The Visual Dictionary of the Human Body: English/Spanish [1st ed.] 2764409001, 9782764409008

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S PA NISH

English

English

Human Bod of the

definitions

visuAly

frontal muscle M músculo  frontal Large, unpaired muscle connecting the upper part of the orbit and the epicranial aponeurosis; it allows the skin of the forehead to crease and the eyebrows to lift.

S PA NISH

The Visual Dictionary of the Human Body offers a unique look at that wonderful machine that is the body. From head to toe, spectacular, high-definition images created with the most up-to-date imagery technology offer exceptional views of all major body parts. Precise terminology in two languages, together with definitions and complementary texts, allow readers to go beyond the images and acquire knowledge of the special characteristics and workings of the different anatomical systems. Attractive, entertaining, and educational: the Visual Dictionary of the Human Body is an indispensable family reference, and a great tool to acquire vocabulary and discover the complexity of the human body.

pulmones M

nasal cavity fosas F nasales Each of two cavities, separated by the nasal septum and opening in front through the nostrils and in back into the nasopharynx.

Organs of the respiratory system made of elastic tissues and responsible for the exchange of gases between the air and the blood.

frontal sinus seno M frontal Cavity in the frontal bone, connecting with the nasal cavities and warming inhaled air.

Respiration An adult at rest breathes about 15 times a minute, or more than 21,000 times per day. With each inhalation, a half-liter of air loaded with oxygen passes through the respiratory tract to the lungs.

sphenoidal sinus seno M esfenoidal Cavity in the sphenoid bone, connecting with the nasal cavities and warming inhaled air. soft palate paladar M blando Muscular membranous wall separating the nasopharynx and buccal cavity; it assists especially in food ingestion and vocalization.

hard palate paladar M duro Bony separation between the buccal and nasal cavities, extended by the soft palate. mouth boca F Initial part of the digestive tube made up of a cavity (oral cavity) surrounded by lips; it allows the ingestion of food and plays a role in tasting, speaking and breathing.

trachea tráquea F Muscular cartilaginous channel allowing air to pass between the larynx and bronchi.

pharynx faringe F Muscular membranous channel joining the nasal cavities to the larynx as well as the buccal cavity to the esophagus; it serves as a passageway for air and food.

tongue lengua F Muscular organ located in the buccal cavity and involved in tasting, chewing and talking.

right lung pulmón M derecho Respiratory organ divided into three lobes, in which blood from the right pulmonary artery is freed of carbon dioxide and enriched with oxygen.

vocal cords cuerdas F vocales Long bands of muscle tissue attached to the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages; their vibration allows sounds to be produced.

epiglottis epiglotis F Mobile catilaginous lamina located in the upper part of the larynx, directing food to the esophagus at the moment of swallowing.

larynx laringe F Muscular cartilaginous channel connecting the pharynx and trachea; it contains the vocal cords and has a vocalizing and respiratory function.

thyroid cartilage cartílago M tiroides Connective tissue structure formed of two lateral laminae whose juncture, on the front part of the larynx, forms a highly visible protrusion in men (Adam’s apple).

trachea tráquea F Muscular cartilaginous channel allowing air to pass between the larynx and bronchi.

pharyngeal tonsil amígdala F faríngea Lymphoid organ located in the nasopharynx, filtering pathogens from the air. nasopharynx rinofaringe F Upper part of the pharynx connecting with the nasal cavities.

oropharynx orofaringe F Median part of the pharynx connecting with the buccal cavity.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

sagittal section of upper respiratory tract sección F sagital de las vías F respiratorias superiores

right superior lobe lóbulo M superior derecho Upper part of the right lung, separated from the inferior lobe and middle lobe by a horizontal fissure.

middle lobe lóbulo M medio Part of the right lung, separated from the superior lobe and inferior lobe by an oblique fissure.

right inferior lobe lóbulo M inferior derecho Lower part of the right lung, separated from the superior lobe and middle lobe by an oblique fissure.

diaphragm diafragma M Muscle separating the thorax from the abdomen; its contraction increases the volume of the thoracic cage and lungs.

left lung pulmón M izquierdo Respiratory organ divided into two lobes, in which blood from the left pulmonary artery is freed of carbon dioxide and enriched with oxygen.

left superior lobe lóbulo M superior izquierdo Upper part of the left lung, separated from the inferior lobe by an oblique fissure. heart corazón M Muscular organ divided into four chambers whose autonomous rhythmic contractions cause blood to circulate throughout the body.

oblique fissure cisura F oblicua Fissure separating the lobes of the lung. left inferior lobe lóbulo M inferior izquierdo Lower part of the left lung, separated from the superior lobe by an oblique fissure. pleura pleura F Elastic membrane surrounding each lung and composed of two layers bounding the pleural cavity.

laryngopharynx laringofaringe F Lower part of the pharynx connecting with the larynx and esophagus.

visuAl

definitions

lungs

upper respiratory tract

visuAl of the Human Body

1,500 terms 250 highly realistic illustrations

of the

Human Body English

S PA NISH

orbicular muscle of mouth M F músculo  orbicular de la boca  Unpaired muscle having two bundles connecting the corners of the lips, allowing the mouth to open and close especially.

hyoid bone hueso M hioides Bone supporting the larynx and serving as an insertion for various muscles of the tongue, pharynx and larynx. 10

104

Topics Cell and Tissues

Lymphatic System

Morphology

Digestive System

Skeleton

Respiratory System

Muscles

Urinary System

Joints

Reproductive System

Nervous System

Sense Organs

Cardiovascular System

Endocrine System

All images and texts have been verified by a scientific committee made up of 300 medical experts and university professors.

greater zygomatic muscle M músculo  cigomático mayor Paired muscle connecting the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth; it assists in smiling.

QA INTERNATIONAL

definitions

visuAl

Human Body of the

English

S pa n i s h

The Visual Dictionary of the Human Body was created and produced by

Editor



Editorial Director

QA International 329, rue de la Commune Ouest, 3e étage Montréal (Québec) H2Y 2E1 Canada T: 514.499.3000 F: 514.499.3010

www.qa-international.com © QA International, 2009. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval sytem, without permission in writing by QA International.

ISBN 978-2-7644-0900-8

Printed and bound in China. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

14 13 12 11 10 9

Caroline Fortin

Martine Podesto

Editor-in-Chief Anne Rouleau

Graphic Designers

Mélanie Giguère-Gilbert Josée Noiseux

Layout

Émilie Corriveau Pascal Goyette Danielle Quinty

Illustrators

Art Director: Sylvain Bélanger Danielle Bader Manuela Bertoni Jocelyn Gardner Mélanie Giguère-Gilbert Alain Lemire Raymond Martin Émilie McMahon Anouk Noël

Programmer-analyst Éric Gagnon

Project Managers Nathalie Fréchette Véronique Loranger

Prepress

Julien Brisebois François Hénault Karine Lévesque Patrick Mercure

Proofreading

Myriam Caron Belzile Claude Frappier Veronica Schami

Scientific Advisor

Dr. Éric Philippe, Ph. D.

This book is part of a larger encyclopedic project on health in general. About 300 specialists from America and Europe participated in the scientific validation of texts and illustrations produced for this project: Sylvie Louise Avon, D.M.D., M. Sc., CS (ODQ), FRCD(C), Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval; Abdel-Rahmène Azzouzi, M.D., Ph. D., Urology Service, CHU d’Angers; Stéphane Barrette, M.D., hematologist-oncologist, CHU Sainte-Justine; Louise Beaulac-Baillargeon, B. Pharm., Ph. D., Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval; Khaled Benabed, hematologist, CHU de Caen; Mehdi Benkhadra, Department of Anesthesia, Le Bocage Hospital, Dijon; Céline Bergeron, M.D., FRCPC, MSC, pneumologist, Université de Montréal Hospital Center; Christina Blais, Dt. P., M. Sc., Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal; Pierre Blondeau, Ophtalmology Service, CHU de Sherbrooke; Gilles Boire, M.D., M. Sc., Rhumatology Service, Université de Sherbrooke; Andrée Boucher, M.D., endocrinologist, Université de Montréal Hospital Center; Mickael Bouin, M.D., Ph. D., gastroenterologist, Université de Montréal Hospital Center; Guylain Boulay, Ph. D., Department of Pharmacology, Université de Sherbrooke; Sylvain Bourgoin, Ph. D., Department of Anatomy-Physiology, Université Laval; André Cantin, M.D., Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke; Michel Cayouette, Ph. D., Research Unit on Cellular Neurobiology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal; Fatiha Chandad, Ph. D., Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval; Bernard Cortet, Department of Rhumatology, CHU de Lille; Olivier Dereure, M.D., Ph. D., Dermatology Service, Université de Montpellier I; Serge Dubé, M.D., F.R.C.S.C., general surgeon, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montréal; Jean-Jacques Dufour, M.D., Otorhinolaryngology Service, Université de Montréal Hospital Center and Jewish General Hospital; Louis-Gilles Durand, O.Q., Ph. D., Ing., Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal; Wael El Haggan, M.D., nephrologist, CHU de Caen; Martin Fortin, Department of Family Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke; Jean-Marc Frapier, cardiovascular surgeon, CHU de Montpellier; Catherine Fressinaud, M.D., Ph. D., neurologist, CHU d’Angers; Dominique Garrel, Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal; Serge Gauthier, M.D., FRCPC, McGill Centre for Studies in Aging; Franck Geneviève, M.D., Hematology Laboratory, CHU d’Angers; Jérémie Gerard, Hematology Laboratory, CHU d’Angers; Philippe Geslin, Cardiology Service, CHU d’Angers; Marc Girard, M.D., CHU Sainte-Justine; Philippe Granier, Nuclear Medicine Service, Antoine Gayraud Hospital, Carcassonne; Daniel Grenier, Ph. D., Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval; Pavel Hamet, M.D., Ph. D., FRCPC, FCAHS, Genic Medicine Service, Université de Montréal Hospital Center; Luc Hittinger, Federation of Cardiology, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Thierry Jeanfaivre, M.D., Department of Pneumology, CHU d’Angers; Francine Jolicoeur, Ph. D., Centre intégré du cancer du sein, Université de Montréal Hospital Center; Chantal Kohler, M.D., Ph. D., Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Université Henri Poincaré, Nancy; Stéphane Labialle, Ph. D., Obstetrics Department, McGill University; Pierre Lalonde, M.D., psychiatrist, Université de Montréal; Bernard Lambert, M.D., gynecologist, Université de Montréal Hospital Center; Patrice Le Floch-Prigent, Laboratoire d’anatomie de l’UFR de Médecine, Paris; Tony Leroux, Ph. D., audiologist, Université de Montréal and Raymond-Dewar Institute; Gérard Lorette, Dermatology Service, CHU de Tours; Jean-Pierre Marie, M.D., Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hôtel-Dieu de Paris; René Martin, Department of Family Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke; Marie-Anne Mayoux-Benhamou, M.D, Ph. D., Service of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Hortensia Mircescu, M.D., Endocrinology Service, Université de Montréal Hospital Center; Michel Mondain, M.D., Ph. D., Université Montpellier I; Didier Mouginot, Ph.D., Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; Georges Mourad, M.D., Nephrology and Graft, Lapeyronie Hospital, Montpellier; Nicole Normandin, Ph. D., School of Orthophony and Audiology, Université de Montréal; Luc L. Oligny, M. Sc, M.D., pathologist, CHU Sainte-Justine; Philippe Orcel, Secrétaire général de la Société française de rhumatologie; Farid Ouacel, orthopedic surgery and traumatology, CHU d’Angers; Pierre Pagé, M.D., cardiovascular surgeon, Sacré-Coeur Hospital and Montreal Heart Institute; Aleth Perdriger, M.D., Ph. D., Rennes Hospital; Daniel Picard, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal Hospital Center; Luc Picard, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Neuroradiology Service, CHU de Nancy; Claude Poirier, pneumologist, Université de Montréal Hospital Center; Jean-Pierre Raynauld, Ph. D., Department of Physiology, Université de Montréal; Eric Renard, M.D., Ph. D., Endocrine Diseases Service, CHU de Montpellier; Nathalie Renaud, O.D., optometrist; Jean-Paul Rocca, Ph. D., odontologist, CHU de Nice; Pierre Rochcongar, Biology and Sports Medicine Unity, CHU de Rennes; José Sahel, Hepato-Gastroenterology Service, La Conception Hospital, Marseille; Louis-Georges Ste-Marie, M.D., Bone Diseases Laboratory, Université de Montréal Hospital Center; Laurent Salez, Ph. D., immunologist, Scienscrib, Montréal; Thierry Six, gynecologist-obstetrician, CHU de Caen; Ann-Muriel Steff, Pharm. D., Ph. D., LAB Recherche inc.; Daniel Thomas, Heart Institute, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris; Hervé Trillaud, M.D., Ph. D., Diagnostic and Therapeutic Imagery Service, CHU de Bordeaux; Guy Vallancien, Université Paris Descartes; Elvire Vaucher, Ph. D., School of Optometry, Université de Montréal; Monique Vincens, M.D., Ph. D., endocrinologist and pharmacologist, Université Paris VII; Catherine Vincent, M.D., hepatologist, Université de Montréal Hospital Center.

Introduction The Visual Dictionary of the Human Body is a family atlas for exploration of the major systems of the human body. This book presents a collection of high-definition images of different parts of the body, linked to terms in several languages. Complementary texts (introductions and sidebars) offer additional information on the characteristics and functions of all systems shown.

Structure

The book is divided into 14 major themes, each of which is preceded by a two-page spread with a short text introducing the context. Within each theme, titles and subtitles classify the illustrations into subcategories, which makes it easier to find them in the table of contents. The book also has a glossary of 45 common anatomical terms and an index containing all of the terms, titles, illustration titles and subtitles used in the book.

TITLE Titles are located at the top of the page, with the other languages below. If a title continues on more than one page it is grayed out on subsequent pages.

human cell célula F humana Basic unit of the human body, whose size and shape vary depending on the functions that it performs.

structure of a cell estructura F de la célula F

All human cells have a similar structure: they are formed of a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm and encased in a membrane.

CELL AND TISSUES

THEME The themes correspond to the systems and divisions of the human body. They are presented on each page in the edition’s main language.

cell nucleus núcleo M celular Central core of the cell containing genetic information in the form of DNA and guiding protein synthesis.

cytoplasm citoplasma M Liquid substance forming the inside of the cell, around the nucleus, in which cellular organelles bathe.

endoplasmic reticulum retículo M endoplásmico Cell structure consisting of a network of pockets surrounding the nucleus; it is involved in protein synthesis.

Golgi apparatus aparato M de Golgi Cell structure consisting of a group of membrane sacs; it is involved in the transport and maturation of proteins in the cell.

microfilament microfilamento M Rod-shaped structure supporting the cell and giving it its shape.

centriole centríolo M Cell structure playing a key role during mitosis.

DEFINITION It explains the inherent qualities, function or characteristics of the element depicted in the illustration.

TERM Each term is included in the index, with reference to the pages on which it appears. All the terms in the book were carefully selected following analysis of recent, high-quality documentation.

vacuole vacuola F Spherical cavity in which water, waste and various substances required by the cell are stored. mitochondrion mitocondria F Structure associated with cell breathing; it produces and stores energy in the cell.

ILLUSTRATION The extremely realistic illustrations contribute to the visual definition of the terms associated with them.

pseudopod pseudópodo M Extension of the cytoplasm of certain cells, serving mainly in cell displacement. ribosome ribosoma M Organelle, floating free or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum, producing proteins essential to the formation and functioning of the human body.

cell membrane membrana F celular

microtubule microtúbulo M Cylindrical structure supporting the cell and allowing organelles and substances in the cell to move about.

Bilayer of lipid molecules forming the outer surface of the cell.

GENDER INDICATION F: feminine M: masculine N: neutral The gender of each common noun is indicated for the languages in which such categories exist.

lipids lípidos M Molecules containing fatty acids, making up the cell membrane.

The Life of Cells Each human being is composed of more than 50 trillion cells. Hundreds of millions of them die every minute, and just as many are born through cellular division. Some, such as certain white blood cells, die after only a few hours, while others, such as neurons, may survive throughout a human being's life. protein proteína F Organic compound formed of amino acids; in the cell membrane, proteins form channels allowing the exchange of substances with the outside environment. L

SIDEBAR Sidebars present unusual or surprising facts that complement the information in each section.

Contents Cell and tissues

6

human cell tissue mitosis DNA

8 10 12 13

Morphology

14

man woman

16 18

Skeleton

20

bones main bones skull vertebral column thoracic cage pelvis hand foot

Muscles muscle main muscles head and neck thorax and abdomen upper limb lower limb

Joints main joints cartilaginous joints synovial joints

Nervous system structure of nervous system neuron nerve impulse nervous tissue central nervous system peripheral nervous system

Cardiovascular system blood blood circulation blood vessels heart

Lymphatic system organs of the lymphatic system

Digestive system organs of the digestive system mouth teeth digestive tract pancreas liver

22 24 26 28 30 31 32 33

Respiratory system

34

Reproductive system

36 38 40 41 42 44

46 48 49 50

56 58 59 60 60 61 67

72 74 76 77 82

organs of the respiratory system upper respiratory tract lungs

Urinary system organs of the urinary system urinary bladder kidney male genital organs female genital organs

Sense organs sight hearing smell taste touch

84 86

88 90 91 92 94 97 98

100 102 103 105

108 110 111 112

114 116 118

122 124 128 130 132 134

Endocrine system

138

endocrine glands thyroid gland hypophysis suprarenal gland

140 141 142 143

Glossary Index

144 145

8 10 12 13

human cell tissue mitosis DNA

Cell and tissues The human body is formed of hierarchically organized components (tissues, organs, and systems), of which the basic unit is the cell. Cells are the site of intense activity: they accumulate and transmit energy, make proteins that are essential to the body’s functioning, and constantly reproduce by cellular division. They also contain all of the genes belonging to each individual.

human cell célula F humana Basic unit of the human body, whose size and shape vary depending on the functions that it performs.

structure of a cell estructura F de la célula F CELL AND TISSUES

All human cells have a similar structure: they are formed of a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm and encased in a membrane.

cell nucleus núcleo M celular Central core of the cell containing genetic information in the form of DNA and guiding protein synthesis.

cytoplasm citoplasma M Liquid substance forming the inside of the cell, around the nucleus, in which cellular organelles bathe.

endoplasmic reticulum retículo M endoplásmico Cell structure consisting of a network of pockets surrounding the nucleus; it is involved in protein synthesis.

Golgi apparatus aparato M de Golgi Cell structure consisting of a group of membrane sacs; it is involved in the transport and maturation of proteins in the cell.

microfilament microfilamento M Rod-shaped structure supporting the cell and giving it its shape.

centriole centríolo M Cell structure playing a key role during mitosis.

vacuole vacuola F Spherical cavity in which water, waste and various substances required by the cell are stored. mitochondrion mitocondria F Structure associated with cell breathing; it produces and stores energy in the cell.

pseudopod pseudópodo M Extension of the cytoplasm of certain cells, serving mainly in cell displacement. ribosome ribosoma M Organelle, floating free or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum, producing proteins essential to the formation and functioning of the human body.

cell membrane membrana F celular

microtubule microtúbulo M Cylindrical structure supporting the cell and allowing organelles and substances in the cell to move about.

Bilayer of lipid molecules forming the outer surface of the cell. lipids lípidos M Molecules containing fatty acids, making up the cell membrane.

The Life of Cells Each human being is composed of more than 50 trillion cells. Hundreds of millions of them die every minute, and just as many are born through cellular division. Some, such as certain white blood cells, die after only a few hours, while others, such as neurons, may survive throughout a human being's life. protein proteína F Organic compound formed of amino acids; in the cell membrane, proteins form channels allowing the exchange of substances with the outside environment. 8

human cell cell nucleus núcleo M celular Central core of the cell containing genetic information in the form of DNA and guiding protein synthesis.

chromatin cromatina F Substance consisting of proteins and DNA contained in the nucleus; it is compressed into chromosomes during mitosis. nucleoplasm nucleoplasma M Liquid substance forming the inside of the nucleus of a cell and in which especially chromatin and nucleoli bathe.

CELL AND TISSUES

nuclear envelope envoltura F nuclear Membrane surrounding the nucleus.

nucleolus nucléolo M Spherical body located inside the nucleus and playing a role in the synthesis of ribosomes.

examples of cells ejemplos M de células F The human body has about 200 types of cells, having very different characteristics and appearance depending on the functions that they perform in the organism.

ovum óvulo M

spermatozoon espermatozoide M

muscle fiber fibra F muscular

Mature female reproductive cell produced by the ovary; after fertilization by a spermatozoon, it enables an embryo to develop.

Mature and mobile male reproductive cell produced by the testis; the main constituent of sperm, its purpose is to fertilize the ovum.

Contractile cell, constituent element of muscles.

osteocyte osteocito M

chondrocyte condrocito M

fat cell adipocito M

Mature cell, constituent element of bone tissue.

Cell, constituent element of cartilage.

Cell forming the essential component of adipose tissue and ensuring the synthesis, storage and release of lipids.

photoreceptor fotorreceptor M

neuron neurona F

white blood cell glóbulo M blanco

red blood cell glóbulo M rojo

Cell found in the retina capable of capturing light rays and translating them into nerve signals.

Cell of the nervous system allowing information to be carried in the form of electrical and chemical signals.

Blood cell belonging to the immune system, thus playing an essential role in the body’s defenses.

Blood cell that carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. 9

tissue tejido M All the cells that have a similar structure and perform similar or complementary functions. Four main cell types make up the frame of the organism: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous.

CELL AND TISSUES

epithelium tejido M epitelial microvillus microvellosidad F Protrusion of the cell membrane that increases its surface.

Tissue formed of cells organized in layers; it serves covering, secretory and protective functions.

basal lamina lámina F basal Extracellular matrix anchoring epithelial cells to adjacent tissue.

epithelial cell célula F epitelial Cell component of epithelial tissue.

examples of epithelia ejemplos M de tejidos M epiteliales They include tissues that form the covering of all body surfaces and line inner cavities (mucous membranes, endothelia, epidermis), and glandular tissues that have secretory functions. exocrine gland glándula F exocrina All secretory cells producing secretions released outside the body; they consist especially of salivary and sweat glands.

excretory duct canal M excretor Duct carrying secretions from the exocrine gland.

secretory cell célula F secretora Epithelial cell specialized in the secretion of various substances useful to the body.

mucous membrane mucosa F Damp epithelial tissue lining an open cavity of the body; the mucous membrane plays a role in absorption and secretion (mucus).

epithelium tejido M epitelial Tissue formed of cells organized in layers; it serves covering, secretory and protective functions.

mucous gland glándula F mucosa Exocrine gland that secretes mainly mucus.

mucus mucosidad F Translucent viscous substance secreted by the mucous membrane and that plays a protective role.

mucous cell célula F calciforme Epithelial cell that secretes mucus.

chorion corion M Loose connective tissue beneath the epithelial tissue of the mucous membrane.

muscularis mucosae mucosa F muscular Fine layer of smooth tissue beneath the chorion. submucosa submucosa F Connective tissue beneath the mucous membrane.

10

tissue

fibrous tissue tejido M fibroso Connective tissue characterized by an abundance of collagen fibers; it forms especially the tendons and ligaments.

examples of connective tissues ejemplos M de tejidos M conjuntivos Connective tissue: tissue made up of relatively few cells and fibers bathed in a more or less abundant fluid; its functions are to support, protect and fill in spaces.

CELL AND TISSUES

adipose tissue tejido M adiposo Connective tissue made up essentially of adipocytes; it is the body’s energy reserve.

cartilage tejido M cartilaginoso Connective tissue consisting of cells encased in a rigid substance; it covers the articular surfaces of bones and forms certain soft parts of the body.

The Most Abundant

elastic tissue tejido M elástico Connective tissue made up predominantly of elastic fibers; it is found especially in certain ligaments and in the walls of the arteries, trachea and vocal chords.

Connective tissue, present in all organs, is the most abundant tissue in the human body: it accounts for two thirds of the total volume of tissue.

11

mitosis mitosis F All the mechanisms of cell division that allow the formation of two identical daughter cells from a mother cell.

CELL AND TISSUES

prophase profase F First stage of mitosis, during which the chromatin condenses into chromosomes; the two pairs of centrioles move toward opposite poles.

interphase interfase F

metaphase metafase F

Period between two successive cell divisions, during which the cell grows.

Second stage of mitosis, during which the chromosomes align in the middle of the cell, guided by the mitotic spindle; the nuclear membrane disaggregates.

chromosomes cromosomas M Elements of the nucleus of a cell, made up of DNA and proteins and carrying genetic information; they are observed only during cell division.

centrioles centriolos M Double cellular structures that duplicate during interphase.

mitotic spindle huso M mitótico Ephemeral cellular structure joining the two pairs of centrioles during mitosis.

cytokinesis citocinesis F

anaphase anafase F

Stage of mitosis during which the cytoplasm separates in two; the original cell (or mother cell) is replaced by two identical daughter cells.

Third stage of mitosis, during which the chromosomes separate into chromatids and move to either of the cell’s poles.

telophase telofase F Fourth stage of mitosis, during which the chromosomes reassume the appearance of the chromatin; a new nuclear envelope appears to cordon off the two nuclei.

chromatid cromátida F One of the two strands of a chromosome.

cytoplasm citoplasma M Gel-like substance forming the inside of the cell, around the cell nucleus.

12

DNA ADN M Complex molecule containing the genetic characteristics (genes) of every person.

DNA molecule molécula F de ADN M

Billions of Copies

adenine adenina F Complementary nitrogenous base of thymine.

thymine timina F Complementary nitrogenous base of adenine.

nucleotide nucleótido M

cytosine citosina F Complementary nitrogenous base of guanine.

Basic unit of DNA molecules, consisting of a nitrogenous base.

guanine guanina F Complementary nitrogenous base of cytosine.

nitrogenous base base F nitrogenada Small constituent molecule of a nucleotide; there are four types that assemble in the DNA molecule to form a sequence specific to each individual.

chromosomes cromosomas M Elements of the nucleus of a cell, made up of DNA and proteins and carrying genetic information; they are observed only during cell division.

autosome autosoma M Chromosome that carries hereditary characteristics unrelated to sex.

sex chromosomes cromosomas M sexuales Chromosomes responsible for determining sex.

centromere centrómero M Short section of a chromosome that holds the two chromatids together.

X chromosome cromosoma M X Sex chromosome present in both men and women. Y chromosome cromosoma M Y Sex chromosome present only in men.

chromatid cromátida F One of two strands of a chromosome, consisting of a short arm and a long arm; during cell division, the two chromatids separate at the centromere.

13

CELL AND TISSUES

The DNA molecule appears in the shape of a double helix made up of billions of nucleotides; it is the largest molecule in the human body.

The human genetic heritage is included in 46 chromosomes (22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes). Each cell in the body has its own copy: for example, a skin cell contains the instruction for eye color.

16 18

man woman

Morphology The human body is divided into four main anatomical regions: the head, which contains the main sensory organs; the trunk, which contains most of the internal organs; the upper limbs, which provide gripping ability; and the lower limbs, which allow for locomotion and an upright posture. These parts are linked to each other by complex joints, which enable them to make independent and very complex movements.

man hombre M Human being of the male sex whose skeleton is generally larger and heavier than that of the female; he produces cells able to fertilize the ovum.

MORPHOLOGY

man: anterior view hombre M: vista F anterior face rostro M Front part of the head.

chin barbilla F Protruding part of the lower face, corresponding to the mandible. shoulder hombro M Joint connecting the arm with the thorax.

armpit axila F Hollow located beneath the shoulder between the arm and thorax and covered with hair at puberty. breast seno M Front part of the thorax containing the nipple; in men, the breast is barely developed and plays no particular role.

navel ombligo M Scar in the form of a rounded depression resulting from the cutting of the umbilical cord.

abdomen abdomen M Lower part of the trunk, beneath the diaphragm, containing the main organs of the digestive, urinary and reproductive systems. penis pene M Erectile organ of men allowing copulation and voiding of urine.

forehead frente F Upper part of the face between the eyebrows, hairline and temples. temple sien F Side of the head between the forehead, eye, cheek and ear.

cheek mejilla F Side of the face containing muscles capable of giving it many different expressions. mouth boca F Initial part of the digestive tube made up of a cavity (oral cavity) surrounded by lips; it allows the ingestion of food and plays a role in tasting, speaking and breathing. Adam's apple nuez F Protrusion of men’s necks, formed by the joining of two strips of cartilage from the larynx. thorax tórax M Upper part of the trunk, above the diaphragm, containing especially the heart and lungs.

hand mano F Terminal part of the upper limb having a tactile and prehensile function.

groin ingle F Depression located at the junction of the abdomen and thigh.

knee rodilla F Joint connecting the thigh with the leg. ankle tobillo M Joint connecting the foot with the leg.

Average Size The height of adult men varies enormously from one individual to another (between 1.40 m and 2 m on average). Aside from genetics, a number of factors influence growth, including environment, behavior, and diet.

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foot pie M Terminal part of the lower limb, resting on the ground during upright stance. toe dedo M del pie M Extension of the foot, made up of several articulated bones (phalanges) and whose terminal end is covered with a nail.

man man: posterior view hombre M: vista F posterior

neck cuello M Part of the body joining the head to the trunk and containing especially the cervical vertebrae and larynx.

ear oreja F Organ of hearing and balance made up of three parts: the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear.

MORPHOLOGY

head cabeza F Upper part of the body, supported by the neck and containing the main sensory organs and brain.

nape nuca F Hind part of the neck made up mainly of muscles.

back espalda F Hind part of the thorax. trunk tronco M Part of the body formed by the thorax and abdomen, to which the head and limbs are attached.

forearm antebrazo M Part of the upper limb between the elbow and wrist.

arm brazo M Part of the upper limb between the shoulder and elbow, corresponding to the humerus. elbow codo M Joint between the arm and forearm, formed by the lower extremity of the humerus and the upper extremities of the radius and ulna.

wrist puño M Joint connecting the hand with the forearm.

thigh muslo M Part of the lower limb between the hip and knee, corresponding to the femur.

hip cadera F Joint connecting the leg with the pelvis.

buttocks nalgas F Fleshy parts located beneath the lumbar region, made up mainly of muscles.

leg pierna F Part of the lower limb between the leg and ankle.

little finger meñique M Fifth and smallest digit of the hand.

calf pantorrilla F Hind part of the leg, made up of triceps surae.

ring finger anular M Fourth digit of the hand; rings are traditionally worn on this finger, hence its name.

heel talón M Hind part of the foot, corresponding to the calcaneus.

middle finger corazón M Third and longest digit of the hand.

thumb pulgar M First digit of the hand, short and strong, opposable to the other digits to enable grasping.

index finger índice M Second digit of the hand, often used to point, hence its name.

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woman mujer F Human being of the female sex capable of conceiving children from an ovum fertilized by a spermatozoon.

woman: anterior view mujer F: vista F anterior MORPHOLOGY

forehead frente F Upper part of the face between the eyebrows, hairline and temples. face rostro M Front part of the head.

mouth boca F Initial part of the digestive tube made up of a cavity (oral cavity) surrounded by lips; it allows the ingestion of food and plays a role in tasting, speaking and breathing. armpit axila F Hollow located beneath the shoulder between the arm and thorax and covered with hair at puberty. breast seno M Glandular organ rich in adipose tissue, enclosing the pectoral muscles and secreting milk to feed the newborn after birth. abdomen abdomen M Lower part of the trunk, beneath the diaphragm, containing the main organs of the digestive, urinary and reproductive systems.

vulva vulva F All the external female genital organs protecting the clitoris and vaginal opening.

temple sien F Side of the head between the forehead, eye, cheek and ear. nose nariz F Protrusion in midsection of the face, with two orifices (nostrils), having an olfactory and respiratory function. cheek mejilla F Side of the face containing muscles capable of giving it many different expressions. chin barbilla F Protruding part of the lower face, corresponding to the mandible.

thorax tórax M Upper part of the trunk, above the diaphragm, containing especially the heart and lungs. navel ombligo M Scar in the form of a rounded depression resulting from the cutting of the umbilical cord.

groin ingle F Depression located at the junction of the abdomen and thigh.

knee rodilla F Joint connecting the thigh with the leg.

little toe dedo M pequeño del pie M Last and smallest toe of the foot.

fourth toe cuarto dedo M del pie M Toe located between the third toe and little toe. third toe tercer dedo M del pie M Toe located between the second toe and fourth toe. second toe segundo dedo M del pie M Toe located between the big toe and third toe.

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ankle tobillo M Joint connecting the foot with the leg. big toe dedo M gordo del pie M First and largest toe of the foot.

foot pie M Terminal part of the lower limb, resting on the ground during upright stance.

woman woman: posterior view mujer F: vista F posterior

neck cuello M Part of the body joining the head to the trunk and containing especially the cervical vertebrae and larynx.

shoulder hombro M Joint connecting the arm with the thorax.

trunk tronco M Part of the body formed by the thorax and abdomen, to which the head and limbs are attached.

wrist puño M Joint connecting the hand with the forearm.

hand mano F Terminal part of the upper limb having a tactile and prehensile function.

finger dedo M Extension of the hand, made up of various articulated bones (phalanges) and whose terminal end is covered with a nail. thigh muslo M Part of the lower limb between the hip and knee, corresponding to the femur.

hairs cabello M Filaments covering the head and protecting especially the skin of the skull; their appearance and color vary depending on the individual.

MORPHOLOGY

head cabeza F Upper part of the body, supported by the neck and containing the main sensory organs and brain.

nape nuca F Hind part of the neck made up mainly of muscles.

back espalda F Hind part of the thorax. arm brazo M Part of the upper limb between the shoulder and elbow, corresponding to the humerus. elbow codo M Joint between the arm and forearm, formed by the lower extremity of the humerus and the upper extremities of the radius and ulna. forearm antebrazo M Part of the upper limb between the elbow and wrist.

hip cadera F Joint connecting the leg with the pelvis.

buttocks nalgas F Fleshy parts located beneath the lumbar region, made up mainly of muscles.

calf pantorrilla F Hind part of the leg, made up of triceps surae. leg pierna F Part of the lower limb between the leg and ankle.

