The Phoenix

Citation preview

THE PHOENIX

PR 1750

.A2 B52x

1990

Edited by

N.BLAKE

Illustrations of the phoenix from Bestiaries Above MS. C.C.C.C. 53 fo\. 200b: left the phoenix in a ball of spices looks at the sun; right the phoenix lies dead in the ball, and a little winged dmgon which will become the new phoenix flies away. Below MS. Royal 12 C XIX fo\. 49b: left the phoenix plucks twigs from a tree; right the phoenix is immolated on an altar.

P'~ \lS,\)

-(-\ 1

The Phoenix Edited by

N. F. BLAKE

UNIVERSITY

OF EXETER

PRESS

WESTERNMICHIGAN UNIVERSITYliBRARIES KAlAMAZOO, MICHIGAN 49008

PREFACE BEOAUSEof high printing costs, modem editions of Old English texts can never be lIB comprehensive lIB their editors would wish. Consequently in this edition of The Phoenix I have attempted to provide students and scholars with a sound text together with such comment lIBis necessary for an understanding of the poem and its background. It hllB not, however, been possible to reproduce all the theories which have been put forward about the poem and particular passages in it. Similarly it hllB been im. possible to include complete references in the glossaries. Nevertheless I have decided to add in appendioes the two Latin sources of the Old English poem and the prose versions of the phoenix story in Old English and Old Icelandic so that the poem can be placed in its West European background and so that the poet's achievement can be more readily evaluated by a comparison of the various accounts, which are here gathered together in one book for the first time. I should like to thank the Librarian of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, for permission to reprint the illustration from MS. C.C.C.C. 53 fol. 200b; the Trustees of the British Museum for permission to reprint the illustration from MS. Royal 12 C XIX fol. 49b; HlHder-Pichler. Tempsky Verlagsbuchhandlung, Vienna, for permission to reprint the pllB88ge from Ambrose's Hexameron from Corpu8 8criprorum EcdesiaBticorum Latinorum, vol. 32, pars I (1896), pp. 197.8; B. G. Teubner Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, for permission to reprint the Carmen de ave phoenics from A. Riese's Anthologia Latina, pars prior (1906), No. 485a. The texts of the Old English and Old Icelandic f'1"'>BC versions are based on manuscripts in the British Museum and Det Amamagn"",nske Institut, Copenhagen, respectively and I should like to thank these institutions for putting these manuscripts at my disposaJ. The text of The Phoenix is based on the facsimile edition of The Exeter Book (1933). I should like to thank the Librarian

••

vi

PREFAOB

of the Society of Antiquaries of London for permission to see the Douce bequest. I have also had the privilege of working in several other libraries in the course of the preparation of this book, but I should particularly like to thank the staff of the Harold Cohen Library in the University of Liverpool for answering my queries and carrying out my requests so promptly and courteously. I am greatly indebted to many of my colleagues in Liverpool who have willingly helped me with many details of the phoenix myth, such as the Egyptian and Greek accounte. Their assistance made my task easier and I thank them for it. I should like to extend my warmest thanks to Professor Simeon Potter who has followed the progress of the edition with interest and who has made comments and suggestions at all stages.

The edition owes

much to his kindly help and penetrating criticism. Professor Brook likewise read through the typescript and the proofs, and he has suggestedmany improvements. I should like to thank him not only for that, but also for all the advice he has offered me in his rOle of general editor. Finally I should like to thank Miss M. Burton for typing out my draft copy so accurately. N. BLAKII Liverpool,1963 ADDITIONAL PREFACE I am grateful to Professor Swanton for agreeing to reprint this edition in the Exeter Series. A few misprints have been corrected, and the bibliography has been brought up to date. The additional items have been listed together and not broken down into separate categories. In fact most of what has been written on the poem since this edition was first published has been of a literary critical nature. Consequently there is not much in the text or the commentary that I would wish to alter, though naturally the mtroduction would today be somewhat different. N. BLAKE Sheffield,1990

CONTENTS PAGE

PREFACE

V

viii

ABBREVIATIONS

I

INTRODUCTION

The Manuscript Language The Development of the Phoenix Story Paradise Sources, Authorship and Date The Form

I 3 8 13

17 24

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

36

ADDITIONAL

43

BIBLIOGRAPHY

TEXT

The Phoenix

4~ 68

NOTES ApPENDICES

I (a) Carmen de ave phoenice

(b) Ambrose's Hexameron Bk. V, ch. 79·80 II (a) The Prose Phoenix (b) An Old Norse Version of The Prose Phoenix

92 96 98 100

GLOSSARIES

Old English Latin

104 125

Illustrations of the phoenix from Bestiaries vii

Frontispiece

ABBREVIATIONS AB BBA Beilr.

Blake Bright BT

Campbell Carmen Cook

EETS Emerson Ettmfiller Fitzpatrick Gollancz Grein

A nglla BeiblaU Bonner Beilrage zur AngliBtik Beitrage zur GtlJChiChte der deul8Chen 8praChe und Lilera/ur, edited by H. Paul

and W. Braune N. F. Blake, 'Some Problems of Interpretation and Translation in the OE Phooni2:', Anglla, lxxx (1962), 50-62 J. W. Bright, AnA nglo-8axon Reader. New York, 1891 An Anglo-8axon Dictionary based on the manuscript collections of the late J. Bosworth, edited and enlarged by T. N. Toller. With Supplement by T. N. Toller. Oxford,1898-1921 A. Campbell, Old English Grammar. Oxford,1959 Carmen de ave phoenice (Appendix I (a)) A. S. Cook, TheOldEngliskElene, Phoenix, and Physiologus. New Haven, 1919

Early English Text Society O. F. Emerson, 'Originality in Old Eng. lish Poetry', RE8, ii (1926), 18-31 L. Ettmfiller, Engla and 8eaxna 8c8pas and B&eras. Quedlinburg and Leipzig, 1850 M. C. Fitzpatrick, Lactami de ave phoonice. DiBS.Philadelphia, 1933 I. Gallancz, The Exeter Book, part 1. EETS Original Series 104. London, 1895 C. W. M. Grein, Bibliothek der angelsiichsi· sChen POtIJie, vol. I. Gottingen, 1857 viii

ABB1UllVlATIONS

Grundtvig Hall JEGP Kennedy Krapp-Dobbie MHG MLN NQ OE OED OHG ON OrosiuB

Pat. Gr. Pat. Lat. PMLA PP RES Schlemilch

Schlotterose Sievers-Brunner

ix

N. F. S. Grundtvig, Phenix-Fnglen, et angelBacll8i8kKvad. Copenhagen, 1840 J. L. Hall, Juditk, P"-oix, and other Anglo-Saxon Poema. New York, 1902 J O1trnalof English and Germanic Philology C. W. Kennedy, The Poema of Cynewulf. London, 1910 . The Exeter Book, edited by G. P. Krapp and E. v. K. Dobbie. New York, 1936 Middle High German Modern Language N 01e8 N 01e8 and Queriea Old English The Oxford English Didionary Old High German Old Norse King Alfred's OrOBius,part I, edited by H. Sweet. EETS Original Series 79. London, 1883 Patrologia Grmca, edited by J.-P. Migne Patrologia Latina, edited by J.-P. Migne Publications of the Modern Language Association of America The PrOBePhoenix (Appendix II (a)) Review of English Studiea W. Schlemilch, 'Beitrage zur Sprache und Orthographie spiltaltengl. SprachdenkmliJer der tJbergangszeit (1000-1150)', Stud., xxxiv (1914) O. Schlotterose, 'Die altenglische Dichtung "Phoenix"', BBA, xxv (1908) Altenglische Grammatik nach der Angelsach.sischenGrammatik von E. Sievers, revised by K. Brunner. 2nd edition. Halle, 1951

"

Stud. Sweet Thorpe

ABBBBVIA.TIONS

Studien zur engliscJ>enPhilologie, ed. L. Mor.bach, Halle H. Sweet, An Anglo.Saxon Reader. 0,,· ford, 1876 B. Thorpe, Codex ExonienlliB. London, 1842

