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English Pages [316] Year 1952
S p o n s o r i n g Committee: Professor Louise M. Rosenblatt, Professor Ju li an C. Aldrich, and Provost Thomas Clark Pollock
THE SOCIAL IDEAS OF THOMAS HARDY
by
John A. Tallmadge
ll
Submitted in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f the requirements f o r the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ir_ the School o f Education of New York Universit y
NEW YORK U N IV ER SIT Y IN T E R D E P A R T M E N T A L C O M M U N IC A T IO N
The s t u e.:t
hereby g u aran tees t h a t no p a r t . o f t h e dir:,:.ertation
or document which he has submitted f o r p u b l i c a t i o n h a s been h e r e t o f o r e published and (or) copyrighted in the U n it e d S t a t e s o f America, e x c e p t i n the case of pass ages quoted i'rom o t h e r p u b l i s h e d s o u r c e s ; t h a t he i s th e s o l e author and p r o p r i e t o r o f s a id d i s s e r t a t i o n or document; t h a t t h e d i s s e r t a t i o n or document co n t a in s no m atter which, i f p u b l s i h e d , w i l l be l i b e l o u s or o t h e r wise injurious, or i n f r i n g e i n any way t h e c o p y r i g h t o f any o t h e r par ty ; and that he w i l l d e f e n d , indemnify and h old h a r m le s s New York U n i v e r s i t y a g a i n s t a l l suits and pro ce ed in gs which may be brought
ahd a g a i n s t a l l cla im s which
may be made a g a i n s t Newr York U n i v e r s i t y by r e a s o n o f t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f s a i d d i ",vertstion or document.
Abstract of ¥>'
THE SOCIAL IDEAS OF THOMAS HARDY The s o c ia l id e a s of Thomas Hardy, as expressed in his
s ix te e n n o v e ls and forty-four short sto rie s, are shown in t h i s t h e s i s to have centered about certain recurrentlyt r e a t e d problem ss
social s tra tific a tio n , the status of women,
B r i t i s h e d u c a tio n , and the condition of ru ral and city labor e rs.
C h ap ter I tr a c e s the origin, development, and cry stal
l i z a t i o n o f H ardy’ s social philosophy and shows how his ideas developed from h i s personal experiences, his reading, and his c o n ta c ts w ith contemporary social thinkers.
Evidence is pre
s e n te d t h a t even before publication of his f i r s t novel, he had a r r iv e d a t convictions about social problems la te r stressed in h is f ic tio n . C h ap ter I I d e a ls with many instances in Hardy's novels i n w hich he c r e a te s an unfavorable picture of English social s tra tific a tio n .
T his clearly was for him a fundamental weak
n e s s o f B r i t i s h s o c ie ty , causing or exacerbating many of the o th e r s o c ia l i l l s .
The novels repeatedly present working
c l a s s c h a r a c te r s suffering oppression by the higher classes, who Ig n o re t h e i r squalid living conditions, and p ro fit by th e ir la b o r.
Lower middle class characters are shown being
d e n ie d o p p o r tu n itie s for education, social and economic advancem ent.
The upper middle class is b itte rly critic iz e d
by Hardy f o r en jo y in g unjustly great prerogatives.
The no
b i l i t y a re d e p ic te d in the early fic tio n as selfish hedonists,
but receive less c r itic is m in th e l a t e r w r i t i n g s . Chapter I I I shows how H ardy’ s n o v e ls r e f l e c t c o n tin u in g concern for the s ta tu s of women.
He re p e a te d ly ch o se f o r h i s
central p lo t s itu a tio n s which would throw l i g h t o n th e problem s of women in V ictorian s o c ie ty .
H is women c h a r a c te r s r e v e a l
his b elief that women, i f given o p p o r tu n itie s , a r e a s c a p a b le as men in most f ie ld s .
He shows women lim ite d i n e d u c a tio n a l
and social o p p o rtu n ities, com pelled to re g a rd m a rria g e a s th eir only means of su p p o rt, and o f te n fo rc e d to m arry un wanted husbands fo r economic o r o th e r r e a s o n s .
H ardy a l s o
in various instances i n h is f i c t i o n in d ic a te d h is d is a p p r o v a l of the double standard. Chapter IV shows th a t Hardy’ s n o v els r e p e a te d ly p o r tr a y the intense individualism of the r u r a l w orkers i n s p i t e o f environmental d i f f i c u l t i e s , c la s s p r e ju d ic e , and l i m i t e d edu cational opportunities.
Much o f h is f i c t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y h is
major novels, presents v iv id p ic tu r e s o f r u r a l w o rk e r’ s eco nomic and social d i f f i c u l t i e s .
In th e se works th e y s u f f e r
especially from u n c e rta in ty o f employment, a low s ta n d a r d o f living, and evictions a t the whims o f la n d lo r d s . In Chapter V, Hardy i s shown to have d e s c rib e d c i t y l a borers as more a r tic u la te than r u r a l ones i n making known t h e i r p lig h t.
In Jtie Poor Man and The Lady he d e a ls w ith g e n e r a l
problems of lab o r's r ig h t s ; in D esp erate Remedies and Ju d e th e Obscure, with the human e f f e c ts o f t h e i r low s o c i a l s t a t u s ; and in The Hand of E th e lb e rta . w ith the theme o f th e d i g n i t y o f labor.
C h a p te r VI d e a ls w ith H ard y 's ideas about the discrim ina t o r y c h a r a c t e r o f th e B r i t i s h educational system.
His fic tio n
c o n t a i n s many r e f e r e n c e s to widespread illite r a c y among the r u r a l m a s s e s , re g im e n ta tio n i n normal schools for women, and th e l a c k o f t r a i n i n g and c o u n s e l for poor but bright students. Ju d e th e O b sc u re e s p e c i a l l y p resen ts h is unfavorable views on B r i t i s h e d u c a t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y on the university le v e l.
Yet
th e e i g h t b r i l l i a n t sc h o o l te a c h e rs in his fic tio n show his h o p e f u l v ie w o f th e f u tu r e f o r education. C h a p te r V II d e a ls w ith H ardy's experiences with e d ito ria l b o w d le r lz a tlo n s o f o u tsp o k en s o c ia l problems, and the prudery w hich le d p u b l i s h e r s to c e n s o r presentations of social pheno mena.
H a r d y 's v ig o ro u s f i g h t to maintain the orig in al versions
o f h i s w orks when th e y were published in book form, and his e x p r e s s io n s o f d is a p p r o v a l o f the lim itatio n s placed on the n o v e l i s t , a r e e v id e n c e o f th e strength of his desire to make known h i s s o c i a l id e a s th ro u g h h is f ic tio n .
THE SOCIAL IDEAS OF THOMAS HARDY
TABLE OF CONTENTS P reface T h e P r o b l e m ............................................. ......................................................................... . P a g e M ethod
o f P r o c e d u r e ..................................... . ....................... . ..................................... P a g e
C hapter I
The Development o f Thomas H a r d y ' s S o c i a l I de as ab ou t t h e S i x P r o b l e m s a s E x p la in e d under "M ethod o f Procedure," ( B i o g r a p h i c a l S k e t c h ) . , . . ................... P a g e
1 6
17
C hapter I I
H a r d y ' s Treatment o f P r o b l e m s I n v o lv in g Rigid S o c i a l S t r a t i f i c a t i o n in B r ita in . .................................................................................. P a g e __?1
C hapter I I I
H a r d y ' s I de a s C o n c e r n i n g t h e P o s i t i o n o f Women............................................................................ P a g e 1 5 5
C h a p t e r IV
R u r a l La borers and T h e i r
C hapter V
Town and C i t y L a b o r e r s ................................................................. P a g e 2 2 3
C h a p te r VI
H a r d y ' s Views on E n g l i s h E d u c a t i o n and I t s L i m i t a t i o n s ....................................................................... P a g e 2 4 0
L ife
. . . . . . P a g e 189
C hapter V II
H ardy's P r e se n ta tio n o f S o c i a l C o n c e p t s and Pr oblem s i n S p i t e o f C e n s o r s h i p and C o n s t a n t A t t a c k s o f Mrs. Grundy................................................... . . . . P a g e Chapter VIII Conclusions Page B ib lio g ra p h y Page
262 286 ^02
-1~ THE SOCIA L I D E A S OF THOMAS HARDY THE PROBLEM The o l,
and
p rob lem a n a ly ze
of
th is
th e
th esis
character
Hardy c o n c e r n in g
co n d itio n s
expressed
tw en ty
in g
in
six te e n The
p ro b lem s
to
s o c i a l i d e a s o f Thomas
volu m es short
o f f ic t io n , includ
sto ries.
b e a n s w e r e d a r e these: the
s o c ia l ideas o i
T h om as H a r d y d e v e l o p t h e s e views?
of B ritish
What a r e h i s i d e a s in h is f ic t io n ?
V.
the d e v e lo p m e n t
c o n t e m p o r a r y B r i t a i n , as
forty-fou r
What a n a l y s e s he m ake?
IV .
for
so c ia l
so c ia l
c o n d i t i o n s did
b e t t e r m e n t found
I s i t p o s s i b l e t o d e f i n e t h e s e i d e a s more e x a c t l y b y r e f e r r i n g t o h i s s t a t e m e n t s made e l s e w h e r e ?
The
word
so c ia l
p erta in s w ith
to
to
each
p erta in s
a p p lied
in
trace
th e
p u b lish ed
How a n d w h e n d i d
III.
tio n s,
and
of,
to
A g a in st what background a re Thomas H a rd y p r e s e n t e d ?
II.
it
n o v els
sp e c ific
X.
w h ich
h is
is
to
r e su ltin g cro w d in g
in
ed u ca tio n ,
or
such
the
th esis
is
t a k e n to mean t h a t
rela tio n sh ip s
of
p e o p l e with i n s t i t u
and w i t h
p h y sica l it
im p ly
The
or
those
the. v a l u e s ,
word
lo c a l
a s an o r g a n i s m , contacts.
id eas
so c ia l as
the
As
of an author
co n d itio n s,
o f human b e i n g s ,
in stitu tio n s
state
so c ie ty
and m e n ta l
concerns
such c o n ta c ts
c itie s.
to
th is
oth er,
fic tio n ,
from
r e la tio n s
the
th e ir
w h ich d e a l w ith ,
in
and e v i l s
s u c h as o v e r
a p p l i e s to p e o p l e ' s hom e,
governm ents,
the s c h o o l o r group o r g a n i z a t i o n s ,
-2th e l a w , lore
and
th eir
and t o
rela tio n sh ip s
fo rm a lized
icnown t o h a v e
been
to s o c i a l
s o c ia l patterns.
cu stom s,
The
fo lk
la tter
s u b j e c t s w ith which Hardy w a s
are
often
con
cerned. The w o r d
so c ia l
or c l a s s g r o u p i n g s ; cepts of m a rria g e in volved i n
is it
and
a p p l i e s to sex
fic tio n .
ings or i n f l u e n c e s
a p p licab le
It
to s o c i a l so cia l
stra tifica tio n ,
stan d ard s and
rela tio n sh ip s,
w h ich
are
the p o s i t i o n
of r u r a l
laborers i n
so c ie ty
i n E ngland;
it
o f woman i n
so c ie ty
as
by h e r r e l a t i o n
her o c c u p a t i o n It a ls o
or
concerns
oi c u l t u r a l
freq u en tly
a ls o d e a ls w ith e n v i r o n m e n t a l
such as
affected
career,
d eals w ith
and t h e p o s i t i o n
p o sitio n
to man and
th e
poor.
p a r t i c u l a r patterns of a p a r t i c u l a r
d ev elo p m en t
w hich the w r it e r i s
the V i c t o r i a l
A ge w a s one o f c h a n g i n g
these
p attern s w i l l
so m e tim e s d e a l w ith t r a n s i t i o n a l
The p r o b l e m w i l l H a r d y Ta o p i n i o n s h is id eas an d determ ined.
O nly
nine h u n d red D ynasts. d iary,
Less w e ig h t
those
is
use
g iv en
be to d e t e r m i n e or i m p l i e d .
of
the
be c o n s i d e r e d ,
to
h is fic tio n ,
are
stages. of
o rig in
of
situ a tio n s
not
is
th in k in g
w h ich
those
h is
lo n g
not
c a s e s where the p l o t
cu ltu ra l
v a lid ity
a b o u t c o n d i t i o n s he n o t e d in
p attern s,
th ese
O nly t h e
s h o r t poems, or o f h i s
id ea s
not
d eveloping p h ases
aspects of h is s o c ia l
w ill
eig h teen
d id
so c ia l
a p p l i e d them i n d e f i n i t e
fic tio n
S o cia l
but
not
expressed
how h e
appear in h i s
or
stage
d escrib in g .
Since
s t a g e s and c o n f l i c t i n g
group
and u r b a n
the
of
con
of
of
poem , in
The
h is
c o n sid e r e d . the w o rk
oi
-
fic tio n past
is
ev id en tly
as c o n t r a s t e d
In th e n o v e ls the is
of
fin d in g
pu rp osefu l
p l a c e up t o in
w ith
so c ia l
where
in
the
a p erio d in
scene
rom an tic
is
the
contemporary.
nature,
l i k e Under
t h e W e s s e x T a l e s . w here there there
criticism
portrayed
very
la id
is
le ss
than
l i k e l i h o o d of
in Tess o f
the
contem porary a c tio n
y e a r Hardy b e g a n w r i t i n g
as
th is
taking
n ovel,
1869. It
is
assum ed
an o u t s t a n d i n g four
short
that
V icto ria n
sto r ie s,
of
co p ies,
sch o la rs
of
liter a tu re.
p ictu re o f
be sh ow n ), T h ird ly ,
the
rev a lu a tio n study
is
d efin ed
assu m p tion s
o f H a rd y 's
work.
if
fic tio n a l
q u e n tly enough
in
an a u t h o r 's
so cia l
leg itim a tely situ a tio n s
Hardy’ s organ ized
so c ia l
stu d y;
em p h asized .
T h is
in te r e t it
so c ia l if
lea d
situ a tio n s w orks,
co n sid ered
a nd p r o b l e m s
they
th in k in g
not
a cco rd in g ly , stu d y,
has it
co n fin ed
has to
and fo r ty -
stu d en ts
w ill,
if
(as
the
he i s can easily
in
a n ew l i g h t .
to
a p o ssib le
assu m ption and
them es
the
and
assum ed t h a t
and w i t h to
i d e a s of
ru n n in g up t o
con cep ts,
view ed
w ill
so cia l
n o v els
to
is
The b a s i c
th at,
t h e y may b e
six te e n
by su c h a w r i t e r
on new m ean ing
above
of
S eco n d ly ,
life
1le a r ly
take
m ost p ro m in en t
w riter
w i l l be o f
V icto ria n
shown to h a v e
the
w h ich h a v e had a s a l e
m illio n s
the
or
atm osphere,
w h ich
the
those
o r many o f
r e a listic
D 'U rb erv llles.
u n rea listic
a p red o m in a tely
Greenwood T r e e little
3-
of
th is
recu r fre
e n o u g h emphasis,
reflect
h is
view s of
treat. been
treated
i n an
n o t b een a d eq u a tely H ard y's
fic tio n
to
gain
-4g r e a t e r u n i t y and f o c u s , 1.
1. 2. 3.
is
n eed ed for th ese reasons:
Hardy i s o n e o f t h e f e w V i c t o r i a n n o v e l i s t s w h o s e w o r k s a r e s t i l l w i d e l y r e a d "both b y c r i t i c a l t h i n k e r s and b y t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c . T his f a c t i s a t t e s t e d by t h e n u m b e r o f e d i t i o n s o f h i s w o r k s p r i n t e d i n th e p a s t f i v e y e a r s , by exten d ed s c h o l a r l y stu d ie s o f h i s w ork s l i k e those o f P r o fe s s o r s C a r l J . V /eb er , L o r d D a v i d C e c i l , A l b e r t J . G u e r a r d , a n d Harvey C u r t i s W e b s t e r i n t h e l a s t d e c a d e , a n d b y t h e w i t h d r a w a l s f r o m u n i v e r s i t y a nd p u b l i c l i b r a r i e s . H is works a p p e a l t o m odern r e a d e r s p a r t ly b e c a u s e o f h i s r e a l i s t i c t e n d e n c y , which a l s o i n c l u d e s tr e a tm e n t o f s o c i a l p r o b le m s o f t h e tim e; p a . r t l y because o f th e l a c k o f V ic to r ia n s e n t im e n t a lit y ; and p a r t l y b e c a u s e o f t h e i r p l o t or s t y l e .
2.
The s o c i o l o g i c a l v i e w p o i n t i n H a r d y ' s n o v e l s , e v e n to the c u r s o r y r e a d e r , show s a f e a r l e s s t r e a t m e n t o f c e r ta in w e a k n e s se s in V ictorian s o c ie ty ; f r e q u en tly t h o s e w r o n g s w e r e not b e in g rem edied b e c a u s e o f t h e c e n s o r s h i p o f e d i t o r s upon n o v e l - w r ite r s c o n s i d e r i n g such m atters as d e a lt w it h s e x , t h e r i g h t s o f t h e w o r k e r s , w o m en 's r i g h t s , t h e double s t a n d a r d o f m o r a l s , or t h e c o n d i t i o n o f t h e poor. T h i s s t u d y , made a f t e r a c a r e f u l c o m p i l a t i o n o f a ll th e r e f e r e n c e s to so c ia l con d ition s w i l l p o in t o u t t h e s p e c i f i c s o c i a l c o n d itio n s Hardy w ished t o I m p r o v e .
3.
'whereas s c o r e s o f s t u d i e s o f H a r d y ' s p e s s i m i s m , ! h is f a t a l i s m , ^ a n d h i s d eterm in ism , m e lio r is m , and o t h e r p h i l o s o p h i c a l i d e a s 0 have b e e n made, h i s s o c ia l th o u g h t h a s been overlook ed . A lth o u g h H ardy d i d h ave s p e c i f i c s o c i a l c r i t i c i s m s which h e s t a t e d f e a r l e s s l y a n d f r e q u e n t l y , he d i d n o t d e s i r e t o b e c o n s i d e r e d a w r i t e r who h a d a w e l l - r o u n d e d p h i l o sophy i n t h e p h i l o s o p h e r ' s use o f th e w ord. There f o r e , i t i s c o n s i d e r e d t o be J u s t to stu d y h i s s o c ia l c o n c e p t s a s h i t h e r t o overlooked.
H e l e n Garwood , T h o m a s H a r d y a s an I l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h e P h i l o s o o h v o f S c h o p e n h a u e r ( P h i l a d e l p h i a , C. o f P e n n s y l vania P r e s s , 1 S 1 1 ) . A l b e r t P . H l l l o t t , F a t a l i s m i n t h e Works o f T h o m a s H a r d y , (P h ila d e lp h ia , U n i v e r s i t y o f P en n sylvan ia P r e s s , 1 9 3 5 ) . Ha rv ey C. W e b s t e r , On & D a r k l i n g P l a i n . ( C h i c a g o , U n iv ersity o f C h ica g o , 1947) .
