The Romano-British Roadside Settlement at Wilcote, Oxfordshire II: Excavations 1993-96 9780860548768, 9781407318950

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The Romano-British Roadside Settlement at Wilcote, Oxfordshire II. Excavations 1993 - 96

A. R. Hands

BAR British Series 265 1998

B.A.R. All volumes available from: BAR Publishing, 122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

BAR- 265 'The Romano-British Settlement at Wilcote, Oxfordshire, II' ©A R Hands 1998 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860548768 paperback ISBN 9781407318950 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860548768 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS

P age A cknow ledgemen t s L i s to fF igures L i s t o fT ab les I n t roduc t ion T he 1 993-96 e xcava t ions 1 . T he Q ua r r ies 2 . E a r ly F ea tu res 3 . L a te F ea ture s 4 . P o s t -Roman W i lco te

3 5 5 7

T he R eg iona l A rchaeo log ica l S e t t ing o ft h e R oman R oads ide S e t t lemen ta tW i lco te —A S umma ry , b y P au l B oo th

9

T he E conomy o ft h e W i lco te S e t t lemen t i nt h e S econd C en tury

2 1

B u i ld ings

2 3

C a lcu la t ing t h e V o lumes o fA rchaeo log ica l F ea tu res a nd D epo s i t s

2 5

T he E xcava ted F ea tures P os tho le s F . 56 -F .62 , F . 68 F .69 F .70 a nd F . 71 F .72 F .73 , F . 74 a nd F . 75 F .76 F . 77 F . 78 F . 79

2 7 / 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 9 3 0 3 3 3 3

F . 80 F . 8 1 F . 82 U nsea led l e ve ls a bove t h e l a te s tp av ing a nd n a tu ra l s u rf aces D is turbed a r ea s ou th o ft h e r o ad T he P ond S P370 156 F i e ld 2 169 T he F inds T he C o ins , b yC hr i s tophe r H owgego a nd C a thy K ing AG roup o fC o ins f r om W i lco te , b y C a thy K ing T he B rooche s , b y D .F . Mack re th O the r B ronze O b jec t s I r on O b jec t s L ead T he I n tag l io , b y Mar t in H en ig S tone Ob jec t s T he R oman P o t te ry I n t roduc t ion D eg rada t ion T he D epos i t ion o fR ubb ish T he S am ian , w i th n o te s b y G race S imp son T he S am ian P o t te r s ' S t amp s , b y B renda D ick inson

3 5 3 5 3 5 3 6 3 6 3 7 3 7

4 1 4 6 4 9 5 8 6 4 7 5 7 6 7 7 8 0 8 0 8 9 9 4 1 2 1

T he R oman C oa r se P o t te ry F ab r ic L i s t C a ta logue o fC oa r se P o t te ry T he I mpo r ted Ampho rae , b y D .F .W i l l iams N o te so nC e r ta in F o rms a nd F ab r ic s 1 .U rn s 2 . C a lc i te -a nd S he l l -G r i t ted V e s se ls 3 . ' P ink G rogged Wa re ' 4 . L a rge B ow l s 5 . C a r ina ted B ow ls A ga in 6 . R oughca s t B eake r s 7 . S t ra ine r s a nd C hee se -p re s se s 8 . F i ve C en t ra lG au l i sh S he rd s , b y K ev in G reene T he Med ieva l P o t te ry f r om F i e ld 2 169 , b yL ucy Wh i t t ingham P o s t -Roman P o t te ry f r om t h e T op so i l , b yL uc i Wh i t t ingham T he G la s sa nd F r i t , b y H .E .M ,Coo l C a ta logue B one O b jec t s T he H uman R ema in s T he A n ima l R ema in s G ene ra l B ib l iog raphy

1 23 1 26 2 26 2 29 2 29 2 29 2 30 2 30 2 30 2 30 2 31 2 32 2 32 2 40 2 42 2 46 2 49 2 49 2 50

A cknow ledgements

O nce a ga in i tg i ve s m e g r ea t p l ea sure t oh ave t h e o ppo r tun i ty o f p ub l ic ly t h ank ing S i r Ma rk N o rman , B a r t . , o fW i lco te Mano r , f o ra low ing m et oc on t inue t h e se e xcava t ion s o n h i s l a nd . Ia m i n deb ted t oh im n o t o n ly f o r h i s t o le rance i n t h e f a ce o f t h e d i s tu rbance t o h i s f i e ld s , b u t a l so f o r h i s i n te r e s t a nd e n thu s ia sm . Ia l so w i sh t ot h ank t h e H on . C ha r le s C ec i l , o fW i lco te H ouse , f o rh i s k i nd a g r eemen tt ot h e e xcava t ion s . T hank s a r e d ue t oa l t h o se w ho k i nd ly c on t r ibu ted s pec ia l i s t r e por t s t ot h is v o lume : P au l B oo th , H i la ry C oo l , B renda D ick in son , K ev in G reene , Ma r t in H en ig , C h r is tophe r H owgego , P h i l ip K ibe rd , C a thy K ing , D ona ld Mack r e th , P h i l ip P owe l l , F i ona S ee ley , G race S imp son , R ob in S ymond s , C a thy U nde rwood K eev i l l , L ucy Wh i t t ingham a nd D av id W i l l iam s . Ia m e spec ia l ly g r a tef u l t o P au l B oo th ( Oxf o rd A r chaeo log ica l U n i t ) f o rm any v a luab le d i scu s s ions o ft h e m o re p uzz l ing p i ece s o fR oman p o t te ry , a nd t o D r . G race S imp son , w i thou tw ho se g ene rous h e lp w i th t h e s am ian Iw ou ld h ave b een l o s t . T hank s a r e a l so d ue t oD r . H i la ry C oo l f o r F i gu re 1 04 , t oP au l H ughe s ( Oxf o rd A rchaeo log ica l U n i t ) f o r F i gu r e s 4a nd 5 ,F igu re 6 8 n o . 1 747 a nd F i gu re 7 3 n o . 1 888 , a nd t oD r . R ob in S ymond s f o r F i gu re 9 0 n o . 2 499 a nd F igu re 9 1 n o . 2 500 . A l l o t he r d r aw ing s a r e b y t h e a u tho r . It h ank R ober t W i lk in s ( Un ive r s i ty o fO xf o rd I n s t i tu te o fA r chaeo logy ) f o r t h e p ho tog raph o ft h e i n tag l io , a nd D r . R a jka Mak jan ië f o r h e r p a t ience i nt y p ing t h e m anusc r ip t .

A n thony H and s O xf o rd , 1 998

T h i s v o lume i sd ed ica ted t ot h e m emo ry o f C onan t B rod r ibb

L i s to fF igure s

F i gure 1 . 2 . 3 .

P age

R oman R oads ide O ccupa t ion S i te s i nL ow land B r i ta in W i lco te R oads ide S e t t lemen t L oca t ion o f 1 990 -92 a nd 1 993 -96 e xcava t ions

f a c ing p . 1 4 6

4 . 5 . 6 a . b . 7 . 8 . 9 . 1 0 . I1 . 1 2 . 1 3 . 1 4 . 1 5 . 1 6 . 1 7a . b .

R oman S i tes i n Wes tO xf o rdsh i re A Mode l f o rt h e E conomy o ft h e W i lco te S e t t lemen t S ec t ion a c ros s F . 75 C on tour p l an o fF .75 F . 69 , s e c t ion p -p F . 72 , s e c t ion q -q F . 73 a nd F . 75 , s ec t ion r r F . 77 , s e c t ion s s F . 77 , s e c t ion t t F . 79 , s e c t ion u -u F . 79 , s e c t ion v -v F . 80 , s e c t ion w -w F . 82 , s e c t ion x -x P ond S P370 156 , s e c t ion y -y P l an a nd s e c t ion o ft r ench , F i e ld 2 169 F i e ld 2 169

1 8 . 1 9 . 2 0 . 2 1 . 7 / .

B rooche s 2 9 -38 3 9 -48 B ronze O b jec t s4 7 -7 1 7 2 -89 9 0 107

5 0 5 2 5 9 6 1 6 3

2 3 . 2 4 . 2 5 . 2 6 . 2 7 . 2 8 . 2 9 . 3 0 . 3 1 . 3 2a . b . c . d . e . 3 3 . 3 4 .

I r on O b jec t s2 7 -45 4 6 -63 6 4 -88 8 9 113 14 133 1 34 145 L ead O b jec t s 2 -6 S tone O b jec t s 1 0 -28 2 9 E xpe r imen ta l d eg rada t ion .

6 5 6 7 6 9 7 1 7 3 7 4 7 5 7 8 7 9 8 4 8 4 8 5 8 5 8 6 8 6 8 7

3 5 . 3 6 . 3 7 . 3 8 . 3 9 . 4 0 . 4 1 . 4 2 . 4 3 . 4 4 . 4 5 . 4 6 . 4 7 . 4 8 . 4 9 .

D eg rada t ion o fc oa r se p o t te ry , F . 77 l e ve ls 1a nd 3 a D eg rada t ion o fc oa r se p o t te ry f r om a bove p aved a r ea s S am i a n n o s . 2 40 -253 2 54 -266 2 67 -299 3 00 -315 3 16 -323 3 24 -353 3 54 -370 3 7 1-379 3 80 -386 3 87 -398 3 99 -407 4 08 -4 14 4 15 -438

8 7 8 8 9 5 9 7 9 9 1 0 1 1 03 1 05 1 07 1 09 1 1 13 15 17 19

5 0 . 5 1 .

C oa r se p o t te ry

1 27 1 29

I n i t ia l b r eakage T ramp led ' Am inu te T ramp led 1m inu te T ramp led 3m inu tes T ramp led 6m inu tes D eg rada t ion o fs am ian f r om F . 74 a nd F . 77 l e ve l 1 D eg rada t ion o fc oa r se p o t te ry , F . 75 l e ve l 2

n o s . 1731196 n o s . 197 1226

f a c ing f a c ing f a c ing f a c ing

f a c ing f a c ing

8 2 2 2 4 2 4 2 6 2 6 2 8 p .3 0 p .3 0 p .3 2 p .3 2 3 4 3 4 3 8 p .4 0 p .4 0

5 2 .

n o s . 1 227 1239

1 3 1

5 3 . 5 4 . 5 . 5 6 . 5 7 . 5 8 . 5 9 . 6 0 . 6 1 . 6 2 . 6 3 . 6 4 . 6 5 . 6 6 . 6 7 . 6 8 . 6 9 . 7 0 . 7 1 . 77 . 7 3 . 7 4 . 7 5 . 7 6 . 7 .

C oa r se p o t tery

n o s . 1 240 1267 n os . 1 268 1298 n o s . 1299 1338 n os . 1 339 1360 n o s . 1 3611394 n os . 1 395 1431 n os . 1 432 1468 n o s . 1 469 1493 n o s . 1 494 1524 n os . 1 525 1560 n o s . 1 56 11593 n os . 1 594 1626 n o s . 1 627 1660 n o s . 1 66 11695 n o s . 1 696 1731 n o s . 1 732 1750 n os . 1 75 11777 n os . 1 778 1806 n os . 1 807 182 1 n o s . 1 822 1855 n os . 1 856 1890 n os . 1 89 11928 n os . 1 929 1963 n o s . 1 964 1996 n o s . 1 997 -202 1

1 33 1 35 1 37 1 39 1 41 1 43 1 45 1 47 1 49 1 5 1 1 53 1 55 1 57 1 59 1 6 1 1 63 1 65 1 67 1 69 1 7 1 1 73 1 75 1 77 1 79 1 80

7 8 . 7 9 . 8 0 .

n os . 2 022 -2048 n os . 2 049 -2080 n o s . 2 08 1-2 108

1 8 1 1 83 1 85

8 1 . 87. 8 3 . 8 4 . 8 5 . 8 6 . 8 7 . 8 8 . 8 9 . 9 0 . 9 1 . 97 . 9 3 . 9 4 . 9 5 . 9 6 .

n os . n o s . n o s . n o s . n os . n os . n os . n os . n o s . n os . n os . n os . n o s . n o s . n os . n o s .

2 109 -2134 2 135 -2 16 1 2 162 -2200 2 20 1-2244 2 245 -2304 2 305 -2334 2 335 -2380 2 38 1-2420 2 42 1-2451 2 452 -2499 2 500 -2527 2 528 -2559 2 560 -2595 2 596 -2632 2 633 -2669 2 670 -2708

1 87 1 89 1 9 1 1 93 1 95 1 97 1 99 2 0 1 2 03 2 05 2 07 2 09 2 11 2 13 2 15 2 17

9 7 . 9 8 . 9 9 .

n os . 2 709 -2739 n os . 2 740 -2776 n os . 2 777 -28 10

2 19 2 2 1 2 23

1 00 . n os . 2 8 11-2824 1 0 1 . Ampho ra s t amp 1 0 1a .G raf f i to 1 02 . Med ieva l p o t te ry . F ab r ic OXCX 1 20 l ö3 . F ab r ic OXCX 2 1-25 , OXAC 2 6 1 04 . G la ss n o s . 4 6 120 1 05 . B one O b jec t s n o s . 9 -44 1 06 . 4 5 -47 P l an o fe xcava t ions

0

2 25 2 26 2 28 2 37 2 38 2 41 2 47 2 48 a f t e rp .2 51

L i s t o fT ab le s

T ab le 1 . 2 . 3 .

P age

4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 1 0 .

C a lcu la t ion o ft h e v o lume o fF .7 5 D imens ions o fP o s tho le s C ompa r ison o fs ome p o t te ry t ype s : W i lco te F . 77 l e ve l 1 a nd S hakenoak D epos i t 1 3 C o ins f r om Q ua r ry F . 77 l e ve l . 1 C o ins f r om Q ua r ry F . 77 , %d i s t r ibu t ion b yp e r iod C o ins f r om Q ua r ry F . 77 , %d i s t r ibu t ion b y ma jo rp e r iod W i lco te o t he rc o ins C o ins : R oads ide s e t t lemen t s C o ins : O the rs i te s C o ins f r om t h e f i e ld w es to ft h ee xcava t ions

2 5 2 7 3 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 7f .

1 . P . 1 3 . 1 4 .

D eg rada t ion o fa n e xpe r imen ta l g roup o fp o t s ( Deg rada t ion o f ) Two g roup s o fs am ian s he rds ( Deg rada t ion o f ) V a r ious d epo s i t s C oncen t ra t ions o fp o ta nd b one s i nc er ta in d epos i t s

8 1 8 2 8 2 9 1

C an terbury

F ig .l . R oman R oads ide O ccupa t ion S i te s i nL ow land B r i ta in .

i n troduc t ion

T he o r ig ins a nd f u nc t ions o fr o ad s ide s e t t lemen t s i ng ene ra l , a nd W i lco te i n p a r t icu la r , h ave b een d i scu s sed b r ief ly i n W i l co te I( p . 1f . ) . A keman S t ree t , t h e R oman r o ad r u nn ing f r om C i r emce s te r ( Co r in ium ) t oS t . A lbans ( Ve ru lam ium ) i s c r o s sed n ea r i t sm id -po in t b y t h e r o ad w h ich r un s n o r th f r om S i lche s te r ( Ca l leva ) t o j o in Wa t l ing S t ree t a t T owce s te r ( Lac todu rum ) , w i th t h e s ma l l t own o f A lche s te r n ea r t h e c r o s s road s . F ou r ' r oads ide s e t t lemen t s ' l i e b e tween C i rences t e r a nd A lche s te r , W i lco t e b e ing t h e t h i rd e a s t o f C i rences te r a nd s e cond w e s t o f A lche s te r , a nd a no the r f o u r b e tween A lche s te ra nd S t . A lbans ( F ig . 1 ) .

1 . T he r e ady a va i lab i l i ty o f s t one f o r b u i ld ing A keman S t r ee t . T h i s m ay h ave l e d t o t h e e s tab l i shmen t o f as ma l l s e t t lemen t , s u s ta ined b y t h e c on t inu ing n eed f o r m a te r ia l s t o r e pa i ra nd m a in ta in t h er o ad . 2 . T he a rmy 's n eed f o r s t ag ing p o s t s a t r e gu la r i n te rva ls a l ong t h er o ad , t os e rve t h en eed s o fm i l i ta ry t r aff ic . B yt h e l a t te rp a r to ft h e f i r s tc en tu ry , m i l i ta ry u se w ou ld h ave g r ea t ly d ec l ined , t ob e r e p laced b y _c iv i l ian t r aff ic . A l so , b y t h e l a s t q ua r te r o ft h e f i r s t c en tu ry t h e v i l la a tS hakenoak 2 k m d i s tan t w a s e s tab l i shed ( Shakenoak I -V ) , a s w a s t h a t a t D i tch ley 5 . 5km a way ( Radf o rd 1 936 ) , a nd W i lco te m ay h ave s t a r ted t o f u nc t ion a s am a rke t c en t re a s t h e h i n te r land d eve loped e conom ica l ly . I tm ay b e t h a t t h is a l so c o inc ide s w i th t h e e xpan s ion o f t h e s e t t lemen t e a s twa rds f r om t h e e xcava ted a r ea , w i th a c onsequen t i n c rea se i n p opu la t ion c o inc id ing w i th a n i n c r ea sed d emand f o r l a bou r o n a d jacen t v i l la e s ta te s .

T he se m ino r s e t t lemen t s d o n o t n ece s sa r i ly a l h ave s im i la r o r ig in s o r s ub sequen t d eve lopmen t . T he s i t e s c ove r q u i te l a rge a r ea s , a nd o n ly s ome 3% o f t h e s uppo sed a r ea o f W i lco te a nd m uch s ma l le r p ropor t ion s o fi t sn e ighbou r s h ave s o f a r b een e xcava ted , s o a ny c ompa r ison s m us t b e h i gh ly s pecu la t ive . N ever the le s s i ts e em s p robab le t h a t W i lco te d i f f e r s f r om i t s n e ighbou r s a tA s tha l l , 8 km t o h e w e s t , a nd S an som 's P l a t t , 1 0km t ot h ee a s t , i na tl e a s tt h ree a spec t s .

T he e a r l ie s t p o s t -Roman o ccupa t ion s o f a r r e vea led w a s t h e e x t reme e a s te rn e nd o f t h e R oman s e t t lemen t , w he re t h e m ode rn p ond S P370 156 h a s b een s hown t o h ave b een a R oman c i s te rn w h ich h ad c o l lap sed t o f o rm a p ond b y t h e l a te t we lf th t ot h ir teen th c en tu ry . E xcava t ions 2 00m f u r the r e a s t , d e sc r ibed b e low ( p .37 ) , y i e lded m a te r ia l f r om t h e e l even th t ot h e t h i r teen th c en tury , a s soc ia ted w i th t h e n ea rby d e ser ted m ed ieva l v i l lage o fW i lco te ( F ig . 2 ) .

F i r s t ly , t h e f ew b u i ld ing s s o f a r e xcava ted a tW i lco te a r e a l a r ch i tec tu ra l ly p r im i t ive a nd o fs l igh t c ons t ruc t ion , m o s t ly o f t imbe r , i nc on t ra s t w i th t h e s t one f o unda t ions e xcava ted a t A s tha l la nd s e en i na e r ia l p ho tog raphs a tS ansom 's P l a t t . S econd ly , t h e e v idence f r om t h e W i lco te e xcava t ions i n d ica te s t h a t t h e o ccupa t ion f l ou r i shed f r om t h e c onque s t p e r iod u n t i l t h e f i r s t h a lf o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry , a nd t h en l a ngu ished u n t i l t h e f i r s t h a lf o f t h e f o u r th ; t h e re a r e f ew i n d ica t ion s o f a c t iv i ty a f te r c . A .D .360 . D a tab le s u rf ace f i nd s f r om t h e e a s te rn h a lf o f t h e s e t t lemen t a r e a lmo s t a l a t t r ibu tab le t o t h e f i r s t h a lf o f t h e s e cond c en tury w i th n o f o ur th -cen tu ry c o ins o r p o t te ry e xcep t i n t h e i mmed ia te v i c in i ty o fp ond S P370 156 . T he h i gh g r ound 2 00 -400 1 1 1 w e s t o f t h e e xcava t ions h a s p r oduced v e ry l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f p r edom inan t ly f our th -cen tury c o ins , b u t a l i n d ica t ions a r e t h a t i ti sl a rge ly d evo id o f a r chaeo log ica l f e a tu re s . F ur the r w e s t a ga in t h e l a nd i su nde r g r a s s o r b u r ied b enea th t h e m ode rn v i l lage o f R a tnsden , w he r e f i nd s o f f o ur th -cen tu ry c o ins h ave b een r e por ted . O n t h is v e ry i n adequa te e v idence i ts e ems p o s s ib le t h a t W i lco te f l ou r ished f r om t h e c onque s t t o t h e f i r s t h a lf o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry , a nd t h a t a ny s ub sequen t d eve lopmen t w a s c oncen t ra ted i n t h e w e s te rn p a r t o ft h e s e t t lemen t . I tm ay b e t h a t t h is d ec l ine o ccu r r ed b ef o re t h e e a r ly t imbe r b u i ld ing s w e r e r e p laced b y m o re c omp lex o ne sw i th s ub s tan t ia l s t one f o unda t ions .

T he t op so i l a c ro s s t h e m a in e xcava ted a r ea h a s y i e lded a s e r ie s o f m ed ieva l t o m ode rn i t ems , a s w e l l a s n ume rous R oman s h e rd s . T he se a r e d i scu s sed b e low . T hey p robab ly r e su l t f r om t h em anu r ing o ft h e f i e ld s . P rof e s so r R ive t , d i scus s ing t h e d i s t inc t ion b e tween ' v i l lage s ' a nd ' t owns ' w ro te : ' I. .w ou ld e xpec t av i l lage t ob e m a in ly c once rned w i th a g r icu l tu re , at own w i th t r ade . ' ( R ive t 1 975 ) . W i lco te w a s p r obab ly c once rned w i th b o th , p e rhap s b ecause i tw a s n e i the r av i l lage n o r at own , i ns o f a r a se i the r t e rm i s u s ef u l ly a nd u sua l ly d ef ined . I t m ay b e t h a t r o ad s ide s e t t lemen t s ( o r ' r oad s ide v i l lage s ' ) d i f f e r f r om n on road s ide o ne s . C e r ta in ly t h e c omp lex i ty a nd l o ng h i s to ry o f o ccupa t ion o f s i t e s s u ch a s aC laydon P i ke ( G lo s . ) ( M i le s 1 984 ) , o r B a ldock ( He r t s . ) ( S tead & R igby 1 986 ) d o n o t a ppea r t ob e c ommon f e a tu re s o ft h e r o ad s ide s e t t lemen t s s o f a r i n ve s t iga ted , W i lco te i n c luded , i fo ne r e s t r ic t s t h e t e rm ' v i l lage ' t ot h e s i t e s w h ich s how n o s i gns o ft h e m un ic ipa l o r o t he r d eve lopmen t o f' s ma l l t owns ' . T he e conom ic b a s is o f t h e s e t t lemen t i sd i scus sed b e low .

T he t h i rd d i f f e r ence m ay l i e i nt h e i mpo r tance o fW i lco te a s as ou rce o fs t one f o r t h e c ons t ruc t ion a nd r e pa i r o fA keman S t ree t . T he l a rge q ua r ry , F . 79 a nd F . 82 , p roduced c o ins o f C laud ius a nd D om i t ian , a nd l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f p o t te ry m o s t ly d a t ing f r om t h e f i r s t h a lf o ft h e s e cond c en tu ry . T he C laud ian q ua r r ie s , F . 17 , F . 18 a nd F . 19 , y i e lded m a in ly c l ay (W i l co te I ,p . 1 f . ) . I tm ay b e t h a t t h e o r ig in s a nd d eve lopmen t o f W i lco te w e re g r ea t ly i n f luenced b y t h is

T he o ccupa t ion o fW i lco te ,j udg ing b o th f r om t h e e xcava ted a r ea ( maybe 3% o f t h e t o ta l ) a nd f r om t h e s u rf ace f i nds a c ro s s t h e w ho le s i t e ( a n u n re l iab le i n d ica t ion o f w ha t l i e s b enea th ) w ou ld a ppea r t ob e e xc lu s ive ly R oman , e x tend ing f r om t h e c onque s t p e r iod t o t h e l a te r f o u r th c en tu ry . O ne m igh t s pecu la te a st op o s s ib le p r e -Roman o r ig in s , f o rt h e s i te l i e s c l o se t ot h e p o in tw he re t h e R oman r o ad , A keman S t r ee t , c r o s se s t h e l i ne o ft h e I r on A ge G r im ' s D i tch , a nd t h e r oad i t s e lf m ay h ave h ad a L a te I r on A ge p r ecu r so r . B u t t h e p o s s ib i l i ty o f p r e -Roman o r ig in s f o r W i lco te i s s o f a r u nsuppo r ted b y a ny m a te r ia l e v idence w ha t soeve r . T h i s i s

a c t iv i ty . T he o r ig in so fW i lco te m ay h ave l a in i ne i the ro rb o th o ft h e f o l low ing :

1

n o t t o s ay t h a t t h e h ypo the s is o f c onque s t -pe r iod o r ig ins i s t r ue , o n ly t h a tt h e r e i sa sy e tn oe v idence t h a t i ti su n t rue .

d i s tan t f r om i ta tQ uen ing ton , t h e n ex t b u t o ne s e t t lemen t w e s to fW i lco t e ( O 'Ne i l 1 957 ) , p robab ly d ef ined t h e l i m i t s o f t h is p ub l ic l a nd , a nd t h e d i tch F . 40 a tW i lco te (W i lco te I ,p . 1 5 , F i g . 9 ) m ay h ave h ad t h e s ame f u nc t ion . T h i s a pp rox ima te ly 1 00m -w ide s t r ip w a s p robab ly c l ea red o ft r ee s a nd u nde rg row th , i n i t ia l ly p e rhap s f o r s e cu r i ty , a nd l a te r s o t h a t f a l len t r ee s s hou ld n o t b l ock t h e r o ad . A lso , t h e w ide v e rge s m ay h ave a c ted a s d roveway s . T he a r ea o f R oman o ccupa t ion s e ems g ene ra l ly t or e spec tt h e se l i m i t s , e xcep t f o r t h e a r ea s ou th o f t h e r o ad i n t h e f i e ld w he re t h e p r e sen t e xcava t ion s a r et a k ing p l ace ( F ig . 2 ) .

Wh i le t h e o r ig ina l f u nc t ion o f W i lco te r o ads ide s e t t lemen t m ay h ave b een t os e rve t h e n eed s o ft h e a rmy a nd l a te r t h a t o fc i v i l ians , i t sd eve lopmen t i n to a so ccupa t ion e x tend ing f o r a lmo s t 1 . 5 k m a l ong t h e r o ad m us t r ef lec t ad i f f e ren t a nd p e rhap s mo re c omp lex s oc ia l , l e ga l a nd e conom ic b a s is f o r t h e s i te f r om a tl e a s t F l av ian t i me s . T he e v idence r e ga rd ing t h e s o c ia l s t a tu s o ft h e s i te , w h ich i s n o tn ece s sa r i ly t h es ame a st h e s o c ia l s t a tus o fi t si n hab i tan t s , i sc onf l ic t ing . I fw e e qua te ' s t a tus ' w i th i r oman isa t ion s , a n a s sump t ion n o t u n rea sonab le f o r as i te o f t h is t y pe i nt h i s l o ca t ion , t h en t h e s t ruc tu re s a nd a r tef ac t s t e l l d i f f e ren t s t o r ie s . T he re m ay h ave b een s ub s tan t ia l b u i ld ing s ( p .23 ) , b u t i fs ot h ey w e r e f ew i nn umbe r . T he p r e sence o f am ans io o r am u ta t io r ema ins a p o s s ib i l i ty , b u t s e ems u n l ike ly . W i lco te m ay p o s s ib ly h ave b een av i cu s , h oweve r t h e t e rm m ay b e d ef ined ( B lack 1 995 , p . 89 ) . T rave l le r s o n t h e r o ad f e l l i n to t wo c l a s se s : t h e r i che r o n h o r seback o r i nc a r r iage s , a nd t h e p oo re r o n f oo t o r o x -ca r t s . W i lco te m ay h ave p rov ided f ood , d r ink a nd p e rhap s ac hange o fh o r se s f o r t h e f o rme r , a nd a l so a ccommoda t ion f o rt h e l a t te r .

T he o ccupan t s o f t h is p ub l ic l a nd m u s t h ave p a id t h e a u tho r i t ie s r e n t i ns ome f o rm : e i the ra s money , o rp roduce , o r l a bour a nd s e rv ice s . S i nce t h e o ccupan t s o f t h e s uppo sed s ma l lho ld ing s a r e p o s tu la ted t oh ave b een p a r t o ft h e b a r te r r a the rt h an t h e m oney e conomy , a tl e a s t i nt h e e a r l ie r R oman p e r iod , p aymen t o f r e n t i n m oney i s u n l ike ly . I f t h e i n d iv idua l p l o t s w e re c ompa rab le i ns i ze t ot h o se a tC a t sgo re o r H iba ld s tow ( Sm i th , 1 987 ) , t h en t h ey w ou ld h ave b een i n adequa te f o rt h e n eeds o ft h e i n hab i tan t s , a s sum ing e ach t o h ave h oused af am i ly , a nd t h e r e c an h ave b een n o s u rp lu s f o r p aymen t a s r e n t . A no the r p o s s ib i l i ty i st h a t t h e i n hab i tan t s p e rf o rmed s ome u s ef u l p ub l ic s e rv ice , e i the r i nm a in ta in ing t h e r o ad o rp rov id ing s e rv ice s t ot r ave l le r s , o rb o th . I ti sa l so n o tewo r thy t h a t t h e n ea rby S hakenoak v i l la , w he re t h e e nc lo su r e w a s a lmo s t t o ta l ly e xcava ted , d i d n o t p o s se s s a ccommoda t ion f o r t h e c ons ide rab le n umbe r s o fa g r icu l tu ra l w o rke r s t h a t w ou ld h ave b een n eeded t ow o rk t h e e s ta te a nd i n tens ive f i e ld -wa lk ing o ve r t h e s u r round ing a r ea f a i led t o r e vea l a ny o ccupa t ion s i te s e xcep t p e rhap s S i te D . I ft h is i s t r ue o f o t he r l o ca l v i l la s , t h en t h e c omb ina t ion o f v i l la s n eed ing m any a g r icu l tura l w o rke r s a nd p r oduc ing s u rp lu s f ood , w i th a s e t t lemen t w i th a p opu la t ion w i th i n adequa te f ood r e sou rce s i sv e ry s ugge s t ive o f as ymb io s is b e tween t h e t wo . P e rhap s W i lco te p rov ided t h e l a bou r f o r ce f o r n ea rby v i l la s , p a id i nf o od r a the rt h an m oney .

T he i n hab i tan t s o fW i lco te l i ved ,i ns u r round ing s w h ich w e r e a r ch i tec tura l ly q u i te p r im i t ive . T h is p r e sumab ly r ef lec t s a m ode s t l i f e s ty le mo re i n k eep ing w i th t h a t o f ap ea san t r a the rt h an t h a t o f av i l la -owne r , t h ough o ne w h ich w a s f u l ly p a r to ft h e R oman e conomy . T he a r tef ac t s t e l l a no the r s t o ry . C o in s w e re i n u s e f r om C laud ian t i me s , a s w a s f i ne d eco ra ted s am ian . Ampho rae w e re p r e sen t i nf i r s t -cen tu ry d epo s i t s . T he n umbe r o ff i r s t a nd s e cond -cen tury c o in s , t h e q ua l i ty o ft h e p o t te rS /a nd t h e q uan t i ty o f a mpho rae a l e qua l o r e xceed t h o se o f t h e c o r r e spond ing f i nds f r om t h e S hakenoak v i l la l e s s t h an 2k m a way , s o a l though t h e v i l la m igh t b e t h ough t t ob e t h e m o r e ' r oman ised ' s i te , t h is i ss o o n ly a r ch i tec tu ra l ly a nd n o t i n t e rms o f a r tef ac t s . T he o bv ious i n te rp re ta t ion i st h a t t h e a r ch i tec tu re r ef lec t s t h e c ond i t ion o f t h e i n hab i tan t s o f t h e s e t t lemen t , w h i le t h e a r tef ac t s r ef lec t t h a t o ft h e t r ave l le r s o n t h e r o ad . H oweve r , t h e se s t a temen t s a pp ly t o t h e a r ea e xcava ted , a nd n o t t ot h e l a rge a r ea o fo ccupa t ion t ot h e e a s t o ft h e e xcava t ion s , e x tend ing u p t ot h e p ond S P370 156 . I ti s t e n ta t ive ly a s sumed t h a t t h is r e p re sen t s as e r ie s o fi n d iv idua l s ma l l -ho ld ing s , g ene ra l ly s im i la r t ot h o se f o und a tC a t sgo re ( Som . ) ( Leech 1 982 ) t h ough w i thou t s uch s ub s tan t ia l b u i ld ing s . T he re i s l i t t le e v idence t o s uppo r t t h is v i ew , e xcep t t h a t t h e t o p so i l i nt h is a r ea i sn o t iceab ly b l ack a nd p roduce s ac ons ide rab le a moun t o f p r edom inan t ly s e cond c en tu ry c oa r se p o t te ry , b u t n o c o ins a nd a lmo s t n o s am ian o r o t he ra r tef ac t s .

T he se h ypo the se s a r e n o t e a s i ly s ub s tan t ia ted o rd i sp roved a t t h i s s t age , b u t e xcava t ions i n t h e f i e ld t o t h e e a s t o f t h e p r e sen t s i t e m igh t b e i n s t ruc t ive . E xpe r ience h a s s hown t h a t t h e d eep q ua r r ie s d o n o t r e vea l t h e ir p r e sence b y s u rf ace f i nds ( p .33) , s ot h e re c ou ld b e s u ch f e a tu re s c oncea led a ta ny p o in t o n t h e s i t e . A lso , i ti si mpo s s ib le t od ef ine t h e l i m i t s o f t h e s e t t lemen t w i th a ny p r ec is ion e xcep t i na r b i t ra ry t e rms s u ch a st h e n umbe r s o fs he rd s p e r s qua re m e te r f o und o n t h e s u rf ace u nde r s p ec if ied c ond i t ions (W i l co te I , p . 5 ) . Dwe l l ing s , a g r icu l tu ra l b u i ld ing s a nd t h e i r i mmed ia te s u r round ing s a r e c l ea r ly ' w i th in ' t h e s e t t lemen t ; s o p e rhap s a r e t h e n onde sc r ip t a r ea s o ccup ied b y l i ve s tock a nd u s ed a s r ubb i sh t ip s w h ich m ay l i e o n t h e s i de o ft h e b u i ld ing s a way f r om t h e r o ad . B u t t h e re m ay t h en b e s ma l l p a tche s o f c u l t iva t ion , g a rdens o r o r cha rd s b eyond t h e se a ga in , t h e w ho le f a d ing i n to u ncu l t iva ted ( bu t p robab ly g r azed ) l a nd . T h is p a t te rn c an b e s e en t o day i nm any p a r t so ft h ew o r ld .

I tw ou ld b e n a ive t o s uppo se t h a t t h e a u tho r i t ie s s imp ly t u rned ab l ind e ye t o d ozens o r e ven af ew h und r ed p eop le s qua t t ing o n p ub l ic l a nd . I ts e ems p robab le t h a tt h e r o ad w a s l a id d own t h e m idd le o f as t r ip o f l a nd a bou t 1 00m w ide w h ich w ou ld h ave b een t h e p rope r ty o f t h e g ove rnmen t . D i tche s r u nn ing e i the r s i de o f A keman S t ree t a nd 4 0 -50m

2

T he 1 993 -96 E xcava t ions I .

T he Q uarr ie s

d evo id o fa l a r tef ac t s . T h is r a ise s t h e q ue s t ion a st ow he the r i no t he r c a se s t h e e xcava to r m ay h ave m is taken t h e s u rf ace o fd epo s i t s s im i la rt ol e ve l 4i no t he rq ua r r ie s f o ru nd i s tu rbed n a tu ra l , g i v ing a f a lse i mp r e s s ion o f t h e i r a c tua l s i ze s a nd p roduc t s . H oweve r , a l t h e s e c t ions i nt h i s v o lume a nd i t s p r edece s so r a r e p r e sen ted t o t h e r e ade r w i th mode ra te c onf idence , a nd a l though i n s ome c a se s t h et r ue ' n a tu ra l ' s u rf ace h a s n o t b een e s tab l ished w i th c e r ta in ty , a t l e a s t t h e u nce r ta in ty o ft h e s i tua t ion h a s b een a pp rec ia ted . I np r a c t ice , c a ref u l e xcava t ion o n q u i te a l a rge s c a le i s n eeded f o r c er ta in ty ; a tt h e n o r the rn e nd o fs e c t ion s s t h i s i n vo lved t h e d i gg ing b y h and o f at r ench 5 x lm a nd 1 1 .5m d eep t h rough v e ry i n t rac t ib le d epo s i t s .

T he a r ea s ou th o ft h e l i ne o fA keman S t ree t c an n ow b e s e en t o b e d om ina ted b y q ua r r ie s . F . 17 , F . 18 a nd F . 19 w e re a lmo s tc e r ta in ly a s soc ia ted w i th t h e i n i t ia l c ons t ruc t ion o ft h e n ea rby r o ad , a nd t h e i n d ica t ions a r e t h a t F . 17 a nd F . 19 p roduced m o s t ly c l ay , w h i le F . 18 p roduced s t one (W i lco te I , I1f . ) . F . 2 1 w a s a l so p robab ly a s ou r ce o f c l ay a nd d a ted f r om c .A .D . 8 0 120 ; F . 22 , i fi tw a s aq ua r ry , w ou ld h ave p roduced c l ay . I td a ted f r om t h e m id second c en tu ry . I ti sp robab le t h a t F . 75 w a s s im i la rt oF . 17 a nd F . I9 , w h ich i t b road ly r e semb led i ns i ze ( f ig .9 , s e c t ion r r ) . T he c on ten t s a r e d i scus sed b e low , a nd ad a te o fa bou tA .D . 1 20 150 s e ems l i ke ly . A l though i tw ou ld h ave p r oduced s ome s t one , t h e s e c t ion i n d ica te s t h a t t h e m a in d epo s i t w a s c l ay . T he s upe rf ic ia l g eo logy i n t h e e xcava ted a r ea i sv e ry v a r iab le . C lay o f v a r iou s t ype s a nd c o lou r s , l i me s tone e i the r a s s ha t te r ed c o rnb ra sh o ra sl a rge u nb roken s l ab s l i e b enea th t h e R oman d epo s i t s a nd i nm any p l a ce s e x tend u p t ot h e m ode rn t o p so i l , a nd t h e re a r e p a tche s o fs a nd a nd o cca s iona l d epo s i t s o f l a rge p ebb le s . T hus , w i th in t h e e xcava ted a r ea n o r th o f t h e r o ad t h e re a r e a r ea s o fc l ay t ot h e w e s t , w h i le t ot h e e a s t p i t s F . 44 , F . 45 a nd F . 48 w e re d ug t h rough c o rnb ra sh . F ur the r s ou th , n ea re r t h e r o ad , 3 m o f v a r ious c l ay s o ve r lay s o l id l i me s tone (W i lco te I ,F i g . 8 ,s e c t ion d -d ) .

T he t o ta l v o lume o f F . 77 w a s a bou t 2 30m 3. I tp robab ly y i e lded b o th c l ay a nd s t one , t h ough i ft h e l e ve l 4d epo s i t i s r e ga rded a s u nwan ted , a nd s o r e depo s i ted , w a s te , i tw ou ld a ppea r t h a t s t one w a s d e s i red p r ima r i ly . I nt h is c a se , i ti s s t range t h a tt h e q ua r ry w a s e s tab l i shed i na n a r ea w he re s t one m ay n o t h ave a ppea red o n t h e s u rf ace . ( One o f t h e d i ff icu l t ie s i ns uch ad i scus s ion i st h a t aq ua r ry r e p re sen t s a n a b sence o f o r ig ina l m a te r ia l , t h e n a tu re o f w h ich m us t t h e ref o re b e s pecu la t ive . ) T he e xp lana t ion m ay b e t h a t c l ay w a s e x t rac ted a ta n e a r l ie r s t age f r om t h e n or the rn e nd o ft h e f e a tu re , d a ted b y t h e f i nd s f r om l e ve l 3 a o n t h e n a tu ra l s u rf ace o n t h e n o r thea s te rn s i de t ot h e m idd le o ft h e s e cond c en tu ry . T he e xcava t ion o ft h e s ou the rn a r ea m ay h ave t a ken p l ace a t al a te r s t age , w i th s t one a s t h e d e s i red p roduc t , t h e u nwan ted c l ay a nd s ub so i l b e ing t i pped a tt h e n o r the rn e nd a s l e ve l 4 . T h is a c t iv i ty c ou ld b e d a ted b y t h e l e ve l 3 b m a te r ia l f o und a tt h e s ou the rn e nd o f F . 77 , d a t ing f r om t h e m idd le o ft h e t h ird c en tury . F o l low ing t h is , at h ick l a ye r o f s t e r i le b rown e a r th c o l lec ted i nt h e a bandoned q ua r ry . T he t o ta l a b sence o f a ny f i nd s i ss u rp r is ing , a nd p r e sumab ly i n d ica te s ac omp le te a b sence o f o ccupa t ion i n t h e v i c in i ty u n t i l A .D . 3 15 , w hen t h e l e ve l 1 d epo s i t b egan t o a ccumu la te .

I mmed ia te ly S ou th o ft h e r o ad , c l ay l a y d i r ec t ly b enea th t h e m ode rn t o p so i l , a nd f r 6m F . 18 e a s twa rds f o rmed a s h ee t a t l e a s t 2 m t h ick , p r e sumab ly w i th l i me s tone a ta n u nknown d ep th b enea th . F u r the rt ot h e s ou th , F . 15 a nd F . 16 w e re d ug t h rough c o rnb ra sh ,a sw a s F . 7 f u r the ra ga in t ot h e s ou th . T he e n t i re s ou th -ea s te rn p a r t o f t h e e xcava ted a r ea s howed l i me s tone i mmed ia te ly b e low t h e m ode rn t o p so i l , a nd t h is s u rf a ce h ad i np l aces b een e x tended a r t if ic ia l ly b y p av ing l a id o n t h en a tu ra l c l ay (W i lco te I ,F i g . 2 2 ) . I t i s p o s s ib le t h a t F . 7 , F . 15 , F . 16 a nd F . 80 w e r e t r i a l e xcava t ion s f o r t h e s i t ing o f n ew q ua r r ie s . E ach h ad b een e xcava ted t h rough s ha t te red c o rnb ra sh l i me s tone , w h ich m ay h ave b een t o of r agmen ted t ob e u s ef u l , a nd w e r e f l oo red w i th v e ry l a rge l i me s tone s l ab s , p e rhap s t o o l i t t le f r agmen ted f o r

F . 79 h ad ac omp lex h i s to ry , p robab ly w i th a tl e a s t t wo a nd p o s s ib ly t h ree p ha se s o fo pe ra t ion . l tc ou ld b e d i v ided i n to f o ur p a r t s : t h e c en t ra l a r ea , ar o ugh ly c i r cu la r p i t o ve r 4 m d eep w i th v e r t ica l s i de s , a nd s ha l lowe r a r ea s n o r th , w e s t a nd s ou th o ft h i s . T he e a r l ie s t s e c t ion t ob e e xp lo i ted w a s n o tt h e d eepe s ta r ea ;b u tt h e s ha l lowe ra r ea t ot h e w e s t . T he e x t reme b o t tom o ft h is p roduced ac o in o fC laud ius ( no .31) . a nd s ome 1 20 s h e rds o f s a nd tempe r ed p o t . T h is w a s p r e sumab ly a f i r s t -cen tu ry q ua r ry , p e rhap s o f C laud ian d a te . T he r ema inde r o ft h e q ua r ry w a s f i l led w i th m id second c en tu ry m a te r ia l , i n c lud ing c o ins n o s .43 a nd 4 4 o f H ad r ian a nd F aus t ina Ir e spec t ive ly . T he d a t ing i sc on f i rmed b y t h e s am ian ( b e low , p . 102 . ) . H oweve r , t h e e a s te rn s i de o f t h e d eepe s t s e c t ion o f t h e q ua r ry a l so p r oduced t wo c o in s o f D om i t ian ( no s .37 a nd 3 8 ) , f r om t h e s ame d epo s i t t h a t p roduced t h e s am ian b ow l n o .323 , d a t ing f r om c .A .D . 1 35 1 60 . T he se c o in s m ay h ave b een r e depo s i ted , s i nce t h e r e w e re n o c on tempo ra ry f i nd s f r om t h is f e a tu re , t h ough t h e c o in o f D om i t ian f r om F . 82 ( b e low ) i n d ica te s t h a t l a te -f i r s t c en tu ry q ua r ry ing c anno t b e e xc luded . I ti sc onc luded t h a t F . 79 w a s o pened i nt h e f i r s t c en tu ry , m aybe i nt h e c onque s t p e r iod , t op roduce s t one t oc omp lemen t t h e c l ay f r om F . 17 a nd F . 19 , a nd w a s t h en e x tended i n l a te f i r s t c en tu ry , w i th

e a sy e x t rac t ion . T he t wo l a rge q ua r r ie s , F . 77 a nd F . 79 /F .82 , r e qu ir e .c l o se r e xam ina t ion . T he i r c omb ined v o lume w a s a pp rox ima te ly 3 62 m3 . T he c h rono logy o f F . 79 i sc e r ta in ly n o t s imp le , w he rea s a l t h e s ma l le r q ua r r ie s d e sc r ibed a bove c an b e a s sumed t o h ave b een o pe ra t iona l o n ly f o r af a i r ly s ho r t p e r iod , a t t h e e nd o f w h ich r ubb i sh w a s a lowed t o a ccumu la te . O n ly i nt h e c a se o f F . I8 w a s t h e re e v idence o f r e -use , a nd o f u nwan ted c l ay b e ing t i pped i nt h e a d jacen t a bandoned q ua r ry , F . 17 (W i l co te I ,f i g . 6a nd p . 12 ) . T he a r chaeo log ica l e xcava t ion o f F . 77 b egan a tt h e n o r the rn e nd a nd p r oceeded s ou thwa rds . I tw a s o r ig ina l ly t h ough t t h a t t h e s u rf ace o f t h e l e ve l 4 d epo s i t r e p re Sen ted t h e u nd is turbed n a tu ra l s ub so i l , b u t c a ref u l e xam ina t ion s howed i tt o c on ta in c . 20 s he rd s p e r c ub ic m e te r , a s w e l l a s af ew s p eck s o f c ha rcoa l . F u r the r e xcava t ion s howed t h e t r ue n a tu ra l s u r f ace t oc ons is t o f s t ra ta o fc l ay a nd l i me s tone , 3

r s i b k — 1 . 1 .

Wi lco te R oads ide s e t t lement .

f i na l e x t rac t ion o f s t one t a k ing p l ace i n t h e m idd le o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry . H oweve r , i tm igh t h ave b een e xpec ted t h a t r ubb i sh w ou ld h ave a ccumu la ted i nt h e 5 0 o r m o re y ea r s b e tween t h e e a r l ie s ta nd l a te s t p e r iod s o fa c t iv i ty , t h ough t h is w a s s e em ing ly n o tt h ec a se .

r e p re sen ted b y F . 17 , F . 18 a nd F . 19 a nd p e rhap s t h e e a r l ie s t p ha se o fF . 79 ; F . 75 a ppea r s t od a te f r om a bou th a lf ac en tu ry l a te r , a nd t h e n or the rn h a lf o fF . 77 a nd t h e r e s t o fF . 79 t ot h e m idd le o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry . T he s ou the rn e nd o f F . 77 p robab ly d a te s f r om t h e e a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry . I tm ay b e t h a t t h e r oad n eeded s ub s tan t ia l r epa i r s e ve ry h a lf c en tury , o r i t m ay b e t h a t t h e se d a te s r e la te mo re t ot h e t i pp ing o fr ubb i sh t h an t o q ua r ry ing a c t iv i t ie s , a nd t h a t mo re e x ten s ive e xcava t ion s w i l l r e vea l q ua r ry ing a s a mo re o r l e s s c on t inuous p roce s s .

T he f i na l f i l l ing in o fF . 79 w a s a ccomp l ished i nq u i te as ho r t s pan o f t ime . T he s e c t ions i mp ly , a nd t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f f i nd s c onf i rms , t h a t ag r ea t d ea l o ft i pp ing t o ok p l ace f r om t h e s ou th . T he re w a s al a te r a ccumu la t ion o f e a r th a s t h e o r ig ina l f i l l c ompac ted a nd s a nk d own , a nd t h i s a ppea red t o d a te f r om t h e s ame p e r iod a s F . 77 l e ve l 1 , t h ough i t c on ta ined f a rf ewe rc o in s ( no s . 4 8 a nd 5 0 ) , s he rd s a nd b one s . T he c on t inu ing c omp re s s ion o ft h e f i l l i n to m ode rn t ime s i s d i scu s sed b e low i nt h e s e c t ion b e low o n ' Rubb i sh ' .

T he i mpo r tance o f q ua r ry ing s hou ld b e e mpha s ised . I ti s p robab le t h a t e ach m e te r l e ng th o fr oad r e qu i red s ome th ing i n t h e r e g ion o f 1 m3 o f m a te r ia l f o r i t s c on s t ruc t ion , s o A keman S t ree t , e x tend ing s ome 16km f r om C i rence s te r t o S t .A lban s , m ay h ave n eeded o ve r 1 00 ,000m 3 i nt o ta l . T h i s i s s ome 2 00 t ime s t h e t o ta l v o lume o fm a te r ia l e x t rac ted f r om a l t h e q ua r r ie s s of a ri d en t if ied a tW i lco te .

F . 82 w a s p a r t o ft h e s ame q ua r ry a sF . 79 . I tw a s s ha l lowe r , b e ing l i t t le o ve r l m d eep o n a ve rage , w i th a v o lume o f 3 1 .7m 3.F i nd s i n c luded ac o in o fD om i t ian ( no . 3 9 ) f r om t h e b o t tom o f t h e f i l l , c onf i rm ing t h e p o s s ib i l i ty o f l a te -f i r s t c en tu ry q ua r ry ing , t hough a s i n F . 79 t h e f i l l w a s p r edom inan t ly o fm id second c en tu ry d a te .

Q ua r ry ing f o r r o ad -bu i ld ing p u rpo se s m u s t h ave f o rmed a v e ry i mpo r tan t p a r t o ft h e e conomy o fW i lco te , a nd o fo t he r s i t e s t o o . I tm ay a l so b e c onc luded t h a t t h e re m u s t b e h und red s o fs uch q ua r r ie s a l ong t h e l i ne o ft h e r oad . T he se a sy e t u nd i scove red q ua r r ie s p robab ly l i e c l o se t ot h e r o ad , a t p o in t s w he r e s u i tab le s t one o u tc rop s . D oub t le s s s uch s i te s w i l l , l i ke W i lco te , b e a s soc ia ted w i th e a r ly s e t t lemen t s .

T he se q ua r r ie s p roduced m a in ly c l ay o rs t one i nt h e f o rm o f b l ock s v a ry ing i ns i ze f r om a bou t 2 5 -50cm b y 2 5 -50cm b y 1 0 -50cm t h ick . T he d emand f o r s ma l le r s t one s a nd s a ndy r ubb le s e ems t o h ave b een s ma l l , t h is m a te r ia l b e ing r e depo s i ted w i th in t h e q ua r ry . T he n umbe ro fq ua r r ie s i nt h e a r ea i su nknown : t h ey p robab ly e x tend b o th e a s t - a nd w e s t w a rd s f r om t h e e xcava ted a r ea , a nd q u i te p o s s ib ly s ou thwa rd s a l so . T hey d o n o t r e vea l t h emse lve s b y s u rf ace i n d ica t ion s ( b e low , p. p . 32 , 3 4 ) . I t a ppea r s , f r om v e ry i n adequa te i n ve s t iga t ion s , t h a t t h e h i ghe r g round t ot h e w e s t a nd e a s t o f t h e e xcava t ions i sc apped w i th c l ay , a nd t h a t s t one m ay n o t o u tc rop i nt h e se a r ea s . C e r ta in ly , i nt h e a r ea s o f t h e p ond ( SP370 156 ) a nd t h e e xcava t ions 2 00m f u r the r e a s t , t h e l i me s tone i so ve r la id b y s e ve ra l m e te r s o fc l ay , a nd t h e l i ne o f t h e r o ad a tt h e l a t te r l o ca t ion w a s v e ry c l ea r ly d ef ined b y t h e l i me s tone s l ab s o ft h e f o unda t ions , s u ch s t one b e ing o t he rw ise t o ta l ly a b sen t f r om t h e s ub so i l i nt h is a r ea . T hus , t h e q ua r r ie s w h ich h ave b een e xcava ted a nd a ny o t he r s w h ich m ay l i e n ea rby m ay h ave s e rved t op rov ide t h e s t one f o r ac on s ide rab le l e ng th o f r o ad . I t a ppea r s t h a t t h e s ha t te red l i me s tone c o rnb ra sh w a s t h e m o s td e s i rab le f o rm o f s t one . When t h e q ua r rymen s t ruck s o l id l i me s tone , t h ey a ppea rt oh ave d e s is ted . T h i s c ou ld p o s s ib ly e xp la in t h e p i t s F . 7 , F . 15 a nd F . 16 (W i l co te I ,1 5f . ) , w h ich w e r e d ug d own t h rough c o rnb ra sh t os o l id l i me s tone . T hey m ay h ave b een t r ia l e xcava t ions f o r q ua r r ie s , a bandoned w hen u nb roken s t one w a s r e ached .

2 .

E ar ly F ea ture s

T he e xcava t ions a dded l i t t le t oo u r u nde r s tand ing o ft h e s i te i n t h e c onque s t p e r iod . A s ha l low d i tch , F . 72 , p roduced f i nd s i n d ica t ive o f af i r s t -cen tu ry , p o s s ib ly C laud ian , d a te . T h i s f e a tu re d i sappea red a s i tp a s sed i n to t h e o u tc ropp ing s t one a ti t s e a s te rn e nd , a nd w a s l a rge ly p l oughed o u t a s i t r e ached t h e w e s te rn l i m i t o f t h e p r e sen t e xcava t ions . I ti s n ow k nown t od i sappea r e n t i re ly s ome l m w e s t o ft h a t l i m i t ( t o b e r e po r ted i nW i lco te I l l ) . T he r o ugh s t one p av ing s ou th o ft h e r o ad w a s o ff i r s t c en tu ry d a te . A l l t h e o t he r f e a tu r e s , w i th t h e e xcep t ion o fF . 77 l e ve l 1 ,d a ted f r om t h e s e cond c en tu ry . 3 .

L a te F ea ture s

F . 77 l e ve l 1w a s c l o se ly d a ted t oA .D . 3 15 -.3 60 . I ti n d ica te s ar ema rkab le d eg ree o f f o u r th -cen tu ry a c t iv i ty , q u i te a t v a r iance w i th t h e l a ck o f m a te r ia l o f t h is d a te f r om t h e e xcava t ed a r ea a s aw ho le . F . 55 (W i lco te I ,p . 21) w a s c l ea r ly c on tempo ra ry w i th a nd r e la ted t o t h is d epo s i t , s he rd s f r om t h e s ame v e s se l b e ing f o und i nb o th ( no . 1 89 1) . I ti sv e ry d i f f icu l t t o u nde r s tand h ow F . 79 c ame t o c on ta in s o m uch s e cond -cen tu ry a nd s o l i t t le f ou r th -cen tu ry m a te r ia l , w h i le t h e r e ve r se w a s t r ue o fF . 77 l e ve l 1 . T he a n ima l b one s f r om F . 77 l e ve l 1i n d ica te s ome i n dus t r ia l p roce s s : t h is w i l l b e d i scu s sed i nd e ta i l i nW i l co te I l l .

D a t ing t h e se q ua r r ie s d epend s i n p a r t o n g ene ra l ly r a the r s pa r se d epo s i t s w h ich a r e s e en a s d a t ing f r om t h e p e r iod i mmed ia te ly f o l low ing h e a bandonmen t o f t h e q ua r ry , o r e ven f r om i t s t i me o f u se , a nd f r om t h e d a t ing o f t h e f i l ls , w h ich t e nd t o p roduce v e ry l a rge a moun t s o f e v idence . H oweve r , t h e ' c on tempo ra ry ' d epo s i t s o f ten c on ta in v e ry l i t t le d a t ing e v idence , c ommon ly as i ng le c o in o rs am ian p o t , w h i le t h e r e levance o ft h e n ume rous l a t e r a r tef ac t s f r om t h e m a in f i l l s t o t h e d a t ing o f t h e o r ig ina l e x t rac t iOn o f r o ad b u i ld ing m a te r ia ls i sn o ta lway s c l ea r .

