The Palgrave Handbook of Religion and State, Volume II: Global Perspectives 303135608X, 9783031356087

Table of contents :
Foreword to The Handbook of Religion and State Volume II: Theory and Practice in the Eastern Hemisphere
Contents
Notes on Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction
Part I: Religion and the State in European History
Chapter 2: Christendom’s Constitution: “The Clashing Swords of Church and State in History”
The Gelasian Constitution
Roman and Christian Foundations
The Sacrum Imperium
The Formation of Western Christendom
The Climax: From Gregory VII to Magna Carta
Disintegrating Toward Early Modern Constitutionalisms
Related Topics
Further Reading
References
Chapter 3: The Interaction of Church and State During the Crusading Movement: Cooperation, Control, Indifference
Origins of the Crusading Movement
Cooperation
Control
Indifference
Conclusion
Further Reading
References
Chapter 4: Church and State in Enlightenment Europe
Intolerant Establishment
Tolerant Establishment
Tolerant Disestablishment
Conclusion
Further Reading
References
Chapter 5: Royal Supremacy and Religious Tolerance in Early Modern England
Royal Supremacy and Its Critics
Religious Pluralism Under Royal Supremacy
Recusancy and the Limits of Tolerance
The Monarchy and Clerical Dissent
Conclusion
Further Reading
References
Chapter 6: Religion and Politics in the USSR: The Cold War Era
Religion in the Soviet Union to 1939
Rescue: War, Religion, and Politics to 1953
Attack: The Antireligious Struggle of the Khrushchev Era, 1954–1964
Attrition: Church-State Relations to 1985
Revival: Soviet Church and State to 1991
Legacies for the Post-Soviet Church and State
Further Reading
References
Part II: Religion and the State in Europe
Chapter 7: France’s Long March from State Religion to Secular State
Christian France?
Christian Unity Fractured
Wars of Religion
Early Compromises
Edict of Nantes
War of the Camisards
The French Revolution
Napoleon Bonaparte and the Concordat
Nineteenth-Century Clericalism and Anticlericalism
1905 Law of Separation of Churches and the State
Development of the Concept of Laïcité
Twenty-First-Century Challenges
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: From National Church to State Anglican Multifaithism: Church and State in England and Wales Since 1829
Introduction
Religious Demographics
The Crown
Parliament
The Established Church
Religious Freedom
Education
Welfare
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Of Faith and Fatherland: Churches and States in Ireland from the Act of Union to the Belfast Agreement, 1800–1998
The Catholic Church Before the Great Famine, 1820s–1840s
The Development of a Denominational Education System
Paul Cullen and the Transformation of the Irish Catholic Church
The University Question
The Disestablishment of the Church of Ireland
The Land Question and the Pursuit of Home Rule, 1870–1893
Third Home Rule Crisis (1912–14) and Easter 1916 Rising
Transition to an Independent Irish State, 1916–23
A Partitioned Ireland and Its Legacies
State-Building in the Irish Free State and Catholic Ascendancy
Control of Education and Health
A Changing Irish Republic, 1960s–1990s
Northern Ireland, the Troubles, and the Belfast Agreement
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Religion and the State in Germany and Slovakia: Convergence and Divergence of a Western Versus Central European Case
Introduction
Historical Background
Constitutional Context
Religion and Education
Demographics
Religion and Politics
Conclusion
References
Part III: Religion and the State in Asia
Chapter 11: Missionary Work in China: Benign Ministry or State Subversion?
Dispelling Myths About Christianity in China
History of Missionary Work in China
China and Its Government Today
Missionaries: Triangulating Chinese Christianity, Missionary History, and the Chinese Government
Further Reading
References
Chapter 12: Christian God and Hostile State: Church-State Relationship in China
Introduction
Church-State Relationship in China
Modernization Without Liberalization Since the 1980s
Future Prospects
Hopeful Signs of Church-State Encounters
Conclusion
Further Readings
References
Chapter 13: Public Shrine Ritual or Private Religion? Yasukuni Shrine and the Precarious Secularism of Modern Japan
Introduction
The Meiji Restoration and the Unity of Ritual and Government
Yasukuni Shrine and the Public Veneration of Heroic Spirits
Shrine Shinto as a Postwar Religion
Yasukuni Shrine in the Postwar Period
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: An Overview of State-Religion Relationship in Vietnam
Introduction
State-Religion Relationship Under Monarchies
From the Beginning of Ancient States to the Sixteenth Century
From the First Encounter with Christianity in 1533 to 1862
From 1862 to 1945
From the Birth of the Revolutionary State in 1945 to 1975
Religion-State Relationship in Renovation Context
From 1976 to 2003
From 2003 to Present
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: The Indonesian Difference: Nationalism, Islam, and Pancasila Pluralism from State Formation to the Present
Introduction
The Ideational Context: Nahdlatul Ulama and Indonesian Nationalism
The Jakarta Charter: A Critical Juncture for Indonesia’s Religious Regulatory Environment
Religious Regulation Under Sukarno and Suharto
Pancasila and Democratization
References
Chapter 16: Relationship Between State and Religion in India: A Sphere of Indifference, Contradictions, or Engagement?
