THE PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN IN THE BRITISH MILITARY PRISONS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR

Citation preview

THE GERMAN INFLUENCE ITS

IN

SETTLEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

H

*§^arratlpe

an^ Critical l3istor^

PREPARED BY AUTHORITY OF

THE PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN SOCIETY

PART XXXI I is

THE PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN IN THE BRITISH MILITARY PRISONS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY 4

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tibe Ipenns^lpanfa-^erman In tbe

British ^Dilitar^ prisons of tbe IRevolutionari)

Mar

BY

HENRY MELCHIOR MUHLENBERG RICHARDS,

LiTT.D.

LATE UNITED STATES NAVY

P ennsylvayiia-German

and formerly Secretary, Member Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania, The Authors’ Club (London), SociPA Academique d'Histoire

Lafe President of the

Internationale (Paris),

Society,

La Ranaissance

(Paris), Aynerican Asi-

National Geographic Society, Sons of the Revolution, Naval Order of the United States, Military

atic Association,

United States, Grand

Order, Loyal Legion of the

Army

of the Republic, Military Order of For-

eign Trar5 of the United States, Naval

M

S pa nish-A rneri-

il ita

ry Order of the

can

War ayid many other

cal

Societies

and

and

Histori-

Alilitary

Orders.

AN HISTORICAL SKETCH Part XXXI. of a Narrative and Critical History PREPARED AT THE REQUEST OF

The Pennsylvania-German Society

LANCASTER, 1924

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The

British Prisons of the Rez-olution.

15

Lutz’s Berks County Battalion of Associators lost

its

commander, Lieut. -Colonel Lutz, its major, three captains, one lieutenant, and fully three hundred men, so far as we can tell from data on hand. The First Battalion of Associators, Colonel Michael Swope, from York County, suffered severely at Long Island and Fort Washington. Captain Graeff’s company was captured in the former battle, only eighteen men returning to join their command. Captain Stake’s company lost many in the latter engagement. Ensign Jacob Barnitz, of York, was wounded at Long Island and lay in Captain Joseph Hiester, of

prison for fifteen months.

Governor of Pennsylvania, captured at Long Island, was exchanged December 8 for Captain Strong, 26th British Regiment, and succeeded in getting home but so feeble and emaciated, from a slow and wasting fever contracted while imprisoned, that he was obliged to crawl up the stairs on his hands and knees. Reading,

We

are

later

more fortunate

in

of the losses sustained by the

and Colonel ber

8,

talions,

British,

x^tlee at

Long

having an authentic report

commands

Island,

1776, taken from a muster

of Colonel Miles

under date of Septemroll

of these three bat-

which was compared with the accounts kept by the They show killed secured under flag of truce.

and missing

as follows:

Regiment Second Battalion, Rifle Regiment Musketry Battalion First Battalion, Rifle

Officers.

Men.

13

120

7

48

12

77

This does not include the losses sustained at Fort Washington, which were not recorded but which must have been hea\T, among them being Captain Abraham DeHuff and Lieutenant Robert Caldwell, both of Lancaster County.

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M.

The

British Prisons of the Revolution,

23

thousand suffered death by their inhuman, cruel, savage and barusage on

barous

board

who

adding those in the city, a

the

filthy

and malignant prison

died and were poisoned in the infected prisons

much

larger

number would be necessary

who suffered by command York. The scenes enacted in these Cunningham, the like of whom, for those

all

ships

to include

of British generals in

New

prisons alm.ost exceed belief.

unpitying, relentless cruelty,

the w^orld has not produced, thirsted for blood,

and took an eager

delight in murder.

Some Personal Experiences. It is to

be regretted that, with but one exception, no

journals seem to be in existence which were written by

Pennsylvania-Germans setting forth their experience these prisons.

Plowever,

in

we have those of others, conand who underwent the same we can readily form some idea

same places sufferings, and from these of what our fathers had to endure. I propose to give a few’ quotations from these memoirs. That one exception is in the case of Major Henry Bedinger in part of a leter to a son of General Samuel Finley. Henry Bedinger w^as descended from an old German family, his grandfather emigrating to America from The highest rank attained by him in the Alsace in 1737. fined in the

War

of the Revolution w^as that of Captain.

The .

.

.

following extracts are taken from this letter: until the Spring of 1775,

of Virginia for tw’o of Riflemen of

Siege of Boston of Berkeley,

called on the State

Complete Independent Volunteer Companies

100 men each,

&

when Congress

to assist

to serve one year.

Gen’l Washington

Captain

Hugh

and Daniel Morgan of Frederick were

and command those companies, they being the

first

in the

Stephenson

selected to raise

Regular troops

required to be raised in the State of Virginia for Continental service.

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aib ni baziin ad 01 baniopn

The Pennsylvania-German

24

Society.

was Shepherd’s Town (now Martinsburg) and Captain Morgan’s was Winchester Captain

Hugh

Step'henson’s rendezvous

.

