The temple architecture of India 9780470028278

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THE TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA Adam Hardy

This book encompasses all the major temples on the Indian subcontinent, while also providing an overall

understanding of temple architecture by featuring

dozens of other beautiful, but lesser known works. Ranging across the core period of temple construction

from the 6th to 13th centuries, it also covers the background to this period from the 2nd century BC onwards and its ongoing legacy to the present day. ic, RoMUVeE

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Featured temples include:

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Brihadeshvara Temple, Tanjavur'

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Kailasa, Ellora

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Kailasanatha, Kanchipuram

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Kandariya Mahadeva, Khajuraho

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Lingaraja Temple, Bhuvaneshvara

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Surya Temple at Modhera

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Udayeshvara Temple, Udayapur

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Virupaksha Temple, Pattadakal

The cover image is of the Ambika Temple, Jagat (Rajasthan). Photo: © Gerard Foekema.

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Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2022 with funding from Kahle/Austin Foundation

https://archive.org/details/templearchitectuO000hard

THE TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA

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THE TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA Adam

Hardy

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To Fiona, Duncan and Benedict

Acknowledgements For their photographs | would like to thank Rick Asher, Fiona Buckee, Anne Casile, Julia Hegewald, Adrian Smythies and especially Gerard Foekema, whose many wonderful pictures have made this book more beautiful. Geoffrey Samuel made helpful suggestions and MA Dhaky was generous as ever with his knowledge. | am very grateful to Shital Soni for help with maps and figures. Thanks to my parents for first awakening and sharing my interest in Indian art, and to my wife and sons for their love and patience.

Picture credits: all images are courtesy of the author unless otherwise stated.

Published in Great Britain in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,

West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone +44 (0) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): [email protected] Visit our Home Page on www.wiley.com Anniversary Logo Design: Richard Pacifico

All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIT 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to [email protected], or faxed to +44 (0) 1243 770620. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The Publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley Editorial Offices: John Wiley & Sons Inc, 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 42 McDougall Street, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809 John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 6045 Freemont Blvd, Mississauga, Ontario, LOR 4J3

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Executive Commissioning Editor: Helen Castle Project Editor: Miriam Swift Publishing Assistant: Calver Lezama

ISBN 978-0-470-02827-8 Page design and layouts by Artmedia Press, London Printed and bound by Conti Tipocolor, Italy This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.

CONTENTS Maps

CONTEXT AND CONCEPTS Introduction Centres of Power Temple, Body and Movement The Emanating Universe

Placing the Gods OmtWN!&e The Architect

and Unfolding Traditions

PRECURSORS

Early Indian Architecture Later Rock-Cut Architecture

TEMPLE DESIGN Plans and Spaces Nagara Shrines Dravida Shrines Geometry Mouldings Pillars

Ceilings Gavakshas A BRIEF HISTORY OF NAGARA TEMPLES Early Nagara Temples Latina and Related Valabhi Temples Shekhari Temples

Bhumija Temples Temples of Eastern India

A BRIEF HISTORY OF DRAVIDA TEMPLES Early Dravida Temples

The Great 8th-Century Dravida Temples Temples of the Cholas and Their Contemporaries The Karnata Dravida Tradition Continued

LEGACY What Happened Afterwards

What Next? Glossary and Bibliography Index

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