INTRODUCTION THE

MANUSCRIPT

THE Old English poem The Phoenix is found in the poetic codex known as the Exeter Book, which is now in the library of Exeter Cathedral. It has been there at least sinee 1072, for a book described as .;. mycel Englise bOe be gehwilcum jJingum on liolYwiBan geworht, which is usually understood to refer to the Exeter Book, is found listed among the donations of Bishop Leofric. This Leofric became Bishop of Devon and Cornwall in 1046. He was confirmed in his bishopric by William the Conqueror and he died in 1072, about which time the list of his donations was made. A facsimile of the Exeter Book together with an account of its history and palaeography was edited in 1933 by R. W. Chambers, M. Forster and R. Flower, where a full description of the codex can be found. The Phoenix is written on folios 55b-65b. The handwriting is clearly legible and reading the text presents no difficulty. Only a few points about the manuscript which concern the text printed here need be mentioned. Accents are used in the codex, but they have not been retained in the text.' The few abbreviations that occur, e.g. Jxiii (panne 31) and wundro (wundrum 63), have been expanded silently. The ampersand has been expanded to and, as a plus nasal is represented by 0 in the Exeter Book. The characters 5 and wynn have been modernised to g and w respectively. Compound words, the elements of which are often written separately in the manuscript, are written 88 one word in the text. The scribe has divided the poem into eight sections (1-84, 85-181, 182-264, 265-349, 350-423, 424-517, 518·88 and 589-677) by the use of capital letters at the beginning of each section. This division into sections has not, how. ever, been retained in this edition. It might also be noted 1

A list of theae may be found in Krapp-Dobbie. pp. lxxxii ft. I

INTRODUCTION 2 here that certain graphic lapses are characteristic of the scribe of the Exeter Book, such as the writiug of f for 8 (cf. liue 15) and of w for" (cf. liue 115). The occurrence of similar mistakes throughout the Exeter Book makes the emendations at these places almost certain.' There are a number of corrections iu the Exeter Book made by the

scribe himself, which, as we shall see in the next section, tend to make the language more uniform and conceal the developments taking place iu the language. But one cor· rection, which does not fall iuto this class, can perhaps be noted here. Twice iu The Phoenix (lines 327, 584), but nowhere else in the Exeter Book, n is corrected by the scribe to ". The Exeter Book differs from the other three poetic codices iu that it is a poetic miscellany iu which there does not appear to have been a recognisable principle of selection. The earlier part contains lengthy religious poems, the latter shorter poems, both secular and religious. On palaeo. graphical grounda the codex has been dated to c. 970-90.' But Dr. Sisam has drawn attention to the stately, even style of the writiug and he concluded from this that the scribe of the Exeter Book was copyiug from an anthology which was already iu existence.' Because the codex shows a surprisiug conformity iu language, it must have been copied by a succession of scribes who were not only able, but also regarded themselves as free to standardise the spel1iug of the manuscript they were copyiug. Dr. Sisam has shown that this kiud of free copyiug is more char· acteristic of the early half of the niuth century and he suggested that the original compilation was made iu the time of Alfred, Edward or Athelstan.· Cf. CNt. 31, 133, 306, 371. etc . • R. Flower, 'The script of the Exeter Book', PM Exeter Book 0/ Old EnglloA Poeky, ed. R. W. Chambers, M. FOrster, R. Flower, 1933, p. 90. S K. Sisam. Studies in the HVtory oj Old EnglWi. LitercJhWe.1953, pp. 97 fl. See also N. Blake, •The Scribe of the Exeter Book'. NeopAiwWgu8, xlvi (1962), 3\6·19 • • Op. oil., pp. 107.8. 1

LANGUA.GE

3

LANGUAGE

It is generally agreed that the Exeter Book was written by one scribe throughout.' It differs from the other poetic codices, which reveal variations in dialect between one poem or group of poems and another, in that there is a strong tendency to linguistic conformity. Examples of the distinctive characteristics which appear in alI parts of the Exeter Book have been listed by Dr. Sisam' and those which appear in The PTweniz can be briefly listed here: (i) Short 0 appears in stressed syllables before nasals almost regularly: e.g. melasllonda. 1 Emerson, p. 19, has noted that of the first 380 lines in the English poem, only 148 can be said to follow the Latin. But this total is hardly a fair indication of the use of the Oarmen. in The Phoeniz, 88 Emerson does not include in it phrases which are parallel to or expan. sions of those expressions which do translate something from the Latin. Furthermore. it is often possible that the Latin suggested something to the Old English poet, even though he did not translate the Latin literally. Emerson claimed that approximately 63 lines of the OCII"fJ'IM were not used by the English poet.

26

INTBOnUOTION

Ji.....".

and this land is further described as being geJriige. There is a constant attempt by the English poet to make his landscape noble and impressive, and the word IItljJele is used four times in the first fifty linesto describe the paradise where the phoenix lives. He is not so much interested in the land's bsauty as in its attributes. It is not merely bsautiful; it has a deeper, more significant meaning; and the English poet's descriptions are always affected by tbe allegorical implica. tions. The home of the phoenix is IItljJele, wlitig and iEnlic, though none of these attributes is mentioned in the Latin. In this way the poet paves the way for the allegoricalinter· pretation which is to follow. What is implicit in the first half is made explicit in the second. The second half is thus the logical continuation of the first. Yet the English poet does not leave his translation of the first line at that, for the remotus has suggested some· thing further to him. Because the land is far away, it is not accessibleto man. The poet expresses this idea within the framework of the nis (no) ... ac construction, one of the most characteristic rhetorical devices used in the poem. The poet first states a negative and then its opposite: paradise is not accessibleto any man, but it is barred to all sinners. The frequency of this construction is one of the principal reasons for the poem's verbosity, for it is fatally easy to multiply the negatives in the first half of the con· struction. Thus, in a second example of this construction a few lines later, the Carmen', statement that the land was not visited by summer's heat or winter's cold is extended by the English poet to include among other things rain, snow, frost, fire and hail. Consequently,although the poet is able to achieve a fine effect as of incantation, the length of the first clause destroys the balance of the construction as a whole. The last clause too often comes as an anti· climax. It is partly for this reason that we get the im· preBBionfrom the poem that paradise is described in negative rather than positive terms. But to return to our consideration of the opening lines of the poem, a further differencebetween The P1uw.nix and its source should be noted. In The Phoenix we learn that

THE FORM

27

it is God who haa ordain.d that this la.nd should he far removed from sinn.rs. God dominates the poem which is firmly a.nd unaaham.dly Christia.n. In the Carmen. how.v.r. there are ref.rences only to h.ath.n gods a.nd godd•••••• a.nd these are included for rh.torical purposes alon•. Th.re is no sugg.stion in the Carmen that th.re is on. d.ity who guides a.nd gov.rns all. In The Phoenix. on the oth.r hand. this wond.rful la.nd is und.r God's strict surv.illance a.nd care (cf. 43-6). It is not. of course. possihl. h.re to compare in d.tail all of the first part of The Phoenix with the Carmen. But the following g.n.ral principl.s are characteristic of the Old English poet's approach to the Carmen. H. mad. his work .xplicitly Christian and h. tri.d to r.late it to the Old English h.roic background. aa .x.mplified in the earli.r poetry. Consequ.ntly. anything that waa ali.n to .ith.r of th.se two aims waa omitted. Th. claasical gods. godd•••• s and h.roes are all banish.d. Instead of Phaeton. Deucalion. Phoebus. Aurora and Aeolus w. have the Christian God. who is alon. said to guide and direct all things. Oth.r classical r.f.r.nces to such things aa Olympus and the constellation Ca.ncer are lik.wise omitted. Th. English poet haa not attempted. how.ver. to shift the scene of action from the far and the near .aat. Th. pho.nix is said to visit Syrwara lond (166). Th. English poet haa also rej.cted the Carmen'. list of precious spices. which are gath.red by the phoenix aa it prepares for death. Although th.ir nam.s were possibly familiar to educated Englishm.n who would he abl. to read Latin. th.re w.re no English words for ma.ny of th.m a.nd the English po.t no doubt f.lt that th.y w.re not suffici.ntly naturalised for inclusion in his poem. As a result. the poem haa lost som. of the richn••• and ornaten ••• of the Latin. N.v.rth.I •••• it can hardly he doubted that it waa right to .xclud. those t.rms. for th.y would have been out of place in the reworking of the story. In ord.r to fill the vacuum creat.d by I.aving out all that might b. consid.red cla.esical. the English poet haa set his poem against a Christia.n Germanic background. Instead of classical gods a.nd h.roes w. have a Christia.n

