The Philippines under Japan: occupation policy and reaction 9715503322

Citation preview

\

= -,

'l

tt

tIH ffi rT-]

7

I

r

i

i

l.r

" ,1'r.

#

]

\

rt

r- U ]{

& S*r*t

*.

r

4..

s

--

ffi;

e+:{ri*-atri

'i t.

1l lr

,\

.t

l-

959 . 9035

P53

:t E-:

ru

ATENEO DE N,/ANILA UNIVERSITY PRESS

iltt p]ililppiltt$ llllItt,lRpRll 0ccumton Poliu and fieaction

tdlrcdtr

llofiata $etsuho & Bicardo Irotr loss

,I

ru 1 ATENEO EE fr{A},IILA UI{IVHRSITY PRE$S

It'?, : ,'i.i1

L i 'i i:,-

.:.*.,I

qq.p55 Pss

.-{

AIENE,O DE MANILA UNIVERSITY PRI,SS Bellarmine Hall, Katipunan Avenuc Loyola Heights, Quezon Ciry PO. Box 154, 1099 Manila, Philippines TeL.:426-59-84 I FAX: (632) 426-59*09 Copyright 1999 by Ateneo de Manila Cover and book design by I. n. de la Peia

All rights

reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval systenl, or transmitted in any lbrm or by any means without the wriften permission of the publishcr.

Sources ofphotograpbs on

.

. . . .

pp. 162-70

Deitoe Shashin Senhi: l)aihonei Rikugun Hodobu [Imperial General Headquarters Army Department of Informationf, Dtitoa Sbasbin Senhi [Photographic Battle Record ofGreater East Asia]. (Tokyo: Seibundo Shinkosha, 1943) Front: Front special Philippine issue, 1944

OJJMA: Oficiol Journol of tbe Jopanae Military Adrninistratinn Philippine Erped.iti.onary Force: Watari Shudan Hodobq Hito l{ohengwn [Philippine Expeditionary Force] (Manila: Manira Shirnbunsha, 1943) Preludc to Philippine Ind.epend.ence, ed. by Manira Shimbunsha (Manila:

Manira Shimbunsha, 1943)

. RTI: Ricardo Tiota lose collection . Shin Seihi: ,Shin Seihi-Bagong Arap-New Dat

(a pictorial monthly)

The National Librarv of the Philippines CIP Data Recommended cntry: The Philippines under lapan: occupation policy and reaction / edited by Ikehata Setsuho and Ricardo Tiota lose.Quezon City: ADMU Press, c1999

lv

l.

Philippines-History-lapanese occupation, 1942 Setsuho. II. )ose, Ricardo T II. Title.

-f945. I. Ikehata

DS686.4 959.9035 1999 P99300036r rsBN 971-550-332-2

CONTENTS

Eorrots'Pnrpece

....

Tnr CoNrnrsuroRs

w,

Nii

...

INtnonur:'rroN The Japanese Occupation Period. in Philippina

Histtry

I

Ixpnara Srl.suHcr

Cnaylrn

I

Appea.sawnt and Coercion

2t

NareNo SNr()sHI CHar,'r'rrt 2 The Filipino Volunteer Arm,izs

59

TnRaur-W,lna Moroe CHal lr,rr

.3

Japancsc Administrative Polhy towords the Moros KAw,lsr rr,n,l MtnoRt

Cnarr ln 4 Minhq Indurtry

Ixll

r,l

in Lonaa

Devel.oprnent and Local Anti-Japanese Resistan+e

99

127

r,t ,Sl'r'strHo

Cnerrsr Cotton

5

htdwtion udar Japonase

R

th

DA-1945

17t

NecrNo Yosruro

Crnrlr.n 6 Thc Rkc Sbottage ond. Cwntetucantes d.aring tbc Occapatian RrceRno

T fosr

197

Csaplr,n 7 The Religious Propagand.a Progrnm Tnnana Tarspunr

for Christian

Cbarches

215

CHaprsn 8 The Japanese Residents FLcyRsn SnrNzo

of "Dabao-hao"

247

Allr,Norx Location of Source Materiah Reloted. to tlte Japanese Occwpation of the Philippines ................

