The Structure and Form of the French Enlightenment, Volume 1: Esprit Philosophique 9781400871629

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THE STRUCTURE AND FORM OF THE FRENCH

ENLIGHTENMENT

Volume I

The Structure and Form of the French Enlightenment VOLUME

I: Esprit Philosophique

Ira O. Wade

PRINCETON, NEW

JERSEY

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

!977

PRESS

Copyright © 1977 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, Guildford, Surrey AU Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data will be found on the last printed page of this book This book has been composed in Linotype Granjon Printed in the United States of America by Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey

To 154, 155, 163, 167, 168, 187, 200, 236, 243, 247, 250, 252, 253, 308, 3 1 3 , 335, 361, 393, 408, 4 " , 412, 413, 433, 452, 519, 520, 545, 546, 551, 552, 557, 583, 587, 588, 589, 594, 595, 608, 609, 6 1 1 , 620, 630, 631, 636; 77, 13, 14, 22, 23, 53, 59, 76, 86, 100, 104, 106, 140, 154, 156, 157, 191, 226, 227, 235, 238, 246, 259, 263, 275, 282, 301, 342, 355, 382, 408 Lough, ]., II, 187, 189, 190, 298 Louis XIV, 7, 87, 1 1 2 , 442, 446, 465, 471; II, 264, 393, 397 Louis X V , 7, 89, 489

Lucien, 7, 29 Lucretius, 7, xx, 8, 12, 112, 147, 235, 252, 263, 575, 576, 581; U, 12, 27, 1 1 2 , 301, 318 Luneau de Boisgermain, II, 191 Luther, I, xx, 1 8 1 ; II, 1 1 5 , 380 Luzac, E., 1, 357, 551, 552 Lycurgus, I, 440 Mably, Abbe G. B. de, I, viii; II, 243, 258, 337-351, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 362, 401, 410, 4 1 1 Machault, II, 392, 393 Machiavelli, N., I, 445, II, 141, 275 Maclaurin, C., I, 140, 147, 523, 534 Maillet, B. de, I, 41, 118, 545, 557; II, 97 Mailly, M. de, I, 189 Maimonides, M., I, 181 Maine, A. L., Duchesse du, I, 80 Malagrida, I, 29 Malebranche, N. de, I, xviii, xix, 7, 20, 21, 35, 41, 42, 46, 47, 51, 55, 57, 68, 70, 74, 75, 76, 77, 82, 100, 133, 134, 138, 189, 228, 243, 259, 263, 519, 520, 532, 543, 5 5 1 , 557, 559, 583, 595, 620, 623, 626, 627, 629; II, 13, 14, 86, 100, 152, 158, 162, 163, 164, 178, 227, 318 Malesherbes, C. C., I, 514, 636; II, 185, 264 Malezieu, I, 80 Mallet, II, 232 Malpighi, I, 561 Mandeville, B. de, I, 135, 146, 147, 160, 164, 167, 200, 243, 252, 256, 365, 466, 467, 468, 469; II, 14, 165 Marivaux, P. C. de C., I, 92, 93, 96, 97, 100, 114, 119, 130, 270, 284, 6 1 1 , 615, 616, 617; II, 8, 337 Marlborough, Duke and Duchess of, 151 Marmontel, Abbe, J. F., 7, 606; 77, 193, 228, 299 Marville, C. H . Feydeau de, Lieutenant de Police, 7, 5 1 1 Mason, H., 7, 48, 85 Masson, P., 7, 207, 2 1 1 , 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 433; 77, 157, 162 Mathiez, J., 77, 294, 295

• 678 •

INDEX

Maupeou, R. C. (Premier President),

II, 393, 394 Maupertuis, P. L., 7, 118, 139, 147, 217, 494, 521, 523, 524, 526, 527, 529, 534, 535, 544, 545, 546, 547, 548, 568, 572, 578, 579, 581, 586; 77, 97, 112, 365 Maurepas, J.F.P. de, 7, 503, 514, 558 Mauzi, R., 7, 1 1 9 ; 77, 303 May, G., 7, 94, 574, 640 Mazarin, Duchesse de, 7, 120 Mazzei, F., 77, 359, 360, 361, 362 Mead, R., 7, 40 Medicis, 7, 442 Mehuret, I, 582 Melon, J. F., 7, 256, 365, 466, 468, 469, 471, 475, 478, 479, 491, 492, 614; 77, 14, 107, 141, 165, 234 Mersenne, M., 7, 6, 58, 132, 137, 519 Meslier, J., 7, 85, 186, 187, 190, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 231, 235; 77, 14, 103, 104, 105, 300, 3 1 7 Meyer, J., 7, 168, 557, 567; 77, 90 Meyer, L., 7, 181 Meyer, P. H., 7, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302 Michelangelo, 7, 446 Middleton, C., 7, 136, 1 5 1 , 187, 189 Mills, J. S., 77, 182, 192, 268, 297 Milton, J., 77, 14, 22, 1 1 2 Mirabaud, J. B., 7, 185, 192, 330, 354; 77, 14, 300 Mirabeau, V. de Riquetti, Marquis de, I, 354, 4i3, 473, 479, 492, 495, 5 ° 3 ; II, 335 Miromesnil, A.T.H. de, 7, 503 Misson, M., 7, 120 Moliere, J.B.P., 7, xix, 79, 80, 93, 94, 105, 118, 130, 241, 242, 252, 284, 298, 3 1 3 Molyneux, W., 7, 6, 134, 250 Montagu, Duke of, 7, 1 5 1 Montagu, Lady, 7, 140 Montaigne, M. de, 7, xvi, xvii, xviii, xx, xxi, xxii, 5, 8, 10, 39, 41, 45, 98, 118, 1 3 1 , 177, 189, 240, 241, 246, 249, 252, 258, 290, 335, 587, 621, 622; 77, 13, 14, 27, 29, 71, 75, 86, 120, 153, 163, 275 Montesquieu, C. L. de Secondat, Baron de, 7, 17, 18, 9r, 92, 93, 97, 98, 125, 126, 127, 142, 148, 149, 150, 1 5 1 , 152, 153, J 54, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160,