28

INTBODUOTION

God with copious references to such events as the Day of Judgement. This event was introduced as a result of the allegorical interpretation: the fire of the phoenix symbolises the fire of judgement in which the souls are tested and the good BOulspurified, and the rebirth of the phoenix symbolises the resurrection of man on that fatal day. There are many other instances like this where the allegory intrudes into the first half, most of which are pointed out in the notes. In order not to misunderstand this feature it is necessary to bear in mind the nature of medieval allegory. The world to medieval man was the creation of the divine logos. Consequently every created thing was an expression of the divine thought; the world in fact was a book written by the hand of God in which every creature ia a word charged with meaning. By reading nature aright, the wise man can look beyond the material form and penetrate to the divine thought of which it is the material expreBBion. In a word the whole world is a symbol. Consequently, for the Old English Christian poet of The Phoenix the bird is merely a symbol of a divine truth. The poem was written in order that we might realise what this truth was. The poet probes the meaning of the natural symbol. It must be emphasised, therefore, that for the poet the most important fact is the allegorical interpretation of the symbol. The phoenix in itself is merely one of the many natural ways in which this Christian truth finds expreBBion, and as such is neither more nor le88 important than the story of the seed (242 fl.) which is a symbol for the same Christian truth. So it need not surprise us that the allegory keeps on appearing in the first half, for the symbol and the interpretation are one and the same thing. One is the divine thought and the other is the expression of that thought in a material form. We today may perhaps find the story of the phoenix more enjoyable than the allegorical interpretation. Many modem critical works stresa the great beauty of the descriptions in the first half of this poem. But we must not forget that for the poet these were subservient to his real purpose, the revelation of the Christian message to be found in a created being. But as

THE FORM

29

the phoenix was only a symbol for the poet, this was bound to affect his attitude to his source. He would take only that which served his purpose. It is interesting to note how the poet sets his poem against a Germanic background. We have already seen how he uses the Old English epic opening. There are also many descriptive touches which are clearly influenced by earlier descriptions. Thus the Carmen'. AtqlU ubi Sol pepulit fulgentis !imina portae (43) appears in The Phoenix as: S6na. swa sao sunne seaJ.te streamas hoa oferhlIfatl. (120-21)

Instead of the classical gates of heaven, the sea which appears so often in Old English poetry is in~roduced. And there is in The Phoenix frequent reference to both sun and sea. But one should pay particular attention to the poet's use of words drawn from the Old English heroic vocabulary, such as wlBlreaf, beaducr"'ftig, heajxYrof and iinhaga. These words which are reminiscent of more vigorous and bloodthirsty exploits appear at first to be incongruous in a peem which pertrays a peaceful idyll of happiness and joy. But they are included to make plain the correspendence between the life of the phoenix and that of man, the symbol and the thing symbolised. The phoenix's life, death and rebirth stand for the life, death and future resurrection of man. In order to make this plain the poet tends to anthropomorphise the phoenix. Thus the bird is described in terms like those above which would be more appropriate to Old English heroes; its nest is described as a hils, a willsete and a hof; the bird collects its ashes and bones 'from the grave' (267) as men will do on the Day of Judge. ment; and the bird emerges from the fire 'purged of sins • (242). This last phrase reminds us of the blessed who will come through the purgatorial fire purged of their sins. One cannot deny that to us the result is sometimes jarring, but in this way the poet has cleverly linked the symbol to the thing symbolised and he has thus prevented the poem from falling into two halves.' 1 See further Blake.

30

INTRODUCTION

The Phoenix differs considerably from tbe earlier poems in the mood created by the natural descriptions. The earlier poets portrayed nature in its sternest moods and their descriptions are both vigorous and positive. The poet of The Phoenix, however, portrays an imaginary, ideal landscape. Everything is ple&8&nt, nothing is harmful. His descriptions therefore have none of the reality of those in the earlier poetry and he portrays the land in very negative terms. This dOes not mean that we should agree with Moorman, who claims that •the poem marks the decadence of the descriptive powers of pre-conquest poetry'.' The poet is not trying te create the same effect as the earlier poets, and their descriptions are hardly comparable. In The Phoenix we are to imagine at one and the same time a real garden and a spiritual haven, a terrestrial and a heavenly paradise. To have concentrated ton much on the material side of the garden might have lessened our appreciation of its more spiritual qualities. The esseutial unity of the poem would al&ohave been endangered, as the two halves would have become two separate entities: the first the stery, the second the interpretation. Therefore the descriptions tend not to be visual, and when we compare The Phoenix with the Carmen we see that the English descriptions have lost much of that precision and detail which are te be found in the Latin. An example of this is the description of the Ions in the garden. In the Carmen this is described as perspied ea.ldor inr •• gehw.... ond in eor»an feahte. Donne monge beol\ on gemc'it Ired••» fyr •• eynnes: wile Freder engl ••• &gor•• Sc'illeyning seono» gehegan. dugulla. Dryhten dem ••n mid ryhte. 496 ponne reriste ealle gefremm ••» men on moldan. swe. Be mihtig •• Cyning. Modell Brego engl... byman stefne ofer Ilidne grund siwl •• Nergend. Bill Be deorca. deall Dryhtnes mea.htum 500 eadgum geenda.d. JE(\ele hweorfall. »re ••tum j>ringall. »onne»OO8 woruld scyldwyrcende in scome byrnell ide onreled. Weor»ell inr •• gehwyle forht on fer»»e »onne fyr bricell 506 Irene londwelan. lig e••1»igell eorllan rehtgestreon, ",pplede gold gifre forgripell. grredig swelgell londes fr",twe. ponne on leoht eymell reldum»isses in»i openan tid 510 f",ger ond gefea.lic fngles ticen, »onne anw ••ld ea.l iip iBtellall. of byrgenum bin gegredrall. leomu lie somod ond lifes grest 512. gegmdrall: in MS an ••.••••••••af •••. ge. 513. lU•• : MS ligeo.

TEXT

fore Cristes eneo. Cyning J:>rymliee, 515 of his heahsetle haIgum scineJ:>imJ:>emot in J:>ageomran tid Gode lieian. I)",r J:>aliehoman leahtra coone gongall glredmode, g"'stas hweorfall 520 in Mnfatu J:>onnebryne stigel\ hooh to heofonum. Hat bib monegum f.63b egeslie ",led J:>onneaura gehwyle sObfrest ge synnig, sawel mid lice from moldgrafum seeeb Meotudes dom 525 forhW"'red. Fyr bib on tihte, ",lelI uneyste. p",r J:>aeadgan beoI\ refter wrrechwile weoreum bifongen, aguum dMum. pret J:>areJ:>elansind wyrta wynsume mid }>amse wilda fugel 530 his sylfes nest bise~ iitan, J:>rethit f",ringa fyre byrnel\, forsweleonnerefter lige lif eft onfehb edniwinga. Swa bib aura gehwyle 535 fl",sce bifongen lIra eynnes ",nlie ond edgeong, se J:>ehis ignum her willum gewyreell J:>rethim Wuldoreyning meahtig ret J:>ammreJ:>le milde geweorJ:>elI. ponne hllioJ:>rial\ haIge g",stas, 540 sawla sObfreste song ahebball clreue ond geeorene, hergall Cyninges J:>rym stefn refter stefne, stigall to wuldre wlitige gewyrtad mid hyra weldMum. Be05 ponne imerede monna gmstas, 545 beorhte abywde J:>urhbryne fyres. N e wene J:>- ",nig relda eynnes J:>retie Iygewordum leoo somnige, write wOberrefte. Gehyrall witedom, lobes gieddinga. purh G",stes bl",d 550 breostum onbryrded beald reordade, wuldre geweorbad he J:>retword geewrel\ : • Ie J:>retne forhycge heortan geJ:>oneum