Water: The Source of Life A woman’s body contains an average of 60% water. This proportion, which varies mainly as a function of age, is slightly higher among men, who generally have a lower proportion of fat tissue.

heel talón M Hind part of the foot, corresponding to the calcaneus. 19

22 24 26 28 30 31 32 33

bones main bones skull vertebral column thoracic cage pelvis hand foot

Skeleton The skeleton is all of the bones in the body, connected to each other by joints. The axial skeleton includes the bones of the face, the cranium, and the vertebral column, into which the ribs are inserted. It is connected to the upper limbs by the pectoral girdle and to the lower limbs by the pelvic girdle. Each part of the skeleton fulfills a specific function: the bones of the axial skeleton support the body and protect the vital organs, while the bones in the limbs allow a great variety of movements and contribute to the stability of the body, to walking, and to gripping ability.

bones huesos M

SKELETON

Rigid structures making up the skeleton; connected by joints, they are largely made up of bone tissue rich in mineral salts.

types of bones tipos M de huesos M There are four bone types, classified according to their shape: flat, short, long and irregular.

long bone hueso M largo Elongated bone, varying greatly in size, making up especially the upper and lower limbs.

epiphysis epífisis F End of a long bone, rounded in shape and covered with articulating cartilage.

metaphysis metáfisis F Part of a long bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis, playing an important role in the bone’s growth.

diaphysis diáfisis F Middle part of a long bone, having a cylindrical shape.

flat bone hueso M plano Thin, flat bone playing an important role in the production of blood cells; the shoulder blade is a typical example.

metaphysis metáfisis F Part of a long bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis, playing an important role in the bone’s growth.

epiphysis epífisis F End of a long bone, rounded in shape and covered with articulating cartilage.

Stronger than Steel After tooth enamel, bone is the hardest substance in the human body. A bone is three times stronger than a bar of steel of equal weight. 22

short bone hueso M corto

irregular bone hueso M irregular

Small bone, more or less cubic, found in some joints (ankles, wrists).

Bone of varying size and complex shape (e.g., vertebrae).

bones bone tissue tejido M óseo Solid connective tissue, rich in calcium and collagen, making up the major part of bones.

periosteum periostio M Fibrous membrane covering the bone.

spongy bone tissue tejido M óseo esponjoso Tissue forming the inner part of the bone, consisting of bony cords between which blood vessels, nerve fibers and red bone marrow are lodged.

osteon osteón M Basic unit of compact bone tissue, made up of collagen, blood vessels, nerve fibers and osteocytes.

SKELETON

osteocyte osteocito M Mature cell, constituent element of bone tissue.

cross section of a long bone sección F de un hueso M largo

compact bone tissue tejido M óseo compacto Dense tissue, resistant to pressure and shocks, forming the middle part of the bone.

longitudinal section of an adult femur sección F longitudinal del fémur M adulto

yellow bone marrow médula F ósea amarilla Soft tissue, rich in lipids, located in the medullary cavity of long bones in adults.

medullary cavity canal M medular Cylindrical cavity in the inner core of the diaphysis of long bones, containing yellow bone marrow in adults.

compact bone tissue tejido M óseo compacto Dense tissue, resistant to pressure and shocks, forming the middle part of the bone. spongy bone tissue tejido M óseo esponjoso Tissue forming the inner part of the bone, consisting of bony cords between which blood vessels, nerve fibers and red bone marrow are lodged.

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main bones huesos M principales The human skeleton is made up of 206 articulated bones of varying sizes and shapes.

squeleton: anterior view esqueleto M: vista F anterior SKELETON

skull cráneo M Bony structure formed of eight bones (four even bones and four odd bones) covering and protecting the brain.

mandible mandíbula F Unpaired bone forming the lower jaw, articulating with the temporal bones to allow chewing. sternum esternón M Vertically extended bone forming the anterior midsection of the thoracic cage and articulating with the costal cartilages. humerus húmero M Very large paired bone making up the skeleton of the arm, between the shoulder and elbow joints.

vertebral column columna F vertebral Bony grouping of 33 vertebrae, extending from the skull to the pelvis; it supports the head and trunk and contains the spinal cord.

iliac bone hueso M ilíaco Paired bone forming the largest part of the pelvis; it results from the fusion of three distinct bones in childhood; the ilium, the pubis and the ischium.

maxilla maxilar M Paired bone forming the upper jaw, part of the hard palate, orbits and nasal cavity. clavicle clavícula F Paired bone connecting the shoulder blade to the sternum.

ribs costillas F Bones (12 pairs) curved in the shape of an arc, forming the lateral parts of the thoracic cage.

ulna cúbito M Paired bone forming the inner part of the skeleton of the forearm, between the elbow and wrist joints.

radius radio M Paired bone forming the outer part of the skeleton of the forearm, between the elbow and wrist joints.

femur fémur M Paired bone forming the skeleton of the thigh, between the hip and knee joints.

patella rótula F Paired bone, triangular in shape, articulated with the femur at the knee.

fibula peroné M Paired bone forming the outer part of the skeleton of the leg, between the knee and ankle joints.

medial malleolus maléolo M medio Bony protrusion of the inner ankle, formed by the epiphysis of the tibia.

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tibia tibia F Very large paired bone forming the inner part of the skeleton of the leg, between the knee and ankle joints.

lateral malleolus maléolo M lateral Bony protrusion of the outer ankle, formed by the epiphysis of the fibula.

main bones squeleton: posterior view esqueleto M: vista F posterior

The Size of Bones

acromion acromion M Bony protrusion of the shoulder blade, articulating with the clavicle. medial epicondyle epicóndilo M medio Inner protrusion of the lower extremity of the humerus, serving to attach various flexor muscles of the hand and fingers. lateral epicondyle epicóndilo M lateral Outer protrusion of the lower extremity of the humerus, serving to attach various extensor muscles of the hand and fingers. ilium ilion M Upper part of the iliac bone, flared in shape.

SKELETON

The human body contains bones in a wide variety of sizes. The longest and heaviest is the femur, which, alone, is one quarter the height of an individual and supports half of his weight. The smallest is the stapes bone, situated in the inner ear, which is barely 4 mm long. scapula omoplato M Paired bone, triangular in shape, articulating with the clavicle and humerus; it protects the thorax and serves as the insertion point for several back muscles.

olecranon olécranon M Upper extremity of the ulna articulating with the humerus and forming the protrusion of the elbow.

sacrum sacro M Triangular bone resulting from the fusion of five sacral vertebrae.

pubis pubis M Front part of the iliac bone, articulated at the level of the pubic symphysis.

greater trochanter trocánter M mayor Protrusion of the upper extremity of the femur, where several muscles of the thigh and buttock insert themselves.

ischium isquion M Lower part of the iliac bone.

coccyx coxis M Small triangular bone formed by the fusion, at the start of adulthood, of the four coccygeal vertebrae, and making up the lower extremity of the vertebral column.

medial condyle of femur cóndilo M medio del fémur M Rounded protrusion of the inner part of the lower extremity of the femur, allowing articulation with the tibia.

lateral condyle of femur cóndilo M lateral del fémur M Rounded protrusion of the outer part of the lower extremity of the femur, allowing articulation with the tibia.

talus astrágalo M Paired bone of the tarsus resting on the calcaneus and articulating with the tibia and fibula.

calcaneus calcáneo M Paired bone of the tarsus forming the heel of the foot and serving to attach the Achilles tendon and several calf muscles. 25

skull cráneo M Bony structure formed of eight bones (four even bones and four odd bones) covering and protecting the brain.

SKELETON

skull: lateral view cráneo M: vista F lateral frontal bone hueso M frontal Unpaired bone forming the front part of the skull (forehead and roof of the orbits).

parietal bone hueso M parietal Paired bone making up the largest part of the roof of the skull.

temporal bone hueso M temporal Paired bone located at the side of the skull, articulating with the mandible.

sphenoid bone hueso M esfenoides Unpaired bone located behind the orbits and taking up the entire width of the skull. orbit órbita F Each of two bony cavities of the face containing the eyeballs, optic nerves and ocular muscles. nasal bone hueso M nasal Each of two interarticulated bones in the middle of the face forming the bridge of the nose. lacrimal bone hueso M lacrimal Paired bone forming part of the medial wall of the orbit.

zygomatic bone hueso M zigomático Paired bone forming the cheekbone and lateral wall of the orbit.

maxilla maxilar M Paired bone forming the upper jaw, part of the hard palate, orbits and nasal cavity.

occipital bone hueso M occipital Unpaired bone forming the back and lower part of the skull, protecting the cerebellum and brain stem.

mandible mandíbula F Unpaired bone forming the lower jaw, articulating with the temporal bones to allow chewing.

styloid process of temporal bone apófisis F estiloide del hueso M temporal Bony protrusion of the temporal bone, long and slender, serving to attach ligaments and muscles of the pharynx.

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external acoustic meatus meato M auditivo externo Bony canal through which sounds captured by the pinna reach the eardrum.

mastoid process apófisis F mastoide Bony protrusion of the temporal bone, containing two air-filled cavities adjacent to the middle ear.

skull bottom of skull cara F inferior del cráneo M

zygomatic bone hueso M zigomático Paired bone forming the cheekbone and lateral wall of the orbit.

SKELETON

mandible mandíbula F Unpaired bone forming the lower jaw, articulating with the temporal bones to allow chewing.

palatine bone hueso M palatino Unpaired bone forming the back of the hard palate.

zygomatic process apófisis F zigomática Protrusion of the temporal bone, forming the upper limit of the cheek.

temporal bone hueso M temporal Paired bone located at the side of the skull, articulating with the mandible.

foramen magnum agujero M occipital Aperture of the occipital bone through which the medulla oblongata especially passes.

occipital bone hueso M occipital Unpaired bone forming the back and lower part of the skull, protecting the cerebellum and brain stem.

sagittal section of skull sección F sagital del cráneo M

Mobile Bones At birth, the bones of the skull are not totally fused. They are connected by membranes, the fontanels, and retain some mobility to enable the newborn’s head to deform during birth, and then to allow the skull to adapt to the growth of the brain during the first years of life.

sphenoid bone hueso M esfenoides Unpaired bone located behind the orbits and taking up the entire width of the skull.

frontal sinus seno M frontal Hollow cavity in the frontal bone, communicating with the nasal cavity and warming inhaled air.

ethmoid bone hueso M etmoideo Irregular unpaired bone located behind the nasal cavity, at the juncture of the face and skull.

vomer vómer M Unpaired bone in the posterior and lower part of the nasal cavity.

sphenoidal sinus seno M esfenoidal Hollow cavity in the sphenoid bone, communicating with the nasal cavity and warming inhaled air.

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vertebral column columna F vertebral Bony axis consisting of 33 vertebrae extending from the skull to the pelvis; the vertebral column supports the head and trunk and contains the spinal cord.

SKELETON

vertebral column: anterior view columna F vertebral: vista F anterior

axis axis M Second cervical vertebra, having a vertical apophysis allowing the atlas to pivot and the skull to rotate.

atlas atlas M First cervical vertebra, articulating with the skull at the foramen magnum. cervical vertebrae vértebras F cervicales Highly mobile vertebrae (7) forming the upper part of the vertebral column at the neck.

vertebra prominens vértebra F prominente Last cervical vertebra, having a protruding spiny apophysis and serving as a transition between the cervical and thoracic vertebrae.

thoracic vertebrae vértebras F torácicas Vertebrae (12) supporting the ribs, located at the thorax.

intervertebral disk disco M intervertebral Flat, rounded cartilaginous structure separating two vertebrae; its elasticity provides mobility to the vertebral column.

A Variable Number The number of coccygeal vertebrae forming the coccyx may vary from individual to individual. Most people have four, but some have three or five.

sacrum sacro M Triangular bone resulting from the fusion of five sacral vertebrae.

coccyx coxis M Small triangular bone formed by the fusion, at the start of adulthood, of the four coccygeal vertebrae, and making up the lower extremity of the vertebral column. 28

lumbar vertebrae vértebras F lumbares Massive vertebrae (5) beneath the thoracic vertebrae at the abdomen.

sacral vertebrae vértebras F sacrales Vetebrae (5) beneath the lumbar vertebrae fusing to form the sacrum.

coccygeal vertebrae vértebras F coccígeas Vertebrae (4) beneath the sacrum fusing to form the coccyx.

vertebral column vertebral column: lateral view columna F vertebral: vista F lateral

SKELETON

cervical lordosis lordosis F cervical Normal concave curvature of the vertebral column at the cervical vertebrae.

cervical vertebra vértebra F cervical Each of seven highly mobile vertebrae forming the upper part of the vertebral column at the neck. kyphosis cifosis F Normal convex curvature of the vertebral column at the thoracic vertebrae.

lumbar lordosis lordosis F lumbar Normal concave curvature of the vertebral column at the lumbar vertebrae.

lumbar vertebra vértebra F lumbar

thoracic vertebra vértebra F torácica

Each of five massive vertebrae located beneath the thoracic vertebrae at the abdomen.

vertebral arch arco M neural Bony element comprising the posterior part of a vertebra and having several apophyses.

Each of 12 vertebrae supporting the ribs, located at the thorax.

spinous process apófisis F espinosa Bony protrusion behind a vertebra serving to attach the muscles and ligaments of the back.

transverse process apófisis F transversa Bony protrusion on the side of a vertebra serving to attach ligaments.

vertebral foramen foramen M vertebral Aperture bordered by the vertebral body and neural arch of a vertebra, housing the spinal cord.

articular process apófisis F articular Bony outgrowth on the neural arch of a vertebra allowing it to articulate with adjacent vertebrae.

vertebral body cuerpo M vertebral Thick disk-shaped bony element comprising the anterior part of a vertebra. 29

thoracic cage caja F torácica Bony structure consisting of 12 pairs of ribs, 12 thoracic vertebrae and the sternum; it encloses and protects the organs of the thorax and plays a role in breathing.

SKELETON

thoracic cage: anterior view caja F torácica: vista F anterior

manubrium manubrio M Upper part of the sternum, articulating with the two first costal cartilages and clavicles.

first thoracic vertebra primera vértebra F torácica Vertebra between the vertebra prominens and second thoracic vertebra.

clavicle clavícula F Paired bone connecting the shoulder blade to the sternum.

costal cartilage cartílago M costal Connective tissue structure prolonging a rib and articulating with the sternum.

true ribs costillas F verdaderas Ribs (7 pairs) having their own costal cartilage, located in the upper part of the thoracic cage.

sternum esternón M Vertically extended bone forming the anterior midsection of the thoracic cage and articulating with the costal cartilages.

false ribs costillas F vertebrocostales Ribs (3 pairs) sharing the same costal cartilage, located beneath the true ribs.

floating ribs costillas F flotantes Ribs (2 pairs) whose anterior extremity is not attached to the sternum, forming the lower part of the thoracic cage. xiphoid process apófisis F xifoides Triangular bony outgrowth at the lower extremity of the sternum.

twelfth thoracic vertebra doceava vértebra F torácica Last thoracic vertebra between the eleventh thoracic vertebra and the first lumbar vertebra.

transverse section of thoracic cage sección F transversal de la caja F torácica

thoracic vertebra vértebra F torácica Vertebra at the thorax, supporting the ribs. head of rib cabeza F de la costilla F Posterior extremity of a rib, articulating with a thoracic vertebra via two contact points.

rib costilla F Bone, curved in an arc, forming the lateral parts of the thoracic cage.

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sternum esternón M Vertically extended bone forming the anterior midsection of the thoracic cage and articulating with the costal cartilages. costal cartilage cartílago M costal Connective tissue structure prolonging a rib and articulating with the sternum.

pelvis pelvis F Bony girdle consisting of the sacrum, coccyx and two iliac bones, joining the bones of the lower limbs to the axial skeleton.

man's pelvis: anterior view pelvis F del hombre M: vista F anterior SKELETON

sacrum sacro M Triangular bone resulting from the fusion of five sacral vertebrae.

ilium ilion M Upper part of the iliac bone, flared in shape.

pubis pubis M Front part of the iliac bone, articulated at the level of the pubic symphysis.

coccyx coxis M Small triangular bone formed by the fusion, at the start of adulthood, of the four coccygeal vertebrae, and making up the lower extremity of the vertebral column.

ischium isquion M Lower part of the iliac bone.

acetabulum acetábulo M Cavity of the iliac bone within which the head of the femur articulates.

obturator foramen foramen M obturado Aperture of the iliac bone bordered by the pubis, ischium and acetabulum; it is almost entirely enclosed in a membrane.

pubic symphysis sínfisis F púbica Cartilaginous joint with little mobility, connecting the two pubes.

woman's pelvis: anterior view pelvis F de la mujer F: vista F anterior A woman’s pelvis is larger and shallower than a man’s and is characterized by more widely spaced ischia.

A Typical Step The particular arrangement of bones in a woman’s pelvis changes the orientation of the acetabulum, which causes the swaying hips typical of a woman’s walk.

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hand mano F Terminal part of the upper limb, having a tactile and prehensile function. The skeleton of the hand has 27 bones.

hand: anterior view mano F: vista F anterior SKELETON

radius radio M Bone forming the outer part of the skeleton of the forearm, between the elbow and wrist joints.

scaphoid bone hueso M escafoides Bone of the upper row of the carpus articulating with the radius at the wrist.

trapezium bone hueso M trapecio Bone of the lower row of the carpus articulating with the first metacarpal. capitate bone hueso M mayor Bone of the lower row of the carpus articulating with the third metacarpal; it is the largest of the carpal bones. trapezoid bone hueso M trapezoide Bone of the lower row of the carpus articulating with the second metacarpal.

ulna cúbito M Bone forming the inner part of the skeleton of the forearm, between the elbow and wrist joints.

lunate bone hueso M semilunar Semilunar bone of the upper row of the carpus articulating with the radius at the wrist.

triquetral bone hueso M piramidal Bone of the upper row of the carpus articulating with the ulna at the wrist. pisiform bone hueso M pisiforme Bone of the upper row of the carpus; it is the smallest of the carpal bones. carpus carpo M Group of eight bones (carpal bones) making up the skeleton of the wrist.

hamate bone hueso M unciforme Bone of the lower row of the carpus articulating with the fourth and fifth metacarpals. proximal phalanx falange F próxima First phalanx of the finger, connected to the metacarpal.

middle phalanx falange F media Second phalanx of the finger.

distal phalanx falange F distal Third phalanx of the finger.

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metacarpus metacarpo M All five bones (metacarpals) forming the palm of the hand, connecting the upper row of the carpus with the proximal phalanges.

phalanges of fingers falanges F de la mano F Bones forming the skeleton of the fingers. Each finger has three phalanges, except the thumb that has two.

foot pie M Terminal part of the lower limb, resting on the ground during upright stance; the skeleton of the foot has 26 bones.

foot: anterior view pie M: vista F anterior SKELETON

fibula peroné M Bone forming the outer part of the skeleton of the leg, between the knee and ankle joints. talus astrágalo M Bone of the tarsus resting on the calcaneus and articulating with the tibia and fibula.

tibia tibia F Very large bone forming the inner part of the skeleton of the leg, between the knee and ankle joints.

navicular bone hueso M navicular Flat bone of the tarsus articulating with the talus and the three cuneiform bones.

medial cuneiform hueso M cuneiforme medio Bone of the tarsus articulating with the first metatarsal.

intermediate cuneiform hueso M cuneiforme intermedio Bone of the tarsus articulating with the second metatarsal.

tarsus tarso M Group of seven bones (tarsal bones) forming the skeleton of the ankle.

lateral cuneiform hueso M cuneiforme lateral Bone of the tarsus articulating with the third metatarsal.

metatarsus metatarso M Group of five bones (metatarsals) making up the sole of the foot and connecting the front row of the tarsus with the proximal phalanges of the toes.

cuboid bone hueso M cuboide Bone of the tarsus articulating with the fourth and fifth metatarsals.

phalanges of toes falanges F del pie M Bones forming the skeleton of the toes. Each toe has three phalanges, except for the big toe that has two.

proximal phalanx falange F próxima First phalanx of the toe, connected to the metatarsal.

middle phalanx falange F media Second phalanx of the toe.

distal phalanx falange F distal Third phalanx of the toe.

foot: lateral view pie M: vista F lateral

Concentration of Bones In total, the hands and feet contain 106 bones–more than half of all the bones in the human body.

lateral malleolus maléolo M lateral Bony protrusion of the outer ankle, formed by the epiphysis of the fibula.

metatarsal metatarsiano M Each of five bones of the foot forming the metatarsus.

calcaneus calcáneo M Bone of the tarsus forming the heel of the foot and serving to attach the Achilles tendon and several calf muscles.

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36 38 40 41 42 44

muscle main muscles head and neck thorax and abdomen upper limb lower limb

Muscles Muscles are organs formed mainly of muscle fibers, which contract in reaction to nerve impulses. They are present throughout the body and perform various functions related to body movements. The most numerous are the skeletal muscles, attached to the skeleton by tendons. They generate the complex movements of bones, the tongue, and the skin, and are responsible for muscle tone. Smooth muscles are responsible for motor activity of the blood vessels and many hollow organs; their movements are nonspecific, rhythmic, or graduated. Finally, cardiac muscle is responsible for the heart’s contractions.

muscle músculo M

MUSCLES

Organ made up essentially of muscle fibers and having the ability to contract under the action of a nervous influx; muscles allow the body to move and maintain posture.

types of muscles tipos M de músculos M There are three types of muscles, each with specific characteristics.

smooth muscle músculo M liso Muscle allowing involuntary movements of certain organs; they are found mostly in the walls of hollow organs (such as the intestines and the esophagus) and blood vessels.

smooth muscle fiber fibra F muscular lisa Small fusiform muscle cell having a single nucleus.

striated muscle fiber fibra F muscular estriada Muscle cell having numerous nuclei and characteristic transversal striation.

skeletal muscle músculo M esquelético Muscle that, when contracting, allows voluntary movements of the skeleton to which it is attached by tendons.

origin origen M Anchor point of the skeletal muscle on the bone that remains stable during muscle contraction.

belly cabeza F Central part of a skeletal muscle, between the origin and the insertion.

insertion inserción F Anchor point of the skeletal muscle on the bone that moves during muscle contraction.

cardiac muscle músculo M cardiaco Muscle making up the largest part of the heart, formed of branching chains of muscle fibers; it allows the heart to contract.

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tendon tendón M Band of inelastic fibrous connective tissue at the extreme end of a skeletal muscle, anchoring it on the bone.

cardiac muscle fiber fibra F muscular cardiaca Muscle cell with a single central nucleus and transversal striation.

muscle muscle tissue tejido M muscular Tissue made up of elongated contractile cells, the muscle fibers.

structure of a skeletal muscle estructura F de un músculo M esquelético

fascia fascia F Membrane of loose connective tissue forming an envelope around a skeletal muscle and isolating it from surrounding tissues.

MUSCLES

tendon tendón M Band of inelastic fibrous connective tissue at the extreme end of a skeletal muscle, anchoring it on the bone.

muscle músculo M Organ made up mainly of muscle fiber, able to contract under the action of a nerve impulse.

bundle of muscle fibers fascículo M de fibras F musculares Group of muscle fibers.

perimysium perimisio M Layer of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of muscle fibers.

muscle fiber fibra F muscular Contractile cell, constituent element of muscles.

motor neuron neurona F motora Neuron transmitting nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles.

sarcolemma sarcolema M Cell membrane of a muscle fiber.

Heavy Weight Together, the some 600 skeletal bones in the human body account for almost half of the body’s total mass.

myofibril miofibrilla F Long contractile filament making up the muscle fibers of the skeletal muscles, consisting of two main proteins (actin and myosin).

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main muscles músculos M principales

MUSCLES

The human body has more than 600 muscles distributed throughout the body.

main muscles: anterior view músculos M principales: vista F anterior

platysma platisma M Paired muscle covering the anterior face of the neck, between the chin and clavicle; it allows the skin of the chin to be drawn.

serratus anterior muscle músculo M dentado anterior Paired muscle connecting the first nine ribs to the shoulder blade; it allows especially lateral rotation of the shoulder blade. external oblique muscle músculo M oblicuo externo del abdomen M Paired muscle connecting the last eight ribs to the iliac bone; it allows flexion and rotation of the trunk and compression of the internal organs. linea alba línea F alba Fibrous membrane running down the midline of the abdominal wall, serving as an insertion point for some abdominal muscles.

quadriceps muscle of thigh cuádriceps M femoral Paired muscle with four heads forming the anterior part of the thigh; it allows extension of the leg and flexion of the thigh.

long fibular muscle músculo M largo fibular Paired muscle connecting the tibia and fibula with the medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bones; it assists in several movements of the foot (abduction, flexion, outward rotation).

soleus muscle músculo M sóleo Paired muscle connecting the tibia and fibula to the calcaneus; it allows extension of the foot, making it an important muscle for walking and running.

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frontal muscle músculo M frontal Large unpaired muscle connecting the upper part of the orbit and the epicranial aponeurosis; it allows the skin of the forehead to crease and the eyebrows to lift.

deltoid muscle músculo M deltoide Paired muscle covering the shoulder between the clavicle, shoulder blade and humerus; it assists in several movements of the arm (abduction, flexion, extension).

greater pectoral muscle músculo M pectoral mayor Paired muscle connecting the sternum and clavicle to the humerus; it allows especially the arm to rotate outward and to move toward the axis of the body (adduction).

biceps muscle of arm bíceps M braquial Paired muscle formed of two heads, connecting the shoulder blade to the radius; it allows flexion and outward rotation of the forearm.

sartorius muscle músculo M sartorio Paired muscle connecting the iliac bone to the tibia; it allows flexion and rotation of the thigh, as well as flexion of the leg.

anterior tibial muscle músculo M tibial anterior Paired muscle connecting the tibia to the medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bones; it allows the foot to flex and move toward the axis of the body.

long extensor muscle of toes músculo M largo extensor de los dedos M del pie M Paired muscle connecting the fibula and lateral condyle of the tibia to the last four toes, allowing them to extend.

main muscles main muscles: posterior view músculos M principales: vista F posterior

trapezius muscle músculo M trapecio Triangular paired muscle connecting the occipital bone and certain vertebrae to the clavicle, acromion and shoulder blade; it allows numerous movements of the shoulder and assists in the extension of the head.

infraspinatus muscle músculo M infraespinoso Paired muscle connecting the shoulder blade to the humerus; it allows mainly outward rotation of the arm.

teres major muscle músculo M redondo mayor Paired muscle connecting the shoulder blade to the humerus; it allows the arm to rotate inward and to move toward the axis of the body (adduction). latissimus dorsi muscle músculo M dorsal mayor Large, flat paired muscle connecting the vertebral column to the humerus; it allows the arm to rotate inward and to move toward the axis of the body (adduction).

sternocleidomastoid muscle músculo M esternocleidomastoideo Paired muscle formed of two heads, connecting the temporal bone to the manubrium and clavicle; it allows flexion, lateral inclination and rotation of the head.

MUSCLES

occipital muscle músculo M occipital Unpaired muscle connecting the occipital bone to the epicranial aponeurosis; it allows the scalp to pull back.

deltoid muscle músculo M deltoide Paired muscle covering the shoulder between the clavicle, shoulder blade and humerus; it assists in several movements of the arm (abduction, flexion, extension).

triceps muscle of arm tríceps M braquial Paired muscle formed of three heads connecting the shoulder blade and humerus to the olecranon, forming the posterior face of the arm; it allows extension of the forearm.

gluteus maximus muscle músculo M glúteo mayor Paired muscle forming the buttock, maintaining the trunk in an upright position and allowing extension and outward rotation of the hip.

great adductor muscle músculo M abductor mayor Paired muscle connecting the pubis to the femur; it allows the thigh to move toward the axis of the body (adduction), rotate outward, flex and extend.

semitendinous muscle músculo M semitendinoso Paired muscle connecting the ischium to the tibia; it allows flexion and inward rotation of the leg, as well as extension of the thigh.

semimembranous muscle músculo M semimembranoso Paired muscle connecting the ischium to the tibia and femur; it allows flexion and inward rotation of the leg, and extension of the thigh.

biceps muscle of thigh bíceps M femoral Paired muscle formed of two heads, connecting the femur and ischium to the fibula; it assists in bending the leg.

gastrocnemius muscle músculo M gastrocnemio Paired muscle formed of two heads connecting the femur to the calcaneus; it allows flexion of the foot and leg.

A Wide Diversity The body’s muscles have a wide variety of shapes and sizes. The longest muscle is the sartorius, in the thigh, while the widest is the external oblique muscle of abdomen.

calcaneal tendon tendón M de Aquiles Large tendon of the posterior face of the ankle, connecting the triceps surae to the calcaneus.

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head and neck cabeza F y cuello M The head and neck contain especially the facial muscles (responsible for facial expressions) and the masticating muscles.

MUSCLES

head and neck: anterior view cabeza F y cuello M: vista F anterior

procerus muscle músculo M procero Unpaired muscle connecting the nasal bone to the skin of the forehead; it allows the skin between the eyebrows to be pulled downward.

corrugator supercilii muscle músculo M corrugador de la ceja F Small, paired muscle above the orbit, allowing the eyebrows to raise and the skin of the forehead to crease. orbicular muscle of eye músculo M orbicular del ojo M Paired, ring-shaped muscle surrounding the orbit and extending into the eyelids; it controls the movements of the eyelids and periphery of the eye. orbicular muscle of mouth músculo M orbicular de la boca F Unpaired muscle having two bundles connecting the corners of the lips, allowing the mouth to open and close especially.

platysma platisma F Paired muscle covering the anterior face of the neck, between the chin and clavicle; it allows the skin of the chin to be drawn.

epicranial aponeurosis aponeurosis F epicraneal Fibrous layer covering the skull, between the frontal and occipital muscles. frontal muscle músculo M frontal Large, unpaired muscle connecting the upper part of the orbit and the epicranial aponeurosis; it allows the skin of the forehead to crease and the eyebrows to lift.

lesser zygomatic muscle músculo M cigomático menor Paired muscle connecting the zygomatic bone to the upper lip; it assists in smiling. greater zygomatic muscle músculo M cigomático mayor Paired muscle connecting the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth; it assists in smiling. mentalis muscle músculo M mentoniano Small, paired muscle connecting the bone and skin of the chin; its contraction allows the chin to be raised.

A Range of Emotions head and neck: lateral view cabeza F y cuello M: vista F lateral temporal muscle músculo M temporal Paired muscle connecting the temporal fossa to the mandible; it allows the jaws to be closed by lifting the mandible.

nasal muscle músculo M nasal Paired muscle connecting the maxilla to the bridge of the nose; it allows the nostrils to be dilated and the cartilage of the nose to be lowered.

superior auricular muscle músculo M auricular superior Paired muscle connecting the epicranial aponeurosis to the cartilage of the ear; it pulls the ear slightly upward.

masseter muscle músculo M masetero Powerful paired muscle connecting the zygomatic bone to the mandible; it allows the upper jaw to be raised, contributing to chewing.

occipital muscle músculo M occipital Paired muscle connecting the occipital bone to the epicranial aponeurosis; it allows the scalp to be pulled back.

risorius muscle músculo M risorio Paired muscle extending from the masseter muscle to the angle of the mouth; it especially allows smiling.

depressor muscle of angle of mouth músculo M reductor del ángulo M de la boca F Paired muscle connecting the mandible to the angle of the mouth, allowing it to be lowered.

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Facial expressions are formed by some 70 muscles in the head. There are six basic expressions–joy, anger, fear, surprise, disgust, and sadness–among the 7,000 physiognomies classified worldwide.

posterior auricular muscle músculo M auricular posterior Paired muscle connecting the mastoid apophysis to the cartilage of the ear; it pulls the ear slightly up and back.

sternocleidomastoid muscle músculo M esternocleidomastoideo Paired muscle formed of two heads, connecting the temporal bone to the manubrium and clavicle; it allows flexion, lateral inclination and rotation of the head.

thorax and abdomen tórax M y abdomen M The thoracic cage and abdominal wall contain superficial and deep muscles that support the abdomen and enable the trunk and limbs to perform numerous movements.

thorax and abdomen: anterior view tórax M y abdomen M: vista F anterior greater pectoral muscle músculo M pectoral mayor Paired muscle formed of two heads, connecting the sternum and clavicle to the humerus; it allows especially the arm to rotate outward, as well as to draw close to the body (adduction).

internal intercostal muscles músculos M intercostales internos Paired muscles connecting the lower border of one rib to the upper border of the underlying rib; active during exhalation, it allows especially the ribs to be lowered.

serratus anterior muscle músculo M dentado anterior Paired muscle connecting the first nine ribs to the shoulder blade; it allows especially lateral rotation of the shoulder blade, thus assisting in the abduction of the arm.

linea alba línea F alba Fibrous membrane running down the midline of the abdominal wall, serving as an insertion point for some abdominal muscles.

rectus sheath vaina F del músculo M derecho del abdomen M Membrane covering the right muscle of the abdomen; its inner border assists the formation of the linea alba.

navel ombligo M Scar in the form of a rounded depression resulting from the cutting of the umbilical cord.

external oblique muscle músculo M oblicuo externo del abdomen M Large, thin paired muscle connecting the last eight ribs to the iliac bone; it allows flexion and rotation of the trunk and compression of the internal organs and contributes to exhalation.

internal oblique muscle músculo M oblicuo interno del abdomen M Paired muscle connecting the iliac bone to the last three or four ribs; it allows flexion and rotation of the trunk, as well as compression of the internal organs.

tensor muscle of fascia lata músculo M tensor del fascia M lata Paired muscle connecting the iliac bone to the edge of the membrane surrounding the thigh (fascia lata); it contributes to flexion and inward rotation of the hip.

MUSCLES

rectus abdominis muscle músculo M derecho del abdomen M Unpaired, superficial muscle of the abdomen connecting the pubis to the sternum and certain costal cartilages; it allows especially forward flexion of the trunk.

iliac muscle músculo M ilíaco Paired muscle of the lower region of the abdomen that allows mainly flexion of the thigh.

greater psoas muscle músculo M psoas M mayor Paired muscle that allows flexion of the thigh or forward bending of the trunk.

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upper limb miembro M superior The shoulder, arm, forearm and hand contain numerous muscles that allow movements of great precision.

