The Oxford Handbook of Ellipsis 0198712391, 9780198712398

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Oxford Handbooks in Linguistics

Oxford Handbooks in Linguistics   Edited by Jeroen van Craenenbroeck and Tanja Temmerman The Oxford Handbook of Ellipsis Edited by Jeroen van Craenenbroeck and Tanja Temmerman Print Publication Date: Dec 2018 Subject: Linguistics Online Publication Date: Jan 2019

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Oxford Handbooks in Linguistics

Recently published The Oxford Handbook of Inflection Edited by Matthew Baerman The Oxford Handbook of Historical Phonology Edited by Patrick Honeybone and Joseph Salmons The Oxford Handbook of Lexicography Edited by Philip Durkin The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming Edited by Carole Hough The Oxford Handbook of Developmental Linguistics Edited by Jeffrey Lidz, William Snyder, and Joe Pater The Oxford Handbook of Information Structure Edited by Caroline Féry and Shinichiro Ishihara The Oxford Handbook of Modality and Mood Edited by Jan Nuyts and Johan van der Auwera The Oxford Handbook of Pragmatics Edited by Yan Huang

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Oxford Handbooks in Linguistics The Oxford Handbook of Universal Grammar Edited by Ian Roberts The Oxford Handbook of Ergativity Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa deMena Travis The Oxford Handbook of Polysynthesis Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans The Oxford Handbook of Evidentiality Edited by Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald The Oxford Handbook of Persian Linguistics Edited by Anousha Sedighi and Pouneh Shabani-Jadidi The Oxford Handbook of Lying Edited by Jörg Meibauer The Oxford Handbook of Taboo Words and Language Edited by Keith Allan The Oxford Handbook of Morphological Theory Edited by Jenny Audring and Francesca Masini The Oxford Handbook of Ellipsis Edited by Jeroen van Craenenbroeck and Tanja Temmerman For a complete list of Oxford Handbooks in Linguistics please see pp. 1124–6.

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Copyright Page

Copyright Page   Edited by Jeroen van Craenenbroeck and Tanja Temmerman The Oxford Handbook of Ellipsis Edited by Jeroen van Craenenbroeck and Tanja Temmerman Print Publication Date: Dec 2018 Subject: Linguistics Online Publication Date: Jan 2019

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Copyright Page

Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © editorial matter and organization Jeroen van Craenenbroeck and Tanja Temmer­ man 2019 © the chapters their several authors 2019 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted First Edition published in 2019 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press Page 1 of 2

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Copyright Page 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2018940964 ISBN 978–0–19–871239–8 Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work.

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List of Figures and Tables

List of Figures and Tables   Edited by Jeroen van Craenenbroeck and Tanja Temmerman The Oxford Handbook of Ellipsis Edited by Jeroen van Craenenbroeck and Tanja Temmerman Print Publication Date: Dec 2018 Subject: Linguistics Online Publication Date: Jan 2019

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List of Figures and Tables

Figures 7.1 Contrast (left) and elaboration (right) 166 9.1 Processing John upset Mary in DS 214 9.2 Unfolding structure for John upset… 217 9.3 Result of parsing John, who smokes, left 218 9.4 DS parsing context as a graph: Actions (edges) are transitions between partial trees (nodes) 220 9.5 Substitution from context at the ellipsis site of (24): Pronominal anaphora (top) and VP-ellipsis (bottom) 221 9.6 Action replay from context at the ellipsis site 222 9.7 A short answer with binding restrictions 224 9.8 Incremental development of Mary’s/Bob’s context via processing words 226 9.9 Processing Chorlton? in ‘A: the doctor B: Chorlton?’ 226 9.10 Incremental interpretation of self-repair by replaying DS actions in the Context DAG 229 9.11 Successful processing of John interviewed every student who Bill had 231 9.12 Ungrammaticality of (39) as impossibility to unify unfixed node with object of interview in second relative clause 231 15.1 Pitch extraction analysis of the VPE in (1): Distribution of pitch accents and prosodic boundaries 359 15.2 Pitch extraction analysis of gapping in (5): Parallel contrastive accents and prosodic boundaries 361 15.3 Pitch extraction analysis of (8c): Violation of pairwise contrast in gapping 363 15.4 Pitch extraction contour of RNR in (22): Licensing pitch accents and boundary tones 367 15.5 Pitch extraction contour of extraction from VPE 382 15.6 Pitch extraction contour of topicalization from VPE in a relative clause 385 17.1 Experimental stimuli 434 Page 1 of 3