289

NorEs

323

Glossanv

3s9

REpsnrlrcBs CrrEr>

361

INpEx

385

EDITORS'

PREFACE-

In luly 1990, the authors of this book, through a research grant from the Toyota Foundation, formed the Forr.rm for the Survey of Records Concerning the )apanese Occupation of the Philippines. The threefold objectives of the Forum were (1) to clarify the existence and location of primary sources on the ]apanese occupation of the Philippines which had not been fully used in extant research on the subject; (2) to interview Japanese individuals who were connected with or who experienced the lapanese occupation of the Philippines, and to publish the transcripts of these interviews; and (3) to carry out research based on newly discovered primary sources, interviews and new perspectives, on aspects of the )apanese occupation of the Philippines that have not been studied before, in order to clarify actual conditions of that period, and then to compile and publish the results of these studies. Mcmbers of the Forum were the eight authors of the papers in this volume, together with Mr. Yoshihisa Akihiro of the National Diet Library. Others who joined the Forum for brief periods were Thkahashi Hisashi, Tsuda Mamoru, and Osada Yumi. From 1990 to 1994, the forum worked continuously and published the following volumes which are either important Japanese-language historical sources not previously used or bibliographies of documentary materials in ]apanese:

1.

Philippine Research Commission, ed., with explanatory essays by Nakano Satoshi, Hayase Shinzo, Terada Thkefumi, and Nagano Yoshiko, Hito Chosa Hohokw [Report of the Philippine Research Commission], 2 vols. (Tokyo: Rlukei Shosha, 1993);

vll

EDrroRS'PnsrncB

2.

I(awashima Midori, ed., Boeikenhywjo Shozo Nibon no Firipin Senryo Kanhei Shiryo Mokurokw lBrbhography of Historical Materials Relating to the fapanese Occupation of the Philippines in the National Institute for Defbnse Studies] (Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Institute for the Study of Langr,rages and Cultures of fuia and Africa. 19941'

3. Hitomi Junsuke, Nakano

Satoshi, and Terarni Motoe, eds., Dai

Juyongun Gwnsend.enhan, Send.en lAsakw Shiryoshu [Fourteenth Army Propaganda Corps, Compilation of Historical Materials on Propaganda Operations], 2 vols.

4.

(Tolyo: Rl'ukei Shosha, 1996); and

Orro Toyoaki ar-rd Terada Thkefumi, eds., Hito Shwhyoban lGnhei Shiryoshu fCompilation of Historical Materials Relating to the

Philippine Religious Sectionl, 2 vols. (Tokyo: Ryukei Shosha, forthcoming).

The Forum examined materials in ]apan, as well as primary in the Philippines, the U.S.A., and Australia. The appendix of this book is a compilation of the reports of this survey of source sources

materials. The Forum's interviews with |apanese who were in the Philippines

during the Occupation has been cornpiled into a thick t:ook, Intabyw IGrokw: Nihon no Firipin Senryo (Interwiew Records: The )apanese Occupation of the Philippines) ( Tokyo: Ryukei Shosha, 1994). The data acquired through these interviews were very rich and valuable. We cannot cite all the names here, but we would like to express our gratitude to all of those who generously allowed us to interview them. This English edition is bascd on the lapanese edition, which is a compilation of papers written by the Forum's members, from research on historical materials and on the interviews. Edited by Ikehata Setsuho, Nihon Senryoha no Firipin [The Philippines Under Japanese Occupation] was published in Tokyo, in 1996, by Iwanami Shoten. The Japanese edition was well received and earned many favorable reviews by scholars and journalists. In order to make the results of our research accessible to nonJapanese readers, particularly Filipinos, we decided to come out with