T he l a te s t , u nsea led , d epo s i t s p roduced o n ly t wo f o ur th c en tu ry c o ins ( no s . 4 8 a nd 5 1) , b o th C on s tan t in ian , a nd t h e t o p so i l o ve r t h e w ho le e xcava ted a r ea p roduced c o in s o f C laud ius ( 10 .33) , T e t r icus ( no .47 ) a nd C on s tan t iu s I( no . 4 9 ) . T h is , t o ge the r w i th t h e a lmo s t t o ta l a b sence o f f o u r th c en tu ry p o t te ry i n t h e se l a te s t s u rv iv ing l e ve ls a ppea r s t o i n d ica te t h a t t h e l a te R oman o ccupa t ion w a s v e ry l o ca l ised a nd c ea sed c omp le te ly b y c . A .D . 3 60 . T he a l te rna t ive

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p o s s ib i l i ty i st h a t t h e l a te s t l e ve ls h ave b een c omp le te ly d e s t royed b y p o s t -Roman c u l t iva t ion , b u t w h i le c l ea r ly t h e e r o s ion o f s uch d epo s i t s w ou ld b e e xpec ted t o h ave b een g r ea te rt h an t h a to fe a r l ie r o ne s , i ts e em s i mp robab le t h a t t h e d e s t ruc t ion s hou ld h ave b een s ou n if o rm . 4 .P o s t -Roman Wi lco te T he a r chaeo log ica l e v idence f r om t h e c ur ren t e xcava t ion s i n d ica te st h a tt h e R oman -B r i t ish s e t t lemen t w a s c ons ide rab ly i nd ec l ine a f t e r c .A .D .360 , a nd p rov ide s n o s uppo r t f o r a ny s u rv iva l i n to t h e p o s t -Roman p e r iod . T he c u l t iva ted a r ea e x tend ing f r om t h e e xcava t ions t ot h e p ond n ea r S P370 156 h a s p roduced n o c o ins s of a r a st h e w r i te r i sa wa re . As i lve r c o in o f A n ton ia i ss a id t o h ave b een f o und n ea r t h e p ond . I d en t if iab ly f our th -cen tu ry p o t te ry s u ch a s t h e o mn ip r e sen t r ed c o lou r -coa ted O xf o rd p roduc t o ccu r s v e ry r a re ly i nt h is a r ea , t h ough i tw a s f ound n ea r a nd i nt h e p ond . l ts e em s l i ke ly t h a t f our th -cen tu ry o ccupa t ion w a s v e ry l i m i ted i nt h e e a s te rn h a lf o ft h es e t t lemen ta r ea . T he s i tua t ion i nt h e w e s te rn h a lf i sl e s s c l ea r , b ecau se t h e a r ea i su nde r g ra s s o r b u r ied b enea th t h e m ode rn v i l lage o f R amsden . F i nd s o ff our th -cen tury c o ins f r om g a rden s a l ong t h e l i ne o fA keman S t ree t ( no t s e en b y t h e a u tho r ) i n d ica te t h a t t h e R oman s e t t lemen t e x tended a tl e a s t 8 0m t ot h e w e s t o ft h e m ode rn c r o ss road s i nt h e c en t re o ft h e v i l lage . ' T he f i f th -cen tury , p o s t -Roman a nd e a r ly S axon a r cha eo logy o ft h e W i lco te a r ea p o se c omp lex p r ob lems , a s m igh tb e

e xpec ted , b u t e v idence i sn o t e n t i r e ly l a ck ing . T he e v idence f o r f i f th -cen tury o ccupa t ion w i th G e rman ic a nd m i l i ta ry c onnec t ions o n t h e S hakenoak v i l la s i te h a s b een d i scu s sed e l sewhe re ( Hawke s 1 968 , 1 971 , 1 986 ; V ie rck 1 972 ) . M r s H awke s h a s w r i t ten : ' The e a r l ie s t S axons o fw hom w e k now i nt h e O xf o rd r e g ion w e re l i v ing , d u r ing t h e f i r s t d ecade s o f t h e f i f th c en tu ry , i nt h e R oman v i l la a tS hakenoak . . . ' , l e s s t h an 2 km f r om t h e W i lco te r oad s ide s e t t lemen t . L a te r S axon o ccupa t ion i nt h e s even th c en tu ry i sa t te s ted b y m any f i nd s a t S hakenoak ( Shakenoak H I ) , a nd t h e e xcava t ions t h e re p roduced t h ree c o in s o ft h e f i r s t h a lf o ft h e e i gh th c en tury , b u tn o th ing l a te r . T he s i gn if i cance o f t wo S axon c ha r te r s , BCS 1 230 ( A .D . 9 69 ) a nd KCD 7 75 ( A .D . 1 044 ) , h a s b een d i scus sed e l sewhe re ( Ge l l ing 1 967 , A ppend ix I ) , i nc onnec t ion w i th t h e p l ace -name w i cham . T h is l o s t s e t t lemen t w ou ld s e em t o h ave l a in c l o se t o , a nd s ou th o f , A keman S t ree t , p e rhap s s omewhe re w i th in t h e t r iang le f o rmed b y t h e p r e sen t e xcava t ion s , t h e m ed ieva l v i l lage o f W i lco te , a nd t h e S hakenoak v i l la ( i dem , m ap , F ig . 1 7 ) . T he d e se r ted m ed ieva l v i l lage s i te c . 350m s ou th -ea s t o ft h e e a s te rn e nd o ft h e R oman s e t t lemen t h a s n o t b een e xcava ted . T he ? l2 th 13 th c en tu ry m ed ieva l p o t te ry f r om t h e p ond n ea r S P370 156 a nd ? Il t h 12 th c en tu ry p o t te ry f r om t h e t r ia l s e c t ion d ug i nF i e ld 2 169 , n or th -we s t o ft h e m ode rn c r o s s r o ad s a nd n o r th o f t h e Mano r H ouse , a r e d i scu s sed b e low . Mo re e xcava t ions a r e p l anned i nt h i s a r ea .

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i sn o t t o s ugge s t t h a t t h e R oman s e t t lemen t o f t h e U ppe r T hame s V a l ley i sf u l ly u nde r s tood ( t h i s i sv e ry f a r f r om b e ing t h e c a se ) , n o r t o d eny t h a t t h e re a r e v e ry s i gn if i can t d i f f e rence s b e tween t h e a r chaeo logy o f t h e C o t swo ld a nd V a l ley z one s ; b u t t h e i mba lance s i n o ur p r e sen t e v idence n eed t o b e k ep t f i rm ly i n m ind w hen d i scu s s ing t h e t wo z one s s i de b ys i de .

A v e ry b r ief s u rvey o ft h e a r chaeo logy o f t h e s u r round ing a r ea w as g i ven i n W i lco te I( Hand s 1 993 , 3 5 ) . T he p re sen t s umma ry i si n tended t op rov ide am o r e e x tens ive r e v iew o f t h e r e g iona l a r chaeo log ica l s e t t ing o fW i lco te , p a r t icu la r ly i n t h e l i gh t o fm o s tr e cen tw o rk . T he f o ca l a r ea o ft h i s s umma ry i ss omewha ta r b i t ra r i ly d ef ined a st h a tc ove red b y F igu re 2o f W i l co te I ( i b id , 2 ) , b u tt h e s cope h a s b een e xpanded t od raw o n d a ta f r om as l igh t ly w ide r a r ea , p a r t icu la r ly t ot h e s ou th , w i th o cca s iona l r e f e rence t o m o re d i s tan t s i te s w he re t h i s s e ems a pp rop r ia te . W i th in t h e s c ope o f t h i s s u rvey i ti s n e i the r p o s s ib le n o r d e s i rab le t o l i s t l e t a l one d i scu s s s i te s i n d iv idua l ly , e xcep t f o r af ew c a tego r ie s o f s i te t ype s . I n s tead , ab r oade ra pp roach t os e lec ted t o p ic s w h ich s e em t o b e o fr e levance t oc ur r en t u nde r s tand ing o ft h e a r ea h a s b een f o l lowed . T h is r a nge o f t op ic s i s n o t c l a imed t o b e c omp rehen s ive .

O ne e ncou rag ing t r end i nr e d re s s ing t h e i mba lance o f d a ta a nd s t udy i nt h e t wo z one s i st h e r e cen t r ek ind l ing o fi n te re s t i nt h e u p land s o fn o r th O xf o rd sh i re f r om t h e p o in t o fv i ew o f a e r ia l p ho tog raphy . T h i s i si nn o s ma l l p ar t ar e su l t o ft h e U S A i r F o rce w i thd rawa l f r om U ppe r H eyf o rd , w i th t h e c onsequence t h a t s i gn if ican t a moun t s o f a i r s pace a r e o nce m o re a va i lab le t o c i v i l a v ia to r s ( Fea the r s tone e t a l 1 995 , 9 81) . T he i mpo r tance o ft h i s f o r t h e e a s te rn p a r t o fo u r a r ea , i np a r t icu la r , i sc on s ide rab le , t h ough i ti sp e rhap s mo re t h e c a se f o rt h e I r on A ge t h an f o rt h e R oman p e r iod . I r on A ge B ackground

T he r e g ion s u r round ing t h e R oman r o ad s ide s e t t lemen t o f W i lco te p r e sen t s an umbe r o f c on t ra s t s , i n t o pog raphy , s e t t lemen t t y pe a nd p a t te rn a nd n o t l e a s t i nt h e e x ten t a nd n a tu re o fs t udy b y a r chaeo log i s t s . Wh i le f i rm ly p l aced o n t h e d i p s l ope o ft h e C o t swo ld s , W i lco te i sn eve r the le s s b a re ly 1 0 km d i s tan t f r om t h e r i ve r T hame s , a t E yn sham t o t h e s ou th -ea s t . T he ref o re , a l though t h e i mmed ia te s e t t ing i so f C o t swo ld c ha rac te r , w i th in t h e b r oade r r e g ion t h e U ppe r T hame s V a l ley z one w i th i t s a ppa ren t ly v e ry d i f f e ren t t y pe s o fs e t t lemen t i sa l so o fs i gn if icance , t h ough t h e m echan i sms w he r eby t h e U p land a nd V a l ley z one s a r t icu la ted w i th e ach o t he r i nt h e R oman p e r iod r ema in t ob ed e te rm ined .

S ome i mp r e s s ion o f I r on A ge s e t t lemen t i n t h e r e g ion i s e s sen t ia l t ot h e u nde r s tand ing o fd eve lopmen t s i nt h e R oman p e r iod . T he f i r s t c omp r ehens ive r e v iew , b y H a rd ing ( 1972 ) , i s n ow o u tda ted i n a n umbe r o f s i gn if ican t r e spec t s , i n c lud ing u nde r s tand ing o ft h e e x ten t a nd c omp lex i ty o fI r on A ge s e t t lemen t i nt h e v a l ley z one . A l though k nown i np a r t f o rm any y ea r s , t h o se a spec t s w h ich w e re d e tec tab le f r om t h e a i r w e re f i r s t r epo r ted s y s tema t ica l ly b y B en son a nd M i le s ( 1974 ) . S i nce t h en , m uch n ew d a ta h a s b een a dded f r om c on t inued a e r ia l r e conna i s sance a nd a l so f r om e xcava t ion . S yn the se s o f t h e c u r r en t p o s i t ion w e re p r e sen ted s eve ra l t ime s i nt h e m id 1 980 s ( e g H ing ley a nd M i le s 1 984 ; M i le s 1 986a ) b u t t h e re h a s b een n o o ve ra l l s umma ry s i nce t h en , a l though s ome v e ry i mpo r tan t a spec t s h ave b een d i scus sed b y L amb r ick ( 1992a ) . T he t h rus t o f t h i s w o rk h a s b een t o e mpha s ise t h e d i ve r s i ty o f I r on A ge s e t t lemen t f o rms , b u t a l so t oc ons ide r t h e w ay i nw h ich c on t ra s t ing s i te s n o t o n ly i n teg ra ted w i th e a ch o t he r b u t a l so w i th a v a r ie ty o f c omp lemen ta ry e nv i ronmen ta l n i che s . B y t h e m idd le I r on A ge t h e r e w a s s p ec ia l ised e xp lo i ta t ion o f mo s t o f t h e p o ten t ia l r e sou r ce s o ft h e r i ve r v a l ley , f r om t h e f l oodp la in t o t h e h i ghe rg r ave l t e r race s . Mo s t o ft h e w e l l -known e xcava ted s i t e s l i e a ts ome d i s tance f r om W i lco te . T he n ea re s t i sa n a ppa ren t ly t y p ica l , u nenc lo sed m idd le I r on A ge s e t t lemen t , r e cen t ly e xam ined a t W i tney , s ome 6 k m s ou th -we s t o f W i lco te ( Wa lke r 1 996 ) .

I t i s a c ommonp lace ( e g M i le s 1 9 86a , 4 9 ) t h a t t h e a r chaeo log ica l s i gn if icance o f t h e g eo log ica l d i f f e rence s b e tween t h e U p land s a nd t h e V a l ley e x tend s f a r b eyond m e re t o pog raphy . T he c ha rac te ro ft h e V a l ley g r ave ls r e nde r s t h e i r a nc ien t s e t t lemen t n o t o n ly l i ab le t o d e tec t ion f r om t h e a i r b u t a l so t o l a rge -sca le d e s t ruc t ion i nt h e c ou r se o f m ine ra l e x t rac t ion , w i th c oncom i tan t e xcava t ion . T hus n o t o n ly i s t h e re e v idence w h ich c an b e u sed t oa dd re s s b road q ue s t ion s o fs e t t lemen t p a t te rn a nd d en s i ty , b u t i n an umbe r o fp l ace s t h e w ide r p i c tu re i ss upp lemen ted b y s i gn if ican t d e ta i l o n i n d iv idua ls e t t lemen t s , s ome t ime s f r om w o rk c a r r ied o u t o n a c ons ide rab le s c a le . I n c on t ra s t t h e t e r r i to ry n o r th o f t h e v a l ley h a s f ew m a jo r m ode rn s e t t lemen t s , a nd w h i le a r chaeo log ica l t h rea t s f r om d eve lopmen t c e r ta in ly e x is t t h e se a r e g ene ra l ly o n as ma l le r s c a le t h an i nt h e v a l ley . A lso , b ecause t h ep e rce ived I r on A ge a nd R oman s e t t lemen t p a t te rn h e re i sm o r e d i sc r e te , al owe r p ropor t ion o ft h e d eve lopmen t w h ich d oe s o ccu r i sl i ke ly t o i mpac t o n a nc ien t s i te s . A r e la t ive d ea r th o f s y s tema t ic s u rvey h a s h e lped t o r e inf o rce t h is i mp re s s ion , s o t h a t t h e ' d if f e ren tne s s ' o f t h e R oman a r cha eo logy o f t h e C o t swo ld z one i si nd ange ro fb ecom ing as e lf -f u lf i l l ing p rophecy . T h is

I n t h e v a l ley z one t h e l a te r I r on A ge i sc ha rac te r i sed b y c hange s i nc e ram ic s a nd b y s ome d i s loca t ion o f s e t t lemen t l o ca t ion ( c f L amb r ick 1 992a , 8 2 ) , a nd a l so i n p a r t b y s i gn if ican t d eve lopmen t s i ns e t t lemen t mo rpho logy , w i th t h e i n c rea s ing a ppea rance o fe nc lo sed s e t t lemen t e l emen t s a tt h is t i me . T he a r chaeo logy o f t h is p e r iod i s n o t w i thou t i t s p rob lems , h oweve r , p a r t icu la r ly w i th r e ga rd t o e v idence f o r

*O xf o rd A r chaeo log ica l U n i t

9

d ome s t ic s t ruc tu re s , w h ich i s v e ry s c a rce a t t h i s t ime , p e rhap s a s ar e su l t o f ac hange s i n b u i ld ing t r ad i t ion s t o f a vour a bove -g round t e chn ique s s u ch a sm a s s w a l l ing ( A l len e ta l1 984 , 9 4 a nd 1 00 ) .

e xamp le i nt h e m o s t r e cen t r e v iew b y C ope land ( 1989 , 2 87 ) . P o s s ib le ' h i s to r ica l ' s c ena r io s h ave b een s ugge s ted f o r t h e c ons t ruc t ion o f b o th t h e C a s s ing ton B ig E nc lo su r e a nd G r im ' s D i tch , i n c lud ing b o th p r e -conque s t a nd c onque s t p e r iod c on tex t s ( e g H a rd ing 1 972 , 1 29 130 ; C a se 1 982 , 1 36 1 37 ) , b u t t h e se a s sume as t r ic t ly d ef en s ive f unc t ion f o r b o th s i te s , w h ich m ay n o tb ee n t i re ly a pp rop r ia t e .

Meanwh i le , s t udy o f t h e h i ghe r g round t o t h e n o r th h ad l a gged b eh ind , e xcep t f o r t h e w o rk o f H ing ley ( 1983 ) . T he s e t t lemen t p a t te rn o f t h i s z one w a s s e en b y H ing ley a s s i gn if ican t ly d i f f e ren t f r om t h a t o ft h e v a l ley . I ti n c luded a f ew h i l lf or t s , b u t e nc lo sed s i te s , o f t en o f ' b an jo ' f o rm , w e re r ega rded a st yp ica l o ft h e m idd le I r on A ge . T h is c on t ra s t w a s u sed b y H ing ley t os ugge s t amode l o ft wo d i s t inc t f o rm s o f I r on A ge s oc ie ty b a sed o n m a rked ly d i f f e ren t mode s o f a g r icu l tu ra l p roduc t ion ( H ing ley 1 984 ) . T he e v idence f o r a n i d en t if iab le l a te I r on A ge p ha se w a s m uch l e s s c l ea r t h an i n t h e v a l ley , b u t t h i s m ay h ave b een b ecau se o f al a ck o f e xcava ted d a ta - f o r e xamp le n one o f t h e u p land s b an jo e nc lo su re s h ave b een e xam ined t o s e e i ft h ey c on t inued i n u se t h rough t h e l a te I r on A ge . A s h a s s i nce b een p o in ted o u t ( Lamb r ick 1 992a , 9 4 ) , H ing ley ' s m ode l o f s o c ia l r e la t ion sh ip s b a sed l a rge ly o n s e t t lemen t f o rm w a s o ve r ly s imp l is t ic . I n t h e m idd le I r on A ge , a t l e a s t , n on -h i l lf o r t s e t t lemen t s o f o t he r t h an b an jo f o rm w e re p r e sen t o n t h e h ighe rg round , f o re xamp le a tR o l l r igh t ( Lamb r ick 1 988 , 8 2 8 4 ) , a nd u nenc lo sed s e t t lemen t s m igh t a l so h ave e x is ted , u nde r rep re sen ted o w ing t o al a ck o f f i e ldwo rk a nd t h e i r r e la t ive i n v i s ib i l i ty f r om t h e a i r . Ar e cen t ly s amp led s i te a t G lymp ton , c ha ra c te r ised b y p i t s , m ay b e o f s u ch a t y pe ( Ha rdy f o r thcom ing ) .

T he s ub sequen t c oncen t ra t ion o f R oman v i l la s w i th in t h i s a r ea h a s b een c ommen ted u pon a n umbe r o f t i me s ( e g H ing ley 1 989 , 1 07 -8 ) w i th t h e i mp l ica t ion t h a t t h e re w a s s ome c onnec t ion b e tween t h e se t wo p henomena ( c f C ope land 1 989 , 2 88 ) a nd i sd i scus sed f u r the r b e low . T he l o ca t ion o f W i lco te i t s e lf t owa rds t h e w e s te rn e dge o f t h e t r ac t o f t e r r i to ry d ef ined b y t h e N o r th O xf o rdsh i re G r im ' s ' D i tch c omp lex s hou ld b e n o ted . T he i n i t ia l s i t ing o fW i lco te m ay h ave b een c ond i t ioned b y f a c to r s r e la t ing t o t h e p r e R oman i mpo r tance o ft h is a r ea . T he R oman M i l i tary P hase E v idence o f R oman m i l i ta ry a c t iv i ty i n O xf o rd sh i r e i s r e la t ive ly l i m i ted b u t g radua l ly i n c r ea s ing . U n t i l q u i te r e cen t ly t h e o n ly c er ta in ly k nown f o r t s i t e w a s a tD o r che s te r o n T hame s , a nd t h e re w e re h i n t s o f am i l i ta ry p r e sence a t A lche s te r . R ecen t e v idence c ome s f r om s i t e s a l ong t h e l i ne o f A keman S t r ee t , p r e sumab ly a r o u te o f e a r ly R oman s t ra teg ic o r ig in . A lche s te r h a s b een r e ga rded o n ap r ior i l o ca t iona l g r ound s a s al i ke ly s i t e f o r a n e a r ly m i l i ta ry f o cus (Web s te r 1 980 , 1 46 ) . H e re s u cce s s ive e nc lo su re s k nown f r om t h e a i r s ou th e a s to ft h e w a l led t own m ay b e o fm i l i ta ry o r ig in . T he l a rge r , m o rpho log ica l ly at y p ica l l a rge t empo ra ry c amp ( t he n o r th w e s te rn s i de i sn o t t r aceab le o n t h e a e r ia l p ho tog raph s ) , m ay b e t h e e a r l ie r , f o l lowed b y aw e l l -def ined e nc lo su re c1 60 m x1 20 m , a pp roached f r om t h e n o r th -wes t b y ag r ave l led t r ack d ef ined b y d i tche s . T he c ha rac te r o f t h is e nc lo su r e i s n o t o bv ious ly m i l i ta ry , b u t i t s s ou th -ea s te rn s i de u s e s t h e s ame l i ne a s t h a t o f t h e l a rge r e nc lo su r e , w h ich i tc l ea r ly r e spec t s . L im i ted t r ench ing o fb o th e nc lo sur e s b y t h e O xf o rd U n ive r s i ty A rchaeo log ica l S oc ie ty i n 1 996 s howed t h a t t h e s ma l le r w a s p robab ly t ob e d a ted t ot h e e a r ly R oman p e r iod w h i le t h e l a rge r p roduced n o d a t ing m a te r ia l . T he v e ry l ow v o lume o ff i nd s w ou ld b e c ons is ten t w i th s hor t t e rm R oman m i l i ta ry u s e , t h ough t h is i n te rp r e ta t ion c anno t y e t b e r e ga rded a s c onc lus ive . S u rf ace f i nd s f r om t h e v i c in i ty i n c lude af ew l a t e R epub l ican a nd e a r ly i mpe r ia l c o in s a nd a f r agmen to f am i l i ta ry a p ron moun t( Saue rp e r s c omm ) .

As i gn if ican td eve lopmen t i nt h e a r chaeo logy o ft h e r e g ion i n t h e l a te I r on A ge w a s m a rked b y t h e a ppea rance o fp o ten t ia l o pp ida . Ma jo r d ef ended s i t e s a r e k nown a tr i ve r c on f luence l o ca t ions a t D o rche s te r o n T hame s , A b ingdon a nd C a s s ing ton , t h ough t h e r a nge o f f u nc t ion s o f t h e se s i t e s i n t h is p e r iod r ema ins t ob e c l a r if ied . C a s s ing ton B ig E nc lo su re , as i ng le l a rge r o ugh ly c i r cu la r d i tched e nc lo su re o f c5 h a , l i e s w i th in o u r a r ea c l o se t ot h e c onf luence o ft h e E ven lode w i th t h e T hame s . U nf o r tuna te ly , r e la t ive ly l i t t le d e ta i led e v idence w a s r e cove red f r om t h e i n te r io ro ft h e s i te b ef o re i t s d e s t ruc t ion b y g rave l q ua r ry ing ( Ca se 1 982 , 1 34 135 ) . Wh i le u ndoub ted ly o ccup ied i ns ome f o rm i nt h e l a te I r on A ge a nd f o r m uch o f t h e R oman p e r iod , p r e sen t e v idence i s i n adequa te t oc ha rac te r ise t h is o ccupa t ion a nd t h e g roup ing o ft h is s i te w i th D o r che s te ra nd A b ingdon i sb a sed l a rge ly o n i t sc ompa rab le s e t t ing . No r th o f t h e T hame s am uch m o re e x tens ive s y s tem o f e a r thwo rk s , t h e N o r th O xf o rd sh i re G r im ' s D i tch , i sp robab ly a l so o fl a te I r on A ge d a te a nd i so fp a r t icu la r s i gn if icance a s t h e s i te o f W i lco te l i e s w i th in i t s c i r cu i t . I n c ha rac te r i ti s d i s s im i la r t o D o r che s te r , A b ingdon a nd C a s s ing ton , b e ing mo re l i ke s ome o f t h e m a jo r o pp ida o f s ou th -ea s t E ng land ( a nd t h e r e la t ive ly c l o se c omp lex a t B agendon , n o r th o f C i rence s te r ) , c ons is t ing o f d i scon t inuou s b ank s a nd d i tche s w h ich d o n o t ( on p r e sen t e v idence ) e nc lo se a n o bv ious s e t t lemen t f o cus . L a te I r on A ge s e t t lemen t w a s c e r ta in ly p r e sen t i nt h e a r ea , h oweve r , a s ' Be lg ic t y pe ' p o t te ry o ft h a t d a te h a s b een f ound s e a led b y a nd i n co rpo ra ted w i th in t h e b ank s o ft h e G r ims D i tch n ea r D i tch ley ( Ha rden 1 9 37 , 8 0 ) , n ea r N o r th L odge , B lenhe im P a rk ( i b id . 8 2 -83 ) a nd a t C a l low H i l l ( Thoma s 1 9 58 , 3 2 -34 ) . T he e xac t d a te a nd s i gn if icance o ft h e se e a r thwo rk s r ema in s ub jec t s f o r d eba te , a l though a l a te I r on A ge d a te i sg ene ra l ly a c cep ted , f o r

M i l i ta ry a r t ef ac t s h ave b een r e cove r ed f r om a n umbe r o f o t he r l o ca t ions i n a nd a r ound A lche s te r . T he se i n c lude a b a ld r ic l o op ( Web s te r 1 974 ) a nd a f i ne h o r se p endan t b o th f r om s ou th o f t h e t own , a nd a h a rne s s c l ip ( I l if f e 1 9 32 , p l x v i i i N o 8 ) a nd a f r agmen t o f s c a le a rmou r f r om l o ca t ion s c l o se t o t h e n o r th w a l l . E xcava t ion s b y t h e O xf o rd A rchaeo log ica l U n i t i nt h e n o r the rn s ubu rb s o f A lche s te r i n 1 99 1 , a d ja cen t t o t h e l i ne o f A keman S t ree t , p roduced a f u r the r h a lf d ozen f r agmen t s o fm i l i ta ry m e ta lwo rk . Mo s t o f t h e se , h oweve r , w e re o f 2 nd -3rd c en tu ry d a te a nd d o n o t i n d ica te a n e a r ly m i l i ta ry p r e sence . C umu la t ive ly , t h e e v idence s ugge s t s t h a t A lche s te r c ou ld h ave s e en s e ve ra l p ha se s o fR oman m i l i ta ry a c t iv i ty , b u t t h e m a te r ia l i sn e i the r s uff ic ien t i nq uan t i ty n o r c oncen t ra ted e nough i nl o ca t ion t o 1 0

i n d ica te c onc lus ive ly t h a tt h i sw a st h ec a se .

d a te . T he c on t inua t ion o ft h e l a t te r s ou th o fA keman S t ree t m ay h ave r u n t o O xf o rd w he re i tc r o s sed t h e T hame s ( a l te rna t ive l o ca t ion s f o r t h is c ro s s ing a r e p ropo sed b y v a r ious s cho la r s )b ef o re e ven tua l ly l i nk ing w i th t h e s t re tch o f r o ad w h ich r u ns t h rough F r i lf o rd t owa rd s Wan tage . We s t o f t h i s l i ne n o o t he rm a jo r n o r th sou th r oad s a r e k nown , t hough m any t r ackway s a ppea r o n a e r ia l p ho tog raphs o ft h e v a l ley s e t t lemen t s . P e rhap s o f g r ea te r s i gn if icance i st h e r ough ly n o r th -ea s t — s ou th -we s t a l igned r oad w h ich c r o s se s t h e W ind rush b e low W i tney a tG i l l M i l l , D uck l ing ton , w he re i t a ppea r s t o f o rm t h e a x i s o f al a rge s e t t lemen t ( s ee b e low ) . E l sewhe re , s ho r t l e ng ths o f r o ad a r e k nown c onnec t ing t o A keman S t r ee t , o ne o fw h ich , f o r e xamp le , f o rms p ar t o f a s equence o fp a r ish b ounda r ie s o ve r al e ng th o f s ome 3 k m s ou th -we s t o f R am sden , b u t i t s s i gn if icance i s o t he rw i se u nknown .

F ur the r w e s t a l ong A keman S t r ee t e a r ly m i l i ta ry a c t iv i ty a t W i lco te i t s e lf i sh i n ted a tb y s ome c omponen t s o ft h e p o t te ry a s semb lage ( eg t h e p r e sence o f C laud ian s am ian w a re a nd s i gn if ican t q uan t i t ie s o f a mpho rae i n e a r ly c on tex t s ) a nd p e rhap sb yf r agmen t so fN iede rmend ig l a va q ue rns ( s ee p .7 7 b e low ) b u t n o t , a s y e t , b y o t he r a spec t s o f t h e s i te . A t A s tha l l , c9 k m t o t h e s ou th -we s t a l ong A keman S t ree t , h oweve r , t h e s i tua t ion i sl e s s e qu ivoca l . A s a tA lche s te rb o th a e r ia l a nd a r tef ac t ua l e v idence a r e p r e sen t . I n 1 994 a e r ia l p ho tog raphy r e vea led as ma l l R oman c amp c0 . 5 k m s ou th w e s t o ft h e R oman s e t t lemen t , l y ing i mmed ia te ly s ou th -ea s t o f A keman S t ree t a nd a l igned u pon i t( We lf a re a nd S wan 1 995 , 1 8 1) . Meanwh i le e xcava t ion w i th in t h e s e t t lemen t i n 1 992 p roduced o ne p o s s ib le a nd t wo c e r ta in p i ece s o f m i l i ta ry e qu ipmen t , i n c lud ing a g l ad iu s h and le ( Boo th f o r thcom ing a ) . T he r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e t wo t y pe s o f e v idence i su ncer ta in a t p r e sen t , b u t s ome s o r t o f m i l i ta ry p r e sence i ss ugge s ted .

T he R ive rT hame s i sl i ke ly t oh ave b een o fs ome i mpo r tance f o r t r an spo r t o ft h e p roduc t s o ft h e O xf o rd p o t te ry i n du s t ry , i n te r a l ia , d owns t ream o f O xf o rd . A bove O xf o rd i t s s i gn if icance f o r c ommun ica t ion i n t h e R oman p e r iod i s u nce r ta in . E ven m o re s o , t h e ref o re , i st h a t o ft h e t r ibu ta r ie s o ft h e T hame s w h ich d i s sec tt h e C o t swo ld d i p s l ope . T he f a c t t h a t t h e p o in t s w he re t h e se r i ve r s a r e c r o s sed b y A keman S t ree t t e nded t o a t t rac t m a jo r s e t t lemen t d oe s n o t i n i t se lf i n d ica te t h a tt h ey t h emse lve s h ad at r anspor tf unc t ion , t h ough t h e i rv a l ley s p r e sumab ly f a c i l i ta ted c ommun ica t ion a tl e a s ta t al o ca l l e ve l .

R ecen t w o rk t h e ref o re t e nd s t oe mpha s i se t h e i mpor tance o f t h e a x i s o f A keman S t ree t f o r m i l i ta ry a c t iv i ty . W i th t h e e xcep t ion o f t h e a r tef a c t s f r om t h e n o r the rn s ubu rb s o f A lche s te r t h e e v idence i s , a s w ou ld b e e xpec ted , c on s i s ten t w i th a n e a r ly d a te . E qua l ly , a n e a r ly d a te f o r t h e l i ne i fn o t t h e c on s t ruc t ion o fA keman S t ree t i t s e lf s e ems a s su red o n t h e b a s is t h a t t h i s w a s c l ea r ly e s tab l ished b ef o re t h e s ma l l c amp a tA s tha l l ,w h ich r e spec t s i t sa l ignmen t .

Ma jor s e t t lemen t s I nt h e T hame s v a l ley i t se lf R oman m i l i ta ry i n vo lvemen t m ay h ave b een o n as ma l le r s c a le , b u t n one the le s s d i rec t . A t C laydon P i ke , F a i rf o rd , a spec t s o ft h e s i t e l a you t , s t ruc tu r e s a nd a r t ef ac tua l r e co rd a l c omb ine t o s ugge s t m i l i ta ry i n vo lvemen t i nt h e 2 nd c en tu ry , p e rhap s i nc onnec t ion w i th o rgan isa t ion o fs upp l ie s( c fM i le s 1 989 , 7 2 ; M i le s 1 984 , 1 97 2 03 ) . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e e v idence f o r 2 nd -3rd c en tu ry m i l i ta ry e qu ipmen tf r om A lche s te ri n d ica te s as im i la r i n te re s t i na g r icu l tu ra l p roduc t ion t h e r e , s i nce t h e f r agmen t s a ppea r t o b e t o o n ume rous t o i n d ica te ' c a sua l ' l o s s , t h ough t h e s i gn if icance o fs uch f i nds i ss t i l l d eba ted ( c fe g B lack 1 994 , 1 07 109 ; E ddy 1 995 w i th B i shop a nd C ou ls ton 1 993 , 3-37 ) .

A l l t h e m a jo r n uc lea ted s e t t lemen t s i nt h e r e g ion l i e o n t h e m a in r oad n e two rk , t h e p r inc ipa l o ne s b e ing t h o se o n A keman S t r ee t i t s e lf . B eyond t h e w e s te rn l i m i t o ft h e a r ea i s C i rence s te r , t h e c i v i ta s c ap i ta l o f t h e D obunn i , i n w ho se t e r r i to ry W i lco te l a y . A t t h e e a s te rn m a rg in o f t h e a r ea A lche s te r , a tt h e i mpo r tan tj unc t ion o fA keman S t ree ta nd t h e S i lche s te r -Towce s te r r o ad , l a y m idway b e tween C irence s te r a nd V e ru lam ium a nd p e rhap s r ough ly a t t h e b ounda ry b e tween D obunn ic a nd C a tuve l laun ian t e r r i to ry -t h e l a t te r i s o f ten t a ken t ob e a bou t a tt h e l i ne o ft h e C he rwe l l n or th o f O xf o rd . E v idence f o r A lche s te r h a s b een s umma r ised a n umbe r o f t i me s ( e g R ow ley 1 975 ) , m os t r e cen t ly b y B u rnham a nd Wache r ( 1990 , 9 7 103 ) , t h ough e xcava t ion b ef o re 1 99 1 w a s s po rad ic a nd o n as ma l l s c a le . P o s s ib le m i l i ta ry a c t iv i ty a t A lche s te r h a s a l ready b een m en t ioned . T he f o cu s o ft h e c i v i l ian t own d eve loped s ou th o ft h e l i ne o f A keman S t ree t i t s e lf , a s t r ide t h e n o r th sou th r o ad . T h is a r ea w a s d ef ended b y ar ampa r t a nd c on tempo ra ry w a l l s ome t ime i nt h e l a te r 2 nd c en tu ry ( Young 1 975 , 1 50 ) , e nc lo s ing c 1 0 .5 h a , m ak ing t h is o ne o ft h e l a rge r a nd m o s t r e gu la re nc lo su r e s o fR oman ' sma l l t owns ' i nB r i ta in . T he c en t re o ft h e i n te r io r w a s d ense ly b u i l t u p w i th s t one s t ruc tur e s ( e g F o s te r 1 989 ) , b u tt h ee v idence i sl e s s c l ea rf o rt h e a r ea s i mmed ia te ly w i th in t h e d ef ence s . Ar e gu la r l a you t o f p rope r ty u n i t s b o th s ou th a nd n o r th o ft h e t own i si n d ica ted b y a e r ia l p ho tog raphs a nd b y e xcava ted e v idence r e cove red i n 1 99 1 i nt h e a r ea n o r th w e s t o f t h e j unc t ion o f A keman S t ree t a nd t h e T owce s te r r o ad . H e re , t h r iv ing s ub -u rban s e t t lemen t , p r inc ipa l ly a g r icu l tu ra l i n e mpha s is , d eve loped f r om t h e m id 3 rd c en tury , t h ough o ccupa t ion o n t h e A keman S t ree t f r on tage i t s e lf w a s p robab ly e a r l ie r i no r ig in .

C ommun ica t ions D a t ing o ft h e r o ad n e two rk i nt h e r e g ion a pa r t f r om A keman S t ree t i sg ene ra l ly l a ck ing , a nd i n deed e v idence f o r i mpo r tan t r o ad s i nt h e r e g ion i sg ene ra l ly s c a r ce . I nt h e e a s te rn p a r t t h e p r inc ipa l n or th sou th a x is w a s f r om S i lche s te r t oT owce s te r v i a D o r che s te ro n T hame s a nd -A lche s te r . S ou th o fA lche s te r a n e a r ly v e r s ion o ft h is r ou te m ay h ave s k ir ted t h e w e s te rn s i de o f O tmoo r ( Chee tham 1 996 , 4 22 -425 ) , b u t t h e l i ne a c ro s s O tmoo r w a s i np o s i t ion b y t h e e nd o ft h e I s t c en tu ry AD ( Chambe r s 1 987 ) . N o r th -we s t o fA lche s te r s e ve ra l r o ad l i ne s h ave b een s ugge s ted . O ne o f t h e se r u n s n o r th w e s twa rd s f r om A lche s te r t h rough M idd le ton S toney t oj o in t h e l i ne o fA ye s D i tch , p o s s ib ly o fR oman o r ig in ( Rah tz a nd R ow ley 1 984 , 3 ) , w h ich r u ns r o ugh ly n o r thwa rd s f r om t h e l i ne o f A keman S t ree t n ea r t h e c r o s s ing p o in t w i th t h e C he rwe l l . T he l i ne o fA ye s D i tch b road ly m i r ro r s t h a t o ft h e P o r tway s ome 2 k m t ot h e w e s t . T he l a t te r h ead s d ue n o r th u p t h e C he rwe l l v a l ley t o t h e m a jo r R oman s e t t lemen t a t K ing s S u t ton ,j u s t i nN or thamp tonsh i re . I ti su nc lea r i fb o th A ye s D i tch a nd P or tway a l ignmen t sc an h ave b een o fR oman

N one o f t h e A keman S t ree t s e t t lemen t s w es t o f A lche s te r 1

a n i n te rmed ia te p o s i t ion i nt h e s e t t lemen t h i e ra r chy b e tween t h e p r inc ipa l A keman S t ree t s i te s a nd t h e w ide v a r ie ty o f r u ra l s e t t lemen t t y pe s . H ing ley h a s s ugge s ted t h a t s i te s o f t h i s t y pe m igh t h ave e x is ted i no ur a r ea a tC h ipp ing N o r ton a nd Woodea ton ( H ing ley 1 984 , 8 4 ) , t h ough t h e e v idence , p a r t icu la r ly f o r t h e l a t te r , i sr e la t ive ly s l igh t . L e s s e qu ivoca l i s t h e e v idence , d e r ived f r om e va lua t ion a nd s a lvage r e co rd ing , f r om G i l l M i l l , D uck l ing ton , a bou t 8k m d ue s ou th o fW i lco te a t ac r o s s ing p o in t f o r am ino rr oad o ve rt h e r i ve r W ind rush . H e re t h e re s e ems t o h ave b een e x ten s ive s e t t lemen t b a sed a bou t t h e a x is o f t h e r o ad ( Lamb r ick a nd Wa l l is 1 988 ; B oo th 1 990 ; L amb r ick I 992b , 2 13 -4 ) . T he e xac t s t a tus o f t h is s i te i ss t i l l u nc lea r , b u t a mong s t o t he r f i nd s . h a s p r oduced s t one r e l ief c a rv ing s a nd c ons ide rab le q uan t i t ie s o f m a in ly l a te R oman c o in s a nd p o t te ry . I ti s c l ea r ly d i s t ing t f r om o t he r r u ra l s e t t lemen t s i nt h e v i c in i ty o f t h e T hame s /W ind ru sh c onf luence a nd m igh t h ave h ad al o ca l m a rke t f u nc t ion . I n a dd i t ion t h e o ccu r r ence o f s t one r e l ief f r agmen t s o f ag en iu s a nd aw a r r io rg od ( Hen ig 1 993 , 1 4 15 , 4 1-42 ) i n d ica te s t h e p r e sence o f as h r ine , t h ough t h is m ay h ave b een m e r e ly o ne a spec to f am u l t i -f a ce ted s e t t lemen t .

w a s d ef ended , a nd i n c onven t iona l t e rm ino logy t h ey h ave s ome t ime s b een s e en a s ' r oad s ide s e t t lemen t s ' r a the r t h an ' sma l l t owns ' , t hough t h e d i s t inc t ion i s e s sen t ia l ly m ean ing le s s h e re . A s a l ready i n d ica ted , t h e se s i t e s t e nd t o o ccu r a to rn ea rt h e p o in t s w he re A keman S t r ee t c r o s se s t h e t r ibu ta r ies o f t h e T hame s . N o s uch s i te i sk nown a t t h e C he rwe l l c r o s s ing , b u t c4 k m t ot h e w e s t a tS an som 's P l a t t , c l o se t o t h e c r o s s ing o f t h e G lyme , p a r t o f ab u i ld ing i n terp re ted a s ap robab le v i l la w a s r e co rded i n ap i pe t r ench i n 1 972 i na n a r ea a l ready k nown f o r aw ide d i s t r ibu t ion o f s u rf ace f i nd s ( Chambe r s 1 979 ) . A e r ia l p ho tog raphs t a ken b y RCH M i n 1 996 n ow s how t h a t t h e p r inc ipa l a x is o f t h e s e t t lemen t w a s am ino r r o ad r u nn ing s ou th -we s twa rd s f r om t h e l i ne o fA keman S t ree t , r a the r t h an A keman S t r ee t i t s e lf . B o th f r on tage s o ft h is m ino r r o ad a r e d ense ly b u i l t u p w i th s ub s tan t ia l s t one s t ruc tu re s f o r ad i s tance o fa tl e a s t c2 00 m . C lo se s tt oA keman S t ree t , w i th in aw a l led e nc lo su r e b e tween t h e m ino rr o ad a nd af u r the r l a ne , i s aR omano -Ce l t ic t emp le o f c oncen t r ic c i rcu la r p l an . T he 1 972 b u i ld ing c an n ow b e s e en a s o ne o f t h e s t ruc tu re s o n t h e n o r th -we s t s i de o f t h e m ino rr o ad . I nt o ta l t h e s e t t lemen t m ay h ave c ove red s ome 4 5h a , a lmo s te n t ire ly t ot h es ou th o fA keman S t ree t .

R e l ig ious c en tre s W i lco te i t s e lf l i e s s ome 9k m w e s t o fS ansom ' s P l a t t a nd 1 . 5 k m w e s t o ft h e c r o s s ing o ft h e E ven l o de b y A keman S t ree t . D iscus s ion i s i n app rop r ia te h e re , e xcep t t o o b se rve a p o ten t ia l d i f f e rence i n c ha rac te r b e tween W i lco te a nd i t s n ea re s t p r inc ipa l n e ighbou r s , s ugge s ted b y t h e a ppa ren t a b sence h e re o ft h e s t one -bu i l t s t ruc tu re s c ha rac te r is t ic o fa l t h e o t he rm a jo rA keman S t ree t s e t t lemen t s i nt h e r e g ion . T he e xp lana t ion f o r t h e d i s t inc t ion m ay b e p a r t ly c h rono log ica l , b u tt h is i su n l ike ly t oh ave b een t h e o n ly f a c to r .

T he r e g ion c on ta ins s eve ra l t emp le s mo re o r l e s s c e r ta in ly a s soc ia ted w i th n uc lea ted s e t t lemen t . T he se i n c lude Woodea ton , a l r eady m en t ioned , a nd F r i lf o rd t ot h e s ou th ( f o r as umma ry o f F r i lf o rd s e e B urnham a nd Wache r 1 990 , 1 78 1 8 3 ; t h e c u l t m a te r ia l f r om t h e se a nd o t he r s i te s h a s b een s umma r ised r e cen t ly b y J e an B agna l l S m i th ( 1996 ) ) . I nt h e c a se o ft h e l a t te r( a nd a l so o ft h e f o rme r i fi ti sa ccep ted t h a t i th ad a s i gn if ican t a s soc ia ted s e t t lemen t ) i ti s g ene ra l ly c on s ide r ed t h a t t h e t emp le c omp lex p rov ided t h e p r inc ipa l r a ison d ' e t re f o r t h e a d jacen t s e t t lemen t . H oweve r , i ti s i n c r ea s ing ly c l ea r t h a t , a s w ou ld b e e xpec ted , t emp le s o r s h r ine s w e re r e gu la r c omponen t s o f a ny l a rge s e t t lemen t , w i th c e r ta in o rp robab le e xamp le s a ta l t h e m a jo rs e t t lemen t s d i scu s sed a bove f o r w h ich t h e re i sa dequa te e v idence , w i th t h e e xcep t ion ( s o f a r ) o f W i lco te i t s e lf . I n m any o f t h e se c a se s t h e re i sn o r e a son t o s uppo se t h a t t emp le s t ruc tu re s w e re n ece s sa r i ly p r ima ry f e a tu re s p romp t ing r e la ted s e t t lemen tg row th . E ven t h e f a c t t h a tt h ey m ay h ave b een t h e a r ch i tec tu ra l ly d om inan t s t ruc tu re s i ns ome s e t t lemen t s d oe s n o t n ece s sa r i ly c onf e r p r imacy u pon t h em , a ny m o re t h an i t d oe s f o r t h e a ve rage m ed ieva l p a r ish c hu r ch . T he c oncep t o f ' s pec ia l is t ' r e l ig iou s c en t r e , w h i le u ndoub ted ly a pp rop r ia te i n s ome c a se s ( no t n ece s sa r i ly w i th in o u r a r ea ) , m ay t h e ref o r e b eo fl i m i ted v a lue .

A s tha l l l i e s af u r the r 9k m d i s tan t f r om W i lco te . T he re a s e t t lemen t c ove r ing a tl e a s t 5h a l a y o n t h e s ou th s i de o ft h e r i ve r W ind rush . K nown f o r m any y ea r s f r om s ma l l sca le e xcava t ion a nd s u rf ace f i nds , e xcava t ions i n1 992 i na dvance o f p i pe l ine c ons t ruc t ion r e vea led p a r t s o f an umbe r o f s t ruc ture s f r on t ing A keman S t ree t a sw e l l a sa n i r on sm i th ing e s tab l ishmen t a nd a s ma l l c eme te ry a t t h e s ou th -ea s te rn m a rg in o ft h e s e t t lemen t s ome 1 50 m d i s tan t f r om t h e l i ne o f t h e r o ad ( Boo th f o r thcom ing a ) . T h is w o rk a l so p r omp ted a s umma ry r e cons ide ra t ion o f e x is t ing e v idence f o r t h e s e t t lemen t . I n c on t ra s t t o t h e s i tua t ion a t S an som 's P l a t t , A keman S t ree t s e ems t o h ave f o rmed t h e m a in a x is o f t h e s e t t lemen t . S imp le s t ree t s r a n f r om b o th s i de s o f A keman S t ree t , b u t t wo o f t h o se o n t h e s ou th s i de a ppea r t o h ave f o rmed p a r t o f am o re d eve loped s y s tem o f m ino r r o ads , f o rm ing a l o op t h rough t h e s ou the rn p a r t o f t h e s e t t lemen t . T he m a jo r i ty o ft h e s t ruc tu re s i d en t if ied i ne xcava t ion a nd o n a e r ia l p ho tog raphs s e em t o f r on t t h e r o ad s , p a r t icu la r ly A keman S t ree t , a nd m any a r e b road ly o f' s t r ip b u i ld ing ' t y pe . T he s e t t lemen t m ay h ave d eve loped a s e a r ly a s t h e m id i s t c en tu ry AD a nd l a s ted t h roughou tt h e R oman p e r iod .

R u ra l s h r ine s a r e a l so k nown f r om t h e a r ea . O ne o ccu r s i n t h e T hame s v a l ley i t s e lf a t C laydon P i ke , F a i rf o rd , t o t h e s ou th -we s t . Much c l o se rt oW i lco te ( a bou t 4k m t ot h e n o r th ) i sa n i s o la ted s i te a tL ee ' s R e s t w h ich h a s p roduced as ma l l s t one h ead o f Me r cu ry , t h ough o t he r m a t e r ia l f r om t h is s i te ( Bagna l l S m i th 1 996 , 2 00 -20 1) i sn o t c onc lu s ive ly o fv o t ive c ha rac te r . Mo re i mpo r tan t ly a r e cen t g eophy s ica l s u rvey b y t h e A nc ien t Monumen t s L abo ra to ry h a s s hown t h a t t h e s i te c ons is t s o f as ma l l , a lmo s t s qua r e t r ip le -d i tched e nc lo su re ( s ee a l so T ay lo r 1 9 39 P l a te XX I I c ) . T h i s s e ems l i ke ly t o h ave b een a no the rs h r ine .

S ome 1 6 k m b eyond A s tha l l t h e n ex t m a jo r s e t t lemen t t ot h e w e s t a ppea r s t o b e t h a t a t C o ln S t A ldwyns /Quen ing ton , G louce s te r sh i re , a tt h e c r o s s ing p o in t o fA keman S t r ee t o ve r t h e C o ln . T h is s i te i s i n suff ic ien t ly w e l l k nown ( RCHM 1 976 , 3 6 -37 a nd 9 5 797 ) f o r i t ss im i la r i ty o ro t he rw i se t os i te s l i ke A s tha l lt ob e a s se s sed .

R ura l s e t t lemen t

Away f r om t h e m a jo rr o ad st h e re i si n c rea s ing e v idence f o r a . f u r the r n e two rk o fn uc lea ted s e t t lemen t s , p e rhap s o ccupy ing

O n p r e sen t e v idence . the r u ra l s e t t lemen t o ft h e a r ea f a l l s i n to

1

t wo s ha rp ly c on t ra s ted z one s . T ha t o ft h e n o r th b ank o ft h e T hame s g ene ra l ly c ons is t s o f l ow s t a tus s e t t lemen t s p l aced w i th in e nc lo su re s w h ich a r e r e la ted t o f i e ld s y s tems a nd l i nked t oa d jacen t s e t t lemen t s b y t r a ckway s . T h is t y pe o f s e t t lemen t p a t te rn h a s b een i d en t if ied t e n ta t ive ly b y H ing ley a s b e long ing t o h i s s o -ca l led ' g i rd le p a t te rn ' o f s e t t lemen t , t y p ica l o fa r ea s w i th al ow l e ve l o fs upe rf ic ia l R oman isa t ion a nd r ef lec t ing I r on A ge p a t te rns o f l a nd h o ld ing ( H ing ley 1 989 , 1 00 ) . H oweve rt h a t m ay b e , f o r t h e R oman p e r iod t h e g ene ra l p i c tu re i si ns ome r e spec t s c l ea re r t h an t h e d e ta i led o ne h e re . An umbe r o fs i te s h ave b een e xam ined , h oweve r ; s i gn if ican t r e cen t p ub l ica t ion s i n c lude t h o se o f Wa tk ins F a rm , N o r thmoo r ( A l len 1 990 ) a nd O ld S h if f o rd F a rm , S t and lake ( Hey 1 996 ) . Wo rk o n t h e p ub l ica t ion o fG rave l ly G uy ( S tan ton H a rcour t )a nd Wo r ton R ec to ry F a rm ( Ya rn ton ) i so ngo ing . An o tab le c ha rac te r is t ic o fs ome o ft h e se a nd o f o t he r s i t e s i nt h e a r ea i s am a jo r b r eak i nt h e s e quence o f s e t t lemen t , c ommon ly a ta bou t t h e e nd o ft h e f i r s t q ua r te r o f t h e 2 nd c en tu ry AD ( s ee L a r nb r ick 1 992a , 8 2 ) . O n p r e sen t e v idence e a r ly R oman r u ra l s i te s a ppea rt ob e m o re c ommon t h an l a te r o ne s . A t O ld S h if f o rd a l a te R oman s i t e w a s s i tua ted a f ew h und red m e t re s n o r th o f t h e e a r ly o ne ; e l sewhe re t h e l a ck o f o bv ious a d jacen t l a te R oman s ucce s so r s m ay s imp ly r ef lec t t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o fe xcava t ion . O n ly a t Y a rn ton a mong s t r e cen t ly e xcava ted s i t e s d o s e t t lemen t s s pann ing t h e e n t ire R oman p e r iod p hy s ica l ly o ve r lap . T h is p henomenon o f s e t t lemen t d i s loca t ion i sn o t c onf ined s o le ly t o t h e T hame s v a l ley n or th o f O xf o rd , n o r i n deed i si te xc lus ive t ot h e v a l ley ; f o r e xamp le as im i la r ly n a r row l a te I r on A ge -ea r ly R oman d a te r a nge i sk nown f o r t wo r e cen t ly -excava ted r u ra l s e t t lemen t s i n t h e i mmed ia te h i n te r land o fA lche s te ra tB ice s te r( Mou ld 1 997 ) .

b u t w i th n o c onc lus ive e v idence f o r s t one s t ruc tu re s , s hou ld p robab ly b e g rouped w i th t h e A s tha l l e nc lo su re . T he se i n c lude s i t e s a t H ens ing ton , Woo t ton b y Woods tock a nd K idd ing ton ( Tay lo r 1 939 , 3 10 -311) . T he r e gu la r i ty o fs ome o f t h e se e nc lo su re s , p ar t icu la r ly t h a t a t Woo t ton , s ugge s t s t h a t t h ey m ay h ave c on ta ined a f a ir ly f o rma l l a you t o f s t ruc tu re s , b u t t h e H en s ing ton e nc lo su re , d i s t inc t f r om t h e n ea rby s e t t lemen t o f S ansom 's P l a t t , i sl e s s r egu la r a nd i s p a r t icu la r ly r em in iscen to ft h eA s tha l l e xamp le . A t S h ip ton u nde r Wychwood , c onve r se ly , R oman s e t t lemen t o f2 nd -4 th c en tu ry d a te h a s b een i d en t if ied b y f i e ldwa lk ing . H e re t h e re i s n o e v idence f o r s i te m orpho logy , b u t t h e p o t te ry s ugge s t s al ow s t a tus s e t t lemen t (Wa re a nd Wa re 1 993 ) . As im i la r s o r t o fs i t e , a l so i d en t if ied i nf i e ldwa lk ing , m ay h ave e x is ted a t R o l l r igh t , j u s t n o r th o f o u r a r ea ( Lamb r ick 1 988 , 6 7 a nd 9 6 ) . Ar a the r d i f f e ren t t y pe o fs e t t lemen t m ay b e i n d ica ted b y t h e f r agmen ta ry t r ace s , i n c lud ing s t one f o unda t ions p robab ly f o r t i mbe r b u i ld ing s b road ly o f 3 rd c en tury d a te , e xam ined a t C u rb r idge , s ome 6 k m s ou th o f W i lco te , i na dvance o fr oad c on s t ruc t ion ( Chambe r s 1 977 ) . T h is p r obab ly f o rmed p ar t o f al a rge r s e t t lemen t , a ppa ren t ly o f r e la t ive ly l ow s t a tu s , w i th a d jacen t e a r ly a nd l a te -Roman c omponen t s , i n d ica ted r e spec t ive ly b y al i t t le p o t te ry a nd b y l a te -Roman b u r ia ls . T h i s p o ten t ia l ly mo re e x tens ive s e t t lemen t m ay h ave b een p a ra l le led i nc ha rac te r a t M idd le ton S t oney , n o r th -we s t o f A lche s te r ( Rah tz a nd R ow ley 1 984 ) . T h is p roduced av a r ie ty o fs t ruc tu ra l e v idence , i n c lud ing ar e c t i l inea r s t one b u i ld ing . T he m a in p e r iod o fo ccupa t ion i ss e en a sb e ing b e tween t h e l a te 2 nd a nd l a te 3 rd c en tu r ie s . E a r ly R oman f e a tur e s d i d o ccu r b u t i s t a nd e a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry m a te r ia l w a s o f ten r e s idua l , a nd v e ry s ma l l q uan t i t ie s o f 4 t h c en tu ry m a te r ia l w e re i n te rp re ted a s d e r iv ing f r om a c on t inuous ly o ccup ied s e t t lemen t t ow h ich t h e e xcava ted s i t e w a s p e r iphe ra l ( i b id , 4 9 ) . I tw a s s ugge s ted t h a t t h e f i nd s , i n c lud ing t h e p o t te ry , i n d ica ted t h a t t h e s i te w a s o fh i ghe r s t a tus i nt h e 1 s t -m id 2 nd c en tu r ie s t h an l a te r ( i b id . 3 8 ) b u t ac ompa r ison o ft h e p o t te ry d a ta f r om t h is p ha se w i th t h a t f r om c on tempo ra ry s i te s i nt h e r e g ion d oe s n o t s uppo r t t h i s c onc lu s ion ( Boo th f o r thcom ing b ) . T he s imp le p l an o ft h e p r inc ipa l e xcava ted s t ruc tu r e a nd t h e p r obab le l o ca t ion o f t h e s i te c l o se t o aR oman r o ad i n d ica te ap o ten t ia l r o ad s ide s e t t lemen to fu nce r ta in e x ten t .

D e sp i te t h e e v idence f o r s e t t lemen t d i s loca t ion i nt h e 2 nd c en tury t h e p hy s ica l c ha rac te r is t ic s o fe a r ly a nd l a t e R oman s e t t lemen t s o n t h e g r ave ls a r e b r oad ly s im i la r . T he r e la t ion sh ip o ft h e se s e t t lemen t p a t te rns t oo t he r c omponen t s w i th in t h e g r ave l t e r race l a ndscape a nd b eyond i sl e s s c l ea r ; v i l la s , f o re xamp le , w e re a ppa ren t ly v e ry r a re . Wh i le t h ey d i d o ccu r o n t h e g r ave ls , f o r e xamp le a t B a r ton C ou r t F a rm , A b ingdon ( M i le s 1 986b ) a nd R ough G round F a rm , L ech lade ( A l len e ta l 1 993 ) , t h e o n ly l i ke ly v i l la s i t e o n t h e g r ave l s c l o se t oo u rd ef ined a r ea i st h a t i nt h e l owe r W ind rush v a l ley a t D uck l ing ton , t h e p r inc ipa l e v idence f o r w h ich i s a r tef ac tua l ( Chambe r s 1 976 , 1 7 1 a nd 1 80 ) . T he e v idence c l a imed f o r ap o s s ib le v i l la o n t h e g r ave ls a t Y a rn ton ( S t J o seph 1 9 58 , 9 9 ) a nd af u r the r e xamp le a tC a s s ing ton ( Ca se 1 982 , 1 37 ) i sa tb e s t i n conc lus ive .

