The Works of Francis Bacon [2] 9781108040655

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C AMBRIDG E LIBRARY CO L LECTION Books oJ endu T1 ng

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Francis Bacon (1561-1626) , the English philosopher, statesman and jurist , is best known for developing the empiricist method which forms the basis of modern science. Bacon's writings concentrated on philosophy and judicial reform. His most signi 日 cant work is the lnstauratio Magna comprising two parts - The Advancement oJLearmng and the Novum

Organum. The first part is noteworthy as the first major philosophical work pub Ji shed in English (1605). )ames Spedding (1808-81) and his co-editors arranged this fourteenvolume edition , published in London between 1857 and 1874 , not in chronological order but by subject matter, so that diff旨 rent volumes would appeal to different audiences . 丁 he

part 1 ofBacon's Latin writings intended to be included as part ofthe lnstauratio Magna.


ng life is apparently not to be attained by artificial means, and certainly not by means which tend to endanger health. In the passage of the J)e Augmentis alrea 50 years , the j unction of the bones with their epiphyses belng found not to have taken place at thirty. 2 Al' lstotle, Hist. An. lx. 44. Flourens assign6 t. wenty years to the full age of tbe lion. • Arlstotle says thil"ty. Hls t. An. vl. 30.

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vivacitatis notnta: certe est generis canini, quod genus bre~ vioris est vitæ. 6. Camelus longævus est; animøl macilentum, et nervosum ; ita ut quinquagin饵 annos ordinario, centum quandoque com抖eat. 1

7. Equi vita mediocris, vUt quadragesimum annum attingit; ordinarium autem curriculum viginti annorum est 2 : sed hanc brevitatem vi饱 fortasse homini debet; desunt enim jam nobis equi Solis, qui in p副cuis liberi et læti degebant. Attamen crescit equus usque ad sextum annum, et generat in senectute. Gest前的iam in utero equa diutiu日 quam fæmina, et in gemellis rarior est. Asinus similis fere ævi ut equus; mulus utroque vlvaclOr. 8. Cervorum vita celebratur vulgo ob longitudinem; neque tamen narratione aliqua Ce此a 3: nescio quid de cervo torquato, cooperta torque ipsa pinguedine carnis, circumfe1'unt." Eo minus credibilis est lougævitas in cervo, quod quinto anno per~ :fi citur; atque non multo post cornua (quæ annuatim decidunt et renovantur) succedunt mágis conjuncta fronte et minus ramosa. 9. Canis brevis èst ævi; non extenditur ætas ultra annum vicesimum; neque sæpe attingit ad decimum qu甜tum 11: animal ex calidissimis, atque inæqualiter vivens; cum, ut plurimum, aut vehementius moveat aut dormiat. Etiam multip町um est, et novem septimanas gestat in utero. 10. BO$ quoque, pro magnitudine et robore, admodum brevis est ævi, quasi sexdecim annorum 6; m即esque fæminis nonnihil vivaciores: attamen uuicum plerunque edit partum, et gestat in utero circa sex menses. Ani mal pigrum, et carnosum, et facile pinguescens, et herbis solis pastum. 11. At decennalis 翩翩 in ovibus etiam rara est 7; licet sit 1 Arist. Hlst. An. vl. 26. and viü. 9. There is apparen tJy some doubt as to the correctness of the text in one or other of the two p，臼回ges. • Flou问ns gives twenty-five years as the age of the horse, and quotes from Bu fl'on an apparently well-authenticated case of a horse who llved 11此y. • Arist. Hlst. An. vi. 29. Aristotle remarks on the improbability of the stag's being long..lived , pointing out tbe counter-indlcatlons afl'orded by tbe periods of gestation and growth. • Plin. viii. 50. This story is evldently mythical, and recurs i且，'arious form5 in the mlddle ages. • Ten or twel ve years 15 the period assigned by Flourens. 。 Fifteen 0 1' twenty according to Flourens. The error of assigntng 血 months as tbe time (\f gestaUon reCU 1'5in tbe Sylva SylllaTum. See also 汹fr毡. Obsel'v. Maj. 4. 1 Plin. vlií. 75. According ωPltny and AristoUe, the sheep is somewhat longer. lived than the goat.

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animal mediocris magni切dinie，的 optime tectum; atque, quod mirum, cum minimum in illis reperiatur bilis, capillitium habent omnium orispissimum; neque enim pilus alicujus animalia tam tortus est, quam lana. Arietea ante tertium annum non generant, atque habiles sunt ad generandum usque ad octavum; fæmellæ pariunt quamdiu vivunt. Morbosum ovia animal, nec ætatis suæ curriculum fere implet. 12. Caper etiam similis e的 ævi cum ove, nec dispar multum in cæteris; licet sit animal magis agile，的 carne paulo firmiore, eoque debuerit esse vivacius; attamen salacius est mul旬， eoque brevioris ævi. 13. Sues ad quindecim annos quandoque vivunt, etiam ad 飞riginti; cumque sint carne, inter animalia omnia, humidissima, tamen nihil videtur hoc proficere ad longitudinem vitæ. De apro aut sue sylvestri nil certi habetur. 14. Felis ætas est inter sextum annum et decimum; agile animal, et spiritu acri, cujus semen (ut refert Ælianus) fæmellam adurit 1; unde increbuit opinio, quod felis concipit in dolore, et parit cum facilitate: vorax est in cibis, quos potius deglutit quam mandit. 15. Lepores et cuniculi vix ad septem annos perveniunt 2 ; animalia generativa, etiam superfætantia; in hoc disparia, quod cuniculus sub terra vivit, lepus in aperto; quodque leporis carnes atriores sint. 16. Aves mole corporis quadrupedibus longe sunt minores; pusilla enim res et aqu诅a aut cygnus, præ bove aut equo; item struthio præ elephan切. 17. A ves optime tectæ sunt: pluma enim, tepore et incubitu presso ad corpus，的 lanam et capillitia excedit. 18. Ave日， cum plures pariant, eos simul in alvo non gesta时， sed ova excludunt per vices: unde liberaliu自 su值cit alimentum f∞tui.

