The New Revision of King James' Revision of the New Testament 9781607245407, 160724540X

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The New Revision of King James? Revision of the New Testament.

A n a l e c t a Gorgiana

308 Series Editor George Kiraz

Analecta Gorgiana is a collection of long essays and

short

monographs which are consistently cited by modern scholars but previously difficult to find because of their original appearance in obscure publications. Carefully selected by a team of scholars based on their relevance to modern scholarship, these essays can now be fully utili2ed by scholars and proudly owned by libraries.

The New Revision of King James? Revision of the New Testament.

Charles Short

gorgia* press 2009

Gorgias Press LLC, 180 Centennial Ave., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA www.gorgiaspress.com Copyright © 2009 by Gorgias Press LLC Originally published in All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC. 2009

1

ISBN 978-1-60724-540-7

ISSN 1935-6854

Extract from The A^merican Journal of Philology, vols. 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 (1881;1882;1883;1884;1886).

Printed in the LTnited States of America

AMERICAN

J O U R N A L OF P H I L O L O G Y . VOL.

No. 6.

II.

I.—THE NEW REVISION OF KING JAMES' REVISION OF T H E NEW T E S T A M E N T . I. S O M E A C C O U N T OF T H E PREVIOUS E N G L I S H V E R S I O N S A N D

RE-

V I S I O N S A N D OF T H E S T A T E A N D T R E A T M E N T OF T H E G R E E K TEXT. In the preparation of this paper the following works were chiefly consulted, and their statements are often given with the language unchanged : History of the English Bible, B. F . Westcott, D. D., i2mo, 2d ed., London, 1 8 7 2 ; The English Bible: a Critical History of the various English Translations, John Eadie, D . D., 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1876 ; Michaelis' Introduction to the New Testament, •translated from the German with Notes, etc., Herbert Marsh, Bishop of Peterborough, 6 vols., 8vo, 4th ed., London, 1823 ; Bibliotheca Sacra seu Syllabus omnium ferme S. S. Editionum ac Versionum Jacobi L e Long, I I Partes, 8vo, Parisiis, 1 7 0 9 ; An Introduction to the Criticism of the Old Testament, J o h n Ayre, M. A., 8vo, London, i 8 6 0 ; The Printed Text of the Greek New Testament, S. P. Tregelles, L L . D., 8vo, London, 1 8 5 4 ; An Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament, F . H. Scrivener, M. A., L L . D., 8vo, 2d ed., London, 1874.

For the first entire Bible in English we are indebted to John de Wycliffe, who was educated at the University of Oxford, and was Master of Balliol College in 1361. A certain sort of preparatory work, however, had in God's providence already been done. Caedmon embodied the historical part of the Scriptures in the alliterative metre of the Anglo-Saxon poetry ; Aldhelm, Bishop of Sherborne, in the Vllth century translated the Psalter; the venerable Bede

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translated the Gospel of St. J o h n ; Alfred the Great translated the four chapters of Exodus, xx-xxiii, as the basis of his laws, rendered portions of the Bible and some of the Psalms for the use of his own children; and a tradition exists, but only a tradition, that he translated the whole Bible. There is an Anglo-Saxon version , of the Gospels interlinear with the Latin of the Vulgate, the Durham book, which is known to belong to the I X t h or the X t h century; there is another of the same date in the Bodleian Library, called the Rushworth Gloss ; there is another of somewhat later date in the Bodleian, and in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge ; we have the famous Ormulum, a metrical paraphrase of the Gospels, which is assigned to the latter half of the X l l t h century ; there is a prose translation into Norman French of about 1260, as if meant for the higher classes and perhaps for the court itself; three separate versions of the Psalms, that portion of the Bible which has always been most dear to the English people, were made in these early days: one toward the close of the X l l l t h century, a second by Schorham about 1320, and the third by Richard Rolle, Chantry priest of Ham pole, about 1349. All these parts of the Bible were made from the Latin Vulgate as well as the entire Bible of Wycliffe. The New Testament of Wycliffe, the greater part of which seems to have been his personal work, was finished about 1382. T h e translation of the Old Testament was undertaken by his friend Nicholas de Hereford, Vice-Chancellor of Oxford, an excellent scholar, and carried as far as Baruch iii. 20, and the remainder is ascribed to Wycliffe, who died in 1384. Wycliffe's work was very close to the Latin, and, like the Latin itself, sometimes smooth and happy, and again rough and obscure ; Hereford's work was still more literal and rough. T h e Wycliffite translation therefore needed revision to make it smooth and consistent, which was accomplished about 1388 by the careful and patient labor of John Purvey, the curate and intimate friend of Wycliffe. Purvey has given such an account of his method of revision as shows him to have been an exact scholar, and this method, carried further in the subsequent revisions, has given the English Bible some of its best characteristics. The New Testament proper of Wycliffe was printed by Lea Wilson in 1848, his Four Gospels by Bosworth and Waring in 1865, and at length in 1850, about 500 years after it was translated, the whole Bible, both in the translation and the revision, was printed at Oxford in 4 vols., 4to, edited by Forshall and Madden after a comparison of 170 M S S . ,

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on which they had bestowed the labor of twenty-two years. A reprint of the New Testament of this edition was made by the Clarendon Press in i2mo in 1879, under the care of Mr. Walter Skeat. The influence of the Wycliffite versions, as they are now designated, on the subsequent English Bibles is thought by some scholars to have been only traditional and indirect, and even the Rheims translators are supposed not to have used them. But there are many remarkable coincidences between these and all the subsequent versions as well as the Rheims, and the matter of their connection with Wycliffe still needs to be critically investigated. So much for the first MS. English Bible from the Latin. The first printed English New Testament from the original Greek was a work accomplished by William Tyndale in 1525. For in the meantime the entire Greek New Testament had been printed, and the great honor of first doing this belongs to the illustrious Roman Cardinal, Francis Ximenes of Spain. He was educated at Alcala and Salamanca, and specially studied the Oriental languages and divinity in his retirement at Castanel. He enjoyed the favor of Queen Isabella of Castile, and was made Archbishop of Toledo in 1498; he devoted the large revenue of his see to the worthiest objects, one of his first acts being the establishment of the celebrated University of Alcala. In 1502 he projected the Polyglot Bible known as the Complutensian, from Complutuin, the ancient name of Alcala, where it was printed. It is in 6 vols., folio, the 5th vol. containing the New Testament, in double columns of the Greek and the Vulgate Latin on each page, being completed Jan. 10, 1514. This portion is carefully printed, the practised eyes of Dr. Scrivener having detected only fifty errors of the press. The Greek type is round and bold, and not unlike that of the Florentine and Milan press of that period; the Latin is printed in an elegant Gothic character. The Cardinal himself directed the work, for the execution of which he gathered as many MSS. as he could procure, and invited the cooperation of learned men, as Alphonso, Coronel, and Zamisa, Jewish proselytes, for the Hebrew; and Lopez de Stunica, Antonio of Lebrixa, Ducas of Crete, and Ferdinand of Valladolid, for the Greek. The expense of the work, which was said to have been 50,000 ducats or about ,¿23,000, was defrayed from the income of the Archbishop himself. The entire work, consisting of 600 copies, was printed by 1517. The editors of this edition of the New Testament do not describe the MSS. they used, and though the Cardinal in his dedication to Leo X . acknowledges

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the loan of MSS. from the Vatican, yet the readings and the peculiarities of the forms of the words show that the MSS. used were of the Xth century downward, and there is no evidence that any MS- of high antiquity, as Codex B or Vaiicanus, was employed. This text never came into general use, and has had but small influence on subsequent editions. Though the New Testament was printed, as we have said, in 1514, the Pope's license for its publication was not granted till March 22, 1520. In the meantime another edition was first published. Froben, the printer of Bale, having heard of the Cardinal's edition, wished to anticipate its appearance, and knowing that Erasmus, who was at that time in England, had paid attention to the Greek MSS., he proposed to him, April 17, 1515, to edit the Greek Testament without delay. He undertook it, and in six months, March 1, 1516, it was completed and immediately published: praecipitaturn fuit verius quam, editum, Erasmus himself says of it. This edition, as well as his others that followed, was in folio and very handsomely printed. It contained Erasmus' revision of the Latin Vulgate standing by the Greek in a parallel column, and also his annotations. Oecolampadius, afterward somewhat famous as a Lutheran, read the proof-sheets, but Froben's hot haste allowed him to do this office only very imperfectly. The MSS. which Erasmus used are still at Bale, but with a single exception they were neither ancient nor particularly valuable. His Codex Apoc. 1 being mutilated in the last six verses, Erasmus himself turned these into Greek from the Vulgate, and some portions of his translation thus made still cleave to our received text. In 1518-19 (the edition bears both dates) he published more leisurely his second edition, correcting many of the misprints and amending not a few readings. In 1522, in exceedingly handsome style, he put forth his third edition, famous as the first one in which he consented to introduce the text of the Three Heavenly Witnesses, which he did from a Dublin MS. of the X V I t h century, and which had previously appeared in the Complutensian as a translation from the Vulgate, which Stunica, one of the editors of the Complutensian, virtually confessed. In this third edition Erasmus made many improvements. In March 1527 he published his fourth edition with the text in three parallel columns, the Greek, the Latin Vulgate, and his own revision of it. He had now for the first time seen the Complutensian, and availed himself of its aid to improve his own work, especially in the Apocalypse. In 1535, the year before his

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death at Bale, he published his fifth edition, omitting the Latin Vulgate and making only slight changes in the Greek text. This work of Erasmus was the basis of many editions that followed. W e pass over the Graeca Biblia, folio, 1518, Venice, from the celebrated press of Aldus, which professes to be grounded on ancient MSS. In this volume the L X X . appeared for the first time, but in the New Testament Aldus seems to follow the first edition of Erasmus even to the errata; and if any MSS. were consulted, we do not know what they were nor how they were employed. It had now become possible to have a Bible founded on the Hebrew of the Old Testament and on the Greek of the New. In 1488 the Hebrew Bible entire had been first printed at Socino in Italy, where Hebrew was indeed cultivated, but Germany was rather considered as its home. The Hebrew could thus be used directly, and also indirectly through the close Latin version of Pagninus (4to, Lyons, 1527-28), and the freer translation of Mtinster (folio, Bale, 1534-35). The knowledge of Greek, which was brought to Italy by Lascaris and other refugees from Constantinople at about this period, spread through Europe. It was pursued in Spain at the University of Alcala about 1500; at Louvain in France about 1526; at Oxford in 1519; and at the same period in Germany and with great enthusiasm. In 1522 appeared Luther's New Testament from the Greek, and in 1534 his Old Testament from the Hebrew. In 1522, but before he could have heard of Luther's version, William Tyndale, who had been educated at the University of Oxford, had formed his purpose of translating the New Testament from the original. This he was compelled to undertake abroad, and when it was done he printed it at Cologne in 1525. He was, as is proved by his New Testament and portions of the Old, a competent Greek and Hebrew scholar. In making his version of the New Testament he rendered the Greek directly, with the help of the Vulgate, of the Latin revision of Erasmus, and of the German of Luther. He revised his work carefully in 1534 and again in 1535, making many important improvements as well as some very minute alterations that attest his scrupulous fidelity. He was engaged on this work while Luther was completing his own great labors in the same field. Tyndale was profoundly influenced by the great Reformer, and perhaps had personal intercourse with him at this period; for Sir Thomas More asserted, though without foundation, that Tyndale's work was a translation of Luther's. Of

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the Old Testament he had translated the Pentateuch, which was published in 1531, and to the edition of the New Testament of 1534 he appended the Epistles from the Old Testament, beside which he did the book of Jonah, making about one-half of the Old Testament rendered by his own hand. So faithfully and learnedly was all this work done, that a true description of the forms of the English Bible since, is that they are revisions based on Tyndale's translation. Miles Coverdale, born in Yorkshire, being fond of study, became attached to the Augustine Convent at Cambridge. He was admitted to priest's orders in 1514. He adopted the reformed views, but though he enjoyed the protection of CrumwelL the Prime Minister, he became alarmed for his own safety and fled to the Continent, where he may have met with Tyndale. Coverdale finished what Tyndale had begun. His translation and revision was made partly from the Hebrew and partly from the Zurich Bibles of 1524-29-39 and the Latin version of Pagninus ; he also made use of Luther's translation and of the Vulgate. He himself describes his work as faithfully translated out of Latin and Dutch (German). Passing over Matthew's Bible, so-called, of 1537, which reprinted from Tyndale, with slight variations, the New Testament and the Pentateuch ; from Coverdale, Ezra to Malachi and the Apocrypha; and from unknown sources in a new translation, the remaining books of the Old Testament from Joshua to 2d Chronicles, we come to the Great Bible of 1539, April 1540, and Nov. 1540, so designated as distinguished by its size from Matthew's and Coverdale's which preceded it. This work was a revision of Matthew's by Coverdale, and although it is commonly called Cranmer's Bible, yet the first of these three editions is properly called Crumwell's, because he arranged for the preparation and publication of it, which took place in Paris ; the second is properly called Cranmer's, who, being favorable to Crumwell's undertaking, brought out a new edition in London, to which he himself contributed a preface ; the third is properly called Tunstall and Heath's, who made a nominal revision of it at the instance of King Henry VIII. In 1534-35, as was intimated above, Sebastian Miinster, Professor of Hebrew at Bale, published a generally accurate Latin translation of the Hebrew Bible with notes from Rabbinical commentaries. It wras by the aid of this work that Coverdale revised Matthew's Old Testament. The revision of the New Testament was more independent, and based on a careful study of the Vulgate and on

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Erasmus' revision of the same. It cannot be without interest to note here that when the Prayer Book of the Church of England was last revised, in 1662, it was ordered that the other Lessons should be taken from King James' version, but that the Psalter, which had been taken from the Great Bible, should remain. King James' Psalter is a more scholarly and correct translation, but Coverdale's is superior in idea and in tone. W e must now resume the history of the Greek text. Robert Stephens of Paris, perhaps the most illustrious of the learned printers, though he had incurred the enmity of the Doctors of the Sorbonne by his editions of the Latin Vulgate, was protected and patronized by Francis I. and his son Henry II. The royal press was furnished with type cast at the expense of the king, and scholars are familiar with the words Typis Regiis on his title-pages. He published the Greek Testament in 1546 and again in 1549 in i6mo in elegant style, and from the opening words of the preface of both, O mirificam Regis nostri—liberalitatem, they are called the 0 Mirificam editions. He makes no mention of the learned labors of Erasmus, but says that the Complutensian had been of service to him, and that he had used MSS. of the Imperial Library. Dr. Mill says that the edition of 1546 differs from that of 1549 in only 67 places. In 1550 he published his third or folio edition, celebrated for the sumptuous style in which it was executed, and this is the earliest ever printed with critical apparatus, the various readings referred to in the O Mirificam being entered here on the margin. In his preface he states that his text was formed on sixteen authorities; that is, the Complutensian and fifteen MSS., one of which must have been the celebrated Codex D or Codex Bezae. The critical part of this work was done by his son Henry. Dr. Mill says again that the folio edition differs from the smaller ones in 284 readings, chiefly to adopt the text of Erasmus' fifth edition. This edition, with as critical a character perhaps as it was reasonable to expect at that early period, became the basis of the ordinary editions that followed, and was even adopted in 1859 by Dr. Scrivener, one of the two greatest names in these studies in England in recent times, as the basis of his edition, with the various readings of Beza, the Elzevir, Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles; and this edition, it may be of interest to state, was in the hands of the British and American revisers while prosecuting the work just completed.

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In 1551 Stephens published at Geneva, in 2 vols. sm. 4to, an edition celebrated as giving in the first instance the division of the text into verses as we now have it. This has become an exceedingly rare and costly book; and as it has been incorrectly described by one of our greatest scholars in his Commentaries, there is subjoined as good a facsimile as the printer could conveniently make of a portion of the first page of St. Matthew. It was printed in three columns: on the Left of the Greek is the Vulgate, and on the right Erasmus' revision of it. Three of the five verses of the page are here given. E. EVANGElium secundum Matthgeum. i b e r gej nerationis I E S V Christi, filii D a v i d , filii Abraham.

Î

Abraham genuit I s a ac. Isaac aut e m genuit Iacob. Iacob autem genuit I u dam et fratres eius.

E V A N G E ETArrEAION lium secundum xazà Marâacov. Matthœum.

B

cftÀoi; jevéascuç ' Irjodît Xpcotóìj, uíoü àafîid, uíoü 'Aftpadp. 'Afipaàp

èykv-

i T ibergenerationis I E S V Christi, filii David, filii Abraham.

Har. i . 5. Lue. 3. c. 24.

2

Gene. 21. 2. 2.

¡Abraham

vvjoz ròv 'laaáx.

genuit Isaac.

lana/. òk ¿yéuVYjOS. ròv '/«XÍÚ/9. '/axài/3 de èyév-

genuit Iacob.

vfjos ròv 'Ioòdaf

¡Isaac autem ||Iacob a u t e m

Gene. 25. d. 24. Gene. 29. d. 15.

genuit Iudam et fratres

xaì rob c àdsAtpouç aòvoù. Iudas aut e m genuit P h a r e s et Z a r a m de T h a m a r . Phares a u tem genuit Esron. Esr 0n autem genuit A r am.

'Ioùdaç os ¿yép- 3 [Iudas autem genuit vr¡atv ròv @apèç Phares e t Z a xaì ròv Zapà èx ram e T h a mar. ¡Phares zrjçddpap. 0apsç autem genuit âè éjéwr¡ae ròv Esrom. Es' Eap (bp. ' E ap cu p rom autem

Sé ijiwrjas. ròv

Gene. 32. g. 29.

i Par. 2. a. 5.

Ruth 4. d. 13.

genuit Aram.

'Apdp.

Theodore Beza (Theodore de Beze) resigned his ecclesiastical preferments in 1548 and retired to Geneva, where he had the chief place among the French Reformers on the death of Calvin in 1564. He published five editions of the Greek Testament (1559, 1565, 1582, 1589, 1598) with his own careful Latin version (first published

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in 1556 with Stephens' text), the Latin Vulgate, and annotations. He was a better translator and commentator than critic, and it was in the former capacity that he exerted his great influence over the succeeding English versions. He neither sought new material for revising the text nor made much use of what he had at hand. He had two ancient and valuable MSS. in his own possession, the Codex D or Bezae, containing the Gospels and Acts in Greek and Latin, now in the Library of the University of Cambridge, and the Codex Claromontanus from Clermont (whence it is said to have been brought), now in the Royal Library at Paris, containing the Epistles of St. Paul also in Greek and Latin ; the papers containing the collations of Henry Stephens referred to above ; and Tremellius' Latin version (1569) of the Peshito Syriac (first printed 1555), the first instance in which an ancient version of the N. T. beside the Latin Vulgate contributed to form the Greek text. The work of English revision now goes forward and produces the celebrated Genevan Bible. Under the influence of Calvin Geneva had become the seat of devoted Biblical students, and the results of their labors were made available for the revision of the English Bible by the exiles under the persecution of Queen Mary, as well as of the French which was completed in 1588, and for the production in 1607 of the Italian version of Diodati. Circumstances made it possible for the Presbyterians to make a revision with great freedom, and the danger was that it would be the Bible of a party. But for the O. T. they took the Great Bible (probably the edition of 1550) as their basis and simply corrected the text; they did not make a new translation. In their changes in the O. T. they seem chiefly to have followed the Latin translation of Pagninus and Miinster. In the N. T. they took for their basis Tyndale as given in Matthew's Bible, and in revising it they scarcely did more than apply Beza's translation and commentary. In the interpretation of the text Beza was singularly clear-sighted, but in the criticism of the text he was rash ; but the cases in which Beza has corrected the renderings of former translators are incomparably more numerous than those in which he has introduced incorrect readings, and his Latin version is far superior to those that had been made before, and so consequently are the Genevan revisions that followed it. The N. T. was published in 1557 with an introductory epistle by Calvin, and again greatly improved in the entire Bible in 1560. The attractiveness of the Genevan Bible was enhanced by a marginal commentary, far more complete than any yet provided for the English reader.

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On the accession of Queen Elizabeth in 1558 the use of the Scriptures was again conceded to the people, and the Great Bible was allowed its place as the authorized Bible for ecclesiastical use; but the wide circulation of the Genevan Bible made the defects of the Great Bible known, and Archbishop Parker, who was friendly to Biblical studies, took measures for a revision of the old translation. This was about 1563-64. The whole Bible was sorted out into parts, and these were distributed among able Bishops and other learned men to correct and improve; and the work amid some difficulties went forward and appeared in a magnificent volume in 1568. It is not known by whom the whole revision was actually made, but the Archbishop, to secure greater care on the part of the revisers, had their initials placed at the end of the books. Some names, however, are passed over; but of the revisers who can be probably identified, eight were Bishops, and from them the work took its title, the Bishops' Bible. The execution of the work is very unequal, and the Greek scholarship of the revisers is superior to their Hebrew. In the Old Testament improvements were made chiefly from the Genevan, but also from Pagninus, Leo Juda and Castalio. We have spoken of Pagninus above. Leo Juda, who had contributed to the Zurich German Bible, labored for many years at a new and somewhat free Latin version of the O. T., which after his death in 1542 was completed by others; Gualther revised Erasmus' Latin N. T., and the whole Bible thus finished was published in 1544. Sebastian Castalio, Professor of Greek at Bale, also translated the whole Bible into Latin, and carried this freedom to a far greater length, endeavoring to make the Hebrew and the Greek writers speak in pure and elegant Latinity. The new work of the revisers themselves can hardly be commended ; for it was often arbitrary and inexact. The work on the New Testament was the more valuable. Among the revisers of this part was Lawrence, probably the head-master of Shrewsbury School, and famed for his knowledge of Greek, an excellent specimen of whose strictures on the old translation has come down to us. The changes made in the New Testament were partly from the Genevan version and partly the fruit ofindependent and exact scholarship. In 1572 a second edition of the Bishops' Bible was published, the Old Testament being unchanged and the New being carefully revised. The Genevan Bible still held its ground, but the Great Bible was speedily displaced by the Bishops', and the latter by order of King James was afterward made the basis of his revision. The

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Bishops' Bible, like the Genevan, was accompanied with marginal notes or a commentary. The wide circulation and great influence of the Reformed versions of the Bible made it impossible for the Roman Catholic scholars to withstand the demand for vernacular translations of the Scriptures, sanctioned by the authority of the Church of Rome. An English version formed part of that plan for winning back England to the Church of Rome which was formed by Cardinal Allen. The Cardinal established a seminary at Douai in France in 1568, and afterward transferred it temporarily to Rheims in 1578, and here the revision of the N. T. was finished in 1582, and hence took its name, the Rhemish Testament. It was made from the Vulgate; but the earlier English translations, especially the Genevan, were the groundwork of their version. The men who made it had great erudition ; as, Gregory Martin, one of the original scholars of St. John's College, Oxford, and M. A. in 1564; Cardinal Allen, who had been a Canon of York, and Principal of St. Mary's Hall, Oxford, in the reign of Queen Mary; Richard Bristow, M. A., of Christ's Church, Oxford, and afterward fellow of Exeter College, who is said to have made the notes to the New Testament; and Thomas Worthington, who also had studied at Oxford, and who is said to have prepared the tables and annotations to the Old Testament. When the New Testament was published the entire version had been delayed for want of means, and in fact the Old Testament did not appear till 1609-10 in 2 vols. 4to, at Douai, and hence the entire work is commonly called the Douai Bible. The Old Testament is said to have been compared with the Hebrew and the Greek, but this comparison must have been very limited. The Psalter, for instance, is given not from St. Jerome's version of the Hebrew, but from his revision of the faulty translation from the L X X . , which commonly displaced it in Latin Bibles ; and in general this version of the Old Testament is simply the ordinary, and not the pure, Latin text of Jerome in an English dress. Its merits and defects lie in its vocabulary, which has bestowed on our language innumerable Latin words, and offered us very many that we have refused to adopt. The translation of the New Testament is similar to that of the Old, and next to the Psalter, the Epistles are most inadequately done. One of their general principles was to adhere absolutely to the Latin; and while this course made much of their work awkward and obscure, they thus often reproduced the exact Latin order, and so the Greek, kept the phrase of the original

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where others had abandoned it; and wherever the Latin failed, as in the matter of the article, or was ambiguous, they had the Greek at their command, which nice points of their work often show that they used. They had, as we have said, the Genevan Testament before them, and in many cases actually followed it. Here and there throughout the New Testament they have reproduced the original Greek in a faithful and happy manner not attained by any previous version, and we shall presently see the indebtedness of even King James' version to their work. There were thus during the latter part of Elizabeth's reign two rival English Bibles, the Bishops', sanctioned by ecclesiastical authority for public use, and the Genevan, the common Bible of the people and even of scholars. This rivalry was undesirable, and in a conference on ecclesiastical affairs held at Hampton Court in 1603, soon after the accession of King James I., the then authorized version was brought up as a matter to be amended. The king desired that pains should be taken for one uniform translation, forbidding that any marginal notes should be added, and complaining of such as accompanied the Genevan Bible. He matured his scheme for the translation, and the list of the revisers was complete by June 30th. Precisely how this list was made up does not now appear, but the king announced to Bancroft, Bishop of London, that he had appointed four-and-fifty learned men for the work, of whom, however, only forty-seven appear in the list that has come down to us, but among them, we may add, there was no Nonconformist or Scottish or Irish scholar. They were divided into four companies for the Old Testament and two for the New, with a fixed portion of the work appointed lor each company, to be done at Oxford, Cambridge, and Westminster, two companies working at each of these places. Their duty was carefully defined in a series of rules, fifteen in all, probably drawn up by Bishop Bancroft with the approbation of the king. They were required in general to follow the Bishops' Bible, but on occasion they might adopt the renderings of Tyndale, Matthew, Coverdale, Whitchurch (that is, the Great Bible, printed by Grafton and Whitchurch), and the Genevan. When the revision was completed at the different places of assembly, two members from each place, six in all, were chosen to superintend the final preparation for the printing in London. The work of the revision seems to have been actually undertaken in 1607, and Dr. Miles Smith, who wrote the preface, states therein that they were occupied with the work two years and nine months.