T he c oncen t ra t ion o fv i l la s i nt h e a r ea a r ound W i lco te , n o ted a bove , h a s d r awn r e pea ted a t ten t ion ( e g C rawf o rd 1 930 , 3 10 ; S a lway 1 98 1 , 6 07 -608 ; Y oung 1 986 , 6 1) a nd a spec t s o ft h is c oncen t ra t ion h ave b een d i scus sed i n te r a l ia b y M i le s ( 1989 , 6 5 -66 ) . R e la t ive ly l i t t le c an b e a dded t o t h is d i scus s ion b ecause t h e re h a s b een l i t t le n ew w o rk o n a ny o ft h e se s i te s . E xcep t a tS hakenoak , t h e o n ly e xcava t ion i nt h e l a s t 3 0 y ea r s h a s c ons is ted o fs ma l l sca le w o rk a tN o r th L e igh ( f o r ab r ief g ene ra l s u rvey o ft h e s i t e s e e W i lson a nd S he r lock 1 980 ) a nd B ury C lo se , F aw le r ( A l len 1 989 ) . O n ly a t S hakenoak , D i tch ley a nd N or th L e igh a r e t h e p l ans o f t h e v i l la c omp lexe s r emo te ly c omp le te .

N o r th o f t h e T hame s v a l ley , h oweve r , t h e r u ra l s e t t lemen t p a t te rn i ss upe rf ic ia l ly d om ina ted b y v i l la s ; t h ough o t he r s e t t lemen t t y pe s a r e k nown , n one h a s b een e xcava ted i nt h e v i c in i ty o f W i lco te . T he se n on -v i l la s i te s i n c lude a s ub rec tangu la rd i tched e nc lo sure c l o se t oA keman S t r ee t l e s s t h an 1k m s ou th -we s t o fA s tha l l , i mmed ia te ly a d jacen t t ot h e c amp m en t ioned a bove . T he s i te i sk nown o n ly f r om t h e a i r b u t i ti sr e la ted t o at r ack r u nn ing f r om t h e l i ne o f A keman S t ree t a c ro s s t h e s ou th -we s t c o rne r o f t h e c amp ( a nd t h e ref o re p r e sumab ly l a te r t h an i t ) . Wh i le t h e e nc lo su re i s a lmo s t c e r ta in ly o ft h e R oman p e r iod t h e re i sn o e v idence t o i n d ica te am o re p r ec ise d a te w i th in t h a tp e r iod .

I n o r de r t o u nde r s tand t h e v i l la d i s t r ibu t ion i n t h e a r ea , h oweve r , c on s ide rab le c a r e m us t b e e xe r c ised i ni d en t if y ing p robab le o r c e r ta in v i l la s i t e s . I n t h e l i gh t o f r e cen t w o rk s ome o f t h e s i t e s l i s ted i n M i le s 1 982 A ppend ix 1c an b e d i scoun ted a sv i l la s ( s ome , o fc ou r se , w e re n eve r c l a imed a s s u ch ) a nd t h e d a ta i nt h e g aze t tee r b y S co t t ( 1993) h ave b een

A n umbe r o f s i te s , a ga in m a in ly i d en t if ied f r om t h e a i r , s ugge s t ed a sv i l la e nc lo su re s i nt h e V ic to r ia C oun ty H is to ry 1 3

a s semb led t oo u nc r i t ica l ly f o rt h is t ob e ar e l iab le s ou r ce -i n p a r t icu la r b u i ld ing s w h ich c l ea r ly b e long t oo t he r s e t t lemen t t ype s h ave b een l i s ted a s v i l la s b ecause t h ey p o s se s s s ome t y p ica l v i l la c ha rac te r is t ic s . N ew s i te s c on t inue t o b e d i scove red , h oweve r , w i th e xamp le s f r om L eaf ie ld ( k nown f r om s u r f ace f i nds ) a nd a tL yneham a nd F u lb rook ( i den t if ied f r om t h e a i r ) . F o r p r e sen t p u rpo se s t h e ' a r chaeo log ica l ' a pp roach t ov i l la d ef in i t ion d i scus sed b y G reg son ( 1989 , 2 5 ) i sf o l lowed h e re . T h is r e l ie s e s sen t ia l ly o n e v iden t p hy s ica l c r i te r ia r a the rt h an a t temp t st oi n f e rf u nc t ion f r om i n adequa te e v idence . T ha t s a id , t h e p r e sence o f s imp le s t one -ba sed s t ruc tu re s( a s f o re xamp le a tM idd le ton S t oney ) h a s n o t b een c ons ide red s uff ic ien t t o i d en t if y av i l la s i te . S ome e v idence f o r a r ch i tec tu ra l p r e tens ion , e i the r i nt e rms o fp l an ( f o rt h o se s i te s k nown o n ly f r om t h e a i r ) o ro fa s soc ia ted a r tef ac t s s u ch a sf l ue t i l e o rt e s se rae , i sp r e sen t i na l t h e s i te s r e f e r red t oa s

T he e x ten t t ow h ich t h e o ccu r rence o fv i l la s a r ound W i lco te w a s d i s t inc t ly g r ea te r t h an e l sewhe re i n t h e r e g ion h a s a l r eady b een c on s ide red , f o r e xamp le i na n a na ly s is w h ich s howed t h a tt h e m ean n ea r e s t n e ighbou rd i s tance f o rv i l la s i n t h e G r im ' s D i tch /Even lode a r ea w a s a bou t h a lf t h a t f o r C o t swo ld v i l la s a s aw ho le ( M i le s 1 989 , 6 6 ) . S uch ar e su l t c ou ld b e o b ta ined f r om r e la t ive ly l ow a b so lu te n umbe r s , h oweve r . I n o r de r t o e xam ine t h e q ue s t ion f r om a s l igh t ly d i f f e ren t p e r spec t ive t h e n umbe r o f v i l la s i n a3 0 k m d eep b and r u nn ing w e s t -ea s t f r om C i rence s te r t o A lche s te r w a s c oun ted i nO rdnance S urvey 1 0k m g r id s qua re s . T he f i gure s , w h ich a r e a dm i t ted ly c r ude , a r e b a sed o n d a ta i n t h e O xf o rd sh ire S i te s a nd Monumen t s r e co rd a nd , f o r t h e a d jacen t a r ea t o t h e w e s t , o n t h e R oya l C omm is s ion C o t swo ld s S u rvey ( RCHM 1 976 ) . I ti sa ccep ted t h a t t h e l a t te r d oe s n o t g i ve t h e c omp le te p i c tur e ( mo re r e cen t d i scove r ie s i n c lude e g T he D i tche s , N o r th C e rney ) , b u t i s u n l ike ly t o s e r iou s ly u nde r r ep re sen t t h e c u r r en t s i tua t ion . T he f o l low ing v i l la d ens i ty e me rge s ( ma jo r s e t t lemen t s w i th in 1 0k m s qua re s a r e i n d ica ted i nb r acke t s ) :

v i l la s h e re . O n t h e se c r i te r ia t h e re a r e s ome 1 7 s i t e s w i th in a 1 0 k m r a d ius o f W i lco te w h ich c an b e r e ga rded a s c e r ta in o r p robab le v i l la s . O ft h e se , N o r th L e igh i sb y a ny d ef in i t ion a m a jo r v i l la a nd t h e r ema inde r , w h i le p robab ly v a ry ing c ons ide rab ly i ns i ze , c an b eg rouped t oge the r( a s t h ey a r e f o r t h e p urpo se s o f E ng l ish H e r i tage ' s c u r r en t Monumen t s P ro tec t ion P rog ramme ) a s b e ing o f s e cond r a nk , t h ough i n s ome c a se s t h is m ay s imp ly b e f o r l a ck o f e v idence ( S tone sf ie ld , f o r e xamp le , h a s b een s ugge s ted a s b e ing o f s im i la r c ha rac te r t o N o r th L e igh ) . Among t h e m any q ue s t ion sw h ich a r ise f r om t h i s i n c idence o fv i l la sa r e :

S POO ( C irence s te r ) 4 ; S PO 1 5 ; S PO2 3 ; S P 10 ( Quen ing ton /Co ln S tA ldwyns ) 1 ;S P 11 2 :S P 1 2 1 ;S P20 2 ; S P2 1 ( As tha l l ) 7 ;S P22 0 ;S P30 1 ;S P31 ( W i lco te ) 7 ;S P32 2 ; S P40 0 ;S P4 1 ( San som ' s P l a t t ) 3 ;S P42 1 ;S P50 1 ;S P51 3 ; S P52 ( A lche s te r )2 . Two m a in v i l la c oncen t ra t ions e me rge , o ne a r ound a nd n o r th o f C i r ence s te r , t h e o t he r a r ound A s tha l l a nd W i lco te o n A keman S t r ee t . T he s ou the r ly s qua r e s ( SP IO , 2 0 , 3 0 , 4 0 a nd 5 0 ) i n c lude p a r t o f t h e T hame s V a l ley p r ope r a nd a r e t h e r ef o re t h in ly p opu la ted w i th v i l la s . E ven f u r the r n o r th , h oweve r , t h e r e a r e n o t c ons is ten t ly h i gh n umbe r s o fv i l la s i n t h e C o t swo ld s a nd o n p r e sen t e v idence t h e c l a im t h a t t h e v i l la d ens i ty a r ound W i lco te i su nusua l ly h i gh s e em s t o b e s ub s tan t ia ted , t h ough i ta ppea r s t o b e n o m o re r ema rkab le t h an t h e w e l l -known c l us te r s o f v i l la s a r ound B a th a nd I l che s te r ( B ran igan 1 976 , 1 22 ) . T he re i sn o p ar t icu la r r e a son t ot h ink t h a t t h e v i l la c oncen t ra t ion r e su l t s f r om s y s tema t ic b i a s i nr e cove ry o fe v idence . T he m a jo r i ty o ft h e d i scove r ie s p r eda te t h e u s e o fa ny e x tens ive s u rvey t e chn ique s a nd a e r ia l p ho tog raphy , w h i le i mpor tan t f o r l o ca t ing e nc lo sed s i te s , c on s t i tu te s t h e s o le e v idence o n ly a tL yneham a nd F u lb rook , t h e l a t te r( j us t ) o u t s ide t h e 1 0k m r a d iu s o fW i lco te .

1 .A re t h e r e r e a l ly m o re v i l la s i nt h is a r ea t h an e l sewhe r e i n t h e r e g ion , a nd i fs o , d oe s t h e a ppa r en t ly h i gh d ens i ty o f v i l la s i n t h is a r ea r e p re sen t ag enu ine c oncen t ra t ion , o r s imp ly a cc iden t so fd i scove ry? 2 . Wha t i st h e s i gn if icance o f t h e c o r re la t ion b e tween t h e h i gh d ens i ty o fv i l la sa nd G r im 's D i tch? 3 . Wha t d oe s t h e h i gh d en s i ty o f v i l la s r e vea l a bou t t h e g ene ra l r u r a l s e t t lemen t p a t te rn o f t h e a r ea? D id t h e c oncen t ra t ion a r i se f r om p o l i t ica l , s oc ia l o re conom ic f a c to r s , o rf r om s ome c omb ina t ion o ft h e se? 4 . Wa s t h e re ap a r t icu la r ly s i gn if ican t r e la t ionsh ip b e tween t h e v i l la s a nd t h e n uc lea ted A keman S t ree t s e t t lemen t s , e spec ia l ly W i lco te?

T he n o r th O xf o rd sh i re v i l la d i s t r ibu t ion c l ea r ly o wes s ome th ing t ot h e c onf igu ra t ion o ft h e v a l ley s o ft h e T hame s t r ibu ta r ie s w h ich p ene t ra te t h e C o t swo ld s . F o r e xamp le t h e W ind rush v a l ley h a s as t r ing o f v i l la s ; D uck l ing ton , t h e g roup a r ound A s tha l l ( we l l k nown o ne s a t Wo r sham a nd W idf o rd ( Tay lo r 1 9 39 , 3 19 -320 ) , a nd a t h i rd o n t h e s ou th s i de o ft h e W ind ru sh o n ly c 5 00 m f r om t h e W idf o rd v i l la a nd c 1k m w e s t o fA s tha l l ) , F u lb rook a nd G rea t B a r r ing ton , a l ( e xcep t F u lb rook , a d jacen t t o as t ream 1k m n o r th o ft h e r i ve r ) w i th in 5 00 m o f t h e r i ve r i t s e lf . T he E ven lode w a s s im i la r ly w e l l -endowed , w i th N o r th L e igh , S t one sf ie ld , b o th F aw le r v i l la s , C h i lson , A sco t t u nde r Wychwood a nd L yneham a l l s i t ed t ot a ke a dvan tage o ft h e n ume rous b enef i t s o f av a l ley s e t t ing , n o t l e a s t , p e rhap s , t h e s c en ic a spec t s ( c f S a lway 1 98 1 , 6 08 ; M i le s 1 989 , 6 6 ) . T he f r equency a nd a dvan tage s o f ar i ve r v a l ley l o ca t ion h ave b een o b se rved e l sewhe re w i th in t h e r e g ion ( RCH M 1 976 , x xxv i i i ) a nd f u r the r a f ie ld ( e g B ran igan 1 976 , 1 20 12 1) . A pa r t f r om t h i s , t h e b roade r q ue s t ions o f m ode l s o f v i l la d i s t r ibu t ion i n

5 . We re t h e re a ny s oc ia l o re conom ic l i nk s b e tween t h e v i l la s e t t lemen t o ft h e a r ea a nd t h e a ppa ren t ly d ense r l ow s t a tus s e t t lemen tp a t te rn o ft h eT hame s V a l ley? N o t a l t h e se q ue s t ions c an b e a nswe red w i th p r e sen t e v idence , n o r w i l l a nswe r s t oa l o ft h em b e a t temp ted h e re , b u t w e m ay s t a r tw i th q uan t if ica t ion o ft h e d a ta . T he 1 7s i t e s m en t ioned a bove a r e d e r ived f r om ac a ref u l r e exam ina t ion o f e x is t ing r e co rd s . T he l i s t t h e ref o re e xc lude s b u i ld ing s a s soc ia ted w i th t h e n uc lea ted s e t t lemen t s o f A s tha l l a nd S ansom ' s P l a t t( a nd A lche s te r f u r the ra f ie ld ) . l ta l so e xc lude s L ee 's R e s t , d i scus sed a bove a s ap o s s ib le t emp le s i t e a nd morpho log ica l ly q u i te u n l ike a ny o f t h e o t he r s e t t lemen t e nc lo su re s o f t h e a r ea . S ome s i te s s ugge s ted a s v i l la e nc lo su re s i nt h e V ic to r ia C oun ty H is to ry ( s ee a bove ) h ave a l so b een e xc luded .

1 4

r e la t ion t o m a jo r a nd m ino r t owns h ave b een d i scus sed b y v a r iou s w r i te r s i n c lud ing G reg son ( 1989 , 3 1-32 ) a nd M i l le t t ( 1990 , 1 89 197 ) . T he l a t te r s ugge s t s t h a t t h e r e la t ionsh ip o f v i l la c l u s te r st ou rban c en t re s c anno t b e i n terp re ted s imp ly a s r ef lec t ing m a rke t ing p u l l , b u t r ef lec t s as oc ia l i n te rp re ta t ion o f v i l la s a s r e s idences o f t r iba l e l i t e s s e t i n c onven ien t p rox im i ty t ot h e i rr e levan t l o ca l a dm in i s t ra t ive c en t re s .

h i n te r land s o fG louce s te ra nd C i rence s te r( C la rke 1 996 , 8 3 ) . T he f a c t t h a t G r im ' s D i tch w a s i mpac ted b y A keman S t ree t v e ry e a r ly i n t h e R oman p e r iod i s p e rhap s a l so n o t c o inc iden ta l . I n t h e c our se o f l i nk ing V e ru lam ium a nd C i r ence s te rw i th am a jo rr oad s eve ra l r ou te s c ou ld h ave b een f o l lowed , e ven i f i t i s a ccep ted t h a t A lche s te r w a s a n ece s sa ry m id p o in t i no rde r t oa vo id O tmoo r , a nd t h a t t h e l owe r ly ing p a r t s o ft h e T hame s v a l ley w e re a l so p o ten t ia l ly l e s s d e s i rab le f o r s uch ar o ad . A keman S t ree t r o ugh ly b i sec t s t h e G r im ' s D i tch c omp lex , p rov id ing r e ady a c ce s s f r om a nd t o t h e n uc lea ted s e t t lemen t s a l ong t h e r o ad , p e rhap s p a r t icu la r ly C i rence s te r . O f t h e l e s se r n uc lea ted s i te s , o n ly W i lco te i t s e lf l a y w i th in G r im ' s D i tch , t h ough b o th A s tha l l a nd i np a r t icu la r S an som 's P l a t t w e re r e la t ive ly c l o se . I ti s u nc lea r i ft h e re w a s a ny p ar t icu la r l o g ic b eh ind t h e s i t ing o f W i lco te b eyond t h e f a c t t h a t i tw a s r o ugh ly e qu id is tan t b e tween A s tha l l a nd S ansom 's P l a t t . I tm ay b e s pecu la ted t h a t i tc ou ld h ave h ad s ome r e la t ionsh ip t o ac onque s t p e r iod f o cus o fs e t t lemen t o ro t he r a c t iv i ty w i th in t h e G r im 's D i tch c omp lex , b u t t h is r ema ins t o b e d emons t ra ted . T he c l ea r ly t h r iv ing c ha rac te r o f b o th A s tha l l a nd S an som ' s P l a t t m ay i t s e lf h ave n o d i r ec t c ause i nt h e e a r ly i mpo r tance o f t h e a d jacen ta r ea a s af o cus f o rh i gh s t a tus r u ra l s e t t lemen t . Wha t i sm o re s t r ik ing i st h e c on t ra s t b e tween t h e p hy s ica l r ema in s o ft h e se t wo s i t e s ( a s e v idenced b o th i ne xcava t ion a nd f r om t h e a i r -s e e a bove ) a nd t h o se o f W i lco te i t s e lf , w he re t h e s ub s tan t ia l s t ruc tu re s e v iden t e l sewhe re a r e a t p r e sen t n o tab ly l a ck ing . T h i s c ou ld i n d ica te s ome s o r t o f s oc ia l o r f u nc t iona l d i s t inc t ion b e tween t h e s i te s , t h ough w ha t t h i s m igh t h ave b een i su nc lea r .

T he e xac t s i gn if icance o f t h e G r im ' s D i tch f o r t h e d eve lopmen t o f v i l la s i n t h e a r ea r ema ins u nce r ta in b u t a d i rec t c o r re la t ion b e tween e a r ly v i l la s i t e s a nd p robab le l a t e I r on A ge c en t ra l p l aces h a s b een s ugge s ted b y C la rke ( 1996 , 7 6 ) . T he e v idence f r om T he D i tche s , N or th C e rney s ugge s t s t h a t t h e s i t ing o f t h e i s t c en tu ry v i l la t h e re h ad a c l o se r e la t ionsh ip w i th t h e l a te u se o ft h e d ef ended e nc lo su r e , i t s e lf c l o se t ot h e B agendon c omp lex ( T row a nd J ame s 1 989 , 8 5 ) . Wh i le t h e d i s t inc t e nc lo su re o fT he D i tche s w a s o f ar a the r d i f f e ren t c ha rac te r t o G r im 's D i tch i ti sn o tab le t h a t G r im ' s D i tch a l so c on ta ins u nusua l ly e a r ly v i l la s t ruc tu re s w i th in i t . B o th D i tch ley ( Radf o rd 1 9 36 , 4 1) a nd S hakenoak ( B rod r ibb e ta l 1 971 , 1 4 ) a ppa ren t ly o r ig ina ted i nt h e l a te I s t c en tu ry . E a r ly o r ig ins a r e a l so c l a imed f o r N o r th L e igh ( W i lson a nd S he r lock 1 9 80 , 7 9 ) a nd B u ry C lo se , F aw le r , w he re t h e f i r s t p ha se b u i ld ing i sa s s igned a l a te 1 s t -ea r ly 2 nd c en tu ry d a te ( A l len 1 989 , 3 12 ) a nd t h e e a r l ie s t a c t iv i ty ( of u ncer ta in c ha rac te r ) m ay b e o fa bou t t h e m id 1 s t c en tu ry . P o t te ry f r om t h e a r ea o ft h e e n t rance o ft h e v i l la e nc lo su re a tC a l low H i l l a l so i n c luded I s t c en tury m a te r ia l a nd a l a ye r c on ta in ing e a r ly p o t te ry w a s a s soc ia ted w i th h ypocaus t t i l e f r agmen t s , s ugge s t ing t h a t t h is v i l la , t o o , m ay b e n o l a te r t h an l a te 1 s t e a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry a tt h e l a te s t( Thoma s 1 958 , 3 7 -8 ) .

A n i n t ima te ' s e rv ice ' r e la t ionsh ip b e tween t h e A keman S t r ee t s e t t lemen t s a nd t h e n ea rby v i l la s h a s b een s ugge s ted b o th i n t h e c on tex t o f W i lco te ( App lebaum 1 978 , 1 9 1 , 1 94 ) a nd A s tha l l ( Todd 1 989 , 1 9 ) . T he e v idence n ow a va i lab le f o r t h e l a t te r , h oweve r , s ugge s t s t h a t i t p robab ly s uppo r ted a p opu la t ion c ons ide rab ly i ne xce s s o f w ha t m igh t h ave b een r e qu ir ed a s l a bou r i n t h e a d jacen t v i l la s o f t h e W ind rush v a l ley , t h ough t h e p r ov is ion o fs uch l a bou r m ay h ave b een o ne a spec t o ft h e e conom ic b a se o ft h e s e t t lemen t a nd c ou ld a l so h ave b een af a c to r i ns e t t lemen t s s uch a st h a t af u r the r 7 k m u p t h e v a l ley a tG rea t B a r r ing ton ( RCHM 1 976 , 1 2 ( 2 ) ) . I f W i lco te r ema ined m o re d i r ec t ly c once rned w i th t h e p rov is ion o f l a bou r f o r n ea rby e s ta te s , c ou ld t h is h e lp t o e xp la in t h e m o re b a s ic c ha rac te r o f i t s s t ruc tura l r e co rd? S uch a n i n te rp re ta t ion i ss pecu la t ive , a nd p r obab ly d oe s n o t e xp la in t h e e a r l ie s t d eve lopmen t a t W i lco te , w h ich o n p r e sen t e v idence c ou ld h ave p r eda ted t h e e s tab l ishmen t o f t h e f i r s t v i l la s i nt h e a r ea b y a bou t ag ene ra t ion . N o r d oe s i t e xp la in t h e o ccur rence o fv e ry l a rge q uan t i t ie s o fl a te R oman c o inage i nt h e w e s te rn p a r to ft h es e t t lemen t( Hand s 1 993 , 5 ) .

A s ma l l p o in t o f i n te res t n o t o n ly i n r e la t ion t o t h e e a r ly o r ig in o fs ome o ft h e G r im 's D i tch v i l la s b u t a l so w i th r e ga rd t o t h e i r p o s s ib le a s soc ia t ion s i s t h a t f r agmen t s o f c a r ro t a mpho rae a r e k nown n o t o n ly f r om W i lco te ( Hand s 1 993 , 1 56 157 ) b u t a l so f r om S hakenoak ( B rod r ibb e ta l1 968 , 6 6 ) a nd F aw le r ( u npub l ished ) . T h i s d i s t inc t ive a mpho ra t y pe i s n o t o n ly e a r ly i nd a te ( i e 1 s t c en tu ry ) b u t i s mo s t c ommon ly f o und o n m i l i ta ry s i tes . I t s o ccur rence a tt wo o f t h e e a r ly v i l la s i n t h e a r ea i s s t r ik ing , i fa s y e t u nexp la ined , b u t p a ra l le ls t h e a s soc ia t ion o f m i l i ta ry m e ta lwo rk a nd a ' Roman i sed ` a n ima l b one a s semb lage w i th t h e e a r ly v i l la a t T he D i tche s( T row a nd J ame s 1 989 , 8 5 ) . T he r e i st h us a n o tab le g roup o f p e rhap s f i ve e a r ly R oman v i l la s w i th in t h e G r im 's D i tch s y s tem , w he rea s n one o f t h e W ind rush v a l ley v i l la s , f o r e xamp le , a l l y ing o u t s ide t h e s y s tem , a ppea r t ob e t h is e a r ly ( t hough i tm us t b e a dm i t ted t h a te xcava ted e v idence f o rt h e se s i te s i ss pa r se ) . T h is c anno t b e c o inc iden ta l , b u t w h i le f u r the r s p ecu la t ion a bou t i t s s i gn if icance i sl i m i ted b y t h e l a ck o fd e ta i led u nde r s tand ing o f t h e c h rono logy a nd s oc ia l a nd p o l i t ica l c on tex t o f t h e c on s t ruc t ion a nd u se o ft h e G r im ' s D i tch c omp lex , C la rke h a s c l a imed t h a tt h e se s i te s d emons t ra te " ac l o se a s soc ia t ion w i th t h e p r e -Roman e l i te " ( C la rke 1 996 , 7 6 ) . T h is c onc lus ion i s b r oad ly c ons is ten t w i th M i l le t t 's v i ew ( s ee a bove ) t h a t t h e a s soc ia t ion o f v i l la s w i th p o s s ib le p r e -Roman e l i te c en t r e s s uppor t s al a rge ly s oc ia l e xp lana t ion f o r t h e s i gn if icance o f v i l la s ( M i l le t t 1 990 , 1 93 195 ) . T he e v idence o f ac on t inued c oncen t ra t ion o fv i l la s i nt h e G r im ' s D i tch a r ea t h roughou t t h e R oman p e r iod c ou ld b et a ken t oi n d ica te t h a t s ome o ft h is e l i te w a s e ven m o re c onse rva t ive t h an M i l le t t w ou ld i mp ly , a s i s s ugge s ted b y C la rke ' s c ompa r a t ive s t udy o f t h e

A gr icu l ture a nd I ndus try T he e conom ic e mpha s is o f t h e r e g ion w a s e s sen t ia l ly a g r icu l tu ra l , a s e l sewhe r e i n R oman B r i ta in . F o r t h e m o s t p a r t , ' i ndus t r ia l ' a c t iv i ty w a s o n as ma l l s c a le . S uch a c t iv i ty i n c luded t h e p o s s ib le i r on s me l t ing s i te s j u s t n o r th o f Woodea ton . A p o ten t ia l ly m o re i mpo r tan t i n du s t ry , t h ough o ne f o r w h ich t h e r e i sa lmo s t n o d i rec t e v idence , i ss t one q ua r ry ing . Much o ft h is a c t iv i ty w ou ld h ave b een c a r r ied o u t o n as ma l l s c a le a tl o ca l l e ve l , b u t s ome h i gh q ua l i ty s t one s m ay h ave b een e x t rac ted o n am o re s y s tema t ic b a s is . O ne o f 1 5

t h e se , S t one sf ie ld S l a te , w a s h oweve r c omp le te ly a b sen t i n r e cen t e xcava t ions a tA s tha l l , o n ly 1 2 k m f r om t h e s ou r ce , t hough i th a s b een f ound a tS hakenoak ( B rod r ibb e ta l1 968 , 3 6 -38 ) . T he e x ten t o f e xp lo i ta t ion o f t h is w e l l -known m a te r ia l b y t h e R omans r ema ins u nce r ta in , h oweve r , a nd may o n ly h ave b een s ma l l sca le c ompa red t o i t s p o s t m ed ieva l u se ( c fA s ton 1 974 , 2 1-22 ) . I nc on t ra s t , ar oof ing ma te r ia l w h ich d i d o ccu r a t A s tha l l ( a lbe i t i n v e ry s ma l l q uan t i t ie s ) w a s a n O ld R ed S and s tone w h ich p robab ly c ame f r om t h e We lsh b o rde r s , p e rhap s t r aded w i th q ue rns tone s f r om t h es ame s our ce .

w i th a g r icu l tu re ( f o rw h ich t h e re i ss ol i t t le d i rec t e v idence i n • t h e O xf o rd a r ea )? I ti sa lmos t c e r ta in t h a t t h e re m u s t h ave s y s tema t ic e xp lo i ta t ion o f s u s ta inab le t i mbe r s upp l ie s , i n vo lv ing w ood land m anagemen t t h rough c opp ic ing , b u t t h e s c a le o ft h is i sq u i te u nknown a tp r e sen t . A spec t s o f t h e e xp lo i ta t ion o f a g r icu l tu ra l a nd r e la ted r e sou rce s a r e r a the r b e t te r u nde r s tood , t hough c ove rage i s s t i l l p a tchy . S t ud ie s o f aw ide r a nge o f b i o log ica l a nd o t he r e v idence h ave a lowed mode ls o ft h e w o rk ing o ft h e B a r ton C our t F a rm , A b ingdon v i l la e s ta te t o b e p ropo sed ( J one s 1 986 ) . W i th t h e e xcep t ion o f A pp lebaum ' s s t udy o f S hakenoak ( App lebaum 1 978 ) , w h ich i sm uch l e s s c l o se ly b a sed o n d e ta i led e nv i ronmen ta l d a ta t h an i st h a t o f J one s , t h e re i sn o c ompa rab le e v idence f r om t h e C o t swo ld r e g ion a s o ppo sed t o t h e v a l ley z one . T he e xp lana t ion f o r t h i s l i e s l a rge ly i nt h e c on t ra s t ing h i s to ry a nd s c a le o fe xcava t ion i n t h et wo a r ea s .

T he m o s t a r chaeo log ica l ly v i s ib le i n dus t ry w i th in t h e r e g ion i sp o t te ry p roduc t ion , t h e p r inc ipa l f o cu s o fw h ich w a s s i t ed a r ound O xf o rd a tt h e e x t reme s ou th -ea s te rn c o rne r o f o u r a r ea . T h is i n dus t ry w a s am a jo r s ou rce o fc oa r se w a re s , f i ne w a re s a nd m o r ta r ia f o rs i te s a c ro s s t h e r e g ion , p a r t icu la r ly i n t h e l a te r R oman p e r iod , w hen i tw a s a mong t h e t o p f i ve p roduc t ion c en t re s i n R oman B r i ta in . F rom t h e m id i s t t o m id 3 r d c en tury , h oweve r , a n u n sou rced i n du s t ry , p r obab ly l o ca ted n or th -we s t o f O xf o rd a nd w o rk ing i n as l igh t ly d i f f e ren t t r ad i t ion , w a s am a jo r s upp l ie r b o th t o T hame s v a l ley s i te s s uch a s Y a rn ton a nd t o t h e A keman S t r ee t s e t t lemen t s o f W i lco te a nd A s tha l l . T h i s p r oduced a w ide r a nge o fo x id ised a nd r e duced c oa r se w a r e s . Mo re r e s t r ic ted e a r ly R oman p roduc t ion i sk nown i n t h e r e g ion a t L ong H anbo rough , w he r e t wo k i lns w e re e xcava ted ( S tu rdy a nd Y oung 1 977 ) , a t C a s s ing ton ( Ca se 1 982 , 1 34 136 ) a nd Y a rn ton , w he re t wo m o re k i lns o fd oub le -f lue t y pe h ave b een f ound m o re r e cen t ly . T he O xf o rd i n dus t ry g r adua l ly s upp lan ted t h e se s ma l l sca le p roduce r s , h oweve r . C u r ren t w o rk i s e xpand ing o ur k now ledge o f t h e n umbe r a nd p a r t icu la r ly t h e s c a le o f i n d iv idua l p roduc t ion c en t re s w i th in t h e O xf o rd i n dus t ry . N ew s i t e s h ave b een l o ca ted f o r e xamp le a tN oke , n o r th o fO xf o rd ( Chee tham 1 996 ,422 ) a nd a tL owe r F a rm , N uneham C our tenay , t ot h e s ou th ( Boo th e t a l1 993 ) , n ow k nown f r om m o s t r e cen tw o rk t oc ove ra tl e a s t c1 0 h a a nd t o c on ta in s ome 4 0 -50 k i lns . E xcava t ion i n a dvance o f h ou s ing d eve lopmen t a t B lackb i rd L ey s h a s s hown t h a t t h e p r oduc t ion c omp lex t h e re a l so e x tended i n te rm i t ten t ly a c ro s s av e ry s ub s tan t ia l a r ea . B o th t h e L owe r F a rm a nd B lackb i rd L ey s c omp lexe s a ppea r t oh ave c ea sed p roduc t ion b ef o re t h ee nd o ft h e4 t h c en tu ry .

I nb road t e rm s , a tl e a s t , t h e re i sn ow af a i r ly c l ea r p i c tu re o f t h e a g r icu l tu r e o ft h e v a l ley z one ( s ee p a r t icu la r ly L amb r ick 1 992a , 9 7 -103) , s upp lemen ted b y c on s ide rab le d e ta i l a t a n umbe r o f s i te s . E xp lo i ta t ion w a s c omp r ehens ive b u t p robab ly v a r ied i n i n tens i ty ; s ome f a rme r s m ay h ave b een mo r e i n nova t ive a nd ' p rog re s s ive ' t h an o t he r s , b u t t h e re i s i n suff ic ien t e v idence a t p r esen t t o d emons t ra te a c l ea r c o r re la t ion b e tween ' p rog re s s ive ' a g r icu l tu re a nd t h e s upe rf ic ia l ly m o re R oman ised v i l la s i te s , t h ough t h e r e a r e h i n t s o ft h is a ts i t e s s uch a s B a r ton C our t F a rm . B o th a r ab le a nd p a s to ra l a g r icu l tu re w e re p r ac t ised . S ome s pec if ica l ly p a s to ra l s e t t lemen t s ( s uch a s M ing le s D i t ch ) a r e a l ready e v iden t i n t h e m idd le I r on A ge , ap a t te rn w h ich t h en c on t inued i n to t h e R oman p e r iod . T he re i s e ven s ome e v idence t os ugge s t a n e mpha s is o n s pec ia l is t h o r se r e a r ing a tc e r ta in p o in t s w i th in t h e v a l ley , p e rhap s d eve lop ing i nt h e l a te r I r on A ge a t s i t e s s uch a s T ho rnh i l l F a rm , F a i rf o rd . O the r m a jo r t r end s w i th in t h e R oman p e r iod i n c luded t h e e xpans ion o f a r ab le p roduc t ion a nd a n a ppa ren t ly c o r re spond ing i n tens if ica t ion o f f e a tu re s a s soc ia ted w i th p a s to ra l ism . T he i n t roduc t ion o f h aymak ing m ay h ave b een i np a r t a n a t temp t t oc ompensa te f o rt h e l o ss o fs ome p a s tu r e l a nd t o t h e p r e s su r e s o f a r ab le e xpans ion ( i b id , 1 0 1) . E v idence f o re xpans ion o fh o r t icu l tu r e i sa l so e ncoun te red o n an umbe r o f s i te s , p e rhap s i n i t ia l ly i n v i l la c on tex t s b u t u l t ima te ly n o tc onf ined t ot h e se .

Wh i le t h e c h rono logy a nd r a nge o f p roduc t s e s tab l ished b y Y oung ( 1977 ) r ema ins s ub s tan t ia l ly u na l te red b y n ewe r w o rk , e v idence f o r p r ev ious ly u nsuspec ted 2 nd c en tu ry f i ne w a r e p roduc t ion h a s b een r e cove red f r om L owe r F a rm . E xamp le s o ft h is p roduc t ion a r e b eg inn ing t ob e r e cogn ised s pa r se ly a c ro s st h e r e g ion a nd d oo ccu ra tW i lco te ( e g H and s 1 993 , 1 37 n o 1 0 18 ) .

T he a g r icu l tu re o ft h e C o t swo ld z one m ay h ave b een b r oad ly s im i la r t o t h a t j u s t d e sc r ibed , b u t t h is c anno t b e c e r ta in . M ixed f a rm ing i sc l ea r ly i n d ica ted b yt h e a va i lab le e v idence , b u t t h e re i sn o h i n t a t p r e sen t o f s ome o f t h e s pec ia l ised s t ra teg ie s s u ch a s i n tens ive h aymak ing s e en i n t h e v a l ley , t h ough t h e e x is t ence o f as ub s tan t ia l a r ea o fh ay m eadow o n t h e S hakenoak e s ta te w a s p o s tu la ted b y A pp lebaum ( 1978 , 1 88 ) . T he re i sn o e v idence f o rt h e a g r icu l tur e o fl owe r s t a tus s e t t lemen t s i n t h is a r ea , a l t h e d a ta b e ing d e r ived f r om e xcava t ions o fv i l la s a nd t h e r oad s ide s e t t lemen t s o fW i lco te a nd A s tha l l . I ti st h e r ef o re i mpo s s ib le t od e te rm ine w he the r t h is e v idence i sg ene ra l ly r e p re sen ta t ive , o r s imp ly r ef lec t s t h e p r eoccupa t ion s o f t h e h ighe r s t a tu s s i te s . T he a n ima l

Many q ue s t ion s r e la t ing t o t h e O xf o rd p o t te ry i n du s t ry r ema in u nanswe red . S ome o ft h e mo re i n te re s t ing o f t h e se h ave t od o w i th t h eo wne r sh ip a nd s pa t ia l o rgan isa t ion o ft h e l a nd w i th in w h ich t h e i n dus t ry o pe ra ted , a nd t h e e conom ic b a s i s o fb o th p roduc t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion . T he se q ue s t ions a r e s t i l l v e ry s im i la r t ot h o se p o sed b y Y oung a tt h e e nd o fh i s s t udy ( Young 1 977 , 2 4 1) , a nd i ti so n ly i nt h e l a s t f ew y ea r s t h a t d a ta h ave b egun t o a ccumu la te o n as c a le w h ich m ay a low t h em t o b e a dd re s sed . I mp l ic i t i nt h e se q ue s t ion a r e i s sue s o fl a bour r e la t ions a nd c on t ro l o ft h e i n du s t ry , h ow d i d i tr e la te t o n ea rby v i l la s , p a r t icu la r ly t h a t a t H ead ing ton W ick , a nd t o w ha t e x ten t d i d p o t te ry p roduc t ion i n teg ra te

b one e v idence f r om W i lco te a nd A s tha l l h a s p o in t s o f s im i la r i ty a nd c on t ra s t . T he e a r l ie s t p ha se o f t h e f o rme r s how s d i s t inc t R oman is ing t e ndenc ie s i n b u tche ry p r ac t i se b u t a s i ngu la r ly ' u n roman ised ' p r eponde rance o f s heep ( Hamshaw T homa s a nd B e rm ingham 1 993 , 1 77 ) , w h i le i n s ub sequen t p ha se s t h e g ene ra l c ha rac te r o ft h e a s semb lage i s 1 6

" t yp ica l o f n a t ive , r u ra l ( u n -Roman iz ed ) s e t t lemen t s o f t h e p e r iod " ( i b id ) —j e w i th s heep /goa t d om inan t i n t e rms o f n umbe r s o fa n ima ls , b u t d ec l in ing s l igh t ly w i th t h e p a s sage o ft ime . T he A s tha l l b one a s semb lage i ss im i la r , b u t w i thou t t h e d i s t inc t ive e a r ly a s semb lage f r om W i lco te . I ts how s a h i gh p ropo r t ion o f s heep /goa t r e la t ive t o c a t t le , a nd l ow n umbe r s o fp i g a nd d ome s t ic f ow l ( a l though t h e l a t te r m ay b e s imp ly ar e su l t o fp oo r s u rv iva l h e re ) . T he a ge p rof i le o f t h e c a t t le i sa l so mo re l i ke t h e w ide r a nge e xpec ted f r om r u ra l s i te s t h an t h a t n o ted a t u rban s i te s . A t S hakenoak , h oweve r , c a t t le w e re d om inan t t h roughou t , c onf o rm ing t o a m o re R oman i sed p a t te rn ( K ing 1 989 , 5 8 ) . T he p r ox im i ty o f t h i s s i te t o W i lco te a nd t o A s tha l l m ay i n va l ida te a s ugge s t ion t h a t t h e h i gh r e p re sen ta t ion s o f s heep a t t h e se s i te s w a s n o t s imp ly d ue t o a ' c onse rva t ive ' a n ima l h usbandry r e g ime , b u t r ef lec ted a l a te r C o t swo ld s pec ia l isa t ion i n s heep r e a r ing . S uch a s pec ia l isa t ion h a s b een s ugge s ted f o r s i te s s u ch a s B a rn s ley P a rk ( i b id , 5 9 ) . Whe the r i tc ou ld a pp ly i n t h e h i n t e r land o f A s tha l l , f o r e xamp le , r ema in st ob ed emons t ra ted . E v idence f o ra r ab le i nt h e a r ea i se ven l e s s a dequa te t h an f o r p a s to ra l f a rm ing , d e sp i te a n e a r ly s t udy o f as amp le o f c a rbon i sed p l an tr ema ins f r om N o r th L e igh ( Mo r r i son 1 960 ) . N e i the r S hakenoak n o r W i lco te h ave p rov ided s i gn if ican t e v idence , a nd t h a t f r om t h e r e cen t w o rk a t A s tha l l w a s r e la t ive ly m eag re , mo s t s amp le s p r oduc ing o n ly s ma l l a moun t s o f m a te r ia l . T h is w a s e nough t o d emons t ra te t h a t t h e p r inc ipa l c e rea ls w e re s pe l t ( a s a t N o r th L e igh ) a nd b a r ley , a s m igh t h ave b een e xpec ted , a nd t h a t t h e s amp le s c ons is ted l a rge ly o f c l eaned g r a in r e ady f o r d ome s t ic c onsump t ion ( Boo th f o r thcom ing a ) , b u t t h e se c onc lus ions d o n o t i n f o rm u s s i gn i f ican t ly a bou t t h e a g r icu l tu re o f t h e s u r round ing s e t t lemen t s . Wh i le A s tha l l m ay h ave b een a t l e a s t i np a r t ap roduce r s i te t h e a r ea s o ft h e s e t t lemen t w h ich c ou ld r e f lec tt h i s h ave y e tt ob e e xam ined . S ummary a nd c onc lus ions T he C o t swo ld d i p s l ope t e r r i to ry a r ound W i lco te t h e ref o re p r ov ide s an umbe r o fc on t ra s t s w i th t h e a r chaeo logy o f t h e R oman p e r iod i nt h e U ppe r T hame s V a l ley p rope r , n o t l e a s t i nt e rms o ft h e q ua l i ty o ft h e e v idence f o r r e cons t ruc t ing t h e e conom ic b a s is o fs e t t lemen t . D e ta i led u nde r s tand ing o ft h e c h rono logy a nd f u nc t ion s o f t h e G r im ' s D i tch c omp lex a ppea r t ob e c r uc ia l t ot h e i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h e d eve lopmen t o f t h e a r ea i nt h e e a r ly R oman p e r iod , b u t h ave s t i l l t o b e e s tab l ished . T he c omp lex m ay h ave c on s t i tu ted a n i mpor tan t c en t ra l p l ace o ft h e c onque s t p e r iod , b u t a tp r e sen t m uch o f t h e e v idence f o r l a te I r on A ge a c t iv i ty i nt h e a r ea o fG r im ' s D i tch c ome s f r om d epo s i t s w h ich w e re i mpac ted b y i t s c ons t ruc t ion . O ccupa t ion s i t e s c on tempo ra ry w i th i t s u se , i f a ny , a r e s t i l lt ob e i d en t if ied a nd c ha rac t e r i sed c onc lus ive ly . T he a r r iva l o f t h e R oman a rmy i sr ef lec ted i n as ma l l b u t g row ing a moun to fe v idence f o r m i l i ta ry e s tab l ishmen t s a sa t A lche s te r a nd A s tha l l , a nd a l so p r e sumab ly b y t h e c ons t ruc t ion o fA keman S t ree t , t h ough t h e e xac t c h rono logy o ft h is i su nknown . I ti sa l so s e en , l e s s d i r ec t ly , b u t s t i l l q u i te c l ea r ly , i n a s pec t s o f t h e p o t te ry a nd a n ima l b one a s semb lage s f r om W i lco te i t s e lf . A t W i lco te t h i s i n f luence m ay h ave b een s ho r t l i ved , b u t t h e c on t inued i mpo r tance o f t h e a r ea i ng ene ra l i ss hown b y t h e p r ecoc ious d eve lopmen t o fv i l la s a ppa ren t ly i nt h e l a te r I s t c en tu ry , as i tua t ion w h ich

c an b e p a ra l le led i n o t he r l a te I r on A ge c en t ra l p l ace s . E l sewhe re i nt h e r e g ion t h e i mpac t o ft h e R oman a rmy m ay h ave b een f e l t f o r l o nge r , p a r t icu la r ly a t C laydon P ike , F a i rf o rd , w he re t h e a rmy m ay h ave r e ta ined a n i n te re s t i nt h e o rgan isa t ion o fs upp l ie s . C on t inu ing e v idence o f' o ff ic ia l i n vo lvemen t ' i nt h e W i lco te a r ea i sh a rd t o s e e , h oweve r , e xcep t v e ry i n d i rec t ly i nt h e c oncen t ra t ion o f v i l la s , w h ich d o n o t r ef lec t R oman i n vo lvemen t i nt h e l a nd scape i n t h e w ay s e en a t C laydon P i ke . F rom t h e l a te I s t c en tu ry o nwa rds t h e h i n te r land o f W i lco te a nd l a te rt h a to fA s tha l l c on t inued t os how a n a bove a ve rage c oncen t ra t ion o fv i l la s . N on -v i l la s e t t lemen tw a s a l so p r e sen t , a nd m ay h ave b een c ha rac te r ised b y e nc lo sed s i te s , b u t t h i s i mp r e s s ion c ou ld s imp ly r ef lec t t h e e mpha s is o f a e r ia l p ho tog raphy a nd a r e la t ive l a ck o f s y s tema t ic f i e ld w o rk . T he d ens i ty a nd c ha rac te r o fn on -v i l la s e t t lemen t i sa t p r e sen t q u i te u nc lea r . I nt h e v a l ley z one , s t ruc tu ra l e v idence o n l owe r s t a tu s r u ra l s e t t lemen t s i sg ene ra l ly e l u s ive . T he s ame s i tua t ion m ay o b ta in h e re , b u tt h e f r agmen ta ry t r ace s o f as m i thy b u i ld ing a t A s tha l l h ave b een u sed w i th o t he r e v idence f r om t h e r e g ion t os ugge s tt h a t am a s s w a l l b u i ld ing t r ad i t ion , d i f f icu l t t o d e tec t a r chaeo log ica l ly , m igh t h ave d eve loped h e re ( s ee a bove a nd K eev i l l a nd B oo th ' f o r thcom ing ) . E conom ic i n te r re la t ion sh ip s o f d i f f e ren t s e t t lemen t s i n t h e r e g iona l h i e ra rchy a r e d i ff icu l t t o d e te rm ine , t h ough s ugge s t ion s h ave b een m ade r e la t ing t ot e nu r ia l r e la t ion sh ip s i n s ome c a se s ; i n p a r t icu la r t h e w ide ly -quo ted s ugge s t ion t h a t S hakenoak c ea sed t ob eo wne ro ccup ied r o und a bou t AD 2 00 a nd t h a t i ta nd p e rhap s a l so D i t ch l e y b ecame a b so rbed i n to t h e N or th L e igh e s ta te ( B rod r ibb e ta l1 978 , 2 02 -204 ) . I n f a c t w e k now v e ry l i t t le a bou t e s ta te s i ze s o r l a nd o wne r sh ip , a nd t h e se s p ecu la t ions , a l though i n te re s t ing , h ave a lmo s t e n t i r e ly i g no red t h e r o le o fr u ra l s e t t lemen t t y pe s o t he r t h an t h e v i l la s . T he c onnec t ions b e tween t h e v i l la s ( a nd o t he rr u ra l s e t t lemen t s ) a nd t h e t h r iv ing r o ad s ide s e t t lemen t s o r s ma l l t owns o fA s tha l l a nd S ansom ' s P l a t t r ema in t o b e e xp lo red , a sd o t h e r e a sons f o r t h e m a rked d i f f e r ence s i nt h e p hy s ica l c ha rac te r o ft h e se s i te s v i s -a -v is W i lco te i t s e lf . I th a s b een a r gued i n an on -B r i t ish c on tex t t h a t i tw a s p o s s ib le f o r v e ry w ea l thy v i l la -e s ta te o wne r s e f f ec t ive ly t ow i thdraw f r om a n u rban m a rke t -ba sed e conomy (Wh i t take r 1 995 , 2 1-22 ) . P e rhap s t h e c on t inued i mpo r tance o f t h e v i l la s e t t lemen t o f t h e a r ea , a t s ome d i s tance f r om t h e t r iba l c en t re o f C i r ence s te r , i n d ica te s t h a t a d eg ree o f e conom ic s e lf s uff ic iency w a s p r e sen t h e re , a dd ing e conom ic i n dependence t o t h e s oc ia l f a c to r s d e te rm in ing t h e p hy s ica l s epa ra t ion o f t h is f o ca l a r ea f r om t h e f o rma l c en t r e o ft h e t r iba l t e r r i to ry . A lso u nce r ta in i st h e e x ten t o f c l o se e conom ic a nd s oc ia l l i nk s b e tween t h is a r ea a nd t h e g ene ra l ly l owe r s t a tus s e t t lemen t s o ft h e v a l ley z one . We re t h et wo a r ea s e s sen t ia l ly i n dependen t , e a ch w i th t h e i r o wn m a rke t c en t re s , r e spec t ive ly o n A keman S t r ee t a nd a ts i te s s uch a sG i l l M i l l , D uck l ing ton? I fC o t swo ld w oo l w a s a n i mpo r tan t c ommod i ty i nt h e R oman p e r iod , h ow w a s i t sm a rke t ing o rgan ised a nd t o w ha t e x ten t d i d t h is i n vo lve t h e v a l ley s e t t lemen t s? I nr e tu rn , h ow d i d t h e d i s t r ibu t ion m echan isms o ft h e O xf o rd p o t te r ie s w o rk , a nd w hy , w hen t h e i r p roduc t s a r e a ppa ren t ly s o w e l l r e p r e sen ted a tS hakenoak , a r e t h ey r e la t ive ly s c a rce a tt h e l i ke ly l o ca l m a rke tc en t re o fA s tha l l ( Boo th f o r thcom ing a ) ? W i th s o m any u nanswe red q ue s t ions i ti sc l ea r t h a t t h is 1 7

r e g ion i sr i pe f o r r e newed e xam ina t ion a nd a na ly s is . F u ture w o rk w i l l n o d oub tp roduce i t so wn , n ew q ues t ions .

B rod r ibb , A C C , H ands , A R , a nd Wa lke r , D R , 1 971 ,

B ib l iography

E xcava t ions a tS hakenoak F arm , n ea r W i lco te , O xf ord sh i re , P ar tI : S i te s Ba nd H , O xf o rd

A l len , T G , 1 989 ,

E xcava t ions a t B ury C lo se , F aw le r ,

B rod r ibb , A C C , H ands , A R , a nd Wa lke r , D R , 1 978 , E xcava t ions a tS hakenoak F arm , n ear W i lco te , O xf ord sh i re , P ar t V .S i te s Ka nd E ,O xf o rd

O xon , O xon ien s ia 5 3 ( f o r 1 988 ) , 2 93-315 A l len , TG , 1 990 , A n I r on A ge a nd R omano -Br i t i sh e nc lo sed s e t t lemen ta t Wa tk in s F arm N or thmoor , O xon , O xf o rd

B urnham , BC , a nd Wache r , J , 1 990 , R oman B r i ta in , L ondon

A l len , TG , D a rv i l l , TC , G reen , L Sa nd J ones , M U , 1 993 , E xcava t ion s a t R oughg round F arm , L ech /ad e , G louce s ter sh i re : ap reh i s tor ic a nd R oman l and scape , O xfo rd

C a se , H .J , 1 982 , C a ss ing ton , 1 950 -2 : L a te N eo l i th ic p i t s a nd t h e B ig E nc lo sure , i n C a se , H . J . a nd Wh i t t le , A .W .R . ( e d s ) S e t t lemen tp a t terns i nt h e O xf ord R eg ion : e xcava t ion s a t t h e A b ingdon c au sewayed e nc lo sure a nd o ther s i te s , C ounc B r i tA r chaeo l R es R ep 4 4 , L ondon , 18 151 .