-54.
S i m i l a r l y , t h e n u m b e r o f s t u d i e s on H a r d y ' s w o r k s t r e s s i n g t h e g l o o m y and u n f o r t u n a t e s i d e o f l i f e , a l t h o u g h w e l l r e a s o n e d o u t and c a r e f u l l y d o c u m e n te d , m ay be s e e n t o h a v e p a i n t e d o n l y one s i d e o f t h e p ictu re. The s o c i o l o g i c a l a p p r o a c h raay c o r r e c t t h i s , f o r i t i s q u i t e p o s s i b l e t h a t Hardy f e l t ( a s he o f t e n s t a t e d ) t h a t " i f w a y t o t h e b e t t e r there be, i t e x a c ts a f u l l lo o k a t th e w o rst," ^ F o r e x a m p l e , i t i s e a s i l y s h o w n t h a t many o f h i s f i c t i o n a l w orks are n o t gloom y a t a l l , i f c o n sid e r e d i n the l i g h t o f c u r r e n t c r i t i c a l c r i t e r i a . Even t h o s e w o r k s w h i c h s e e m e d t o be d e p r e s s i n g a n d p e s s i m i s t i c m ay h a v e b e e n c o m p o s e d w i t h t h e p u r p o s e o f m e l i o r a t i n g c u r r e n t c o n d i t i o n s and t h u s to h a v e a more a n a l y t i c a l t h a n d e t e r m i n i s t i c a p p r o a c h .
H ard y's n o v e ls w i l l tne
thought
of fam ous
E n glan d
to
reth in k
H erbert
Spencer,
a lso
its
to
have
th in k ers
so c ia l
of
h is
th in k in g
co n n ectio n w ith
f o r by H ardy's
h is
common w i t n
d a y who c a u s e d
John S tuart M ill,
John M orley,
and J o h n R u s k i n .
t o A u g u s t e C o m te i n
accounted
much i n
p h ilo so p h y :
F r e d e r ic k H a rriso n ,
in d ica tes h is
and i s
seen
lib era l
S t e p h e n , Th om as C a r l y l e , p a ra llel
be
H ardy's of
clo se
so c ia l
the p o s i t i v i s t
read in g
S ir L eslie
problem s
view p o in t
o f t h a t p rom in en t
so c io lo g ist. The s o c i a l
approach i s
an o r g a n i z e d m anner i n P r o fe s s o r Carl J . Years
t h e more
h is
e d ito r ia l
background
the
few not
than fo u r
W eber’ s b ib lio g r a p h y ,
has been review ed
h is p h ilo so p h ic h is
of
o f T h om as H a r d y . p u b l i s h e d
tech n iq u e Beach;
one
w ell
in
and l i t e r a r y
by W i l l i a m R. R u t l a n d ;
in
item s
oi
Hundred
H ardy's a r t i s t i c
by P r o f e s s o r
o u tlo o k
4 . T h om as H a r d y , " I n T e n e b r i s " Pre se n t, 1901.
thousand
The F i r s t
1942.
b o w d leriza tio n s
treated
J o s e p h Warren
b y Mary E l l e n
Chase;
by H a rv ey C u r t i s Y /eb ster, h is
i n Poems
of
b iograp h y the
Past
by C a r l J . and
-sH e b e r , and h i s
fic tio n a l
sk ill
by
1 9 4 9 a p p e a r e d an e x c e l l e n t r e v i e w o f h i s a p p e a l t o modern r e a d e r s p sych ology,
A lb ert J .
o f The
sch o la rly
Delmore S c h w a r t z , N orton
Z a b el,
by
P.
on
w ith
the b a s i s
S to rie s.
R ev iew
th e
In
p resen t-d ay
and
The
in 1 9 4 0 con
newer c r it ic s ,
B la ck m u r,
A rthur L iz e n e r ,
A u d e n , Benam y D obree,
and
oth ers— a ll
stu d ies
t h i n k i n g i n c l u d e Lynwood B r y a n t ' s
of
w h ich
on ly o f the
th e
situ a tio n s
in w hich
Henry S. C a n b y 's
w ritten
s o c ia l id ea s
ch aracters of
area
f i n d them
P i t y , " 5 ana
a H u m a n ita ria n " 7
R eview , w hich d eal w ith o n ly a s m a l l
so cia l
(H arvard) P r iz e
show s
"The N o v e l i s t
"Hardy a s
H a rd y 's
S o h ier
E s s a y , F a t e Jun Hardy * s N o v e l s , 5
un signed a r t i c l e
critics.
an gle.
Shorter or l e s s u n i f i e d
selv e s;
of
art
S ou th ern
J a c q u e s B a r z u n , V/. H .
from th e l i t e r a r y
h is
fa m ilia r
a rticles
I n c l u d i n g J o h n Crowe R a n s o m , R . A llen T ate,
of
Guerard, The N o v e ls
"Hardy C e n t e n n i a l I s s u e " ta in ed fo u rteen
hundreds
of
in
the
The C a m b r i d g e
s o c i a l thought
in H ardy's work. METHOD OF PROCm DURE The m e t h o d o f p r o c e d u r e i n fu l a n a ly sis
of
so cia l
in H ardy's f i c t i o n 5. 6. ?.
th is
situ a tio n s
fo r the
purpose
and of
th e sis
in clu d ed a care
im p lica tio n s d isco v er in g
a b o u t them three
Lynwood B r y a n t , " F a t e i n H a r d y ' s N o v e l s , " S o h i e r P r i z e Essay, H arvard, 1929. Henry S . C a n b y , "The N o v e l i s t o f P i t y " i n D e f i n i t i o n s . F i r s t S e r i e s . New Y o r k , H a r c o u r t , B r a c e , 1 9 2 2 . "Hardy a s a H u m a n i t a r i a n " C a m b r i d g e R e v i e w , Lay 3 , 1 9 2 9 .
-7th in g s: ca tio n s h is
the of
ev a lu a tio n
the
factors
su g g estio n s
form ed n i s works,
in flu en cin g
betterm en t.
con clu sio n s
w nich
sto ries
for
by H a r d y o f
after
in clu d e h is
and,
for
F o llo w in g
the
in stitu tio n s,
treatm ent
in d iv id u a ls.
id ea ,
effects
of
Hardy*s
is
so cia l
the
exam p le,
an d
su g g estio n s
fic tio n
in
she i s
id en tified .
T his
upon
the b a s i s
to of
co n d itio n a t
co n d itio n s
the
so cie ty
to a w hole
short poems
in
h is
is
so cie ty t o mean
cla ss
of
fic tio n . of
A the
situ a tio n fath er
where at
done by a n a l y z i n g a tten tio n
and by p o s
W hich p a s s a g e s so c ia l
that
Is
the
he had a d e s i r e
tim e?
the day?
in h is
th in k in g
q u estio n s:
and,
have situ to
I s Hardy d i r e c t l y
a general p r in c ip le of
of
ranked w ith n o b i l i t y ,
three
the
that
from th e m ores
her b u tle r
show h i s
one w hich s u g g e s t s
in d ica tin g
in terp reted
d efin ite
as w orthy o f
for betterm ent.
or i n d i r e c t l y
as
and w i t h
resu ltin g
a
p a r t y where
been d e c id e d
m
are
to r e c o g n i z e
sele cted
a ty p ic a l
so c ia l
rela tio n sh ip
d ep icted
stra tifica tio n
been
a tio n p resen ted
paper
eig h teen
such as Hardy* s t r e a tm e n t
have
a n alyze
id eas
situ a tio n s
so ciety
Hardy*s e m p h a sis upon i t sib le
the
in clu d es
form al d in n e r reco g n ized
to
It
so c ia l
forty-fou r
word
situ a tio n s a p p lica b le
for
th is
o f Hardy*s p u b lis h e d
w ith each o t h e r ,
the d a u g h ter p r e t e n d s n ot the
of the
w h ich p e r t a in s
of
of
hundred
of
or i n s t i t u t i o n s so cia l
a ll
in d i
when r e l e v a n t ,
w riter
h is n in e
d e fin itio n
p eop le
h is
and,
h is
The Dy n a s t s .
th at
a s an o r g a n i s m ,
The
situ a tio n ,
six teen n o v e ls ,
w h ich means w ith
it,
read in g
background,
and t h e e p i c - d r a m a ,
the
for
im p rovin g
where p o s s i b l e ,
-H G an one c o r r o b o r a t e
the f a c t
d efin ite
in h is
statem ents
In o r d e r to fic tio n a l
none,
in
to m o t i v e s of a
so cia l
is
a clea r reference there
is
n ature
to
concern p a r tic u la r
to
For
stated
in sta n ces
o r m ore i m p o r t a n t
shows th e a u t h o r ' s
in ten tio n
of
He r e e n f o r c e s t h i s
statem en t
w ith
as
to th e method he w i l l e m p lo y to c a r r y
He
shows how he w i l l
s o c i a l foreground" He s t a t e s
treat
in cid en ts w ith
in the
"a
n ovel,
d efin itely
the
than
author
d e ta ils d e sig n .
reversal at
th e ir
stressin g
th at
from t h a t u s u a l i n E n g l a n d
the g e n era l p r in c ip le s fo r
tio n s^ and,
out
betw een
" w h erein
m asters.''^
so cia l tru th .
where
by
im portant a s ,
a
o±‘
ex a m p le,
s e r v a n t s w ere as T his
h is
g en era lisa tio n s
n ot.
The Hand o f E ' t h e l b e r t a i s
the p r e f a c e l
by
d i a r y or e l s e w h e r e ?
p r o b l e m s and w h e r e
Hardy’ s n o v e l,
id ea s
care has been taken to d i s c r i m i n a t e
p a s s a g e s where t h e r e about th ese
such
a v o i d i m p u t i n g Hardy* s c o n s i d e r a t i o n
situ a tio n s
t h e r e were
t h a t he h e l d
th at
of
the
tim e.
im p ro v in g
such
co n d i
shows h o w
such
p rin cip les
wo r k . ^ On t h e
o th e r hand,
t h e r e has b e e n an e l i m i n a t i o n
m a te r ia l w hich d o e s not concern s o c i a l p r o b l e m s
or
situ a tio n s.
Under
For e x a m p le ,
id y llic
rom ances
G r e e n w o o d T r e e a n d The R o m a n t i c A d v e n t u r e s 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
lik e of
of
rem ed ia b le th e
a M ilk m a id
malce
Thomas H a r d y , The Hand o f E t h e l b e r t a , " P r e f a c e , " p . v . ib id . P. v. ib id . P. v i. Thomas H a r d y , The Hand o f E t h e l b e r t a . p . 4 7 2 - 6 , " S e q u e l , " and F l o r e n c e B . H a r d y , The E a r l y L i f e o f T h o m a s H a r d y . (hew Y o r k , M a c m i l l a n , 1 9 2 8 ) , p . 1 4 3 . ib id .
-9no
extended
attem pt
stu d y
of
to im p ro v e
sid ere d .
contem porary s o c i a l
t h e m and a r e
S im ila rly ,
even in
Mayor o f C a s t e r b r i d g e . stra tifica tio n ,
and
th ese
human g r o u p a c t i o n s . th esis
that
It
th e wrongs
IT lizab eth -Jan e
in
the
in d iv id u a ls
or
" circu m sta n ce ,"
situ a tio n s is
clea rly
n o v e l are
w ro n g -d o in g , or o f
not
to
r ea listic
are
not
p o in ted to
the of
so
to
The
so cia l®
rem ed ia b le out
in
L ucetta,
re su lts,
over w h ich
by
th is
and
in
an
con
n o v el,
the w o rk in g
co n d itio n s
w ith
be
are few r e f e r e n c e s
to H enchard,
th at
of
therefore
the v e r y
there
situ a tio n s
to
g en era l, of
chance
so c ie ty
as
a
g r o u p h a s no c o n t r o l . ? A spects
o f - H ardy’ s
a s an e v a l u a t i o n p o ssib le
o f m arriage
su g g estio n s
for
i n f l u e n c e s w hich a f f e c t d en cies oi
so c ia l
for V ic t o r ia n
rural
of B r it is h
d iffic u ltie s from th e sa id is
to
above
la ter,
the
u n d ervalu e
a g a in st
is
number o f
one;
such m a tte r s-
the
and
in
the poor;
the
ten
co n trib u tio n s so c ia l and
and p r e j u d i c e
as
As o n e w i l l
p a r tia l),
w ith
en v iro n m en ta l
and u r b a n l a b o r e r s ;
feelin g
(w h ich
total
la rg e
im p rovem en t;
u n d erp riv ileg ed .
list,
the
not a very
cla ss
invoTLve
r ela tio n sh ip s,
in m a rria g e,
e d u ca tio n a l d is c r im in a t io n ca tio n s
and s e x
th e ir
men t o
women i n o c c u p a t i o n s ,
th in k in g
the
rig h ts; im p li
they
b rin g
understand
and from what
is
i d e a s w hich H ardy e m p h a siz e d
but he has
a tendency
to
repeat
6 . T h is t h e s i s g i v e s s e v e r a l d e t a i l s o f th e o p e r a t io n o f chance h e r e . V. H enchard, l i k e J u d e , a d m i t s t h a t h i s s h o r t c o m i n g s a r e o f t e n due t o h i s p a s s i o n s , h i s s e l f i s h n e s s , o r t o h i s w e a k n e s s .
10th ese
freq u en tly, Since a l l
a f a c t w h i c h m akes th em e a s y t o
c la ssify .
the r a m i f i c a t i o n s o f s o c i a l p r o b le m s
u p o n in Hardy’ s f i c t i o n
c o u l d n o t be s t r e s s e d a s
im p o rta n t p a r ts o f h i s s o c ia l th in k in g,
touched
eq u a lly
the a ttem p t h a s
been
m a d e t o s e l e c t and s t r e s s t h e m a in t h e m e s and p r o b l e m s .
The
f o l l o w i n g p r i n c i p l e s ha ve b e e n o b s e r v e d i n fir st,
th is
se le c tio n :
th e m o s t c o n s i d e r a t i o n h a s b e e n g i v e n t o s o c i a l
id ea s
v / l i i c h Hardy r e p e a t s
th e m o s t o f t e n and w i t h th e g r e a t e s t
em p h asis;
e m p h a s i s h a s b e e n p l a c e d upon a s p e c t s
so c ia l
secon d ly,
t h i n k i n g w h i c h a r e made t h e main p o i n t s o f a t t a c k
h i s n ovels; pose
and t h i r d l y ,
i d e a s e m p h a s i z e d more f o r
o f p r e s e n t i n g an im p r e s s iv e
oi m
the
pur
story than for s o c i a l
sig -
n i f i c a n c e w i l l n o t be c o n s i d e r e d . A fte r a com plete the
s u r v e y end d e t a i l e d
s o c i a l i d e a s had been c o m p le te d ,
card i n d e x o f
t h e main i d e a s w e r e
d e c i d e d upon on t h e b a s i s o f t h e i r r e p e t i t i o n , th e ir th is and
rela tiv e
short s t o r ie s ,
in h is
and
k'rom
six teen
n o v els
t h e s e main and most f r e q u e n t l y
used
c o n c e p t s were a n a l y z e d ,
ance
in h is f i c t i o n , 1.
em p h a sis,
im p ortance i n the p l o t or th e th e m e ,
summary o f H a r d y ’ s s o c i a l t h i n k i n g , six teen
a ll
t r a c e d from t h e i r f i r s t
appear
and shown i n t h e i r d e v e l o p m e n t a s
lo llo v /s:
The b a c k g r o u n d o f s o c i a l t h i n k i n g i n E n g l a n d , e s p e c i a l l y a s i t a f f e c t e d Hardy i n s u c h p e r i o d s a s t h e e i g h t e e n - s i x t i e s (when he was f o r m i n g h i s s o c i a l t h in k in g ) has been rev iew ed . S in c e the c l o s e c o n t a c t s o f Hardy w i t h t h e p r o m i n e n t a u t h o r s o f b o o k s d e a l i n g w i t h s o c i a l problem s h a v e been n o t e d i n h i s d i a r y and i n h i s w i f e ’ s b i o g r a p h y , h a l f o f w h i c h h e e i t h e r w r o t e or e d i t e d c a r e f u l l y , t h e s e n a v e b e e n exp lain ed . E s p e c i a l l y i n the w r i t i n g s l i k e D a r w i n ' s
-
11 -
O r i g i n o f S p e c i e s . M i l l 1 s On L i b e r t y , a n d R u s k i n * s , A r n o l d ’ s , H u x l e y ’ s and S p e n c e r ’ s w o r k s , c l o s e p a r a lle ls have been n o te d , 8 2.
How a n d w h y H a r d y d e v e l o p e d t h e s e v i e w s , c l a s s i f i e d a s p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d , h a s n o t b e e n d i f f i c u l t bo document b e c a u s e o f th e f u l l n o t e s i n h i s d i a r y , h is use o f the fu nd am en tal id e a s in h i s f i r s t f i v e n o v e l s (sh o w in g t h e tim e o f t h e i r o r i g i n a l p r e s e n t a t i o n ) , and the a b u n d a n t m a t e r i a l a v a i l a b l e c o n cern in g h i s t h ir t y y e a r s o f w r it in g f i c t i o n . How Hardy was i n f l u e n c e d by s o c i a l t h i n k e r s l i k e A u g u s t e M. F . X . C o m t e , J o h n S t u a r t M i l l , a n d t h e o t h e r s noted p r e v io u s ly h a s b e e n p o in te d o u t b eca u se o f th e f r a n k a d m i s s i o n on H a r d y ’ s p a r t t h a t h e a c c e p t e d th e ir i d e a s .9
3.