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It appeared from the press in 1 6 1 1 in one thick volume folio, and is a splendid monument of art. It is printed in elegant Gothic type, with the supplied words in small Roman, which are now given in italic letter, a practice introduced to some extent in the Genevan, but which had been wholly neglected in Luther's version. Careful researches have made it very probable that there were two issues in folio in 1 6 1 1 , and in the same year there was published an edition of the N. T . in i2mo. In 1628 the N. T . of the Authorized Version was first published in Scotland, at Edinburgh, and in 1 6 3 3 the whole Bible there in 8vo. In 1638 the University printers of Cambridge printed an edition in folio, which bears clear marks of representing very exactly the true form of the Authorized Version, being more leisurely and carefully printed than the editions of 1 6 1 1 ; in particular the matter of the supplied words is far more consistently given. T h e printing of the Bishops' Bible was stopped when the new revision was undertaken, and no edition of it appears later than 1606, though the N. T . was printed as late as 1 6 1 9 . But the Genevan version, which was now chiefly confined to private use, competed with the R o y a l Bible for many years and was not displaced till about 1650. T h e king's revisers, it has always been admitted, were very competent to their work, and availed themselves of all the new apparatus within their reach. T h e appearance of the Rhemish Testament in 1582 had again called attention to the Latin Vulgate, which had been thrust aside by the revision of Erasmus and by the new Latin version of Beza, which had so largely influenced the Great Bible and the Genevan respectively. In the meantime Hebrew and Greek studies had been pursued with great care and zeal, and two important contributions had been made to the interpretation of the O. T . In 1 5 7 2 Montanus, a Spanish scholar, added to the Antwerp Polyglot, which was published under the patronage of Philip II., an interlinear translation of the Hebrew based on that of Pagninus ; and in 1 5 7 5 - 7 9 Tremellius, a converted J e w , in conjunction with Junius, his son-in-law, published at Frankfurt-on-the-Maine an original Latin version of the O. T . with a commentary, which had an extensive circulation. Beside these works intended for scholars, three important 'vernacular translations had appeared. In 1587-88 a revision of the French Bible was published at Geneva, mainly it is said by Bertram, a distinguished Hebrew scholar, assisted by Beza and others ; and at the same place in 1607 an Italian version by Diodati, who was

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Professor of H e b r e w at Geneva, but formerly of L u c c a . Meanwhile two Spanish versions had appeared ; one at Bale in 1569 b y R e y n a , and a second based on R e y n a ' s b y d e V a l e r a at A m s t e r d a m in 1602. A n d when in the preface to the A u t h o r i z e d Version D r . Miles Smith, to the Chaldee, H e b r e w , Syrian (which had b e c o m e accessible b y Tremellius' translation of the Peshito version at Heid e l b e r g in 1569), and to the G r e e k and Latin authorities, adds the Spanish, French, Italian, and D u t c h ( L u t h e r ' s G e r m a n or a D u t c h proper of 1560), he p r o b a b l y refers to these versions of Bertram, Diodati, and R e y n a . T h e R o y a l revisers did their w o r k carefully and honestly. T h e y differed from the R h e m i s h translators in s e e k i n g to m a k e an intelligible translation, and from the G e n e v a n in leaving Scripture uncolored b y expository notes, t h o u g h these two versions contributed most largely of all to the changes which K i n g James' revisers introduced. T h e fourteenth of the k i n g ' s rules allowed them to consult the G e n e v a n , but the R h e m i s h was not on that list, and y e t it was freely used. In the O . T . most of the changes are due to the G e n e v a n Bible, to Pagninus' and Tremellius' Latin versions, but some are original. In the Prophets they followed chiefly the G e n e v a n , while in the historical and poetical b o o k s they differ less from the Bishops' Bible. In the A p o c r y p h a t h e y are nearer to the Bishops' than to the G e n e v a n , but here also there is m u c h w o r k that is new. T h e y also drew from L e o Juda's and Miinster's Latin versions. T h e revision of the N e w T e s t a m e n t was a simpler w o r k than that of the O l d , and consisted mostly of a careful examination of the Bishops' Bible with the G r e e k text, inferred to be mainly that of Beza's editions of 1589 and 1598, and with Beza's Latin and the G e n e v a n and the R h e m i s h versions. T h e chief influence of the R h e m i s h on the A u t h o r i z e d V e r s i o n was in its phraseol o g y ; that of B e z a and the Genevan, on its interpretation. Many words and phrases are c o m m o n to the R h e m i s h and the A u t h o r i z e d alone, or if found also in W y c l i f f e , some scholars incline to r e g a r d them as natural coincidences in two versions m a d e independently from the Latin V u l g a t e . T h e w h o l e w o r k was so well e x e c u t e d as to p r o v e itself in general a far better and more correct version than any that had p r e c e d e d i t ; and it could never h a v e held at all that place in the admiration and affection of E n g l i s h - s p e a k i n g p e o p l e which it has held for wellnigh three centuries, if it had not had great excellences. Its excellences are a general fidelity to the original H e b r e w and G r e e k ; a majesty and simplicity of style, now

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energetic and spirited, and again easy and calm, according to the character of the passage ; and much of the whole so precisely and so happily rendered that the wit of man seems unable to mend it. Some of its defects are a want of due care about the particles, sometimes rendering them inexactly, and again quite omitting them ; here and there the neglect of the article, or the needless insertion of it, or the exaggeration of it by the use of the demonstrative pronoun ; the retaining of certain Hebrew and Greek idioms, and more frequently Greek than Hebrew, which are harsh and unnatural to us, and which remain so even after our long use of them and great familiarity with them; the use of italics where they are wrongly placed or better omitted altogether; and, what is perhaps its chief fault, frequently, but with some admirable exceptions, rendering the same word or a cognate word or phrase differently in different places and sometimes even in the same sentence, which the revisers did on set purpose and even defended in their preface. Some of its defects are the work of time and inevitable in any version. Thus, some words and forms have become wholly obsolete, and some have changed their meaning ; some new words and forms have been developed which more exactly and adequately express the sense of the original. Its greatest imperfection was due to the circumstances themselves under which the revisers did their work. There was down to that time no really critical treatment either of the Hebrew or the Greek Scriptures. The means of verifying and improving the Hebrew Bible were then very scanty, and the matter has not much improved since; but in the case of the New Testament, the MS. authorities, the ancient versions, the quotations of the early Fathers, even those that were accessible at that time, were not fully and carefully used, nor indeed was it the habit of the period to do this in a high degree with any ancient writers whatever. The settling of an ancient text by the examination and comparison of the best MSS., by the study of contemporary or the earliest possible records, by researches on whatever subject and in whatever direction is connected with the writings in hand, all this is a great modern achievement, • the fruit of the studies and explorations of the last two hundred, and especially of the last hundred years. W e have seen that the first edition of the Greek Testament, the Complutensian, was a representation of modern MSS. perhaps exclusively; that Erasmus' text, though helped by a few good MSS., differed but little from

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the Complutensian; that Stephens followed Erasmus with an imperfect examination of a few other M S S . ; and that Beza, whose text the revisers, as we have said above, seem chiefly to have relied upon, could have been improved by only two important MSS. and one ancient version, and even these he appears little to have used. And when the English Bible, reckoning from Tyndale, had been so often revised during the first hundred years, that a great nation like the English people, and the American people after them, should have remained comparatively content with their Bible uncorrected and unimproved for two hundred and seventy years, amid all the rich material—especially of the most ancient MSS. discovered or made accessible—which has been gathered by the providence of God and the unwearied diligence of great and good and learned men, this might well seem incredible, were it not a known and familiar fact. Let us now consider what has been done for the text since 1 6 1 1 . The two editions published by the Elzevirs, the celebrated printers of Leyden, are historically of importance, though not critically. They were in i6mo, and executed with the grace and elegance that belong to this renowned series of publications. The first edition was published in 1624. It is without preface, and the text is broken only by paragraphs, the verses being indicated in the margin. The editor is unknown, but the printers themselves are supposed to have taken Stephens' edition of 1550 as their basis, introducing only slight changes, which they considered to be corrections, using for this purpose one of Beza's editions. In 1633 they brought out in the same convenient form their second edition, which is regarded as the best. The text is broken up into verses ; care was taken to free it from typographical errors, and a high character was assumed for it. Textum ergo habes, they say in the preface, nunc ab omnibus receptum; in quo nihil immutatum aut corruptum damus, and hence the expression the Received Text, though this expression as now used denotes no precise text whatever. The Greek Testament in Walton's Polyglot in 1657 followed Stephens' text, as did Mill's in 1707 ; and in England Stephens' is the Received Text, and on the Continent the Elzevirs' is the Received Text. It is interesting to know how these texts stand toward each other. Mill (Proleg. 1307) reported twelve cases of variation, Tischendorf (Proleg. p. 85, 7th ed.) gave a list of 150, and Dr. Scrivener has detected even 287. Though thoughtful and scholarly men from this period down to the present time have been interested in the state of the Greek

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text, and though certain scholars have bestowed much time and the most careful labor on matters contributing toward the settlement of it on a sound and permanent basis, yet after the appearance of the texts of Stephens and Beza the great body of Protestants ceased from all inquiry on what ground the Greek text rested ; and what the Council of Trent did in 1545 in declaring the Latin Vulgate authentic and ultimate, the Protestants themselves tacitly did in regard to the received Greek text. It is to English industry that we owe the first important efforts for the critical treatment of the text. The first large and important collection of various readings, drawn from MSS., is that contained in the 6th vol. of Walton's Polyglot, called also the English or the London Polyglot, 6 vols, folio, 1657. In the 5th vol., which was devoted to the New Testament in six different languages, the readings of Codex A or Alexandrinus, presented to Charles I. in 1628 and now in the British Museum, had for the first time been given ; they were entered under the Greek text. Walton had also a collation of sixteen authorities, of which only three had even been used before, gathered by the care of Archbishop Ussber. That Walton did not try to form a corrected text is not at all to be regretted; for the time for that attempt had not yet arrived. In 1675 Bishop Fell of Oxford published an edition in 8vo, with various readings at the foot of the page, with the authorities subjoined, and in his appendix he added the Barberini readings, collected about 1625 in the Barberini Library at Rome by Caryophilus of Crete, who had permission from Paul V. and Urban VIII. to use MSS. in the Vatican, including the precious Codex B or Vaticanus, for a projected edition of the Greek Testament. At Oxford in 1707 appeared in one volume folio the Greek Testament of Dr. John Mill, the learned Principal of St. Edmund's Hall. To this great work he had cheerfully devoted the last thirty years of his life, dying only a fortnight after its publication. His purpose was to reproduce the text of Stephens' edition of 1550 and to bring together all the accessible critical materials existing. He gathered all the various readings which had previously been used, collated such Greek MSS. as were available, and first made general use of the ancient versions and of the writings of the ancient Fathers as witnesses of the ancient text. His Prolegomena are a monument of learning hardly to be dispensed with even now. Wetstein said that Dr. Mill had achieved more than all who had preceded him ; and Herbert Marsh, Bishop of Peterborough,

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the most accomplished Englishman of his time in these studies, said that in all his great labors he adhered strictly to the truth, never designedly misrepresenting any matter of criticism. He was not studied as he deserved to be by the later editors, and many of the best readings he adduced were overlooked by Wetstein, Griesbach, and Scholz. In 1709-19 Dr. Edward Wells of Oxford undertook to apply the results of critical investigation in his Greek Testament, which was accompanied with a revised English translation. This was the first attempt to supply a critically revised text. In 1720 the illustrious Bentley of Trinity College, Cambridge, issued proposals for his edition of the New Testament in Greek and Latin, with the last chapter of Revelation as a specimen. This work was not accomplished, but the mere project was one of the most important steps ever taken in connection with the text of the New Testament. St. Jerome had stated that he revised the Vulgate according to the best Greek MSS., adding that even the order of the words was important in translations of Holy Scripture ; and from this statement of St. Jerome, Bentley inferred that the oldest Greek MSS. ought to agree with the oldest Latin of St. Jerome both in words and in their order. This was the first proper appreciation of the old Latin versions, and the great critics of recent times, as we shall see, have acted upon Bentley's idea. Dr. Bentley's plan was to use all the authorities of the first five centuries, the Greek MSS., the oldest Latin MSS., the ancient versions, as the Syriac, the Gothic, the Coptic, and the Aethiopic, and all the Greek and Latin Fathers of the first five centuries, utterly disclaiming conjecture in the text itself. This great project of one of the greatest scholars the world ever saw was made near two centuries ago, and failed through the opposition of ignorance and of envy. These sacred studies now passed from England to the Continent, scarcely to return till the middle of the present century. In 1734 appeared at Tubingen, in one vol. 4to, the edition of the learned and thoughtful and pious Bengel, Abbot of Alpirspach in the Lutheran communion. He gathered for his work such critical materials as he was able to gather himself, and made applications to others for collections. He placed in the margin those readings that he considered genuine, and at the end of his volume in his Apparatus Criticiis he gave the various readings known to him with critical observations upon them ; and, what was very important, he distinctly gave the evidence for as well as against each reading.

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It was he that first enounced, among his rules of criticism, the great distinction between various readings: Proclivi scriptioni praestat ardua, 7he more difficult the reading, the more likely to be genuine ; for a copyist, if he makes any change, is more likely to change the more difficult into an easier form. W e owe Bengel much for his improvement of the punctuation of the text and its more correct division into paragraphs, and with him originated the idea of families or recensions of the MSS., which was afterwards developed by Semler, Griesbach, and Scholz, and which contains reasonable and true elements, however difficult it has proved to be to adjust any form of it. He himself wished to divide all the documents into Asiatic, written in or about Constantinople, which he less esteemed, and African, the few which he thought to be of a better type. In 1751-52 appeared the great edition of John James Wetstein in Amsterdam, in 2 vols, folio, the critical portion of which places the author in the very highest rank, leaving him inferior, if to any to only one or two of the very highest names. Wetstein was born at Bale in 1693, and studied at the University and became a minister. His taste for Biblical studies showed itself early; and when he was ordained in 1713 he delivered a disputation De variis N. T. Lectionibus. In 1714 his search for MSS. led him to Paris ; and in 1715-16 and again in 1720 he visited England, and was employed by Bentley in collecting materials for his projected edition, for which Wetstein first made a complete collation of the great Codex C or Ephraemi in the Royal Library of Paris, which he also used for his own edition. In 1730 he published at Bale Prolegomena ad N. T. Graeci Editionem accuratissimam, etc. Some divines, dreading his unsettling the text by his studies and publications, had a decree of the Senate promulgated against his undertaking, and he was deposed from the ministry and driven into exile. He was invited to Amsterdam by the College of the Remonstrants, and succeeded the famous Le Clerc as Professor of Philosophy and History. He here died in 1754, two years after he finished his edition of the Greek Testament, the result of the arduous labors of about forty years. Never before had there been given so full and so methodical an account of the MSS., ancient versions, and Fathers, by whose aid the text of the N. T. may be revised, as was given in his Prolegomena. The number of MSS. which he had himself collated, if we reckon separately every distinct portion of the N. T. contained in a MS., was about 102,

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and about eleven were examined for him by other hands. He collected the collations of Mill and others, and reexamined many of the ancient versions and Fathers. The upper part of the page of his edition contains the text, the Elzevir of 1633; below this stand the variations, if any, that were approved by Wetstein, which amount to about 500, and those chiefly in the Apocalypse, no conjectures whatever being admitted into the text, though often quoted in the notes; then followed the various readings of the M S S . ; and below were illustrative passages from the classical authors, Talmudical and Rabbinical extracts, etc., and so full is this that many a scholar falling in with a striking passage illustrating the form or thought of Holy Scripture, and imagining that he was the first to notice it, will find it already laid up in this rich storehouse of Wetstein. His principles of revision were for the most part excellent, but he failed himself in applying them. In one of his theories he was quite wrong. It had long been noticed that some of the Greek MSS., which are accompanied with a Latin version, as Codex Dor Bezae, Codex E (of the Acts and Cath. Epp.) or Laudianus, and Codex D (of the Pauline Epp.) or Claromontanus, remarkably agreed with the readings of the Latin; and the suspicion arose, but now regarded as unfounded, that the Greek of such MSS. had been conformed to the Latin, and hence the term Codices Latinizantes. Wetstein carried the charge of Latinizing to every one of the more ancient MSS., and this view damaged his labors ; but as his critical and illustrative matter has never been reproduced as a whole, his Greek Testament is one of the few books that remain invaluable in their original form. His Prolegomena were reproduced at Halle in 1764 in 8vo by the learned J. S. Semler, Professor of Theology, with excellent notes and certain MSS. in facsimile. The vast mass of materials collected by Wetstein remained to be arranged, and steadily and consistently and critically used to emend the text. This was undertaken by John James Griesbach, Professor of Theology at Jena, with whom in a high sense texts really critical begin. In 1775-77 appeared at Halle, in 2 vols. 8vo, what is called his first edition. In this be used Wetstein's materials, examined many MSS. himself, and also fully collated a few. He differed from Wetstein in his estimate of the more ancient MSS. and agreed with Bentley and Bengel. He approved of the division by Bengel of the MSS. into African and Byzajitine, but subdivided the former into two parts, maintaining that there were three classes

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of text, two ancient and one more modern, thus agreeing with the view of Bentley that the MSS. have come down to us from three sources, the West, Egypt, and Asia. Griesbach named these three classes Western, Alexandrine, and Constantinopolitan. The first he conceived was the early text, but much marred by the errors of scribes ; the second a revision of the same; and the third flowing from the other two, calling them all recensions ; and he believed that the two former existed distinct toward the close of the l i d century. He ranged his critical authorities under his three recensions, and in forming his text he placed more reliance on the agreement of the recensions than on any other external evidence. Twenty years after the publication of his first edition, during which period important critical materials had been amassed by the labors of Matthiae of Moscow, of Alter of Vienna, and especially of Birch of Copenhagen, and the publication of the Codex Laudianus, the Codex Alexandrinus, and the Codex Bezae had taken place, Griesbach, availing himself of all this aid, published at Halle the first volume of his second edition in 1796, and ten years later, in 1806, the second volume completing the work. His plan in this edition was enlarged, corrected, and improved ; and he no longer insists on the refinements of theory about the additions and peculiarities of the three recensions. The weak point of his theory was the impossibility of drawing the line between the Western and the Alexandrian recensions, and in his Commentarius Criticus, published in 1 8 1 1 , the year before his death, though still clinging to his theory of a triple recension, he shows that Origen does not support him in this view, as he had once anticipated. As to the text he formed, where he differed from the received text, he generally gave a reading better attested, though in many cases not the best supported, and on the whole made great improvements. In the adjustment of conflicting probabilities he has scarcely been surpassed by any Biblical critic. Mill and Bengel approached him in this ; Wetstein and Scholz were very far behind him. in 1830-36 appeared at Leipsic in two vols. 4to the critical edition of John M. A. Scholz, Catholic Professor of Theology in the University of Bonn. He too had a recension theory, according to which all the MSS. were divided into five families, two African (Alexandrian and Western), one Asiatic, one Byzantine, and one Cyprian. This theory at a later period he rejected, and reverted to the theory of Bengel, that there were only two families, the Alexandrian and the Constantinopolitan ; but he adopted the view

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that the earlier text is to be sought among the Constantinopolitan MSS., and that the Alexandrian are less important, a view precisely the reverse of what is now known to be true. T h e labors of Scholz found many advocates in England among those who had not carefully studied the subject and among those who deprecated the application of criticism to the Greek Testament, and his text w a s accordingly reprinted there as a manual. Scholz did indeed good service as a traveller and explorer after MSS., and he has in the first instance pointed out where many are preserved ; but his own collations as printed in his edition have turned out to be v e r y inaccurately done. This brings us to the three greatest names of this century, Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles, names so great that no other is associated with them in authority in the present constitution of the text. In 1831 a duodecimo volume appeared in Berlin, with the title, Novum Testamentum. Graece ex recensione Caroli Lachmanni. Lachmann was a professor in the University of Berlin, well known for his critical labors on the masterpieces of German literature, on the Latin poets, and above all on Lucretius, his edition of whom placed him in the foremost rank as a critic and left an impress on Latin study which has been productive of the highest results. Thi& small edition of the Greek Testament was the result of his close labor and study carried on through five years. His purpose was to give the text the form in which the most ancient M S S . have transmitted it, and he professed implicitly to follow such M S S . so far as the then existing collations made them accessible. T h e oldest Greek M S S . compared with the citations of Origen formed the basis of his w o r k ; the readings of the old Latin versions, as found in unrevised MSS., and the citations of the Latin Fathers were his subsidiary aids. It was thus that his text was formed, not necessarily giving what he would consider to be the true text, but the transmitted text of about the IVth century. This text he considered would be a basis for criticism, delivered from the readings of the X V I t h century, and bringing us back to a period a thousand years or more nearer to the time when the several books of the New Testament were written. In constructing the text he did not follow his own judgment, but the use of the most ancient Oriental Churches; and when this was not uniform, he preferred what was supported by African and Italian consent; and where there was great uncertainty, he indicated this partly by putting the

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word or words in square brackets in the text, and partly by putting a different reading at the foot of the page ; and in St. Matthew, for instance, there are forty-five cases of such bracketing, and twentyseven readings added at the foot of the page. A t the end of the volume, pp. 461-503, a list is given of the readings wherein he differs from the Elzevir edition, about 5000 in number. Lachmann thus intended by his labors to place the Greek Testament wholly on the ground of actual and early documentary authority. A s this edition was altogether without preface, and the only account he had given of his purpose and plan consisted of a few words at the head of his list of the Elzevir readings just mentioned, and of an article in the Theol Studien u. Kritiken, 1830, his work was much misunderstood or misrepresented. But when it became better appreciated, as it did, he was urged to undertake an edition which should fully set forth his authorities for all his readings, and to this he consented. In 1837 he obtained the aid of Philip Buttmann, son of the great Greek grammarian and critic, to arrange the authorities for the Greek, on which Buttmann was engaged for seven years. In 1839 Lachmann and Buttmann went to Fulda, in Hesse Cassel, to examine and copy the Codex Fuldensis, of the ante-Jerome or Old Latin text, of about A. D. 550, for the use of the new edition. In 1842, at Berlin, in 8vo, appeared the first volume, containing the Four Gospels ; and to this volume a preface of 56 pp. was prefixed. The variations in the text from the small edition are not many, and they are thus explained: the text of the small edition is wholly based on the Oriental sources, as he designated them ; and where these sources differ, the text is based on the consent of the Italian and the African sources; while in the larger edition, Lachmann used the combined evidence of Eastern and Western authorities. In the upper part of the page stands his recension of the text, brackets being used as before to indicate what was of doubtful authority, and below readings are placed as to which the authorities differ; the middle part of the page contains the authorities, the Greek arranged by Buttmann and the Latin by himself; and the lower part of the page is occupied with the Latin version edited mostly on the authority of the Codices Fuldensis and Amiatinus; but for the latter Buttmann was able to use only the very imperfect and inaccurate collation of Fleck (Lips. 1840, i2mo). This edition thus accomplished much that Bentley himself had projected so long before. The Greek MS. authorities which Lachmann admitted were very few; thus, in the Gospels he used only A, B,