A l len , T , M i le s , D , a nd P a lme r , S . 1 984 , I r on A ge b u i ld ing s i nt h e U ppe rT hames r e g ion , i n BC un l if f e a nd D M i le s ( e ds ) A spec t s o ft h e I r on A ge i n C en tra l S ou thern B r i ta in , U n iv O xf o rd C omm i t tee f o rA rchaeo l Monog raph 2 ,8 9 10 1

C hambe r s , RA , 1 976 ,

O xon . ,

1 974 ,

C hambe r s , RA , 1 977 , AR oman s e t t lemen t a tC urb r idge , O xon ien s ia 4 1 ( f o r 1 976 ) , 3 8 -55

A s ton , M , 1 974 „S ione sf i e ld s l a te , O xf o rdsh i re C oun ty C ounc i l D ep to f Museum S e rv ice s P ub l ica t ion N o 5

C hambe r s , RA , 1 979 , T he a r chaeo logy o ft h e C ha r lbu ry t o A rnco t t g a s p i pe l ine , O xon , 1 972 , O xon iens ia 4 3 ( f o r 1 978 ) , 4 0 -47

B agna l l Sm i th , J , 1 996 , I n te r im r e po r t o n t h e v o t ive ma te r ia l f r om R omano -Ce l t ic t emp le s i te s i n O xf o rdsh ire , O xon ien s ia 6 0( f o r 1 995 ) , 1 77 -203

C hambe r s , RA , 1 987 , AR oman t imbe r b r idge a tI vy F a rm , F enco t t w i th Murco t t , O xon . , O xon ien s ia 5 1 ( f or 1 986 ) , 3 13 6

B enson , D , a nd M i les , D , 1 974 , T he U pper T hame s V a l ley : A nA rchaeo log ica lS urvey o ft h eR iver G rave l s , O xf o rd

C hee tham , C J , 1 996 , S ome R oman a nd p r e -Roman s e t t lemen t s a nd r o ads b y t h e c onf luence o ft h e C he rwe l l a nd t h e R ay n ea rO tmoo r , O xon iens ia 6 0 ( f o r 1 995) , 4 19 -426

R oman m i l i tary

C la rke , S , 1 9 96 , A ccu l tu ra t ion a nd c on t inu i ty : r e -a sse ss ing t h e s i gn if icance o f R oman iza t ion i n t h e h i n te r lands o f G louces te ra nd C i rences te r , i n JWeb s te ra nd N C oope r( e ds ) I mper ia l i sm : P os t -Co lon ia l P er spec t ive s , L e ices te r A rchaeo l Monog raphs N o3 ,7 1-84

B lack , E W , 1 994 , V i l la -owne r s : R omano -B r i t ish g en t lemen a nd o ff ice r s , B r i tann ia 2 5 , 9 9 110 B oo th , P , 1 990 , D uck l ing ton : G i l l M i l l , O x ibrd A rchaeo l U n i tN ew s le t ter 1 8n o 3 , 1 9 -23

C ope land , T , 1 989 , T he N or th O xf o rdsh ire G r im 's D i tch : a f i e ldwo rk s u rvey , O xon ien s ia 5 3 ( f o r 1 988 ) , 2 77 -292

B oo th , P , B oy le , A , a nd K eev i l l , G D , 1 994 , A R omano B r i t ish k i ln s i te a t L owe r F a rm , N uneham C our tenay , a nd o t he r s i tes o n t h e D idco t t o O xf o rd a nd Woo t ton t o A b ingdon w a te r m a ins , O xf o rdsh ire , O xon ien s ia 5 8 ( f o r 1 993) , 8 7 -217

C rawf o rd , 0GS , 1 930 , A n t iqu i ty 4 ,3 03 -315

G r im 's D yke i n Wychwood ,O xon . ,

E ddy , M , 1 995 , •K e lvedon a nd t h e f o r t my th i n t h e d eve lopmen t o fR oman s ma l l t owns i nE ssex , i n A EB rown ( e d ) , R oman s ma l l t own s i n e a s tern E ng land a nd b eyond , O xf o rd , 19 128

B oo th , P ,f o r thcom ing a , A s tha l l , O xf ord sh i re , e xcava t ions i n a R oman ' s ma l l t own ' , 1 992 , O xf o rd A rchaeo l U n i t Monog raph B oo th , P ,f o r thcom ing b , Q uan t if y ing s t a tus , s ome p o t te ry d a ta f r om t h e U ppe rT hames V a l ley , JR oman P o t tery S tud B ran igan , K , 1 976 ,

A R omano -B r i t ish s e t t lemen t s i te

a nd s even th -cen tury b ur ia l , D uck l ing ton , O xon ien s ia 4 0 ( f o r 1 975 ) , 1 7 1-200

A pp lebaum , S . 1 978 , T he a g r icu l ture o fS hakenoak v i l la , i n A CC B rod r ibb , A RH ands a nd D R Wa lke r , E xcava t ion s a t S hakenoak F a rm , n ear W i lco te , O xf ord sh i re , P ar t V :S i te s K a nd E ,O xfo rd , 1 86 -200

B i shop , M C , a nd C ou ls ton , JC N , 1 993 , e qu ipmen t , L ondon

T he ' sma l l t own s ' o f

F ea the r s tone , R , H o rne , P , MacLeod , D a nd B ew ley , R , 1 995 , A e r ia l r e conna issance i n E ng land , s umme r 1 995 , A n t iqu i ty 6 9 , 9 8 1-988

V i l la s e t t lemen t i nt h e We s t C oun t ry , i n

KB ran igan a nd PJF ow le r ( e ds ) T he R oman W e s t C oun try , N ew ton A bbo t t , 1 20 14 1

F os te r , A M , 1 989 , A lches ter , O xon . : ab r ief r e v iew a nd n ew a e r ia l e v idence , B r i tann ia 2 0 , 1 4 1- I 4 7

B rod r ibb , A C C , H ands , A R , a nd Wa lke r , D R , 1 968 , E xcava t ion s a tS hakenoak F arm , n ear W i lco te , O xf ord sh ire , P ar tI .S i te s Aa nd D , O xf o rd

G reg son , M , . 1 989 , T he v i l la a s p r iva te p rope r ty , i n K B ran igan a nd D M i le s ( e ds ) T he e conom ie s o f R omano B r i t i sh v i l la s , S heff ie ld , 2 1-33 1 8

H amshaw -Thoma s , J F , a nd B e rm ingham , N , 1 993 , A na ly s is o f f a una l r ema ins , i n A R H ands , T he R omano B r i t i sh r oad s id e s e t t lemen t a t W i lco te , O xf ord sh ire I . E xcava t ion s 1 990 -92 , B r i t A rchaeo l R ep ( B r i t S e r ie s ) 2 32 ,

monumen t s , a nd s e t t lemen t i n t h e p reh i s tor ic l and scape , E ng l ish H e r i tage A rchaeo l R ep N o 6 L amb r ick , G , 1 992a , T he d eve lopmen t o f p r eh is to r ic a nd R oman f a rm ing o n t h e T hames g rave ls , i nM F u lf o rd a nd E N icho ls ( e ds ) D eve lop ing L and scape s o fL ow land B r i ta in . T he A rchaeo logy o f t h e B r i t i sh G rave l s : A R ev iew , S oc A n t iqs L ondon O cc P ape r s 1 4 , 7 8 -105

O xf o rd , 1 67 -210 H ands , AR , 1 993 , T he R omano -Br i t i sh r oad s id es e t t lemen t a t W i lco te , O xf ord sh i re I . E xcava t ion s 1 990 -92 , B r i t A rchaeo l R ep ( Br i t S e r ie s )2 32 , O xf o rd

L amb r ick , G , 1 992b , A l luv ia l a r chaeo logy o ft h e H o locene i n t h e U ppe r T hames b a s in 1 97 1-1991 : ar e v iew , i n S N eedham a nd M G Mack l in ( e ds ) A l luv ia l a rchaeo logy i n B r i ta in , O xbow Monog raph 2 7 , O xf o rd , 2 09 -226

H a rden , D B , 1 937 , E xcava t ions o n G r im 's D yke , Nor th O xf o rdsh i re , O xon ien s ia 2 ,7 4 -92 H a rd ing , DW , 1 972 , B a s in , O xf o rd

T he I r on A ge i nt h e U pper T hame s

H a rdy , A , f o r thcom ing , E s ta te , O xon ien s ia

L amb r ick , G , a nd Wa l l is , J , 1 988 , Duck l ing ton G i l l M i l l , O xon : a rchaeo log ica l a sse ssmen t 1 988 , O xf o rd A rchaeo l U n i t u npub l ished c l ien tr epor t

E xcava t ions a t G lymp ton P a rk M i le s , D , 1 982 , C onf us ion i n t h e c oun t ry s ide : s ome c ommen t s f r om t h e U ppe r T hame s r e g ion , i n DM i les ( ed ) , T he R omano -Br i t i sh c oun t ry s id e : s t ud ie s i nr ura l s e t t lemen t a nd e conomy , B r i t A rchaeo l R ep ( Br i t ish S e r ies ) 1 03 , O xf o rd , 5 3 -79

H en ig , M , 1 993 , R oman s cu lp ture f rom t h e C o t swo ld R eg ion w i th D evon a nd C ornwa l l , C o rpus S igno rum I mpe ri l R oman i , G rea t B r i ta in , V o l 1 ,F a sc icu le 7 ,O xf o rd

M i les , D , 1 984 , R omano -B r i t ish s e t t lemen t i n t h e G louce s te r sh ire T hames V a l ley , i n A S av i l le ( e d ) , A rchaeo logy i nG louce s ter sh ire , C he l tenham , 1 9 1-211

H ey , G , 1 996 , I r on A ge a nd R oman S e t t lemen t a t O ld S h if f o rd F a rm , S t and lake , O xon iens ia 6 0 ( f o r 1 995 ) , 9 3-175 H ing ley , R , 1 983 ,

I r on A ge a nd R omano -Br i t i sh S oc ie ty i n

t h e U pper T hame s V a l ley : a n a na ly s i s o ft h e s e t t lemen t d a ta i nt e rm s o fm od e s o fp roduc t ion , U n ive r s i ty o fS ou thamp ton P h DT he s is , u npub l ished

M i le s , D , 1 986a , T he I r on Age , i nGB r igg s , JC ook a nd T R ow ley ( e ds ) , T he A rchaeo logy o f t h e O xf ord R eg ion , O xf o rd , 4 9 -57

H ing ley , R , 1 984 , T owa rds S oc ia l A na lys is i nA rchaeo logy : C e l t ic S oc ie ty i nt h e I r on A ge o ft h e U ppe r T hame s V a l ley ( 400 -0BC ) , i n BC un l if f e a nd D M i le s ( e ds ) , A spec t c o ft h e I r on A ge i nC en tra l S ou thern B r i ta in , U n iv O xf o rd C omm

M i le s , D , ( e d ) 1 986b , A rchaeo log y a t B ar ton C our t F arm , A b ingdon , O xon , C ounc B r i t A rchaeo l R es R ep 5 0 M i les , D , 1 989 , V i l la s a nd v a r ie ty : a spec t s o fe conomy a nd s o c ie ty i nt h e U ppe rT hame s l a ndscape , i nKB ran igan a nd D M i les ( e ds ) T he e conom ie s o f R omano -Br i t i sh v i l las , S heff ie ld , 6 0 -72

A rchaeo l Mono No 2 ,O xf o rd , 7 2 -88 H ing ley , R , . 1 989 ,

R ura l s e t t lemen t i n R oman B r i ta in ,

L ondon H ing ley , R , a nd M i les , D , 1 984 ,

M i l le t t , M , 1 990 ,

A spec t s o f I r on A ge

S e t t lemen t i nt h e U ppe rT hame s V a l ley , i n BC un l if f e a nd D M i les ( e d s ) , A spec t s o f t h e I r on A ge i n C en t ra l S ou thern B r i ta in , U n iv O xf o rd C omm A rchaeo l Mono No 2 ,O xf o rd ,

Mor r ison , M E S , 1 960 , C a rbon ized c e rea ls f r om t h e R oman v i l la o f N o r th L e igh , O xon . , O xon ien s ia 2 4 ( f o r 1 959 ) , 1 3 -2 1

5 2 -7 1 I l i f f e ,

1 , 1 9 32 ,

T he R oman i za t ion o fB r i ta in , C amb r idge

Mou ld , C , 1 997 , A n a r chaeo log ica l e xcava t ion a tO xf o rd R oad , B ice s te r , O xf o rdsh ire , O xon iens ia 6 1 ( f o r 1 996 ) , 6 5 -

E xcava t ions a tA lche s te r , 1 928 , A n t iq s J

1 2 , 3 5 -67

1 08 J ones , M , 1 986 , T owa rds amode l o ft h e v i l la e s ta te , i nD M i les ( e d ) A rchaeo logy a t B ar ton C our t F arm , A b ingdon ,

R adf o rd , CA R , 1 9 36 , O xon ien s ia 1 ,2 4 -69

O xon , C ounc B r i t A rchaeo l R es R ep 5 0 , 3 8 -42

R ah tz , S . a nd R ow ley , T , 1 984 , M idd le ton S toney , e xcava t ion a nd s urvey i n aN or th O xf ord sh i re p ar i sh 1 970 -

K eev i l l , G , a nd B oo th , P , f o r thcom ing , S e t t lemen t , s e quence a nd s t ruc ture : R omano -B r i t ish s t one -bu i l t r o undhouse s a t R ed lands F a rm , S t anw ick ( No r than t s ) a nd A lche s te r ( Oxon ) , i n RM a nd D E F r iendsh ip -Tay lo r ( e ds ) F rom r ound h ou se t ov i l la , U ppe rN ene A rchaeo l S oc , 1 8 -44

1 982 , O xf o rd R CH M , 1 976 , T he C oun ty o fG louce s ter : V o lume o ne , I r on A ge a nd R omano -Br i t i sh m onumen t s i n t h e G louces ter sh i re C o tswo ld s , R oya l C omm iss ion o n H is to r ica l Monumen t s ( Eng land ) , L ondon

K ing , A , 1 989 , V i l la s a nd a n ima l b ones , i nKB rän igan a nd D M i les ( e ds ) T he e conom ie s o f R omano -Br i t i sh v i l la s , S heff ie ld , 5 1 -59 L amb r ick ,

G ,

1 988 ,

T he

T he R oman v i l la a tD i tch ley , O xon ,

R ow ley , T , 1 975 , T he R oman t owns o fO xfo rd sh ire , i nW R odwe l l a nd T R ow ley ( e ds ) , S ma l lt own s o fR oman B r i ta in ,

R o l l r igh t S tone s : . m ega l i th s , 1 9

B r i t A rchaeo l R ep ( B r i t S e r ) 1 5 , 15 -124 , O xf o rd S a lway , P ,1 981 ,

Wa re , M , a nd Wa re , F , 1 993 , F i e ldwa lk ing a R omano B r i t ish s i te a bove S h ip s ton , W ychwood sH i s tory 8 ,5 0 -65

R oman B r i ta in , O xf o rd Web s te r , G , 1 974 , AR omano -Br i t ish f r agmen t o fm i l i ta ry e qu ipmen t f r om A lches te r , O xon ien s ia 3 8 ( f o r 1 973) , 3 85 3 86

S co t t , E , 1 993 , A Gaze t teer o fR oman V i l la s i n B r i ta in , L e ice s te rA rchaeo l Monog raphs No 1 ,L e ice s te r

Web s te r , G , 1 980 ,

S t u rdy , D , a nd Y oung , CJ ,1 977 , Two e a r ly R oman k i lns a t T uckwe l l 's P i t , H anbo rough , O xon , O xon ien s ia 4 1 ( f o r 1 976 ) , 5 6 -64 T ay lo r , M V , 1 939 , R omano -B r i t ish R ema ins , V i c tor ia C oun ty H i s tory o fO xf ord sh i re I ,2 67 -345

T he R oman i n va s ion o fB r i ta in , L ondon

We lf a re , H , a nd Swan , V , 1 995 ,

R oman c amp s i nE ng land :

T he f i e ld a rchaeo logy , R oya l Monumen t s E ng land , L ondon

C omm is s ion

o n

H is to r ic

T homa s , N , 1 958 , E xcava t ions a tC a l low H i l l , G lymp ton a nd S tone sf ie ld , O xon , O xon ien s ia 2 2 ( f o r 1 957 ) , 11 5 3

Wh i t take r , C R , 1 995 , D o t h eo r ie s o f t h e a nc ien t c i ty m a t te r? , i n T JC orne l l a nd K L oma s ( e ds ) U rban s oc ie ty i n R oman I t a ly , 9 26

T odd , M , 1 989 , V i l la a nd F undus , i n K B ran igan a nd D M i le s ( e ds ) T he e conom ie s o f R omano -Br i t i sh v i l la s ,

W i lson , DR ,a nd S he r lock , DA , 1 980 , V i l la , E ng l ish H e r i tage

N or th L e igh R oman

S heff ie ld , 1 4 -20 Y oung , C J , 1 975 , T he d ef ence s o f R oman A lche s te r , O xon iens ia 6 0 , 1 36 170

T row , S ,a nd J ame s , S . 1 989 , D i tches v i l la , Nor th C e rney , a n e xamp le o f l o ca t iona l c onse rva t ism i nt h e e a r ly R oman C o t swo lds , i nKB ran igan a nd D M i le s ( e ds ) T he e conom ie s o fR omano -Br i t i sh v i l la s , S heff ie ld , 8 3 -86

Y oung , C J , 1 977 , O xf ord sh i re R oman p o t tery , B r i t A rchaeo l R ep ( B r i t S e r )4 3 , O xf o rd

Wa lker , GT , 1 996 , AM idd le I r on Age S e t t lemen t a tD ee r P a rk R oad , W i tney : E xcava t ions i n1 992 , O xon ien s ia 6 0 ( f o r 1 995 ) , 6 7 -92

Y oung , C , 1 986 , T he U ppe r T hame s V a l ley i nt h e R oman p e r iod , i n G B r igg s , JC ook a nd T R ow ley ( e ds ) , T he A rchaeo logy o ft h e O xf ord R eg ion , O xf o rd , 5 8 -63

2 0

T he E conomy o ft h e W i lco te S e t t lemen t i nt he S econd C en tury

I ti sa s sumed f o r t h e p urpo se s o ft h i s s t udy t h a t W i lco te i n t h e s e cond c en tu ry w a s a n e conom ica l ly v i ab le s e t t lemen t , u nde rgo ing n o e x t r eme e xpans ion o r c on t rac t ion , b u t i na r e a sonab ly s t ab le r e la t ion sh ip w i th i t s s u r round ing s . I t s r e la t ions , i fa ny , w i th l o ca l , r e g iona l o r c en t ra l g ove rnmen t a r e a tp r e sen t u ngue s sab le , a nd s o a r e i g no r ed . T axa t ion , l e v ied i n money o r p roduce o r s e rv ice s , c ou ld h ave b een a s ub s tan t ia l e l emen t i nt h e e conomy , b u t c anno t b e d i scu s sed u sef u l ly . A lso , t h e p e r iod ic q ua r ry ing a c t iv i t ie s m us t h ave h ad s ome e conom ic e f f ec t , b u t t h is i s a l so o m i t ted a s i n ca lcu lab le . I ti sa s sumed t h a t t h e e conomy w a s n e i the r g row ing n o rc on t rac t ing , a nd w ha t money w en t i n mu s t h ave c ome o u t , b u t t h a t l o ca l p roduce a nd ' f o re ign ' g ood s w e re p a r t ly c on sumed w i th in t h e s e t t lemen t a nd p a r t ly t r aded . ' F o r e ign ' i n t h is c on tex t m ean s g ood s w h ich w e re n o t p roduced i nt h e i mmed ia te v i c in i ty o f W i lco te a nd i n c lude e ve ry th ing f r om t h e p o t te ry o ft h e O xf o rd k i ln s t oE gyp t ian d a te s .

l ow v a lue p e r k i lo , a nd i tc anno t h ave b een e conom ic d ue t o t r an spo r tc o s t st oe xchange t h ef o rme rf o rt h e l a t te r . 4 . E xcava t ions o fv i l la s s uch a s S hakenoak s how t h a t t h ey i mpo r ted h i gh s ta tu s ' f o re ign ' g ood s . T he i r e conomy w a s b a sed o n t h e p roduc t ion a nd s a le o fa g r icu l tura l s u rp lu se s . I t i s n o t u n rea sonab le t o s uppo se t h a t t h e i r t r ade i n b o th d i rec t ions w a s c hanne l led t h rough r o ad s ide s e t t lemen t s s u ch a sW i lco te , a c t ing a sm a rke tc en t re s . 5 . T he ' s e rv ice ' f a c i l i t ie s t ook i n money a nd s upp l ied s e rv ice s i n c lud ing f ood . T hey m us t t h e ref o r e h ave e xchanged s ome o ft h e m oney f o r f ood d e s t ined f o r r e sa le , u s ing t h e ' ma rke t 't oe f f ec tt h e e xchange . 6 . T he ' c oun t ry s ide ' -p oo re r a nd l e s s o bv ious ly r oman i sed s e t t lemen t s s u ch a sv i l lage s a nd f a rms tead s -w a s b a r e ly i fa t a l w i th in t h e s e cond -cen tury m oney e conomy , a nd f i nd s o f s am ian o r a mpho rae a r e r e la t ive ly r a r e . E s sen t ia l ly s uch c ommun i t ie s w e re e conom ica l ly s e lf suppo r t ing a nd s e lf c on ta ined , p roduc ing o n ly s ma l l a g r icu l tu ra l s u rp luse s t o s e l l , a nd s o p o s se s s ing l i t t le c apac i ty f o r t he p u r cha se o f f o r e ign g ood s .

T he e conom ic a c t iv i ty o ft h e s e t t lemen t i sd i v ided i n to t h ree a r ea s : 1 . A ' s e rv ice ' f unc t ion : t h e p rov is ion o f f ood , l o dg ing a nd p e rhap s t r anspor t ( a c hange o f h o r se s ) t o r o ad u s e r s . 2 . A' ma rke t ' f u nc t ion , w he reby l o ca l p roduc t s f r om t h e a d jacen tc oun t ry s ide a nd ' f o re ign ' i mpo r t s a r et r aded . 3 . ' Sma l l -ho ld ing s ' w h ich p roduce s ome f ood b u t a r e i n adequa te t of u l ly s uppo r tt h e i ro wne r s ' f am i l ie s . T he w o r ld o u t s ide W i lco te a nd e conom ica l ly o n i ti st a ken t oc omp r ise :

w h ich

7 . T he h ypo the t ica l ' sma l l -ho ld ing s ' a tW i lco te m ay h ave b een i n adequa te t o p rov ide f o r a l t h e i r o ccupan t s ' n eed s , w h i le t h e v i l la s m ay h ave r e qu i red l a bou r a dd i t iona l t ot h a t w h ich w a s h oused o n t h e i r e s ta te s . A s sum ing t h a t t h e se n eed s w e re m e t b y t h e v i l la -owne r s h i r ing t h e s ma l l -ho lde r s a sp a id l a bou r , t h e p aymen t c ou ld h ave b een i nm oney b u t i t w ou ld m o r e p robab ly h ave b een i n a g r icu l tu ra l p r oduce , w h ich w a s w ha t t h e l a bou re r s n eeded a nd t h e v i l la s h ad i n s u rp lus .

i mp inge s

I . T he n e ighbou r ing v i l la s . nd 2 . N on -v i l la s e t t lemen t s i n t h e v i c in i ty : v i l lage s a ' n a t ive ' f a rms . 3 . T rave l le r so nt h er o ad . 4 . Me r chan t su s ing t h e r o ad .

I td oe s n o t f o l low t h a t t h e t h ree p o s tu la ted f unc t ion s o f W i lco te : s e rv ice s , m a rke t a nd s ma l l -ho ld ing s , n ece s sa r i ly c o r re spond t o t h ree d i f f e ren t g roup s o f p eop le o r t o t h ree a r ea s o f t h e s e t t lemen t . A l though W i lco te c ove r s a c ons ide rab le a r ea , t h e p opu la t ion d en s i ty m ay h ave b een l ow , a nd t h e a c tua l p opu la t ion s ma l l . I nt h is c a se , f am i l ie s a nd e ven i n d iv idua ls m ay h ave b een i n vo lved i nt wo o ra l o f t h e se f u nc t ion s . T he re i sp e rhap s s l igh t ly mo re r e a son t o a lo t t h e f u nc t ions t os epa ra te a r ea s o fW i lco te . S o f a r , o n ly t h e a r ea e xcava ted h a s p roduced h i gh s ta tus a r tef ac t s , t h ough t h a t m ay o n ly r ef lec t t h e d i f f e rence b e tween e xcava t ion a nd f i e ld -wa lk ing , a nd i n a ny c a se t h e m a rke t f u nc t ion c ou ld p e rhap s a ccoun t f o r t h em a sw e l l a s c ou ld t h e s e rv ice o ne . T he a r ea t ot h e w e s t h a s b een p ropo sed a s am a rke t , a nd t h a t t ot h e e a s ta ss ma l l -ho ld ing s , b o th o n v e ry s l ende re v idence .

F ig . 5i sa n a t temp t t o e xp r e s s t h e r e la t ionsh ip s b e tween t h e se e n t i t ie s . An umbe ro fp o in t s m ay b en o ted . I . T he d i v i s ion i n to ' money ' a nd ' b a r te r ' e conom ie s , w i th W i lco te a c t ive i nb o th , i st o s ome e x ten t s uppo r ted b y t h e r e su l t s o fe xcava t ion . C o ins e a r l ie r t h an t h e 2 60 s a r e f o und f r equen t ly o n t own s i tes , a nd a r e f a i r ly c ommon o n v i l la s , b u t o ccu r m uch l e s s f r equen t ly o n v i l lage o r ' n a t ive ' f a rm s i te s . W i lco te h a s s o f a rp roduced 2 9 p r e -260 c o ins ( 5 5% o f t h e t o ta l d i scove red i ft h e l a rge f o ur th -cen tu ry g roup f r om F . 77 l e ve l 1i se xc luded ) .

T he a c tua l v o lume s o f money a nd g ood s t r ave l l ing a l ong t h e d i f f e ren t l i ne s i nt h e d i ag r am w i l l h ave v a r ied g r ea t ly , b u t i t i sp o in t le s s t ot r y t oe s t ima te o ri n d ica te t h is w hen t h e w ho le d i ag ram i ss os pecu la t ive .

2 . ' T rave l le r s ' m us t h ave p a id f o r s e rv ice s i nm oney , s i nce t h ey w ou ld n o t n o rma l ly h ave c a r r ied t h e g ood s n eeded t o p ay i nk i nd . 3 . Me rchan t s u s ing t h e r o ad c ou ld h ave p a id f o r s e rv ice s i n money o r g oods . T hey m us t h ave b een p a id f o i .g ood s i n m oney , n o t i nl o ca l p roduce . T he g ood st h ey s upp l ied t ot h e i n hab i tan t s , s am ian , g l a s s , m e ta lwo rk , w ine , o i l , d a te s a nd s o o n , w e re o f h i gh v a lue p e rk i lo ; l o ca l p roduce w ou ld b e o f

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F ig .5 . A Mode l f or t he E cono my o ft he Wi lco te S e t t le ment .

B u i ld ing s S o f a rt h e re i se v idence f o rt h ree o rp e rhap s f ou rb u i ld ing s :

i mb rex o r t e gu la , 3 0 p i ece s o f c ombed f l ue t i le a nd 4 0 p i ece s o f b r ick h ave b een f ound , t oge the r w i th a pp rox ima te ly 1 50 s ma l lf r agmen t s .

-B u i ld ing 1 ,W i l co te I ,p . 15 a nd F i g . 1 . T he t e n s u rv iv ing p o s tho le s i n d ica te a b u i ld ing a t l e a s t 8 i n w ide a nd 5 . 8m d eep , i n c lud ing ac o r r ido r o r v e randah 1 . 8m w ide r u nn ing d own t h e s i de f u r the s t f r om t h e r oad . T he b u i ld ing h ad t h e l o ng s i de p a ra l le lt ot h er oad . N o f i rm d a t ing .

N o c u t s t one s h ave b een l i me s tone i n t h e q ua r r ie s c onven ien t b u i ld ing b l ock s , f a r e xcava ted , F . 73 a nd t h e S P370 156 , u sed t h e se .

-B u i ld ing 2 ,W i l co& I ,p . 15 a nd F ig . 1 . T h is i s ag roup o f s i x p o s tho le s w h ich may b e r e la t ed , t h ough ' b u i ld ing ' i s p e rhap s r a the r o ve r -op t im is t ic a s a d e sc r ip t ion o f t h e r e su l t ing s t ruc tu re . F ou r o f t h e p o s tho le s c on ta ined f i nd s d a t ing f r om t h e l a s tt h ird o ft h e f i r s tc en tu ry .

f ound i n a ny d epo s i t . T he i s n a tu ra l ly f r agmen ted i n to a nd t h e o n ly d ry s tone w a l l s s o r e ve t t ing w a l l i nt h e c i s te rn a t

W indow g l a s s i sq u i te r a re . F ragmen t s f r om a t l e a s t t wo p ane s c ame f r om t h e f i r s t p ha se o ft h e e xcava t ions (W i l co te I ,p . 163 , n o s . 4 3 -45 ) , a nd a f u r the r s even a r e l i s ted b e low ( no s . 1 2 1124 ) .

-B u i ld ing 3 . T he b eam s lo t F . 20 , W i l co te I ,p . 2 1 a nd F i g . 5 b , m ay h ave f o rmed p a r t o ft h e s ame s t ruc tu re a st h e f o u r p o s tho le s d e sc r ibed b e low , p . 27 , t h e w ho le f o rm ing as t r ip h ou se w i th t h e n a r row e nd f a c ing t h e r oad . T he re i sn o f i rm d a t ing .

T he o n ly o ccu r rence o fp a in ted w a l l -p la s te rw a s i nt h e u ppe r f i l l o f d i tch F . 26 , i mmed ia te ly e a s t o f t h e h ea r th F . 27 . I t c on s i s ted o f2 5 s ma l l f r agmen t s , o fw h ich 1 9w e re w h i te a nd s i x d a rk p urp le r ed . T he p a in ted s u rf ace s w e re q u i te r ough a nd n o tv e ry f l a t .

-B u i ld ing 4 . T he d ry -s tone w a l l , F . 73 , p robab ly f o rmed t h e e a s te rn s i de o f ab u i ld ing , o t he rw i se t o ta l ly d e s t royed b y p l ough ing . E xcava t ion t o t h e w e s t h a s n o t r e vea led a ny f u r the r i n d ica t ion s o f .t h i s s t ruc tu re . T he d a te i sp r obab ly m id second c en tu ry .

As i ng le c ha lk t e s se ra w a s n o ted (W i l co te I ,p . 47 , n o .10 ) . T he t h ree m o s t o bv iou s p o s s ib le e xp lana t ion s o f t h e se o b se rva t ion s a r e :

T he r e a r e n o s u rf ace i n d ica t ion s o fa ny s ub s tan t ia l b u i ld ing s a nywhe re a tW i lco te ,t hough i tm us tb e r emembe r ed t h a tt h e w e s te rnmo s t 5 00m o ft h e s e t t lemen t a r e p e rmanen t ly u nde r c r a s s o r l i e b e low t h e moder n v i l lage o f R amsden . T he c l a im i n S hakenoak V , p . 185 , o f ' A f a i r ly s ub s tan t ia l R oman s t ruc tu r e ' w e s t o f t h e p r e sen t e xcava t ions h a s n o t b een s ub s tan t ia ted b y mo re r e cen t e xam ina t ion o ft h e f i e ld s u rf a ce . H oweve r , t h e re i ss ome e v idence t h a t m ay i n d ica te t h e p r e sence o f am o re r oman i sed b u i ld ing o r b u i ld ing s i n t h ev i c in i ty .

1 .T he re i s ab u i ld ing o r b u i ld ing s s omewhe re a t W i lco te t h a t i st h e s ou r ce o ft h e se f i nd s , t hough t h e r e a r e n o s u rf ace i n d ica t ions o ft h i s . 2 . W i lco te m ay h ave b een a t r ans sh ipmen t p o in t w he re i mpo r ted b u i ld ing m a te r ia ls w e re r e loaded o r t empo ra r i ly s t o red b ef o re p a s s ing o n t o t h e n ea rby v i l la s . T he s i ng le t e s se ra m ay b e ac a se i np o in t , s i nce t h ousand s o f i d en t ica l t e s se rae w e re f ound a tS hakenoak v i l la . 3 . T he se i t ems m ay h ave b een s c avenged n e ighbou r ing v i l la s a nd b rough t t o W i lco te s e conda ry u se .

F r agmen t s o fb r ick a nd t i l e a r e f o und i na l b u t t h e e a r l ie s t d epo s i t s , b e ing c ommone s t i nt h e s e cond c en tu ry l e ve l s a nd i nF . 77 l e ve l 1( A .D . 3 15 -360 ) . A bou t 1 00 f r agmen t s o f

2 3

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0

F ig .6a . S ec t ion a cross F .75 .

F ig .6h . Contour p lan o fF .75 .

2 4

C a lcu la t ing t h e V o lume s o fA rchaeo log ica l F ea ture s a nd D epo s i t s

E s t ima t ion o ft h e v o lume o fa n i regu la r h o le i nt h e g round s u ch a s aq ua r ry , o r o f ad epo s i t w i th in s uch ah o le , i sn o t a l toge the r e a sy . Y e t t h e i n f o rma t ion t h i s y i e ld s c an b e o f i n te re s t : h ow m uch ma te r ia l d i d t h e q ua r ry y i e ld? w ha t a r e t h e a c tua l d en s i t ies o f f i nd s w i th in d i f f e ren t d epo s i t s , m ea su r ed a s n umbe r s o r w e igh t s o f a r tef ac t s p e r c ub ic m e te r? T he m e thod d e sc r ibed h e re i sb y n o m ean s p e rf ec t , b u td oe s g i ve r e a sonab ly a ccu ra te r e su l t s .

v o lume , r e ga rd le s s o fw he the rt h e b ucke t i sp l aced o n a h o r izon ta l s u rf ace o r i st i l ted a ta n a ng le . E xac t ly t h e s ame p r inc ip le a pp l ie s h e re . T he c on tou rp l an o fF . 75 i st r an sf e r red t ot h ick c a rd a t as ca le o f 1 : 50 . Ag ood q ua l i ty b oa rd , 7 50 g /m 2,i ss u i tab le : 1 cm 2 o f s uch c a rd w e igh s 0 . 075g . T he p l an i st h en c u t o u t o f t h e c a rd , t r imm ing r ound t h e z e ro c on tour , a nd t h e r e su l t ing p i ece o fc a rd i sw e ighed , a nd s i nce

T he p i to rq ua r ry F . 75 i st a ken a st h ee xamp le . I na dd i t ion t o t h e p ub l i shed s e c t ion ( F ig .9 ) , an umbe r o f s e c t ions w e re d r awn d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion , b o th e a s t -we s ta nd n or th sou th , t h ough n o t a l e x tended a c ro s s t h e f u l l w id th o ft h e f e a ture . B y c omb in ing t h e d a ta f r om a l t h e se s e c t ion s , i ti sp o s s ib le t o d raw a p l an o f F .75 w i th c on tou r s a t 2 0cm i n te rva ls , m ea su r ed d own f r om t h e R oman s u rf a ce ( F ig . 6 a s how s a t y p ica l s e c t ion , F ig . 6 b t h e r e su l t ing c on tou r p l an ) . Two

1 gw e igh to fc a rd = 1 3 .33 c m2o fc a rd =3 . 33m 2 t h e w e igh t o f t h e c a rd , i nt h is c a se 7 . 1g , c o r re spond s t o a s u rf ace a r ea o f F . 75 o f2 3 .66m 2 a tt h e z e ro c on tou r , t h a t i s R oman g round l e ve l ( Tab le I ) . T he c a rdboa rd c on tou r p l an i sn ow t r immed d own t o t h e 2 0cm c on tou r l i ne a nd r e -we ighed . T h i s w e igh t , 6 . 0g , c o r re spond s t oa n a r ea o f2 0 .00m 2. I ft h e a r ea s a tt h e z e ro a nd 2 0cm c on tou r s a r e a ve raged a nd mu l t ip l ied b y t h e d i s tance b e tween t h em , 0 . 20m , t h e r e su l t ing f i gu re o f4 . 37m 3 i st h ev o lume o ft h et o p2 0cm o fF . 75 .

p o in t s s hou ld b en o ted : T he s imp le s hape o fF . 75 m ean tt h a t2 0cm i n t e rva l s g ave a n a ccep tab le d eg ree o fa ccu racy . Mo re c omp lex s hape s may r e qu i re c l o se r s pac ing o ft h e c on tou r s , a nd i ti sn o t n ece ssa ry f o r a l t h e s pac ing s b e tween c on tou r s t ob e t h e s ame , s o c l o se r s pac ing c an b e u s ed a tl e ve l s w he re t h e s hape i sc omp lex a nd w ide rs pac ing w he re i ti ss imp le .

T h i s p roce s s i sr e pea ted f o r 4 0 , 6 0 , 8 0 a nd 1 00cm c on tou r s ( Tab le 1 ) . A dd ing u p t h e v o lume s , w e a r r ive a t 11 . 54m 3 f o r t h et o ta l v o lume o fF . 75 .

I n t h e c a se o f af a i r ly s ma l l f e a tu r e s uch a s F . 75 , t h e R oman g round s u rf ace c ou ld b e r e ga rded a s b e ing h o r izon ta l . B u t w i th a l a rge f e a tu r e s uch a s F . 77 , t h e re

T o o b ta in t h e v o lume o ft h e p o t te ry -con ta in ing f i l l , t h a t i st o s ay l e ve l 2i nF i g . 6 a , t h e f i l l a bove l i ne B ( t he t op o ft h e n a tu ra l a nd s i l t l e ve l ) a nd b e low l i ne C ( t he b o t tom o f t h e s t one p i tch ing ) , t wo f u r the r c a lcu la t ions a r e n eeded . T he v o lume o ft h e f e a tu re d own t ot h e s u rf ace r e p re sen ted b y l i ne Bo n F i g . i sc a lcu la ted ( 10 .96m 3,w i th a lowance b e ing m ade f o r t h e t wo l e n se s o fs i l t a n t h e m idd le o f t h e d epo s i t ) , a nd t h a t o ft h e p i tch ing a nd l e ve l s a bove i t ,t h a t i sl i ne C o n F ig . 6 a ( 1 .99m 3) . T he v o lume o f t h e p o t te ry -con ta in ing d epo s i t b e low t h e p i tch ing a nd a bove t h e s i l t a nd s ub so i l i st h e ref o re 8 . 97m 3.

w a s af a l l o fj u s t o ve r 1 m b e tween t h e R oman s u rf ace a t t h e n or the rn a nd s ou the rn e nd s . I nt h is c a se t h e c on tour s m us t b ed r awn p a ra l le l t ot h e s l op ing R oman s u rf ace , a nd n o t h o r izon ta l ly a nd ' v e r t ica l ' m ea su remen t s m ade p e rpend icu la rt ot h is p l ane . T h i s i sn o t a n a pp rox ima t ion : t h e v o lume o f ab ucke t i sg i ven b y t h e a r ea a tt h e m ou th p l us t h e a r ea a tt h e b a se , d i v ided b y t wo a nd m u l t ip l ied b y t h e d ep th m ea su red a tr i gh t a ng le s t ot h e p l ane o ft h e mou th . T h is i s t h e s imp le s t w ay o f m ea su r ing t h e

c on tou r c m .

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T otal: T ab le I .C a lcu la t ion o ft h e v o lume o fF . 75

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F ig .7 . F . 69 ,s e c t ion p -p .

t op so i l

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F ig .8 . F . 72 ,s e c t ion q -q .

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T he E xcava ted F ea ture s F .72 ( F ig . 8 ,s e c t ion q -q ) P o s tho le s F .56 -F62 , F .66 , F .68 b rooch : 4 0 s t one : 2 4 , 2 5 s am ian : 2 40 -243 s am ian s t amp : 4 8 c oa r se p o t : 179 1204 g l a s s : 4 6 -48

E igh t p o s tho le s ( F .56 -F .62 , F . 66 ) f o rmed a g roup i mmed ia te ly s ou th o f t h e r oad . F . 58 , F . 59 , F . 6 1 a nd F . 62 w e re a l igned a nd e ven ly s paced , a nd r a n p a ra l le l t o t h e b eam s lo t F . 20 w h ich l a y 7m t ot h e e a s t (W I ' co te I ,p .2 1) . T he se c ou ld a l b e p a r t o f as i ng le s t ruc tu r e , b u i ld ing 3 , m ea su r ing a pp rox ima te ly 7 m e a s t -we s t a nd o f u nce r ta in l e ng th n o r th sou th . T he se p o s tho le s d i d n o t i n c lude a ny d a tab le f i nd s .

T he e xcava t ion r e vea led a 7 m l e ng th o f as ha l low , f l a t b o t tomed d i tch r unn ing p a ra l le l t oa nd s ou th o ft h e r o ad . A t t h e e a s te rn e nd , t h e n a tu ra l l i me s tone r o se t ot h e s u rf ace a nd t h e d i tch , w h ich w a s d ug i n to y e l low c l ay t o t h e w e s t , b ecame s ha l lowe ra nd f a ded i n to t h et o p so i l .

Af u r the r f o u r p o s tho le s , F . 56 , F . 57 , F . 60 a nd F . 66 , w e re i n t h e i mmed ia te v i c in i ty , a nd an i n th , F . 68 , l a y s ome 6 m t ot h e w e s t . T he se t oo p roduced n od a tab le f i nd s . P o s tho le F . 56 F . 57 F . 58 F . 59 F . 60 F . 6 1 F . 62 F . 66 F . 68

d i ame te rc m .

T he d i tch c on ta ined t wo d epo s i t s : t h e e a r l ie r ( l eve l 2 ) b e ing s epa ra ted f r om t h e l a te r ( l eve l 1 ) b y as c a t te r o f p ebb le s w h ich w a s i ns ome p l ace s w e l l -def ined a nd i no t he r s b a r e ly i fa ta l d i sce rn ib le . T h i s w a s ac on t inua t ion o f al e ve l o f p ebb le s s eve ra l c en t ime te r st h ick w h ich s epa ra t ed t h e n a tu ra l c l ay f r om t h e l a te rp av ing i nt h e a r ea s i mmed ia te ly n o r th a nd s ou th o fF . 72 .

d ep th c m . 2 0 2 0 5 0 s t one l ined 5 0 s t one l ined 1 5 1 0 2 5 3 1 0

4 5 4 8 4 8 7 0 4 0 4 4 5 2 5 0 2 1

T he f i nd s f r om l e ve l 2i n d ica ted a f i r s t c en tu ry , p e rhap s C laud ian , d a te f o r t h i s d i tch : b rooch n o . 4 0 , A .D .35 -60 /65 ; s am ian n o s . 2 40 ( C laud ian ) , 2 4 1 ( f i r s t c en tu ry ) , a nd 2 43 ( f i r s tc en tu ry? ) ; s am ian s t amp n o . 4 8 , MACER i( 50 -65 ) . T he t wo f r agmen t s o fN iede rmend ig l a va q ue rn ( s ) ( s tone n o s . 2 4 , 2 5 ) w ou ld f i ts uch ad a t ing . T he c oa r se p o t te ry h a s p a ra l le ls w i th t h a t f r om F . 17 a nd F . 19 l e ve ls 5a nd 6 ,t h ough ' f l owe r p o t s ' a sn o . 196 a r e g ene ra l ly s e cond -cen tu ry (W i lco te I ,p . 5 3 , 5 ) . G la s s n o . 4 6 i sf r om a t y p ica l ly C laud io -Ne ron ian H o fhe im b eake r .

T ab le 2 .D imens ion s o fP o s tho le s . F .69 ( F ig . 7 ,s e c t ion p -p )

T he u ppe r t i l l , l e ve l 1 ,i sl e s s c l ea r ly d a ted . S am ian n o . 2 42 m ay h ave al a te f i r s t -ea r ly s e cond c en tury d a te .

C oa r se p o t te ry : 173 1176

T he p av ing w h ich r a n a bove F . 72 e x tended o ve r m uch o ft h e w e s te rn p a r t o ft h e e xcava ted a r ea , c ove r ing t h e n a tu ra l c l ay , d a ted f r om t h e t h i rd q ua r te r o ft h e f i r s t c en tu ry : t h ough c o in s n o s . 3 2 ( C laud ius ) , 3 4 ( Ne ro ) a nd 3 5 ( Ve spa s ian ) c ame f r om b e low i t , b u t t h e r e w a s n o e v idence t h a t i tw a s a l l a id s imu l taneous ly . B rooch n o . 4 3 , d a t ing f r om t h e m idd le o ft h e f i r s tc en tu ry , c ame f r om b e low t h is p av ing 2 m n o r th o fF . 72 .

T h is f e a tu r e c on s i s ted o f ad i tch f o rm ing t h r ee s i de s o f a s qua r e , c u t w i th g r ea t c a re a nd p r ec is ion i n to n a tu ra l r e d c l ay ; t h e s i de sw e r e p r ec ise ly v er t ica l a nd m e t e ach o t he ra nd t h e b o t tom a ts ha rp ly -cu t r i gh t a ng le s . T he d i tch w a s f i l led w i th t h in , f l a t l i me s tone s l ab s , t y p ica l ly 5 10cm t h ick , s e t o n e dge , c l o se -packed a nd i n c l ined a t3 0 ° t ot h e v e r t ica l . T he re w e re n o f i nd s w ha teve r a mong t h e se s t one s , b u t a t t h e e x t r eme s ou th -ea s t c o rne r t h e re w a s as ma l l d epo s i t o fb l ack e a r th c on ta in ing p o t s 173 1176 , p robab ly d a t ing f r om t h e f i r s th a lf o ft h es e cond c en tu ry .

I ts e ems u n l ike ly t h a t F . 72 w a s ar o ad s ide d r a inage d i tch , t h ough i tr a n p a ra l le l t ot h e r o ad . F . 26 , w h ich p r obab ly h ad t h is f unc t ion , h ad ad i f f e r en tp rof i le (W i l co te I ,F i g . 7 a , b ) .

T he f e a tu r e m ay h ave f o rmed t h e f o unda t ions o f s ome s upe r s t ruc tu re . I tw a s n o t a l igned t oB u i ld ing 3t ot h e e a s t o r t oB u i ld ing 4t ot h ew e s t .

F .73 , F . 74 a nd F . 75 ( F ig . 9 ,s e c t ion r r ) F . 75 w a s ar e -f i l led q ua r ry , F . 73 a d ry s tone w a l l r u nn ing a c ro s s i t ,a nd F . 74 as ma l l p i tb e s ide t h ew a l l .

F .70 a nd F . 7 1 T he se t wo r o ugh ly c on ica l p i t s , t h e f o rme r m ea su r ing 0 . 9m ( N -S ) xI .I . m ( E -W ) , a nd t h e l a t te r0 . 8m ( N -S ) x1 . 2m ( EW ) , b o th 0 . 75m d eep ,w e re f i l led w i th b l a ck e a r th . F . 70 c on ta ined o n ly 2 2 g r ey b ody she rd s i nf a b r ic s 2 ,3 , 5a nd 6 ,t o ge the r w i th 1 4 f r agmen t s o fa n ima l b one . F . 7 1 p roduced i r on n o s . 4 3 -46 a nd c oa r se p o t s 177 a nd 178 , p r obab ly d a t ing f r om t h e s e cond c en tu ry .

F . 74 :

2 7

s am ian : 2 44 -256 s am ian s t amp s : 4 6 , 6 0

F ig .9 . F .73 a nd F .75 ,s ec t ion r r .

L U

F . 75 :

c o in : 4 2 i r on : 1 26 s t one : 2 9 s am ian : 2 57 -270 s am ian s t amp s : 5 6 , 6 2 c oa r se p o t : 1 205 1474 g l a s s : 4 9

o fs am ian s he rds a nd a n ima l b one s . N one o ft h e se s e em t ob e f e a tu re s o ft h e d a te o ft h e d epo s i t , b u t p r e sumab ly r ef lec t i t s o r ig in s . I ti sp r e sumab ly d ome s t ic r ubb i sh , y e t n o t s imp ly k i tchen r e f use . T he f r agmen t o f aH o fhe im b eake r ( g la s s n o . 4 9 ) w a s o f C laud io -Ne ron ian d a te , a nd m ay b e f r om t h e s ame v e s se l a s n o . 4 6 f r om F . 72 l e ve l I .

F . 75 w a s ap i t w h ich h ad p robab ly s e rved a s as ou r ce o f c l ay . T he t o ta l v o lume o f m a te r ia l e x t ra c ted w a s 1 .44m 3 . T he m a in f i l l w h ich i tc on ta ined , l e ve l 2i nf i g .9 , s e c t ion r r , c on s i s ted o f am ix tu re o fb rown e a r th , y e l low s i l t a nd y e l low c l ay . Af l oo r o fl a rge s t one s s e t o n e nd s e a led i nt h i s l e ve l , a nd ad ry s tone w a l l o fu pt of o u rs u rv iv ing c ou r se s , F . 73 , r a n n o r th sou th a c ro s st h e f e a tu re , p ro tec ted f r om d e s t ruc t ion b y t h e s ub s idence o fl e ve l2 .O n e i the rs i de o ft h e w a l l t h e r ew a s ad epo s i t o ff i ne b l ack e a r th . T he l e ve l 2d epo s i t h ad av o lume o f8 . 97m 3,a nd c on ta ined 1963 s h e rd s o f p o t te ry , t h a t i s1 3 34 s h e rd s /m 3,a nd 1 532 f r agmen t s o fa n ima l b one , ap o t :bone r a t ion o f7 . 8 1 : 1 ( Tab le 1 4 , p . 9 1) . T he b one s w e r e a lmo s t a l s ma l l f r agmen t s f r om t h e l o ng b one s o f t h e l a rge r d ome s t ic a n ima ls . T he d epo s i t c on ta ined ac omp le te e gg , p robab ly o f ac h icken . T he p o t te ry w a s i n as e conda ry s t a te o f d eg rada t ion ( Tab le 1 3 , p . 82 ; F ig .34 , p . 87 ) . T h i s m a te r ia l w a s d epo s i ted o ve r as ho r t s pan o ft i me , e ven p o s s ib ly i n as i ng le o pe ra t ion , f o rj o in ing s h e rds c ame f r om t h e t o p a nd b o t tom o f l e ve l 2 . T h i s a l so e xp la ins t h e r e la t ive ly l ow l e ve l o f d eg rada t ion , t h e f i l l h av ing b een e xpo sed o n ly b r ief ly t ow ea r a nd w ea the r . l ti sc l ea rt h a t t h e p i tched f l oo rw a s l a id a nd t h e w a l l F . 73 b u i l t b ef o r e t h e l e ve l 2f i l l h ad h ad t ime t os e t t le a nd c onso l ida te . L eve l 2c on ta ined a c o in o f T ra jan ( no .42 ) , a nd s am ian s t amp s n o s . 5 6 ( ROPPVS i ,c . 1 05 130 ) a nd 6 2 ( V ITAL IS c . 10 130 ) . T he d eco ra ted s am ian a l d a ted f r om w i th in t h e f i r s t q ua r te r o f t h e s e cond c en tury e xcep t f o r n o . 2 67 ( A .D . 1 40 160 ) , w h ich i sn o t i d en t if ied w i th c e r ta in ty , a nd n o . 2 68 ( A .D . 6 0 -80 ) . T he c oa r se p o t te ry , n o s . 1 205 1474 , f i t s i n w e l l w i th t h is d a t ing . T he p r oduc t s o f t h e O xf o rd i n du s t ry a r e i ns ome c a se s d a ted r a the r l a t e r i nY oung 1 977 , n o tab ly n o . 1 207 , ` 1 80 -240 (? ) ' . C ompa r ing t h e p o t te ry w i th t h a t d i scus sed i nW i lco te I ,i ta ppea r s t h a t t h e c ompa ra t ive ly s ma l l n umbe ro ft h ick -wa l led ' s t o rage ja r s ' s uppo r t s t h e v i ew e xp re s sed t h e re ( p . 1 54 , 5 ) t h a t t h is i sa n e s sen t ia l ly f i r s tc en tu ry t y pe . T he re a r e f o u r e xamp le s f r om F . 75 , n o s . 1 227 1 230 , t h e r ema in ing l a rge j a r s h av ing f i ne r r ims a nd t h inne r w a l ls . ' F lowe r -po t s ' w e re w e l l r e p r e sen ted ( no s . 1 2 88 1292 , 1 396 , 1 397 ) , c onf i rm ing t h em a s a n e a r ly s e cond c en tury t ype ( i b id . , p . 1 5 3 , 5 ) . H oweve r , c a r ina ted j a r s , p ropo sed i n W i l co te I( p . 1 53 ,4 )a st y p ica l o ft h i s p e r iod , w e re r a re ( no s . 1 268 , 1 269 ) , a s w e re r u s t ica ted j a r s ( no s . 1 387 , 1 388 ) . T he f l u ted b ow l n o . 1 389 , i n ad i s t inc t ive f a b r ic , i sc onf i rmed a s a n e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry t y pe . T he g roup w a s d i s t ingu i shed b y t h e p r e sence o f m any c a r ina ted b ow l s a nd u r n s , t y pe s d i scu s sed b e low .

T he mo s t p robab le d a te o fl e ve l 2i st h e s e cond q ua r te r o ft h e s e cond c en tu ry . T he l e ng th o f w a l l , F . 73 , i sc l ea r ly a l t h a t s u rv ive s o f a b u i ld ing , B u i ld ing 4 ,b u t w he the r i tf o rmed t h e w e s t o r t h e e a s t w a l l i su nc lea r , p l ough ing h av ing d e s t royed a l t r ace s o f t h e s t ruc tu r e e xcep t f o rt h e s e c t ion o fw a l l t h a t h ad s ub s ided w i th t h e u nde r ly ing p i tch ing t o al e ve l b e low p l ough d ep th . H oweve r , i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t p o s tho le s F . 58 , F . 59 , F . 6 1 a nd F . 62 f o rmed t h e w e s t s i de o ft h i s s t ruc tu re ( s ee a bove ) . T he c on s t ruc t ion w a s d ry s tone , w i th n o m o r ta r o r c emen t b e tween t h e s t one s , w h ich w e re n a tu ra l s l ab s o f l o ca l c omb ra sh s how ing n o s i gn s o fh av ing b een w o rked . I tw a s v e ry n ea t ly b u i l t , a nd t h e l owe s t c ou r se w a s o f f se t o n b o th s i de s . I t s a t d i rec t ly o n t h e p i tch ing , w i th n o o t he r f o unda t ion s . T he s t ruc tu re o f w h ich i tf o rmed a p a r t w a s p r e sumab ly a s t r ip h ou se , w i th t h e n a r row e nd f r on t ing o n t h e r o ad t o w h ich F . 73 w a s a l igned a tr i gh t a ng le s . I tw a s p r e sumab ly b u i l t s oon a f te r t h e f i l l ing o f F . 75 w i th l e ve l 2 m a te r ia l a nd t h e s ub sequen t l a y ing o f t h e p i tched p av ing , s i nce t h e p av ing m us t h ave b een h o r izon ta l w hen t h e w a l l w a s b u i l t . T he b u i ld ing p r obab ly b ecame u nsaf e q u i te r a p id ly , a s t h e p av ing s ub s ided . Ad a te c . 1 25 w ou ld s e em p robab le . O n t h e e a s te rn s i de o ft h e w a l l as ma l l p i t m ea su r ing 0 . 70 x 0 . 70m h ad b een p roduced b y r emova l o fs ome o ft h e p av ing s t one s . T h i s w a s f i l led w i th f i ne b l ack e a r th a nd c on ta ined s am ian n o s . 2 44 -256 , s am ian s t amp s n o s . 4 6 ( GEMELLVS i ,m id - t ol a te -An ton ine ) a nd 6 0 ( TASG ILLVS iA .D . 1 25 1 50 ) , t o ge the r w i th 1 s ma l l c oa r se -wa re b ody she rd s . T h i s w a s ap r ima ry d epo s i t ( b e low , T ab le 1 2 , p . 82 ; F i g .33 , p . 86 ) . T he d eco ra ted v e s se ls a l d a te f r om a r ound t h e m idd le o ft h e s e cond c en tu ry , e xcep t n o . 2 68 ( c . A .D . 6 0 -80 ) . T h is d epo s i t r e semb le s t h e b urned m a te r ia l f r om F . 8 1 i n c on ta in ing e f f ec t ive ly o n ly s am ian . T he r e la t ionsh ip o f F . 74 t o t h e a d jacen t w a l l F . 73 i s u nce r ta in . D epend ing o n w he the r F . 73 w a s t h e w e s t o r e a s t w a l l o fB u i ld ing 4 ,F . 74 m ay h ave b een i n s ide o ro u t s ide t h e b u i ld ing ; F . 74 p o s t -da ted F . 75 l e ve l 2 ,b u t w he the r i tp r e - o r p o s t -da ted t h e b u i ld ing , o r w a s c on tempo ra ry w i th i t , i s u nknown . T he b l ack e a r th , l e ve l 1i n s e c t ion r r , w a s p a r t o f t h e u nsea led d epo s i t w h ich c ove r ed m uch o ft h e w e s te rn h a lf o f t h e a r ea d e sc r ibed i nt h i s r e po r t , a nd i sc ons ide red b e low u nde rt h a t h ead ing . F . 76 i r on : 3 1 , 133 ,139 s am ian : 2 7 1-275 c oa r se p o t : 1 475 1488 g l a s s : 5 0

T he D r e s se l 2 0 a mpho rae , n o s . 1 470 1474 , a r e a l d a ted t o t h e f i r s th a lf o ft h es e cond c en tu ry ( b e low , p . 226 ) . T he l a rge n umbe r s o f c a r ina ted b ow l s a nd u r n s ( b e low , p . 229 , 2 30 ) i nF . 75 a r e r ema rkab le , a sa r e t h e s ma l l n umbe r s 2 9

q ua r r ie s a r e i g no red .

F . 76 w a s ac i rcu la rp i t w i th s l op ing s i de s , 1 . 90m i nd i ame te r a nd 0 . 8m d eep a tt h e c en t re , l o ca ted i mmed ia te ly s ou th o f d i tch F . 72 . T he u nsea led c on ten t s i n c luded s am ian n o s . 2 7 12 75 , am ix tu re o f F l av ian a nd A n ton ine s he rd s , a nd c oa r se p o t s n o s . 1 475 1488 , ag roup e x tend ing f r om t h e l a te f i r s t t o t h e m id second c en tur ie s , a nd p e rhap s l a te r ( no s . 1 480 , 1 48 1) . G la s sn o .50 w a so fm id second c en tu ry d a te .

I nt wo a r ea s o n ly w e re t h e re d epo s i t s w h ich m ay b e u sed t o d a te t h e q ua r ry ing o pe ra t ion . I n t h e n o r th -ea s te rn a r ea o f F . 77 , a tt h ej unc t ions o f l e ve ls 4 a nd 6 ,t h e re w a s l e ve l 3 a . T h is p roduced s am ian n o s . 3 06 -309 a nd 4 38 ( s tamp n o . 5 0 , METT IVS , A .D . 1 40 170 ) , t oge the r w i th 8 s ma l l a nd w ea the r ed s he rd s o f ar o ughca s t b eake r , b l ack c o lou rcoa t o n af i ne w h i te f a b r ic , v e ry s im i la rt op o t n o .2500 ( bu t n o t f r om t h a t v e s se l ) ; a l so c oa r se p o t s n o s . 1 9 17 1938 . Ad a te i nt h e m idd le o ft h e s e cond c en tu ry i sp robab le f o rt h i sd epo s i t .

F 77 ( F ig . 1 0 , s e c t ion s s ; f i g . 1 , s e c t ion t t ) c o in s : 4 5 ,4 6 , 5179 b rooche s : 3 2 -35 , 3 9 , 4 1 , 4 6 o t he rb ronze : 4 9 ,52 ,53 ,56 , 5 9 , 6 0 , 6 8 -70 , 7 9 , 8 1 , 8 2 , 8 4 9 8 , 1 00 105 , 1 07 i r on : 3 2 , 3 , 3 5 -40 , 4 2 , 4 7 , 4 8 , 5 0 ,52 -64 , 6 6 , 6 7 , 6 9 -83 , 8 5 -89 , 9 1 , 9 7 , 9 8 , 1 0 1107 , 1 1118 , 1 20 125 , 1 27 132 , 1 34 138 , 1 40 145 l e ad : 3 ,4 s t one : 1 14 ,2 1 ,2 3 , 2 7 , 2 8 s am ian : 2 76 -31 I ,4 38 s am ian s t amp s : 4 1 ,50 , 5 3 ,59 , 6 7 -69 c oa r se p o t : 1 489 1943 g l a s s : 5 1-8 1 , 1 20 122 b one : 1 6 , 1 8 -20 ,2 4 , 2 6 -29 , 3 , 3 5 -40 , 4 4 -48

A t t h e s ou the rn e nd o f F . 77 , l e ve l 3 b ( s ec t ion s s ) y i e lded c o in s n o s . 4 5 ( Seve ru s A lexande r ) a nd 4 6 ( A .D . 2 22 -260 ) ; s am ian n o s . 3 10 , s t amp n o . 4 1 ( C 1NNA MVS , A .D . 1 35 1 70 ) , a nd 3 11 ; a nd c oa r se p o t s n o s . 1 939 1942 . T he f i r s t h a lf o ft h e t hi r d c en tu ry i sc l ea r ly i n d ica ted . P r e sumab ly F . 77 w a s w o rked i na tl e a s tt wo s t age s , s epa ra ted b y u pt o ac en tu ry . L eve ls 3 a a nd 3 b w e re s e a led b y al a ye r o fb rown c l ay s o i l u p 1 m t h ick , w h ich c ove red t h e e n t i re a r ea o fF . 77 , e xcep t a t t h e e x t reme n o r the rn e nd . T he v o lume o ft h i s l e ve l 2d epo s i t w a s 6 7 .5m 3.I tw a s p e rhap s t h e m o s t p uzz l ing d epo s i t f r om t h e e n t i r e e xcava t ion . I tw a s c omp le te ly s t one f r ee , i na n a r ea w he re s t one i su b iqu i tous i n a l d epo s i t s f r om R oman t o m ode rn t i me s . I tc on ta ined n o a r tef ac t s o r a n ima l b one s , a l though t h e r e i sn o r e a son t os uppo se t h a t t h is a r ea o f t h e s i te w a s t o ta l ly a bandoned i nt h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e t h ird c en tu ry . I tc ou ld h ave b een e xpec ted t oi n c lude af ew s he rd s a t l e a s t f r om s u r round ing a r ea s b y s c a t te r ing c aused b y h umans o ra n ima ls . I tc an o n ly b e d a ted a sl a te rt h an l e ve l 3 b ( i nI d th i rd c en tury )a nd e a r l ie rt h an l e ve l 1( A .D . 3 15 ) .