vllt

I,lt

rt'tt ltts' lrtttitrA( )li

this F,nglish cclirion. Fortunrrtcly wc wcrc ablc to reccive a Grant-ir-rAici lirr Scicnrific l{csearch, Grairr-in-Aid for the publication of scicrtiflc Rescarch Results in 1997 from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and culture, and with this aid were able to obtain the translation services of John wisnom. Although Ricard.o T. Jose's paper was written in English, and although both Terami Motoe and Nagano Yoshiko translated their own papers into English, Mr. Wisnom edited their papers fbr style. And even though Mr. wisnom fully translated the other papers, each author cross-checked his or her paper with the Japanese original. Therefore, the accuracy of each paper's contents was ultimately the writer's responsibility. There have been many works on the ]apanese occupation of the Philippines, but most of these are either personal accounts or works exclusively using sources in English. one value of this work is that all the papers utilize fresh, primary Japanese-language materials, in ad_ dition to interviews with Japanese, Filipinos, and other eyewitnesses. Typical of |apanese scholarship, it is carefur and welr-documented, as the notes will show, utilizing sources heretofore unused. As fresh as the sources used-mainlv archival materials, reports, diaries, and the like, frorn the lapanese side-are the perspectives, which focus on aspects of the occupation not fully examined in previous works. The topics of the papers range from the economy and religion to the ]apanese population in Davao. In all of the papers, however, the basic focus has been to examine Japanese policy (based on the actual policy documents), its execution, impacr on the Filipinos, and their response. virtually all the topics presented have never appeared before in English, and the original work in Japanese also marked the first time they were ever published in |apanese. Thus, this is a pathbreaking book, transcending the biases of nationalism, ideology, and personal experience. It breaks through the usual approach to the |apanese occupation, which has thus far tended to focus on the question of collaboration and resistance. It also goes beyond the confines of Manila, on which much scholarship has focused, thereby lending a more balanced view of the Japanese occupation of the whole philippines. Despite being written by ]apanese, the book frankly criti-

lX

EDIToRS, PREFACE

cizes ]apanese wartime policies where they were weak, as the authors do not try to expiate Japanese fhults. It allows us to see the actual

u,'orkings of the Japanese at that time (leading to clues in lapanese behavior, even today), how they viewed the Philippines (which was quite different from the way the Spaniards and the Americans viewed the Filipinos), and how Filipinos reacted-as seen from Japanese eyes. It thus helps us to understand not only the Japanese and the

Filipinos during the Japanese occupation, but also the Japanese and Filipinos today. Since writing was limited to only one volume, other topics could not be covered. The book does not include, for instance, a detailed analysis of the anti-Japanese guerrilla movemcnt, as seen from ]apanese eyes, or the controversy over the "comfort women." This is not to denigrate or belittle these other topics, but the main aim of the book is not to provide a thorough and comprehensive view of the entire Occupation and all its nuances, but simply to show new trends and new ways of viewing the period. It is hoped tl-rat this work will, in its own way, inspire more perceptive research on the various other topics using some of the newly discovercd materials in lapan and elsewhere.

All the papers in the book are well-researched studies. The authors (all lapanese except for one Filipino, who studied in Japan) are all specialists on the Philippines and considered experts in their particular fields; all have done and continue to do fieldwork in the Philippines. Altogetheq the authors of the different chapters comprise the cream of lapanese scholars doing work on the history of the Philippines.

This book, therefore, is significant in Philippine historical studies for making available results of new research on the Japanese occupation using a wide variety of primary sources, and examining heretofore unexamined aspects of the Occupation, while focusing on the key questions of what Japanese policy actually was, and how it was implemented. It marks a major contribution to the historiography of the lapanese occupation of the Philippines specifrcally, and to the understanding of Philippine and Asian history in general.

x

liDl'l'