The p r o c e d u r e o f b u i l d i n g f r o m t h e v a r i o u s n o v e l s and s h o r t s t o r i e s a c o m p o s i t e p i c t u r e o f H a r d y ’ s a n a l y s i s o f s o c i a l c o n d i t i o n s h a s b e e n d o n e by f o l l o w i n g a s n e a r l y a s p o s s i b l e h i s own m e n t a l p r o c e s s e s a n d h i s own m e t h o d s e x p r e s s e d i n h i s t h r e e e s s a y s on t h e c r a f t o f w r i t i n g f i c t i o n . The m ethod o f t h e w r i t e r o f t h i s t h e s i s i n v o l v e d t r a c i n g f r o m i t s i n c e p t i o n , o r w h e n t h a t vf as n o t a v a i l a b l e , from i t s f i r s t a p p e a r a n c e i n h i s n o v e l s , e a c h o f the a s p e c t s o f H a r d y ’ s s o c i a l t h i n k i n g t h r o u g h a l l th e w orks o f f i c t i o n i n w h i c h i t o c c u r s . 10 The d a t a u s e d w e r e t h e p a s s a g e s s e l e c t e d a f t e r read in g a l l of H ardy’ s w o r k s. These in c lu d e d a l l r e fe r e n c e s to s o c i a l i d e a s a s p r e v io u s ly d e f in e d . The a n a l y s i s o f s o c i a l c o n d i t i o n s h a s b e e n e x p l a i n e d a s i d e n t i f y i n g them by t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n t o w h o le g ro u p s of T jersons, t h e i r o b v i o u s l y r e a l i s t i c
8 . H is a g r e e m e n t w i t h , t h e s e l i b e r a l t h i n k e r s i s p r o v e d b y h is s ta te m e n ts , c f . , F . E . H ardy, The E a r l y L i f e , pp. 1 9 8 , 253, 217, 269. 9, F . E . H a rd y , The E a r l y Y e a r s . p p . 4 6 - 7 4 a n d p . 2 6 9 , a n d e s p e c i a l l y on p . 1 9 8 , w h e r e H a r d y i s s t a t e d t o h a v e b e e n "among t h e e a r l i e s t a c c l a i m e r s o f O r i g i n o f S u e d e s **; M i l l ’ s w o r k s h a d a l i f e l o n g e f f e c t o n H a r d y , wh o r e m e m b e r e d every d e t a il of M ill’s speech as a ca n d id a te fo r P a r lia m e n t, 186b, (L ater Y e a r s , p. 118); s im ila r c lo s e r e la t io n s h ip s c a n b e s h o w n f o r t h e o t h e r s , s o m e o f whom H a r d y k n e w p e r so n a lly . 10, Thomas H a r d y , "The P r o f i t a b l e R e a d i n g o f F i c t i o n , " T h e Forum. M arch. 1 8 8 8 , p p . 5 7 - 6 6 ; "Candour i n E n g l i s h 1 ' i c t i o n , " ( L o n d o n , T h e Hew R e v i e w . J a n u a r y , 1 8 9 0 ) p p . 1 5 - 2 1 ; a n d "The S c i e n c e o f F i c t i o n , " ( L o n d o n , T h e N e w R e v i e w . A p r i l , 1891) pp. 8 5 -9 0 .
-12 p r e s e n t a t i o n o f c o n t e m p o r a r y l i f e , and t h e i r exem p l i f y i n g the s o c i a l t h i n k i n g e x p r e s s e d i n t h e d i a r y . T h e s e s o c i a l c o n d i t i o n s h ave been c l a s s i f i e d a c c o r d i n g t o the t y p e s of c h a r a c t e r s a f f e c t e d in th e f i c t i o n in v o lv ed . For exam ple, problems o f s o c i a l s t r a t i f i c a t i o n a s c o n c e r n s l o w , m i d d l e , and h i g h e r c l a s s e s o f p e o p le ; problems of r u r a l l a b o r e r s , of u r b a n l a b o r e r s , and o f women i n v o l v e d have b e e n c l a s s i f i e d a c c o r d i n g t o th e g r o u p s a f f e c t e d . 4.
I n a s i m i l a r way, t h e i d e a s f o r s o c i a l b e t t e r m e n t h a v e b e e n t r a c e d from t h e i r i n c e p t i o n , t h r o u g h th e v a r i o u s works o f f i c t i o n , t o t h e end o f t h e a u t h o r ' s work. J u s t a s H ardy's a n a l y s i s o f s o c i a l c o n d i t i o n s i n v o l v e d an i d e a o f human b e t t e r m e n t , so t h e t r e a t m e n t h a s been g i v e n i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h e a c h .
5.
C o r r o b o r a t i o n o f ea ch o f Hardy's i d e a s of s o c i a l p r o b l e m s h a s b e e n o f f e r e d by r e f e r r i n g t o h i s d i a r y , t o h i s a r t i c l e s i n p e r i o d i c a l s , and t o h i s s p o k e n o r w r i t t e n w o rd s fou nd e l s e w h e r e . I t has been a s s u m e d t h a t , i f Hardy h e l d t h e s e v i e w s f i r m l y and f e l t s t r o n g l y ab ou t them , he m i g h t , v e r y p o s s i b l y , h a v e n o t e d them i n h i s d i a r y ( o f w h i c h Mrs. Hardy h a s in c lu d e d la r g e p a r t s in her biography o f h e r h u s b a n d ) , or h a v e m e n t i o n e d them t o h i s w i f e and frien d s. The o b j e c t i v i t y o f much o f H a r d y ' s d i a r y w o u l d j u s t i f y such a p o s s i b i l i t y , which has b een s h o w n t o ha ve b e e n t h e f a c t i n many c a s e s . In every c a s e , a m p le e v i d e n c e o f h i s s t r o n g f e e l i n g c o n c e r n i n g t h e main a s p e c t s o f s o c i a l l i f e t r e a t e d i n t h i s t h e s i s h a s b e e n c o r r o b o r a t e d from h i s d i a r y o r e l s e w here.
The
m a t e r i a l s also
im p o rta n t the
stu d ies
p u b lica tio n s
a u th o r ity D avid
C ecil,
Joseph for
in
th ousan d used
E s p e c ia lly valuable
o f C a r l J e f f e r s o n Weber,
v/ere
t h e l e a d i n g Hardy
and o f Henry C. D u f f i n ,
Lord
H a r v e y C u r t i s W ebster, E r n e s t B rennecke, A lb e r t
sources
p ro b lem s).
of h is f ic t io n .
t h e U nited S t a t e s ,
G uerard,
the
i n c l u d e d t h e f i n d i n g s o f th e m o s t
and W i l l i a m R. R u t l a n d ( e s p e c i a l l y v a l u a b l e and b a c k g r o u n d s o f H a r d y ' s t h i n k i n g on s o c i a l
F r o m P r o f e s s o r W eber’ s b i b l i o g r a p h y o f o v e r l i v e
ite m s,
other valu a b le
s t u d i e s and a r t i c l e s h a v e been
-
The S e l e c t i o n
of
13 -
th e M ain Them es
To a s c e r t a i n w h i c h a s p e c t s may be i d e n t i f i e d
on t h e
b a sis
in of
talcen i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n . main p o i n t o f a t t a c k " e l e m e n t or i m p o r t a n t if it
is
in
i f Hardy s t a t e d
his s o c ia l o b j e c t i v e ,
a novel
of
if or
the t h o u g h t an d a c t i o n
one or
if of
T a k in g t h e g e n e t i c a tte m p ts to c r i t i c i z e ,
of
it
is
the
so
m ain
of
m ost is
is
and
t a t i o n o f them t h e r e a f t e r . b a sic
how
the
were "the
ev id en tly
an
e ssen tia l
the
m a in of
p lo t
or
fic tio n ,
th e.t
it
was
ju stify
a sso cia ted
characters
th at
it
its
w ith over
th in k in g . show n
how H a r d y 's
freq u en tly
they th ey
appear change
U n d erly in g to
c r ite r ia ,
be
passages
I have
how
th in k in g
to
in
sa id
c lo se ly
and
T h in k in g
stressed
im p lied
so c ia l
a n a ly ze,
so c ia l
H ardy’ s works
c le a r ly
o rig in a ted ,
as
it
cause
approach,
decade o f n o v e l w r i t i n g ,
Hardy r e c o g n i z e d
the id ea
if
S o cia l
a .fo rem en tio n ed
enough d e f i n i t e
shadows t h e o t h e r e v i d e n c e s
so cia l c o n d itio n s
are
A so c ia l
d e fin ite ly
b e i n g so c l a s s i f i e d ,
the
co n trib u to ry
the m a i n t h e m e
H ardy’ s
of
certain ev id en ces o f w h ic h i d e a s
H ardy' s
so c ia l
oth ers
have
to in
in
im p ro v e h is
h is
id ea s been
fir st presen w h ich
se le c te d
for treatm ent f i r s t . From t h i s
v iew p o in t,
with th e e f f e c t
of
so c ia l
m id d le and l o w e r c l a s s it sa tisfies the f i r s t tion;
it
the
the
as
so c ia l
str a tific a tio n
p eo p le,
req u irem en ts
to a p p e a r
fir st
has of
" th e m ain
i s the m o st p r o m i n e n t
been
the
upon so
of
th e
w h ich
n oted .
attack "
concept
in
d ea ls
upper,
c la ssifie d
cr ite r ia
p o in t
so c ia l
id ea ,
in fou r
because It h is
was fic
n o v els
-
and
n in e
n o v els
short
and
ev id en ce a tio n the
in d ica te
ev ils
of
so c ia l
That h i s
p rim a r ily
porary
They
and m ost
London
to
a g e n e r a l p r i n c i p l e f o r the remedy o f
s t r a t i f i c a t i o n in the f o u r n o v e l s c o n
fir st
n o v e l , The Poor Man and the Lady,
the
w i t h an a n a l y s i s oi s o c i a l s t r a t i
a u t h o r i t y o f t h r e e o f the b e s t contem
u n p r e j u d i c e d j u d g e s of f i c t i o n who re ad i t p u b lica tio n :
A lex an d er M a cm il la n , the pub
of
u n e q u i v o c a l l y t h a t i t was to o b i t t e r i n i t s denun cla ss
so c ie ty "
One
has
tne
b o w d lerized
11.
One h as i n c o n t r o v e r t i b l e
J o h n M o r l e y a n d George M e r e d i t h , p u b l i s h e r s ’ r e a d e r s . ^
stated
c ia tio n
i s prominent i n n i n e o t h e r
sh o rt stories.
concerned
one h a s
a v iew
lish e r ;
and i t
t h a t H a r d y w a s a t t e m p t i n g to a n a l y z e a s o c i a l s i t u to
fic a tio n
w ith
tw en ty-on e
and
cerned. was
sto ries;
14-
equal
feelin g and
"the
evid en ce v ersio n
toward "the s q u i r e a r c h y , and n o b i l i t y , v u l g a r i t y of the m id d le c l a s s .
f r o m H a r d y 's w i f e , who l a t e r p u b l i s n e a o f the n o v e l , 14 ancj from Hardy
T n e n o v e l s " r e The PoV rH an ' ~anu~~the ~Lady. A P a i r o f Blue E y e s . The H a n d o f S t h e l b e r t a I where Hardy d e f i n i t e l y s t a t e s h i s p u r p o s e i n t h e " P r e f a c e , " pp. v and v i ) , and A L a o a i c e a n . " T h e m a i n p o i n t o f a t t a c k " o b v i o u s l y means, a s c o n s i d e r e d from a s o c i a l a n g le . The s h o r t s t o r i e s are "An I n d i s c r e t i o n i n t h e L i f e o f an H e i r e s s , " "What the Shepherd S a w , " "The D u c h e s s o f H am pton sh ire," "The Y /a itin g Supper," "A T r a g e d y o f Two A m b i t i o n s , " "The M elan ch oly H u ss ar," " F o r C o n s c i e n c e S a k e , " "The Son ’ s V e t o , " and "Master J o n n H o r s e l e i g h , K night," 1 Z . H . 13. H a r d y , T h e E a r l y L i f e , pp. 7 7 - b 3; the i n t e n t and c r i t i c i s m o f e a c h o f these three c r i t i c s i s s u b s ta n t ia lly th e sam e. 1 3 . The w o r d s a r e t h o s e o f M e r e d it h , but Morley and Macm illan agreed. 1 4 . F . E . H a r d y , T h e E a r l y L i f e , p . 143; Mrs. Hardy s t a t e s t h a t t h i s n o v e l a n d The Hand o f E t h e l b e r t a were t o o e a r l y l o r " s o c i a l i s t i c " w ritin g s. Che s t a t e s t h a t i t d e a l t p r i m a r i l y w i t h c l a s s f e e l i n g , pp. w - b l .
-
15 -
himseif . -L^ About prove
the o t h e r t h r e e n o v e l s
one lias
t h a t Hardy had a p r i m a r y d e s . i r e
d itio n s
a n a ly ze th e ir
A s a l r e a d y n o t e d , The Hand oi' E t h e l b e r t a
is
d e fin ite ly
"Preface"
t o be c o n c e r n e d
w ith
feelin g .
i t s p lo t a lso hangs a lm o s t
se le c tio n
o f a husband by t h e
ram c.^ k
the
i t s p lot
is
the
as
d e fin ite ly and
th erein . ^
even
the
A Laodicean o f f e r s
the
p ecu lia r
a v e r y r i c h woman who l a c k s
the
so c ia l
n o b ility
t o r e f u t e h e r own c o n v i c t i o n s
is
i n p o s s e s s i n g an e s t a t e
wrong
and
aim
Hardy* s
overdone
stated
c la ss
the of
c la ss
ch ap ters
affected
cla ss-co n scio u s
r e c o g n i z e d t h a t he h ad
b a sis
h is
and om itting p assages w h ic h d e s c r i b e
he
of
upon
several
fe e lin g
of a cla ss-co n scio u s f a t h e r ,
u p p e r c la s s f o lx as too
th at
of
t h a t Hardy had c l a s s
criticism ;
a ctio n s down"
on
A P a i r o f B lu e B y e s c o n t a i n s
su g g estin g so cia l
h ero in e
is
con
im p ro v em en t.
an a n a ly s i s e n tir e ly
to
so c ia l
to
its
the t im e and t o p o i n t
to
ev id en ce
the way
in
of
am p le
in by
stro n g ly h is
th e
la te r
" to n in g
n o b ility am p le
cla ss cla ss
and
ev id en ce
fe e lin g c o n sc io u sn e ss
sta n d in g
that
as
a
ca stle
of
the
of
the
com m oner
she
D em tan cy
lam ily. lb". H a r d y b o w d l e r i z e d the"""novel, o ' m i ' t t i n g a l l r e f e r e n c e s t o c l a s s f e e l i n g to g e t p u b l i c a t i o n a t a l l . C a r l J . Y /eb er, H a r d y o f Y / e s s e x . (Mew f o r k , C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 4 0 ) , p p . 32-46; see F. E . H ardy, The E a r l y L i f e . p . 1 4 3 . 1 5 . T h e r e i s a l s o economic d e t e r m i n i s m i n v o l v e d , b u t t h e s o c i a l c o n s id e r a tio n s a r e more f r e q u e n t l y s t r e s s e d . 1 7 . H a r d y r e v /r o t e and r e v i s e d e n t i r e s p e e c h e s i n c h a p t e r X I V and d e a l t w ith the s u b j e c t i n c h a p t e r s I , I I , X I - X I V , a n d XXVI. He d e l e t e d m uch o f c h a p t e r X I V i n e d i t i o n s a l t e r th e 1 8 7 4 o n e . 1 8 . P a u l a Power i s a n x i o u s t o m a r r y i n t o t h e n o b l e c l a s s l o r s o c i a l reasons.
-
A p p ly in g a certa in
the
aspect
in
one
d isco v ers
th e
p o sitio n
of
the
em p h asis
upon
v in ced
same
th at
criteria
H a rd y 's th e
next
lo v e
needed
oi
h i s w r i t i n g , H ard y was
In
the p r e fa c e s
of
upon
to
"A P u r e
oi
tne
th in k in g m ost
a b o u t a s o c i a l p r o b le m ,
im p o r t a n t concept d e a l s with
for f ic t io n
the em p h a sis
speaks
f r e q u e n c y and e m p h a sis upon
wo men i n
Two
r e a d by women, and beca use
h is
n o v e l s of t h e f i r s t d ecad e
co m p elled
on a T o v /er^
Woman F a i t h f u l l y
so c ia l
B o t h b e c a u s e of
w h i c h H a r d y ' s pu b lish er T in sle y con
01
20
of
woman i n V i c t o r i a n England.
him w a s
v ille s .
16 -
p rob lem s
in
t o a n a ly z e t h i s p r o b l e m . a n d Tess o f the D ' U r b e r P r e s e n t e d , " Hardy d e f i n i t e l y
t h o s e works "on the r e l a t i o n s
s e x e s , " ^ - 1- a n d t h e q u e s t i o n o f b r e a k i n g t h e t e n t h compp mandment i n s u c h a w a y s i s t o m a k e c l e a r the i n t e n t i o n about h is
the
d e sir e
b ein g
the
to
a n a ly ze
m a in
p o in t
an a ly zed
m
ner
in stin c ts
best
short
Ha n d
devoted
to
19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
of
to
attack
her
the
a n a ly sis
fram ew ork
of
of
for the
tw o
In a d d i t i o n t o
the p o s i t i o n o f women i s
r e q u i r e d to marry i n s p i t e ox in
ev id en ce
of E th elb erta . an
con d ition , th ere,
b ein g
and d e s i r e s
sto r ie s--c e r ta in ly
In The
w ith in
regard
a ty p ic a l
e i g h t n o v e l s and i n f i f t e e n o f a s o c i a l problem o f b e h a v i o r .
ex a m p le,
e n t i r e c h a p t e r s are
h e r o i n e ' s s t a t u s and b e h a v i o r
so c ia l
l e v e l s i n w h i c h she m oves.
T h o m a s H a r d y . Two o n a Tower"] " P r e f a c e , " p . v . T h o m a s H a r d y , T e s s o f t h e D ' U r b e r v i l l e s , " Preface" t o 190b e d i t i o n . i b id . i b id . T h o m a s H a r d y , T h e Hand o f E t h e l b e r t a . Ch ap ters I , V I I , I X , X , XXV, X X X I I .
23
-16AAbout th e
f o u r t h a s p e c t o f H ard y’ s s o c i a l t h i n k i n g ,
concern w i t h r u r a l most d e f i n i t e sive a r t i c l e
l a b o r e r s and t h e i r l i f e ,
the
p r o o f o f a l l , because he p u b l i s h e d a n g iv in g
"The D o r s e t s h i r e
h i s v i e w s about i t .
n ovels d e a l w it h
It
L a b o u r e r " and was p r i n t e d
i s s u e o f L o n g m a n 1 s M a g a z in e i n London.
a s do f i f t e e n
one h a s
sto ries.
In c lu
was e n t i t l e d in
the
J u ly ,
1885
T w elve o f H a r d y ’ s
s o c i a l p ro b lem s o f t h e s e
short
h is
rural la b o rers
Among t h e n o v e l s , T h e
P o o r Man
and t h e L a d y t A P a i r o f Blue E y e s , F a r f r o m t h e M a d d i n g Crowd, T h e Wood l a n d e r s , T e s s , and Jude c o n t a i n e x t e n d e d passages
s h o w i n g t h a t Hardy w as e m p h a s i z i n g t h o s e
about i n j u s t i c e s
to
t h e rural la b o r e r s w h ich he had
so s t r o n g l y
a g a in st
Hardy w r o t e
a letter
in g the m i g r a t i o n
Longman1s M a g a z i n e . the e x t r e m e
poverty
the tim e h i s
n o v els
of f a m ilie s dangers o f
24.