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C and D, and the fragments P, O, T and Z ; the only ancient version he used was the Latin ; and the only Fathers he employed were of the Greek, Irenaeus and Origen; and of the Latin, Cyprian, Hilary of Poictiers, Lucifer of Cagliari, and in the Apocalypse Primasius. In some places he follows none of the Greek authorities on which he avowedly relies, as in the latter chapters of the Apocalypse; in these cases, though he omitted to give the authorities, he considered that the combined text of the other authorities warranted him in giving the readings which he adopts. The printing of the second volume was completed as to the text in 1845, but it was not published till 1850, about a year before his death. T o this volume he prefixed notes on some passages in regard to which he had been censured, and gives here and there his own conjectures as to the true readings of other passages, using the traditional reading of the IVth century as the basis. But it is not to be forgotten that at that time it was possible for him to have but one MS. of the IVth century, Codex B or Vatic atius, and only an imperfect collation of that. The rest of the MSS. that he used date from the Vth century (A, C, T ) to the IXth (G), and of these Buttmann's representation, though made not without care, was not full and exact. His Greek text seldom rests on more than four codices, very often on three, and not unfrequently on two; in St. Matt. vi. 20-vii. 5, and in 165 out of the 405 verses of the Apocalypse, on but one. His edition, while founded on too few documents and authorities even for his own time, has the merit of restoring the ancient Latin versions to their proper rank in the criticism of the New Testament, and of presenting an admirably revised text of the Vulgate; of giving, as Bengel had done before him, an improved punctuation of the text, which received the commendation of Tischendorf; and above all, of exerting great powerover candid and inquiring minds, which will not hereafter claim for the Received Text, as such, any more weight than it is entitled to as the representative of the few and mostly late MSS. on which it was actually constructed. Constantine von Tischendorf, having studied theology and philology in Leipsic, there published in 1841, in square 121110, his first edition of the Greek Testament. Though this was greatly inferior to his subsequent critical editions, it merited the encouragement it procured for him, and the commendation of the learned Professor Schulz, of the University of Breslau, who had himself in 1827 published the first volume of a new and greatly improved edition

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of Griesbach's N. T. This first edition of Tischendorf added to the text some of the authorities on which it was based, and contained Prolegomena partly explaining his own principles of procedure, and partly discussing the matter of recensio7is with special reference to the theories of Scholz. It is evident that the smaller edition of Lachmann had influenced Tischendorf to adopt readings according to ancient authority, though he did not do this in a uniform manner. Soon afterwards he set out on his first literary journey, and while engaged on a collation of Codex C or Ephraemi in the Royal Library of Paris, he was induced to prepare three bookseller's editions, which appeared in Paris in 1843: one dedicated to Guizot, one having the Greek in a parallel column with the Vulgate and somewhat altered to suit it, and a third containing the Greek text of the second without the Latin Vulgate. In addition to his subsequent critical studies at home, he undertook other journeys to examine, collate, and publish MSS., chiefly of the N. T. He was in Italy in 1843 and 1866; four times visited England in 1842-49-55-65 ; three times visited the East, where his chief discovery, that of the Codex x or Sinaiticus in the Convent of St. Catherine on Mt. Sinai, was made partly in 1844 and completely in 1859. In 1849 appeared at Leipsic his fifth (2d critical) edition in square i2mo, in which the text was given as he then thought it ought to be revised after his further studies and researches. This was an advance upon his edition of 1841, but still defective, especially in the earlier portion of the work. In the Prolegomena to this edition he gives an account of his own labors since the appearance of the first edition, the critical principles he now adopted, the dialect of the N. T., the subject of recensions, etc. In this edition the various readings in the Acts, the Epistles, and the Revelation are given less sparingly than in the Gospels. His view in regard to the formation of the text was that the text was to be sought only from ancient evidence and especially from Greek MSS., but without neglecting the testimonies of ancient versions and Fathers, thus adopting Lachmann's fundamental principle. He adds that when testimonies differ, the most ancient Greek MSS. deserve special confidence, and by these he means the MSS. from the IVth to about the IXth century, but with this qualification, that the authority of the older of these is much the greater. He admitted, however, many modifications of this principle, which might in application materially interfere with a recurrence to the oldest class

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of MSS. A s to recensions he thinks the MSS. may admit a fourfold division, and be called Alexandrine and Latin, Asiatic and Byzantine; not however as four classes, but as two pairs, the first pair comprehending the more ancient MSS., the latter the more recent; but he did not allow this theory to influence his judgment in applying his critical rules. Where the text of Tischendorf and that of Lachmann differ from the common text they often agree together, from the circumstance that both editors ascribed the highest value to ancient authorities ; and where Tischendorf differs from Lachmann, he commonly follows some other of the ancient MSS. Tischendorf's seventh (3d critical) edition, published in parts at Leipsic 1856-59, is in 2 vols. 8vo, pp. vol. i,Prol. 278, 696, vol. 2, 681, and in a smaller form in i2mo, an almost unparalleled monument of learning and diligence, but having the fault of being constructed almost without reference to the cursive MSS. A very interesting feature of this edition is the fact that in it he returns to the Received Text in 595 cases in which he had previously departed from it. Even this edition was eclipsed by the amazing work that followed, his eighth (4th critical) edition, also published in parts 1865-72, in 2 vols. 8vo, pp. vol. 1, 968, vol. 2, 1044, and a smaller form in i2mo, the text of both of which was complete; but before he had written the Prolegomena to the larger edition or the Preface to the smaller, after and probably in consequence of his great and unceasing labors in these sacred studies for some thirty years, he was smitten with paralysis and died in December, 1874. This eighth edition was the most full and comprehensive edition ever published by any editor, containing down to the time of its publication an account of the latest collations and discoveries, and as copious a body of various readings as was compatible with the design of adapting the work to general use, but the notes of the readings of the cursive MSS. are not sufficiently minute. T o the general accuracy of Dr. Tischendorf's collations, Dr. Tregelles and Dr. Scrivener, the two scholars best qualified to fellow him critically over a portion of his vast field of labor, bear cheerful testimony. So great is the excellence of the Codex Sinaiticus and the Codex Vaticanus, which seem to be of nearly equal antiquity, that Tischendorf and Tregelles and Dr. Scrivener are often divided in their judgments about the true readings where these MSS. differ, and those competent to form an opinion on the subject judge that Tischendorf was carried too far in his preference for the Codex

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Sinaiticus, who follows it sometimes when all other high authority and even his own principles are against it; for in his edition of this MS. (Leipsic, 8vo, 1865) although the last verse of St. John's Gospel xxi. 25 has the express testimony of Origen, Tischendorf excludes it because in that MS. this one verse seemed to him to be written with fresher ink and so perhaps by a later hand. His reputation as a Biblical scholar rests less on his critical editions of the N. T. than on the chief uncial texts which he has given to the world. His examination, collation, and discoveries of Biblical MSS. surpass those of any scholar that ever lived. In 1854 he published in Leipsic in 4to a critical edition of the Codex Amiatinus found in the monastery on Monte Amiatino and now in Florence, written about 541, and considered as the very best MS. of St. Jerome's version. He also paid more attention than any other scholar to the MSS. of the L X X . , and published four editions of it in 2 vols. 8vo, the last in 1869. In 1865, Dr. Tischendorf, in acknowledgment of his great and learned labors, received honorary degrees from the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford; and in 1869, in consideration of his illustrious services in the matter of the Codex Sinaiticus, which through his influence passed into the Imperial Library of St. Petersburg, the Czar by imperial ukase bestowed on him the rank of an hereditary noble of the Russian Empire. Samuel Prideaux Tregelles, L L . D., was born at Falmouth, England, in 1813, of Quaker parentage, and educated at Falmouth Classical School. A s early as 1838 he formed the purpose of preparing a critical edition of the Greek Testament, and pursued this object throughout his life. In 1844 he first became generally known as the editor of The Book of Revelation in Greek, edited from ancient authorities ; with a New English Version ; and this attempt was received by the scholars of the Church of England with great gratitude and respect for his earnestness and his independent views. In this work he gave some account of the critical principles on which he had proceeded, and announced his intention of editing the Greek Testament with various readings He had a just admiration for Lachmann and defended him against many objections and misconceptions, and he adopted himself essentially the plan of this great critic, withdrawing from it those features that were manifestly indefensible. It consisted in resorting to ancient authorities alone; that is, to those uncial MSS. which are not Lectionaries, except the cursive MSS. 1, 33, and 69 of the Gospels and 61 of the

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Acts, which he admits among his authorities because they preserve an ancient text; and to the ancient versions and Fathers, especially Origen and Eusebius. Beside his examination and collation of MSS. in Great Britain, he undertook several foreign journeys for the same purpose. In 1845 he went to the Continent chiefly to collate the Codex Vaticanus, the most important, as he considered, of all the N. T. M S S . ; he was in Rome five months, and though he repeatedly saw this MS. and enjoyed the favor and sympathy of Cardinal Acton, he was not allowed to transcribe any of its readings. He inspected several other MSS. in the Vatican, among which was the Codex Basilianus, one of the only three uncials that contain the Apocalypse, and this contains it entire. At Florence he collated the Codex Amiatinus of St. Jerome's version and Tischendorf's excellent edition of this MS. is based on the combined collations of Dr. Tregelles and his own. He made collations also of MSS. at Modena, Venice, Bale, and Munich, returning to England in 1846. In 1849 he visited Paris and collated the Codex Claromontanus; and again in 1850 he visited Paris, Hamburg, Berlin, Leipsic, and Dresden. During these visits he made the acquaintance at Bale of the learned de Wette, the disciple of Griesbach ; in Berlin he saw much of Lachmann and discussed with him many points of N. T. criticism ; and in Leipsic he visited Tischendorf and compared some of his own collations with those made by him. Before he went abroad in 1845 he saw in England the celebrated explorer Scholz, who informed him where certain MSS. were then to be found. In i860 the present writer carried some memoranda on these studies to London for Dr. Tregelles, from Dr. Abbot of Harvard University, and at that time Dr. Tregelles was absent in Spain to consult certain MSS. there; these memoranda were placed in the hand of Mr. William Chalk, whose services in reading the proof-sheets of his Greek Testament Dr. Tregelles mentions kindly and honorably in the introductory notice to the second part of the work. In 1848 he remodelled his translation of the Book of Revelation, omitting the Greek, but conforming, as he was now able to do, the text more closely to the ancient MSS. In 1849 he became acquainted with the Ciiretonian Syriac Fragments of the Gospels, which was a MS. found by Dr. William Cureton among the MSS. in the British Museum, brought in 1842 from the Nitrian Monasteries. This hitherto unknown version, altogether ancient in its readings, served to confirm the critical views which Dr. Tregelles had previously formed and published. In 1854

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he published a volume in 8vo replete with exact and valuable information, and intended as a full and formal exposition of his own critical principles, entitled An Accozmt of the Printed. Text of the Greek New Testament. In 1856 he rewrote rather than reedited the fourth volume of Home's Introduction to the Scriptures, under the special title of An Introduction to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament. A t length, after all this faithful preparatory work, he put forth in 1857 the first part, containing the Gospels of St. Matthew and St. Mark, of The Greek New Testame?it, edited from ancient authorities ; ivith their various readings in full, and the Latin Version of St. ferome. It was published through the Messrs. Bagster of London, and in every way in their best style, surpassing in beauty every edition of the Greek Testament that had preceded it. The form is a 4to, with the Greek text in a large Porson type, and with the Latin of St. Jerome (after the Codex Amiatinus) in a narrow column on the right in small type, and below in three columns the authorities for the Greek, and the readings of the Clementine Vulgate or authorized edition of the Church of Rome. In 1861 appeared the second part, comprising the Gospels of St. Luke and St. John. In that year he was struck with paralysis, but so far recovered that he was able to publish the Acts and the Catholic Epistles in 1865, and the Epistles of St. Paul down to 2d Thess. in 1869. Early in 1870, while revising the concluding chapters of the Apocalypse, he had a second and very severe stroke of his disorder. The rest of the Pauline Epistles were sent out in 1870 as he himself had prepared them, and the Apocalypse in 1872, in as good a state as Dr. Tregelles' papers could enable them, by his friends Mr. Bloxsidge and Mr. Newton. Dr. Tregelles lingered in a helpless condition, and died in 1875. The seventh and concluding part, containing the Prolegomena, Adde7ida, and Corrigenda, was compiled and edited in 1879 by the Rev. Prof. Hort and the Rev. Mr. Streane of the University of Cambridge, who seem to have entertained the kindest and most considerate regard.for the memory of this most devoted Christian scholar. The authorities that Dr. Tregelles adduced for his text were much less copious than those of Tischendorf, but far more abundant than those of Lachmann. They were collated by himself or by Tischendorf, and in only a few instances by others. That his great work was most thoroughly and conscientiously done, no one has denied ; in some parts of his collations, wherein he has since been followed

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by others, he was found to be scupulously exact, and where Teschendorf and Dr. Tregelles differ in their account of British MSS., Dr. Tregelles is seldom in the wrong ; in the discussions between these great critics about personal accuracy, which sometimes took place, Dr. Tregelles always appears in an amiable light. It must be admitted that he investigated the character of his authorities more than Tischendorf found time and opportunity to do, and on the basis of this investigation he undertook (Home's Introduction, IV, p. 106 sqq., edited by Dr. Tregelles), at least for the Gospels, to group the uncials according to their quality and affinity, which he accomplished in a masterly manner. It was the purpose then of Lachmann to form an ancient and diplomatic text. His purpose was a great conception, but his authorities were too few, and the Greek MSS. he employed were imperfectly collated by Buttmann. The MSS. B, C and D, out of his four primary documents (A, B, C witnesses for the East, and D for the West), were, as Tischendorf, N. T. 7th ed. Prol. p. cix., has shown, not as yet properly edited, and the Codex Sinaiticus was not yet known. Tischendorf and Dr. Tregelles followed Lachmann, with the same general purpose in view. Tischendorf's explorations and discoveries and reproduction in permanent form of uncial MSS. are, as has been said, his chief merit, and this is immense ; and his examination and collation of MSS., both uncial and cursive, were extensive, and his critical apparatus the most copious yet brought together. But it was not to be expected that he would have the requisite time and strength left to form a text of the highest authority, and he was too much swayed by some of the documents which he had himself discovered. Dr. Tregelles, diligent, persevering, conscientious, while admitting authorities, far beyond the limits of Lachmann, yet founded his work on too narrow a basis, and throughout the Gospels was without the Codex Sinaiticus, and in St. Matthew and St. Mark without the full collation of the Codex Vaticanus. For the rest, he had all the most important apparatus that Tischendorf used, and it is a matter of great satisfaction that they agree so far as they do in the results of their labors. But it is no disparagement to these great men to say, that they could not collate and also edit the vast materials which had become accessible. For the materials for editing the New Testament are more abundant than those of any other writings that have come down to us ; and it was the very abundance of them that seemed to perplex the mind of Tischendorf, and

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brought upon him the charge of fickleness for the changes he made in his work. Let us add a word on this matter of documentary evidence in the case of the New Testament and elsewhere. The number of MSS. of the whole N. T., or of parts, which we now possess, have been computed as follows: Uncials, or those executed in capitals and designated by capitals, as a, A, B, C, etc., and written from the IVth to the Xth century, 1 2 7 ; Cursives, or those executed in small letters and designated by numbers, as 1, 2, 3, etc., and written from the Xth to the XVth century, 1456, making in all 1583. The earliest dated MS. of the N. T. is Codex S of the Gospels or Vaticanus, which was written in A. D. 949. In the case of the Old Testament the whole number of Hebrew MSS. collated by Dr. Kennicott and De Rossi was 1200, almost all of these having been written between A. D. 1000 and 1457, and almost every one of those written before the VHIth or the Vllth century of our era having been lost or destroyed. The earliest with a certain date was written A. D. 1106, but one (Pinner No. 1, at Odessa) has a subscription stating that it was corrected at a date corresponding to A. D. 580 ; and if this statement is true, then this is the most ancient Hebrew MS. now known to exist. But both the Greek Testament and the Hebrew Bible rest on far more numerous, and the Greek Testament on more ancient, documents than the generality of the Greek and the Roman writers. The oldest MS. of Aeschylus, the Codex Mediceus in Florence, is probably of the Xth century, and the oldest of Euripides of the Xllth. There is but one MS. of Demosthenes of the first class, the Codex in the Royal Library of Paris, of the Xlth century. Ennius, the father of Latin poetry, exists only in fragments, his entire works being supposed to have been lost irrecoverably in the X l l l t h century. Of the twenty-one plays attributed to Plautus by Varro, one utterly disappeared during the Middle Ages, and at the beginning of the X V t h century only the first eight were known to exist, the other twelve being discovered about 1428 ; and the two best MSS. of this author are very imperfect. Cicero's letters to Atticus and to his brother Quintus, some of the most precious remains of profane antiquity, exist only in a MS. made by Petrarch from an ancient copy since lost, and his Brutus and Orator, two of his elaborate rhetorical works, have come down to us in the same way by another modern hand. Only a single MS. of Velleius Paterculus is now known to exist, and that is a modern copy of an ancient MS. now lost. The first six books of the Annals

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of Tacitus exist only in a single ancient MS., and that incomplete. Undoubtedly a large number of the changes of Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Dr. Tregelles, in which all three agree, have been made on adequate authority and will stand approved ; but there are still many that seem to rest on insufficient evidence and that are in themselves very unsatisfactory, not to persons ignorant of these matters, but to scholars most competent of all men living to form a judgment about them, as Dr. Scrivener in England and Dr. Wieseler in Germany. W h a t we still need for the settling of the uncertain and unsatisfactory readings is a long and careful and laborious searching among all the documents known to us, cursive as well as uncial ; and while the most ancient MSS. and the citations of the most important Fathers, both Greek and Latin, will naturally have the highest interest and often the greatest weight, yet wherever they differ or give exegetically an unsatisfactory reading, we must have recourse to every proper source of every period to help us reach the true reading and form a settled text. The providence of God has created here an occasion for the most patient and the most laborious efforts of Christian scholars. Such a text is sure to be formed at some time, though it may be done only by degrees ; and it is worth the waiting for, even if it requires another century or more to accomplish it. In the meantime, and after this long period of waiting, it seems expedient to have a revision of thé English New Testament conformed as well as may be to the results of the study and research of these great critics, but still subject, as of course it must be, to the modifications and corrections required by further study and research in regard to the original text. CHARLES

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III.

I.—THE N E W

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OF KING JAMES'

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II. A N EXAMINATION OF THE REVISION OF S . MATTHEW. In this and the following papers it is intended to give an account of the changes in the Greek text and in the translation. T o the changes in the text will be added the editorial or the MS. authority or b o t h ; and to the changes adopted in the translation will be appended the authority of the earlier version or versions, whether public or private, and whenever the changes of the Revisers are original, this will be indicated by the phrase by a new rendering. Wycliffe, Tyndale, Cranmer, the Genevan, the Rheims, and the Authorized Version will be referred to together, and in this order, and the phrase the rest will designate all of these versions that follow the one mentioned or all beside those mentioned. In some instances a word or phrase will be discussed which the Revisers adopted from the Authorized Version ; and wherever a word or phrase, quoted or discussed, was first introduced by the Authorized Version, this also* will be indicated by the phrase by a new rendering. Where a rendering had appeared in any previous version, such rendering for convenience will be said to be after such version, whether actually derived from it or not. Wycliffe translated from the Latin Vulgate and of course had no definite article before him, but he will be said to retain or omit this article just as the other versions are said to do. T h e use of the italics in King James' Revision or in the New Revision or in both will be regularly noticed in the first five chapters, but afterward only special cases will be noticed. The following works are referred to in the course of this examination and the abbreviated forms of citation are appended in parentheses. I. GREEK TESTAMENTS, described in the introduction (Lachmann) (l'ischendorf) (Tregelles).

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V u l g a t a E d i t i o Clementis V i l i auctoritate edita. 8°. Parisiis, 1855. (Vulg.) — N e w Testament. A c c o r d i n g to the Version by John W y c l i f f e and R e v i s e d by John Purvey. E d . by Forshall and M a d d e n in 4 0 and reprinted in 12°. O x f o r d , 1879. (Wye/.)—New T e s t a m e n t translated b y T y n d a l e , by Cranmer, the G e n evan of 1557, and the R h e i m s , in Bagster's H e x a p l a . 4°. L o n d o n , 1841. (Tynd.) (Cran.) (ist Gen.) (Rh.)—The N e w e T e s t a m e n t , etc. 4 0 . L o n d o n , 1588. (Gen, or 2d Gen.), w h i c h gives the improved readings of the edition of 1560. — N e w T e s t a m e n t . T r a n s l a t e d out of the O r i g i n a l G r e e k , etc. fol. London, 1 6 1 1 . (Ed. 1611 ; the Preface to this ed. b e i n g quoted by the pages of Dr. Scrivener's 4° e d . ) — D a s N e u e T e s t a m e n t nach der deutschen U e b e r s e t z u n g Dr. Martin Luthers. R e v i d i e r t e A u s g . 12°. H a l l e , 1 8 6 7 . (German Revision, Germ. Rev.)—Het N i e u w e T e s t a m e n t op N i e u w U i t den Grondtekst overgezet. 8° maj. Amsterdam, 1868. (Holland Revision, Holl. Rev.) III.

P R I V A T E V E R S I O N S OR

REVISIONS.

T h e Gospel according to Saint M a t t h e w . T r a n s l a t e d from the G r e e k b y Sir John C h e k e , the First R e g i u s Prof, of G r e e k u n d e r H e n r y V I I I . 8°. L o n d . 1843. (Sir John Cheke.)—The F o u r Gospels. T r a n s l a t e d from the G r e e k with P r e l i m i n a r y Dissertations, etc. B y George C a m p b e l l , D . D . , Principal of Marischal C o l l e g e , A b e r d e e n . 2 vols. 4 0 . L o n d . 1790. (Dr. Campbell.)—Die H e i l i g e Schrift. Uebersetzt von Dr. de W e t t e . 8° maj. H e i d e l b e r g , 1839. (de Wette.)—Le Nouveau T e s t a m e n t selon la V u l g a t e . Par L ' A b b é J. B. Glaire. 16°. Paris, 1861. (the Abbe'Glaired)—The N e w Testament. A new T r a n s l a t i o n from a R e v i s e d T e x t of the Original. [ B y John N e l s o n D a r b y , F o u n d e r of the Sect of the P l y m o u t h Brethren.] 2d ed. revised. 16°. L o n d o n , 1872. (Mr. Darby.) — T h e N e w T e s t a m e n t . T r a n s l a t e d from the G r e e k T e x t of Tischendorf. By George R . N o y é s , D . D. [Prof, in the D i v i n i t y S c h o o l of Harvard C o l l e g e ] , 12°. Boston, 1868. (Dr.Noyes.)—The N e w T e s t a m e n t , etc. B y H e n r y A l f o r d , D . D . 16 0 . L o n d o n , 1869. (Dean Alford.)—The New Testament. Translated from the critical T e x t of von Tischendorf. B y Samuel D a v i d s o n , D . D . 12 0 . L o n d . 1875. (Dr. Davidson.)—Das N e u e T e s t a m e n t . Uebersetzt von Carl W e i z s ä c k e r , D . T h . 12°. T u b i n g e n , 1875. (Weizsäcker.)—Le Nouveau T e s t a m e n t d'après le T e x t e Grec par L o u i s Segond, D . en T h . à Genève. 12°. O x f o r d , 1880. (Dr. Segond.) IV.

W O R K S IN E N G L I S H L I T E R A T U R E .