.

.

(both of these localities were largely settled by Pennsylvania-Ger-

mans, which shows the composition of these celebrated riflemen, Ed.). .

.

.

Our

Stephenson

Hugh

time of service being about to expire Captain

was commissioned

regiment for three years

.

.

a

in

about

weeks.

five

(Here follows a record

to

a

raise

rifle

Captain Finley and myself were

.

dispatched to Berkeley to recruit and

we performed

...

Colonel

of their

the old company,

refill .

which

.

.

movements with an

interesting

account of the capture of Fort Washington.) .

.

New

.

On

York, fourteen miles from Fort Washington, where

evening biscuit,

we

.

.

Our

The

...

we had

more than

seen for

were then separated from the

officers

and

Jails

soldiers.

So that

in

Washington

.

.

.

They

without blankets or cover-

given them to eat, and that

little

worst quality. of the Fort

morsel of provision

first

into sugar houses

ing; had Ver}^

the

in

poor Soldiers fared most wretchedly different.

were crowded

to

some barrels of raw pork and musty spoiled

received

being the

three days. .

we were guarded

the third day after our surrender

little of

the

Very

two months and four days about 1900

troops had died.

.

.

.

1777 the British commander was informed a plan was forming by a party of Americans to pass over to Long Island In the

and sweep us

fall of

us

ofr, release

from

captivity.

the Island about three

hundred American

were of course ordered

off immediately,

North River

two large transports

in the

mained but about 18

days, but

it

There were then on officers

prisoners.

We

and placed on board of

as prison ships,

being Very Cold, and

where we

re-

we Confined

between decks, the Steam and breath of 150 men soon gave us Coughs, then

fevers,

billets I believe

and had

we

not been removed back to our

one half would have died

in six

weeks.

.

.

.

Captain Alexander Graydon, of the Third Pennsylvania Battalion, was captured at Fort Washington, No-

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The it

followed

British Prisons of the Revolution.

me hard upwards of six weeks

now am vastly better May God keep and and death.

I will

.

.

.

my

after that a

was;

of pity

fire—poor

are

Long

with

or

little

hunger, offering eight dollars

in

their hearing

it is

— they I

shocking to

are

crowded

human nature

jaw’d mortal, hunger laid to keenest

Edge

garments,

Rotten

Could fix

I

do

clothes

for

—

of food

—

loose their voices

into churches

Relieve

their na-

and some

and there guarded

make

his

— Could

draw

I

there expose to your view a lean

;

his

them

to behold

no

with

'perishing

in silver to

want

is

can’t paint the horable appearance they

from before you

the curtain

no

and gone, some almost

night and day.

—

and they are Real objects

paper for one

their distressing hunger, occasioned

tures are broke

Island where

confined and in houses where there

still

mortals,

children.

you into the poor citua-

to faintly lead

in fact these cases are deplorable

— they

my

times from sin, sickness

all

tion the soldiers are in, especially those taken at I

slow fever, but

you and

sincere love to

preserve you at

endeavor

—

27

skinny hand (upon him) and whet

stomach cravings, surrounded with tattered

Rags,

this, I say,

beset

close

unwelcome vermin.

with

possable I might in

some (small) manner

your idea with what appearance sum hundreds of these poor

creatures

make

God’s Blessings,

God

houses where once people attempted to Implore

in

mh

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-swi? lociq

Mb otm

^•ndw bn&lai ^noJ

«wldo IwM on

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,omb JioHa 3^37 a ni bsifa odw amho 3dg>|. iobbnaI^n3 ni sib q) bsnnpbnos eaw ,«ia^ isbnorn sfft o) bsaw^noo ^nobussxs' tid )b ^bna ^bjrtiimrrioD bna ,noaioq yd jhoY wtVl ib noanq-^ni alsdsi ^^ncm io sd) s??qH laisnsD 61 gnsrtoqoh «id noqn %iad) b3)a)a ia)al ni^ .fiarn

smaa eidX

The Pe7insylvania-Gennan

30

number of

was

prisoners dead, his pay

Society.

He

raised.

further

confessed that he poisoned the wells used by the American

Flying Camp, which caused such an

among them

in the

uncommon

mortality

year 1776.

Journal of Experiences after the Battle of

In his

Long

John Nice, of Colonel Atlee’s Musketry^ Battalion, gives us the following itinerary of the movements of the prisoners v/hich is most useful in locating them Island,” Captain

August 29

—We

were

down

town, four miles

sent under a strong guard

the Island, called

turned over to a battalion of Hessians

August 31 charge of

—The Sent

us.

who

to a small

Flat Bush, and were used us very well.

Highlanders relieved the Hessians and took our private soldiers to Gravesend, where

all

they were lodged in two churches.