MUSCLES

upper limb: anterior view miembro M superior: vista F anterior deltoid muscle músculo M deltoide Muscle covering the shoulder between the clavicle, shoulder blade and humerus; it assists in several movements of the arm (abduction, flexion, extension).

triceps muscle of arm tríceps M braquial Muscle connecting the shoulder blade and humerus to the olecranon, forming the posterior face of the arm; it allows extension of the forearm.

brachial muscle músculo M braquial Muscle connecting the humerus to the ulna; it allows flexion of the forearm.

brachioradial muscle músculo M braquiorradial Muscle connecting the humerus to the lateral face of the radius; it allows flexion of the forearm and assists in its outward rotation.

radial flexor muscle of wrist músculo M flexor radial del carpo M Muscle connecting the humerus to the second metacarpal; it allows the hand to flex and move away from the axis of the body (abduction).

quadrate pronator muscle músculo M cuadrado pronador Muscle connecting the ulna to the radius, allowing inward rotation of the forearm (pronation). short abductor muscle of thumb músculo M corto abductor del pulgar M Superficial muscle connecting the trapezium bone to the proximal phalanx of the thumb; it mainly allows the thumb to move away from the axis of the hand (abduction).

palmar aponeurosis aponeurosis F palmar Triangular-shaped membrane connecting the tendons of the flexor muscles of the fingers.

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biceps muscle of arm bíceps M braquial Muscle formed of two heads, connecting the shoulder blade to the radius; it allows flexion and outward rotation of the forearm.

round pronator muscle músculo M redondo pronador Muscle formed of two heads, connecting the humerus and ulna to the radius; it allows flexion and inward rotation (pronation) of the forearm.

ulnar flexor muscle of wrist músculo M flexor cubital del carpo M Muscle having two heads, connecting the humerus and ulna to the pisiform bone; it allows the hand to flex and move toward the axis of the body (adduction). superficial flexor muscle of fingers músculo M flexor superficial de los dedos M Muscle having two heads, connecting the humerus, ulna and radius to the middle phalanges of the fingers; it allows mainly flexion of the last four fingers. long palmar muscle músculo M largo palmar Muscle connecting the humerus to the palmar aponeurosis; it allows flexion of the wrist.

short palmar muscle músculo M corto palmar Muscle connecting the palmar aponeurosis to the skin of the inside edge of the hand; it allows the skin of part of the palm to be folded. abductor muscle of little finger músculo M abductor del meñique M Muscle connecting the pisiform bone to the proximal phalanx of the little finger, allowing it to move away from the axis of the hand (abduction). superficial transverse metacarpal ligament ligamento M metacarpiano transverso superficial Ligament at the base of the palmar aponeurosis.

upper limb hand: posterior view mano F: vista F posterior

MUSCLES

common extensor muscle of fingers músculo M extensor común de los dedos M Muscle connecting the humerus to the middle and distal phalanges of the last four fingers; it allows extension of the fingers (except the thumb) and assists in extension of the hand.

long abductor muscle of thumb músculo M largo abductor del pulgar M Muscle connecting the radius and the ulna to the first metacarpal; it allows the thumb to extend and to move away from the axis of the hand (abduction).

short extensor muscle of thumb músculo M corto extensor del pulgar M Muscle connecting the radius to the proximal phalanx of the thumb; it allows the thumb to extend and to move away from the axis of the hand (abduction).

ulnar extensor muscle of wrist músculo M extensor cubital del carpo M Muscle connecting the humerus and ulna to the fifth metacarpal; it allows the hand to fold backward (extension) and to move toward the axis of the body (adduction).

extensor muscle of little finger músculo M extensor del meñique M Muscle connecting the humerus to the little finger, allowing it to extend.

extensor retinaculum of muscles of hand retináculo M de los músculos M extensores Fibrous layer covering the tendons of the extensor muscles of the hand.

abductor muscle of little finger músculo M abductor del meñique M Muscle connecting the pisiform bone to the proximal phalanx of the little finger, allowing it to move away from the axis of the hand (abduction).

dorsal fascia of hand fascia F dorsal de la mano F Fibrous membrane of the back of the hand, prolonged by the retinaculum of the extensor muscles.

dorsal interosseous muscles of hand músculos M interóseos dorsales de la mano F Muscles connecting the metacarpals to the proximal phalanges of the last four fingers; it allows the fingers to bend and to spread apart.

High Precision Movements of the hand are produced through the association of two muscle groups: the muscles of the forearm, which insert into the hand, and the hand muscles themselves. They enable very fine movements used in activities such as writing and gripping delicate objects.

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lower limb miembro M inferior The thigh, leg and foot contain numerous muscles that allow upright stance and locomotion.

MUSCLES

lower limb: anterior view miembro M inferior: vista F anterior

rectus muscle of thigh músculo M derecho de la nalga F Central part of the quadriceps, connecting the iliac bone and acetabulum to the patella and tibia; it allows extension of the leg and flexion of the thigh.

lateral vastus muscle músculo M vasto lateral Part of the quadriceps connected to the outer part of the femur; it assists the leg to extend and stabilizes the knee.

pectineal muscle músculo M pectíneo Muscle connecting the pubis to the upper part of the femur; it assists the thigh to flex and move toward the axis of the body (adduction).

long adductor muscle músculo M largo abductor Muscle connecting the pubis to the femur; it allows the thigh to move toward the axis of the body (adduction) and ensures its outward rotation and flexion.

gracilis muscle músculo M gracilis Muscle connecting the pubis to the tibia; it allows the thigh to move toward the axis of the body (adduction), as well as flexion and inward rotation of the leg.

sartorius muscle músculo M sartorio Muscle connecting the iliac bone to the tibia; it allows flexion and rotation of the thigh, as well as flexion of the leg.

medial vastus muscle músculo M vasto mediano Part of the quadriceps connected to the inner part of the femur; it allows the leg to extend and stabilizes the knee. long fibular muscle músculo M largo fibular Muscle connecting the tibia and fibula with the medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bones; it assists in several movements of the foot (abduction, flexion, outward rotation).

anterior tibial muscle músculo M tibial anterior Muscle connecting the tibia to the medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bones; it allows the foot to flex and move toward the axis of the body.

long extensor muscle of toes músculo M largo extensor de los dedos M del pie M Muscle connecting the fibula and tibia to the last four toes, allowing them to extend.

short extensor muscle of big toe músculo M corto extensor del dedo M gordo del pie M Muscle connecting the calcaneus to the proximal phalanx of the big toe, allowing it to extend.

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gastrocnemius muscle músculo M gastrocnemio Muscle formed of two heads connecting the femur to the calcaneus; it allows flexion of the foot and leg.

soleus muscle músculo M sóleo Muscle connecting the tibia and fibula to the calcaneus; it allows extension of the foot, making it an important muscle for walking and running.

long extensor muscle of big toe músculo M largo extensor del dedo M gordo del pie M Muscle connecting the tibia to the distal phalanx of the big toe; it allows extension of the big toe and forward flexion of the foot.

abductor muscle of big toe músculo M abductor del dedo M gordo del pie M Muscle connecting the calcaneus to the proximal phalanx of the big toe; it allows the big toe to flex and move away from the axis of the foot (abduction).

lower limb foot: lateral view pie M: vista F lateral

Each foot contains 33 muscles, some of which are inserted into the leg bones. They contribute to maintenance of balance and play an essential role in walking.

short fibular muscle músculo M corto fibular Muscle connecting the fibula to the fifth metatarsal; it allows flexion and rotation of the foot.

MUSCLES

anterior tibial muscle músculo M tibial anterior Muscle connecting the tibia to the medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bones; it allows the foot to flex and move toward the axis of the body.

Balance Point

long extensor muscle of toes músculo M largo extensor de los dedos M del pie M Muscle connecting the fibula and tibia to the last four toes, allowing them to extend.

superior extensor retinaculum retináculo M superior de los músculos M extensores Ligament above the ankle, anchoring the muscle tendons during movements of the foot.

inferior extensor retinaculum retináculo M inferior de los músculos M extensores Ligament of the anterior face of the ankle, between the two malleoli, anchoring the muscle tendons during movements of the foot.

short extensor muscle of toes músculo M corto extensor de los dedos M del pie M Muscle connecting the calcaneus to the toes, allowing them to extend.

dorsal interosseous muscles of foot músculos M interóseos dorsales del pie M Muscles connecting the metatarsals to the proximal phalanges of the last four toes; it allows the toes to flex and spread from each other.

synovial sheaths of toes vainas F tendinosas de los dedos M del pie M Synovial membranes covering the flexor tendons of the toes.

abductor muscle of little toe músculo M abductor del dedo M pequeño del pie M Muscle connecting the calcaneus to the proximal phalanx of the little toe; it allows the little toe to move away from the axis of the foot (abduction).

inferior fibular retinaculum retináculo M inferior de los músculos M fibulares Ligament extending from the calcaneus to the retinaculum of the extensor muscles, anchoring the long and short fibular muscles to the outer face of the foot.

superior fibular retinaculum retináculo M superior de los músculos M fibulares Ligament extending from the lateral malleolus to the calcaneus, anchoring the long and short fibular muscles to the outer face of the foot.

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48 49 50

main joints cartilaginous joints synovial joints

Joints The joints are structures with varying degrees of mobility; they link bones together and provide the skeleton with solidity and mobility. A bone’s range of motion depends in large part on the nature of its joints. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints have very little mobility, while synovial joints allow a wide variety of movements. Among the hundreds of synovial joints in the human body, the most important for mobility are those in the limbs and the spine.

main joints articulaciones F principales Joints are classified into three main types: synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous.

synovial joints articulaciones F sinoviales JOINTS

Joints characterized by the presence of an articular capsule filled with viscous fluid (synovia); these are the most common joints.

cartilaginous joints articulaciones F cartilaginosas Joints having a cartilage plate fused with the articular surfaces; they allow only limited movement.

fibrous joints articulaciones F fibrosas Immoveable joints characterized by the presence of fibrocartilage connecting the bones.

cranial suture sutura F craneal Fibrous joint connecting two bones of the skull and forming an irregular line; the sutures fuse with age, preventing all movement of the bones. temporomandibular joint articulación F temporomandibular Synovial joint connecting the mandible with the temporal bone; it allows the mouth to open and close.

glenohumeral joint articulación F humeroescapular Synovial joint connecting the humerus and the shoulder blade; it allows movements of the arm along three axes. sternocostal joints articulaciones F esternocostales Cartilaginous joints connecting the first seven costal cartilages to the sternum.

elbow joint articulación F del codo M Synovial joint connecting the humerus to the radius and ulna; it allows mainly flexion and extension of the forearm.

synchondroses of vertebral column sincondrosis F de la columna F vertebral Cartilaginous joints connecting the vertebral bodies of two adjacent vertebrae via an intervertebral disk.

zygapophysial joints articulaciones F zigapofisarias Synovial joints connecting the articular apophyses of two adjacent vertebrae. wrist joint articulación F de la muñeca F Synovial joint connecting the radius to the scaphoid, semilunar and pyramidal bones; it allows movements of the hand.

interphalangeal joints of hand articulaciones F interfalángicas de la mano F Synovial joints connecting the upper part of a phalanx with the base of the next phalanx; they allow flexion and extension movements in the fingers. hip joint articulación F de la cadera F Synovial joint connecting the head of the femur to the iliac bone; it supports the body’s weight and allows numerous movements of the lower limb.

pubic symphysis sínfisis F púbica Cartilaginous joint connecting the two pubes.

knee joint articulación F de la rodilla F Synovial joint connecting the femur to the tibia and patella; it allows mainly flexion and extension of the leg.

ankle joint articulación F del tobillo M Synovial joint connecting the tibia, fibula and talus; it allows flexion and extension of the foot. 48

cartilaginous joints articulaciones F cartilaginosas Joints having a cartilage plate fused to articulating surfaces, allowing only limited movement; they are found between the vertebrae, pubic bones and at the level of the first rib.

From Left to Right

Cartilaginous joints connecting the vertebral bodies of two adjacent vertebrae via an intervertebral disk.

intervertebral disk disco M intervertebral Flat, rounded cartilaginous structure separating two vertebrae; its elasticity provides mobility to the vertebral column.

vertebral body cuerpo M vertebral Thick disk-shaped bony element comprising the anterior part of a vertebra.

intervertebral disk disco M intervertebral Flat, rounded cartilaginous structure separating two vertebrae; its elasticity provides mobility to the vertebral column.

fibrous ring anillo M fibroso Ring formed of several layers of fibrocartilage, dense and nonmalleable, surrounding the vertebral pulp.

vertebral pulp núcleo M pulposo Gelatinous mass, soft and malleable but noncompressible, found at the centre of an intervertebral disk.

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JOINTS

Unlike other vertebrae, the atlas and the axis are not separated by an intervertebral disk. Instead, they are connected by synovial joints that allow the head to rotate.

synchondroses of vertebral column sincondrosis F de la columna F vertebral

synovial joints articulaciones F sinoviales Joints characterized by the presence of an articulating capsule filled with a viscous liquid (synovia); they are found throughout the body (including the shoulder, elbow, wrist, knee and ankle).

JOINTS

cross section of a synovial joint sección F de una articulación F sinovial

bursa bolsa F sinovial Small sac filled with synovia, located near a bone extremity or articular joint; it facilitates movement of the surrounding tendons, ligaments and bones. bone hueso M Rigid organ making up the skeleton; interconnected by joints, the bones are comprised mainly of bone tissue rich in mineral salts.

tendon tendón M Band of inelastic fibrous connective tissue at the extreme end of a skeletal muscle, anchoring it on the bone. articular cavity cavidad F sinovial Space bounded by an articular capsule and containing synovia, a viscous fluid that lubricates the articular cartilages.

ligament ligamento M Band of connective tissue stabilizing and reinforcing a synovial joint by limiting its movements; it is firmly attached to the bones at its two extremities.

synovial membrane membrana F sinovial Membrane lining the inside of the articular cavity and producing synovia.

muscle músculo M Organ made up mainly of muscle fiber, able to contract under the action of a nerve impulse.

articular cartilage cartílago M articular Layer of connective tissue covering the extremity of an articular bone and facilitating movement.

articular capsule cápsula F articular Envelope made of fibrous tissue covering the extremity of two articular bones.

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synovial joints examples of synovial joints ejemplos M de articulaciones F sinoviales

JOINTS

hip: anterior view cadera F: vista F anterior Hip: synovial joint connecting the head of the femur to the iliac bone; it supports the body’s weight and allows numerous movements of the lower limbs.

iliac bone hueso M ilíaco Paired bone forming the largest part of the pelvis; it results from the fusion of three distinct bones in childhood; the ilium, the pubis and the ischium.

inguinal ligament ligamento M inguinal Ligament connecting two parts of the iliac bone (ilium and pubis).

articular capsule cápsula F articular Envelope made of fibrous tissue covering the extremity of the articulated bones forming the hip joint.

femur fémur M Long paired bone forming the skeleton of the thigh, between the hip and knee joints.

ankle: lateral view tobillo M: vista F lateral

Variety of Movements Certain synovial joints allow only slight lateral movement (such as the bones of the carpus), while others allow complex movements along one, two, or even three axes (for example, the shoulder).

Ankle: synovial joint connecting the tibia, fibula and talus; it allows flexion and extension of the foot. tibia tibia F Very large bone forming the inner part of the skeleton of the leg, between the knee and ankle joints.

tibiofibular ligament ligamento M tibiofibular Ligament connecting the lower extremities of the tibia and fibula. talus astrágalo M Bone of the tarsus resting on the calcaneus and articulating with the tibia and fibula.

fibula peroné M Bone forming the outer part of the skeleton of the leg, between the knee and ankle joints.

calcaneal tendon tendón M de Aquiles Large tendon of the posterior face of the ankle, connecting the triceps surae to the calcaneus.

lateral collateral ligament of ankle ligamento M colateral lateral Ligament formed of three bunches of fibers connecting the fibula to the tibia, talus and calcaneus. calcaneus calcáneo M Bone of the tarsus forming the heel of the foot and serving to attach the Achilles tendon and several calf muscles. 51

synovial joints knee: anterior view rodilla F: vista F anterior Knee: synovial joint connecting the femur to the tibia and patella and allowing mainly flexion and extension of the leg.

JOINTS

quadriceps muscle of thigh cuádriceps M femoral Muscle having four heads forming the anterior part of the thigh; it allows extension of the leg and flexion of the thigh.

femur fémur M Bone forming the skeleton of the thigh, between the hip and knee joints. patella rótula F Bone, triangular in shape, articulated with the femur at the knee.

articular capsule cápsula F articular Envelope made of fibrous tissue covering the extremity of two articular bones.

fibula peroné M Bone forming the outer part of the skeleton of the leg, between the knee and ankle joints.

patellar ligament ligamento M rotuliano Thick ligament extending from the patella to the tibia; it assists in stabilizing the knee joint.

tibia tibia F Very large bone forming the inner part of the skeleton of the leg, between the knee and ankle joints.

extended knee: anterior view rodilla F extendida: vista F anterior

fibular collateral ligament ligamento M lateral externo Ligament extending from the femur to the fibula, on the external face of the knee, assisting in stabilizing its articulation.

posterior cruciate ligament ligamento M cruzado posterior Ligament located inside the articular capsule of the knee and connecting the femur to the tibia; it restrains backward movement of the tibia.

lateral meniscus menisco M lateral Semilunar fibrocartilaginous structure located on the outer side of the knee and assisting in its articulation.

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condyles of femur cóndilo M del fémur M Rounded protrusions of the lower extremity of the femur, allowing articulation with the tibia.

anterior cruciate ligament ligamento M cruzado anterior Ligament located inside the articular capsule of the knee and connecting the femur to the tibia; it restrains forward movement of the tibia and its rotation. medial meniscus menisco M mediano Semilunar fibrocartilaginous structure located on the inner side of the knee and assisting in its articulation.

tibial collateral ligament ligamento M lateral interno Ligament extending from the femur to the tibia, on the internal face of the knee, assisting in stabilizing its articulation.

synovial joints shoulder: anterior view hombro M: vista F anterior Shoulder: joint connecting the arm with the thorax, housing two synovial joints (humeroscapular and acromioclavicular). acromion acromion M Bony protrusion of the shoulder blade, articulating with the clavicle.

JOINTS

coracoacromial ligament ligamento M coracoacromial Ligament connecting the acromion to the coracoid apophysis of the shoulder blade.

acromioclavicular joint articulación F acromioclavicular Synovial joint connecting the acromion and the clavicle.

clavicle clavícula F Bone connecting the shoulder blade to the sternum.

coracoid process apófisis F coracoides Bony protrusion of the shoulder blade serving to attach several ligaments and muscles of the back. glenohumeral joint articulación F humeroescapular Synovial joint connecting the humerus and the shoulder blade; it allows movements of the arm along three axes.

humerus húmero M Very large bone making up the skeleton of the arm, between the shoulder and elbow joints.

scapula omoplato M Bone, triangular in shape, located behind the thoracic cage, articulating with the clavicle and humerus; it protects the thorax and serves as the insertion point for several back muscles.

elbow: anterior view codo M: vista F anterior

Varied Movements

Elbow: synovial joint connecting the humerus to the radius and ulna, allowing mainly rotation, flexion and extension of the arm.

The shoulder is the most mobile joint in the body: it allows flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, and rotation.

humerus húmero M Very large bone making up the skeleton of the arm, between the shoulder and elbow joints. articular capsule cápsula F articular Envelope made of fibrous tissue covering the extremity of two articular bones.

annular ligament of radius ligamento M anular del radio M Ligament surrounding the head of the radius, anchoring it in the radial notch of the ulna.

radius radio M Bone forming the outer part of the skeleton of the forearm, between the elbow and wrist joints.

oblique cord cuerda F oblicua Small ligament connecting the ulna and radius.

ulna cúbito M Bone forming the inner part of the skeleton of the forearm, between the elbow and wrist joints. 53

synovial joints wrist and hand: dorsal view muñeca F y mano F: vista F dorsal The wrist houses several joints connecting the radius and ulna to the carpal bones and allowing flexion and extension movements of the hand; the hand houses various joints allowing movements of the fingers.

JOINTS

radius radio M Bone forming the outer part of the skeleton of the forearm, between the elbow and wrist joints.

ulna cúbito M Bone forming the inner part of the skeleton of the forearm, between the elbow and wrist joints.

carpal bones huesos M carpianos Bones making up the carpus.

metacarpophalangeal joints articulaciones F metacarpofalángicas Synovial joints connecting the upper part of the metacarpals to the base of the proximal phalanges of the fingers; they allow various movements of the fingers. interphalangeal joints of hand articulaciones F interfalángicas de la mano F Synovial joints connecting the upper part of a phalanx with the base of the next phalanx; they allow flexion and extension movements in the fingers.

A Precise Tool The wrist and hand contain some 20 joints that allow for very detailed mobility for, among other things, gripping objects.

articular capsule cápsula F articular Envelope made of fibrous tissue covering the extremity of two articular bones.

collateral ligament ligamento M colateral Ligament connecting two phalanges of a finger, assisting in stabilizing the corresponding interphalangeal joint.

tendon tendón M Band of inelastic fibrous connective tissue, connecting the phalanges to the muscles of the hand and forearm.

phalanges of fingers falanges F de la mano F Bones forming the skeleton of the fingers. Each finger has three phalanges, except the thumb that has two. 54

synovial joints thoracic vertebrae: lateral view vértebras F torácicas: vista F lateral The 12 thoracic vertebrae, located at the thorax, are interconnected by zygapophysial joints.

JOINTS transverse process apófisis F transversal Bony protrusion on the side of a vertebra serving to attach ligaments.

intervertebral foramen foramen M intervertebral Aperture between two adjacent vertebrae, allowing especially for the passage of a spinal nerve.

zygapophysial joints articulaciones F zigapofisarias Synovial joints connecting the articular apophyses of two adjacent vertebrae.

supraspinous ligament ligamento M supraespinoso Long ligament connecting the spinous apophyses of the vertebrae.

spinous process apófisis F espinosa Bony protrusion behind a vertebra serving to attach the muscles and ligaments of the back.

intertransverse ligament ligamento M intertransversal Ligament connecting the transverse apophyses of two adjacent vertebrae.

vertebral body cuerpo M vertebral Thick disk-shaped bony element comprising the anterior part of a vertebra.

anterior longitudinal ligament ligamento M longitudinal anterior Long ligament covering the anterior face of the vertebral column, from the base of the skull to the sacrum.

articular process apófisis F articular Bony protrusion on the neural arch of a vertebra, allowing its articulation with adjacent vertebrae.

interspinous ligament ligamento M interespinoso Ligament connecting the spinous apophyses of two adjacent vertebrae.

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structure of nervous system neuron nerve impulse nervous tissue central nervous system peripheral nervous system

Nervous system The nervous system is a group of structures (brain, spinal cord, nerves) that fulfill the body’s sensory, motor, autonomous, and mental functions. More specifically, it controls organ function, coordinates movements, transmits sensory and motor information between various parts of the body, regulates the emotions, etc. The nervous system operates mainly through neurons, specialized cells that communicate with each other using electrical and chemical signals.

structure of nervous system estructura F del sistema M nervioso The nervous system is made up of two distinct entities with defined roles: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

brain encéfalo M Part of the central nervous system enclosed in the skull, consisting of the brain, cerebellum and brain stem; it is responsible for sensory perception, most movements, memory, language, reflexes and vital functions.

cranial nerves nervios M craneales Group of 12 pairs of nerves emerging from the brain stem, providing nerve sensation to the head and neck and serving a motor or sensory function.

spinal cord médula F espinal Part of the central nervous system located in the vertebral column; it transmits nerve information between the spinal nerves and encephalon, and conversely.

spinal nerves nervios M espinales Group of 31 pairs of mixed (sensory and motor) nerves emerging from the spinal cord, providing nerve sensations to all parts of the body, except the face.

central nervous system sistema M nervioso central Part of the nervous system formed by the brain and the spinal cord that interprets sensory information and initiates motor commands.

Variable Length Each neuron has an extension, called an axon, that may measure between 1 mm and more than 1 m in length.

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peripheral nervous system sistema M nervioso periférico Part of the nervous system made up of cranial and spinal nerves, carrying messages from sensory receptors to the central nervous system and transmitting motor commands from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands.

neuron neurona F Cell of the nervous system allowing information to be carried in the form of electrical and chemical signals.

structure of a neuron estructura F de una neurona F

cell body cuerpo M celular Central part of a neuron, enclosing the cell nucleus, allowing the processing and transmission of nerve impulses.

dendrite dendrita F Extension of a neuron; its role is to capture nerve impulses coming from other neurons and to transmit them to the cell body.

synaptic knob botón M sináptico Extremity of an axon terminal, forming a synapse with the membrane of another cell.

axon terminal terminación F axonal Extremity of an axon, ending with a synaptic button.

node of Ranvier nódulo M de Ranvier Narrow nonmyelinated constriction located at regular intervals along the entire length of the axon, accelerating the propagation of electrical signals.

axon axón M Extension of a neuron carrying the nerve impulses of a cell body to another neuron, muscle or gland.

myelin mielina F Substance forming an isolating sheath around the axon and allowing the propagation of nerve impulses to be accelerated considerably.

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NERVOUS SYSTEM

All neurons have a similar structure: a cell body and extensions (dendrites and axon) ensuring the reception and transmission of nerve messages.

nerve impulse influjo M nervioso Electrical signal running along an axon and allowing motor or sensory messages to be transmitted between different areas of the body.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

synapse sinapsis F nerve impulse influjo M nervioso Electrical signal running along an axon and allowing motor or sensory messages to be transmitted between different areas of the body.

Contact zone between a neuron and another cell (neuron, muscle fiber, secretory cell of a gland), ensuring the transmission of messages.

synaptic knob botón M sináptico Extremity of an axon terminal, forming a synapse with the membrane of another cell.

axon axón M Extension of a neuron carrying the nerve impulses of a cell body to another neuron, muscle or gland.

dendrite dendrita F Extension of a neuron; its role is to capture nerve impulses coming from other neurons and to transmit them to the cell body.

postsynaptic membrane membrana F postsináptica Cell membrane of a synapse, having numerous receptors onto which neurotransmitters specifically attach. synaptic cleft fisura F sináptica Thin space at a synapse, in which neurotransmitters are released.

neurotransmitter neurotransmisor M Chemical substance released by a neuron at a synapse, allowing transmission of a message to another cell.

synaptic vesicle vesícula F sináptica Vacuole located in the axon terminal and containing neurotransmitters.

nervous tissue tejido M nervioso Tissue made up of closely intertwined neurons and support cells, forming the structures of the nervous system (encephalus, spinal cord, nerve ganglions, and nerves).

central nervous system tissue tejido M del sistema M nervioso central

microgliacyte microgliocito M Cell of the immune system, destroying foreign bodies (infectious agents) and the dead cells of nerve tissue. oligodendrocyte oligodendrocito M Cell forming the myelin sheath of axons of the central nervous system.

astrocyte astrocito M Cell having multiple extensions, ensuring support, nutrition and protection of the neurons of the central nervous system.

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neuron neurona F Cell of the nervous system allowing information to be carried in the form of electrical and chemical signals.

central nervous system sistema M nervioso central Part of the nervous system formed by the brain and the spinal cord that interprets sensory information and initiates motor commands.

frontal section of brain sección F frontal del encéfalo M gray matter materia F gris Substance of the central nervous system formed by the cell bodies of neurons; it ensures the processing of nerve impulses. white matter materia F blanca Substance of the central nervous system formed by extensions of the neurons; it connects various parts of the encephalon and spinal cord.

lateral ventricle ventrículo M lateral Each of the two cavities located on either side of the third ventricle of the cerebrum, assisting in the production of cephalorachidian fluid.

basal ganglia núcleos M basales Formations of gray matter located in the central part of the cerebrum, controlling the precision of movements and playing a role in the learning of complex movements.

pituitary gland hipófisis F Endocrine gland that is controlled by the hypothalamus and that secretes a dozen hormones that act especially on growth, lactation, blood pressure and urine retention.

cerebellum cerebelo M Part of the encephalon, controlling mainly motor coordination, balance, muscle tone and posture.

corpus callosum cuerpo M calloso Band of white matter connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.

cerebral cortex córtex M cerebral Superficial layer of the cerebrum, made up of gray matter, assuring the most advanced nerve functions.

third ventricle tercer ventrículo M Cavity of the encephalon assisting in the production of cephalorachidian fluid.

hypothalamus hipotálamo M All the small formations of gray matter, controlling the hormonal secretions of the pituitary gland and the activity of the autonomic nervous system.

optic chiasm quiasma M óptico Structures formed by the juncture of the optic nerves of the right and left eyes, whose fibers partially intersect.

brain stem tronco M cerebral Part of the encephalon located in the extension of the spinal cord, regulating numerous vital functions and ensuring transmissions between the spinal cord, cerebrum and cerebellum.

Speed with a Capital S Neural impulses may travel as fast as 150 m/s when the axon is covered with a myelin sheath. 61

NERVOUS SYSTEM

brain encéfalo M Part of the central nervous system enclosed in the skull, consisting of the brain, cerebellum and brain stem; it is responsible for sensory perception, most movements, memory, language, reflexes and vital functions.

central nervous system cerebrum: superior view cerebro M: vista F superior

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Cerebrum: largest and most complex part of the encephalon, containing the control center of upper nerve functions (including motor activities and language).

left hemisphere hemisferio M izquierdo Left part of the cerebrum, controlling the movements of the right side of the body; it also specializes in analysis and logical thinking.

gyri circonvoluciones F Portions of the surface of a cerebral hemisphere bounded by a sulcus.

right hemisphere hemisferio M derecho Right part of the cerebrum, controlling the movements of the left side of the body; it is involved in artistic activities.

longitudinal fissure fisura F longitudinal Deep ridge separating the two cerebral hemispheres.

sulci surcos M Depressions surrounding two convolutions of the cerebrum.

cerebrum: lateral view cerebro M: vista F lateral

parietal lobe lóbulo M parietal Lobe located in the middle part of the cerebrum, involved in taste, touch, pain and language comprehension.

occipital lobe lóbulo M occipital Lobe located at the back of the cerebrum, playing a role in vision.

frontal lobe lóbulo M frontal Lobe located in the anterior part of the cerebrum, behind the forehead, responsible for reasoning, planning, voluntary movements, emotions and spoken language. temporal lobe lóbulo M temporal Lobe located in the lateral part of the cerebrum, responsible for hearing and memory.

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central nervous system cerebral cortex córtex M cerebral Superficial layer of the cerebrum, made up of gray matter, assuring the most advanced nerve functions. motor cortex córtex M motor Part of the cerebrum regulating voluntary movements. NERVOUS SYSTEM

sensory cortex córtex M sensorial Part of the cerebrum forming the basis of perceptions.

association cortex áreas F asociativas Part of the cerebrum ensuring processing of complex information and cognitive functions, such as memorization and language.

Liquid Protection The organs of the central nervous system are surrounded with a liquid produced by the cerebral ventricles: cephalorachidian liquid. Composed of water, protein, and nutrients, it acts as a shock absorber.

limbic system sistema M límbico All the nerve structures involved in emotions, memory and learning.

fornix fórnix M Band of white matter connecting the hippocampus to the hypothalamus.

hypothalamus hipotálamo M All the small formations of gray matter, controlling the hormonal secretions of the pituitary gland and the activity of the autonomic nervous system.

olfactory bulb bulbo M olfativo Enlargement of nerve tissue connected to the olfactory nerves; it serves as a relay in transmitting olfactory information to the cerebrum. amygdala amígdala F cerebral Structure playing a role in regulating emotional reactions.

hippocampus hipocampo M Structure involved in memory and learning.

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central nervous system section of cerebellum sección F del cerebelo M Cerebellum: part of the encephalon controlling mainly motor coordination, balance, muscle tone and posture.

white matter materia F blanca Substance of the central nervous system formed by extensions of the neurons; it connects various parts of the encephalon and spinal cord.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

gray matter materia F gris Substance of the central nervous system formed by the cell bodies of neurons; home to the synapses, it ensures the processing of nerve impulses.

vermis vermis M Central part of the cerebellum, uniting the two cerebellar hemispheres.

cerebellar hemisphere hemisferio M cerebeloso Each of the two symmetrical halves of the cerebellum.

brain stem: posterolateral view tronco M cerebral: vista F posterolateral Brain stem: part of the encephalon located in the extension of the spinal cord, regulating numerous vital functions and ensuring transmissions between the spinal cord, brain and cerebellum.

pineal gland epífisis F Endocrine gland of the brain secreting melatonin and influencing the formation of spermatozoa or the menstrual cycle.

colliculi tubérculos M cuadrigemelos Enlargements on the dorsal face of the midbrain, playing a role in vision and hearing.

midbrain mesencéfalo M Upper part of the brain stem.

pons puente M Central part of the brain stem made of nerve fibers, connecting the spinal cord, cerebellum and brain.

medulla oblongata bulbo M raquídeo Lower part of the brain stem, controlling especially numerous vital functions (breathing, blood pressure, heart rate).

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cerebellar peduncles pedúnculos M cerebelosos Bundles of white matter connecting the cerebellum to certain parts of the brain stem. fourth ventricle cuarto ventrículo M Cavity between the cerebellum and brain stem, assisting in the production of cephalorachidian fluid.

central nervous system meninges meninges F Membranes enveloping and protecting the spinal cord and encephalon. epicranial aponeurosis aponeurosis F epicraneal Fibrous layer covering the skull, between the frontal and occipital muscles. scalp cuero M cabelludo Part of the skin of the head covered with hair.

cerebral cortex córtex M cerebral Superficial layer of the cerebrum, made up of gray matter, assuring the most advanced nerve functions.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

skull cráneo M Bony structure formed of eight bones (four even bones and four odd bones) covering and protecting the brain.

dura mater duramadre F Outer meninx, thick and resistant, formed of two sheets of fibrous tissue.

pia mater piamadre F Inner meninx, narrowly covering the brain and spinal cord.

arachnoid aracnoide F Middle meninx, attached to the dura mater and separated from the pia mater by the subarachnoid space.

subarachnoid space espacio M subaracnoideo Space between the arachnoid and pia mater, containing cephalorachidian fluid and the main blood vessels of the encephalon.

Rich in Neurons The cerebellum contains half of the neurons in the brain, even though it represents only 10% of the brain’s total mass.

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central nervous system spinal cord médula F espinal Part of the central nervous system located in the vertebral column, transmitting nerve information from the spinal nerves to the brain and back.

medulla oblongata bulbo M raquídeo Lower part of the brain stem, controlling especially numerous vital functions (breathing, blood pressure, heart rate).

