The structure of the Ottoman dynasty 0313225222

Citation preview

THE STRUCTURE OF THE

OTTOMAN DYNASTY BY

A.D.ALDERSON

GREENWOOD PRESS, PUBLISHERS WESTPORT, CONNECTICUT

Library or Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Alderson, A. D. (Anthony Dolphin) The structure of the Ottoman dynasty. Reprint. Originally published: Oxford [Oxfordshire] Clarendon Press, 1956. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Turkey--Sultans. 2. Turkey--History--Ottoman ~ire,

1288-1918.

I. Title.

DR438.l.A6 1981 956.1'01 ISBN 0-313-22522-2 (lib. bdg.)

81-23751 AACR2

Copyright Oxford University Press 1956. This reprint has been authorized by the Oxford lTniwrsit y Press. Reprinted in 1982 by Greenwood Press, A division of Congressional Information Sn\'icc, Inc. 88 Post Road West, Westport, Connecticut 06RR 1 Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

TO

ROLAND P. SUTTON WHO FIRST TAUGHT ME ABOUT THE PALACE ON THE GOLDEN HORN

ERRATR

16

:tl

3

,'0

4

7

ADDENDA

~:

('Hutba' )

Hutba

7

AND

~:

tLSla' are ••• ~:

('Hutbe')

Hutbe ~:

'LSla l is •••

Further, the idea of a son leading his troops

into the capital against his father was as

repugnant to the ottomans as that of a

general marching into Rome at the head of

his legions was to the Romans.

;?1

~:

2

Occasionally, Olristian Balkan princes

(iskender Bey being the most famous) were

included.

13

.'3

4

Haleb

~:

~:

Halep (Aleppo).

The non-spilling of blood was an old Turk-

Mongol custom; see KoprUlU,

','

2

~:

!:.!:!.:!:.!!..

In contemporary Bthiopia all eligible

princes were exiled, at the age of about

twelve, to the almost inaccessible rock-

prison of Amba Wahni, where they remained

until the next heir was chosen.

40

5

2

1828

43

45

45

1100 Mihrimar,

1100/Mihrimar,

read:

read:

1826

1

1

jeyh Bohara

48

9

dominions

49

17

53

9

But there 1s no •••

1

but no source ••• far-fetched.

53

2

3

Hutba

read:

add:

read:

jeyh BuharS:

(except on campaign)

1

'Hutbe'

~:

There 1s some •••

~:

and cf. AdiUl10v 1 E.A., tEvropeislde derzhavy i

Turtsiya vo vremy~ mirovoi voiny' (~

Aziatskoi Turt~11.) Moscow, 1924-26.

53

Add:

4

Compare the ctory of Yahya ibn Mehrned;

Vaughdn, D., Suropl"! and the Turk.

Liverpool,

55

31

b8

8

70

22

Three months

78

Map

Rumeli Hi sari

read:

Hutba

Nizam-i Ced1t

~'J'.)4.

'Hut..iJ(:·'

~:

~:

C...>did •

Six mont}1::

reau: Rumeli fli:o"rl.

Yild1z

read:

'Ni~~dm-i

~1ragan Saray~

3. Note

7')

13

~:

,S' 1550

,S.1541

>17

2

9

See Table XLV.

H9

3

3

When Enver was assassinated in 1922, -

~:

See Table XLIV,

~:

When Enver died fighting the Soviets in Central

Asia in 1922,

')7

5

Add:

103/Mara often acted for her husband,

Mehmed II; see Babinger, Mehmed l i .

98

4

25

( 'Kebin')

Add:

106

~:

liked Mehmed l i ,

like Mehmed II,

AbdUlmecid I probably had a second pair of

twins, 1356/Fehime (A) and 1373/Zekiye,

born on 21.7.1855.

110

T.XV

8/Bayezid II

17/Murad IV

30/Mahmud II

111

24

~:

Dimetoka

Cirosis

read:

Cirrhosis

read:

Cirosis

'Vizir' and 'Vizir-i ~zam'

Havza, near Dimetoka

Cirrhosis

~:

'Vezir',

and 'Vezir-i ~zam'

'HSdim-ill Haremeyn' and 'Emir-ill Mtuninin'.

~:

: I '.

24

~

'Hadim-Ul Haremeyn' and 'Emir-Ul MUminin.