25. 26. 27.
the 24
spoken
1922
concern
w hich h e a g a i n expressed
In t h i s l e t t e r he w a s e m p h a t i c
in about
o f the la b o r e r s o f th e
south o f
d e p i c t e d them.
he g iv e s ex a m p les 25 o f w ant, of th e
In t h i s
a g r i c u l t u r a l workers le a v i n g t h e c itie s,w
in t h e ir
in
same v i e w s p r e v i o u s l y
id ea s
Furtherm ore,
t o R id e r Haggard i n M a r c h ,
s o p o o r t h a t the c h i l d r e n d i e d
c ro w d in g t h e per m anen ce
i n t h e m agazi ne a r t i c l e *
o f a g ricu ltu ra l laborers
e m p h a s i z e d m an y o f
same
and o f t h e i r l a c k o f 27 home l e a s e h o l d s .
country so cia l
E n glan d
at
and o v e r secu rity
and
Thom as H a r d y , ^The D o r s e t s h i r e L a b o u r e r , 11 L o n g m a n ' s M a g a z i n e , J u l y , 1 8 8 5 ; a n d " L e t t e r t o R id e r H a g g a r d , " i n P . te. H a r d y , The L a t e r Y e a r s o f Thomas Ilardy, (New Y o r k , T h e M a c m i l l a n Company,""1 9 5 0 ) , p p . 9 3 - 9 6 . " L e t t e r t o R i d e r H aggard," F. E. H a r d y , The L a t e r Y e a r s , p . 9 3 ib id . pp. 9 4 -5 i b i d . p . 96
-16B Of t o w n a n d about r u ra l
ones;
w orth o f c i t y attack ic a l
city
"but h e m a d e
w orkers w ith
in The Hand
o b jectiv e
He a l s o m a d e
as
and
that th at
In both
n o v els,
d itio n s
among to w n
tow n and c i t y
c ity
the
th e
Jude
"w orkfolk"
is
to ld
"The S o n ' s V e t o , "
e q u a l i t y in rea l
em p lo y ers
the
o b viou s
in
stressin g h is
the
"Preface"
a n a ly sis
la b o rers
of
faced faced
speak
la b o rers
of
issue of
so ciolog
to
th at novel.
t h e unsurmount-
i n The Mayor of i n Jude
of
the
and n o t
t h e O b scu re.
g e n e r a l con
th e mere p ligh t
i n f e r i o r i t y w h ich E n glish
a lw a y s
and
and i n
th e
the
cla sses
w ith
even
la b o rers
have
is
o f the urban w o rk in g
s a y th a n
book.
th em selv es
in
to
the
one
feelin g
la b o rers
less
of
passages
p a r ity betw een stressed
p o in t
p o in ted
and c i t y in
In a d d ic tio n ,
th e ir
tow n
extended
ch aracters
th e
p rim ary
an o b v i o u s l y
C a sterb rld ge
Hardy h a s
of E th elb erta , the
ab le d i f f i c u l t i e s
o f the
la b o rers,
tra g ic
sto ries.
escape pathos
of
because
of
the d is
o s t e n t a t i o u s upper classes
short
to
"A F i d d l e r
fe lt
the
T h e v a i n a t te m p t
b e i n g b r a n d e d a s mere in
"To P l e a s e
R e e ls,"
H i s Wife ,"
a n d "A T r a g e d y o f
Two A m b i t i o n s . " H ard y's a ll
le v e ls
v iew s
of E n g lish
ed u ca tio n
le ss
freq u en tly
stressed
Is
t h e m ain p o i n t com m ents i n tio n
is
28.
F.
h is
Jude
d ia ry
" so m eth in g
" I am t h e ta in ly
in
one
to
the
show
h ad d e f i n i t e E. H a r d y ,
the
O bscure.
d e fin ite ly w orld it
to
so c ia l
The
to
th em ." 28
The E a r ly L i f e
in
d ecla re
ought
id ea s
a s d i s c r i m a t o r y at
be
the
but i t Is
"Preface"
a n d Hardy's
that
d iscrim ina
th is
show n."
B esid es
i n m in d
n o v els,
in
H a r d y adds,
th is,
Hardy
cer
J u d e ; f o r he r e p e a t s
o f Thomas H a rd y ,
p.
272
-16C h i s concern w ith e d u c a t io n p o r tr a y s the o n e r o u s n e s s
In
of
its
many r a m i f i c a t i o n s h e r e .
o n e's
h avin g to prepare f o r
He
th e
u n iv e r s ity w ith out a t e a c h e r — a s
t h e n o v e l i s t had h im s e lf* d o n e ,
working e v e n in g s
He a l s o g i v e s e x t e n d e d
for
ten
years.
a b o u t w om en 's e d u c a t i o n
and
sch o o ltea ch in g ,
o f m a le s c h o o l t e a c h e r s ,
the
l o w p a y the t e a c h e r s r e c e i v e ,
the
snobbery o f
fin a l
ch ap ter
ing p u b lic a tio n f o r b o o k s
on H ardy's d i f f i c u l t i e s
co n ta in in g
le m s, th e im pact o f h i s
th in k in g
w o u l d n o t be r e a l i z e d .
W ith ou t
ab le to e s t a b l i s h
the
fact
accepted s o c ia l
29
fo rm u la s
th at H ardy's
th at
and
check
chart,
in
the s i x m ain a s p e c t s
such
29~.
what of
in
num-
t h e y e v i d e n t l y h ad a l a r g e
part
s o c ia l p hilosop h y.
the r e c u r r e n c e o f On t h e b a s i s
o f H ard y's th in k in g as h e r e
other
of l e s s
of
When o n e
am ou nted t o m i l l i o n s
H s fic tio n .
ju stifie d .
were r e j e c t e d a s
prob
on e w o u l d n o t b e
of m o ra lity .
g iv in g
chapter head in gs were s o c ia l problem s
secur
prim acy of th e s o c i a l c o n c e p t s h e r e
ad op ted , a c h a r t was p r e p a r e d situ a tio n s
chapter,
h e wa s f l y i n g i n t h e f a c e
w h ole
on th e
in
d iscu ssio n of s o c i a l
prin ted h is co n cep ts
have
th at
In B r i t a i n ' s r e - t h i n k i n g h e r As a f i n a l
th is
codes
readers
one may e v e n a s s e r t
portant s o c ia l
and
on co n servative V ic t o r ia n s
th a t he
needed im provem ent, k n o w i n g
her,
statu s
O xon ian s.
W ithout t h e
rea lizes
about the
com m ents
as
On t h e b a s i s o f t h i s
a ll of
im th is
g iv en chart
in a lso ,
em ployee-em p loyer r e l a t i o n s h i p ,
im p ortan ce
in H ardy's f i c t i o n .
Statem ent o f C a r l J . W e b e r , t h e le a d in g a u t h o r it y o n H a r d y , i n l e c t u r e a t New Y o r k U n i v e r s i t y , A u g u s t 3 0 , 1 9 5 1 .
In o r d e r to be c e r t a i n in to
t'-e
author d id n o t h o ld ,
n o v elist's
d ia ry .
a ll
o f H ard y's
was
thus
voted
of h is
p u b lish ed
the D ' U r b e r v i l l e s
so c ia l to
the b o o k s,
i n c u r a storm
that If
ed ito r of
of
a ll
O bscure. t h e m ain
esta b lish ed ,
even w ith
from H en ry H a r p e r o f H arper of
of h is
passages
the
G ra p h ic M agazine t h a t
of h is
p rin cip les,
restored
And y e t h e
the m ost m oral
one h a s a n y d o u b t
one
has
two
rejected
f ir m ly m ain
*->e h a d e v e r
sin cer e
In th e s e
book form at a f t e r th ey had b een ed ito rs
(w here
criticism .
th ese books were
t v,e v a l i d i t y
b o w d lerized
31. 32.
gen u in ess
and Ju d e t h e
tw o n o v e l s
kn ow in g
he w o u ld
30.
the
o t h e r w o r k s , ) H ardy sh o w ed t h a t he had
and from t h e
tio n ed
th in k in g
w a s made o f t h e
of
t h i n k i n g may b e
B rothers
w ritten .
a rev iew
so c ia l
a b o u t s o c i a l p rob lem s a s h ere an alyzed 30 esta b lish ed , e s p e c i a l l y in th e f i f t y pages d e
reference
ta in ed
of h is
Abundant e v id e n c e
com ments on t h e s e
asp ects
w r i t e r was n o t " rea d in g
id ea s
to T ess of
In h i s
lish
th is
H ard y's f i c t i o n ” any a s p e c t s
w h ich
out
tb at
attem p t to e s t a b on ly
n o v els
by th e
in p r e v io u s m agazine p u b l i c a t i o n .
to
read
the
In f i n a l
above-m en32
P . E .H a rd y , The E a r l y L i f e o f T h o m a s H a r d y , p p . 4 9 , ’£ 4 , 7 9 8 3 , 8 8 - 9 , 1 1 5 - 1 1 6 , 1 4 3 , 2 2 l, “ 5 2 3 - 4 , 2 6 7 , 2 7 7 - 8 2 , 2 9 8 , 3 0 1 , 397, 3 1 0 ; a nd T h e L a t e r Y e a r s , p p . 3 0 , 1 0 8 , 1 4 8 - 9 , 1 8 7 , 1 9 0 197, 2 1 1 , 2 2 0 , a n d 2 3 4 c o n t a i n r e f e r e n c e s t o h i s d i a r y an d a u to b io g ra p h ica l n o t e s r e l a t i n g to s o c i a l s t r a t i f i c a t i o n . A s i m i l a r d o c u m e n t a t i o n w as made f o r a l l H a r d y ' s m a in i d e a s about s o c ia l p rob lem s a s here l i s t e d . P . E. H a rd y , The L a t e r Y e a r s , p p . 3 - 1 4 an d 2 8 - 2 5 . i b i d . , and p p . 4 6 - 5 1 , v i d e : f in a l chapter of th is th e s is .
CHAPTER I BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH THE DEVELOPMENT OP THOMAS HARDY’ S SOCIAL IDEAS A p p r o x i m a t e l y two d e c a d e s a f t e r and i n a p e r i o d o f a c u t e s o c i a l born i n Upper Bo ck ham pto n , D orchester, D o r se tsh ir e , on June d ,
1840.
d e a t h of N apoleon,
changes,
a lm o st
in
the
the
three
south
In h i s k n o w l e d g e
Thomas Hardy was m i l e s northeast of
c e n t r a l part
of
of England,
r u r a l f o l k c u s t o m s and
h is lo v e of old E n g lis h t r a d i t i o n s ,
H a r d y d e v e l o p e d more c o n
s i s t e n t l y w ith h is h e r e d it y
en viron m en tal in flu en ces
and h i s
th a n d i d a l m o s t any o t h e r V i c t o r i a n tio n o f Charles D ick en s.
n o v elist,
S im ila rly ,
b iographical sketch, h is s o c i a l from i d e a s e v i d e n t i n t h e
it
id ea s
w ill
w it h the e x c e p be shown i n t h i s
o r p h ilo s o p h y developed
" in tellectu a l
a t m o s p h e r e " and i n h i s
own e x p e r i e n c e . As
a
s o c ia l th in k er,
he
d eriv ed
c o n c e p t s a r i s i n g and c i r c u l a t i n g 1840 and 1 8 7 6 , when h i s
so c ia l
p h i l o s o p h y w ere b e i n g f o r m e d
in
oi t h e c o n t e m p o r a r y o u t s t a n d i n g
h is
w id ely
m a i n i d e a s from i n E n glan d between
d o ctrin e s h is
m in d .
even ts
of
and h is p o s i t i v i s t To m e n t i o n a few t h e s e y e a r s , which
h e l p e d t o s h a p e our c o n t e m p o r a r y i d e a s :
the
f a m in e " o f 1 8 4 b - 1 8 4 6 , w i t h i t s
d iscu ssio n
the p l i g h t of
r e su ltin g
l a b o r i n g men i n E n g l a n d
and
Irish
"potato of
I r e l a n d and t h e i r
-
la ck
of
food,
the R ep eal
d ev a sta tin g
effects
cu lm in a tin g
in
London, the
in
the
1848,
a risto cra tic
M a n ifesto
in
D u rin g
ephem eral
or
T hese
*48
France,
Germany,
rig h ts
a n amendment
fie ld
of
in
ed u ca tio n ,
on
t h e Duke
to h e r
ou t-of-d ate
1870,
S ch o o ls there
in E n g la n d ,
in
Second
p r im a r y and
even
no
three
of
a risto
in A u str ia ,
S tuart
M ill
try in g ,
Germ any,
and was
in
lb b v,
a llo w in g
th e ir
And i n Com mis
awoke E n glan d
ed u ca tio n a l
and
demo
Ita ly ,
a s F o reig n
im p o rta n t Rf s.
the
by P a r lia m e n t.
(1861) , in
S a ta n ic
C o n tin en ta l
occurred
R eform B i l l
secondary
in France
the
w ere
id ea s
John
M atthew A r n o ld ,
was p r a c t i c a l l y
dark
a g a in st
th e ir
In E n glan d
and U n i v e r s i t i e s
even
there
o f N e w c a s t l e 1s c o m m is s io n ,
P o p u la r E d u ca tio n
H igh er
the
through
"Era o f M e t t e r n i c h , "
f o r women a n d
the
C om m unist
S c h le sw ig -H o lste in ,
governm ent p a sse d
sio n er
in
to
in
from
rev o lts
in
or u p risin g s
S w itzerla n d ,
equal
the
the
the
v a in ,
w orkingm en and
Czechs a t P rague.
rep resen ta tio n the
in
rev o lu tio n s
of
co n d itio n s
freq u en tly
cracy.
to g e t
in
1848,
r o y a lists
p eo p le
H e i n r i c h M arx and
causes
a g a in st
c la ss
h avin g
u p risin g
e x clu sio n
p rin tin g
same y e a r
econ om ic
for
th e ir
th is
w hich a f f e c t e d E n g l i s h
a rg u in g
real
e v e n tu a lly
w ork in g
1848 by K arl
and i t s
fa cto ries.
the
Law s,
the C h a r t is t
a g a in st
governm ent,
and E u r o p e
among t h e
Corn
2 5 ,0 0 0
p rotest
out E n glan d
and
the
m arch o f
to
F r ie d r ic h E n g els,
crats
of
on a g r i c u l t u r e ,
i n E n glan d
r e v o lu tio n s,
18 -
system s
a second
rep ort,
(1874).
B efore
free
state
ed u ca tio n
iy S i n c e Hardy was a r e g u l a r r e a d e r o f and,
T h e S a t ir d a y R e v ie w
t h r o u g h f r i e n d s h i p w i t h b o o k r e v i e w e r s r c t e r s M iss
Th pr r ' - s I r d ; - , j^n I n d i s c r o t i o n I n t h e L i f e o f a n H e i r e s s , att. 1 0 1 - 1 1 7 , a n d F . F . H a n d y , T h e F a r l y Y e a r s , C h a p t e r I V , n p r , o p . b i ] v n v' , 80 —8 n * r*l s o m . SQ , 9 8 , 1 0 7 —o , An I nd j r o r a t i o n i n t h e L i f p o f o n H e i r e s s , n o . 8 0 - 8 8 ; i o n - 5"; 0 6 ; ' P t . . ' I T , C h a p t e r T I T . F . F . H p r d y , T h e F a .r 1 v Y e a r s , m o . 7 7 - 8 5 j C • L . c r a v e s , L i f e a n d L e t t e r s o f A1 e r a , nd e r Me crni U r n , 1 CJ1C , p o . 2 8 8 - 0 2 . Th oma s " I t e r d 1' , An I n d i s c n e t . i o n j n t h e L i f e o f a n H e i r e s s . P t. I , C hapter ITT. j h l d . n . 6 . T h e s e r e f e r e n c e s a b o v e o p r. q u o t e d t o t r a c e f r e n e t i c a l l y , t h e d e v e l o n r n e n t c'* h i - s o c i a l i d e a s w h i c h h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n s h o w n t o h a v e i n f l u e - n c ^ d h i s r e ril 1 j . f e i n L o n d o n : c_f. C h a n t e r I , o '-;. O O - 'X . Ib id • no. 6-1? . i b i d . n o . 6 - 1 ? , 8 7 , 7 6 .*Vh 6 0 , 1.0 m , ] e p . p p n .
-
A lla m o n t, th e h e r o in e , b e in g lim ite d tary
so c ia l
in th e
159 -
e x p r e s s e d t h e fu n d a m e n ta l wrong o f
c h o i c e o f a h u sb a n d t o men o f h e r e d i
s t a n d i n g o r t h o s e o f w ea lth :
b e in g o b lig e d The h e r o
to
care fo r
" I t i s a l l th r o u g h
so m e b o d y w h e th e r you w i l l o r n o t . "
p a i n t s t h e p i c t u r e o f t h e ir lo v e a f f a i r in
s u c h a way t h a t o n e m u s t r e a l i z e H a r d y 's c o n c e p t o f woman's s u p p r e s s io n b y an a r t i f i c i a l
s o c i a l code:
"To c a r e f o r s u c h a man— a v i l l a g e y o u t h . They w i l l e v e n s u p p r e s s t h e f a c t t h a t h i s f a t h e r was a p a i n t e r o f no m ean p o w e r , and a g e n tle m a n by e d u c a t i o n , l i t t l e a s i t w o u l d red eem u s ; and J u s t i f y t h e i r d o in g so by r e f l e c t i n g th a t in a d d i n g t o t h e c o n t r a s t t h e y im p r o v e t h e i r t a l e , A nd c a l u m n y m e a n w h i l e s h a l l f e e d on u s A s w orm s d e v o u r t h e d e a d ; w hat we h a v e done N o n e s h a l l d a r e a v o u c h , th o u g h i t b e t r u l y k n o w n ." "And t h e y w i l l c o n t i n u e , 'H e was an a r t f u l f e l l o w t o w i n a g i r l ' s a f f e c t i o n i n t h a t way— on e o f t h e m e r e scum o f t h e e a r t h , ' t h e y ' l l say."^-® A n y o n e f a m i l i a r w i t h V i c t o r i a n m a r r ia g e s o f women o f rank o r s t a t i o n , M rs. G -a sk e ll, aw are o f
In th e f i c t i o n
o f T r o llo p e , T hackeray,
t h e B ron tfi s i s t e r s ,
o r G eorge E l i o t , w i l l b e
t h e f a m i l i a r r i n g o f t h e h e r o in e 's co n v e rsa tio n
w i t h h e r f a t h e r a b o u t a n y h y p o t h e t i c a l l o v e r o f t h e lo w e r c la s s: " I s a i d , " s h e w h i s p e r e d , " S u p p o s e a man s h o u ld l o v e me v e r y m u c h , w o u l d y o u mind b e i n g a c q u a i n t e d w i t h h im i f h e w e r e a v e r y w o r th y man?" "That d e p e n d s u p o n h i s r a n k a n d c i r c u m s t a n c e s , " he j l/I I s s A l l e n v i l l e ' s f a t h e i ^ J s a l d . ^ 15. 16. 17.