167, 242, 250, 268, 314, 316, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 35 352, 356, 359, 361, 362, 386, 387, 391, 392, 396, 402, 405, 408, 410, 416, 417, 423, 424, 428, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 443, 445, 449, 451, 453, 459, 461, 462, 464, 495, 508, 509, 510, 5 3 1 ; 77, 14, 27, 76, 86, 107, 123, 127, 128, 130, 1 3 1 , 142, 143, 145, 146, 147, 154, 157, 184, 2l8, 222, 223, 225, 229, 241, 243, 247, 257, 259, 263, 265, 275, 281, 285, 292, 337, 338, 339, 340, 342, 370, 382, 398, 399, 404, 407, 408 Montmor, H . de, I, 137, 519, 340 Montperoux, I, 371, 372, 373 Moore, I, 166 Morellet, Abbe Andre, II, 298, 299 Morelly, I, viii, 473; II, 252, 251-261, 339, 342, 348, 408, 410, 4 " Moreri, L., I, 1 3 1 Morize, Andre, I, 206, 321, 466, 467, 469;

II, 370 Morley, }., II, 7, 8, 9, 148, 166 Mornet, D., I, 390, 403, 562, 6 1 1 ; II, 56, 83, 87, 88, 91, 165, 166, 195, 298, 300, 395, 401; 402, 403, 404, 406, 407, 413 Mortier, R., I, 299; II, 94, 95 Motteux, I, 120 Moultou, Paul, I, 431 Mousnier, R., 7, 518; 77, 396 Muralt, L. B. de, 7, 122, 124, 126, 128, 129, 130; 77, 24 Musschenbroeck, 7, 41, 147, 228, 523, 527; 77, 365 Muy, Ministre de la Guerre, I, 503 Naigeon, J. A., 7, 15, 18, 56, 74, 79, 84, 86, 169, 194, 229, 230; 77, 74, 96, 103, 190, 191, 289, 299 Naude, G., 7, viii, 17, 35, 184, 189;

II, 13 Naves, R., 7, i n , 1 1 2 , 114, 116, 289; 77, 10, 53, 56, 194 Naville, P., II, 300, 302, 309 Needham (Jesuit teacher much interested in biology), 7, 168, 554, 555, 556, 561, 568, 574, 579; 77, 98, 1 1 2 , 323

• 679 •

INDEX

Newton, I., 7, xviii, xix, 7, 29, 30, 39, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 51, 54, 55, 57, 65, 67, 70, 71, 72, 85, 89, 136, 137, 138, 140, 141, 146, 147, 148, 153, 168, 200, 228, 517, 519, 520, 521, 522, 523, 525, 526, 527, 528, 534, 536, 544, 546, 564, 573; 77, 13, 14, 22, 23, 50, 76, 82, 83, 97, 238, 275, 315, 323, 384, 410 Neymarck, A., 7, 479 n, 494 Niceron, J. P., 7, 1 3 1 , 132 Nicolas de Cusa, 7, 29 Nicole, P., 7, 41, 42, 227, 252, 330 Nieuwentyt, B., 7, 228, 235, 527, 542 Niklaus, I, 234, 235; 77, 74, 75, 93, 94 Ninon de Lenclos, 7, 79, 80, 294; 77, 288 Nisard, C., 77, 10, 1 1 Nivelle de la Chaussee, 7, 605, 6 1 1 Nixon, Edna, 7, 380 Noailles, Due de, 7, 185 Nollet, J. A., 7, 527, 529, 530, 532, 533, 535, 542; 77, 365 Nolte, F. O., 77, 88