'Big'.

~:

'Big, 'Great' or 'Grand'.

4.

114

23

115

9

116

21

118

21

119

1

12

121

122

1

2

12

Emir-Ul Muminin

~:

~:

Sahlli-ul •• , Karnil et

~:

'Sultan Han Murad' ~:

§ah-i AIem

Ayse

~:

read:

It was

Emir-Ul MUminin

Sahib-ill ••• K8ndIet'

'Sultan Murad Han'

jah-i ~em

Ay~e

~

Kemal who brought about the

final downfall of the dynasty.

appeasement.

126

~:

appeasement, for their non-

performance of the 'Hac'.

127

read:

Map

'iarhiser

KIRIM.

~:

Balikesir

~:

Sultanonii -

Yarhisar.

Sultanonu.

~:

132

39

EDIB, H. SinnekIi

Sinekli Bakkal

136

30

SHIRLEY, A. Sir Anthony Shirley

~:

SHERLEY, A. Sir Anthony Sherley

32

139

3

SHIRLEY, T.

~:

• Ankara Bozgunundan •••

Bozgunundan •••

SHERLEY, T.

~:

'Ankara

Bal~esir.

read:

5.

23

~:

lNALCIK, H. Fatih Devri uzerinde Tetkikler

ve Vesikalar. Ankara, 1954.

25

~:

KOPRULU, M.F. 'Kan ,¥J.kannadan Idam'

(In Tk. Huk. Tar. D.), Ankara 1944. :~o

Adil~ah

B

~diliah

read:

~:

1·18 B

Hutba

150 B

Krim Hanlarl.

159 A

Vizir-i ~zam

-

~:

T.XX=

Hutbe ~:

KJ.rlJ1l Hanlarl.

~:

Vezir-i ~zam

72/D

read:

74/D

788 [1386]

T. XXIV

(81)-5/MEHMED I

T. XXV

555jYusuf

~:

Add note: 12See Inalcl.k,

Add to note 8:

T. XXVI

4

~,

b9, n.2.

Known as 'Hatun-u Muazzama·.

~:

1

(82)

102/Hiirna

10jStlLEYMAN I Sahib-ul ••• Kamilet

~:

Sahib-ill .•. Kl\milet

2105/Mehrned P.

Add note:

see XXXII.

~:

2105 10

10 The brotr.er of 2191/Ibrahim P.;

6.

/NUrubanu

T. XXXI

161 1

T. XXXU

2191/V.A. Kanijeli Add note:

T. XXXIll

T. XXXIV

11

~:

D. 991 [7.12.1583]

~:

2191 11/

The brother of 2105jMehrned P.; see XXX.

1143/D

~:

Note 2

5hirley, T.

(180 1 - 1143/D. ~:

2234jMustafa B. D.

£.

1154/Gevherhan

~:

-

5herley, T.

1037 [1628]

~:

D. 1039 [1630]

(192) - 1154/Gevherhan

1159 6 /55/OD

1158/0

add:

Add note:

6 Names of further children traced, but without

personal details: Mehmed (B), Orhan, Esma, Hadice, Ubeyde and Zahide. 684/5 Add note:

6 jehsuvaroglu, istanbul, 200, also gives these children: AbdUlhamid, Hasan, Ntunan, Orhan, Osman, Mahmud, 5elim

2270/Mife 2271/0 T. XXXVII

~:

~:

and

RaJoia S.

D. 1064 [1654]

2271/Fatma ~:

229/Hadice Turhan V.5. D. 1093 [1682J

D. 1094

[£.

6/1683]

695/5elim Add note:

12 jehsuvaroglu, istanbul,

zoo,

also gives these

children: Ahmed (A). Ahmed (B). Mehmed, 5lileyman and 5aiiye S.

7.

T. XL

2373/SUleyman

T. XLI

270/Ay.e

-

~:

add:

278/R~ia jerm'L

T. XLIV

775/Mehmed Add note:

T. XLVI

XLVII

D. 1145 [1732J

775 8 /Mehmed

~:

-

814/Nizameddin

're

~:

-

8 A second Mehmed, O. 1199 [1785].

375jTiryal

Note 4:

D. 1189 [1775]

~:

-

Ebubekirzade (Haci). D. 1199 [1785]

~:

O. 1300 [1883] ~:

-

(375)

Another wife, Zeynifelek, D. 1258 [1842].

