publishing Service, 220 Front Street, Vestal, New York 13850, so that credit can be given in future printings.

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About the Author and Consultant

About the Author Camden Flath is a writer living and working in Binghamton, New York. He has a degree in English and has written several books for young people. He is interested in current political, social, and economic issues and applies those interests to his writing.

About the Consultant Michael Puglisi is the director of the Department of Labor’s Workforce New York One Stop Center in Binghamton, New York. He has also held several leadership positions in  the International Association of Workforce Professionals (IAWP), a non-profit educational association exclusively dedicated to workforce professionals with a rich tradition and history of contributions to workforce excellence. IAWP members receive the tools and resources they need to effectively contribute to the workforce development system daily. By providing relevant education, timely and informative communication and valuable findings of pertinent research, IAWP equips its members with knowledge, information and practical tools for success. Through its network of local and regional chapters, IAWP is preparing its members for the challenges of tomorrow.