Danemarck), 7, 316, 473, 478, 479, 479 n Plotinus, 77, 1 1 6 Pluche, N. A., 7, 235, 264, 526, 529, 533,

Oldenburg, H., 7, 180 Orleans, Duchesse d', 7, 178 Orleans, Phillippe, Due d', 7, 87, 178, 314, 465 Orobio, I., 7, 184 Ossian, 7, 167 Paine, T., 77, 352 Palissot, C., 7, 14, 77, 185 Palmer, R. R., 77, 403 Panckoucke, C. J., 77, 187, 188 Paracelse, 7, 41 Pascal, B., 7, xix, xxii, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 26, 35, 41, 55, 57, 63, 80, 81, 82, 85, 1 3 1 , 132, 147, 206, 227, 228, 241, 249, 252, 253, 259, 3 1 3 , 468, 519, 520, 560, 583, 610; 77, 13, 95, 153, 162, 269 Patin, G., 7, 17, 35, 132, 184, 340 Patterson, Mrs. H. T., 7, 201 Paulian, 77, 97, 98, 99 Pellet, 77, 189 Pemberton, H., 7, 147, 523, 524, 534 Pembroke, Lord, I, 151 Pericles, 7, 442

Perkins, Mrs. J. A., 7, 619, 620, 622, 625, 628, 634, 637, 640, 647, 648 Perkins, Merle, 7, 318, 479 n Pernety, A. J., 7, 625 Perrault, C., 7, 285, 543; 77, 363 Perseus, 7, xx Pestre, Pere (with Encyclopedie), 7, 55; 77, 241 Peter the Great, 7, 323 Petit, A., 7, 574 Petrarch, 7, xx, 37, 516; 77, 379 Peyre, H., 77, 406, 407 Phanjas, Para du, 7, 625 Philippe V of Spain, 7, 88 Pichon, T . J., 7, 456, 458, 459 Pictet, P., 77, 371 Pintard, R., 7, 3, 4, 89 Piron, A., 7, 610 Pizarro, F., 7, 437 Plato, 7, 38, 66, 73, 262, 263, 341, 443, 561; 77, 152, 178, 204, 218, 341, 342 Plelo, Comte de (Ambassadeur en

535, 542; II, 181, 192, 236 Plumier, 7, 41 Plutarch, F., 7, 29, 241, 262, 327 Polier de Bottens, A., 77, 184, 193 Polignac, Cardinal de, 7, 80 Pomeau, R., 7, 187, 188, 196, 197, 358, 359, 362, 381; 22, 26, 41, 44, 48, 50, 54, 75, 77, 78, 81, 321 Pomponazzi, P., 7, xx, 38 Pope, A., 7, 1 1 2 , 1 1 7 , 129, 130, 145, 146, 147, 148, 152, 166, 206, 207, 208, 252, 253; 77, 14, 22, 82, 259 Poree, Pere, Charles, 77, 263 Praslin, Charles Gabriel, Comte de Choiseul, I, 372, 373, 374 Prevost, Abbe A. F., 7, 93, 94, 95, 1 1 8 , 119, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 167, 203, 249, 278, 439, 605, 612, 613, 614, 615; 77, 2 4 , 1 8 1 , 337 Princess of Wales, 7, 140 Privat de Molieres, 7, 139; 77, 99 Proust, J., I, 44, 55, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, ^ 9 , 244, 390, 391, 392, 395, 396, 399,

• 680 •

INDEX

400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 573; II, 75, 77, 88, 90, 96, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 109, 110, 1 8 0 , 1 9 1 , 192, 193, 194, 225, 247 Proust, M., II, 235 Pufendorf, S., I, 41, 132, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 343, 391, 399, 402, 406, 408, 410, 4 1 1 , 412, 417, 433; II, 106, 144, 146, 154, 156, 157, 216, 217, 218 Pythagoras, II, 2 1 7 Quesnay, Francois, 7, 473, 479, 495, 499, 503, 623 Rabelais, F., 7, xx; 77, 13, 22 Racine, J., I, xviii, xix, xx, 96, 99, 105, 1 1 2 , 1 1 3 , 241, 242, 279, 284, 288, 304, 614; 77, 13, 19, 20, 263 Racle, L., Ingenieur a Ferney, 7, 378 Ramsey, A. M. de, 7, 316 Rang, M., 77, 169, 178, 179 Rapin de Thoyras, 7, 127 Ravier, R., 77, 158 Ray, J., 7, 140 Raymond, M., 7, 633, 636; 77, 1 3 1 , 133, 134 Raynal, Abbe G. T., 7, viii, 144, 391; 77, 106, 256, 299, 325-336, 339, 348, 352, 353, 354, 359, 360 Reaumur, R., 7, 41, 235, 529, 530, 531, 537, 542, 543, 546, 559; H, 192, 365 Regnier de Graff, 7, 543, 561 Renan, E., 77, 415 Rey, M.-M., 7, 121, 195, 357, 372, 430; 77, 188, 299, 320 Richardson, S., 7, 166, 167, 304 Richelieu, Cardinal de, 7, 442 Richer, A., 7, 524 Richmond, Duke of, 7, 1 5 1 Ringelbert, II, 181 Robespierre, M. F., 77, 4 1 1 Rocheblave, S., 7, 257 Roger, , I, 237, 538, 540, 542, 543, 544, 545, 555, 558, 560, 562, 563, 564, 565, 567, 568, 569, 574, 575, 582 Rosenfield, L., 7, 598 Rothkrug, L., 7, 313, 3 1 4 Rous, 77, 299 Rousseau, J. J., 7, vii, viii, 3, 8, 14, 17, 18,