63

64

TEXT

pmt ic in minum neete neobed ceose, hrele hrawerig, gewite bean »onan 1.64. 550 on longne sill lame bitolden geomor giidooda in greotes fmOm, ond »onne refter dea»e »urh Dryhtnes giefe BWB. Be fugel fenix feorh edniwe, refter reriste agan mote 560 dreamas mid Dryhten, prer seo doore Bcoln Leofne lofiall. Ie »res lifes ne mreg, refre to ealdre ende gebidan leohtes ond lissa. peah min lie seyle on moldrerne molsnad weorpan 565 wyrmum to willan, swa »eah weoruda God refter swylthwile sawle alysell ond in wuldor aweceb. Me pres wen nrefre forbirstel) in breostum, lle ie in Brego engla forllweardne gefean freste hrebbe.' 570 Bus frod guma, on fyrndagum gieddade gleawmod Godes spelboda ymb his reriote in eee lif »ret we »y geornor ongietan meahten tirfrest taeen »oot se torhta fugel 575 »urh bryne b;;aenall. Bana IMe, aBean ond yslan ealle gesomnall refter ligbryne, lrede» si»»an fugel on f6tuID to Frean geardum, sunuan togeanes. prer hi si»»an forll 580 wuniaO wiotra fela, wrestmum geniwad ealles edgiong, »rer renig ne mreg in »am leodseype lre»»um hwopan. Swa nft refter dealle »urh Dryhtnes miht Bomod sipiap Bawls mid lice 585 fregre gefrretwed fugle gelieast in eadwelum mrelum etencuID, »rer seo so»freste sunne lihtell wlitig ofer weoredum in wuldres byrig. 1.64b Bonne sQl)frestum sawlum seine/) 584. slj>i&i>: final!> conoectrereni&r ne dene ne dune; ne J>rerene byO ne forst ne snAw ne hagel ne reign; ao p&r is fans nite, l'mt is lUes welle. l'onne kalendas Januarii inn gAO J>onne BowO sea welle swl fleoere I'll 3enam hine Be mngel and 3ebrohte

1

'Zu altenglischen Dichtung.3n. 3. Zum PhOnix', Engli8che Stu-

dietl, viii (1885), 474·9. t R. D.-N. Wamer. Early EngU8h HomiUu, EETS Original Series 152, 1917, pp. 146-8. a heofonen: heofofl V; heofonan 0; heofone Kluge, WGMUr.

98

APPENDICES

99

and 8wl smoltllce and ni deoppere }:tonemann mteio; oewi\ten his finger on forewarde ofer eall »",t land. And BwAoellce relce manOa ine slfte }:tonne sa manO inn cumO 800 welle onginO fiowen. And»m is Be f",gere wudeholt »e is oenemmed Radionsaltus. I>i\r is mlc treow swl. riht awl. bolt and swi hah l'mt nin eorlHic mann ne oeseh awl. hah, ne saggen ne cann hwil_ cynnes hoo Bynden. Ne feallell »m rulifre leaf of, ac boo byO aingrene, wliti(5 and wynsum, welena unrim. Neor~ xenewange is upprihte on eaatewea.rde J>isae wurlde. Nia }:trer ne hete ne hunger, ne }:t&rniht nefre ne byO, ao Bimble dreio. Sunne pier sclneO Boofen slOO brihtlycor pone on }:tisaen earde. I>rer wuneO on Godes mngles unrIm mid J>An hilgen Bi.wlen 000 domes d",io' I>IIorwunell on lin fugel f.,oor, fenix gehilten. He is mycel and mmre awl. se MihtiC5ebine (5eBC0p. He is hli.ford ofer eall fugelcynn. ..Elcere wuca. Ane slOOse fmoere fugel bine baooO on prere Illes welle; and }>onne BlhO 86 fugel and (5esett uppe pmt hegeBte trOw on(5ean J>li:reMten sunne. I>onne sclnO he swl. sunneleome and he gliteneO swilo he gyldene s60. His feOeren synden amgles feOeren galice. His breast and bile brihte scrnea fm3ere and fAge; feawe synden swylce. Hwat, his eagene twA te&le synden swi cll!ne swA cristal and swl. scire swa. sunelOOme. His fet synden blOdreade 003en and 86 bile hwlt. H w.,t, Be f",gre fugel filM of his carde, sa »e is fm3ere fenix oehiiten. I>onne wuneO he witodUce on Egipte. lande £lftane wucan feste tOgmere. I>onne cumeO him to swA swA to 1 hoora kin.ge fageninde BwyOOeall }:tmtfugelcinn ; and fmoere 3egreteO ealle fenix, wrtti3eO and singeO ealle I.buten him, ielc on his wlsen. Ealle hine heri3eO. lJonne ferO prot folc feonene, swyOa wifioeO and wundrigeO, wylcumi3elS fenix. 'Hil boo J>u, fenix, fugele fmoerest. Foorren J>u cOme. 1>\1 glitenest swi read gold, ealra fugela king, fenix (5ehAten.' I>onne wyrooeO hoo of wexe and wrtteO fenix and meteO bine fmesere J>li3rse midme stant. :I»onne fageneseO J>rere fugeles e"lIe f.,gere and fAge, feale tlIgaldere feallell tlI foten, fenix greteO. His stemne is Bwii briht swA beme and his sweara swylce Bmete gold; and his forebreost ffeC5ere3eheowed swylce marmelstin mmres cinnes.1 And him On read heow rudeO on »lIn hrynge ; , goldfelle oelle glitene~ fenix. I>onne fllll'll eft Be 1 eW8awl. to: swi. swi. to to V. I meres cinnes: milrescinnes V; scinnes Warner; m~rost cynnea O. I hrynge: riC38 O.

mNIl'68 cinnes Kluge;

mIlre

100

APPENDICES

fugel fmeara to his earde emb fIftmle wucan and fugelee me.ni(56 ealle him Abiiten efne {arden ufene and nyl)ene and on mIce heaJ.fe o~6et hoo nehi(5et neorxenewange. Plilr inn (5efrerO fanix fugele foo(5erest and 6a.ll otser fugelcinn to hoors earden (56wmndeO. Nil srei30 her Sanctus Johannes BoOen worden: SW& se Wyrhte cann l'ret refre binnen An p\isend wintren ):>ynce& fanix lJret he forealdod SOO, (5egadered. tOgedere afer eall paradis pa deorwurOe bOgea and heapeO t6eamne. And purh Godes mihte and prere sunneloome Be heap byO onreled. And "anne fea.lleO fenix on middan prot micele fyr and wurO forbrerned eall to duste. I»onne on pan priddan dOOi56irlsel) Be 1"'3ere lugel lenix 01 d_ and byO elt edoung and l",rO to l'ere lIfea welle and baOaO hina J>rerinne. And him wexe6 on feOeren swa fre3ere 8wa boo ;efre foo3erest wreren~ I>uss he dM tefre binne }>Usend wintren: he hine forbmmO and eft ed;sung upp iIrIs.o. And n",IO M rui\nne 3emllC8 and nAn mann ne wat hweOer hit is pe karlfugel J>e cwenefugel, bOte God Ana. I>es bAlge fugal is fenix gehAten, wliti3 and wynsum, swi bine God 3escOP. And pUBShe seeal drlgen Drihtenea wille, se J;Je is on heofone heh and hAli3, ealra kinge King. CrIst Us 3enericse )nBt we on wynne wunicsen mote mid J;JAnJ'e leof~ and rlx~ i biite mnde. Amen. (b) An Old Norse Version of The PT08e Phoenix It was noted by Larsen 1 in 1942 that there are two extant ON versions of The Prose Phoenix. Both of these are included in longer works of a historical or encyclopaedic nature. The one in MS AM. 764 40 fol. la fonna part of the Anndla breldingr, which is a short history of the world. This history is preceded by a short geographical introduction which contains the account of paradise and the phoenix. The MS dates from the fourteenth century.2 The second version, and the one that is printed here, is found in MS AM. 194 80 fol. 7a·Sa. The MS, which dates from the fifteenth century, is a small encyclopaedia, the first part of which is largely devoted to an itinerary for the use of pilgrims going to the Holy Land. The itinerary is preceded by a short geographical description of the world in which is H. Larsen, 'Notes on the Phoenix', JEGP, xli (1942), 79-84. For further details of the MS see Katalog over den Arna. magn.,lMmke Hdnd8kriJt8amling, udgivet af Kommissionen for det Arnamagmeanske Legat, vol. ii, 1894, No. 1882. 1

I

101

APPENDICES

included the account of paradise and the phoenix.1 The two versions are very simUsr and are clearly related to each other. 764 does not, however, contain the account of the phoenix which is found in 194 under the heading Hoc dieit Johanna ap08tol'U8 de paradi8o. But it does otherwise contain a slightly fuller account of paradise than that found in 194. It is probable that the two versions have used a common source. Larsen I thought that the two versions were derived from an OE version closely related to the extant OE versions. But if we accept Forster's suggestion that P P was b8Bed on a Latin sermon or homily, 8 it could be suggested that the ON versions are based ultimately on this posited Latin sermon. or homily. There is not sufficient correspondence between the vocabulary of P P and that of the ON versions to warrant the theory that the ON text is b8BOdon an OE origina.!. It should be noted, for example, that where both OE MSS read criatal, both ON MSS have the Latinate fonn kristalltul.