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List of Figures and Tables 20.1 A partial taxonomy of sluicing, based on the underlying syntax of the sluice 483 29.1 FinSL verbals with the meanings (from left to right) ‘know’ (the finger pads of the open hand touch the forehead twice), ‘teach [someone in front of the signer]’ (the two hands move forward twice in the shown configuration), and ‘an oblong vehicle (e.g. a bicycle) drives forward over a mound-like location’ (the dominant hand articu­ lates an arc-shaped movement over the stationary non-dominant hand). The verbals represent Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3, respectively (see also Figure 29.2) 767 29.2 FinSL Type 2 verbal TEACH as used in the elliptical clause (7). Note that the signer also employs constructed action to show the imaginary locations of the refer­ ents 775 29.3 Video frames showing the production of the sentence (17) 783 (p. x)

Tables 1.1 Overview of Part I of the handbook: Abstract structure, recoverability, and licens­ ing 8 1.2 Overview of Part IV of the handbook: Cross-linguistic distribution of the main el­ lipsis types 13 1.3 Overview of the cross-linguistic distribution of various subtypes of predicate el­ lipsis 14 2.1 Some previous research on the two ellipsis questions 22 4.1 A taxonomy for clarification requests (Purver 2006) 84 4.2 Dialogue gameboard 104 8.1 Commonly discussed constructions that involve ellipsis 189 8.2 Non-elliptical versions of the attested examples of ellipsis in Table 8.1 190 8.3 Less often discussed constructions that involve ellipsis, with examples and refer­ ences 198 12.1 Average percentages of ‘yes’ responses broken down over condition and lan­ guage from Wijnen et al. (2003) 308 17.1 Test conditions: VPE sentence + images 432 17.2 Control condition: Coordination + images 432 17.3 Experimental conditions 433 17.4 Patients’ demographic and clinical profiles 434 17.5 Number of accurate responses per condition for each patient on the VPE test 434 (p. xi) 17.6 Examples of spontaneous production of VPE by children 439 17.7 Test Condition: VPE + images 440 17.8 Control condition: Coordination + images 441 17.9 Experimental results 442 29.1 Ellipsis of A and P core arguments in the sample of 381 transitive clauses con­ taining a Type 1 or Type 2 verbal predicate 770

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List of Figures and Tables

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The Contributors

The Contributors   Edited by Jeroen van Craenenbroeck and Tanja Temmerman The Oxford Handbook of Ellipsis Edited by Jeroen van Craenenbroeck and Tanja Temmerman Print Publication Date: Dec 2018 Subject: Linguistics Online Publication Date: Jan 2019

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The Contributors

Klaus Abels

received his PhD from the University of Connecticut in 2003. He is a Reader in Lin­ guistics at University College London and co-editor of the journal Syntax. His main in­ terests relate to movement, constraints on movement, interactions of movement types, the formal modeling of movement, and the role of movement in deriving word order typology.

Lobke Aelbrecht

obtained her PhD at the Catholic University of Brussels in 2009 with a thesis entitled ‘You have the right to remain silent: The syntactic licensing of ellipsis’. Her main re­ search interests are ellipsis, VP topicalization and VP pronominalization, and the Dutch adpositional domain. In 2010, she published the monograph The syntactic li­ censing of ellipsis (John Benjamins).

Scott AnderBois

is Assistant Professor of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences at Brown University. His primary research focus is on the ways in which utterances interact with the discourse “scoreboard,” with a particular focus on to what extent and in

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The Contributors what ways these interactions are encoded conventionally as part of the sentence meanings, as opposed to arising from pragmatic reasoning. Specific topics of interest include apposition, discourse particles, disjunction, ellipsis, evidentiality, indefinite­ ness, mirativity, topics, and questions. He has explored these issues through primary fieldwork including Yucatec Maya, A’ingae, English, and Tagalog.

