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The late Ottoman Empire witnessed widespread and dramatic reform, which was vividly reflected in its visual culture. How
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The Ottoman Empire had been one of the major facts in European history since the Middle Ages. By 1914 it had been much r
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In Islamic law the world was made up of the House of Islam and the House of War with the Ottoman Sultan - the perceived
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Railway expansion was symbolic of modernization in the late 19th century, and Britain, Germany and France built railways
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Bosnia enjoyed a special status within the Ottoman Empire. Many of the empire's 'janissaries', an elite m
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While the Ottoman Empire is most often recognized today as a land power, for four centuries the seas of the Eastern Medi
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