NERVOUS SYSTEM

spinal cord médula F espinal Part of the central nervous system located in the vertebral column, between the medulla oblongata and the second lumbar vertebra.

second lumbar vertebra segunda vértebra F lumbar Vertebra located between the first and third lumbar vertebrae. terminal filum filum M terminal Fibrous extension of the pia mater, extending from the extremity of the spinal cord to the coccyx.

coccyx coxis M Small triangular bone formed by the fusion, at the start of adulthood, of the four coccygeal vertebrae, and making up the lower extremity of the vertebral column.

cross section of the vertebral column sección F transversal de la columna F vertebral Vertebral column: bony grouping of 33 vertebrae, extending from the skull to the pelvis; it supports the head and trunk and contains the spinal cord.

white matter materia F blanca Substance of the central nervous system formed by extensions of the neurons; it connects various parts of the encephalon and spinal cord.

sensory root raíz F sensitiva Branch of a spinal nerve transmitting sensory information from the periphery of the body to the spinal cord.

subarachnoid space espacio M subaracnoideo Space between the arachnoid and pia mater, containing cephalorachidian fluid and blood vessels.

pia mater piamadre F Inner meninx, narrowly covering the brain and spinal cord.

epidural space espacio M epidural Cavity between the dura mater and the vertebrae, filled with adipose tissue and blood vessels; it protects the spinal cord from trauma.

central canal of spinal cord canal M central de la médula F espinal Canal located at the center of the spinal cord, communicating with the fourth cerebral ventricle and transporting cephalorachidian fluid.

dura mater duramadre F Outer meninx, thick and resistant, formed of two sheets of fibrous tissue.

spinal nerve nervio M espinal Each of the mixed nerves emerging from the spinal cord and innervating all parts of the body, except the face. 66

motor root raíz F motriz Branch of a spinal nerve transmitting motor information from the spinal cord to the periphery of the body, especially the muscles.

gray matter materia F gris Substance of the central nervous system formed by the cell bodies of neurons; it ensures the processing of nerve impulses.

arachnoid aracnoide F Middle meninx, attached to the dura mater and separated from the pia mater by the subarachnoid space.

peripheral nervous system sistema M nervioso periférico Part of the nervous system made up of cranial and spinal nerves, carrying messages from sensory receptors to the central nervous system and transmitting motor commands from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands.

section of a mixed nerve sección F de un nervio M mixto

epineurium epineurio M Sheath of connective tissue enveloping a nerve.

skin piel F Soft resistant organ covering the entire body, having roles of protection, tactile sensation and heat regulation. sensory receptor receptor M sensorial Cell located in the sensory organs and capable of generating a nerve message when submitted to a physical or chemical stimulus.

perineurium perineurio M Sheath of connective tissue enveloping a nerve fascicle.

nerve fiber fibra F nerviosa Axon of a motor or sensory nerve, grouped into a fascicle inside a nerve. sensory neuron neurona F sensitiva Neuron transmitting sensory messages (such as touch, pain, temperature) to the central nervous system. nerve fascicle fascículo M nervioso Group of nerve fibers surrounded by a sheath (perineurium); a nerve is formed of several nerve fascicles.

motor neuron neurona F motora Neuron transmitting nerve impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and certain glands. muscle fiber fibra F muscular Contractile cell, constituent element of muscles.

Hundreds of Nerves The peripheral nervous system has 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which subdivide into countless branches in order to innervate all parts of the body.

synaptic knob botón M sináptico Extremity of an axon terminal forming a synapse with the membrane of another cell; it ensures transmission of nerve commands.

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NERVOUS SYSTEM

Mixed nerve: long cord formed of nerve fibers, carrying sensory and motor messages between the central nervous system and the rest of the body.

peripheral nervous system cranial nerves nervios M craneales Group of 12 pairs of nerves emerging from the brain stem, providing nerve sensation to the head and neck and serving a motor or sensory function.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

encephalon: inferior view encéfalo M: vista F inferior Encephalon: Part of the central nervous system contained in the skull, consisting of the cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem. olfactory nerve nervio M olfativo Sensory nerve involved in smell.

oculomotor nerve nervio M oculomotor Motor nerve essentially responsible for eye and upper eyelid movements, as well as constriction of the pupil.

optic nerve nervio M óptico Sensory nerve responsible for vision: it transmits information from the eye to the encephalon.

trochlear nerve nervio M troclear Motor nerve mainly involved in eye movements. trigeminal nerve nervio M trigemelo Mixed nerve transmitting facial sensations to the encephalon and playing a role in chewing. abducent nerve nervio M abducens Motor nerve controlling lateral eye movements.

vestibulocochlear nerve nervio M vestibulococlear Sensory nerve responsible for hearing and balance.

facial nerve nervio M facial Mixed nerve controlling facial movements and involved in taste sensations.

hypoglossal nerve nervio M hipogloso Motor nerve mainly controlling the movement of the tongue to allow swallowing, chewing and talking.

glossopharyngeal nerve nervio M glosofaríngeo Mixed nerve associated with swallowing, gag reflex, taste and sensations from part of the tongue and pharynx. accessory nerve nervio M accesorio Motor nerve essentially controlling neck movements and swallowing.

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vagus nerve nervio M vago Mixed nerve playing an important role in the autonomic nervous system by innervating all the viscera.

peripheral nervous system spinal nerves nervios M espinales Group of 31 pairs of mixed (sensory and motor) nerves emerging from the spinal cord, providing nerve sensations to all parts of the body, except the face.

The Smile The act of smiling is commanded by the facial nerve and activates some 15 muscles of the face. A disorder of this nerve may thus lead to an individual being unable to smile (facial paralysis).

NERVOUS SYSTEM

cervical nerves nervios M cervicales All eight pairs of spinal nerves innervating the head, neck, shoulders and upper limbs.

thoracic nerves nervios M torácicos All 12 pairs of spinal nerves innervating the thorax and back.

lumbar nerves nervios M lumbares All five pairs of spinal nerves innervating the abdomen and thighs. sacral nerves nervios M sacros All five pairs of spinal nerves innervating the lower abdomen and lower limbs.

sensory root raíz F sensitiva Branch of a spinal nerve transmitting sensory information from the periphery of the body to the spinal cord.

coccygeal nerve nervio M coccígeo Pair of spinal nerves innervating the coccyx region.

spinal cord médula F espinal Part of the central nervous system located in the vertebral column, transmitting nerve information from the spinal nerves to the brain and back.

spinal ganglion ganglio M espinal Nodule made up of a group of cell bodies of sensory neurons.

dorsal branch raíz F dorsal Main branch of a spinal nerve serving to innervate the skin, muscles, joints and bones of the posterior part of the trunk. ventral branch raíz F ventral Main branch of the spinal nerve serving to innervate the limbs and anterior and lateral parts of the trunk.

spinal nerve nervio M espinal Each of the mixed (sensory and motor) nerves emerging from the spinal cord and innervating all parts of the body, except the face.

motor root raíz F motriz Branch of a spinal nerve transmitting motor information from the spinal cord to the periphery of the body, especially the muscles.

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peripheral nervous system main nerves: anterior view nervios M principales: vista F anterior Nerve: long cord made up of nerve fibers, carrying sensory or motor messages between the central nervous system and the rest of the body.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

radial nerve nervio M radial Nerve arising from the brachial plexus, innervating especially the extensor muscles of the upper limb and fingers. median nerve nervio M mediano Nerve arising from the brachial plexus, innervating various muscles of the anterior part of the forearm and part of the hand.

ulnar nerve nervio M ulnar Nerve arising from the brachial plexus, innervating especially the flexor muscles of the hand and fingers.

ilioinguinal nerve nervio M ilioinguinal Nerve arising from the lumbar plexus, innervating part of the abdomen, genital organs and thigh.

lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh nervio M cutáneo lateral del muslo M Branch of the lumbar plexus innervating the skin of the outer part of the thigh.

brachial plexus plexo M braquial Network of nerves formed by the last four cervical nerves and the first thoracic nerve; its branches ensure the motor skills and responsiveness of the upper limbs.

intercostal nerve nervio M intercostal Each of the nerves innervating the intercostal muscles, as well as part of the diaphragm and abdominal wall.

lumbar plexus plexo M lumbar Network of nerves formed by the first four lumbar nerves; its branches ensure the motor skills and responsiveness of the lower limbs. sacral plexus plexo M sacro Network of nerves formed by the lumbosacral trunk and first three sacral nerves; its branches ensure the motor skills and responsiveness of the buttock and part of the thigh.

lumbosacral trunk tronco M lumbosacro Nerve formed by the fourth and fifth lumbar nerves, ending at the sacral plexus.

obturator nerve nervio M obturador Nerve arising from the lumbar plexus, innervating mainly the adductor muscles, as well as the inner region of the thigh.

femoral nerve nervio M femoral Nerve arising from the lumbar plexus, innervating especially the flexor muscles of the thigh and extensor muscles of the leg. saphenous nerve nervio M safeno Branch of the femoral nerve innervating the inner face of the leg and knee.

common fibular nerve nervio M fibular común Branch of the sciatic nerve innervating the knee and muscles of the anterior and lateral parts of the leg.

tibial nerve nervio M tibial Branch of the sciatic nerve innervating certain leg muscles and the sole of the foot.

superficial fibular nerve nervio M fibular superficial Branch of the common fibular nerve innervating especially the outer part of the leg and back of the foot.

deep fibular nerve nervio M fibular profundo Branch of the common fibular nerve innervating especially the muscles of the front part of the leg and back of the foot.

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sciatic nerve nervio M ciático Nerve arising from the sacral plexus, innervating a large part of the lower limbs.

peripheral nervous system forearm and hand: posterior view antebrazo M y mano F: vista F posterior

posterior interosseous nerve of forearm nervio M interóseo posterior del antebrazo M Branch of the radial nerve innervating mainly the extensor muscles of the forearm.

radial nerve nervio M radial Nerve arising from the brachial plexus, innervating especially the extensor muscles of the upper limb and fingers.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

median nerve nervio M mediano Nerve arising from the brachial plexus, innervating various muscles of the anterior part of the forearm and part of the hand. ulnar nerve nervio M ulnar Nerve arising from the brachial plexus, innervating especially the flexor muscles of the hand and fingers.

common palmar digital nerves nervios M digitales palmares comunes Branches of the median nerve innervating the muscles of the palm of the hand.

leg: posterior view pierna F: vista F posterior

femoral nerve nervio M femoral Nerve arising from the lumbar plexus, innervating especially the flexor muscles of the thigh and extensor muscles of the leg.

common fibular nerve nervio M fibular común Branch of the sciatic nerve innervating the knee and muscles of the anterior and lateral parts of the leg. proper palmar digital nerves nervios M digitales palmares propios Branches of common palmar digital nerves innervating the fingers.

The Longest The sciatic nerve is the longest and largest nerve in the body. Running from the bottom of the back through the pelvic region down the thigh and the back of the leg, it has a diameter as thick as a thumb in some places.

tibial nerve nervio M tibial Branch of the sciatic nerve innervating certain leg muscles and the sole of the foot.

superficial fibular nerve nervio M fibular superficial Branch of the common fibular nerve innervating especially the outer part of the leg and back of the foot.

deep fibular nerve nervio M fibular profundo Branch of the common fibular nerve innervating especially the muscles of the front part of the leg and back of the foot.

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blood blood circulation blood vessels heart

Cardiovascular system The cardiovascular system is the group of organs that circulate blood through the body and oxygenate blood in the lungs. Propelled by regular contractions of the heart, blood enters the network of arteries, capillaries, and veins to carry the oxygen and nutrients that cells need, and to drain various waste products, such as carbon dioxide. It also enables hormones and white blood cells to reach most parts of the body.

blood sangre F Viscous red fluid circulating in the blood vessels and propelled by the heart.

CARDIOVASCUL AR SYSTEM

composition of blood composición F de la sangre F Blood is made up of a liquid element (plasma) in which blood cells circulate. white blood cell glóbulo M blanco Blood cell belonging to the immune system and playing an essential role in the body’s defenses.

blood vessel vaso M sanguíneo Channel through which blood circulates; there are arteries, capillaries and veins. platelet plaqueta F sanguínea Blood cell ensuring the coagulation of blood and preventing hemorrhages.

plasma plasma M Yellowish fluid made up of water, nutrients, minerals and proteins in which blood cells circulate; it transports nutrients and distributes warmth throughout the body.

red blood cell glóbulo M rojo Blood cell that carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

blood cells células F sanguíneas Cells present in the blood, consisting of red blood cells, various types of white blood cells and platelets.

globin globina F Protein constituent of hemoglobin.

heme heme M Molecule containing iron to which oxygen molecules bind; heme gives hemoglobin its red color.

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red blood cell glóbulo M rojo

hemoglobin hemoglobina F

Blood cell that carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

Complex molecule contained in red blood cells, allowing oxygen and carbon dioxide to be transported.

blood

CARDIOVASCUL AR SYSTEM

monocyte monocito M

lymphocyte linfocito M

White blood cell that transforms into a macrophage (cell that destroys bacteria and dead cells) in the tissues during inflammation.

White blood cell playing a fundamental role in the immune system, especially by producing antibodies; it circulates in blood vessels and lymphatic organs.

granule gránulo M Small spherical particle containing various chemical substances having toxic or inflammatory properties.

granule gránulo M Small spherical particle containing various chemical substances involved in the coagulation of blood.

platelet plaqueta F sanguínea Blood cell ensuring the coagulation of blood and preventing hemorrhages.

A Few Liters of Blood granulocyte granulocito M White blood cell having a nucleus with several lobes; it is involved in the inflammatory reaction, destruction of parasites and allergic reactions.

The adult body contains a total of between 4 and 5 liters of blood. A single drop of blood contains 200 million red blood cells.

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blood circulation circulación F sanguínea Regular and constant movement of blood within the complex network of blood vessels divided into two distinct circuits: pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.

CARDIOVASCUL AR SYSTEM

pulmonary circulation circulación F pulmonar All the blood vessels ensuring gaseous exchanges between blood and air in the lungs.

lung pulmón M Organ of the respiratory tract formed of extensible tissue and responsible for gaseous exchanges between air and blood.

pulmonary arteries arterias F pulmonares Blood vessels carrying deoxygenated blood ejected by the right ventricle toward the lungs.

left atrium orejuela F izquierda Cavity of the heart receiving oxygenated blood from the four pulmonary veins and propelling it into the left ventricle.

arterial blood sangre F arterial Blood rich in oxygen circulating in the arteries, pulmonary veins and left cavities of the heart.

venous blood sangre F venosa Blood poor in oxygen and rich in carbon dioxide, circulating in the veins, pulmonary arteries and right cavities of the heart.

capillaries capilares M sanguíneos Tiny blood vessels ensuring blood circulation between an arteriole and a venule; the capillaries of the lungs are the site of gaseous exchanges between blood and air contained in the pulmonary alveoli.

right ventricle ventrículo M derecho Thin-walled cavity of the heart receiving deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and propelling it to the lungs.

pulmonary veins venas F pulmonares Veins carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

systemic circulation circulación F general All the blood vessels ensuring blood irrigation of tissues and organs.

superior vena cava vena F cava superior Vein carrying deoxygenated blood from the upper part of the body (above the diaphragm) to the right atrium of the heart.

right atrium orejuela F derecha Cavity of the heart receiving deoxygenated blood from the venae cavae and propelling it into the right ventricle. inferior vena cava vena F cava inferior Vein carrying deoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body (below the diaphragm) to the right atrium of the heart. vein vena F Blood vessel carrying blood from the organs back to the heart. 76

capillaries capilares M sanguíneos Tiny blood vessels ensuring blood circulation between an arteriole and a venule; they form the dense networks in which occurs the transfer of oxygen from the blood to the cells and carbon dioxide from the cells to the blood.

aorta aorta F Main artery of the body, carrying oxygenated blood ejected by the left ventricle to the organs.

left ventricle ventrículo M izquierdo Thick-walled cavity of the heart receiving oxygenated blood from the left atrium and propelling it into the aorta to irrigate the body. artery arteria F Blood vessel carrying oxygenated blood from the heart to all parts of the body.

blood vessels vaso M sanguíneo Canals through which blood circulates; there are arteries, capillaries and veins.

Variable Diameter

basal lamina lámina F basal Fine membrane adhering to the endothelium.

Capillary: tiny blood vessel ensuring blood circulation between an arteriole and a venule; its wall allows exchanges between blood and the exterior surface of the capillary. endothelium endotelio M Epithelial tissue lining the interior surface of the capillary.

precapillary sphincter esfínter M precapilar Ring-shaped muscle fiber surrounding the wall of a blood capillary, involuntarily contracting and releasing to regulate blood flow.

section of an artery sección F de una arteria F lumen luz F Central opening of a hollow organ.

tunica intima íntima F Inner layer of a blood vessel made of an endothelium and a basal lamina. tunica media media F Middle layer of the wall of the arteries and veins, made of smooth muscles and elastic fibers. elastic fibers fibras F elásticas Fibers mostly made of elastin, a protein capable of stretching and then returning to its original shape.

valve válvula F Membranous fold inside a vein, preventing reverse blood flow. endothelium endotelio M Epithelial tissue lining the interior surface of the vein. basal lamina lámina F basal Membrane ensuring the adherence of epithelial cells to adjacent tissue.

Artery: blood vessel carrying oxygenated blood from the heart to all parts of the body; its wall, rich in smooth muscles and elastic fibers, adjusts in size to regulate circulation.

endothelium endotelio M Epithelial tissue lining the interior surface of the artery.

smooth muscle músculo M liso Muscle allowing involuntary movements of certain organs, in response to action of the autonomic nervous system or hormones.

tunica adventitia adventicia F Outer layer of the wall of the arteries and veins, rich in collagen fibers.

section of a vein sección F de una vena F Vein: blood vessel carrying deoxygenated blood from the organs back to the heart; veins have thinner walls than arteries.

tunica intima íntima F Inner layer of a blood vessel made of an endothelium and a basal lamina. tunica media media F Middle layer of the wall of the arteries and veins, made of smooth muscles and elastic fibers.

tunica adventitia adventicia F Outer layer of the wall of the arteries and veins, rich in collagen fibers. 77

CARDIOVASCUL AR SYSTEM

The blood vessels are able to reduce their caliber (vasoconstriction) or increase it (vasodilation) in order to regulate blood flow. This phenomenon is particularly apparent in arteries of medium diameter and the arterioles.

section of a capillary sección F de un capilar M sanguíneo

blood vessels principal arteries: anterior view arterias F principales: vista F anterior

CARDIOVASCUL AR SYSTEM

Artery: blood vessel carrying oxygenated blood from the heart to all parts of the body; most arteries present as two copies that irrigate the left and right sides of the body.

subclavian artery arteria F subclavia Main artery of the upper limbs, passing beneath the clavicle; it also irrigates the lower part of the neck.

common iliac artery arteria F ilíaca común Each of two terminal branches of the abdominal artery that divide into the external and internal iliac arteries. ulnar artery arteria F ulnar Terminal branch of the brachial artery, irrigating mainly the posterior part of the forearm.

common carotid artery arteria F carótida común Artery irrigating the head and upper part of the neck; it is divided into outer and inner carotid arteries. ascending aorta aorta F ascendente First segment of the aorta, starting from the left ventricle and giving rise to two coronary arteries irrigating the heart. brachial artery arteria F braquial Artery running along the humerus and irrigating the flexor muscles of the arm; it ends at the elbow, dividing into two branches (the radial artery and the ulnar artery). thoracic aorta aorta F torácica Third segment of the aorta, descending in the thorax to the diaphragm and giving rise to various arteries located between the ribs (intercostal arteries, subcostal artery).

radial artery arteria F radial Terminal branch of the brachial artery, irrigating the muscles of the anterior part of the forearm and carpus.

deep artery of thigh arteria F profunda del muslo M Branch of the femoral artery irrigating the muscles of the thigh, hip region and femur. femoral artery arteria F femoral Main artery of the thigh, running along the inner side of the femur.

popliteal artery arteria F poplítea Extension of the femoral artery, irrigating the regions of the knee and calf. anterior tibial artery arteria F tibial anterior Branch of the popliteal artery running along the anterior side of the leg and irrigating the extensor muscles. fibular artery arteria F fibular Branch of the posterior tibial artery irrigating the muscles of the calf and ankle region. 78

celiac trunk tronco M celíaco Branch of the abdominal aorta dividing into three arteries to serve the organs of the abdomen.

common hepatic artery arteria F hepática común Branch of the celiac trunk serving mainly to irrigate the liver. renal artery arteria F renal Branch of the abdominal aorta irrigating the kidney. superior mesenteric artery arteria F mesentérica superior Branch of the abdominal aorta irrigating part of the intestines (small intestine, right colon). abdominal aorta aorta F abdominal Fourth and last segment of the aorta, passing down into the abdominal cavity and giving rise to various arteries leading especially toward the kidneys, pancreas and colon.

inferior mesenteric artery arteria F mesentérica inferior Branch of the abdominal aorta irrigating the large lower intestine and half the transverse colon.

blood vessels principal veins: anterior view venas F principales: vista F anterior subclavian vein vena F subclavia Extension of the axillary vein collecting the blood of the arm and part of the neck and face; it joins the internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein.

Vein: blood vessel carrying deoxygenated blood from the organs back to the heart; most veins present as two copies that drain the left and right parts of the body.

external jugular vein vena F yugular externa Vein originating in the region of the parotid gland and entering the subclavian vein.

brachiocephalic vein vena F braquiocefálica Each of two veins collecting the blood of the head, neck and upper limbs.

axillary vein vena F axilar Vein crossing the hollow of the armpit and ending at the subclavian vein; it receives especially the veins of the shoulder and thorax.

superior vena cava vena F cava superior Vein carrying deoxygenated blood from the upper part of the body (above the diaphragm) to the right atrium of the heart.

cephalic vein vena F cefálica Vein of the outer side of the arm, descending into the axillary vein; it receives the superficial veins of the shoulder.

brachial vein vena F braquial Vein of the arm joining with the basilic vein to form the axillary vein. basilic vein vena F basílica Vein of the inner side of the arm joining with the branchial veins to form the axillary vein. inferior vena cava vena F cava inferior Vein carrying deoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body (below the diaphragm) to the right atrium of the heart.

radial vein vena F radial Vein receiving the blood of the hand and then assisting in forming the brachial vein. ulnar vein vena F ulnar Vein of the posterior part of the forearm, joining with the radial vein at the elbow to form the brachial vein.

common iliac vein vena F ilíaca común Vein carrying the blood of the lower limbs and pelvis to the inferior vena cava.

femoral vein vena F femoral Extension of the popliteal vein, draining the deep regions of the thigh; as it enters the abdomen, it becomes the external iliac vein. popliteal vein vena F poplítea Vein formed by the union of the posterior and anterior tibial veins and extending via the femoral vein.

An Extended Network The blood vessels form a vast network with a total length of 150,000 km. Blood circulates at different speeds depending on the size of the vessel that it is in, but it is estimated that a given volume of blood makes a full circuit of the body 120 times in one hour.

great saphenous vein vena F safena mayor Vein collecting the blood of the medial side of the leg and thigh and receiving certain veins of the foot. It is the longest vein in the body.

small saphenous vein vena F safena menor Vein originating in the lateral part of the foot and rejoining the popliteal vein at the knee.

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CARDIOVASCUL AR SYSTEM

internal jugular vein vena F yugular interna Vein draining the blood of the encephalon, part of the face and neck; it joins the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein.

blood vessels head and neck: anterior view cabeza F y cuello M: vista F anterior

CARDIOVASCUL AR SYSTEM

anterior cerebral artery arteria F cerebral anterior Branch of the internal carotid artery irrigating the frontal lobe and part of the corpus callosum.

superficial temporal artery arteria F temporal superficial Branch of the external carotid artery irrigating mainly the temple region.

middle cerebral artery arteria F cerebral media Branch of the internal carotid artery irrigating part of the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes.

superficial temporal vein vena F temporal superficial Vein draining the blood of the temple region.

posterior cerebral artery arteria F cerebral posterior Terminal branch of the basilar artery, irrigating the lower side of the temporal and occipital lobes. basilar artery arteria F basilar Artery resulting from the union of two vertebral arteries and then dividing to form the posterior cerebral arteries. vertebral artery arteria F vertebral Branch of the subclavian artery irrigating the neck muscles, meninges, brain stem and cerebellum. internal carotid artery arteria F carótida interna Branch of the common carotid artery giving rise to various arteries irrigating the cerebellum and ocular globe. external carotid artery arteria F carótida externa Branch of the common carotid artery giving rise to various arteries irrigating the neck and face.

common carotid artery arteria F carótida común Artery irrigating the head and upper part of the neck; it is divided into outer and inner carotid arteries.

venous sinus seno M venoso Vein circulating between two layers of dura mater and draining the blood of the encephalon toward the internal jugular vein.

external jugular vein vena F yugular externa Vein originating in the region of the parotid gland and entering the subclavian vein. internal jugular vein vena F yugular interna Vein draining the blood of the encephalon, part of the face and neck; it joins the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein.

New Blood About 20% of the blood pumped by the heart, or almost one liter of blood per minute, goes to the brain. Part of this blood is filtered to produce cephaloradichian liquid, in which the brain floats.

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blood vessels forearm and hand: anterior view antebrazo M y mano F: vista F anterior

radial artery arteria F radial Terminal branch of the brachial artery, irrigating the muscles of the anterior part of the forearm and carpus. radial vein vena F radial Vein receiving the blood of the hand and then assisting in forming the brachial vein.

deep palmar arch arco M palmar profundo Artery of the palm of the hand formed by the union of a branch of the ulnar artery and the terminal end of the radial artery.

CARDIOVASCUL AR SYSTEM

ulnar vein vena F ulnar Vein of the posterior part of the forearm, joining with the radial vein at the elbow to form the brachial vein. ulnar artery arteria F ulnar Terminal branch of the brachial artery, irrigating mainly the posterior part of the forearm.

superficial palmar arch arco M palmar superficial Artery of the palm of the hand, formed by the union of the ulnar artery and a branch of the radial artery.

superficial palmar venous arch arco M venoso palmar superficial Vessel receiving the veins of the palm of the hand and fingers; the blood it collects then passes into the ulnar and radial veins.

palmar digital veins venas F digitales palmares Veins of the fingers ending at the superficial palmar venous arch.

proper palmar digital arteries arterias F digitales palmares propias Small arteries irrigating the end of the fingers.

foot and leg: anterior view pie M y pierna F: vista F anterior

anterior tibial veins venas F tibiales anteriores Veins of the anterior side of the leg, joining with the posterior tibial veins to form the popliteal vein.

posterior tibial vein vena F tibial posterior Vein of the posterior side of the leg, joining with the anterior tibial veins to form the popliteal vein.

fibular vein vena F fibular Vein running along the ankle and part of the leg to the posterior tibial veins.

posterior tibial artery arteria F tibial posterior Terminal branch of the popliteal artery running down the posterior compartment of the leg and irrigating the leg and sole of the foot.

dorsal artery of foot arteria F dorsal del pie M Extension of the anterior tibial artery irrigating the ankle and dorsum of the foot.

dorsal venous network of foot red F venosa dorsal del pie M Superficial veins of the dorsum of the foot, entering the large and small saphenous veins.

dorsal metatarsal arteries arterias F metatarsianas dorsales Arteries irrigating the toes.

dorsal digital arteries of foot arterias F digitales dorsales del pie M Small arteries irrigating the dorsum of the toes.

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heart corazón M Muscular organ divided into four chambers whose autonomous rhythmic contractions cause blood to circulate throughout the body.

CARDIOVASCUL AR SYSTEM

frontal section of heart sección F frontal del corazón M

aorta aorta F Main artery of the body, carrying oxygenated blood ejected by the left ventricle to the organs.

pulmonary trunk tronco M pulmonar Blood vessel carrying blood from the right ventricle to the two pulmonary arteries. pulmonary valve válvula F pulmonar Elastic structure carrying blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk and preventing its backflow.

superior vena cava vena F cava superior Vein carrying deoxygenated blood from the upper part of the body (above the diaphragm) to the right atrium of the heart.

left pulmonary artery arteria F pulmonar izquierda Branch of the pulmonary trunk carrying deoxygenated blood to the left lung.

right pulmonary artery arteria F pulmonar derecha Branch of the pulmonary trunk carrying deoxygenated blood to the right lung.

left pulmonary veins venas F pulmonares izquierdas Veins returning the oxygenated blood in the left lung to the left atrium of the heart.

right pulmonary veins venas F pulmonares derechas Veins returning the oxygenated blood in the right lung to the left atrium of the heart.

left atrium orejuela F izquierda Cavity of the heart receiving oxygenated blood from the four pulmonary veins and propelling it into the left ventricle.

aortic valve válvula F aórtica Elastic structure carrying the blood from the left ventricle to the aorta and preventing it from flowing back.

mitral valve válvula F mitral Elastic structure preventing the blood of the left ventricle from flowing back to the left atrium.

right atrium orejuela F derecha Cavity of the heart receiving deoxygenated blood from the venae cavae and propelling it into the right ventricle.

papillary muscles músculos M papilares Muscles limiting movement of the mitral or tricuspid valve and preventing it from being pushed back into the atrium during contraction of the ventricle.

tricuspid valve válvula F tricúspide Elastic structure preventing the blood of the right ventricle from flowing back to the right atrium.

left ventricle ventrículo M izquierdo Thick-walled cavity of the heart receiving oxygenated blood from the left atrium and propelling it into the aorta to irrigate the body.

right ventricle ventrículo M derecho Thin-walled chamber of the heart, receiving deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and propelling it into the pulmonary trunk toward the lungs. inferior vena cava vena F cava inferior Vein carrying deoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body (below the diaphragm) to the right atrium of the heart.

interventricular septum septum M interventricular Mainly muscular wall separating the right and left ventricles of the heart.

endocardium endocardio M Endothelium lining the interior surface of the chambers of the heart; it extends via the endothelium of the blood vessels connected to the heart.

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pericardium pericardio M Envelope of connective tissue formed of several layers, surrounding and protecting the heart.

myocardium miocardio M Thick, muscular envelope of the heart, controlling cardiac contractions.

heart heart: anterior view corazón M: vista F anterior

CARDIOVASCUL AR SYSTEM

common carotid artery arteria F carótida común Artery irrigating the head and upper part of the neck; it is divided into outer and inner carotid arteries.

subclavian artery arteria F subclavia Main artery of the upper limbs, passing beneath the clavicle; it also irrigates the lower part of the neck.

brachiocephalic vein vena F braquiocefálica Each of two veins collecting the blood of the head, neck and upper limbs and joining to form the superior vena cava.

arch of aorta arco M de la aorta F Second segment of the aorta, giving rise to the arteries irrigating the head and upper limbs.

ascending aorta aorta F ascendente First segment of the aorta, starting from the left ventricle and giving rise to two coronary arteries irrigating the heart.

left coronary artery arteria F coronaria izquierda Artery originating in the aorta and irrigating the left side of the heart.

circumflex artery arteria F circunfleja Terminal branch of the left coronary artery irrigating the left ventricle and atrium of the heart. right coronary artery arteria F coronaria derecha Artery originating in the aorta and irrigating the right side of the heart.

anterior interventricular artery arteria F interventricular anterior Branch of the left coronary artery irrigating the ventricles and interventricular septum.

anterior cardiac veins venas F anteriores del corazón M Small veins of the right ventricle entering directly into the right atrium.

great cardiac vein vena F mayor del corazón M Vein draining the blood from the left side of the heart.

small cardiac vein vena F pequeña del corazón M Vein draining the blood from the right side of the heart.

apex of heart ápex M del corazón M Lower extremity of the heart.

thoracic aorta aorta F torácica Third segment of the aorta, descending in the thorax to the diaphragm and giving rise to various arteries located between the ribs (intercostal arteries, subcostal artery).

The Cardiac Cycle The cardiac cycle is the sequence of events enabling the heart to propel blood into the arteries. A cardiac cycle lasts an average of 0.8 seconds in adults and expels 70 ml of blood. The heart contracts an average of 70 times a minute, pumping some 7,000 liters of blood every day.

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organs of the lymphatic system

Lymphatic system The lymphatic system is composed of lymphatic vessels and lymph organs, which produce, store, and activate lymphocytes. It plays a major role in immunity and ensures tissue drainage. Closely linked to the cardiovascular system, the lymphatic system maintains blood volume at a constant level and returns lymph to the blood. Lymphatic circulation is slow and operates by pressure differential.

organs of the lymphatic system órganos M del sistema M linfático The lymphatic system is made up of primary organs (bone marrow and thymus) in which white blood cells are produced and secondary organs (lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils) in which white blood cells and antibodies proliferate.

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

tonsils amígdalas F Irregularly shaped lymphatic organs, located around the pharynx and playing an important role in the immunity of the upper airways.

cervical lymph nodes ganglios M linfáticos cervicales Nodes found in the neck region, filtering lymph especially from the organs and muscles of the neck and part of the head. subclavian veins venas F subclavias Veins collecting the blood of the arm and part of the neck; lymph empties into them.

right lymphatic duct conducto M linfático derecho Vessel carrying lymph from the upper right section of the body to the right subclavian vein. thymus timo M Gland located behind the sternum, site of the maturation of certain white blood cells; it is especially active in children.

thoracic duct conducto M torácico Vessel carrying lymph from the largest part of the body to the left subclavian vein.

intestinal lymph nodes ganglios M linfáticos intestinales Nodes filtering lymph from the intestines.

axillary lymph nodes ganglios M linfáticos axilares Nodes found in the armpit region, filtering lymph from the upper limbs and upper part of the thorax.

thoracic lymph nodes ganglios M linfáticos torácicos Nodes filtering lymph from the walls and organs of the thorax.

spleen bazo M Lymphatic organ located between the stomach and pancreas; site of the production of white blood cells and antibodies, it is also a place where blood is stored and filtered.

inguinal lymph nodes ganglios M linfáticos inguinales Nodes filtering lymph mainly from the lower limbs.

popliteal lymph nodes ganglios M linfáticos poplíteos Nodes filtering lymph from various parts of the knee, leg and foot.

Army of Protectors The body contains about 500 lymph nodes, which form clusters in different parts of the body, including the armpits, the neck, the groin, and the intestines. When there is an infection, the white blood cells multiply and the nodes increase in size.