T he l a rge q ua r ry , F . 77 , p r e sen t s an umbe r o fp rob lems , t h e f i r s t o fw h ich c once rns t h e d e te rm ina t ion o fi t sd ep th . A t t h e n or the rn e nd ( F ig . 1 0 , s e c t ion s s ) , t h e l e ve l 4d epo s i t c on ta ined av e ry f ew f l eck s o fc ha rcoa l a nd c .2 0 /m 3 s ma l l s he rd s o f p o t , b u t o t he rw ise c ou ld h ave b een m is taken f o r u nd i s tu rbed n a tu ra l s ub so i l . H oweve r , e xcava t ion r e vea led t h e t r ue b o t tom o ft h e q ua r ry , l e ve ls 6 ( y e l low c l ay ) a nd 7 ( c o rnb ra sh l i me s tone ) , b u r ied b enea th 1 1 .5m o ft h i s m a te r ia l . T he e a s te rn a nd w e s te rn s i de s o f F . 77 a l so s howed s im i la r d epo s i t s a bove t h e u nd is tu rbed n a tu ra l c l ay , t h ough i nt h e se a r ea s t h ey c on ta ined a lmo s t n o c ha rcoa l o r p o t te ry . A t t h e s ou the rn e nd o f F . 77 , t h is m a te r ia l a ppea red t o l i e d i r ec t ly b e low t h e b l ack e a r th o fl e ve l 3 b . E l sewhe re w i th in F . 77 t h e s i tua t ion w a s l e s s c l ea r . G ene ra l ly t h e b rown e a r th o fl e ve l 2 l a y d i rec t ly o n am a s s o f c l ay a nd s ma l l s t one s w h ich c on ta ined n o c ha r coa l o rp o t . I nt h e n o r th -ea s te rn a r ea o ft h e q ua r ry , af ew s he rd s o fp o t te ry l a y o n t h e n a tu ra l s u rf ace a nd b e low l e ve l 4 , f o rm ing l e ve l 3 a . T h i s i sc l ea r ly a l e s s t h an s a t isf ac to ry a ccoun t o f t h e s i tua t ion , h u t t h e d i f f icu l t ie s p r e sen ted b y av e ry v a r iab le s e r ie s o f u nd is tu rbed n a tu ra l d epo s i t s o fc l ay , g r i t ty o r s a ndy s ub so i l , s t one , a nd v a r ious m ix tu re so ft h e se c ons t i tuen t s , t o ge the rw i th l e ve ls c ons i s t ing o ft h e s ame e l emen t s , s i ng ly o r m ixed , b u t r e depo s i ted , a r e f o rm idab le . T o c l a r if y t h e s i tua t ion c omp le te ly w ou ld p robab ly h ave r e qu i red t h e c a ref u l e xcava t ion o f a n a dd i t iona l 5 0m 3 o fa lmo s t s t e r i le m a te r ia ls . F ur the rmo re , i ti s b y n o m eans c e r ta in t h a tt h e s ub so i l r e . depo s i ted i nF . 77 l e ve l 4a c tua l ly o r ig ina ted i n F . 77 : i tm ay w e l l h ave c ome f r om s ome o t he rq ua r ry . •

L eve l Ic on s i s ted o ff i ne b l ack e a r th , q u i te l o o se -packed a nd s of t , c on ta in ing o n ly af ew s t one s . T he r e w a s n o d i sce rn ib le i n te rna l s t ra t if ica t ion w i th in i t ,e i the r i nt e rms o ft h e t e x tu re o f t h e s o i l o r t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f t h e f i nds . T he re w a s n o c o r r e la t ion b e tween t h e d a te s o f t h e c o ins a nd t h e ir d ep th w i th in t h e d epo s i t , a nd p o t te ry o f a l t ype s w a s d i s t r ibu ted e ven ly t h roughou t , a s w e re t h e a n ima l b one s . T h is h omogene i ty i ss u rp r is ing , a nd m ay b et os ome d eg ree d ue t o t h e a c t ions o fm o le s a nd e a r thwo rms , t h e f o rme r a t t rac ted b y t h e l a t te r , a nd t h e l a t te r b y t h e o rgan ic c on ten t o ft h e d epo s i t . C e r ta in ly w o rms a bounded , a nd t h e e a r th w a s r i dd led w i th m o le t u nne l s . H oweve r , e ven t h e m o s t e ne rge t ic mo le c an s c a r ce ly h ave t r anspo r ted c a t t le s ku l ls o r l o ng b one s w i th in l e ve l 1 ,s o i tm us t b e a s sumed t h a t e ven i fa n ima l a c t iv i ty s t i r red u p t h is l e ve l , i tw a s n o t t h e s o le c ause o f i t s u n if o rm i ty . A lso , f r ag i le o b jec t s s uch a s l a rge p o t she rds o r b one s w e re u nb roken , i n d ica t ing t h a t t h e a r ea w a s n o t e x tens ive ly w a lked u pon a nd t h a t t h e s of tne s s o f t h e e a r th w a s p e rhap s a n o r ig ina l f e a tu re . T he f i nd s f r om l e ve l 1w e re v e ry n ume rous a nd g ene ra l ly i n a n e xce l len t s t a te o rp r e se rva t ion . T he re w e re 1 25 c o in s , n o s . 5179 , w h ich a r e d i scus sed i nd e ta i l b e low ( p .4 1 f . ) , a nd w h ich ' f o rm ac ompac t c h rono log ica l g roup w h ich s t rong ly s ugge s t st h a tt h es i te [ i . e . l e ve l 1 ]w a s a c t ive o n ly f r om c . AD

T he c a lcu la t ion o ft h e v o lume o f F . 77 t h e ref o r e i n vo lve s a n e l emen t o fi n te rp re ta t ion ( gue s swo rk m igh t b e m o re h one s t ) , b u t o n t h e b a s is o f 1 8c omp le te o rp a r t ia l s e c t ion s a c ro s s t h e q ua r ry , i tm ay b e e s t ima ted a s a pp rox ima te ly 2 30 m3.T he v o lume o fm a te r ia l a bove t h e s ub so i l d epo s i t s , t r ansf e r red o r u nd is tu rbed , c an b e m ea su red a ccura te ly a t 1 7 1 .5m 3.T h is m ay h ave b een t h e v o lume o fm a te r ia l r emoved a nd u s ed f o r r oad -bu i ld ing , i fp o s s ib le t r ansf e r s o f m a te r ia l f r om o t he r

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t op so i l ' ( 1m 3) .T hus t h e re w e re 4 45 s he rds /m 3.T he d epo s i t c on ta ined 3 1 ,785 b one s , g i v ing ap o t :b one r a t io o f1 . 46 : 1.

1 . 1 2s he rd s i n af i ne , h a rd f a b r ic w i th ab l ue -g rey c o re a nd p i nk o rr e d s u rf ace s , g l o s sy b l ack c o lou r -coa t i n s ide a nd o u t . a . O ne s he rd h a s ab and o fr ou le t t ing a nd aw h i te b a rbo t ine d eco ra t ion c omp r i s ing av e r t ica l w avy l i ne a nd ac i rcu la r d o t l cm i nd i ame te r : c f . S ymond s G roup 3 7 ; F ig .30 , n o s .573 5 75 ; F i g . 3 1 , n o s . 5 78 -581 . b . E l even s he rd s ( two j o in ing ) a r e f r om S ymond s F o rm 1 g l obu la r s hou lde r ed b eake r s ( Symond s 1 992 , p . 4 7 , T ab le 2 ) . A l l T r ie r .

T he p o t te ry i so f i n te re s t s i nce i tf o rms a l a rge a nd c l o se ly d a ted g roup , u nusua l f o r t h e f o ur th c en tury . T he c oa r se p o t te ry c l ea r ly f e l l i n to t wo g roup s : ac ons ide rab le n umbe ro f s ma l l , g ene ra l ly w o rn s he rds d o n o t f e a tu re i nt h e i l us t ra ted c a ta logue s i nce v e s se ls c ou ld n o t b e r e con s t ruc ted o rp rof i le s d rawn , a nd a f a r g r ea te r n umbe r o f u nwo rn s h e rd s w h ich c ou ld o f ten b e a t l e a s t p a r t ly r e con s t ruc ted a nd w h ich p rov ide a l t h e d rawn v e s se ls ( no s . 1 489 19 16 ) . F ur the rmo re , t h e ' wo rn ' g r oup c on ta ined n o s he rd s o f r e d c o lou r -coa ted F ab r ic 4 2 O xf o rd w a re , w h i le t h e ' u nwo r n ' g roup c on ta ined 3 . 4% o f t h i s f a b r ic . T he c onc lus ion i s t h a t t h e p o t te ry c omp r i se s ap r edom inan tg roup o ff o u r th -cen tu ry s he rd s , a nd as ma l le rg roup o fr e depo s i ted e a r l ie rm a te r ia l .

2 . Two s he rd s i n af i ne p i nk f a b r ic , v e ry g l o s sy ' me ta l l ic ' b l ack c o lou r coa t . B o th s he rd s a r e f r om ab ow l o r b ow l s o f S ymonds G roup 6 ,w i th as i ng le g roove o n t h e l owe r p a r t o f t h e b ody a nd a1 3mm h i gh f oo t r ing . C en t ra l G au l . 3 .5 s h e rd s o f B r i t ish o r ig ins . T he m a jo r i ty o ft h e v e s se l s a r e p robab ly N ene V a l ley p roduc t s , a nd a l b u t o ne a r e b eake r s . T he se m o s t ly c a r ry w h i te b a rbo t ine d eco ra t ion . O ne s he rd i sf r om af o lded b eake r w i th s c a le d eco ra t ion a sH owe e ta l . 1 980 , F i g .4 , n o s . 3 7 -39 . Two v e s se ls i l us t ra ted ( no s . 1 9 15 a nd 1 9 16 ) . S ome o ft h e b eake r s he rd s m ay b e p roduc t s o ft h e O xf o rd k i ln s . Two j o in ing s he rd s f r om t h e l owe rb ody o f ab eake r s how a b and o f c oa r se r o u le t t ing w i th a w h i te b a rbo t ine d eco ra t ion a bove . T he f a i r ly f i ne r e d f a b r ic i s m icaceous ; t h e e x te r io rc o lou r -coa t i sd eep p u rp le -b rown a nd t h e i n te r io r d u l l r e dd i sh p urp le , g ene ra l ly r e semb l ing F ab r ic 4 2c .

E xam ina t ion o f t h e s am ian f r om l e ve l 1c onf i rmed t h is i n te rp re ta t ion . S imp le o b se rva t ion s howed t h a t i tc on ta ined s he rd s i n t wo s t a te s : al a rge b ody o f s ma l l , w o rn a nd w ea the red s he rd s , p r e sumab ly r e depo s i ted , d a t ing f r om t h e s e cond t ot h e m id th i rd c en tu r ie s ; a nd t wo v e s se l s , n o s . 2 98 a nd 2 99 , w h ich m ay h ave s t i l l b een i n u s e i n t h e f o ur th c en tu ry ( no te t h e c ommen t s o n s u rv iva l i n am ode rn c on tex t , Wi l co te I ,p .5 21 ) . T he p o t t e ry o t he rt h an s am ian c on s is ted o f4 6 ,258 s h e rd s , o f w h ich a bou t o ne q ua r te r w e re p robab ly r e depo s i ted , t h e r ema inde r d a t ing f r om 3 15 -360 . T he i l us t ra ted v e s se ls d e r ive a lmo s t e xc lu s ive ly f r om t h e l a t te r g roup , a se xp la ined a bove , a nd c on ta in m any t y pe s h i gh ly c ha rac te r i s t ic o f t h e f i r s t h a lf o ft h ef o ur th c en tury , m o s to bv ious ly : j a r s w i th s ha rp ly o u t tu rned r ims ( e .g . n o s . 1 493 1 497 ) : p l a in -s ided b ow ls , w i th o r w i thou t h and le s , c i r cu la r o ro va l ( e .g . n o s . 1 524 1563 , 1 7 18 1733 ) ; f l anged b ow l s( e .g . n o s . 1 498 1523 , 1 674 1703 ) ; c a lc i te - a nd s he l l -g r i t ted v e s se ls ( d iscus sed b e low , p .2 29 ) ; w h i te -f ab r ic mo r ta r ia f r om t h e O xf o rd k i lns ( no s . 1 763 1786 ) ; ' p ink g rogged w a re ' v e s se l s , m a in ly l a rge j a r s ( d i scus sed b e low , p .2 29 ) ; p a rchmen t w a re v e s se ls ( no s . 1 826 1831) ; c o lou r c oa ted v e s se ls f r om t h e O xf o rd k i lns ( no s . 1 8 55 1 9 10 ) .

I ti sn o t c ommon f o r as i te t oy i e ld a l a rge g roup o f f o u r th c en tu ry v e s se l s w i th s u ch a c l o se d a t ing , s epa rab le f r om e a r l ie r a nd u ncon tam ina ted b y l a te r m a te r ia l . T he re i sl i t t le d oub tt h a tt h e l e ve l o fa c t iv i ty a tW i lco te a s aw ho le d ec l ined s ha rp ly a f te r c .3 60 . O ft h e 1 79 c o ins f ound i nt h e p r e sen t e xcava t ion s , t h e l a te s t( no . 1 77 ) i sa n i s sue o fV a len t in ian . V a r iou s g roup s o fc o ins f o und i nt h e f i e ld t ot h e w e s t o ft h e e xcava t ions a nd s e en b y t h e a u tho r s e em t oh ave b een a bou t 3 0% l a te r t h i rd -cen tu ry , 6 5% C on s tan t in ian , 5% V a len t in ian ic a nd n o T heodo s ian ( unf o r tuna te ly t h e se w e re n o t a va i lab le f o r e xpe r t e xam ina t ion ) ; ag roup w h ich h a s b een s t ud ied i sd i scus sed b e low ( p .46 ) . T he c onc lus ion i s t h a tt h e re i su n l ike ly t ob e m uch i n t rus ive p o s t -360 p o t te ry i n F . 77 l e ve l I . T h is p o t te ry t h e r ef o r e f o rms a n i n te re s t ing c ompa r ison w i th t h e m a te r ia l r e po r ted i nS hokenook I V , p .6 0 . T h i s g roup o f 1 2 ,300 s he rd s , G roup 1 3 , w a s c l o se ly d a ted b y 1 6 1 l e g ib le c o in s : t h e e v idence ' s how s c l ea r ly t h a t v i r tua l ly t h e w ho le o f t h e d epo s i tc an b ed a ted t ow i th in t h e 6 0 -yea rp e r iod 3 30 -390 a nd t h a tw e l l o ve rh a lf o fi t ,a nd p robab ly v i r tua l ly t h e w ho le o f i t , b ea r ing i n m ind t h a t p o t te ry h a s as ho r te r l i f e t h an c o ins , w a sd epo s i ted i nt h e2 5 -yea rp e r iod c .3 65 -390 . '

L e s s c ommon f a b r ic s a nd t y pe s i n c lude v a r ious N ene V a l ley p roduc t s ( no s . 1 9 1119 16 ) . T he r ema rkab le v e s se l n o . 1 747 c e r ta in ly d a te s f r om t h is p e r iod . F . 77 l e ve l 1p roduced 6 9 s he rd s i n v a r iou s f a b r ics w i th g l o s sy b l ack s l ip , o f ten d eco ra ted w i th w h i te p a in t o r b a rbo t ine . T he se a r e g rouped u nde r t h e s i ng le c l a s s if ica t ion o f ' Rhen i sh ' w a re s , a l though s ome a r e o fc on t inen ta l o r ig in w h i le o t he r s a r e B r i t ish c op ie s . T he a u tho r i sr e spons ib le f o r t h e i d en t if ica t ions g i ven b e low , b u t i sg r ea t ly i n deb ted t oD r . R .P .Symonds f o rh i sa dv ice c once rn ing t h is g roup o fs h e rd s . R ef e r ence s a r et oS ymond s 1 992 .

A s af i r s t a pp rox ima t ion , i tm ay b e a s sumed t h a t d i f f e rence s b e tween W i lco te F . 77 l e ve l 1 ,a nd S hakenoak G roup 1 3 , a r e d ue t od i f f e rence s i nd a te . T he s i te s a r e l e s s t h an 2 km a pa r t , s o g ood s w e re p r e sumab ly e qua l ly a va i lab le t o b o th , b u t t h e r e m ay w e l l b e s i gn if ican t s oc ia l a nd e conom ic d i f f e r ence s b e tween av i l la a nd ar o ad s ide s e t t lemen t .

T he s h e rd s m ay b e d i v ided i n to t h ree m a in g roup s a c co rd ing t of a b r ic :

3 1

V e s se l /f ab r ic t y pe

W i lco te F .7 7 l e ve l 1 AD 3 15 -360

P a rchmen tw a r e B ow ls , Y oung P 24

1 826 1829

6 9 1-700

N ene V a l ley s t ra igh t s ided b ow ls , H owe T ype 1 9

n one

7 02 -7 12

O xf o rd r e d c o lou r -coa ted b ow ls , Y oung C 45 , C 46

1 854 1879 , 1 872 e qua l ly d i v ided F ab r ic s4 2a a nd 4 2b

1 263 1272 , a l F ab r ic 4 2

1 852 O xf o rd r e d C o lou r -coa ted f l anged b ow ls , Y oung C 5 1 , C 52

S hakenoak AD 3 65 -390

I fl e ad o b jec t n o . 2i se xc luded , t h en F . 77 l e ve l 1p r oduced 7 0% o f t h e l e ad f r om t h e e xcava t ion s . T h i s i n d ica te s t h e i n c rea sed u s e o ft h i s m e ta l i nl a te r R oman t i me s , o nce a ga in af e a tu re n o ted a tS hakenoak . T he g l a s s , n o s . 5 1 -8 1 , 120 , 12 1 , f o rms a v e ry h e te rogeneous g roup , d a t ing f r om t h e C laud io -Ne roman p e r iod t ot h e f our th c en tu ry ( b e low , p . 242f . ) . T he f i r s t -cen tury p i ece s , n o s . 5 2 a nd 5 3 ( C laud io -Ne ron ian ) ; 5 9 ,60 a nd ? 6 1 ( F lav ian ) ; m id f i r s t t o m id second c en tury p i ece s , n o s . 5 0 , 5 1 a nd 5 4 a nd p e rhap s 6 2 a nd 6 3 ; t h e c y l ind r ica l , s qua re a nd p r i sma t ic b l ue /g r een b o t t le s o ff i r s t a nd s e cond c en tu ry d a te s ; a nd t h e s e cond o rt h i rd c en tu ry p i ece s , n o s . 5-58 , a r e a l p r e sumab ly r e depo s i ted , b u ta r e n eve r the le s s o fi n te r e s t i nt h a tt h ey t h row s ome l i gh to n t h e s t a tu so fW i lco te i nt h e se p e r iods . O ne m ay n o te e spec ia l ly t h e c ommen t s o n n o s . 9 (W i l co te I ) , 8 3 a nd 8 8 .

1 273 1279

1 097 110 1 a l p l a in

O x fo rd r e d C o lou r -coa ted m o r ta r ia , Y oung M97

1 873 188 1 ( i nc lud ing 1 p a in ted a nd 4 s t amped C 98 )

O xf o rd b eake r s , f a b r ic 4 2c

1 89 11904 , i n c lud ing 4w i th s t amped / rou le t ted d eco ra t ion

F l agon , O xf o rd , Y oung R 8

1 738

? 6 10

O xf o rd , Y oung R 9

n one

6 06 -609

B lack -bu rn ished j a r s w i th o u t sp layed r im s a nd l o ca l c op ie s

1 490 1497 , 1 639 1642 , 1 6531656 ,1756 1 757

6 77 ,678

S t ra igh t s ided b ow ls w i th p l a in r im s

1 498 1523 , 1 674 1692 , 1 754. . 1 775 , 1760 . 175 1

6 73 -676

C a lc i te -g r i t ted b ow ls w i th f l anged r im

1 598 .1599

6 28 -639

S ha l low s t ra igh t s i ded b ow ls

1 524 1563 , 1 7 18 1733 , 1 758 , 1759

6 24 (? ) -626

P i nk -g rogged w a r e

1 806 1822

1 065

1 763 (? ) I 7 64 I 7 65 1769 I 7 70 1786

n one n one 5 40 5 20 -539 ,54 1 ,542 , 5 44 -55 1

Wh i te O xf o rd m o r ta r ia : Y oung M 14 M IS M 17 M22

R oman p e r iod , af e a tu re a l so n o tab le a t S hakenoak . T hey r ef lec t c a rpen t ry a nd a g r icu l tu re , p o s s ib ly s m i th ing ( no s . 4 6 ,49 , 130 ) , p robab ly s heep -shea r ing ( no s . 4 7 ,48 ,66 ) , a sw e l l a se xpec ted d ome s t ic a c t iv i t ie s s uch a ss ew ing ( no s . 3 8 -40 ) .

1 290 1297 ( f ab r ic 4 2 , a / b /c u nce r ta in )

G la s s n o s . 7 2 -8 1 f i t i n to t h e A .D . 3 15 -360 d a t ing f o r t h i s d epo s i t . O n ly n o .79 c a l ls f o r c ommen t , a sr e p re sen ta t ive o fa v e ry u nu sua l f o ur th -cen tury mou ld -b lown s ha l low b ow l . T he w o rked b one o b jec t s , l i s ted a bove , i n c lude 1 7 h a i r -p ins ( no s . 16 , 18 -20 ,24 ,26 -29 ,33 ,35 -40 ,44 ) . T he e n t i re f i r s t p ha se o ft h e e xcava t ions p roduced o n ly f o u r s u ch p i ns i n af a i r ly c omp le te c ond i t ion (W i l co te I ,p . 1 64 , n o s .3 -6 ) , a nd t h e f i r s t a nd s e cond c en tu ry d epo s i t s r e po r ted h e r e p roduced 1 4 , w h ich i n d ica te s t h a t s uch p i ns m ay h ave b een i nc ommone s t u s e i nt h e f o ur th c en tu ry . T he 3 1 ,785 a n ima l b one s f r om l e ve l 1a r e o f p a r t icu la r i n te re s t , a nd w i l l b e f u l ly r e po r ted a nd d i scus sed i n W i l co te 1 1 . F . 77 l e ve l 1c on ta ined o ne a du l t b ur ia l , H 22 , a nd t h r ee i n f an t s , 1 1 18 , H 19 a nd 1 1 20 . T he a du l t w a s l y ing c on t ra c ted a nd f a c ing e a s t , i nt h e t o p o f t h e l e ve l 1f i l l i mmed ia te ly b e low t h e t o p so i l . T he re w e re n o g rave -goods . Two o f t h e i n f an t s , H 19 a nd H 20 , w e re a l so b u r ied i nt h e l e ve l Id epo s i t . T he t h i rd l a y a tt h e e dge o f F . 77 w he re t h e l e ve l 1d epo s i t w a s o n ly af ew c en t ime te r s t h ick , a nd w a s b u r ied i nt h e t o p o fl e ve l 2 .A l l t h e se b u r ia ls h ad t a ken p l ace a f te r t h e l e ve l 1 e a r th h ad a ccumu la ted , a nd s ow e r e p o s t -A .D .360 .

T ab le 3 . C ompa r i son o f s ome p o t te ry t y pe s , W i lco te F . 77 l e ve l 1( c .A .D . 3 15 -360 ) a nd S hakenoak D epo s i t 1 3( c . A .D . 3 65 -390 ) . F ive o ft h e b rooche s f r om t h i s d epo s i t , n o s . 3 2 -35 ,39 a nd 4 1 d a te f r om t h e f i r s t c en tu ry A .D . , a nd t h e s i x th , n o .46 , f r om t h e s e cond c en tu ry . A l l a r e c l ea r ly r e depo s i ted , s u rv iva l i n u se i n to t h e f our th c en tu ry b e ing b a r e ly c once ivab le . O ft h e o t he r b ronze o b jec t s , l i s ted a tt h e h ead o f t h i s s e c t ion , t h e v a r ious b r ace le t s a nd r i ng s , n o s . 8 5 -98 , a r e c ha rac te r i s t ica l ly f our th -cen tu ry . N o .56 i sc u r ious , w i th t h e i d en t ica l p a ra l le l n o . 5 f r om F . 79 l e ve l 3 .

T he s u rf ace o f t h e l e ve l 1d epo s i t w a s n o t f l a t , b u t w a s s l igh t ly d eepe r i nt h e c en t re t h an t h e e dge s . T he re w a s a d i s t inc t l a ye r o fr e dd i sh c l ay e a r th , af ew c en t ime te r s t h ick , b e tween l e ve l 1a nd t h e m ode rn t o p so i l . T h is l a ye r p roduced 6 s he rd s o f g l azed b l ue -and -wh i te n i ne teen th - o r e a r ly t wen t ie th -cen tu ry p o t te ry . T he p robab le e xp lana t ion i st h a t t h e f i l l o f F . 77 h ad s t ab i l i sed b y t h e f i r s t q ua r te r o f t h i s c en tu ry , b u t t h a t t h e a dven t o f e ve r h eav ie r m o to r ised a g r icu l tu ra l m ach ine ry c au sed f u r the r c omp r e s s ion , e spec ia l ly o ft h e l o o se -packed l e ve l I .T he r e su l t ing s ha l low d ep re s s ion w a s t h en f i l led i n b y mode rn c u l t iva t ion t o p roduce al e ve l s u rf ace .

T he 8 8 i r on o b jec t s l i s ted a bove , 7 4% o fa l t h o se i l us t ra ted i nt h i s v o lume , i n d ica te t h e i n c r ea sed u se o fi r on i nt h e l a te r

T h is w ou ld s e em u n impor tan t , b u t i n f a c t i th ad a v e ry s i gn if ican t r e su l t i n t h a t t h e R oman d epo s i t s i n F . 77 a nd . 3 2

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o t he r d eep q ua r r ie s n ow l i e b e low p l ough d ep th , a nd i n c onsequence t h e re w a s v i r tua l ly n o R oman m a te r ia l i n t h e t o p so i l a bove F . 77 , F . 79 o r F . 82 . T h is i nt u rn d i scouraged t h e o wne r s o f m e ta l -de tec to r s , a nd l e d t h em -a nd t h e p r e sen t a u tho r —i n to t h e m is taken b e l ief t h a t t h e re w e re n o R oman f e a tu res i n t h is a r ea . T h is s hou ld b e b o rne i n m ind w hen a t temp t s a r e made t o i n te rp re t s u rf ace s c a t te r s o f m a te r ia l : f our m e te r s a nd mo re d ep th o f p o t te ry -f i l led d epos i t s m ay n o tp roduce as i ng le s u rf ace s he rd .

A l l t h e s i de s o fF . 79 w e re o fs o l id s t one , s ha t te red i n to p i ece s o f v a r iab le s i ze , f r om t ho se m ea sur ing 1 0 -20cm i n e ach d i rec t ion t ob l ock s u pt o0 . Im 3 i nv o lume . E he c hrono logy o ft h e u se o fF .79 i sn o t e a s i ly d e term ined , b u t t h ree p e r iods o fa c t iv i ty may b e i n d ica ted , t hough t wo o f t h e se a r e a t te s ted o n ly o r p r ima r i ly b y c o ins . I ti sp o ss ib le t h a tt h e q uar ry w a s i nu se a to the r t imes t h an t h ese , o rt h a t i t w a s i nc ons tan t u se f r om t h e f i r s tt ot h e l a te r s e cond c en tury . T he t h ree p o s s ib le p e r iods o fq ua r ry ing a r e :

F .78 1 .C laud ian o r p e rhaps N e ron ian . T he l e ve l s u rf ace o f t h e n a tura l s t one s ou th -we s t o ft h e d eep c en t ra l p i t p roduced 3 11 s ma l l s he rds o f p o t te ry w h ich w e re p robab ly f i r s t -cen tury , s i nce 7 0% w e re o fs and tempe red f a b r ics , ma in ly f a b r ics 7 ,9 a nd 1 . T he re w a s ac o in o fC laud ius , n o . 3 1 , o n t h is s u rf ace

c o ins : 3 6 ,52 i r on : 9 9 , 109 ,110 s am ian :312 -315 s am ian s t amps : 3 7 ,40 c oa r se p o t : 2 546 -2568 g l a s s : 8 2 -87

a tt h e p o in t w he re i tm e t t h e w es tern w a l l o ft h e q ua r ry . I ti s n o t p os s ib le e ven t o g ue s s t h e e x ten t o ft h is s upposed e a r ly u se o f F . 79 , s i nce l a te r a c t iv i ty w ou ld h ave d es t royed a ny e v idence .

F . 78 w a s as ha l low d ep re ss ion i nt h e n a tura l c l ay , 0 . 40 d eep a tt h e c en t re a nd s l op ing u p a tt h e s i de s t o m e rge i n to t h e s u r round ing n a tura l s u rf ace , g i v ing v e ry i n def in i te l i m i t s . T he f i l l c ons is ted o ff i ne b l ack e a r th , a nd t h is w a s o ve r la id a t

2 .L a te f i r s t c en tury . Two c o ins o fD o r ni t an , n o s . 3 7 a nd 3 8 , w e re f ound l o dged u p a ga ins t t h e e a s te rn w a l l o f t h e d eep c en t ra l p i t a t ad ep th o f 3 . 4m . T he a d jacen t f i l l w a s m id s e cond c en tury a nd t h e re w e re n o a s soc ia ted f i nds o f c ompa rab le d a te .

t h e n or thern e nd b y as ca t te r o ff l a t s t one s w h ich s epa ra ted i t f r om t h e t o p so i l . I tw a s u nc lea r w he the r t h is r e p resen ted a n a t temp t a tp av ing , o r w he the r t h e s t one s h ad b een d r agged a c ro ss t h e f e a ture b y modem p l ough ing .

3 . A .D . 1 50 175 . T he m a in f i l l o f F . 79 c ons is ted o f t wo d epos i t s : l e ve ls 3 a nd 4 .T he l a t te r w a s r e depo s i ted s ub so i l , a nd c on ta ined c . 1 0 s he rds /m 3.I to ccup ied a v o lume o f c . 20 .8m 3,t h e e xac t f i gure b e ing d i ff icu l t t od e term ine d ue t o t h e p r e sence o f l e nse s o f c omp lex s hape o f t h is m a te r ia l o ccur r ing w i th in l e ve l 3 . T h is w a s c l ea r ly w a s te ma te r ia l f r om q ua r ry ing a c t iv i t ie s e l sewhe re , p e rhap s i n F . 82 o r i n s ome y e t u nd iscove red q ua r ry t ot h e s ou th o rw es t .

T he f i nd s i n d ica ted a n i n i t ia l a ccumu la t ion o fr ubb ish a tt h e e nd o ft h e f i r s t o r mo re p robab ly t h e b eg inn ing o ft h e s e cond c en tury : c o in n o .36 ( Vespa s ian ) ; s am ian n o . 3 12 ( IGOCATVS , 1 00 120 ) ; s am ian s t amp o f ANN IANO ( s am ian n o . 3 15 ; s t amp n o . 3 7 : 1 00 10 ) ; c oa r se p o t n o .256 1 ( c a r ina ted j a r : s e e W i lco te I ,p .2 53 , 4 ) a nd g l a s s n os . 8 3 , 8 4 ( F lav ian ) . N o t s u rp r is ing ly f o r a n u nsea led d epos i t , t h e re w a s a l so l a te r m a te r ia l : t h e s am ian s t amp o f CETVS ( no . 6 0 , 1 40 1 60 ) ; c o in n o . 5 2 ( f our th c en tury ) ; a nd t h e l a te b ow l n o .

L eve l 3c ons is ted o fg r ey t o b l ack e a r th c on ta in ing v a r iab le a moun t s o f c l ay a nd mo s t ly s ma l l s t one s . I ta ccoun ted f o r a bou t 5 3 .6m 3 a nd c on ta ined 3 1 ,8 16 s he rds o f c oa r se p o t ( 594 /m 3) a nd 1 6 ,442 a n ima l b one s , ap o t :bone r a t io o f 1 . 94 :1 . T h is d epo s i t p roduced c o ins o fH ad r ian , n o . 4 3 , f r om t h e t op o f l e ve l 3 ,a nd F aus t ina I ,n o . 4 4 . B rooches n os . 3 0 ( b efo re 5 0 /55 ) ; 3 8 ( c .65 /70 100 ) ; a nd 4 4 a nd 4 5 ( b ef o re c . 60 ) , m ay a l b e r e depo s i ted ; n o . 4 9 w a s a n u nda ted f r agmen t . T he b ronze p i n n o . 5 0 w a s o f at ype t h a t h ad i t s f l oru i t i nt h e m id -second c en tu ry . T he s am ian s t amp s w e re : n o . 3 9 , B IGA , c . 1 25 150 ; n o . 4 2 , C INTVSSA , c . 130 160 ; n o .43 , CORNVTVS i , c . 1 30 160 ; n o .51 , OSB I MANVS , c . 160 180 ; n o .52 , P ATERATVS , c .1 60 180 ; n os . 5 4 a nd 5 5 , R ED 1TVS , c .1 3 5 160 ; n o .58 , S EVER 1ANVS i ,c .2 00 -260 ; n o . 6 4 , F l av ian ; n o s . 6 5 a nd 6 6 , H ad r ian ic -ea r ly A n ton ine ; a nd t h e s i gna tu re , n o . 7 0 ( s am ian n o . 3 55) , CER IAL IS , 1 35 1 70 . T he s am ian , n o s . 3 2 1-373 , w a s a lmo s t a l l d a tab le t ot h e s e cond a nd t h i rd q uar te r s o ft h e s e cond c en tury . T he c oa r se p o t tery , n o s . 1 964 -2512 , i n c luded o n ly o ne c a r ina ted j a r , n o . 2 300 , a nd o n ly s i x c a r ina ted b ow ls , n os . 2 438 -2444 , i n d ica t ing c l ea r ly t h a t b o th f o rms w e re o bso le te o r i n d ec l ine a t t h e t ime o f d epos i t ion . D is t inc t ive ly m id s e cond c en tu ry t y pes i n c luded t h e v esse ls w i th s t abbed c o rdons a nd w avy l ine d eco ra t ion , n o s . 2 3 11 a nd 2 317 ; t h e C o logne c o lour -coa ted b eake r s n os . 2 499 a nd 2 500 ; a nd t h e ' Lowe r F a rm ' a nd r e la ted r oughca s t b eake r s n os . 2 486 -2491 ( t yp ica l ly s e cond h a lf o f t h e s econd c en tury ) . O f t h e g l a s s , n os . 8 8 -99 , n os . 9 1 , 9 3-97 a nd 9 9 a r e a l f i r s t t o s e cond

2 548 . F . 79 F i g . 1 2 , s e c t ion u -u , a nd F i g .13 , s e c t ion v v c o ins : 3 1 ,37 ,38 ,43 ,44 ,48 ,50 b rooche s : 3 0 ,38 ,44 ,45 ,49 o t her b r onze : 5 0 ,51 ,55 ,57 ,58 ,6 1-67 ,7 1 ,76 -78 ,83 i r on : 6 5 ,68 ,84 ,90 ,93-96 , 108 l e ad : 5 s t one : 1 5 -20 ,22 s am ian : 3 16 -373 s am ian s t amps : 3 9 ,42 ,43 ,51,52 ,54 ,55 ,58 ,64 -66 ,70 c oa r se p o t : 1 944 -2512 g l a ss : 8 8 -99 b one : 9 , 14 , 15 ,17 ,23 ,30 ,31 ,34 ,4 1 ,43 T he s t one -qua r ry F . 79 h ad a t o ta l v o lume o f 9 9 .60 1. 13,t h is r e p resen t ing t h e q uan t i ty o f l i me s tone e x t rac ted . T h is f i gu re i sc a lcu la ted u s ing a n a r b i t ra ry d i v id ing l i ne b e tween F . 79 a nd F . 82 . T hese q ua r r ies c ou ld b e r e ga rded a s as i ng le f e a tur e , b u t s i nce t h e s t ra t if ica t ion d i f f e r s , i ti sc onven ien t t o d i v ide t h em a tt h e n a r rowes t p o in t o ft h e ir j unc t ion . F . 77 a nd F . 79 d i d n o t j o in . T he e a s tern s i de o f F . 77 r o se u p t o m ee t t h e t o pso i l , a nd l e s s t h an I m f u r the r e a s t l a y t h e v er t ica l s i de o fF . 79 . 3

1 . G r ey e a r th 2 .

Y e l low s i l ty e a r th

3 . 4 .

Y e l low c l ay C o rnb ra sh l imes tone

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F ig .14 . F .80 , s ec t ion w -w .

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1 . 2 . 3 .

Grey /b lack e ar th S tone p av ing Grey -brown e ar th , many s t one s

4 . 5 .

Sma l l s t one s , y e l low c l ay a nd s andy s ub so i l Grey -brown e ar th

6 . 7 .

Y e l low c l ay C ornbrash l ime s tone

F ig .15 . F .82 , s ec t ion x -x .

3 4

1 . 0m

c en tu ry t y pe s .

s u rp r i s ing f o ra n u nsea led d epo s i t .

T he c l ea r c onc lus ion i st h a t , w i th t h e e xcep t ion o f s ome s u rv iva l s o rr e depo s i ted i t ems a nd t h e a noma lous p r e sence o f s t amp n o .58 , t h e f i nds f r om t h e d epo s i t c an a l b e d a ted w i th in t h et h i rd q ua r te ro ft h es e cond c en tu ry .

F .81 i r on : 1 00 s t one : 2 6 s am ian : 3 75 -398 s am ian s t amp s : 4 4 ,45 ,6 1 c oa r se p o t : 2 531-2545

A t t h e n o r the rn e nd o f F . 79 t h e re w a s ad epo s i t o f b l ack e a r th , l e ve l 1 .I tc on ta ined t wo C ons tan t in ian c o in s , n o s . 4 8 a nd 5 0 , s how ing i tt o b e c on tempo ra ry w i th , a nd p e rhap s a c on t inua t ion o f , F . 77 l e ve l 1 .T he c oa r se p o t s , n o s . 1 944 1 963 , a l c o r re spond c l o se ly t o v e s se l s f r om t h e l a t te r d epo s i t . T he r e i sl i t t le d oub tt h a t F . 79 l e ve l 1c an b e d a ted t o t h e f i r s th a lf o ft h e f o ur th c en tu ry .

T h i s f e a tu r e w a s as ha l low d ep r e s s ion i nt h e n a tu ra l c l ay , r ough ly c i rcu la r , 2 3m i n d i ame te r a nd 2 0cm d eep a t t h e c en t re . I tc on ta ined 3 97 s he rd s o f s am ian a nd 5 83 o f o t he r f a b r ic s . T h is p o t f e l l i n to t wo c a tego r ie s : b urned , c omp r i s ing 3 55 s he rd s o fs am ian ; a nd u nbu rned , c on s is t ing o f4 2 s he rd s o fs am ian a nd 5 83 o fc oa r se p o t .

T he re w e re t wo a du l t b u r ia l s i nF . 79 . T he g r ave o fH 21 c u t t h rough l e ve ls 1a nd 3 .T he s ke le ton w a s o r ien ta ted n o r th s ou th w i th t h e h ead t o t h e n or th , l y ing o n i t s b ack , a rms f o lded o n t h e b r ea s t , l e g s e x tended , a nd w i th n og rave -good s . T he f i l l o ft h e g rave c ons is ted o f am ix tu re o fb rown e ar th , y e l low s ub so i l a nd s ome s t one s , i n c lud ing as c a t te r o ff a i r ly l a rge s l ab s a bou t h a lf -way d own t h e f i l l . I tw a s c l ea rt h a t t h e m a te r ia l e xcava t ed t of o rm t h e g r ave w a s n o t r e depo s i ted a s t h e f i l l , w h ich c on ta ined a lmo s t n o p o t e xcep tf o rn o . 2 506 a t t h e t o p o ft h e g r ave f i l l . T he i n f an t b u r ia l , H 24 , c ame f r om t h e u ppe r f i l l o ft h e g rave . T he b u r ia l m us t p o s t -da te l e ve l 1 , t h a t i sb e l a te rt h an c .A .D .360 .

A l l t h e b urned s he rds w e re p r e s sed i n to t h e s u rf ace o f t h e n a tu ra l c l ay , w h ich w a s i t s e lf u nbu rned , i n d ica t ing t h a t t h e b u rn ing h ad t a ken p l ace e l sewhe re . T hey w e re r e con s t ruc ted t og i ve am in imum o f 1 9 v e s se ls , s am ian n o s . 3 79 -383 a nd 3 85 -398 . T hey i n c luded t h ree s t amped v e s se ls : n o . 3 79 , s t amp n o . 6 1 , V IRTVS , c . 7 0 -85 ; n o .389 , s t amp n o .44 , COS IVS RVF INVS , c . 7 0 -90 ; a nd n o .391 , s t amp n o . 4 5 , F RONT INVS , c . 7 5 100 . I n a dd i t ion , s am ian n o s . 3 80 ( L .COS I? ) a nd 3 81 ( C .VALER IVS ALBANVS? ) w e re b o th d a ted t o 8 0 100 , a nd t h e i n kwe l l ( no . 3 82 ) a nd t h e f o rm 3 5 b ow l ( no .383 ) w e re b o th f i r s t c en tu ry . T he re i sn o d oub tt h a t t h i s g roup d a te s f r om A .D . 8 0 100 . I ti sa l so c l ea r t h a t a l l 1 9 v e s se ls w e re d e s t royed s imu l taneou s ly a nd t o ge the r b y f i re , a nd t h a t a tt h e t i me o ft h e i r d e s t ruc t ion t h ey f o rmed ag roup i n o ne l o ca t ion , a nd t h a t n o o t he r v e s se ls w e re i n vo lved e xcep t p e rhap s f o rs ome a dd i t iona l f o rm 1 8b ow l s .

T he s ou the rn h a lf o f F . 79 w a s c ove red b y as ub s tan t ia l p av ing f o rmed f r om f l a t s l ab s o f u ncu t s t one , e x tend ing t o t h e s ou the rn e dge o ft h eq ua r ry . I tc on ta ined o n ly af ew s ma l l s h e rd s , i n c lud ing O xf o r 'd r e d c o lou rcoa ted w a r e s , f a b r ic s 4 2a a nd b . A t t h e e x t reme s ou the rn e dge o f t h e q ua r ry , t h is p av ing w a s o ve r la id b y at h in l a ye r o ff i ne b l ack e a r th , a ga in c on ta in ing o n ly af ew s ma l l s he rd s .

T he u nbu rned s he rds i n c luded s am ian n o .375 , c . 80 -100 , a nd c oa r se p o t s n o s . 2 531-2545 , o fw h ich t h e m o s t i n te re s t ing i s t h e V e ru lam ium R eg ion a mpho ra , n o . 2 545 , w h ich p robab ly d a te s f r om t h e l a te r f i r s t c en tu ry . T he i n d ica t ions a r e t h e ref o re t h a t t h e u nbu rned p o t i sc on tempo ra ry w i th t h e b urned . I ti sr ema rkab le t h a t s u ch as ha l low , u nsea led d epo s i t s u rv ived a t a l , l e t a l one t h a t i td i d s o i n ar e la t ive ly u ncon tam ina ted s t a te .

F . 79 a l so c on ta ined a no the ra du l t b u r ia l , H 23 , a tt h e e x t reme s ou the rn e nd : T h is s ke le ton l a y o n i t s l e f t s i de , o r ien ta ted n o r th sou th a nd w i th t h e h ead t ot h e n o r th . I th ad b een b u r ied w i th t h e p e lv is a nd l e g s o u t s ide t h e q ua r ry a nd t h e b ody i n s ide t h e q ua r ry . A s ar e su l t , t h e p e lv i s a nd l e g s h ad b een c omp le te ly p l oughed a way , w h i le t h e u ppe rp a r t s h ad s unk a s t h e f i l l o f F . 79 c ompac ted a nd s ub s ided , a nd h ad c on sequen t ly b een p r e se rved .

F . 82 ( F ig . 1 5 , s e c t ion x -x )

Two b one s o fi n f an t s , H 25 a nd H 26 , c ame f r om t h ej unc t ion o ft h e l a te s td epo s i t sw i th t h e t o p so i l n ea rt h e e a s te rn e dge o f F . 79 .

c o in : 3 9 o t he rb ronze : 4 7 ,48 ,75 ,80 ,99 i r on : 3 4 l e ad : 6 s am ian : 3 99 -430

F . 80 ( F ig . 1 4 , s e c t ion w -w )

F . 82 w a s i n e f f ec t a n e x ten s ion o f F . 79 , a nd t h e d i v i s ion b e tween t h e t wo i s a n a r b i t ra ry l i ne d r awn a c ro s s t h e n a r rowe s t p o in t o ft h e i rj unc t ion . T h is w a s as t one -qua r ry , a s w a s F . 79 , a nd h ad at o ta l v o lume 3 1 .7m 3.T he c on ten t s w e re d i v ided i n to f i ve l e ve ls , b u t t h e b ounda r ie s b e tween l e ve ls 1 a nd 3 ,a nd l e ve l s 3a nd 5 ,w e re g ene ra l ly u nc lea r i np l ace s w he r e l e ve ls 2a nd 4w e re a b sen t .

b rooch : 4 2 o th e r b r onze : 7 2 s am ian : 3 74 c oa r se p o t : 2 513 -2530 T h i s f e a tur e w a s as ma l l , r o ugh ly o va l , p i t e xcava ted i n to t h e n a tu ra l s t one s u rf ace . T he s am ian , n o .374 , i s . p robab ly A n ton i n e , a nd ab road ly m id second d a te w ou ld f i tt h ec oa r se p o t , e spec ia l ly t h e u nusua l t a l l j a r w i th s t abbed c o rdons , n o . 2 522 , t h e l a rge b ow ls n o s . 2 520 a nd 2 52 1 , a nd t h e c a r ina ted b ow l s 2 526 a nd 2 628 . S ome s p r ead o f d a te s w ou ld n o t b e

L eve l 5 :T h is c ou ld b e s e en a s ad i s t inc t l e ve l o n ly i n af ew p l ace s i nt h e e a s te rn h a lf o fF . 82 . I tp roduced 9 80 s h e rd s o f c oa r se p o t i n ah i gh ly d eg raded c ond i t ion ; f i ve s ma l l s he rd s o fu ndeco ra ted s am ian ; a nd s i x v e ry s ma l l d eco ra ted s he rd s , 3 5

o ne o ff o rm 2 9 , o ne p robab ly f o rm 3 0 , a nd f o u r f o rm 3 7 ; a l so 2 35 f r agmen t s o fa n ima l b one . L eve l 4w a s am a s s o fy e l low s t ony s ub so i l , c on t inuou s w i th F . 79 l e ve l4 .I tw a sd evo id o ff i nds . L eve l 3c ons i s ted o fg r ey -b rown , s t ony e a r th . I tc on ta ined a c o in o f D om i t ian , n o .39 , w h ich c ame f r om a n a r ea w he re l e ve l s 3a nd 5w e re n o t d i s t ingu ishab le f r om o ne a no the r . I t a l so p roduced s am ian n o s . 4 07 -431 a nd c oa r se p o t s n o s . 2 629 -2690 . T h i s d epo s i t p robab ly d a ted f r om t h e s e cond h a lf o ft h e s e cond c en tu ry , b u t c on ta ined ac ons ide rab le a moun t • o fe a r l ie rm a te r ia l . L eve l 2w a s al e ve l o fs t one p av ing a nd p r oduced n o f i nd s . l t s e a led i n l e ve l 3i n t h e w e s te rn h a lf o f F . 82 , b u t d i d n o t e x tend t ot h ee a s te rn p a r to fF . 82 .

t h e e a s te rn a nd s ou the rn p a r t s o f t h e a r ea d i scus sed i nt h i s v o lume , a nd p av ing l a id d i rec t ly o n t h e n a tu ra l c l ay i nt h e n o r th -we s te rn q ua r te r . F ur the r s ou th o f t h e r o ad , a ny s uch d epo s i t h ad b een c omp le te ly p l oughed a way . T he p av ing w a s c e r ta in ly f i r s t -cen tury : c o ins n o s . 3 2 ( C laud iu s ) , 3 4 ( Ne ro ) a nd 3 5 ( Ve spa s ian ) c ame f r om b e low i t ,a nd n o . 4 1 ( T ra jan ) f r om a mong t h e s t one s c omp r is ing i t .B ronze n o . 1 06 a l so c ame f r om b e low i ta s d i d s am ian n o s . 4 32 a nd 4 33 . C ur iou s ly , t h e re w e re v e ry f ew o t he r f i nd s f r om t h i s l e ve l a nd n o d epo s i t o fe a r th s epa ra ted t h e c l ay f r om t h e p av ing . T he s am ian w a s o t he rw i se r e s t r ic ted t o af ew s ma l l s c rap s , a nd t h e c oa r se p o tt os ma l l b ody she rd s . T he n umbe ro fc o in s i sp uzz l ing . B u t i ti sc l ea rt h a tt h e p av ing w a s l a id i nt h e f i r s t c en tury , t h ough b y n o m eans c e r ta in t h a t i tw a s a l l a id s imu l taneous ly . T he b l ack l e ve l a bove t h e p av ing o rn a tu ra l s t one c on ta ined a m isce l lany o ff i nd s o fa l p e r iod s f r om t h e m idd le o ft h e f i r s t t ot h e m idd le o ft h e f our th c en tur ie s , t h e l a te s t c o ins b e ing n o s . 4 8 ( U rb s R oma ) a nd 5 1 ( c .A .D . 3 48 -360 ) . T he 1 ,963 s he rd s o f c oa r se p o t w e re h i gh ly d eg raded , a s w ou ld b e e xpec ted ( F ig . 3 6 ) , a nd t h e r e la t ive ly l ow n umbe r o fa n ima l b one s , 1 , 532 , g i v ing a p o t :bone r a t io o f 7 . 8 1 :1 , p r obab ly r ef lec t s t h e g r ea te r v u lne rab i l i ty o f b one s t o c omp le te d e s t ruc t ion i na ne xpo sed s i tua t ion t h an t h a to fp o t she rd s .

L eve l 1w a s n o t c l ea r ly s epa ra ted f r om l e ve l 3i nt h e e a s te rn h a lf o f F . 82 . I tp roduced b ronze p i ns n o s . 4 7 ( l a te r s e cond e a r ly t h i rd c en tury ) a nd 4 8 ( l a te r t h an c . 125 ) ; s am ian n o s . 3 99 -405 ( no . 3 99 , c . 140 165 ; n o .400 , c . 140 170 ; n o s . 4 0 1 ,402 , c . 1 35 170 ) ; a nd c oa r se p o t s n o s . 2 569 -2603 . T h is a ga in i sc l ea r ly o fm ixed d a te s , b u t a ga in t h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry i sg ene ra l ly i n d ica ted . T he c onc lu s ion i st h a t F . 82 m ay h ave b een e xp lo i ted a se a r ly a st h e e nd o ft h e f i r s t c en tu ry , a nd t h e c o in o fD om i t ian m ay b e l i nked t ot h o se f r om F . 79 , a nd b e i n d ica t ive o f ag ene ra l e x ten s ion o fq ua r ry ing a c t iv i ty a tt h is t i me . B u t t h e b u lk o f t h e f i l l d a te s f r om t h e s e cond h a lf o ft h e s e cond c en tu ry , a t w h ich t ime t h e q ua r ry w a s p a r t ly p aved o ve r b ef o r e f u r the r b ack -f i l l ing t o ok p l ace . T he re w a s n o t r ace o f a ny f o ur th c en tu ry a c t iv i ty .

T he m o s t i n te re s t ing a spec t o f t h is g roup i s t h e a lmo s t c omp le te a b sence o f c onv inc ing ly f o ur th -cen tury f i nd s , e xcep t f o r t h e t wo c o ins , n o s .48 a nd 5 1 , t h e b ow l n o . 2 802 , a nd p e rhap s p o tn o . 2 803 . T he t o p so i l p r oduced c o ins n o s . 3 ( C laud iu s ) , 4 7 ( T e t r icus ) , 4 9 ( Cons tan t ius I ) a nd 5 4 ( af a r th ing o fC ha r le s I ) , a sw e l l a s b rooch n o . 4 7 ( A .D .43 -70 /75 ) a nd s am ian n o .437 ( l a te f i r s tc en tu ry ) .

U nsea led l e ve l sa bove t h e l a te s t p av ing a nd n a tura l s urf ace s

D i s turbed a rea s ou th o ft h e r oad

c o ins : 4 0 ,48 ,5 1 b rooche s : 2 9 ,3 1 ,37 o t he rb ronze : 5 4 ,75 i r on : 4 1 ,49 ,92 l e ad : 2 s t one : 1 0 s am i a n: 4 14 -43 1 s am ian s t amp s : 3 8 ,47 ,63 c oa r se p o t : 2 69 1-2810 g l a s s : 1 07 110 , 13 116 , I1 9 b one : 2 2 ,25 ,32

c o in : 3 6 o t he r b r onze : 7 4 , 106 i r on : 5 1 l e ad : 2 s am ian : 4 34 -4 36 s am ian s t amp : 5 7 g l a s s : 12

t o p so i l : c o ins : 3 ,47 ,49 ,54 b rooch : 4 7 s am ian : 4 37

A s t r ip 2 -4m w ide i mmed ia te ly s ou th o f t h e r o ad s howed s i gns o fm odem d i s tu rbance c aused b y p l ough ing . S t one s h ad b een d i sp laced a nd t h e R oman l e ve ls w e r e s e ve re ly d i s tu rbed . F i nd s i n c luded c o in n o . 3 6 ( Ve spa s ian ) ; s am ian . n o s . 4 34 -436 ( no . 4 35 C laud ian ) ; s am ian s t amp n o .57 , S AC IRVS i , 1 3 5 165 ; a nd g l a s s n o . 12 . T he f r agmen t o f h uman c r an ium , H 17 , c ame f r om t h is d epo s i t .

F o r ad i s tance o fs ome 2 0 -25m s ou th o ft h e r o ad t h e r e w a s a l e ve l o fb l ack e a r th af ew c en t ime te r s t h ick a bove t h e l a te s t s t one s u rf ace s . T he se s u rf ace s w e re m o s t ly n a tu ra l s t one i n

T he r o ad i t s e lf w a s m uch d amaged b y p l ough ing i nt h is a r ea , b u t f u r the r w e s t i tw a s b e t te r p r e se rved . I tw i l l b e d e sc r ibed i nW i leo te I l l .

3 6

T he P ond S P370 156

T he c ook ing p o t f o rm s p r e sen t i n d ica te a l a te 1 2 ` 1'— 1 3 'h c en tu ry d a te . Wavy l i ne c ombed d eco ra t ion i s a l so c ommon o n W i tney v e s se l t ype s a nd o n w e s t c oun t ry v e s se l f o rms a nd w ou ld c o r re spond w e l l w i th t h is d a te a nd f a b r ic t y pe s .

A mode rn p ond i ss i tua ted a pp rox ima te ly 2 0m n o r thwe s t o f O S G r id R ef . S P370 156 . I nt h e w in te rm on th st h i s w a sf i l led w i th w a te rt o ad ep th o fa bou t 1 m , b u t w a s u sua l ly d ry i nt h e s umme r , w i th w a te r l m o r l e s s b e low t h e s u rf ace . ( The p a s t t e n se i su sed b ecause e xcava t ion h a s c on s ide rab ly a l te red t h e s i tua t ion . ) I ti sr ema rkab le t h a t i ts hou ld h o ld w a te r a ta l l , f o r t h e g round f a l ls a way s ha rp ly b y 1 0 15m t o t h e n o r th e a s t . ( Den se w ood land i n t h is a r ea m ake s s u rvey ing i mp rac t icab le . ) T he a r ea st ot h e n o r th a nd s ou th w e re p l an ted w i th t r ee sc .1 980 .

R ef e rence : U nde rwood -Keev i l &B a r c lay 1 995 U nde rwood -Keev i l l , C . , a nd B a rc lay , A . , ' The P o t te ry ' , p p . 1 5 -20 i n K eev i l l , G .D . , ' I n H a rvey 's H ou se a nd G od 's H ouse : E xcava t ions a t E yn sham A bbey , 1 99 1-3 ' . T hame s V a l ley L and scape Monog raph n o . 6 . O xf o rd A r chaeo log ica l U n i t , 1 996 .