Hoc dicit Moys •• de Paradiso Paradisus heitir sta5r S8 er eigi 6. himnum ok eigi

a.

jQri5u, heldr er haIUl i miOju lopti iafIlIUer himni ok jQr5u Bva sem hon var sett a.f GuOL Paradisus er fj6rir tigir milna hrerri en N6a £160varO. Paradisua er Qll jafnlQng ok jafnbreiO. Par er hva.rki fjall fie daIr; ~a.rer eigi frost ne snj6rr; ~ar ern allir landskostir; en ~ar er ekki illkvikendi ok engi andmarki. Par er brunnr g60r, sa. heitir lffsbrunnr. Par er einn fagr sk6gr ok dlts8mligr er heitir Radion saltus; hann fQlnar aldri. Par er hvert tre rett sem kolfr ok sva hatt at eigi rna yfir sjs.. Par eru hvers kyns tre, pau er meO allri fegrO standa ok bera 8 ser alls kyns bl6m ok birti epla ok aidina meO mQrgu m6ti. Par fellr aldri laur a.f viOi. Sj" sk6gr er i miOri Paradiso. Eitt 1 For further details of the MS see Katalog ovt1' den A1"nGma. gn.auI1l8keHdndskriJtsamling, vol. ii, 1894, No. 2407, and the introduc. tion of Kr. KAlund's AlJrt:e6i 18le-nzk. 18landsk encyklopasdi81c Li. tteratur. 1. God. Mbr. AM. 194, 8110, 1908. The latter contains a diplomatic edition of the MS; for the passage on the phoenix see pp. 3.6. The account of the phoenix in this MS has also been printed by K. Gislaaon, Pmver aJ oldnordi81c Sprog og Literatur. 1860, §xiii Paradiam. pp. 407·9. lOp. cit. I M. FlSrster, 'Der Inhalt der altenglischen H8l1dschrift Vespasianus D xiv', Engli8che Studien,liv (1920),64-5.

GLOSSARIES OLD ENGLISH

THE Old English Glossary is intended to list all occurrences of words except adverbs, conjunctions. prepositions and pronoWlS. The order of the words is strictly alphabetical; m follows ad; words prefixed by ge- follow gearwian; 6 and IJ are treated as one letter and follow t; whether the headword has 6. or l' depends upon the form of the first reference which follows. The gender of nouns is indicated by the abbreviations m., f., n. (noun is implied). The numbers after av. and wv. refer to the classes of strong and wea.k verbs respectively. The line references to emended forms are italicised. The glossary is intended to be used with the notes, which supplement it. Cross-references a.re nonnally given only in the case of irregular or variant spellings. mIan wv. 1 to burn, consume 222. 526. lBide mpl. men 198. 509, 546. &lIed m. fire, conflagration 522. 545. ie1edfjrn. fire, conflagration 366. ao conj. but 5, 19, 26 etc. Acennan wtI. 1 to bear. bring "'1m •••• f. alms 453. ",lmihllg adj. almighty 356, 473, forth, produce 241, 256. 627. 630; wk. nom. sg. m. icOlian tw. 2 to grow chill 228. .lE1mihllgB The Almighty 393. id m. pyre, fire 230, 272, 365, 503. Anig pron. any 31, 59, 138, 357, AdlAI m. flame of the pyre 222. 546, 581, gen. sg. m. iinges in m f. low 457. any way 136. .fNt n. malice. hatred 401. l%1re 0011. always, ever 40, 83, linllo adj. unique, noble 9, 312, 536. 128, 562, 608, 637. after prep. w. dot. after (in time) .ppel m. apple 230, 403. Ill, 223. 225 etc.; after (in .pplede adj., ace. sg. n. IePplede lold dappled gold. gold with space) 343; according to, on streaks in it 506. account of 2158,408; .!ter tir 0011. before. formerly, soon ~on oltA>rwords 23S. 252, 268, 283 ; Ar \>On AC n. egg, da'. pl. Agerum 233. formerly 379. tighWmJ 0011. in every respect, I'Brprep. w. dat. before 107, 245. entirely 44, 312. mrctagu mpl. former days 414. ~l'hwYIo pron. each, everyone lkeIt: 0011. at first, first 235, 281. 164. li\htleltrion n. riches, possessions lirilt:/. resurrection 495, 559,572. lilr1»On conj. before 40, 83. 506.

i adt'. ever, always 35, 180, 385, 596; 8ee O. lbjwan wv. 1 to clean,m&ke pure

104

GLOSSARIES

_ring n. spring, fOlmtain 104. aetprep. w. dat. by. near, 104; at HO, 262. 477; in 239, 280. 328, 538. Al m. f. food, repast 401, 405. mtiomDe 0011. together 272. m)Je1e adj. noble, excellent 9, 20, 26,43, 104, 164.281,346,460, 500, 628, 586, 614; auperl. 2, 93, 207, 431. m)e1ing m. noble one, prince, Christ 319, 354. m)Je1lteDc m. sweet odour 196. E)Je1tungol m. noble star 290. if Man WtI. 1 to support, sustain 263. Mean 811. 2 to leave, depart from 155. ibrran WtI. 1 to remove 6. iIjtan WtI. 1 to be eager 274, 664, 657. igan 11. to have. po88688559, 673. Ageldan Btl. 3 to punish, pp. agolden 408. iIIen.,y. own 256, 264, 275, 528, 536. ig1mca m. devil. evil being 442. ihebban Btl. 6 to lift up, raise 540. ihjdan WtI. 1 to hide, conceal 96. ii_ wt>. I to be led forth 233, 251. ilffan WtI. 1 to grant, permit 667. iljan wv. 1 to loose, release 666. Imerian WtI. 1 to purify, cleanse 544, 633. Annum. adj. one, alone 177, 355, 358. 487, 503, 522, 534, 598, 636. inlorlmtan Btl. 7 to give up, reo nounce 438. iDga wk. adj. only. sole 423. inhaga m. unique being 87; linhon 346. inhoga 8ee inbaga. anwald m. power. divine power till; see onwald. it J. honour 663.

105

iscBeoan Btl. 6 to shake, clap 144. &ICe J. ashes 231, 285, 373, 576, 648. isteIlan WtI. 1 to raise up, 3 8g. 1"". IiIleU.6 51 I. uundriaD wv. 2 to separa.te. free 242. bwebban wv. 1 to still. calm 186. itor n. poison, venom 449. iweuan Btl. 7 to grow 265. iweccan wv. 1 to awake 367, 567. iwyrdan wv. 1 to destroy. spoil 247. bIB< n. ba.ck 309. bAI n. fire, pyre 47, 216. 227, 284. biil)Jracu J. violence of fire 270. bED n. bath, immersion 110. bin n. bone 221. 270, 271, 283, 286, 512, 576. binf ••1 n. body 229, 520. basu adj. purple, crimson 296. hiaoen n. sign 107. b6acnian wv. 2 to betoken. sig. nify 389. 575, 646. beadUCla;,ftig adj. valiant, brave 286. b6ag m. plumage round the throat 306; crown, halo 602. beald adj. steadfast, bold 458, 550. be81OlOrg J. baleful sorrow. anguish 409. b6am m. tree 35, 112, 122, 171, 177,202,402,447. bearD n. child. son 396. bearo m. forest, grove 67, 71, 80, 122, 148, 432. bebJ1'gan wt>. I to bury 286. belietan Btl. 6 to obtain, attain 669. behealdan .,. bihealdan. Madan Btl. 2 to proclaim 497. beorg m. hill, mountain 21. 31. beorgan Btl. 3 to taste 110. beorhstede m. mound, funeral pile 284.