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organs of the lymphatic system cross section of spleen sección F del bazo M Spleen: lymphatic organ located between the stomach and pancreas; site of the production of white blood cells and antibodies, it is also a place where blood is stored and filtered.

red pulp pulpa F roja Tissue rich in red blood cells, where spent blood cells are destroyed.

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

splenic artery arteria F esplénica Artery irrigating the spleen and part of the stomach.

white pulp pulpa F blanca Tissue rich in white blood cells that participate in immune reactions.

splenic vein vena F esplénica Vein draining blood from the spleen and emptying it into the hepatic portal vein.

cross section of a lymphatic vessel sección F de un vaso M linfático Lymphatic vessel: canal in which lymph circulates; the lymphatic vessels form a treelike network that drains lymph from lymphatic capillaries in one direction toward the thoracic and right lymphatic ducts.

cross section of a lymph node sección F de un ganglio linfático lymphatic vessel vaso M linfático Canal in which lymph circulates.

Lymph node: small lymphatic organ located along the path of the lymph vessel, filtering and cleaning lymph.

germinal center centro M germinativo Each of the small clusters of white blood cells found in the lymph node. valve válvula F Membranous fold preventing the backflow of lymph.

lymph linfa F Translucent clear yellow fluid circulating in the lymphatic vessels; it assists in immunity by ensuring white blood cells circulate to the infected areas.

capsule cápsula F Envelope of the lymph node.

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organs of the digestive system mouth teeth digestive tract pancreas liver

Digestive system The digestive system is the group of organs that transform foods into nutrients—that is, into elements that can be assimilated directly by the body. It thus supplies the energy and raw materials required for the human body to develop and function. Foods are ingested through the mouth, masticated, transformed by saliva, and swallowed. They then enter the digestive tract, where they are gradually broken down by mechanical (contractions) and chemical (enzyme activity) means. Nutrients, minerals, and water are absorbed and circulated throughout the body, while elements that cannot be assimilated are evacuated from the body.

organs of the digestive system órganos M del aparato M digestivo

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The digestive system consists of three parts: the mouth, the digestive tract (esophagus, stomach, intestines) and the appended glands (salivary glands, liver and pancreas).

mouth boca F Initial part of the digestive tube made up of a cavity (oral cavity) surrounded by lips; it allows the ingestion of food and plays a role in tasting, speaking and breathing.

salivary glands glándulas F salivares Exocrine glands secreting saliva.

pharynx faringe F Muscular membranous channel joining the nasal cavities to the larynx as well as the buccal cavity to the esophagus; it serves as a passageway for air and food.

esophagus esófago M Muscular membranous channel forming the upper part of the digestive tract, between the pharynx and the stomach.

liver hígado M Large gland playing an important role in digestion and metabolism; it secretes bile and breaks up certain toxins contained in the blood.

stomach estómago M Organ of the digestive tract forming an extensible sac between the esophagus and the small intestine; it transforms food from the esophagus into chyme, a thick fluid.

gallbladder vesícula F biliar Small organ located beneath the liver, serving to store and excrete bile.

pancreas páncreas M Elongated gland, located behind the stomach and playing an important role in digestion (secretion of pancreatic juice) and regulation of blood sugar (secretion of insulin).

large intestine intestino M grueso Last segment of the digestive tract, where final digestion and elimination of waste matter take place.

small intestine intestino M delgado Channel of the digestive tract joining the stomach to the large intestine, where part of digestion and absorption of food takes place.

Digestion anus ano M Terminal orifice of the digestive tract, controlled by a sphincter that allows fecal matter to be evacuated. 90

It takes 24 to 48 hours between ingestion of foods and defecation. The total distance traveled by foods in the digestive tract is 6 to 8 m.

mouth boca F Initial part of the digestive tube made up of a cavity (oral cavity) surrounded by lips; it allows the ingestion of food and plays a role in tasting, speaking and breathing.

mouth: external view boca F: vista F externa upper lip labio M superior Lip forming the upper contour of the mouth.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

labial angle comisura F de los labios M Area where the lips join on either side of the mouth.

lower lip labio M inferior Lip forming the lower contour of the mouth.

sagittal section of mouth sección F sagital de la boca F

nasal cavity fosas F nasales Each of two cavities, separated by the nasal septum, opening in front via the nostrils and in back into the pharynx.

soft palate paladar M blando Muscular membranous wall separating the pharynx and buccal cavity; it assists especially in ingestion of food and vocalization.

hard palate paladar M duro Bony separation between the buccal and nasal cavities, extended by the soft palate.

pharynx faringe F Muscular membranous channel joining the nasal cavities to the larynx as well as the buccal cavity to the esophagus; it serves as a passageway for air and food.

lips labios M Fleshy organs bounding the front part of the mouth and contributing especially to vocalization.

epiglottis epiglotis F Mobile catilaginous lamina located in the upper part of the larynx, directing food to the esophagus at the moment of swallowing.

tooth diente M Whitish, hard organ borne by the maxilla or mandible and serving to chew food.

larynx laringe F Muscular cartilaginous channel connecting the pharynx and trachea; it contains the vocal cords and has a vocalizing and respiratory function. esophagus esófago M Muscular membranous channel forming the upper part of the digestive tract, between the pharynx and the stomach.

tongue lengua F Muscular organ located in the buccal cavity and involved in tasting, chewing and talking.

gum encía F Thick part of the buccal mucous membrane rich in blood vessels and nerves, covering the maxilla and mandible and surrounding the teeth.

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teeth dientes M Hard, whitish organs implanted in the maxilla and mandible, used for chewing food; full dentition in an adult consists of 32 teeth.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

upper dentition dentadura F superior All the teeth (incisors, canines, premolars and molars) borne by the maxilla.

incisors incisivos M Flat teeth (8) located in the front of the maxilla and mandible, having a cutting edge that allows them to bite into food.

lateral incisor incisivo M lateral Incisor located between the central incisor and the canine. canines caninos M Teeth (4) located between the incisors and the premolars, having a pointed crown that is able to pierce and tear food.

central incisor incisivo M central Incisor located in the front section of teeth.

maxilla maxilar M Paired bone forming the upper jaw, part of the hard palate, orbits and nasal cavity.

lower dentition dentadura F inferior All the teeth (incisors, canines, premolars and molars) borne by the mandible.

mandible mandíbula F Unpaired bone forming the lower jaw, articulating with the temporal bones to allow chewing.

premolars premolares M Teeth (8) located between the canines and molars; they play the same role as molars but are smaller.

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wisdom tooth muela F del juicio M Last molar of the dental arch, appearing generally between the ages of 18 and 30 but missing in some people.

molars molares M Teeth (12) located at the back of the maxilla and mandible; large in size with two or three roots, they have a flat crown that allows them to grind food.

teeth section of a molar sección F de una muela F A tooth is made up of two parts: the crown that emerges from the gum and ensures chewing, and one or more roots that are inserted into the bone.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

enamel esmalte M Extremely resistant mineral substance protecting the crown and part of the neck of the tooth.

cusp cúspide F Point formed by the enamel on the upper side of premolars and molars, allowing them to grind food.

dentin dentina F Very hard calcified tissue forming the largest part of the tooth.

dental pulp pulpa F dental Connective tissue forming the middle part of the tooth and containing the blood capillaries, lymphatic vessels and nerves.

crown corona F Outer part of the tooth, covered in enamel, ensuring chewing.

gum encía F Thick part of the buccal mucous membrane rich in blood vessels and nerves, covering the maxilla and mandible and surrounding the teeth.

neck cuello M Constricted part of the tooth, between the crown and roots, surrounded by the gum.

cementum cemento M Thin layer of tissue, similar to bone tissue, covering the root of the tooth.

blood vessels vasos M sanguíneos Canals through which blood circulates; there are arteries, capillaries and veins.

root raíz F Part of the tooth embedded in the bone, where it is held in place by the alveolodental ligament.

nerve nervio M Long cord formed of nerve fibers, carrying sensory or motor messages between the central nervous system and the rest of the body.

alveolar bone hueso M alveolar Superficial part of the maxilla and mandible, containing sockets (dental alveoli) in which the teeth are inserted.

alveolar canal canal M dental Channel located at the centre of the root of the tooth, allowing the passage of blood capillaries, lymphatic vessels and nerves.

alveolodental ligament ligamento M alveolodental Ligament anchoring the tooth in the alveolar bone.

apical foramen foramen M apical Aperture at the base of each root of the tooth, allowing the passage of blood capillaries, lymphatic vessels and nerves toward the alveolar canal.

root apex ápex M del diente M Extremity of the root.

Extremely Hard The layer of enamel that covers the teeth is the hardest structure in the human body. Dentin is slightly softer, but still almost as hard as a bone.

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digestive tract tubo M digestivo All the hollow organs (esophagus, stomach, intestines) allowing food to be transported and digested; they succeed one another to form a conduit 6 to 8 m long that joins the pharynx to the anus.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

stomach estómago M Organ of the digestive tract forming an extensible sac between the esophagus and the small intestine; it transforms food from the esophagus into chyme, a thick fluid.

esophagus esófago M Muscular membranous channel forming the upper part of the digestive tract, between the pharynx and the stomach.

cardia cardias M Upper orifice of the stomach connecting with the esophagus.

An Elastic Organ When the stomach is empty, it has a volume of about half a liter, but its maximum capacity may be four liters after a meal.

fundus of stomach fundus M del estómago M Upper part of the stomach.

lesser curvature of stomach pequeña curbatura F del estómago M Right border of the stomach.

body of stomach cuerpo M del estómago M Main part of the stomach contained between the fundus and pylorus.

pyloric sphincter esfínter M pilórico Ring-like muscle closing the pylorus; when released, it allows the passage of food into the duodenum.

greater curvature of stomach gran curvatura F del estómago M Left border of the stomach.

mucous membrane of stomach mucosa F gástrica Mucous membrane covering the inner side of the stomach and producing various secretions (mucus, gastric juice).

pyloric antrum antro M pilórico Lower part of the stomach.

pylorus píloro M Lower orifice of the stomach connecting with the duodenum. duodenum duodeno M Initial segment of the small intestine, connecting with the stomach and receiving the secretions of the liver and pancreas.

crypt cripta F Deep fold formed inside a mucous membrane; crypts of the gastric mucous membrane can house four or five gastric glands. gastric gland glándula F gástrica Exocrine gland located at the back of a crypt and producing gastric juice, a highly acidic liquid aiding in food digestion.

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digestive tract small intestine intestino M delgado Channel of the digestive tract joining the stomach to the large intestine, where part of digestion and absorption of food takes place.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

duodenum duodeno M Initial segment of the small intestine, connecting with the stomach and receiving secretions from the liver and pancreas.

stomach estómago M Organ of the digestive tract forming an extensible sac between the esophagus and the small intestine; it transforms food from the esophagus into chyme, a thick fluid. jejunum yeyuno M Second segment of the small intestine between the duodenum and ileum, ensuring the major part of nutrient absorption.

large intestine intestino M grueso Last segment of the digestive tract, in which final digestion and waste elimination take place.

ileum íleon M Terminal segment of the small intestine, connecting with the large intestine.

section of duodenum sección F del duodeno M

circular fold válvula F connivente Large circular fold formed by the mucous membrane of the small intestine. intestinal villus velosidad F intestinal Fold of the mucous membrane of the small intestine allowing the absorptive surface to increase.

mucous membrane of small intestine mucosa F intestinal Mucous membrane lining the inner side of the small intestine and producing the intestinal juice, a liquid that assists in nutrient absorption. 95

digestive tract large intestine intestino M grueso Last segment of the digestive tract, where final digestion and elimination of waste matter take place.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

transverse colon colon M transverso Horizontal segment of the colon between the ascending colon and the descending colon.

ascending colon colon M ascendente Initial segment of the colon, in the right part of the abdomen, where water from food residue is absorbed.

colon colon M Part of the large intestine located between the cecum and rectum and divided into four segments.

descending colon colon M descendente Third segment of the colon, in the left part of the abdomen, where waste matter is stored before being excreted. small intestine intestino M delgado Channel of the digestive tract joining the stomach to the large intestine, where part of digestion and absorption of food takes place.

cecum ciego M Initial part of the large intestine, connecting with the small intestine.

vermiform appendix apéndice M vermiforme Outgrowth of the large intestine located at the extremity of the cecum and containing numerous lymph nodes.

Hidden Fauna

rectum recto M Terminal segment of the large intestine, connecting with the outside of the anus and allowing defecation.

The colon houses billions of bacteria of about 400 different species. These bacteria perform various functions related to production of vitamins, digestion of some substances, and destruction of pathogens.

anus ano M Terminal orifice of the digestive tract, controlled by a sphincter that allows fecal matter to be evacuated. 96

sigmoid colon colon M sigmoide Terminal segment of the colon, carrying waste matter toward the rectum.

pancreas páncreas M Elongated gland playing an important role in digestion (secretion of pancreatic juices) and in control of blood sugar (secretion of insulin).

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

tail of pancreas cola F del páncreas M Left extremity of the pancreas. gallbladder vesícula F biliar Small organ located beneath the liver, serving to store and excrete bile.

head of pancreas cabeza F del páncreas M Part of the pancreas lodged against the duodenum.

duodenum duodeno M Initial segment of the small intestine, connecting with the stomach and receiving secretions from the liver and pancreas.

acinus acino M Cluster of cells secreting pancreatic juice that plays an essential role in the chemical breakdown of food.

section of pancreatic duct sección F del conducto M pancreático bile duct conducto M colédoco Canal serving to carry bile to the duodenum. accessory pancreatic duct conducto M pancreático accesorio Branch of the pancreatic duct discharging into the duodenum upstream from the hepatopancreatic ampulla.

excretory duct canal M excretor Canal collecting pancreatic juice and carrying it to the pancreatic duct.

pancreatic duct conducto M pancreático Canal collecting pancreatic juice produced by the pancreas and emptying it into the hepatopancreatic ampulla.

sphincter of Oddi esfínter M de Oddi Ring-like muscle surrounding the aperture of the hepatopancreatic ampulla; it regulates the passage of secretions toward the duodenum.

hepatopancreatic ampulla ampolla F de Vater Canal resulting from the juncture of the pancreatic duct and the bile duct, discharging into the duodenum. 97

liver hígado M Large gland playing an important role in digestion and metabolism; it secretes bile and breaks up certain toxins contained in the blood.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

liver: anterior view hígado M: vista F anterior falciform ligament ligamento M falciforme Membrane separating the right and left lobes of the liver.

left lobe of liver lóbulo M izquierdo del hígado M Part of the liver located to the left of the falciform ligament.

right lobe of liver lóbulo M derecho del hígado M Main part of the liver, located to the right of the falciform ligament.

cystic duct conducto M cístico Canal connecting the biliary vesicle to the bile duct, in which bile circulates.

gallbladder vesícula F biliar Small organ located beneath the liver, serving to store and excrete bile.

abdominal aorta aorta F abdominal Fourth and last segment of the aorta, passing down into the abdominal cavity and giving rise to various arteries leading especially toward the kidneys, pancreas and colon.

common hepatic duct conducto M hepático común Canal through which the liver excretes bile, connecting with the cystic duct to form the bile duct.

A Voluminous Organ The liver, which reaches an average weight of about 1.5 kg, is the largest internal organ in the human body. It is also the organ that performs the largest number of chemical transformations.

bile duct conducto M colédoco Canal formed by the joining of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct, carrying bile to the duodenum. 98

liver hepatic portal system sistema M puerta hepática All the veins draining blood from the digestive tract to the liver; it allows the liver to process the blood and retain many substances produced by digestion.

liver hígado M Large gland playing an important role in digestion and metabolism; it secretes bile and breaks up certain toxins contained in the blood.

hepatic portal vein vena F puerta hepática Vein carrying blood from the intestines, stomach, pancreas and spleen to the liver.

duodenum duodeno M Initial segment of the small intestine, connecting with the stomach and receiving the secretions of the liver and pancreas.

superior mesenteric vein vena F mesentérica superior Vein carrying the blood of the small intestine and ascending colon to the hepatic portal vein.

inferior vena cava vena F cava inferior Vein carrying deoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body (below the diaphragm) to the right atrium of the heart.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

hepatic vein vena F hepática Vein draining the blood filtered by the liver and emptying it into the inferior vena cava.

stomach estómago M Organ of the digestive tract forming an extensible sac between the esophagus and the small intestine; it transforms food from the esophagus into chyme, a thick fluid.

spleen bazo M Lymphatic organ located between the stomach and pancreas; site of the production of white blood cells and antibodies, it is also a place where blood is stored and filtered.

splenic vein vena F esplénica Vein carrying blood from the spleen and colon to the hepatic portal vein.

pancreas páncreas M Elongated gland playing an important role in digestion (secretion of pancreatic juices) and in control of blood sugar (secretion of insulin).

colon colon M Part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum.

inferior mesenteric vein vena F mesentérica inferior Vein carrying the blood of the descending colon and sigmoid colon to the splenic vein.

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organs of the respiratory system upper respiratory tract lungs

Respiratory system The respiratory system is the group of organs that are involved in a constant exchange between air and blood in order to supply the body with the oxygen it needs and eliminate the carbon dioxide that it produces. Air, inhaled due to movement of the thoracic cage, flows through the upper respiratory tract, the trachea and bronchia, and reaches the alveoli in the lungs, where gas exchanges take place. Aside from breathing, the respiratory system plays an essential role in speech and the sense of smell.

organs of the respiratory system órganos M del aparato M respiratorio

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

The respiratory system is made up of the upper respiratory tract, trachea and lungs.

nasal cavity fosas F nasales Each of two cavities, separated by the nasal septum, opening in front via the nostrils and in back into the pharynx. mouth boca F Initial part of the digestive tube made up of a cavity (oral cavity) surrounded by lips; it allows the ingestion of food and plays a role in tasting, speaking and breathing. epiglottis epiglotis F Mobile catilaginous lamina located in the upper part of the larynx, directing food to the esophagus at the moment of swallowing. larynx laringe F Muscular cartilaginous channel connecting the pharynx and trachea; it contains the vocal cords and has a vocalizing and respiratory function.

pharynx faringe F Muscular membranous channel joining the nasal cavities to the larynx as well as the buccal cavity to the esophagus; it serves as a passageway for air and food.

trachea tráquea F Muscular cartilaginous channel allowing air to pass between the larynx and bronchi.

lungs pulmones M Organs of the respiratory system made of elastic tissues and responsible for the exchange of gases between the air and the blood.

diaphragm diafragma M Muscle separating the thorax from the abdomen; its contraction increases the volume of the thoracic cage and lungs.

Air Movements Certain movements occur spontaneously to dislodge undesirable particles from the respiratory tract. Coughing clears the bronchial tubes, the trachea, or the throat, while sneezing produces a strong air current in the nasal cavity, with an estimated speed of 150 km/h.

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upper respiratory tract vías F respiratorias superiores Organ allowing air to pass from the trachea to the lungs; it consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx and larynx.

nose nariz F

nasal septum tabique M nasal Thin cartilaginous wall separating the two nasal cavities. nasal conchae conchas F nasales Bony extensions of the wall of the nasal cavities, serving to warm and humidify inhaled air. nasal ala ala F de la nariz F Lower cartilaginous part of the nose, bordering the nostril. nostril fosa F nasal Orifice of the nose through which air enters the nasal cavities.

frontal sinus seno M frontal Cavity in the frontal bone, connecting with the nasal cavities and warming inhaled air.

nasolacrimal canal canal M lacrimógeno Channel through which tears are evacuated toward the nasal cavities. maxillary sinus seno M maxilar Air-filled cavity in the maxilla, connecting with the nasal cavities.

nasal cavity fosas F nasales Each of two cavities, separated by the nasal septum, opening in front via the nostrils and in back into the pharynx.

paranasal sinuses senos M paranasales Cavities in the bones of the face, connecting with the nasal cavities through narrow orifices; they reduce the weight of the bones of the head and produce mucus.

frontal sinus seno M frontal Cavity in the frontal bone, connecting with the nasal cavities and warming inhaled air. ethmoid sinus seno M etmoidal Cavity in the ethmoid bone, connecting with the nasal cavities.

sphenoidal sinus seno M esfenoidal Cavity in the sphenoid bone, connecting with the nasal cavities and warming inhaled air.

maxillary sinus seno M maxilar Air-filled cavity in the maxilla, connecting with the nasal cavities.

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Protrusion in midsection of the face, with two orifices (nostrils), having an olfactory and respiratory function.

upper respiratory tract

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

sagittal section of upper respiratory tract sección F sagital de las vías F respiratorias superiores

nasal cavity fosas F nasales Each of two cavities, separated by the nasal septum and opening in front through the nostrils and in back into the nasopharynx. hard palate paladar M duro Bony separation between the buccal and nasal cavities, extended by the soft palate. mouth boca F Initial part of the digestive tube made up of a cavity (oral cavity) surrounded by lips; it allows the ingestion of food and plays a role in tasting, speaking and breathing. tongue lengua F Muscular organ located in the buccal cavity and involved in tasting, chewing and talking. epiglottis epiglotis F Mobile catilaginous lamina located in the upper part of the larynx, directing food to the esophagus at the moment of swallowing. thyroid cartilage cartílago M tiroides Connective tissue structure formed of two lateral laminae whose juncture, on the front part of the larynx, forms a highly visible protrusion in men (Adam’s apple).

frontal sinus seno M frontal Cavity in the frontal bone, connecting with the nasal cavities and warming inhaled air.

sphenoidal sinus seno M esfenoidal Cavity in the sphenoid bone, connecting with the nasal cavities and warming inhaled air. soft palate paladar M blando Muscular membranous wall separating the nasopharynx and buccal cavity; it assists especially in food ingestion and vocalization. pharynx faringe F Muscular membranous channel joining the nasal cavities to the larynx as well as the buccal cavity to the esophagus; it serves as a passageway for air and food. vocal cords cuerdas F vocales Long bands of muscle tissue attached to the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages; their vibration allows sounds to be produced. larynx laringe F Muscular cartilaginous channel connecting the pharynx and trachea; it contains the vocal cords and has a vocalizing and respiratory function. trachea tráquea F Muscular cartilaginous channel allowing air to pass between the larynx and bronchi.

pharyngeal tonsil amígdala F faríngea Lymphoid organ located in the nasopharynx, filtering pathogens from the air. nasopharynx rinofaringe F Upper part of the pharynx connecting with the nasal cavities.

oropharynx orofaringe F Median part of the pharynx connecting with the buccal cavity.

laryngopharynx laringofaringe F Lower part of the pharynx connecting with the larynx and esophagus.

hyoid bone hueso M hioides Bone supporting the larynx and serving as an insertion for various muscles of the tongue, pharynx and larynx. 104

lungs pulmones M Organs of the respiratory system made of elastic tissues and responsible for the exchange of gases between the air and the blood.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Respiration An adult at rest breathes about 15 times a minute, or more than 21,000 times per day. With each inhalation, a half-liter of air loaded with oxygen passes through the respiratory tract to the lungs.

trachea tráquea F Muscular cartilaginous channel allowing air to pass between the larynx and bronchi. right lung pulmón M derecho Respiratory organ divided into three lobes, in which blood from the right pulmonary artery is freed of carbon dioxide and enriched with oxygen.

right superior lobe lóbulo M superior derecho Upper part of the right lung, separated from the inferior lobe and middle lobe by a horizontal fissure.

middle lobe lóbulo M medio Part of the right lung, separated from the superior lobe and inferior lobe by an oblique fissure.

right inferior lobe lóbulo M inferior derecho Lower part of the right lung, separated from the superior lobe and middle lobe by an oblique fissure.

diaphragm diafragma M Muscle separating the thorax from the abdomen; its contraction increases the volume of the thoracic cage and lungs.

left lung pulmón M izquierdo Respiratory organ divided into two lobes, in which blood from the left pulmonary artery is freed of carbon dioxide and enriched with oxygen.

left superior lobe lóbulo M superior izquierdo Upper part of the left lung, separated from the inferior lobe by an oblique fissure.

heart corazón M Muscular organ divided into four chambers whose autonomous rhythmic contractions cause blood to circulate throughout the body.

oblique fissure cisura F oblicua Fissure separating the lobes of the lung. left inferior lobe lóbulo M inferior izquierdo Lower part of the left lung, separated from the superior lobe by an oblique fissure. pleura pleura F Elastic membrane surrounding each lung and composed of two layers bounding the pleural cavity.

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lungs bronchial tree árbol M bronquial All the airways allowing air to reach the lungs; it contains two main bronchi whose successive divisions lead to the bronchioles.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

right main bronchus bronquio M principal derecho Bronchus emanating from the trachea, allowing air to enter and exit the right lung.

pulmonary artery arteria F pulmonar Branch of the pulmonary trunk carrying deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

trachea tráquea F Muscular cartilaginous channel allowing air to pass between the larynx and bronchi. left main bronchus bronquio M principal izquierdo Bronchus emanating from the trachea, allowing air to enter and exit the left lung.

pulmonary vein vena F pulmonar Vein carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left chamber of the heart.

bronchiole bronquiolo M The narrowest subdivision of the bronchial tree, ending in the pulmonary alveoli.

lobar bronchus bronquio M lobar Each of very numerous twigs of the main bronchus supplying air to the pulmonary lobe.

arteriole arteriola F Fine terminal branch of the pulmonary artery, ending in a capillary network.

venule venilla F Small-sized vein located in the extension of a capillary and joining up with the pulmonary vein. pulmonary alveolus alveolo M pulmonar Small cavity located at the extremity of the bronchioles; grouped in clusters, the alveoli are surrounded by a thin wall that allows gaseous exchanges with the capillaries.

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capillary capilar M sanguíneo Tiny blood vessel ensuring blood circulation between an arteriole and a venule; its wall allows exchanges between the blood and exterior of the capillary.

lungs trachea tráquea F Muscular cartilaginous channel allowing air to pass between the larynx and bronchi.

Area for Exchange

carina of trachea carena F Lower part of the trachea dividing into two bronchi.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

The lungs house more than 300 million alveoli. The total area of the pulmonary alveoli is the size of a tennis court.

larynx laringe F Muscular cartilaginous channel connecting the pharynx and trachea; it contains the vocal cords and has a vocalizing and respiratory function.

tracheal cartilages cartílagos M traqueales Cartilaginous rings (16 to 20) contained in the wall of the trachea, allowing it to remain open.

pleura pleura F Elastic membrane surrounding each lung and composed of two sheets bounding the pleural cavity.

pleural cavity cavidad F pleural Cavity between the parietal and visceral layers of the pleura; it contains a lubricating fluid (pleural fluid) allowing them to slide, thus contributing to respiration.

parietal pleura pleura F parietal Outer layer of the pleura, in contact with the thoracic cage and diaphragm.

visceral pleura pleura F visceral Inner layer of the pleura, in contact with the lung.

lung pulmón M Organ of the respiratory tract formed of extensible tissue and responsible for gaseous exchanges between air and blood.

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organs of the urinary system urinary bladder kidney

Urinary system The urinary system is the group of organs that make, transport, and store urine, and then evacuate it from the body. The organs of the upper urinary tract (kidneys and ureters) are identical in both sexes, while the bladder and urethra, which form the lower urinary tract, are different in men and women. The urinary system is connected to the blood circulation system in the kidneys, which filter the blood. The product of this filtration, urine, is stored temporarily in the bladder before it is eliminated.

organs of the urinary system órganos M del aparato M urinario The upper part of the urinary system consists of the urethra and kidneys, while the lower urinary tract is made up of the bladder and ureter.

URINARY SYSTEM

man: anterior view hombre M: vista F anterior suprarenal gland glándula F suprarrenal Endocrine gland located above the kidney; some of the hormones it secretes are involved in the stress response while others act on water retention.

kidney riñón M Each of two organs located in the abdomen whose main function is to produce urine by filtering the blood.

ureter uréter M Each of two muscular membranous channels carrying urine from the kidneys to the bladder. urinary bladder vejiga F Hollow organ in which urine produced in the kidneys temporarily collects; it empties through the ureter during urination.

male urethra uretra F masculina Channel originating at the base of the bladder, crossing the prostate and running along the penis to the urethral orifice; it allows urination and ejaculation.

woman: anterior view mujer F: vista F anterior

Liquid Quantities The human urinary system produces an average of 45,000 liters of urine over a lifetime–enough to fill a swimming pool about 5 meters in diameter.

female urethra uretra F femenina Channel originating at the base of the bladder and through which urine flows during urination; its exit hole (meatus) is located between the vaginal opening and the clitoris. 110

urinary bladder vejiga F Hollow organ in which urine produced in the kidneys temporarily collects; it empties through the ureter during urination.

frontal section of urinary bladder sección F frontal de la vejiga F URINARY SYSTEM

mucous membrane of urinary bladder mucosa F vesical Mucous membrane lining the inner side of the bladder; it forms folds when the bladder is empty.

ureter uréter M Each of two muscular membranous channels carrying urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

detrusor muscle detrusor M Smooth muscle forming the essential part of the bladder wall.

trigone of urinary bladder trígono M vesical Triangular-shaped region of the mucous membrane of the urinary bladder, bordered by the two ureteric orifices and the neck of the urinary bladder.

ureteric orifice orificio M uretral Opening through which the ureter connects with the bladder.

neck of urinary bladder cuello M vesical Lower extremity of the bladder connecting with the ureter.

internal urethral sphincter esfínter M vesical interno Muscle forming a ring around the neck of the urinary bladder; its involuntary release allows urination. urethra uréter M Channel originating at the base of the bladder and through which urine flows during urination.

urination micción F Voiding through the ureter of urine stored in the bladder.

filling llenado M

retention retención F

urination micción F

Urine from the kidneys empties into the bladder through the ureters; the internal urethral sphincter contracts to close the entrance to the ureter.

When the bladder is half full, the internal urethral sphincter releases; urine can be held by the voluntary contraction of an external urethral sphincter.

Voiding through the ureter of urine stored in the bladder.

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kidney riñón M Each of two organs located in the abdomen whose main function is to filter the blood.

URINARY SYSTEM

kidneys: anterior view riñones M: vista F anterior

abdominal aorta aorta F abdominal Fourth and last segment of the aorta, passing down into the abdominal cavity and giving rise to various arteries leading especially toward the kidneys, pancreas and colon.

inferior vena cava vena F cava inferior Vein carrying deoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body (below the diaphragm) to the right atrium of the heart. suprarenal gland glándula F suprarrenal Endocrine gland located above the kidney; certain hormones that it secretes assist in the stress mechanism, while others act on water retention.

right kidney riñón M derecho Organ located beneath the liver; its main function is to filter the blood.

renal vein vena F renal Vein receiving blood filtered by the kidney and carrying it to the inferior vena cava.

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renal artery arteria F renal Branch of the abdominal aorta irrigating the kidney.

left kidney riñón M izquierdo Organ located beneath the spleen; its main function is to filter the blood.

ureter uréter M Each of two muscular membranous channels carrying urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

kidney frontal section of right kidney sección F frontal del riñón M derecho fibrous capsule cápsula F fibrosa Membrane enveloping the kidney.

renal cortex córtex M renal

URINARY SYSTEM

renal pyramid pirámide F renal Element of the renal medulla consisting of a grouping of many collecting ducts.

Part of the kidney containing the glomeruli.

renal calix cáliz M renal Cavity collecting urine coming from the collecting ducts.

renal pelvis pelvis F renal Funnel-shaped cavity formed by the union of calices and ending in the ureter.

renal medulla médula F renal Middle part of the kidney, made up of renal pyramids.

renal column columna F renal Extension of the renal cortex between two pyramids.

ureter uréter M Each of two muscular membranous channels carrying urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

nephron nefrón M Functional unit of the kidney where urine is produced; it is formed of two main elements: the glomerulus and the renal tubule. urine orina F Liquid resulting from the filtration of blood in the kidneys, stored in the bladder and evacuated during urination; urine is made up of 95% water in which various substances left over from metabolism are dissolved.

collecting duct tubo M colector Duct collecting urine produced in several nephrons and carrying it to a calix. glomerulus glomérulo M renal Part of the nephron ensuring the filtering of blood and production of urine; the glomerulus is made up of a cluster of capillaries inserted into a capsule.

Filtration

renal tubule tubo M renal Part of the nephron carrying urine to a collecting duct.

Each kidney contains about one million nephrons. The entire volume of blood in the body is filtered every 45 minutes, but only 0.5 to 2 liters of urine are eliminated per day, since most of the filtrate is reabsorbed. 113

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male genital organs female genital organs

Reproductive system The reproductive system is the group of organs that fulfill the reproduction function. These organs—the genital organs—are different in each sex and include the gonads (testicles, ovaries), the sexual glands (prostate, seminal vesicles, Bartholini glands), the genital tracts (uterus, uterine tubes, vagina, deferent ducts) and the external organs (penis, vulva). The genital organs are present at birth, but they become fully functional only at puberty, when they reach their final form. Breasts are not genital organs but play an important role in reproduction (breast feeding).

male genital organs órganos M genitales masculinos Organs specific to men that ensure reproduction.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

sagittal section of male genital organs sección F sagital de los órganos M genitales masculinos

male urethra uretra F masculina Channel originating at the base of the bladder, crossing the prostate and running along the penis to the urethral orifice; it allows urination and ejaculation.

pubis pubis M Front part of the iliac bone, articulated at the level of the pubic symphysis.

urinary bladder vejiga F Hollow organ in which urine produced in the kidneys temporarily collects; it empties through the ureter during urination.

prostate próstata F Male gland located beneath the bladder; its secretions are involved especially in the formation of sperm.

spongy body of penis cuerpo M esponjoso del pene M Cylinder of erectile tissue surrounding the ureter along the length of the penis. cavernous body of penis cuerpo M cavernoso del pene M Each of two cylindrical erectile organs forming the body of the posterior part of the penis.

penis pene M Erectile organ of men allowing copulation and voiding of urine.

epididymis epididimo M Long canal folded on itself, in which spermatozoa reach maturity before ejaculation.

rectum recto M Terminal segment of the large intestine, connecting with the outside of the anus and allowing defecation.

scrotum escroto M Cutaneous envelope containing the testes.

urethral orifice meato M ureteral Terminal part of the ureter allowing the evacuation of urine and ejaculation of sperm. glans penis glande M del pene M Bulbous, cone-shaped structure at the end of the penis, covered with a foreskin.

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testis testículo M Each of the two male sex glands in the scrotum producing spermatozoa and secreting male hormones (testosterone).

