The Theory of Morality 0226155668

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The Theory of Morality

Alan Donagan The Theory of Morality

The University of Chicago Press Chicago and London

v on the Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1954. -. The Right and the Good. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1930. Russell, Bertrand. Mysticism and Logic. London: Allen and Unwin, 1950 (1st ed. 1917). Ryle, Gilbert. The Concept of Mind. London: Hutchinson, 1949. -. Collected Papers. 2 vols. London: Hutchinson, 1971. Schneewind, J. B., ed. Mill: A Collection of Critical Essays. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1968. Searle, John R. Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Lan¬ guage. Cambridge: University Press, 1969. Sellars, Wilfrid. Science, Perception and Reality. London: Routledge, 1963. Sidgwick, Henry. The Methods of Ethics. 7th ed. London: Mac¬ millan, 1907. Singer, Marcus George. Generalization in Ethics. New York: Knopf, 1961. Smart, J. J. C .An Outline of a System of Utilitarian Ethics. 2d ed., rev. In Utilitarianism: For and Against, by J. J. C. Smart and Bernard Williams, pp. 1-74. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.

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Index

Abelard, Peter, 126-27 Abortion, 83, 87, 168-71 Act, human, 113-14. See also Action, human Action, human, 41-47, 50, 112-14, 116— 17, 125, 160-64, 228-29, 231-33, 237; circumstances of, 39-41, 50-51, 123— 24; consequences of, causal, 41-42, 44-47, 115-17, 123, 161, 164; conse¬ quences of, in extended sense, 51-52, 124, 189, 200-201; deliberate, 120; ignorant, 127-35; intentional, 124-25; judicative, 55-56, 111, 121-22, 125— 26, 164; objective or material, 52-53, 55-56; by secondary agents, 47-48; subjective or formal, 54-56, 136-37; voluntary, 114-18, 120-21, 124, 127— 29, 164. See also Act, human; Human beings Anscombe, G. E. M„ 3, 117-18,123-24, 167, 189-90, 211 Aquinas, Saint Thomas: on action, human, 114-15, 127-29, 164; on angels, 32; on conscience, 132-33; on double effect, theory of, 158-59, 163; on ends, 64; on family, the, 102, 1056; on law, moral, 6, 8, 29, 60, 61, 6465; on love and charity, 61-63; on per¬ plexity, moral, 144-46; on property,

99; on reason, practical, 60-61; on sexuality, 105-6 Aristotle, 3, 4, 45, 115, 210-11 Asimov, Isaac, 201 Atkin, J. R. (Lord), 68-69 Augustine (of Hippo), Saint, 62, 107, 232 Austin, J. L. 115, 120, 122-23 Baier, Kurt, 137, 239 Baumgarten, A. G., 8 Baxter, Richard, 111, 136, 186-87 Beneficence, principle of, 85-86, 153-56 Bennett, Jonathan, 49-51, 156-57 Bentham, Jeremy, 19, 26, 192 Brandt, R. B., 184, 203, 215, 217-20 Bribery, 186-87 Broad, C. D., 22-23, 26 Brock, Dan, 180, 206-7 Butler, Joseph, 18, 19, 133 Calvin, John, 6 Casuistry, 8 Causation: agent, 45-47, 50, 111, 123, 231-33, 237; event, 38-39, 41-47; want-and-belief, 115-17. See also Novtis actus interveniens

276

Index

Circumstance. See Action, human, cir¬

Essentialism, 235-38

cumstances of Charity, theological virtue of, 61-63 Chisholm, R. M., 45, 56-57, 145, 154 Cicero, M. Tullius, 2, 93-94, 152, 174—