A d d i s o n : T h e Spectator. 12°. T o n s o n , L o n d . 1749. (Addison, Sped.)—Beckington : Journal by O n e of the Suite of T h o m a s B e c k i n g t o n a. 1442. 8°. L o n don, 1828. (Journal of Beckington.)—Bentley: E i g h t Sermons preached at the B o y l e Lecture, 1692. 8°. Oxford, 1809. (Bentley's Sermons.)—Burke: Thoughts on the Present Discontents. 12°. Oxford, 1874. (Burke''s Thoughts, etc?)—Davison : L i f e of W i l l i a m Davison, Secretary of State, etc. to Q u e e n E l i z a b e t h . B y Sir Harris N i c o l a s . 8°. L o n d . 1823. (Life of Davison.)—Dryden : T h e Prose W o r k s o f John D r y d e n . E d . by Malone. 4 vols. 8°. L o n d . 1800. (Dryden.)— E l l i s : O r i g i n a l Letters Illustrative of E n g l i s h History. B y Sir H e n r y Ellis. T h i r d Series. 4 vols. 8°. L o n d . 1846. (Ellis, Original Letters.)—FeUtham: R e s o l v e s D i v i n e , etc. B y O w e n F e l l t h a m . 12°. L o n d . 1840. (Eelltham.)— F o x : History of R e i g n of J a m e s I I . B y C h a r l e s James F o x . 12°. L o n d . 1857. (Fox's History?)—Liddon : Sermons preached before the U n i v . of O x f o r d

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By H. P. Liddon, D. D. Second Series. 12°. Oxford, 1879. (Liddon's Univ. Sermons.)—Maundrell: A Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem, A. D. 1697. By Henry Maundrell, Fell, of Ex. College. 12°. Oxford, 1703. {Maundrell's Journey i)—Morley: Edmund Burke : A Historical Study by John Morley. 8°. Lond. 1867. (Morley's Burke, Hist. Study)— Selden: Table Talk, etc. of John Selden. 8°. Lond. 1696. (Selden, T. T.)—Sidney : The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia, by Sir Philip Sidney, fol. Lond. 1655. [Sidney1 s Arcadia)—Spedding : Reviews and Discussions, by James Spedding. 8°. Lond. 1879. (Spedding*s Reviews, etc) Temple: The Works of Sir William Temple. 4 vols. 8°. Lond. 1770. (Temple) — Walton: The Complete Angler. By Izaak Walton. 12°. Lond. 1876. Facsimile reprint of First Ed. 1653. (Walton's Angler)

CH. 1. v. 1. The book of the generation of fesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham: so A. V. after Wycliffe, but in the Greek there is no article, as if this were the heading of this Gospel or of the genealogy; and so it may be rendered more closely: Book of the generation of Jesus Christ, son of David, son of Abraham: and so Mr. Darby and Dr. Davidson. — v. 2, etc. fudah-Perez, etc., being conformed by the rule of the Revisers to the usage of the A. V. in the Old Testament, which gave the names directly from the Hebrew instead of adopting the forms of the Greek in the L X X . — v. 6. And David, by a change of text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; And David the king, A. V. — v . 1 1 . at the time of the carrying away to Babylon, after Mr. Darby nearly; about the time they were carried away to Babylon, A. V. after Tyndale: the marginal of the Rev. is better, the removal to Babylon, as this expresses the euphemism of the Greek (17 fieroudiw) 5, 4 0 ; 9, 5 (where the text is now changed) ; his hand (r^v xe'lPa) 8, 3 ; 8, 2 0 ; 10, 2 4 ; their nets ( T O SIKTVO) 4, 20, and so often elsewhere, commanded (Greek aorist), after W y c l . and R h . ; had bidden, A . V. after Cran.; this is one of the few instances in which the R e v . have made a pure English word give place to a Latin or a R o m a n c e word, and here for the sake of dignity. T h e pluperfect is more exact in this passage, and Dr. Campbell, D r . Noyes, and Dean Alford have employed it here, as the R e visers themselves have done in 26, 1 ; 26, 57 ; 27, 3 1 , 35 and elsew h e r e . — v. 25. and: so A . V . after W y c l . and all the rest. There can be no doubt that the Heb. j, used with a loose simplicity not only for and, but also where more cultivated languages employ and yet, but; for, therefore ; that (both final and demonstrative), etc., g a v e a coloring to Kai in the L X X . and in the N. T.; and the more precise

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word here would be but, as the 2d Gen., Dr. Campbell, and Dr. Segond give it. This fact is recognized more frequently by A. V. than by the Revisers, who have even obscured some passages by neglecting it, as 1 1 , 19 and S. Luke 7, 35. a son, by a change of text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; her first-born son, A. V. and so the Germ, and the Holl. Rev. CH. II. v. 1. wise men from the east came, by a change of order ; there came wise men from the east, A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest, and so de W-ette, and the Germ, and the Holl. Rev. — v. 2. saw, after the Greek aorist; have seen, A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest. The Rev. make it a point generally to render the Greek aorist tense by the English imperfect, and the Greek perfect by the English perfect, and in many instances this gives a more exact and better representation of the original, but it sometimes sacrifices the English idiom to the Greek. — v. 3. And (&'), rendering the particle after Rh., which A. V. and the rest omit, it: supplied by the Rev. but not italicized ; see on 1, 17 ; these things, supplied by A . V. after Cran. — v. 4. gathering together, after Gen.; when he had gathered, A. V. after Cran.; inquired, after R h . ; demanded, A. V. after Cran. the Christ, after the Greek and as a title ; see on 1, 17 ; Christ, A. V. and all the rest. — v. 6. land of fudah, after Wycl. and Rh., which both insert the article ; in the land of Judah, A. V., neglecting to italicize the article, after Tynd. in no wise least, closer to the Greek, after Mr. Darby ; not the least, A . V. and all the rest, shall come forth, closer to the Greek, after Rh. and substantially Wycl.; shall come, A. V after Tynd. a governor, which : by a new rendering ; that, A. V. and all the rest. The propriety of continuing to use which of persons in our English Bible has been called in question especially in this country, where it strikes the generality of the people not so much as an archaism as a mark of ignorance. This use would naturally be less offensive to the common people of Great Britain. But let us inquire into the actual use of which in this way in some good English taken at random of the century preceding the A. V. of 1 6 1 1 , of the time of the A. V., and of the century following. Of Ellis' Original Letters, in 236 pp. i2mo, of state papers and letters of distinguished persons in the early part of the reign of Henry V I I I , we find which used of persons 32 times only, and in the 21 instances in which reference is made to God and the Persons of the Holy Trinity, which is employed once only. In Sir Harris Nicolas' Life of William Davison, Secretary to

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Queen Elizabeth, we find in 166 pp. 8vo. of documents, which used of persons 8 times only. In the Preface to the A. V. of 1 6 1 1 , making 16 pp. 4to in Dr. Scrivener's edition (in amount about equal to two-thirds of S. Matt.), we find which used-of persons 3 times only. In Walton's Angler, making 246 pp. i2mo, we find which used of persons 8 times only. Of Dryden's famous prose, in the Epistle Dedicatory to the Rival Ladies, in the Epistle Dedicatory to the Essay on Dramatick Poetry, and in the Essay itself, these pieces making in all 129 pp. 8vo. in Malone's edition, we find which used of persons twice only. We will add the usage in this particular of three poetical works of about the last half of the 16th, and the first half of the 17th century. In The Psalmes of David translated into Verse by Sir Philip Sidney and the Countess of Pembroke, his Sister, 43 in number and making 1 1 1 pp. 12mo, we find which used of persons only twice. Shakspeare indeed used which of persons, but in his Julius Caesar, which we chanced to take for this examination, we did not find which used of persons in a single instance; for armies which, IV 2, is a case of which referring to a collective noun, and this is a common modern as well as ancient usage. In Herrick's Noble Numbers, making 105 pp. i2mo, we find which used of persons only once. Now in the Revision of St. Matt., which makes only about 46 pp. i2mo, we find which used of persons 58 times, and of these instances 23 are of God or of the Persons of the Holy Trinity, 4 of these 58 being added by the Revisers, making more than one case of this use of which to a page; while in the old English adduced above, making in all 1081 pp. 4to, 8vo, and i2mo, we find which used of persons only 52 times or once in about 2.1 pp. So that had the Revisers of 1 6 1 1 never in a single instance used which of persons in their work, the absence of it would scarcely have occasioned remark in comparison with the best English of one hundred years before their time, of their own time, or of one hundred years after; and such being the case, ought this frequent use of it in the Revision of 1881 to be regarded as justifiable? — v. 7. privily called, after Tynd. and Gen.; when he had privily called, A. V. after Cran. lernyde, Wycl. and R h . ; enquired, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. carefully, by a new rendering; diligently, A. V. after Tynd., but this word is now obsolete in this

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sense. — v. 8. bring me word, after Tynd.; bring me word again (i. e. make reporte to me, Rh.) after Cran., which more fully gives the Greek (anayyiXXa, not dy-yeWa). that I also may come and worship him, to keep closer to the order of the Greek («ay«) ; that I may come and worship him also, A . V. after Tynd., but not by oversight. Also stands directly after and directly before its word ; as, after, 5, 39; 5,40; 10, 33, etc.; before, 12,45, etc.; but it has a certain freedom of position, as here, and the Revisers themselves have allowed it elsewhere ; as 6, 14 ; 6, 21, etc.; compare Fox's History, p. 382, Upon the Duke of York's return, Monmouth thought he might without blame return also, for he also; then indeed St. Paul's preaching was vain and our faith is vain also, for our faith also, Bp. Lightfoot, Pref. to Com. on G a l . — v . 9. And they, having heard the king, went their way, after Rh. nearly, Who, having heard the king, went their way ; When they had heard the king, they departed, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. — v. 10. And when, after Gen.; When, A. V. after Tynd. and Cranomitting the particle (8e). — v. 1 1 . And they came into the house, after Wycl. nearly, and thei entriden in to the hous; And when they were come into the house, A. V. by a new rendering, opening their treasures they offered, after Rh. ; when they had opened their treasures, they presented, A . V. after Wycl. nearly. — v. 12. of God, in italics, which are omitted by A. V., and so in v. 22 ; see on 1, 17. — v. 13. Now, by a new rendering ; And, A. V. after Wycl. an angel, after the Greek, and so R h . ; the angel, A . V. after Wycl. and the rest, until I tell thee, after R h . nearly, until I shal tel the. — v . 14. And he arose and took, after R h . nearly, Who arose, and tooke; When he arose, he took, A . V. after Tynd. — v. 15. Did I call, after the Greek (aorist), by a new rendering; have I called, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest; see on v. 2 . — v . 16. The male children, to mark the gender of the Greek (rovs mnSas), after Gen. and R h . ; the children, A . V. after the rest. The Greek expression in itself, like nati in Latin, and even pueri in the Old Latin, might include both sexes, de Wette observes the distinction here; the Germ. Rev. and the Holl. disregard it. borders, after R h . ; coasts, A . V. after Wycl. and the rest. feremiah ; see on 1, 3. — v. 18. A voice was heard in Ramah, after Rh. nearly, A voice in Ramah was heard ; In Ramah was there a voice heard, A . V . nearly after Gen. weeping and great mourning, by a change of text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; lamentation and weeping and great mourning, A. V. because they are not, after the Greek (Sri OVK elo-Q, after Wycl.

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and R h . ; but better, because they were not, after Tynd., Cran., and Gen., by attraction into the past tense, which the Revisers themselves commonly use in such cases ; as was (Yorl) 16, 20; was passing by (napayet) 20, 30; was coming (ßpxerai) 24, 43, and often elsewhere. — v. 20. they are dead that, after Wycl. and R h . ; they are dead which, A . V. after Tynd. and the rest. This is one of the few cases wherein the Rev. have given up the use of which of persons. — v. 22. and, after Wycl. and R h . ; notwithstanding, A . V . after Tynd., Cran., and ist Gen. he withdrew, by a new rendering ; he turned aside, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. — v. 23. that he should be called a Nazarene, after Gen.; and so de Wette, Dr. Noyes, Dr. Davidson, and Weizsäcker; or equally well, He shall be called a Nazarene, A . V. after Tynd. and Cran. CH. III. v. 1. And in these days, after Gen. and R h . ; In those days, A . V. after Wycl., Tynd., and Cran., who neglect the particle (&?)• saying, by a change of text after Lachmann and Tischendorf; And saying, A . V. — v. 3. Isaiah : Esaias, A. V . ; see on 1 , 3 . Isaiah the prophet, by a change of order to conform to the Greek, after Wycl. and Rh. make ye ready, after Wycl. ; prepare ye, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest. — v. 4. Now John himself, by a new and exact rendering; And the same John, a new rendering of A. V., which here and sometimes elsewhere treats the Greek pronoun (avror) with inexactness, food, after Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, and Dr. Davidson; meat, A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest. — v. 5. unto him ; to him, A.V. and all the rest; unto improves the sound. Jordan, after A.V. and all the rest; the Jordan, after the Greek, Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson. This omission of the article with the name of a river has been quite obsolete for a long period. W e have observed the following in regard to this matter. In the 16th century, in Ellis' Original Letters I. pp. 146, 147 bis Themys (Thames) is found; in the 17th century, in Walton's Angler, this form is found three times in all: Trent, p. 1 3 1 ; Severn, p. 188; Thames, p. 1 3 5 ; but, the Thames, p. 85; in Maundrell's Journey it is found 8 times in all: Eleutherus, pp. 24, 25 ; Adonis, p. 36; Casimeer, p. 47 ; Jordan, pp. 80 bis, 82, 83 ; while in Dryden's Prose and in Sir William Temple, the present writer has noted only the form with the article; as, Dryden, I. p. 35, the Thames, and again p. 36 ; Temple I. p. 69, the Rhine, and so on pp. 77, 103, 1 1 4 bis; and a single page of Gibbon (Decline and Fall, etc., Lond. 1854, ch. I. p. 157) gives us the following: the Tagus, the Rhine, the Po, the Adige, and the Tiber. Nor have

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the Revisers been consistent in their own use. While this word in the Greek Testament (as well as in the Hebrew Bible with only two exceptions easy to be explained) always has the article, the Revisers have omitted it here and in 4, 1 5 : 4 , 25 ; 19, 1 ; S. Mark 3, 8; 10, 1 ; S. Luke 3, 3 ; S. John 1, 28; 3, 26; 10, 40; but have retained it in 3, 1 3 ; S. Mark 1, 9; and S. Luke 4, 1. — v. 7. coming, after the Greek, and so Wycl. and R h . ; come, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest. Ye offspring of vipers, after Dr. Campbell; O generation, etc., A. V. after Tynd. warned, after the Greek aorist; so Wycl., shewide ; hath warned, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest; see on 2, 2. — v. 8 .fruit worthy of, after Rh. and substantially after Wycl.; fruits meet for, A. V. by a new rendering. — v. 9. our father, supplying our but not italicizing it; our father, A. V . ; see on 1, 17. — v. 10. even now, after Tynd., Cran. and 1st Gen.; and now also, A. V. after 2d Gen. every tree therefore, after Rh. to preserve more closely the order of the Greek; therefore every tree, A. V. after W y c l . — v. 1 1 . with the Holy Ghost and with fire, repeating the preposition, after Tynd., Cran., and Gen., and italicizing it after A. V. The preposition where expressed as here only once may of course be repeated or not according to the exigency of the passage. In this passage the repetition adds dignity, and well suits 5, 25, but in 5, 45 it seems properly omitted by the Rev. against A. V. — v. 12. is, supplied, but not italicized; is, A. V . ; see on 1, 17. throughly, after A . V . ; it does not appear why this quite obsolete spelling should be retained when our modern form thoroughly as well as throughly is found in A. V. Throughly is found twice in the O. T., Ex. 21, 9 and 2 K . 1 1 , 18 ; and thorughly is found in the 15th century, Nicolas' Journal of Beckington a. 1442, p. 20. cleanse his threshing-floor, by a new rendering; nearly after Wycl., dense his corn flore ; purge his floor, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Rh. the chaff he will burn up, by a change of order to keep closer to the Greek, after Wycl. and Rh. ; he will burn up the chaff, A . V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. — v. 13. the fof dan, after the Greek ; Jordan, A. V. omitting the article, after Wycl. and the rest; see on v. 5.—v. 14. fohn would have hindered (the Greek tentative imperfect), after Dr. Davidson; John forbad, A.V. after Wycl.— v. 15. Suffer itnow, with the marginal, Or me; Suffer it to be so now, A. V. after Tynd., Let it be so now, and Rh., Suffer me at this time, he suffereth, by a new rendering after the Greek ; he suffered, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest. — v . 16. from the water, after the Greek (ami) and Wycl. ; out

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of the water, A. V. inexactly after Tynd. and the rest, as a dove, closer to the Greek (¿V ovpavmv) by a new rendering ; from heaven, A. V. and all except Wycl., fro hevenes. in whom. I am well pleased, after Cran., Gen., Rh., and A. V . ; in whom is my delyte, Tynd.; in quo mihi complacui, Vulg.; in which Y have plesid to me, Wycl.; in whom I have found my delight, Mr. Darby. W e have here a Greek aorist, not present, and the phrase occurs without variation of tense in 12, 18; 17, 5 ; S. Mark 1, 11 ; S. Luke 3, 22; 2 Pet. 1, 17; and in all these passages also the Revisers translate the past tense by a present. But Meyer, the greatest of the German commentators, and some others, regard it here as a real past and would so translate it, in whom I was well pleased, in whom Ifound delight, considering it as said in reference to the Son's assumption of the Mediatorial office, as distinguished from the love which naturally enters into our conception of the mutual relation of Paternity and Sonship (Dr. Addison Alexander on this place). Compare the aorists also in our Lord's discourses of his relation to the Father ; as, i)ycmr^v fiov

ratv ¿\nxiv, a n d

25, 4 5

ev\

rovrav

TB>v ¿\ufii]!7oixeBa, Isocr. Archid. § 107 (Goodwin, ib. § 50, n. 1.) aught, by a new form to remove the ambiguity of the form ought; ought, A . V . after T y n d . and the rest. — v . 25. whiles: so A . V . after T y n d . and the rest; and in Acts 5, 4 after A . V . by a new rendering. This is a very rare old genitive of the noun while used adverbially, as, for a while, 13, 21 ; after a while, 26, 73, etc., which is still common ; so Chaucer, C. T . 35 (Harleian MS., S k e a t ) ; Pref. to D o w a y Bible; Bp. Hall's Sat. 2, 6 (1597); and according to Schmidt, Shaksp. Lex., used 19 times by Shaksp. including three cases of uncertain form ; so also otherwhiles, Life of Davison, p. 353, and Shaksp. H. V I . 1, 2, 7 5 so the noun way gives the adverb always, need gives needs (M. Eng. needes), and gate (from the Danish gate, way, manner) gives algates, and also othcrgates otherwise), Shaksp. 12th N . V . 198; the preposition beside gives the adverb besides, and so A . V . properly distinguishes in the O. T . and N., and the Rev. follow them ; as, the preposition : beside women and children, 14, 21 ; 15, 38; beside all this, L u k e 24, 21, etc.; the adverb : besides, I know not, etc., 1 Cor. 1, 1 6 ; thou owest to me even thine own self besides, Philem. 19, which are the only two cases in the A . V . of N. T . ; and the adjective unaware (it may be so taken in Sh. M. V . 823, 11x6) gives the adverb unawares, L u k e 21, 34 (A. V . ) ; Heb. 13, 2. This suffix s therefore being properly the sign of the genitive and converting words into modifiers, ought not to be appended to words already modifiers as after-ward, henceforward, together (comp. the old form togethers, Ellis, Original Letters, p. 328), nor to prepositions as such, as toward, beside, among

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(comp. the old form amonges, Ellis, Original Letters, p. 361), etc. This principle, already fixed in the case of certain words and becoming setded in others, the Revisers have observed uniformly in S. Matt, except in 17, 49 towards his disciples, where we might suppose that they used this form as a mere matter of sound before his, but the examples, toward Abraham, S. Luke 1,55; and towards their own, etc., 1 Tim. 5, 4, show that they did not make or at least did not carry out such a distinction. They seem to use the regular form always (18, 1 0 ; 26, 1 1 bis ; 1 Thess. 1, 2 ; 2 Thess. 1, 11), and the less common and poetic form alway (28, 20 ; Acts 10, 2 ; Phil. 4, 4; 2 Thess. 1, 3 ; 2 Thess. 2, 13) without discrimination, but it would have been better to reserve alway for the more solemn passages as 28, 20, where they have well allowed it to stand after A. V. in the way: so A. V. after Wycl. and the rest; and so Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson; on the road, Dr. Campbell and Dr. Noyes ; and the Revisers themselves have given on the way in S. Mark 16, 1 2 ; S. Luke 8, 1 4 ; 10, 4, and have even changed the parallel passage in S. Luke 12, 58 from in the way to on the way, but have left it here, and in 15, 32 ; 20, 17 ; S. Mark 10, 32 ; S. Luke 9, 57; 24, 32, 35. In the way was indeed formerly used as here; as, in my way to my Lord Chancellor, Life of Davison, p. 235; They may serve him well enough in the Way, but when he comes to Court, etc., Selden, T. T. p. 180; in his way from New Market, Fox's Hist, p. 388 ; in their road to New Market, ib. p. 385 ; but this form now is commonly used of an obstruction ; as, the difficulties in the way of Burke's promotion, etc., Morley, Life of Burke, Lond. 1880, p. 139. We should have been glad therefore to see the Rev. change this and the other similar passages also to on the way, and they would have had even Elizabethan authority for it; having visited Mr. Secretary Walsingham on my way, Life of Davison, p. 262. lest haply, after Rh. nearly, lest perhaps ; Wycl., lest peraventure; lest at any time, A. V. after Cran. — v. 26. till thou have paid (Greek subjunctive), after Tynd. and Cran.; till thou hast paid, A . V. after Gen.; see on 4, 3. the lastfarthing, after Wycl. and Rh.; the uttermost farthing, A. V. after the excellent rendering of Sir John Cheke. — v. 27. Ye have heard that it was said, with an omission from the text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles; Y e have heard that it was said by them of old time, A. V. — v. 28. every one that, closer to the Greek (iris 6—) and nearly after Wycl., everi man that; whosoever, A . V. after Tynd. and the rest. — v. 29. if thy right eye causeth thee to stumble, by a new rendering with an

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endeavor to keep the primary meaning of the Greek verb (o-xavfiaXi'fw) in its secondary sense. The Greek verb signified properly to cause to stumble, pass., to stumble ; and secondarily, to give offence to, to offend, pass., to be offended; and as a causative, to make offend, pass., to be made to offend; and A . V . has admirably and satisfactorily always rendered this word by these secondary meanings, only it does not distinguish, as for example in this passage, between the general meaning to offend and the causative to make offend, using the form to offend for both. The Revisers seem in this instance to forget that a secondary meaning may become primary, as was probably the case with this word and with the Latin offendo. The primary use of offendo, to hit against, very seldom occurred, and was perhaps commonly no more present to the minds of the Romans than it is to ours when we employ to offend. If this was the case with (TKavdaXlfa also, the Revisers' new rendering is not only not a faithful representation of the Greek, but even a misrepresentation of it, to say nothing of its awkwardness in many passages. They have thus unfortunately changed the A . V. in S. Matt, also in 5, 30 ; 11, 6 ; 13, 2 1 ; 17, 27 ; 18, 6 ; 18, 8 ; 18, 9 ; 24, 10 ; and elsewhere in the N. T., but have fortunately left the A . V. unchanged in the following passages: S. Matt. 13, 5 7 ; 15, 1 2 ; 26, 3 1 ; 26, 33 bis; S. Mark 6, 3; 14, 27 ; 14, 29 (in Rom. 14, 21 is now omitted from the Greek text). If thy right eye offend thee, A . V. after T y n d . ; if thy right eye cause thee to offend, Gen. excellently, and so Dr. Noyes and Dr. Davidson, cast it; cast it, A . V . ; see on 1,17. that one of thy members should perish, and not thy whole body be cast into hell, by a new and excellent rendering to unify the sentence, and so in v. 30 ; see on v. 1 1 ; that one of thy members should perish, and not that thy whole body should be cast into hell, A . V. by a new rendering. — v. 30. cast it; A . V. cast it; see on 1, 17. — v. 31. It was said (Greek aorist), after R h . ; It hath been said, A . V. after Wycl. ; see on 2,2. also, a loose rendering after 2d Gen., Rh. and Germ. Rev.; the particle here (fie) is omitted by A . V., Tynd., Cran., and 2d Gen., but retained and rendered and by Wycl., Dr. Noyes, and Dr. Davids o n . — v. 32. every one that putteth away, by change of text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; whosoever shall put away, A . V. after Gen. maketh her an adulteress, by a new rendering ; causeth her to commit adultery, A . V. by a new rendering, when she is put away, after Dr. Noyes and Dr. Davidson nearly, when put away ; that is divorced, A . V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. — v. 34. by the heaven, after Mr. Darby, to preserve the Greek article,

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but against English idiom ; by heaven, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest ; so Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, and Dr. Davidson, the throne of God, after Wycl., Rh., and Dr. Noyes, which better suits the dignity of the idea ; God's throne, A . V. by a new rendering. — v. 35. the footstool of his feet, to keep close to the Greek after Rh. and Sir John Cheke ; the stole of his feet, Wycl. ; his footstool, A . V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. nor, by a new rendering; neither, A . V. after Wycl. and the rest, by ferusalem, after A . V. and the rest ; the preposition in the Greek in the other cases in vv. 34, 35, 36 is eV, but here eh, and the Vulgate renders them all by per, but here the marginal toward seems better ; cf. L X X . 2 Chron. 6, 20, 21, 77po(T€VAERAI o 770.1$ crov US TOP TOTTOV TOVTOV, that is, toward the temple ; and Dan. 6,10, of prayer toward ferusalem ; in relation to Jerusalem, Dr. Davidson. — v. 36. for, after Wycl. (on ; quia, Vulg.); because, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest. — v. 37. speech, after Dr. Davidson ; communication, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. and whatsoever, closer to the Greek (Si) after Wycl. and Rh. ; for whatsoever, A . V. freely after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. is of the evil one ; the Revisers here and in v. 39 and 6, 13 render the ambiguous forms rou irovr/pov, ro> noviìpà as personal instead of abstract, putting the abstract in the margin. Many scholars regret this action of the Revisers and wish that the old rendering might have stood undisturbed with the new rendering in the margin ; is of yvel, Wycl. and Rh. ; cometh of evil, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. — v. 39. Resist not, by a free rendering after Gen.; that ye resist not, A. V. after Tynd. and Cran. him that is evil, after Wycl., an yvel man ; evil, A. V. after Cran. and Rh. ; see on v. 37. — v. 39. smiteth, by a change of text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; shall smite, A . V. — v . 40. would go to law with thee, by a new rendering ; will sue thee at the law, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. thy cloke (TÒ ifianov) ; thy cloke, A . V. not recognizing the possessive force of the Greek article here; see on 1, 24.— v. 41. one mile (p.i\iov'¿v),closer to the Greek after Rh. ; a mile, A . V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. — v. 44. Love your enemies, and pray for them that persecute you, etc., with an omission from the text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you and persecute you, A. V. them that, after Rh. ; hem that, Wycl. ; them which, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen.; and so Dean Alford; them who, Dr. Campbell and Dr. Davidson ; those who, Dr. Noyes and Mr.