Keeping Cooler The two testicles are situated outside the body, since spermatozoa can be produced only at a temperature about 2°C lower than that inside the body.

male genital organs

cross section of the penis sección F transversal del pene M

male urethra uretra F masculina Channel originating at the base of the bladder, crossing the prostate and running along the penis to the urethral orifice; it allows urination and ejaculation. spongy body of penis cuerpo M esponjoso del pene M Cylinder of erectile tissue surrounding the ureter along the length of the penis.

section of the testis sección F del testículo M

spermatic cord cordón M espermático Structure supporting the testis and epididymis, containing the deferent duct and various blood and lymphatic vessels, as well as nerve threads.

deferent duct canal M deferente Canal carrying the spermatozoa of the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.

epididymis epididimo M Long canal folded on itself, in which spermatozoa reach maturity before ejaculation.

cremaster muscle músculo M cremáster Muscle enveloping the testes; its contraction allows them to be drawn near the body to warm them. seminiferous tubule tubo M seminífero Small tube located in the testes and producing the spermatozoa that are then carried to the epididymis.

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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

cavernous body of penis cuerpo M cavernoso del pene M Each of two cylindrical erectile organs forming the body of the posterior part of the penis.

female genital organs órganos M genitales femeninos Organs specific to women that ensure reproduction; there are external organs and internal organs.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

frontal section of female genital organs sección F frontal de los órganos M genitales femeninos

infundibulum of uterine tube infundíbulo M de la trompa F de Falopio Funnel-shaped part of the uterine tube in which the ovum penetrates.

uterine tube trompa F de Falopio Each of two tubes culminating in the upper part of the uterus and having fimbriae that sweep the ovaries and collect ova.

isthmus of uterine tube istmo M de la trompa F de Falopio Narrow part of the uterine tube opening into the uterus.

uterine cavity cavidad F uterina Hollow space contained inside the walls of the uterus.

ovary ovario M Each of two female genital glands located on either side of the uterus, producing ova and sex hormones (estrogens and progesterone).

fimbriae of uterine tube franjas F ováricas Fringe-like extensions of the uterine tube, undulating and sweeping the ovary at the moment of ovulation to create a current that carries the ovum toward the tube. myometrium miometrio M Muscular wall of the uterus contracting during childbirth to expel the baby.

cervix of uterus cuello M del útero M Lower extremity of the uterus opening into the vagina.

endometrium endometrio M Mucous membrane lining the inside of the uterus to receive the fertilized ovum; its partial destruction in the absence of fertilization causes menstruation.

vagina vagina F Muscular channel extending from the neck of the uterus to the vulva, allowing copulation. hymen himen M Fine perforated membrane formed by a fold of the vaginal mucous membrane, separating the vagina from the vulva.

labia majora labios M mayores Cutaneous folds bounding the vulva and protecting the vaginal opening.

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mucous membrane of vagina mucosa F vaginal Highly folded mucous membrane lining the wall of the vagina and secreting a lubricating substance during intercourse.

vestibule of vagina vestíbulo M de la vagina F Space between the labia minora through which the vagina and ureter open.

labia minora labios M menores Cutaneous folds located inside the labia majora.

female genital organs ovarian cycle ciclo M ovárico Series of events involving the maturation and liberation of the oocyte as well as the follicular tissue surrounding it. It consists of three successive phases: the follicular phase, the ovulatory phase and the luteal phase.

28-day cycle

oocyte progesterona F Female sex cell in growth stage that is evolving toward a fertile ovule state.

ovary ovario M Each of two female genital glands located on either side of the uterus, producing ova and sex hormones (estrogens and progesterone).

ovarian follicle folículo M ovárico Cavity of the ovary in which an oocyte develops.

ovulatory phase fase F ovulatoria

ovum óvulo M Mature female reproductive cell produced by the ovary; after fertilization by a spermatozoon, it enables an embryo to develop.

Graafian follicle folículo M de Graaf Ovarian follicle containing a mature oocyte ready to be expelled into the Fallopian tube. After ovulation, it is called an ovule.

uterine tube trompa F de Falopio Each of two tubes culminating in the upper part of the uterus and having fimbriae that sweep the ovaries and collect ova.

ovulation ovulación F Phenomenon in which an ovule is expelled by the ovary and grasped by the fringed extremity of the Fallopian tube.

luteal phase fase F lútea

estrogens ovocito M Sex hormones secreted by the ovaries, which govern the development of the genital organs and the renewal of the endometrium after menstruation.

corpus luteum cuerpo M lúteo Temporary endocrine gland that secrets progesterone and that degenerates at the end of the ovarian cycle if the ovule is not fertilized. It develops from a Graafian follicle liberated from its oocyte.

progesterone estrógenos M Sex hormone secreted by the corpus luteum and the placenta and whose principal function is to prepare for gestation. 119

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

follicular phase fase F folicular

The ovarian cycle begins on the first day of menstruation and lasts approximately 28 days.

female genital organs

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

sagittal section of female genital organs sección F sagital de los órganos M genitales femeninos

ovary ovario M Each of two female genital glands located on either side of the uterus, producing ova and sex hormones (estrogens and progesterone).

uterine tube trompa F de Falopio Each of two tubes culminating in the upper part of the uterus and having fimbriae that sweep the ovaries and collect ova.

uterus útero M Female genital organ located between the bladder and the rectum, in which the fetus develops during pregnancy.

urinary bladder vejiga F Hollow organ in which urine produced in the kidneys temporarily collects; it empties through the ureter during urination.

pubis pubis M Front part of the iliac bone, articulated at the level of the pubic symphysis.

mons pubis monte M de Venus Adipose tissue covering the pubis and forming a protective cushion.

clitoris clítoris M Small erectile organ richly innervated and veined, forming an important erogenous zone.

labia majora labios M mayores Cutaneous folds bounding the vulva and protecting the vaginal opening.

labia minora labios M menores Cutaneous folds located inside the labia majora.

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vagina vagina F Muscular channel extending from the neck of the uterus to the vulva, allowing copulation.

rectum recto M Terminal segment of the large intestine, connecting with the outside of the anus and allowing defecation.

female genital organs

Doubling Up

nipple pezón M Erectile projection of the breast, coneshaped or cylindrical, surrounded by the areola; in the female, the nipple is also the outlet of the lactiferous ducts.

sebaceous gland glándula F sebácea Exocrine gland often associated with a hair follicle, excreting sebum at the surface of the skin.

areola aureola F Pigmented area surrounding the nipple.

mammary gland glándula F mamaria Exocrine gland in the breast of the female producing mother’s milk after childbirth; each mammary gland is made up of 15 to 25 lobes. adipose tissue tejido M adiposo Connective tissue mainly formed of adipocytes; an energy reserve and source of warmth, it is indispensable for the functioning of the body.

lactiferous duct conducto M lactífero Channel carrying milk secreted by the mammary gland to the nipple.

lobe of mammary gland lóbulo M de la glándula F mamaria Part of the mammary gland secreting milk in the lactiferous sinuses; it is formed of numerous small lobules.

lactiferous sinus seno M lactífero Enlargement of the lactiferous duct in which mother’s milk accumulates between two feedings. 121

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

A multiple pregnancy is the simultaneous development of more than one fetus in the uterus. There are two types of multiple pregnancies, resulting from very different processes. Identical twins come from a single ovum, while fraternal twins come from two separate fertilized ova.

breasts senos M Glandular organs rich in adipose tissue, enclosing the pectoral muscles and secreting milk to feed the newborn after birth.

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sight hearing smell taste touch

Sense organs The senses are body functions that enable the nervous system to perceive and analyze the outside world. Human beings have five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch. The senses process different types of physical (light, sound, pressure, temperature, gravity, etc.) and chemical (smell and taste molecules) stimuli through sensory receptors located in specific organs (eyes, ears, nasal cavity, tongue, skin).

sight vista F Sense by which light stimuli perceived by the eyes are interpreted into conscious perceptions of an object’s color, shape, distance and speed.

SENSE ORGANS

eyeball globo M ocular Spherical-shaped organ of sight housed in the orbit; it captures light signals and transmits them to the brain to be formed into images.

superior rectus muscle músculo M derecho superior Muscle allowing the eyeball to move upward. macular area mácula F Small area located at the centre of the retina, near the optic disk, where visual acuity is best.

optic disk papila F óptica Region of the retina with no photoreceptors, where blood vessels and nerve fibers gather to form the optic nerve.

ciliary body cuerpo M ciliar Muscle tissue surrounding the lens and changing its shape to allow the lens to adapt.

optic nerve nervio M óptico Sensory nerve responsible for vision: it transmits information from the eye to the encephalon.

iris iris M Colored part of the surface of the eye, made up of smooth muscles whose involuntary contraction changes the diameter of the pupil.

cornea córnea F Transparent dome-shaped membrane located in the front of the eye, refracting light rays.

vitreous body cuerpo M vítreo Transparent gelatinous substance filling the eye and assisting in maintaining its spherical shape.

pupil pupila F Circular aperture at the centre of the iris; its opening varies to regulate the amount of light entering the eye. lens cristalino M Transparent flexible fibrous disk located behind the iris, acting as a variable lens refracting light rays. conjunctiva conjuntiva M Transparent mucous membrane covering the front surface of the eye, except the cornea, and producing lubricating mucus. 124

suspensory ligament ligamento M suspensor Ligament connecting the ciliary body to the lens keeping it in place inside the eyeball. retina retina F Inner membrane of the eye, made up of millions of photoreceptors that transform light into nerve signals.

sclera esclerótica F Opaque white fibrous connective tissue, protecting and supporting the structure of the eye. choroid coroides F Membrane rich in blood vessels covering the retina.

sight eye ojo M Organ of vision serving to perceive shapes, distances, colors and movements.

pupil pupila F Circular aperture at the centre of the iris; its opening varies to regulate the amount of light entering the eye. conjunctiva conjuntiva F Transparent mucous membrane covering the front surface of the eye, except the cornea, and producing lubricating mucus. lower eyelid párpado M inferior Eyelid rising from the lower edge of the eye.

SENSE ORGANS

upper eyelid párpado M superior Eyelid rising from the upper edge of the eye; it is larger and more mobile than the lower eyelid.

eyebrow ceja F Arched area of hair above each eye.

eyelashes pestañas F Hairs on the outer edge of the eyelids, preventing dust and other foreign particles from depositing on the eye. iris iris M Colored part of the surface of the eye, made up of smooth muscles whose involuntary contraction changes the diameter of the pupil.

Blink of an Eye The blinking of eyelids, the main purpose of which is to humidify the surface of the eye, occurs very frequently. On average, eyelids blink 5,400 times per day–a total of about 30 minutes with the eyelids closed.

retina retina F Inner membrane of the eye, made up of millions of photoreceptors that transform light into nerve signals.

light rays rayos M luminosos Rays emitted or reflected by an object, crossing the retina and stimulating the photoreceptors (cones and rods).

nerve fiber fibra F nerviosa Axon of a motor or sensory nerve, grouped into a fascicle inside a nerve.

rod bastoncillo M Photoreceptor responsible for peripheral and low-intensity light vision but not sensitive to colors.

sensory impulse impulso M nervioso Electrical signal produced by lightsensitive cells (photoreceptors) located on the retina.

cone cono M Color-sensitive photoreceptor assisting in supplying detailed images but requiring strong light intensity. 125

sight extraocular muscles músculos M oculomotores Small muscles (6) whose contraction causes the eye to move in its orbit.

SENSE ORGANS

superior rectus muscle músculo M derecho superior Muscle connecting the common tendinous ring to the upper part of the sclera; it allows upward movement of the eyeball.

medial rectus muscle músculo M derecho medio Muscle connecting the common tendinous ring to the inner part of the sclera; it allows adduction of the eyeball.

superior oblique muscle músculo M oblicuo superior Muscle connecting the sphenoid bone to the sclera; it allows downward and inward rotation of the eyeball.

common tendinous ring anillo M tendinoso común Common insertion tendon of the right muscles of the eye at the back of the orbit, attached to the sphenoid bone. lateral rectus muscle músculo M derecho lateral Muscle connecting the common tendinous ring to the outer part of the sclera; it allows outward movement of the eyeball. inferior rectus muscle músculo M derecho inferior Muscle connecting the common tendinous ring to the lower part of the sclera; it allows downward movement of the eyeball.

mechanism of vision mecanismo M de la visión F

inferior oblique muscle músculo M oblicuo inferior Muscle connecting the maxilla to the sclera; it allows upward and outward rotation of the eyeball.

The cornea and lens refract light from an object in order to project a clear image on the retina; photoreceptors transform this light signal into a nerve signal that is transmitted to the brain through the optic nerve.

light ray rayo M luminoso Line along which light emitted by an object flows through.

cornea córnea F Transparent dome-shaped membrane located in the front of the eye, refracting light rays.

iris iris M Colored part of the surface of the eye, made up of smooth muscles whose involuntary contraction changes the diameter of the pupil.

object objeto M Light rays emitted by an object cross the different areas of the eye to form a reverse image on the retina.

retina retina F Inner membrane of the eye, made up of millions of photoreceptors that transform light into nerve signals. focus foco M Point where light rays converge and the image is formed; in normal vision, the focus is on the retina.

anterior chamber cámara F anterior Space between the cornea and iris filled with a nourishing fluid, aqueous humor. lens cristalino M Transparent flexible fibrous disk located behind the iris, acting as a variable lens refracting light rays. 126

ciliary body cuerpo M ciliar Muscle tissue surrounding the lens and changing its shape to allow the lens to adapt.

optic nerve nervio M óptico Sensory nerve responsible for vision: it transmits information from the eye to the encephalon.

sight

myopia miopía F

focus foco M Point where light rays converge and the image is formed; in the case of myopia, the image forms in front of the retina.

SENSE ORGANS

Vision defect characterized by difficulty distinguishing faraway objects; it is caused by the faulty convergence of light rays by the lens.

vision defects defectos M de la vista F The image does not form on the retina, resulting in blurred vision that is corrected by wearing glasses or contact lenses, or by surgery.

hyperopia hipermetropía F Vision defect characterized by difficulty distinguishing close objects clearly; it is caused by the faulty convergence of light rays by the lens.

focus foco M Point where light rays converge and the image is formed; in the case of hypermetropia, the image forms behind the retina.

astigmatism astigmatismo M Vision defect characterized by blurred vision, near or far, based on different axes; it is generally caused by the faulty curvature of the cornea. focus foco M Point where light rays converge to form the image.

Three Dimensions Each of the two eyes perceives objects from a slightly different angle. This enables the brain to assess distance and depth, thus providing threedimensional vision. 127

hearing audición F

SENSE ORGANS

Sense by which sound vibrations are perceived by the ear and interpreted as sounds by the brain.

ear oído M Organ of hearing and balance made up of three parts: the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear.

Thousands of Sounds

helix hélix M Rim of the auricle of the ear.

The ears distinguish almost 400,000 different sounds, the intensity of which is measured in decibels. The audibility threshold is set at 0 dB, while the pain threshold corresponds to 120 dB (the sound of an airplane taking off).

external ear: lateral view oído M externo: vista F lateral

antihelix antihélix M Prominence of the auricle of the ear, parallel to the helix; its upper part is divided into two branches.

external acoustic meatus meato M auditivo externo Bony canal through which sounds captured by the pinna reach the eardrum. tragus trago M Flat triangular eminence in front of the opening of the external auditory meatus.

auricle pabellón M Fibrocartilaginous cone capturing sound vibrations and directing them to the external auditory meatus.

antitragus antitrago M Small triangular eminence at the lower extremity of the antihelix.

earlobe lóbulo M de la oreja F Fleshy extremity of the external ear, having no cartilage.

external ear oído M externo

middle ear oído M medio

internal ear oído M interno

Part of the ear collecting sound vibrations and directing them to the middle ear.

Air-filled cavity transmitting sound vibrations captured by the external ear to the internal ear.

Cavity formed of a series of fluid-filled sacs and ducts; it contains the sensory organs of hearing and balance.

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hearing

vestibule vestíbulo M Bony cavity of the internal ear responsible for static balance (when standing immobile).

vestibular nerve nervio M vestibular Branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve responsible for balance.

section of ear sección F del oído M semicircular canals canales M semicirculares Bony canals in the internal ear responsible for controlling balance; each of the three canals is associated with a dimension of space.

cochlear nerve nervio M coclear Branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve responsible for hearing.

incus yunque M Ossicle articulating with the malleus and stapes.

temporal bone hueso M temporal Paired bone in the lateral part of the skull articulating with the branches of the mandible. tympanic membrane tímpano M Thin membrane of connective tissue closing the entrance to the middle ear and transmitting the sound vibrations to the ossicles.

cochlea cóclea F Sensory organ of hearing, formed of a spiral tube filled with fluids; it receives the vibrations of the ossicles and transforms them into nerve impulses. auditory tube trompa F de Eustaquio Narrow tube connecting the middle ear to the pharynx and regulating the pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane.

stapes estribo M Ossicle transmitting the vibrations of the incus to the cochlea.

malleus martillo M Ossicle in contact with the tympanic membrane.

mechanism of hearing mecanismo M de la audición F perilymph perilinfa F Fluid contained in the bony compartments of the internal ear.

nerve fiber fibra F nerviosa Axon of a motor or sensory nerve, grouped into a fascicle inside a nerve.

cochlear nerve nervio M coclear Branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve responsible for hearing.

The auricle captures sound vibrations and directs them to the external auditory meatus where they make the tympanic membrane vibrate; the three ossicles amplify them and transmit them to the cochlea that then transforms them into a nerve impulse. oval window ventana F oval Outlet of the cochlea against which the stapes rests; sound vibrations penetrate through it.

ossicles huesecillos M Small bones (3) housed in the cavity of the middle ear and responsible for amplifying sound vibrations.

sound vibrations vibraciones F sonoras

organ of Corti órgano M de Corti Organ formed of sensory cells that detect the movements of the perilymph and transform them into nerve signals.

cochlear duct canal M coclear Central canal of the cochlea bounded by membranes and filled with a fluid called endolymph.

cochlea cóclea F Sensory organ of hearing, formed of a spiral tube filled with fluids; it receives the vibrations of the ossicles and transforms them into nerve impulses.

external acoustic meatus meato M auditivo externo Bony canal through which sounds captured by the pinna reach the eardrum. round window ventana F redonda Outlet through which sound vibrations leave the cochlea after stimulating the organ of Corti.

tympanic membrane tímpano M Thin membrane of connective tissue closing the entrance to the middle ear and transmitting the sound vibrations to the ossicles. 129

SENSE ORGANS

external acoustic meatus meato M auditivo externo Bony canal through which sounds captured by the pinna reach the eardrum.

smell olfato M Sense by which odors are perceived.

SENSE ORGANS

sagittal section of nasal cavity corte M sagital de las fosas F nasales

Regeneration

Nasal cavities: each of two cavities, separated by the nasal septum and opening in front through the nostrils and in back into the pharynx.

Olfactory cells are apparently the only neurons in the human body capable of regeneration. They have a life span of about 60 days.

olfactory epithelium epitelio M olfativo Sensory organ of smell lining the roof of the nasal cavities; it consists of millions of olfactory cells whose stimulation by odorous molecules generates a nerve signal.

olfactory bulb bulbo M olfativo Enlargement of nerve tissue connected to the olfactory nerves; it serves as a relay in transmitting olfactory information to the cerebrum.

frontal sinus seno M frontal Cavity in the frontal bone, connecting with the nasal cavities and warming inhaled air.

cribriform plate of ethmoid bone placa F cribosa del hueso M etmoide Lower side of the ethmoid bone through which the olfactory nerves pass. inhaled air aire M inspirado nasal conchae conchas F nasales Bony extensions of the lateral wall of the nasal cavities, serving to warm and humidify inhaled air. nasopharynx rinofaringe F Upper part of the pharynx connecting with the nasal cavities. nostril fosa F nasal Orifice of the nose through which air enters the nasal cavities.

soft palate paladar M blando Muscular membranous wall separating the pharynx and buccal cavity; it assists especially in ingestion of food and vocalization.

hard palate paladar M duro Bony separation between the buccal and nasal cavities, extended by the soft palate.

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mouth boca F Initial part of the digestive tube made up of a cavity (oral cavity) surrounded by lips; it allows the ingestion of food and plays a role in tasting, speaking and breathing.

smell mechanism of smell mecanismo M de la olfacción F Odorous molecules entering the nasal cavities are dissolved in the nasal mucus, then stimulating the olfactory cells that generate nerve signals transmitted to the brain by the olfactory nerves.

cerebral cortex córtex M cerebral Superficial layer of the cerebral hemispheres, in which smells are perceived and consciously analyzed.

SENSE ORGANS

limbic system sistema M límbico All the nerve structures associating perceived smells with emotions and memories.

olfactory bulb bulbo M olfativo Enlargement of nerve tissue connected to the olfactory nerves; it serves as a relay in transmitting olfactory information to the cerebrum.

olfactory nerve nervio M olfativo Sensory nerve involved in smell.

cribriform plate of ethmoid bone placa F cribosa del hueso M etmoide Lower side of the ethmoid bone through which the olfactory nerves pass.

olfactory cell célula F olfativa Each of the sensory neurons constituting olfactory receptors; their axons come together to form olfactory nerves.

olfactory epithelium epitelio M olfativo Sensory organ of smell lining the roof of the nasal cavities; it consists of millions of olfactory cells whose stimulation by odorous molecules generates a nerve signal. olfactory cilium cilio M olfativo Fine extension of the dendrite of an olfactory cell containing a receptor.

inhaled air aire M inspirado

nasal mucus mucosidad F nasal Viscous translucent substance produced by the mucous membrane of nasal cavities.

odorous molecule molécula F odorífera Volatile chemical substance transported in the air and causing odors. 131

taste gusto M Sense by which the flavor of substances placed in the mouth is perceived; its main functions are to provide information about food quality and to trigger the secretion of digestive juices.

SENSE ORGANS

tongue: superior view lengua F: vista F superior

epiglottis epiglotis F Mobile catilaginous lamina located in the upper part of the larynx, directing food to the esophagus at the moment of swallowing.

Tongue: muscular organ in the buccal cavity involved in tasting, chewing and speaking.

palatine tonsil amígdala F palatina Each of two lymphoid organs located behind the buccal cavity, protecting the airways by fighting bacteria.

lingual tonsil amígdala F lingual Each of the two lymphoid organs located at the base of the tongue, contributing to the immune defense.

foramen cecum foramen M ciego M Small depression located at the summit of the terminal sulcus.

circumvallate papilla papila F calciforme Large gustatory papilla located behind the tongue; it perceives mostly bitter tastes.

terminal sulcus surco M terminal A V-shaped groove separating the mobile part from the fixed part of the tongue.

median lingual sulcus surco M mediano Depression extending the full length of the tongue and dividing it into two symmetrical halves.

foliate papilla papila F foliada Striated gustatory papilla located on the sides of the tongue; it is mostly sensitive to acidic tastes.

fungiform papilla papila F fungiforme Round red gustatory papilla on the surface of the tongue; it reacts mostly to sweet and salty tastes. mucous membrane of tongue mucosa F lingual Mucous membrane covering the tongue and made up mainly of filiform papillae that give it a velvety appearance.

apex of tongue ápex M de la lengua F Mobile extremity of the tongue.

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taste section of tongue's surface sección F de la superficie F de la lengua F

circumvallate papilla papila F calciforme Large gustatory papilla located behind the tongue; it perceives mostly bitter tastes.

filiform papilla papila F filiforme Cone-shaped papilla located on the back of the tongue; its function is solely tactile.

Surface of the tongue dotted with small protuberances called papillae, containing taste buds.

SENSE ORGANS saliva saliva F More or less viscous fluid secreted in the mouth by the salivary glands; it contains especially a digestive enzyme.

salivary gland glándula F salival Exocrine gland secreting saliva, present in large numbers in the mucous membrane of the tongue.

epithelium tejido M epitelial Tissue formed of tightly packed epithelial cells.

taste bud yema M gustativa Small organ formed from some 100 taste cells, clustered in the epithelial tissue of a gustatory papilla.

taste cell célula F gustativa Cell located in a taste bud and generating a nerve signal when it comes into contact with a taste substance.

nerve fiber fibra F nerviosa Axon of a motor or sensory nerve, grouped into a fascicle inside a nerve.

Five Flavors Taste receptors distinguish only five basic flavors: sweet, salty, acid, bitter, and umami. The last, associated with monosodium glutamate, is found, for instance, in soy sauce.

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touch tacto M

SENSE ORGANS

Sense by which certain physical properties of objects and the environment (pressure, temperature, texture) are perceived through direct contact with the skin and certain mucous membranes.

skin piel F Flexible resistant organ covering the entire body, consisting of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis.

section of skin sección F de la piel F Skin contains many tactile receptors. There are several types, generally specialized in perceiving a particular stimulus.

bulboid corpuscle bulbo M de Krause Tactile receptor located in the dermis, sensitive to specific touch and cold.

tactile meniscus disco M de Merkel Tactile receptor located in the deep layer of the epidermis, sensitive to light touch and acute pain.

Meissner's corpuscle corpúsculo M de Meissner Tactile receptor located in the upper part of the dermis of sensitive areas (hands, feet, lips and genital organs), stimulated by specific touch.

epidermis epidermis F Epithelial tissue forming the outermost part of the skin.

dermis dermis F Middle layer of the skin, beneath the epidermis, formed of connective tissue rich in collagen fibers and elastic fibers.

subcutaneous tissue hipodermis F Deep layer of the skin, beneath the dermis and rich in fat.

nerve fiber fibra F nerviosa Axon of a motor or sensory nerve, grouped into a fascicle inside a nerve.

Ruffini's corpuscle corpúsculo M de Ruffini Tactile receptor located in the dermis of hairy regions and articular capsules, sensitive to strong continuous pressure and heat. 134

Pacinian corpuscle corpúsculo M de Pacini Tactile receptor located in the deep dermis, sensitive to strong continuous vibrations and pressure.

touch section of epidermis sección F de la epidermis F

SENSE ORGANS

keratin queratina F Fibrous protein, especially abundant in the horny layer of the epidermis, nails and hairs, limiting dehydration of the skin and forming a barrier against external infectious agents.

squama escama F Small fragment of the epidermis made up of dead cells, detaching from the horny layer.

horny layer capa F córnea Superficial layer of the epidermis formed of dead keratinocytes that have lost their nucleus. granular layer capa F granulosa Layer of epidermis consisting of keratinocytes with no cell activity that flatten and concentrate keratin before reaching the horny layer.

spinous layer capa F espinosa Layer of the epidermis consisting mainly of keratinocytes that progressively enrich themselves in keratin and melanin.

basal layer capa F basal Deep layer of the epidermis located at the contact point with the dermis, ensuring renewal of keratinocytes.

keratinocyte queratinocito M Main cell of the epidermis; constantly produced in the basal layer, it then migrates to the spinous layer where it produces and stockpiles keratin.

Dead Cells Each year, from 3 to 4 kg of worn skin detaches from the surface of the body. Thus, the epidermis is completely replaced every 35 to 45 day.

dermis dermis F Middle layer of the skin, beneath the epidermis, formed of connective tissue rich in collagen fibers and elastic fibers.

melanocyte melanocito M Cell of the epidermis that produces melanin, the pigment responsible for the color of the skin, iris of the eye and hair, playing a protective role against ultraviolet rays.

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touch longitudinal section of a hair sección F longitudinal de un pelo M Hair: keratin-rich structure appended to the skin, having the shape of a very fine, flexible and resilient filament.

SENSE ORGANS

cuticle cutículo M Outer layer of the hair, made up of keratin-rich cells that overlap like shingles on a roof.

hair shaft tallo M del pelo M External part of hair at the slender end.

epidermis epidermis F Epithelial tissue forming the outermost part of the skin.

sebum sebo M Fatty yellowish substance produced by the sebaceous glands, lubricating the skin and protecting it.

sebaceous gland glándula F sebácea Exocrine gland often associated with a hair follicle, excreting sebum at the surface of the skin.

arrector pili muscle músculo M erector Tiny taut muscle between a hair follicle and the epidermis; its involuntary contraction causes the hair to stand up.

hair root raíz F del pelo M Part of the hair contained in the skin.

dermis dermis F Middle layer of the skin, beneath the epidermis, formed of connective tissue rich in collagen fibers and elastic fibers.

hair bulb bulbo M Enlarged end of the follicle from which the hair develops.

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hair follicle folículo M piloso Envelope inside the dermis, within which the hair develops.

touch section of a finger sección F de un dedo M Finger: extension of the hand formed of various articulated bones (phalanges); its extremity is covered by a nail.

SENSE ORGANS

nail matrix matriz F de la uña F Part of the epidermis from which the nail grows.

nail root raíz F de la uña F Base of the nail, anchored into the matrix and protected by a fold of skin.

lunula lúnula F White area at the base of the nail, especially visible on the thumb.

nail uña F Continually-growing, hard horny plate covering and protecting the dorsum of the distal phalanges of the fingers and toes.

free margin cordón M libre Whitish extremity of the nail that extends beyond the tip of the finger.

nail bed lecho M de la uña F Part of the finger on which the nail lies, containing numerous blood vessels that assure its nutrition.

dermis dermis F Middle layer of the skin, beneath the epidermis, formed of connective tissue rich in collagen fibers and elastic fibers.

distal phalanx falange F distal Third phalanx of the finger.

subcutaneous tissue hipodermis F Deep layer of the skin, beneath the dermis and rich in fat.

epidermis epidermis F Epithelial tissue forming the outermost part of the skin.

The Biggest Organ With a total area of about 2 square meters and a weight of 5 kg, the skin is the body's largest and heaviest organ. It is between 1.5 and 4 mm thick, depending on the area of the body.

137

140 141 142 143

endocrine glands thyroid gland hypophysis suprarenal gland

Endocrine system The endocrine system is a group of glands and cells that regulate certain body functions through chemical substances released into the blood: hormones. The endocrine system, in association with the central nervous system, forms a control and communication system that coordinates the cells’ various activities. It plays a prominent role in maintaining homeostasis, metabolism, growth, reproduction, and response to stress.

endocrine glands glándulas F endocrinas

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Glands that secrete hormones, which are substances released into the bloodstream that act in specific ways on various organs.

hypothalamus hipotálamo M All the small formations of gray matter, controlling the hormonal secretions of the pituitary gland and the activity of the autonomic nervous system. hypophysis hipófisis F Endocrine gland that is controlled by the hypothalamus and that secretes a dozen hormones that act especially on growth, lactation, blood pressure and urine retention.

thyroid gland glándula F tiroides Endocrine gland that is located between the larynx and the trachea and that secretes hormones that act on growth and metabolism (thyroid hormones and calcitonin).

pineal gland epífisis F Endocrine gland of the brain secreting melatonin and influencing the formation of spermatozoa or the menstrual cycle.

parathyroid gland glándula F paratiroidea Each of the endocrine glands located behind the thyroid gland, secreting a hormone (parathyroid hormone) that acts on the calcium metabolism.

heart corazón M Muscular organ assuring blood circulation throughout the body; it secretes a hormone that inhibits renin secretion and modifies the action of aldosterone.

liver hígado M Large gland playing an important role in digestion and metabolism; the liver secretes especially a hormone (somatomedine) that is involved in growth.

kidney riñón M Each of two organs in the abdomen whose main function is to produce urine; it also secretes renin that regulates blood pressure.

testis testículo M Each of the two male sex glands in the scrotum producing spermatozoa and secreting male hormones (testosterone). 140

suprarenal gland glándula F suprarrenal Endocrine gland located above the kidney; certain hormones that it secretes assist in the stress mechanism, while others act on water retention.

pancreas páncreas M Elongated gland playing an important role in digestion (secretion of pancreatic juices) and in control of blood sugar (secretion of insulin).

ovary ovario M Each of two female genital glands located on either side of the uterus, producing ova and sex hormones (estrogens and progesterone).

thyroid gland glándula F tiroides Endocrine gland that is located between the larynx and the trachea and that secretes hormones that act on growth and metabolism (thyroid hormones and calcitonin).

section of a thyroid follicle sección F de un folículo M tiróideo Thyroid follicle: small spherical structure forming the major part of the thyroid gland.

larynx laringe F Muscular cartilaginous channel connecting the pharynx and trachea; it contains the vocal cords and has a vocalizing and respiratory function.

calcitonin calcitonina F Hormone secreted by parafollicular cells, reducing the rate of calcium in the blood and increasing its concentration in the bones.

colloid coloide F Substance contained in thyroid follicles, consisting of proteins and iodine and in which thyroid hormones are stored.

lobe of the thyroid gland lóbulo M de la glándula F tiroidea Each of two main parts of the thyroid gland, located on either side of the larynx.

isthmus of the thyroid gland istmo M de la glándula F tiroidea Narrow part connecting the two lobes of the thyroid gland.

trachea tráquea F Muscular cartilaginous channel allowing air to pass between the larynx and bronchi.

thyroid hormones hormonas F tiroideas Hormones secreted by follicular cells, speeding up metabolism and increasing oxygen consumption and heat production.

thyroid gland: posterior view glándula F tiroidea: vista F posterior larynx laringe F Muscular cartilaginous channel connecting the pharynx and trachea; it contains the vocal cords and has a vocalizing and respiratory function.

parathyroid gland glándula F paratiroidea Each of the endocrine glands located behind the thyroid gland, secreting a hormone (parathyroid hormone) that acts on the calcium metabolism.

esophagus esófago M Muscular membranous channel forming the upper part of the digestive tract, between the pharynx and the stomach.

parafollicular cell célula F parafolicular Cell located at the base of thyroid follicles, producing calcitonin.

follicular cell célula F folicular Cell surrounding the colloid and producing thyroid hormones.

