Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

Table of contents :
Table of Contents......Page 5
Division 100 Processes......Page 19
Construction Documents......Page 20
CONSTRUCTION......Page 21
SPECIFICATIONS......Page 29
Site Construction Operations......Page 36
Standards and Guidelines......Page 52
Spatial Standards......Page 53
INTRODUCTION......Page 54
APPLICATIONS......Page 55
Vehicular Dimensions and Spatial Requirements......Page 56
COMMUNITY PLANNING DATA......Page 73
Energy and Resource Conservation......Page 77
SITE ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT......Page 79
SITE DEVELOPMENT AND LAYOUT......Page 80
Building Orientation:......Page 81
BIOCLIMATE FUNDAMENTALS......Page 82
Biodimatic Strategies......Page 84
Human Comfort Factors......Page 85
BuildingSpacing:......Page 86
Wind Management......Page 88
Earth Shelter Strategies......Page 89
Outdoor Accessibility......Page 91
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR ACCOMMODATING......Page 92
Visual Impairments......Page 94
Manual Impairments......Page 95
DESIGN ELEMENTS AND DETAILS......Page 96
Walkways, Street Crossings and Paved Surfaces......Page 97
Walkway Furnishings......Page 100
Bus Shelters and Lifts......Page 101
International symbol of accessiblity......Page 102
Signoge......Page 104
ACCESSIBLE RECREATION......Page 105
Interpretive Trails......Page 106
Outdoor Camping and picnicking......Page 108
Fishing and Boating......Page 110
Parks and Playgrounds......Page 112
Jogging Paths......Page 113
AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS......Page 114
Natural Hazards: Earthquakes......Page 115
EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES......Page 116
ASSESSING EARTHQUAKE RISKS AND LOSSES......Page 120
LAND PLANNING, DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION IN SEISMIC ZONES......Page 121
SOURCES OF TECHNICAL INFORMATION & ASSISTANCE......Page 125
Natural Hazards: Landslides and Snow Avalanches......Page 127
LANDSLIDES......Page 128
SNOW AVALANCHES......Page 138
SOURCES OF TECHNICAL INFORMATION AND ASSISTANCE......Page 142
Natural Hazards: Land Subsidence......Page 143
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 144
SUBSIDENCE CAUSED BY SURFACE OR INTERNAL LOADING......Page 145
SUBSIDENCE CAUSED BY REMOVAL OF SUBSURFACE MATERIALS......Page 146
SUBSIDENCE IN PERMAFROST ZONES......Page 149
SUBSIDENCE CAUSED BY ORGANIC SOILS......Page 150
Natural Hazards: Expansive Soils......Page 151
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 152
ESTIMATION OF HAZARD......Page 153
LOSS PREVENTION AND REDUCTION......Page 154
SOURCES OF TECHNICAL INFORMATION......Page 159
Division 300 Techniques......Page 160
Site Grading......Page 161
STANDARDS......Page 162
GRADING CONCEPTS......Page 166
GRADING CRITERIA......Page 173
EARTHWORK PROCESSES......Page 184
Stormwater Management......Page 195
DESIGN INFORMANTS......Page 196
STORMWATER DESIGN ISSUES......Page 197
DESIGN PROCEDURES......Page 199
RUNOF CALCULATIONS......Page 203
CONVEYANCE TECHNIQUES......Page 221
STORAGE TECHNIQUES......Page 228
FLOW CONTROL TECHNIQUES......Page 234
FILTRATION TECHNIQUES......Page 238
INFILTRATION TECHNIQUES......Page 239
Pedestrian Circulation......Page 245
INTRODUCTION......Page 246
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PEDESTRIAN......Page 247
SPATIAL STANDARDS......Page 249
Bicycle Circulation......Page 259
PRIMARY TYPES OF BIKEWAYS......Page 260
ROUTE SELECTION AND PLANNING......Page 261
DESIGN CRITERIA......Page 262
DESIGN ELEMENTS......Page 267
Vehicular Circulation......Page 275
INTRODUCTION......Page 276
DESIGN CONTROLS......Page 277
ROADWAY DESIGN ELEMENTS......Page 281
PARKING......Page 292
PAVEMENTS AND CURBS......Page 294
Division 400 Structures......Page 301
Retaining Walls......Page 303