19. Aves parum aut nihil alimenta mandunt, ut integrum sæpe reperiatur in gulis ipsarum. Attamen frangunt fructuum nuces, et nucleum excerpunt. Existimantur autem esse ,con. coctionis fortis et calidæ. I Æ1inn. Hist. Ani mal. vi. 27. Flourens speaks of nlne or ten the cat. 2 According to Flou l'ens, tbe rabbit Iives eigbt years.

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20. Motue avium, dum volant, mixtus est inter motum 缸" tuum et gestationem; saluberrimum exercitationis genus. 2 1. De avium generatione Aristoteles bene notavit (sed male ad alia ar归alia traduxit) , minus ecilicet conferre semen maris ad generationem; sed activitatem potiue indere quam materiam; unde etiam ova f，ωcunda et sterilia in plurimis non dignoscuntur. 1 22. Aves quasi omnes ad magnitudinem suam justa皿 per­ veniunt primo anno, aut paulo post; verum est, quoad plumas in nonnullis, quoad rostrum in aliis, annos numerari; ad magnitudinem autem corporis, minime. 23. Aquila pro longæva habetur; anni non numerantur: etiam in signum trahitur longævitatis, quod rostra renovet, unde juvenescat: ex quo il1ud Aquilæ senectus. 2 Attamen res fortasse ita se habet, ut instauratio aquilæ non mutet ro的rum， sed contra mutatio rostri instauret aquilam; postquam enim rostrum aduncitate sua nimium increverit, p朋cit aquila cum di伍cultate.

24. Vultures etiam longævi perhibentur, adeo ut vita皿 fere ad centesimum annum producant: milvi quoque, atque adeo OIDnes volucres carnivoræ et rapaces，也u饥nnioris sunt ævi. De accipitre autem, quia vitam degit degenerem et se凹且em， ex usu humano, minus certum fieri possit judicium circa periodum ejus vitæ naturalem. Attamen ex domesticis, deprehensus est accipiter aliquando ad annos triginta vixisse; ex sylvestribus, ad_quadraginta. 25. Corvus traditur esse similiter longævu日， aliquando centenarius; carnivora avis, neque admodum frequens in volatu ; sed magis sedentaria，的 carnibus admodum atris. At cornix, cætera (præterquam magnitudine et voce) simili日， paulo minus diu vivit, sed tamen habetur ex vivacibus. 26. Cygnus, pro certo, admodum longævus invenitur, et centesimum annum haud r孔，1'0 superat; avis optime pluma钮， icthyophaga, et perpetuo in gestatione, idque in aquis currentibus. 3 27. Anser quoque ex longævis; licet herba et id genus p油ulo nutriatur; maxime autem sylvestris; adeo ut in proGen. Anim. ii. 5.; and compare 1. 20. Erasm. Adagia. i. 9.57. • "Le cygne a l'avantage de jouir jusqu'à un 祀'e ext岭mement avancé de sa bel1e et douce existence. "-ßu_庐 n ， quoted by Flourens. 1 ArlsιDe 2