Various Roles To date, more than a hundred hormones have been classified. Their effects are extensive and varied: they regulate growth, reproduction, the body's response to various stimuli (stress), metabolism, etc.

trachea tráquea F Muscular cartilaginous channel allowing air to pass between the larynx and bronchi. 141

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

thyroid gland: anterior view glándula F tiroidea: vista F anterior

hypophysis hipófisis F Endocrine gland that is controlled by the hypothalamus and that secretes a dozen hormones that act especially on growth, lactation, blood pressure and urine retention.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

structure of hypophysis estructura F de la hipófisis F

Hormonal Activity Hormones circulate in the blood and encounter target cells, which have receptors to which they attach. They then act on these cells by modifying their activity. The effects of their activity may be almost immediate or take a number of days to appear.

pituitary stalk infundíbulo M pituitario Area rich in neurons and blood vessels, connecting the hypothalamus to the hypophysis.

hypothalamus hipotálamo M All the small formations of gray matter, controlling the hormonal secretions of the pituitary gland and the activity of the autonomic nervous system.

hypophysis hipófisis F Endocrine gland that is controlled by the hypothalamus and that secretes a dozen hormones that act especially on growth, lactation, blood pressure and urine retention.

sphenoid bone hueso M esfenoides Unpaired bone located behind the orbits and taking up the entire width of the skull.

adenohypophysis adenohipófisis F Anterior part of the hypophysis secreting growth hormone and hormones having a regulatory function on other endocrine glands.

neurohypophysis neurohipófisis F Posterior part of the hypophysis storing the hormones (vasopressin and oxytocin) secreted by the neurons of the hypothalamus. 142

sphenoidal sinus seno M esfenoidal Cavity in the sphenoid bone, connecting with the nasal cavities and warming inhaled air.

suprarenal gland glándula F suprarrenal Endocrine gland located above the kidney; some of the hormones it secretes are involved in the stress response while others act on water retention.

section of a suprarenal gland sección F de una glándula F suprarrenal

adrenal cortex córtex M suprarrenal External part of the surrenal gland that secretes several hormones.

Each surrenal gland is made up of two structures (medullosurrenal and corticosurrenal) functioning independently and secreting different hormones.

norepinephrine noradrenalina F Hormone causing blood vessels to contract and blood pressure to rise.

adrenal medulla médula F suprarrenal Central part of the surrenal gland that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in stressful situations.

section of adrenal cortex sección F del córtex M suprarrenal epithelium tejido M epitelial Tissue formed of tightly knit epithelial cells that have covering, secretory and protective functions.

aldosterone aldosterona F Hormone maintaining the balance of sodium and potassium in the blood and interstitial fluid.

zona glomerulosa zona F glomerulada Outermost layer of the corticosurrenal secreting aldosterone.

zona fasciculata zona F fasciculada Middle layer of the corticosurrenal secreting especially cortisol. cortisol cortisol M Hormone having anti-inflammatory properties, intervening in the stress mechanism and affecting sleep and appetite.

adrenal androgens andrógenos M suprarrenales Hormones stimulating hair growth and preparing for puberty.

zona reticularis zona F reticulada Innermost layer of the corticosurrenal secreting androgens.

adrenal medulla médula F suprarrenal Central part of the surrenal gland that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in stressful situations. 143

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

epinephrine adrenalina F Hormone secreted in stressful situations, causing the heart rate to increase and blood vessels in the muscles to dilate.

Glossary abduction

gastric

posterior view

The movement of a limb or part of a limb away from the axis of the body.

Related to the stomach.

View representing the back face of the body or an organ.

adduction

Related to the liver.

The movement of a limb or part of a limb closer to the lateral axis of the body.

hilum

hepatic

anterior view

Region of an organ (liver, kidney, spleen, lung, etc.) through which vessels and nerves enter.

View representing the front side of the body or an organ.

inferior view

canal

View representing the underneath of the body or an organ.

Tube through which a liquid flows or a vessel, nerve, etc., passes.

internal

cerebral Related to the brain.

cervical Related to the neck or the cervix.

circumduction

Related to a structure found inside the body or close to the medial plane of the body.

lateral Related to the anatomical structure found farthest from the medial plane of the body in comparison with another structure.

process Bony excrescence.

pronation Rotation of the hand, opposite to supination, turning the palm downward and the thumb inward.

proximal Related to the end of an organ closest to the body, as opposed to the distal end.

sagittal section Section made along a reference plane separating the body into right and left sides.

scapular Related to the shoulder blade or the shoulder.

Conical movement of a limb around an axis.

lateral view

splenic

cortex

View representing the exterior side of a body or organ.

Related to the spleen.

lumbar Related to the lower back.

View representing the top of the body or an organ.

Related to the thigh or leg.

medial

supination

distal

Related to the anatomical structure found closest to the medial plane of the body in comparison to another structure.

Rotation of the hand, opposite to pronation, turning the palm upward and the thumb outward.

membrane

sural

Fine layer of tissue covering or dividing an organ or another tissue.

Related to the calf.

organ

Group of organs performing a common function.

External part of certain organs (cerebrum, cerebellum, kidneys, adrenal glands, etc.).

crural

Related to the end of an organ farthest from the body, as opposed to the proximal end.

extension Movement of aligning two adjacent part of the body situated on either side of a joint.

external Related to a structure found on the outside of the body.

Very individualized part of the body composed of a group of tissues and designed to fulfill certain specific functions.

fibular

palmar

Related to the fibula.

Related to the palm of the hand.

flexion

patellar

Movement of bringing together two adjacent parts of the body situated on either side of a joint.

Related to the kneecap.

frontal section Section made along a reference plane separating the body into anterior and posterior sides.

144

pelvic Related to the pelvis.

plantar Related to the sole of the foot.

superior view

system

transverse section Section made along a reference plane separating the body into upper and lower parts.

viscus Organ contained in one of the large body cavities (cranium, thorax, or abdomen).

English index A abdomen 16, 18 abdominal aorta 78, 98, 112 abducent nerve 68 abductor muscle of big toe 44 abductor muscle of little finger 42, 43 abductor muscle of little toe 45 abductor muscle of thumb, long 43 abductor muscle of thumb, short 42 accessory nerve 68 accessory pancreatic duct 97 acetabulum 31 acinus 97 acoustic meatus, external 26, 128, 129 acromioclavicular joint 53 acromion 25, 53 Adam's apple 16 adductor muscle, long 44 adenine 13 adenohypophysis 142 adipose tissue 11, 121 adrenal androgens 143 adrenal cortex 143 adrenal cortex, section 143 adrenal medulla 143 aldosterone 143 alveolar bone 93 alveolar canal 93 alveolodental ligament 93 amygdala 63 anaphase 12 ankle 16, 18 ankle, lateral view 51 ankle joint 48 annular ligament of radius 53 anterior cardiac veins 83 anterior cerebral artery 80 anterior chamber 126 anterior cruciate ligament 52 anterior interventricular artery 83 anterior longitudinal ligament 55 anterior tibial artery 78 anterior tibial muscle 38, 44, 45 anterior tibial veins 81 antihelix 128 antitragus 128 anus 90, 96 aorta 76, 82 aorta, arch 83 aorta, ascending 78, 83 aortic valve 82 apex of tongue 132 apical foramen 93 arachnoid 65, 66 areola 121

arm 17, 19 armpit 16, 18 arrector pili muscle 136 arterial blood 76 arteries, principal; anterior view 78 arteriole 106 artery 76 artery, section 77 articular capsule 50, 51, 52, 53, 54 articular cartilage 50 articular cavity 50 articular process 29, 55 association cortex 63 astigmatism 127 astrocyte 60 atlas 28 atrium, left 76, 82 atrium, right 76, 82 auditory tube 129 auricle 128 auricular muscle, superior 40 autosome 13 axillary lymph nodes 86 axillary vein 79 axis 28 axon 59, 60 axon terminal 59

brachial muscle 42 brachial plexus 70 brachial vein 79 brachiocephalic vein 79, 83 brachioradial muscle 42 brain 58, 61 brain, frontal section 61 brain stem 61 brain stem, posterolateral view 64 breasts 16, 18, 121 bronchial tree 106 bronchiole 106 bulboid corpuscle 134 bursa 50 buttocks 17, 19

C

back 17, 19 basal ganglia 61 basal lamina 10, 77 basal layer 135 basilar artery 80 basilic vein 79 belly 36 biceps muscle of arm 38, 42 biceps muscle of thigh 39 bile duct 97, 98

calcaneal tendon 39, 51 calcaneus 25, 33, 51 calcitonin 141 calf 17, 19 canines 92 capillaries 76, 106 capillary, section 77 capitate bone 32 capsule 87 cardia 94 cardiac muscle 36 cardiac muscle fiber 36 cardiac vein, small 83 carina of trachea 107 carotid artery, external 80 carotid artery, internal 80 carpal bones 54 carpus 32 cartilage 11 cartilaginous joints 48, 49 cavernous body of penis 116, 117 cecum 96 celiac trunk 78

blood 74

cell 8

blood, composition 74 blood cell, red 9, 74 blood cell, white 9, 74 blood cells 74

cell, structure 8 cell body 59 cell membrane 8 cell nucleus 8, 9 cells, examples 9 cementum 93 central incisor 92

B

blood circulation 76 blood vessels 74, 77, 93 body of stomach 94 bone, long 22 bone, short 22 bone marrow, yellow 23 bone tissue 23 bones 22, 50

bones, main 24 bones, types 22 brachial artery 78

central nervous system 58, 61 central nervous system tissue 60 centrioles 8, 12 centromere 13 cephalic vein 79 cerebellar hemisphere 64 cerebellar peduncles 64 cerebellum 61 cerebellum, section 64 145

English index

cerebral cortex 61, 63, 65, 131 cerebrum, lateral view 62 cerebrum, superior view 62 cervical lordosis 29 cervical lymph nodes 86 cervical nerves 69 cervical vertebrae 28, 29 cervix of uterus 118 cheek 16, 18 chin 16, 18 chondrocyte 9 chorion 10 choroid 124 chromatid 12, 13 chromatin 9 chromosome, X 13 chromosome, Y 13 chromosomes 12, 13 ciliary body 124, 126 circular fold 95 circumflex artery 83 circumvallate papilla 132, 133 clavicle 24, 30, 53 clitoris 120 coccygeal nerve 69 coccygeal vertebrae 28 coccyx 25, 28, 31, 66 cochlea 129 cochlear duct 129 cochlear nerve 129 collateral ligament 54 collateral ligament of ankle, lateral 51 collecting duct 113 colliculi 64 colloid 141 colon 96, 99 colon, ascending 96 colon, descending 96 colon, sigmoid 96 colon, transverse 96 common carotid artery 78, 80, 83 common extensor muscle of fingers 43 common fibular nerve 70, 71 common hepatic artery 78 common hepatic duct 98 common iliac artery 78 common iliac vein 79 common palmar digital nerves 71 common tendinous ring 126 compact bone tissue 23 condyle of femur, lateral 25 condyles of femur 52 cone 125 conjunctiva 124, 125 connective tissues, examples 11 coracoacromial ligament 53 coracoid process 53 cornea 124, 126 coronary artery, left 83 146

coronary artery, right 83 corpus callosum 61 corpus luteum 119 corrugator supercilii muscle 40 cortisol 143 costal cartilage 30 cranial nerves 58, 68 cranial suture 48 cremaster muscle 117 cribriform plate of ethmoid bone 130, 131 crown 93 crypt 94 cuboid bone 33 cuneiform, lateral 33 cusp 93 cutaneous nerve of thigh, lateral 70 cuticle 136 cystic duct 98 cytokinesis 12 cytoplasm 8, 12 cytosine 13

D deep artery of thigh 78 deep fibular nerve 70, 71 deep palmar arch 81 deferent duct 117 deltoid muscle 38, 39, 42 dendrite 59, 60 dental pulp 93 dentin 93 dentition, lower 92 dentition, upper 92 depressor muscle of angle of mouth 40 dermis 134, 135, 136, 137 detrusor muscle 111 diaphragm 102, 105 diaphysis 22

digestive system, organs 90 digestive tract 94 distal phalanx 32, 33, 137

DNA 13 DNA molecule 13 dorsal artery of foot 81 dorsal branch 69 dorsal digital arteries of foot 81 dorsal fascia of hand 43 dorsal interosseous muscles of foot 45 dorsal interosseous muscles of hand 43 dorsal metatarsal arteries 81 dorsal venous network of foot 81 dorsi muscle, latissimus 39 duodenum 94, 95, 97, 99 duodenum, section 95 dura mater 65, 66

E ear 17, 128 ear, external 128 ear, external; lateral view 128 ear, internal 128 ear, section 129 earlobe 128 elastic fibers 77 elastic tissue 11 elbow 17, 19 elbow, anterior view 53 elbow joint 48 enamel 93 encephalon, inferior view 68 endocardium 82

endocrine glands 140 endometrium 118 endoplasmic reticulum 8 endothelium 77 epicondyle, lateral 25 epicranial aponeurosis 40, 65 epidermis 134, 136, 137 epidermis, section 135 epididymis 116, 117 epidural space 66 epiglottis 91, 102, 104, 132 epinephrine 143 epineurium 67 epiphysis 22 epithelia, examples 10 epithelial cell 10 epithelium 10, 133, 143 esophagus 90, 91, 94, 141 estrogens 119 ethmoid bone 27 ethmoid sinus 103 excretory duct 10, 97 exocrine gland 10 extensor muscle of big toe, long 44 extensor muscle of big toe, short 44 extensor muscle of little finger 43 extensor muscle of thumb, short 43 extensor muscle of toes, long 38, 44, 45 extensor muscle of toes, short 45 extensor retinaculum, inferior 45 extensor retinaculum, superior 45 extensor retinaculum of muscles of hand 43 extraocular muscles 126 eye 125 eyeball 124 eyebrow 125 eyelashes 125 eyelid, lower 125 eyelid, upper 125

English index

F

G

face 16, 18 facial nerve 68 falciform ligament 98 false ribs 30 fascia 37 fat cell 9 femoral artery 78 femoral nerve 70, 71 femoral vein 79 femur 24, 51, 52 femur, longitudinal section 23 fibrous capsule 113 fibrous joints 48 fibrous ring 49 fibrous tissue 11 fibula 24, 33, 51, 52 fibular artery 78 fibular collateral ligament 52 fibular muscle, long 38, 44 fibular muscle, short 45 fibular retinaculum, inferior 45 fibular retinaculum, superior 45 fibular vein 81 filiform papilla 133 filling 111 fimbriae of uterine tube 118 finger 19 finger, section 137 flat bone 22 floating ribs 30 focus 126, 127 foliate papilla 132 follicular cell 141 follicular phase 119 foot 16, 18, 33 foot, anterior view 33 foot, lateral view 33, 45 foot and leg, anterior view 81 foramen cecum 132 foramen magnum 27 forearm 17, 19 forearm and hand, anterior view 81 forearm and hand, posterior view 71 forehead 16, 18 fornix 63 free margin 137 frontal bone 26 frontal lobe 62 frontal muscle 38, 40 frontal sinus 27, 103, 104, 130 fundus of stomach 94 fungiform papilla 132

gallbladder 90, 97, 98 gastric gland 94 gastrocnemius muscle 39, 44

genital organs, female 118 genital organs, female; frontal section 118 genital organs, female; sagittal section 120

genital organs, male 116 genital organs, male; sagittal section 116 germinal center 87 glans penis 116 glenohumeral joint 48, 53 globin 74 glomerulus 113 glossopharyngeal nerve 68 gluteus maximus muscle 39 Golgi apparatus 8 Graafian follicle 119 gracilis muscle 44 granular layer 135 granule 75 granulocyte 75 gray matter 61, 64, 66 great adductor muscle 39 great cardiac vein 83 great saphenous vein 79 greater curvature of stomach 94 greater pectoral muscle 38, 41 greater psoas muscle 41 greater trochanter 25 greater zygomatic muscle 40 groin 16, 18 guanine 13 gum 91, 93 gyri 62

H hair, longitudinal section 136 hair bulb 136 hair follicle 136 hair root 136 hair shaft 136 hairs 19 hamate bone 32 hand 16, 19, 32 hand, anterior view 32 hand, posterior view 43 hard palate 91, 104, 130 head 17, 19

head and neck 40 head and neck, anterior view 40, 80 head and neck, lateral view 40

hearing 128 hearing, mechanism 129

heart 82, 105, 140 heart, anterior view 83 heart, apex 83 heart, frontal section 82 heel 17, 19 helix 128 heme 74 hemisphere, left 62 hemisphere, right 62 hemoglobin 74 hepatic portal system 99 hepatic portal vein 99 hepatic vein 99 hepatopancreatic ampulla 97 hip 17, 19 hip, anterior view 51 hip joint 48 hippocampus 63 horny layer 135 humerus 24, 53 hymen 118 hyoid bone 104 hyperopia 127 hypoglossal nerve 68 hypophysis 140, 142 hypophysis, structure 142 hypothalamus 61, 63, 140, 142

I ileum 95 iliac bone 24, 51 iliac muscle 41 ilioinguinal nerve 70 ilium 25, 31 incisor, lateral 92 incisors 92 incus 129 index finger 17 infraspinatus muscle 39 infundibulum of uterine tube 118 inguinal ligament 51 inguinal lymph nodes 86 inhaled air 130, 131 insertion 36 intercostal muscles, internal 41 intercostal nerve 70 intermediate cuneiform 33 interphalangeal joints of hand 48, 54 interphase 12 interspinous ligament 55 intertransverse ligament 55 interventricular septum 82 intervertebral disk 28, 49 intervertebral foramen 55 intestinal lymph nodes 86 147

English index

intestinal villus 95 intestine, small 90, 95, 96 iris 124, 125, 126 irregular bone 22 ischium 25, 31 isthmus of the thyroid gland 141 isthmus of uterine tube 118

J jejunum 95

joints, main 48 jugular vein, external 79, 80 jugular vein, internal 79, 80

K keratin 135 keratinocyte 135 kidney 110, 112, 140 kidney, frontal section 113 kidney, left 112 kidney, right 112 kidneys, anterior view 112 knee 16, 18 knee, anterior view 52 knee, extended; anterior view 52 knee joint 48 kyphosis 29

L labia majora 118, 120 labia minora 118, 120 labial angle 91 lacrimal bone 26 lactiferous duct 121 lactiferous sinus 121 large intestine 90, 95, 96 laryngopharynx 104 larynx 91, 102, 104, 107, 141 leg 17, 19 leg, posterior view 71 lens 124, 126 lesser curvature of stomach 94 lesser zygomatic muscle 40 ligament 50 light rays 125, 126

limb, lower 44 limb, lower; anterior view 44

limb, upper 42 limb, upper; anterior view 42 limbic system 63, 131 linea alba 38, 41 lingual tonsil 132 lip, lower 91 lip, upper 91 148

lipids 8 lips 91 little finger 17 liver 90, 98, 99, 140 liver, anterior view 98 lobar bronchus 106 lobe, left inferior 105 lobe, left superior 105 lobe, middle 105 lobe, right inferior 105 lobe, right superior 105 lobe of liver, left 98 lobe of liver, right 98 lobe of mammary gland 121 lobe of the thyroid gland 141 long bone, cross section 23 longitudinal fissure 62 lumbar lordosis 29 lumbar nerves 69 lumbar plexus 70 lumbar vertebra, second 66 lumbar vertebrae 28, 29 lumbosacral trunk 70 lumen 77 lunate bone 32 lung, left 105 lung, right 105 lungs 76, 102, 105, 107 lunula 137 luteal phase 119 lymph 87 lymph node, cross section 87 lymphatic duct, right 86

medial meniscus 52 medial rectus muscle 126 medial vastus muscle 44 median lingual sulcus 132 median nerve 70, 71 medulla oblongata 64, 66 medullary cavity 23 Meissner's corpuscle 134 melanocyte 135 meninges 65 meniscus, lateral 52 mentalis muscle 40 mesenteric artery, inferior 78 mesenteric artery, superior 78 mesenteric vein, inferior 99 mesenteric vein, superior 99 metacarpophalangeal joints 54 metacarpus 32 metaphase 12 metaphysis 22 metatarsal 33 metatarsus 33 microfilament 8 microgliacyte 60 microtubule 8 microvillus 10 midbrain 64 middle cerebral artery 80 middle ear 128 middle finger 17 mitochondrion 8

lymphatic system, organs 86

mitotic spindle 12 mitral valve 82 mixed nerve, section 67 molar, section 93 molars 92 monocyte 75 mons pubis 120 motor cortex 63 motor neuron 37, 67 motor root 66, 69 mouth 16, 18, 90, 91, 102, 104, 130 mouth, external view 91 mouth, sagittal section 91 mucous cell 10 mucous gland 10 mucous membrane 10 mucous membrane of small intestine 95 mucous membrane of stomach 94 mucous membrane of tongue 132 mucous membrane of urinary bladder 111 mucous membrane of vagina 118 mucus 10 muscle fiber 9, 37, 67 muscle fiber, striated 36 muscle fibers, bundle 37 muscle tissue 37

lymphatic vessel 87 lymphatic vessel, cross section 87 lymphocyte 75

M macular area 124 main bronchus, left 106 main bronchus, right 106 malleolus, lateral 24, 33 malleus 129 mammary gland 121

man 16 man, anterior view 16 man, posterior view 17 mandible 24, 26, 27, 92 manubrium 30 masseter muscle 40 mastoid process 26 maxilla 24, 26, 92 maxillary sinus 103 medial condyle of femur 25 medial cuneiform 33 medial epicondyle 25 medial malleolus 24

mitosis 12

English index

muscles 36, 37, 50 muscles, main 38

O

muscles, main; anterior view 38 muscles, main; posterior view 39 muscles, types 36 muscularis mucosae 10 myelin 59 myocardium 82 myofibril 37 myometrium 118 myopia 127

object 126 oblique cord 53 oblique fissure 105 oblique muscle, external 38, 41 oblique muscle, inferior 126 oblique muscle, internal 41 oblique muscle, superior 126 obturator foramen 31 obturator nerve 70 occipital bone 26, 27 occipital lobe 62 occipital muscle 39, 40 oculomotor nerve 68 odorous molecule 131 olecranon 25 olfactory bulb 63, 130, 131 olfactory cell 131 olfactory cilium 131 olfactory epithelium 130, 131 olfactory nerve 68, 131 oligodendrocyte 60 oocyte 119 optic chiasm 61 optic disk 124 optic nerve 68, 124, 126 orbicular muscle of eye 40 orbicular muscle of mouth 40 orbit 26 organ of Corti 129 origin 36 oropharynx 104 ossicles 129 osteocyte 9, 23 osteon 23 oval window 129 ovarian cycle 119 ovarian follicle 119 ovary 118, 119, 120, 140 ovulation 119 ovulatory phase 119 ovum 9, 119

N nail 137 nail bed 137 nail matrix 137 nail root 137 nape 17, 19 nasal ala 103 nasal bone 26 nasal cavity 91, 102, 103, 104 nasal cavity, sagittal section 130 nasal conchae 103, 130 nasal mucus 131 nasal muscle 40 nasal septum 103 nasolacrimal canal 103 nasopharynx 104, 130 navel 16, 18, 41 navicular bone 33 neck 17, 19, 93 neck of urinary bladder 111 nephron 113 nerve 93 nerve fascicle 67 nerve fiber 67, 125, 129, 133, 134

nerve impulse 60 nerves, main; anterior view 70

nervous system, structure 58 nervous tissue 60 neurohypophysis 142 neuron 9, 59, 60 neuron, structure 59 neurotransmitter 60 nipple 121 nitrogenous base 13 node of Ranvier 59 norepinephrine 143 nose 18, 103 nostril 103, 130 nuclear envelope 9 nucleolus 9 nucleoplasm 9 nucleotide 13

P Pacinian corpuscle 134 palatine bone 27 palatine tonsil 132 palmar aponeurosis 42 palmar digital veins 81 palmar muscle, long 42 palmar muscle, short 42 pancreas 90, 97, 99, 140 pancreas, head 97 pancreatic duct 97

pancreatic duct, section 97 papillary muscles 82 parafollicular cell 141 paranasal sinuses 103 parathyroid gland 140, 141 parietal bone 26 parietal lobe 62 parietal pleura 107 patella 24, 52 patellar ligament 52 pectineal muscle 44

pelvis 31 pelvis, man's; anterior view 31 pelvis, woman's; anterior view 31 penis 16, 116 penis, cross section 117 pericardium 82 perilymph 129 perimysium 37 perineurium 67 periosteum 23 peripheral nervous system 58, 67 phalanges of fingers 32, 54 phalanges of toes 33 phalanx, middle 32, 33 phalanx, proximal 32, 33 pharyngeal tonsil 104 pharynx 90, 91, 102, 104 photoreceptor 9 pia mater 65, 66 pineal gland 64, 140 pisiform bone 32 pituitary gland 61 pituitary stalk 142 plasma 74 platelet 74, 75 platysma 38, 40 pleura 105, 107 pleural cavity 107 pons 64 popliteal artery 78 popliteal lymph nodes 86 popliteal vein 79 posterior auricular muscle 40 posterior cerebral artery 80 posterior cruciate ligament 52 posterior interosseous nerve of forearm 71 posterior tibial artery 81 posterior tibial vein 81 postsynaptic membrane 60 precapillary sphincter 77 premolars 92 procerus muscle 40 progesterone 119 proper palmar digital arteries 81 proper palmar digital nerves 71 prophase 12 prostate 116 protein 8 149

English index

pseudopod 8 pubic symphysis 31, 48 pubis 25, 31, 116, 120 pulmonary alveolus 106 pulmonary arteries 76, 106 pulmonary artery, left 82 pulmonary artery, right 82 pulmonary circulation 76 pulmonary trunk 82 pulmonary valve 82 pulmonary vein 106 pulmonary veins 76 pulmonary veins, left 82 pulmonary veins, right 82 pulp, red 87 pulp, white 87 pupil 124, 125 pyloric antrum 94 pyloric sphincter 94 pylorus 94

Q quadrate pronator muscle 42 quadriceps muscle of thigh 38, 52

R radial artery 78, 81 radial flexor muscle of wrist 42 radial nerve 70, 71 radial vein 79, 81 radius 24, 32, 53, 54 rectum 96, 116, 120 rectus abdominis muscle 41 rectus muscle, inferior 126 rectus muscle, lateral 126 rectus muscle, superior 124, 126 rectus muscle of thigh 44 rectus sheath 41 renal artery 78, 112 renal calix 113 renal column 113 renal cortex 113 renal medulla 113 renal pelvis 113 renal pyramid 113 renal tubule 113 renal vein 112

respiratory system, organs 102 respiratory tract, upper 103 retention 111 retina 124, 125, 126 rib, head 30 ribosome 8 ribs 24, 30 ring finger 17 risorius muscle 40 rod 125 150

root 93 root apex 93 round pronator muscle 42 round window 129 Ruffini's corpuscle 134

S sacral nerves 69 sacral plexus 70 sacral vertebrae 28 sacrum 25, 28, 31 saliva 133 salivary glands 90, 133 saphenous nerve 70 saphenous vein, small 79 sarcolemma 37 sartorius muscle 38, 44 scalp 65 scaphoid bone 32 scapula 25, 53 sciatic nerve 70 sclera 124 scrotum 116 sebaceous gland 121, 136 sebum 136 secretory cell 10 semicircular canals 129 semimembranous muscle 39 seminiferous tubule 117 semitendinous muscle 39 sensory cortex 63 sensory impulse 125 sensory neuron 67 sensory receptor 67 sensory root 66, 69 serratus anterior muscle 38, 41 sex chromosomes 13 shoulder 16, 19 shoulder, anterior view 53

sight 124 skeletal muscle 36 skeletal muscle, structure 37 skeleton, anterior view 24 skeleton, posterior view 25 skin 67, 134 skin, section 134 skull 24, 26, 65 skull, bottom 27 skull, lateral view 26 skull, sagittal section 27

smell 130 smell, mechanism 131 smooth muscle 36, 77 smooth muscle fiber 36 soft palate 91, 104, 130

soleus muscle 38, 44 sound vibrations 129 spermatic cord 117 spermatozoon 9 sphenoid bone 26, 27, 142 sphenoidal sinus 27, 103, 104, 142 sphincter of Oddi 97 spinal cord 58, 66, 69 spinal cord, central canal 66 spinal ganglion 69 spinal nerves 58, 66, 69 spinous layer 135 spinous process 29, 55 spleen 86, 99 spleen, cross section 87 splenic artery 87 splenic vein 87, 99 spongy body of penis 116, 117 spongy bone tissue 23 squama 135 stapes 129 sternocleidomastoid muscle 39, 40 sternocostal joints 48 sternum 24, 30 stomach 90, 94, 95, 99 styloid process of temporal bone 26 subarachnoid space 65, 66 subclavian artery 78, 83 subclavian veins 79, 86 subcutaneous tissue 134, 137 submucosa 10 sulci 62 superficial fibular nerve 70, 71 superficial flexor muscle of fingers 42 superficial palmar arch 81 superficial palmar venous arch 81 superficial temporal artery 80 superficial temporal vein 80 superficial transverse metacarpal ligament 42 suprarenal gland 110, 112, 140, 143 suprarenal gland, section 143 supraspinous ligament 55 suspensory ligament 124 synapse 60 synaptic cleft 60 synaptic knob 59, 60, 67 synaptic vesicle 60 synchondroses of vertebral column 48, 49 synovial joint, cross section 50 synovial joints 48, 50 synovial joints, examples 51 synovial membrane 50 synovial sheaths of toes 45 systemic circulation 76

English index

T tactile meniscus 134 tail of pancreas 97 talus 25, 33, 51 tarsus 33

taste 132 taste bud 133 taste cell 133

teeth 92 telophase 12 temple 16, 18 temporal bone 26, 27, 129 temporal lobe 62 temporal muscle 40 temporomandibular joint 48 tendon 36, 37, 50, 54 tensor muscle of fascia lata 41 teres major muscle 39 terminal filum 66 terminal sulcus 132 testis 116, 140 testis, section 117 thigh 17, 19 thoracic aorta 78, 83

tongue's surface, section 133 tonsils 86 tooth 91

touch 134 trachea 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 141 tracheal cartilages 107 tragus 128 transverse process 29, 55 trapezium bone 32 trapezius muscle 39 trapezoid bone 32 triceps muscle of arm 39, 42 tricuspid valve 82 trigeminal nerve 68 trigone of urinary bladder 111 triquetral bone 32 trochlear nerve 68 true ribs 30 trunk 17, 19 tunica adventitia 77 tunica intima 77 tunica media 77 tympanic membrane 129

U

thoracic cage 30 thoracic cage, anterior view 30 thoracic cage, transverse section 30 thoracic duct 86 thoracic lymph nodes 86 thoracic nerves 69 thoracic vertebra, first 30 thoracic vertebra, twelfth 30 thoracic vertebrae 28, 29, 30 thoracic vertebrae, lateral view 55 thorax 16, 18

thorax and abdomen 41 thorax and abdomen, anterior view 41 thumb 17 thymine 13 thymus 86 thyroid cartilage 104 thyroid follicle, section 141 thyroid gland 140, 141 thyroid gland, anterior view 141 thyroid gland, posterior view 141 thyroid hormones 141 tibia 24, 33, 51, 52 tibial collateral ligament 52 tibial nerve 70, 71 tibiofibular ligament 51

tissue 10 toe 16 toe, big 18 toe, fourth 18 toe, little 18 toe, second 18 toe, third 18 tongue 91, 104 tongue, superior view 132

ulna 24, 32, 53, 54 ulnar artery 78, 81 ulnar extensor muscle of wrist 43 ulnar flexor muscle of wrist 42 ulnar nerve 70, 71 ulnar vein 79, 81 upper respiratory tract, sagittal section 104 ureter 110, 111, 112, 113 ureteric orifice 111 urethra 111 urethra, female 110 urethra, male 110, 116, 117 urethral orifice 116 urethral sphincter, internal 111 urinary bladder 110, 111, 116, 120 urinary bladder, frontal section 111 urinary system, man's; anterior view 110

urinary system, organs 110 urinary system, woman's; anterior view 110 urination 111 urine 113 uterine tube 118, 119, 120 uterus 120 uterus, uterine cavity 118

veins, principal; anterior view 79 vena cava, inferior 76, 79, 82, 99, 112 vena cava, superior 76, 79, 82 venous blood 76 venous sinus 80 ventral branch 69 ventricle, fourth 64 ventricle, lateral 61 ventricle, left 76, 82 ventricle, right 76, 82 ventricle, third 61 venule 106 vermiform appendix 96 vermis 64 vertebra prominens 28 vertebral arch 29 vertebral artery 80 vertebral body 29, 49, 55 vertebral column 24, 28 vertebral column, anterior view 28 vertebral column, cross section 66 vertebral column, lateral view 29 vertebral foramen 29 vertebral pulp 49 vestibular nerve 129 vestibule 129 vestibule of vagina 118 vestibulocochlear nerve 68 visceral pleura 107 vision, mechanism 126 vision defects 127 vitreous body 124 vocal cords 104 vomer 27 vulva 18

W white matter 61, 64, 66 wisdom tooth 92

woman 18 woman, anterior view 18 woman, posterior view 19 wrist 17, 19 wrist and hand, dorsal view 54 wrist joint 48

X xiphoid process 30

V vacuole 8 vagina 118, 120 vagus nerve 68 valve 77, 87 vastus muscle, lateral 44 vein 76 vein, section 77

Z zona fasciculata 143 zona glomerulosa 143 zona reticularis 143 zygapophysial joints 48, 55 zygomatic bone 26, 27 zygomatic process 27 151

Índice español A abdomen 16, 18 acetábulo 31 acino 97 acromion 25, 53 adenina 13 adenohipófisis 142 adipocito 9