381/DUZUdil O. 1261 [8.1845] 392/Serfiraz

(Seref~z)

394/jayeste

-

add:

824/Mehmed ~id

-

~:

~:

O. 1261 [16.10.1845]

D. 1323 [9.6.1905J

~:

-

B. 1269 [1853]

~: (397) - 824/Mehmed ~id

832/0sman Seyfeddin -

-

D. 1330 [18.1.1912J

823/Mehmed Abdussamed

1351/Bedihe

- 814/Nizameddin.

read:

-

add:

B. 1267 [1851]

1351 11 /Bedihe

Add note: 11 A second Bedihe, daughter of 392/Serfiraz, B. 1274 [1.10.1857J and D. 1274 [11.1857]. 1355/Fatma O. 1300 [1883]

-

~:

D. 1301 [29.7.1884]

1355/Fehirne (A) B. 1271 [26.1.1855] D. 1273 [10.11.1856] ~:

B. 1271 [21.7.1855J D. 1273 [21.5.1857J

8.

XLVII

1362/MUnire

~:

-

(398) - 1362/Mlinire

1363/Naile

-

~:

(394) - 1363/Naile

13i4/Naime

-

~:

(397) - 1364/Naime

1372/jahime B. 1271 [1.3.1855J D. 1273 [10.11.1856J -

~:

B. 1271 [2.3.1855J D. 1273 [22.2.1857]

1373/Zekiye D. 1272 [19.2.1856]

~:

B.

1271

[21.7.1855J D. 1272 [18.2.1856J T. XLVIII

402/Gevheri D. 1301 [20.9.1894] Note 4:

T. L

429/Safinaz

~:

-

425/Mezide D. 1326 [12.2.1908] 427/Nazikedg

-

~:

428/Peyveste Osman 429/Safinaz

-

~:

430/Saliha Naclye 431/Sazk~

-

-

-

~:

~:

-

D. 1301 [6.9.1884]

430/Safinaz -

~:

D. 1326 [21.1.1909]

D. 1312 [10.2.1895] 429/Peyveste Osman

~:

430/,Sa£inaz ~:

43VSaliha Naciye

432/Sazk~

865/Mehmed Bedreddin ••• D. Young 1402jHadice ••• D. Young

~:

-

~:

D. 1326 [23.10.1903]

B. 1315 [10.7.1897]

D. 1315 [14.2.1898] T. LVIII

ALLIANCES WITH KRiM!WlLARI

-

~:

KIRIM!WlLAIU

PREFACE I N the pages of this book an attempt has been made to present the· genealogy of the Ottoman Dynasty in as detailed a manner as possible and to establish the principles which governed the mutual relations of its various members. It is a study which has been prolonged by continual interruptions and which, because of inherent limitations can never be complete; but it is felt that sufficient progress has been made to justify publication. The way in which it came to be written is told in the Introduction. Here I would like to set out the names of those who, in many different ways, have helped in its writing. My first debt is to the late Dr. ]. Kingsley Birge who was always ready with advice and encouragement. Then Professor Halil tnalclk and Dr. Aurel Decei have kindly read the proofs and made valuable suggestions. Bay Haluk ~ehsuvaroglu, director of the TopKapl SaraYI Mtizesi, has helped me in the checking of many names and dates. Bay Faik Re~it Unat very kindly gave me permission to make use of one of his maps, while my colleague Bay Haydar Ediskun has readily answered my repeated inquiries as to the spelling of Turkish names. None of these people must, however, be held responsible for any mistakes there may be. My thanks are also due to the Librarians of the French Institute of Archaeology, the American Bible House and Robert College, all in Istanbul, and of the University Library of Cambridge, for the many facilities for study. Lastly my thanks must go to the staff of the Clarendon Press for their kindly advice and co-operation in dealing with a very awkward manuscript-a task often rendered more difficult by distance. In conclusion, I would like to repeat the words of a great predecessor, Stanley Lane-Poole: 'In a work abounding in names and figures it would be strange if misprints and mistakes did not occur. I shall be grateful to any scholar who will convict me of error; for those who "serve tables" know the danger and annoyance of even slight inaccuracy.' A. D. A. College St. Michel, istanbul .1 [ December I954