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verbium apud Germanos sit, Magis sene:c quam anser ni. valis. 1 28. Ciconiæ longævæ admodum esse deberent si verum esset quod antiquitus noω，tum fu拢" eas Thebas nunquam accessisse, quia urbs illa sæpius capta esset 2 ; id si cavissent, aut plusquam unius sæculi memoriam habebant, aut parentes pu1los suos historiam edocebant: verum omnia fabe l1i s plena. 29. Nam de pbænice tantum accrevit fabulæ , ut obruatur 8i qua in ea re fuit veritas. Illud autem quod admirationi erat, eum m乱gno aliarum avium comitatu volantem . semper visum, minus mirum; cum hoc etiam in ulula interdiu volante, aut psittaco e cavea emisso, ubique cernere detur. 30. Psittacus, pro certo, usque ad sexaginta annos cognitu8 est vivere apud nos, quotquo:北 8upra habuisset, cum huc esset transvectu8. a Avis cibi quasi omnigeni, atque etiam mandens cibo日， atque mutans subinde rostrum; aspera et ferocula , carnibus atris. 31. Pavo ad viginti annos vivit 4; oculos autem Argus non recipi也 ante trimatum: tardigrada avis, carnibus vero candidis. 32. Gallus g乱llinaceus， salax, pugnax, et brevis ævi: alacri吕 admodum ales, et carnibus etiam albis. 33. Gallus Indicus , aut Turcicus (quem vocan吟， galljn回e; ævum parum superat; iracundus' ales, et. carnibus valde albis. 34. Palumbes 8unt ex vivacioribus, ut quinquagesimum annum aliquando compleant: aërius ales, et in alto et nidi击cans et sedens. Columbæ vero ac turtures, vita breves, _usque ad annum octa引ltn. 5 35. At phasiani et perdices etiam decimum sextum annum implere possunt. Aves nume由si fætus , carnibus au也em paulo obscurioribus quam p叶lorum genus. 36. Fertur de merula, quod sit ex avibus minoribus maxime longæva; procax certe avi日， et vocalis. 37. Passer notatur esse ævi brevissimi 6; id quod ad salaci"50 alt wie eine Schneegans."-Eiselein's Sprichwörte几 p. 553. Buffon，旭 the just quoted, adopts WilI ughby's staternent, that a goo四 h甜 been known ω live one hundred years. • This story is not told of storks, but of swallows. 5ee Pliny, x. 34. • Fontenelle, as quoted by Flourens, gives a tolerably well authenticated c描e of a parrot whlch rnust have been rnore than 120 years old. • Aristot1e 四y8 twenty-ftve. Blst. Anim. vi. 9. • Arist. Hist. Anlm. ix. 7.; who, however, assigns 0且1y forty years to the woodpigeon. Pliny says thirty or forty: x. 52. • Arist. ubi suprà. 1

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tatem refertur in maribus: at carduelis, corpore haud major, deprehensus est vivere ad annos vigintt 38. De struthionibus nihil certi habemus; qui domi nutriuntur adeo infælices fuerunt, ut non deprehensi sint diu vivere : de ave Ibi const时 tantum quod si也 longæva， anni non numerantur.

39. Piscium 刮 vi幅 magis inc 悦er 时ta est quam 切 terηre 臼自t衍 ri讪 町z宜r叽 u sub aq 伊 ui沁s de 唔 gen 丑 t怡 es minus 伪 0b自盹 er 凹 vent 巾阳 饥u t 盯 阳lr: non resp 抖ira 岛nt 比t 阻 eX 坦 1 psi汩s plu 盯 1汀rimi; und 也 es叩 pi让凶 rit 阳 u司 v 刮it饱 ωalis 旭自 m目g 副is ∞ c onclusus est; itaque licet refrigerium e:xcipiant per branchias, haud 饵men ita continua :fit refriger~tio quam per anhelitnm. 40. ln aquis cum degant, a desiccatione i1l岛 的 deprædatione quæ :fit per aërem ambientem immunes sun也; neque tamen dubium est, quin aqua .ambiens, atque intra poros corporis penetrans et recepta, plus noceat ad vitam quam aër. 4 1. Sanguinis perhibentur esse minus t呻idi; suntque nonnulli ipsorum voracissimi, etiam speciei propriæ; caro autem ipsorum mollior est quam tel1'estrium, et minus tenax: attamen pinguescunt majorem in modum , ut ex balænis infinita extrahatur quantitas ,olei. 42. Delphini traduntur vivere annos circa triginta; capto experimento in aliquibus a cauda præcisa: grandescunt autem ad annos decem. 1 43. Mirum est, quod referunt de piscibu日， quod ætate, post annos nonnullos, plurimum attenuantur corpore, manente cauda et capite in magnitudine priore. 44. Deprehensæ sunt aliquando in piscinis Cæsarianis murænæ vixisse ad annum sexagesimum.量 Certe redditæ sunt longo usu tam fam诅ares， ut Crassus orator unam ex 诅is delleverit. 3 45. Luciu 目:， ex piscibus aquæ dulci日1， longissime vivere reperitur; ad annum quandoque quadragesimum 4; piscis vor岖， et carnibus siccioribus 的量rmioribus. 1 Arist. Hlst. Anlm. vl. 12. 2 Pliny, ix 78., on the authority of Seneca. But it is not 且Id that tþe 量 sh w捕 a muræn a. • Plutarch, De Utilitate ex lnlm. c. 5. A slmilar .sω'ry is told of Hortensius. Plin. ix. 8}' ‘ "Lucius plscis anno salutis MCCCCXCVD captus est in st略四o circa Haylprunn. 1m. perialem Sueviæ ul'bem; et repertωin eo annulus e茸茸re Cyprio in branchiis sub cute, modlca parte splel! dere visus; cujus ðgura et inscriptio fuit qualem exh!bernus. Verba Græca c!rcumferèntlæ lnscrlpta-~l.ul btfÎJIos IX6vs 叩命pλ{μ叩 'lrClJl'l'&'1I'pCon'OS

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46. At carpio, abramu川， tinca , an俨迦a， et hujusmodi, non putantur vivere ultra annos decem. 47. Salmones cito grandescunt, brevi vivunt; quod etiam faciunt trutæ; at per饵， tarde crescit, et vivit diutius. 48. Vasta illa moles -balænarum et orcarum quamdiu spiritu regatur, ni1 certi habemus; neque etiam dephocis, aut porcis marinis, et aliis piscibu8 innumerÌs. 49. Crocodi1i perhibentur esse admodum vivaces, atque grandescendi periodum itidem habere insignem: adeo ut h08 80108 ex animalibu8 perpetuo, dum vivunt, grandescere opinio sit. 2 Animal e8t oviparum, vorax, et 8ævum, et optime tectum contra aqu础. At de reliquo tes饵，ceo genere 剖hil certi, quod ad vitam lpsorum 剖，tínet， reperimus. Observationes majores.

