The Pulitzer Prize Archive. Volume 4 Political Editorial 1916-1988: From War-related Conflicts to Metropolitan Disputes [Reprint 2012 ed.] 9783110972290, 9783598301742

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THE PULITZER PRIZE ARCHIVE A History and Anthology of Award-winning Materials in Journalism, Letters, and Arts

Series Editor: Heinz-Dietrich Fischer Ruhr University, Bochum Federal Republic of Germany PART B: OPINION JOURNALISM

Volume 4

KGSaur München · London · New York Paris 1990

Political Editorial

1916-1988

From War-related Conflicts to Metropolitan Disputes

Edited with general and special introductions by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer in cooperation with Erika J. Fischer

KGSaur München · London · New York Paris 1990

Gefördert durch Dietrich Oppenberg aus Mitteln der Stiftung Pressehaus N R Z Essen

CIP-Titelaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek T h e Pulitzer prize archive : a history a n d anthology of awardw i n n i n g materials in journalism, letters, and arts / ser. ed.: Heinz-Dietrich Fischer. — M ü n c h e n ; L o n d o n ; N e w Y o r k ; Paris : Saur. I S B N 3-598-301 70-7 N E : Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich [Hrsg.] V o l . 4 : Pt. B, O p i n i o n journalism. Political editorial 1 9 1 6 1 9 8 8 : f r o m war-related conflicts to metropolitan disputes / ed. with general a n d special introd. b y Heinz-Dietrich Fischer in cooperation with E r i k a J. Fischer. — 1 9 9 0 . I S B N 3-598-301 74-X

Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier / Printed on acid-free paper

Alle Rechte vorbehalten / All Rights Strictly Reserved K . G. Saur Verlag G m b H & Co. K G , M ü n c h e n 1 9 9 0 Printed in the Federal Republic of G e r m a n y by W S Druckerei Werner S c h a u b r u c h , M a i n z B o u n d by Buchbinderei S c h a u m a n n , Darmstadt Cover Design by M a n f r e d L i n k , M ü n c h e n I S B N 3 - 5 9 8 - 3 0 1 7 4 - X (Vol. 4 ) I S B N 3 - 5 9 8 - 3 0 1 7 0 - 7 (Complete Set)

Ν

PREFACE

Whereas the preceding volumes three main reporting

in this series concentrated on the

categories of the

Pulitzer Prize system -

international, national and local reporting - the focus now changes to the field of opinion journalism. This particular volume covers the most traditional

category

in this

field, namely "Editorial

Writing," for which prizes were already awarded in 1917. According to Joseph Pulitzer's will, this prize was

to be awarded to "the

best editorial article written during the previous year." He went on to make the following specifications: "For distinguished editorial writing in a United States newspaper, published daily, Sunday or at least once a week, during the year, the test of excellence being clearness of style, moral purpose, sound reasoning, and power to influence public opinion

in the right direction." In 1928 the

wording of the last part of the sentence was changed to "power to influence public opinion

in what the writer conceives to be the

right direction." Although Joseph Pulitzer originally intended the award to be given to the best individual editorial in any one year, the emphasis today is placed on "the whole volume of the writer's editorial work during

the year." To avoid any misinterpretations

the Pulitzer Prize plan of award contains the following restrictions: "Exhibits... are limited to. . . ten... editorials... Exhibits must be presented

in scrapbooks... to make clear the full scope

and impact the material entered. .. The Pulitzer Prize Board requires that any entry which exceeds the limits on article number... be revised

to conform the entry requirements before it can be given

jury consideration." The editors would like to thank a number of people contributions

for their

to the realization of this book. Permission to re-

print these award-winning editorials was kindly given by Linda M. Arnold (The Wall Street Journal) , E. Terry Ausenbaugh (Omaha World-

VI Herald), Richard F. Barry III (The Virginian-Pilot, Norfolk, Va.) , William B. Brown (The Advertiser, Montgomery, Ala.)»

Charles F.

Bryan Jr. (St. Louie Globe-Democrat) , J. Stewart Bryan III (Richmond Times-Dispatch), Elsie Carper (The Washington Post), Ron Cunningham (The Sun, Gainesville, Fla.) , Β. Dale Davis (Santa Barbara News-Press), Charles A. Ferguson (The Times-Picayune, New Orleans, La.), Charles Fischer (Delta Democrat-Times, Greenville, Miss.), James P. Gannon Kansas City

(The Dee Moines Register) , Alvin Goldberg (The

Star),

Ark.), Leonard

Paul Greenberg

R. Harris

(The Commercial,

(The Hew York Times),

Pine Bluff,

Jane Healy (The

Orlando Sentinel) , Joanne Heumann (The Courier-Journal, Louisville, Ky.), William A. Hilliard (The Oregonian, Portland, Or.), Edward L. Hoffman (The Trentonian, Trenton, N.J.) , James Höge (Daily News, New York), Gary J. Holland (The Mississippi Press Register, Pascagoula, Miss.), Larry Jinks (Knight-Ridder newspapers, Miami, Fla.), Bill Kovach (The Atlanta Constitution), CharlesH. Land (The News, Tuscaloosa, Ala.), Everett Landers (Reno Gazette-Journal) , David Lawrence Jr.

(Detroit Free Press), Christine

P. Lemon (Interna-

tional Herald-Tribune, New York),L. A. Leser (Soripps-Howard Newspapers, Cincinnati, Oh.), Peter Manigault (The News

and

Courier,

Charleston, S.C.), John Daniell Maurice (Daily Mail, Charleston, W. Va.), Lawrence K. Miller (The Berkshire

Eagle,

Pittsfield,

Mass.), John J. Monaghan (The Journal-Bulletin, Providence, R.I.), Neil Morgan

(The Tribune,

San Diego, Cal.), Reg Murphy (The Sun,

Baltimore, Md.), Hugh B. Patterson Jr. (Arkansas Gazette, Little Rock), Cheryl

Preston

(Los Angeles

Times),

Joseph Pulitzer Jr.

(St. Louis Poet-Dispatch), Patrick J. Purcell (The Boston Herald), William Riesche

(Chicago Tribune) , Albert Scardino (Georgia Ga-

zette , Savannah), F. H. Simpson

(News-Telegraph, Atlantic, la.),

Hazel Brannon Smith (The Advertiser, Lexington, Miss.), Stalberg (Philadelphia Daily News), Edward M.

Storin

Zachary

(The Miami

Herald), Nancy A. Taylor (The Globe-Times, Bethlehem, Pa.), Paul D. Walker

(The Gazette, Emporia, Kan.), Pat Waters (The Tribune,

Fremont, Neb.), F. T. Weaver (Citizen-Patriot, Jackson, Mich.) and John A. Zerbe (The Star, San Juan, P.R.). Specialised reference information and other forms of assistance were kindly provided by Stephen Allard (World-Herald, Omaha, Neb.), Mary Allely

(San Diego Public Library), Richard Aregood (Phila-

VII delphia Daily News), Jo Ellen Arn Ann

E.

Billesbach

(Nebraska

Beverly

Bitely

Brislin

(The Tribune,

can Council

(Reference

on

(News-Telegraph,

State

Historical Society, Lincoln) ,

Researcher,

Pine

Chinitz

Ark.),

New York),

Nancy

Carter

A.

(The News,

(Delta Democrat-Times,

(Kanawha

of

Archives

County

Public

and

History,

Library,

(District

Tuscaloosa,

New Orleans), Phil

Jackson),

Charleston,

Gene

(The Ameri-

Buckland

(News-Telegraph , Atlantic, la.) , Sara S.Clark

Department Dabney

W.

Bluff,

Scranton, Penn.) , Carroll Brown

Germany,

Library, Jackson, Mich.), Brenda Carpenter Ala.), Billy

Atlantic, la.),

(Mississippi

Victoria

D.

Cox

W. Va.), Virginius

(Times-Dispatch, Richmond, Va.) , B. Darden (The Constitution,

Atlanta, Michigan,

Ga.),

Susanna

L. Davidsen

Lansing), Victoria

and

Dulaney

Judith

Dow

(Library of

(California State Library,

Sacramento) , Anne Ellison (Mid-Mississippi Regional Library System, Kosciusko) , Jonathan Freedman (San Diego Tribune) , Karen Furey (The American Council on Germany, New York) , Bonnie Geer (Gadsden, Ala.), Maggie Gentilcore

(Chicago Tribune),

Jill

Grisco (The Washington

Post) , Ann Haller

(Douglas County Historical Society, Omaha, Neb.),

Jim Hampton (The Miami Herald) , Anne E. Harvey (The New York Times') , Larry Heinzerling (The Associated

Press , New York) , Barbara Henckel

(The White House, Washington, D.C.) , Dianne Hoffman Herald-Tribune , New York) , Ann Kinken Johnson Norfolk), Carole L. Keith (Gazette-Journal,

(The

(International Virginian-Pilot,

Reno, Nev.), Karen J.

Laughlin (State Historical Society of Iowa, Iowa City) , Frank Lesage (The Oregonian,

Portland, Or.), Roger

Eagle, Pittsfield,

Mass.),

B. Linscott

(The Berkshire

Anne Lipscomb (Mississippi Department

of Archives and History, Jackson), Glenn V. Longacre

(Ohio Histor-

ical Society, Columbus) , Charles S. Longley (Boston Public Library) , Ralph L. Lowenstein

(University of Florida, Gainesville), Maureen

Matzen (The Oregonian,

Portland), Gordon

C. Morse (Office of the

Governor of Virginia, Richmond), Elaine Owens (Mississippi Department

of

Archives

and

History,

Jackson),

Jane E. Roose (Detroit

Free Press) , John Rothman (The New York Times) , Susan Siebler (Keene Memorial

Library,

Fremont,

Neb.),

Patricia

K.

Sloan

Legislative Reference Library, Lincoln) , Jean Strickland

(Nebraska (Jackson-

George Regional Library, Pascagoula, Miss.) , Joan M. Sullivan (Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery), Joe D. Tanner (Georgia Department of Labor, Atlanta), Brenda L. Tatum

(Jef-

VIII ferson County

Library

System, Pine Bluff, Ark.), Eric M. Wedig

(Tulane University Libraries, New Orleans, La.), Sylvia Weissbrodt (U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C.) and Arthur M. Wilcox (The News and Courier, Charleston, S.C.). We would Christopher

also like to express our

thanks

to Mr.

Robert C.

and Mr. Edward M. Klrment (Pulitzer Prize Office at

Columbia University, New York). Both were extremely

helpful

in

providing basic information and background materials on the annual award system. In Germany, also several persons were engaged in the preparation of this book: Mrs . Brigitte Keller-Hüschemenger

(United

States Information Services at the U.S. Embassy, Bonn) did some reference research. In the Department of Journalism and Communication at Ruhr University, Bochum, Mrs. Ingrid Dickhut cared for the typography and layout of the volume, and she also prepared the index. Mr. Oliver Krems, Μ.A., translated the introductory chapter which kindly was revised by Mrs. Rosie Jackson (K. G. Saur Verlag, Munich). Mrs. Ulrike G. Wahl, Μ.Α., not only formulated new headlines of the

reprinted

final proofreading

editorial articles but she also did the

of the whole book. Professor David

Galloway

made some very valuable suggestions, and Mr. Johannes Dedek helped in many ways to have access to various source materials. Mr. Dietrich Oppenberg (publisher of the Neue Ruhr/Rhein Zeitung, Essen) again gave

some

financial

support to cunduct time-consuming re-

search activities both in Germany and abroad. Bochum, FRG June, 1990

E.J.F.-H.-D.F.

IX

CONTENTS

PREFACE

Ν

INTRODUCTION By Heinz-Dietrich Fischer, Ruhr-Universität

XIX Bochum

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PULITZER PRIZE FOR EDITORIAL WRITING

XIX

SELECTIONS FROM AWARD-WINNING ENTRIES REMARKS ABOUT THE SELECTIONS CRITERIA

Ι 2

A B O U T MILITANT PATRIOTISM IN 1916 By Frank H. Simonds, New York Tribune

3

GERMAN WAR ATROCITIES ARE AN ATTACK UPON CIVILIZATION A B O U T WAR CONSEQUENCES IN 1917 By Henry Watterson, The Courier-Journal,

..

9 Louisville

IDEA OF PACIFISM IN TIMES OF EMERGENCY MEANS TREASON ... A B O U T NO TOPIC IN 1918 By Nobody, No Newspaper BOARD MEMBERS

10 15

or News

Agency

IN SPRING 1919 VOTING FOR 'NO AWARD*

ABOUT LYNCHING PRACTICES IN 1919 By Harvey E. Newbranch, Morning World-Herald,

16 IT

Omaha

LAW EMBODIES THE ONLY PROTECTION AGAINST RIOTS AND VIOLENCE A B O U T NO TOPIC IN 1920 By Nobody, No Newspaper

4

18 23

or News

Agency

BOARD MEMBERS IN SPRING 1921 VOTING FOR 'NO AWARD'

24

χ ABOUT SYMBOLIC ACTIONS IN 1921 By Frank M. O'Brien, The New York Herald DUTY AND HONOR REPRESENT THE WELLSPRINGS OF VICTORY

25

ABOUT BASIC RIGHTS IN 1922 By William A. White, The Emporia

29

Gazette

FREEDOM OF SPEECH IS FUNDAMENTAL TO JUSTICE AND PEACE .. ABOUT CALVIN COOLIDGE IN 1923 By Frank W. Buxton, The Boston

30 31

Herald

HOW TO BECOME PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES ABOUT REGIONAL MENTALITY IN 1924 By Robert Lathan, The News and Courier,

32 35

Charleston

POLITICAL INEFFICIENCY OF SOUTHERN STATES IS PERILOUS .. ABOUT POOR CITIZEN IN 1925 By Edward M. Kingsbury, The New York

ABOUT DEATH PENALTY IN 1926 By F. Lauriston Bullard, The Boston

Times

« 44 ^ Advertiser

EXECUTIVE POWER KEEPS RATHER QUIET IN VIEW OF OUTRAGES . ABOUT LYNCHING PROCEDURE IN 1928 By Louis I. Jaffe, Virginian-Pilot

40

Herald

INCONGRUOUS VERDICTS OF GUILT CALL FOR TOTAL CLEARING UP ABOUT ALABAMA LAWS IN 1927 By Grover C. Hall, The Montgomery

36 39

THE DISTRESSED NEED SOCIETY'S GENEROUS HELP AND CHARITY

48 SI

and Norfolk

Landmark

RACIAL TENSIONS HAVE TO BE OUTLAWED TO STOP MOB MURDERS ABOUT NO TOPIC IN 1929 By Nobody, No Newspaper

26

52 55

or News

Agency

BOARD MEMBERS IN SPRING 1930 VOTING FOR 'NO AWARD'

56

XI 57

A B O U T N E B R A S K A P O L I T I C S IN 1 9 3 0 By C h a r l e s S. R y c k m a n , The Fremont

Tribune

E M B I T T E R E D M I D D L E W E S T T A K E S U N U S U A L R E V E N G E ON NATION A B O U T NO T O P I C IN 1 9 3 1 By N o b o d y , No Newspaper BOARD MEMBERS

THE

58 65

or Newa

IN S P R I N G

Agency

1932 V O T I N G

FOR

'NO A W A R D '

66

A B O U T I N T E R N A T I O N A L Q U E S T I O N S IN 1 9 3 2 By H e n r y J. H a s k e l l , The Kansas City Star EUROPE'S CONFLICTING CONTACTS

SELFISH

ABOUT F I N A N C I A L D I F F I C U L T I E S By Edwin P. C h a s e , Atlantic PROSPERITY A B O U T NO T O P I C By N o b o d y , No

CAN ONLY

INTERESTS

LOAD

IN 1 9 3 3 News-Telegraph

BE R E G A I N E D BY T H R I F T A N D H A R D W O R K

74 79

or News

Agency

IN S P R I N G 1 9 3 5 V O T I N G FOR

'NO A W A R D '

A B O U T R O O S E V E L T ' S I N I T I A T I V E S IN 1 9 3 5 By Felix M o r l e y , The Washington Poet··, G e o r g e Scripps-Howard Newspapers P R O G R E S S A N D R E V I V A L W I L L BE A C H I E V E D BY EFFORT ABOUT ELECTION LOSSES

IN 1 9 3 6

By J o h n W. O w e n s , The

Baltimore

EI B.

Parker,

COLLECTIVE

Des

82 87

LACK OF INTELLECT

88 93

IN 1 9 3 7

By W i l l i a m W. W a y m a c k , The

80

Sun

ELECTION CAMPAIGN REVEALS REPUBLICANS' IOWA T R A D I T I O N S

68 73

IN 1 9 3 4 Newspaper

BbARD MEMBERS

ABOUT

MUTUAL

Moines

Register

FOR O N E C E N T U R Y NOW A S E P A R A T E A N D D E M O C R A T I C

STATE

94

XII ABOUT PATRIOTIC FEELINGS IN 1938 By Ronald G. Call vert, The Oregonian

97 , Portland

FUNDAMENTAL DEMOCRATIC VALUES MUST BE KEPT WELL IN MIND ABOUT HITLER'S CONQUESTS IN 1939 By Bart B. Howard, St. Louis Post-Dispatch GERMANY'S RAIDS THREATEN THE CONTINENTAL BALANCE OF POWER ABOUT GROWING TOTALITARIANISM IN 1940 By Reuben Maury, Daily News, New York

ABOUT NATIONAL ESSENTIALS IN 1941 By Geoffrey Parsons, New York Herald-Tribune MILITARY ACTION IS BOUND TO STRENGTHEN THE NATION'S DEFENSES ABOUT EAST ASIA IN 1942 By Forrest W. Seymour, The Des Moines

109

110

116 121

Star 122 127 Journal

FREEDOM OF THE PRESS HINGES ON CLEAR INDEPENDENCE ABOUT JAPANESE-AMERICANS IN 1945 By W. Hodding Carter, The Delta

106

US

LANDING IN NORTH AFRICA BADLY PREPARED BY A D M I N I S T R A T I O N ABOUT WARTIME CENSORSHIP IN 1944 By George W. Potter, The Providence

102

Register

IDEAS IN JAPAN HAVEN'T BEEN ERASED YET

ABOUT AFRICAN BATTLEFIELDS IN 1943 By Henry J. Haskell, The Kansas City

101

105

STATE CONTROL OF INDIVIDUAL AND BUSINESS IS BEING STEPPED UP

BASIC DEMOCRATIC

98

ECONOMIC

128 13

I

Democrat-Times

BRAVE EAST AS IAN-AMERICAN SOLDIERS DESERVE FULL RESPECT ABOUT ECONOMICAL CONDITIONS IN 1 9 4 6 By William H. Grimes, The Wall Street

132 135

Journal

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS REQUIRE A SYSTEM OF CHECKS AND BALANCES

136

XIII 141

A B O U T F O R E I G N A F F A I R S IN 1947 By V i r g i n i u s Dabney, Richmond S H O W D O W N OF N A T I O N A L CONFLICTS A B O U T RELIEF PROGRAMS

Times-Dispatch

INTERESTS

PREVENTS

WORLD-WIDE

IN 1948

By John H. C r i d e r , The Boston The Washington Post

Herald;

Herbert B.