106

GLOSSABIES

beorht adj. light, glorious, bright 36, 122,240,389,602; BU~rt 80, 227. 306; clear 128. beorhle ad•• brightly, splendidly 31,646,592,599; superl.179. beraD 8t1. " to carry, bea':t, 3 ag. pru. b1_ 199. beIettaD wv. 1 to surround, en· close 304, 530; to cover 297. beleldall .88 b1le1da1l. bewitipD wt1. 2 to watoh 92. b! prep. to. dol. in comparison with, concerning, about 388 j w. instr. upon, by means of 262. b1baJ>lan wt1. 2 to bathe 107. blbiodaD IV. 2 to bid, oommand 36. blc1Jppan wtI. 1 to seize, grasp 277. bJdan Btl. 1 to abide. remain 47. bid6glian UN. 2 to conceal 98. bl_ .88 beran. bifon Btl. '7 to invest, clothe 259, 380, 527. 535. b/pn wt1. 1 to bow, bend 469. blgenga m. inhabitant, dat. ago b!geDga 148. bihealdaD BtJ. '7 to inhabit 87; to behold 90, 114. bibelaD 8t1. 4 to hide. conceal 170. blhfdall wt1. 1 to con08&l 170, U8. biD.iman Btl. " to bereave. deprive 488. biIellan .88 _. bIIordan •••• 2 to dread, fe•• 368. biIwIcan.". 1 to deceive, beguile 413. biteldan 811. 3 to cover, adorn. array 273. 5(56, 609; to 8ur· round 339. bitter adj. harmful, noxious 179 j bitter, grievous 404. 409. bitjDan wtI. 1 to close 419. bi)Jecoan WtI. 1 to cover 490. 606. bi)ringaD BU. 3 to encircle, BUrround 341.

biweaxan 811. '7 to overgrow I cover 310. biwindan Btl. 3 to invest, clothe 666. blAo adj. bright, shining, whiw 296. bU8cl m. bliss 391; inspiration 649; fuln ••• 662. blAddfBI m. day of bliss 674. blaIt m. blaze, flame 15, 434. b16d/. fruit 36, 38, 71, 207, 402, 466. bliobr'J'gd m.n. variety of colours, variegated oolour 292. blitIiaD n. 2 to bless, adore 620. bUoan n. 1 to shine 95, 116. 186. 699. blia/. joy 126, 692. bJlJte adj. joyous, glad 620; wk. 00' .• g. m. bliJ>am 699. blOltmam. blO88Om,flower 21, 74. brillc\ I. 8&Bh240. breahbD m. sound, musio 134. breoaD n. " to burst forth, break 67; to deotroy 604. bredaD n. 3 to furnish, set, in· lay, pp. brocden 306, 602. breco m. lord, prince 497, 668; breco 620. brellll .88 breco. br6oIt: n. breast 292; mind. heart 468, 660, 668. __ m. heart, spirit 126. brId m. young bird, neotling 236, 372. brlmoald adj. cold •• the BOa67, 110. brinpn n. 3 to bring 660. broDd m. fire 216, 283. brOllliaD 1ott. 2 to wither 38. brloan av. 2 w. gen. to use, enjoy 148, 674. _ adj. brown, dusky 296. brrne m. flame. fire, conflagrao tion 229, 520, 545. 575. btl n••••• both 402. b4can wtI. 1 to live, dwell 157.

GLOSSARIES

burg f. city 475, 588, 633, 666; in burgum on earth 389. btll'Da m. spring, brook, fountain 107. bulan prep. w. dat. without 637. 651. bfttan canj. unless. except 358. btme f. trumpet 134, 497. b11'Om. child, offspring 128, 409. bJrgan WtI. 1 to taste, eat, 404. byrgen J. grave, tomb, dat. pl. bngenum 512. b1l'D8Jl 8tJ. 3 to burn 214, 218. 502, 531. cald adj. chill, cold 59. CiBere m. emperor. God 634. oempa m. soldier, champion 452, 471. cennan WtI. 1 to bear, beget 639. cAosan 811. 2 to choose 479, 553. cild n. child 639. eli f. talon 277. diens add. pure, purified, cleansed 167. 252, 459, 518. 541. cImne adv. entirely, wholly 226. meowen n. ball, dat. 8g. cleowenne 226. cn80 n. knee 459, 514. enyl8&D WtI. 1 to smite, afflict 59. conde! J. candle 91. COm n. com, grain of corn 252. cor6er n. band, multitude 167. oneft m. knowledge, skill 344. Crist m. Christ 388, 514, 590. cuman 811. 4 to come, go, return 91,93. 102, 222. 366, 484, 508. cwealm m. agony 642. cylegicel m. icicle 59. cyme m. coming, advent 47, 53, 107, 245, 490. cYD 8ee C)'IlD.

cynegold n. diadem 605. orn8)Jrym m. royal majesty 634. m. king 175, 344, 356, 496, 514. 541. 614, 664.

CJDing

107

e:vnn n. kind, race. lineage. species 159, 198. 335, 358. 492, 535, 646; cYD. 330. enran u •• 1 to return 352. ejlJaD 1011. 1 to make known, proclaim 30, 332, 344, 425. 634. cj))))uJ. home, native land 277. dmd j. deed, act. work 445. 452. 463, 528. dalg m. day 147, 334, 478, 644. dalgrM n. dawn 98. dall n. dale 24. diil m. part. portion 261. diilan wv. 1 to distribute. be. stow 453. deal adj. proud 266. deaa m. death 52. 88, 368. 383, 434, 485, 499. 557. 583, 642. deaadenuj. valley of death 416. deaat'eced n. grave 48. deman wv. 1 to judge 494. denu /. glen 24. deore adj. black 98, 383, 499. dOOleadj. dear. beloved 560. deormOdadi· brave. dauntless 88. dogol'l'im n. number of days, time 485. dohlor f. daughter 406. dam m. judgement 48. 524; glory 642. damllc adj. glorious 445. 452. dream m. melody. sound 138; bliss, joy 482, 560, 658. driogan av. 2 to ful.6l 210. drkloan av. 2 to fall 34, 261. drohtaa m. abode. dwelling place 88, 416. drilsende adj. drooping 368. dryhl f. mnltitude, men 334. dryhlen m.lord, God 48, 138,383, 445,452,454,463.478.494.499. 557, 560, 583. 597, 600. 658. dljmende adj. rejoicing, exulting 348. dr11'Om. fall 16.

108

GLOSSARIES

duma J. host, throng 348, 494; provision, wealth, duge))a 454. diinsora;,1 n. ravine 24. dum f. door 12. dwl¥lacan wv. 1 to blot out, ex· tinguish 456.

eac adv. also 375. 6aca m., to Aacan adv. besides, likewise 285. ead n. bliss, happiness 319. 398, 638. eadig adj. blessed, happy. right. eous, upright 11, 279, 361, 381, 473,482,500.526,603,621,677; blessed, unscathed 20, 46. eadwela m. blessedness 586; nom. ag. ladwelan 251. eafera m. child, son 405. eaggebyrd f. nature of the eye 301. eal adj. Bee eall. ealadv. wholly, entirely 241, 285, 505. eald adj. old, ancient 238, 321, 376. ealdcj6IJu J. old home, former abode 351, 435. ealdfeond m. old enemy. devil 401, 449. ealdor n. life 487; to ealdre for ever 40. 83, 562, 594. ealdord6m m. sovereignty. domi. nian 158. eall adj. all, the whole of 7, 42. 67. 77. 132, 177. 279, 495, 576, 628; eal 5ll. eaIlesadv. altogether, wholly 581. ealond n. island 287. eard m. home 87, 264, 275, 321, 346,361,427; earth,land 158, 354. earding f. home, abode 673. eardBtede m. dwelling place 195. eardwlc n. dwelling, house 431. earm adj. hostile, wicked 442; poor 453.

eam m. eagle 235, 238. earnian wv. 2 w. gen. to earn, win 484.

eastan adv. from the east 102, 290, 325; •• Ian 94. eastdEl m. eastern part 2. east'Weg m. eastern way 113. ece adj. eternal, everlasting 319, 381, 398, 411, 473, 482, 572, 600, 608, 636. ece adv. for ever 594. edgeong adj. rejuvenated 373, 435, 536, 608; edgiOng 581. edgiong su edgeOng. ednIwe adj. renewed, restored 77, 223, 241, 258, 287, 370, 558. ednIwinga adv. anew, once more 534. edwenden f. change, end 40. e!enhleo))or m. concord of voices, united voice 621. eft adv. afterwards, in due 8eaaon, again, once more 222, 224, 231, etc. egesUc adJ. dreadful, terrible 522. egaa m. fear, terror 461. ellen m.n. strength, courage·484. elp J. help, succour 650. ende m. end 365, 484, 562, 637, 651. endian tuV. 2 to end, bring to an end 83. enge adj. narrow 52. engel m. e.nge1492,497, 568, 610, 621, 629, 677. eorcnanstin m. precious stone 603. eoredciest f. crowd, troop of cavalry 325. eorl m. man, warrior 251, 482. eolte su heorte. eorp. f. earth 43, 131, 136, 154, 207, 243, 249, 331, 349, 460, 487, 506, 629, 638. eorGWeg m. earth 178. eat f. grace, will 46, 403. i8tan see ~astaD.