Family, 101-8; forms of, 102-4; dissolution of, 103-4; limitation of

75 Civil society, 108-11, 187-89. See also Family; Property; War Clarke, Samuel, 18, 19 Coleridge, J. D., Lord, 176-77 Collingwood, R. G., 139-42 Conscience, 132-36, 138, 139-42 Consequence; causal, 41-42, 44-47, 51, 112, 123, 160-62, 164; noncausal, 5152, 124, 189, 100-201. See also Causa¬ tion, event; Consequentialism Consequentialism, 52, 172, 189-91, 209 Contract, 20-21, 91-94 Cronin, Michael, 21 Cudworth, Ralph, 18, 26 Culture, principle of, 80, 86, 155-56 Danto, Arthur C., 33 D’Arcy. Eric, 112-13 Daube, David, 76-77, 181-83 Davidson, Donald, 39, 120 Descartes, Rene, 18, 24 Diogenes Laertius, 2 Disastrous consequences, exceptions for, 180, 183, 189, 206-9. See also Pauline principle, the Disobedience, civil. See Civil society Divorce. See Family, dissolution of Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 36 Double effect, theory of: Grisez’s version, 160-62; Gury’s version, 158-60; objections to, 163-64 Drugs, use of, 79-80 Duty, perfect and imperfect, 154-57 Dworkin, Ronald, 224 Ends: in themselves vs. conditional, 13, 61-65, 224-29; producible, 210-14, 228, 231-32; subsisting, 63-64, 228, 232-33, 237 Epictetus, 14 Escobar y Mendoza, Antonio, S. J., 15253

childbirth in, 101, 165-71 Feinberg, Joel, 48-51 Firth, Roderick, 215, 218-19 Foot, Philippa, 214-15, 224, 229, 234 Force, permissible uses of, 82-87, 187— 89 Frankena, W. K. 27, 62 Geach, Peter Thomas, 23, 38, 147-48 Gert, Bernard, 27, 239 Gewirth, Alan, 27, 238 Gregory, Saint (The Great), 144 Grisez, Germain, 61-65, 160-64, 178-79 Gury, Jean-Paul, S. J., 158-60 Hardie, W. F. R., 211 Hare, R. M., 59, 69-71, 184, 215-18 Hart, H. L. A., and Honore', A. M., 4246 Heidegger, Martin, 142 Hegel, G. W. F.. 9-18, 108-9, 185-86 Hill, Thomas E., Jr., 213, 233 Hinduism, 33-35 Hobbes, Thomas, 94 Honore, A. M. See Hart, H. L. A., and Honore, A. M. Human beings, 32-35, 168-71, 228, 231-33,240-41, 243 Ideal observer theory, 218-21 Ignorance (ignorantia facti and ignorantia iuris), 127-28; affected, 128; culp¬ able, 129-31; inculpability arising from, 128-31, 139-42 Institution, 81, 94-95, 100-101, 103, 187-89 Intention, 121-27, 137, 161, 164 Intuition: Cartesian, 18 (see also Intuitionism); untheoretical moral, 10-11, 73-74, 180 Intuitionism, 26; old, 17-21; new, 2224; objections to, 24-25 Jagerstatter, Franz, 15-18

277

Jefferies, Richard, 165 Johnson, Samuel, 84, 89-90, 110 Kafka, Franz, 243 Kant, Immanuel, 8-9, 12-13, 27, 31; conflict of moral rules, 145, 148-49; duty, perfect and imperfect, 154-55; end in itself, theory of the, 63-65, 229-34, 237; falsehood and lying, 8889; fornication, 105-7; Golden Rule, the, 58; happiness, 225; imperatives, categorical and hypothetical, 212-14; moral sense, 220; self-mutilation, 79; suicide, 77-79; universalization, 13, 57, 59, 65 Kirk, Kenneth E., 146-47, 208 Kneale, William, 118-20 Kripke, Saul A., 235-37 Lawrence, Roy, 117 Least evil, principle of the, 132-33, 155— 56, 158, 178-79, 183, 189 Leo XIII, Pope, 98 Levi, Edward H., 68-69 Lincoln, Abraham, 187 Locke, John, 18, 95-96 Lying (mendacium), 88-90 Lyons, David, 195 Mabbott, J. D., 193-94 McCloskey, H. J., 203 Machiavelli, Niccolo, 183 MacIntyre, Alasdair, 11-12, 27 McNeilly, F. S., 91

Index

31, 65-66, 143-44, 154-56, 210, 23738; as Golden Rule, 57-59, 216-18; as a principle of respect for ends, 59-65, 230-37 More, Henry, 18 Murder, 64-65, 72-74, 76, 87-88, 160, 163. See also Suicide Nagel, Thomas, 27, 116, 238 Newman, John Henry (Cardinal), 132, 142 Nielsen, Kai, 32, 177-79, 204 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 1, 26-27, 240-42 Novus Actus Interveniens, 44-49. See also Causation, event Nozick, Robert, 71, 73-74