EUROPE'S RECOVERY DEPENDS ON G E N E R O U S A N D AID A B O U T A M E R I C A N HOPES IN 1949 By Carl M. S a u n d e r s , Jackson

Elliston,

WELL-ORGANIZED

ISI

A B O U T C O N S T I T U T I O N A L S U B J E C T S IN 1 9 5 0 By William H. F i t z p a t r i c k , The New Orleans U.N. H U M A N RIGHTS D E C L A R A T I O N MAY NULLIFY FREEDOM A B O U T E X A M I N A T I O N CHEATING By Louis L a C o s s , St. Louis

PUBLIC M O R A L S HAVE BEEN SCANTILY

ISS INDIVIDUAL

TILLED BY POLITICS

156 167 168 173

Street

Journal

P R E S I D E N T OVERSTEPS THE LAW BY A C T I N G ON HIS OWN DISCRETION

174 I7*

A B O U T N A T I O N A L D E F E N S E IN 1 9 5 3 By Don M. M u r r a y , The Boston Herald POLICY DEMANDS G O O D PLANNING OF

A B O U T LABOR C O N F L I C T S IN 1 9 5 4 By Royce Β. Howes, The Detroit

152

States

IN 1 9 5 1 Globe-Demoorat

A B O U T G O V E R N M E N T POWER IN 1 9 5 2 By Vermont C. R o y s t e r , The Wall

146

Citizen-Patriot

PRAYERS FOR PEACE WILL LIFT THE BURDEN OFF A W A R L I K E WORLD

E F F I C I E N T MILITARY RESOURCES

142

180 "5

Free

Press

A FIRM'S RIGHT TO M A N A G E G U A R A N T E E S W E A L T H AND E M P L O Y M E N T

186

XIV A B O U T INVITING R U S S I A N S IN 1 9 5 5 By L a u r e n K. S o t h , The Des Moines E X C H A N G E OF E A S T - W E S T D E L E G A T I O N A B O U T U N I V E R S I T Y U P R O A R IN 1 9 5 6 By J. Buford Boone, The Tuscaloosa A N S W E R TO M O B V I O L A N C E LIES

191 Register INCREASES U N D E R S T A N D I N G

192 195

Hews

IN THE USE O F LAW A N D O R D E R

196

A B O U T I N T E G R A T I O N C R I S E S IN 1 9 5 7 By Harry S. A s h m o r e , Arkansas Gazette F O R C E O F ARMS TROUBLES

199

IS NO PROPER MEANS TO P R E V E N T

RACIAL

200

A B O U T R E L I G I O U S I N T O L E R A N C E IN 1 9 5 8 By Ralph E. M c G i l l , The Atlanta Constitution

205

E X T R E M I S T ' S BOMBINGS ARE A RESULT OF P E O P L E 1 S DEFY ING LAW A B O U T R A C I A L C O N T R O V E R S I E S IN 1959 By L e n o i r C h a m b e r s , The Virginian-Pilot R E S I S T A N C E TO D E S E G R A T I O N SUBDUED

209

IN PUBLIC S C H O O L S

A B O U T C L E R I C A L INFLUENCES IN 1 9 6 0 By W i l l i a m J. D o r v i l l i e r , the San Juan

FINALLY

213 IN D E M O C R A C Y

.

214 219

News-Press

P O L I T I C A L FACTIONS SHOULD DISCLOSE T H E I R R E A L IDENTITY A B O U T R A C I A L I N J U S T I C E IN 1 9 6 2 By Ira B. Harkey J r . , Pascagoula

210

Star

C H U R C H AND STATE H A V E TO BE KEPT S E P A R A T E A B O U T S E C R E T O R G A N I Z A T I O N S IN 1 9 6 1 By T h o m a s M. S t o r k e , Santa Barbara

206

.

220 223

Chronicle

THE S T A T E ' S R E J E C T I O N TO INTEGRATION P R O V O K E S D E M O C R A C Y A B O U T K E N N E D Y ' S A S S A S S I N A T I O N IN 1 9 6 3 By Hazel B. S m i t h , The Lexington Advertiser S O U T H E R N E R S ' P O L I T I C A L FANATISM A B E T S T H E MURDER

224 227

PRESIDENT'S

228

XV A B O U T H O U S I N G R E F O R M S IN 1 9 6 4 By John R. H a r r i s o n , Gainesville

231 Sun

RESPONSIBLE PEOPLE CARE ABOUT DILAPIDATED NEIGHBORHOOD A B O U T S O U T H E A S T A S I A IN 1 9 6 5 By R o b e r t L a s c h , St. Louie

235

A B O U T A T L A N T A T U R M O I L S IN 1 9 6 6 By Eugene C. P a t t e r s o n , The Atlanta

.

239 .

IN 1 9 6 7

John S. K n i g h t , Knight

ABOUT KING'S MURDER

245

IN 1 9 6 8

Paul G r e e n b e r g , Pine

240

Newspapers

Y O U T H A R E F R E E TO E X A M I N E CAUSES OF WAR AND ITS IMMORALITY

By

236

Constitution

INSTEAD OF F I G H T I N G CAN CALM RACIAL RIOTS

ABOUT ANTIWAR ATTITUDES By

232

Post-Dispatch

A M E R I C A HAS TO FACE THE TRUE NATURE OF THE V I E T N A M WAR

ONLY T A L K I N G

.

Bluff

251 Commercial

N O N V I O L E N C E AND H U M A N DIGNITY AS THE BLACK VISION A B O U T J O H N S O N ' S P R E S I D E N C Y IN 1 9 6 9 By Philip L. G e y e l i n , The Washington

PREACHER'S

A B O U T P E A C E F U L D E S E G R E G A T I O N IN 1 9 7 0 By H o r a n c e G. D a v i s J r . , Gainesville

252 255

Post

SEVERAL ACHIEVEMENTS AND FAILURES OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT

256 263

Sun

I N T E G R A T E D S C H O O L S Y S T E M N E E D S E N C O U R A G E M E N T FROM P A R E N T S A B O U T E C O L O G I C A L D A M A G E IN 1 9 7 1 By John S t r o h m e y e r , Bethlehem Globe-Times NO I N D U S T R I A L D E V E L O P M E N T ENVIRONMENT

246

26?

IS W O R T H D E G R A D I N G

THE

268 2 7 3

A B O U T P R E S I D E N T I A L E L E C T I O N S IN 1 9 7 2 By Roger B. L i n s c o t t , The Berkshire Eagle D E P R E C I A T I O N O F M O R A L V A L U E S EARMARKS GOVERNMENT

264

IN F E D E R A L

274

XVI A B O U T A D M I N I S T R A T I O N F A I L U R E S IN 1 9 7 3 By F. G i l m a n S p e n c e r , The Trentonian OFFICIAL CORRUPTION REQUIRES

INDEPENDENT

A B O U T S C H O O L B O O K D I S P U T E S IN 1 9 7 4 By J o h n D. M a u r i c e , Charleston Daily CHILDREN'S EDUCATION

279 INVESTIGATIONS

285 Mail

I N C L U D E S L I B E R A L T H I N K I N G AS W E L L

ABOUT INFORMATION RESTRICTIONS By Philip P. K e r b y , Los Angeles

280

.

IN 1 9 7 5 Times

289

U N I T E D S T A T E S ' C O U R T S S H O U L D BE O P E N TO P U B L I C S C R U T I N Y A B O U T L O C A L C O N T R O V E R S I E S IN 1 9 7 6 By N o r m a n F. C a r d o z a / F o s t e r C h u r c h / W a r r e n L. L e r u d e , State Journal / Reno Evening Gazette

By Meg G r e e n f i e l d , The

295

AND

IN 1 9 7 7

Washington

A B O U T I S R A E L E N G A G E M E N T S IN 1 9 7 8 By Edwin M. Yoder Jr., The Washington

303

A B O U T D E F E N S E P O L I T I C S IN 1 9 7 9 By R o b e r t L. B a r t l e y , The Wall Street

BOARD M E M B E R S

EAST

313 Journal ...

314

Agenay

IN S P R I N G 1981 V O T I N G FOR

POOR DEEPLY

310

319 ov News

A B O U T E C O N O M I C A S P E C T S IN 1 9 8 1 By Jack R o s e n t h a l , The New York THE V E R Y

304 309

IMPLIES B I L A T E R A L T R O O P R E D U C T I O N S

A B O U T NO T O P I C IN 1 9 8 0 By N o b o d y , No Newspaper

....

Star

S H O U L D KEEP A D I S T A N C E F R O M M I D D L E

REAL ARMS CONTROL

296

Post

P O L I T I C A L LEGACY OF A N O U T G O I N G A M E R I C A N P R E S I D E N C Y

U.S. P O L I T I C S AFFAIRS

290

Nevada

P U B L I C O F F I C I A L S M U S T R E S I S T TO I N F L U E N C E OF M O N E Y POWER ABOUT FORD'S ADMINISTRATION

286

'NO A W A R D '

320 321

Times

FEEL THE CUTS

IN S O C I A L S A F E T Y NET

322

XVII A B O U T ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS IN 1982 By Joe 0 g 1 e s b y / R o b e r t A. Rankin/Robert F. Sanchez, Miami Herald HAITIAN REFUGEES

325 The

IN THE U.S. HAVE TO BE TREATED HUMANELY

A B O U T GEORGIA SCANDALS IN 1983 By Albert Scardino, The Georgia

333 Gazette

CORRUPTION EVEN IN STATE GOVERNMENT A B O U T CIA INTERVENTIONS IN 1984 By Richard A r e g o o d , Philadelphia

IS NOT ABOVE THE LAW

Newa

IS DETERMINED TO GO TO ANY

ABOUT C O N S T I T U T I O N A L ISSUES IN 1 9 8 5 By Jack Fuller, Chicago Tribune LEGAL PROBLEMS HAVE TO BE DEALT WITH VERY CAUTIOUSLY

IMMIGRATION REFORM BRINGS FREEDOM TO ILLEGAL ALIENS U.S

...

342 347

IN

IN 1 9 8 7 Sentinel

WITHOUT BAN URBAN DEVELOPMENT WILL DESTROY A FLORIDA COUNTY A B O U T CHICAGO G O V E R N M E N T IN 1 9 8 8 By Lois Wille, Chicago Tribune CITY ECONOMIC PROGRAMS TO SUPPORT MINORITIES ARE ABUSED WINNERS OF THE E D I T O R I A L WRITING A W A R D , 1989 - 2001 - SPACE FOR NOTES -

338 341

A B O U T POPULATION STRATEGIES IN 1 9 8 5 By Jonathan Freedman, The Tribune, San Diego

INDEX

334 337

Daily

U.S. CENTRAL AMERICAN POLICY LENGTH

A B O U T O V E R D E V E L O P M E N T PROBLEMS By Jane E. Healy, The Orlando

326

348 353

354 361 362

364 367

THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED TO

CARL M. SAUNDERS (1890 - 1974) - PULITZER PRIZE WINNER 1950 ON HIS 100TH BIRTHDAY

XIX INTRODUCTION

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PULITZER PRIZE FOR

EDITORIAL

WRITING

by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer

For the publisher Joseph Pulitzer, reporting was not the only fundamental element of the press,^ but also opinion journalism. 2 Both in his daily, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, and also in his New York World} "Joseph Pulitzer's chief concern... centered on its 4 editorial page." Pulitzer's esteem for the committed editorial became clearly evident on several other occasions. In his famous article about the need for journalists to receive specific professional training he repeatedly stresses the status of the editorial within a newspaper. He also acknowledges "the competent editorial writer..., unknown to the people he serves, he is in close sympathy with their feelings and aspirations..., he generally interprets their thoughts as they would wish to express it themselves."^ When Joseph Pulitzer - at about the same time - formulated his last will and testament, providing not only the basic capital for the future foundation of the School of Journalism at New York's Columbia University, 7 but also making provision for journalistic and literary prizes named after himself, he again accorded the editorial due recognition.

1 Cf. Heinz-Dietrich Fischer/Erika J. Fischer (Eds.), The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Part A: Reportage Journalism, 3 vols., München - London - New York - Paris 1987-1989. 2 Cf. Horst Siebert, Pulitzer als Journalist und Verleger, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Munich, 1956, pp. 24 ff. 3 Cf. George Juergens, Joseph Pulitzer and the New York World, Princeton, N.J., 1966, p. 286. 4 W. David Sloan, Pulitzer Prize Editorials. America's Best Editorial Writing, 1917-1979, Ames, la., 1980, p. IX. 5 Joseph Pulitzer, The College of Journalism, in: North American Review (New York), Vol. 178/No. 5, May, 1904, p. 679. 6 Cf. De Forest O'Dell, The History of Journalism Education in the United States, New York 1935, pp. 55 ff. 7 Cf. Don C. Seitz, Joseph Pulitzer - His Life and Letters, New York 1924, pp. 462 f.

XX THE AWARDENING PROCESS IN THE EARLY YEARS "In the will", so John Hohenberg explains, "there were four journalism prizes, four for letters and drama, one for educag tion."

Pulitzer initiated the so-called editorial award with

the following words: "Annually, for the best editorial article written during the year, the test of excellence being clearness of style, moral purpose, sound reasoning, and power to influence 9

public opinion in the right direction."

"It was discovered very

early in the risky business of prizegiving," Hohenberg states with regard to the prize definition, "that an award for 'the best' of anything invariably created an unnecessary amount of argument, and the Pulitzer authorities dropped the term"^ 0 later on. But for the time being the original prize definition for editorial writing was valid, and, as such, binding for the relevant juries as well as for the Advisory Board at the annual prize giving. When the Pulitzer prizes were being awarded for the first time at the end of April 1917, on the basis of available applications, the Editorial Jury (Talcott Williams, John W. Cunliffe, Gerhard R. Lomer and Roscoe C. E. Brown) was only allowed to choose one single prize-winning editorial because of the stated regulations. In accordance with Pulitzer's statuary stipulations, the 1917 prize was awarded to "an editorial article which appeared in the New York Tribune, May 7th, 1916, in section III, page 2, on the first anniversary of the sinking of the Lusitania."

As edi-

torials within American press organs were basically anonymous, prizes were given to a newspaper rather than an individual. This was not changed until later years, when it became usual to name the author. In 1917 it was Frank H. Simonds who was honored, as John Hohenberg stresses, "for a spirited anti-German editorial," published one year after the spectacular sinking of the American

12

passenger ship by the German military in May, 1915.

W. David

Sloan stated that Simonds' prize-winning article was "an attempt to characterize the European war as one between civilization and barbarism. Though today it may appear extremely simplistic, it 8 John Hohenberg, The Pulitzer Prizes. A History of the Awards in Books, Drama, Music, and Journalism, New York - London 1974, p. 19. 9 Quoted ibid., p. 20. 10 Ibid. 11 Roscoe C. E. Brown/John W. Cunliffe/Gerhard R. Lomer/Talcott Williams, Report of the 1917 Pulitzer Prize Editorial Jury, April 28, 1917, p. 1. 12 John Hohenberg, op. cit., p. 31.

XXI did mirror Simonds' true opinion and was not simply an artificial attempt to appeal to his readers' baser natures. In 1916 the editorial, despite its simplicity, was effective propaganda considering the frame of mind of A m e r i c a n s . " ^ A similar thematic constellation arose in 1918. The members of the jury (Roscoe C. E. Brown, John W. Cunliffe, James T. Grady, Robert E. MacAlarney and Talcott Williams) "unanimously voted to recommend the conferring of the Pulitzer Editorial prize upon the Louisville Courier-Journal,

for the editorial article 'Vae Victis,'

published Saturday, April 7th, and the editorial article

'War Has

Its Compensations,' published Tuesday, April 10th (1917), which were two of many articles directed towards arousing the American people to their international duty and toward convincing a section of the country by traditional hostile to universal military ser14 vice to the wisdom and necessity of its establishment." The author of both prize-winning editorials, Henry Watterson, so Hohenberg stresses, "was the last of the fiercely and devotedly personal journalists of a bygone era... He was far more the bold warrior than the peacemaker - an eighty-pound cavalryman in the Civil War and one of the most determined supporters of American intervention in World War I. Through sheer force of character and journalistic skill, he lifted what had begun as a small regional newspaper into a distinctive publication that was nationally known and admired."^ In 1919 the jury (Talcott Williams and members of the teaching staff of Columbia University's School of Journalism) found themselves "unable to recommend any award of the prize for the best editorial written during the year 1918. In that year," so states the jury report, "American editorial pages were chiefly devoted to inspiring the people and supporting the Government in the winning of the war. At this time no award for discussion of subordinate questions, however good, would seem appropriate, while the response of American editorial writers to their patriotic duty was so uniform and so generally excellent that it seems invidious, if not impossible, to pick out any one article, or groups of ar13 W. David Sloan, op. cit., p, 3. 14 Roscoe C. E. Brown/John W. Cunliffe/James T. Grady/Robert E. MacAlarney/ Talcott Williams, Report of the 1918 Pulitzer Editorial Jury, April 19, 1918, p. 1. 15 John Hohenberg, op. cit., p. 34.

XXII tides,

as clearly the best among the thousands directed to the

same end with the same right-thinking

zeal."

In a later state-

ment the jury members further indicated that "the faculty of the School of Journalism, while unable to recommend any award of the prize for the best editorial published in 1918, feel that the 17 Advisory Board may find reasons for a different judgment." All material concerning the applications were enclosed with this statement, and so the process of selection and decision

thus

became clear to such a degree that the Advisory Board could also 18 comprehend the decision of the jury and pleaded for "no award."

The World-Herald Won a Pulitzer During Dark Hour In Omaha History

O

MAHA'S DARKEST HOUR ironically provided the backdrop for one of the most brilliant examples of Journalism in The WorktHerakl's first 34 years of operation. The occasion was the courthouse hot of Sept. 28,1919, a black page in Omaha history, and the result was an editorial by World-Herald editor Harvey E. Newbranch that won a Pulitzer Prize. The lynching of a black prisoner near the courthouse jail by a mob of some 12,000, the burning and sacking of the courthouse, the near-lynching of the city's mayor, two others dead and 41 injured, martial law under a battalion of Army troops. Those were the ingredients of black Sunday in Omaha. A few hours after the smoke had cleared, revealing the lay's carnage. Editor Newbranch turned to his typewriter lo craft a supert) and sobering call for sanity. His voice was

World-Herald

Editor Harvey Ε

Newbranch.

angry, but his reasoning was clear. The editorial was titled "Law and the Jungle," and it won the Pulitzer Prize as the most telling, compelling and forceful editorial written in the United States in 1919.

[Source: Hollis J. Limprecht: A Century of Service, 1885-1985. The WorldHerald Story, Cmaha, Neb., 1985, p. 16.]

16 Talcott Williams et al., Report of the 1919 Pulitzer Editorial Jury, May 12, 1919, pp. 1 f. 17 Talcott Williams, Letter to the President of Columbia University, May 15, 1919, p. 1. 18 Columbia University (Ed.), The Pulitzer Prizes, 1917-1983, New York 1983, p. 31.