Me ta l -de tec t ing i n t h e i mmed ia te v i c in i ty h a s p roduced a s ' i lve r c o in o fA n ton ia ( no t s e en b y t h e w r i te r ) , a nd s eve ra l l ump s o ff u sed s i lve r( two o fw h ich ,w e igh ing 2 0 -30g a p iece , h ave b een s e en b y t h e w r i te r ) . A l a rge s he rd f r om a r e d c o lou rcoa ted O xf o rd w a r e b ow l , Y oung t y pe C 45 ,c ame f r om t h es u rf ace s ome 1 0m n o r th o ft h ep ond . T he e xcava t ion o ft h i s p ond p o sed c on s ide rab le p rob lem s . I t i ss u r rounded b y d en se b ushe s a nd t r ee s o n a l l s i de s , m ak ing a cce s s d i ff i cu l t a nd t h e r oo t s h ampe r ing e xcava t ion . H oweve r , t h e d ry s umme r o f 1 994 l owe red t h e w a te r t a b le s uf f ic ien t ly f o rc omp le te e xcava t ion t ob ecome p o s s ib le .

T he se o b se rva t ion s m ay b e i n te rp re ted a sf o l low s : I nt h e R oman p e r iod , t h i s f e a tu re w a s ar ough ly r e c tangu la r c i s te rn w i th t h e v er t ica l o r n ea r -ver t ica l s i de s r eve t ted i n t imbe ra nd d ry s tone w a l l ing . I tw ou ld h ave s e rved t h e n eed s o fm en a nd a n ima l s u s ing t h e r oad , a sw e l l a st he i n hab i tan t s o ft h e e a s te rn e n do ft h es e t t lemen t . Whe the rt h i s c i s te rn w a s a n ' i mp rovemen t ' o f an a tu ra l p ond o r s p r ing c anno t b e d e te rm ined . I ta ppea r s t o m a rk t h e e x t reme e a s te rn e nd o f t h e R oman s e t t lemen t . I nl a te - o rp o s t -Roman t ime s , t h e s i de so ft h e s t ruc tu r e f e l l i n , a nd t h e f e a tu re a s sumed i t s p r e sen t -day f o rm o f as auce r s haped p ond . I tw a s u s ed b y t h e i n hab i tan t s o ft h e a d jacen t W i lco te v i l lage , w h ich i sp r e sumed t o b e c en te red n ea r t h e mode rn c r o s s road s c l o se t o S P373155 s ome 3 50m t o t h e s ou th -ea s t( F ig .2 ) . T he p o t te ry i sr o ugh ly c on tempo ra ry w i th t h a t f r om t h e t r ench d ug i nS P37 1156 r e po r ted b e low , w h ich l i e s a bou t2 00m t ot h e e a s t a l ong A keman S t ree t .

T he f i l l ( F ig . 1 6 , s e c t ion y -y ) c omp r i sed t h ree d i s t inc t l e ve ls . T he u ppe rmo s t o ne , l e ve l 1 , w a s c ompo sed o f r e cen t ly d epo s i ted o rgan ic m a t te r , m o s t ly t w ig s a nd l e ave s . S i nce t h e p ond w a s c l ea red o u t b y m ach ine i n t h e 1 970 s , t h is r e p re sen ted t h e a ccu mu la t ion o f s ome 2 0 y ea r s , a nd t h e b o t tom o ft h is l e ve l , t h e s u r f ace o f l e ve l 2 ,w a s s imp ly t h e l owe s t p o in t r e ached b y t h e m ach ine . L eve l 2c ons is ted o f e a r th , c l ay , l a rge r o unded p ebb le s a nd b l ock s o f s t one . A t l e a s ts ome o ft h e l a t te rc l ea r ly d e r ived f r om af a l len d ry s tone r e ve t t ing w a l l . B e low t h is l a y an ea t ly c u t o ak b eam , 0 . 25 x 0 . 10 -0 . 12 x l Am , t oge the rw i th s e ve ra l s ma l le r f r agmen t s o f c u to ak t i mbe r s .

T he a b sence o fp o t te ry l a te rt h an t h e 1 3t h c en tu ry m ay b e d ue t o t h e r emova l o f l a te r f i l l d u r ing c l ea rance o f t h e p ond , e i the r i nt h e 1 970 so ra ts ome e a r l ie rd a te . T he c i s te rn /pond l i e s v e ry c l o se t ot h e l i ne o fA keman S t ree t , b u t t r ee -p lan t ing i n t h e i mmed ia te v i c in i ty m ake s i t i mpo s s ib le f o r as e c t ion t o b e d ug h e re t o l o ca te t h e r o ad . H oweve r ,t h e r o ad m u s th ave p a s sed t ot h e s ou th o ft h e p ond , b ecau se t ot h e n o r th a nd e a s t t h e l a nd f a l ls s t eep ly t o al e ve l 1 0 15m l owe r , a nd h ad t h e r o ad f o l lowed an o r the r ly r ou te i t w ou ld h ave p a s sed t h rough a n e x tens ive b oggy a r ea a nd u p a s l ope o fs ome 2 0 °,b o th d i sadvan tage s b e ing a vo ided b y t h e s ou the r ly r o u te .

T he e xcava t ion p roduced n o a r tef ac t s e xcep t f o rp o t te ry , a nd o n ly f o u r s ma l l f r agmen t s o f a n ima l b one . A l l t h e p o t te ry f r om l e ve l 3w a s R oman , a nd i n c luded n o s . 2 8 11-2824 a s w e l l a se i gh t s he rds o fp l a in s am ian F o rm 3 1 a nd 3 v e s se ls . T h is g roup i sd a tab le f r om t h e l a te r s e cond t ot h e m id -f our th c en tu ry . A f ew R oman s he rd s w e re s c a t te red t h roughou t l e ve l 2 ,b u tt h e u ppe rh a lf o fl e ve l 2a l so c on ta ined 6 5 s h e rd s o f m ed ieva l p o t te ry . T he a u tho r i s i n deb ted t o M r s . C . U nde rwood -Keev i l l f o rt h e f o l low ing n o te :

F i e ld 2 169

Med ieva l d ense l i me s tone w a re a nd m ed ieva l l i me s tone w a re , f o und a t E yn sham ( Eyn sham T hame s Wa te r P i pe s i te , U nde rwood -Keev i l l & B a rc lay 1 995 , p . 1 7 ) a nd a t W i tney (W i tney m ed ieva l f a b r ic 4 i nW i tney Moun t H ouse p o t te ry r e por t , i np r epa ra t ion ) .

T he l i ne o fA keman S t ree te a s to ft h e p ond /c is te rn S P370 156 i sm a rked b y t h e s ou the rn e dge o f as ma l l w ood , a nd t h en c r o s se s F i e ld 2 169 ( F ig .2 ) . I ti st h en r e sumed b y v a r iou s t r ackway s a nd b ounda r ie s e a s t o f t h e mode rn r o ad f r om W i lco te t oF i ns tock . T he R oman r o ad i sj u s t d e tec tab le a sa s ha l low r a ised b ank , e spec ia l ly i nt h e b ounda r ie s o f F i e ld 2 169 .

T he se f a b r ic s a r e p o s s ib ly c onnec ted w i th C i rence s te r a nd G louce s te r f a b r ic t y pe s , b u t i n G louce s te r t h e f a b r ic s t e nd t o h ave a k i nge r s pan ( G louce s te r t y pe 4 4 ) a nd e x tend i n to t h e l a te c en tu ry a nd l a te r . I nO xf o rd sh ire t h e se f a b r ic s s e em t ob e r e p laced b y s a ndy w a re s a nd h i gh ly d eco ra ted f o rms i nt h em id 13 'hc en tury .

As e c t ion 5 0m n or th sou th a nd 1 . 5m w ide w a s d ug a c ro s st h e l i ne o ft h e r o ad ( F ig . 1 7 ) . T he f i e ld h a s n o t b een p l oughed w i th in l a s t 6 0 y ea r s e xcep t f o r as ma l l a r ea i n t h e s ou th w e s te rn c o rne r . T he s andy , s t one -f ree t op so i l l i e s d i rec t ly u pon c l ay , w h ich h e re c ove r s t h e l i me s tone t o ad ep th o f s e ve ra l m e te r s . 3 7

3 8

F ig .16 . P ond S P370 156 , s ec t ion y -y .

A keman s t r ee t i t s e lf r ema ined a s as hee t o f s ma l l , t y p ica l ly 2 5 x2 5 x1 0cm f l a t p i ece s o f l i me s tone , p i tched a bou t 3 0° f r om t h e h o r izon ta l a nd o ve r lapp ing , l a id f r om e a s t t ow e s t d i r ec t ly o n t h e c l ay s ub so i l . I ti sp robab le t h a t t h i s s t one c ame f r om q ua r r ie s i no rn ea rt h e a r ea e xcava ted t ot h e w e s t . T he w id th o ft h e p i tch ing w a s 3 . 3m . T he re w a s ab and l m w ide r unn ing l e ng thw ise a l ong t h e r o ad , 1 . 1m s ou th o ft h e n o r the rn e dge ,w h ich w a s c omp le te ly d evo id o fs t one . T he re w a s av e ry s ha l low d i tch , I mw ide a nd 5 20cm d eep , r u nn ing p a ra l le l t ot h e r o ad a nd 2 . 5m s ou th ( t ha t i s ,u ph i l l ) o fi t . T h is m ay h ave b een ar o ad s ide d i tch s im i la rt oF . 26 .

Ag u l ley a bou t 2 5cm w ide a nd 1 0cm d eep , d e tec tab le o n ly b y t h e g r eyne s s o ft h e f i l l , r a n a c ro s s t h e t r ench s ome 1 0 .7m s ou th o f t h e s ou the rn e dge o f t h e r oad . E xcava t ion t o t h e e a s ts howed t h a tt h e f e a tu re d oub led b ack o n i t s e lf , a nd t h a ta l a rge b u rned b l ock o fs t one l a y n ea r i t s e a s te rn t e rm ina t ion . T he a u tho r t h ank s M r . H .P .Powe l l , A s s is tan t C u ra to r o ft h e G eo log ica l C o l lec t ion s , O xf o rd U n ive r is ty Mu seum , f o r t h e f o l low ing n o te : ' The r o ck i s af i ne -g ra ined , a c id i g neous r o ck w i th p henoc ry s t s o f a l ka l i f e ld spa r . I ti sm uch a l te red b y w ea the r ing a nd t h e r e dden ing i sp robab ly d ue t of i re . I ti s a n e xo t ic r o ck , p r e sumab ly d e r ived f r om n ea rby P l e is tocene d epo s i t s . '

T he s i gn if icance o f t h e s t one -f ree s t r ip w i th in t h e r o ad i s i n d ica ted b y t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f p o t te ry w i th in t h e 5 0m t r ench , e xc lud ing t h a t f o und f u r the r t oh e e a s t . T he l e ng th n o r th o ft h e r o ad p roduced at o ta l o ft h ree m ed ieva l s h e rds , w h i le t h a t t o t h e s ou th y i e lded c . 600 s h e rd s , m o s t ly s ma l l a nd w o rn . I ts e em s p robab le t h a t A keman S t ree t , w h i le n o l o nge r i nu se a s ar oad , s t i l l f o rmed ab ounda ry . I tm ay o n ly h ave s epa ra ted t wo f i e ld s , w i th as ha l low d i tch b e tween , t h e

T he b u rn ing d i d n o t t a ke p l ace i ns i tu s i nce t h e n ea rby c l ay a nd p o t she rd s w e re u naf f ec ted . S ome 3 00 m ed ieva l s h e rd s , m any l a rge a nd a lmo s t a l u nwo rn , c ame f r om t h e g u l ley a nd f r om t h e i mmed ia te v i c in i ty o ft h e r o ck . T he se a r e d e sc r ibed b e low .

f i e ld t ot h e s ou th b e ing m anu r ed w h i le t h a t t ot h e n o r th w a s n o t . A l te rna t ive ly ,t h ea r ea t ot h e n or th o ft h e r o ad m ay h ave b een w ooded , a s i ts t i l l i si mmed ia te ly t o t h e w e s t . I ti s i n te re s t ing t h a t t h e re a r e t o day t h ree o ak t r ee s , c l ea r ly o f g r ea t a n t iqu i ty , o n o r n ea r t h e l i ne o ft h e R oman r o ad : o ne s ome 5 0m t ot h e w e s t , o ne i nF i e ld 2 169 , a nd o ne t ot h e e a s t o ft h e m ode rn r o ad . T he se m ay b e s u rv ivo r s o fa n a nc ien t b ounda ry . T he re a r e n o o t he rt r ee s o fc ompa rab le a ge i nt h e v i c in i ty .

F ur the re xcava t ion i sp l anned i nt h is f i e ld , i na dvance o ft r ee p l an t ing , a nd w i l l b e r e po r ted i n W i l co te I I . I ti sp e rhap s s u rp r is ing t h a t s o m uch p o t te ry s hou ld b e f ound 3 00m f r om t h e p r e sumed c en t re o ft h e m ed ieva l v i l lage , a nd 3 50m f r om t h e c hu rch . T h i s m ay b e f o r tu i tous o r m ay i n d ica te al a rge r a r ea o fs e t t lemen tt h an p r ev ious ly a s sumed .

3 9

L oca t ion o fF inds a nd o ft he E xcava t ion A rch ive A l !t h e f i nd s i l us t ra ted i nt h is s e r ie s o fe xcava t ion r e po r t s a r e d epo s i ted a t t h e O xf o rd sh i re Mu seums S t o r e , S t and lake , O xf o rd sh i re , a cce s s ion r e f e rence 1 994 . 103 W i lco te . S ome a dd i t iona l f i nd s a r e a l so d epo s i t ed t h e re : o b jec t s o f m e ta l , b one a nd g l a s s w h ich a r e m en t ioned i nt h e r e po r t s b u t n o t i l us t ra ted , a nd c e r ta in s ma l l g roup s o fp o t te ry w h ich m ay b e o fi n te re s t .

T he r ema inde ro ft h e p o t te ry i sr e bu r ied o n t h e s i te , m o s t ly i n t h e d eep q ua r r ie s . T he h uman r ema in s h ave b een r e bu r ied . T he a n ima l b one s h ave b een r e bu r ied o n t h e s i te u n le s s t h ey h ave b een s e n t a way f o r e xam ina t ion , i n w h ich c a se t h ey h ave b een d i spo sed o fe l sewhe r e . A l l d ocumen ta t ion a nd r e co rd s a r e b e ing d epo s i ted a tt h e O xf o rd s h i r e Museum s S t o re .

4 0

o

L i

"-burned s t one

y

P lan a nd s e c t ion o ft r ench , F ie ld 2 169 .

F ie ld 2 169 .

F ig .17a .

THE F INDS T he C o ins C hr is tophe rH owgego a nd C a thy K ing *

3 1 . C laud ius , i m i ta t ion A s . M ine rva . F . 79 l e ve l 3 . 3 2 . C laud ius , i m i ta t ion A s . M ine rva? B e low p av ing , b e tween F .70 a nd F . 71 . 3 . C laud ius , i m i ta t ion? C a s t? A s . M ine rva . B e low p av ing , 5 m w e s to fF . 18 . 3 4 . N e ro , A s . L ugdunum? V ic to r ia . R IC 5 44 . B e low p av ing , 5 m w es to fF . 18 . 3 5 . V espa s ian , A s . L ugdunum . E ag le o n g lobe . B e low p av ing , 1 m s ou th -we s to fF . 76 . 3 6 . V espa s ian , A s . P ax . F . 78 . 3 7 . D om i t ian , A s . Mone ta . R IC 3 35 . F . 79 l e ve l 3 . 3 8 . D o rn i t ian , A s . F . 79 l e ve l 3 . 3 9 . D om i t ian , A s . F . 82 l e ve l 3 . 4 0 . N e rva , D upond ius . B lack e a r th a bove p av ing , 3 m n o r th -we s to fF . 18 . 4 1 . T ra jan , p l a ted ( ? ) D ena r ius . D ac ia a nd t r ophy . R IC 2 20 . I np av ing , 7m e a s to f F . 76 . 4 2 . T ra jan , A s . P i e ta s . R IC 3 92 . F . 75 . 4 3 . H adr ian , D upond ius . F . 79 l e ve l 3 . 4 4 . D iva F aus t ina I ,D ena r ius . C e res . R IC358 .

Quarr y F . 77 L eve l I 5 . 61g F o rc onven ience t h e c o ins f r om t h is c on tex ta r eg a the red t oge the ra sn os . 5 5 -179 .

7 . 43g 8 . 33g

5 5 . G a l l ienus s o le r e ign , A n ton in ianus . R ome . B roken , 8 . 38g

1 . 69g 5 6 . B a rba rous r a d ia te , T e t r icus I .S pes . 1 2 .09g 5 7 . C ons tan t ine , AE . T r ie r . SOL I I NV ICTO CO M IT I . R IC 4 2 . 3 . 09g 5 8 . C ons tan t ine , AE . L ondon . V ICTOR IAE LAETAE . R IC 1 70 . 3 . 10g 5 9 . C on s tan t ine , AE . T r ie r . V ICTOR IAE LAETAE .

8 . 99g 1 2 .51g 9 . 51g

R IC 2 09 ( PTR ) 2 . 62g 6 0 . C ons tan t ine . AE . T ic inum . V ICTOR IAE LAETAE R IC 8 2 ( PT ) 2 . 51g 6 1 . C ons tan t ine , i m i ta t ion AE . V ICTOR IAE LAETAE . 2 . 50g 6 2 . C ons tan t ine . i m i ta t ion AE . V ICTOR IAE LAETAE . 2 . 14g 6 3 . C r ispus , AE . L yons . BEATA . R IC 1 33 . 2 . 93g 6 4 . C ons tan t ine , AE . T r ie r . BEATA . R IC 3 03 ( PTR ) . 3 . 31g 6 5 . C r ispus , AE . T r ie r . BEATA . R IC 3 08 ( PTR ) . 2 . 64g 6 6 . C ons tan t ine , AE . T r ie r . B EATA . R IC 3 13 v a r . ( K31 . )( PTR ) . 3 . 27g 6 7 . C ons tan t ine , AE . T r ie r . B EATA . R IC 3 68 . ( . 11TR . ) . 2 . 23g 6 8 . C r ispus , AE . T r ie r . B EATA . R IC 3 72 ( • STR . . ) 3 . 42g 6 9 . U nce r ta in , AE . BEATA? 2 . 33g 7 0 . C ons tan t ine , AE . T r ie r . P ROV IDENT IAE . R IC 4 49 ( PTR ) . 2 . 47g 7 1 . C ons tan t ine 1 C aes . , AE . T r ie r . P ROV IDENT IAE .

1 0 .55g 9 . 73g 1 2 .69g

3 . 16g 9 . 66g 1 0 .69g 3 . 05g

F . 79 l e ve l 3 . 4 5 . S eve rus A lexande r , c o re o fp l a ted D ena r ius . Ma r s . PM TR POT ( s ic ) I COS P P . 2 . 06g F . 77 l e ve l 3 b . 4 6 . Emp re ss AD 2 22 -260 , A so rS es ter t ius . F ecund i ta s? F . 77 l e ve l 3 b . 1 2 .75g 4 7 . T e t r icus , A n ton in ianus . P ax . R IC 100 . 1 . 56g

R IC 4 79 v a r( B3) ( PTRQ ) ) . 2 . 67g 7 2 . C ons tan t ine , AE . A r le s . V 1RTVS AVGG . R IC 2 91 .

T op so i l . U rb s R oma , AE . T r ie r . R IC 5 29 ( TRS ) 2 . 14g F . 79 , t o po fl e ve l 1 . 4 9 . C ons tan t ius I , AE . T r ie r . Two s o ld ie r s , o ne s t anda rd . T opso i l . I. 4 2g 5 0 . C ons tans , AE . Two s o ld ie r s , o ne s t anda rd . I. 8 4g 4 8 .

5 1 .

5 2 .

F . 79 , t o po fl e ve l 1 . U nce r ta in i m i ta t ion , c . AD 3 48 -60 , AE . F a l len h o r seman . B lack e a r th a bove p av ing , 4m s ou th -ea s to fF . 69 . U nce r ta in i m i ta t ion , 3 rd -4 th c en tu ry , AE .

F . 78 . 5 3 . U nce r ta in , 4 t h c en tury , AE . T rench i nF i e ld 2 169 . 5 4 . E ng l ish , C ha r le s If a r th ing .

0 . 74g

( PAL ) R L ) . 7 3 . C r ispus , i m i ta t ion AE . C amp g a te ( . 13T . ) . 7 4 . C ons tan t inopo l is . AE . L yons . R IC 2 4 1 ( PLG ) . 7 5 . C ons tan t inopo l is , AE . L yons . R IC 2 4 1 ( PLG ) 7 6 . U rb s R oma , AE . L yons . R IC 2 42? ( PLG? ) .

0 . 68g

7 . U rbs R oma , AE . L yons . R IC 2 47 ( PLG) . 2 . 25g 7 8 . C ons tan t ine I C aes . , AE . L yons . Two s o ld ier s , t wo s t anda rds . R IC 2 54 ( f )PLG ) . 7 9 . C ons tan t inopo l is , AE . L yons . R IC 2 56

B roken

(e . ) PLG ) .

4 . 4 1g

T op so i l .

8 0 . U rb s R oma , AE . T r ie r . R IC 5 22 ( TRS ) . 8 1 . C ons tan t inop l is , AE . T r ie r . R IC 5 23 ( TRS ) .

H ebe rden C o in R oom , A shmo lean Museum , O xf o rd

4 1

3 . 82g 1 . 52g 2 . 32g 2 . 31g 1 . 98g

2 . 04g 2 . 43g 3 . 44g 2 . 51g

8 2 . C ons tan t ine , AE . T r ie r . Two s o ld ie r s , t wo s t anda rds . 8 3 . 8 4 . 8 5 . 8 6 . 8 7 . 8 8 . 8 9 . 9 0 . 9 1 .

1 3 1 . C ons tan t ine I , AE . A r le s . Two s o ld ie r s , o ne s t anda rd . R IC 1 . 1 . 18g 1 32 . P op .Romanus , AE . C on s tan t inop le . B r idge . R IC 2 1 . 1 . 10g

R IC 5 26 ( TRS . ) . 2 . 17g C ons tan t ine I C ae s . , AE . T r ie r . Two s o ld ie r s ,t wo s t anda rd s . R IC 5 27 ( TRS. ) . 2 . 23g C ons tan t ius I C aes . , AE . T r ie r . Two s o ld ie r s , t wo s t anda rds . R IC 5 28 ( TRP .) . 2 . 61g U rb s R oma , AE . T r ie r . R IC 5 29 ( TRP . ) 2 . 29g U rbs R oma , AE . T r ie r . R IC 5 29 ( TRS . ) 2 . 20g . U rbs R oma , AE . T r ie r . R IC 5 29 ( TRS ) 2 . 16g C ons tan t inopo l is , AE . T r ie r . R IC 5 30 ( TRS . ) 2 . 28g C ons tan t inopo l is , AE . T r ie r . R IC 5 30 ( TRS . ) 2 . 27g C ons tan t inopo l is , AE . T r ie r . R IC 5 30 ( TRS [1 ) 2 . 19g U rbs R oma , AE . T r ier . »R IC 5 42 ( TRS . ) 2 . 17g

1 33 . Empe ro r? ( AF 3 35 -48 ) . M in t? R eve r se? 1 34 . C ons tan t ius I ,i m i ta t ion AE . Two s o ld ie r s , o ne s t anda rd ( TR 1 1? ) . 1 35 . C ons tan t ius I ,i m i ta t ion AE . Two s o ld ier s , o ne s t anda rd ( Ch r is tog ram o n s t anda rd ) . 1 36 . C ons tan t ius I C ae s . , i m i ta t ion AE . Two s o ld ie r s , s t anda rd ( TRS ) . 1 37 . C ons tans , i m i ta t ion AE . Two s o ld ie r s , o ne s t anda rd . 1 38 . C ons tan s , i m i ta t ion AE . Two s o ld ie r s , o ne s t anda rd .

9 2 . U rb s R oma , AE . T r ie r . R IC 5 42 ( TRS []) 2 . 12g 9 3 . C on s tan t inopo l i s , AE . T r ie r . R IC 5 43 ( TR . 13) 2 . 00g 9 4 . C on s tan t inopo l is , AE . T r ie r . R IC 5 54 (W rea th , TRP ) • 1 . 94g 9 5 . C ons tan t ine , AE . A r les . Two s o ld ie r s ,t wo s t anda rds , R IC 3 45 ( S ta r , P CONST ) . 1 . 68g 9 6 . C ons tan t ine , AE . A r les . Two s o ld ie r s , t wo s t anda rds . R IC 3 58 ( Branch , P CONST ) . 1 . 84g . 9 7 . U rbs R oma , AE . A r le s . R IC 3 73 . (W rea th , S CONST ) B roken I . 78g 9 8 . U rb s R oma , AE . R ome . R IC 3 31 . ( RFQ ) . 1 . 84g 9 9 . C ons tan t ius I C ae s . , AE . M in t? Two s o ld ie r s , t wo s t anda rds . 2 . 05g 1 00 . C ons tan t ine I C aes . , AE . M in t? Two s o ld ie r s , t wo 2 . 68g s t anda rds . 2 . 18g 1 0 1 . C ons tan t inopo l is , AE . M in t? B roken 1 . 66g 1 02 . C ons tan t inopo l is , AE . M in t? 1 . 10g 1 03 . C ons tan t inopo l is , AE . M in t? 1 04 . C ons tan t ine , i m i ta t ion AE . Two s o ld ie r s , t wo s t anda rd s . 1 . 49g ( TRS ) 1 05 . C ons tan t ine , i m i ta t ion AE . Two s o ld ie r s , t wo s t anda rds . ( TRS ) 1 . 48g 1 06 . Empe ro r? , i m i ta t ion AE . Two s o ld ie r s , t wo s t anda rds . I . 20g 1 07 . U rb s R oma , i m i ta t ion AE ( PLO ) . 0 . 87g I . 04g 1 08 . U rb s R oma , i m i ta t ion AE ( TRS? ) . 1 09 . U rb s R oma , i m i ta t ion AE ( TRP r e ve r sed? ) . I . 04g 10 . U rb s R oma , i m i ta t ion AE . I . 37g 1 1 . U rb s R oma , i m i ta t ion AE . I . 30g 12 . C ons tan t inopo l is , i m i ta t ion AE ( PLG ) . 0 . 99g 0 . 97g 13 . C ons tan t inopo l is , i m i ta t ion AE ( PLG ) . 14 . C ons tan t inopo l is , i m i ta t ion AE . 1 . 51g 15 . C ons tan t inopo l is , i m i ta t ion AE . 1 . 35g 16 . C ons tan t inopo l is , i m i ta t ion AE . I . 1 0g I1 7 . C ons tan t inopo l is , i m i ta t ion AE . I . 07g 18 . C ons tan t inopo l is , i m i ta t ion AE . 0 . 70g 0 . 51g 19 . C ons tan t inopo l is , i m i ta t ion AE . 0 . 90g 1 20 . C ons tan t inopo l is? , i m i ta t ion AE . 0 . 73g 1 2 1 . I m i ta t ion AE . O bve r se? V ic to ry . 1 . 30g 1 22 . T heodo ra , AE . T r ie r . P i e ta s . R IC 6 5 (TRP) I . 29g 1 23 . T heodo ra , AE . T r ie r . P i e ta s . R IC 6 5 ( .TRP [ . 1 ) 1 . 25g 1 24 . T heodo ra , AE . T r ie r . P i e ta s . R IC 6 5 ( •TRS. )

1 . 42g 1 . 34g . 1 . 58g o ne 1 . 30g 1 . 53g

1 . 05g 1 39 . Empe ro r? , i m i ta t ion AE . Two s o ld ie r s , o ne s t anda rd ( C rescen to n s t anda rd ) . 1 . 28g 1 40 . T heodo ra , i m i ta t ion AE . P i e ta s? 0 . 73g 1 4 1 . U rb s R oma , i m i ta t ion AE . Two s o ld ie r s , o ne s t anda rd . 0 . 58g 1 42 . C ons tan s , AE . L yons . Two V ic to r ie s . R IC 4 0 . 1 . 76g 1 43 . C ons tans , AE . T r ie r . Two V ic to r ie s . R IC 1 92 ( TRP ) . 1 . 89g 1 44 . C ons tans , AE . T r ie r . Two V ic to r ie s . R IC 1 95 ( TRP ) . 1 . 52g 1 45 . C ons tans , AE . T r ie r . Two V ic to r ies . R IC 1 95 o r 6( TRP ) . B roken 0 . 97g 1 46 . C ons tans , AE . T r ie r . Two V ic to r ie s . R IC 1 96 ( TRP ) . 1 . 67g 1 47 . C ons tans , AE . T r ie r . Two V ic to r ies . R IC 1 96 ( TRS ) . 1 . 16g 1 48 . C ons tans , AE . T r ie r . Two V ic to r ie s . R IC 2 05 ( TRS ) . B roken 1 . 26g 1 49 . C ons tans , AE . T r ie r . Two V ic to r ies . R IC 2 05 ( ? ) . B roken 0 . 93g 1 50 . C ons tans , AE . T r ie r s . Two V ic to r ie s . R IC 2 06 ( TRS ) . 1 . 41g 1 5 1 . C ons tans , AE . A r les . Two V ic to r ie s . R IC 7 8 ( PARL ) . I . 06g C ons tans , AE . M in t? Two V ic to r ie s . I . 2 3g C ons tans , AE . M in t? Two V ic to r ies . I . 10g Empe ro r? , AE . M in t? Two V ic to r ie s . 1 . 83g Empe ro r? , AE . M in t? Two V ic to r ie s . 1 . 68g C ons tan t ius I ,i m i ta t ion AE . Two V ic to r ies . ( TRP . ) . 1 . 21g 1 57 . C ons tan s , AE . T r ie r . F EL . T EMP . R EPARAT IO G a l ley . R IC 2 44? 5 . 15g 1 58 . Magnen t ius , AE . T r ie r . V 1CTOR IAE DD NN AVG E T CAES . R IC 3 15 . 4 . 22g 1 52 . 1 53 . 1 54 . 1 55 . 1 56 .

1 59 . C ons tan t ius I , AE . T r ie r . F a l l ing h o r seman . R IC 3 59 ( TRSu ) . 1 . 58g 1 60 . Magnen t ius , AE . Am iens . V ICTOR IAE DD NN AVG E T CAE . R IC 2 3 . 4 . 76g 1 6 1 . C ons tan t ius I , AE . A n t ioch . F a l l ing h o r seman . R IC 1 89 ( GPLG ) . 1 . 98g 1 62 . C ons tan t ius I . AE . A n t ioch . F a l l ing h o r seman . R IC 1 32 ( F / AN [1 ) . 3 . 17g 1 6 3 . C ons tans , i m i ta t ion AE . F EL . T EMP . R EPARAT IO H u t( *PLG ) . 2 . 87g 1 64 . C ons tan t ius I ,i m i ta t ion AE . F a l l ing h o r seman ( SLG ) . 2 . 52g 1 65 . C ons tans , i m i ta t ion AE . F a l l ing h o r seman . 1 . 00g 1 66 . Empe ro r? , i m i ta t ion AE . F a l l ing . h o r seman . 2 . 14g

1 25 . C ons tans , AE . T r ie r . Two s o ld ie r s , o ne s t anda rd . 1 . 20g R IC 7 2 ( TRP ) 1 . 69g 1 26 . T heodo ra , AE . T r ie r . P i e tas . R IC 7 9 ( TRP ) 1 27 . C ons tan t ius 1 , AE . T r ie r . Two s o ld ie r s , o ne s t anda rd ( TRS? ) . I. 6 6g 1 28 . C ons tans , AE . T r ie r . Two s o ld ie r s , o ne s t anda rd ( TR [ ] ) . I . 17g 1 29 . D ivus C ons tan t ine , AE . T r ie r . Q uadr iga . ( TRS? ) I . 4 6g 1 30 . D ivus C ons tan t ine , AE . T r ie r? Q uad r iga . I . 4 5g

1 67 . Empe ro r? , i m i ta t ion AE . F a l l ing h o r seman . 4 2

I . 67g

1 68 . Empe ro r ? , i m i ta t ion AE . F a l l ing h o r seman . O ve r s t ruck o n Two V ic to r ie s . 1 . 63g 1 69 . Empe ro r ? , i m i ta t ion AE .Fa l l ing h o r seman . I . 43g 1 70 . Empe ro r ? , i m i ta t ion AE . F a l l ing h o r seman . 1 . 28g 1 71 . Empe ro r ? , i m i ta t ion AE . F a l l ing h o r seman . 1 . 1 5g 1 72 . Empe ro r? , i m i ta t ion AE . F a l l ing h o r seman . 0 . 77g 1 73 . Empe ro r ? , i m i ta t ion AE . F a l l ing h o r seman . 0 . 69g 1 74 . Empe ro r ? , i m i ta t ion AE . F a l l ing h o r seman . 0 . 69g 1 75 . Empe ro r ? , i m i ta t ion AE . F a l l ing h o r seman . 0 . 62g 0 . 55g 1 76 . Empe ro r ? , i m i ta t ion AE . F a l l ing h o r seman . 1 77 . V a len t in ian , AE . M in t? S ECVR ITAS R E 1PVBL ICAE ( OF I I /? ) 1 . 83g 1 78 . U nce r ta in , AE . 2 . 0 1g 1 79 . U ncer ta in , AE . 0 . 55g

c o inage o fV a len t in ian ic a nd T heodo s ian p e r iod s a r e w eak ly r e p r e sen ted . As l igh t ly d i f f e ren t p a t tem e me rge s f r om t h e s i te s r e co rded i n T ab le 9 . S hakenoak i s a n O xf o rd sh i re v i l la , w h i le A lche s te r w a s p o s s ib ly , a nd C i rence s te r c e r ta in ly , af o r t . C o ins o f t h e l a te r f our th c en tury a r e m uch mo re s t rong ly r e p r e sen ted o n a l t h ree s i te s , a nd t h e r a d ia te s f r om t h e y ea r s 2 60 t o 2 96 a l so e x is t i ns i gn if ican t ly h i ghe r n umbe r s t h an h ave o ccu r red a sy e t a tW i lco te . T he v a r ia t ions c ou ld b e d ue t ot h e d i f f e ren t n a tu re o ft h e s i te s , b u t t h i s m ay w e l l b e t o o s imp l is t ic a n e xp lana t ion . I ft h e q ua r ry c o ins a r e i n c luded i nt h e W i lco te t o ta l , t h e y ea r s b e tween c .3 15 a nd 3 60 a ppea r t ob e a bno rma l ly h igh . I ti s c e r ta in ly p o s s ib le t h a t f u tur e e xcava t ion s w i l l a l te r t h e p a t te rn d i sp layed h e re , w h ich a tp r e sen t r ef lec t s t h e c ompac t 4 t h c en tu ry c h rono log ica l d i s t r ibu t ion o f t h e q ua r ry s i te o n t h e o ne h and , a nd t h e r a the r w eak r e p re sen ta t ion o f t h e r ema in ing c o in s w i th t h e i re a r ly b i a s o n t h e o t he r .

U nusua l ly , t h e c o in s f r om t h e Q ua r ry F . 77 l e ve l 1f o rm a c ompac t c h rono log ica l g roup w h ich s t rong ly s ugge s t s t h a t t h is a r ea o ft h e s i te w a s a c t ive o n ly f r om c . AD 3 15 t oc . AD 3 60 ( Tab le s 4 -6 ) . T he f r equency o fm one ta ry r e f o rm i nt h is p e r iod m ean s t h a t t h e c o inage i s ag ood g u ide t o a c t iv i ty , s i nce p a r t icu la r c l a s se s o fc o in d i d n o t s t ay i nc i rcu la t ion f o r l o ng . T he t wo e a r l ie s tc o in s ( AD 2 60 -86 ) c ome f r om ap e r iod o fp l en t if u l s upp ly o fc o in i nt h e r e g ion , a nd i ft h e s i t e h ad b een i n s e r ious u se t h en o ne w ou ld h ave e xpec ted m any mo re . T hey m ay b e i n t rus ive o r o dd s u rv iva l s . T he p r ec ise t e rm ina l d a te i s mo re p rob lema t ic . T he s i ng le c o in o f V a len t in ian m igh t b e i n t rus ive a s i tc ome s f r om t h ej unc t ion w i th t h e t o p so i l . O ft h e o t he r o f f ic ia l i s sue s w h ich m ay b e d a ted , n one a r e l a te r t h an AD 3 55 . T h is m igh t b e t h e t r ue t e rm ina l d a te o f t h e s i te , b u t t h e re a r e 1 4 i m i ta t ive i sue s w h ich m ay b e a s s igned o n ly t ot h e b road p e r iod AD 3 48 -60 . S i nce s u ch i m i ta t ions m ay d om ina te f i nds t owa rds t h e e nd o f t h a t p e r iod , w hen o f f ic ia l i s sue s w e re i n s ho r t s upp ly , a t e rm ina l d a te o fc . AD 3 60 i se qua l ly p l aus ib le .

S i te R ef e rence s :

B y c on t ra s t , t h e r ema in ing c o ins f r om t h e s i t e s how as t rong b i a s t owa rd s t h e f i r s t a nd s e cond c en tu r ie s ( 5 8% o f t h e c u r ren t g roup , 4 8% o ft h e t o ta l e xc lud ing t h e q ua r ry c o ins ) w h ich i sa l so u nusua l ( Tab le 7 ) . E xp re s sed i na no the r w ay , t h e r e la t ive ly s ma l l n umbe r o f r a d ia te s , b o th o ff ic ia l a nd i m i ta t ive , i su ncha rac te r is t ic o f m o s t B r i t ish s i t e s a nd t h o se o fn o r the rn G au l . A dm i t ted ly t h e n umbe r o fc o ins r e t r ieved o u t s ide t h e q ua r ry i ss ma l l a nd i tw ou ld b e u nw ise t op u t t o o m uch e mpha s is o n t h e se n umbe r s , b u t t h e n um isma t ic e v idence d oe sc onf i rm t h ee a r ly n a tu re o ft h e s i t e . E ven m o r e i n te r e s t ing i st h e a b sence o f c o inage o f t h e V a len t in ian ic p e r iod a nd l a te r , i . e . t h ey ea r sb e tween 3 64 a nd 4 02 w h ich , a s R ave tz n o ted , a r e c ommon o n s ome s i t e s b u t m i s s ing f r om o t he r s ( Rave tz 1 964 ) . T h is m ay b e c on t ra s ted w i th t h e s po rad ic r e p re sen ta t ion o f V a len t in ian ic m a te r ia l f r om t h e a r ea i mmed ia te ly t ot h e w e s t o ft h e e xcava t ions ( 1 3% o ft h e r e co rded c o ins f r om t h et o p so i l o fF i e ld N o . 3 949 ) .

A s tha l l

C ook , 1 955 C ook , P .P .M . , ' A R oman S i te a t A s tha l l , O xf o rd sh i re ' , O xon iens ia XX , 2 9 -39

Q uen ing ton

O 'Ne i l l 1 957 O 'Ne i l , H . , ` Akeman S t r ee t , Q uen ing ton , G louce s te r sh i r e ' , T ransac t ions o f t he B r i s to l a nd G louce s te r sh i re A rchaeo log ica l S oc ie ty , L XXV I , 3-43 .

C a t sgo re

L eech 1 982 L eech , R . , E xcava t ions a t C a t sgore , 1 970 -197 3 , .

S hakenoak

R eece 1 99 1

A lche s te r

R eece 1 99 1

C i r ence s te r

R eece 1 99 1

R ef e r ence s A . R ave tz , T he f o ur th c en tury i n f la t ion a nd R omano -B r i t ish c o in f i nd s : I .P a t ter n s o ff o ur th -cen tu ry c o inage o n R omano B r i t ish s i te s ' , N um i sma t ic C h ron ic le , i v7 1 964 , p p . 2 00 -231 . R . R eece R oman C o in sf rom 1 40 S i te s i nB r i ta in , C o t swo ld S t ud ie s I V , C i rence s te r 1 99 1 .

I ft h e W i lco te c o in d i s t r ibu t ion ( e xc lud ing t h e Q ua r ry c o ins ) i sc ompa r ed w i th o t he r r o ads ide s i t e s , t h e p r edom inance o f f i r s t a nd s e cond c en tury c o ins i ss t i l l s t r ik ing ( Tab le 8 ) . W i lco te , A s tha l l a nd Q uen ing ton a r e a l o n A keman S t r ee t T he f i r s t t wo a r e i n O xf o rd sh ire , Q uen ing ton i s i n G louce s te r sh ire , a nd C a t sgo re i si nS ome r se t . U nf o r tuna te ly o n ly C a t sgo re , w h ich i sf u r the s t a way , h a s al a rge e nough n umbe r o f c o in s t o l e nd v a l id i ty t o t h e p e r cen tage d i s t r ibu t ion b y p e r iod , b u t i ti sw o r th n o t ing t h a t c o inage a t a l o ft h e r o ads ide s i te s t a pe r s o f fs ha rp ly a f te r 3 64 , i . e . t h e

4 3

T ab le 4

QUARRY F .77 L EVEL 1 DATE

OFF IC IAL

I M ITAT IONS

R ad ia tes

T YPES

2 60 -86

1

1

SOL I I NV ICTO COM IT I

3 1 2 -1 6

1

3 17 -320

3

V ICTOR IAE L AETAE V ICTOR IAE L AETAE i m i ts .

3 17 -24

B EATA T RANQV ILL ITAS

3 20 -25

2 7

P ROV IDENT IAE AVGG a nd r e la ted

3 24 -30

3

G LOR IA E XERC ITVS 2s t ans , VRBS ROMA , CONSTANT INOPOL IS

3 30 -35

3 0

1

GLOR IA E XERC ITVS 2s t ans . , VR , C p i m i ts .

3 30 -48

GLOR IA E XERC ITVS 1s t an . , D ivus C ons tan t ine , T heodo ra , POP ROMAN V S

3 35 -41

GLOR IA E XERC ITVS 1s t an . , a nd r e la ted , i m i ts .

3 35 -48

U ncer ta in

3 35 -48

1

V ICTOR IAE DD AVGG Q NN ,t wo v i c to r ies

3 41-48

1 4

1

F EL T EMP R EPARAT IO , g a l ley , h u t , f a l l ing h o rseman , Magnen t ius

3 48 -60

6

1 4

S ECVR ITAS R E IPVBL ICAE , V a len t in ian I

3 64 -75

1

U ncer ta in

1 8 1 1 8

? TOTAL

7 8

' F ab le 5 QUARRY F .77 % D ISTR IBUT ION B Y P ER IOD P ER IOD 2 60 -286

OFF IC IAL

I M ITAT IONS

TOTAL

NO

%

NO

%

NO

%

1

0 .8

1

0 .8

2

1 .6

3 05-315

1

0 .8

1

0 .8

3 15-330

1 3

1 0 .4

3

2 .4

1 6

1 2 .8

3 30-335

3 0

2 4 .0

1 8

1 4 .4

4 8

3 8 .4

3 35 -341

1 1

8 .8

8

6 .4

1 9

1 5 .2

3 41-348

1 4

1.2

1

0 .8

1 5

1 2 .0

3 48-360

6

4 .8

1 4

1 1.2

2 0

1 6 .0

3 64-378

1

0 .8

1

0 .8

?

1

0 .8

2

1 .6

3

2 .4

TOTAL

7 8

6 2 .4

4 7

3 7 .6

1 25

1 00 .0

' F ab le 6 QUARRY F .77 % D ISTR IBUT ION BY MAJOR P ER IOD P ER IOD 2 60 -286

2

OFF IC IAL

I M ITAT IONS

TOTAL

NO

%

NO

%

NO

%

1

0 .8

1

0 .8

2

1 .6

1

0 .8

1 6

1 2 .8

3 05-315

1

0 .8

3 15-330

1 3

1 0 .4

3

2 .4

3 30-348

5 5

4 4 .0

2 7

2 1.6

8 2

6 5 .6

3 48 -360

6

4 .8

1 4

1 1.2

2 0

1 6 .0

3 64-378

1

0 .8

?

1

0 .8

2

1 .6

TOTAL

7 8

6 2 .4

4 7

3 7 .6

1 4

1

0 .8

3

2 .4

1 25

1 00 .0

4 7

T ab le 7 W ILCOTE OTHER CO INS P ER IOD

OFF IC iAL

I M ITAT IONS

TOTAL

NO

%

NO

%

NO

4 4-68

4

7 .4

6

1 1.1

1 0

1 8 .5

` ) / 0 1 6 .6

6 9-96

9

1 6 .6

9

9 6-117

3

5 .5

3

5 .5

1 17-138

2

3 .7

2

3 .7

1 38-161

1

1 .9

1

1 .9

1 61-193

1

1 .9

1

1 .9

2

3 .7

2 18-235

1

1 .9

2 53-260

1

1 .9

2 60-286

5

9 .2

2 86-296

1

1 .9

1

1 .9

3 15-330

1

1 .9

1

1 .9

3 30-348

6

1 1.1

6

1 1.1

3 48-360

2

3 .7

? 4 th C

4

7 .4

? 3 rd -4 th C

2

3 .7

N on -Roman

1

1 .8

TOTAL

44

8 1.5

1

1 .8

1

1 .9

1

1 .9

1

1 .8

1 0

1 8 .5

1

1 .9

6

1 1.1

3

5 .6

4

7 .4

3

5 .5

1

1 .8

5 4

1 00 .0

T ab le 8 ROADS IDE SET TLEMENTS W IL COTE P ER IOD

ASTHALL

QUEN INGTON NO

%

CATSGORE

NO

%

NO

%

NO

%

i s t C

1 9

3 5 .2

1

3 .8

5

1 .1

2 nd C

7

1 3 .0

3

1 1.6

2 2

5 .0

1 93 -260

3

5 .5

2 60 -296

7

1 3 .0

1 5 4

1 5 .4

2

7 .1

1 17

3 .4 2 6 .8

2 96-330

1

1 .8

1

3 .8

2

7 .1

3 1

7 .1

3 30 -348

6

1 1.1

8

3 0 .8

1 5

5 3 .6

1 19

2 7 .2

3 48-364

3

5 .5

5

1 9 .2

3

1 0 .7

2 7

2

7 .7

6

2 1.5

2 2

5 .0

4

0 .9

7 5

1 7 .2

3 64 -378 3 78-402 ?& N on -R . TOTAL

8

1 4 .9

2

7 .7

5 4

1 00 .0

26

1 00 .0

2 8

1 00 .0

4 37

6 .3

1 00 .0

T ab le 9 OTHER S ITES W IL COTE P ER IOD

SHAKENOAK

A LCH E STE R

C IRENCES I E R

NO

%

NO

%

NO

%

NO

%

1 9

3 5 .2

2

0 .4

2

0 .8

5 39

5 .4

2 nd C

7

1 3 .0

8

1 .5

5

2 .2

4 81

4 .8

1 93-260

3

5 .5

7

1 .3

1

0 .5

3 15

3 .2

2 60 -296

7

1 3 .0

2 8 .7

5 8

2 4 .6

2 96-330

1

1 .8

3 .8

8

3 .4

3 30-348

6

1 1.1

2 1.5

3 8

1 6 .2

2 242

2 2 .5

3 48-364

3

5 .5

1 0 .7

i s t C

1 56 2 1 1 17 54

3 64 -378

1 40

3 78-402

39

?& N on -R

8

1 4 .9

TOTAL

5 4

1 00 .0

5 44

6 66

1 9 .0 6 .7

9 .9

1 4

6 .0

1 073

2 5 .7

4 9

2 0 .8

1 320

1 3 .2

7 .2

6 0

2 5 .5

1 450

1 4 .5

1 00 .0

9 981

1 00 .0

1 00 .0

4 5

1 895

2 35

AG roup o fC o ins f r om W i lco te C . K ing

T he f o l low ing g roup o f7 0 c o in s w e re f ound b y al o ca l r e s iden t o ve r ap e r iod o fs eve ra l y ea r s w i th t h e u se o f am e ta l -de tec to r . Mo s tc ame f r om t h e f i e ld i mmed ia te ly t ot h e w e s t o ft h a t i nw h ich t h e c u r ren te xcava t ion s a r e t a k ing p l ace . I ti sp robab le t h a t s ome o ft h e b e t te r -p re se rved c o in s h ave b een r emoved f r om t h e o r ig ina l c o l lec t ion . T he a u tho r i si n deb ted t oD r . C a thy K ing f o rt h ef o l low ing i d en t if ica t ions .

H ebe rden C o in R oom , A shmo lean Museum , O xf o rd 4 6

C O

ww w w w w w w w w w w w W w w w w w w 0 w

O cj < w w x

a _J

tE.

E -

e v r• • n

. . Ju I _ nc _l _n _ — —

. _ _,. J.

0, c , C D. -. N

i n s i D

0 0 C h C D.-. N N e s 1 N

L U LU

. J . J

r n r 4

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C N r n en

,

N e n

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4 n t ' N

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m x0 .

0 0 N

0 , N

C ) e n

e n

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J > < L I .

0 .( . 7 > z

i n

E . Z

0 . 1

( J mm . : 3 0: 7 , ,( 2f ( J ( J( J J( J ( J u wwwwwwwwwwww w . . I . J i . . 1 A . . J ,, _ . ., . ,f _ .,

N

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.

M 1 . g. 0 b O i l Ob tI CI Ob e e u: 2 7 6, . . . ,(A CA (7 ) (7 2 C 7 C7 5 eA V I CA o ,` 'M cn = O O L5 c5 O O O O O > z w ie x w w w w w w w w w



2

2

a

GLOR IA EXERC ITVS 2s t an s .


< Z Z a

o

! - L 1 . 3 e L L 1 ' , 5 W c . 2 L L I 2 U4 c et 4 m L . 1 9 .5 : -p e =t : 4 =c t är z e =r2 =• p e Es : e ä 1 ) 0

13 « o o2

> > a

a

>

>

C W C W

2 > ( 22 c x 0 0 u e u e G O C A O ( . 0 0 < E - E - E -

, i -

-

w . . > > > > . , . › , , , , • • L W L L 1 W W

C P c . ' d g e r f :3 ,

i c . , '' c t i' i , t i l.4

. 4

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VD

e e

r - o o O

r r a t a t

CD

t r ,

IN

C D

[ ] CONSTANT I

W W W W «

,

DN CONSTANS P F AVG

W U


2 511 2 512

2 516

2 518

2 515

2 513

2 508

2 517 2 514

2 519

2 523 2 520

1)

2 521

2 526

2 527

2 522 F ig .9 1 . C oar se p o t tery n o s . 2 500 -2527 . S c . 1 : 4 ; n o s . 2 503 ,2 504 s t amp s ,S c . 1 : 2 .

2 07

( 2

forms the foot. Two further examples are known and are both from the production site at Brackley Hill. One is unpublished from a kiln dated c.AD 65-100 (Castle, 1974, 251-63) and the other is from an earlier excavation in the ame area (Suggett, 1953, 273-4, fig. 7, no. 34). Neither of these examples shows any more of the profile of the vessel.

F.80 (contd.)

2528. Fabric 2. Grey. Micaceous. 2529. Fabric 2. Grey.

Spindle-whorl:

2530. Fabric 3. Orange. F.81

'Although thin-walled and smaller in size, this vessel's globular shape and single short foot is suggestive of a Dressel 20 olive-oil amphora. However unlike Dressel 20 amphorae, all of the Verulamium Region ware examples, have a hollow foot, and it seems unlikely that the latter were intended to be olive-oil containers.' ee also no. 2633 below.

I. Grog-tempered fabrics. a. Fabrics 4-6. Storage jars:

2531. Fabric 5. Grey core, pale pink/grey/black surfaces, probably due to secondary burning. 2532. Fabric 6. Grey fabric, pale pink/grey surfaces, probably due to secondary burning. 2533, 2534. Fabric 6. Grey.

F.78

Jars:

2535. Fabric 6. Gr y fabric, pink-buff urfaces. Secondary burning? 2536. Fabric 5. Grey. 2537. Fabric 4. Grey. 2538. Fabric 4. Grey fabric, interior black, xterior black/brown. 2539, 2540. Fabric 4. Gr:ey.

I.

and-tempered fabrics. a. Fabric I I. Jar:

2546. Black. High mica content. Rim and shoulder burnished. Much soot below rim.

Bowl:

b. Fabric 16. Jar:

2541. Fabric 5. Grey.

2547. Grey. from extreme bottom of fill.

II. Non-tempered fabrics. a. Fabric 3.

c. Fabric 60. Bowl:

Bowls:

2542. Grey. Micaceous. 2543. Grey fabric, black surfac s. high mica content.

2548. Black. from top of fill, between stones of pitching. II. Grog-tempered fabrics. d. Fabrics 4-6.

b. Fabric 62. Bowl:

torage jars:

2544. Young I 977, Type P24. heavily burn d.

2549, 2550. Fabric 6. Very coarse grey fabric, black surfaces.

c. Fabric 70.

Jar :

Amphora:

2551-2553. Fabric 6. Grey.

2545. The author i ind bted to Dr. R.P. ymonds for th drawing of this v ssel, and to Ms Fiona Seeley for the following note: 'This vessel i in the granular oxidised fabric typical of the Verulamium Region industry. Only the base of the vessel is pr sent which is globular in shape and terminat s in a small hollow foot. It is wheel-made and th vessel has been drawn up from the hump which now

Bowl:

2554. Fabric 4. Grey. Carinated bowl. 2555, 2556. Fabric 4. Grey fabric, exterior black. Variant (late form?) of carinated bowl. 2557. Fabric 4. Grey. 2558. Fabric 6. Grey fabric, black urfaces. Some coarse white sand. 2559. Fabric 5. Grey.

208

2 530

1

2 533

2 532

1 2 531 9 1 ) 2 534

1 1

2 537 2 535

2 536 2 539

2 538

2 544

2 542 2 541 2 543

2 548

2 547

2 546

2 549 2 55 1

2 550 2 555 2 553 2 552

\ NV (

)

2 554

2 557

2 556 2 5518 L

, -2)

2 559

F ig .92 . C oar se p o t tery n os . 2 528 -2559 . S c . 1 : 4 .

2 09

Storage jar:

F.78 (contd.)

2572. Fabric 6. Grey.

Jars:

Grey fabric, worn, dark grey

2560. Fabric 4. surfaces.

2573. Fabric 5. Grey. 2574. Fabric 5. Grey fabric, black surfaces. 2575. Fabric 6. Grey.

III. Non-tempered fabrics. e. Fabrics 1-3.

IV. Non-tempered fabric. d. Fabrics 1-3.

Jars:

2561. Fabric 2. Grey. See Wilcote I, p. 153. 2562. Fabric 3. Grey fabric, black surfaces. Micaceous.

Jars:

2576. Fabric 3. Grey. Micaceous. For a note on vessels with stabbed cordons, see above, no. 2311. 2577. Fabric 3. Grey. oot on exterior. 2578. Fabric 3. Grey fabric, dark grey surfaces. 2579. Fabric 3. Black. 2580. Fabric 3. Grey. 2581. Fabric 2. Grey. 2582. Fabric 2, traces of grog. Grey fabric, exterior black. ee no. 2323 above for a discu sion of this combed decoration.

Bowls:

2563. Fabric 3. Grey. 2564. Fabric 3. Grey fabric, black exterior. Traces of grog and 111 ica. 2565. Fabric 3. Grey. 2566. Fabric 3. Light grey fabric, exterior outer 1mm orange. f. Fabric 19. Flagon:

Bowls:

2567. Orang -red; fired evenly throughout.

2583. Fabric 3. Burned grey/red-brown. 2584. Fabric 2. Grey fabric, black surfaces. Micaceous. 2585. Fabric 3. Grey-buff. 2586. Fabric 2. Grey. Contains fine mi'ca. 2587, 2588. Fabric 3. Grey. 2589. Fabric 3. Grey. M icaceous. oot on interior. 2590. Fabric 3. Grey. 2591. Fabric 2, with a little coar e sand and much 111 ica. Grey fabric, black surfaces. Much soot on interior. Identical fabric as no. 2676. 2592. Fabric 2. Dark grey. M icaceous. 2593. Fabric 2. Orange. Micaceous. . White barbotine decoration on burned rim. Young 1977, Type 039. See no 2432 above for a note on thes vessel . 2594. Fabric 3, traces of grog. Burned red/grey. econdary use: probably originally a jar, cut down and the rim smoothed to form a bowl. 2595. Fabric I. Light grey fabric, black urfaces. Micaceous.

g. Fabric 40. Jar:

2568. Grey core, outer I mm orange, urfaces pink­ brown. Cf. Wilcote I, no. 635. F.82 level I

I. Sand-tempered fabric. a. Fabric 60. Jars:

Exterior burnished on t·im and 2569. Black. shoulder. 2570. Black. Rim and ext rior burnished.

II. Shell- and calcite-gritted fabric. b. Fabric I 0. Jar:

2571. Red-brown/black.

III. Grog-tempered fabrics. c. Fabrics 4-6.

210

2 564 2 560 2 565 2 562 d

x

2 566 2 563 2 568

2 572 2 569

2 573

2 571

2 570

2 574

2 576

2 575

2 579 2 577

2 580

2 578 A i r

2 581

2 585

2 582

I

2 584

2 583

2 587

2 586 /

2 588

2 589

2 591

2 59

1

7

1 2595

2 592 F ig .93 . C oar se p o t tery n o s . 2 560 -2595 . S c . 1 : 4 .

2 11

2

\ 5 9 3 7

7

F.82 level l (contd.)

2612. 2613. 2614. 2615. 2616. 2617.

2596. Fabric 2. Orange-buff. exterior burnished. Beaker:

2597. Fabric 3. Grey. Disc:

Bowls:

2598. Fabric 3. Light grey/red; burned. Cheese-press:

Fabric 2. Grey. Fabric 2. Grey fabric, dark grey surfaces. Fabric 1. Grey. Fabric 2. Grey. Fabric 3. Grey fabric, dark grey surfaces. Fabric 2. Grey. Exterior smoothed.