Normam aliquam longævitatis et brevitatis vitæ in animaJibus inveni l'e difficile est, propter observationum negJigentiam et causarum complicationem. Pauca notabimus. 1. Jnveniuntur plures ex avibus longævæ quam ex quadrupedibus (sicut aquil马 vultur， milvus, pelic棚盹 corvus， cornix, cygnus, anser, ciconia, grus, ibis, psittacus, paJumbes, &c.) , licet intra annum perficiantt汀， et minOI也 sint molis. Tegumentum certe ipsarum avium contra intemperies cæli optimum est: cumque in aëre libero plerunque degant, similes sunt habitatoribus montium puriorum , qui longævi sunt. Etiam motus ipsarum, qui (ut alibi dictum est) mixtus est ex gestatione atque motu artuum, mìDus fatigat aut concutit, et magis salubris est: neque in utero matrum compressionem ant penuriam alimenti patiuntur initia volatilillm , quia ova per vices excluduntur: maxime vero omnium illud in causa esse arbitramur, quod fiant aves magis ex substantia 。霄0'TE9Els 3.& 'T OÛ /(00'μ叮Toíì 供 871P{/(DU /3' .，.às χfÎpas ~v 于v é 奇μ ép号刊号 'OIC'ToCpíou， 1ibil et excit阳 a凡 I tum 由 d emum 邸 a.ct阳 ue 创tu 盯r; quæ un 时lIC 侃 a est 囚 usa cu 盯r 切 I nan 咀 11ma 剖ta non 嗣 asSlml迦 lent也， an 旧lIma 挝ta 剖 ass纣imiJent. 8. Certum et hoc quoque est; quo dùrior sit corporis consistentia, eo illud indigere m哈 ore calore ad stimulum assimilationis; quod in senibus male omnino cedit; quia partes sunt obstinatiore坷， calor imbecillior. Itaque aut obstinatio partium mollien巾， aut calor intendendus; atque de malacissatione membrorum poωa dicem盹 cum JaIU ante etiam plura quæ ad duritiem h咱 usmodi prohibendam et prævenieudam pertinent proposuerimus. De calore autem intendendo jam simpJici præcepto uteml汀， si prius etiam alterum axioma assumpserimus. 4. Actus assimilationis (q ui a calore, ut dixim us, circumfuso excitatur) est motus admodum accuratus et subtiJis, et in minimis. Omnes autem h咱usmodi motus tum demum sunt in vigOl飞 cum omnis localis motus cesset qui eum obturhet. Etenim motus separationis in homogenea qui ill lacte 倒也 ut flos supernatet, serum subsidat, nunquam fiet si ]ac ]euiter agitetur: neque putrefactio u]]a in aqua aut 03

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mistis procede也 si illa continuo localiter moveantur. Ex his itaque quæ assurnp饵 sunt， hoc jam . ad inquisitionem præsentem concludemus. 5. Actus ipse assimilationis pemcitur præcipue in somno et quiete, præsertim versus auroram, facta jam ~istributione: Don habemus igitur aliud, quod ad præcipiendum occurrit, nisi ut homines dormiant in calido; atque insuper, ut ver. 8US auroram sumatur aliqua inunctio, vel indusium intinctum, excitans moderate calorem, atque post ilI ud sumptum redintegretur sornnus. Atque de actu ultimo assimilationis hæc inquisita sunt. 1X. Ol'ERA.TIO 8Ul'ER INTENERATIONEM EJU8 QUOD A.REFIERI Cry of the tortoisp.

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748. Bones, after full growth, continue at a stay; and so doth the skull: horns, in some creatures, are cast and renewed: teeth stand at a stay, except their wearing: as for nail日， they grow continua11y: and bills and beaks wi1l overgrow, and sometimes be c嗣t; as in eagles and paηots. 1 749. Most of the hard substances fly to the extremes of the body; as skull, horns, teeth, nai1s, and beaks: only the bones are more inward, and clad with flesh. As for the entrai18, they are a11 without bones; save that a bone i8 (sometimes) found in the he町t of a stag; and it may be in some other creature. 750. The skull hath brains，制 a kind. of marrow, within it. The back-bone hath one kind of marrow, which hath an a而nity with the brain; and other bones of the body have another. 2 The jaw-bones have no marrow severed, but a little νulp of marrow diffused Teet.h likewise are thought to have a kind of marrow diffused, which causeth the sense and pain; but it is rather sinew: for marrow hath no sense; no more than blood. Horn is alike throughout; and 80 is the nail. 75 1. N one other of the hard substances have sense, but the teeth; and the teeth have sense, not only of pain, but of cold. But we will leave the inquiries of other hard Bubstances uuto their several places, and now inquire only of the teeth. 752. The teeth are, in meu, of three kinds: sharp, as the fore-teeth; broad, as the back-teeth, which we call the molarteeth, or grinders; aud pointed teeth, or canine, which are between both. 3 Bu也 there have been some men that have had their teeth undivided, as of one whole bone, with some little mark in the place of the division, as Pyrrhus had. 4 Some creatures have over-long or out-growing teeth, which we call fangB , or tUBks :制 boars， pikes, salmons; and dogs, though less. Sυme living creatures have teeth agains也 teeth， aB men and horses; and some have teeth, especially their master-teeth, I Bones , like the 80ft parts of the body, are renewed throughout life , and so in m:my cases are teeth. Cuvler has remarked that the D1 utual adaptation of teeth and the bones with which they are connected is one of the m05t admirable parts of the animal economy; the mode of development of the two structures belng wholly disCuv. Eloge similar, teeth growing by secretion, a口d bones by intus.susception.