XXIII Although various categories of the Pulitzer Prizes were dominated by "wartime and war-related journalism" during the "initial period of the prizes," as stated by Hohenberg, this was to be different for the editorial award of 1920. The jury (Roscoe C. E. Brown and Edwin E. Slosson) recommended "that the prize be awarded to Harvey E. Newbranch, of the Evening World-Herald., Omaha, Nebraska, for an editorial entitled 'Law and the Jungle,' published September 30th, 1919."19 However, both jurors had slight reservations about their choice, they were "not entirely satisfied that this editorial is a model of concise and pure style, but consider that it was written at the height of the Omaha race riot and was courageously directed to quell the mob spirit of its readers and was influential in that direction, and the jury feels that on the score of moral purpose, sound reasoning and power to influence public opinion in the right direction, it meets the requirements in larger measure than any other article submitted for consideration. The Advisory Board accepted the jury's proposal and gave the editorial award to Harvey E. New21 branch. It was "the first of numerous Pulitzer Prize editorials on the theme of law-and-order during racial crises," W. D. Sloan remarks. The jury in 1921 (Roscoe C. E. Brown and Harold de Wolf Fuller) "recommended that the prize be given to the Wall Street Journal for articles written by Mr. William Peter Hamilton on 'Our Envied Scrapheap,' published February 26,23 1920, and 'Soviets and Feudalism,' published on April 17, 1920." The Advisory Board did not accept this nomination and dicided to give "no award" in 24 the editorial category for work done during 1920. A different decision was made in 1922 when the jury (Roscoe C. E. Brown, John W. Cunliffe and Harold de Wolf Fuller) reported that "none of the editorials proposed for their consideration was of sufficient merit to justify an award to it. They were," the report states, 19 John W. Cunliffe, Opinions of the juries on the Pulitzer Prizes, May 10, 1920, p. 1. 20 Roscoe C. E. Brown/Edwin E. Slosson, Report of the 1920 Editorial Jury, April 26, 1920, p. 1. 21 Columbia University (Ed.), op. cit., p. 31. 22 W. David Sloan, op. cit., p. 13. 23 Roscoe C. E. Brown/Harold de Wolf Fuller, Report of the 1921 Editorial Jury, April 8, 1921, p. 3. 24 Columbia University (Ed.), op. cit., p. 31.

XXIV "therefore, driven to an independent search for articles worthy of consideration. It is, of course, impossible for any such committee to cover the whole field and be sure that articles have 25 not escaped them of superior merit to any examined." The jury members finally named two persons, whose works they had traced by themselves: William Allen White of the 2 6Emporia Gazette and Frank M. O'Brien of the New York Herald. The Advisory Board accepted the second named candidate and gave the award to O'Brien 27 "for an article entitled 'The Unknown Soldier'" from November, 1921. The members of the 19 23 jury (Roscoe C. E. Brown, John W. Cunliffe and Harold de Wolf Fuller) suggested awarding the editorial prize for "the article entitled 'Schools and Economy' by Alfred Holman in the San Francisco Argonaut of December 23rd, 28 1922."

As further stated in their report, "the jury also con-

sidered a number of other nominations, from which it selected three as most worthy of consideration by the Advisory Board in case, for any reason, the foregoing nomination is not found acceptable: (1) An article from the Emporia 1922, by William Allen White, entitled

(2) an article from the Boston Transcript entitled

Gazette

of July 27th,

'To an Anxious Friend;' of July 22nd, 1922,

'Massachusetts - Here She Stands;'

(3) an article from

the Wall Street Journal

of December 4th, 1922, 29 by William Peter Hamilton, entitled 'Our Slavery to Phrases.'" The Advisory -Board selected William Allen W h i t e , t h u s overruling the first nomination Alfred Holman as well as William P. Hamilton, whose name was already on the jury's list of the preceding year. The prize-winning editorial had been written by William Allen White during a railroad workers strike in 1922 and "was picked up nationwide. In 1924 the jury

(John W. Cunliffe, Harold de Wolf Fuller and

Allen S. Will) examined entries for the editorial prize but re25 Roscoe C. E. Brown/John W. Cunliffe/Harold de Wolf Fuller, Report of the 1922 Editorial Jury, April 12, 1922, p. 1. 26 Ibid. 27 Columbia University (Ed.), op. cit., p. 31. 28 Roscoe C. E. Brown/John W. Cunliffe/Harold de Wolf Fuller, Report of the 1923 Editorial Jury, April 13, 1923, p. 1. 29 Ibid. 30 Columbia University (Ed.), op. cit., p. 31. 31 W. David Sloan, op. cit., p. 19.

XXV iported that "none of the editorials submitted, in its judgment, meets the conditions of the award. It respectfully recommends to the Advisory Board," so stated in the jury report, "that the ^amount set aside for the editorial prize for 1923 be paid to the widow of Mr. Frank I. Cobb in recognition of his services to Ameri32 . for dapae»tona-.e interpretative reporting of the new· from Rumu 1 9 3 4 Frederick Τ Birr Kali, for unbiawd reporting of U m new· from

German ν

1 9 3 5 Arthur Krock. for daun fui»hed correeoondence. impartial and analytical Wellington coverage 1 9 3 6 LaurenD Lyman, for dat in guahed reoortm* a world beat on tha dapar. ur» of th« Lindbergh* for England 1 9 3 7 Anne O Hare McCormick. for datmguahed foreign correepondenca dupatche· and «pecial an κ la· from Europa 1 9 3 7 Wdham L U u m c t . f o r datmguahed report in* of the Tare·« lenarv Calabratkon ai Har>ard. ahared with four other reporter· 1 9 3 8 Arthur Krock. for daun guahed Waahington correepondence 1 9 4 0 Otto D Tolachu*. for a/ticlee from Berlin eipUirung the economic and ideological background of war engaged Germany 1 9 4 1 The New York Tune· apecial citation 'for the public education value of tu foreign new· report*, ••amplified by i U ecope. by it* excel lence of wnting. praaentation and •upplamentary background in/orma i>on illustration and interpretation " 1 9 4 2 Louia Stark. for datinguiahed reporting of important labor atonee 1 9 4 3 HanaonW Baldwin, for a sanee of art κ lee reporting a tour of the Pacific battle area* 1 9 4 4 The New York Tunea. "for the moat disinterested and mantoooua arrv κ» rendered by an American nr«»|>ep»f —a aurvey of the leaching of Amencan hatory 1 9 4 5 J a m « Β Raaton. for new* diapaichee and interpretive a/ticlae on the Dumbarton Oak· Secunty Conference

1 9 4 6 AmahJo Corte*, for daun ruahed coireepondance from Buenoe Airea

1 9 7 0 Ada Louiae Huxtabie. arc hi lecture cnuc. for datmguahed

1 9 4 6 WtUiam L Laurence for hie •yewnncae account of (he atomic bombing of Nagasaki and artidaa on the atomic bomb

1 9 7 1 Hamid C Schooberg, α

1 9 4 7 Brook· Atkineon. for a daun «a of art* tea on Ruaaia 1 9 4 9 C Ρ TVuaeeü. for remanent excellence in covering the national acene from Waahington'" 1 9 5 0 Meyer Barker for a dean gunhed example ofloeal report ma"— an article on the killing of 13 people by a bemerk gunman 1 9 5 1 Arthur Krock. a apeciai commendation for hie eickmve inter siew with Praatdmt Truman aa "the outstanding uaiance of national reporting in 1960" 1 9 5 1 CyruaL Suüberger. apecial citation for excluaiv» interview with Arrhbahop Stepin*c of Yugoelava 1 9 5 2 Anthony Η Leviero.for datmguahed reporting on national

lib»

1 9 5 3 The New York Tttnee. aoecial citation for it* Sunday Review of the Week SectMjn which "for 17 yean ha* brought enlightenment and intelligent commentary to it* η 1 9 5 5 Harmon Ε Saiabury. for a aenea of artidaa baaed on hia au yean

BRmm

1 9 5 5 Arthur Krock. a apecial o u t ion for dietinguiahed correapi>nd ence from Waahington 1 9 5 6 Arthur Dak>. for hi· aporta column. "Sport* of Tne Tunaa' 1 9 5 7 Jamea Β Reeton. for datin guahed reporting from Waahington 1 9 5 8 The New York Tunea. for ita dat inguahed coverage of foreign new· 1 9 6 0 a Μ Roaenthal. for perceptive and authoritative reporting from Poland 1 9 6 3 Anthony Lewie, for hia dietinguiahed reporting of the proceeding· of the United State· Supreme Court 1 9 6 4 David Halbarauun. for hia dtatinguiahed reporting from South Vietnam

1 9 7 2 The New York Ttmee. "for · diaunguiahad example of meritonoua pubbc service by a newepaper through the uaa of it* journalauc reeourcea —publication of the Pentagon Paper·

1 9 7 3 Max Frankel, for hi*coverage of Preeident Noon'* rmt to China. a datmguahed example of reporting on international affaire 1 9 7 4 Hednck Smith, for hia coverage of the Soviet Union in lt?3. a dietinguiahed example of reporting of foreφ» affair· 1 9 7 6 Sydney Η Schanbert for hia coverage of the fall of Cambodia, a diat inguiahed example of reporting on foreign affair* 1 9 7 6 Waher W ("Red") Smith, for hia Sport* of Th* Time· column, an example of dietinguiahed cntioem 1 9 7 8 Henry Kamm, chief A a u diplomauc correspondent, for calhng attention to the plight of Indochineae refugee·, an oumending example of reporting on foreign affair· 1 9 7 8 Wahar Kerr. Sundae drama

ctkx. for aao

example of dat us 1 9 7 8 WJham Saftre. Op-Ed Page cohimnwt. for ha columaa on the Bart Lance affair, an example of dietinguiahed commentary 1 9 7 9 RuaaaU Baker, for hie "Obeerver" column, an example of diet inguahed commentary 1 9 8 1 Dave Andereon. for hi· Spon* of The Tunea column An example of diet inguiahed commentary 1 9 8 1 John Μ Crewdaon. for ha coverage of illegal aliens and immigration A dietinguiahed example of reporting on national affaire 1 9 8 2 John Darnton. bureau chief. Wtreaw. for ha coveraae of the cnaa in Poland A datmguahed example of international reporting 1 9 8 2 Jack Roaenthal deputy ednonaJ page editor A da t inguahed example of editorial page wnting

1 9 6 8 j Anthony 1 ukaa. for "a dietinguiahed example of local reporting —an article on a murdered I y e a r old girl and the t wo different hvee aha led

ihr Jfrtu JJork Sirncf and members of He staff have won 50 Pulitzer Awards. More than any other newspaper. [Source: Editor

& Publisher

(New Y o r k , V o l . 1 1 5 / N o . 17, A p r i l 24, 1982, p .

41.]

LXVII In 1984 the jurors (Ellen Goodman, Paul Greenberg, Robert E. Hartley, Michael Kidder and Burl Osborne) also had to deal with entries in which several editorial writers of one newspaper were represented. The report states: "This committee strongly recommends the San Diego Tribune 's editorial writers — Ralph Bennett, Jonathan Freedman and Lynne Carrier - for the Pulitzer Prize... for exceptionally strong pieces on immigration problems and policies. They offered very solid and morally persuasive arguments on an issue that is clearly controversial in that community. The editorials were solidly researched, clearly written, offered both local and national perspectives, and spell out 209 solutions." This entry, which covered a similar subject to that of the same newspaper's exhibit from last year, was followed by an entry submitted by Lois Wille of the Chicago Sun-Times: Her editorials "were quite literally textbook examples of the editorial writer's craft. They were 2 1 0 succinct, notable in their clarity, and offered solutions." For third place the jury report mentions the editorials by Albert Scardino of the Georgia Gazette from Savannah: "The editorials... were the unconventional offerings of a spunky 211writer in the best tradition of a small, fighting newspaper." The articles out of the small weekly newspaper also appealed to the Pulitzer Prize Board and it gave the Pulitzer Prize to Albert Scardino "for his series of 212 editorials on various local and state matters" during 1983. In 1985 the jury (James Ahearn, Jim Davis, Sara Engram, Michael Janeway and David Lipman) was expressly restricted - as all other juries were also to be restricted - by the wording on the form to be used for the report, which stated: "Please list your three nominations for the prize in your category in alphabetical order by newspaper... It is not a part of the 213 jury's charge to offer its preferences among its three nominees." Thus future juries would only be allowed to select three finalists, and would not be permitted to express preference for any specific candidate. For the jury in 1985 this meant that - in order to comply with 209 Ellen Goodman/Paul Greenberg/Robert E. Hartley/Michael Kidder/Burl Osborne, Report of the 1984 Editorial Jury, March 7, 1984, p. 1. 210 Ibid. 211 Ibid. 212 Columbia University (Ed.), The 68th annual Pulitzer Prizes, New York, April 16, 1984, p. 3. 213 James Ahearn/Jim Davis/Sara Engram/Michael Janeway/David Lipman, Report of the 1985 Editorial Jury, March 5, 1985, p. 1.

LXVIII

He reported, analyzed, cajoled, criticized, lambasted, pleaded and finally cheered for passage of a bill on immigration reform.

His dedication earned him a Pulitzer Prize. Congratulations, Jonathan Freedman. Your editorials on immigration reform provided keen insight and solutions to one of the most difficult issues of our times. Your stories of people caught on the fences of U.S. immigration law gave aliens a human face. A face which was finally seen by Congress. And finally recognized as being American.

THE

TRIBUNE

San Diego's Pulitzer Prize-winning newspaper— again [Source: Editor 8 Publisher cover ρ.]

(New York, Vol. 120/NO. 19, May 9, 1987, second

LXIX the aforementioned newspapers,

s t i p u l a t i o n s - it w o u l d h a v e t o n a m e

a p p e a r a f t e r the n a m e of the n e w s p a p e r . w e r e : Orlando

Sentinel

So the t h r e e

- J a n e H e a l y ; Philadelphia

R i c h a r d A r e g o o d ; Raleigh While

three

a n d t h a t the n a m e s of t h e i r e d i t o r i a l w r i t e r s

News

& Observer

suggestions

Daily

- D a v i d E.

would

News

-

Gillespie.

t h e e d i t o r i a l s by J a n e H e a l y w e r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d b r i e f l y

"vigorous..., knowledgeable, precise and effective," Aregood was praised

as

Richard

for h i s " c l e a r m e s s a g e , a n d he d e l i v e r s it in

w r i t i n g h i s r e a d e r s c a n ' t i g n o r e ; " D a v i d E. G i l l e s p i e ' s

texts

w e r e , s t a t e d the r e p o r t , " w i s e , c o n c i s e a n d p e r s u a s i v e l y c r a f t 214 ed." T h e B o a r d a w a r d e d the p r i z e to R i c h a r d A r e g o o d "for h i s 215 e d i t o r i a l s o n a v a r i e t y of s u b j e c t s " in 1 9 8 4 . In 1986 a n d i n the f o l l o w i n g y e a r s , the j u r o r s w e r e b o u n d b y the r e g u l a t i o n of d r a w i n g u p a l i s t of t h r e e , u n r a n k e d I n t h e f i r s t y e a r o f the n e w p r o c e d u r e t h e j u r y

nominations.

(David H a l l ,

A n t h o n y M a r r o , Rolfe Neill, Alvin Shuster and Mary Schurz)

pre-

sented their three selected finalists very briefly: The work J a c k F u l l e r o f t h e Chicago

Tribune

w h i l e P a u l G r e e n b e r g of t h e Pine humanity" Gazette

was judged Bluff

"powerful

Commercial

of

writing,"

"celebrates

in h i s e d i t o r i a l s ; a t e a m of t h r e e f r o m t h e

Journal-

o f F o r t W a y n e , I n d . , c o n s i s t i n g of L a r r y H a y e s ,

David

B e r r y a n d B a r b a r a 0. M o r r o w , w e r e p r a i s e d for " c o m m u n i t e l e a d e r 216 ship on a socially significant unpopular issue." The Pulitzer P r i z e B o a r d c h o s e J a c k F u l l e r as a w a r d w i n n e r "for h i s e d i t o r i a l s 217 o n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l i s s u e s " in 1985. T h e j u r y of five in 1987 (Thomas J. B r a y , J o s e p h D i l l , C r a i g K l u g m a n , J e a n O t t o a n d A r n o l d Ropiek) San

Diego

n a m e d a s t h e i r t h r e e f i n a l i s t s : J o n a t h a n F r e e d m a n of Tribune

"for p r o m o t i n g a n i m m i g r a t i o n r e f o r m ; "

P . H e n n i n g e r of t h e Vail Street

Journal

the

Daniel

for "editorials on medical

a n d e t h i c a l i s s u e s ; " B e r n a r d L. S t e i n of t h e Riverdale Press "for h i s e d i t o r i a l s i n v a r i o u s c a m p a i g n i s s u e s a f f e c t i n g the B r o n x , 218 Ν.ϊ., community."

Jonathan F r e e d m a n w a s selected as winner

by

the B o a r d " f o r h i s e d i t o r i a l s u r g i n g p a s s a g e o f t h e f i r s t m a j o r 214 Ibid. 215 C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y (Ed.), The 69th annual A p r i l 24, 1985, p. 4. 216 D a v i d H a l l / A n t h o n y Marro/Rolfe Neill/Alvin of the 1986 E d i t o r i a l Jury, M a r c h 5, 1986, 217 C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y (Ed.), The 70th annual A p r i l 17, 1986, p. 4. 218 C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y (Ed.), T h e 71st annual April 16, 1987, p. 4.

Pulitzer Prizes, N e w York, Shuster/Mary Schurz, Report p. 1. ι P u l i t z e r Prizds, N e w York, P u l i t z e r Prizes, New York,

LXX immigration reform act in thirty-four years" during 1986.

219

The jury of 1988 (Jay Ambrose, Melvin Durslag, Jonathan Friendly, Sig Gissler and Austin Scott) presented the following list of three: Joe Dolman of the Atlanta

Journal and. Constitution

"for

his editorials on the rights of Cuban refugees imprisoned in Atlanta Federal Penitentiary;" Jane Healy of the Orlando

Sentinel

"for her series of editorials protesting overdevelopment of Florida's Orange County;" Bernard L. Stein of the Riverdale

Frees

from Bronx, N.Y., "for his editorials on a variety of local and 220 national issues." The Board selected Jane Healy for her com221

mitted editorials from 1987.

The five jurors who gathered in

Spring, 1989 (Madeleine Blais, John S. Carroll, Manuel Galvan, Neil Morgan and Peter Schräg) to discuss editorial entries from the preceding year, selected the following group of finalists: Bill Bishop of the Herald-Leader

from Lexington, Ky., "for an

editorial campaign against broadform deeds in the state;" the Editorial Board of the New York Times "for a series of editorials about the coming generation of children threatened by poverty;" Lois Wille of the Chicago Tribune "for her editorials on a variety 222 of local issues" during 1988. The Pulitzer Prize went to Lois Wille because her editorials treated and analysed very explosive 223 issues in Chicago in a most committed manner. Ralph McGill - later to become an award-winner himself - once posed the question: "If one looks into the past for our editorial giants," why were these "the great editors? The answer, of course, is obvious. They spoke and wrote in the context of their time and day. And they had something to say. And what they had to say met something in the emotions, the dreams, the ambitions of their span of years. What they wrote and spoke caused people fervently to say, 'Amen,' or to shout an angry 'No.' They reached people. They participated in the lives of the people of their years. They were aggressive... they brought controversy to their pages. As we read these giants of our past, most of the issues which so concerned them are merely pages or paragraphs in our history books. They long have been resolved. And so their words of years 219 Ibid. 220 Columbia University (Ed.), The 72nd annual Pulitzer Prizes, New York, March 31, 1988, p. 4. 221 Ibid. 222 Columbia University (Ed.), The 73rd annual Pulitzer Prizes, New York, March 30, 1989, pp. 4 f. 223 Ibid., p. 4.