2618. Fabric I. Grey. Soot inside and out. 2619, 2620. Fabric 2. Grey.

2599. Fabric 3. Grey.

Beaker:

2621. Fabric 2. Grey.

e. Fabric 26. 2600. Grey core, exterior 2111111 off-white. Very sandy. Young 1977, type W49, 'secondcentury or later'.

Tankard:

2622. Fabric 2. Grey. Exterior smoothed. Number of handles uncertain. c. Fabric 15.

f. Fabric 27. Bowl:

Bowls:

2623, 2624. Off-white fabric. d. Fabric 26.

2601. Grey. Stamp in centr of base, on interior. Cf. Wilcote I, nos. 778 and 696. A sherd from the rim of a similar bowl came from F.82 level 1/3.

Flagon:

2625. Young 1977, type W3, '100-240.' e. Fabric 60. Jar:

g. Fabric 45. Beakers:

2626. Black. High mica content, little sand. Bowls:

2602, 2603. Red fabric, black or very dark red slip. This is perhaps fabric 45 fired under reducing conditions.

2627. Black. High mica content. 2628. Black. F.82 level 3

F.82 level 1/3

I. Sand-tempered fabrics. a. Fabric 1 I.

I. Grog-t mpered fabrics. a. Fabrics 4-6.

Jar:

Jars:

2629. Grey fabric, smoothed.

2604. Fabric 4. Grey. Di tarted by over-firing. 2605. Fabric 6. Grey fabric, dark grey surfaces. 2606. Fabric 6. Grey. Soot on exterior.

black

surfaces.

b. Fabric 39.

Bowls:

·Jar:

2607. Fabric 5. Grey fabric, dark grey surfaces. 2608. Fabric 4. Grey. moothed inside and out.

2630. Some grog. Orange.

Lid:

c. Fabric 60. Bowl:

2609. Fabric 4. Grey fabric, dark grey urfaces.

263 I. Black Cf. nos. 2446, 2492 and 2679.

I I. Non-tempered fabrics. b. Fabrics 1-3.

d. Amphora fabric I.

Jar :

Amphora:

2610. Fabric 2. Grey fabric, dark grey surfaces. 261 I. Fabric 2. Grey. Burnished on rim and shoulder.

2632. Dressel 20.

212

Exterior

ri

2 596

0I

2 597

2 598

6 01

7 -7 1 , 2 6

2 604

2 608

2 605

f r oo °1 2 609

‚g r

-

2 607 2 610

2 613 2 614

2 617

2 618

1

\i s 2 623

2 616

1 2 624

2 621

2 626 7

2 622

2 625 2 628

2 629

rm

2 630

2 631

F ig .94 . C oar se p o t tery n os . 2 596 -2632 . S c . 1 : 4 .

2 13

2 632

F.82 level3 (contd.)

e.

Fabric 70.

Amphora:

2633. Dr. R.P. ymonds writes: 'This seems very likely to be the rim of a Brackley Hill (or Verulamium Region) amphora. However, I think it unlikely that this is the top of no. 2545 [see above].' Ref.: Symonds, R.P., 'Romano-British amphorae', J. Roman Pottery Studies, fo11hcoming. · II. Shell- and calcite -gritted fabric. f. Fabric I 0. Jar:

2634.

Interior red-brown, exterior black.

III. Grog-tempered fabrics.' g. Fabric 4-6. torage jar s:

2635-2637. Fabric 6. Grey. Jar : 2638. Fabric 5. Gr y. 2639. Fabric 6. Grey. 2640. Fabric 5. Grey. Soot on exterior. 2641. Fabric 5. Grey. Bowls:

2642. 2643. 2644. 2645.

IV. Non-tempered fabrics. h. Fabric 1-3. Jar : 2646. Fabric 1. Grey fabric, dark grey surfaces. Micaceous. 2647. Fabric 2, traces of grog. grey. 2648. Fabric I. Grey. 2649, 2650. Fabric 3. Grey. 2651. Fabric 2. Grey fabric, black Surfaces. 2652. Fabric 2. Grey. 2653. Fabric 2. Grey fabric, black surfaces. 2654. Fabric 2. Grey. 2655. Fabric 2. Grey fabric, dark grey surfaces. Micaceous. 2656. Fabric 3. Grey fabric, dark grey surfaces. 2657. Fabric 3. Grey. 2658. Fabric 2. Grey. 2659. Fabric 3. Light buff-grey. 2660. Fabric 3. Grey fabric, dark grey surfaces. 2661. Fabric 3. Grey. Micaceous. See no. 2323 above. 2662. Fabric 2. Grey fabric, dark grey surfaces. Micaceous. 2663. Fabric Grey. Urn:

2664. Fabric 4. Overtired, light grey fabric, cream surfaces.

Fabric 4. Grey fabric, black surfaces. Fabric 6. Grey fabric, black exterior and dark grey interior surfaces. Fabric 6. Grey. Fabric 4. Grey fabric, dark grey surfaces.

Bowl:

2665. Fabric 3. Grey. 2666. Fabric 3, with much fine sand. Buff fabric, black exterior. 2667. Fabric 2. Grey. 2668, 2669. Identical fabric. Fabric 3, very soft and sandy. Grey core, orange surfaces. Micaceous.

214

2 634

2 633

2 635

2 637

2 636

2 641

2 640

/ \

2 642

2 645

U

I

2 644

2 643

2 649

2 648

rn 2

2 653

1

2 656

2 661

2 657

\ \\ \ \ \ \ \\

) i n u r

r k l AM

2 655

2 659

2 658

)

2 666

2 651

2 654

2 663

2 662

2 650

2 665

2 61 61

2 667 F ig .95 . Coarse p o t tery n os . 2 633 -2669 . S c . 1 : 4 .

2 660

Miscellaneous un ealed or disturbed depo its above latest pavin° and natural surfaces south of road

F.82 level 3 (contd.)

2670. Fabric 2. Grey. 2671. Fabric I. Fine radial line (wear?) on upper surface of rim. 2672. Fabric 3. Grey. 2673, 2674. Fabric 2. Gr y fabric, dark grey surfaces. Micaceous. 2675. Fabric 2. Grey. Exterior burnished. 2676. Fabric 2, with a little coarse · and and much mica. Fabric identical with no. 2591. 2677. Fabric 2. Grey. 2678. Fabric 3. Grey. Interior roughly burni hed. 2679. Fabric 2. Grey fabric, black surfaces. Cf. Nos. 2446, 2492 and 263 I.

I.

and-tempered fabrics. a. Fabric 8. Jar :

2691. Red-brown fabric, black surfaces. burnish d. 2692. Grey fabric, black surfaces. b. Fabric I I. Jar:

2693. Orange-buff. Bowls:

2694. Black. Cf. Wilcote I, no. 684. 2695. Grey. 2696. Black.

Plate?

2680. Fabric 1. Buff fabric, dark grey surfaces. Cross in centre of ba e, on upper side, made with a 7-toothed comb. no. 2323. Lids:

Grey fabric, 2681. Fabric 3. surface . 2682. Fabric 3. Grey.

c. Fabric 16. Jar:

buff/grey/black

2697. Grey fabric, exterior black.

d. Fabric 60. Bowl :

Tankard:

2698-270 I. Black.

2683. Fabric 3. Trace of grog. Grey. Beaker:

e. Fabric 3 I.

2684. Fabric I. Buff-brown fabric, black urfaces. Exterior burnish d.

Mortaria:

2702. White fabric, burned pink surfaces. Large pink and colourless grits. 2703. Fragmentary stamp.

trainer:

2685. Fabric 2. Grey. 1.

Fabric 15.

f. Fabric 46.

Bowl:

2686. Cream fabric. j.

Exterior

Mortarium:

2704.

Fabric 35.

o grit on herd.

g. Fabric 53.

Jar:

2687. Fine pink-er am fabric. Exterior burni hed. Orange barbotine dots. f. no. 2507.

Bowl:

2705. Grey core, uter 2mm orange.

k. Fabric 45.

h. Fabric 54.

Jar:

Mortarium:

2688. Red fabric, dull red-br wn lip.

2706. Possibly a local product.

Beakers:

2689, 2690. No. 2689 over-fired.

1.

Fabric 56.

Jar:

?.707. Grey fabric, orange urfaces. Cf. no. 2813.

11.

j.

and- and grog-temp r d fabric . Fabric 7. Jars:

2708. Grey..

216

7

° P\

2 670

2 673

2 674

2 677

2 675

2 678

2 679

2 676

2 681

2 682

2 680

2 687

t u t

2 688

2 690

2 683

2 689

2 693

2 692

2 691

2 69

2 695

2 696

2 699

2 697

2 700

L

1

2 698

2 701 n 2 702

2 703

\ 2 705

2 704

2 708

?

‚1

\ 2706

F ig .96 . C oar se p o t tery n o s . 2 670 -2708 . S c . 1 : 4 .

2 17

f t)

2 707

M isce l laneous d epo s i t s ( c on td . ) G rey. B ow l : 2 7 10 . G rey . / 709

k . F ab r ic J ar s : 2 7 11 . 2 7 12 . 2 713 . 2 7 14 .

1 2 . G rey . G rey f a b r ic , d a rk g rey s u rf ace s . B lack . B lack . M icaceous .

I I .S he l l - a nd c a lc i te -g r i t ted f ab r ic . I . F ab r ic 1 0 . J ar s : 2 7 15 . L a rge c a lc i te f r agmen t s , h a rd b rown /b lack f a b r ic . 2 7 16 . Sma l l c a lc i te f r agmen t s . E x te r io r g rey /b lack , i n te r io rr e d /b rown . 2 7 17 . S of t f a b r ic . E x te r io r g r ey /b rown , i n te r io r b rown . I V .G rog tempe red f a b r ics . i n . F ab r ics 4 -6 . S torage j ar s : 2 7 18 . F ab r ic 6 . D a rk g rey . 2 7 19 . F ab r ic 6 . G rey . 2 720 . F ab r ic 5 . G rey . J ar s : 2 721 . F ab r ic 4 . L igh to range -b rown /buf f . 2 722 . F ab r ic 6 . G rey . 2 723 . F ab r ic 4 . L igh t g r ey f a b r ic , e x te r io r l i gh t o r ange -buf f . 2 724 . F ab r ic 4 . G rey . 2 725 . F ab r ic 6 ,w i th al i t t le c oa r se s and . G rey . 2 726 . F ab r ic 4 . G rey . 2 727 . F ab r ic 5 . L igh to r ange -buf f . 2 728 . F ab r ic 6 . G rey f a b r ic , b l ack e x te r io r . 2 729 . F ab r ic 6 . G rey . 2 730 . F ab r ic 6 ,d a rk g rey . 2 731 . F ab r ic 5 . D a rk g rey . 2 732 . F ab r ic 5 . G rey . 2 733 -2736 . F ab r ic 6 . G rey . 2 737 . F ab r ic 5 , w i th a v e ry l i t t le w h i te s and . P i nk f a b r ic , b l ack s u rf aces . M icaceous . 2 738 . F ab r ic 4 . G rey . S oo to n u nde r s ide o fr im . ' P lan t p o t ' : 2 739 . F ab r ic 6 . G rey .

2 18

1?

2 710

2 711

2 709

2 712

2 715

2 713 2 714

2 716

•

2 720

2 719 4 72 722 2 721

2 723

T 2 726

2 728

2 731

2 734

2 724

( )

2 727

2 725

2 730

2 729

2 732 7

2 733

2 737

2 735

2 738 2 736 F ig .97 . C oar se p o t tery n o s . 2 709 -2739 . S c . 1 : 4 .

2 19

M isce l laneous d epo s i t s ( c ontd . ) B ow ls : 2 740 . F ab r ic 2 741 . F ab r ic 2 742 . F ab r ic 2 743 . F ab r ic

6 . 6 . 5 . 4 .

G rey . D a rk g r ey . D a rk g rey . L igh tg r ey f ab r ic , d a rk g r ey e x te r io r .

S oo to n e x te r io r . 2 744 . F ab r ic 6 . G rey . 2 745 . F ab r ic 5 . B lack . V . Non tempe red f a b r ics . n . F ab r ics 1 3 . J ar s : 2 746 . F ab r ic 3 . G rey . 2 747 . F ab r ic 2 . B lack . P o s s ib ly a n u r n . 2 748 ,2 749 . F ab r ic 2 : D a rk g r ey . 2 750 . F ab r ic 3 . G rey /b lack . 2 751 . F ab r ic 2 . B lack . C f . n o . II 7 6 . 2 752 . F ab r ic 2 . G rey . 2 753 . F ab r ic 3 . D a rk g rey . 2 754 . F ab r ic 1 ,t r ace s o fg rog . G rey . 2 755 . F ab r ic 2 . B urned , l i gh tb rown . 2 756 . F ab r ic 3 . B lack . 2 757 . F ab r ic 1 .G rey . S oo tb e low r im . 2 758 . F ab r ic 3 ,t r aces o fg rog . G rey . 2 759 . F ab r ic 3 . O range . 2 760 . F ab r ic 3 . G rey f a b r ic , b l ack s u rf ace s . U rns : 2 761 . F ab r ic 2 . G rey . 2 762 . F ab r ic 3 . G rey . B ow ls : 2 763 . F ab r ic 3 . G rey f a b r ic , r e d -b rown s u rf ace s . P oss ib ly al i d . 2 764 . F ab r ic I . D a rk g r ey . 2 765 . F ab r ic 2 . G rey . 2 766 . F ab r ic 3 . B lack . 2 767 . F ab r ic 3 ,t r ace s o fg rog . G rey . 2 768 . F ab r ic 3 . D a rk g r ey . 2 769 . F ab r ic 3 , much f i ne s and . B lack . M icaceous . 2 770 . F abr ic 3 . G rey . S oo to n e x te r io r . 2 77 1 . F ab r ic 3 . G rey /b lack . 2 772 . F ab r ic I . D a rk g rey . E x te r io rb urn ished . 2 773 . F ab r ic 2 . G rey . 2 774 . F ab r ic 3 . G rey . 2 775 . F ab r ic 3 . G rey c o re , o u te r l mm o range . 2 776 . F ab r ic 3 . G rey .

220

' 0 \% /e Y It

e A lv

2 741

2 740

2 742 2 743 2 748 2 745

2 746

_

2 749 2 750 2 752 2 755

2 754

2 756 2 758

_

1

2 762

2 761

( 2 764

2 759

2 760

'9 1 \

2 763

2 766

2 765

2 767

2 771 7 )

2 774

2 775

2 773

2 774k F ig .98 . C oar se p o t tery n os . 2 740 -2776 . S c . 1 : 4 .

2 2 1

2 757

H and le o fs k i l le t?

M i sce l laneous d epo s i t s ( c on td . )

2 797 . F ab r ic 3 . D u l l r ed . 2 777 . F ab r ic 3 . G rey . I n te r io rr ough ly b urn ished . o . F ab r ic 1 9 . B ow l : 2 798 . S ome f i ne s and . o r ange red .

2 778 . 2 779 . 2 780 , 2 782 .

F ab r ic 2 . G rey . F ab r ic 1 .G rey . 2 781 . F ab r ic 2 . G rey . F ab r ic 2 , t r ace s o f g rog . G rey . e x te r io r r ough ly b urn ished . 2 783 . F ab r ic 3 . G rey . 2 784 . F ab r ic 3 , m uch f i ne s and . G rey f a b r ic , b l ack s u rf aces . 2 785 . F ab r ic 3 , much f i ne s and . G rey . S oo t o n

p .

e x te r io r . 2 786 . F ab r ic 3 . G rey f a b r ic , b l ack s u rf ace s . M icaceous . 2 787 . F ab r ic 2 . G rey . 2 788 . F ab r ic 2 . O range , m icaceous . Wh i te p a in t o n f l ange ; r im b urned . S ee n o . 2 432 f o r an o te o n t h is t ype . Y oung 1 977 ,t ype 0 39 . 2 789 . F ab r ic 1 .G rey . B urn ished i n s ide a nd o u t . F lagon : 2 790 . F ab r ic 1 . D a rk g rey . Y oung 1 977 , t y pe R 6 .1 , ' c . 1 80 -240 . ' B eaker : 2 791 . F ab r ic 2 . O range . P os s ib ly f a b r ic 4 2a w i th t h e

P i nk c o re , o u te r 2mm d u l l

F ab r ic 2 3 . F l agon : 2 799 . G rey c o re , o u ter 1 2mm d u l l r e d . m ica . No s l ip .

T races o f

q . F ab r ic 4 0 . J ar : 2 800 . B uf f /g rey . B ow l : 2 80 1 . R ed -b rown . r . F ab r ic 4 2a . B ow l : 2 802 . D u l l r ed e x te r io rs l ip , i n te r io ro r ange . V I .C o lou r -coa ted f a b r ic . s . F ab r ic 4 3 . B eaker : 2 803 . Wh i te f a b r ic , b r igh t o range c o lou r -coa t .

s l ip wo rn a way . T ankards : 2 792 . F ab r ic 2 . G rey . 2 793 . F ab r ic 2 . D a rk g rey . H igh m ica c on ten t . 2 794 . F ab r ic 3 . O range f a b r ic , b r ick red s u rf ace s : m is -f i red? 2 795 . F ab r ic 2 . G rey . D i sc : 2 796 . F ab r ic 1 . D a rk g r ey .

Ampho rae . V I I . t . F o rf a b r ic s , s e e Ampho ra r epor t . Amphorae : 2 804 -2809 . D re sse l2 0 . 2 810 . G au lo ise 4 .

2 22

2 777

/

2 778

2 779

/ 2 780

2 782 2 781 2 785 2 787

2 790

2 789

In

2 791 2 795 2 793

2 792

2 798

I

i i

2 796

2 800

2 801

2 802 2 797

2 799

2 806 2 807 2 808 2 804 I

IP

2 809

N r o l 2 810

F ig .99 . C oar se p o t tery n os . 2 777 -2810 . S c . 1 : 4 .

223

P ond S P370 156 J . S and tempe red f a b r ic s . a . F ab r ic 7 . B ow l : 2 8 11 . G rey f a b r ic , b l ack s u rf ace s . b . F ab r ic 1 6 . B ow l : 2 8 12 . G rey f a b r ic , d a rk g r ey e x te r io r . Wo rn . c . F ab r ic 5 6 . J ar : 2 8 13 . G rey c o re , o u te r l i nm o range . C f . No . 2 707 . d . F ab r ic 6 0 . B ow l : 2 8 14 . B lack .

1 . S he l l - a nd c a lc i te g r i t ted f a b r ic . e . F ab r ic 1 0 . J ar : 2 8 15 . B rown /da rk g r ey / b l ack . I I .G rog tempe r ed f a b r ic . f . F ab r ic 4 . J ar : 2 8 16 . G rey f a b r ic , d a rk g rey s u rf ace s . B ow l : 2 8 17 . L igh t g rey f a b r ic , b l ack s u rf aces . I V .N on tempe r ed f a b r ic s . g . F ab r ic 3 . F lagon : 2 8 18 . G rey c o re , o u te r 1 2mm b r igh t o range , w i th s ome b r ick red i n c lu s ions . S econda ry u se . B a se o fn eck s awn o f f . h . F ab r ic 3 1 . Mor tar ium : 2 8 19 . P i nk c o re , o u te r 2 mm o f f -wh i te , w h i te a nd v e ry p a le p i nk g r i t s . i . F ab r ic 3 6 . Mor tar ium : 2 820 . O range f a b r ic , l i gh t b uf f s u rf ace s , w h i te a nd p i nk -b rown g r i t s . j . F ab r ic 4 2 . B ow l : 2 82 1 . F ab r ic 4 2a . Y oung 1 977 , t ype C 45 . F lagon o rb o t t le : 2 822 . F ab r ic 4 2a /b . Y oung 1 977 , t ype C 6 .1 . k . F ab r ic 5 . • B ow l : 2 823 . O range f a b r ic , w i th ag r ey c o re a tt h e t h icke s t p o in t s . C f . S hakenoak I V , f i g . 3 8 , n o s . 6 79 6 83 ,e spec ia l ly t h eg rooved n o .6 8 1 . V . Ampho ra . I . F o r f a b r ics , s e e Ampho ra r e po r t . Amphora : 2 824 . D resse l 2 0 .

2 24

2 811

2 814

2 817

01 S tr 2 818

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2 815

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2 820

2 824 2 822

2 823 F ig .100 . Coar se p o t tery n os . 2 811-2824 . S c . 1 :4 .

225

.

'

:•

g : . ; ' .

T he I mpor ted Amphorae D .F . W i l l iams , P h .D . , F SA ( Eng l ish H e r i tage C e ram ic 8 4L i th ic P e t ro logy P ro jec t ) D epa r tmen to fA rchaeo logy , U n ive r s i ty o fS ou thamp ton

f i r s t h a lf o ft h e s e cond c en tury A .D . , e spec ia l ly a r ound t h e m idd le y ea r s ( i b id . ) . C a l lende rs ugge s t s t h a tt h e s t amp s w i th t h e a dd i t iona l l e t te r s S AE m ay i n d ica te a s epa ra te e s ta te o r i n d iv idua l w ho se o l ive -o i l w a s s o ld t ot h e l a rge r f i rn o ft h e E nn i i f o re ven tua l e xpo r ta t ion .

COM MENTS T he m a jo r i ty o f a mpho rae s he rd s r e cove red f r om W i lco te b e long t ot h ec ommon g l obu la r shaped D re s se l 2 0 f o rm f r om B ae t ica , i n w h ich t h e l o ca l ly p roduced o l ive -o i l w a s t r an spo r ted ( Peacock a nd W i l l iams , 1 986 , C la s s2 5 ) . D re s se l 2 0 i sr e p re sen ted b y2 2 1 b ody she rd s a nd b y ar e la t ive ly h i gh n umbe r o f h and le s a nd r ims , 2 1 a nd 1 8 r e spec t ive ly . C ompa r ing t h es hape o ft h e l a t te rw i th t h e t y po log ia l s c heme f o r d a t ing D re s se l 2 0 r ims f r om A ug s t p r e sen ted b y Ma r t in K i lche r ( 1987 ) , s ugge s t s t h a t t h e W i lco te r ims c an b e d a ted a s f o l low s : 2 805 t o ad a te i nt h e p e r iod c .A .D . 5 0 -70 ( Band C ) ; 2 508 , 2 509 , 2 510 , 2 5 12 a nd 2 804 t ot h e l a t te r p a r t o ft h e f i r s t c en tu ry A .D . ( Band D ) ; 1 470 -74 , 2 5 11 , 2 632 , 2 807 a nd 2 824 t ot h e f i r s t h a lf o f t h e s e cond c en tury A .D . ( Band E ) ; a nd 2 808 -9 t o t h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry A .D . ( Band F ) .

A lso p r e sen t i nt h e c o l lec t ion a r e as ma l l n umbe r o fs he rd s r e p re sen t ing o t he r f o rm s . Twen ty s he rd s b e long t ot h e f l a t b o t tomed s ou the rn F r ench w ine -ampho ra G au lo i se 4 , i n c lud ing p a r t o f ar im a nd a b a se ( Peacock a nd W i l l iams , 1 986 , C la s s2 7 ) . O ne p l a in b ody she rd m ay b e f r om t h e b if id h and led f o rm D re s se l 2 -4 , w h ich n o rma l ly h e ld w ine ( i b id . , C la s s 1 0 ) , w h i le t h e re a r e af ew s ou thern S pan ish s he rd s w ho se c on tnen t s w ou ld p robab ly h ave b een f i sh -ba sed ( i b id . , C la s se s 1 6 -20 ) . R EFERENCES

O ne o f t h e W i lco te h and le s ( f rom F . 79 l e ve l 3 ) c on ta ins a c omp le te s t amp o ft h e l a rge e xpor t ing f i rm o ft h e t h ree E nn i i l u l i i , w ho se s t amp s h ave b een r e co rded f r om m any s i te s ( Ca l lende r , 1 965 , 5 8 1 a nd F i g . 7 ,n o . 1 5 ; R eme sa l , 1 986 , n o . 8 6 ) . T he f i g l ina o f t h is f am i ly f i rm w a s s i tua ted a t L a s H ue r ta s d e l R io ;j u s t e a s t o fA xa t i , r o ugh ly h a lfway b e tween S ev i l le a nd C o rdoba , a nd s e ems t oh ave o pe r a ted d u r ing t h e

C a l lende r , M . ( 1965 ) R oman Ampho rae , L ondon . Ma r t in -K i lche r , S .( 1987 ) D ie R öm i schen Amphoren a u s A ug s tu nd K a i se raug s t , B e rn . P eacock , D .P .S . a nd W i l l iams , D .F . ( 1986 ) Ampho rae a nd t h eR oman E conomy , L ondon . R e rne sa l , J .( 1986 ) L aA nnona 1 4 i l i ta r i s yl aE xpor tac iön d e A ce i te B oe t ico aG e rman ia , Mad r id .

te - w o r t 94 1 F ig .10 1 . Amphora s t amp . S c . 1 : 1 .

2 26

CATALOGUE OF AMPHORAE S HERDS D epo s i t

T ype

F . 72 L owe r F i l l

D r .20

I

F . 72 U ppe r F i l l

D r .20 S /Span ish

4 1

F . 75

D r .20

R ims

B a ses

5( 1470 -74 )

H and le s

5

S /Span ish G .4

B / s

5 4 ( +12 f l akes ) 6( one w i th h and le s t ump ) 1 0

F . 77 L eve l I

D r .20

4

F . 77 L eve l 3

D r .20

1

F . 78

D r .20

1

F . 79 L eve l 3

D r .20

5( 2 508 12 )

4( one s t amped a si l us t ra ted )

? D r .2 -4 S /Span ish G .4 1 ( p robab ly a l f r om o ne v e sse l )

1

5 3

3 1 1 1 4

F . 8 1

D r .20

2

F . 82 L eve l 1

D r .20 4 ( i nc l . t wo s awn -of fh and les , p rob . f r om s ame v es se l )

6

G .4

1 8

F . 82 L eve l 3

D r .20

I( 2632 )

S ou th o fr o ad , u nsea led

D r .20 S /Span ish G .4

5( 2804 -5 , 2 807 -9 )

D r .20

I( 2824 )

P ond /C is te rn TOTALS

4

6 0 2 2

2 2

2 4 9

1 ( 28 10 )

1

2 27

F ig .101a . G raf f i to . S c . 1 : 1 . Ab ody s he rd i ng r ey f a b r ic 1w a re w i th b l ack s u rf ace s , e x te r io r b urn ished , f r om t h e b ody o f aj a r , g i r th d i am . cI 7 cm . F . 79 l e ve l 3 .

2 28

N o te s o n c er ta in f o rms a nd f abr ic s

A l l t h e v e s se ls a ppea r t o h ave b een h and -made . I n af ew c a se s t h e i mp r e s s ions o ff i nge r t ip s ( no s . 3 94 , 3 95 a nd 7 33 ) o rf i nge rna i l s ( no s . 1 590 1592 ) a r e c l ea r ly v i s ib le b e low t h e r im . T he f i r ing i sa lway s v e ry u neven .

1 .t i rns U rn s o ccur i nd epo s i t s f r om t h e f i r s t t ot h e f our th c en tu ry , b u t a r e c ommone s t i n t h e s e cond c en tu ry . T hey a lway s o ccu r i nr e duced f a b r ic s , t empe red w i th f i ne s a nd a nd o f t en g rogged ( f ab r ic s 1 6 ) , a nd s ome t ime s w i th a dd i t iona l c oa r se s and ( f ab r ic 7 ) . Mo s t h ave r im d i ame te r s i nt h e r a nge 1 0 1 3cm , b u tt h ec on s t r ic t ion o ft h e n eck m ake s i tt oo n a r row t o a dm i tt h e h and . Wh i le r ims a r e o ff r equen t o ccu r rence , i ti s s e ldom p o s s ib le t or e cons t ruc t t h e l owe r p a r t s o ft h e v e s se l w i th c e r ta in ty , t h ough n o . 1 293 t a ke s t h e p rof i le b e low t h e g i r th , a nd n o . 1 294 s how s t h e.f o rm o ft h e l owe r b ody a nd b a se . T he w a l l s o f t h e se v e s se l s a r e c ommon ly l e s s t h an 0 . 5cm t h ick a tt h e g i r th , w he rea s t h e w a l l s o fs t o rage j a r s o f c ompa rab le c apac i ty h ave a t h ickne s s o f 1 c m o r m o re . T he se u rns m o s t ly h ad c apac i t ie s i nt h er a nge o f1 0 15 l i t re s .

Whe the r s u ch v e s se l s r e p re sen t t h e c heape s t , l o ca l ly -made , e nd o fp o t te ry p roduc t ion , o r w he the r t h ey a r e d e l ibe ra te ly m ade i nt h i s f a b r ic t ow i th s tand t h e rma l s hock ( Evan s 1 993 , p . 105f . ) , i sn o t e a s i ly d e te rm ined . T he re w a s c e r ta in ly n o s ho r tage o fw e l l -made p o t s i ns e em ing ly b e t te r -c la s s f a b r ic s , s ot h ey m u s th ave h ad s ome th ing o t he rt h an t h e i ra ppea rance a c t ing i nt h e i r f a vou r . Many a r e e nc ru s ted w i th s oo t o n t h e e x te r io r . I ti sh a rd t os e e t h em a st a b le v e s se ls , d e sp i te t h e o cca s iona l p r im i t ive d eco ra t ion , a nd m o r e p robab ly t h e i r f u nc t ion w a s a sc ook ing -po t s c onf ined t ot h e k i tchen . 3 .' P ink G rogged Ware ' ( Fabr ic 6 1 ; B oo th & G reen 1 989 )

T he r im a nd n eck w e re t o o n a r row t oa dm i t t h e h and a nd s o w e re m ade s epa ra te ly f r om t h e b ody a nd l u ted i n , c r ea t ing t h e c o rdon w h ich i su n ive r sa l ly p r e sen t . T he re w a s o f ten a b and o f i n c i sed o r b u rn ished d eco ra t ion i mmed ia te ly b e low t h ec o rdon ( f ig . 5 , n o s . a h ) . T he f unc t ion o ft h e se v e s se ls w a s c l ea r ly t oh o ld l i qu id s , a nd o n ly w a te r , b ee r o r p e rhap s m i lk w ou ld h ave b een a va i lab le o n t h is s c a le . T he v e s se l w hen f u l l c anno t e a s i ly h ave b een moved , b e ing r e la t ive ly t h in -wa l led a nd f r ag i le , b u t t h e s ha l low a ng le b e tween t h e l owe r b ody a nd b a se w ou ld h ave m ade i te a sy t o t i l t t h e u r n w i thou t l i f t ing i tu p , a nd t h e t h icken ing o f t h e b ody w a l l t owa rd s t h e b a se w ou ld h ave m ade i ts t rong e nough t ow i ths tand s u ch d i sp lacemen t . T he d eco ra t ion m ay i n d ica te t a b le r a the r t h an l a rde r u s e , a nd t h e se u r n s m ay t e n ta t ive ly b e s e en a s c ommuna l t a b le v e s se ls c on ta in ing s ma l l b ee ro rw a te r .

T h i s f a b r ic i sk nown t oe mana te f r om ap roduc t ion c en t re o r c en t r e s i nt h e M i l ton K eyne s a r ea . A t W i lco te , s he rd s h ave ' o ccur red i no n ly t wo d epo s i t s : t h e f ou r th -cen tu ry d i tche s F . 2 a nd F . 4 ( W i lco te I ,p .2 1) , a nd F . 77 l e ve l 1( A .D .310 -360 ) . T he f o rme r p roduced 1 0 b ody she rd s , t h e l a t te r 3 21 s h e rd s i n c lud ing n o s . 1 806 1825 . T he r a nge o ff o rms r e p re sen ted w a s q u i te n a r row . O ft h e 2 0 v e s se l s i l us t ra ted , 1 8 w e re l a rge j a r s , o ne ( no . 1 8 18 ) a m ed ium s ized j a r , a nd o ne f a i r ly t h in -wa l led ( a nd t h e ref o re p robab ly m ed ium t o s ma l l ) d eco ra ted j a r ( no . 1 823 ) . A n umbe r o f t h e j a r s b o r e c ha rac te r i s t ic b and s o f i n c i sed o r p a in ted d eco ra t ion ( no s . 1 822 1825 ) . T h i s c onf o rms t ot h e d i s t r ibu t ion i nB oo th & G reen 1 989 , f i g . 3 . O n ly o ne l a rge j a r i n t h is f a b r ic w a s i l us t ra ted f r om S hakenoak ( Shakenoak V . f i g . 2 6 , n o . 1 065 ) , f r om a n u nsea led f o u r th -cen tu ry d epo s i t .

2 .C a lc i te -a nd S he l l -Gr i t ted V e s se l s ( Fabr ic 1 0 ) At o ta l o f8 6v e s se ls i nt h is f a b r ic h ave b een i l us t ra ted s of a r ( no s . 3 93 -395 , 4 7 1-477 , 5 4 1-543 , 7 12 , 7 33 , 7 65 , 7 66 , 8 62 , 1 332 , 1 567 1600 , 1 92 1 , 1 950 , 1 989 -20 14 , 2 57 1 , 2 634 a nd 2 7 15 -27 17 ) . B ecause o f t h e s of t n a tu r e o f t h e f a b r ic , e spec ia l ly w hen w e t , t h is c e r ta in ly u nde r rep re sen t s s uch v e s se l s . R econ s t ruc t ion o f c omp le te p rof i le s i s d i ff icu l t b ecau se t h ee dge so fs he rd st e nd t oc r umb le . V e ry f ew s he rds h ave c ome f r om f i r s t -cen tury d epo s i t s ; i t r e p re sen ted 0 . 5 1% o fs he rd s i nt h e s e cond c en tury , a nd 1 2% i nt h ef i r s th a lf o ft h e f o ur th ( F .77 l e ve l 1 ) . I ti ss ome t ime s a s sumed t h a t t h e m a jo r i ty o ft h e v e s se ls i n t h i s f a b r ic a r e s qua tj a r s w i th as l ack p r of i le a nd s imp le o u t t u rned r im , a nd s uch v e s se l s a r e i n deed i l us t ra ted i n n o s . 1 332 a nd 1 568 . B u t i nt h e r a the r r a r e o cca s ions w hen t h e c omp le te p rof i le c an b e r e cons t ruc ted , s u rp r ise s c an r e su l t : t h e t a l l j a r , n o . 1 567 a nd t h e w ide -mou thed j a r s n o s . 1 989 a nd 1 990 , a l i n d ica te t h a tt h e r a nge o fs hape s a nd s i ze s m ay h ave b een q u i te e x tens ive . S ome j a r s c a r r ied i n c ised d eco ra t ion o r s t abbed r ims : n o s . 5 4 1-543 , 1 596 a nd 1 597 . T he f a b r ic w a s n o t c onf ined t oj a r s , v a r ious t ype s o f b ow l b e ing r e p re sen ted : n o s . 1 598 1600 ,2 0 13 a nd 2 0 14 .

T he l a rge g rogged , c ommon ly f a b r ic 6 , s t o rage j a r s w h ich a r e c ommon i nt h e f i r s t a nd s e cond c en tu r ie s a r e n o l o nge r p r e sen t i nF . 77 l e ve l 1 ,a nd t h e se ' p ink g rogged w a re ' v e s se l s a r e t h e o n ly o ne s w h ich c an h ave f u lf i l led t h e s ame f u nc t ion i nt h e f i r s t h a lf o f t h e f o ur th c en tu ry . H oweve r , i ti sn o t p robab le t h a t t h e se l a rge j a r s w ou ld h ave b een i mpo r ted t o W i lco te f r om ap roduc t ion s i te s ome 5 0km a way , s imp ly t o a c t a s s t o rage v e s se l s : h ad t h e re b een a d emand , i tw ou ld h ave b een m e t m o re c onven ien t ly a nd c heap ly b y t h eO xf o rd i n dus t ry , 2 0km d i s tan t . T he ref o re i tm ay b e a s sumed t h a t t h e se j a r s w e re i mpo r ted a sc on ta ine r s o fs ome p roduc t , a nd t h en f o und as e conda ry u se a ss t o rage v e s se ls . T he p rob lem l i e s i nt h e i d en t if ica t ion o f t h e h ypo the t ica l c on ten t s . T he M i l ton K eyne s a r ea i sn o t t h e o bv iou s s ou rce o f a ny s uch p roduc t . Two f a c to r s d i s t ingu i sh . 1 -i e se j a r s f r om t h e i r f i r s t - a nd s e cond -cen tu ry p r edece s so r s : t h ey a r e q u i te f r equen t ly d eco ra ted , w h ich m igh t c once ivab ly p o in t t o f a i r ly h i gh v a lue c on ten t s ; a nd m o s t o f t h e r im s he rds s howed v e ry h eavy e r o s ion c onf ined t o t h e i n s ide o f t h e n eck , t h ough w he the r t h is r e la ted t ot h e p r ima ry u se o r t o t h e s e conda ry o ne i su nknown .

2 29

4 . L arge B ow l s

2 444 M isce l laneou s u nsea led d epos i t s : 2 764 , 2 768

T he re i s ad i s t inc t c a tegory o f ' l a rge b ow ls ' w h ich a r e n o t m e re ly l a rge e xamp le s o fm ed ium o rs ma l l b ow l s , b u t a r e a f o rm w i th i t so wn d i s t inc t c ha rac te r i s t ic s . E xamp le s a r e n o s . 3 4 1 ,368 ,584 ,683 ,879 ,1208 ,1299 130 1 ,210 M 113 ,2 116 , 2 117 ,2 119 ,2423 ,2434 ,2435 ,2442 ,2520 ,2521 ,2643 ,2665 a nd 2 740 ; o t he r p o s s ib le e xamp le s a r e n o s . 3 76 , 9 25 , 2 436 , 2 443 , 2 642 a nd 1 74 1 , w h i le n o s . 7 47 , 1 303 , 1 3 15 , 2 114 a nd 2 119 m ay b es ma l le re xamp le s o ft h es ame f o rm o fv e s se l . T he r im d i ame te r s f a l l i nt h e r a nge 2 7 .2 -39 .2cm , a nd i nt h e f i ve c a se s w he re t h e c apac i ty c an b e c a lcu la ted a ccu ra te ly , t h e v a lue sa r e5 . 0 , 6 . 8 , 1 0 .4 , 1 .3 a nd 1 2 .2 l i t e r s . I na l c a se s t h e f a b r ic i sr e duced a nd i so f ten g rogged . T he f i n ish i sa lway s g ood a nd h a lf t h e e xamp le s h ave ab and o f b urn i shed d eco ra t ion , u sua l ly l a t t ice , b e low t h e r im o r l owe r d own t h e s i de . Two e xamp le s a r e d eco ra ted w i th c r o s se s o n t h e u ppe rf a ce o ft h er im . C ha rac te r is t ica l ly , t h e se b ow ls h ave b u lg ing s i de s , p l a in b a se s o rv e ry l ow b a se r ing s , a nd o u t turned r ims o rf l ange s . T hey r e semb le c a r ina ted b ow ls i n f a b r ic , d eco ra t ion a nd r im , b u t t h e s i de s a r e a lway s s moo th ly r o unded w i th n o t r ace o fc a r ina t ion .

A l l b u t t h ree o ft h e se c ame f r om d epo s i t s d a ted t o a r ound 1 25 150 , i n d ica t ing t h a t t h e d a t ing g i ven i n W i l co te I ,o f ' ? F lav ian -1 20 ' , m ay b e r a the rt oo e a r ly . 6 .R oughcas t b eaker s O n ly o ne r o ughca s t b eake r w a s i l u s t ra ted i n W i l co te I( no . 1 0 18 ) , t h ough t we lve a ppea r i nt h i s r e por t : n o s . 2 486 -249 1 , 2 500 , 2 50 1 , 2 602 , 2 603 , 2 689 , 2 690 . T h is m ay b e al i t t le m is lead ing , s i nce s he rd s w e re f o und e spec ia l ly i n t h e s e cond -cen tu ry l e ve ls i nt h e f i r s tp ha se o ft h e e xcava t ion s , a s i n deed t h ey w e re i nt h e e xcava t ions d i scus sed i nt h i s r e po r t . T he se v e s se ls a r e v e ry f r ag i le , a nd s o i ti sq u i te u ncommon f o r l a rge f r agmen t s t o s u rv ive e xcep t i nc ond i t ion s w he r e t h e re h a s b een l i t t le c hance o fd eg rada t ion . T hus , n o s . 2 486 2 49 1 , 2 500 a nd 2 50 1 c ame f r om F . 79 l e ve l 3 , a nd 2 602 , 2 603 , 2 689 a nd 2 690 f r om F . 82 , b o th b e ing d eep q ua r r ie s i n w h ich r u bb ish , o nce t i pped , w a s r a p id ly b u r ied a nd n o t t r amp led o n . T he f o rm s o ft h e b eake r s d o n o t v a ry g r ea t ly . T he re a r e f ou r d i s t inc t f a b r ic s , t h ree o ft h em w i th v a r ia t ions , a nd t h e se a r e p e rhap s ab e t te rc h rono log ica l g u ide .

Two e xamp le s ( no s . 3 4 1 , 3 68 ) c ame f r om f i r s t -cen tu ry d epo s i t s , b u t a l t h e r ema inde r a r e d a ted t o t h e s e cond c en tu ry . T he n umbe r s f r om F . 75 a nd F . 79 l e ve l 3i n d ica te a p eak i n t h e m idd le o f t h a t c en tury . T hey a ppea r t o b e c on tempo ra ry w i th t h e c a r ina ted b ow ls , b u t p e rhap s c on t inued i n u se a l i t t le l o nge r . F . 75 ( s econd q ua r te r o f s e cond c en tu ry ) c on ta ined 5 l a rge b ow ls a nd a t l e a s t 2 4 c a r ina ted b ow l s , w h i le F . 79 l e ve l 3( t h i rd q ua r te r o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry ) c on ta ined a tl e a s t 1 3 l a rge b ow ls a nd o n ly 9 c e r ta in o rp robab le c a r ina ted b ow ls . T he se v e s se ls a r e p r e sumab ly f o r t a b le u se , t oj udge f r om t h e i r f i n ish a nd d eco ra t ion . T hey a r e o bv ious ly c ommuna l v e s se l s , f r om t h e i r s i ze . I n t h is c a se , t h e l a rge r e xamp le s c ou ld e a s i ly h ave c on ta ined f ood f o r 1 0 o r e ven 1 5 p eop le . T hey c ou ld h ave c on ta ined s o l id o r l i qu id ; t h e f l anged r im w ou ld h ave m ade t h em e a s ie r t o p i ck u p , e s pec ia l ly i ft h e c on ten t s w e r e h o t . T he se s ugge s t ion s a r e q u i te s im i la r t o t h o se m ade f o rt h e c a r ina ted b ow ls , a nd i tm ay b e t h a t t h e se s imp ly f unc t ioned a s al a rge r s ize e qu iva len t o ft h e l a t te r . I n a ny c a se , t h e s h if tf r om c a r ina ted b ow l s t ol a rge b ow ls i nt h e m idd le o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry m ay i n d ica te s ome c hange e i the r i nd i e t s uch a s t h e i n c rea sed p opu lad ty o fs ome b u lk f ood , o r i n s o c ia l p r ac t ice , s uch a s l a rge r g roup s e a t ing c ommuna l ly a tt a b le .

I . F ab r ic 6 6 . T h is h a rd , w h i te f a b r ic w i th a d u l l b l ack c o lou r coa t , c ome s f r om C o logne a nd i sc ommones t b e tween c . 1 00 a nd 1 40 ( s ee p o t n o . 2 500 ) . S ma l l f r agmen t s o f s im i la r a ppea rance c ame f r om F . 77 l e ve l 3 a , w h ich w a s d a ted t o t h e t h i rd q ua r te r o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry , a nd w e re a l so f o und i nF . 79 l e ve l 3 ,b u t n o t i nF . 75 , i n d ica t ing ad a te o f 1 50 a tt h e e a r l ie s t . I tm ay b e t h a t t h e se s ma l l s he rd s w e re f r om B r i t ish c op ie so ft h e i mpo r ted o r ig ina ls . 2 .F ab r ic 6 7 . Ah a rd , v e ry f i ne c r eam f a b r ic . T he o n ly v e s se l s o f a r f o und i sn o . 2 50 1 , a nd o n ly t wo s ma l l s he rd s f r om a no the rb eake ro rb eake r s c ame f r om F . 79 l e ve l 3 . 3 . F ab r ic 4 5 . T he d i scove ry o f t h e p roduc t ion s i te o f t h i s f a b r ic a tL owe r F a rm , O xon ( Boo th e ta l . 1 993 , ' F ab r ic F 59 ' ) e nab le s n o .2486 t ob e i d en t if ied w i th r e a sonab le c e r ta in ty a s c om ing f r om t h e se k i lns . N o s . 2 487 -249 1 , 2 689 a nd 2 690 a r e g ene ra l ly s im i la r , a nd m ay b e p a r t o ft h e s ame i n du s t ry , o ra tl e a s t b eO xf o rd sh i re p roduc t s . T he se v es se l s c ome f r om d epo s i t s o f t h e s e cond a nd t h ird q ua r te r s o f t h e s e cond c en tury . S ma l l s he rd s f r om s im i la r b eake r s c ame f r om F . 17 , F . 18 a nd F . 19 l e ve l 1 ,a nd f r om F . 82 l e ve ls 1 a nd 3 .N o . 1 0 18 m ay a l so b e long i n t h is g roup , a l though t h e o r ange f a b r ic i ss of t a nd t h e r o ughca s t ing c on s is t s r a the r o fc oa r se c l ay p e l le t s .

5 .C ar ina ted b ow l s a ga in

4 . N o s . 2 602 a nd 2 603 a r e i n ab r ick r ed f a b r ic , w i th a g l o s sy b l ack o rv e ry d a rk r e d s l ip . Af ew s he rd s c ame f r om t h e l a te s t u nsea led b l ack l e ve ls b o th n o r th a nd s ou th o ft h e r o ad . I tm ay b ef a b r ic 4 5 f i red u nde rr e duc ing c ond i t ion s .

C a r ina ted b ow ls a r e av e ry d i s t inc t ive f o rm d i scus sed i n W i lco te I ( p . 1 55 ,9 ) . I n a dd i t ion t o t h e e xamp le s q uo ted t h e re , af u r the r 3 5 a r e i l us t ra ted i nt h is v o lume ( i gno r ing d oub tf u l c a se so rv a r ian t s ) . T he se a r e :

7 .S tra iner s a nd C hee se -pre s se s

F . 72 m idd le o ff i l l , d a te u nce r ta in : 199 F . 75 s e cond q ua r te ro fs e cond c en tu ry : 1 304 1310 , 1 3 12 , 1 3 13 , 1 4 15 1422 , 1 424 1431 F . 79 l e ve l 3 ,m id second c en tu ry : 2 120 -2 122 ,2 437 -244 1 ,

T he s t ra ine r ( 2 685 ) a nd c hee se -p re s s ( 2 599 ) i l us t ra ted i n t h is v o lume a i e b o th i n comp le te . Twe lve o t he r f r agmen t s o f i n comp le te s t ra ine r s h ave c ome f r om v a r iou s d epo s i t s o ft h e s e cond c en tu ry o nwa rds . C hee se -p re s s s he rd s a r e l e s s 2 30

c ommon , o n ly f i ve h av ing b een f o und , a l so f r om s e cond c en tu ry o rl a te rd epo s i t s . T he f u nc t ion o ft h es t ra ine r s i sn o tc er ta in , b u tt h ey m ay w e l l h ave b een u s ed t o m ake ' c o t tage ' c hee se f r om t h e c u rd led m i lk o f c ow s , e we s o r g oa t s . T h is s of t c hee se c ou ld t h en e i the r h ave b een e a ten i mmed ia te ly , o r p r e s sed i n to h a rd c ake s , u s ing t h e s ma l l c i rcu la r p o t te ry m ou ld s . T he a dvan tage o f p r e s s ing w a s t h a t t h e r e su l t ing h a rd c hee se w ou ld k eep t h rough t h e w in te r , w h ich t h e s of t c hee se w ou ld n o t . T he c ompa ra t ive r a r i ty o fb o th t y pe s o fv e s se l m ay i n d ica te t h a tc hee se f o rmed o n ly am ino r i n g red ien to ft h ed i e t . 8 . F ive C en tra l Gau l i sh s herds f r om F . 17 l e ve l 3 T he se s he rd s w e re s ubm i t ted t o D r . K ev in G reene , D epa r tmen t o fA r chaeo logy , U n ive r s i ty o fN ewca s t le u pon T yne , a f te r p ub l ica t ion o f W i l co te I .T he a u tho r i si n deb ted t oD rG r eene f o rt h ef o l low ing n o te : -2j o in ing s he rd s f r om t h e s hou lde ro f aC en t ra l G au l ish b eake rw i th b a rbo t ine ' h a irp in ' d eco ra t ion . AF l av ian d a te i s p e rf ec t ly a c cep tab le , a l though t h e t y pe d oe s e x tend i n to t h e e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry . S ee G reene 1 979 4 5 f i g I8 n o I .A l so a b a se s h e rd f r om ad i f f e ren tb eake ro ft h es ame f o rm . -w a l l s h e rd f r om a C en t ra l G au l ish b eake r w i th a pp l ique d eco ra t ion , o f w h ich o n ly t h e e dge s u rv ive s . A l though t h e f o rm a nd m e thod o f d eco ra t ion a r e m o r e f am i l ia r i n t h e c on tex to ft h e ' b lack s a r i l ian ' o ft h e s e cond c en tury AD , t h e i r o r ig in i si nt h e F l av ian p e r iod ( Ve r te t 1 97 1 , p l . 2 3) . A lso a r o u le t ted s h e rd f r om t h e l owe rp a r to fs im i la rv e s se l . T he se i mpor ted v e s se ls f r om C en t ra l G au l a r e n o t c ommon , a nd t h ey b e long t o ap e r iod w hen e l abo ra te ly d eco ra ted f i ne w a r e s w e re s c a rce i n c ompa r ison w i th t h e p r e -F lav ian o r A n ton ine p e r iod s( Greene 1 982 ) . R ef erence s : G r eene K 1 979 , R epor t o n t h e e xca va t ion s a t U sk 1 965 / 976 : t h e p re -F lav ian f i ne w are s , C a rd if f ; U n iv o f Wa le s P r e s s G r eene K 1 982 , ' T e r ra s i g i l la ta : i m i ta t ion s a nd a l te rna t ive s ' , A c ta R e iC re ta r iae R omanae F au to rum 2 1-2 7 1-8 V er te t H 1 97 1 R ema rque s s u r l ' i nf luence d e s a t e l ie r s c e ram ique s d e L yon s u r c eux d u c en t re e td u s ud d e l a G au le ' , A c ta R e i C re ta r iae R omanae F au to rwn 1 3 9 2 I1 .

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T he Med ieva l P o t tery f r om F i e ld 2 169 L ucy Wh ih ingham

A n a s semb lage o f 9 54 s he rd s w e igh ing 6 . 3kg h a s b een s t ud ied f r om t h e t r ench e xcava ted i n F i e ld 2 169 . T he a s semb lage i sc omp r i sed p r ima r i ly o f m ed ieva l p o t te ry b u t a l so c on ta ins a s ma l l p e r cen tage o f R oman a nd P o s t Med ieva l m a te r ia l . 9 4% o ft h e a s semb lage i sc omp r i sed o f m ed ieva l p o t te ry f r om al o ca l s ou rce i nt h e Wychwood a r ea ( OXCX ) a nd 1 % o fs he rd s f r om l a rge r i n dus t r ie s w i th in t h e r eg ion a tB r i l l /Boa r s ta l l ( OXA M a nd OXA W ) , i nt h e We s t O xf o rd sh i r e r e g ion ( OXAC ) a nd i nE a s t W i l t sh i re ( OXAQ ) . Two p o s s ib le I r on A ge s he rd s a nd t h ir ty o ne R oman s he rd s , i n c lud ing c oa r sewa re s a nd S am ian , m ake u p 4% o f t h e a s semb lage a nd s i x P o s t Med ieva l s he rd s o fl a te le t o 1 9t hc en tu ry d a te c on t r ibu te t h e l a s t 1 %o ft h ea s semb lage .

b een u s ed h e re t o d i scus s v e s se l s w h ich m igh t b e e i the r c ook ing p o t s o rj a r s . T he se v e s se l s a r e h and -bu i l t a nd q u i te f i ne ly m ade w i th a n a ve rage w a l l t h ickne s s o f 0 . 8cm . O n s ome o f t h e b ody s h e rds t h e re a r e m a rk s a nd i n c i sed l i ne s s how ing w he r e t h e c l ay h a s b een s c raped o n t h e i n te r io r t o t h in a nd s moo th t h e c l ay w a l l o ft h e v e s se l . Am ino r i ty o ft h e s he rd s a r e s oo ted o n t h e e x te r io r a nd i n p a t che s o n t h e s hou lde rw h ich e x tend o n to t h e i n te r io r o ft h e r im , r ef lec t ing t h e i rf unc t ion a sc ook ing v e s se l . Av a r ie ty o fb a se t y pe s a ppea r t ob e p r e sen t : t h r ee b a lu s te r , t wen ty e i gh t s agg ing b a se s he rd s f r om t wen ty s even v e s se l s a nd n i ne f l a t b a se s . I ti sn o t a lway s c l ea r w he the r t h e f l a t b a se s m igh t b e f r om t h e c en t ra l s e c t ion o f as agg ing b a se . T he b a lus te r s haped b a se s a r e f r om s t r a igh t s i ded v e s se l s w h ich a r e l e s s c ommon t h an t h e r o unded c ook ing v e s se ls .

T he p o t te ry h a s b een i d en t i f ied w i th r e f e rence t o r e cen t r e sea rch i nt h eO xf o rd sh i re r e g ion b y Mau reen Me l lo r( 1994 ) u s ing t h e s ame m e thod o f c ommon n ame t e rm ino logy a nd f a b r ic c ode s . T he p o t te ry h a s b een q uan t i f ied u s ing s he rd n umbe r ,w e igh t ,r im d i ame te ra nd EVE .

F ou r t y pe s o f r im f o rm a r e p r e sen t ; p l a in e ve r ted , t h ickened / ro l led , s qua r e / c lubbed a nd p i e c r u s t / thumbed . T he p ropo r t ion s i nw h ich t h e se a r eo ccu ra r es hown i nT ab le 1 .

C ond i t ion T he p l a in e ve r ted r im s a r e t h e l e a s t c ommon , r e p re sen ted b y n i ne e xamp le s , ( F ig . 1 02 , n o s . 1 , 2 ) . T he se a r e s imp le t a l l r im s r a ng ing i ns i ze f r om 1 0 -26cm i nd i ame t e r .

Mo s t o ft h e p o t te ry i nt h is a s semb lage i si n ap oo rc ond i t ion . T he s he rd s a r e s ma l l a nd h eav i ly a b raded , p a r t ly d ue t ot h e l ow t empe ra tu re a t w h ich t h ey w e re o r ig ina l ly f i red a nd p a r t ly d ue t ot h e i r h i gh c a lca reous c on ten t w h ich h a s s i nce l e ached o u t . T he d eg ree o f f r agmen ta t ion c an b e i n d ica ted b y m ea su r ing t h e r im d i ame te r a nd p e rcen tage o f t h e s u rv iv ing r im f r agmen t ( s ee T ab le 1 ) . T he m a jo r i ty m ea su r e o n ly 5% , t h ough t h e re a r e af ew e xcep t ions w he re l a rge r f r agmen t sj o in t of o rm 3 5% o ft h ev e s se l r im .

Twen ty two e xamp le s o f t h ickened r im s a r e s im i la r t o t h e p l a in e ve r ted f o rm b u t h ave a t r iangu la r s e c t ioned e dge , d e l ibe ra te ly m ade b y f o ld ing t h e e dge o ft h e r im o ve r t ot h e o u t s ide . T he se a r e r e p r e sen ted b y i l us t ra t ions F i g . 1 0 , n o s . 3 , 4 , 5 , 6a nd 7 a nd r a nge i n s i z e f r om 2 0 t o 3 0cm i n d i ame te r .

N or th - We s tO xf ord sh ire Ware , Wychwood type ( OXCO )

S i x v e s se ls , r e p re sen ted b y F ig . 1 02 , n o s . 8 , 9a nd 1 0h ave a s hor te rr im w i th as qua re /c lubbed e dge a nd f l a tt o p . N o . 1 0 i s t o o led f u r the r t o l e ave ar a ised l i p o n t h e o u te r e dge o ft h e r im . T he se r i ms r a nge i ns i ze f r om 2 1 t o2 6cm i nd i ame te r .

T he m a jo r i ty o fs he rd s i nt h e a s semb lage ( 907 s h e rd s 5 . 7kg ) b e long t o t h is f a b r ic t y pe . D e sp i te t h e f r ag i le v e s icu la r c ond i t ion o f t h e s he rd s a nd t h e i r l a ck o f g eo log ica l ly i d en t if iab le i n c lu s ion s i ti ss t i l l p os s ib le t os ugge s t t h a t t h e se b e long t o t h e t r ad i t ion o f p o t te ry b e ing p roduced i n t h e Wychwood a r ea b e tween t h e l a te 1 2t ha nd 1 5t hc en tu r ie s . T he t y pe o ff a b r ic a nd a s soc ia ted v e s se l f o rms c an b e p a ra l le led w i th o t he r OXCX p roduc t s f r om t h e Wychwood a r ea . V e s se l F orms 1 43 s he rd s a r e d i agno s t ic r im o r b a se f r agmen t s f r om a m in imum o f 8 2 v e s se l s w h ich i n c lude c ook ing v e s se l s , b ow ls , s pou ted p i tche r s a nd ap ede s ta l l amp . T he r ema in ing 7 64 s he rd s a r e au b iqu i tous c o l lec t ion o fs ma l l s h e rd s w h ich c anno t b e r e cons t ruc ted i n to v e s se l s . G laze i sn o t e v iden t o n a ny o f t h e s he rd s . O ne s he rd h a s s ome c r ude ly s t abbed m a rk s o n t h es hou lde rw h ich c ou ld b ed eco ra t ion a nd a no the r s he rd i sr o unded a si fs ub sequen t ly c u t i n to ac oun te r .