Trajectory of State-Religion Relationship in Pre-British India: A Historical Overview
Vedic Period
Post-Vedic Gupta Period
Religious Policy of South Indian Kingdoms
Vijayanagar Empire
Muslim Rulers
Religion and State in Colonial India
During British Period
Religion and Princely States in India
Secularism as Independent India’s State Policy Towards Religion in India
Places of Worship and State
Religion and State in the ‘Second Republic’2 of India
Notes
References
Part IV: Religion and the State in the Middle East
Chapter 17: Can Mosque and State Be Separated? Should They? The ‘Divine Pattern,’ Freedom, and Modernity
Can Mosque and State Be Separated? A Historical Overview
Origins
The Pull of Plurality and the Necessity of Oneness: Law and Politics in Islam
Legal Education in Medieval Islam
An Uneasy Marriage
Whose State? Which Sharı̄ʿa? The Islamic Nation-State and the Modern Conundrum
Should Mosque and State Be Separated? A Snapshot from Morocco
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Chapter 18: Islamic Reform Movements and Mosque-State Relations: Prospects and Realities
Evidence of an Islamic Reformation
Islamic Reform and the Impact on Mosque and State
Conclusion
Related Topics
References
Chapter 19: Religion and the State in Afghanistan
Introduction
Sovereignty: Popular or Divine?
Popular Sovereignty in Western Democratic Theory
Muslim Views of Sovereignty
The Lay of the Land
Enter the Taliban
Analysis of the Taliban’s Rise
Hanafi Traditionalism, Not Salafi Globalism
Nationalism, Not Pan-Islamism
Emirate Versus Republic
Conclusion
Notes
Works Cited
Chapter 20: Religion and the State: Iraq—Tracing the Final Decades in the History of Iraq’s Jewish Community
Background
Escalation of Persecution After the Defeat
Apparent Moderation
Iraq’s Jews Between the Gulf Wars
Conclusions: From 2003 to the Present
References
Archival Sources
Part V: Religion and the State in Africa
Chapter 21: Formations of the Secular: Religion and State in Ethiopia
Nation-Building and Religious Plurality: The Imperial Record
‘The Revolution Above All!’: Religion and the Derg
Liberation and Control: Religion and Ethnic Federalism
Empire Resurgent? Abiy Ahmed’s God Talk and Ethiopian Nationalism
Conclusion: Religion and Secularity in the Ethiopian Nation State
References
Chapter 22: Christianity and Politics in a Polarized State: The Case of Nigeria
Introduction
Religion and Politics in Nigeria: A Complicated Relationship
Two Preachers, Different Legacies
Sheikh Abubakar Mahmud Gumi (1922–1992)
Evangelist Paul Gofo Gunen Gindiri (1935–1996)
Nigerian Christians in Politics
The Question of Colonial Legacy and Contemporary Realities
Implications for Christianity and Political Engagement in Africa
Conclusion
References
Chapter 23: Religious Liberty in South Africa
Introduction
The South African Legal Framework Governing Religious Liberty
Constitutional Perspective
Specific Constitutional Provisions
Equality and Dignity
The Point About “Unfair Discrimination”
Direct and Indirect Unfair Discrimination
Transformative Constitutionalism and Ubuntu
Limitations of Equality Rights
Constitutional Interpretation of Religious Liberties
Legislative Perspective
Importance of Legislative Framework
Interpretation of Legislative Provisions
The Employment Equity Act
The Labour Relations Act
The Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act
Understanding the Term “Religion” in the Context of the South African Secular Democratic Order
The Term “Religion”
Secularism in South Africa
The Importance of “Celebrating” Religious Diversity
Manifestation of Religious Liberties
Religious Observances and Symbols in the Workplace
Observances, Symbols, and the IROJ
Reasonable Accommodation of Religious Liberties
Case Law on the Exercise of Religious Freedom
Balancing Competing Rights: Religious Liberties in a Secular Society
What Must Be Distilled from the Above Case Analysis?