LXXI

E N T R Y FORM FOR A PULITZER PRIZE

In

Journalism

(TO BE FILED BEFORE FEBRUARY

1)

Richard A r e e o o d (name in full; team entries are limited to 3 individual n a m e ) HOMEAnnnpss 905 Cherry Lanef Rlverton, N . J . 08077 PRESENT OCCUPATION AND ORGANIZATION Editorial Page Editor Hhiia. Daily News D A T E A N D P L A C E O F B I R T H 12/31/42, Camden NJ FNTRAMT

P L E A S E E N C L O S E E N T R A N T S B i o g r a p h y X ) a n d P h o t o g r a p h C X $ 2 0 H a n d l i n g Fee

•

a n d check boxes accordingly. T h e following Pulitzer Prizes io J o u r n a l i s m i r e awarded for material in a United S a t e s newspaper p u b l i s h e d daily. S u n d a y or at least once a week during the year. Check appropriate box. Please note that unless indicated otherwise, exhibits are limited to no m o r e than 10 articles.

Cb€ck Htrt

1. » «litinyiMh»«! » « m p l » eJm^nrnrintu pnhlir j r w f hy « n»w«pip»r thtwigh rh* i w r / i n )fMim«littic resources which may include editorials, cartoons, and photographs, as well as reporting, a gold medal. (No more than 20 articles may be submitted for each exhibit.) 2. Foradil challenges of jou

uhed example of reporting within a newspaper's area of circulation that meets the daily m such as spot news reporting or consistent beat coverage. S1.000.

3. For a distinguished example of investigative reporting within a newspaper s area of circulation bv an individual or team, presented as a single article or series. $1.000. 4. for a distinguished example of explanatory journalism that illuminates significant and complex issues. $1.000. V fix a distinguished example of repotting on such specialized subjects as sports, business, science, education and religion. $1.000. 6. for a distinguished example of reporting on national afiairs. $1,000. 7. for a distinguished example of repomng on international af&irs. including United Nations correspondence. $1,000. 8. for a distinguished example of feature writing giving prime consideration to high literary quality and originality. $1,000. (No more than 3 article {1.300 words or more] or 5 articles (1,500 words or less] may be submitted for each exhibit.) 9. for distinguished commentary. $1.000. 10. for distinguished criticism. $1.000. 11. for distinguished editorial writing, the test of excellence being clearness of style, moral purpose, sound reasoning, andpotjer to influence public opinion in what the writer conceives to be the nght direction, due account being taken of the whole volume of the editorial writer's work during the year. $1.000. 13. for a distinguished s a m p l e of a cartoonist's work, the determining qualities being that the cartoon shall embody an idea made cfeariy apparent, shall show good drawing and striking pictorial effect, and shall be intended to be helpful to some commendable cause of public importance, due account being taken of the whole w>lume of the artist's work during the year. $1.000. 13. Bor a distinguished example of spot news photography in black and white or color, which may consist of a p h o t o m p h or photographs, a sequence or an album, $1.000. (No more than 20 photographs may be submined witn each exhibit.) 14. for a distinguished example of feature photography in black and white or color, which mar consist of a photograph or photographs, a sequence or an album. $1.000. (No m o p - t a n 20 photographs may be submitted with each exnibit.) —

S i g n a t u r e o f p e r s o n s p o n s o r i n g this e n t r a n t (may be self) P l e a s e p r i m y o u r n a m e , title, a n d o r g a n i z a t i o n AAAf^m

D a l l y

N e w s

f

4 0 0

N .

ΡΟΠ B r o a d

H a i T l S 0 n S t . ,

f

a S S O C l a t e

P M i a .

P a ,

ftrilttvr

i Q i n i

("Please send entry form and exhibit before February 1 to Mr. Robert C. Christopher, Secretary, The Pulitzer Prize Board, at 702Journalism, Columbia University, New York, N.Y. 10027. Telephone: 212-280-3841— 3842. See reverse side for Plan of Award. Please make checks payable to Columbia University/Pulitzer Prizes.)

ENTRY FORM FOR THE 1985 COMPETITION

LXXII long passed seem dated, awkward, sometimes naive and almost amusing. Beside these old controversies... our own

(time) seems

so much more alive and difficult. A study of the Pulitzer Prizes 2 24 in editorial writing... will confirm this." However, there are very few examples of where prize-winning editorials have actually had any influence. Even F. Lauriston Bullard's editorial of 1926, pleading for the innocence of Sacco and Vanzetti, could not prevent their execution, because "one superb editorial could not prevail against the deep-seated prejudices of both the 22 governors 5 and the governed in this tragedy of political passion." Effective in a macabre way, however, was Ira B. Harkey's awarded work from 1962: Together with the Pulitzer Prize "came a bullet through the front door, the violent opposition of the segregationists, and such pitiless financial pressure that he had to sell his paper, the Pasoagoula

Chronicle,

and leave the South.

Another small-town publisher in Mississippi, Hazel Brannon Smith, was no less vigorous in her opposition to the White Citizen's Councils, but she managed to ride out the storm that almost 226 destroyed her best property, the Lexington

Advertiser,"

where

she had published her Pulitzer Prize winning editorials during 1964. Such drama is in a certain way reminiscent of "the days of such fighting journalists as Greeley, Dana and Pulitzer," when "the editorial page banged the drums and clashed the cymbals for 227 righteousness."

But courage was not the only component in the

history of the Pulitzer Editorial Prizes; there were also other elements, positive ones as well as negative ones. "Though most recent winning editorials have been of acceptable quality," Sloan says in a sort of conclusion, "a large number of them seem to have at least one of two common problems: dullness of writing and lack of unity... Despite these shortcomings, editorials that have won the Pulitzer Prize are probably the best sources of illustrations of editorial quality. The large number of editorial winners over such a span of years offer examples of almost all aspects of editorial writing, from subject matter to style, to analysis to interpretation to argumentation." 2 2 8 224 Ralph McGill, Editorial Awards, in: Columbia Library Columns (New York), Vol. VI/No. 3, May, 1957, pp. 23 f. 225 John Hohenberg, The Pulitzer Prizes, op. cit., p. 79. 226 Ibid., p. 243. .227 John Hohenberg, The Pulitzer Prize Story II, op. cit. , p. 80. 228 W. David Sloan, op. cit., pp. XII f.

LXXIII

LXXIV ΟΟ « • PO 'S 01 3 Ο • C3 3 • Οι Λ «· (0 Η ES - S) ΩΆ Ο ο · ρο ε ρ ο» tu tn σ ft P-(D Η Ο rt Η (Β 3" ft rt Hi •< Ο ft « 3 π ·> · rt Π Π 3 3" ίΓ 1 φ fll hf ΗOQ Ρ-iQ ι-· to rr Ί Ο (t(t • η- ο ·· ft Ό 5C Φ 3· 50 Ο va o iΦ i i oΟ Φ B) · (D ' H- fl ** I SO « (0 s > -< -—An alien enemy shall not have in his pa sss wet on at any time or pla^e or uee or operate any aircraft or wtreleea apparatus or' any form of signalling device or any form of cipher code or any paper, document or book, written or* printed in cipher or in which there may be Invisible writing; •.— An alien enemy shall not reelde In or cua«.·»·.·. ^ rssia· in. remain in or enter any locality whlvb tbe President may from time to time designate by aa KxecuUve order ae a prohibitive area tn which residence by aa alien enemy ahall be found t>y him to constitute a danger to the public peace aad safety of the United States except by -permit from th· Prem dent ΛΛΛ except under such limitations or reeuictioab a · the President may -prescribe; " ( I ) . — A a allaa enemy whom the Preeldeot aha! have reasonable csum to believe to be aiding or about to aid the enemy or to be at large to the danger of the public peace or safety of the United- States or to have violated or to be about to violate any .»f th«ee regulations, «hail remove tn *ui> looataoa tfeetgaated by the Prertd·»: b r Executive order aad eball nor remove therefrom without permit, ur •ball depart from tbe United State· If so required by tbe President: · « Departure. BeeUttilunae on " ( I ) . — N o alien enemy ahall depart from tbe United States untU be ahall have received such permit as the Präsident »hall prescribe, or except ander order of a court. Judge or Jostle* under Sections 40·9 and 4070 of tbe terlsad statutes. "110).—Ne alien enemy ehull land In dr enter the United State· except, under such restrictions and At such places ae the President stay prescribe: ).—11 necesaitf)- lo prevent viotalion of the regulations all alien dnsmle· wilt be oMiced to register; » < l S ) _ A a alien enemy whom these a s y be m a o u U a t t s « «ο believe to be aiding or a boat to aid the ewe my. or who be at large to tbe danger w a a caased by a bluat instrument or a brick. Fear» that this might be a bullet w o q a d w e r e dispelled by the examination.,.. [Source: Morning World-Herald,

w h e n the city's chief executive drove up la his automobil» H e immediately ««at lato the court house. where he remained tn coapaay with Police Comsüaaioarr Rias er and Chief of Police Sbersteln UBtli 10:30. During the four boors they were la the court bouse the akayor. R l o p r aad Eberafceta remaiaed aa the fourth floor of the buBdiag. after Eberstein had stationed hia officer· o a ail the floors- u d ia the stairways. Meyer W a e Determined. Aceordlag to Blnger tad Ebersteln. the m a y o r » a s firm la his conviction to uphold lav sad order to the last minute. " W e were determined to prutect our prisoner to the end," declared Chief Bberstela. T h e m a y o r w a s moet emphstie in hie determina tioa to a u a d by the ship, ss u all were for that matter. A n d w e would have protected him. too, if they had nor «moked us out with the fire." T h e mayor. Ringer aad Eberataln wer* ia the sheriffs office oa th· fourth floor with several police officer« w h e n the s m o k e b e c a m e so thick they were farced to m o v e . , ·

September 30, 1919, p. 1.]

21 *

It would be impossible to speak too strongly in condemnation of the rioters or in the uncompromising demand for their stern and swift punishment, whoever they be, wherever they can be found. They not only foully murdered a negro they believed to be guilty. They brutally maltreated and attempted to murder other negroes whom they knew to be innocent. They tried to lynch the mayor. They want only pillaged stores and destroyed property. They burned the court house. In the sheer spirit of anarchy they pulled valuable records from their steel filing cases, saturated them in gasoline, and burned them. They burned police conveyances and cut the fire hose, inviting the destruction by fire of the entire city. Their actions were wholly vile, wholly evil, and malignantly dangerous. There is not a one of them who can be apprehended, and whose guilt can be proved, but should be sent for a long term to the state prison. And toward that end every effort of every good citizen, as well as every effort of the public authorities, from the humblest policeman to the presiding judge on the bench, must be directed. There can be no sentimentalizing, no fearful hesitancy, no condoning the offense of these red-handed criminals. The pitiful bluff they have put up against the majesty of the law, against the inviolability of American institutions, must be called and called fearlessly. •

To the law-abiding negroes of Omaha, who like the law-abiding whites, are the vast majority of their race, it is timely to speak a word of caution as well as a word of sympathy and support. Any effort on the part of any of them to take the law into their own hands would be as culpable and as certainly disastrous as was the effort of the mob. In the running down and maltreating of unoffending men of their color, merely because they were of that color, they have been done odious wrong. They naturally and properly resent it. They naturally and properly resent having been confined to their homes, in trembling fear of their lives, while red riot ran the streets of the city. But their duty as good citizens is precisely the same as that of the rest of us, all of whom have been outraged and shamed as citizens. It is to look to the law for their protection, for their vindication, and

22 to give the law every possible support as it moves in its course. The law is their only shield, as it is the only shield of every white man, no matter how lowly or how great. And it is the duty of all, whites and blacks alike, to uphold especially the might of the law - to insist, if need be, on its full exercise - in protecting every colored citizen of Omaha in his lawful and constitutional rights. •

For the first time in many years - and for the last time, let us hope, for many years to come - Omaha has had an experience with lawlessness. We have seen what it is. We have seen how it works. We have felt, however briefly, the fetid breath of anarchy on our cheeks. We have experienced the cold chill of fear which it arouses. We have seen, as in a nightmare, its awful possibilities. We have learned how frail is the barrier which divides civilization from the primal jungle - and we have been given to see clearly what that barrier is. It is the Law! It is the might of the Law, wisely and fearlessly administered! It is respect for and obedience to the Law on the part of the members of society! When these fail us all things fail. When these are lost all will be lost. Should the day ever come when the rule that was in Omaha Sunday night became the dominant rule, the grasses of the jungle would overspread our civilization, its wild denizens, human and brute, would make their foul feast on the ruins, and the God who rules over us would turn His face in sorrow from a world given over to bestiality. May the lesson of Sunday night sink deep! May we take home to our hearts, there to be cherished and never for a moment forgotten, the words of the revered Lincoln: "Let reverence of the law be breathed by every mother to the lisping babe that prattles on her lap; let it be taught in schools, seminaries and colleges; let it be written in primers, spelling books and almanacs; let it be preached from pulpits and proclaimed in legislative halls and enforced in courts of justice; LET IT BECOME THE POLITICAL RELIGION OF THE NATION."

23

ABOUT NO TOPIC IN 1920 BY

NOBODY No

Newspaper

or

News

A l t h o u g h the report of the E d i t o r i a l the P u l i t z e r Prize articles in this

from

1920,

category.

a

journalist

Agency

Jury

suggested

to h o n o r

for two d i s t i n g u i s h e d

with

editorial

the A d v i s o r y B o a r d d e c i d e d to give no

award

24

BOARD MEMBERS IN SPRING 1921 VOTING FOR "NO AWARD" IN THE EDITORIAL PRIZE CATEGORY

Advisory Board on the Pulitzer

Prizes

Nicholas Murray Butler

Columbia University

Solomon B. Griffin

Springfield (Mass.) Republican

John L. Heaton

Tbt New York World

Arthur M. Howe

Brooklyn Daily Eagle

Victor F. Lawson

Chicago Daily News

St. Clair McKelway

Brooklyn Daily Eagle

Charles R. Miller

The New York Times

Edward P. Mitchell

The New York Sun

Robert L. O'Brien

The Boston Herald

Joseph Pulitzer

St. Louis Post-Dispatcb

Ralph Pulitzer

The New York World

Melville E. Stone

The Associated Press

Charles H. Taylor

Boston Globe

Samuel C. Wells

Philadelphia Press

25

ABOUT SYMBOLIC ACTIONS IN 1921

BY

FRANK M, O'BRIEN The New York

Frank Michael O'Brien

(born

on

Herald

M a r c h 31,

1875,

in Dumkirk, New

York) was educated at St. Joseph's College in Buffalo, N.Y. , from 1884-91.

He

started

Buffalo Courier,

his

newspaper career as

a

reporter at the

where he worked from 1893 on for a year. In the

period from 1895-96 O'Brien was a reporter o n the Buffalo where

he

1904. Then

became city editor he

in

1896,

a

Express,

position he held until

moved to New York City to become reporter for the

Sun in the period from 1904-05. The following year he got out of journalism for several years to work as a secretary of the Mayor of New York from 1906-10. Two years later, Frank O'Brien returned to newspaper work when he got an appointment as a special writer for the New York Press, wards, from 1916-18,

he

covering the period from 1912-15. Afterreturned to the New York Sun as an edi-

torial writer. Then O'Brien moved to the New York Herald

in 1918,

where he held the same function. In the same year he brought out a book

on

the history

of

the Sun.

In 1922 Frank M. O'Brien was

the winner of the Pulitzer Editorial Prize which he received for an article printed in November of the past year.

26 DUTY AND HONOR REPRESENT THE WELLSPRINGS OF VICTORY [Source: (Frank M. O'Brien): The Unknown Soldier, in: The New York Herald (New York, N.Y.), Vol. LXXXVL/No. 73, November 11, 1921, p. 8, col. 1; reprinted by permission of the International Herald-Tribune Corporation (I.H.T.), New York, N.Y.]

That which takes place to-day at the National Cemetery in Arlington is a symbol, a mystery and a tribute. It is an entombment only in the physical sense. It is rather the enthronement of Duty and Honor. This man who died for his country is the symbol of these qualities; a far more perfect symbol than any man could be whose name and deeds we knew. He represents more, really, than the unidentified dead, for we cannot separate them spiritually from the war heroes whose names are written on their gravestones. He - this spirit whom we honor - stands for the unselfishness of all. This, of all monuments to the dead, is lasting and immutable. So long as men revere the finer things of life the tomb of the nameless hero will remain a shrine. Nor, with the shifts of time and mind, can there be a changing of values. No historian shall rise to modify the virtues or the faults of the Soldier. He has an immunity for which kings might pray. The years may bring erosion to the granite but not to the memory of the Unknown. It is a common weakness of humanity to ask the questions that can never be answered in this life. Probably none to whom the drama of the Unknown Soldier has appealed has not wondered who, in the sunshine of earth, was the protagonist of today's ceremony. A logger from the Penobscot? An orchardist from the Pacific coast? A well driller from Texas? A machinist from Connecticut? A lad who left his hoe to rust among the Missouri corn? A longshoreman from Hell's Kitchen? Perhaps some youth from the tobacco fields, resting again in his own Virginia. All that the army tells us of him is that he died in battle. All that the heart tells is that some woman loved him. More than that no man shall learn. In this mystery, as in the riddle of the universe, the wise wonder; but they would not know. What were his dreams, his ambitions? Likely he shared those common to the millions: a life of peace and honest struggle, with such small success as comes to most who try; and at the end the

27

WORLD MOURNS WITH AMERICA AT BIER OF UNKNOWN SOLDIER; 75,000 VIEW COFFIN IN CAPITOL Γ

Tb·

Unknown Soldier " A l R o t "

i n the

J

Capitol

Μ en, Woroe* and ChiWff*, B i r i i auU tHf N r , Pay Hoiiia.f.

Biri>llIKS TfmirrU»

IN «»f

W a r

Τ Η KilNC Bn»«!H

l!omU« «ra··U4 ofIIWIu t!« ΗUta Λ·«««w«*mu ra aa a ,D·•« la*M«* aU« tra t a · « · · 1 · a a . i a p * a r « « H l r vr ·*·r«aa i |iwl kM*tB n4 fw la rr a4«·4T. |CNl — Stirred bj the first lynchJnf here in SO ;nri, municipal, county »rid State official* Joined today In an iotonalve aemrch for tb· eight unmulid «hit« men vbo early this morning took Robert Powall, 34.year-cld Nefro alleged slater, from a boapltaJ cot and hanged b!m from a bridge outside Houston The fact that the tynrMnc toon naifoaaJ political «pot· f>Ilgahrte iswhitluerntehde upon the city catuec officials particular rcsrcrr. and quick [Source: Virginian-Pilot

and

steps were taken in an effort to f!x responsibility.