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Darby. The forms he that, she that, they that, and him that, with the personal pronoun used mostly as a demonstrative, are still common and perhaps not to be objected against, but them that seems to be avoided by writers of good taste. The Revisers have admitted this latter form 21 times into the Gospel of S. Matt., but might altogether have avoided it by using those that which was so much used by A . V . (those that occurs 7 times, and them that 8 times in the first twenty-five Psalms), which is found in the English of over four centuries ago ; as, thoo that (those that) toke the castel, Journal of Beckington (1442), p. 100; and was the favorite form ofWalton three centuries a g o ; as, Angler, pp. 9, 24, 33, 103, 129, 162, 187, while he admitted them that only once, p. 165 ; see on 2, 6. — v. 45. sons, close to the Greek by a new rendering; the sones, W y c l . ; the children, A. V . after Tynd. and the rest, on the evil and the good—on the just and the unjust, by a new rendering ; on the evil and on the good—on the just and on the unjust, A. V. by a new rendering ; on the yvell and on the g o o d — on the juste and unjuste, Tynd., Cran., and 1st Gen.; on the evill and the good—on the just and unjust, 2d Gen.; the Greek preposition is used only once in each phrase and the Revisers have well imitated this after W y c l . and Rh. ; see on 3, 1 1 ; but the article is altogether omitted in the Greek, and so Wycl., on good and yvel men— onjustmenand unjust; and Rh., upon good and bad—upon just and unjust, which seems to be the best rendering ever given, the absence of the article in the Greek and the English heightening the idea of the indiscriminate goodness of God. — v. 47. the Gentiles the same, by a change of text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; the publicans so, A . V . — v. 48. Ye shall therefore be, close to the Greek after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. ; Be ye therefore, A . V. after Vulg., Wycl., and Rh., but with just the same force, as, by a change of text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles; so W y c l . and 2d Gen.; even as, A . V. after Tynd., Cran., and 1st Gen.; as also, 2d Gen. your heavenly Father, by a change of text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles; and so Vulg., Wycl., and R h . ; your Father which is in heaven, A . V . after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. CH. VI. v. 1. righteousness, by a change of text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; so W y c l . after the Vulgate; justice, R h . ; alms, A . V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. else, after W y c l . ; otherwise, A . V. after Rh., which is fuller and more dignified. with your Father, close to the Greek (napa rw narpi), after Cran.

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and Rh. — v. 2. When therefore, the Greek order, after Tynd. and ist Gen.; Therefore when, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest, alms, close to the Greek, after Wycl. and Rh.; thine alms, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest, sound not, after R h . ; do not sound, A. V. by a new rendering. They have received, a free rendering after Wycl. and Rh. from the Vulgate, which renders the Greek cmixovai (they have in full) by receperunt; so vv. 5, 1 6 ; They have, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest. — v. 4. thy Father which, after Tynd., Cran., R h . ; thi fadir that, Wycl. and Gen.; see on 2, 6. shall recompense thee, by a change of text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; so Wycl., schal quytethee, and Rh., wil repay thee, after the Vulgate ; himself shall reward thee openly, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen., only they neglect the alrds ( h i m s e l f ) . — v. 6. when ye pray,ye, by a change of text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles; so the Vulgate, Wycl., Tynd., and R h . ; thou, when thou prayest, A . V. to stand and pray, by a free rendering after 2d Gen. and R h . ; to pray standing, A. V. close to the Greek after the Vulgate, Wycl., and 2d Gen.; to stand praying, Cran. by inversion, in the corners, after A . V., Tynd., Cran., and Gen.; better, at the corners, Dr. Campbell, thine inner chamber, by a new rendering; chamber, Tynd., Cran., Gen., and Rh., and so Dr. Davidson, which gives the original (rafieluv) adequately; thy closet, A. V . after Sir John Cheke, which is closer and seems the best possible rendering, and so Dr. Noyes, closet in old English meaning an inner, more retired room ; as, in his Chamber or in his Closet, South's Sermons, III. p. 564; and regularly of the private apartment of the sovereign, as Life of Davison, p. 246. and having shut, after R h . ; and when thou hast shut, A. V. after Cran. and Gen. thy Father which, after Tynd. and all except Wycl., thi Fadir that; see on 2, 6. shall recompense thee, by omission from text, as in v. 4. — v. 7. And in praying, after Wycl. nearly, But in preiyng; But when ye pray, A. V. after Cran., and But (8«) here is perhaps more suitable than And. the Gentiles do, by a new rendering with do inserted but not italicized ; see on 1, 17 ; the heathen do, A. V. after Wycl., ist Gen. and the rest; as the heathen, 2d Gen. — v. 8. Be not therefore, by a new rendering with the omission of ye after the Greek; but the supplying of ye marks the contrast which really exists here, and it is well supplied by all the previous versions; see on 4,17.— v. 9. Our Father which, after A. V., Tynd. and all the rest but Wycl., Oure Fadir that; see on 1, 6. — v. 10. as in heaven, so on earth, by a new and free rendering after the Greek order; so nearly Rh.,

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and more literally, as in heaven, in earth also (s lv ovpava, km em •j/j/j), with the old loose use of in ; as in heaven, also on earth, Dr. Davidson; in earth, as it is in heaven, A. V. by a new rendering; on earth as it is in heaven, Dr. Noyes; in erthe as in hevene, Wycl.; as well in erth, as it ys in heven, Tynd. and Cran.; even in earth as it is in heaven, Gen.; all the old versions here except the Rheims have the order of A. V., which is the more common order of a comparison in English. The change of oi'der here by the Revisers seems to be almost universally regretted. — v. 12. as we also, after the Greek; so 2d Gen. and Rh.; even as we, Tynd. and 1st Gen.; as we, A. V. after Tynd. and Cran., neglecting the KM. we have forgiven, by a change of text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles; we forgive, A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest. — v. 13. bring us, by a new rendering of the Greek ((«rifiepuv, not elmiyeiv as in Luke 22, 54 and elsewhere); lead us, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest after the Vulgate, inducas nos. the evil one, after de Wette and Holl. Rev. and Dr. Davidson; evil, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest; so Luther and Germ. Rev.; see on 5, 37. — v. 14. For if ye forgive, etc., with omission of the doxology from the text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles; so Wycl. and Rh. after the Vulgate, only they have Amen from the Clementine edition, which is wanting in the Codex Amiatinus ; the Holl. Rev., Dean Alford, Dr. Noyes, and Dr. Davidson omit the doxology, Dr. Campbell and Dr. Segond enclose it in square brackets, but de Wette and the Germ. Rev. retain it; it has been traced back even to the 2d century in the Syriac and Thebaic versions, and Dr. Scrivener is not yet convinced that it should be rejected (Int. N. T. pp. 495 et seqq.) — v. 16. may be seen of men, after Tynd. and 1st Gen. nearly, might be sene of men; may appear unto men, A. V. after Rh.; might seem unto men, 2d Gen.—v. 17. thy head, after Rh.; thine head, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest. The Revisers have treated the forms my mine, thy thine with great strictness throughout S. Matt., using my and thy before consonants and h; as, my son 1, 15; my house 12, 44 etc.; thy wife 1, 20 ; thy head 6, 17 etc.; and mine and thine before vowels; as, mine own 20, 15 ; thine adversary 5, 25 etc., with the single exception of my oxen 22, 4 (so also A. V.), which looks like an oversight on the part of A. V. and the Rev., as A. V. in the O. T. makes no exception of this word : thine ox Ex. 23, 12; Deut. 5, 14; 28, 31; thine oxen Ex. 20, 24 ; 22, 30.—v. 18. be not seen of men, after Wycl. nearly, be not seen—to men ; appear not unto men, A. V. after Rh. nearly, appear not to men; seem not

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unto men, Gen. but of, by a new rendering to agree with what precedes ; but unto, A. V. shall recompense thee, by an omission from the text, as in v. 4; shall reward thee openly, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and G e n . — v . 19. the earth, by retaining the Greek article here against English idiom, after Tynd., Gen., and R h . ; earth, A. V. after Wycl. and Cran., and so Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, and Dean Alford. moth and rust doth, after A. V., Wycl., and Cran. with the verb in the singular after a compound subject; but Tynd., Gen., and Rh. have the verb in the plural here, which accords with modern usage. For the singular verb here, compare also from A. V . : The rock of my strength and my refuge is in God, Ps. 62, 7 ; his right hand and his holy arm hath gotten him the victory, ib. 98,1; and even with the double conjunction, both the inward thought of every one of them and the heart is deep, ib. 64, 6 ; from old English where it is common: reason and policy commandeth, etc., Life of Davison, p. 86; an act which God and the law forbiddeth, ib. p. 100; whose safety and greatness has been chiefly founded, etc., Sir Wm. Temple, I. p. 129; Blessing and happiness was thrust upon them, South's Sermons, III. p. 383; and from modern English where it is rare: the truth and delicacy of his sentiments is attended, etc., Spedding's Reviews, etc., p. 287 ; each and all of them is or may be realized perfectly, Liddon's Univ. Sermons, p. 2 1 1 ; all this and much else appears to forbid, etc., ib. p. 304. consume, after Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, and Dr. Davidson ; so nearly Wycl., distrieth (destroyeth); corrupt, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest; so Dean Alford; and so v. 20. break through, after A. V., Tynd., and Cran., with the marginal, dig through, after Gen. and Rh., which gives the Greek exactly (Sioppva-a-eiv) ; so Wycl. nearly, delven out; and so v. 20.— v. 21. thy treasure—thy heart, by change of text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; so Wycl. and Rh. after the Vulgate ; your treasure—your heart, A. V. — v. 22. the lamp, after Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, Mr. D;irby, and Dr. Davidson; the light, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. ; so Dean Alford. — v. 23. the darkness, close to the Greek after Dr. Campbell, Dean Alford, and Dr. Davidson; that darkness, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen.; so Wycl., who had no article before him, rendered it of his own motion, thilk prop, such, afterward that derknessis, which is an evidence of its naturalness here. The Revisers themselves have rendered the article by the demonstrative ; as, that Mary, etc. (17 Map in, etc.) S. John 1 1 , 2; and the simple pronoun of the 3d person as a demonstrative; as, of those works (a£T5>V) for of them, S. John 10, 32,

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in both cases after A. V. A. V. also rendered the article by the demonstrative in 2 Thess. 2, 3, that man (the man, Rev.), and ib. 2, 8 that wicked, (the lawless one, Rev.). — v. 24. hold to one, and despise the other, by a new and close rendering, the article in the Greek being- omitted in the first clause; in the first part of the verse the article in the Greek is used in both clauses the one—the other ; A. V . the one—the other, in both cases after Tynd. and all the rest except W y c l . the toon—the tother, with double article ; so Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson; one—the other, Dr. Campbell and Dr. Noyes in both cases, perhaps by oversight in the first. Both forms are well established in English and therefore the Revisers are justifiable here in keeping strictly to the Greek : the one—the other, Ellis, Original Letters, I. p. 352 ; Life of Davison, p. 235; Pref. to A . V . p. 118 a ; Walton's Angler, p. 141; Dryden, I. p. 80; one—the other, Life of Davison, pp. 151, 341 ; Pref. to A . V. 117 a; Dryden, I. p. 128 ; and so also in recent English, but it is unnecessary to give instances. — v . 25. Be not anxious for, after Dr. Noyes and Dr. Davidson, and this nearly after Dr. Campbell, Be not anxious about; Take no thought for, A. V. by a new rendering (thought in the old sense, of excessive care, anxiety, Shaksp. Jul. Caes. II, 1 ; Bacon, Hen. VII, p. 230) ; Be not careful for, Tynd., Cran., Gen., Rh., and so Dean Alford; Be not thoughtful for, Sir John Cheke, and so in vv. 27, 28, 31 and 34. — v. 25. nor yet fade), after A. V., Tynd., Cran., and Gen. by a free and idiomatic rendering, which is commonly emphatic (comp. S. Luke 23,15), and so Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, and Dr. Davidson ; neither, R h . ; nor, Wycl., and so Sir John Cheke and Dr. Campbell and Mr. D a r b y ; comp. it is not knowen howe the Spanyards do take the same, ne yet what they intende, etc., Ellis, Original Letters, I. p. 286; none—nor yet, Pref. to ed. 1611, p. 115 a ; never—nor yet, ib. p. 115 b ; not—neither yet, ib. p. 118 b bis \ neither—nor yet, South's Sermons, III. p. 62. But the Revisers in 10,10 have changed nor yet (jiri8e~) into nor. the food—the raiment, retaining the Greek article after R h . ; and so Dean Alford and Dr. Davidson ; meat— raiment, A . V . after Wycl., Tynd., Cran., and Gen.; Dr. Noyes also and Mr. Darby omit the article. — v. 26. birds, after Sir John Cheke, Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson; fowls, A . V . after Wycl. and the rest, and so Dr. Campbell, of the heaven, by a literal and un-English phrase after Mr. Darby, which also occurs in A. V. Ps. 79, 2 ; 104, 12, but not in N. T. ; of the air, A . V . after Wycl. and the rest, and so Sir John Cheke,

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Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, and Dr. Davidson ; of heaven, Dr. Campbell: see 5, 34. that (mi), after Rh., and so Meyer, Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson; for, A . V . after Wycl. and the rest, and, close to the Greek («ai), after Wycl. and Rh., and so Sir John Cheke, Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, and Dr. Davidson ; yet, A. V. after 2d Gen. to mark the opposition; and yet, Tynd., Cran., and 1st Gen. ; see on 1, 25. Are not ye of much more value, by a new rendering nearly after Dr. Campbell, Are not ye much more valuable, and Dr. Noyes, Are not ye of much greater value ; Are ye not much better, A. V . after Tynd., Cran., and Gen.— v. 27. And which, after R h . ; But who, Wycl. ; the rest neglect the Greek particle (8é). — v . 29. yet (&'), after 2d Gen. ; but, Rh. ; And yet, A. V. by a free rendering after Tynd., Cran., and 1st Gen. — v. 30. But (&'), after Dean Alford ; And, Wycl. and R h . ; so Dr. Noyes and Dr. Davidson ; Wherefore, A. V. by a very free rendering after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. doth so clothe, after Rh. ; so clothe, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. — v. 32. For after all these things do the Gentiles seek, after Wycl. and all but A. V. which includes this in parenthesis. — v. 33. his kingdom, by an omission from the text after Tischendorf according to Cod. Sinaiticus and Cod. Vatic anus ; the kingdom of God, A. V. after Wycl., Cran., 2d Gen. and Rh. ; the kingdom of heven, Tynd. and 1st Gen. CH. V I I . V. 2. unto you, by a change of text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; to you again, A. V. after Tynd., Gen., and Rh. ; agen to you, Wycl. — v. 4. cast out, literally after Gen. and Rh. ; pull out, A. V. more suitably; and so Tynd. and Cran., plucke oute; and Wycl., do out. cast out the mote out, with the preposition repeated as in the Greek (Ik\3a\X«v Ik—), after A. V., Tynd. and all except Wycl., do out—fro ; so in S. Luke 6, 42 after A. V. and Tynd. For this repetition, very rare in English, compare A. V . Jer. 8, 1, they shall bring out the bones—out of their graves ; Sidney's Arcadia, p. 60, a maid which sate pulling out a thorn out of a Lambs foot ; and with slight variation : he entered in once into the holy place (eiv KalwpecrfivTepav, ib. 26, 4 7 ! 27> 3 ! 2 7 i 1 2 > TU>V ypappaTfa>v Kal $apiarala>v, ib. s, 20 ; 12, 38 ; tv

ypapjiaTiis,

ypafJLfj,aT€(t>v Kal npeafivTepcdv,

ib.

2

7, 41

3 , 7 ! 16, I ; 1 6 , 6 ; 16, I I ; l6, 1 2 ypappaTewv,

l b . l 6 , 2 1 J roG 'laKwftov

bis;

TWV •Papuraliov TSIV

irpecrjivTepav

Kal SaSSovKaioiv,

lb.

(cat ap^iepecov Kal

Kal 'laitrrjcj), i b . 2 7 , 5 6 J 1 7 ) I I

TaXt-

AeKairoXecos, etc., lb. 4, 2 5 > T ° epiral^ai Kal padTLyoiaat, etc., ib. 20, 1 9 ; 1 1 , i (cf. Dem. Ol. 3, 3 5 ; Plat. Charm. 1 6 1 E ) . ( 3 ) In the case of words of opposite meanings : raj avaKpovcrus Kal Siera-Xow, T h u c . 7, 7 0 ; Tag ¡¿eyLoras (vavs) Kal eXa^t'ffra?, lb. I, IO ; TO Xtyztv Kal irpaTTetv, Xaias

Kal

D e m . de Cor. 59 i 'EXXrjviKav Kal ««5», ib. 3 1 1 ; Trepl TOV pei£oi>os Plat. Euthyph. 7 C ; TOVS 7T

T

*!v

Taxio'Trjv

anaWayrjv—Kal

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257

T h e omission of the article in these cases seems to be due partly to the principle of economy, and partly to the circumstance that the article is only a weaker demonstrative pronoun. In the Greek, as is well known, the article mostly appears as a demonstrative in Homer, and its character as the true definite article is not fully developed till we reach the Attic period; and in all the Romance languages the article was actually developed out of the demonstrative ille. Now the demonstrative pronoun itself is very rarely repeated. It is not repeated once in the Greek of S. Matt., but is repeated twice in the Revision, in 10, 14 and in 13, 54, and these instances will be considered in their places. It is not repeated in the two first Bks. of the Anabasis of Xenophon, nor in Aeschines contra Ctesifihontem, nor in the Phaedo of Plato; it is repeated only once in Demosthenes de Corona, in § 172. A n d so likewise in English. It is not repeated in the first hundred pages of Hooker, B k . V , nor in the two first chapters of Gibbon; there is no simple case of it in the first or the twenty-second chapter of Macaulay's History, but in the 1st ch. we find, for the sake of fulness of expression : both by that superstition and by that philosophy ; and in the 23d: all this clamour and all this wit; and in three great speeches of Burke there are but four cases, in two of which it is repeated on account of a change of number: that lime and these chances ; and, according to that nature and those circumstances, Conciliation with America, p. 168 ; and two simple cases: these opportunities and these arguments, Present Discontents, p. 14; that sense and that reason, American Taxation, p. 97. This comparatively brief view of a large subject has been given here partly as a matter of reference when other like passages come to be considered, and partly to correct the impression common even among scholars, if they have not given special attention to the subject, that this omission of the article in Greek and in English occurs mostly where the words are synonymous or are taken together to form one idea. But it is now seen what is the license of Greek in this matter, and this license is still greater in English. T h e Revisers of 1611 seeming to understand this usage often availed themselves of the license of the English, as in 21, 1 5 ; 2i, 45, and 27, 62, and omitted the second article, while the Revisers of 1881 have in these cases and most others followed the Greek forms, thus converting the license of the Greek into a strict law for their English. v. 11. shall sit down, after A . V . ; and so Gen. and R h . ; Dr.

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Noyes, closer to the Greek, shall recline at table, v. 12. sons, close to the Greek, after Wycl.; children, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest, castforth into the outer, etc.: forth after Dr. Davidson; cast out, into outer, etc., A. V. by a new and exact rendering, with a conformity of out and outer after the Greek; and so Mr. Darby ; cast out into utter, etc., Tynd., Cran., and Gen. the outer darkness, preserving the Greek article, after Rh.; and so Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson; outer darkness, A. V. omitting the article, after Wycl. and the rest, there shall be the weeping and gnashing of teeth, by a new and harsh rendering ; in the original all three nouns have the article: there shall be the weeping and the gnashing of the teeth of the damned ; Mr. Darby and Dr. Davidson retain the two first articles, there shall be the weeping and the gnashing of teeth ; as the second noun is limited by a genitive a good rendering would be, there shall be weeping and the gnashing of teeth, which preserves one of the articles; but the rendering of A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest seems adequate and natural, there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth, and this satisfied Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, and Dean Alford. — v. 13. as thou hast believed, by the omission of a word from the text after Lachmann and Tischendorf, which is bracketed by Tregelles; and as thou, etc., A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest; and so the Vulg. Cod. Am. that hour, close to the Greek, after Wycl.; the selfsame hour, A. V. freely and idiomatically after Cran. and Gen.; see on 5, 19. —v. 14. lying sick, freely but excellently after Tynd.; laid and sick, A.V. literally, after Gen. nearly, layde downe, and sicke. — v. 15. him, by a change of text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles; and so Rh.; them, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest; and so the Vulg. Cod. Am.—v. 16. And (a«) when, preserving the introductory particle, after Wycl. and Rh.; When, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest, even, close to the Greek, after 1st Gen. and Rh.; the even, A. V. inserting the article after Tynd., Cran., and 2d Gen. possessed, after Mr. Darby; that were possessed, A.V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. possessed with devils: so A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen.; that hadden develis, Wycl. and Gen.; demoniacs, Dr. Campbell and Dr. Davidson ; see on 4, 24. with a word, close to the Greek, after Tynd., Cran., Gen., and R h . ; with his word, A.V. after Sir John Cheke. —v. 17. it might be fulfilled which: so A. V. after Cran. and R h . ; that which, Tynd. and Gen.; that—which, Mr. Darby; see on 1, 22. Isaiah, to conform to the Hebrew; Esaias, A. V. after Gen.; see

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on i, 2. our, the Greek article here having the force of a possessive ; our, A. V. ; see on I, 24 ; and so in v. 20. diseases, after R h . ; sicknesses, A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest. — v. 19. a scribe, closer to the Greek, after Wycl. and Tynd. ; a certain scribe, A. V. after Cran. and the rest, there came a scribe, by a change of order according to the Greek, after Tynd. and Gen. ; a certain scribe came, A . V. after Wycl. and the rest. — v. 20. the birds of the heaven, harshly, after 2d Gen. ; the birds of the air, A. V. excellently, after Tynd., Cran., and 1st Gen. ; see on 6, 26. — v. 21. the disciples, by an omission from the text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles; his disciples, A . V. after Wycl. and the rest.—v. 22. saith, by a change of text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; and so the Vulg. Cod. Am. ; said, A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest, leave the dead to bury, after Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson ; let the dead bury, A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest; and so Dr. Campbell and Dr. Noyes. their Own (éavTGùv) dead, after Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson ; their dead, A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest, and so Dr. Campbell ; and the Revisers themselves give this pronoun by an unemphatic form in 21, 8 ; 23, 3 7 ; 25, 3. — v. 23. boat, correctly, after Rh. ; ship, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest ; and so in v. 24. — v. 25. they, by an omission of words from the text after Tischendorf and Tregelles, which are bracketed by Lachmann ; they are omitted also by the Vulg. Cod. Am. ; and so Rh. ; the disciples, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest. Save, Lord, by a new change of order according to the Greek, and by an omission from the text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; Lord, save us, A . V. after Wycl. and Rh. ; and so the Vulg. Cod. Am. ; but the pronoun, us, cannot be welL omitted in the English. — v. 27. And (&'), after Wycl., Tynd., and Gen. ; and so Holl. Rev. ; But, A. V. after Cran. ; and so de Wette and Germ. Rev. — v. 28. Gadarenes, by a change of text after Tischendorf and Tregelles ; Gergesenes, A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest ; and so the Vulg. Cod. Am. and Lachmann. possessed with devils : so A. V . and Dean Alford ; possessed of devylles, Tynd., Cran., and Gen. ; that hadden develis, Wycl. and Rh. ; demoniacs, Dr. Campbell and Dr. Davidson ; possessed by demons, Dr. Noyes and Mr. Darby; see on 4, 24. could pass, after Rh. ; might pass, A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest. — v. 29. thou Son of God, by an omission from the text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; and so the Vulg*. Cod. ¿Itti.; Jesus, thou Son of God, A . V. after Wycl. and all the rest. — v. 30. Now