John Frederick Bailyn

is Professor of Linguistics at Stony Brook University, where he directs the Linguistics PhD program. His research interests include theoretical syntax, comparative Slavic syntax, binding, case, word order, scrambling, and ellipsis. His other interests include musical cognition and early Soviet history. He also co-directs the NY-St Petersburg In­ stitute in Linguistics, Cognition and Culture (NYI) held every July in St Petersburg, Russia.

Tatiana Bondarenko

received her Bachelor and Master degrees in Linguistics from Lomonosov Moscow State University, and is currently a PhD student in Linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Her research interests include syntax, semantics, morpholo­ gy, argument structure and event structure, ellipsis phenomena, embedded clauses (raising, control, restructuring), structures with dative and applicative arguments, as­ pectual systems, and fieldwork.

Norbert Corver

is the Chair-Professor of Dutch Linguistics in the Department of Languages, Litera­ ture and Communication of Utrecht University, and affiliated with the research insti­ tute UiL-OTS and the research group Language Structure: Variation and (p. xiii) Change. He received his PhD in Linguistics, entitled ‘The syntax of left branch extrac­ tions’, from Tilburg University in 1990. His main research interests are located in the areas of Dutch syntax, comparative syntax, and the interaction between language (morphosyntax) and affect. Specific topics he has been working on include displace­

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The Contributors ment and locality, the morphosyntax of functional categories, the syntax of adverbs, NP-ellipsis, and the morphosyntactic encoding of affect.

Jeroen van Craenenbroeck

is Associate Professor of Dutch Linguistics at KU Leuven, where he is also Vice-Presi­ dent of the Center for Research in Syntax, Semantics, and Phonology (CRISSP). He is the author of The syntax of ellipsis (OUP) and general editor of the journal Linguistic Variation (John Benjamins). His research interests include ellipsis (sluicing, swiping, spading, VP-ellipsis), expletives, verb clusters, and the left periphery of the clause.

Peter W. Culicover

is Distinguished University Professor at the Ohio State University. He was awarded the Humboldt Research Award in 2006. His primary research has been in syntactic theory. He has been concerned with exploring the cognitive and computational fac­ tors that underlie the foundations of syntactic theory. Most recently he has been pur­ suing an evolutionary account of the origin of grammars from a constructional per­ spective.

Anne Dagnac

is Assistant Professor in French and Romance Linguistics at the University of Toulouse Jean Jaurès (France). Her research, which she conducts within CLLE (CN­ RS /University of Toulouse), focuses mainly on French syntax, and on the microsyn­ tactic variation of the underdescribed French Romance dialects, in particular Picard.

Marcela Depiante

received her PhD from the University of Connecticut in 2000. She is an Associate Pro­ fessor in the Department of Languages at the University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire. Her research interests include comparative syntax and morphology, in particular the

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The Contributors syntax of ellipsis, as well as the grammar of Heritage Spanish Speakers and Spanish L1 attriters in the US.

Isabelle Deschamps

is a postdoctoral research scholar in the Department of Rehabilitation at Laval Uni­ versity. Previously she received her bachelor’s degree in Psychology and Linguistics as well as her PhD in Communication Sciences and Disorders from McGill University. Her research interests focus on issues pertaining to phonological processes during speech perception and production. In addition, her research aims to understand the relationship between phonological processes and other cognitive functions such as verbal working memory.

Arash Eshghi

is a researcher in Computational Linguistics at Heriot-Watt University. He did his PhD in Psycholinguistics at Queen Mary, University of London. Ever since, he has been one of the main developers of the Dynamic Syntax computational implementation, and is currently exploring its technological applications, e.g., in building more human-like conversational systems.

(p. xiv)

Catherine Fortin

is Associate Professor of Linguistics at Carleton College. She received her PhD in Lin­ guistics from the University of Michigan in 2007. Her primary research interests are the syntax and morphosyntax of Indonesian and Minangkabau, including ellipsis phe­ nomena, clause structure, and argument structure.