An apprvpriation of 110.000 wmt •oted by the Oty Oounni for an !o» estimation by Λ commute* of nl«. two member« of »h'.ch ere Negroe*. District Jude«· l.angstnn King charged tfce grand Jury to dmp other matters «bile It inquires Into the lynching. Oov Dan Mo-Td* at Austin offered a regard of 1350 frr the arrest of ea n * « s promptly set lor I p m Central Standard Time Monday Somberly, Johnson asserted that "the liber and the fabric of America·· w e n being tested lie said he «anted to five Congress new recommendations and suggestions (or easing the plight of the Negro. Johnson also announced that he had cancelled bis p U n i la (ly to Hawaii (or conference with American leaders ta Vietnam preliminary lo possible peace talks with the North Vietnamese

[Source: Pine

Bluff

one of IS weapons stolen a night earlier irnm a Memphis sporting goods store, but llollnman refused ta say immediately that the stolen gun was the death weapon He said it had been sent to U M F B I laboratory in Washington loe tests. Morris. a>ke\l if oflicert had a palm print from the «capon replied: " W e hope we de." The searrh (or the slayer technically was nationwide, WIUI the FBI acimg on personal orders (rem Attorney General Ramsey Clark. But it was centered in the «e»tem Tennessee. Mississippi a n d Arkansas area around Memphis A «hit« car was pursued on the outskirts of tlx city until It was last.

Sheriff William M o m s said it was helieted that King was shoe from a "flophouse ' facing the friwt of the l-nrraine Motel tn «hieb King « i s staying. An alt points bulletin was issued (or the assassin, described by wttnrsses as a Caucasian, about > years old. i lee« It inches tau, I i i pounds, wearing dark clothing. Memphis Police Director Frank Holloman said the man apparently « a s following a well planned procedure I M I o m a n M i d the vesication iho«cd that the assassin checked into the Hop. hiwise at tnldaftcrnoon, shol King three hours later and then disappeared in the cnnfuMon. The fatal shot was fired from the »mdow a common bathroom in the flop, hraise. Holloman said. King's room was 205 (ret away, through trees and acrnts a street but in " d r a r view of the window. Holloman refused 14 disclose the name the man had signed on the register of the hotel, but said '-certain evidence J u s bee» found." Hie murder weapon apparently was a new 30- OS Remington pump-nfle with telescopic sights. Holloman said. The assassin also carried a new set of binoculars and a new suitcase.

Commercial,

King died at 1 Λ p.m.. Central Standard Time, less iban an hour after being rushed to St Joseph's Hospital. Paul Hess, assistant administrator of the hospital, said King died of a bullet wound in the neck. He said doctors η th« emergency room were unable to stop tho Heeding. Two men were picked up by police la the area of the shooting but were released after questioning. " W e eserted every human effort to prevent it (rem happening." HaOoman said. A Memphis newspaper, t h e Commercial Appeal, offered a 135,000 reward (or the killer. The body of King was put on public mew today, shortly before it was to be returned home to Atlanta. Hundreds of Negroes passed by ta pay their last respects. Reverend Ralph Abernatbr. named Inday lo Southern Christian Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and other staff members conducted a short memorial service after they arrived at » : « a_m.

A Jt-.Ot Remington pump rifle was

A p r i l 5, 1968, p. 1.]

Related Startes aa Ρ ι ρ ι

Μ

254 The prophet unarmed, he never held a significant public office or ran for one. He had no army and deplored the need for one. Yet he expressed the hope and patience and vision of millions. New, more militant leaders emerged, pressing Dr. King to say that the time for violence had come. He refused, despite frustration after frustration. Once he defied a federal judge and for a moment sunk to the level of his adversaries who put themselves above the law. For that dereliction, he submitted to jail. But he would not submit to the clamor for violence. And now, at the age of 39, he is dead. The violence he preached against, the violence he could still have done so much to prevent, has stalked and killed him. Whatever the assassin's name, it shall be remembered only because of Martin Luther King's. The enormity of the crime calls out for vengeance, for blood, for all the things that Martin Luther King preached against. Rioting broke out shortly after the news of his assassination. There are those who say that the hope for a peaceful solution of America's racial problems died with Martin Luther King last night. No, that must not be, that will not be. Leontyne Price said it: "What Dr. King stood for can never be killed with a bullet." His ideas were more than personal, they were Christian. He expressed them; he did not create them. They sprang from a people inured to hardship and strong in faith. They will last as long as there are churchhouses and gospel music and preachers. He will forever be the peculiar possession of the American Negro, but all men of good will shall claim him. Martin Luther King stirred a nation's conscience. His hope and vision shall stir it yet.

255

ABOUT JOHNSON'S PRESIDENCY IN 1969 BY

PHILIP L. GEYELIN The Washington

Philip

L. Geyelin

Post

(born on February 27, 1923, in Devon, Pennsylva-

nia) was educated at Episcopal Academy and Yale University, where he received his

B.A.

degree in

1943.

The following three years

Geyelin was in the Military Service and active in the U.S. Marine Corps during World War II. His journalism career started in 1947 when he joined the staff of the Wall Street

Journal.

He worked at

the paper for two decades and covered - among other topics - the Dewey Campaign, the White House, and the Eisenhower and Stevenson Campaigns. From 1 956-60 Philip L. Geyelin served as Chief European Correspondent of the Wall Street

Journal.

correspondent in Washington, he travelled Dominican Republic, and again

to

Later, as a diplomatic to

Vietnam, Cuba, the

Europe. In 1966 he received an

Overseas Press Club Citation, and in the same year he brought out a book

on

"Lyndon B. Johnson and the World." The following year

Geyelin moved from the Wall Street

Journal

to the Washington

Poet

to become the editor of the editorial page. In his capacity of one of the leading editorial writers colleagues

for

the urbanity

of

of

the Post he was known among

his manner and sharpness of his

pen. In 1970 Philip L. Geyelin earned the Pulitzer Editorial for articles written in the previous year.

Prize

256 SEVERAL ACHIEVEMENTS AND FAILURES OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT [Source: (Philip L. Geyelin): Lyndon Johnson's Presidency... And the Democratic Years, in: The Washington Post (Washington, D.C.), 92nd Year/No. 45, January 19, 1969, p. Β 6, cols. 1 - 2; reprinted by permission of the Washington Post, Washington, D.C.]

They have not been dull, the Johnson years, from the first crisis in Panama to Santo Domingo and South Vietnam, from the wild campaign of 1964 to the triumphs in Congress, the protests on the campus, the riots in the cities and the sudden abdication in 1968. And they have not been unproductive, in their rich yield of civil rights and social »/elfare legislation. More than anything, perhaps, they have been sad, in the sense that Franklin D. Roosevelt thought of Lincoln as a "sad man because he couldn't get it all at once - and nobody can." Lyndon Johnson tried, you have to give him that. He brought more raw force and endless energy and craving for accomplishment to the office of President than anyone could ask. Where he succeeded, he succeeded big, in education and civil rights and all the rest. And while it can be said that he also failed big - by not being able to win his way in the war in his time, and by having to acknowledge such a division in the country that he could only carry on in his final year by foreswearing his candidacy for another terro - not the least of his legacies to President Nixon is what he himself did to turn the war around and head it in the direction of a gradual American disengagement and a political settlement. Serious peace talking is to begin in Paris this coming week not so much because Lyndon Johnson halted the bombing of North Vietnam in October but because he stared down his generals last March and made the much more difficult decision to refuse them the massive reinforcement of American troops that they were asking for. If this seems a somewhat negative legacy, there are more than enough that are positive. The list of legislative accomplishments runs on and on from the 1964 Civil Rights Act to rent supplements, voting rights, model cities, medicare, control of water pollution, immigration reform, job training, educational aid. And while some of this was the finishing of unfinished business, well begun before his time, some of it broke new ground. A landmark aid to education act, for elementary and secondary schools, cracked a

257 constitutional and political impasse over church-school relationships , and it was brought into being not by past momentum or by parliamentary manipulation, but through the innovation and sheer determination of the President. • /

And yet, for all of this, how history will judge him, in the main, is going to hang very heavily on how the war evolves and what it will be said, many years from now, was gained or lost in that conflict. It is sometimes argued that Vietnam wasn't everything, that the American commitment didn't begin with Lyndon Johnson anyway, that the great domestic problems probably would not have been dealt with, let alone disposed of, much differently if there had been no great expansion of the war in the Johnson years. Perhaps. But the fact remains that Vietnam was, of course, the thing that seemed to be the well-spring of dissent, the issue that shook public confidence, the great preoccupation of the top men of government, the spoiler of relationships with allies and antagonists abroad, and the crisis that brought Lyndon Johnson down. There were other sources of dissent, other spoilers; there would have been trouble anyway because there always is trouble enough somewhere, growing out of something or other, for any President. But it was always President Johnson's firm belief that a Government which lost its mastery over Congress, and in the process lost the faith of the people, on one critical issue, was in grave danger of losing its capacity to command support or trust in anything it touched. This, in a sense, is what happened to Lyndon Johnson with Vietnam, and it happened because the President never managed until much too late to reconcile what he was trying to accomplish in the war, first with what the military men were trying to accomplish, and then with what the public thought he was trying to accomplish. He did not lead, or educate or rally the country until it was too late. « And so the dissent grew and the war dragged on and finally it had to be conceded, if not acknowledged publicly, that pouring on more pressure and projecting the possibility of an ever-widening, open-ended war was not going to compel the enemy to stop doing what it was doing, in Dean Rusk's phrase. Finally, it had to be conceded that there were limits to this new thing called limited

258 war, and while this is progress of a kind it is not quite the same thing as success. It is often said of Mr. Johnson that his trouble came from some incapacity to inspire, and thus to lead. He would say, on the contrary, that he was unjustly victimized by Easterners and intellectuals and liberals and the Kennedy people who scorned him for his regionalism and his roughness, his table manners and the twang of his voice. There is truth to both, and also irony, because the sad thing is that his origins are the best thing about him, the thing he has going for him whenever he is himself, and he didn't know it. Or maybe he just wasn't confident enough about it. Whatever it was, he tried to run the country in the way he ran the United States Senate and it didn't work. He wheedled and cajoled and high-pressured and oversold, and seemed to be counting the legislation passed not so much for its contents as its bulk, and this wasn't what people were concerned about. They were worrying about casualty figures and about how the combat troops got to Vietnam in the first place and how they got involved in combat operations when the Secretaries of State and Defense had said they weren't supposed to; they were worrying about how it was all going to end and what it was doing to the country and whether it was worth it, and by the time the Administration got around to leveling a little more on the subject it was too late, because the confidence was gone. This isn't the whole story by any means but it was a big part of the story of how Lyndon Johnson lost his majority. If he was, like Lincoln, a sad man, he didn't show it and he didn't let it slow him; he was forever driving. He wanted nothing more than to succeed - and he did, in many, many ways. But he wanted support for the war and money for a bigger antipoverty effort and safety in the streets and housing for the poor and education for all our children and medical care for all the elderly and the love and respect of all the people, and it wouldn't stretch. He wanted to get it all at once and Roosevelt was right: nobody can. ... AND THE DEMOCRATIC YEARS

It is not just Lyndon Johnson's five years in office which will come to an end tomorrow, but also eight years of Democratic administration. How can the Democrats' impact on our national affairs

259

[Source: The Washington Post, January 19, 1969, p. Β 6.]

260 be assessed - or even defined for that matter? For nonpartisan observers - the Party Faithless, as it were - the question is a tough one. Rhetoric apart, it is yet barely possible to establish the existence of a decisive relationship between much that Government did and much that occurred in the country at large, let alone to speak with confidence on the nature of its failures and achievements. We will need more time, more knowledge, and a larger perspective to determine which blessings might have accrued in any event without much assistance from the top, as well as which setbacks might in fact have been worse without ministrations from the government which got the blame for them. Still, it is possible to make a rough measure of where the Democrats came out in relation to where they began. For this purpose nothing is more helpful than a look at the Party platform of 1960, which the Democrats entitled, with that engaging immodesty for which they are famous, "The Rights of Man." What is special and useful is the insight it affords into the assumptions of the moment. It is not just that retrospectively the Democrats' achievements in terms of social and economic gains look gigantic in contrast with what they were then prepared to fight for. The platform also is a comment on what went wrong, a guide to illusions as well as aspirations. This becomes plain and more than a little ironic when you consider Chester Bowies' cautionary introductory statement: "Much will be said about our disagreements on civil rights ... Decidedly more important than our disagreements, however, was the unity among us in the fields of world affairs and economic policy." Dean Rusk's confrontations with the Foreign Relations Committee, Secretary Fowler's prolonged ordeal at Ways and Means - these were only the outward and visible signs of internal Party turmoil that developed in areas once thought of as "unified" and relatively peaceful. •

Two assumptions that were solid liberal Democratic dogma at the time recur in that antique platform and it is safe to say that a tendency to uncritical and oversimplified acceptance of them played a part in the subsequent anguish of the Party. One was that restored economic health - general prosperity and a vastly enlarged GNP - would automatically bring along remedies to the Nation's social problems, relief for its urban and rural

261 poor. Indeed, the projections dating from this period with their promise of eradicated slums and the rest have an almost touching quality of naivete to them in relation to what we are now beginning to know. The other assumption which had far more serious consequences was that by correcting the strategic misconceptions of the outgoing Republican Administration - its dangerous reliance on nuclear arms as an instrument of foreign and military policy it would be possible to achieve what we now know to our sorrow was a lot more difficult than that. "Balanced conventional military forces," the platform assured, "will permit a response graded to the intensity of any threats of aggressive force." And again the Democrats pledged to provide the Nation with a military capacity "to deter both limited and general aggression." In this, a couple of points are relevant. One is that both in providing a more realistic mixture of military force and in substantially raising the level of economic prosperity, the Democrats in office did remedy grave and dangerous ills. That many of those in power in two Administrations as well as on Capitol Hill - put an excess of faith in what could thereby be accomplished is something else again. Perhaps the man who could benefit most by considering all this is the President-elect: it is an object lesson in the perils of overreacting to the real deficiencies of one's predecessors in office, of replacing their illusions with your own. •

Not all the assumptions were illusions, of course - far from it. You can look around Government now and around the country and be genuinely impressed with the difference between the time of the Democrat's arrival and departure. Especially in the field of arms control agreements or efforts to achieve them they went a long way and made good on much of their word. With all its frailty and weaknesses, an agency of government now exists whose purpose is to promote such vital steps. Other new agencies, the Peace Corps, the Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Office of Economic Opportunity along with a broad range of new statutes on the books attest to the successful endeavor of two Democratic Administrations to change the Nation's assumptions and some of ite illusions as well: governmental responsibility to act in all these various fields is now an acknowledged and probably irreversible fact of our national life. And in good part

262

"This Smooth-Transition-Of-Powerlessnege Briefing Won't Take Long, Spiro-About A Minute, Give Or Take Five Seconds"

[Source: The Washington Post, January 20, 1969, p. A 16.]

because of these efforts - whether to lessen the danger of nuclear war or to enhance the opportunity of those at home whom society has left out - we speak a slightly different language today, one less given to xenophobic excesses and simplicites and also one freighted with recognitions of the country's responsibility αβ α whole for the well-being of its citizens and institutions. Even before the final comprehensive judgments can be made, it seems accurate to observe that at the very least the Democrats under Presidents Kennedy and Johnson did get the country moving again - and on a number of crucial matters, moving in the right direction.

263

ABOUT PEACEFUL DESEGREGATION IN 1970

BY HORANCE G. DAVIS JR, Gainesville Sun

Horance

G.

Davis

Jr.

(born on July

14, 1924,

in Manchester, Geor-

gia) attended the University of Florida at Gainesville, where he received hisB.A. degree in 1948. For a short period he had worked for the Bradford County Telegraph in Florida, before, immediately after

graduation, he became

the capital correspondent for the

Jacksonville Florida Times-Union in Tallahassee, Fla. During the time as state capital correspondent Davis received his M. A. degree from the University

of Florida in 1952. After five years at the

Florida Times-Union, in 1954, he joined the journalism faculty at the University of Florida. Since that time, beside of his teaching position, Horance G. Davis Jr. continued working for newspapers. In the period

1955-56

he had short stints as reporter on the Bradford

County Telegraph, and since that time he earned several state level journalism awards. From

1959-60

he contributed to the Atlanta Con-

stitution, the following year he was a free-lancer for the Miami Herald,

and

since

1962 he became an editorial writer

for the

Gainesville Sun on a near daily basis. In 1963 Davis won the Sigma Delta Chi Distinguished Society Award for editorial writing for a series of Sun editorials. In 1965 and 1967 he received University of Florida awards for teaching excellence, and in 1971 the University named him Distinguished Alumnus. In the same year Horance G. Davis was awarded the Pulitzer Editorial Prize for articles published during the preceding year.

264 INTEGRATED

SCHOOL

SYSTEM NEEDS

ENCOURAGEMENT

FROM

PARENTS

[Sources: (Horance G. Davis Jr.): And Dawn Breaks, in: Gainesville Sun (Gainesville, Fla.), Vol. 95/No. 203, February 5, 1970, p. 8, cols. 1 - 2; Extend Your Hand, in: Gainesville Sun (Gainesville, Fla.), Vol. 95/No. 204, February 6, 1970, p. 6, cols. 1 - 2 ; reprinted by permission of the Gainesville Sun, Gainesville, Fla.]

February is a peculiar month to have the school kids underfoot. And the students probably will agree February is an odd time for a school holiday. But Alachua County youth had their holiday this week anyway, in the wake of court orders, legal appeals, hectic decision making, and even violence. The enforced holiday enabled a court-ordered switch-over of a dual black-white school system into a unitary system. It has been 16 years in the making, and Alachua County is just getting around to it. Logistically speaking, integration means the reassignment of 300 teachers and 2,500 pupils at a cost of $60,000, not to mention some $10,000 spent in fruitless legal appeals. The same thing, in varying degrees, is happening all over Florida. Unfortunately, the confusion has been magnified by a bevy of political scavengers led by Governor Claude Kirk, who has been braying like a donkey fresh out of oats. By word and deed, in defying court orders, Governor Kirk has set a deplorabel example of law-and-order. Governor Kirk was in Gainesville last Thursday. And while he was in town, black students were throwing rocks and vandalizing Lincoln High in anger at the phasing out of their school. These were atrocious acts which reflect unfairly on the fine black people of Gainesville. But, as Governor Kirk whiffed the tear gas, did it cross his mind that he was the spiritual godfather of this minor rebellion? Alachua County's "integration holiday" ends today and the school doors open tomorrow - and dawn breaks on a new historical era for all of us. As for the future, we turn not to Governor Kirk - but to the kids who are living this experience. And the signs are good. We have before us a special edition of Gainesville High's newspaper, the Hurricane Herald, put out by editor Roberta Berner

265 and her staff. Its contents are so notable that the State Department of Education circulated it around the state. The paper carries the full content of the unification court order and the mechanics of integrating 580 students from Lincoln High with 2,500 already at GHS. Let us tell you what the kids are up to. Lincoln High and GHS student body officers will share their duties jointly for the remainder of the year. The music groups plan fresh auditions. The honor societies and special interest clubs are getting membership blanks ready. And the sports program is being worked out to the best interest of Lincoln athletes, with the open admission that GHS is looking forward to contributions by such as Eddie McAshan, Richard Williams, Johnny Foreman, and Arnett Hall. The Hurricane's editorial viewed integration as "an exciting situation to liven up a dull part of the school year... a way to meet 600 additional individuals ... an educational experience in itself ... 1969-70 could be considered the most valuable year in the history of Gainesville High School." And its ending: "It is up to us - students from both Lincoln High and Gainesville High School - to make unification work. We can do it." We wish Governor Kirk had said that. 'Xj

^

\

Last month when word got around that many teachers were going to be reassigned to comply with Alachua County's school desegregation order a young white pupil approached his Negro teacher. "Will you be going to another school?" he asked timidly. "No," replied the teacher who had been assigned to the predominately-white school two years ago. "For once it seems I aim the right color." The incident, a real one, points to the racial problems facing our schools as they begin the second semester under the unitary system. Many teachers - about 250, or one in every four - were not the right color in the three whites to one black ratio prescribed by the federal court for faculties. Some parents will not like the color of their child's teacher. Neither will all the teachers be happy in their new assignments.