49, 60, 98, 118, 119, 125, 143, 191, 207, 208, 209, 210, 2 1 1 , 212, 213, 214, 215, 2l6, 217, 2l8, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 230, 231, 237, 238, 239, 25O, 251, 259, 260, 262, 263, 264, 265, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273,275, 276, 278, 321, 3 3 1 , 333, 340, 359. 361, 362, 368, 370, 373, 374, 375, 376, 391, 401, 402, 403, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 4 1 1 , 412, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 440, 469, 493, 572, 583, 584, 605, 6 1 1 , 612, 614, 617, 625, 628, 629, 632, 633, 634. 635, 636, 637, 638, 639, 640; II, 8, 14, 27, 43, 68, 76,78, 79, 92, 105, 106, 1 0 7 , 1 0 8 , 1 1 9 - 1 7 9 , 184, 1 8 5 , 1 9 3 , 1 9 5 , 212, 213, 226, 232, 239, 241, 243, 246, 247, 257, 258, 261, 264, 265, 270, 281, 286, 288, 293, 297, 298, 299, 303, 320, 337, 339, 340, 341, 342, 344, 347, 348, 350, 353, 373, 399, 401, 404, 406, 407, 408, 410, 4 1 1 , 413, 414 Rousset de Missy, I, 365; II, 338 Roux, I, 574 Sabatier de Castres, I, 319 St.-Amant, I, 20 St.-Aulaire, I, 80 Ste.-Beuve, C. A., I, 613; II, 85 St.-Evremond, C. de, I, 26, 120, 197, 214, 238, 244, 3 1 3 ; II, 13 St.-Hyacinthe, I, 623 St.-Just, II, 4 1 1 St.-Lambert, II, 288, 299 St.-Mard, Remond de, 7, 299 St.-Pierre, C. I. Castel, Abbe de, I, 89, 91, 127, 128, 152, 163, 207, 254, 255, 276, 316, 317, 3i8, 319, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 327, 328, 329, 330, 3 3 1 , 333, 334, 340, 362, 386, 466, 473, 475, 478, 479, 479 n, 494, 496, 508, 512; II, 1 3 1 , 217, 234, 255, 329, 337, 364, 414 St.-Pierre, Bernardin de, II, n , 14 St. Real, I, 3 1 3 St. Simon, Louis de Rouvroy, Duke of, I, 88, 314, 329, 465, 494; II, 398 St. Thomas, I, 4 Sakmann, P., II, 148

• 681 •

INDEX

Salleron, L., 7, 473 Salluste, 7, 157 Sartine, G. de, Lieutenant de Police, 7, 503; 77, 185, 188 Saunderson, S., 7, 168, 236, 566, 567, 568; 77, 78 Saurin, J., 77, 287, 299 Sauvy, A., 7, 473 Saverien, M. S., 7, 40, 41, 42, 44, 52 Saxe-Gotha, Louise Dorothee, Duchesse de, 7, 209 Schapiro, M., 7, 298 Schinz, A., 7, 7, 429, 430; 77, 141, 144, 147, 149, 150, 1 5 1 , 159, 163 Schwartz, J., 77, 86 See, H., 7, 492 Seguier, P., 7, 505 Seilliere, E., 7, 262 Selden, J., 77, 218 Sellius, 77, 181 Seneca, 7, 8, 39, 263, 640 Servan, J. M., 7, 447 Sextus Empericus, 7, 61 Sgard, J., 7, 614 'sGravesande, W. J., 7, 41, 138, 147, 523, 527; 77, 365 Shackleton, R., 7, 1 5 1 , 153, 155, 334, 335,