GLOSSARIES i)lel m. earth, I&nd 168, 392; home, native land 349, 411, 427. i)elloDd n. native land, home, 279. i)lelturf J. earth, land 321. Iicen n. guile, evil 450, 595. IEODe adj. guileful, malicious 415.

fBBderm. father 95.197, 375, 390, 455, 492, 610, 627, 630, 646. filg. adj. doomed to death 221. heger adj. fair, beautiful 64, 85, 125, 182, 232, 236, 291, 307, 328. 352, 360, 510, 610, 654; compo aoo. pl. J. ""'gran 330; sweet, pleasant, 8Uperl. 8. IEgre adv. beautifully. glori-

ously 274, 295, 585, 627. fl8ringa adu. suddenly 631. hut adj. fast, firm, secure 172, 468. lam adv. firmly, securely 419, 569. Im&m m. depth. bosom 487. 556. f1:e6mr1m n. cubit 29. fig adj. variegated, adorned. 292. lih adj. hostile 695. Iarau 8tl. 6 to go, journey 123, 326. feallan av. 7 to fall 61, 74. tealo adj. pale, yellow, fallow 74, 218, 311. lela adj. i'lldecl. w. gen. much, many 387. 580.

feld m. field, plain 26. feng m. grasp, grip 216. leDiJ: m. phoenix (bird) 86, 218, 340, 558, 597. 646; phoenix (polmtree) 174. lionel m. enemy, devil 419, 595. fear adv. far I, 192, 415. !eorr 8ee teorh. Ieorh nt.n.life,

body 223. 263. 266,

2S0, 371, 433, 558; feorg 192. leorhhord n. soul. spirit 221.

109

leormian wv. 2 to consume 218. leorran OOv. from afar 326. Ier6 m.n. mind, soul. heart 4111; fer~»e 504. lelJet' J. wing, feather, pluma.ae 86, 100, 123. 137, 145. 163, 205, 239, 266, 306, 3.7. 380. f'»erhoma m. plumage 280. f1nla m. tail 295.

IIru

mpl. men, human

beings

3,

396, 535; gen. fm 492. flrgenatriam m. ocean 100. B)re n. wing 297, 316, 652. BiI•• n. floah 221, 269, 535. Biogan av. 2 to fly 163, 322. BiDa av. 2 to fl•• 460. fb'hl m. flight 123, 340. fb'hlhwlIlt adj. swift-flying 146, 335. !nill! m. hreath, blast 15. IOddor n. food 259. lodorJtegu J. sustenance 248. lolo n. people, crowd 323, 326. loloigend m. ruler of a nation, man 5. fold. J. earth 3, 8, 60, 74, 174, 197, 257, 396; land. region 29, 155, 352; soil, land 64; earth, mold 490. loldw_Di m. fruit of the earth 654. loldwylm m. spring, stream 64. loldan wv. 2 to follow 591. for prep. w. dat. for. 88 344; on account

of, because of 461.

loran adv. before. in front 292. lorbiodan wv. 2 to forbid, pp. ace. sg. m. lorbodent 404. lorberltan 811. 2 to fail, be want. ing 568. prep. w. dat. before 600 w. ace. before 514. loregenga m. forefather 437. loremihti« adi. eminent in power

lore

159. forgifan 811. 5 to give, grant, bestow 377, 615; pp.forglelen 175.

110

GLOSSARIES

lorgildan n'. 3 to recompense. requite 473. forgrindan av. 3 to destroy 227. lorgr[pan av. 1 to seize 607. lorht adj. fearful. terrified 504. lorhW_ wv. I to terrify 525. forhJcgan wtI. 3 to Bcorn, despise 552. lomlman ••. 4 to destroy 268. 10m m. frost 15, 58, 248. tonwelan ftI. 4,.to burn, shrivel 532. lor& OOv. always 465, 637; thenceforth 579. for)JOn oov. hence, consequently 368,411. forDweard adj. abiding, lasting 569. lor)),.lman wv. 1 to envelop, wrap 284. torweard adj. in front, forward 291. lOt m. foot 276, 578; nom. pl. lolu 311. Ir••twe fpl. fruit 73, 150, 200, 257,330. 335. 508. 610; inaw. frsetwum gloriously. splendidly 95, 309. J.i'r~am. lord, God 578, 675. Irecne adj. terrible, dangerous 390,450. FrMrend m. comforter. God 422. fremman 'Wt'. 1 to accomplish 470. Ireo~u f. peace 597. frOc1adj. old, wise, experienced 154, 219, 426, 570; old. ancient 84. from prep. w. dat. from, away from, out of 353, 524. Iromllce ad•. speedily 371. !ruma m. beginning 328; creator, God 377. Irym~m.f. beginning 84,197, 239, 280, 630, 637. fuge) m. bird 86, 100, 104. 121, 125, 155, 159, 163, 174, 201, 215, 257. 266, 291, 309. 311,

315, 322. 328. 330, 335, 352. 360. 387, 426, 466, lnO~ 529, 558. 574, 578, 585, 591. 597, 652; Iugal 145. Iugellimber n. young biro 236. Iugol Be, Iugel. lui adj. full 267. fultum m. aid. help 390. 455, 646. fur)or adv. further, more 236. f4J adj". ready, eager 208. bU m. death. dissolution 371. fjr n. fire 15, 215, 219. 276, 380, 490, 504, 525, 531, 545.

Ifru ••• !IraI. fjrb~ n. bath of flame 437. fJrndagu mpl. ancient days. time long past 570. fymg6&r npl. past years 219. bmgeaceap n. ancient decree 360. brnIeaetu npl. ancient home 263. brnreweoro n. ancient work 84. 95. brstmearo J. appointed time, proper interval 223. gmdrian wv. 2 to gather 193, ,iiIt m. spirit, 8ou1513, 519. 539, 544, 549, 593, 615. lanee&' m. ocean 289. p coni. and 523. geador adv. together 285. Ilea8aI mPl. jaw. 300. ,6&r n. year 154, 258. pard m. home. dwelling place 355. 578. 647. g~ mpL poet days 384. gearwlan wv. 2 to make ready, prepare 189. geuciaD wv. 2 to learn 393. gebt%ruJ. song. voice 125. gebed,n. prayer 458. geNodan 811. 2 to offer 401. gebldan 811. 1 to expect. await 562 ; to attain, experience 152.

GLOSSARIES

gebliuian UN. 2 to bless. gladden 7,140. pblondan 8t1. 7 to mingle, mix 294. pbtowaD oW. 7 to bloom, flower 21.27,47, 155, 179,240. gebod n. behest, bidding 68. gebriadian wv. 2 to rejuvenate, restore 372. gebrecan av. 4 to destroy 80, 229. rebr6diaD wt7. 2 to rejuvenate, restore 592. rebregd n. vicissitude 57. rebrinran 8V. 3 to bring, gather 271, 283. pbromian wv. 2 to decay, putrefy 270. gebJrd J. sex 360. gebyrgan Wtl. 1 to taste 261. gebJICiaD .,.. 2 to trouble, af· flict. weigh down 62. 162, 428. Ceoiosan av. 2 to choose, select 382, 388, 641, 593. eeclinCaD .tV. 3 to contract 226. gecweGan BV. 5 to speak 551. gecjpn WtI. 1 to invoke 454. pcJD.d J. nature, natural properties 252, 256 ; nature. kind, species 329, 387. reoYDde n. sex 356. gediBlan .,.. I to diversify, variegate 295. redil n. death, dissolution 6lil. red6man 'WV. 1 to ordain 147. gedrJhl J. fiock, company 348, 615,635. eeeaIdian 'WV. 2 to grow old 427. reAawan 1DV. 1 to manifest, be revealed 334. reendian 'WV. 2 to end 500. eefatr n. expedition. journey 426. gefan ••. 6 to give, 3 8(/. pru. gelell 319. relia m. delight, happiness, joy 389, 400, 422, 569. 607; ace. 8(/. gefion 248. reliallo adj. agreeable, joyous 610.