266 But pigmentation is only superficial. The real race problems lie much deeper. Cultural and social gaps between the races will be vexatious. They, too, will work both ways. Black children will feel frustrated surrounded by white pupils of different norms, being taught by a white teacher inculcated in the traditional white, middle-class values. White children and teachers will feel insecure in the ghetto schools. Some will find the challenge impossible. We hope their number is minimal. Somehow, as they always seem to do, the children will work things out, but it will take encouragement from home. Parental attitudes can make the transition a smooth one. Or, they can compound the frustrations. But they can never alter the fact that total desegregation is here to stay. There is at least one encouraging aspect to the mid-year changeover. For years teachers and administrators recognized that integration required hard work and special efforts for adaptation Yet, so long as integration was on a token basis they sloughed off. Now that the task is at hand and can no longer be postponed we believe the result will be better education for all children. The recent strife at Lincoln High has obscured the fact that Alachua County has been a leader in the area of human relations. Our school system was way out front among those caught by the Supreme Court's February deadline. For years the school board has been under the gun of the desegregation issue and the criticism has been heavy from all sides. Now, the board has done its job as required by the courts. The problem belongs to the parents and the schools. If your child has a new teacher or has been reassigned to a strange school make it a point to visit the school. Extend your hand and offer your help. A little understanding will go a long way.

267

ABOUT ECOLOGICAL DAMAGE IN 1971 BY

JOHN

STROHMEYER

Bethlehem

John S t r o h m e y e r

(born

on

Globe-Times

June 26,

1924,

in C a s c a d e ,

Wisconsin)

s t a r t e d h i s n e w s p a p e r c a r e e r in 1941 , w o r k i n g as a n i g h t

reporter

of the Globe-Times

Moravian

of

Bethlehem,

Pa. ,

while

attending

C o l l e g e . D u r i n g W o r l d W a r II he s p e n t t h r e e y e a r s in the U . S .

Navy,

a t t a i n i n g the rank o f l i e u t e n a n t . S t r o h m e y e r g r a d u a t e d f r o m M u h lenberg C o l l e g e in 1947 and the G r a d u a t e S c h o o l of J o u r n a l i s m C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y in 1948. R e c r u i t e d from C o l u m b i a by the nal of P r o v i d e n c e , R.I., he b e c a m e a f u l l - t i m e i n v e s t i g a t i v e porter, specialized

in

crime a n d c o r r u p t i o n .

In 1956

r e t u r n e d to h i s former n e w s p a p e r to b e c o m e e d i t o r of the Globe-Times.

He also

was

active in q u i t e a n u m b e r of

at

Jourre-

Strohmeyer Bethlehem functions,

e.g. d i s c u s s i o n leader a t the A m e r i c a n P r e s s I n s t i t u t e as w e l l as at the I n t e r n a t i o n a l P r e s s I n s t i t u t e a n d m e m b e r of v a r i o u s tion c o m m i t t e e s .

In 1971 he was the r e c i p i e n t of the C o m e n i u s

selecAward

at M o r a v i a n C o l l e g e for "prodding the c o n s c i e n c e o f B e t h l e h e m to c r i t i c a l l y e x a m i n e i t s e l f and its p r o g r e s s . " A s c h i e f e x e c u t i v e news

and

o p e r a t i o n s , S t r o h m e y e r w r o t e an a v e r a g e of five

of

edito-

rials a w e e k , a n d in 1972 he r e c e i v e d the P u l i t z e r P r i z e for E d i t o r i a l s for a r t i c l e s p u b l i s h e d the y e a r

before.

268 NO INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IS WORTH DEGRADING THE ENVIRONMENT

[Sources: (John Strohmeyer): Selling Out The Monocacy, in: The Bethlehem Globe-Times (Bethlehem, Pa.), Vol. C/No. 32,221, March 5, 1971, p. 6, cols. 1 - 2 ; Too Frank Reporting, in: The Bethlehem Globe-Times (Bethlehem, Pa.), Vol. CIV/No. 32,334, July 16, 1971, p. 6, cols. 1 - 2; reprinted by permission of the ABARTA, Inc., Bethlehem, Pa.]

The Monocacy Creek is one of those dwindling natural resources Ν

that provides fun and fishing and breeds wildlife and vegetation in a rapidly growing urban area. This week, city council has been told that the state health department is about ready to clear the way for industrial firms to dump into the stream wastes that are potentially dangerous. In short, the state is on the verge of lowering the quality of water standards for the Monocacy. •

This straightforward indictment of Pennsylvania's concept of protecting the environment was made not by any of the many conservation groups which occasionally cry out about beer cans and litter. It was a documented charge launched by an individual, an Allentonian at that, who has enjoyed the many recreational treasures of days spent on the banks of the Monocacy. Harry Forker is heartsick that the Monocacy is about to be degraded and that the state is the villain in the rape of this stream. •

So far, the state health department has not denied that it has approved, though not yet issued, a permit to let the National Portland Cement Co., north of Bethlehem discharge wastes into a prime fishing stretch of the Monocacy with an oxygen content lowered to six parts per million. Forker contends that this level is too low for marine and plant life to survive as natural trout food. *

While both the cement plant and the state might put forth a biologist to debate Forker's contention on the level of oxygen necessary for marine life survival, no one can fault him on real thrust of charge. It is that in this age of vanishing natural resources the state should be raising the level of water quality, not lowering it.

269

No amount of industrial or economical development is worth degrading this fine public stream. Every effort should be made now to draw the line against further intrusion by man· In fact/ hearings held earlier this year indicated that the Monocacy has the potential upgraded fine coldfish. water fishing stream capable to ofbe holding overinto and abreeding •

How then, does the State Health Department reconcile its tacit approval for lower standards simply to help an industry accommodate scrubbers that have failed to meet clean stream criteria? How, in fact, does it explain the long history of enforcement negligence which has permitted lagoons of a paint and pigment plant further down stream to ooze into another choice fishing stretch of the Monocacy? Does the State Health Department exist as a partner of industry or a protector of the public? •

Governor Shapp made much in his campaign about getting tough on pollution enforcement. The sad abuse of the Monocacy deserves to be called to his attention. Everyone who has ever fed a duck on any of its calm pools, caught a trout in its swift waters, or thrilled at the sight of a migrating warbler on its shaded banks should recognize a personal mission to save the Monocacy. *

Don't let them degrade it. Write the governor. Write Dr. Maurice Goddard (Department of Environmental Resources, Harrisburg) , and write City Council. It is the only way left to head off this sellout by the State Health Department. *\j

The Bethlehem Redevelopment Authority, beset with setbacks in the Monocacy Renewal project and split by dissension within its board, has not had an easy time of it of late. The edgy weariness of its officers is probably no more apparent than in the incredible display of pettiness on Wednesday night. The Authority adjourned its monthly public meeting on the spot when officers saw that a Globe-Times reporter had arrived with a tape recorder to cover the meeting.

270 *

This incident climaxes a series of diversionary actions which makes the taxpayer wonder. Is the Authority spending more of its time trying to choke off the bad news of its accumulating problems than it is in facing up to its problems? Consider the record leading up to the sad spectacle of Wednesday night: •

- Last September, the Authority was jolted by Lehigh University1s announcement that it was withdrawing from its agreement to build graduate housing on the 16-acre Monocacy Renewal tract which it held for two years. The university's participation had been counted on as an important catalyst in the Authority's total renewal design. •

- On Feb. 11, 1971, with no tenants in sight to take up the abandoned tract, dissension from within broke into the open. Hugh Close, vice president of the Authority, criticized his own colleagues by declaring that the Redevelopment Authority was spending money to help business, industry and Lehigh University instead of helping people. *

- On March 10, the next public meeting, the Authority president, Robert M. Fuller, castigated reporters from the Bethlehem and Allentown papers for featuring Close's charges. He said the press engaged in "unfair, unfactual, distorted reporting that is misleading the public." (Close offered a rebuttal, saying that in his view the reporting was fair. "It's what I said," he asserted. ) #

- In the April meeting, the Globe-Times reporter arrived with a tape recorder with instructions to record the meeting verbatim. It turned out to be the night when a heated hassle occurred over the Authority's pay policy before the coordinator's salary was raised from $17,700 to $18,500. The story was prominently published the next day with verbatim remarks and a portion of the tape was aired on the news shows of the Bethlehem radio station, WGPA.

271

'Name Your Poison/

[Source:

The Bethlehem

Globe-Times,

March 10, 1971, p .

6.]

272

There is no doubt in our mind that the too complete reporting of the pay policy debate led to the banning of tape recorders on Wednesday night. The ban poses no great principle of press freedom, since the Authority imposed no ban on reporters with pad and pencil. But it cannot be accepted. There is here a partial infringement of the people's right to a full, verbatim account of a public proceeding. Furthermore, the decree is contrary to all public policy. In the words of Housing and Urban Development, the federal agency which monitors the local redevelopment program, there are no federal laws barring a reporter from using a tape recorder. In the context of the Pennsylvania Open Meeting Law, there are no distinctions on whether a reporter uses a manual device or electronic device to cover a public meeting. » It seems to us the Bethlehem Redevelopment Authority can better spend its energy and legal funds dealing with some of the real problems facing the agency and the city's future. But if it persists in enforcing the ban, it leaves us no choice. *

This is to serve notice that a Globe-Times reporter will be present at the next meeting with a tape recorder, if he is denied the right to use it, we are prepared to resort to every legal remedy to test this infringement on the public's right to know.

273

ABOUT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS IN 1972 BY

ROGER B. LINSCOTT The Berkshire

Roger Bourne Linscott Massachusetts)

grew

(born up

in

on

Eagle

January 22, 1920, in Winchester,

the

Boston

suburb

of

Stoneham.

He

graduated in 1941 from Harvard University, working during summer vacations for the Cape Cod Standard-Times. briefly

by

joining

the

the Buchanan U.S.

Navy

Advertising where

he

Linscott was employed

Agency

served

on

in a

York

before

destroyer

New

in the

Pacific as a lieutenant senior grade. After his discharge at the end of World War Advertising

II

Agency.

Herald-Tribune

he was

a

Then Roger

where

he

wrote

newspaper's weekly book review Berkshire

Eagle,

copywriter for the Franklin B.

Linscott went to the New

the

On

section.

Spier York

the Books' column in the In 1948 he moved to the

where he was first assigned to the City Hall beat

and for six years also wrote a weekly column on politics. Linscott became an editorial writer in 1954 and was named chief editorial writer in 1957. He later was promoted to editor of the editorial page of the Eagle.

In 1969 and 1970, while working his normal 50-

hour week at the newspaper, Linscott took on the job of managing editor of Optical

Spectra,

a trade magazine for the optics indus-

try. He worked on that project and managed to translate scientific information into language

a

layman could understand. During the

seventies Linscott advanced to one of the most respected editorial writers of the Northeast putting the editorial

and

great

weight on the quality of

op-ed page of the Berkshire

Eagle.

In 1973 he

earned the Pulitzer Editorial award for articles published during the previous year.

274 DEPRECIATION OF MORAL VALUES EARMARKS IN FEDERAL GOVERNMENT [Sources: (Roger B. Linscott): Mr. Nixon returns in triumph, in: The Berkshire Eagle (Pittsfield, Mass.), Vol. 81/No. 22, June 3, 1972, p. 16, cols. 1 - 2; Why we're for McGovern, in: The Berkshire Eagle (Pittsfield, Mass.), Vol. 81/ No. 137, October 18, 1972, p. 24, cols. 1 - 2 ; reprinted by permission of the Berkshire Eagle, Pittsfield, Mass.]

Senators Humphrey and McGovern are still at it in the Golden West, fighting tooth and nail for the California votes that can clinch the Democratic nomination - but it's beginning to look as though the prize they are so eagerly seeking is hardly worth the struggle. Senator Muskie may end up thanking his lucky stars for coming a cropper so early in the game. For the plain fact is that President Nixon never looked stronger than he does today, fresh from his exploits in Moscow. He has squared the circle; worked the trick. The summit meeting that seemed all but doomed a few weeks ago turned into political triumph. Coming on the heels of his mission to China, it has provided a massive orchestration for the generation-of-peace theme the Republicans will be chanting from now until November. This is painful for his critics to concede. It offends their sense of humanity that the President should bask in the warm glow of the global peacemaker even as American bombers systematically destroy a tiny nation half a world away. And it seems to them unjust that he should totally escape retribution for taking the awful gamble of blockading the Russians at Haiphong in defiance of international law. Yet if the horror of Vietnam is set aside from the rest of the equation, it is impossible to deny the enormous importance of what the President has achieved by opening the door to China and establishing the basis for an orderly coexistence with the Soviets. And it is equally impossible to deny that many of the President's severest critics would be hailing these achievements as a masterstroke of statesmanship had they occurred under other and more liberal auspices. In all probability they couldn't have occurred under such auspices. As Walter Lippmann observed long ago, it sometimes requires a conservative to do the truly liberal things because a conservative is relatively immune to the charge of "sell-out".

275

[ S o u r c e : The Berkshire

Eagle,

June 3, 1972, p .

16.]

276 Nixon, the Republican with unimpeachable Cold Warrior credentials, could trade away Formosa to break down the Chinese wall, which a Democratic president could probably have done only at the cost of his political future. And Nixon in Moscow could secure a strategic arms limitation agreement by taking risks and making concessions which might well have drowned a more liberal president under a tidal wave of right-wing recriminations at home. In any event, the President's success in bringing all this off despite his obdurate policies in Vietnam represents a virtuoso diplomatic performance by any standards. The brains behind it belong to Dr. Kissinger, a student of Metternich who has obviously learned the master's lessons well; and it has been, ,in the Metternich style, an often amoral performance, based on hardnosed realpolitics rather than principle. But for all of that, the results are no less significant, whether measured by the improved prospects for world stability or the improved prospects for Mr. Nixon's re-election. 'v In urging the election of George McGovern, The Eagle is not under any illusion that it is likely to come about. Unless the pulsetakers have all taken leave of their senses, he is doomed to political burial on November 7, quite possibly under a landslide. ^

Nor is this any wonder. With the sole exception of Herbert Hoover, no white House incumbent has been denied re-election in more than half a century. And no incumbent in all our history has commanded a re-election juggernaut as rich and ruthless as President Nixon's. But if an endorsement of Senator McGovern is fated to be a minority report, it is nonetheless one that we feel obliged in good conscience to make, because we are not at all confident that the nation can emerge without irreparable damage from four more years of President Nixon - most especially a President Nixon free from the political restraint of having to face the voters again. #

The damage that so deeply disturbs us is moral more than physical, an atmosphere of corruption that seems increasingly pervasive in our national life. Not conventional political corruption - though heaven knows the Watergate affair and its after-

277 math have exposed more than enough of that - but rather a corruption of the spirit, a debasing of the traditional American sense of idealism and humanitarian concern. What we have done to Southeast Asia under President Nixon is the most shattering manifestation of this. He inherited the mess, to be sure. But he pledged that he would end it, and the pledge has been dishonored. In the four years since he declared that a President who could not bring peace to Vietnam would be undeserving of re-election, 20,000 GIs and hundreds of thousands of Asians have died, the war theater has been expanded, and we have submitted a nation which in no way threatens our security to the cruelest rain of aerial destruction in military history. And this in the cause of "an honorable peace." •

The damage this has done to our moral values has carried over inexorably to domestic politics as well. A public brainwashed into accepting the debasement of American ideals abroad learns to look the other way when they are debased at home. In such an atmosphere, the clandestine espionage campaign of the President's re-election committee is brushed off as "just politics," when in fact it is a sinister development quite without precedent. And even the most blatant catering to the moneyed interests, whether ITT or Lockheed or the dairy lobby or the other fat cat campaign contributors, fails to arouse any widespread sense of moral outrage. *

Obviously President Nixon doesn't deserve all the blame for this devaluation of moral standards. Obviously, also, he does deserve credit for some solid accomplishments, most notably in moving toward normalization of relations with the major Communist powers. The finesse with which the President and Dr. Kissinger have exploited the mutual antagonisms of Russia and China to open new doors in both those countries is a textbook example of hardnosed diplomacy harnessed to beneficial ends. But even where the President has scored, his prime motivation has been transparently not a better America but a more electable Richard Nixon. The image of expediency continually gives the lie to the professions of principle. He champions welfare reform mid

278 sells it down the river when he finds it more politic to join the hue and cry against welfare "loafers." He proposes a consumer protection bill and torpedoes it when business lobbyists say it mustn't pass. He preaches economy while running up the biggest federal deficits in history. He talks of the sanctity of the courts while trying to nullify their rulings with an antibusing bill designed to win him segregationist votes. *

But the case for Senator McGovern's candidacy does not rest solely on President Nixon's shortcomings. The senator is strongest in the very area where the President is weakest: in his commitment to human values rather than money values, in his dedication to the reordering of our national priorities in the interests of narrowing the income gap and giving social needs some of the emphasis now lavished on the military-industrial establishment. The senator has been accused of vacillating - but his inconsistencies have been small beside those of the ex-Cold Warrior who went to Peking and who said he would never countenance wage and price controls. He is pictured as not "tough" enough for the White House - as though the phony toughness that has brought us such disasters as Vietnam were a quality to be admired in Presidents. He is downgraded as a do-gooder - as though adherence to humanitarian convictions were some sort of political vice. Evidently an affluent America isn't in the market for the "new populism" Senator McGovern is preaching. But his sense of moral purpose and basic decency are conceded even by his critics. It will be too bad for the country if those qualities have gone out of style.