Lyn Frazier

is a Professor in the Department of Linguistics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Specializing in psycholinguistics, her research spans a range of topics in

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The Contributors syntactic processing, primarily concerning phrase structure parsing and the parsing of movement dependencies, and issues at the syntax–discourse interface. The latter include research on the role of prosody in sentence processing, ellipsis, processing of not-at-issue content, and the role of implicit and explicit Questions-Under-Discussion (QUDs) in organizing discourse.

Teruhiko Fukaya

is Professor in the Faculty of International Communication at Gunma Prefectural Women’s University in Japan. He is interested in the investigation of the language fac­ ulty through the studies of ellipsis phenomena, such as sluicing, stripping, and frag­ ment answers, in Japanese and English.

Kenshi Funakoshi

is Lecturer in Linguistics in the Department of English at Dokkyo University. He spe­ cializes in generative syntax with an emphasis on ellipsis, verb movement in SOV lan­ guages, and Japanese. His publications include ‘On headless XP-ellipsis/move­ ment’ (2012), ‘Verb-stranding verb phrase ellipsis in Japanese’ (2016), and ‘Backward control from possessors’ (2017).

Jonathan Ginzburg

is Professor of Linguistics at Université Paris-Diderot (Paris 7). He has held appoint­ ments at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and King’s College, London. He is one of the founders and editor-in-chief (emeritus) of the journal Dialogue and Discourse. His research interests include semantics, dialogue, language acquisition, and musical meaning. He is the author of Interrogative investigations (CSLI Publications, 2001, with Ivan A. Sag) and The interactive stance: Meaning for conversation (Oxford Uni­ versity Press, 2012).

Adele E. Goldberg

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The Contributors

is a Professor of Psychology at Princeton University where she is also affiliated with the linguistics and cognitive science programs. Goldberg’s work focuses on the psy­ chology of language, particularly on how grammatical constructions are represented, learned, and processed. A more specific interest is in the functions of constructions and how those functions explain facts that are often assumed to be purely syntactic.

Kay González-Vilbazo

is Associate Professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago and Co-Director of the UIC Bilingualism Research Lab. His research focuses on linguistic-theoretical aspects of bilingual phenomena, mostly the grammar of codeswitching. Current projects of his include gender agreement and concord, phase theory, wh-dependencies, ellipsis, pro-drop, case theory, the structure of PF, the phonology of codeswitching, and the theory of the bilingual lexicon.

Eleni Gregoromichelaki

is a Research Fellow at the Philosophy Department, King’s College London and the Cognitive Science Institute, Osnabrueck University. She works within the Dynamic Syntax and Computational Linguistics research groups, exploring analyses of (p. xv) syntactic/semantic natural language phenomena within psycholinguistically informed formalisms. Her principal research interests lie in the language–cognition interface: in particular, the formal/computational and psychological/philosophical implications of various cognitive modeling perspectives on natural language.

Yosef Grodzinsky

is Professor of Neurolinguistics at the Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Re­ search, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and a Visiting Professor at the Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich. His research has focused on the neural basis, acquisition, and processing of syntactic and semantic knowledge. At present, his work explores the neural bases of overt and covert nega­ tion. Previously, Grodzinsky was a Professor and Tier-I Canada Research Chair of

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The Contributors Neurolinguistics at McGill University, a Professor of Psychology at Tel Aviv University, and a Research Professor of Neurology at the Boston University School of Medicine. He is the recipient of several awards, and his research has been funded by govern­ ment agencies in the US, Canada, Israel, and Germany.

Alison Hall

is a Lecturer in English Language at De Montfort University, Leicester, UK. She re­ ceived her PhD in Pragmatics from University College London and has been a post­ doctoral researcher at UCL and at Institut Jean Nicod, Paris. She has published on linguistic underdeterminacy, lexical pragmatics, and the debate between contextual­ ism, indexicalism, and semantic minimalism.