Thom as H a r d y , An I n d i s c r e t i o n i n t h e L i f e o f an H e i r e s s ( B a l t i m o r e , The J o h n s H o p k in s P r e s s , 1 9 3 5 ) , p . 6 5 . ib id . p. 73. ib id . p. 82.
-
160-
E n ou gh h a s been e x p la in e d in t h e p l o t a n a ly s is th e sis
to
s h o w t h a t H a r d y 's f i v e m o s t e m p h a s i z e d i d e a s
was c o m p le te d . H a r d y 1s
women w ere p r e s e n t b y 1 8 6 8 w h e n t h e n o v e l
1A
S o c i a l T h in k in g a b o u t W gJB aal.fi E d u c a t i o n
I n o r d e r n o t to c o n f l i c t w i t h t h e on
e m p h a s iz e
e sp e c ia lly
in
in
fir s t th e
E th e lb e r ta ) to
th o se
se c tio n w ill
w hereas
fo u n d in
th e e ig h te e n -e ig h tie s (in
T h e H and o f
o v e rc o m e t h o s e V i c t o r i a n h a n d i c a p s o f w h i c h
b u t o n e , a lth o u g h th e f u n d a m e n t a l o n e .
who r e m e m b e r t h e f i e r c e e f f o r t s o f women t o
fr a n c h ise
w o m a n 's
l a t e r . T h e
su c h t r a i n i n g in H a r d y 's m in d I s
p e r i o d o f n o v el w r itin g in
is
sta tu s,
t e a c h in g o th e r s w il l be t r e a t e d
s t r u g g l e o f E th e lb e r ta P eth er w in
e d u c a tio n
th is
t h e fu n d a m e n ta l i n f l u e n c e s o f
l a c k o f i t upon h e r s o c i a l
im p o r ta n c e o f h is
ch a p ter o f t h is
e d u c a t i o n i n E n glan d i n g e n e r a l ,
e d u c a tio n o r her part
and
o f T h e P o o r Man and t h e L ad y I n C h a p t e r I I o f t h i s
about V ic to r ia n
th e sis
o u tlin e
In B r ita in w ill fu lly
a p p r e c ia te
th e
O n ly
g a in
th e
p r e ju d ic e
w h i c h k e p t wom en down i n a l l s o c i a l a n d b u s i n e s s a c t i v i t i e s . If
women w e r e a p p a r e n t l y f o r c e d t o d r o p b o m b s I n t h e H o u s e
of
C o m m o n s, t o
18.
19.
s t a b p a in t in g s in th e a r t g a l l e r i e s , and
H a r d y ' s I d e a s o f woman's e d u c a t i o n I n t r a i n i n g c o l l e g e w h i c h h i s s i s t e r s Mary and K a t h e r i n e a t t e n d e d a t t h i s t i m e i s c l e a r from h i s comment I n h i s d i a r y o n t h r e e o c c a sio n s. On o n e v i s i t t o a t r a i n i n g c o l l e g e h e s a i d t h a t w o m e n 's e d u c a tio n t h e r e t a u g h t th em a v ie w o f l i f e " d a m n a b ly wrong": F . E. H a r d y , T h e E a r l y L i f e . p . v i d e . " E d u c a t i o n , " C h a p te r VI o f t h i s t h e s i s w h e r e t h e c a r e e r s o f 12 te a c h e r s are r e v ie w e d .
308.
-1 6 1 h a lf-d e str o y to
th e ir
th e
r o y a l th ro n e
c o n d itio n
m ay p e r c e i v e
as la te
c h a ir to
as th e tw e n tie th
th a t th ey r e a liz e d
p r e s s u r e s w ere
str o n g ly
th a t
th e
o n e o f Shaw ’ s P y g m a lio n o r t h e
in
i n H a r d y ’ s s t o r y rem in d s
21
H ardy’ s E th e lb e rta
t a b o o s a g a i n s t wom an’ s e d u c a tio n 22 a t a s k wom en f a c e d . H a v in g secu red her
k n o w le d g e o f l i t e r a t u r e
by c a n d l e li g h t was a b u t l e r , fru g a l
can g iv e
her
20
o v e r c o m in g V ic t o r ia n
fir s t
to
th em ,
h e r o i n e o f Y o u N e v e r Can T e l l ,
o n ly tw en ty y e a r s e a r l i e r .
s h o w s h ow d i f f i c u l t
th e
c e n t u r y , one
c o n se r v a tiv e
en tren ch ed a g a in s t
E t h e lb e r t a C h ic k e r e l P e th e r w in
w r itte n
aw aken B r it is h e r s
in th e lib r a r ie s
a tten d
sa v in g s o f her b u t le r - fa t h e r
a p r im a r y t r a i n i n g
str u g g le s
H ardy t e l l s
c la s sic s
s c h o o l th r o u g h
a n d n u r s e - m o t h e r who
and " n orm al s c h o o l "
fa m ily o f t e n
very d e fin ite ly
E th e lb e r ta
se c r e tly
w h er e her f a t h e r
c h ild r e n ,
her e x p e r ie n c e s
ed u c a tio n
E th e lb e r ta in
s h o w s how h a r d women m u s t c o n t e n d
p u r p o s e l y com posed t o
(H ard y,
o f th e r ic h
and h a v i n g m anaged t o
o n ly one o f t h e ir
B r ita in .
by r e a d in g th e
f o r e d u ca tio n .
in a novel
sh ow s o c i a l w e a k n e s s e s o f t h e poor in g iv e s
h im se lf la r g e ly
her e x p e r ie n c e s p u b lic ly :
se lf-e d u c a te d ,
knew o f su c h in s ta n c e s )
S h e g r a p h i c a l l y r e c o u n t e d . . . t h e s t r a n g e dream s a n d a m b i t i o u s l o n g i n g s o f t h i s c h i l d w h en y o u n g , h e r a t t e m p t s t o a c q u ir e e d u c a t io n , p a r t i a l su c c e s s e s , p a r t i a l f a i l u r e s , and c o n s t a n t s t r u g g le s ; i n s t a n c i n g how , on o n e o f t h e s e o c c a s i o n s , th e g i r l c o n c e a le d h e r s e l f under a b o o k ca se o f th e 20. 21. 22.
6 . i t , W eber, l e c t u r e , New ifo r k I J n i v e r s l t y , S e p te m b e r 4 , 1 9 5 1 , E. E. H ardy, The E a r ly L i f e , p . 1 4 3 : T h i s w a s H ardy’ s b e lie f, at le a s t. T h e H and o f E t h e l b e r t a . ( 1 9 0 5 e d . ) p . 3 4 9 .
-16 2 l i b r a r y b e l o n g i n g t o t h e m ansion i n w h ich h e r f a t h e r s e r v e d a s f o o tm a n , and, having t a k e n w i t h h e r t h e r e , l i k e a y o u n g Fawkes, m atches an d a h a l f p e n n y c a n d l e , w a s g o i n g t o s i t up a l l n i g h t r e a d i n g , when t h e f a m i l y r e t i r e d , u n t i l h e r f a t h e r d i s c o v e r e d an d p reven ted her schem e. One c a n
h a rd ly
d i s a g r e e w i t h E t h e l b e r t a 1s c o m p l a i n t
about the d i f f i c u l t y
of
w o m a n ' s s e c u r i n g an e d u c a t i o n
.and
s u c c e s s in t e a c h i n g ,
"I
w i s h I w e r e a man."
com
pares the d i f f i c u l t y
of
th is
ed u cation w i t h
th e
fo r d or C am bridge, what b e c a u s e
rich one
o o o r bo v s
p o o r woman i n s e c u r i n g
b o y s w ith serv a n ts a t E to n is
a lso
endowed gr am m ar s c h o o l s
E th elb erta through the o n l y
a ll
had d i f f i c u l t i e s ;
m anaged t o
o f E n glish e d u c a t io n
th at
one
ed u cation c o u l d
do
p ractices 23. 24. 25.
in
as
had
been
hundred
none f o r g i r l s .
It is
E th elb erta,
the
best
d isco v ers for
Hardy
a b ility — th ere
a m ea n in g fu l
B rita in — com m entary
lik e the B ron tfi
siste r s,
tr a in in g in t e a c h i n g .
L a t e r , when h e r m o t h e r - i n - l e . w h a s t h e f u n d s t o t h is ed u ca tio n ,
som e
women h ad i n M i d - V i c t o r i a n
sc h o o ls.^ 5
for
and Ox
s e c u r e some h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n
the t e a c h e r -t r a in in g
h a d t o go e l s e w h e r e
but
o v e r E n g la n d f o r t w o
p ra c tic a lly
ch a n n els
an
e x a g g e r a tin g the s i t u a t i o n
a m ason's so n knew t h a t - - f o r boys of
y e a r s and m o r e — b u t
When o n e
p ro v id e
th a t H ardy's i d e a s
of
for
what
wom en a r e n o t f a r f r o m s o m e m o d e r n
p ro g ressiv e
sch o o ls
today.
The Hand o f E t h e l b e r t a " ( 1 9 0 5 e d . ) p . 3 4 9 . H a r d y ' s a n c e s t o r h a d f o u n d e d t h e D o r c h e s t e r Gr am mar S c h o o l i n t h e s i x t e e n t h c e n t u r y , a s Hardy s t a t e d . F. E. H a r d y , T h e L a t e r Y e a r s . p . 2.55. ib id . p. 3 0 8 . H a r d y comments i n h i s d i a r y t h u s a b o u t th e g i r l s a t W h i t e l a n d s T raining C o lle g e f o r s c h o o l m i s t r e s s e s "A c o m m u n i t y o f women i n s p i r e s . . . p r o t e c t i v e t e n d e r n e s s i n t h e b r e a s t o f on e who v i e w s t h e m . "
-
E th e lb e r ta , lik e
163-
P a u l a P o w e r I n A L a o d i c e a n I s b o t h an
e d u c a t e d a n d a c u l t u r e d woman. p refa ce
to
th is
a b ility
w ill
be
p e o p le , th a t to
n o v e l w here I t I s equal or
a m ore g e n e r a l
one of th a t
to
f a c t . 26
f a m ilia r w ith
lite r a tu r e
th e p a r tic u la r
B u rn s'
t h r o u g h h e r own h e r o i c
se c tio n s o f M ill's
a l s o becom e d e te r m in a tio n .
b ook s on p o s i t i v i s t p h ilo
e c o n o m y s h e w a n t s i n h e r own l i b r a r y . ^8
an d t h e w orks o f
p o r t r a y in g an i d e a l m e tic , geograp h y,
even a r c h ite c tu r e ,^ 7
t h e m o s t m o d e rn woman i n H a r d y 's
knows h e r B ib le w e l l ,
poem s,
and sp a r k le
and a r t ,
s u p e r f i c i a l , f o r sh e can im m e d ia te ly fin d
sop hy o r p o l i t i c a l She lik e w is e
c o n v in c e
to be a s c h o o l m i s t r e s s , and
s o m e w h a t l i k e H a rd y h i m s e l f ,
N or I s h e r r e a d in g
com m ents
T r a i n e d a t B o n n , G erm a n y , f o r t h r e e
French lit e r a t u r e
She h a s ,
and h i s
te a c h e r -tr a in in g c o lle g e s
E th e lb e r ta P e th e r w ln i s fic tio n .
e n d o w in g h e r , I s l o o k i n g f o r w a r d
a p r e p a r a tio n
f a m ilia r w ith
th a t o f h ig h e r c la s s
e d u c a tio n o f h e r sex ;
v isits
y e a r s , g iv e n
s ta te d th a t E th e lb e r ta 's
su p e r io r to
H a r d y , by s o
on h is th r e e
One may c o n c l u d e fr o m t h e
and a ls o
M i l t o n ' s and
Sh akesp eare.
t e a c h e r , w ith h e r a b i l i t y
d r a m a tic s, a r t ,
enough to
g iv e
and m u sic .
H ard y i s to
th u s
tea c h a r ith
She h a s v e r v e
d r a m a tic r e a d in g s so t h a t t h e
a r is to c r a tic
c la s s e s ,
th e
i n c l i n e d , com e i n l a r g e n u m b e r s t o h e a r t h e m .
26. 27. 23.
so c ia lly
t h e w e a lth y c lu b m e n , t h e a r t i s t s ,
and
T h om as H a r d y . T h e H and o f E t h e l b e r t a . (New York H a m a ra 19 0 5 ), p . 194. i b i d . p . 3 0 9 , I . e . H er u s e o f a r c h i t e c t u r a l t e r m s lik e fle c h e . ib id . p. 333.
The ir o n y , o f c o u r s e ,
is
ex a g g era ted
to
how f a r a b u t l e r ' s d a u g h t e r m a y e x c e l b a n d , a v i s c o u n t , a m em ber o f From v i s i t s t o t h r e e
m e n t a t i o n and f o r m a l i s m
as
s c h o o ls fo r sc h o o l
d e fin ite
th ere
w h ic h was n o t o n l y " w r o n g , b u t o n l y r e c o r d e d "damn" i n
In I n t e l l e c t h er hu s
p a r l i a m e n t , and l o r d o f a m a n o r .
tr a in in g
m i s t r e s s e s , Hardy form ed , t h e
sh o w , b y h y p e r b o l e ,
H a r d y 's
id e a t h a t such r e g i
e x i s t e d fu r th e r e d a sy stem
d a m n a b l y w ron g." d ia r y
T h is i s
and I n d i c a t e s s tr o n g
f e e l in g about th e id e a t h a t
w om en, no
n o t be s t r a i t - j a c k e t e d
a n y e d u c a t i o n a l fo rm u la o r
reg im en .
T h is i s h i s
in to
d e sc r ip tio n
of
th e
le s s
th a n m en , s h o u l d
" M elch ester"
T r a in in g C o lle g e fo r S c h o o l m i s t r e s s e s ,
as to ld
(S a lisb u r y )
in Jude th e
O bscure: H a l f an h o u r l a t e r t h e y a l l l a y i n t h e i r c u b i c l e s , t h e ir ten d er fe m in in e f a c e s u p tu r n e d to th e f l a r in g g a s - j e t s . . . e v e r y f a c e b e a r i n g th e le g e n d "The Weaker" up on i t . 3 0 la c d y .lg P o r t r a y a l
q£
C u l t u r e d a n f l E d u c a te d Women
The t r a i n i n g o f E t h e l b e r t a P e t h e r w l n , P a u l a Pow er i n A L a o d ic ea n f and Su san n a B r i d e h e a d f i n e and a p p l i e d a r t s t h a n o f fir st
b a c h e lo r o f a r t s . 29.
30.
its
It had
J u d e i n c l u d e d more
a n y p r o m in e n t lib e r a l a r ts c o ll e g e
rank i n th e U n i t e d
r e q u ir e s tod ay f o r a l l
in
S ta tes
( e x c e p t O b e r l i n i n O h io )
c a n d id a t e s f o r th e degree of I n c l u d e d m a s t e r y o f many o f t h e
H a r d y 's m eth o d i s l e s s e x a g g e r a t e d t h a n t h a t o f o t h e r s a t i r i c a l w r i t e r s , S i n c l a i r L e w i s , E r sk in C a ld w e ll, and J oh n S t e i n b e c k . T h is s e n t e n c e i s th e id e a o f H a r d y 's p r e f a c e t o t h i s n o v e l . Thomas H a r d y , J u d e t h e Ob a c u r e . 1 8 9 5 , p . 1 6 5 .
-
165-
su b J e c t a m e n 's c o l l e g e s t h e n ta u g h t:
p h ilo s o p h y , a t l e a s t
f o r E t h e l b e r t a and Susanna B r id e h e a d ,
" so lid "
t h e m o re t h o u g h t f u l V i c t o r i a n
s c ie n tific ,
w r itin g s o f
s o c ia l,
e co n o m ic t h i n k e r s , a r a t h e r th o r o u g h g r o u n d in g i n lite r a tu r e ,
and E n g lish
a n d many w o r l d c l a s s i c s r e a d I n t r a n s l a t i o n . 3 ^
T h u s t h e p r o g r a m w h ic h H a rd y p l a n n e d f o r women s e e m s t o b e in
lin e
w i t h m odern e d u c a t i o n f o r t h e m .
f a r ahead o f
t h e s e n t i m e n t a l v i e w o f w o m a n 's e d u c a t i o n o r
th e V ic to r ia n T e n n y so n 's
C e r t a i n l y H a rd y w as
“g r e a t u n i v e r s i t y
"The P r i n c e s s "
t h a t poem , w here a g e o lo g y
f o r women" d e s c r i b e d i n
o n ly n in e te e n y e a r s b e f o r e . fie ld
t r i p becom es a t e n t in g
p a r t y w i t h a l m o s t " m u s i c a l c om ed y" e f f e c t s tea ch ers
and p u p ils a l i k e
m a k in g t h a n
in
and w h ere t h e
a r e m ore i n t e r e s t e d i n
stu d y , one h a s th e
In
d e fin ite
lo v e -
im p lic a tio n o f
t h e V i c t o r i a n v i e w o f w o m a n 's p l a c e b e i n g i n
t h e hom e.
No
s u c h r o m a n t i c a u r a s u r r o u n d s H a r d y ' s i d e a l o f w o m a n 's e d u c a tio n .32 The H and tr u ly
q£
E t h e lb e r t a t h u s p o r t r a y s H a r d y 's f i r s t
in te lle c tu a l,
i n d e p e n d e n t wom an.
i n 1 8 7 5 w hen t h e s t r o n g p o l i t i c a l
It
was p u b l i s h e d
a c tiv itie s
o f r e a lly
c u ltu r e d
a n d e d u c a t e d women w e r e e x e r t e d t o o b t a i n woman
su ffra g e
and d id su c c e e d i n h a v in g la w s p a s s e d w h ic h a t
l e a s t m ade i t
p o s s i b l e f o r a m a r r i e d woman t o
h a v e p ro p erty
i n h e r own n a m e . 31. 32.
T h om as H a r d v . T h e Hand o f E t h e l b e r t a . d o . 8 1 r 8 6 - 9 1 T and C h a p t e r s X III-X V II and J u d e t h e O b s c u r e r P a r t I I I , C h a p t e r IV ; P a r t I V , C h a p t e r s I - I I I , e s p e c i a l l y p . 1 7 2 . TJifi H and Q t E t h e l b e r t a r C h a p t e r s X I I I , X I V , XV, e s p e c ia lly p. 118.