279

ABOUT ADMINISTRATION FAILURES IN 1973 BY

F, GILMAN The

F. Gil man Spencer

(born

on

SPENCER

Trentonian

December

8,

1925,

in

Philadelphia,

Pennsylvania) attended Groton School and Swarthmore High School of his hometown. He did not go to college and started his newspaper career as a copy boy on the Philadelphia

Inquirer

in 1947, after

serving as an aviation-radioman in the Navy during W o r l d War II. In 1949 Spencer went to the Times and

cub

Herald

of Chester, Del., as a photographer

sportswriter. Later that year he joined the Mount

Holly

of New Jersey, a weekly newspaper where he wrote sports and

took pictures. In 1952 he returned to the Chester paper, switched over

to

news

and

handled

general

assignments w i t h emphasis o n

politics until 1959 when he became editor of the Main

Line

Times,

a weekly paper in Ardmore, Pa. In 1963 Spencer joined the

Phila-

delphia

Evening

Bulletin

as a deskman, and in early 1964 he left

to write and present television editorials on WCAU-TV, a CBS station in Philadelphia. On May 1, 1967, he was n a m e d editor of the Trentonian, concentrated

a morning daily newspaper of Trenton, N.J., where he on

editorial writing. In

1974

he received the Pu-

litzer Prize for Editorials for work done in the year before.

280 OFFICIAL CORRUPTION REQUIRES INDEPENDENT

INVESTIGATIONS

[Sources: (F. Gilman Spencer): Another Look - T h e SIC Report, in: The Trentonian (Trenton, N.J.), V o l . 27/No. 1ΘΟ, February 20, 1973, p. 20, cols. 1 2; The Only Solution, in: The Trentonian (Trenton, N.J.), V o l . 27/No. 189, March 2, 1973, p. 24, cols. 1 - 2; reprinted b y permission of the Trentonian, Trenton, N . J . ]

When the State Investigations Commission (SIC) agreed to investigate the incredible charge that New Jersey Attorney General George Kugler had turned his back on information that ultimately led to the bribery-conspiracy conviction of Secretary of State Paul Sherwin, many people were extremely relieved. They felt, as we did, that Mr. Kugler should be given an opportunity to clear his name and that of the high office he occupies. And they felt that an independent investigation by a nonpartisan agency such as SIC would guarantee that justice would be done. Last week, SIC absolved Mr. Kugler of all allegations. The complete and utter exoneration was contained in a massive report, the implications of which are grotesque. Those implications did not get to us right away, perhaps because of the sheer size of the report and perhaps because we felt a need to trust this commission that has sworn to protect us by exposing organized crime and official corruption wherever they may lie. But the implications have gotten to us now and we trust they are getting to others who have watched the corruptors and their friends, the pious governmental hypocrites, all but ruin this state. *

The State Investigations Commission prostituted itself, vilely and nauseously, by affixing its name to a one-sided, occasionally malicious, politically-oriented, pseudo report that discounted the testimony of two top federal law enforcement officials and mocked the testimony of a former deputy attorney general of New Jersey, who supplied the information that led to Mr. Sherwin's conviction. Of course, this is just one newspaper's opinion. But we suspect that given time and a reading or two of that outrage masquerading

281 as an impartial evaluation of the Kugler case there will be some who share our opinion. SIC, headed by Democrat John McCarthy, appointed by Governor Cahill, concluded that U.S. Attorney for New Jersey Herbert Stern was given to "frailty" of memory and "inadvertent misstatements" after Mr. Stern, backed up by an assistant, had said one thing and Mr. Kugler, backed up by no witnesses, had said another. •

SIC also concluded that Mr. Kugler, as he testified, had remained oblivious of the allegations against Mr. Sherwin despite the fact that those very allegations had been recited to three top state officials, including one of Mr. Kugler's close associates, criminal justice chief Evan Jahos. And SIC found nothing very wrong with Mr. Jahos' misfiling the allegations - maybe because Mr. Jahos "failed to read" them or maybe because he had given them only a "superficial reading." Well, those same allegations, in the hands of U.S. Attorney Stern, produced an indictment within two months. If Mr. Jahos, who we understand was somewhat upset by SIC's powderpuff rebuke, cares to fully explain why he didn't act on the Sherwin information, we are sure he will find a willing audience. And there might be someone in that audience who will seek to find out why Mr. Jahos was allowed to continue in his job after doing whatever he did or didn't do with those allegations. •

But Mr. Jahos is a bit player in this drama, as is Mr. Kugler. It is the State Investigations Commission that holds center stage, thanks to that wonderfully revealing report. We can only hope that SIC will remain in the spotlight long enough for someone in authority to ask it some of the many questions its strange probe so conspicuously failed to answer. And then we can hope that it will be formally disbanded and relegated to a place of shame, a place far, far away from New Jersey.

This cover-up business involving Attorney General George Kugler, convicted Secretary of State Paul Sherwin, the State Investi-

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365 1993 Winner(s) - awarded in 1994: Name(s) Story Newspaper/News Agency

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367 INDEX Abbot, Willis J., XXVI, XXIX Acheson, Dean G., 91 Ackerman, Carl W. , XXX, XXXII, XXXIII, XXXIV Agar, Herbert, XXXIV Ahearn, James, LVI, LXVII Alexander, John, LXIII Allard, Stephen, VI Allely, Mary, VI Allen, Eric W. Jr., XLVIII Allen, Ivan, 240, 242, 243 Allen, Leo E., 149 Allison, William Β., 89 Almond, James L., 211 Ambrose, Jay, LXX Ames, Alfred, LXIII Anderson, Harold M., XXVII Aregood, Richard, VI, LXIX, 337, 338 Armstead, George Β., XXXII Arn, Jo Ε., VII Arnold, Linda Μ., V Ashmore, Harry S., XLVII, 199, 200 Ausenbaugh, E. Terry, V Austin, Warren R., 143 Baker, Richard T., 320 Baker, Russell, LXXIV Baldwin, Hanson W., 183, 247, 249 Baltimore, Lord, 159 Banker, Paul Α., LIV Barbara, Fred, 362, 363 Barnard, Robert T., LXIV Barnett, Ross, 224, 225, 226 Barry, Richard F. (III), VI Barth, Alan, XLIV Bartley, Robert L., LVII, LX, LXI, LXIII, 313, 314 Baruch, Bernard, 146 Bazin, Marc, 331 Beck, Joan, LXI, LXIII Beebe, George, L Begin, Menahem, 310, 311, 312 Ben-Gurion, David, 311 Bennett, Charles L., XLIX Bennett, Ralph B., LXV, LXVII Benson, George Α., XLII Berner, Roberta, 264 Berry, David, LXIX Beveridge, George, LXII Biederman, David, 283, 284 Biglieri, Clyde, 296, 297, 298, 300 Billesbach, Ann Ε., VII Bingay, Malcolm W., XXXII Birch, John, 220, 221, 222 Bishop, Bill, LXX

Bismarck, Otto von, 102 Bitely, Beverly, VII Black, Creed C., XLV, LI, LII Blackmun, Harry A., 291 Blagden, Ralph Μ., XXXVI Blais, Madeleine, LXX Blakely, Robert J., XLI Blatchford, Nicholas, XLVIII Bogart, Carl, 298, 299, 300 Bok, Sissela, LXXIV Bolton, Arthur, 334 Bond, F. Fräser, XXVIII, XXIX Boone, J. Buford, XLV, XLVII, 195, 196 Borah, William E., 88, 89, 90 Borders, William H., 243 Borglum, Gutzon, 63 Bowles, Chester, 260 Bradshaw, Michael, XLI Brandeis, Louis D., 82 Bray, Thomas J., LXIX Brennan, William J. Jr., 291 Brinkerhoff, F. W., XLII Brislin, Gene, VII Brown, Carroll, VII Brown, Judith W., LVII, LXII Brown, Mister, 19 Brown, Roscoe C. Ε., XX, XXI, XXIII, XXIV, XXV, XXVI, XXVII, XXVIII, XXIX, XXX, XXXI, XXXII Brown, Sevellon (III), XLVII Brown, William Β., VI Browne, Millard C., XLIX, L, LIII Brucker, Herbert, XXX, XXXII, XLI, XLV, XLVII Bryan, Charles F. Jr., VI Bryan, J. Stewart (III) , VI Bryan, William J., 10, 63 Buckland, Nancy Α., VII Bullard, F. Lauriston, XXVII, LXXII, 43, 44 Burby, Jack, LXIV Burger, Warren E., 292 Burton, Hal, XLVIII Butler, Jack L., LX Butler, Nicholas M., 16, 24, 56, 66, 80, 91 Buxton, Frank W., XXV, 31, 32 Byrd, Harry F., XLI, 142 Cahill, William T., 281, 283, 284 Caldwell, Sam, 334, 335, 336 Caldwell, William Α., XLIX Caldwell, William J., LVI Calley, William L. Jr., 291 Callvert, Ronald G., XXXIII, 97, 98

368 Cardoza, N o r m a n F . , LXI, 295, 296 Carmichael, Stokely, 240 Carpenter, B r e n d a , V I I Carper, Elsie, V I Carrier, Lynne, LXVII Carroll, Eleanor, X X X V I I I Carroll, J o h n S., LXX Carroll, Lewis, 173 Carter, Arthur M . , LVII Carter, Billy W . , V I I Carter, James Ε., 305, 310, 311, 314, 316, 317, 318 Carter, W. Hodding, X X X I X , 131, 132 Casady, Simon, X L V I I Case, Francis H., 149 Casey, William J . , 339, 340 Castro, Fidel, 250, 331 Cather, Willa, 63 Cazenave, Ren&, L I I I Chamberlain, A . N e v i l l e , 102, 310 Chamberlain, J o h n , X X X I V , X X X V I , X X X V I I Chambers, Lenoir, X L V I I , X L V I I I , 209, 210 Chaplin, G e o r g e , LIII Chase, E d w i n P . , X X X I , X X X I I , 73, 74 Cherniss, N o r m a n Α . , X L V I I I , LVIII Chinitz, Phil, V I I Christopher, R o b e r t C., V I I I , LXXIV Church, F o s t e r , L X I , 295, 296 Church, Frank, 317 Churchill, W i n s t o n S., 122, 236, 310 Chusmir, Janet, L X I , L X I I Clark, Sara S., V I I Clayton, James, LIV Cleghorn, R e e s e , L X I Clendinen, J a m e s Α . , L I , L I I I Cline, J o h n H., X L I V Close, Hugh, 270 Cobb, Frank I., XXV Coghlan, R a l p h , X X X I V Coleman, W i l l i a m , 3 0 5 Conforte, Joe, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302 Conomos, W i l l i a m G . , L V I I I Coolidge, C a l v i n , X X V , 32, 33, 34 Cooper, C h a r l e s P., X X X I I Cooper, Kent, 66, 8 0 Cotliar, G e o r g e J . , LXV Cousins, N o r m a n , X X X I X Couzens, J a m e s , 90 Cowles, J o h n J r . , 320 Cox, V i c t o r i a D . , V I I Crane, W. M u r r a y , 32 Crider, J o h n H . , XLI, 145, 146 Cromwell, O l i v e r , 287 Cunliffe, J o h n W . , X X , X X I , X X I I I , X X I V Cunningham, R o n , V I Curley, E d w a r d W . , 88

Curtis, Edwin U., 32 Curtiss-Wright, M i s t e r , 164, 165 Dabney, V i r g i n i u s , V I I , XXXIX, XLI, XLV, 141, 142 Daladier, Edouard, 102 Dana, C h a r l e s Α., LXXII Dancey, C h a r l e s L., LX, LXI Daniels, Derick J., LVII Daniels, Jonathan, XLIV, XLVII Darden, Β., VII Darlan, Francois, 124, 126 Davidsen, Susanna L., V I I Davidson, Bruce C., LXIII Davis, B. Dale, VI Davis, Horance G. Jr., LIV, LVI, 263, 264 Davis, J a m e s P., 214, 215, 217, 218 Davis, Jim, LXVII D a v i s , John, 88, 91 D a v i s , M i l l e r , 246 Dawes, W i l l i a m G . , 63 Day, Price, XLIX, LI Dearmore, Tom, LXII D e d e k , Johannes, V I I I D e s s a u e r , Phil, LXI Dewey, T h o m a s E., 255 Dickens, Charles, 11, 4 0 D i c k h u t , Ingrid, VIII D i c k i n s o n , W i l l i a m B., L, LII D i l l , Bob, 299 Dill, Joseph, LXIX Dodge, Henry, 94 D o l l i v e r , J o n a t h a n P., 89 D o l m a n , Joe, LXX D o o l e y , E d J., LVII Dorsey, Raymond, LII D o r v i l l i e r , W i l l i a m J., X L V I I I , 213, 214 D o u g l a s , Lewis, 91 D o w , Judith, V I I D r a k u l i c h , Stan, 298 Draper, Arthur S., X X V I I I Drummond, J. Roscoe, XXIX Duffus, R o b e r t L., XXXIV Dulaney, Victoria, V I I Dulles, J o h n F . , 146 D u r s l a g , Melvin, LXX D u v a l i e r , Jean-C., 331, 332 D w i g h t , William, LI E i n s t e i n , Albert, 32 Eisenhower, D w i g h t D., 126, 192, 203, 221, 255, 311 Ellard, Roscoe Β., XXXIV E l l i o t t , Osborn, 320 Ellison, Anne, V I I Elliston, H e r b e r t B., XLI, 145, 146

369 Emmerich, John 0., XXX, LI Engram, Sara, LXVII Evers, Medgar, 229 Ewing, Donald M., XLII Fanning, Lawrence S., XLIX Faubus, Orval, 200, 202, 203, 204 Ferguson, Charles Α., VI Ferguson, Homer, 152 Ferguson, Melville F., XXXIX Ferre, Maurice, 327 Fischer, Charles, VI Fisher, Roy M., LIII Fitzpatrick, William H., XLII, 155, 156 Foley, Margaret, 32, 34 Foote, William J., LII Forbes, Mary L. W., LVI Ford, Gerald, 304, 305, 307 Foreman, Gene, LIV Foreman, Johnny, 265 Forker, Harry, 268 Fowler, James R., 260 Franco, Francisco, 106 Frankfurter, Felix, 82 Freedman, Jonathan, VII, LXV, LXVII, LXIX, 347, 348 Freeman, Douglas S., XXIX Friendly, Jonathan, LXX Fulbright, James W., 169 Fuller, Harold de W., χχιιι, XXIV Fuller, Jack, LXIX, 341, 342 Fuller, Robert M., 269 Furey, Karen, VII Gallagher, Arthur P., LVIII Gallagher, Robert S., LXTV Galloway, David, VIII Galvan, Manuel, LXX Gannon, James P., VI Gartner, Michael, LXXIV Gaulle, Charles de, 123, 124 Geehan, James, LVI Geer, Bonnie, VII Gentilcore, Maggie, VII Geyelin, Philip L., LIV, 255, 256 Gilder, George, 324 Gillespie, David E., LXIX Giraud, Henrie-H., 123, 124, 126 Gissler, Sig, LXX Giuliani, Rudolph, 327 Glass, Carter, 92 Goddard, Maurice, 269 Goldberg, Alvin, VI Goldsmith, Philip R., LXII Goldstein, Jonathan, 283, 284 Gompers, Samuel, 32 Goodman, Ellen, LXVII

Gore, Jack W., XLII Grady, James Τ., XXI Graham, Evarts A. Jr., LIII Gray, Charles, 358 Gray, Hanna H., 320 Greeley, Horace, LXXII Greenberg, Paul, VI, LI, LIII, LXI, LXII, LXVII, LXIX, 251, 252 Greenfield, Meg, LVII, LXI, LXXIV, 303, 304 Greenwood, Levi, 32 Griffin, Solomon B., 16, 24 Grimes, Frank, XLII Grimes, William Η., XXXIX, 135, 136 Grisco, Jill, VII Grovas, Rafael, 215 Grow, Gerry, 296, 297, 298, 300 Guthman, Edwin 0., LXV Hall, Arnett, 265 Hall, David, LXIX Hall, Grover C., XXVIII, 47, 48 Haller, Ann, VII Hamaguchi, Osachi, 119 Hamilton, Alexander, 89 Hamilton, John Α., XLIX, L, LII, LIII Hamilton, William P., XXIII, XXIV, XXVII Hammond, John H. Jr., 184 Hampton, Jim, VII, LXV Hanna, Marcus A., 89 Harding, Warren G., XXV Harkey, Ira B. Jr., XLIX, LXXII, 223, 224 Harris, Edgar G., XXIX Harris, Governor, 335 Harris, John P., L Harris, Julian, XXVI, 56, 66, 80 Harris, Leonard R., VI Harrison, John M., XLII Harrison, John R., L, LI, LVII, 231, 232 Hartley, Robert Ε., LXVII Hartt, George Μ., XXVII Harvey, Anne Ε., VII Harwell, Coleman Α., XLIII Haskell, Henry J., XXXI, XXXII, XXXVII, XXXIX, 67, 68, 121, 122 Hauser, Charles McC., LVIII Haven, Frank P., LIII Hayes, Larry, LXIX Hays, Howard H. Jr., 320 Healy, George W. Jr., XLIV, XLVIII Healy, Jane Ε., VI, LXIX, IJCX, 353, 354 Hearst, William R., 74 Heaton, John L., 16, 24, 56, 66 Heinzerling, Larry, VII Heisler, Philip S., L

370 Henckel, Barbara, V I I Henlein, Konrad, 102, 104 Henninger, Daniel P., LXIX Herter, C h r i s t i a n Α . , 146 Heumann, Joanne, V I Hey, Robert P., LXV Hill, Jesse, 243 Hill, Percy C., XLV Billiard, W i l l i a m Α . , V I Hills, Lee, XLVII, 320 Hitler, Adolf, 102, 104, 106, 113, 334 Hoag, Alden, XLI Hobby, William P. Jr., LI Hodges, Brandon P., 200 Hoffman, Dianne, V I I Hoffman, Edward L., V I Hoffman, Paul G., 149 Höge, James F . , V I , LXXIV Hohenberg, John, X X , XXI, XXIII, XXXIV, XLI, LI, LVI, LXI Holland, Gary J., V I Holland, Spessard L., 163 Hollander, Richard, LIII Holman, Alfred, X X I V , 56 Holman, Frank E., 162, 164 Holmes, Justice, 157, 158 Hood, John, 243 Hooper, John S., XLVIII, XLIX Hoover, Herbert C., X X I X , 61, 62, 68, 90, 91, 108, 110, 276 Hopkins, Harry L., 86, 169 Hornby, W i l l i a m Η., LXIV, LXV Hosokawa, Bill, LXIV Hosokawa, W i l l i a m Κ., L V I I I Howard, B a r t Β., XXXIV, 101, 102 Howard, M i c h a e l B., LVII Howe, Arthur M . , 24, 56, 66, 80 Howes, Royce Β., XLIV, 185, 186 Hughes, Charles Ε., 88 Hughes, E d w i n L., LXII Hughes, John, 320 Hughes, Justice, 204 Hull, Cordell, 122 Humphrey, Hubert Η., 274 Insolia, A n t h o n y E., LXIV Isaacs, N o r m a n E., X L I X , L I Jackson, Rosie, V I I I Jaffe, Louis I., XXVIII, XXIX, 51, 52 Jahos, Evan, 281 Janeway, M i c h a e l , LXVII Jefferson, T h o m a s , 343 Jenkins, Ray, L X I Jinks, Larry, V I John, DeWitt, LI J o h n (XXIII), Pope, 214 Johns, George S., XXVIII, 16