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(Sé), more appropriately here, after G e n . ; A n d , A . V . after W y c l . and the rest, afar o f f , after 2d Gen. ; a g o o d w a y off, A . V . freely and idiomatically, after T y n d . , Cran., and 1st Gen. a herd, after Cran. ; an herd, A . V . after R h . ; see on 5, 14. — v . 31. And (àf), strictly, after W y c l . and R h . ; S o , A . V . freely, after Cran. the devils : so A . V . after W y c l . and all ; the demons, D r . C a m p bell, D r . N o y e s , M r . D a r b y , and D r . D a v i d s o n ; see on 4, 24. send us away, b y a c h a n g e of text after L a c h m a n n , Teschendorf, and T r e g e l l e s ; sende us, W y c l . and R h . after the V u l g . ; suffer us to g o a w a y , A . V . after T y n d . , Cran., and 1st Gen., nearly, suffer us to g o our w a y . — v. 32. they came otit and went, after D r . N o y e s and Dr. D a v i d s o n ; w h e n they were come out, t h e y went, A . V . b y a new rendering, the swine, b y an omission from the text after L a c h m a n n , Tischendorf, and T r e g e l l e s ; and so W y c l . and R h . after Cod. Am. ; the herd of swine, A . V . after T y n d . and the rest, the whole herd, b y an omission from the text after L a c h m a n n , Tischendorf, and T r e g e l l e s ; so W y c l . and R h . after V u l g . Cod. Am. ; the w h o l e herd of swine, A . V . after T y n d . and the rest, the steep, after D r . N o y e s and D r . Davidson, and preserving the G r e e k article ; this w o r d is not biblical, but it is used b y S h a k s p . M . N . D . II, 1 ; Coriol. I l l , 3 ; a steep place, A . V . b y a new rendering. — v. 33. fed, literally, after M r . D a r b y ; k e p t , A . V . , more idiomatically, after Cran. went away, after D r . N o y e s , Mr. D a r b y , and D r . D a v i d s o n ; went their ways, A . V . b y an archaic and idiomatic rendering, after T y n d . , Cran., and 1st Gen., w h i c h the R e v i s e r s h a v e even introduced into S . L u k e 5, 14. them that were possessed with, after 2d G e n . ; them that had been possessed of, R h . ; the possessed of, A . V . close to the G r e e k after T y n d . , Cran., and 1st Gen. ; and the R e v i s e r s themselves h a v e retained this form of expression in 9, 2. devils : so A . V . after T y n d . and the rest e x c e p t W y c l . , fendis ; demoniacs, D r . C a m p bell and D r . D a v i d s o n ; possessed b y demons, D r . N o y e s and Mr. D a r b y ; see on 4, 24. — v . 34. all the city, closer to the G r e e k form (irào-a JJ TTÓXir) after W y c l . , T y n d . , and G e n . ; and so A . V . itself in 21, 1 0 ; the w h o l e city, A . V . after Cran. and R h . from (ÒTTO) their borders, after D r . N o y e s and D r . D a v i d s o n ; out of their coasts, inexactly, A . V . after T y n d . , Cran., and Gen. CH. I X . v . 1. a boat, correctly, after W y c l . and R h . , and so Sir John C h e k e ; a ship, A . V . after T y n d . and the rest, crossed over, after D r . N o y e s ; passed over, A . V . after W y c l . and all the rest ; and so D e a n A l f o r d , M r . D a r b y , and D r . D a v i d s o n . — v . 2. are

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forgiven, to remove the ambiguity, after Rh. and Gen. ; so, ben forgovun, Wycl. ; be forgiven, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest ; and so in v. 5. forgiven, by an omission from the text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; forgiven thee, A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest ; so the Vulg. Cod. Am. ; and so in v. 5. — v. 3. this man, man being supplied but not italicized ; this man, A . V. ; see on 1, 17. — v. 5. whether is easier, so A. V. freely and idiomatically, after Tynd. and the rest except Wycl., What is it lighter, who followed the Vulg., Quid est facilius, which in turn followed the Greek, Ti ydp ¿UTIv evKoirwrepov—; the old classic mirepos, whether, which of the two, not being found as a pronoun in N. T. Greek. — v. 6. Arise, and take up, with mid inserted after Wycl. ; Arise, take up, A.V., according to the Greek, and after Tynd. and all the rest, thy house, after Rh. ; thine house, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest ; see on 6, 17. — v. 8. they zvere afraid, by a change of text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; so Rh. and, in effect, Wycl., dredde, after Cod. Am.; they marvelled, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest. God, which; so A. V. after Tynd. ; Cran., Gen.; God, that, Wycl. and Rh. ; see on 2, 6. — v. 9. passed by, closer to the Greek, after Sir John Cheke ; passed forth, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., Gen., Rh. called Matthew, closer to the Greek, after Mr. Darby and Dr. Davidson ; named Matthew, A.V. after Tynd. and the rest, the place of toll, by a new rendering ; a tolbothe, Wycl. and Sir John Cheke ; the receipt of custom, A.V. after Cran. and Gen. — v. 10. he, by the omission of a word from the text after Lachmann and Tischendorf, which is bracketed by Tregelles ; and so Wycl., Tynd., and Rh. after Cod. Am.; Jesus, A. V. after Cran. and Gen. ; see on 4, 12. sat at meat : so A.V. after Tynd., Cran., Gen. ; was sitting at meate, Rh. ; was reclining at table, Dr. Noyes; see on v. 1 1 ; and so again in this verse. with fesus, after Wycl. and all except A. V., with him, a change to the pronoun which seems to have been made by A. V. to avoid the repetition of the noun fesus, which they had at the beginning of the verse; Beza repeated the noun in his version. — v. 1 1 . the publicans and sinners, preserving the Greek article, after Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, and Dr. Davidson; publicans and sinners, A . V. omitting the article after Wycl. and all the rest. — v. 12. he, by the omission of a word from the text after Lachmann and Tischendorf, which is bracketed by Tregelles ; Jesus, A. V. after Wycl. and all ; and so Cod. Am. ; see on 4, 12. it, supplied after Rh. and 2d Gen.; that, supplied by A.V. after Tynd., Cran., and 1st Gen.;

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and so Dr. Noyes ; this, Sir John Cheke. he said, by an omission from the text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; and so Wycl. and Rh. after Cod. Am.; he said unto them, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest, are whole, after Rh. ; be whole, A. V. after Cran., and below, are, merely for variety, have no need of, after Sir John Cheke ; need not, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., Gen., and Rh., which is less euphonius. — v. 13. this, supplied after Sir John Cheke and 2d Gen., as by A. V. itself in 12, 7; and so Dr. Campbell and Dr. Noyes; that, supplied here by A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and 1st Gen.; and so Dean Alford. I desire, after Dr. Noyes and Dr. Davidson; I will have, A. V. after Cran. and Gen. I came not, to preserve the Greek aorist, after Wycl. ; and so Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, and Dr. Davidson ; I am not come, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., Gen., and Rh ; see on 2, 2. I came not to call, a more precise, but not the Greek order, after Wycl. ; I am not come to call, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest, but sinners, by an omission from the text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; and so Wycl. and Rh. after Cod. Am.; but sinners to repentance, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest. — v. 14. come, strictly according to the Greek, after Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, and Dr. Davidson ; came, A. V. freely after Wycl. and all the rest. —v. 15. sons, closer to the Greek, after Wycl. ; children, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest, taken away, closer to the Greek, after Wycl. and Rh. ; taken, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest, will they fast, as modern usage requires, after Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, and Mr. Darby; shall they fast, A. V. after Wycl. and all. — v. 16. A?id (Sé) no man, preserving the introductory particle, after Wycl. and Rh. ; No man, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and 1st Gen. undressed cloth, after Dr. Noyes; so Gen. nearly, new and undressed cloth; new cloth, A. V. after Tynd. and Cran. upon, after Dean Alford and Dr. Davidson ; unto, A. V. by a new rendering, should fill it up, by a new rendering ; is put in to fill it up, A. V. by a new rendering. a worse rent is made, a more correct rendering, after Dr. Noyes ; so Wycl. nearly, a worse brekynge is made ; and Rh., there is made a greater rent. — v. 17. wine-skins, skins—skins, after Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson; bottles, A. V. after Wycl., Cran., and Rh. burst, better to suit the passage, after Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, and Dr. Davidson ; break, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest, is spilled, after Dr. Campbell ; woulde bee spilt, 2d Gen. ; runneth out, A. V.

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after Tynd., Cran., 1st Gen., and Rh. ; and so Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, and Dr. Davidson, fresh wine-skins, by a new rendering ; new bottles, A. V. after Wycl., Cran., and Rh. — v. 18. spake: so A. V. after Wycl. and all but Rh., was speaking, which is better ; and so Dr. Noyes. a ruler, closer to the Greek, after Wycl. ; a certain ruler, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. is even now dead : so A. V. after Rh. ; better, preserving the Greek aorist, even now died ; even now being equivalent to just now. Compare, did not you say even now that some frogs were venomous? Walton, Angler, p. 151 ; just now is used in the same sense, ib. p. 40. — v. 20. a woman, who, after Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, and Mr. Darby ; a woman that, Wycl. ; a woman, which, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest ; see on 2, 6. had, after Wycl. ; was diseased with, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. ; but English idiom here requires the pluperfect, had had, and so Dr. Noyes and Mr. Darby; had been afflicted with, Dr. Campbell, border, after Dr. Noyes and Dean Alford ; hem, A. V. after Wycl. and all. — v. 21. If I do but touch, closer to the Greek, and after Wycl. nearly, If I louche oonli ; If I may but touch, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., Gen. shall be made whole, closer to the Greek and to conform to v. 22, after Dean Alford ; shall be made well, Dr. Noyes ; shall be whole, A. V. by a new rendering. — v. 22. turning and seeing her said, after Rh. ; turned him about, and when he saw her he said, A. V. after Cran. be of good cheer, after Sir John Cheke ; be of good comfort, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. —v. 23. flute-players, after Mr. Darby; minstrels, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest. the crowd, after Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, and Mr. Darby ; the people, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest except Rh., the multitude. a tumult, after Mr. Darby ; a noise, A. V. after Wycl., Cran., and Gen. — v. 24. he said, by an omission from the text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; so Wycl. and Rh. after Cod. Am..; he said unto them, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest, the damsel, after Wycl. ; the maid, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. ; and so in v. 25 ; a case of the substitution of a Romance for an English word ; see on 1, 24. — v. 25. the crowd, after Dr. Noyes and Mr. Darby : the people, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. he entered in, after Rh., Cran., and Gen. ; he went in, A. V. after Wycl., a case of the substitution of a Romance for an English word ; see on 1, 24.— v. 26. went forth, after Rh. ; went abroad, A. V. after Cran. — v. 27. as fesus passed by, closer to the Greek, and after Rh. nearly, as Jesus passed forth; when Jesus departed,

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A. V. after Cran. from thence, after Wycl., Sir John Cheke, and Rh. ; and so Dr. Noyes ; thence, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. ; and so Dr. Campbell, Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson; see on 4, 21. crying out, giving the Greek more fully, after Dr. Noyes ; crying, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest. Have mercy on us, thou Son of David, by a change of order to conform to the Greek ; so Rh. after the Vulg. ; Thou Son of David, have mercy on us, A . V. after Wycl. and the rest. — v. 28. They say, strictly according to the Greek, after Cran. and R h . ; They said, A. V . freely, after Wycl. and the rest. — v. 29. be it done, after Wycl. and Rh. ; be it, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest ; and so in v. 29. — v. 30. strictly, after Dr. Campbell and Dean Alford ; straitly, A. V. by a new rendering ; this is the substitution of a modern for an archaic form, though the words are etymologically connected. See that no man know it : so A. V. supplying and italicizing that, after Rh., and the rest nearly ; closely, See, let no man know QyiyvatrKÌraì) it ! and so Mr. Darby except the punctuation. — v. 31. they went forth and spread, after Rh. ; they, when they were departed, spread, A. V. after Cran. ; a case of the substitution of an English for a Romance word ; and so again in this verse; see on 4, 12. land, after W y c l , Tynd., Cran., and Gen.; country, A. V. after R h . — v . 32. And (&') as, preserving the introductory particle, after Wycl. and Rh. ; As, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest, went forth, after Rh. ; went out, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest, there was brought, by a new and free rendering to avoid the ambiguity of they ; so nearly, was presented, Dr. Campbell, possessed with a devil: so A. V. after Rh. ; demoniac, Dr. Campbell and Dr. Davidson ; possessed by a demon, Dr. Noyes and Mr. Darby ; see on 4, 24. — v. 33. the devil, after A. V. and all the rest ; the demon, Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson ; and so twice in v. 34 ; see on 4, 24. the dumb man, supplying but not italicizing man, after Wycl. and Rh., which accords with modern usage ; the dumb, A . V. after Tynd. and the rest, which form was once singular as well as plural (comp. A. V. Ps. 5, 1 2 ; 10, 2, &c. ; 22, 24; and so often), but this is now regularly used as plural. — v. 34. By the prince of the devils casteth he out devils, by a change of order according to the Greek ; and so Wycl. and Rh. after the Vulg. ; He casteth out devils through the prince of the devils, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. casteth he out devils (Và Sai/MMa), omitting the Greek article after A . V., but Dr. Camp-

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bell, Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson all retain it. — v. 35. all the cities and the villages, preserving the second Greek article against the English idiom, after Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson; all the cities and villages, A . V . correctly, after W y c l . , Rh., and Sir John C h e k e ; and so Dr. Campbell and Dr. Noyes. W h e n two or more nouns have a common adjective standing with the first, the article is regularly omitted with the second and following nouns; as, mWar TOVS 7ra/Xovvras /cat ayopagovTas 2 1 , 1 2 ; TTOVTUS TOVS ap^iepiis Kal ypappaTeis 2, 4 ; watmis reus evroXais KM BIKAIAPAOI S. L u k e I , 6 : S O , TOVS KVK^AI aypovs Kal K a p a s S. Mark 6, 36 ; Tas KVK\s (how or that) by how that for that in S. Mark 14, 72; and in S. Luke 22, 61 they have changed how into how that, and have supplied how in S. Mark 5, 19. It must be borne in mind that the particle in Greek in such cases is sometimes only an adverb of manner, and then is rightly rendered how; as 7TCÙÌ in 12, 4; S. Mark 2, 26; 12, 26; 12, 41 ; and so omos in S. Luke 24, 20; and sometimes the am-

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biguous word, IK, how or that, may be rendered with propriety either way, when the idea of manner is not excluded; as in S. Luke 6, 4; 8, 47; and 24, 6, in which passages the Revisers, following A . V., render it by how. And in English the use of how introducing narratives or the summary of a narrative, and carrying with it the idea of manner, is still good, as at the opening of Lord Macaulay's History, like U at the opening of the 2d Bk. of Xenophon's Anabasis. In the development of how that, how was not prefixed to that, but that was subjoined to how, after the analogy of where that, when that, where and when being originally interrogatives and afterward converted into relatives by this suffix. This usage was extended, and thus if that, though that, and lest that became common in the 16th and 17th centuries. In the first half of the 16th century how for that is found in Ellis, Original Letters, p. 310 bis ; and how that for that on pp. 257, 258, 259, 267 and 3x5; but in the second half of the 16th century they are not found at all in the first hundred pages of Hooker, Bk. V., nor in the 17th century in the long Preface of the Translators of A. V., nor in Walton's Angler, nor in the hundred and twelve pages of Dryden's Essay on Dramatick Poesy, nor in the 18th century in Addison's own papers of the first hundred of the Spectator. How that, and how without the idea of manner, have long been disused in good English, whether written or spoken, and given up to common and illiterate life, and on account of their associations, they ought not to have been retained in the new revision, much less in additional cases to have been introduced into it. on the sabbath day, supplying day, which they excluded in v. 4 and rendering the Greek plural by a singular, after T y n d . ; on the sabbaths exactly, Dr. N o y e s ; on the sabbath days, A . V . after Cran. and Gen.; so in vv. 10, 12. and (KM) ; so A . V. after Wycl. and all the rest except Tynd., and y e t ; so Sir John Cheke ; and nevertheless, Dr. Campbell; see on 1, 25. guiltless, by a new rendering for the sake of uniformity ; see v. 7 ; blameless, A . V . after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. — v. 6. one greater than the temple is here, to conform to the order of the Greek, after Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, and Dr. Davidson. — v. 7. this, supplied but not italicized ; this, A. V . I desire, after Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, and Dr. Davidson; I will have, A . V . after Gen. — v. 8. of, by an omission from the text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; even of, A . V . after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. — v. 9. he departed thence, and went,

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after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. ; when he was departed thence, he went, A. V. by a new rendering, behold, a man, by an omission from the text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; lo, a man, Wycl. also after the Vulg. ; behold there was a man, A.V. after Tynd. and the rest, having a withered hand, by an omission from the text, after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; having his hand withered, A. V. by a new and incorrect rendering of their own text, but nearly after Wycl., Cran., and Gen., which had his hande dryed up. — v . n . of you, closer to the Greek, after Wycl. and Rh. ; among you, A. V. after Gen. if this, close to the Greek, after Mr. Darby; if the same, Rh. ; if it, A. V. after Wycl., Cran., and Gen. will he not ; so A. V. after Rh. ; better, will not, after Cran., to give unity to the sentence ; so Dr. Noyes and Mr. Darby ; see on 5, 1 1 . — v. 12. of more value, by a new rendering, after Dr. Noyes nearly, of more worth ; greatly excel, Dr. Campbell, which is nearer the Greek form, to do good, after Wycl., and better suiting the context ; to do well, A.V. by a new rendering and exactly after the Greek form. — v. 13. thy hand, after Tynd., Cran., Gen., and Rh.; thine hand, A. V. after Wycl. ; see on 6, 17. ai, after Wycl. and Gen. ; like as, A. V. after Cran. — v. 14. But {ÒÌ), after Sir John Cheke, Dr. Campbell, Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson ; And, Wycl. and Rh. ; Then, A. V. loosely after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. took counsel, after Sir John Cheke, took councel ; so Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson ; held a council (Jielde a counsell, ed. 1611), A. V. after Tynd. and Cran.— v. 15. And (SO, after Wycl. ; But, A. V. after Cran., Gen., and Rh. Jesus perceiving it withdrew, after the form of the Greek ; and so Rh., Jesus knowing it, retired ; and Dr. Noyes, Jesus knowing it, withdrew ; when Jesus knew it, he withdrew, A . V. by a new rendering. perceivmg, by a new rendering, and substituting a Romance for an English word ; see on 1, 24. many, by the omission of a word from the text after Lachmann and Tischendorf, which was bracketed by Tregelles ; and so Wycl. and Rh. after the Vulg.; great multitudes, A . V . after G e n . — v . 17. that it might be fulfilled which : so A.V. after Cran., Gen., and Rh. ; that that thing were fulfilled, that, Wycl. ; see on 1, 22. Isaiah ; Esaias, A . V . ; see on 1, 2. — v. 18. in whom, my soul is well pleased (aorist), after A.V. ; in whom it hath wel plesid to my soule, Wycl. ; in whom my soul hath wel liked, Rh., and both after the Vulg. ; see on 3, 17. declare, after Dr. Noyes ; shew, A.V. after Tynd. and the rest. — v. 19. cry aloud, nearer to the Greek (Kpavydaa), after

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Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, and Dr. Davidson ; crie out, Rh. ; cry, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest, any one, close to the Greek (i-ìr), after Dr. Noyes, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson ; any man, A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest.—v. 21. hope, close to the Greek, after Wycl. and Rh. ; trust, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest. — v. 22. one possessed with a devil, after A. V. ; and so Tynd., Gen., and Rh. ; that hadde a fende, Wycl. ; a demoniac, Dr. Campbell and Dr. Davidson ; one possessed by a demon, Dr. Noyes and Mr. Darby ; see on 4, 24. the dumb man spake and saw, by omissions from the text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; the blind and dumb both spake and saw, A. V. after Cran. — v. 23. the multitudes, close to the Greek, after Rh. ; the people, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest. Is this, more in accordance with the Greek ( M t j t i otnos), after A. V. (ed. 1 6 1 1 ) by a new rendering ; Is not this, A. V. (ed. 1638) after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. — v. 24. This ( o V T O S ) man, supplying man, but not italicizing it, after 2d Gen. ; This fellow, A. V. after all but Wycl., He this ; this pronoun is often used in classical as well as in Hellenistic Greek by way of contempt or aversion ; A. V. sometimes expressed this as here, and sometimes disregarded it, as in S. Matt. 9, 3 ; S. Mark 2,7 ; S. Luke 15, r. ; S. John 7, 27 and elsewhere ; A.V. expressed it when the pronoun designates our Lord in S. Matt. 12, 24; 26,61 ; 26,71 ; S. Luke 22 > 59 ; 23> 2 ; S. John 9, 29 ; and when it designates S. Paul in Acts 18, 13 ; but the Rev. have well changed the expression in all these passages to this man. devils—devils : so A. V. after Tynd. and all except Wycl., fendis—fendis ; demons—demons, Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson ; and so in vv. 27, 28, except Wycl., develis—fendis; see on 4, 2 4 . — v. 25. he, by change of text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; Jesus, A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest, and so Cod. Am. ; see on 4,12. knowing their thoughts he said, after Dr. Noyes and Mr. Darby ; knew their thoughts and said, A. V. after Tynd. and Gen. — v. 26. if Satan casteth (Greek indicative), after Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson ; if Satan cast, A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest ; and so Dr. Campbell and Dr. Noyes ; see on 4, 3. how then shall, by a change of order after Rh. ; how shall then, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. — v. 27. them, supplied but not italicized ; them, A. V. therefore shall they, by a change of order after Dr. Noyes ; therefore they shall, A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest ; and so Dr. Campbell, Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson, which is better as giving the Greek more exactly ( S i à TOÌTO UÌTOI).

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— v. 28. if I by the Spirit of God cast out devils, by a change of order to conform to the Greek; and so Wycl. and Rh. after the Vulg. then is the kingdom of God come, by a change of order after Tynd., Cran., Gen., and Rh.; then the kingdom of God is come, A.V. after Wycl. upon you, closer to the Greek {¿m c. acc.), after Rh.; unto you, A.V. after Cran. and Gen. —v. 29. Or, close to the Greek, after Rh.; Or else, A. V. freely and idiomatically, after Cran. and Gen.; so Dean Alford; the Revisers have made the same change in v. 33, but they have well left the old form in S. John 14, 1 1 ; Acts 24, 20; Rom. 2, 15; Rev. 2, 5 ; 2, 16; or else is thus used in Ellis, Original Letters, pp. 158, 180, 232, 327, etc.; Hooker, V. 13 bis, 17, 21, 48; Walton, Angler, pp. 83, 209,225, 227; Temple, I, pp. 93, 112, 120; Dryden, Dram. Poesy, p. 94; and is still in good use. the house of the strong man, after Rh. nearly, the house of the strong; a strong man's house, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. — v. 30. scattereth, after Rh.; scattereth abroad, A. V. freely and idiomatically, after Wycl. and all the rest. — v. 31. Therefore, closer to the Greek ( A 1 0 TOZTO), after Wycl. and Rh.; Wherefore, A.V. after Tynd. and the rest. Every sin, after Rh. and 2d Gen.; All manner of sin, A.V. after Tynd., Cran., and 1st Gen. the Spirit, close to the Greek, after Tynd., Cran., and Rh.; the Holy Ghost, A.V. supplying Holy, after Gen; see on v. 32. forgiven, by an omission from the text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; so Wycl. and Rh. after the Vulg. — v. 32. shall speak, hi ore correctly, after Gen. and Rh.; speaketh, A.V. after Tynd. and Cran.; and so again in this verse, the Holy Spirit, after Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson; the Holy Ghost, A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest; the A. V., as is well known, employed both forms, the Holy Ghost and the Holy Spirit; the Rev. have changed the former into the latter in the following passages: S. Matt. 12, 32; S. Mark 3, 29; 12, 36; S. Luke 2, 25 ; 2, 26; 4, 1 ; 12, 10; 12, 1 2 ; S. John 1, 33; 14, 26; Acts 2 , 4 ; 6, 5 ; 1 Cor. 12, 3; S. Jude 20; they have employed the form the Holy Ghost seventy-two times in all: and the form the Holy Spirit nineteen times, nor in that which is to come, after Dean Alford nearly, neither in that which is to come; neither in the world to come, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen., repeating world from the foregoing, as it did in 5, 20, which was there followed by the Rev., and the effect is excellent here. — v. 33. its fruit, after Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson; his fruit, A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest;

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and so twice more in this verse; see on 5, 13. or, after Rh. ; or else, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen.; see on v. 2 9 . — v . 34. Ye offspring, after Dr. Campbell and Mr. Darby nearly, Offspring ; O generation, A. V. after Tynd. and Cran. — v. 35. The good man, preserving the Greek article, after Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson ; A good man, A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest; and so again in this verse, his good treasure, by an omission from the text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; and so Wycl. and Rh. after the Vulg. ; the good treasure of the heart, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest, his evil treasure, after Tynd. and Gen., the Greek article having a possessive force ; the evil treasure, A. V. by a new rendering, the rest neglecting the article; see on 1, 24. — v. 36. And (Sé), after Wycl. ; But, A. V. after the rest ; and so Dr. Campbell {however), de Wette, Germ. Rev., Holl. Rev., Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson. — v. 38. of the scribes and Pharisees, close to the Greek, after Rh. ; of the scribes and of the Pharisees, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. ; see on 10, 18. answered him, by an addition to the text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; and so Wycl. and Rh. after the Vulg. ; answered, A. V. after Tynd. and Gen. — v . 39. Jonah; Jonas, A. V. ; and so in vv. 40 and 41 ; see on 1, 2 ; Jonah the prophet, by a change of order to conform to the Greek ; and so Wycl. and Rh. after the Vulg. ; the prophet Jonas, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest. — v. 40. the belly of the whale, after Dean Alford ; this is the form of Wycl., Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, and Mr. Darby ; the whale's belly, A. V. after the rest. — v. 41. shall stand up, after Dr. Campbell and Dr. Noyes, nearly, will stand up ; shall rise, A. V. after Wycl. and all. in the judgement, preserving the Greek article, after Cran. and Rh. ; in judgement, AM. after Gen. for CWi here = ydp), after Wycl., Tynd., and Gen. ; because, A. V. after Cran. and Rh. — v. 42. the ends, after Wycl. and Rh. ; the uttermost parts, A.V. by a new rendering ; the utmost parties, Tynd., Cran., and Gen. — v. 43. But—when, preserving the introductory particle, after Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson ; And when, Rh., the rest neglecting this particle, the man, preserving the Greek article, after Mr. Darby and Dr. Davidson ; a man, A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest. But the unclean spirit, when he is gone out of the man, by a new order ; when the unclean spirit is gone out of a man, A. V. according to the Greek, after Wycl. and all. passeth, after Sir John Cheke ; walketh, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., Gen., and Rh.