166-
•
No t o n l y
I s E th e lb e r ta P e th e r w ln
o f m a s c u lin e o r o t h e r d o m in a n c e, b u t m ost o f t h e o t h e r c h a r a c t e r s i n t h e
h e r se lf sh e
a lso
In d ep en d en t d o m in a te s
book , e s p e c ia lly
th e
m en, L ord M o u n t c le r e , N e ig h , L a d y w e l l , a n d C h r i s t o p h e r J u l i a n . A lm o st e q u a l l y m a s t e r f u l a r e t h e o t h e r w om en i n M rs. in
D o n c a s t l e and M rs. B e l m a l n e a r e
a lso
to ta lly
s u b s e r v ie n c e to anyone o r to c u s to m s w h ic h
t h e i r in d ep en d e n c e.
The women i n t h i s
u p o n m a n 's i n f l u e n c e o r com pany f o r
la c k in g
m ig h t prevent
n o v e l n e i t h e r depend
an
a r e t h e v i c t i m s o f t h e i r own p a s s i o n
t h e n o v e l.
e m o t io n a l o u t le t nor
as
are h is
p r e v io u s
h e r o in e s . H a r d y 's c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f e d u c a t i o n e s s e n t i a l o f w o m a n 's s t a t u s
is
e v id e n t
s e e m s t o h a v e i n i n f l u e n c i n g women i n s t r i v in g to fa m ilie s .
im p r o v e t h e i r
as in
th e th e
h is
u n d e r ly in g c o n n e c tio n
fic tio n
who a r e
so c ia l
sta tu s
and th a t
of
E th e lb e r ta r a i s e s th e
so c ia l
le v e l
a l l her
n i n e b r o t h e r s and s i s t e r s b y h e r s i n g l e h a n d e d G r a c e M e lb u r y i n T h e W o o d la n d e rB i s
a b le
to
of
th e ir
effo rts:
fa ce
e r r in g F i t z p i e r s a s p r o b a b ly sh e c o u l d n o t h a v e
down t h e d o n e w ith
o u t a s c h o o lin g in th e n o r th o f E n g la n d a n d C o n t i n e n t a l tr a v e l.
H ardy e v i d e n t l y
so p o r t r a y e d
th em
f o r he a t t r i b u t e s T e e s 's g r e a te r g r a s p o f to
it
p u r p o se fu lly ; life 's
p r o b le m s
her sc h o o lin g : B etw een th e m o th e r , w ith h e r f a s t - p e r i s h i n g lu m ber o f s u p e r s titio n s, f o lk - lo r e , d ia le c t and o r a l l y t r a n s m i t t e d b a l l a d s , and t h e d a u g h t e r , w ith h e r tr a in e d N a tio n a l t e a c h in g s and S t a n d ard k n o w led g e u n d er an i n f i n i t e l y R e v i s e d C o d e ,
-1 6 7 -
t h e r e was a g u l f o f a r i l y u n d e r s t o o d .3 3 But w ith o u t ed u ca tio n a nd t h e
some
two h u n d r e d y e a r s
ed u ca tio n
and m e r e s c h o o l i n g ,
crass
as
Jude,
P h iilo tso n
C u t h b e r t and F e l i x
C lare
in
often
so lu tio n
p rob lem s,
la d y 's
o f th e ir
ab le to
P au la
so c ia l
earn a l i v i n g
m aid and s o
E u sta c ia 's
fa llin g
fa ilin g
to
a ll
are c le a r ly
sy stem a tic
the
A ffected
the
o f two s t a n d a r d s ,
o f the l a t t e r them .
.
34.
35.
d o u b le
one
her
p a rtly
a mere
m a ch in a tio n s, ^4
of
tea ch in g ," '
so c ia l
program ,
and
an O xon ian w it h o u t
req u irem en ts
of
a w ife,
caused by la c k
of
for
bv th e D oub le S ta n d a rd stan d ard ,
but
men a n d o n e f o r
g rea tly
in B r ita in ,
Some p h a s e o r v a r i e t y
appears illu s t r a t e d 33
prove),
b ein g
id ea s
elopem en t w ith
as
Jude
G raye’s f a ilin g
her
b e fo r e M an ston 's
sex
in
any s a t i s f a c t o r y
for
in
confuses
ed u ca tio n .
Not o n ly
ta tio n of
accounts
elem en tary
ex p la in ed
Women a s
statu s
in
Tess
C ytherea
in e ffe c tu a l
Sue B r id e h e a d ’ s a d o l e s c e n t even
fa il
co m p reh en d C lym ’ s
Power’ s b eco m in g
rea lizin g
o rd in
(and Hardy n e v e r
women i n H a r d y ’ s f i c t i o n
to be
as
in
e le v e n n o v els
of
a lso
the
women,
ex isten ce affect
the
in H ardy’ s p resen th ese
and f i f t e e n
standards short
sto r ie s.-"
Thomas H a r d v . T e s s o f t h e D ’ U r b e r v i l l e s . ( M o d e r n L i b r a r y , 1951) E u s ta c ia 's d i f f i c u l t i e s a r e , o f c o u r s e , due p a r t ly , as P r o fe s so r Guerard p o in ts o u t, to h er b e in g o v e r s e x e d . E d u c a t i o n i n s e x m a t t e r s Hardy c o n s i d e r e d o f p rim e im p o r t a n c e , v i d e . T h o m a s H a r d y , "The S c i e n c e o f F i c t i o n , " i n L i f e and A r t b v Thomas H ardy ( 1 9 2 5 ) p . 1 1 8 . C a r l J . W eb er, H a rd y o f W e s s e x . (194-0) s t o r i e s N o s . 2 , 4 , 5, 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 4 , 1 6 , 2 3 , 2 4 , 2 7 , 3 0 , 3 4 , 3 6 , 43 p p . 2 6 5 - 8 .
-
168-
S u ch f r e q u e n t r e p e t i t i o n o f t h e th em e w h ic h a l s o
in v o lv e s
many i l l e g i t i m a t e c h i l d r e n i s a p a r t o f H a r d y ' s a r t i s t i c and m oral p r i n c i p l e t h a t
" l i f e b e in g a p h y s i o l o g i c a l f a c t ,
i t s h o n e s t p o r t r a y a l m ust l a r g e l y be c o n c e r n e d w i t h , o n e t h i n g , t h e r e l a t i o n o f th e s e x e s ."® 6
fo r
So i m p o r t a n t
d id
H ardy v i e w t h i s m a t t e r t h a t h e s t r o n g l y a d v o c a t e d p r o v i d i n g ea ch young a d o l e s c e n t w i t h a handbook g i v i n g a s c i e n t i f i c summary o f f a c t s h e n e e d e d t o k n o w . ® 7
U n le ss t h e
man o r
woman u n d e r s t a n d s t h e i n e v i t a b l e r e s u l t s o f w r o n g d o i n g , h e c a n n o t , H ardy t h o u g h t , h a v e t h a t se r io u s f i c t i o n
" le sso n in l i f e , "
w h ic h
sh o u ld g i v e .® 8
Thus f r o m h i s
s u p p r e s s e d The P o o r Man a n d t h e
J u d e ,®9 t h e e v i l s o f t h e
Lad_v t o
d o u b le sta n d a r d a r e sh o w n i n
th e ir
p e r n i c i o u s r e s u l t s , m o r a l l y , e c o n o m i c a ll y , and s o c i a l l y r e f l e c t i n g m ore d i s c r e d i t up on t h e woman t h a n t h e m o s t c a s e s . 4®
B u t Hardy i s n o t s e n t i m e n t a l a b o u t t h e
a n d when t h e woman i s Thfi Ma y o r
ql!
e q u a lly to b la m e , i n
m a tter;
D e s p e r a te R e m e d ie s r
ff.flsMrbrj,.flg.s, and The I s l l z - B . s l o v f f d , H a r d y
w a s t e s no f a l s e
sy m p a th y up on h e r .
L ady A l d c l y f f e
d is c o n s o la t e , but not g r e a tly p it ie d ; th e
m an i n
L u cetta i s
same w ay; an d A v i c e C aro t h e s e c o n d i s
d ie s
trea ted
not c o m m ise r a te d
w it h , in t h e l e a s t . 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
Thomas H a r d y , "Candour i n E n g l i s h F i c t i o n . " Thomas H a r d y , "The S c i e n c e o f F i c t i o n " i n L i f e a n d A r t b v Thomas H a r d y . (N. Y . , 1 9 2 5 ) p . 1 1 8 . ib id . p . 85. v i d e . T h is t h e s i s , C h ap ter I I , e s p e c i a l l y p p . 6 0 - 6 5 : T h i s i s l e s s t r u e i n A Croup o f N o b le D a m e s .
-
169 -
I n Two o n & T o w e r r L a d y V l v l e t t e th e c a p tio n o f P art V o f im p lic a tio n V lv le tte
C o n sta n tin e
T e s s . "The Woman P a y s . "
Illu str a te s The s o c i a l
i s p l a i n , f o r w i t h i n h e r own i n t e n t i o n s
is,
lik e
T e a s , a p u r e w om an .
T h erefo re,
Lady
it
is
im p lie d t h a t th e E n g lis h
d o u b le sta n d a r d o f m o r a lit y and
s o c i a l m a n n e r s , and e v e n
t h e E n g lis h la w , a re to b la m e .
a n o b l e woman t r i e s t o l i v e
a c c o r d in g to her b e s t
an d I n s t i n c t s b u t b e c o m e s i n v o l v e d i n d iffic u ltie s if
w h ic h r u i n h e r l i f e ,
p o s s ib le , be a l l e v i a t e d ,
If
In fo r m a tio n
a c h a i n o f m a n -m a d e
th o se d i f f i c u l t i e s
sh o u ld ,
H ardy I n d i c a t e s .
The w r o n g t o woman c o m e s a s a r e s u l t o f t h e f a u l t y B r i t i s h l a w w h ic h a l l o w s a h u s b a n d , to
S i r B lo u n t C o n s t a n t i n e ,
d e s e r t h i s w i f e f r a n k l y and p u r p o s e l y and m arry a n o t h e r
woman a c c o r d i n g t o t h e r i t e s
o f her
He d o e s n o t
E n g lish
th ereb y f r e e h i s
la w w i l l n o t , i t r ite s
is
savage A fr ic a n
tr ib e .
w ife b e ca u se E n g lis h
a ssu m ed , r e c o g n iz e th e sa v a g e m a r r ia g e
o f A fr ic a . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e man I n v o l v e d may c o m m it w o r s e
o f f e n s e s a g a in s t m ann ers, m o r a lit y , or at le a s t is
not
c e r ta in ly
sid e r s h is
su ffer g r e a tly
a b e lie v e r
r e la tio n s h ip
in
th e
in
a n d la w a n d g o
r e p u ta tio n .
d o u b le
scot
S ir B lo u n t
sta n d a rd ,
fo r he con
w i t h t h e A f r i c a n p r i n c e s s w i t h whom
h e l i v e s o p e n l y , i n a d i f f e r e n t w ay f r o m h i s
a ttitu d e
h i s w i f e , V l v l e t t e , whom h e m a k e s p r o m i s e t o
liv e
" c lo is te r e d
n u n ."
free,
lik e
tow a rd a
■170A s u s u a l , Hardy r e p e a t s h i s m ain them e t o make I t e m p h a tic . lo v e r ,
T h is I s p r e s e n t e d a s th e c a s e o f V l v l e t t e ' s
S w lth ln S t. C le e v e , th e tw e n ty -tw o -y e a r -o ld y o u th f u l
R B t r o n o m e r s h e t h i n k s t h a t sh e h a s m a r r i e d u n t i l s h e d i s covers
t h a t t h e m a r r ia g e was i n v a l i d b e c a u s e i t t o o k p l a c e
b efo re
S i r B lo u n t , h er h u sb a n d , had d ie d .
fin d s th a t to
o u t , a f t e r h e r y o u t h f u l S w ith ln h a s l e f t th e c o u n t r y , sh e
i s t o b e a r a c h i l d , a n d t h a t s h e now h a s no h u s b a n d
fa th er
A fr ic a , as
th e
it.
B u t , a s i n t h e s i t u a t i o n w i t h t h e h u sb a n d i n
S w ith ln a ls o f a i l s woman s u f f e r s .
t o u n d e r g o any d i f f i c u l t i e s
such
Hardy i s p o i n t i n g o u t t h e e v i l s o f
tw o m o r a l stan d ard s as h e i s th e
T h us, V l v l e t t e
i n t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s o f many o f
o t h e r h e r o in e s in h i s n o v e ls:
Lady A l d c l y f f e , C y t h e r e a
G - r a y e , E l f r i d e S w a n c o u r t, E t h e l b e r t a P e t h e r w i n , T om asin Y e o b r i g h t , Anne G a r la n d , and P a u l a P o w e r .
The men w i t h
w hom H a r d y ' s women w ere I n l o v e a r e f r a n k t o a d m it t h e i r o w n h o l d i n g t o a d i f f e r e n t s t a n d a r d fro m t h a t t h e y e x p e c t fro m
t h e i r w i v e s o r l o v e d o n e s . 4*-
Y et B r it i s h d iv o r c e la w s
g r a n t e d women no e q u a l i t y on a m o r a l b a s i s — t h e r e was a d o u b le
sta n d a r d in la w , t o o .
As o r d in a te
if
t o c o n t r a s t t h e woman' s r e a l w o r th w i t h h e r s u b -
p o s i t i o n t o man i n t h e la w and s o c i a l J u s t i c e ,
H a r d y h a s p o r t r a y e d V i v i e t t e a s a r e m a r k a b ly i n t e l l i g e n t p erson . 41.
One who c a n q u o t e much o f S h a k e s p e a r e ' s work
M a n s t o n c o n f e s s e s h i s d o u b le s t a n d a r d ; so do M o u n t c l e r e , W i l d e v e , Bob L o v e d a y , and C a p t a in D e S t a n c y . K n ig h t p r o b a b l y h e l d up a d i f f e r e n t s t a n d a r d f o r women a s I s s h o w n by h i s u n w i l l i n g n e s s t o f o r g i v e E l f r i d e f o r a f f a i r s w h i c h , i n men, w o u ld h a v e b e e n e a s i l y o v e r l o o k e d .
extem pore a n d i s
f a m ilia r w ith D ryden4 2
t u r e , Lady V i v l e t t e
has th e
t o a c q u ir e I n f o r m a t i o n i n
c u ltu r e d
and f o r e i g n l i t e r a
in d iv id u a l's
a new f i e l d ,
as
a b ility
sh e d oes in
astron om y . 4 ® Most o f
a l l , V lv le tte
su ffers
th e o r y t h a t w o m a n 's p l a c e I s
from
in th e hom e, and th e c o r o lla r y
t o i t , t h a t woman s h o u l d b e r u l e d i n may make i t
th e p r e v a le n t B r it is h
t h a t hom e b y m e n , who
w h a tev er th e y c h o o se t o h a v e
e x p la in e d f r a n k l y t o h e r v i c a r ,
it.
As V lv le t t e
M r. T o r k i n g h a m :
He £ s i r B l o u n t C o n s t a n t i n e ! ! b a d e m e c o n s i d e r w h a t my p o s i t i o n w o u ld b e w hen h e w a s g o n e rfco A f r i c a t o h u n t l i o n s j . . . a n d c h a r g e d me t o a v o i d l e v i t y o f conduct in a t t e n d in g any b a l l , r o u t , o r d in n e r t o w h ic h I m i g h t b e I n v i t e d . I , i n som e c o n te m p t fo r h i s lo w o p i n io n o f m e, v o l u n t e e r e d , t h e r e and th en , t o l i v e l i k e a c l o i s t e r e d nun d u r in g h i s a b s e n c e ; t o go i n t o no s o c i e t y w h a t e v e r — s c a r c e even t o a n e i g h b o r ' s d i n n e r p a r t y ; a n d d e m a n d e d b i t t e r l y i f t h a t w o u ld s a t i s f y h i m . He s a i d y e s , h e l d me t o my w o r d , a n d g a v e me n o l o o p h o l e f o r r e tr a c tin g I t . 4 4 The o t h e r men i n t h i s n o v e l a l s o r o g a tiv es to i n t h a t hom e: mouse and I s
e x e r t m a sc u lin e p re
k e e p woman I n h e r h o m e a n d e v e n t o
V l v l e t t e ' s b r o th e r L e w is w a tc h e s h e r l i k e e v e n an e a v e s '
c o v er w h e t h e r h e r l o v e r i s
dropper in th ere;45
h e r cham ber t o
S w ith ln
a l l in n o ce n c e, h a v in g m a r r ie d V i v l e t t e ,
43. 44. 45.
S t.
is
in
le a v e s her
d e sir e
Two on a T o w e r , C h a p t e r V I I I ; S h a k e s p e a r e C h apter X X V II. i b i d . C h a p t e r s V I I - X I ; a l s o V I a n d XXV. ib id . C h ap ter I I I , p . 2 7 . I b i d . C h a p t e r XXX.
a
d is
C le e v e ,
b lith e ly
home a lo n e f o r som e f o u r y e a r s , b e c a u s e h i s 42)
In terfere
is
to
q u oted in
stu d y
th e
s o u t h e r n c o n s t e l l a t i o n s i n South A f r i c a , C a m b r id g e ,
M a s s a c h u s e t t s , and e ls e w h e r e . 46 H ardy c e r t a i n l y D r.
J o c e ly n
tin e 's le ss
S t.
i s c r i t i c i z i n g m a s c u lin e dom inance i n
C l e e v e ' s b i t t e r remarks about Lady C o n s t a n
l o v e - m a k i n g t o a man w it h o u t money a s b e i n g " l i t t l e
th a n
c o m m i t t i n g a c r im e ."
The a t t i t u d e o f t h e pompous
B i s h o p o f M e l c h e s t e r , in h is l e t t e r o f proposal (fo r he i s to o
i n c o n s i d e r a t e o f women t o make t h e f i f t y - m i l e t r i p t o
propose
in p e r so n
e v e n t o a l a d y w it h a t i t l e ) , and t h a t o f
th e
parson
d id
n o t r e g a r d w om en, even w ith t i t l e s , as e s p e c i a l l y w o rth y
of
T o r k i n g h a m a r e b o th i n d i c a t i v e t h a t t h e c h u r c h
c o n sid e r a tio n
a s f r e e in d iv id u a ls . 47 A L a o d ic ea n
A L a o d ic e a n m ade aw are o f sc r u p u lo u s
th a t
be hard to In t h i s
r e fle c ts
h is 46 • 47. 48. 49-
e v i l s o f t h e dou b le s t a n d a r d , o f how u n
t h e t r a d i t i o n a l v ie w s o f h e r s t a t u s seem
d e p a r t fro m , even i n h e r own t h i n k i n g . 48 n o v e l,
how u s u a l
S i r W illia m c h ild ,
th e
m en w o u l d be t o marry h e r f o r w e a l t h , and how
w om an f i n d s to
sh o w s how P a u la P ow er, th e h e r o i n e , i s
t h e p r i n c i p l e o f t h e d ou b le s ta n d a r d w a s .
d o e s n o t t h i n k t h a t h i s h a v in g t h e i l l e g i t i m a t e
D are,
m em o ry
C a p ta in ( a f te r w a r d S ir W illia m ) D e S ta n c y
h is
w i l d and q u e s t i o n a b l e l i f e In I n d i a , and
s t o r e d w i t h " to u c h in g a m o u r e t t e s " 4 9 s h o u ld i n
T h o m a s H a r d y , Two on a Tower. Chap t a r XL. i b i d . C h a p t e r s I I I , XIX, and XXII-XXIX. T h o m a s H a r d y , A L a o d ic e a n . P a r t V I , Chapter V. i b i d . B o o k I I I , C hapter I I .