Daniel Hardt

is Associate Professor in the Department of Management, Society, and Communica­ tion at Copenhagen Business School, and is Visiting Research Associate at the Univer­ sity of California, Santa Cruz. He holds a PhD in Computer Science from the Universi­ ty of Pennsylvania. His research deals with both theoretical and computational lin­ guistics, with a particular interest in ellipsis and other matters involving semantics, anaphora, and discourse. He has published articles on ellipsis in journals such as Lin­ guistics and Philosophy, Journal of Semantics, and Computational Linguistics.

William Harwood

obtained his PhD at Ghent University in 2013 with a thesis entitled ‘Being progres­ sive is just a phase: Dividing the functional hierarchy’. His main research interests in­ clude ellipsis, phase theory, idiomatic expressions, auxiliary verbs, aspect, verb move­ ment, VP fronting, existential constructions, and relative clauses.

Julian Hough

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The Contributors is a Lecturer in the Cognitive Science group in the School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science at Queen Mary, University of London (QMUL). He received his PhD at QMUL before working at Bielefeld University as a post-doc. He researches di­ alogue modelling and dialogue systems, with a focus on incremental processing and disfluency.

Ray Jackendoff

is Seth Merrin Professor Emeritus at Tufts University and a Research Associate at the MIT Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences. He was the 2014 recipient of the David Rumelhart Prize in Cognitive Science. His principal research goal at present is the Parallel Architecture, a theory of linguistic structure that incorporates (p. xvi) se­ mantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology, and that integrates language with the rest of the mind.

Pauline Jacobson

is Professor of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences at Brown University. Her research centers on formal semantics and its interaction with syntax, and she is the author of the semantics textbook Compositional semantics: An introduction to the syntax/semantics interface (Oxford University Press, 2014). Her research centers on the hypothesis of Direct Compositionality and on the related hypothesis that the se­ mantics makes no use of variables. Her research program applies these hypotheses to a rich set of natural language phenomena.

Tommi Jantunen

holds an MA in General Linguistics from the University of Helsinki, Finland, and a PhD and a degree of Docent (Adjunct Professor) in Finnish Sign Language (FinSL) from the University of Jyväskylä (JyU), Finland. He is currently affiliated as an Acade­ my Research Fellow at the Sign Language Centre in JyU, Department of Languages, and in his research he investigates FinSL grammar and phonetics as well as sign lan­ guage technology.

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The Contributors Kyle Johnson

is Professor in the Linguistics Department at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. His research focuses on the connection between syntax and semantics.

Andrew Kehler

is a Professor in the Department of Linguistics at the University of California, San Diego. His primary research foci are discourse interpretation and pragmatics, studied from the perspectives of theoretical linguistics, psycholinguistics, and computational linguistics. His publications include Coherence, reference, and the theory of grammar (2002) and numerous articles on topics such as ellipsis, discourse anaphora, and dis­ course coherence.

Ruth Kempson

FBA is Emeritus Professor of Linguistics at King’s College London and Honorary Re­ search Associate with SOAS and the Cognitive Science research unit of QMUL, Lon­ don. She is the lead developer of the Dynamic Syntax framework, and has a long-term research interest in the interface of syntax and pragmatics.

Marjo van Koppen

is Professor in Dutch Variation Linguistics in the Department of Languages, Litera­ ture, and Communication at Utrecht University, and senior researcher at the Meertens Institute in Amsterdam. She received her PhD, entitled ‘One probe, two goals: Aspects of agreement in Dutch dialectics’, from Leiden University in 2005. Her main research interest is the morphosyntactic variation within Dutch dialects and the older stages of Dutch. The theoretical framework of her research is generative syn­ tax.

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The Contributors Howard Lasnik

is Distinguished University Professor in the Department of Linguistics at the Universi­ ty of Maryland. He specializes in generative syntax and the formalization of syntactic theories. Among the specific topics he has worked on are phrase structure, anaphora, ellipsis, verbal morphology, case, and locality constraints on movement. His publica­ tions include eight books and over a hundred articles.