27, 35, 41, 42, 43, 50, 51, 57, 59, 62, 68, 70, 77, 78, 82, 85, 118, 132, 136, 158, 160, 163, 164, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 189, 190, 196, 204, 207, 225, 227, 229, 243, 248, 257, 343, 344, 361, 437, 5*9, 520, 539, 545, 546, 559, 576, 581, 583, 585, 626, 627; 77, 13, 14, 76, 86, 108, 112, 156, 218, 238, 301, 303, 320, 322, 323, 324, 408 Stahl, 7, 582 Stair, J. D., Lord, 7, 89, 122 Stanhope, 77, 340, 343, 345 Stanislas I (King of Poland), 7, 270, 467 Stanyan, T., 7, 161 Stanley, T., 7, 53, 83; 77, 101 Starobinski, J., 7, 636, 637; 77, 121, 157, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172 Stendhal, H. Beyle, I, 637, 642 Stenon, 7, 561 Sterne, L., 7, 166; 77, 106 Stillingfleet, E., 7, 134, 146, 552 Stirling, J., 7, 140 Stormont, 7, 503, 509, 5 1 5 Strowski, F., 7, 621 Struck, 7, 155 Strachey, L., 7, 96, 616 Straton, 7, 77 Suard, J. B., 7, 357; 77, 299 Swammerdam, J., 7, 543 Swift, J., 77, 13, 14, 22, 112, 254

34i, 342, 353, 436 Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of, 7, 41, 73, 109, 118, 132, 133, 134, 147, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 168, 200, 227, 243, 264, 281, 283, 290, 309, Tacitus, 7, 157 466, 469, 6 1 1 , 612; II, 14, 82, in Taine, H., 7, 243, 246, 423, 606; 77, 3, 4, Shakespeare, W., 7, 112, 622; 77, 14, 22 7, 86, 187, 394, 401, 404, 405 Shepherd, R. P., 7, 494 n Talleyrand, C. M. de, 7, 66, n o Sidney, A., 7, 149, 158 Talmon, J. L., 77, 409, 410, 4 1 1 Simon, R., 7, 75, 179, 180, 182 Tavernier, J. B., 7, 335 Sirven, P. P., 7, 375, 381, 382 Taylor, O. R., 7, 168 Sloane, Hans, 7, 137, 140 Tencin, Cardinal de, 77, 337 Smith, Adam, 7, 475, 493, 523 Tencin, Mme. de, 7, 91, 92, 605; 77, 337 Soboul, A., 77, 396, 397, 398 Tercier, J. P., 77, 264 Socrates, I, 273; 77, 217, 236, 375 Terence, 7, 16, 304 Solon, 7, 444; 77, 228 Terracher, 7, 198 Terrasson, J., II, 204 Sophocles, 7, 112, 1 1 5 , 179; 77, 20, 21, 363 Terray, 7, 501, 503, 506; 77, 392 Sorbiere, S., 7, 120, 132, 184 Theophile de Viau, 7, xvii, 120 Spallanzani, Abbe Lazare, 7, 556 Theophrastus, 7, 443 Spengler, J. J., 7, 473, 474 Thevenot, M., 7, 540 Spink, J. S., 7, 3, 181, 182, 183, 184 Th 1 1-1-1 onn T / onr Spinoza, B. de, 7, xix, xxi, xxii, 6, 8, 10, • 682 •

INDEX

Thieriot, N. C., 7, 46, 187, 194, 320, 441; 77, 23 Thomas, J., 77, 73, 86, 87, 94, 99 Thomassin, L., 7, 21 Thucydides, II, 220 Tilley, A., 7, xix Tindal, M., 7, 136, 187, 188, 189; 77, 14 Tocqueville, A. de, II, 394 Toland, J., 7, 136, 184, 187, 189, 214; 11, 14, 301 Torrey, N. L., 7, 136, 187, 188, 189, 237 Torricelli, E., 7, 63 Touly, M. de, 7, 189 Tournefort, J. de, 7, 41 Tournemine, Pere R. J., I, 182, 189, 199, 200 Toussaint, Fr., 7, 81, 565; 77, 182 Trembley, A., 7, 548, 561 Trenchard, J., 7, 158 Tronchin, Dr. Theodore, 7, 373; 77, 184, 193 Trublet, Abbe N. C., I, 28, 100, 617; 77, 19, 256 Trudaine, J.C.P. de, 7, 378, 510 Turgot, A.R.J., 7, vii, 396, 405, 475, 479 n, 489, 490, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, 508, 512, 513, 515, 624; 77, 61, 193, 195, 244, 369, 370, 3 7 i , 373, 374, 377, 388, 392, 393 Tycho, Brahe, I, 29, 41 Tyssot de Patot, 77, 13 Valdruche (Voltaire's lawyer friend at Joinville), 7, 320 Valla, L., 7, xx, 18, 38 Vallisneri, 7, 42, 561 Van Dale, A., 7, 30 Van Home, 7, 543 Vanini, L., 7, 228; 77, 301 Varignon, P., 7, 41 Vartanian, A., 7, 85, 538, 551, 565, 598; 77, 97, 100 Vattel, E. de, 7, 446 Vauban, S., 7, 88, 314, 429, 465, 489, 494! II, 57 Vaughan, C. E., 7, 4 1 3 ; 77, 132, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 344, 348