Johnson, A n n Κ., V I I Johnson, Hiram, 89, 90 Johnson, J o h n B . Jr., LXI Johnson, L y n d o n B., 238, 255, 256, 257, 258, 262, 340 Jones, Victor 0., XLVIII Jordan, David S., 10 Just, W a r d S., LVI Kann, Peter R . , LXXIV Kaplan, Joel, 362 Katz, Milton, 146 Katzenbach, N i c h o l a s B. de, 321 Kauffman, Reginald W., XXXVI Kefauver, Estes, 169 Keith, C a r o l e L., V I I Keller, Oliver J., X X X I I Keller-Hüschemenger, Brigitte, VIII Kennedy, J o h n F . , 224, 225, 228, 232, 258, 262, 322 Kennedy, R o b e r t F., 321 Kent, Frank R., XLI, 56, 66, 80 Kerby, P h i l i p P., LVIII, LX, 289, 290 Kidder, M i c h a e l , LXVII Kilby, K a r l Ε., XXXII King, C h a r l e s Α., LXII King, M a r t i n L . Jr., 252, 254, 348 King, M a r t i n L. Sr., 242 Kingsbury, E d w a r d Μ . , XXVI, 39, 40 Kirk, Claude, 264 Kirkpatrick, Clayton, LVIII, 320 Kissinger, H e n r y Α . , 276, 277, 307, 308, 314, 315, 317 Kitchin, Claude, 14 Kliment, E d w a r d Μ . , V I I I Klugman, Craig, LXIX Knight, J o h n S., LI, LIII, 245, 246 Konner, Joan, LXXIV Korsmeyer, Frederick Α . , 135 Kottinger, Bill, 301 Kovach, Bill, V I Kraft, Joseph, LVIII Krems, Oliver, V I I I Krock, A r t h u r , 146 Kugler, George, 280, 281, 283, 284 Kyes, Secretary, 184 LaCoss, Louis, XLII, 167, 168 L a Follette, R o b e r t M . , 61, 89, 90 Lafontant, Roger, 331 Lampman, B e n Hur, X L I Land, C h a r l e s Η., V I L a n d e r s , Everett, V I Landon, A l f r e d Μ . , 88, 89, 90, 91, 110 Lasch, Robert, X L V I I I , X L I X , LI, LIII, 235, 236 Lass, E r n e s t W., LVIII L a t h a n , R o b e r t , XXVI, 35, 36, 66, 80

371 Latimer, S. L. Jr., XLIII Laughlin, Karen J., VII Laval, Pierre, 124 Laventhol, D a v i d Α., LXI, LXXIV Lawrence, David, XXXII Lawrence, D a v i d Jr., VI Lawson, Victor F., 16, 24 Lee, Robert E., 208 Lemon, Christine P., V I Leonard, R i c h a r d H., 320 Lerude, Warren L., LXI, 295, 296 Lesage, Frank, VII L e s e r , L. Α., VI Letherman, Mister, 45 Levi, Edward, 305 Lewis, J o h n L., 140 Liddle, Theron C., XLVIII Lincoln, Abraham, 22, 61, 176, 228, 256, 258 Lindbergh, Charles Α., X X V I I , 110 Linscott, Roger Β., VII, LVII, 273, 274 Lipman, David, LXVII Lippmann, Walter, 274 Lipscomb, Anne, V I I Lister, Walter, XLVIII Locke, F r a n c i s P., XLIII Lomer, G e r h a r d R., XX Lonergan, Augustine, 88 Longacre, G l e n n V . , V I I Longley, C h a r l e s S., V I I Lowenstein, R a l p h L., VII Lucas, R o b e r t W., XLIV Lucey, James, 32 Lucy, Anthurine, 196 M a a g , W i l l i a m F., X L I M a c A l a r n e y , R o b e r t Ε., XXI M a c h i a v e l l i , N i c c o l o , 104 Madeiros, Celestino, 44, 4 5 M a n i g a u l t , Peter, V I M a n n , Woodrow, 203 M a r g o l i s , R i c h a r d J., XLVIII M a r i n , Mufioz, 217 M a r k e l , Lester, XXX Marro, Anthony, LXIX M a r s h a l l , George C . , 146, 147, 149 M a r t i n , Barle, X X X I I Martinez, L u i s Α . , 214 M a r v i n , Dwight, X X X I Masaryk, T h o m a s G . , 104 M a s o n , George, 159 Mason, Julian, X X V I I I Matthews, W i l l i a m R . , X X X V I M a t z e n , Maureen, V I I Maurice, J o h n D . , V I , XLVIII, LVIII, 285, 286 M a u r y , Reuben, XXXIII, X X X I V , 105, 106 M a y n a r d , R o b e r t C., LXXIV

M c A s h a n , Eddie, 265 M c C a i n , G e o r g e Ν., X X V I McCall, Harold, XLV M c C a r t h y , John, 281 McCarthy, Marvin, XXXVI McClatchy, C h a r l e s K., LXXIV McCloy, J o h n J., 150 M c C o n n e l l , R a y m o n d A . Jr., XLII McCord, Richard, LXIV McCord, R o b e r t S., LVIII M c C o r m i c k , B u r e n Η., X L I V M c C u t c h e o n , John, LVIII M c G i l l , R a l p h E., XLVII, LXX, 205, 2θ6 M c G o v e r n , George, 274, 276, 278 M c l n t y r e , Bruce, LVII M c K a l i p , Paul A . , LII McKelway, St. Clair, 16, 24 M c K i n n e y , H o w a r d , 232, 234 McLean, Donald, LIII M c M a n u s , James, 214 M e d i n a , H a r o l d R., 292 M e d l e y , Howard, 363 M e e s e , E d w i n , 342, 343, 344, 346 M e l l e t t , Rowell, X X V I I I M e r e d i t h , J a m e s , 224, 226 M e r r i t t , W . Davis, LXII M e r z , C h a r l e s , XXXIV, XXXVI M e t t e r n i c h , K l e m e n s L . von, 276 M e y e r , S y l v a n H., L I I M i c h e n e r , Earl C . , 152 M i l l e r , C h a r l e s R., 16, 24 M i l l e r , Earl W . , X X X I I I M i l l e r , Lawrence Κ . , V I M i l l i s , Walter, XXXVII M i l t o n , George F . , XXIX M i n o b e , Tatsukichi, 118 M i t c h e l l , E d w a r d P., 16, 24 M i z e , Sidney, 226 M o n a g h a n , J o h n J., V I M o n r o e , James, 112 M o n t a g u e , R i c h a r d , LIV M o o r e , A l i c e , 288 M o r g a n , Neil, V I , LXX M o r i n , Jim, LXV M o r i s o n , B r a d l e y L., X X X V I I I M o r l e y , Felix, X X X I I , 81, 82 M o r r i s o n , C . Μ . , XXX M o r r o w , B a r b a r a Ο., LXIX M o r r o w , Dwight, 34 Morse, Gordon C., VII M o y n i h a n , D a n i e l P., 317 M u r p h y , J o h n Η. (Ill), LIII M u r p h y , R e g , V I , 290, 291 M u r p h y , Robert, 122, 124, 126 M u r p h y , Thomas E., XLIX M u r r a y , D o n M . , X L I V , 179, 180 M u s k i e , E d m u n d S., 274 M u s s o l i n i , Benito, 102

372 Napoleon (I), Bonaparte, 28 Neill, Rolfe, LXIX Nettieton, Tully, XXXII Neubeck, William H., LXIV Newbranch, Harvey Ε., XXIII, XLII, 17, 18 Newhall, Scott, XLVII Ngo Dinh Diem, 312 Nimitz, ehester W., 155 Nixon, Richard Μ., LVIII, 256, 274, 276, 277, 278, 304, 305, 307, 322, 324 Noel, Sterling, L H No land, Stephen C., XXXIX Norris, George W., 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 89, 90 Noyes, Newbold Jr., XLIX Nunn, Sam, 314, 315, 317 Oakes, John B., XLIV, LIV Ober, Frank M., 164, 165 Obermayer, Herman J., LXV O'Brien, Frank Μ., XXIV, 25, 26 O'Brien, John Η., XLVIII O'Brien, Robert L., 24, 56, 66, 80 O'Dowd, John Η., XLV Ogden, Michael J., L Ogden, Rollo, XXIX, 56, 66, 80 Oglesby, Joe, LXV, 325, 326 Oliphant, Thomas N., LXIII Olmstead, Alan Η., XLIV Olson, Lee, LIV O'Neill, Michael J., LVII Oppenberg, Dietrich, VIII O'Rourke, John T., L Osborne, Burl, LXVII, LXXIV Otto, Jean H., LXII, LXIX Owens, Elaine, VII Owens, Hamilton, XXXIX Owens, John W., XXXIII, 87, 88 Owens, Patrick J., LIV Oxx, Francis Η., 132 Packard, George R., LIV Pakenham, Michael, LVIII, LX Parker, George Β., XXXII, 81, 82 Parker, Hazel, XXXVI Parrish, Philip H., XLI Parsons, Geoffrey, XXX, XXXVI, 109, 110 Patterson, Eugene C., L, LII, 239, 240, 320 Patterson, Grove, XXXII Patterson, Hugh B. Jr., VI Peeples, W. G., LIII Penn, William, 159 Perrow, Commissioner, 211 Perry, Stuart Η., XXXIX, 56, 66, 80 Pershing, John J., 63, 247

Pertinax (recte: Andre Geraud), 128 Petain, Philippe, 126, 310 Pew, Metrien Ε-, 80 Peyrouton, Marcel, 122, 123, 126 Pfister, Walter J., XXXVII Phillips, Warren Η., 320 Pickels, Don, LVIII Pitt, William Jr., 8 Pius (XII), Pope, 130 Plummer, Caleb, 11 Poorman, Paul A., LIV Potter, George W., XXXVIII, 127, 128 Powell, James 0-, LI, LXIV Powell, Robert, 52 Preston, Cheryl, VI Price, Leontyne, 254 Price, Lucien, XXV Prince, Cecil, XLVII Proctor, Charles Η., 46 Pulitzer, Joseph, V, XIX, XX, XXI, XXIII, XXVI, XXXI, XXXII, XXXIII, XXXVII, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLI, XLII, XLV, XLVII, XLVIII, XLIX, L, LI, LIII, LIV, LVII, LVIII, LX, LXI, LXII, LXIII, LXIV, LXV, LXVII, LXIX, LXX, LXXII, 3, 9, 15, 16, 17, 20, 23, 24,25,29,31,35, 39, 43, 47, 51, 55,56,57,65,66, 67, 73, 79, 80, 81, 87, 93, 97, 101, 105, 109, 115, 121, 127, 131, 135, 141, 145, 151, 155, 167, 173, 179, 185, 191, 195, 199, 205,209, 213, 219, 223, 227, 231,235,239, 245, 251, 255, 263, 267,273,279, 285, 289, 295, 303, 309,313,319, 320, 321, 325, 333, 337,341,347, 353, 361 Pulitzer, Joseph (II), XXXIII, XXXVIII, 24, 56, 66, 80 Pulitzer, Joseph Jr., VI, 320 Pulitzer, Ralph, 16, 24, 56, 66, 80 Purcell, Patrick J., VI Pusey, Merlo J., XXXVII ßuisling, Vidkun, 112 Radford, Arthur W., 181, 184 Rameses, King of Egypt, 28 Rankin, Robert Α., LXV, 325, 326 Raskin, A. H., LII, LIII Raspberry, William J., 320 Reagan, Ronald, LXV, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327, 328, 331, 338, 344, 349 Reams, Odis, 362 Reeves, Garth C. Sr., LXI Reichler, Oxie, XLIV Reuther, Walter P., 140 Reynolds, Charles C., LXII Richardson, James, 234

373 Ridgway, Matthew Β., 184 Riesche, William, VI Rincon de Gautier, Feiisa, 215 Ritson, Paul Α., XXVIII Roberts, Eugene L., LXXIV Roose, Jane Ε., VII Roosevelt, Franklin D. , 82, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 108, 111, 113, 122, 207, 256, 258, 322 Root, Elihu, 88, 91 Ropiek, Arnold, LXIX Rose, Housemother, 40 Rosenthal, Jack, LXII, LXV, 321, 322 Rothman, John, VII Roti, Fred, 362 Rowen, Henry S., 314 Royall, George, 242 Royster, Vermont C., XLI, XLIII, XLIV, 173, 174 Rusk, De ein, 257, 260 Ryan, Daniel M., LIII Ryckman, Charles S., XXIX, XXX, 57, 58 Sacco, Nicola, XXVII, LXXII, 44, 45, 46 Sadat, Anwar, 311, 312 Saikowski, Charlotte, LXXIV Salisbury, Harrison, 193 Sanchez, Robert F., LXV, 325, 326 Sargent, Dwight Ε., XLIII Saunders, Carl Μ., XLI, 151, 152 Sawyer, Eugene, 362, 363 Scardino, Albert, VI, LXVII, 333, 334 Scharfenberg, Kirk, LXIV Schräg, Peter, LXX Schurz, Mary, LXIX Schuschnigg, Kurt von, 102 Schuster, Max L., XXXI Scott, Austin, LXX Sears, Edward, LXIV Secor, Lelia F., 14 Seid, Marvin, LXV Seigenthaler, John, L, LI Seymour, Forrest W., XXXVI, XXXVII, XXXVIII, XLI, 115, 116 Shapp, Milton J., 269 Shauver, Mister, 162 Shelton, William Τ., LIII Sherman, James S., 89 Sherman, Μ. S., XXV, XXVI Sherwin, Paul, 280, 281, 283, 284 Shuster, Alvin, LXIX Siebler, Susan, VII Simmons, Nanine, XXXVIII Simmons, Tail J., LXI Simms, William Ρ., XXVII Simon, Dollmaker, 40 Simonds, Frank Η., XX, XXI, 3

Simons, Dolph, XLVIII Simons, Dolph C. Jr., LXI S imon s, Howa rd, LXXIV Simpson, Alan, 348 Simpson, F. Η., VI Sines, Miles Ε., LIV Sitton, Claude F., LXXIV Slattery, Ernest Τ., 31 Sloan, Patricia Κ., VII Sloan, W. David, XX, XXIII, XXV, LIII, LVII, LVIII, LXXII Slosson, Edwin Ε., XXIII Small, Jean A., LXIV Smith, Al, 88 Smith, Bradford, 119 Smith, Governor, 61 Smith, Hazel Β., VI, XLVIII, XLIX, L, LXXII, 227, 228 Smith, Paul C., XXXIV Smith, William F., 327 Smyser, Richard D., LXII Somerville, Barbara, LVII Soth, Lauren Κ. , XLI, XLV, 191, 192 Sovern, Michael I., LXXIV, 320 Spellacy, Thomas J., 88 Spellman, Eugene, 329 Spencer, F. Gilman, LVII, LVIII, 279, 280 Spendlove, Herbert W., LVI Spier, Franklin, 273 Stalberg, Zachary, VI Stallings, John L., LVI Stearns, Frank W., 32, 34 Stefan, Karl, 149 Stein, Bernard L.r LXIX, LXX Stein, Herbert, 324 Stern, Herbert J., 281, 283, 284 Stern, Mort, L, LI Steven, William P., XLV Stevens, John P., 305 Stevenson, Adlai E., 229, 255 Stimson, Henry L., 91 Stone, Melville E., 16, 24, 56 Stoneman, William Η., 124, 126 Storin, Edward Μ., VI Storke, Thomas M., XLIX, 219, 220 Stouffer, Wilbur C., XLII Strickland, Jean, VII Strohmeyer, John, LVI, 267, 268 Stroud, Joseph, LXIV Strunsky, Simeon, XXV, XXVI, XXXVI Sullivan, Joan Μ., VII Sutherland, Al, 234 Suydam, Henry, XXXVIII Taber, John, 149, 150 Taft, Robert A., 150 Taft, William Η., 62, 89

374 Talmadge, Herman, 334, 335 Tanner, Joe D. , VII Tatum, Brenda L., VII Taylor, Charles Η. , 16, 24 Taylor, Floyd, XXXVIII Taylor, Jean S., LXII Taylor, Nancy Α., VI Thayer, Webster, 44, 45 Thomas, William F., LVII Thompson, Morris S., LXIV Thyssen, August, 108 Tierney, Paul Α., XLIV Tirenne, Deville, 328 Tiso, Joseph, 104 Tobin, Daniel J., 140 Trapp, William Ο., XXXVII Truman, Harry S-, 142, 144, 152 Turlington, Ed, 234 Tyler, Brent, 299, 300 Ustinov, Dimitrij D., 316 Vail, Thomas, LII Vandenberg, Arthur, 150 Van Deusen, Harold L., XXXVII Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, XXVII, LXXII, 44, 46 Villard, Garrison, 14 Volstead, Andrew J., 49 Vosburgh, William W. Jr. , XLV Wagner, Robert F., 139 Wahl, Ulrike G., VIII Wales, Wellington, XLIII Walker, Paul D., VI Walker, William Ο., LIII Walsh, Thomas J., 88 Warburg, James Ρ., 91 Washington, George, 61, 195, 286, 287, 347 Washington, Harold, 362, 363 Waters, Pat, VI Waters, Van, XLI Watterson, Harvey, 9 Watterson, Henry, XXI, 9, 10 Waymack, William W., XXXIII, XXXIV, XXXVII, 93, 94

Weaver, Audrey, LXIV Weaver, F. Τ., VI Wedig, Eric Μ., VIII Weiss, Lawrence G., LII Weissbrodt, Sylvia, VIII Welch, Robert, 221, 222 Wells, Samuel C., 16, 24 Weyand, Winfield S., 45 Wheeler, Burton, 82 White, Byron R., 292 White, Robert Μ. (II), XLII, XLIII, XLIV White, William Α., XXIV, 29, 30, 167 Whiting, William F., 34 Wickenberg, Charles Η. Jr., LVIII Wiggins, James R., XLV, LII Wilcox, Arthur Μ., VIII Wilkins, Roger W., LXXIV, 32θ Will, Allen S., XXIV, XXV, XXVI, XXVII Wille, Lois, LXVII, LXX, 361, 362 Williams, Nick Β., LI Williams, Richard, 265 Williams, Roger C., XLII Williams, Sam, 242, 243 Williams, Talcott, XX, XXI Williams, Walter, 66 Williamson, ßuincy V., 243 Willkie, Wendell, 122 Wilson, David, LIV Wilson, Secretary, 184 Wilson, T. Woodrow, 14, 89, 246, 249 Winn, Byron, 234 Winship, Thomas, LVII, 320 Wolff, Miles H., XLVII Wood, Leonard, 247 Wragg, Joanna, LXV Wyman, Anne C., LXIII Yoder, Edwin Μ. Jr., LXII, 309, 310 Yost, Casper S., XXVI, 56 Young, Owen D., 69 Zerbe, John Α., VI Zimmermann, Arthur, 246 Zuber, Osburn, XXXI

375

The Pulitzer Prize Archive A History and Anthology of Award-winning Materials in Journalism, Letters and Arts Series Editor: Heinz-Dietrich Fischer 1987 onwards. 16 volumes. Bound

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Columbia (Bnfteräitp mÜieCüpofBrtDgork THE PULITZER PRIZES IN JOURNALISM

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