Oakeshott, Michael, 10-11, 14, 26 Offensiveness, 56-57 Paley, William, 19 Parenthood, duties of, 101-2. See also Family Pascal, Blaise, 152 Paton, H. J., 80, 154 Pauline principle, the, 149, 154-55, 157, 158, 163, 167, 175-80, 183, 206-9 Paul, Saint, 5, 132, 149 Paul VI, Pope, 167 Perfectionism, 25-26. See also Nietz¬ sche, Friedrich Permissibility, moral, 53 Perplexity, moral, 144-47, 150-53, 168 Personhood, contemporary concept of, 170-71. See also Human beings Precept, moral, 53-54, 146-47, 173; first-order, 66-68, 72-111, 125-27, 150-55, 169-71; second-order, 12122, 127-31, 134-36, 141-42, 149-50 Prichard, H. A., 136-37 Property, 95-100 Purpose, 123

Maimonides (Moses ben Maimon), 8; abortion, 87; love of neighbors and of strangers, 59-60; Noachite precepts, 5; protection of others, 86; scope of precepts of Torah, 172-73 Malthus, T. R., 165, 168 Mandelbaum, Maurice, 193-94 Marriage. See Family Marx, Karl, 109 Maximizing and minimizing conditions, 195

Ramsey, Paul, 62, 63 Rational contractor theory, 221-24

Mill, John Stuart, 39, 192-94, 200-203 Moore, G. E., 205 Morality, fundamental principle of, 13,

Rawls, John, 26, 27, 148, 217, 221-24, 239 Reason, human, 3, 5-6, 8-9, 16, 34-35,

278

132-35, 230-33, 235-37; practical, 53-55, 210-15, 227-29, 234-37 Reasoning, moral, 66; derivation of moral precepts, 67-68, 72-74, 143-44, 151-52; establishment of specificatory premises, 68-72, 134. See also Moral¬ ity, fundamental principle of Regina v. Dudley and Stephens, 175-77 Reputation of others, respect for, 88, 90 Ross, W. David, 22-23, 63, 93, 136-37 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 8-9 Ryle, Gilbert, 115, 132 Sandburg, Carl, 187 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 142, 183-84 Searle, John, 81

Index

Stocks, J. L., 226-28 Stoicism, 2, 4, 6, 14, 76, 84, 174 Suicide, 76-79 Supererogation, 50, 85-86, 169,179, 209 Taylor, A. J. P., 166 Taylor, Jeremy, 135-36 Teleology, 31, 63, 228-29. See also Ends Thomson, Judith Jarvis, 169-70 Tooley, Michael, 170-71 Twain, Mark, 133-34, 139-41 Universal prescriptivism, 69-70, 215-18 Utilitarianism, 26, 191-92, 209; act-, 192-96, 200-201; rule-, 196-99, 201-5

Sedgwick, Adam, 194, 200-201, 205 Self-mutilation, 79 Sellars, Wilfrid, 114

Utility of rules: acceptance, 196-99; con¬ formance, 196-97

Sexual relations, 105-8, 167. See also Family

Veracity, 88-90

Sidgwick, Henry, 59, 63; criticism of old intuitionism, 19-24; source of new intuitionism, 21, 24, 26; utilitarian¬ ism, 26, 191, 199, 204-5 Singer, Marcus G., 58, 239 Situation ethics, 62-63, 147, 206-7 Skinner, B. F., 28 Slavery, 14, 83-84 Smart, J. J. C., 194, 199-201, 203 Smith, Adam, 218-19 Society, 100; contractual, 101; noncon¬ tractual, 101-3, 108-10, 138, 180-89. See also Civil society Standing idly by the injury of others, 86-87, 138, 156, 162-63, 187-89 Stealing, 100. See also Property Stevenson, C. L., 218

Violence. See Force, permissible uses of Voluntariness and involuntariness, 44, 49-51, 115-20, 125,127-31 War, 15-17, 87, 109-11, 138 Walzer, Michael, 184-89 Warren, Mary Anne, 169-71 Weber, Max, 184 Wertheimer, Roger, 168-69 Whewell, William, 18, 19, 21, 130; con¬ science, 133; contract, 21, 94; neces¬ sity, cases of, 175; rule utilitarianism, 201-2, 205; slavery, 84, 97; veracity, 88-89 Will, freedom of, 44-47, 50-51, 114-18, 127, 231-34, 237 Williams, Bernard, 206-8 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 220