September

3

— Under guard we went on board

Capt. Davis, and were placed on short

snow Mentor, allowance, Yz lb Pork and the

man daily. September 5 Our men were placed on the transports oolly and Rockford where we lay until September 22, when we passed the Narrows and anchored be10 ounces of Bread per

W

—

tw'een Governor’s

and Gallows Islands.

—

September 29 opposite Fowl’s

October parole.

7

Sailed up the

Hook (Paulus

Flook).

—We were landed

The New York and

North River and dropped anchor

New York New England in

and signed a second officers

were put

in

Holy Ground the Maiydanders, Delawarians and Pennsylvanians were lodged in the house of Mr. Mariner, on William Street, except the field officers, who had the a house together on the

;

liberty of hiring a house for themselves.

—Tonight

October 9 officers,

who

I

was

insulted by a

number

of

Highland

rushed into the house, abused us with bad language,

and struck Lieut. Carnaghan, of the Right Battalion, and Ensign

Famandaz,

of the

Maryland

Battalion, and forced

them away

to

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the guard-house

Here they were treated very civil next morning released by order of General

that night.

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We

Robertson.

heard during the day heavy cannonading

direction of Forts

November November brought to

—

16

18

31

Washington and Lee. Fort Washington was

—The

New

taken.

prisoners taken at Fort

York; the

lay

officers

in the

Washington were

the

in

Baptist meeting

house that night.

Oliver Woodruff, captured at Fort Washington,

left the

following record:

We were

marched

to

New York

and went into different

Eight hundred and sixteen went into the the City Hail and

Broadway)

Dutch Church. the windows not

some

Bridewell (between

Sugar House; others

Bridewell was a cold, open

glazed, without straw to

lie

on and no

one cart load per week.

fuel but

We

we

dare not multiply, as

of misery and suffering. for

sufficient

readily might, these tales

What

has already been said

Surely nothing further

our purpose.

needed

to picture the horrors

passed

who were amongst

Long

into the

The New

into the

house,

;

New

prisons.

is is

through which our fathers

the unfortunate prisoners of

Island and Fort Washington.

We

w^ill

therefore

conclude by quoting from the account which Colonel Ethan Allen, himself a prisoner, gave of

what he there saw.

He

says

The

prisoners

New York ish

(from Fort Washington) who were brought to

were crowded into churches, and environed with

slav-

Hessian guards and at other times by merciless Britons, whose

mode

of

communicating

ideas being unintelligible in this country

served only to tantalize and insult the helpless and perishing; but

above

all

as they

the hellish delight and triumph of the tories over them,

were dying by hundreds.

bear as a spectator; for

I

saw the

This was too much for me tories exulting

to

over the dead

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The Peniisylvania-German

32

bodies of their countr>^men.

I

Society.

have gone into the churches and

seen sundry of the prisoners in the agonies of death; in consequence of very hunger; and others speechless and near death, biting pieces

of chips; others pleading, for God’s sake, for something to eat,

Hollow groans

and at the same time shivering with cold.

my

ears,

and despair seemed

The

countenances.

to direct

my

on every one of their

to be imprinted

these churches, in consequence of the

filth in

was almost beyond

fluxes,

saluted

description.

steps so as to avoid

have carefully sought

I

but could not.

it,

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beg for God’s sake for one copper or morsel of bread.

I

have

seen in one of the churches seven dead, at the same time, lying

among the excrements of their bodiesIt was a common practice with the enemy from these

filthy places In carts, to

making

seen whole gangs of tories

to

convey the dead

be slightly burled, and

I

have

and exulting over the

derision

dead.

The

cient for the support of

much more eaten,

was by no means

provision dealt out to the prisoners

and

I

so In

am

It

life.

...

Quality

bold to aver

it

as

it

suffi-

was deficient in Quantity, and was loathsome and unfit to be

my

opinion, that

It

had been con-

demned and was of the very worst sort bad as It was, it was swallowed almost as quick as they got hold of it. I saw some of them sucking bones after they were speechless; others who .

.

.

could yet speak and had the use of their reason, urged me, in the

my

strongest and most pathetic manner, to use

behalf

.

.

.

but as

I

not do them

could

interest

in

any material

and by any public attempt for that purpose

I

their

ser\uce,

might endanger

myself by frequenting places the most nauseous and contagious that could be conceived

The

of,

refrained going Into the churches

these suffering prisoners

integrity of

hundreds of them,

I

I

am

were pressed

to do.

Incredible,

.

.

many

confident, submitted to death rather than

which

enlist in the British service,

erally

is

.

.

.

Meantime mortality raged

I

am

informed they most gen-

.

among knew the

to such an intolerable degree

the prisoners that the very school children In the street

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THE GERMAN INFLUENCE IN ITS

SETTLEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

H

‘Warrative an6 Critical tiistorg

PREPARED BY AUTHORITY OF

THE PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN SOCIETY

PART XXXII THE EVOLUTION OF AN AMERICAN PATRIOT

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

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