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• The marrow of bones 15 of course qulte of a ditrerent nature from either braln 01' the spiual cord. • ThÎs sentence is copied from Arlstotle , De Part. .A nim. iii. 1. • Plutu'ch , in Pyrrhus , p. 434.

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NATURAL HISTORY.

indented one witlún another like saws; as lions; and so again have dogs. 80me 盘shes have divers rows of teeth in the roofs of their mouths; as pikes, salmons, trouts, &c. And many more in salt-wa'也ers. Snakes and other serpents have venOmOU8 teeth; which are sometimes mistaken for their sting. '1 53. N 0 beast that hath horns hath upper teeth; and no beast that hath teeth above wanteth them below : but yet if they be of the same kind, it fo11oweth not that if the hard matter goe也 not into upper teeth, it wi1l go into horns; nor yet è converso; for does, that have no horns, have no upper teeth. 1 '1 54 Horses have, at three years old, a tooth put forth, which theyωJl the ωlt's tooth; and at four years' old there cometh the mark-too由， which hath a hole as big as you may lay a pea2 within i们 and that weareth shorter and shor也er every year; till that at eight years' old the tooth is smootb, and the hole gone: and then they 6ay, that the mark i8 out of the horse飞E mouth. '1 55. The teeth of men breed 量r6t， when the child is about a

year and a balf old: and tben .they c邸t them , and new ∞me about seven years' old. But divers have backward teeth come fol'也 at twenty, yea, 80me at thirty and forty. Quære of the manner of the coming of them forth. They te11 a tale of the old Countess of Desmond, who lived t血 she was seven score years old, that sbe did dentire twice or thrice; casting her old teeth，皿d otbers coming in tbeir place. '1 56. Teeth are much hurt by sweetmeats; and by painting with mercury; and by things over-hot; and by things overcold; and by rheums. And the pain of the teeth is one of the sharpest of pains. '1 5'1. Concerning teetb，也ese things are 切 be considered. 1. The preserving of them. 2. The keeping of them white. 3. The drawing of them with least pain. 4. The staying and easing of the toothache. 5. The binding in of artificial teeth , where teeth have been strucken out. 6. And 1嗣t of all, that great one of res协ring teeth in age. The instances that give any likelihood of restoring teeth in age are, the late coming of teeth in 6ome; and the renewing of the beaks in birds, which are commateria1. with teeth. Quære therefore more particularly how tha也 cometh. And again, the renewing of horns. See Arlst. De Part. Anlm. 1iI. 2.. and Hlst. ADimal. 11. 1. • "peUl e in the o1'Ìginal. - J. S.

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CENTURY VIII.

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But yet that hath not been known to have been provoked by art; therefore let trial be made whether horns may be procured to grQW in beasts that are not horned, and how ? And whether 也ey may be procured 切 come larger than usual; as to make an ox or a deer have a greater head of horns? And whether the head of a deer, that byage is more spitted, may be brought again to be more branched? for these trials, and the like, willshow, whether by art euch hard matter can be cal1ed and provoked. It may be tried a1so whether birds may not have something done to them when they are young, whereby they may be made to have greater or longer bills, or greater and longer talons ? And whether children may not have some wash or something to make their teeth better and stronger? Coral is in use 剖 an help to the teeth of children. Experiments in consort touching the generation and bearing living creatures in the womb.

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758. Some living creatures generate but at certain seasons of the year; as deer, sheep, wild coneys, &c., and most so此s of birrth)， and that the Inquisitio de Formâ αlidi was