173-
■
any way d e t e r him from m a r r y i n g t h e v i r t u o u s P a u l a P o w e r , whose w e a lt h to d a y w o u ld h e c o u n t e d i n t h e m i l l i o n s o f d o l l a r s . 66
M o reo v er, P a u l a , l i k e m o s t V i c t o r i a n w om en, h a s
no r e a l i z a t i o n o f m a s c u l i n e c h i c a n e r y , a l t h o u g h s h e i s sp oken o f a s a s e a s o n e d C o n t i n e n t a l t r a v e l e r . 5 1
She I s
e a s i l y d e c e i v e d by D a r e ' s and H a v i n ' s t r i c k e r y G eorge S o m e r s e t ' s p l a n s f o r t h e r e s t o r a t i o n o f
in
s te a lin g
S ta n cy C a s t l e . 5^
She i s d e c e i v e d by t h e " f a k e p h o t o g r a p h y " o f t h e
sp lit
n e g a t i v e w h ich h a s e v i d e n t l y b e e n p r o d u c e d b y D a r e i n f i t t i n g t h e p ic t u r e o f her l o v e r ' s h ea d on t h e body o f a d ru n k a r d t o g iv e a f a l s e im p r essio n o f h i s r e a l h a b i t s . 5 3
She i s
d e c e i v e d i n t o s e n d in g a h u n d r e d p o u n d s t o t h e v i l l a i n r e s u l t o f th e o ld d e v ic e o f a f a l s e
as a
sig n a tu r e . 5 4
Ik s Daahia Stanford I n "Is b s " T eas o f t h e D ' U r b e r v l l l e s . i s ,
s o c ia lly c o n sid e r e d ,
p r i m a r i l y an a t t a c k upon t h e m a n 's d o u b l e s t a n d a r d , n o t o n l y i n m o r a l s , bu t a l s o In e d u c a t i o n .
in la w , i n la b o r on t h e fa rm , and
In m o r a l s , o f c o u r s e ,
it
is
t h e m ost e v id e n t .
A n g el C la r e b e s i d e s t h e d o u b l e s t a n d a r d a l s o h o l d s t o tw o m o ra l s t a n d a r d s , t h a t f o r h i s own b e h a v i o r b e i n g d i f f e r e n t from t h a t f o r T e s s . 50.
51. 52. 53. 54•
H is i d e a t h a t T e s s s h o u l d f o r g i v e h im
Thomas H ardy. A L a o d i c e a n . P a r t I r C h a p t e r i v . (S h e i s n o t h e s i t a n t t o sp e n d 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 p o u n d s f o r r e m o d e l i n g h e r c a s t l e , n or d o e s i t p r e v e n t h e r c o n t i n u i n g h e r o t h e r e x p e n s e s .) i b i d . P a r t I , C h a p te r i x . i b i d . P a r t I I , C h a p te r l v . i b i d . P a r t V, C h a p te r l v . I b i d . P a r t IV , C h a p te r i v .
f o r h i s f o r t y - e i g h t h o u r s d i s s i p a t i o n w i t h a s t r a n g e r In London, b u t th a t he s h a l l n ot fo r g iv e h e r f o r th e o ffen se
illu s tr a te s
th is
str o n g ly .
same
To m ake e v i d e n t t h i s
d o u b l e s t a n d a r d i n A n g e l ' s m i n d , Hardy h a s t h a t
sta rry -ey ed
I d e a l i s t p ro p o se to T e a s's fr ie n d , Izz H u et, th a t h is m istr e ss
on h i s
tr ip
to
S o u th A m e rica .
He t h u s d o u b l e s
h is o ffen se
w ith o u t g r e a t ly
and t h i s
is
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fo r th a t
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t h e e y e s o f p e o p le in M a r l o t t .
The fo llo w in g
r e m a r k s p r o v e t h i s t o b e h i s v i e w o f w o m e n 's f a u l t s : S h e (T ess^ ) h a d b e e n m ade t o b r e a k an a c c e p t e d s o c i a l l a w , b u t n o l a w known to t h e e n v i r o n m e n t I n w h ic h s h e f a n c i e d h e r s e l f such an a n o m a l y .6® A g a i n , H a rd y e x p l a i n s
sh o r tly a fte r h er I lle g it im a t e
Sorrow , h as been b o rn , th a t I t n o t n a tu r e 's
c h ild ,
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la w t h a t h a s b e e n broken by T e a s :
A l o n e I n a d e s e r t i s l a n d , w ou ld s h e h a v e b e e n w r e tc h e d a t what had happened to h er? Not g r e a t ly . I f s h e c o u ld h a v e b e e n b u t Just c r e a t e d , t o d i s c o v e r h e r s e l f a s a s p o u s e l e s s m o th e r, w i t h no e x p e r ie n c e o f l i f e e x c e p t as th e p a r e n t o f a n a m e l e s s c h i l d , w o u ld t h e p o s i t i o n h a v e c a u s e d h e r to d e sp a ir ? No , s h e w o u ld h a v e t a k e n I t c a lm ly , and fo u n d p l e a s u r e s t h e r e in . M ost o f t h e m i s e r y h a d b e e n g e n e r a t e d by h e r c o n v e n t i o n a l a s p e c t , and n o t by I n n a te s e n s a t io n s . 6 7 55. 56. 67•
T e s s o f t h e D ' U r b e r v l l l e s , (1922 e d . ib id . p. 94. ib id . p. 1 01.
H arp ers)
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rugged g i r l s
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in
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h a r d l y h a v e so o v e r w o r k e d and u n d e r p a i d men w o r k e r s o n p ie c e -w o r k ,
f o r h e knows t h a t , i n h i s m i n d , h e h a s a d o u b l e
s t a n d a r d o f v a l u e s , b o t h In t h e c o n d i t i o n s w ork i n t h e r a in o r u n h e a te d b a rn s and i n H a rd y , In T e s s . m en tio n s t h e e m p lo y e r s' women b e c a u s e t h e i r p a y i s
i n w h i c h women th e pay g iv e n . 6 9
fr e q u e n tly h ir in g
le s s.
S o c i a l l y , man t a k e s a d i f f e r e n t v i e w o f wom en f r o m t h a t o f o t h e r men b e c a u s e h e u n c o n s c i o u s l y
t r a d e s upon t h e i r
p h y s i c a l w e a k n e s s, a s A lec t a k e s a d v a n ta g e o f T e s s a t n i g h t on t h e C hase, a t F lin tc o m b -A sh , and a t 58. 59. 60.
th e
S a n d b o u r n e .6 ®
T e ss o f th e D 'U r b e r v llle s . (1 9 2 2 e d . H a r p e r s ) i b i d . p . 373. i b i d . C h a p t e r LV.
p.
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easy to
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s k e p t i c i s m , 6 1 b u t A le x so on d is c o v e r s h i s m is ta k e
in h e r c a s e .
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t h e la w i t s e l f
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t h e r e w as a d o u b le sta n d a r d In
t h e m in d o f t h e
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d e s e r t i o n o f T e s s f r o m J a n u a r y 1 , 1 8 8 8 t o May, 1 8 8 9 6 8 w o u l d n o t have a llo w e d T ess to becau se d iv o r c e , to
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m o n ey 6 3
f i g h t a la w c a s e , w as se ld o m a l l o w e d e x c e p t f o r a d u l t e r y
or lo n g p e r io d s o f d e s e r tio n . tic e s
to
women i n
The la w was t y p i c a l o f i n j u s
a la n d w here o n ly
a few years b e fo r e a
m a r r i e d w o m a n 's p r o p e r t y waB i n h e r h u s b a n d ' s name. B e sid e s
th e d o u b le s ta n d a r d ,
sta n d a rd s, o b je c tiv e ly
t h e r e w ere sep a ra te
c o n s i d e r e d , f o r men and f o r wom en.
A l e c D ' U r b e r v l l l e h a s b e e n g u i l t y o f f o r n i c a t i o n w it h Car D arch, th e
"Q ueen o f
S p a d e s , " N a n c y D a r c h , t h e "Queen o f
D i a m o n d s ,"
a n d many o t h e r w om en . ® 4
d o g s h im a n d d r a g s h im d o w n . to
Y e t no perm anent s t ig m a
For T e ss t h i s
stig m a l e a d s
h e r h u m i l i a t i n g and b a c k - b r e a k i n g w ork a t F lin tc o m b -A s h ,
and to h e r h a v in g to y i e l d
to A le c a se c o n d tim e . 6 5
6 1 . T e s s o f t h e D ' U r b e r v i l l e s f (New Y o r k , H a r p e r s , 1 9 2 2 ) pp. 1 6 0 , 2 5 8 -6 8 , 3 7 7 , 3 9 1 -4 0 3 . 62. C a r l J . W e b e r , H a rd y o f W e s s e x r (New Y ork, C o lu m b ia U n iv e r sity P r e s s , 1 9 4 0 ), p . 264. 63. T h is was e v i d e n t l y t r u e e v e n f o r t h e n o b i l i t y and t h e m o r e a f f l u e n t , f o r L ad y C o n s t a n t i n e c a n n o t o b t a i n a s e p a r a t i o n fr o m S i r B l o u n t C o n s t a n t i n e even a f t e r h is d e se r tin g h er. 64. T e s s o f t h e D ' U r b e r v l l l e s . p . 9 1 , " C A l e c 's } r e p u t a t i o n a s a . . . h e a r t b r e a k e r . . . s p r e a d b e y o n d t h e im m e d ia te b o u n d a r ie s o f T a n tr ld g e ." 65. i b i d . p p . 42 8 -4 3 7 .
J u d g i n g fr o m t h e way t h e e d i t o r s o f T he G r a p h i c h a d c o m p e l l e d H a rd y t o b o w d l e r i z e T e a s a n d t h e way t h e E n g l i s h a n d A m e r ic a n r e a d e r s w e r e s h o c k e d b y t h e n o v e l , H a r d y ' s r e a l c h a r g e a g a i n s t c u r r e n t s o c i a l and m oral c o d e s f o r women w as r e a l l y
ju s tifie d .
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t r u t h o f a s o c i a l s i t u a t i o n w h ic h o p p o s e d t h e w r o n g " m e r e l y v o c a l fo rm u la e o f s o c i e t y . " 6 6 m ores o f V ic t o r ia n
In o t h e r w o r d s , t h e c u r r e n t
E n g la n d o p p o s e d a n y woman " w i t h a p a s t "
a s h a v in g a f u t u r e , ev en i f
t h e p a s t w e re n o t h e r f a u l t .
T h a t t h e V i c t o r i a n s w ere g u i l t y o f a d o u b le s t a n d a r d i s shown b y t h e b o w d l e r i z e d
" s a tis fa c to r y "
v e r sio n
T e s s t h i n k s t h a t sh e h a s been l e g a l l y m a rr ied t o
i n w h ic h A le c b e
c a u s e A le c h a s had a f r i e n d r e a d t h e m a rria g e r i t u a l " im p r o v e m e n t o f t h e s t o r y . " 6 7 on T e s s 's p a r t ,
A c tu a lly ,
T h u s , w i t h t h e sam e m o t i v a t i o n
e n su in g in h er l i f e ,
th e V ic to r ia n s
" b eca u se she th in k s sh e h a s b een m a r r ie d ."
i n H a r d y 's c o n c e p tio n o f t h e s t o r y , T e s s i s
i n n o c e n t i n h e r s e d u c t i o n a s i n a mock m a r r i a g e . f o r m e r was m o re l i k e l y to
th is
t h e sam e o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e w r o n g d o n e h e r ,
a n d t h e sam e r e s u l t w ere s a t i s f i e d
in
to happen.
p r i n t t h e d o z e n o r m ore p a s s a g e s
as
And t h e
H is d a r in g d e t e r m i n a t i o n " f o r b id d e n " b y e d i t o r s
o f t h e s e r i a l fo r m p r o v e s how s t r o n g H a r d y 's e m p h a s i s o n s o c i a l t r u t h w as. 6 6 .
67.
Thomas H a r d y , P r e f a c e t o t h e 1 8 9 2 e d i t i o n , p p . i - i x of T ess. Mary E l l e n C h a s e , Thpmflg Hardy fro m S e r i a l $Q. N o v e l , 1 9 2 7 , C h a p ter I I .
-17ftBut th e v ie w p o in t.
V ic to r ia n
“M r s .
G r u n d y '1 o b j e c t e d t o
Some o f t h e m o s t d i s t i n g u i s h e d
o f A b e r c o r n 's d in n e r p a r t y ,
t h e Hardyan
g u ests
a t D uchess
w h e r e H a r d y w a s p r e s e n t , com m ented
A little
on T ees a s f o llo w s h a r lo t." The k e y t o fo u n d in
t h e m ea n in g o f T e a s o f t h e
t h e f o u r o r m ore p h a s e s i n
C la r e to w a rd T e ss and h i s je c tiv e
fin a l
t h e a t t i t u d e o f A ngel
c o n v ic tio n th a t
i n t e n t i o n o f T e s s , f o r e x a m p le , i s
th e a c tu a l w rong.
D 'U r b e r v llle s i s
S in c e A n gel i s
su b
a s i m p o r t a n t as
t y p i c a l o f many V i c t o r i a n
m e n 's t h o u g h t s and a c t i o n s to w a r d wom en, l e t u s m en ta l
th e
a n a ly z e h is
a t t i t u d e s a n d t h e r a d i c a l c o n c l u s i o n t h a t T e a s sh o u ld
n o t b e co n d em n ed f o r a n a c t o f w h ic h
sh e was r e a l l y
in n o c e n t.
A f t e r m a r r y in g T e s s and h e a r in g o f h e r s e d u c t i o n by A l e x , A n g e l ' s V i c t o r i a n m o r a l c o d e r e c e i v e s a s e v e r e sh o ck and, at f i r s t , and s o c i a l l y
m a k e s h im a w a r e t h a t ,
som ew hat o f
a lth o u g h r e l ig i o u s l y
a r a d ic a l, he i s
s till
a m oral
c o n se r v a tiv e , sin c e “t h i s a d v a n c e d a n d w e l l - m e a n i n g y o u n g mein— a sa m p le p r o d u c t o f t h e l a s t t w e n t y - f i v e y e a r s — w as y e t a s l a v e t o c u sto m and c o n v e n t i o n a l i t y w h en s u r p r i s e d b a c k i n t o h i s e a r l y t e a c h i n g . 1,69 A f t e r t h r e e w eeks o f
t r y in g to
s o l v e h i s p r o b le m s o f
d e a lin g w ith
T ess a f t e r h e r c o n f e s s io n , h e p a r t ly rea d ju sts
h is
t h e V ic t o r ia n m oral c o d e ,
6 8 . 69.
id e a s o f
a n d d i s c a r d s many o f
F . 2 . H a r d y , The L a t e r Y e a r s . C h a p t e r I , p . 6 . T ess o f th e D 'U r b e r v llle s . p . 3 0 2 . S e e C h a p te r I I of t h is t h e s i s , pp. 1 2 1 -2 7 .
-
179-
th em a s h e h a d a lr e a d y don e t h e m y s t ic id e a s o f h i s e a r l y fa ith . tr ie s
He i s to
s t i l l a c o n se r v a tiv e
i d e a l i z e T ess J u st th e
a t h e a r t a lth o u g h h e
sam e: 7 0
No p r o p h e t h a d t o l d h i m , a n d h e was n o t p r o p h e t enough to t e l l h im s e lf th a t e s s e n t i a l ly t h i s y o u n g w i f e o f h i s was a s d e s e r v in g o f th e p r a i s e o f K i n g L em u el a s a n y o t h e r woman en d o w ed w i t h t h e sa m e d i s l i k e o f e v i l , h e r m o r a l v a l u e h a v i n g to b e r e c k o n e d w ith n o t b y any a c h ie v e m e n t, but by te n d e n c y .7^ But i t and th e
t a k e s s e v e n t e e n m on th s i n B r a z i l — w here i l l n e s s ,
s i g h t o f d eath and d i s e a s e
of
stu b b o rn c o n se r v a tism — t o
is
th e tr u th .
That i s ,
t h a t A n g e l m u st c o n s i d e r w h at T e s s
n o t w hat p e o p le t h in k o f h e r . 7 ^
h is
e a r s a r e t h e words o f
E s p e c i a l l y v i v i d In
T e s s ' 8 f r i e n d w h ic h s t r e s s h i s
c o m p le t e m oral p u r i t y ,
th a n T e ss
"hard core"
sh o w h im t h a t t h e a b o v e f a c t
is ,
w ife 's
so ften h is
"Nobody c o u l d l o v e
d i d . . . S h e w o u ld h a v e l a i d
down h e r l i f e
' e e m ore fo r
’e e ." 73
T h e n H a r d y a n a l y z e s t h e m o r a l s i t u a t i o n o f women fro m t h e v ie w p o in t o f
t h e new m o r a l e t h i c :
What a r r e s t e d h im now o f v a l u e i n l i f e w as l e s s i t s b e a u t y th an i t s p a t h o s . H a v in g d i s c r e d i t e d t h e o l d s y s t e m s o f m y s t i c i s m , h e now b e g a n t o d i s c r e d i t th e o l d a p p r a ise m e n ts o f m o r a lit y . He t h o u g h t t h e y w a n t e d a d j u s t i n g . Who w as t h e m o r a l man? S t i l l m o r e p e r t i n e n t l y , who w as t h e m o r a l woman? T h e b e a u t y o r u g l i n e s s o f a c h a r a c t e r l a y , not o n ly i n I t s a c h ie v e m e n ts, but in i t s a im s and i m p u l s e s ; i t s t r u e h i s t o r y l a y , n o t i n t h i n g s d o n e , b u t am ong t h i n g s w i l l e d . 7 4 (T h is w r i t e r ' s i t a l i c s ) 70. 7172. 73. *74.
T e s s o f t h e D ' U r b e r v l l l e s . C h a p t e r XVI. i b i d . p . 302. I b id . p. 390. Ib id . p . 398. I z z H u e t 's w ords to A n gel C la r e c o n v in c e h im o f t h e w rong V i c t o r i a n m o r a l c o d e . ib id . p. 389.