Vauvenargues, L. de Clapiers, Marquis de, 7, 230, 258, 259, 261, 262, 278 Venelle (Anatomist with Encyclopedic), 11, 299 Venturi, F., I, 226, 229, 390; II, 73, 88, 89, 90 Verdier, C., 7, 566, 574 Veri, /, 514, 584 Vernes, J., 77, 162, 184 Verniere, P., 7, 85, 181, 182, 183, 229, 230, 391, 573, 574, 575, 578; U, 87, 91, 104, 106, 289 Vial, F., I, 257, 259 Vico, J. B., 11, 48 Viete, F., 7, 41 Villemot, P., 7, 138 Vinet, A., 7, 96; 77, 1 1 Vintimille, 7, 175 Virgil, 7, xx, 99, 105, 112, 288, 304; 77, 12, 19, 20 Volland, Sophie, 7, 161, 230, 573; II, 70, 298 Voltaire, Arouet de, 7, xx, xxi, 3, 6, 8, 13, 15, 17, 18, 20, 27, 28, 29, 36, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 57, 61, 66, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 92, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 109, IIO, I I I , 1 1 2 , 1 1 3 , II4, Il6, II7, I l 8 , II9, 122, 124, 125, 127, 129, 130, 132, 134, 135, 136, 139, I40, I4I, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 152, 153, 160,164, 167, 168, 180, 183, 186, 187, 188, 189, 191, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 2 1 1 , 218, 220, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 230, 231, 233, 235, 236, 237, 239, 250, 251, 252, 253, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 262, 263, 264, 270, 274, 276, 277, 278, 279, 281, 283, 284, 285, 286. 288, 289, 290, 304, 307, 312, 314, 319, 321, 326, 328, 329, 331, 333, 334, 335, 343, 354, 355, 358, 360, 362, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 379, 380, 382, 384, 385, 389, 396, 398, 405, 419, 431, 440, 441, 442, 443, 445, 446, 448, 45i, 452, 453, 454, 459, 466, 467, 468, 477, 493, 508, 5 " , 520, 521, 524, 526, 528, 532, 533, 534, 535, 546, 552, 556, 558, 562, 566, 567, 572, 576, 581, 583, 586, 589, 603, 614,

• 683 •

INDEX

Voltaire, Arouet de, I (cont.) 617, 629, 640, 646; II, 3, 4, 8, 53, 56, 58, 60, 66, 67, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 86, 92, 99, 100, 104, 105, 107, i n , 112, 114, 123, 127, 141, 146, 147, 154, 157, 163, 164, 165, 184, 185, 187, 192, 193, 195, 197, 200, 205, 2 1 1 , 218, 220, 221, 226, 227, 232, 242, 246, 247, 263, 264, 270, 272, 281, 285, 287, 288, 289, 297, 299, 301, 302, 303, 3 1 1 , 314, 317, 320, 322, 324, 338, 339, 340, 353, 358, 364, 370, 371. 373, 374, 382, 384, 397, 399, 404, 407, 408, 4 1 1 , 413, 415

Warens, Mme. de, II, 337 Watelet (artist contributor to Encyclopedic), II, 193 Watts, G. B., II, 180 Weulersse, G., I, 479 n, 492 Whitehead, II, 1 1 2 Wilkes, J., I, 162; II, 298 Wilson, A., I, 505, 606, 609 Wolff, C., I, 200, 407, 408, 544, 545 Woodward, J., I, 190 Woolston, T., I, 136, 184, 186, 187, 188, 189, 196; II, 14 Wright, C.H.C., II, 122

Wade, I., I, 188, 206, 274, 377, 383, 466 Wallas, M., I, 257, 260, 261 Warburton, W., I, 1 5 1 , 152, 153, 160, 3°3, 431

Yolton, J. W., /, 133 Yorke, C., I, 1 5 1 Young, A., I, 167, 489; II, 394 Yvon, Abbe, II, 182, 193

• 684 •

INDEX OF IDEAS I would like to organize in some useful way the contents which can be found in this lengthy presentation. It is the problem with which I have been faced during the last twenty-five years. The only way which appears feasible to me is to make, in brief outline form, a statement of the theory which I think the Enlightenment originated, organized and developed. In support of this view, I offer in this Index special references where these points have been introduced, suggested, or discussed. The French Enlightenment accepted: The identity of life, civilization, and inner meaning. The identification of each individual with each phenomenon which enters into each concept. The key which opens the door to this meaning is the human mind working with the donnees of existence. Hence: An intellectual response to all human phenomena is required. When given, this response capable of producing i. Ideas 2. Movements in ideas 3. Actions 4. Reforms 5. Restructuring 6. Revolt 7. Organization or reorganization 8. Creation or re-creation. Thus, in the Enlightenment, what one thinks is what one says, what one says is what one does, what one does is what one has become. Moi suis un autre does not seem a bit absurd. What is further required to guarantee this effect is: i. Clarity of definition. 2. Correctness of organization. 3. Awareness that the human understanding, though limited, possesses a. The power of metaphor. The intelligent man as well as the poet has the ability to use these perceived analogies. He thus acts as poet. b. The further ability to grasp the necessity of establishing necessary relationships in the "nature of things." Rapports and la nature des choses are essential ingredients of life and the constitution of reality. The awareness of correct rapports is what produces the correct organization. The intelligent man must remember that the correct organization can be expressed only in terms of the poetic act. It can therefore be understood in terms of symbolism. Enlightenment is consequently at the same time a myth and a reality, a poem • 685 ·