(p. xvii)

Winfried Lechner

is Associate Professor for German Linguistics and Theoretical Linguistics at the Na­ tional and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece. His main academic interests are located in the areas of syntax, semantics, and the interaction between these two com­ ponents. He has been working on the logical syntax of scope and reconstruction, re­ flexivization, comparatives, ellipsis, the cross-linguistic typology of same/different, ad­ ditive and scalar focus particles, Duke of York opacity, and the architecture of the grammar.

Anikó Lipták

is an Assistant Professor at the Leiden University Centre for Linguistics (LUCL), Lei­ den University. Her main field of research is comparative syntax and Hungarian, and she has published extensively on elliptical phenomena. She is currently researching issues concerning ellipsis identity, the interaction between ellipsis and morphology, and between ellipsis and intonation.

Sophie Manus

is an Associate Professor in Lyon, France, at the Laboratoire Dynamique du Langage, CNRS/Université Lyon 2. She completed her PhD in Linguistics at the Institut Nation­ al des Langues et Civilisations Orientales in Paris. Since then, she has studied, taught, and directed research in Bantu languages, tone, morphology, and fieldwork

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The Contributors methods applied to underdescribed/endangered languages, and she has more recent­ ly started working on tonal Chibchan languages spoken in Central America.

Jason Merchant

is the Lorna P. Straus Professor of Linguistics and Vice Provost at the University of Chicago. He is the author of The syntax of silence, the co-editor of Sluicing: Cross-lin­ guistic explorations, and the author or co-author of more than two dozen articles on a wide variety of elliptical phenomena.

Philip Miller

teaches English and General Linguistics at the Université Paris Diderot (Paris 7). He was recently Visiting Professor at the Universidade de São Paulo. He is the author of two monographs, Clitics and constituents in phrase structure grammar (Garland Pub­ lications, 1992) and Strong generative capacity (CSLI Publications, 1999). He has worked on clitics and on perception verbs. His current work is centered on ellipsis and anaphora, with specific interest in verbal ellipsis and verbal anaphora.

Joanna Nykiel

is Visiting Professor in the Department of English Language and Literature at Kyung Hee University, Seoul. Her research interests center on elliptical constructions, syn­ tactic variation and modern quantitative methods of data analysis, the history of the English language, and, most recently, language processing. She has published arti­ cles in English Language and Linguistics, Language Variation and Change, and Lin­ gua, among others. She is currently preparing a volume called Syntactic variation for publication in the Cambridge University Press series Key Topics in Syntax.

Timothy Osborne

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The Contributors is an Assistant Professor of Linguistics at Zhejiang University in Hangzhou, China. His research focus is on the theory of syntax, especially on the notions of constituen­ cy and dependency in syntactic analysis. Particular phenomena of syntax that he has explored are diagnostics for constituents, coordination, comparatives, ellipsis, and idiosyncratic meaning.

(p. xviii)

Cédric Patin

completed his PhD in Linguistics at Université Paris 3 in 2007. His thesis examined the tonal system of the Bantu language Shingazidja. After a postdoctorate at the Lab­ oratoire de Linguistique Formelle (CNRS/Université Paris 7), he accepted the position of Maître de conférences en phonétique et phonologie du français at the University of Lille in 2009. His work focuses on the phonology of Bantu languages, with emphasis on the prosody–syntax interface.

Florent Perek

is a Lecturer in Cognitive Linguistics at the University of Birmingham in the Depart­ ment of English Language and Applied Linguistics. His main research interests lie in the study of grammar from a cognitive and corpus linguistic perspective, with a par­ ticular focus on how syntactic constructions are mentally represented, how they are learned, and how they change over time.

Sergio E. Ramos

is a graduate student at the University of Illinois at Chicago. His main research inter­ ests lie at the intersection of bilingualism and linguistic theory. These include codeswitching, identity, and second language acquisition as well as topics of linguistic theory such as nominal ellipsis, sluicing, case, and Romance linguistics more broadly.