T he p i e c r us t / thumbed r im f o rm i sb y f a r t h e m o s t c ommon t y pe o f c ook ing p o t r im . T he b a s ic r im f o rm i su sua l ly a t h ickened o r as qua r e c l ubbed e dge o n at a l l r i m t o w h ich t h umbed i mp r in t s a r e i mp re s sed e i the r a l ong t h e o u te r o r i n ne r e dge o ri ns ome e xamp le s a l ong b o th e dge s . A l l o ft h e r ims a r e b e tween 2 0 a nd 2 6cm i n d i ame te r . T he m o s t c ommon f o rm , o f w h ich t h e re a r e e i gh teen e xamp le s , i s r e p r e sen ted b y F i g . 1 02 , n o s . 1 , 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 4 w h ich a r e t h umbed o n t h e i n te r io r e dge . N o . 1 5 i ss im i la r b u t w i th • t h umb ing o n b o th e x te r io ra nd i n te r io r r im f o rm . I l us t ra t ion 1 7 i s af l a t t o pped f o rm w h ich h a s b een t o o led t op r oduce a l i p o n t h e i n te r io re dge a nd i st h umbed o n t h e e x te r io re dge .

C ook ing V e s se ls S even ty c ook ing v e s se ls a r e r e p re sen ted b y r im f r agmen t s a nd t h ir ty n i ne b a se s . T he t e rm c ook ing v e s se l h a s

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N o s . 1 8 , 1 9 a nd 2 0 , o fw h ich t h e re a r e e l even e xamp le s , a r e t a l l r ims w i th s qua r ed c l ubbed r ims t h umbed o n t h e e x te r io r e dge . T hey v a ry s l igh t ly i nt h a t 1 8 i st o o led u nde r t h e o u te r e dge o f t h e r i m a lmo s t p roduc ing a h ooked r i m a nd 1 9 i s f o lded i n te rna l ly .

S pou ted P i tcher

S tamf ord Ware

O ne e xamp le o f as pou ted p i tche r i sc l ea r ly r e cogn i sed i nt h is a s semb lage b ecau se t h e s pou t s u rv ive s ( F ig . 1 03 , n o . 2 1) . A f u r the r f o u r e xamp le s w i th as im i la r r im f o rm m igh t a l so b e p i tche r s b u t w i th n o t r ace o f as pou t s u rv iv ing t h ey a r e i n d i s t ingu i shab le f r om s ome o ft h e t h umbed c ook ing v e s se l r im f o rms . T he n umbe r o f p i tche r s r e cogn ised i n t h i s a s semb lage m u s tt h e ref o re b et r ea ted s c ep t ica l ly .

O ne s ma l l f r agmen t o fS t amf o rd w a re w i th s p la shed c oppe r g r een g l aze i sl i ke ly t ob e a1 0t h t om id 1 2t hc en tu ry p roduc t .

T h i s e xamp le i s ah and -bu i l t r ounded v e s se l w i th t h in w a l ls o f0 . 5cm . T he r im , o f2 1cm d i ame te r , i st a l l a nd e ve r ted w i th t h umb ing o n b o th t h e i n te r io r a nd t o p e dge o ft h e r im . T he s pou t i sa pp l ied t ot h e s i de o ft h e r im a nd a t tached a tt h e b a se t ot h es hou lde ro ft h e v e s se l .

E a s tW i l t sh ire Ware ( OXAQ ) T h r ee u nd iagno s t ic s he rds o ft h is q ua r tz a nd f l in t t empe red w a re a r e p r obab ly f r om c ook ing p o t s . T h is w a re i s d i s t r ibu ted w ide ly a nd i sk nown i nN or th We s t O xf o rd sh i re b e tween t h e l a te 1 2t h a nd e a r ly 1 5t h c en tu r ie s . B r i l l /Boar s ta l l Ware ( OXA M a nd OXA W ) T h ree s he rd s f r om t h ree v e s se ls i n B r i l l /Boa r s ta l l f a b r ic s OXAM a nd OXA W a r e t y p ica l p roduc t s o f t h e

B ow l s S i x e xamp le s o f b ow ls a r e a l o f as im i la r h and -bu i l t f o rm ( no s . 2 2 , 2 3 a nd 2 4 ) . T he se a r e al a rge o pen f o rms r a ng ing i nr im d i ame te rf r om 2 6 t o3 0cm w i th as l igh t ly s agg ing b a se a nd n ea r s t ra igh t s ided w a l ls . T he r ims a r e t h ickened a nd f o lded o ve rt ot h e i n te r io rw i th af l a t tened t o p .

B r i l l /Boa r s ta l l i n dus t ry . T he o ne OXA M s he rd i sf r om aj ug d eco ra ted w i th a pp l ied v e r t ica l s t r ip s o fr e d c l ay . T he t wo OWA W s he rd s a r e c oa r se r a nd p robab ly f r om c ook ing v e s se ls . B r i l l /Boa r s ta l l p roduc t s a r e f o und b e tween t h e 1 3t h a nd m id 1 5t h c en tur ie s . T he h i gh ly d eco ra ted j ug s a r e c ommon b e tween t h e m id 1 3t h a nd e a r ly 1 4t h c en tu r ie s a nd t h e c oa r se rc ook ing w a re s f r om t h e l a te 1 3t ht o1 5t hc en tu r ie s .

P ede s ta l L amp

P o s t Med ieva l Ware s

O ne e xamp le o f ap ede s ta l l amp s u rv ive s i nt h e f o rm o ft h e c en t ra l s t em ( no . 2 5 ) . A s n e i the r t h e r im n o r f oo t s u rv ive l i t t le c an b es a id a bou tt h ef o rm o ft h i s e xamp le .

S i x s ma l l s he rd s o f l a te 1 8t h a nd 1 9t h c en tu ry w a re s i n c lude T ran sf e r P r in ted Wa re p l a te s , aS t af f o rd sh i re Wh i te S a l t G laze p l a te , a' Mocha s t y le ' j ug , a We s te rwa ld t a nka rd a nd a n u nd iagno s t ic c oa r se R ed E a r thenwa re s he rd .

D a te D i scus s ion T h is w a re i sb e l ieved t o b e al o ng l a s t ing t r ad i t ion p o s s ib ly b eg inn ing i nt h e l a te 1 2 'h c en tu ry a nd c on t inu ing t h rough t o t h e 1 5t h c en tu ry . A k i ln s i te a t A sco t D o i l ly i sd a ted b y d ocumen ta ry e v idence a s 1 3 `1c en tury , t h ough s im i la rp o t te ry f o und i nt h e c a s t le e xcava t ions w a s t h ough t t ob e o f 11 t h t o 1 3t hc en tu ry d a te a nd f r om as im i la rv i l lage p o t te ry ( J ope a nd T h re lf a l l 1 9 59 ) . O ccu rence s a t Wh ichf o rd C a s te l ( Wh i t t ingham 1 98 1) a nd G lymp ton ( Me l lo r 1 986 ) a r e a l so o f am id t ol a te 1 3t hc en tury d a te .

T h is a s semb lage c am b e s umma r ised a s as ma l l d ome s t ic a s semb lage o f p o s s ib le 11 t h t o 1 3 ' hc en tu ry d a te r e t r ieved f r om a n a r chaeo log ica l f e a tu re o f as im i la r d a te . T he P o s t m ed ieva l m a te r ia l i sa s sumed t ob e i n t ru s ive . T he a b raded , s ma l l s i ze o ft h e s he rds , s i gns o f u se s uch a s s oo t ing , a s soc ia t ion w i th o t he rf a b r ic t y pe s a nd o t he rt y pes o f a r tef a c t a r e e v idence t h a t t h is i s ad ome s t ic s i te a nd n o t a p roduc t ion s i t e .

W i thou t i n dependen td a t ing a tW i lco te i ti sd i f f icu l tt oo f f e ra d a te f o rt h e Wychwood type Wa re f o und i nt h is a s semb lage . H oweve r , t h e t h umbed r im c ook ing p o t s , w h ich c ons t i tu te t h e m a jo r p a r t o ft h e a s semb lage , f o und i na s soc ia t ion w i th o pen b ow l s a nd a tl e a s t o ne e xamp le o f as pou ted p i tche r a r e m o r e c ha rac te r i s t ic o f al a te 1Oh t o 1 2 ' 1c en tu ry a s semb lage t h an am id t o l a te 1 3t hc en tu ry g roup o f v e s se ls . As e cond s uppo r t ing f a c to r i s t h e l a ck o f a ny j ug f o rms i n t h is a s semb lage .

A l though t h e o ne t y pe o f Wychwood type Wa re t y pe i s p r edom inan t i nt h e c o l lec t ion t h e p r e sence o f o t he r 1 0t h t o 1 3 ' hc en tu ry e xamp le s o f S t amf o rd w a re , We s t O xf o rd sh i re Wa re ( OXAC ) , E a s t W i l t sh i re Wa re ( OXAQ ) a nd B r i l l /Boa r s ta l l Wa re ( OXAM a nd OXA W ) d oe s o f f e r e v idence o f l o ca l t r ade . T he p r e sence o f S t amf o rd w a re i s n o t u nu sua l i nt h is r e g ion . T he a s soc ia t ion o f OXAC , OXCX a nd OXAQ i n t h is a s semb lage i so f i n te re s t i n t h a t a l a r e m a jo r t r ad i t ions w i th in We s t O xf o rdsh i re . We s t O xf o rd sh i re Wa r e ( OXAC ) i s am a jo r L a te S axon a nd E a r ly Med ieva l t r ad i t ion w h ich i s r e p laced b y' Med ieva l Wychwood type Wa re ( OXCX ) i nt h e l a te 1 2 ' 1'c en tu ry . S im i la r ly OXAQ i s am a jo r M ed ieva l t r ad i t ion e me rg ing i nt h e l a te 1 2t h c en tu ry . T he c ompa ra t ive p ropo r t ions i n w h ich t h e se t h ree w a re s o ccu r a t W i lco te s ugge s t t h a t OXAC i sn o l o nge r as i gn if ican t s ou r ce o f p o t te ry s upp ly a nd t h a t OXCX i sn ow t h e m a in t y pe o f p o t te ry p u r cha sed w i th s ome OXAQ p r e sen t . T he W i lco te a s semb lage c ou ld t h e ref o re r e p re sen t ap e r iod w hen t h e M ed ieva l t r ad i t ions w e re s t a r t ing t of l our ish a tt h e d em ise o f

We s t O xf ord sh ire Ware /Ear ly Med ieva l O xf ord Ware ( OXAC ) O ne c ook ing v e s se l i sr e p re sen ted b y ar i m f r agmen t ( n o . 2 6 ) o f2 4cm d i ame te r . T he c ons t ruc t ion o f t h e v e s se l i sh and b u i l t w i th v a ry ing t h ickne s se s i nt h e b ody w a l l b e tween 0 . 5 a nd 0 . 8cm . T he s u rf ace s h ave b een w iped a nd s moo thed . T he r im i st h ickened b y t h e a dd i t ion o f as t r ip o f' c l ay t ot h e o u te r e dge . I n We s t O xf o rd sh ir e t h i s w a re i sd om inan t t h roughou tt h e 1 2t h a nd i n to t h e 1 3t h c en tu ry .

2 33

B ib l iog raphy

t h e L a te S axon /ea r ly Med ieva l t r ad i t ions i n t h e l a te 1 2t h c en tu ry . T he l a ck o fa ny g l azed j ug s he rds a nd m o re s pec if ica l ly t h e l a ck o fB r i l l /Boa r s ta l l Wa re i nt h is a s semb lage s ugge s t s t h a t o ccupa t ion d oe s n o t c on t inue l o ng i n to t h e 1 3 `h c en tu ry . B y t h e m id 1 3t h C en tu ry B r i l l /Boa r s ta l l Wa re w ou ld h ave b een a p r edom inan tt y pe o fp o t te ry i nt h is r e g ion . N e i the r a r e t h e r e a ny 1 4 `1 o r 1 5t hc en tu ry p o t te ry v e s se l f o rms s uch a s b ungho le c i s te rns p r esen t . T he l a rge n umbe r o fs he rds a nd g ood r a nge o fv e s se l f o rms i n Wychwood type Wa re ( OXCX ) m ake t h is a n i mpo r tan t a s semb lage a nd c on t r ibu t ion t o t h e r e g iona l s t udy o f c e ram ic s i nO xf o rd sh i re . T h is a s semb lage i sa l so s i gn if ican t f o r t h e r e g ion b ecause t h e m a jo r i ty o f t h e c o l lec t ions o f Wychwood type Wa re ( OXCX ) w h ich e x is t t o d a te h ave b een r e t r ieved f r om f i e ldwa lk ing s u rvey s o r a r chaeo log ica l c on tex t s f o r w h ich t h e re h a s b een l i t t le i n dependen t d a t ing e v idence ( Me l lo r 1 994 ) . T he c on tex t o ft h is a s semb lage i s a ga in u nab le t oo f f e r l i t t le i n dependen t d a t ing e v idence a nd i ss t ra t if ied i n as ha l low f e a tu re u nde r t o p so i l . I ti sh oped , h oweve r , t h a t f u tu re w o rk t o b e u nde r taken a tW i lco te w i l l p roduce f u r the r d a t ing e v idence a nd m a te r ia l w h ich c an b e c ompa red w i th t h i sa s semb lage .

J ope , E .M . a nd T h re lf a l l , R . I . 1 959 T he Twe lf th -cen tu ry C a s t le a t A sco t D o i l ly , O xf o rd sh i r e : I t s H is to ry a nd E xcava t ion . An t iquar ie sJ ourna l XXX 1X 2 19 -273 Me l lo r , M . 1 986 " The P o t te ry f r om t h e 1 979 E xcava t ion" i n P . J . F a sham , " The E va lua t ion i n 1 9 7 1 a nd 1 979 o fa n a s sa r t f a rms tead a t S l ape C op se , G lymp ton , O xf o rd sh i re" O xon iens ia L I8 5 Me l lo r , M . 1 994 O xf o rdsh i re P o t te ry . A S yn the s i s o f m idd le a nd l a te S axon , m ed ieva l a nd e a r ly p o s t -med ieva l p o t te ry i nt h e O xf o rd R eg ion O xon iens ia L 1X 1 7 -2 17 Wh i t t ingham , L .S . 1 98 1 Wh ichf o rd C a s t le : A Moa ted M ano r S i te o f t h e D e Mohun F am i ly ( Po s tg radua te T he s i s , L e ices te r U n ive r s i ty )

[ Th is e xcava t ion i nf i e ld 2 169 a l so p roduced : nd o ne F ab r ic 4 2c , a l v e ry w o rn 3 1 s he rd so fR oman p o t te ry , i n c lud ing t h r ee s am ian a 5w o rn s he rd so fu nce r ta in o r ig in 6p o s t -med ieva l s he rd s d e sc r ibed a bove o ne f r agmen to fw indow g l a s s , p e rhap s R oman o ne f r agmen to fc l ay p i pe s t em 2p i ece so fw he t s tone s 7i r on n a i l s o ne f r agmen to f ah o r se shoe . AH . ]

2 34

T ab le 1S ummary o fV e s se l T ypes i n Wychwood type T rad i t ion ( OXCX )

V e s se l 1 7 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

F orm • C ook ing P o t C ook ing P o t C ook ing P o t C ook ing P o t C ook ing P o t C ook ing P o t C ook ing P o t C ook ing P o t C ook ing P o t C ook ing P o t C ook ing P o t

R im F orm P l a in P l a in T h ickened T h ickened T h ickened T h ickened T h ickened S qua red S qua red S qua red S qua red

S hds 1 8 1 3 1 5 6 1 1 0 / 1 1

V e s se l 1 8 1 3 1 1 6 1 2 2 1 1

D iam 2 4 2 0 -26 2 0 -28

1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 I 8 1 9

C ook ing C ook ing C ook ing C ook ing C ook ing C ook ing C ook ing C ook ing

P o t P o t P o t P o t P o t P o t P o t P o t

T humbed T humbed T humbed T humbed T humbed T humbed T humbed T humbed

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5% -25 % 1 0% 3 5% 5% 5% 5% 7 . 5% 4 -8%

2 0

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I 8 7

1 7 4

7 6

5%

5

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5%

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S pou ted p i tcher 2 1 S ub to ta l

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EVE 5% 4 -5 % 5%

2% -7 .5 % 5% 3 0% 5% 2 . 5% 5%

B ow ls 2 3 2 4 S ub to ta l P ede s ta l l amp 2 5 B ase s TOTAL

4 0

3 9

1 43

8 2

2 6 -28 3 0 2 6 -30 2 8

1 0% 1 2 .5 % 1 0% 5%

F ab r ic OXCX : Wychwood type Wa re 1 . C ook ing p o tw i th t a l l p l a in r im ( 24cm d i am ' 2 .

C ook ing p o tw i th l i gh t ly e ver ted p l a in r im ( 2 2cm d i am ) .

3 , 4& 5 .C ook ing p o t s w i th t a l l s l igh t ly e ve r ted t h ickened r ims ( 2 3 , 2 0 &2 0cm d i am ) m ade b y f o ld ing t h e c l ay o n to t h eo u te re dge . 6& 7 . C ook ing p o t s w i th t a l l e ve r ted r ims t h ickened b y f o ld ing t h e c l ay o n to t h e o u te r e dge c r ea t ing a t r i angu la r s e c t ion ( 34 & 2 8cm d i am ) . 8 .

C ook ing P o t w i th s hor t s qua red / c lubbed r im ( 2 1cm d i am ) .

9 .

C ook ing p o t w i th s ho r t s qua re /c lubbed r i m f l a t tened o n t h e t o p( 2 4cm d i am ) .

1 0 . C ook ing p o tw i th i n tumed c l ubbed r im t o o led t oc r ea te a l i po n t h eo u te re dge . ( 26cm d i am ) . 1 , 1 2& 1 3 . C ook ing p o t s w i th t a l l e ver ted t h ickened r ims s moo thed t of o rm a r o unded . o u te r e dge a nd t h umbed o n t h e i n te r io re dge ( 24cm & 2 2cm d i am ) . 1 4 . C ook ing p o t w i th e ver ted s qua re /c lubbed r i m a nd t h umbed o n t h e f l a tt o pa nd i n te r io re dge ( 2 4cm d i am ) . 1 5 . C ook ing p o t w i th t a l l e ver ted s qua re / c lubbed r im t h umbed o n b o th i n te r io ra nd e x te r io re dge ( 2 2cm d i am ) . 1 6 . C ook ing p o t w i th s ho r t u p r igh t t h ickened r i m , t h umbed o n t h et o pc r ea t ing as l igh t i n te rna l l i p( 20cm d i am ) . 1 7 . C ook ing p o t w i th s ho r t e ve r ted r im w i th i n tumed e dge , f l a t tened o n t h e t op a nd t h umbed o n t h e e x te r io r e dge ( 22 c m d i am ) . 1 8 . C ook ing p o t w i th e ve r ted s qua red / c lubbed r im w i th i n te r io r l i p . T humb ing o n t h e e x te r io r p u she s t h e e dge i n to ah ooked f o rm ( 26 /28cm d i am ) . 1 9 . C ook ing p o t w i th s ho r t e ve r ted c l ubbed r im , f o lded i n te rna l ly w i th t h umbed e x te r io re dge ( 26cm d i am ) . 2 0 . C ook ing p o t w i th t a l l e ve r ted s qua r e / c lubbed t h umbed o nt h ee x te r io re dge ( 26cm d i am ) .

r im

2 36

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1 9 F ig .102 . F abr ic OXCX 1 20 , C ook ing P o t s . S c . 1 : 4 .

2 37

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2 5 F ig .103 . F abr ic OXCX 2 1 , S pou ted P i tcher ; 2 2 -24 B ow l s ; 2 5 , P ede s ta l L amp s t and . F abr ic OXAC 2 6 , C ook ing P o t . S c . 1 : 4 .

2 1 . S pou ted p i tche r w i th t a l l e ver ted r im , t h umbed o n i n te r io re dge . T he s pou t i sa t tached t ot h e s i de o ft h e r im a nd s t and sp roud o ft h er im ( 2 3cm d i am ) . 2 2 . L a rge o pen b ow l w i th f l a t t o pped , t h ickened r i m f o lded o n to t h ee x te r io r( 28cm d i am ) . 2 3 . L a rge o pen b ow l w i th f l a t t o pped , t h ickened r i m f o lded o n to t h ee x te r io r( 30cm d i am ) . 2 4 . L a rge o pen b ow l w i th f l a t t o pped , t h ickened r i m f o lded o n to t h ee x te r io r( 30cm d i am ) . 2 5 . P edes ta l l amp . T h is f r agmen t i sf r om t h e s t and o f t h e l amp w h ich i s as o l id s t em . T he c upped u ppe r p a r t o f t h e l amp i sj u s t v i s ib le w he re i th a s m ade a c oncave i mp re s s ion o n t h e u ppe rp a r t o ft h e s t and .

F ab r ic OXAC : We s t O xf o rd sh i re Wa re 2 6 . C ook ing p o t w i th s ho r t , t h ickened r im , f o lded a nd r ounded o n t h ee x te rna l e dge ( 2 4cm d i am ) .

2 38

P o s t -Roman P o t tery f r om t he t op so i l L ucy Wh i t t ingham A s ma l l a s semb lage w e re r e cove red f r om t h e 1 990 -92 a nd t h e t h e g l a s s i s 1 9 th o r

o f p o t te ry , c l ay p i pe s a nd g l a ss b o t t le s t h e t o pso i l a bove t h e a r ea s e xcava ted i n 1 993 -96 e xcava t ions . T he m a jo r i ty o f 2 0 th c en tury b u t o ne w ine b o t t le b a se

m ay b e l a te 1 86'c en tu ry . T he t o ta l c o l lec t ion o fp o t te ry i n c ludes 1 32 s he rd s r a ng ing i n d a te f r om Med ieva l t o e a r ly a nd l a te P os t Med ieva l . S ix s he rd s a r e f r om m id / la te 1 3 th t o 1 5 th -cen tury B r i l l /Boa r s ta l l j ug s i n c lud ing o ne p i ece o f as l a shed s t rap h and le . Twen ty 1 7 th t o e a r ly 1 8 th -cen tury s he rds i n c lude e i gh teen R ed

o ne h and le f r om a B lack G lazed Wa re t a nka rd o f 1 7 th c en tu ry d a te a nd a p os s ib le C o logne /F rechen b e l la rm ine s he rd o f l a te 1 7 th -cen tury d a te . 1 8 th c en tury w a re s i n c lude s ma l l f r agmen t s o f S t af f o rdsh ire Mo t t led Wa re a nd R ed E a r thenwa re , T in G lazed E a r thenwa re a nd S t af fo rd sh i re Wh i te S a l tG lazed S tonewa re t o ta l l ing s even s he rds . N ine ty n i ne l a te 1 8 th t o 1 9 th -cen tury s he rd s i n c lude No t t ingham a nd o t he r E ng l ish s t onewa re j a r s , C reamwa re p l a te s , b ow ls a nd v e s se ls w i th ' Mocha ' d eco ra t ion , P ea r lwa re , T ransf e r P r in ted Wa re p l a te s , b ow ls , c up s a nd j ug s , C h ine se P orce la in t e a b ow ls a nd E ng l ish p o rce la in b ow ls .

e a r thenwa re v e s se ls , s ome r im s he rds f r om f l anged d i she s ,

2 39

T he G la s sa nd F r i t

a nd P r ice 1 995 , 9 4 ) , g l obu la r a nd c on ica lj ug s ( I s ing s F o rm s 5 2 a nd 5 , C oo l a nd P r ice 1 995 , 1 20 ) a nd c o l la red j a r s ( I s ing s F o rm 6 7c ; C oo l a nd P r ice 1 995 , 1 06 ) i sr e p re sen ted b y n o s . 5 0 , 5 1 , 5 4 , 9 1 , 1 00 , 1 02 , 1 04 , 10 , 13 , a nd p o s s ib ly b y n o s . 6 2 -3 a nd 12 . T he se f o rm a r e v e ry c ommon o n f i r s t t os e cond c en t u ry R omano -B r i t i sh s i t e s , a nd w e re a l so w e l l r e p re sen ted a mong s t t h e a s semb lage f r om t h e e a r l ie r e xcava t ion s a tW i lco te (W i l co te I ,1 58 ) .

H . E .M . C oo l V e s se l g l a s s T he s e cond p ha se o f t h e e xcava t ion s a t W i lco te p roduced 1 96 f r agmen t s o fR oman v e s se l g l a s s f r om am in imum o f2 7 v e s se l s . J u s tu nde rt wo th i rd s o ft h i sw a s f o und i nt h e q ua r ry F . 77 l e ve l 1 ,a nd t h i s m a te r ia l r a nged i nd a te f r om t h e m id f i r s t t o t h e f o ur th c en tury . T he m a te r ia l f r om t h e o t he r c on tex t s w a s o f f i r s t t o s e cond c en tu ry d a te a nd , l i ke t h e v e s se l g l a s s r e cove red f r om W i lco te d u r ing t h e e xcava t ions b e tween 1 990 a nd 1 992 , i tc on s i s ted o fc ommon f o rm s .

T he c o lou r le s s f r agmen t s n o s . 5-58 a nd 1 09 a r e mo s t l i ke ly t oc ome f r om t a b lewa re s o fs e cond o rt h i rd c en tury d a te . O f t h e se ,t h e r im f r agmen tn o . 5 5 c an b em o re c l o se ly d a ted a si t c ome s f r om ac y l ind r ica l c up w i th d oub le r i ng b a se ( I s ing s F rom 8 5b ; C oo l a nd P r ice 1 995 , 8 2 ) , av e ry c ommon l a te s e cond t o e a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry f o rm . T he w hee l -cu t b ody f r agmen t n o . 5 7 i s mo s t l i ke ly t o c ome f r om a c o lou r le s s w hee l -cu t b eake r ( i b id , 7 9 ) , af o rm t h a t w a s c ommone s t i n t h em id second c en tu ry .

T he t ab leware s T he v e ry e a r ly R oman p r e sence a t W i lco te i sr e f lec ted b y n o s . 5 2 -3 w h ich c ome f r om aH o fhe im c up ( I s ing s F o rm 1 2 ; C oo l a nd P r ice 1 995 , 6 4 ) , w h i le t h e b ody f r agmen t s n o s . 4 6 a nd 4 9 p robab ly c ome f r om t h e c on tempo ra ry b eake r f o rm ( i b id . , 6 8 ) , a n e xamp le o fw h ich w a s f ound i nt h e C laud ian r oad d i tch d u r ing t h e e a r l ie r e xcava t ions (W i l co te I ,1 60 n o . 1 0 , f i g . 8 2 ) . H o fhe im c up s a r e v e ry c ommon f i nd s o n C laud io -Ne ron ian s i te s a nd w en t o u t o fu s e d u r ing t h e e a r ly t om id F l av ian p e r iod . AF l av ian d r ink ing v e s se l i sr e p re sen ted b y n o s . 5 9 , 6 0 a nd 8 4 w h ich a l a ppea r t oc ome f r om t h e s ame i n den ted b eake r ( Coo l a nd P r ice 1 995 , 6 9 ) . T h i s i su nu sua l i nn o t h av ing i t s r im p rope r ly g round , t h ough t h e re a r e t r a ce s o f a b ra s ion i mmed ia te ly b e low t h e r im e dge . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e r im f r agmen t n o . 6 1 c ame f r om a s im i la r v e s se l . F ace t -cu t b eake r s s u ch a s n o . 8 3 a r e a no the r c ommon F l av ian f o rm w ho se u s e c on t inued i n to t h e m idd le o ft h e s e cond c en tu ry ( Coo l e ta l 1 995 , 1 566 ) . T h is i st h e s e cond f r agmen t o f a f a ce t -cu t b eake r t o h ave b een f o und a tW i lco te a s o ne w a s a l so f ound i n aq ua r ry p i t p robab ly i n f i l led d u r ing t h e f i r s t q ua r te r o ft h e s e cond c en tu ry (Wi l co te I ,1 60 n o . 9 ,f i g . 8 2 ) . T he f r agmen t s a r e c l ea r ly f r om t wo d i f f e ren t v e s se ls a st h e f i r s t h ad ag round -ou t r i dge b e low t h e f a ce t -cu t z one ( O l ive r 1 984 , T ype I ) w he rea s n o . 8 3 d oe s n o t h ave t h is f e a tu re ( i b id , T ype I ) . T he p r e sence o f t wo f a ce t -cu t b eake r s a t w ha t m us t h ave b een b y t h e l a te r f i r s t t o e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry , ar e la t ive ly u nd is t ingu ished r o ads ide s e t t lemen t i si n te re s t ing . I th a s b een s ugge s ted t h a ts uch v e s se ls a r ec oncen t ra ted o n m i l i ta ry s i t e s , p e rhap s r e p r e sen t ing t h e s pend ing p owe r o f t h e s o ld ie r s (We lke r 1 974 , 9 4 ; C oo l a nd P r ice 1 995 , 7 3 ) . T he t wo a t W i lco te t o ge the r w i th a n e xamp le f r om a s im i la r c i v i l ian r o ad s ide s i te a tC ame r ton (Wed lake 1 958 , 2 6 1 , f i g . 6 0 n o . 3 G ) , s ugge s t t h a t s i tua t ion m ay b e mo re c omp lex , a nd t h a t t h e a ppa r en t c oncen t ra t ion o n m i l i ta ry s i t e s m ay m e re ly r ef lec t t h e h i ghe r l e ve l o f a r chaeo log ica l e xcava t ion t h a t m i l i ta ry s i te s h ave r e ce ived . T he p r e sence o f ac a s tc o lou r le s s w ide r immed b ow l ( no . 8) i se qua l ly i n te r e s t ing . T he f o rm i sc on tempo ra ry w i th t h e f a ce t -cu t b eake r ( Coo l a nd P r ice 1 995 , 3 7 ) a nd i sn o t a n u ncommon f i nd , b u t a ga in h a s m o re o f ten b een r e co rded o n m i l i ta ry s i t e s a nd h i gh s t a tus c i v i l ian o ne ss uch a sc o lon ia a nd c i v i ta sc ap i ta l s . T he m id -f i r s t t o m id second c en tu ry s u i te o f t a b lewa re s c on s is t ing o f t u bu la r r immed b ow ls ( I s ing s F o rm 4 4 , C oo l 2 40

N o s . 7 2 t o8 1 a r e a l m ade o ft h e b ubb ly g l a s s t h a t i st y p ica l o ft h e l a te R oman p e r iod f r om t h e e nd o ft h e t h i rd c en tu ry o nwa rd s . N o s 7 2 t o7 6 a l c ome f r om t h e h em i sphe r ica l c up s a nd c on ica l b eake r s w h ich w e re t h e c ommone s t d r ink ing v e s se l s o ft h e f o ur th c en tu ry ( I s ing s F o rm s 9 6 a nd 1 06 ; C oo l a nd P r ice 1 995 , 8) . N o . 7 2 i s a n e xamp le o f ac up d eco ra ted w i th s e lf -co lou red t r a i l s , as t y le t h a t a ppea r s t o h ave b een f a sh ionab le i nt h e m id t ol a te f o ur th c en tu ry ( Coo l 1 995 , 1 2 ) . T he b a se f r agmen t n o . 7 7 i sl i ke ly t oh ave c ome f r om af unne l -mou thed j ug a st h e se o f t en h ave t h i s f o rm o f h i gh p ushed in b a se r i ng a nd n o . 7 8 m ay a l so h ave c ome f r om s uch av e s se l a st h e c omb ina t ion o ft h ick a nd t h in t r a i l s i s an o tu ncommon d eco ra t ive mo t if o nt h e i rn eck s . T he a s semb lage f r om F . 77 l e ve l 1a l so p roduced o ne f r agmen t f r om a v e ry u nu sua l f o ur th c en tu ry m ou ld b l own v e s se l ( no . 7 9 ) . T h is s ma l l f r agmen t r e ta in s p a r t s o f f i ve w ide r i b s w h ich m ay b e p a r t o f a n a r cade p a t te rn . T h i s , t o ge the r w i th t h e v e ry s ha l low c u rve t h a t t h e f r agmen t r e ta ins , s ugge s t s t h a t i tm ay h ave c ome f r om al a rge s ha l low b ow l l i ke t h o se f r om D o r che s te r ( Coo l a nd H ende r son 1 993 ) a nd B ead lam , N o r th Y o rk sh i re ( P r ice a nd C o t tam 1 995 , f i g . 2 1 .1) . T he se a r e n o t c ommon f i nd s , a nd t h e o n ly R omanoB r i t ish s i t e s t oh ave p roduced f r agmen t s o t he r t h an t h e t wo n o ted a r e F roce s te r C our t , G louce s te r a nd W inche s te r ( i b id 2 36 ) . T he se f r agmen t s h ave n o t b een f o und i nc l o se ly d a t ed c on tex t s , b u ta tp r e sen t i ts e ems l i ke ly t h a tt h ey b e long t ot h e m id t ol a te f o ur th c en tury ( i b id ,2 38 ) . C on ta iner s T he o n ly c on ta ine r f o rms t h a t a r e r e p r e sen ted i n t h i s a s semb lage a r e t h e ,u b iqu i tous b l ue /g reen b o t t le s o f I s ing s F o rms 5 0 a nd 5 1 ( Coo l a nd P r ice 1 995 , 1 79 ) . T he se a r e r e p re sen ted b y f r agmen t s f r om t h e u ppe r p a r t s ( no s . 6 7 -8 , 9 3 -5 14 -5 ) , t h ree b ody a nd b a se f r agmen t s f r om s qua re b o t t le s ( no s . 8 6 , 9 8 , 16 ) , o ne b ody f r agmen t f r om a c y l ind r ica l b o t t le ( no . 1 06 ) a nd n i ne f r agmen t s f r om n on s pec if ic p r isma t ic b o t t le s ( no s . 4 8 , 6 9 -7 1 , 8 7 , 9 6 -7 , 9 9 , 17 ) . C y l ind r ica l b o t t le s w e re i n u se d u r ing t h e f i r s t a nd e a r ly s e cond c en tu r ie s , s qua re a nd o t he r p r i sma t ic b o t t le s c on t inued i nu se u n t i l t h e e nd o ft h ec en tu ry .

1 5 2

5 1

7

4 6

5 5

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7 8

7 3

7 4

7 2

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19 1 20

F ig . 1 04 . C lass . N os . 4 6 -84 , 9 6 , S c . 1 : 2 . N os . 7 9 -118 , 1 20 , S c . 1 : 1 .

2 41

C a ta logue 5 6 .

B a se f r agmen t . C o lour le ss . S o l id p ushed in b a se r i ng ; s i de a nd b a se m iss ing . BD 6 0 .

5 7 .

B ody f r agmen t . C o lou r le ss . S t ra igh t s i de , l whee l -cu t l i ne . D im . 1 4 x1 8 , WT 1 . 5 .

5 8 .

6c o lou r le ss b ody f r agmen t s .

5 9 .

B eake r , r im f r agmen t . B lue /g reen . C urved r im , e dge c r acked o f fs moo th ly b u t n o t g round ; c onvex -curved s i de . A b raded b and i mmed ia te ly b e low r im e dge a nd o ne o n u ppe r b ody . RD 9 0 , WT 1 ,P H 1 6 . ( P robab ly t h e s ame v e sse l a sn os . 6 0 a nd 8 4 ) .

6 0 .

B ody f r agmen t . B lue /g reen . C onvex -curved s i de . A b raded b and . D im . 2 2 x1 4 , WT 1 .( P robab ly t h e s ame v e s se l a sn o s . 5 9 a nd 8 4 ) .

6 1 .

H em isphe r ica l c up , r im f r agmen t . B lue /g reen . C u rved r im , e dge c r acked o f f s moo th ly b u t n o t g round ; c onvex -cu rved s i de . A b raded b and o n u ppe r b ody . RD 8 0 , WT 1 . 5 , P H 1 6 , ( EVE 0 . 4 ) .

6 2 .

J ug , h and le f r agmen t . B lue /g reen . U ppe r p ar t o f a ngu la r r i bbon h and le r e ta in ing f o lded u ppe r a t tachmen t . W id th o fh and le 2 8 , ( EVE 0 . 14 ) .

6 3 .

J ug o r b o t t le , h and le f r agmen t . B lue /g reen . E dge o f a ngu la r r i bbon h and le r e ta in ing p a r t o fr i b . D im . 2 8 x 2 2 , ( EVE 0 . 2 ) .

6 4 .

B o t t le o r j ug , e dge o f h and le f r agmen t . B lue /g reen . L eng th 8 .

6 5 .

B ody f r agmen t . B lue /g reen . T h ick t r a i led r i b ; h ea t a f f ec ted . D im . 1 8 x1 7 , WT 2 .

6 6 .

8 b l ue /g reen b ody f r agmen t s , o ne m e l ted , a nd 4 b l ue /g reen c h ips .

6 7 .

B o t t le , a ngu la r r e eded h and le f r agmen t . B lue /g reen . D im . 1 8 x1 7 , ( EVE 0 . 14 ) .

T ubu la r r immed b ow l , r im f r agmen t . L igh t y e l low /b rown . V e r t ica l r im b en t o u t a nd d own . RD 1 60 , WT 1 ,P H 1 , ( EVE 0 . 2 ) .

6 8 .

B o t t le , r e eded h and le f r agmen t . B lue /g reen . D im . 2 4 x 2 3 , ( EVE 0 . 14 ) .

C y l ind r ica l c up ; r im f r agmen t . L igh t g reen , i n turned

6 9 .

P r isma t ic b o t t le , b ase f r agmen t . B lue /g reen . B a se d e s ign - a t l e a s t 3c oncen t r ic c i rcu la r mou ld ing s . D iame te ro fc ur ren to u te r mou ld ing 6 5 . ( EVE 0 . 14 ) .

7 0 .

P r isma t ic b o t t le , b a se f r agmen t . B lue /g reen . B a se d e s ign -p a r t o f 1c i rcu la r mou ld ing . H ea t a f f ec ted . D im . 2 4 x1 8 , ( EVE 0 . 14 ) .

s ame v esse l a sn o . 5 2 ) .

7 1 .

2 2 b l ue /g reen p r isma t ic b o t t le b ody f r agmen t s , o ne m e l ted .

J ug , h and le f r agmen t . L igh t g reen ; e l onga ted b ubb le s a nd i mpur i t ies . E dge o fr i bbon h and le b roken a ts i de o fp rom inen ts ha rp r i b . D im . 1 9 x1 4 , ( EVE 0 . 14 ) .

7 2 .

H em isphe r ica l c up , 2j o in ing l ower b ody a nd b a se f r agmen t s . L igh t g reen ish c o lou r le s s b ubb ly . C onvex c urved b ody ; c oncave b a se ; p a r t o f c urved s e lf c o lou red t r a i l . BD c . 5 0 -60 , WT 1 . 5 , P H 3 7 , ( EVE 0 . 4 ) .

A bbrev ia t ion s P H . . .P re sen th e igh t RD . . .R im D iame te r BD . . .Ba se D iame te r WT . . . Wa l l t h icknes s D im . .D imens ions A l l m ea suremen t sa r e i nm i l l ime t re s . T he E s t ima ted V e sse l E qu iva len t( EVE ) m ea suremen t s q uo ted f o l low t h em e thod o u t l ined i nC oo l a nd B ax te rf o r thcom ing . F .72 l e ve l2 4 6 .

C y l indr ica l b eake r ' 7 , b ody f r agmen t . L igh t g reen . S t ra igh t s i de ; 2 w ide w hee l -cu t g roove s w i th a b ra s ions o n e i the r s i de . D im . 4 2 x 1 9 , WT 1 . ( P robab ly t h e s ame v e s se l a sn o . 4 9 b e low ) .

F . 72 l e ve l 1 4 7 .

2b l ue /g reen b ody f r agmen t s .

4 8 .

2b l ue /g reen p r isma t ic b o t t le b ody f r agmen t s .

F . 75 4 9 .

C y l indr ica l b eake r ? , b ody f r agmen t . L igh t g reen . S t ra igh t s i de ; 1w ide w hee l -cu t g roove w i th a b ra s ions o n e i the r s i de a nd t r ace s o fa b ra s ions b y o ne b roken e dge , p robab ly b o rde r ing as e cond g roove . D im . 3 0 x 2 2 , WT 1 . ( P robab ly t h e s ame v e s se l a s n o . 4 6 a bove . ) .

F .76 5 0 .

B ody f r agmen t . B lue /g reen . S t ra igh t s i de ; 2 o p t ic b l own r i b s . D im . 2 8 xI 0 , WT 1 . 5 .

F . 77 l e ve l 1 5 1 .

5 2 .

r im , e dge c r acked o f f a nd g round ; w ide w hee l -cu t g roove b e low r im e dge . RD c . 7 0 , WT 1 , P H 1 0 , ( EVE 0 . 2 ) . ( P robab ly t h e s ame v e sse l n o . 5 3) . 5 3 .

5 4 .

5 5 .

C y l ind r ica l c up ( ? ) , b ody f r agmen t . L igh t g reen . S l igh t ly c onvex -curved s i de ; w ide w hee l -cu t g roove . D im . 1 6 x 2 2 , WT 1 . 5 . ( EVE 0 . 2 ) . ( P robab ly t h e

C y l ind r ica l c up , r im f r agmen t . C o lou r less . V e r t ica l r im , e dge f i re th ickened . RD 8 0 , WT 1 ,P H 1 6 , ( EVE 0 . 2 ) . 2 42

7 3 .

H em i sphe r ica l c up , l owe r b ody a nd b a se f r agmen t , P a le g reen ish c o lour less b ubb ly . C onvex -curved s i de , c oncave b a se . BD 4 5 . WT 1 . 5 , PH 1 0 , ( EVE 0 . 4 ) .

7 4 .

C on ica l b eake r , l owe r b ody a nd b a se f r agmen t . P a le g reen ish c o lour less b ubb ly . S t ra igh t s i de s l op ing i n to e dge o fc oncave b a se . BD c .4 0 , WT 1 ,P H 1 6 ( EVE 0 . 2 ) .

7 5 .

3b ody f r agmen t s . L igh t g reen ish b ubb ly . C onvex c urved s i de w i th a b raded b ands .

7 6 .

B a se f r agmen t . L igh t g r een b ubb ly . C oncave b a se . BD 4 0 , WT2 .

7 7 .

J ug ?b a se f r agmen t . P a le g r een ish c o lour les s b ubb ly . P ushed in b a se r i ng w i th h o l low t ube a te nd . D im . 1 8 x1 2 ,( EVE 0 . 14 ) . J ug ?n eck f r agmen t . C o lou r le ss b ubb ly . S t ra igh ts i de . 1t h ick a nd 1t h in t r a i ls . D im . 2 9 x1 6 , WT 3 . 5 .

7 8 .

7 9 .

8 0 .

8 1 .

j unc t ion o f o ve rhang a nd r im a nd e dge o fo ve rhang . D im . ( l a rge s t f r agmen t ) 2 3 x2 0 , r im t h ickne s s 3 . ( EVE 0 . 2 ) . 8 9 .

3l i gh ty e l low /g reen b ody f r agmen t s , o ne m e l ted .

F .79 l e ve l3

B ody f r agmen t . P a le g reen ish c o lou r les s b ubb ly . S l igh t ly c onvex c urved . S ha l low mou ld b l own p a t te rn -5v e r t ica l r i b s p os s ib ly w i th h o r izon ta l r i b a tb roken e dge . D im . 2 0 x1 2 , WT 0 . 15 . B ody f r agmen t . P a le g reen ish c o lou r le s s b ubb ly . c onvex -cu rved . S p ira l o p t ic b l own c o r ruga ted r i bb ing . D im . 2 4 x1 7 , WT 1 .

9 0 .

J ug o r f l a sk ; n eck f r agmen t . B lue /g reen . C y l ind r ica l n eck . L eng th 4 1 , WT 2 .

9 1 .

B ody f r agmen t . B lue /g reen . C onvex c urved o p t ic b l own r i bs . Mm . 2 1 x1 5 , WT 1 05 .

9 2 .

5b l ue /g reen b ody f r agmen t s , t wo h ea t a f f ec ted , o ne m e l ted l ump .

9 3 .

B o t t le , r im f r agmen t . B lue /g reen . R im b en t o u t , u p a nd i n . RD 5 5 . ( EVE 0 . 14 ) .

9 4 .

B o t t le , n eck f r agmen t . B lue /g reen . C y l ind r ica l n eck . ( EVE 0 . 14 ) .

9 5 .

B o t t le , s hou lde rf r agmen t . B lue /g reen . ( EVE 0 . 14 ) .

9 6 .

P r isma t ic b o t t le , b a se f r agmen t . B lue /g reen . B a se d es ign - a t l e a s t 2 c oncen t r ic c i rcu la r mou ld ing . D iame te ro fp r esen to u te r mou ld ing 5 0 . ( EVE 0 . 14 ) .

9 7 .

P r isma t ic b o t t le , b a se f r agmen t . B lue /g reen . B a se d es ign -a tl e a s t 2c oncen t r ic c i rcu la r mou ld ing . D im . 2 5 x1 2 .

9 8 .

2b l ue /g reen s qua re b o t t le b ody f r agmen t s .

9 9 .

4b l ue /g reen p r isma t ic b o t t le b ody f r agmen t s o ne h ea t a f f ec ted .

3 2 f o ur th c en tury g reen ish c o lou r le s s b ubb ly b ody f r agmen t s .

s i de ;

F .78 87 .

B ody f r agmen t . L igh ty e l low /g reen .

8 3 .

F ace t -cu t b eaker , l owe r b ody f r agmen t . C o lour le s s . E x te r io r g round . S t ra igh t s i de w i th 4 r ows o f o va l f a ce t s s e t c l ose ly t oge the r i n q u incunx t o f o rm d i amonds ; l owe r b ody s l ope s i na nd g round t o l e ave f a ce t -cu t z one a s r a ised a r ea . D im . 5 0 x2 9 , WT 3 , ( EVE 0 . 4 ) .

F .80 1 00 .

J a r o rj ug , b a se f r agmen t . L igh t y e l low /b rown . L owe r b ody s l op ing i n t o o pen p ushed i n b a se r i ng . B a se m is s ing . WT 1 . 5 , P H 1 2 , ( EVE 0 . 14 ) .

F .8 1 8 4 .

I n den ted b eake r . B lue /g reen . C u rved r im , e dge c r acked o f fs moo th ly b u t n o t g round ; c onvex -curved s i de ; b roken a t t op o f i n den ta t ion . A b raded b and i mmed ia te ly b e low r im e dge a nd o n u ppe r b ody . RD 9 0 , WT 1 , P H 2 5 ( EVE 0 . 4 ) . ( P robab ly t h e s ame v e s se l a sn os . 5 9 a nd 6 0 ) .

8 5 .

B ody f r agmen t . B lue /g reen . S t ra igh t s i de . A b raded b and . D im . 2 5 x1 9 , WT 1 .

8 6 .

S qua re b o t t le , b ody f r agmen t . B lue /g reen .

8 7 .

2b l ue /g reen p r isma t ic b o t t le b ody f r agmen t s .

1 0 1 .

B a se f r agmen t . Y e l low /g reen . P a r t o fc oncave b a se w i th c en t ra l k i ck . D im . 2 3 x2 2 , WT 1 . 5 .

1 02 .

B ody f r agmen t . Y e l low /g reen . C onvex -cu rved s i de ; s p ira l r i bs . D im . 4 2 x2 0 , WT 1 .

1 03 .

3y e l low /g reen h ea ta f f ec ted b ody f r agmen t s .

1 04 .

J ug , h and le f r agmen t . Y e l low /g reen . P a r t o fa ngu la r r i bbon h and le w i th c en t ra l r i b . L eng th 3 , ( EVE 0 . 14 ) .

1 05 .

4b l ue /g reen b ody f r agmen t s .

1 06 .

C y l indr ica l b o t t le , s hou lde r B lue /g reen . ( EVE 0 . 28 ) .

F . 79 l e ve l 1 8 8 .

B ow l , 3 r im a nd b ody f r agmen t s . C o lou r le s s ; s t ra in -c racked . C a s t , s u rf ace s g round a nd p o l ished . W ide r im w i th o ve rhang ; s l igh t r i dge g round -ou t a t 2 43

a nd

s i de

f r agmen t .

8 . 5cm 2.

B lack l e ve ls a bove l a te s t p av ing 1 07 .

B ody f r agmen t . L igh ty e l low /g reen .

1 22 .

1 08 .

B ody f r agmen t . P a le g r een . H ea ta f f ec ted .

F .78

1 09 .

B ody f r agmen t . C o lou r le ss .

1 23 .

10 .

T ubu la r r immed b ow l , r im f r agmen t . B lue /g reen . ? S l igh t ly o u t -ben t r im , e dge b en t o u t a nd d own . RD c .

F . 79 l e ve l3

1 50 , P H 1 2 , ( EVE 0 . 2 ) .

1 24 .

11 .

1 2b l ue /g reen b ody f r agmen t s , o ne m e l ted .

12 .

J ug o rb o t t le ; s hou lde r

1c o lou r le ss f r agmen t . A r ea 2 . 5cm 2 .

1f r agmen t . A rea 4 cm 2 .

1f r agmen t . A rea 8 cm 2 .

R ef erences

13 .

C oo l , H .E .M . , 1 995 . ' G la ss v es se ls o ft h e f our th a nd e a r ly f i f th c en tury i n R oman B r i ta in ' , i n F oy , D . ( e d ) L e V er re d e /' A n t iqu i té t a rd ive e t d u H au t Moyen A ge ( Ce rgy -Pon to ise ) , 1 -23 .

J ug o r b o t t le , h and le f r agmen t . B lue /g reen . E dge o f s t ra igh t h and le b roken a l ong p rom inen t r i b . D im . 1 9 xP .

14 .

B o t t le , r im f r agmen t .

B lue /g reen .

C oo l , H .E .M . a nd B ax te r , M .J . , f o r thcom ing , ' Quan t if y ing g l a s s a s semb lages ' , A nna /e s d u 1 3e C ongr& s d e l ' Assoc ia t ion I n terna t iona le p our l 'H i s to i re d u V er re

R im b en t o u t , u p ,

i na nd f l a t tened . RD 5 0 , ( EVE 0 . 2 ) . 15 .

B o t t le , n eck f r agmen t . a nd s hou lde r .

B lue /g reen .

J unc t ion o fn eck

16 .

S qua re b o t t le , l owe r b ody a nd c o rne r f r agmen t . B lue /g reen . P H 1 0 ,( EVE 0 . 14 ) .

17 .

7b l ue /g reen p r isma t ic b o t t le f r agmen t s .

C oo l , E LE M . , a nd H ende r son , J . , 1 993 . ' An u nusüa l f our th c en tury b ow l f r om D o rches te r , D o r se t , E ng land ' , J ourna lo fG la ss S tud ie s3 5 , 1 45 -9 .

o f b a se

C oo l , H .E .M . , L loyd - Mo rgan , G . a nd H oo ley , A .D . , 1 995 . F i nds f r om t h e F o r t res s , A rchaeo logy o f Y ork 1 7 / 10 ( Yo rk ) .

C lass a nd f r i t o b jec ts C oo l , H .E .M . a nd P r ice , J . , 1 995 . R oman g la s s v es se l s f rom e xcava t ions a t C o lche s te r 1 971 -1985 , C o lches te r A rchaeo log ica l R epor t 8( Co lche s te r )

Two o ft h e o b jec t s , t h e m e lon b ead n o . 18 a nd t h e c oun te r n o . 1 99 , b e long t o t h e f i r s t t o m id -second c en tu ry p e r iod . T he h a ir -p in n o . 1 20 w ou ld h ave b een u sed d u r ing t h e f our th c en tu ry .

l s ing s ,

C . , 1 957 . R oman g la s s f rom d a ted f i nd s , A rchaeo log ica l T ra iec t ina 2 ,( Gron ingen /D jakar ta )

F . 77 l e ve l3 h 18 .

Me lon b ead .

T urquo ise f i t .

O l ive r , A . , 1 984 . ' Ea r ly R oman f a ce ted g l a ss ' , J ourna l o f G la ss S tud ie s2 6 , 3 5 -58 .

C omp le te . L eng th 1 2 ,

d i ame te r 1 4 , p e rf o ra t ion d i ame te r5 . B lack l e ve ls a bove l a te s t p av ing 19 .

C oun te r . V e ry d a rk g l a s s a ppea r ing b l ack . P l anoc onvex w i th p i t ted b a se . D iame te r 2 0 x1 9 , t h ickne s s 7 .

H a ir -p in . S phe r ica l

P a le g reen ish c o lour les s b ubb ly g l a ss . h ead , s l igh t ly t w is ted s qua re -sec t ioned

R esea rch

We lke r , E . , 1 974 . D ie r öm i schen G lä ser v on N ida H edd ernhe im , S chr if ten d e s F rankf ur te r Museums f ü r V o r - u nd F rühgesch ich te 8 ,( Bonn ) .

s hank . T ip b roken . L eng th 3 2 , h ead d i ame te r8 . W indow g l ass A l l t h ew indow g l a ss i sc a s t , a nd a l f r agmen t s a r e b l ue /g reen u n le s s o t he rw ise s t a ted b e low . T h is t ype o f w indow g l a s s w a sc ommones td ur ing t h e f i r s tt ot h ird c en tur ie s . F .77 l e ve l 1 . 1 2 1 .

R aymond H aye s a nd D on S pra t t , CBA R epor t 1 0 1 , ( Yo rk ) , 2 35 -42 .

Wed l a ke , W .J . , 1 958 . E xcava t ion s a t C amer ton , S omer se t , ( Ba th )

F . 77 l e ve l 1 1 20 .

P r ice , J .a nd C o t tam , S . , 1 995 . ' La te R oman g l as s b ow ls f r om B ead lam V i l la , Nor th Y o rk sh ire ' , i n V yne r , B . ( e d ) , Moor land Monumen t s : S tud ie s i n t h e A rchaeo logy o f N or th -Ea s t Y ork sh i re i n h onour o f

4 f r agmen t s , 2 w i th r ounded e dges .

T o ta l a r ea 2 44

B one Ob jec t s

T he e xcava t ions p roduced 7 0 o b jec t s o fw o rked b one . I na dd i t ion t ot h o se i l us t ra ted i nF ig s . 1 05 a nd 1 06 , t h e re w e re 2 0 f r agmen t s f r om t h e s haf t s o fp i ns o rn eed le s , o ne l e ng th o fn eed le b roken a tt h e e ye a nd o ne b l ock o fs awn a n t le r , 2 . 3 x2 . 2 x 1 . 6cm . T he b one t y po logy o fC rummy 1 992 i su sed w he re a pp l icab le . 2 8 -31 . P i n s , v a r iou s b ead , r e e l a nd g roove c omb ina t ions . 2 8 ,2 9 . F . 77 l e ve l I . 3 0 , 3 1 . F . 79 l e ve l 3 . 3 2 .C ompa re C rummy F ig . 5 . 2 , n o . 2 55 . O n p av ing a bove F . 75 . 3 , 3 4 .C ompa re C rummy F ig . 5 . 2 , n o s . 2 54 ,2 57 . 3 .F . 77 l e ve l 1 . 3 4 .F . 79 l e ve l 3 . 3 5 -39 . F . 77 l e ve l I . 4 0 . U nusua l i nh av ing as haf t w i th ah exagona l c r o s s s e c t ion . F . 77 l e ve l 1 . 4 1 .F . 79 l e ve l 3 . 4 2 .C ompa re C rummy F i g . 5 . 2 , n o . 2 54 . F . 82 l e ve l 3 . 4 3 .C rummy t ype 2 . F . 79 l e ve l 3 . 4 4 .N eed le . F . 77 l e ve l 1 .

9 -25 .

P i n s , C rummy t y pe 2 . N o . 2 4 i si n c luded a l though t h eh ead i so vo ida l a nd n o tc on ica l . N o . 2 5 h a sf i ve g roove s . 9 . F . 79 l e ve l 3 . 1 0 . F . 82 l e ve l 1 / 3 . 1 . F . 82 l e ve l 3 . R e -po in ted f r om al o nge rp i n . 1 2 , 1 3 . F . 82 l e ve l 3 . 1 4 , 1 5 .F .79 l e ve l 3 . 1 6 .F . 77 l e ve l 1 . 1 7 .F . 79 l e ve l 3 . 1 8 -20 . F . 77 l e ve l 1 . 2 1 .F . 82 l e ve l 1 / 3 . 2 2 .O n p av ing a bove F . 75 . 2 3 .T ip o fp i n b roken o f f . F . 79 l e ve l 3 . 2 4 . F . 77 l e ve l 1 . 2 5 .A bove p aved s u rf ace i mmed ia te ly s ou th o fr o ad . 2 6 ,2 7 .P i ns ,C rummy t y pe 3 . B o th F . 77 l e ve l I .

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