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waterless places: and so in the parallel passage, in S. Luke 1 1 , 24, by a new rendering and the use of a word not Biblical, but which Richardson cites twice: The sea (shall be) waterless, Poems of Sir Thomas Wyatt (d. 1552), Pickering's ed., p. 1 2 ; places barain and waterlesse, S. Luke 1 1 , 24, Nich. Udall, Trans, of Erasmus' Paraphrase on the Gospels and the Acts (c. 1550); dry places, A . V., excellently, which all the ancient and modern versions have, except Dr. Campbell, parched deserts, which is also good but free, findeth it not, closer to the Greek, after Dr. Noyes and Dr. Davidson; findeth not, Wycl. and Rh. still closer; findeth none, A.V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. — v. 44. whence, after Rh. ; from whence, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest, which is more rhythmical here. — v. 45. more evil, after Dr. Davidson ; more wicked, A. V. after Rh. becometh, after Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson; and so in effect Wycl. and Rh., ben made. — v. 46. While he was yet speaking, closer to the Greek, after Dr. Noyes and Mr. Darby; and so nearly Rh., As he was yet speaking, multitudes, closer to the Greek, after R h . ; people, A.V. after Wycl. and the rest, his (rf) mother, the Greek article being used as a possessive; his mother, A.V.; see on 1, 24. seeking to speak to him, after Wycl. and R h . ; desiring to speak with him, A.V. excellently, after Tynd., Cran., and Gen.—v. 47. And (hi) one, after R h . ; Then one, A. V. freely, after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. seeking to speak to thee, after Mr. Darby; seeking to speak with thee, Dr. Noyes; seeking thee, Wycl. and Rh. after the Vulg.; desiring to speak with thee, A . V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. — v. 49. towards his, after Dr. Campbell and Dr. Davidson; toward his, A . V. after Cran. and Gen.; and so Dr. Noyes and Dean Alford; see on 5, 25. — v. 50. he (alms) is my brother, and sister, and mother, after Wycl. and R h . ; the harshness of this expression, unavoidable in Greek if the pronoun be expressed, is well avoided by A. V., the same is my brother, and sister, and mother, after Tynd., Cran., and Gen.; and so Dean Alford and Dr. Davidson. This is merely allowing the translation the fair advantage of an English form, which the Revisers themselves have done in rendering the pronoun (ovros) in the parallel passage S. Mark 3, 35; see on 5, 19. CHARLES

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I.—THE NEW R E V I S I O N OF K I N G J A M E S ' R E V I S I O N OF T H E NEW T E S T A M E N T . IV. E X A M I N A T I O N OF T H E R E V I S I O N OF S . M A T T H E W

(continued).

CH. XIII. v. 1. On that day, nearly after Wycl., In that dai ; The same day, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest ; see on 5, 19. — v. 2. there were gathered unto hint great multitudes, by change of order after the Greek ; great multitudes were gathered together unto him, A. V. after Rh. he entered into, by a new and more technical rendering ; he went into, A. V. by a new rendering. a boat, after Wycl. and Rh. ; a ship, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest ; see on 4, 21. all the multitude, after Rh. ; the whole multitude, A. V. after Gen. the beach, after Dr. Noyes, introducing a new word from Shakspeare, who uses it in M. of V. iv. 1, and five times in all ; the shore, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest except Wycl., the brinke ; the bank, Sir John Cheke. — v. 3. to them many things, by change of order after the Greek; so Wycl. and Rh. after the Vulg. Cod. Am. ; many things unto them, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest, the sower, to preserve the Greek article ; so Tynd., Cran., and Rh. ; a sower, A. V. after Gen. — v. 4. as, after Tynd. and Gen. ; when, A. V. after Cran. the birds, after Wycl. ; the fowls, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest, devoured, after Dr. Noyes and Mr. Darby ; devoured — up, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. — v. 5. and others, close to the Greek, after Dr. Noyes and Mr. Darby ; Some, A. V. after Tynd. and Cran. the rocky places, after Rh., rocky places, which neglects the article ; stony places, A. V. after Wycl. and Cran. straightway, by a new

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rendering; forthwith, A . V. by a new rendering, sprang up, after Dr. Campbell and Mr. Darby; sprung up, A . V., and so Dr. Noyes and Dean Alford. — v. 6. was risen, after Wycl, ; was up, A . V. after Tynd. and the rest. — v. 7. others, after the Greek ; and Rh., other ; some, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. upon the thorns, close to the Greek, after Alford and Mr. Darby ; among thorns, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest, grew up, after Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, and Mr. Darby ; grewe, Rh., woxen up, Wycl. ; sprung up, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest. — v. 8. and others, after Dr. Noyes and Mr. Darby ; But other, A. V. rendering the particle (Se) so as to bring out the contrast with what precedes ; so Dean Alford, but others, with the modern form of the pronoun; see on 4, 21. iipon the good ground, closer to the Greek ; and so Dean Alford and Mr. Darby; upon good ground, Rh. neglecting the article; into good ground, A. V. after Cran. yielded, after Rh. ; brought forth, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. a hundred fold ; an hundred fold, A. V . ; see on 5, 1 4 ; some a hundred fold, some sixty, some thirty, after Dean Alford to conform this to v. 23 ; some an hundredfold, some sixtyfold, some thirtyfold, A . V. by a new rendering. — v. 9. He that, after Wycl., Rh., and Gen. ; Who, A. V. by a new rendering. — v. n . And he, preserving the particle (Se) after Wycl. ; He, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest. Unto you it is given, by change of order after the Greek, and so Wycl. and Rh. after the Vulg. Cod. Am. Unto you, after Tynd. and Cran. regarding the introductory particle (0T1) as a mere mark of quotation ; because it is given unto you, A. V. after Gen.; see on 2, 23. — v. 12. shall have abundance, nearer the Greek, after Tynd., Cran., Gen. ; shall have more abundance, A. V. by a new rendering, that -which he hath, after Cran. and Rh. ; that he hath, A. V. after Tynd. and Gen. A. V. used that in the sense of that which or what, but rarely ; as in O. T. Gen. 32, 23; 33, 9 and elsewhere; and in N. T . here and in 19, 21 ; S. Luke 12, 3 3 ; S. John 3, 1 1 bis; 13, 27 ; Acts 23, 19, and the Revisers have allowed it to stand in these passages except the present. That, thus used, is either the demonstrative (A. S. thaet, neuter) with the relative that (A. S. thaet, neuter) suppressed, which was sometimes expressed ; as, of that that I have spoke, Sir John Maundeville, p. 122 ; gelde that that thou owest, Wyclifife, S. Matt. 18, 28; What is it that hath been ? That that shall be, Eccl. 1, 9 Gen. ; a privilege is said to be that that cometh forth, etc., Hooker v. 8 1 ; that that I did,

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I was set on to do't by Sir Toby, Shaksp. Twelfth Night, v. 1, 188 ;— a song, that that was sung, Walton, Angler, p. 65 ; by telling you that that was told me, ib. p. 1 5 6 ; it is that that makes an angler, ib. p. 234 ; That I call immoderate, that is besides, etc., Taylor, Holy Living, ii. 2; or it is the neuter of the relative and equivalent to what, like the Latin quod and the Greek o, and is used to translate quod by Sir John Maundeville, p. 77 : Quod vides, etc. That is to seyen, That thou seest, etc.; it was used by Robert of Gloucester I. 166, tho he hadde that he wolde; by Chaucer Cant. Tales v. 7 1 1 3 , Tak thou this part and that men wil the (— thee) given ; and many times by Shakspeare ; as, as great as that thou fearest, Two Gent, of Ver. v. 1 5 3 ; And that is worse, the Lords of Ross are fled, Rich. II. ii, 2 ; by Hooker, who like A. V. commonly uses that which or what; as, contrary unto that they embrace, Eccl. Pol. v. 2; the reasons of that we do, ib. v. 4 ; and in v. 2 he interchanges that which and that; and in v. 8 that which and what. The Revisers of 1 6 1 1 did not use that in the sense of what in their preface except once, p. cxvii. a, but regularly employed that which, nor did Taylor use it in his Holy Living or Walton in his Angler. Dryden quotes it in the Essay on Dramatick Poesy, p. 159, but does not himself use it in that essay, nor does Addison use it in the first hundred papers of the Spectator. — v. 13. seeing they see Tiot, by excellent change of order after R h . ; they seeing see not, A. V. after Cran. — v. 14. Unto them, by change of text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles; in them, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest. Isaiah : Esaias, A. V . ; see on 1, 2. in no wise, by a new and fuller rendering of the Greek (ov fifi; not, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest; and so in the last clause of the verse. — v. 15. their ears, with their not italicized; their ears, A, V . ; see on 1, 24 ; and so again in this verse, their eyes, their ears, their heart, lest haply, by a new and equivalent rendering of the Greek (¡upore), but less literal than A. V., lest at any time, after Cran. and R h . ; and so Dean Alford. should perceive, by a new rendering to conform to last clause of v. 1 4 ; should see, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest, understand, the auxiliary omitted for the sake of unity after Wycl. and R h . ; see on 5, 1 1 ; should understand, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. turn again, closer to the Greek (JiriaTpifaai), and nearly after Tynd., shuld tourne, and Gen., shulde returne; be converted, A . V. after Wycl., Cran., and Rh. — v. 17. desired, to preserve the Greek aorist, after Wycl.; have desired, A. V. after Tynd.

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and the rest, and so again in this verse, saw—heard, the things which (&}, after Rh. nearly, the things that ; those things which, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen.; and so again in this verse.—v. 18. then, by a new rendering; therefore, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest.—v. 19. then, supplied and italicized; then, supplied by A. V. after Cran., but not italicized, the evil one, after Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes (the Evil One), and Dr. Davidson ; the wicked one, A. V. after Rh., and so Dean Alford and Mr. Darby; see on 6, 13. snatcheth away, by a more appropriate rendering, after Dr. Campbell and Dr. Noyes; catcheth away, A. V. after Tynd., Gen., and Rh. hath been sown, to preserve the Greek perfect, after Dean Alford and Dr. Davidson ; so in effect Wycl. and Sir John Cheke, is sowen ; was sown, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest, he that, after Rh. ; he which, A. V. after Tynd. and Cran. ; see on 2, 6. was sown, after Tynd., Cran., Gen., and Rh. ; received seed, A- V. nearly after Gen., hath received the seed ; and so in vv. 20, 23. — v. 20. And (8é, as continuative), after Rh. and as the context requires; But, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest, tipon the rocky places, closer to the Greek, and after Rh. nearly, upon rockie places, neglecting the article ; into stony places, A. V. after Cran. this, after Rh. ; the same, A. V. after Cran. ; see on 5, 19. straightway, after Dr. Davidson ; anon, A. V. after Wycl., Tynd., Cran., and Gen. — v. 2i. endureth, after Dr. Noyes and Dean Alford ; dureth, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. ; which was a good form of the 16th century and often occurred in the form during, which has continued in common use to our day ; so, durable, Prov. 8, 18; Isa. 23, 18; durance, Shaksp. Meas. for Meas. iii. 1, 67 and elsewhere; and duration, which was coined in the last century, and when, closer to the Greek (&') after Rh.; and i f , Sir John Cheke; for when, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest, straightway, after Dr. Davidson ; by and by, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest, he stumbleth, by a new rendering; he is offended, A. V. better, after Gen. ; and so Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson ; see on 5, 29. — v. 22. And he, closer to the Greek Po Sé—), after Gen. and Rh. ; He also, A. V. after Cran. this is he that, closer to the Greek (oiró? hmv \u\) ; comp. v. 22 ; not—at all, Mr. Darby ; not, A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest. CH. X V I I . v. 1. taketh with him, by a fuller rendering of the Greek (jrapaXaiifidvti) and supplying but not italicizing him, after Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, and Dr. Davidson ; so Mr. Darby, putting him within brackets ; taketh unto him, Rh. ; taketh, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest, and James, preserving the particle, after Tynd., Gen., and Rh., which A. V. after Wycl. and Cran. omits. a high mountain, after Rh. ; an high m., A. V. after Wycl. and the rest ; see on 5, 14. — v. 2. and he was transfigured, supplying the subject after Rh. ; and was transfigured, A. V. carrying on the subject mentally, after Wycl. and the rest, garments, to preserve the Greek plural, after Rh. ; raiment, A. V. by a new rendering. became, after Rh. ; were made, Wycl. ; facta sunt, Vulg. ; and so de Wette, Germ. Rev. and Holl. Rev. as is required by the Greek f'yeWo, unless it is employed here as the mere aorist offici, and then was, A.M. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen., would be correct; see on 15, 28. Elijah; Elias, A. V., and so in vv. 4, 10, 11, 12 ; see on 1,2. — v. 4. And, closer to the Greek (Sé), after Wycl. and Rh. ; Then, A.V. freely, after Tynd. and the rest. And Peter answered, by a change of order after Wycl. and Rh. ; Then answered Peter, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest. I will make, by a change of text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; let us make, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest ; and so Cod. Am. — v . 5. While he was yet speaking, after Dr. Noyes and Dr. Davidson ; while he yet spake, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. ; and so Dean Alford. saying, close to the Greek, after Tynd., Gen., and Rh. ; which said, A. V. after Cran. in whom I am well pleased, after A. V. ; see on 3, 17. — v. 8. lifting up, after Rh. ; when they had lift up, A. V. (ed. 1611),

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after Cran. no one, close to the Greek (oùdeVa), after Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson; no man, A. V. after Wycl. and all but Rh., which has, nobody. — v. 9. were coming down, by a new rendering to give the Greek present participle ; came down, A . V. after Wycl. and the rest except Rh., descended. commanded, after Wycl. and Rh. ; charged, A.V. after Tynd. and the rest, be risen, by change of text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; and so Rh. ; be risen again, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest; and so Cod. Am.—v. 1 1 . And he, by change of text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; and so Wycl. and Rh. after the Vulg. Cod. Am. And Jesus, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest ; see on 4, 12. said, by an omission from the text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; and so Cod. Am. ; said unto them, A.V. after Wycl. and the rest.—vv. 1 1 , 1 2 . indeed—but (ixiv—Sé), after Rh. nearly, in deede—And; truly—but, A . V . after Cran. ; see on 9, 37. cometh, close to the Greek, after Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson ; shall—come, A. V. freely, after Cran. cometh, by an omission from the text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; so Wycl. and Rh. after the Vulg. Cod. Am. and Tynd. and Gen. ; first come, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. shall restore, nearly after A. V., which omits the auxiliary in this clause.— v. 12. did, to preserve the Greek aorist, after Wycl. and Rh.; have done, A.V. after Tynd. and the rest; seeon 2,2. Evenso— also, by a new and free rendering of the Greek (OSTO> KM) ; and so, Wycl. ; So also, Rh. ; Likewise—also, A. V. after 2d Gen. — v . 13. Then understood the disciples, by a change of order after the Greek ; Then the disciples understood, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest. — v. 14. a man, after Rh. ; a certain man, A . V. after Wycl. and the rest, kneeling, by a new rendering close to the Greek ; kneeling down, A. V. freely and idiomatically, after Wycl. and all the rest. — v. 15. Epileptic, by a new rendering, as in 4, 24; lunatic, A. V. literally after the Greek ; and so Wycl. and the rest, suffereth grievously, by a new rendering, but after Wycl. nearly, suffreth yvel ; is grievously distressed, Dr. Campbell ; is sore vexed, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest, oft-times—oft-times, to preserve the uniformity of the Greek, and after Wycl. ; ofttimes—oft, A . V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen.—v. 16. and they, after A. V . ; and so Wycl. and all ; better, but they (>m adversative), after Dr. Campbell and de Wette; see on 1, 25.— v. 17. And (hi) fesus, after Mr. Darby; But, Dean Alford and Dr. Davidson; Then, A . V . freely, after Gen. shall I bear with you, after Dr. Noyes and Mr. Darby ; shall

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I suffer you, A . V. after Wycl. and all the rest.—v. 18. rebuked him—and the devil, by a change of order according to the Greek after Wycl. and Rh. ; so de Wette, Germ. Rev., Holl. Rev., Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson ; rebuked the devil—and he, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. ; and so Dr. Campbell ; this is the common order as well in Greek as in English, and the Revisers themselves followed A. V. in making a similar change in 26, 24 ; but A . V. left this order in 9, 25 and S. John 10, 13 where the Greek text is now changed, the devil, after A. V . and all ; the demon, Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson; see on 4, 24. out from, after Wycl. (out fro); out of, A.V. after Tynd. and all the rest, the boy, after Dr. Noyes, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson ; better, the lad, Rh. (laddie) ; and so Dr. Campbell, Dean Alford ; the child, A. V. well enough, after Wycl. and the rest, that hour, close to the Greek, after Wycl., Gen., and Rh. ; that very hour, A . V. by a new and free rendering. — v. 19. it, to preserve the gender of the Greek word (TÒ Haifiùvuw), after Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, and Dr. Davidson ; him, A. V. after Wycl. and all ; so Mr. Darby; and so the Revisers themselves in v. 18. — v. 20. And he, by a change of text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles; and so Cod. Am.; And Jesus, A. V. after Wycl. and all; see on 4, 12. your little faith, by a change of text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; your unbelief, A. V. after Wycl. and all; and so Cod. Am. — v. 21. omitted from the text after Tischendorf; it is bracketed by Tregelles, retained by Lachmann and by A. V. after Wycl. and all ; and so Cod. Am. — v. 22. while they abode; so A . V. by a new rendering; better, while they were abiding, after Wycl., and as the Revisers themselves render the same form in v. 5. shall be delivered up, after Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson ; shall be delivered, Gen. ; and so in 26, 2 ; 27, 2 ; 27, 1 8 ; to distinguish this from the act of Judas, though expressed by the same Greek verb, which the Revisers designate by to betray; as in 10, 4 ; 26, 2 1 ; 26, 23; shall be betrayed, A. V . after Wycl. and all the rest. — v. 23. shall be raised up, strictly according to the Greek, after Dean Alford and Mr. Darby ; shall be raised again, A. V. by a new rendering ; schal rise agen, Wycl. and all the rest. v. 24. the half-shekel, by the substitution of a Hebrew term, after Dr. Noyes and Dr. Davidson; the didrachma, leaving the word untranslated, Rh. ; and so Dr. Campbell and Mr. Darby ; tribute money, A . V. by a new rendering ;

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tribute, Wycl. and all the rest, the half-shekel, as before ; tribute, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest except Rh., the didrachma. —v. 25. Yea, after Tynd. and Cran. ; Yes, with less dignity, A. V. after Wycl., Gen., and Rh. spake first io him, after Tynd. and 1st Gen.; came bifore him, Wycl. ; prevented him, A. V. after Cran., 2d Gen., and Rh. the kings of the earth, from whom do they receive, freely after Wycl. and Rh. ; of whom do the kings of the earth take, according to the Greek, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. from— from—from. ( < O T < S ) , after Dr. Campbell, Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson ; of—of—of, A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest ; and so in v. 26. receive, as more appropriate, after Rh. ; take, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest, toll or tribute, by a new rendering ; tribute or toll, Cran. ; custom or tribute, A. V. by a new rendering, their sons, close to the Greek after Wycl. ; their own children, A. V. by a new and free rendering ; and so in v. 26. — v. 26. And when he said, by a change of text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; and so Wycl. and Rh. after Cod. Am.; Peter saith unto him, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest. Therefore, by a new rendering of the strengthened form of the Greek particle ("Apaye), as in 7, 20, but the Rev. give then for the weaker form (Spa) in Acts 11, 18; Then, A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest ; and this is preferred here by Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson. — v. 27. But, after Wycl. and Rh. ; Notwithstanding, A. V. after Cran. lest we cause them to stumble, by a new and awkward rendering ; lest we should offend them, A. V. excellently, after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. ; and so nearly Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, and Mr. Darby ; see on 5, 29. a hook, after Rh. ; and so Dr. Noyes and Mr. Darby ; an hook, A. V. after Wycl. ; and so Dean Alford and Dr. Davidson ; see on 5, 14. a shekel, by the substitution of a Hebrew word, after Dr. Noyes ; a piece of money, A. V. by a new and free rendering, for me and thee, after A. V., but it is more dignified to repeat the preposition, for me and for thee, as the Revisers themselves have often done; see on 10, 18; so Wycl., for thee and for me, but changing the order of the pronouns. CH. X V I I I . v. 1. In that hour, close to the Greek, after Wycl. ; At the same time, A. V. after Cran. Who then, preserving the Greek particle (Spa), after Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson; Who, A.V. neglecting the particle, after Wycl. and all the rest, greatest, omitting the article according to the Greek,

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after Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, and Mr. Darby ; the greatest, A . V., inserting the article, after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. — v. 2. And he, by a change of text after Tischendorf and Tregelles ; And Jesus, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest ; and so Cod. Am. ; see on 4, 12. called io him, a little child, by a good change of order according to the Greek form ; and so Wycl. and Rh. ; called a little child unto him, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest. — v. 3. turn, after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. ; be turned, Wycl. ; be converted, A. V. after Rh. ; and so Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson ; and this, as being a theological term, is better here, in no wise, by a new rendering to mark the strengthened negative («>' pi) ; never, Dr. Campbell ; not at all, Mr. Darby ; not, A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest. — v. 4. the greatest, preserving the Greek article, after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. ; greatest, A. V. by a new rendering. — v. 6: cause—to stumble, by a new rendering, and so in vv. 8 and 9 ; better, cause to offend, Dr. Davidson ; offend, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. ; see on 5, 29. believe on me («V ¿pi), by a new rendering; in me, A. V . after Wycl. and all the rest ; but A. V. sometimes renders this preposition in this phrase on, as S. John 1 , 1 2 ; 2, 1 1 ; and the Revisers sometimes render it in, as S. John 14, 1 bis, following A. V. it is profita:blefor him, to keep closer to the Greek, nearly after Wycl., it spedith to hym ; and Rh., it is expedient for him ; it were profitable for him, Mr. Darby ; it were better for him, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. a great millstone, to give the Greek (/ii\os òvikós) more fully, after Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, and Mr. Darby ; an ass's millstone, Dr. Davidson after Wycl. (a mynstoon of assis) ; a millstone, A. V. simply, after Tynd. and all the rest, should be sunk, after Dr. Campbell nearly, were sunk ; and Mr. Darby, sunk ; were drowned, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., Gen., and Rh. and that he should be sunk, after A. V. nearly, and that he were drowned ; better, and be sunk, to unify the sentence, after Mr. Darby ; see on 5, 1 1 . — v. 7. occasions of stumbling, by a new rendering, and so with ellipsis twice below ; offences, A. V . after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. ; and so Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson ; see on 5, 29. through whom, to give the Greek (Sia) exactly, after Dr. Davidson; by, A . V . after Wycl. and all the rest. — v. 8. And, according to the Greek (8/), after Wycl. and Rh. ; Wherefore, A . V . freely, after Tynd.. Cran., and Gen. causeth thee to stumble, by a new rendering, after Dr. Noyes nearly, is causing thee to fall; causes thee to offend, Gen., excellently; and so Dr. Davidson; offend thee, A. V . after Tynd. ; and so again in v. 9 ; see on