684

PREF ACE TO THE SCALA INTELLECTUS

substituted For it. 1 have preferred therefore ωplace it among the works abandoned or superseded. With regard to the :fifth part however, I am not so con盘dent that Mr. Ellis is right in refusing a place in itωthe De Fluxu et Rf}/luxu， 也e Thema Cæli, the De Principi必 αtque Ori，旨in必u.y， and 也eαtgi归协nes de Naturâ Rerum; all wbich he classes 副" oc~ casional writing日， not belonging to the circuit of the lnstauratio." It is true that they were w~tten long before the publication of the Novum Organum, and that they do not come within the circuit of Bacon's work on the Interpretation of N ature as originally pr咱 ected. That work (ωjudge by the title, which has fortunately been preserved) wasωbe distributed into three books, the :first to prepare the mind, the second to explain the method, the third to exhibit the results of the method applied. It must therefore have been designed to cover the ground occupied by the second and sixth parts of the Instauratío , and perhaps also that occupied by 也e third and fourth; but could not have been meant to contain anything answering to the :first and fìfì由. My own impression however is, that one of B acon's objects in enlarging the design was .to make a place in the great structure for occasional writings of this kind, which could not have properly come into any of those three books originally planned. The .addition of 由e third and four也 parts indeed, - that i日， the assigning of 乱 separa也 p世t to the Phænomena Universi, and a separate partωthe Scala Intellectus, 一 may be regarded as a development merely of thé original idea; for the exposition of the new method could nòt be complete without at le a.s t one perfect example of an inquiry legitimately condu{lted through a11 the processes and ending in the discovery of the form; nor could such an example be exbibited without a specimen of the "historia naturalis et experimentalis quæ sit in ordine ad condendam philosophiam," in reference at least to that one subject. But the matter to be contained in the first and fifth was avowedly extraneous ωthe main design; and the addition of these is most easilyaccounted for by supposing that in prefixing the 鱼rst， Bacon meant tοmake a place for the Advancement of Learning and for a v町iety of miscellaneous works not bearing on na机ral philosophy; and in intellpolating the 盘fth， for sundry philosophical speculations which his studies had suggested to him, ancl which he regarded 臼 guesses worth pre-

AND PRODROMI.

685

serving; though, being no better than "anticipationes mentis," an imperfect logi叫 machinery from imperfect knowledge,-they were to be looked upon as provisional on峙， and by no means as specimens of the Philosopltia Secunàa. If there be any truth in this conjecture, the pieces which 1 have mentioned have a fair claim to a place 乱.mong the Proàrom也 and might follow the preface. In deference however to Mr. Ellis'自 judgment 1 have placed them in a class by themselves. If any reader prefers to regard them as belonging to the Instauratio, he h制 only to pass to the next volume, overlook the titlepage, and read on. This collection of the fragments of the Great Instauration as Bacon left it could hardly however have been concluded more appropriately than with the two short pieces which follow ; in which we see the vision which suggested the enterprise, the grounds of reason which seemed to justify it as sober and practicable, the hope which sustained and the spirit which regulated it, still as fresh as when he started; but the end as far off as ever, and all the laborious preparations for the future harvest breaking off abruptly in a reiteration of the exhortations, warnings, and promises, wi也 which they were commenced. 一 con伽ions derived 由rough

Atque opere in medio defi.xa reliquit aratra I

J. S.

681

SCA1A INTELLECTUS 8IVE

FIL UM LABYRINTHI.

DIFFICILI8 sane foret reprehensio eorum quibus nihil sciri placuit, si decretum durum interpretatione molliore correxissent. Si quis enim asserat, hoc ipsum scire, recte acceptum, esse per caus朋 scire ; causarum autem cognitionem gliscere, e也 serie et veluti ca也en a. perpetua ad notissima naturæ scandere, adeo ut particularium rerum cognitio, absque exac钮， universæ naturæ c侃nprehensione， proprie non absolvatur; non facile invenias quod sano cum judicio contradici possit. Nam et veram alicujus rei scÎentiam haberi posse antequam men8 in caus脏um explicatione plane consistat, minus consentaneum; et perfectam universi cognitionem humanæ naturæ at忧ibuere atque asserere, temerarium 岛rtasse quid也m atque impotentis cujusdam animi censeri possit. Verum illi contra, nulla hujusmodi usi , interpretatione aut moderatione, sensuum oracula prorsus profanare non veriti sunt; quod cum summa rerum desperatione conjunctum es也 Quod si verum omnino dicendum sit; etiamsi ab hac calumnia abstin时ssent， tamen hæc ipsa lis intempestiv.e et contentiose mota videatur; cum citra istam quam intelligere videntur ipsissima.m veritatem 阳tus humanæ industriæ pateat campus, ut sit res præpostera et quasi roentis comrootæ et perturbatæ, de extremis obtinendis solicitum tantas in inedio sit捕时诅tates prætermittere. Nam ~tcunque per veri et probabilis distinctionem, Bcientiæ certitudinem destruere, usum retinere, videri volu的; atque, quoad activam p町臼ni， delectum rerum i.llæsum relinquere; tamen, sublata ex animis hominum veritatis exq世rendæ spe, proculdubio nervos inquisitioni humanæ inciderunt, et promiscua quærendi