Concluding Remarks
References
Literature
Case Law
Internet Sources
Chapter 24: The Relationship Between the Church and State in Zimbabwe
Introduction
The Catholic Bishops and the State
Responses to the Letter by Government and Its Proxies
The Church and the Constitution-Making Process
The Church and Rule of Law
The Church and the Elections
A Church Divided Echoes of Counter-Messaging
The March Is Not Ended: The Pastoral Letter that Provided a Rallying Point for the Nation
Need to End Corruption
How Social Distancing and Lockdown Affect the Way the Church Operates
Opinion of Church Toward Social Distancing and Lockdown Policy Positions
The Vaccination Call and the Reaction of the Church
Relevance of the Church in the Context of COVID-19 Lockdown
Adequacy of the Available Platforms to Sustain Church Activities
Socio-effects of COVID-19 Lockdown on the Church
Conclusion
References
Chapter 25: Arranging Religion in Egypt: New Alignments Between the Egyptian State, al-Azhar, and the Coptic Orthodox Church
Introduction
The Islamic Heritage (turath)
The Constitution
Al-Azhar
The Coptic Orthodox Church
Conclusion
References
No author
Part VI: Religion and the State in the United States, Canada, Mexico, South America, and Cuba
Chapter 26: Why Do We Think the Framers Wanted to Separate Church and State?
The Judicial Origins of Separationism
The Metaphor of Separation and Constitutional Law
The Cultural Back Story of Separation
The Eighteenth-Century Background to the Establishment Clause
The Establishment Clause and the Bill of Rights
History and Interpretation
Why Do We Think the Framers Wanted to Separate Church and State?
References
Further Readings
Chapter 27: American Church—State Relations: Jefferson’s Conception of Religious Freedom
Further Reading
References
Chapter 28: An Uneasy Relationship: Religion and Politics in Canada
Ed. Shannon Holzer, Routledge Companion to Church and State
Basics of Politics and Religion in Canada
The Canadian Political System
Religious Demographics—What an Evolution!
The Catholic/Protestant Conflict in its Political Context
La Nouvelle France
The “New” Canada
Politics, Religion and Minorities
Marginalization of Religious Minorities
Victories for Religious Minorities
Secularization—Pushing Religions Aside
Push #1: Restricting the Public Expression of Religion
Push #2: Restricting Religions in Schools
Push #3: Restricting the Scope of Religious Universities
Push #4: Restricting Religious Views on Abortion
Push #5: Separating Marriage and Divorce from Religion
The Current State of Religion and Politics in Canada—Where Are We Going?
Religion and Political Parties
Religious Advocacy Groups and the Public Square
Religion and Politics Now and the Way Forward
Notes
References
Legislation
Legal Cases
Chapter 29: Religion and Politics in Mexican History
The Catholic Republic
The Catholic Church and Liberalism
The Three Years War and the Reform Laws
State-Churches in the Era of Triumphant Liberalism
The Revolution Against the Catholic Church
Post-revolution and Modus Vivendi
The 1992 Reforms and Populism
Notes
Chapter 30: State, Law, and Religion in Brazil: The Supreme Federal Court Case-Law
“Under God’s Protection”: The Invocation of Divinity in the Constitutional Preamble
Tax Immunity
The Teaching of Religion in Public Schools
The Obligation to Make Bible Copies Available in Schools and Libraries
Bible as a Foundational Book of Religious Doctrine
Ritual Sacrifice of Animals
Limits of the Religious Discourse
Conscientious Objection and Reasonable Accommodation
Religion and Health
Final Remarks
Note
References
Federal Supreme Court Case-Law
Supreme Court’s Cases Pending of Trial
Chapter 31: God and Communism: Cuba’s Constitution, Socialist Construction, and Religion, 1959–1992
Introduction
New Legislation and the Consolidation of Socialist Construction
The First Socialist Constitution and the Atheist State
The Constitutional Amendment of 1992 and New Religious Presence
Discussion
Bibliography
Index