ADN 13 ADN, molécula 13 adrenalina 143 adventicia 77 agujero occipital 27 aire inspirado 130, 131 aldosterona 143 alveolo pulmonar 106 amígdala cerebral 63 amígdala faríngea 104 amígdala lingual 132 amígdala palatina 132 amígdalas 86 ampolla de Vater 97 anafase 12 andrógenos suprarrenales 143 anillo fibroso 49 anillo tendinoso común 126 ano 90, 96 antebrazo 17, 19 antebrazo y mano, vista anterior 81 antebrazo y mano, vista posterior 71 antihélix 128 antitrago 128 antro pilórico 94 anular 17 aorta 76, 82 aorta, arco 83 aorta abdominal 78, 98, 112 aorta ascendente 78, 83 aorta torácica 78, 83 aparato de Golgi 8

aparato digestivo, órganos 90 aparato respiratorio, órganos 102 aparato urinario, órganos 110 aparato urinario de la mujer, vista anterior 110 aparato urinario del hombre, vista anterior 110 apéndice vermiforme 96 apófisis articular 29, 55 apófisis coracoides 53 apófisis espinosa 29, 55 apófisis estiloide del hueso temporal 26 apófisis mastoide 26 apófisis transversa 29 apófisis transversal 55 apófisis xifoides 30 apófisis zigomática 27 aponeurosis epicraneal 40, 65

aponeurosis palmar 42 aracnoide 65, 66 árbol bronquial 106 arco neural 29 arco palmar profundo 81 arco palmar superficial 81 arco venoso palmar superficial 81 áreas asociativas 63 arteria 76 arteria, sección 77 arteria basilar 80 arteria braquial 78 arteria carótida común 78, 80, 83 arteria carótida externa 80 arteria carótida interna 80 arteria cerebral anterior 80 arteria cerebral media 80 arteria cerebral posterior 80 arteria circunfleja 83 arteria coronaria derecha 83 arteria coronaria izquierda 83 arteria dorsal del pie 81 arteria esplénica 87 arteria femoral 78 arteria fibular 78 arteria hepática común 78 arteria ilíaca común 78 arteria interventricular anterior 83 arteria mesentérica inferior 78 arteria mesentérica superior 78 arteria poplítea 78 arteria profunda del muslo 78 arteria pulmonar 106 arteria pulmonar derecha 82 arteria pulmonar izquierda 82 arteria radial 78, 81 arteria renal 78, 112 arteria subclavia 78, 83 arteria temporal superficial 80 arteria tibial anterior 78 arteria tibial posterior 81 arteria ulnar 78, 81 arteria vertebral 80 arterias digitales dorsales del pie 81 arterias digitales palmares propias 81 arterias metatarsianas dorsales 81 arterias principales, vista anterior 78 arterias pulmonares 76 arteriola 106 articulación acromioclavicular 53 articulación de la cadera 48 articulación de la muñeca 48 articulación de la rodilla 48 articulación del codo 48 articulación del tobillo 48 articulación humeroescapular 48, 53 articulación sinovial, sección 50 articulación temporomandibular 48

articulaciones cartilaginosas 48, 49 articulaciones esternocostales 48 articulaciones fibrosas 48 articulaciones interfalángicas de la mano 48 articulaciones metacarpofalángicas 54

articulaciones principales 48 articulaciones sinoviales 48, 50 articulaciones sinoviales, ejemplos 51 articulaciones zigapofisarias 48, 55 astigmatismo 127 astrágalo 25, 33, 51 astrocito 60 atlas 28

audición 128 audición, mecanismo 129 aureola 121 autosoma 13 axila 16, 18 axis 28 axón 59, 60

B barbilla 16, 18 base nitrogenada 13 bastoncillo 125 bazo 86, 99 bazo, sección 87 bíceps braquial 38, 42 bíceps femoral 39 boca 16, 18, 90, 91, 102, 104, 130 boca, sección sagital 91 boca, vista externa 91 bolsa sinovial 50 botón sináptico 59, 60, 67 brazo 17, 19 bronquio lobar 106 bronquio principal derecho 106 bronquio principal izquierdo 106 bronquiolo 106 bulbo 136 bulbo de Krause 134 bulbo olfativo 63, 130, 131 bulbo raquídeo 64, 66

C cabello 19 cabeza 17, 19, 36

cabeza y cuello 40 cabeza y cuello, vista anterior 40, 80 cabeza y cuello, vista lateral 40 cadera 17, 19 cadera, vista anterior 51

caja torácica 30 caja torácica, sección transversal 30 caja torácica, vista anterior 30 153

Índice español

calcáneo 25, 33, 51 calcitonina 141 cáliz renal 113 cámara anterior 126 canal coclear 129 canal deferente 117 canal dental 93 canal excretor 10, 97 canal lacrimógeno 103 canal medular 23 canales semicirculares 129 caninos 92 capa basal 135 capa córnea 135 capa espinosa 135 capa granulosa 135 capilar sanguíneo 106 capilar sanguíneo, sección 77 capilares sanguíneos 76 cápsula 87 cápsula articular 50, 51, 52, 53, 54 cápsula fibrosa 113 cardias 94 carena 107 carpo 32 cartílago articular 50 cartílago costal 30 cartílago tiroides 104 cartílagos traqueales 107 cavidad pleural 107 cavidad sinovial 50 cavidad uterina 118 ceja 125 célula, estructura 8 célula calciforme 10 célula epitelial 10 célula folicular 141 célula gustativa 133

célula humana 8 célula olfativa 131 célula parafolicular 141 célula secretora 10 células, ejemplos 9 células sanguíneas 74 cemento 93 centríolo 8, 12 centro germinativo 87 centrómero 13 cerebelo 61 cerebelo, sección 64 cerebro, vista lateral 62 cerebro, vista superior 62 ciclo ovárico 119 ciego 96 cifosis 29 cilio olfativo 131 circonvoluciones 62 circulación general 76 circulación pulmonar 76 154

circulación sanguínea 76 cisura oblicua 105 citocinesis 12 citoplasma 8, 12 citosina 13 clavícula 24, 30, 53 clítoris 120 cóclea 129 codo 17, 19 codo, vista anterior 53 coloide 141 colon 96, 99 colon ascendente 96 colon descendente 96 colon sigmoide 96 colon transverso 96 columna renal 113 columna vertebral 24, 28 columna vertebral, sección transversal 66 columna vertebral, sincondrosis 48, 49 columna vertebral, vista anterior 28 columna vertebral, vista lateral 29 conchas nasales 103, 130 condrocito 9 conducto cístico 98 conducto colédoco 97, 98 conducto hepático común 98 conducto lactífero 121 conducto linfático derecho 86 conducto pancreático 97 conducto pancreático, sección 97 conducto pancreático accesorio 97 conducto torácico 86 conjuntiva 124, 125 cono 125 corazón 17, 82, 105, 140 corazón, ápex 83 corazón, sección frontal 82 corazón, vista anterior 83 cordón espermático 117 cordón libre 137 corion 10 córnea 124, 126 coroides 124 corona 93 corpúsculo de Meissner 134 corpúsculo de Pacini 134 corpúsculo de Ruffini 134 córtex cerebral 61, 63, 65, 131 córtex motor 63 córtex renal 113 córtex sensorial 63 córtex suprarrenal 143 córtex suprarrenal, sección 143 cortisol 143 costilla 24, 30 costilla, cabeza 30 costillas flotantes 30 costillas verdaderas 30

costillas vertebrocostales 30 coxis 25, 28, 31, 66 cráneo 24, 26, 65 cráneo, cara inferior 27 cráneo, sección sagital 27 cráneo, vista lateral 26 cripta 94 cristalino 124, 126 cromátida 12, 13 cromatina 9 cromosoma X 13 cromosoma Y 13 cromosomas 12, 13 cromosomas sexuales 13 cuádriceps femoral 38, 52 cuarto ventrículo 64 cúbito 24, 32, 53, 54 cuello 17, 19, 93 cuello vesical 111 cuerda oblicua 53 cuerdas vocales 104 cuero cabelludo 65 cuerpo calloso 61 cuerpo celular 59 cuerpo ciliar 124, 126 cuerpo lúteo 119 cuerpo vertebral 29, 49, 55 cuerpo vítreo 124 cúspide 93 cutículo 136

D dedo 19 dedo, sección 137 dedo del pie 16 dedo del pie, cuarto 18 dedo del pie, gordo 18 dedo del pie, pequeño 18 dedo del pie, segundo 18 dedo del pie, tercer 18 dedos del pie, vainas tendinosas 45 dendrita 59, 60 dentadura inferior 92 dentadura superior 92 dentina 93 dermis 134, 135, 136, 137 detrusor 111 diáfisis 22 diafragma 102, 105 diente, ápex 93 dientes 91, 92 disco de Merkel 134 disco intervertebral 28, 49 duodeno 94, 95, 97, 99 duodeno, sección 95 duramadre 65, 66

Índice español

E encéfalo 58, 61 encéfalo, sección frontal 61 encéfalo, vista inferior 68 encía 91, 93 endocardio 82 endometrio 118 endotelio 77 envoltura nuclear 9 epicóndilo lateral 25 epicóndilo medio 25 epidermis 134, 136, 137 epidermis, sección 135 epididimo 116, 117 epífisis 22, 64, 140 epiglotis 91, 102, 104, 132 epineurio 67 epitelio olfativo 130, 131 escama 135 esclerótica 124 escroto 116 esfínter de Oddi 97 esfínter pilórico 94 esfínter precapilar 77 esfínter vesical interno 111 esmalte 93 esófago 90, 91, 94, 141 espacio epidural 66 espacio subaracnoideo 65, 66 espalda 17, 19 espermatozoide 9 esqueleto, vista anterior 24 esqueleto, vista posterior 25 esternón 24, 30 estómago 90, 94, 95, 99 estómago, cuerpo 94 estómago, fundus 94 estómago, gran curvatura 94 estómago, pequeña curbatura 94 estribo 129 estrógenos 119

F falange distal 32, 33, 137 falange media 32, 33 falange próxima 32, 33 falanges de la mano 32, 54 falanges del pie 33 faringe 90, 91, 102, 104 fascia 37 fascículo nervioso 67 fase folicular 119 fase lútea 119 fase ovulatoria 119

fémur 24, 51, 52 fémur, cóndilo 52 fémur, cóndilo lateral 25 fémur, cóndilo medio 25 fémur adulto, sección longitudinal 23 fibra muscular 9, 37, 67 fibra muscular cardiaca 36 fibra muscular estriada 36 fibra muscular lisa 36 fibra nerviosa 67, 125, 129, 133, 134 fibras elásticas 77 fibras musculares, fascículo 37 filum terminal 66 fisura longitudinal 62 fisura sináptica 60 foco 126, 127 folículo de Graaf 119 folículo ovárico 119 folículo piloso 136 folículo tiróideo, sección 141 foramen apical 93 foramen ciego 132 foramen intervertebral 55 foramen obturado 31 foramen vertebral 29 fórnix 63 fosa nasal 91, 102, 103, 104, 130 fosas nasales, corte sagital 130 fotorreceptor 9 franjas ováricas 118 frente 16, 18

G ganglio espinal 69 ganglio linfático, sección 87 ganglios linfáticos axilares 86 ganglios linfáticos cervicales 86 ganglios linfáticos inguinales 86 ganglios linfáticos intestinales 86 ganglios linfáticos poplíteos 86 ganglios linfáticos torácicos 86 glande del pene 116 glándula exocrina 10 glándula gástrica 94 glándula mamaria 121 glándula mucosa 10 glándula paratiroidea 140, 141 glándula salival 133 glándula sebácea 121, 136 glándula suprarrenal 110, 112, 140, 143 glándula suprarrenal, sección 143 glándula tiroidea 140, 141 glándula tiroidea, istmo 141 glándula tiroidea, lóbulo 141 glándula tiroidea, vista anterior 141

glándula tiroidea, vista posterior 141

glándulas endocrinas 140 glándulas salivares 90 globina 74 globo ocular 124 glóbulo blanco 9, 74 glóbulo rojo 9, 74 glomérulo renal 113 gránulo 75 granulocito 75 guanina 13

gusto 132

H hélix 128 heme 74 hemisferio cerebeloso 64 hemisferio derecho 62 hemisferio izquierdo 62 hemoglobina 74 hígado 90, 98, 99, 140 hígado, vista anterior 98 himen 118 hipermetropía 127 hipocampo 63 hipodermis 134, 137 hipófisis 61, 140, 142 hipófisis, estructura 142 hipotálamo 61, 63, 140, 142

hombre 16 hombre, vista anterior 16 hombre, vista posterior 17 hombro 16, 19 hombro, vista anterior 53 hormonas tiroideas 141 huesecillos 129 hueso 50 hueso alveolar 93 hueso corto 22 hueso cuboide 33 hueso cuneiforme intermedio 33 hueso cuneiforme lateral 33 hueso cuneiforme medio 33 hueso escafoides 32 hueso esfenoides 26, 27, 142 hueso etmoide, placa cribosa 130, 131 hueso etmoideo 27 hueso frontal 26 hueso hioides 104 hueso ilíaco 24, 51 hueso irregular 22 hueso lacrimal 26 hueso largo 22 hueso largo, sección 23 hueso mayor 32 155

Índice español

hueso nasal 26 hueso navicular 33 hueso occipital 26, 27 hueso palatino 27 hueso parietal 26 hueso piramidal 32 hueso pisiforme 32 hueso plano 22 hueso semilunar 32 hueso temporal 26, 27, 129 hueso trapecio 32 hueso trapezoide 32 hueso unciforme 32 hueso zigomático 26, 27

huesos 22 huesos, tipos 22 huesos carpianos 54

huesos principales 24 húmero 24, 53 huso mitótico 12

I íleon 95 ilion 25, 31 impulso nervioso 125 incisivo central 92 incisivo lateral 92 incisivos 92 índice 17

influjo nervioso 60 infundíbulo pituitario 142 ingle 16, 18 inserción 36 interfase 12 intestino delgado 90, 95, 96 intestino grueso 90, 95, 96 íntima 77 iris 124, 125, 126 isquion 25, 31

L labio inferior 91 labio superior 91 labios 91 labios, comisura 91 labios mayores 118, 120 labios menores 118, 120 lámina basal 10, 77 laringe 91, 102, 104, 107, 141 laringofaringe 104 lengua 91, 104 lengua, ápex 132 lengua, sección de la superficie 133 lengua, vista superior 132 156

ligamento 50 ligamento alveolodental 93 ligamento anular del radio 53 ligamento colateral 54 ligamento colateral lateral 51 ligamento coracoacromial 53 ligamento cruzado anterior 52 ligamento cruzado posterior 52 ligamento falciforme 98 ligamento inguinal 51 ligamento interespinoso 55 ligamento intertransversal 55 ligamento lateral externo 52 ligamento lateral interno 52 ligamento longitudinal anterior 55 ligamento metacarpiano transverso superficial 42 ligamento rotuliano 52 ligamento supraespinoso 55 ligamento suspensor 124 ligamento tibiofibular 51 línea alba 38, 41 linfa 87 linfocito 75 lípidos 8 llenado 111 lóbulo de la glándula mamaria 121 lóbulo derecho del hígado 98 lóbulo frontal 62 lóbulo inferior derecho 105 lóbulo inferior izquierdo 105 lóbulo izquierdo del hígado 98 lóbulo medio 105 lóbulo occipital 62 lóbulo parietal 62 lóbulo superior derecho 105 lóbulo superior izquierdo 105 lóbulo temporal 62 lordosis cervical 29 lordosis lumbar 29 lúnula 137 luz 77

martillo 129 materia blanca 61, 64, 66 materia gris 61, 64, 66 maxilar 24, 26, 92 meato auditivo externo 26, 128, 129 meato ureteral 116 media 77 médula espinal 58, 66, 69 médula espinal, canal central 66 médula ósea amarilla 23 médula renal 113 médula suprarrenal 143 mejilla 16, 18 melanocito 135 membrana celular 8 membrana postsináptica 60 membrana sinovial 50 meninges 65 meñique 17 menisco lateral 52 menisco mediano 52 mesencéfalo 64 metacarpo 32 metafase 12 metáfisis 22 metatarsiano 33 metatarso 33 micción 111 microfilamento 8 microgliocito 60 microtúbulo 8 microvellosidad 10 mielina 59

M

mitosis 12

mácula 124 maléolo lateral 24, 33 maléolo medio 24 mandíbula 24, 26, 27, 92 mano 16, 19, 32 mano, articulaciones interfalángicas 54 mano, fascia dorsal 43 mano, vista anterior 32 mano, vista posterior 43 manubrio 30

molares 92 molécula odorífera 131 monocito 75 monte de Venus 120 mucosa 10 mucosa gástrica 94 mucosa intestinal 95 mucosa lingual 132 mucosa muscular 10 mucosa vaginal 118 mucosa vesical 111

miembro inferior 44 miembro inferior, vista anterior 44

miembro superior 42 miembro superior, vista anterior 42 miocardio 82 miofibrilla 37 miometrio 118 miopía 127 mitocondria 8

Índice español

mucosidad 10 mucosidad nasal 131 muela, sección 93 muela del juicio 92

mujer 18 mujer, vista anterior 18 mujer, vista posterior 19 muñeca y mano, vista dorsal 54 músculo 36, 37, 50 músculo abductor del dedo gordo del pie 44 músculo abductor del dedo pequeño del pie 45 músculo abductor del meñique 42, 43 músculo abductor mayor 39 músculo auricular posterior 40 músculo auricular superior 40 músculo braquial 42 músculo braquiorradial 42 músculo cardiaco 36 músculo cigomático mayor 40 músculo cigomático menor 40 músculo corrugador de la ceja 40 músculo corto abductor del pulgar 42 músculo corto extensor de los dedos del pie 45 músculo corto extensor del dedo gordo del pie 44 músculo corto extensor del pulgar 43 músculo corto fibular 45 músculo corto palmar 42 músculo cremáster 117 músculo cuadrado pronador 42 músculo deltoide 38, 39, 42 músculo dentado anterior 38, 41 músculo derecho de la nalga 44 músculo derecho del abdomen 41 músculo derecho del abdomen, vaina 41 músculo derecho inferior 126 músculo derecho lateral 126 músculo derecho medio 126 músculo derecho superior 124, 126 músculo dorsal mayor 39 músculo erector 136 músculo esquelético 36 músculo esquelético, estructura 37 músculo esternocleidomastoideo 39, 40 músculo extensor común de los dedos 43 músculo extensor cubital del carpo 43 músculo extensor del meñique 43 músculo flexor cubital del carpo 42 músculo flexor radial del carpo 42 músculo flexor superficial de los dedos 42 músculo frontal 38, 40 músculo gastrocnemio 39, 44 músculo glúteo mayor 39 músculo gracilis 44 músculo ilíaco 41

músculo infraespinoso 39 músculo largo abductor 44 músculo largo abductor del pulgar 43 músculo largo extensor de los dedos del pie 38, 44, 45 músculo largo extensor del dedo gordo del pie 44 músculo largo fibular 38, 44 músculo largo palmar 42 músculo liso 36, 77 músculo masetero 40 músculo mentoniano 40 músculo nasal 40 músculo oblicuo externo del abdomen 38, 41 músculo oblicuo inferior 126 músculo oblicuo interno del abdomen 41 músculo oblicuo superior 126 músculo occipital 39, 40 músculo orbicular de la boca 40 músculo orbicular del ojo 40 músculo pectíneo 44 músculo pectoral mayor 38, 41 músculo procero 40 músculo psoas mayor 41 músculo redondo mayor 39 músculo redondo pronador 42 músculo reductor del ángulo de la boca 40 músculo risorio 40 músculo sartorio 38, 44 músculo semimembranoso 39 músculo semitendinoso 39 músculo sóleo 38, 44 músculo temporal 40 músculo tensor del fascia lata 41 músculo tibial anterior 38, 44, 45 músculo trapecio 39 músculo vasto lateral 44 músculo vasto mediano 44 músculos, tipos 36 músculos extensores, retináculo 43 músculos extensores, retináculo inferior 45 músculos extensores, retináculo superior 45 músculos fibulares, retináculo inferior 45 músculos fibulares, retináculo superior 45 músculos intercostales internos 41 músculos interóseos dorsales de la mano 43 músculos interóseos dorsales del pie 45 músculos oculomotores 126 músculos papilares 82

músculos principales 38 músculos principales, vista anterior 38 músculos principales, vista posterior 39 muslo 17, 19

N nalgas 17, 19 nariz 18, 103 nariz, ala 103 nefrón 113 nervio 93 nervio abducens 68 nervio accesorio 68 nervio ciático 70 nervio coccígeo 69 nervio coclear 129 nervio cutáneo lateral del muslo 70 nervio espinal 66, 69 nervio facial 68 nervio femoral 70, 71 nervio fibular común 70, 71 nervio fibular profundo 70, 71 nervio fibular superficial 70, 71 nervio glosofaríngeo 68 nervio hipogloso 68 nervio ilioinguinal 70 nervio intercostal 70 nervio interóseo posterior del antebrazo 71 nervio mediano 70, 71 nervio mixto, sección 67 nervio obturador 70 nervio oculomotor 68 nervio olfativo 68, 131 nervio óptico 68, 124, 126 nervio radial 70, 71 nervio safeno 70 nervio tibial 70, 71 nervio trigemelo 68 nervio troclear 68 nervio ulnar 70, 71 nervio vago 68 nervio vestibular 129 nervio vestibulococlear 68 nervios cervicales 69 nervios craneales 58, 68 nervios digitales palmares comunes 71 nervios digitales palmares propios 71 nervios espinales 58, 69 nervios lumbares 69 nervios principales, vista anterior 70 nervios sacros 69 nervios torácicos 69 neurohipófisis 142 neurona 9, 59, 60 neurona, estructura 59 neurona motora 37, 67 neurona sensitiva 67 neurotransmisor 60 157

Índice español

nódulo de Ranvier 59 noradrenalina 143 nuca 17, 19 núcleo celular 8, 9 núcleo pulposo 49 nucléolo 9 nucleoplasma 9 núcleos basales 61 nucleótido 13 nuez 16

O objeto 126 oído 128 oído, sección 129 oído externo 128 oído externo, vista lateral 128 oído interno 128 oído medio 128 ojo 125 olécranon 25 olfacción, mecanismo 131

olfato 130 oligodendrocito 60 ombligo 16, 18, 41 omoplato 25, 53 órbita 26 oreja 17 oreja, lóbulo 128 orejuela derecha 76, 82 orejuela izquierda 76, 82 órgano de Corti 129

órganos genitales femeninos 118 órganos genitales femeninos, sección frontal 118 órganos genitales femeninos, sección sagital 120

órganos genitales masculinos 116 órganos genitales masculinos, sección sagital 116 orificio uretral 111 origen 36 orina 113 orofaringe 104 osteocito 9, 23 osteón 23 ovario 118, 119, 120, 140 ovocito 119 ovulación 119 óvulo 9, 119

P pabellón 128 paladar blando 91, 104, 130 paladar duro 91, 104, 130 páncreas 90, 97, 99, 140 páncreas, cabeza 97 páncreas, cola 97 158

pantorrilla 17, 19 papila calciforme 132, 133 papila filiforme 133 papila foliada 132 papila fungiforme 132 papila óptica 124 párpado inferior 125 párpado superior 125 pedúnculos cerebelosos 64 pelo, raíz 136 pelo, sección longitudinal 136 pelo, tallo 136

pulgar 17 pulmón derecho 105 pulmón izquierdo 105 pulmones 76, 102, 105, 107 pulpa blanca 87 pulpa dental 93 pulpa roja 87 puño 17, 19 pupila 124, 125

pelvis 31

queratina 135 queratinocito 135 quiasma óptico 61

pelvis de la mujer, vista anterior 31 pelvis del hombre, vista anterior 31 pelvis renal 113 pene 16, 116 pene, cuerpo cavernoso 116, 117 pene, cuerpo esponjoso 116, 117 pene, sección transversal 117 pericardio 82 perilinfa 129 perimisio 37 perineurio 67 periostio 23 peroné 24, 33, 51, 52 pestañas 125 pezón 121 piamadre 65, 66 pie 16, 18, 33 pie, vista anterior 33 pie, vista lateral 33, 45 pie y pierna, vista anterior 81 piel 67, 134 piel, sección 134 pierna 17, 19 pierna, vista posterior 71 píloro 94 pirámide renal 113 plaqueta sanguínea 74, 75 plasma 74 platisma 38, 40 pleura 105, 107 pleura parietal 107 pleura visceral 107 plexo braquial 70 plexo lumbar 70 plexo sacro 70 premolares 92 profase 12 progesterona 119 próstata 116 proteína 8 pseudópodo 8 pubis 25, 31, 116, 120 puente 64

Q

R radio 24, 32, 53, 54 raíz 93 raíz dorsal 69 raíz motriz 66, 69 raíz sensitiva 66, 69 raíz ventral 69 rayo luminoso 125, 126 receptor sensorial 67 recto 96, 116, 120 red venosa dorsal del pie 81 retención 111 retículo endoplásmico 8 retina 124, 125, 126 ribosoma 8 rinofaringe 104, 130 riñón 110, 112, 140 riñón derecho 112 riñón derecho, sección frontal 113 riñón izquierdo 112 riñones, vista anterior 112 rodilla 16, 18 rodilla, vista anterior 52 rodilla extendida, vista anterior 52 rostro 16, 18 rótula 24, 52

S sacro 25, 28, 31 saliva 133

sangre 74 sangre, composición 74 sangre arterial 76 sangre venosa 76 sarcolema 37 sebo 136 seno 16, 18, 121 seno esfenoidal 27, 103, 104, 142

Índice español

seno etmoidal 103 seno frontal 27, 103, 104, 130 seno lactífero 121 seno maxilar 103 seno venoso 80 senos paranasales 103 septum interventricular 82 sien 16, 18 sinapsis 60 sínfisis púbica 31, 48 sistema límbico 63, 131

sistema linfático, órganos 86 sistema nervioso, estructura 58 sistema nervioso central 58, 61 sistema nervioso central, tejido 60

sistema nervioso periférico 58, 67 sistema puerta hepática 99 submucosa 10 surco mediano 132 surco terminal 132 surcos 62 sutura craneal 48

tórax y abdomen 41 tórax y abdomen, vista anterior 41 trago 128 tráquea 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 141 tríceps braquial 39, 42 trígono vesical 111 trocánter mayor 25 trompa de Eustaquio 129 trompa de Falopio 118, 119, 120 trompa de Falopio, infundíbulo 118 trompa de Falopio, istmo 118 tronco 17, 19 tronco celíaco 78 tronco cerebral 61 tronco cerebral, vista posterolateral 64 tronco lumbosacro 70 tronco pulmonar 82 tubérculos cuadrigemelos 64 tubo colector 113

tubo digestivo 94 tubo renal 113 tubo seminífero 117

T

U

tabique nasal 103

uña 137 uña, lecho 137 uña, matriz 137 uña, raíz 137 uréter 110, 111, 112, 113 uretra femenina 110 uretra masculina 110, 116, 117 útero 120 útero, cuello 118

tacto 134 talón 17, 19 tarso 33

tejido 10 tejido adiposo 11, 121 tejido cartilaginoso 11 tejido elástico 11 tejido epitelial 10, 133, 143 tejido fibroso 11 tejido muscular 37

tejido nervioso 60 tejido óseo 23 tejido óseo compacto 23 tejido óseo esponjoso 23 tejidos conjuntivos, ejemplos 11 tejidos epiteliales, ejemplos 10 telofase 12 tendón 36, 37, 50, 54 tendón de Aquiles 39, 51 tercer ventrículo 61 terminación axonal 59 testículo 116, 140 testículo, sección 117 tibia 24, 33, 51, 52 timina 13 timo 86 tímpano 129 tobillo 16, 18 tobillo, vista lateral 51 tórax 16, 18

V vacuola 8 vagina 118, 120 vagina, vestíbulo 118 válvula 77, 87 válvula aórtica 82 válvula connivente 95 válvula mitral 82 válvula pulmonar 82 válvula tricúspide 82 vaso linfático 87 vaso linfático, sección 87 vaso sanguíneo 74, 77, 93 vejiga 110, 111, 116, 120 vejiga, sección frontal 111 velosidad intestinal 95 vena 76 vena, sección 77 vena axilar 79 vena basílica 79

vena braquial 79 vena braquiocefálica 79, 83 vena cava inferior 76, 79, 82, 99, 112 vena cava superior 76, 79, 82 vena cefálica 79 vena esplénica 87, 99 vena femoral 79 vena fibular 81 vena hepática 99 vena ilíaca común 79 vena mayor del corazón 83 vena mesentérica inferior 99 vena mesentérica superior 99 vena pequeña del corazón 83 vena poplítea 79 vena puerta hepática 99 vena pulmonar 106 vena radial 79, 81 vena renal 112 vena safena mayor 79 vena safena menor 79 vena subclavia 79 vena temporal superficial 80 vena tibial posterior 81 vena ulnar 79, 81 vena yugular externa 79, 80 vena yugular interna 79, 80 venas anteriores del corazón 83 venas digitales palmares 81 venas principales, vista anterior 79 venas pulmonares 76 venas pulmonares derechas 82 venas pulmonares izquierdas 82 venas subclavias 86 venas tibiales anteriores 81 venilla 106 ventana redonda 129 ventana oval 129 ventrículo derecho 76, 82 ventrículo izquierdo 76, 82 ventrículo lateral 61 vermis 64 vértebra cervical 29 vértebra lumbar 29 vértebra lumbar, segunda 66 vértebra prominente 28 vértebra torácica 29, 30 vértebra torácica, doceava 30 vértebra torácica, primera 30 vértebras cervicales 28 vértebras coccígeas 28 vértebras lumbares 28 vértebras sacrales 28 vértebras torácicas 28 vértebras torácicas, vista lateral 55 vesícula biliar 90, 97, 98 159

Índice español

vesícula sináptica 60 vestíbulo 129

vías respiratorias superiores 103 vías respiratorias superiores, sección 104 vibraciones sonoras 129 visión, mecanismo 126

vista 124 vista, defectos 127 vómer 27 vulva 18

Y yema gustativa 133 yeyuno 95 yunque 129

Z zona fasciculada 143 zona glomerulada 143 zona reticulada 143

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English

English

Human Bod of the

definitions

visuAly

frontal muscle M músculo  frontal Large, unpaired muscle connecting the upper part of the orbit and the epicranial aponeurosis; it allows the skin of the forehead to crease and the eyebrows to lift.

S PA NISH

The Visual Dictionary of the Human Body offers a unique look at that wonderful machine that is the body. From head to toe, spectacular, high-definition images created with the most up-to-date imagery technology offer exceptional views of all major body parts. Precise terminology in two languages, together with definitions and complementary texts, allow readers to go beyond the images and acquire knowledge of the special characteristics and workings of the different anatomical systems. Attractive, entertaining, and educational: the Visual Dictionary of the Human Body is an indispensable family reference, and a great tool to acquire vocabulary and discover the complexity of the human body.

pulmones M

nasal cavity fosas F nasales Each of two cavities, separated by the nasal septum and opening in front through the nostrils and in back into the nasopharynx.

Organs of the respiratory system made of elastic tissues and responsible for the exchange of gases between the air and the blood.

frontal sinus seno M frontal Cavity in the frontal bone, connecting with the nasal cavities and warming inhaled air.

Respiration An adult at rest breathes about 15 times a minute, or more than 21,000 times per day. With each inhalation, a half-liter of air loaded with oxygen passes through the respiratory tract to the lungs.

sphenoidal sinus seno M esfenoidal Cavity in the sphenoid bone, connecting with the nasal cavities and warming inhaled air. soft palate paladar M blando Muscular membranous wall separating the nasopharynx and buccal cavity; it assists especially in food ingestion and vocalization.

hard palate paladar M duro Bony separation between the buccal and nasal cavities, extended by the soft palate. mouth boca F Initial part of the digestive tube made up of a cavity (oral cavity) surrounded by lips; it allows the ingestion of food and plays a role in tasting, speaking and breathing.

trachea tráquea F Muscular cartilaginous channel allowing air to pass between the larynx and bronchi.

pharynx faringe F Muscular membranous channel joining the nasal cavities to the larynx as well as the buccal cavity to the esophagus; it serves as a passageway for air and food.

tongue lengua F Muscular organ located in the buccal cavity and involved in tasting, chewing and talking.

right lung pulmón M derecho Respiratory organ divided into three lobes, in which blood from the right pulmonary artery is freed of carbon dioxide and enriched with oxygen.

vocal cords cuerdas F vocales Long bands of muscle tissue attached to the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages; their vibration allows sounds to be produced.

epiglottis epiglotis F Mobile catilaginous lamina located in the upper part of the larynx, directing food to the esophagus at the moment of swallowing.

larynx laringe F Muscular cartilaginous channel connecting the pharynx and trachea; it contains the vocal cords and has a vocalizing and respiratory function.

thyroid cartilage cartílago M tiroides Connective tissue structure formed of two lateral laminae whose juncture, on the front part of the larynx, forms a highly visible protrusion in men (Adam’s apple).

trachea tráquea F Muscular cartilaginous channel allowing air to pass between the larynx and bronchi.

pharyngeal tonsil amígdala F faríngea Lymphoid organ located in the nasopharynx, filtering pathogens from the air. nasopharynx rinofaringe F Upper part of the pharynx connecting with the nasal cavities.

oropharynx orofaringe F Median part of the pharynx connecting with the buccal cavity.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

sagittal section of upper respiratory tract sección F sagital de las vías F respiratorias superiores

right superior lobe lóbulo M superior derecho Upper part of the right lung, separated from the inferior lobe and middle lobe by a horizontal fissure.

middle lobe lóbulo M medio Part of the right lung, separated from the superior lobe and inferior lobe by an oblique fissure.

right inferior lobe lóbulo M inferior derecho Lower part of the right lung, separated from the superior lobe and middle lobe by an oblique fissure.

diaphragm diafragma M Muscle separating the thorax from the abdomen; its contraction increases the volume of the thoracic cage and lungs.

left lung pulmón M izquierdo Respiratory organ divided into two lobes, in which blood from the left pulmonary artery is freed of carbon dioxide and enriched with oxygen.

left superior lobe lóbulo M superior izquierdo Upper part of the left lung, separated from the inferior lobe by an oblique fissure. heart corazón M Muscular organ divided into four chambers whose autonomous rhythmic contractions cause blood to circulate throughout the body.

oblique fissure cisura F oblicua Fissure separating the lobes of the lung. left inferior lobe lóbulo M inferior izquierdo Lower part of the left lung, separated from the superior lobe by an oblique fissure. pleura pleura F Elastic membrane surrounding each lung and composed of two layers bounding the pleural cavity.

laryngopharynx laringofaringe F Lower part of the pharynx connecting with the larynx and esophagus.

visuAl

definitions

lungs

upper respiratory tract

visuAl of the Human Body

1,500 terms 250 highly realistic illustrations

of the

Human Body English

S PA NISH

orbicular muscle of mouth M F músculo  orbicular de la boca  Unpaired muscle having two bundles connecting the corners of the lips, allowing the mouth to open and close especially.

hyoid bone hueso M hioides Bone supporting the larynx and serving as an insertion for various muscles of the tongue, pharynx and larynx. 10

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Topics Cell and Tissues

Lymphatic System

Morphology

Digestive System

Skeleton

Respiratory System

Muscles

Urinary System

Joints

Reproductive System

Nervous System

Sense Organs

Cardiovascular System

Endocrine System

All images and texts have been verified by a scientific committee made up of 300 medical experts and university professors.

greater zygomatic muscle M músculo  cigomático mayor Paired muscle connecting the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth; it assists in smiling.

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