688

SCAJ..A INTELLECTUS

liceutia, inveniendi negotium in exercitationem quandam Íngenü et disputationi8 verterunt. Veruntamen negare plane non pOSSUmU8, quin 8i qua nobis cum antiqui8 intercedat societas, ea cum hoc genere philosophiæ maxime conjuncta sit; cum multa ab 迦is de sensuum variationibu日的 judicü humani infirmitate et de cohibendo et 8ustinendo assensu prudenter dicta et animadversa probemu8; quibus etiam innumera alia, quæ eodem pertinent, a句 ungere possemus; adeo ut inter nos et 诅.08 hoc tantum intersit, quod illi nil vere 8ciri posse prOrSU8, nos nil vere 8ciri posse ea qua adhuc gens humana ingressa est via, statuamus. N eque vero hujus societatis nos pudet. Si enim in hunc cætum recipiant旧 non solum ii qui sententia et placito hoc tenent et opinantur, sed et i出 qui idem aut forma ipsa interrogandi et objiciendi præ se ferunt, aut conquerendo de rerum obscuritate et indignando fatentur et quasi clamant, aut secreto animo 唔itant et raris et occultis vocibus veluti insusurrant, invenias in hoc numero viros ex antiquis longe maximos, et contemplationum principes, in quorum consortium includi neminem pæniteat. Pronuntiandi enim confidentiam fo的部se unus aut alter ex antiquis usurpavit; neque tamen invaluit ea ipsa, nisi h~ud ita pridem barbaris seculis; nunc autem factione quadam, atque consuetudine et incuria, retine阳r. Sed tamen rursus in hac de qua diximus societate fac过e quis perspexerit, n08 erga 诅os viros initiis opinionum conjunctos, exitu in immensum divisos esse. Etsi enim primo non multum dissentire videamur, quod 血lID­ competentiam humani intellectus simpliciter, nos sub modo 副seramus; nihilominus huc res redi也 ut illi, nullum huic malo remedium invenienteil aut sperantes, negotium deserant; et 8enSUS certitudinem invadendo, scientiam ab imis fundamenti目 evertant: n08, novam viam afferentes, tum sens田 tum mentis errores regere et restituere conemu巳 Itaque 诅i， jactam arbitrati aleam, ad ingenii quandam peregrinationem liberam et amænam se vertunt : nobis ex opinione nostra di值cili目的 re­ mota obvenit provincia, quæ ut generi hu皿ano felix et fausta sit perpetuo precamur. Itaque initia viarum secundo libro descripsimus; easdem ipsi continuo ingre时， tertio Phænomena Universi et Historiam tractavimus; in quo certe sylvas .naturæ, et variatione infinita experimentorum veluti foliis opacas et 1 The original bas a fuI1 stop after ingre8Si. Bouillet in substitutlng a comma. 一 J. S.

1 have followed tbe example of M.

SlVE FILUM LABYRINTHI.

689

obscur拙，

et observationum Bubt.ilitate veluti virgultis et vepribus implicatas, penetravimus et præterivimus. Atque nunc ad magis aperta fortasse sed tamen ad magis ardua pervenimus, ex sylvis scilicet ad radices montium. Nam ab historia ad universalia certo a问ue constanti tramite (licet via nova et inten饵ta) ducemus. Atque certe non male in vias contemplationum conveniret illud celebre et decantatum apud antiquos bivium vitæ activæ; ex quo via a~tera，. primo ingressu plana et facil始， ducebat ad præruptn et impervia; altera, a principio ,ardua et suspensa, in plana desinebat. 1 Nam eodem prorsus modo, qui jam inde a prima inquisitione immobilia quædam in scientiis principia prensabit, quibus acquiescens cætera veluti per otium expediat.; illum, si modo perrexerit nec nimium sibi placens aut displicens ab inquisitione destiterit, prioris viæ fortun a. manet. Qui a.utem judicium cohibere, et gradatim adscendere, et rerum veluti montium juga, unum primo, deinde alterum ac rursus alterum, superare, cum patientia vera et indefessa sustinuerit; ille ad summitates et vertices n a.turæ ma.ture perveniet, ubi et st础io serena. et pulcherrimus rerum prospectus et descensus molli clivo ducens ad omnes pra.cticas. ltaque consilium nostrum est, veræ et legitimæ de rebus inquisitionis, 的 in secundo libro præcep恼.， ita hic exemplaria proponere et describere pro varietate subjectorum; idque ea forma, quam cum veritate summum consensum habere' putam田， atque ut probatam et electam tradimus. Neque tamen, more apud homines recepto, omnibus hujus formulæ partibus necessitatem quandam attribuimus, tanquam unicæ essent et inviolab丑es. N eque enim hominum industriam et felicitatem veluti ad columnam alligandas existima皿us. Atque nihil 0菌。扰， quo minus ii qui otio magis abundant, aut a di值cultatibua quas primo experientem sequi necesse est liberi jam erùnt, rem monstratam in potius perducant. Quin contra, artem veram adolescere statuimus. 1I Hesiod. Oper. 287. 80 in the original. P08sibly the manuscript was impel岱ct at the end, and the sentence completed by conjecture: for this can hardly be what Bacon.wrot且 The aphorl8m is repeated in many places, and always in the !orm art.em inveniendi Cltm inv"int is adolelcere. See the end of the first book of the Novum O'ganum. ~J. S. I

2

VOL. 1I.

yy

690

PRODROMI 8IVE

ANTICIPATIONES PHILOSOPHIÆ SECUNDÆ.