Tom Roeper

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The Contributors works in generative grammar on acquisition theory and experimentation and on syn­ tactic morphology. Acquisition topics include long-distance movement, quantification, binding theory, passives, V2, small clauses, aspect, ellipsis, implicatures, and theoreti­ cal work on Multiple Grammars, Strict Interfaces, Subset Theory, and African-Ameri­ can English dialect. In morphology he has worked on compounds, gerunds, produc­ tive affixation, and theoretically on lexical transformations, implicit arguments, and labeling theory. In addition, he has written two popular books, most recently The prism of grammar, five co-edited books, including Recursion: Complexity in cognition; co-authored an assessment test, Diagnostic evaluation of language disorders; and coedited Language acquisition and studies in theoretical psycholinguistics. Currently he is working with collaborators on the emergence of recursive self-embedding and its theoretical implications in English, German, Dutch, Japanese, Romanian, Hungarian, and Pirahã.

Andrés Saab

studied Literature and Linguistics at the Universidad de Buenos Aires and at the Uni­ versidad Nacional del Comahue (Argentina). In 2009, he defended his doctoral disser­ tation on the theory of ellipsis. Currently, he is Associate Researcher at the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Associate Profes­ sor at the University of Buenos Aires. His main research areas are ellipsis, copy theo­ ry of movement, null subjects and, more broadly, the syntax–interface connection.

Lewis P. Shapiro

is an Emeritus Professor at San Diego State University. Research interests include charting the moment-by-moment unfolding of language and cognitive processing in neurologically healthy adults and those with brain damage; brain–language relations through lesion analyses and brain imaging; and the efficacy and neurological implica­ tions of treatment for adults with language disorders. Dr Shapiro’s work has been funded continuously through the US National Institutes of Health since 1988.

(p. xix)

Tanja Temmerman

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The Contributors is Assistant Professor of Dutch Linguistics at Université Saint-Louis—Bruxelles (Bel­ gium), where she is also Lecturer in English Language and Head of the English De­ partment. She obtained her PhD from Leiden University in 2012 with a dissertation entitled ‘Multidominance, ellipsis, and quantifier scope’. Her principal research foci lie in (generative) syntax, issues at the syntax–phonology and syntax–semantics inter­ faces, Dutch dialectology, and comparative Germanic syntax. Specific topics of inter­ est include ellipsis, the internal and external syntax of idioms, phase theory, long-dis­ tance dependencies, island effects, phrase structure, modals, and negation.

Gary Thoms

is Assistant Professor of Linguistics at New York University. His main research inter­ ests include ellipsis, reconstruction, dialectal and intraspeaker variation in English, Celtic syntax, polarity phenomena, predicate fronting, and the language of poetry.

Maziar Toosarvandani

is Associate Professor in the Department of Linguistics at the University of California, Santa Cruz. His primary research interests lie in syntax and semantics, primarily in Northern Paiute, Persian, and Zapotec. He has published in Language, Linguistic In­ quiry, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, Semantics and Pragmatics, and the International Journal of American Linguistics.

Luis Vicente

was a lecturer and researcher in the Department of Linguistics at the University of Potsdam, Germany. He earned a BA in English Philology from the Universidad de Deusto, Spain; a PhD in Linguistics from Leiden University, the Netherlands; and af­ ter a short lecture engagement at the University of Amsterdam, he was a postdoctor­ al researcher at the University of California Santa Cruz, supported by a prestigious scholarship from the Basque Government. He successfully obtained his Habilitation in July 2016 at the University of Potsdam. He was a prolific researcher who published a large number of important and influential papers on various phenomena, mainly fo­ cusing on the interaction between syntax and semantics. He passed away on 6 Febru­

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The Contributors ary 2018 at the age of 38 in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany. His absence is a great loss to academia in general and linguistics in particular. He is sorely missed by us all.

Chris Wilder

is Professor of English Linguistics at the Norwegian University of Science and Tech­ nology in Trondheim, where he has been employed since 2005. Prior to that he spent fifteen years as a researcher and lecturer in Germany and the USA. His research in­ terests include English and German syntax, comparative syntax in general, and ellip­ sis and constituent-sharing phenomena in particular.