- 180 Women May E q u a l Men I f G i v e n O p p o r t u n i t i e s A lb e r t J . G uerard, i n h i s
a n a l y s i s o f m o re t h a n t h i r t y
o f H ardy’ s h e r o in e s m a n ife sts h i s m a le c h a r a c t e r s
e v id e n c e th a t
in v a r ie t y ,
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th ey fa r su rp ass and d e p t h o f c h a r -
75
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a n o v e l sh o w in g t h e e q u a l i t y ,
or even s u p e r io r ity o f
s e r v a n t s a s com pared w i t h t h e i r m a s t e r s , who p r o v e s s u p e r i o r
to th e a r is t o c r a t i c
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t h a t women a r e p r a c t i c a l and i n t e l
B a th sh e b a E v erd en e m anages a l a r g e farm w here t h e
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t h e s t u d e n t o f r e l i g i o u s m a t t e r s , who h a s t h e o r i g i n a l id e a s, but h is is
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"Sue"
c h r o n o l o g i c a l o r d e r , an d
a stu d e n t o f a u t h o r i t i e s w h ic h J u d e h a s n e v e r stu d ie d .
In f a c t ,
b o th
Sue and E t h e l b e r t a P e t h e r w i n a r e th o r o u g h
s tu d e n ts o f John S tu a r t M ill a n d o r g a n iz e and t h e i r a c t i o n s on p r i n c i p l e s From t h e s e a n d many o t h e r In te lle c tu a l, r e a liz e
of
th in k in g
th e u tilita r ia n s .
I l l u s t r a t i o n s o f w om an's
e x e c u t i v e , a n d e v e n m o r a l q u a l i t i e s , o n e may
t h a t H ard y s h o w e d t h a t
But he c le a r l y
sh o w s t h a t
th ey
in B r ita in .
w om an, c r i e s
o u t a g a in st h er l o t
a liv e lih o o d
in B r it a in .
H ardy i s
c le a r
had n a tiv e a b ilit y .
th ey l a c k e d
and e q u a l i t y
m a n . ,iro
th e ir
e d u c a tio n , o p p o r tu n ity ,
E v e n E t h e l b e r t a , h i s m o st c u l t u r e d w hen sh e i s
She e x c l a i m s , in
u n a b l e t o make
"I w i s h I w e r e a
s h o w i n g t h a t C y t h e r e a G raye i n
D e s p e r a t e R e m e d ie s i s l a c k i n g o n l y i n e d u c a t i o n t o ea rn 77 h e r own l i v i n g . T he r e v i e w e r K n i g h t i n A P a i r o f B l u e E y e s show s E l f r i d e
Sw ancourt t h a t
sh e has a b ilit y
to w r ite
h e r n o v e l , The C o u r t o f K e l l y o n C a s t l e . b u t l a c k s t h e e d u 7ft c a tio n ; ° c e r t a i n l y no man c o u l d h a v e s a v e d t h e l i f e o f H enry K n ig h t , b a r r i s t e r - a t - l a w , E lfr id e 76. 77. 78. 79.
d i d . ’'’9
a n y m ore e f f i c i e n t l y
And H a rd y p u r p o s e l y
h a s h e r w r ite her
The H and o f E t h e l b e r t a . ( 1 9 0 5 e d i t i o n ) D e s p e r a t e RfimeflJlge, p . 1 5 . A P a i r o f B lu e E yes . C h a p ter X I I I . i b i d . C h a p ter X X II.
p.
195.
th an
fa th e r 's
se rm o n s, w ith i n s t r u c t i o n s w here to lo w e r h i s
v o ic e . T h a t women may b e e d u c a t e d w i t h e q u a l p r o f i t
a s men
w i l l b e p o in t e d o u t in th e c h a p te r on e d u c a t io n , w h er e, a s s c h o o l t e a c h e r s , Fancy D ay, E t h e lb e r t a P e t h e r w in , Sue B r id e h e a d , and M rs. M lllb a n k e v i d e n t l y and e f f e c t i v e n e s s H a r d y 's n o v e l s
a ll
s u r p a s s In I n t e l l i g e n c e
t h e men s c h o o l t e a c h e r s d e p i c t e d i n
e x c e p t f o r W i l l S t r o n g i n T he P o o r Man a n d
t h e L a d v . who w a s a s c h o o l t e a c h e r o n l y t e m p o r a r i l y .
H a rd y
w as f a r a h e a d o f e v e n t h e n o t e d B e n j a m i n J o w e t t , M a s t e r o f B a l l i o l C o l l e g e , O x f o r d , I n h i s v i e w s o f w o m e n 's e d u c a t i o n In 1875;
f o r t h e fam ou s t r a n s l a t o r o f P l a t o
a d v ise d th e
h e a d o f t h e w o m a n 's c o l l e g e a t O x f o r d n o t t o sam e e d u c a t i o n
th em t h e
a s men r e c e i v e d .
The women i n H a r d y ' s f i c t i o n
r e a liz e th a t th ey are
d i s c r i m i n a t e d a g a i n s t a n d e m p lo y a l l f i n d ways t o
g iv e
th e ir
a v o id m a sc u lin e r e p r e s s io n .
in te llig e n c e
to
The h e r o i n e o f The
P o o r Man a n d t h e L a d y . M i s s A l l a m o n t , s i m p l y r e f u s e s m a s c u lin e
d o m in a n c e i n
s e l e c t in g a hu sb and , le a v e s h er
lo v e r a t th e ch u rch , and f la u n t s
ev er y V ic to r ia n c o n v e n tio n
b y s e c r e t i n g h e r s e l f I n t h e home o f h e r f i a n c e b e fo r e m a r r ia g e . in
a h a lf
80.
T h is I s
th e n ig h t
Women s i m p l y a s s u m e m a s c u l i n e p r e r o g a t i v e s
dozen n o v e ls ,
w i l l m arry i n
se n ile
sp ite o f tr u e in
d e c id in g fo r g u a r d ia n s'
fiv e
n o v e ls
t h e m s e l v e s whom t h e y
p r o h ib itio n s,80
e lo p in g ,
-
18>
a s many e v e n among t h e n o b i l i t y
do I n A G rou p o f
N o b le
D am es . 83-
m a n a g in g e s t a t e s , 8 8 i n t r o d u c i n g m odern h o u s i n g
an d m e c h a n ic a l
d e v i c e s i n t h e i r m anor h o u s e s o r
a runaw ay
c o m p e llin g
h u s b a n d o r l o v e r t o s u p p o r t th em i n s p i t e o f
th e ir
la c k
of
le g a l r ig h ts . 84 I n t h e s h o r t s t o r i e s , o n e woman m a n a g e s a r u m - r u n n i n g e x p e d i t i o n ; s e v e r a l e a r n t h e i r own l i v i n g
even
at
w ages o f f e r e d to fe m a le s c h o o l t e a c h e r s and f a r m
th e
m in im u m
w o r k e r s ;8 5
a n d many u s e f e m i n i n e w i l e s t o k e e p t h e i r h u s b a n d s '
lo v e
In
s p i t e o f E n g la n d 's d o u b le s ta n d a r d . 8 6 The p a r t i c u l a r w a y s t h a t women w e r e d i s c r i m i n a t e d a g a in s t w ere i n b e in g g iv e n l e s s to
e d u c a tio n t h a n m e n , e v e n
th e p o in t o f b e in g i l l i t e r a t e ; 8^ and In b e i n g
a t t e n d an y o f t h e b e s t c o l l e g e s b e f o r e 1 8 8 0 , a n d b e i n g a l l o w e d t o a t t e n d b u t r e c e i v e no c r e d i t 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86.
87. 88.
fo r
u n a b le
to
th erea fter th e
s t u d i e s . 88
T h is o c c u r s in h a l f a dozen n o v e l s and I n t w e l v e s h o r t sto r ie s. The h e r o i n e s i n D e s p e r a t e R e m e d ie s T F a r f r o m t h e M a d d i n g ■P.rQB.4, Tjtjig Hfiad E t h e l b e r t a . A L a o d i c e a n . a n d Two o n S Tow er do s o . P a u l a P o w er i n A L a o d i c e a n h a s t e l e g r a p h i c r e p o r t s o f London n e w s . H a r d y 's h e r o i n e s do t h i s f r e q u e n t l y , e s p e c i a l l y i n sh ort s t o r ie s . The way B a p t i s t a T r e w t h e n , Sue B r i d e h e a d , a n d a h a l f d o z e n o t h e r women r e g a r d t h e p r o f e s s i o n , I t i s n o t r em u n er a tiv e . Lady B a x b y i n "A Group o f N o b le Dames" t i e s h e r h u s b a n d to h i s bed to p r e v e n t h i s m e e tin g a la d y l o v e a t t h e d o o r : B a r b a r a o f t h e H ouse o f G rebe r e g a i n s h e r h u s b a n d ' s l o v e ,* B a t h s h e b a p a y s S e r g e a n t T r o y l a r g e s u m s f o r g a m b lin g ; E t h e l b e r t a f o r c e s M iss G r u c h e t t e , t h e " f a n c y l a d y " t o l e a v e , and so o n . The h e r o i n e o f "On t h e W e ste r n C i r c u i t " m u s t h a v e h e r m is tr e s s w r ite h er lo v e l e t t e r s . T h i s w as t h e u s u a l p r a c t i c e o f Lady M a r g a r e t H a l l , O x f o r d a n d a t C am b rid ge a l s o .
-
18»+-
The g ro s s e s t I n j u s t i c e i s done to T ess, who must l i v e w ith th e ro u ^ , Alec D * U rb e rv ille , to keep h e r fa m ily from s t a r v a tio n ; E th e lb e r ta , who must marry a lo rd o f e q u a l im m o rality to ed u cate h e r fa m ily ; Susan Henchard, whose husband s e l l s h e r a t a u c tio n ; and Lady C o n s ta n tin e , who i s fo rc e d to m arry an E n g lish b ish o p by t r i c k e r y —to g iv e h er c h ild a f a t h e r . V ic to ria n Women Must Regard M arriage an Only Paying O ccupation Hardy has p re se n te d th e example of how a h e ro in e t r i e s c o n s c ie n tio u s ly to su p p o rt a fa m ily h e r s e l f r a th e r th a n depending upon a husband.
E th e lb e r ta has m a rrie d , i n h e r
'te e n s , a young son o f th e n o b i l i t y and has found th a t such a m arriage e n ta ile d tro u b le s f o r any commoner who e n te re d th e n o b i l i t y by such a means.
Her m o th e r-in -la w , Lady P e th e r-
w ln, has h o n e s tly been kind to h e r , educated h e r , and sup p o rted h e r ; b u t she must always be th e t y r a n t o v er th e commoner.
Hence, th e am b itio u s commoner has ev ery re a so n
to avoid an o th e r m arriag e f o r w e a lth and t i t l e .
She t r i e s
t o r a is e money by ev ery a v a ila b le means; g iv in g d ram a tic re a d in g s , a c tin g as g o v e rn e ss, w ritin g p o e try , s o n g -w ritin g ; b u t she f a i l s .
The o n ly way f o r a V ic to ria n woman to su p p o rt
a la rg e fam ily was by m a rria g e .
And th e man s h e , a g i r l o f
tw enty-tw o, must a c c e p t i s over s ix ty - f i v e and g r o s s ly im m oral. Hardy d e f i n i t e l y p o in ts o u t in many works o f f i c t i o n th e dangers o f t h i s c o n s id e r a tio n o f m arriage a s th e only paying o c c u p a tio n .
I f a g i r l i s unable to f in d a s u ita b le
m an,
s h e o f t e n must t a k e a s e c o n d - r a t e one f o r f i n a n c i a l
reason s. fo r
h is
T h o m a sin Y e o b r l g h t h a s s e l e c t e d Damon W i ld e v e g l i t t e r i n g q u a l i t i e s as a c it y - t r a i n e d e n g in e e r ;
b u t he i s p la n s to
d i s l o y a l t o h e r , d i s h o n e s t w ith h e r m oney, and e l o p e w i t h a m a r r i e d woman.
In Two on a T o w e r .
L a d y V i v l e t t e C o n s t a n t i n e h a s m a r r i e d an A f r i c a n l i o n h u n t e r o f s p o r t in g p r o p e n s i t i e s , e v id e n t ly w ith o u t l o v e . A n d w hen h e d e s e r t s h e r f o r a b l a c k p r i n c e s s , h e r b r o t h e r L e w is f e e l s
c a l l e d up on t o a d v i s e h e r t o marry a s t u p i d
co u n try a
s q u ir e o f w e a lth as th e o n ly l o g i c a l p roced u re f o r QQ t i t l e d woman. ^ In th e sh o rt s t o r i e s , t h is i s
c ia lly
e v e n more o b v i o u s , e s p e
I n A Group o f N o b le D am es. w h er e women o f t h e n o b i l i t y
h a d p u r p o s e l y b e e n b r o u g h t up w i t h no o t h e r m eans o f f i n d i n g o c c u p a tio n s. p o in tin g ;
The r e s u l t i n t h i s c o l l e c t i o n
i s d e e p ly d i s a p
f o r o u t o f t h e t e n n o b l e dam es d e p i c t e d , o n l y t h r e e
h a v e h a p p y m a r r i a g e s . H aid y 's women h a v e o t h e r c a p a b i l i t i e s , b u t no o u t l e t f o r them : Woman" i s
t h e h e r o i n e i n “An I m a g i n a t i v e
a p o e t , l i k e E th e lb e r ta ;
E l i z a b e t h N ew b erry i n
"The D i s t r a c t e d P reacher" h a s e x e c u t iv e a b i l i t y
and d o e s
d e l a y m a r r i a g e f o r h e r c a r e e r t e m p o r a r i l y ; R o sa H a l b o r o u g h h a s h ad a r e l a t i v e l y e x p e n siv e e d u c a tio n in B r u s s e ls ; Joanna J o llif f e
r e p r e s e n t e d i n "To P l e a s e H i s W ife" w as
m a n a g e r enough t o s u c c e e d i f been 89.
and
any o c c u p a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g h a d
g iv en h e r . Two on a T o w e r . ( 1 9 0 5 e d i t i o n )
pp
.
128-9 .
—186 -
D isc o u n tin g fo r r e a l l o v e ,
t h o s e who m a rry f o r r o m a n t i c r e a s o n s o r
lik e
E u s t a c i a V y e , a n d many o f t h e h e r o i n e s
i n o t h e r n o v e l s , o n e h a s a c l e a r i n d i c a t i o n t h a t H ardy r e c o g n i z e d t h a t m a r r i a g e f o r many women i s fo r t h e i r p r o b l e m s .
not th e b e s t
Su e B r i d e h e a d s a y s t h a t i t
so lu tio n
is
n o t th e
L u c e t t a , i n T h e M ayor Q f C a s t e r b r l d g e .
b est c a r e e r f o r
her.
by h e r m a r r i a g e
n o t o n ly d ir e c t ly
c a u s e s h e r own d e a t h ;
but
she i n d i r e c t l y
‘b r i n g s a b o u t t h e d o w n f a l l o f M i c h a e l H e n c h a r d .
Several o f
h e r o i n e s o f t h e n o v e l s and s t o r i e s
to s u f f e r
th e
fin a n c ia l
em b a rra ssm en t, a t l e a s t t e m p o r a r ily ,
ra th er t h a n m a r r y m e r e ly f o r su p p o r t: V lv le tte
are w illin g
t h e f i r s t A v i c e C airo,
C o n s t a n t i n e , C h a r l o t t e D e S t a n c y , who e n t e r s an
E p isc o p a l n u n n e r y ;
and S a lly H a ll i n
Knapp."
fu tu re l i f e
But
th e ir
is
" I n te r lo p e r s a t th e
n e it h e r b r ig h t o r happy—
u n til th e y m a r r y . Su m m ary o f
H a r d v 1s V i e w s p f. Woman1s P o s i t i o n
H ardy h i m s e l f r e a c tio n s
to
h is
rem a rk ed upon t h e c r i t i c s '
p o r t r a y a l o f women i n h i s
e a r l y works t h a t
he c o u l d h a r d l y
u n d e r s t a n d h i s own e x c e l l e n c e
edge.
it
P r o b a b ly
m in u te a c t i o n s
of
w it h a l l
even
w om en, t h e i r c l o t h e s ,
b etter
th e ir
in t h i s k n o w l
cam e from a h a b i t o f o b s e r v a t i o n o f
b e h a v i o r w h i c h H a r d y a s an u n u s u a l l y r e a liz e
fa v o r a b le
th e ir n ic e tie s o f
s e n s i t i v e man c o u l d
th a n T h a ck era y , T r o llo p e , and D ic k e n s ,
g r a s p o f t h e m ore p o w e r f u l p a s s i o n s .
-1 8 7 At any r a t e , k een ly lin e
aware
cou n try.
ones, th e
of
and
im p ortan t
an y th in g
them
are
an e q u i v a l e n t
to
have d e se r v e d
h is
th at
than h er
illu str a te s
p resen ta tio n
of
they be g iv en
g rain
com m u n ity.
Just
husband,
farm .
cry out w ith
O nly f i v e
lim ited
d in t
yet
the
a dozen o f striv en
for
e d u c a tio n f o r poor
an d t o
o f hard
take
la y out
th e w rcngs
ta tio n s
and b u s i n e s s
ed u ca tio n a l
and
p red ilectio n s in
show in g
w hich sh e runs A n o t h e r woman o f a la rg e
in tro d u ce
a m odel w orkingm en’ s
women m i g h t d o i n
sp ite
of
p r e j u d ic i a l h an d icap s.
t o p o o r men b e c a u s e
pathos
to
to
s t u d y an d tw o
charge
p lan n in g
a s H ardy becomes m ost b i t t e r
sh o w in g
educated.
eq u iv a len t
the realm .
cou ld is
if
o f an e s t a t e
a peer o f
Hardy n o t e s ,
so c ia l,
to
of
Guerard a n a ly z e s
an e d u c a t i o n
A th ird
p rojects
T h is,
leg a l,
a p p ea ls
to
and t o h a v e
becom es m i s t r e s s
how a b r i g h t g i r l
modern h o u s in g
he
lik e
ed u ca tio n ; it
or ru ra l
s o m e woman who f e e l s
K a r d y a n women P r o f e s s o r
Germany,
and
is
t h a t I w e r e a man."
One o f H a r d y ’ s women , b u t
b etter
th e ir
there
id y llic
H a r d y d e p i c t s w h a t women m i g h t b e
He p r o p o s e d
in
the
a v e r y m ascu
achie^ /em ent.
U n lik e
m en 's.
a lso ,
approaching h ig h e r
shown
y ou n g men,
except
t h e m a l e and wro u l d
”1 w ish
have
stock
of
there
s e v e r a l women who a r e
d on e them i n
every n ovel
som etim es
E th elb erta ,
years
t h e ±jjus t i c e s In
d o m in a tio n
th ir ty
H