INDEX and a system of philosophy, an "idea" clear and distinct and a "meaning" which is neither clear nor distinct, but ambiguous and even at times paradoxical. Our only chance of grasping these things and realizing their usefulness is to reduce them to a certain number of key people, categories, ideas, concepts, movements of thought, metaphors, and conclusions. Our only chance of keeping these elements together in some sort of clear, consistent, continuous and coexistent order is through the concept of organic unity. That is to say: all these things are alive and they work together to produce the same unified life, the same unified society, the same orderly civilization. The key people, in my opinion, are i. Montesquieu 2. Voltaire 3. Diderot 4. Rousseau. The key work which organizes people, work, ideas into a unity is L'Encyclopedie, ou Dictionnaire raisonne des sciences, des arts, et des metiers. The seven categories of existence are i. Religion 2. Ethics 3. Esthetics 4. Politics 5. Economics 6. Science 7. The self. I have used them for my analysis of changes in views in each category during the Enlightenment. I have wanted to show in each case that the factors which determine these views are men, works, and ideas, which bring about a new way of organizing them and a consequent new interpretation of life and civilization. The result is always a new structure given to the category, and new conclusions given to its meaning. I make no distinction between the meaning and the form of a human phenomenon. Ideas, theories, intellectual structures, and philosophies, have the same living, human qualities as a person, people, nations, societies. They all lead to the establishment of a "spirit." These key ideas, concepts, and words are not easy to assemble accurately because we never start from scratch, nor are we ever sure that we have organized them in the correct way. Despite this obvious difficulty, I have assumed that each category carries within itself its own key idea and an inner organization. In addition, I have observed as scrupulously as I could the three concepts of God, Nature, Man as the French Enlightenment understood those terms. To the seven categories of existence, and these three concepts, I have tentatively • 686 ·

INDEX

added the following "ideas," which are really of the order of "ideals": i. Bonheur 2. Brotherly love (charite) 3. Freedom 4. Democracy 5. Law 6. Mceurs 7. Reason 8. Imagination 9. Esprit 10. Society 11. Revolution 12. Natural Law. I would like now to give a few examples of these things. The most important word in this whole work is Esprit, especially as it takes on the following forms: Esprit philosophique (Part I), Esprit Encyclopedique (Part II), Esprit Revolutionnaire (Parts III and IV). In the Introduction, I started with The role of sight and light and meaning, p. xiv Enlightenment as an awareness, a being, a meaning, a self, pp. xiv, xv, xvi The Paduan movement in Italy in the Renaissance, p. xvi The philosophes as an integrated group of scientists, moralists, and artists, xvi-xix The key categories The key groups: poets, philosophes, free-thinkers, xxi-xxii The key ideas, xxi-xxiii The key institutions: religion, state, education, and social order; An analysis of the Paduan Movement in terms of i. Major conditions 2. Major developments 3. Readjustments of institutions a. Church b. State c. Social order, pp. xii-xiii. Importance of rapports, xvi Building of categories, xvii, xviii Importance of some groups: (a) philosophers, (b) free-thinkers, (c) scientists, (d) poets, xix Key men of Paduan School, xx Building of art, literature and philosophy, xxi-xxiii Key group: philosophes, 3-23

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INDEX

Key concept: Esprit philosophique, 24 Fontenelle as characteristic of Esprit philosophique, 26-34 Importance of concept of mceurs, 33 Identification of Esprit with Esprit humain, 34 Deslandes, important for his concise definitions, 37 Philosophical groups: peripatetics, eclectics, stoics, cynics, Epicureans, skeptics. Saverien divided his philosophical groups in his Histoire de la Philosophic, 8 vols.: (I) Metaphysicians, (II) Moralists & political theorists, (III & IV) Scientists (natural), (V) Mathematicians, (VI) Physicists, (VII) Chemists and cosmologists, (VIII) Naturalists, 41 Saverien insists "the human mind is the one force which guides man in all his actions," 42 Voltaire, for 25 years the outstanding poet, 45 Voltaire finally became "the philosopher of his age," 45 Diderot gives a list of key words, 58-59 Discussing Hobbes, he gives some key ideas, 58-59 Comparing Rousseau and Hobbes, Diderot gives more key ideas, 60 Attraction discussed as a key word by Diderot, 71 Metaphor: occasional causes in Malebranche and Polichinelle, 76 Importance of optimism, 77 Spinozism and "lame du monde," 77 Spinoza's leading ideas, 78 Free-thinkers, descendents of Gassendi, 79 Key groups among the free-thinkers, 80 Key "isms": Cartesianism, stoicism, skepticism, rationalism, 84-86 Key movements to time of Regency: Paduan movement, humanism, Epicureanism, stoicism, skepticism, 85-100 Issues in art: Quarrel of Ancients and Moderns, 102-105 Voltaire vs. Lamotte on relative value of prose vs. poetry, 105 Dubos's views on art, 104-109 What constitutes the beauty of a work of art? What is the nature of those qualities which become apparent in a work of art? Does the application of those qualities renew tragedy at the present moment? 104 Views of others: Crousaz, Shaftesbury, Batteux, etc., 109 Voltaire's views on art, especially poetry, 111 His genius, in-113 His constitution of the "man of taste," 115 His favorite metaphor, the "winds as passions," 117