INTRODUCTION......Page 304
SELECTION CRITERIA FOR RETAINING STRUCTURES......Page 308
ELEMENTS OF RETAINING STRUCTURES......Page 309
TYPES OF RETAINING STRUCTURES......Page 312
MECHANICS AND DESIGN CALCULATIONS......Page 319
DRAINAGE......Page 324
MAINTENANCE ISSUES......Page 325
Small Darns......Page 327
SELECTION OF DAM SITE......Page 328
DAMS TYPES OF AND SELECTION CRITERIA......Page 330
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY DAMS......Page 336
DESIGN OF MAJOR COMPONENTS......Page 340
Surfacing and Paving......Page 347
BASIC COMPONENTS......Page 348
PAVEMENT DESIGN CRITERIA......Page 356
MATERIAL SELECTION......Page 360
Fences, Screens, and Walls......Page 361
INTRODUCTION......Page 362
CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND DETAILS......Page 365
Wood Decks and Boardwalks......Page 379
PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION......Page 380
MATERIALS......Page 384
SIZING WOOD MEMBERS......Page 385
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS......Page 393
GLOSSARY, AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS......Page 399
Pedestrian Bridges......Page 401
BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION......Page 402
TYPICAL DESIGNS FOR SHORT-SPAN FOOTBRIDGES......Page 418
TYPICAL DESIGNS FOR PREFABRICATED BRIDGES......Page 420
MAINTENANCE OF BRIDGES......Page 421
REFERENCES......Page 424
Division 500 Improvements......Page 427
Site Furniture and Features......Page 429
DESIGN DETERMINANTS......Page 430
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS......Page 434
Recreational and Athletic Facilities......Page 443
INTRODUCTION......Page 444
TRACK AND FIELD......Page 446
MULTIPURPOSE ATHLETIC FIELD COMPLEXES......Page 450
WATER-BASED FACILITIES......Page 454
WINTER SPORTS ACTIVITIES......Page 459
SPECIAL COURSES AND AREAS......Page 461
CAMPING AND PICNICKING......Page 463
RANGE SPORTS......Page 465
SPECIAL AREAS......Page 466
TOT LOTS AND PLAYGROUNDS......Page 467
RECREATION & SPORTS ORGANIZATIONS......Page 468
Pools and Fountains......Page 471
WATER......Page 472
WATER EFFECTS......Page 473
CONTAINERS AND STRUCTURES......Page 481
OPERATING SYSTEMS......Page 486
EQUIPMENT AND PIPING SELECTION......Page 490
FOUNTAIN LIGHTING......Page 494
CONTROLS......Page 498
Outdoor Lighting......Page 501
TERMINOLOGY......Page 502
GENERAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES......Page 503
LAMP CHARACTERISTICS AND LIGHT DISTRIBUTION......Page 506
RECOMMENDED LEVELS OF ILLUMINATION......Page 514
Plants and Planting......Page 515
DESIGN CRITERIA......Page 516
ASSESSING EXISTING VEGETATION......Page 519
PLANTING PLANS, DETAILS,AND SPECIFICATIONS......Page 520
SPECIALIZED PLANTING STRATEGIES......Page 527
REFERENCES......Page 534
Division 600 Special Conditions......Page 535
Roof and Deck Landscapes......Page 537
PROTECTION OF THE ROOF AND STRUCTURE......Page 538
SPECIAL PROVISIONS......Page 539
POOLS AND FOUNTAINS......Page 546
PROVISION FOR UTILITIES......Page 547
MAINTENANCE......Page 548
REFERENCES......Page 551
Interior Landscapes......Page 553
PHYSICAL REQUIRMENTS OF PLANTS......Page 554
TECHNIQUES TO MEET PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS......Page 557
DESIGN PROCESS......Page 561
PLANT PALETTE......Page 562
REFERENCES......Page 565
Disturbed Landscapes......Page 571
RECLAMATION PROCESS......Page 572
PROTECTION OF SOIL,WATER QUALITY, AND ADJACENT UNDISTURBED AREAS......Page 574
LANDSHAPING AND STRATIGRAPHY......Page 581
SURFACE CONDITIONING......Page 582
PLANTING......Page 587
ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF VEGETATION......Page 589
Sound Control......Page 591
PHYSICS OF SOUND......Page 592
NOISE ESTIMATIONS AND CALCULATIONS......Page 593
CONTROL OF NOISE OUTDOORS......Page 595
DESIGN PRINCIPLES......Page 598