CONTENTS PREFACE LIST OF TABLES LIST OF MAPS INTRODUCTION I. ORIGINS

11. SUCCESSION Ill. THE PRINCELY GOVERNORATES IV. THE LAW OF FRATRICIDE V. THE ' KAFES' VI. ACCESSIONS VII. REGENCIES VIII. REBELLIONS AND PRETENDERS

VU Xl Xll

Xlll I

4 17

25 32 37

46 49

IX. ABDICATIONS

54

X. DEPOSITIONS

59

XI. THE HAREM XII. MARRIAGES AND DIVORCE XIII. BIRTHS AND CIRCUMCISIONS XIV. DEATHS AND FUNERALS

77 85 IQI 107

XV. TITLES USED BY THE OTTOMAN DYNASTY

III

XVI. NAMES USED BY THE OTTOMAN DYNASTY

121

XVII. TRADES OF THE SULTANS XVIII. THE OTTOMAN DYNASTY AND THE 'HAC'

123 125

x

CONTENTS

BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX GENEALOGICAL TABLES TABLES OF MARRIAGE ALLIANCES

LIST OF TABLES I. 11. Ill.

IV.

v. VI. VII. VIII. IX.

x. XI. XII. XIII. XIV.

xv. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX.

xx. XXI. XXII. XXIII. XXIV.

xxv. XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX.

xxx. XXXI. XXXI I.

'Dcvr-i Fetrct' (The Great Interregnum) 16 The Princely Governorates 22 Temporary Regencies of Princes 23 Military Commands of Princes 24 List of Fratricides 3° Sultans Confined in the 'Kafes' 36 The Extent of the Interregnums 44 The Performance of the 'Kills: Kwpnmasl' 45 Minorities and 'Regents' 48 Dates and Causes of Abdication of the Sultans 58 Datcs and Causes of Deposition of the Sultans 76 Mothers of thc Sultans 83 Dates and Places of Birth of the Sultans 105 106 Twins born to the Dynasty Dates, Places, and Causes of Death of the Sultans 110 Titles used by the Ottoman" (and Glossary) Jl2 The Genealogy of the Sultans 128 The Sultans, with Dates of Accession 12 9 Ages and Reigns of the Sultans 13° The Ancestors of Osman I 162 Osman I and his Family 16 3 Orhan and his Family 16 5 Murad I and his Family 166 nayeziJ I anJ his Family Mehmed I and his Family Murad II and his Family I Mehmed II and his Familv Bayezid II and his Family bcl7cecn pp. 168- 16 9 Selim I and his Family Suleyman I and his FamilY) Sclim II and his Family Murad III and his Family

1

LIST OF TABLES

XII

XXXIII. XXXIV. XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII. XXXIX. XL. XLI. XLII. XLIII. XLIV. XLV. XLVI. XLVII. XLVIII. XLIX. L.

LI. LIt. LI I I. LIV. LV. LVI. L V I I.

LVIII. LIX. LX. LXI. LX I I. LXII I.

Mehmed III and his Family 169 Ahmed I and his Family facing p. 170 Mustafa I, Osman I1, and their Families 171 ~urad IV and his Family } Ibrahim and his Family facing p. 172 Mehmed IV and his Family Stileyman 11, Ahmed Il, and their Families 172 Mustafa 11 and his Family} between pp. 172-173 Ahmed III and his Family Mahmud I, Osman Ill, and their Families li3 Mustafa III and his Family } facing p. 174 Abdiilhamid I and his Family Selim Ill, Mustafa IV, and their Families Mahmud 11 and his Family Abdtilmecid I and his Family Abdiilftziz and his Family between pp. 174-175 Murad V and his Family Abdiilhamid II and his Family Mehmed V and his Family Mehmed VI and his Family Abdtilmecid (II) and his Family Alliances with Candarogullan Alliances with the Comnenes T79 Alliances with Dulkadlrlllar 180 Alliances with Karamanogullan 181 Alliances with Krim ILlnlan 182 Alliances with K()priili.iler 182 Alliances with }\:lemlflkler 18 3 Alliances with the Paleologi 184 Alliances with SafeviIcr 18 5 Alliances with the Serbians 186

LIST OF MAPS lstanbul and its Environs The Anatolian Emirates and the Balkans (c. 1355) 3. The Ottoman Empire I.