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INDEX The search for pleasure, happiness, 118 Voltaire analyzes the British Civilization in terms of the seven categories. He shows that when merged, the categories constitute a civilization, 123 Voltaire analyzes the seven categories of life in the Lettres philosophiques, as a means of understanding the relationships between the categories, 141 Part II is devoted to showing how each of the four key Philosophes make their personal contribution to each category, to the key work—the Encydopedie—and to the key ideas devoted to restructuring the seven categories of existence. Here, I have taken up each category one after the other. I have analyzed in each category the leading man in that category: Voltaire for religion, Diderot for esthetics, Rousseau for politics, Montesquieu for jurisprudence, the Encydopedie for the social category. Whenever occasion demanded, I have used people who are important but obviously of lesser rank: Espiard, St. Pierre, Grosley, Pichon, Castilhon. They all operate in the area of Mceurs and Lois, that is, civilization. The statement on the way we have proceeded is explained in the Foreword, 175. The importance of these categories and ideas in restructuring, reforming, or rebuilding the present organization of life, 256-310. I kept two other problems in mind, while bringing together the contributions of each outstanding philosophe, or each philosophe of a lesser order but nonetheless important: What were the interrelations of one category with another—religion with ethics, ethics with politics, or politics with economics? What were they achieving working together in a unified way? Were they really working together in unity or in impossible confusion? Was there a break between the procedures of the natural sciences and the human sciences? Answers to this last problem are elusive. However, as shown at the end of Part II, the Encydopedie became essential for organic intellectual unity. The problem of organic unity thus became the all-important problem of Part HI, and the relationship between structure and form became paramount. Key statement about relationship between human and natural sciences, 313 Superiority of politics as the dominant human science, 326 The problem of structure in the relationship of lots and mceurs, 339 This relationship between his and mceurs, proposed by Montesquieu, 349 Organic unity in Montesquieu, 250 Further consideration of mceurs and lots, 351-354 Key definition: "enlightened despotism" in Voltaire, 359 Key ideas in Voltaire, 361 Form as a part of structure in Rousseau, 416

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INDEX Form and structure in Rousseau, 425 The interrelationships of ideas with history, philosophy, science of nature, and the life sciences in Voltaire, 441 Voltaire's affirmation of organic unity in the making of a life-style, a spirit, a civilization, 441 Grosley gives the same sort of analysis as Voltaire, 446 Espiard best expresses the theory in his Essais sur Ie genie, et Ie caractere des nations, 1746, and L'Esprit des nations, in 1752. Despite my emphasis on organic unity, I have not neglected insofar as I know either the impossible diversity nor the deep resemblances between these makers of the French Enlightenment. I took them one by one, giving a section on the organic unity of each. While desirous to have each organize the material as he sees fit, I nonetheless searched diligently for the principle of organization in each case. With Voltaire, for example, I showed how he struggled from the first to write an outstanding play. He was still trying to write that play after some fifty-four attempts. In the meantime, all his plays had become melanges just as everything else. Everything had been merged (melangee) with everything else. After all, the only difference between life and death is one more breath, one more heartbeat, one more idea. Seen in terms of outer reality, this doesn't seem very significant, since these things go on all the time, with us or without us, with no perceptible consequences. However, in terms of inner meaning, they seem to us of the greatest consequence, since they solicit our attention with the urgency of some mysterious, absolute, categorical imperative, always tugging at our elbow and always saying: "Now, look here, you, you listen to me!" It's the only knowledge we are permitted to know. No wonder we call it Esprit and when we think nobody is looking, we add the little adjective humain: I'Esprit humain.

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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Wade, Ira Owen, 1896The structure and form of the French Enlightenment. Bibliography: v. 1, p. v. 2, p. Includes index. C O N T E N T S : v. 1. Esprit philosophique.—v. 2. Esprit revolutionnaire. 1. Enlightenment. 2. Philosophy, French—18th century. I. Title. B1925.E5W33 194 77-72139 I S B N 0-691-05256-5 (v. 1 ) I S B N 0-691-05257-3 (v. 2)