PRÆFATIO. EXISTIMAMUS eum et amantis civis et viri prudentis personam bene simul sustinuisse, qui interrogatus an optimas leges suis civibus dedisset, optimas certe, dixit, ex iis quas 丑li accepturi fuissent. 1 Atque certe quibus non tantum bene cogitasse satis est (quod non multo secus est ac bene somniasse) nisi obtineant quoque et rem ad effectum perducant, iis non optima utique , sed ex iis quæ probari verisimile est potissima, quandoque eligenda sunt. Nobis vero, licet Humanam Rempublicam, patriam communem, summo pro8equamur amore, tamen legislatoria illa ratione et delectu uti liberum non e8t. N eque enim leges intellectui aut rebus damus ad arbitrium nostrum, sed tanquam scribæ 盘deles ab ipsius naturæ voce latas et prolatas excipimus e也 describimus. ltaque sive illæ placeant, sive per opinionum su倍agia antiquentur, fides nostra omnino exsolvenda esι Neque tamen spem a可 ecimus， quin sù且也 atque exol'iantur apud posteros nonnul日， qui optima quæque capere et con∞quere po邸int，的 quibus ea perflcere et colere curæ erit. ltaque ad illa ipsa tendere, atque fontes rerum et utilitatum aperire, et viarum indicia undique conquirere (invocata Numinis ope), nunquam dum in vivis erimu8 desi自temus. Iidem n08, de eo quod ad omnes pertinere et in commune prodesse p08si也 soliciti， dum ad majora contendimus, minora non aspernamur (cum illa remo饵， hæc p町a饵 eS8e soleant), nec potiora (ut arbitramur) afferentes, idcirco veteribus ac recep t. is, quominus 诅a apud plurimos valeant, intercedimus; I

Diog. Laert. In 801.

PRODRO:M I.

691

quinetiam ea. ipsa et aucta. et emendata et in honore e部e cupimus. Neque enim homines aut omnes aut omnino aut statim a receptis et creditis abducere conamur. Sed quemadmodum 8唔itta aut missi1e fertur certe in processu, sed 饭皿en interim conversiones su!ts perpe饥10 expedit, progrediendo et nihi10minus rotando; i铀的 no目， dum ad ulteriora rapim町" in receptis et cognitis volvimur et circumferimur. Quam。饨，brem noωs quoque ra 盹，tion 剖is 垣 i.psius ∞ communi旭s 创 et 缸 d emonst衍rationum 啊11ga 圳 巾 d um (a"曲， bd 缸i佣ωlic 沁 ce 的 t imp 严 er 巾 io 侃 e aru

nobis secun 皿 nd 缸 um eas in 盯 .vent 饵 a 创 et 扣 j ud 缸ic 侃 ata sunt, quæque plurimum et veritatis et uti且tatis h油ere p088unt, pari cum cæteris jure proponemus. Sed tamen neque per hoc üs quæ de rationis nativæ et demonstrationum veteru皿 incom­ petentia dicta sunt derogatum quidquam intelligimus. Quin hæc potius adjunximus ad tempus, et in gratiam eorum qui justa excusatione aut virium aut occupationum retardati contemplationes suas intra veteres scientiarum plagas et provincia目， aut srutem e即umωnfinia contermina, sistere volent. Eadem iis qui veram naturæ interpretationem secundum indicia nostra accedent, e创nque molientur, 1000 diverticulorum aut tabernaculorum in via præbi如rum ad solatium et levamentum esse queant; atque interim humanas fortun嗣 aliqua ex parte juvare, et mentes ∞gitationibus quæ paulo 缸ctiorem cognationem habeant cum . natura perfundere. Id vero ex facultate aIiqua .nostra, aut ejus 创ucia， minime ominamur. Verüm nobis dubium non est, si quis mediocris licet ingenii, sed tamen animi maturus, idola mentis suæ deponere atque inquisitionem de integro sibi decernere atque inter vera hisωriæ naturalis atque ejus calculos nttente et diligenter et libere versari velit et possit; quin i11 e ipse, quisquis sit, longe altius in naturam penetraturus sit ex sese，的 proprüs et genuinis mentis viribu日， denique ex meris Anticipationibus suis, qUll皿 per omnigenam authorum lectionem, aut medi饥，tionem abstractam in盘nitam， aut disputationes assiduas et repetitas; etsi machinas non admoveri乌 nec interpretandi formam secutus fuenιQuare et simile quippiam nobis usu venire posse non diffidimus; præsertim cum accedat interpretandi expenmentum et exercitatio, quam ipsum habitum mentis corrigere et mutare probabileω. N eque tamen hæc in eam partem acc地1 VO lumus, ac si fidem quam antiquorum placit.is denegavimus n08tris adhiberi postulemu8. Quin contra testamur et profitemur, 时tq a 伊 ue 刨 e a qψuæ

692

PRODROMI.

nos ipsos istis quæ jam proponemu目， qualiacunque ea sint, teneri minime velle, ut omnia Philosophiæ nostræ Secundæ et lnductivæ 细皿quam integra serventut'. Cogitata autem ipsa spargere non methodo revincire, visum est. Hæø enim form a. pubescentibus ta皿quam a 8自pe de integro- scientiis debetur; a坷ue. ej:us est, qui non ar切皿 constituere ex connexis, sed inquisitionem libeJ:aIn instituere in singulis, in proosentia 伽1tum veli也

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