Susanne Winkler

is Professor of English Linguistics at the University of Tübingen (Germany). She has a long-standing research interest in syntactic theory, information structure, and the syntax–prosody interface. She has written extensively on the information structure of elliptical constructions and focus constructions. She is the author of Ellipsis and focus in generative grammar (Mouton de Gruyter, 2005) and Focus and secondary predica­ tion (Mouton de Gruyter, 1997), and of papers in a variety of volumes and journals. She directs a DFG-funded research project on Focus and Extraction in Complex Con­ structions and (p. xx) Islands (SFB 833) and co-directs an interdisciplinary DFG-fund­ ed research training group (RTG 1808) on Ambiguity: Production and Preception.

Masaya Yoshida

is an Associate Professor in the Department of Linguistics at Northwestern Universi­ ty. His research interests are online sentence processing and syntax with special fo­ cus on the syntax and processing of ellipsis. He has published articles in a number of linguistics and psycholinguistics journals such as Linguistic Inquiry, Natural Lan­ guage and Linguistic Theory, and Journal of Language, Cognition, and Neuroscience.

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Ellipsis In Natural Language: Theoretical and empirical perspectives

Oxford Handbooks Online Ellipsis In Natural Language: Theoretical and empirical perspectives   Jeroen van Craenenbroeck and Tanja Temmerman The Oxford Handbook of Ellipsis Edited by Jeroen van Craenenbroeck and Tanja Temmerman Print Publication Date: Dec 2018 Subject: Linguistics, Morphology and Syntax Online Publication Date: Jan 2019 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198712398.013.1

Abstract and Keywords This chapter introduces the general topic of the handbook: the linguistic study of elliptical phenomena in natural language. In addition, it outlines the general structure of the handbook, with a subdivision into four parts (the theory of ellipsis; ellipsis as a diagnostic tool; the taxonomy of elliptical constructions; case studies exploring the elliptical inventory of a single language), and explains the philosophy behind and rationale for this structure. Finally, the chapter also highlights (a selection of) the main results and generalizations that emerge from contributions to the handbook, and briefly reflects on the future of linguistic research into ellipsis. Keywords: ellipsis, structure, recoverability, licensing, ellipsis as a diagnostic, elliptical constructions, crosslinguistic variation

Jeroen van Craenenbroeck and Tanja Temmerman

1.1 Introduction NATURAL language abounds in elliptical expressions, i.e. expressions that seem to leave certain aspects of their meaning unexpressed. Consider a random sample in (1): (1)

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Ellipsis In Natural Language: Theoretical and empirical perspectives

What all of these examples have in common is the fact that they feel incomplete in some sense. For instance, the intended meaning of (1a) is ‘Ed invited someone to his furniture shop, but I don’t know who Ed invited to his furniture shop’, but the final portion of this sentence is missing. Similarly, even though a surgeon saying (1b) only utters the noun scalpel, she conveys a directive to the effect that she be handed a scalpel. Similar observations can be made for the data in (1c)–(1f). This discrepancy between what is overtly expressed and what is intended poses great challenges for theories of sound–meaning correspondence. According to the principle of compositionality usually attributed to Frege, the meaning of a complex utterance is a function of the meaning of its subparts and the way they are combined. In ellipsis, this principle appears to break down. For instance, the meaning of the surgeon’s utterance in (1b) cannot simply be said to be a function of its subparts: there is meaning, but there is no corresponding sound. Given that ellipsis raises such fundamental questions about language (p. 2) in particular and cognition in general, it should come as no surprise that it has garnered considerable linguistic and philosophical interest over the years. At the same time, the examples listed in (1) already suggest that ellipsis is by no means a unified phenomenon. To illustrate, while constructions such as those in (1a), (1d), and (1f) can occur fairly freely in both written and spoken discourse, the remaining elliptical expressions are highly context- and/or register-dependent. For instance, an example like (1c), in which the subject of the sentence (typically ‘I’) is left unexpressed, is only allowed in very specific registers of English, of which diary entries are a prime example. Moreover, variation in elliptical constructions is not only attested within but also across languages. Consider as a case in point the English elliptical example in (2)—where the verbal predicate read War and Peace is missing from the second clause—and its close correlates from Dutch, French, and German in (3a), (3b), and (3c), respectively. (2)

(3)

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