DESIGN APPLICATION (CASE STUDIES)......Page 600
MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATIONS......Page 603
REFERENCES......Page 606
Division 700 Smite Utilities......Page 607
Water Supply......Page 609
STANDARDS AND CRITERIA......Page 610
SOURCES OF WATER......Page 613
CONSTRAINTS ON WELL DEVELOPMENT......Page 619
GROUNDWATER FLOW ANALYSIS......Page 622
WELL RECHARGE AREA ANALYSIS......Page 623
RESERVOIR DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS......Page 624
REFERENCES......Page 627
Sewage Disposal......Page 629
SYSTEM ALTERNATIVES......Page 630
DESIGN OF SEPTIC TANKS AND LEACHING SYSTEMS......Page 635
AEROBIC SYSTEMS WITH SURFACE INFILTRATION......Page 641
AEROBIC SYSTEMS WITH SURFACE WATER DISCHARGE......Page 643
REFERENCES......Page 644
Recreational Water Bodies......Page 645
SWIMMING WATERS......Page 646
REFERENCES......Page 650
Irrigation......Page 651
WATER SOURCES......Page 652
DESIGN CRITERIA......Page 653
TYPES OF IRRIGATION......Page 656
HYDRAULICS ENGINEERING......Page 658
SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM (DESIGN PROCEDURE)......Page 661
DRIP IRRIGATION (DESIGN PROCEDURE)......Page 668
REFERENCES......Page 669
Division 800 Materials......Page 671
Soil and Aggregates......Page 673
SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS......Page 674
SOIL PROPERTIES......Page 679
AGGREGATES......Page 685
REFERENCES......Page 686
Asphalt......Page 687
ASPHALT CEMENT OR BINDER......Page 688
AGGREGATE FOR ASPHALT PAVEMENTS......Page 689
ASPHALT PAVING MIXTURES......Page 693
PRINCIPLES OF ASPHALT PAVEMENT DESIGN......Page 696
THICKNESS DESIGN OF ASPHALT PAVEMENTS......Page 697
MISCELLANEOUS......Page 708
AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS......Page 710
Concrete......Page 711
INTRODUCTION......Page 712
AGGREGATE FOR CONCRETE......Page 713
ADMIXTURES FOR CONCRETE......Page 714
PREPARATION AND PLACEMENT OF CONCRETE......Page 715
GLOSSARY......Page 725
REFERENCES......Page 730
Masonry......Page 732
CLAY MASONRY......Page 733
CONCRETE MASONRY......Page 738
STONE MASONRY......Page 740
MORTAR AND REINFORCEMENT......Page 746
INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS AND AGENCIES......Page 752
Wood......Page 756
INTRODUCTION......Page 757
LUMBER CLASSIFICATION......Page 764
STANDARD LUMBER DIMENSIONS......Page 767
SPECIAL PRODUCTS......Page 768
PROTECTIVE TREATMENTS......Page 774
AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATION......Page 776
Metals......Page 780
INTRODUCTION......Page 781
METALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION......Page 782
COMMON METAL PRODUCTS......Page 789
WELDED JOINTS AND SYMBOLS......Page 793
REFERENCES......Page 794
Plastics and Glass......Page 808
PLASTICS......Page 809
GLASS......Page 813
REFERENCES......Page 815
Geotextiles......Page 816
BASIC FUNCTIONS OF GEOTEXTILES......Page 817
GEOTEXTILE MATERIALS......Page 818
SITE APPLICATIONS......Page 819
REFERENCES......Page 823
Division 900 Details and Devices......Page 824
Details and Devices......Page 826
MAINTENANCE......Page 827
General Notes......Page 828
General Notes......Page 834
General Notes......Page 836
General Notes......Page 838
General Notes......Page 840
General Notes......Page 842
General Notes......Page 846
General Notes......Page 850
General Notes......Page 852
INTRODUCTION......Page 856
General Notes......Page 860
General Notes......Page 864
General Notes......Page 866
General Notes......Page 872
INTRODUCTION......Page 878
General Notes......Page 882
General Notes......Page 886
General Notes......Page 890
DERIVED UNITS......Page 894
DRAWING 'SCALES......Page 895
RULES FOR STRUCTURAL CALCULATIONS......Page 896
CONVERSION FACTORS......Page 897
CONSTRUCTION TRADES......Page 898
Index......Page 900
Illustration Source Notes......Page 914
About the Editors......Page 922