2.

78 84 127

INTRODUCTION the author became interested in Turkish history, his attention was taken by the large number of foreign marriages contracted by the Ottoman dynasty, particularly during the first half of its history. I So he was drawn into a closer study of the genealogical history of the sultans, and what had begun as disconnected notes to facilitate his own reading, soon began to develop into the detailed analysis here presented. Interest was further aroused by the strange mixture of democracy and despotism which pervades the dynasty's story. In seeking to establish all the ramifications of the network of marriages which linked the Ottoman with a dozen other more or less powerful Muslim and Christian dynasties, many books have been consulted, and this debt is clearly set out in the footnotes and select bibliography.2 Particular reference should, however, be made to von Hammer's Histoire de l'Empire oitomane, the Almanach de Gotha, the Encyclopedia of Islam (and its Turkish translation), Slirreya's Sicill-i Osmani, Zambaur's Manuel de Genealogie ... de l'Islam, and Dam~mend's Osmanlt Tarihi Kronolojisi. These six works have formed the basis of the study, yet even works of such repute present a mass of conflicting evidence and are far from complete. From whichever angle one approaches, it is clear that the saray of the sultans-and especially the harem-with all its occupants and occupations, was shut off behind a curtain of taboo. Those outside knew little of what went on within its walls, while those who had served within almost always maintained a discreet silence concerning what they had seen. 3 So it was necessary to search for additional and corroborative evidence in many different, and often obscure, places: from the later Byzantine historians, through the serried ranks of the writers of travel memoirs, to the detailed research work of today presented in monographs and learned journals. It is obvious, therefore, that this book is based almost entirely on WHEN

I Lybyer, 17, enlarges on this theme strikingly, but his mathematical calculations arc slightly exaggerated; sce p. 92. 2 In the footnotes abbreviations and short titles are used, but they are all given in full in the Bibliography. 3 Compare the comments made by Lybyer, B. Miller, and Penzer in their respective books on the organization of the Ottoman court.

xiv

INTRODUCTION

the research of others. There is little in it that is strictly original, although occasionally it has been possible to correct an error or give proper emphasis to some little-known fact. But its chief aim, and any claim to merit it may possess, is to act as a synthesis, bringing together many related subjects which have so far never been considered in conjunction. The various genealogical tables, which form the major part of the book, arc the raw material which has been used in preparing the different studies on the structure of the dynasty.l The tables which follow the te\t arc of two kinds. First comes the strictly genealogical group, which co\'ers in varying detail the Ottoman dynasty and the rclateu l\ luslilll and Christian dynasties. The seconu consists of tables which collect together the marriage alliances of the Ottoman uynast y with certain other uynasties. Crossreferences throughout the hook both in text and tables-are facilitated by a unified system of nllIllhering. It will be noticed that the numbers used are not fully conseclltive; this was done intentionally to allow of the addition of further material with the least possible disturbance. It is convenient at this stage to cOIlsider certain limitations to the use of the tables. It is noticeable in all \yorks relating to the genealogy of Islamic dynasties that little or no importance is attached to the female members; the marriagt's which ligllrc so prominently in the family trees of European rllling falllilies arc almost completely absent, or are relegated to a footnott',~ For some dynasties this may reflect an actual infcriority and lal'k of importance, but thc !auics of the Ottoman family diJ ofte11 play a \('1'\' important role, so that here every attempt has been made t!) ,!.';in' them dlle prominencc. Dates are givcn fully, where p()~~ihk. according to the Julian and Gregorian Calendars (-,.Il.), \ :1I\l! 11\' \'l'ar ollly according to the Muslim Calendar (1\. I I.). III COll\lTt ill:.!; from OIlC to the other the author has relied on the T:lhlvs or F:lik I{l'~;it Un:lt, which arc based on those of ;\1ahler-\Yi.!stL'11fcld. \\,llnl' onh a \'l':lr-datc was known in une system, it has hee;l Llkl'll to ('oITt':'polld to the longer of thc 1 1\ote that thl" t:lllphasi, ill Ihis I:ook i ... 011 'ill'·IJ1lJtillTls· ralluT than 'Cefl"lllOnies'; for the latter see" book tike l'''L11h,l!stl" ,"'' ,1