111

cetecan wv. 1 to join, fit together 309. geloon Be< gelea. refire adj. accessible 4. pIon av. 7 to seize. take, hl7It gefM listens 143. retrtige n. report, infonnation 176. gefriige adj. famous 3. gefnetwian WtI. 2 to adom,embellish, accoutre 116, 239, 274, 585. refremman UN. 1 to do, accomplish, bring about 463, 495, 650. ge!reogum Be< geIrige. refreo)ian tw. 2 to defend, protect 630. gehige n. information, know. ledge, •••••r. pl. ge!reogum 29. getri.gnan BtJ. 3 to learn, hear 1. reb'lgan WtJ. 1 to follow 347. gelyUan.,.. I to fill 627, 653. reglBdrian UN. 2 to gather 269, 512. gehea1dan 811. 7 to protect 46; to keep, observe 476. gehelgian We. 2 to burden (with age) 153. gehOgan.,.. I to hold 493. cebIadan Be. 6 to load 76. phon 8t1. 7 to hang with, load with 38, 71. I8hriodan 8'tJ. 2 to adorn 79. rehwi pron. each, all, every 66, 195. 197. 4ln, 464. 469, 487, 598, 603, 606 ; nI ad•. thus 482, 570, 621, 632. I'ftIend n. thousand 364. J>t\Jendef. thousand 151. ~ lms conj. lest 246.

W.,lriaI n. corpse, carnage 273. wl8pen n. wea.pon 486. wmam 8U wmrdm. wmstm m.J.n. fruit, crop 34, 72, 250, 255, 466; ace. pl. wmamas 243; form, growth, proportion 237,332; body, flesh 580. wmter n. water 41, 61, 65, 184. wiflan wt1. 2 to gaze at 342. Waldend m. ruler, lord 464, 631. wi~f. fHght 99, 161. waIJema m. wave 97.

wi

see

ie.

weald m. wood, fotest 13. weaJlende adj. surging, beating 477. weard m. guardian, protector 152. ufan adv. above 308. ufeweard adj. above. on the weardian wt1. 2 to hold possession of, inhabit 86, 161, 168, upper Bide299. 172,448. unbrJce adj. eternal 642. wearm adj. warm, hot 18, 187. unClYllf. Bin 526. wearmian wt1. 2 to glow, become under prep. w. dat. under, behot 213. neath 14.27, 32, etc.; w. ace. wAaticen n. sign of woe 61. under, beneath 97, 101.374. weaun oW. 7 to be born, grow, tIIlPWJIded adj. uninjured 181. increase 232, 234. UDIl1iileadj. infinite 625. weccan wv. 1 to waken 255. tmnitd m. evil counsel 403. weder n. weather 18, 57, 182. unlID6~e adj. rough, rugged 26. wedercondel J. sun, candle in the UDwemmeadj. inviolate 46. sky 187. ftpadv. up. upwards 93. 102, 289. weI 0011. well, rightly 443, 516. 511. wela m. riches, wealth 55, 149. tlpliiidende adj. lofty, tell 178. tlpUo adj. celestial, heavenly 392, we1diiidf. good deed 543. winf. hope 567. 663. wAnan wv. 1 w. gen. to imagine upps adv. above. on high 629. 546. urnen 8ee rinnan. wendanWtl.l toturJ',change 191. tis, tlsie Bee Ie. weoro n. deed, &Ct, work 386, 6Ier pron. our, nom. ace. pl. m. 475, 627, 598, 659. _414,438. wBOld8M word. til ad•. out 233. ltan ad". around, about 164, weared 8ee weorod. weorod n. people, host, com204. 530; outside. on the out· pany 187; tnstr. ag. werede side 301. 596; gen. pl. weoruda 465, 565; dal.pl. weoretlum 588. wAdif. poverty, want 65. weor])an oW. 3 to be, become 49, wteg m. wave, billow 45. 80, 142, 211, 240, 267, 304, wll81gllre adj. murderous 486.

GLOSSARIES

364, 372, 378, 404, 407, 417, 445, 503, 564. weorJJian wv. 2 to honour 343. weor6mynd J.n. honour 636. weorud Bee weorod. wer m. man 331, 394; male sex 357. wered Bee weorod. werian tw. 1 to apparel, clothe 596. werigmod adj. weary in soul 428. wesan v. to be, exist info 165, 435; 2 Bg. pres. ear&: 630; 3 Bg. pres. is 1. 5, 7. etc.; bi6 11, 37, 82. etc.; bioJJ 96. 116, 474; weseG 373; 3 pl. preurh woruld worulda lor ever 662.

124

GLOSSARIES

woruldgestrAon n. worldly treasure, riehes of ea.rth 255. woruldwela m. worldly P088e8. sion 480. wo6cnett m. song 127; poetic skill 548. wracuJ. vengeance 61. wnechwD. J. period of exile 627. wrlBtllo adj. beauteous 63, 307. wreWce adv. splendidly 75; wonderfully 294, 367. 378. wra6u J. 8Upport, help 247. wreno m. melody, song 133. wrldian wv. 2 to thrive, flourish 27, 237. writ n. writing, book 425. wrftan 811. 1 to write, compose 648. wrixlan wv. 1 to sing 127; to variegate, pp. wrWeO 294. wrohl m.J. misfortune 612. wudu m. wood. foreat 37. 65, 86. wudubiam m. tree 75. wudubearo m. grove 152, 169. wudublAdJ. forest fruit 194. wuduholt n. wood, forest 34, 362. wuldor n. glory 117, 130. 439, 476, 616, 642, 667, 688, 698, 628, 662; iMtr. ag. wuldre gloriously 318, 551, 609, 666. WDldorcJDinl m. King of glory 196, 420, 637. wundor n. wonder, marvel, miracle 394; inatr. pl. wundrum wondrously. strangely 63, 85, 232, 307. 342, 367 468, 602. wundorUc ad;. wondrous 359. wundorUce adv. wonderfully. J

comp.127.

wundrian wtt. 2 to marvel, wonder 331. WUDian wv. 2 to dwell, inhabit, live in 105, 112, 363, 386, 580. 609; to remain, exist 82, 181. 641.

wnrma m. purple 294. WJlla m. well 63. WJllestriam m. welling waters 106, 362. W)'1lg8lPl'JDln. spring. fountain 109. W)'lm m. passionate desire 191; swell. surge 283. WJD/. delight. joy. bliss 12, 15!i. 231. 278, 290. 345. 348, 411, 480; W7DD 70; imtr. pl. W)'nDum joyfully, blissfully 7, 27, 313. WJD1Icadj. fair 34. W7Dl0Ddn. blisslulland 82. W}'IlIl see WJIL W)'DIum adj. pleasant. delight. ful, channing 13. 65, 194, 196. 203. 245. 318. 529, 653, 659 ; compo 133. W7lC&DtoV. 1 to make. create, build 394, 451. Wnhta m. creator, maker 9, 130. WJI'Dlm. worm 232. 565. WJri J. plant, fragrant plant, spioo 194, 196, 213, 265. 273. 430, 465, 474, 529, 633; root 172.

y1eJ n. evil 460, 694. 7ido see ,.ldu. ,.ldra m. forefather 414, 438. Jldu J. old age 62, 190; J1do 614. 7mb prep. w. ace. beside. about. around 292, 305, 619; on account of. conoon:-ing 360. 572. ymbe prep. w. ace. around, about 164. JIIlbliin ••. 7 to grasp 276. ymbhwyrB m. surface. region 43. ymbsettan 'WV. 1 to encomp888. surround 204. JI'feweard m. heir 376. yrmh /. mercy. sorrow. woe 52, 406,614.

GLOSSA.BIlIIS

me

n. anger, wrath 408. ysle j. ash, cinder 224, 271, 286,

576.

125

tP. adv. easy, superL 113. iMaru /. Hood, rush of waves 44. j6mere m. biHowy ocean 94.

LATIN Alleluia interjeetwn Alleluia 677. almus adj. genial; ace. pl·f. (1) alma 673. altus add. high, lofty 671. auctor m. creator, maker 667. blandis adj. mild, gracious 674. celom n. heaven, sky 669. et conj. and 672, 674. finis m.f. end 675. gaudium n. joy, delight 669. in prep. w. abl. in 669. laus f. praise, glory 676. letitia f. gladness; gen. 8g. Ietiti. 673.

(lUI. light 667, 672. magnus adj. great, spacious, ex. tensive ; superl. ace. pl. n. maxima 670. mereor v. to get, obtain; inf.(?) merueri 668. mitis adj. mild; acc. 8g. m. mit .• tem 674. po: f. peace 672. perenDis adj. unceasing, everlasting 676. regnum n. kingdom 670. sedeaj. seat, throne 671. sine prep. w. abl. without 675.