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5, 29. it is good, close to the Greek, after R h . ; and so again in v. 9; it is better, A. V. freely after Wycl. and the rest. maimed or halt, by a change of order in the text after Lachmann and Tischendorf; and so Wycl. and Rh. after Cod. Am.; halt or maimed, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest, the eternal fire, after Dean Alford and Mr. Darby nearly, eternal fire, omitting the article: the everlasting fire, Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, and Dr. Davidson; everlasting fire, A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest, omitting the article as against the English idiom; see on 25, 46; on this substitution of a Romance for an English word, see on 1, 24. the hell of fire, after R h . ; the fier of helle, Wycl., see on 5, 22. — v. 10. See ("opare) that, after Wycl., Tynd., Gen., and R h , ; Take heed that, A. V. after Cran., and so the Revisers themselves translate this word in 16, 6. my Father which, after A. V.; my fadir that, Wycl.; see on 2, 6. — v. n . omitted after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; For the Son of man is come to save that which was lost, A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest; and so Cod. Am. —v. 12. any (rwI) man, by a new rendering; sum man, Wycl.; a certain man, Mr. Darby ; a man, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest; and so Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, and Dr. Davidson, regarding the English a as sufficiently representing the Greek pronoun here, a hundred, after Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, and Mr. Darby ; an hundred, A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest; and so Dean Alford and Dr. Davidson; and so again in v. 28; see on 5, 14. doth he not leave—and go—and seek, etc., to bring the verbs under the same form, after Tynd. and Gen.; see on 5, 1 1 : doth he not leave-—and goeth—and seeketh, etc., A. V. after Cran. and Rh., which is not to be considered as an error of grammar, but an intentional interchange of forms; so, the earth did quake and the rocks rent, 27, 51 (A. V.); the keepers did shake and became as dead men, 28, 4, which the Revisers have left unchanged; Then did they spit in his face and buffeted him, 26, 67 (A. V.) ; he did wash the inwards—and burnt them, Lev. 9, 1 4 ; which did eat the fat of their sacrifices, and drank, etc., Deut. 32, 38; neither did he acknowledge his brethren, nor knew, etc., ib. 33, 9; did he not fear the Lord, and besought the Lord, etc., Jer. 26, 1 9 ; shee did apparel her apparel and—made it most sumptuous, Sidney, Arcadia, p. 5 1 ; Thou didst redeem us— and broughtest us, etc., Taylor, Holy Living, iv. 1 0 ; They did not only speak of plays in verse, but mingled, etc., Dryden, Dram. Poesy, p. 30; and twice in the same sentence: who

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didst offer T h y s e l f to T h y persecutors, and madest them able to seize T h e e ; and didst receive the traitor's kiss, and sufferedst, etc., Taylor, Holy Living, iv. 10: these forms are also interchanged in the reverse order ; as, they departed—and did run, 28, 8, which the Revisers have left unchanged ; I j u d g e — a n d I do make thee, E x . 18, 16 ; 24, 11 ; when w e please G o d best, and do seek to approve ourselves, etc., Pref. A . V . 1611, p. evi . a ; the first thing wherewith a righteous life beginneth and the last wherewith it doth end, Hooker, v. 23 ; I still persist in the purposes of obedience, and do give up my name to Christ, Taylor, H o l y Living, iv. 10. unto the mountains, by a new rendering, to give the Greek preposition («Vi c. acc.) exactly ; into, A . V . by a new rendering, goeth astray, to preserve the G r e e k tense, after Dean Alford nearly, is going astray ; is gone astray A . V . after T y n d . and Gen. — v. 13. And if so be that, by a free and excellent idiomatic rendering, after a new rendering of A . V . he rejoiceth over it more than over, etc., after Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, and Dr. Davidson ; more of that sheep than of, etc., A . V . after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. have not gone astray, to preserve the Greek perfect, after Dr. D a v i d s o n ; went not astray, A . V . after W y c l . and all the rest ; and so Dr. Campbell, Dr. N o y e s and Dean Alford ; and this better suits our idiom ; s e e o n 2 , 2 . — v . 14 .your Father which; so A . V . a f t e r R h . ; youre fadir that, W y c l . ; and so again in v. 19 ; see on 2, 6. — v. 15. And (Se continuative), after Dr. D a v i d s o n ; But, W y c l . and R h . ; and so Mr. D a r b y ; Moreover, A . V . freely, after T y n d . , Cran., and Gen. ; and so Dr. N o y e s and Dean Alford. sin, after D r . N o y e s and Mr. D a r b y ; sinneth, W y c l . ; shal offend, R h . ; shall trespass, A . V . , by a new rendering, go, shew, by an omission from the text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles, and b y a new rendering ; g o and tell, A . V., after T y n d . , Cran., and Gen. hear, after T y n d . , Cran., and Gen. ; shall hear, A . V . after R h . — v. 16. hear thee not, after T y n d . , Cran., and G e n . ; will not hear th.ee, A . V . after R h . take, after W y c l . ; then take, A . V . supplying then, after T y n d . , Cran., and Gen. at the mouth, after A . V . in Deut. 17, 6 ; 19, 15 , in the mouth, A . V . after W y c l . , Tynd., Cran., and R h . ; by the mouth, Gen., after A . V . in Numb. 35, 30 ; and so Dr. N o y e s . two witnesses or three, by a change of order according to the Greek, after Mr. D a r b y and Dr. Davidson, and thus the indefinite use of the English two or three is avoided ; so the V u l g . Cod. Am. — v. 17, And {hi) ; so A . V . after W y c l . , Gen., and R h . ; better, But, after de W e t t e ; and so Dean Alford, Mr. D a r b y

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and Dr. Davidson, refuse {bis), nearly after Dean Alford and Dr. Davidson, shall refuse; shall neglect, A . V. by a new rendering. and (Se) i f , after Gen. and Rh., taking the conjunction as continuative; but it may also here be taken as adversative again, as A. V., but, after Wycl.; and so Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, and Dr. Davidson; nor is there any objection to the repetition of but, which the Revisers themselves have often admitted, as in 15, 24 and 25; 2i, 37 and 38 ; 26, 32 and 3 3 ; 10, 22 and 23; 15, 8 and 9, and elsewhere. the church also, preserving the particle (/mi), after 2d Gen.; the church, A. V. after Wycl. and all including 1st Gen. Gentile, after Dr. Davidson ; Gentile man, Dean Alford ; heathen man, A. V. after Wycl., Tynd., Cran., and Gen. the Gentile and the publican, preserving the Greek article, after R h . ; an heathen man and a publican, omitting it, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest. — v. 18. What things soever (bis), by a new and excellent rendering of the Greek (oo-a ¿dv); Whatsoever things, Dr. Davidson; Whatsoever, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., Gen., and Rh. This resolution or tmesis of the compound pronoun occurred a few times in A. V . ; as, S. Mk. 6, 1 0 ; Lev. 15, 9; 17, 3 ; 22, 4. The Revisers have introduced it in two instances, here and in 2 Cor. 1, 20. They might with excellent effect have introduced it in other instances, the pronoun whatsoever occurring above fifty times in the N. T. It is used by the best writers; as, of what kind soever, Hooker v. 56 ; what rites and orders soever, id. v. 75; how free soever, id. v. 66; how far soever, id. v. 56; of what complexion soever, Shaksp. Merry Wives, iv. 2, 25; How in my words soever, ib. iii. 2, 4 1 6 ; whose tongue soe'er speaks false, K. John.iv. 3, 9 1 ; How strange or odd soe'er, Haml. i. 5, 170; so, What bloody business ever, Oth. iii. 3, 469; what materials soever, Walton, Angler, p. 1 1 1 ; p. 95 ; what pretence soever, Taylor, Holy Living, iii. 1 ; iii. 4; iv. 4. upon what occasion soever, Sir Wm. Temple, I. p. 87 ; how few or many soever, id. pp. 127, 87; of what nature soever, Dryden, Dram. Poesy, p. 147; in how strait a compass soever, ib. p. 58; how emulous soever, ib. p. 166; of what kind soever, Addison, Spect. No. 62 ; how great soever, ib. 34 ; 40; 56 ; 62 ; how various soever, Burke, Present Discontents, p. 1 7 ; how loud soever, Fox, Hist. James II, p. 322; how much soever he wrote, Dr. Johnson, Lives, p. 286; how far soever, Spedding, Reviews, etc. p. 85. — v. 21. came Peter, and said to him, by a change of order in the text after Lachmann, Teschendorf, and Tregelles; and so the Vulg. Cod. Am,.; came Peter to him, and said, A. V. after Wycl.

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and all the rest, until, to conform to v. 22, after Rh., the same Greek word being used here as there ; till, A. V. after Cran., and for the sake of variety. — v. 23. a—king, which, after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. ; a king, that, Wycl. and Rh. ; see on 2,6. would make a reckoning with, by a new rendering, nearly after Wycl., wolde rekyn with ; and Rh., would make an account with ; would take account of, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. — v. 24. one—which, after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. ; one—that, Wycl. and Rh. ; and so again in v. 28 ; see on 2, 6. — v. 25. had not wherewith to pay, supplying wherewith, after Dr. Campbell : so Wycl. nearly, hadde not wherof to gelde ; and Rh., having not whence to repay it ; had not to pay, A. V. by a new and ambiguous rendering. — v. 27. And (80, close to the Greek after Wycl. and Rh. ; Then, A. V. freely, after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. being moved, after Dr. Noyes and Mr. Darby; moved, Rh. ; was moved—and, A. V. by a new rendering, released him, adopting a technical term, after Dr. Noyes and Dr. Davidson; loosed him, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. — v. 28. that servant, close to the Greek after Wycl. and Rh. ; the same servant, A. V. after Cran. ; see on 5, 19. a hundred, after Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, and Mr. Darby; an hundred, A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest: and so Dean Alford and Dr. Davidson ; see on 5, 14. laid hold on him, after Dr. Noyes and Dr. Davidson nearly, laid hold of him ; laid hands on him, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and Gen. took him by the throat, after A. V. by a free and excellent rendering of Cran. and Gen. Pay, by an omission from the text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; so Wycl. and Rh. after Cod. Am.; and so Cran.; Pay me, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest. what thou owest, after Dr. Campbell and Dr. Noyes ; that that thou owest, Wycl. ; that thou owest, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest ; see on 13, 12. — v. 29. So (ovv continuative), after Dean Alford ; Then 2d Gen. ; and so Dr. Noyes ; Therefore, Mr. Darby and Dr. Davidson ; And—therefore, xst Gen. ; And, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest, fell down, by an omission from the text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; so Wycl., Tynd., Cran., and Rh. ; and so Cod. Am.; fell down at his feet, A. V. after Gen. I will pay thee, by the omission of a word from the text by Tischendorf and Tregelles, which is bracketed by Lachmann ; I will pay thee all, A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest; and so Cod. Am. — v. 30. that which was due, by a new rendering to conform to v. 34 ; what was owing, Mr. Darby in both verses ; the debt, A. V. after Wycl.

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and all the rest. — v. 31. exceeding sorry, after Dr. Davidson, to conform to 17, 23; and so in S. Mark 6, 26; very sorry, A. V . after Tynd., Cran., Gen., and Rh. A s the Revisers have commonly retained the adjective form exceeding with the force of an adverb, and in this instance 18, 31, and four others, S. Mark 14, 3 1 ; S. Luke 18, 23; 1 Thess. 5, 13; and Rev. 19, 7, have introduced it, we subjoin some account of this usage in general. Clean, cleanly, as adverbs in the sense of utterly, quite (comp. clean as adjective in the sense of utter; as, to make clean riddance, Lev. 23, 22): (a) clean: clean bare, Joel 1, 7 ; clean dried up, Zech. 11, 17; clean gone, Ps. 77, 8; clean escaped, 2 Pet. 2, 18; were passed clean over Jordan, Josh. 3, 1 7 ; were clean passed over Jordan, ib. 4, 1; the purpose clean contrary, Hooker v. 72; to take clean away, id. v. 65. clean vanished, id. v. 68; clean to pass over, id. v. 72; we all quite and clean forgot, ib.; disfigured clean, Shaksp. Richard III. iii. 1, 10; roaming clean through the bounds, Com. of Errors i. 1, 134; (b) cleanly, rare: to single the fault cleanly out, Shaksp. Ven. 694; to bear cleanly by the keeper's nose, Tit. Andron. ii. 1, 94. Clear, clearly: {a) clear as an adverb does not appear in A . V., but Shaksp. so uses it; as, to burn clear, Henry V I I I . iii. 2, 96; 2d Henry V I . v. 1 , 3 ; to understand more clear, Troil. iv. 5, 165; (b) clearly: to utter clearly, Job 33, 3 ; to see clearly, S. Mark, 8, 25; to know clearly, Shaksp. All's Well, v. 3, 316; to understand clearly, Hamlet, i. 3, 96: and in the sense of utterly, quite, Shaksp. Two Gent. v. 289; John iii. 4, 122. Deep; deeply: both forms are used by A . V . as adverbs: (a) deep: to dwell deep, Jer. 49, 8; 49, 30; a man—which digged deep, S. Luke 6, 48; that seek deep to hide, Isa. 29, 15; so, to strike them the more deep, Hooker v. 64; this deep disgrace touches me deeper, Shaksp. Richard III. i. 1, 112; drinking deep, 1st Henry IV. ii. 4, 16; deep engaged in Civil Wars, Sir W m . Temple I. p. 101 ; he betted deep, Macaulay, Hist. ch. 22; {&) deeply: deeply revolted, Isa. 31, 16; deeply corrupted. Hos. 9, 9 ; so, deeply distressed, Shaksp. Ven. 8, 14; how deeply you at once do touch me, Cymb. iv. 3. 4. Exceeding and exceedingly were favorite words with the Revisers of 1611. They used exceeding as an adverb (a) with adjectives ; as, exceeding great, 2, 10; Gen. 15, 1 , exceeding wroth, 2, 16; exceeding high, 4, 8; exceeding glad, 5, 12; exceeding fierce, 8, 28; exceeding sorry, 17, 23; exceeding sorrowful, 26, 22; 26,

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38 ; exceeding fruitful, Gen. 17, 6 ; exceeding bitter, ib. 27, 34; exceeding mighty, E x . 1, 7; exceeding loud, ib. 19,16, and elsewhere; so, exceeding good, Sidney, Arcadia, p. 5 1 ; exceeding red, ib. p. 58; exceeding great, Hooker, v. 1 7 ; v. 20; v. 22; exceeding forward to traduce him, ib. v. 1 3 ; exceeding merciful, Taylor, Holy Living, iv. 10; exceeding great, Dryden, Dram. Poesy, p. 36; exceeding vain, ib. p. 32; exceeding fierce, Addison, Spect., No. 3 1 ; (b~) with adverbs; as, exceeding abundantly, Eph. 3, 20, exceeding proudly, 1 Sam. 2, 3. T h e y used exceedingly also (a) with adjectives; as, exceedingly mad, Acts 26, 1 1 ; exceedingly afraid, 1 K . 10, 4 ; Jonah 1, 10; and only this form when the adverb follows the adjective; as, great exceedingly, 2 Chron. 17, 12; strong exceedingly, Dan. 7, 7 ; so, exceedingly fair, Sidney, Arcadia, p. 59; exceedingly behoveful, Hooker, v. 22. (6) Regularly with verbs; as, following the verb: they were astonished exceedingly, 19, 25; S. Mark 15, 14; the waters prevailed exceedingly, Gen. 7, 19; were sinners before the Lord exceedingly, ib. 13, 1 3 ; I will multiply thee exceedingly, ib. 17, 2; 17, 20; 4 7 , 2 7 ; the man increased exceedingly, ib. 30, 43, and elsewhere; so, this fish breeds exceedingly, Walton, Angler, p. 174; and standing before the verb or intermediate: as, they were exceedingly amazed ( A . V.), 19, 25; we being exceedingly tossed (A. V.), Acts 27, 18; I exceedingly fear, Heb. 12, 2 1 ; then was the queen exceedingly grieved, Esth. 4, 4 ; Ps. 12, 33; 12, 34; let them exceedingly rejoice, ib. 68, 3 ; so, pretending themselves to be exceedingly grieved, Hooker, v. 17 ; v. 22 ; which David did exceedingly delight to behold, ib. v. 1 1 ; v. 25; it will exceedingly beautify them, Dryden, Dram. Poesy, p. 82. Extreme, extremely: neither of these forms was used by A . V . , but they are both found in good writers ; as, (a) extreme as an adverb : if the weather be not extreme cold, Walton, Angler, pp. 114, 115 ; extreme dangerous, Sir W m . Temple. I, p. 146 ; extreme elaborate, Dryden, Dram. Poesy, p. 166; extreme poetical, ib.; extreme ignorant, ib. p. 158: ib) extremely; as, extremely to abhor sin, Hooker, v. 17 ; extremely peccant, Dryden, Dram. Poesy, p. 7 4 ; extremely satisfied, ib. p. 164 ; extremely well pleased, ib. p. 153 ; extremely mistaken, Addison, Spect., No. 29; extremely defective, ib. First, firstly : first is used both as an adjective and an adverb by A . V . and by great writers, as Hooker bk. V., Shakspeare, Taylor, Holy Living, and this form o n l y : firstly has been used even by some Cambridge and Oxford scholars.

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Full, fully: (a) full, as an adverb: my time is not yet full come, A. V., S. John 7, 8; full well, S. Mark 7, 9; hee was full resolved, Sidney, Arcadia, p. 71: (i>) fully; as, when the day was fully come, A. V., Acts 2, 1 ; I have fully preached the Gospel, Rom. 15, 19; so Numb. 7, 1; Nah. 1, 10; she did not fully overtake her, Sidney, Arcadia, p. 69. The Revisers have dropped fully in Acts 2, 1, but they have introduced it in S. Luke 9, 32 and Col. 4, 12. Hard, hardly: (a) hard: Shakspeare uses this form as an adverb as well as hardly, but A. V. does not so use the former except in a prepositional phrase, as hard by, Lev. 3, 9; hard to, Acts 18, 7 : (b) hardly; as, a rich man shall hardly enter into the kingdom of heaven, A. V., 19, 23; S. Mark 10, 23; bruising him hardly departeth from him, A. V., S. Luke 9, 39; Ex. 13, 15; Isa. 8, 21; they deal hardly and strangely with us, Pref. ed. 1611, p. cxiv. a; hardly spiritual, Johnson, Lives, p. 222. High, highly: both forms are used as adverbs by A. V . : (a) high: to get up very high, Deut. 28, 43; to go up higher, S. Luke 14, 10; so, men over high exalted, Hooker v. 76; get higher on that hill, Shaksp. Caes. v. 3, 20; how high thy glory towers, John ii. 350; ranked high, Macaulay, Hist. ch. 2. (b) highly: God hath highly exalted him, Phil. 2, 9; highly displeased, Acts 12, 20; highly esteemed, S. Luke 16, 15; to esteem very highly, 1 Thess. 5, 13; so, error too highly heaped, Shaksp. Coriol. ii. 3, 127 ; highly fed, All's Well ii. 3, 2; highly beloved, Com. of Errors, v. 8; highly probable, Macaulay, Hist. ch. 1 ; Hampden—highly considered, ib. Marvellous, marvellously: (a) marvellous as an adverb : this is never so used by A. V., but we find it elsewhere; as, their marvellous favorable countenance, Hooker, v. 2 ; a marvellous deep and profound axiom, ib. v. 22; marvellous sweet music, Shaksp. Tempest, iii. 3, 19; Marvellous wisely, Hamlet, ii. 1 , 3 : (J>) marvellously; as, God thundereth marvellously, Job 37, 5; wonder marvellously, Hab. 1, 5 ; he was marvellously helped, 2 Chron. 26, 15 ; you are marvellously changed, Shaksp. Merchant of Ven., i. 1, 76; Henry V, iii. 6, 85. Mighty, mightily: {a) mighty as an adjective is very often used in A. V. and in Shakspeare, and once in A. V. as an adverb: a mighty ("Wn used adverbially) strong west wind, Ex. 10, 19: ib) mightily: he mightily convinced the Jews, Acts 18, 28; So mightily grew the word of God, ib. 19, 20; Deut. 6, 3; Judges 4, 3; so Shakspeare

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several times; as, strive mightily, Taming of the Shrew, i. 2, 279; her benefits are mightily misplaced, A s Y o u L i k e It, i. 2, 37. Near, nearly: in A . V . near is the only form, and is used only as an adjective, but elsewhere we find it as an adverb; as, I am near slain, Shaksp. Sonn. 139, 13; it does concern you near, Timon i. 2, 183; touch me not so near, Othello, ii. 3, 220; near twenty years ago, Taming of the Shrew, iv. 4, 4 ; near four years, Fox, James II, pp. 383, 416, 423, 424: (b) nearly\: something nearly that concerns yourselves, Shaksp. Mid. Night's Dream, i. 1, 126; that touches me more nearly, id. Sonn. 42, 4 ; nearly a thousand years, Fox, James II, p. 3 7 3 ; nearly 250,000 pounds, Morley, Life of Burke, p. 9 1 ; so p. 105. Plain, plainly: both forms are used as adverbs by A . V . : (a) plain, once only: he spake plain, S. Mark 7, 35; so, to speak plain, Shaksp. Tam. of Shrew, i. 2, 40 ; to print plain, Tit. Andron. iv. 1, 75 ; (b) plainly : tell us plainly, S. John 10, 24 ; now speakest thou plainly, ib. 16, 29; E x . 21, 5 ; Deut. 27, 8; and elsewhere; so, I must tell thee plainly, Shaksp. Much Ado, v. 2, 5 7 ; then plainly know, Rom. and Jul. ii. 3, 57 ; to tell plainlier and oftener, Pref. ed. 1611, p. cxiv. b. Quick, quickly: in A . V . quick is used only as an adjective, and in the sense of living; in Shakspeare it is both an adjective in the sense of speedy and an adverb : (a) quick as an adverb: G o quick away, Tempest, v. 304; So quick bright things come to confusion, Mid. Night's Dream, i. 1, 149; it should turn too quick, Walton, Angler, p. 97 : (b) quickly: very often in A . V . ; as, A g r e e with thine adversary quickly, 5, 25 ; g o quickly, 28, 7 ; 1 Sam. 20, 19; 1 come quickly, Rev. 22, 7 ; Josh. 10, 6 ; so, Four nights will quickly dream away the time, Shaksp. Mid. Night's Dream, i. 1, 8; That she may quickly come, All's Well, v. 3, 7 6 ; pull him out too quickly, Walton, Angler, p. 195 ; p. 235. Right, rightly : (a) right is used in A . V . both as an adjective and an adverb ; as an adverb ; right early, Ps. 46, 5 ; so, right suddenly, Shaksp. A s Y o u L i k e It, ii. 4, 100; right soon, Taylor, Holy Living iv. 10; a right perfect usage, Hooker v. 65. Thou hast answered right (opdwi), S. L u k e 10, 28 ; and in the adverbial phrases, right on, Prov. 4, 25 ; right forth, Jer. 49, 5 : (b) rightly : Thou hast rightly judged, S. L u k e 7, 43; thou sayest and teachest rightly, ib. 20, 21 ; 2 Tim. 2, 15, A . V . ; so, if I be measured rightly, Shaksp. 2d Henry I V . v. 2, 65; I cannot rightly say, Pericles, iii. 4, 8. Scarce, scarcely: (a) scarce: in A . V . this is only an adverb; as,

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with these sayings scarce restrained they, etc., Acts 15, 18; scarce were come over against Cnidus, ib. 27, 7 ; Gen. 27, 30 ; so, scarce worth the speaking of, Hooker, v. 30 ; it is scarce to be doubted, Walton, Angler, p. 195 ; scarce ever, ib. pp. 53,183 ; you shall scarce obtain, etc., Taylor, Holy Living, ii. 1 ; he is scarce a Christian, ib. ii. 6; I scarce uttered, etc., Addison, Spect., No. 1 ; 1 6 ; 1 8 ; scarce a corner, Johnson, Lives, pp. 401, 472: (b) scarcely: scarcely for a righteous man will one die, Rom. 5,7 ; if the righteous scarcely be saved, 1 S. Peter 4, 18 ; they hardly and scarcely seem to hold, etc., Hooker, v. 2 ; scarcely any thing, Johnson, Lives, p. 5 ; scarcely able, ib. p. 472 ; it will scarcely be read, ib. p. 124. Slow, slowly: (a) slow is always an adjective in A . V., but Shakspeare uses it as an adverb ; as, how slow Time goes, Lucr. 990; how slow his soul sailed on, Cymb. i. 3, 1 3 : (\b) slowly appears but once in A. V. ; when we had sailed slowly, Acts 27, 7 : so, bringing in wood slowly, Shaksp. Temp. ii. 2, 16; to come on very slowly, Winter's Tale, v. 1, 2 1 1 . Sore, sorely : (a) sore : in A. V. only this form occurs, but both as an adjective and an adverb: (1) as an adjective: signs and wonders great and sore, Deut. 6, 22 ; 28, 59 ; Ezek. 4, 21, and elsewhere, but not in the N. T. except in the comparative; as, of how much sorer punishment, etc., Heb. 10, 29 ; Shakspeare uses it several times ; as, Hamlet, i. 1, 75 : (2) as an adverb : the spirit rent him sore, 9, 26; he is—sore vexed, A. V., 17, 1 5 ; they were sore afraid, 17, 6; Gen. 20, 8; so Shakspeare several times; as, sore hurt and bruised, Troilus, v. 5, 14 : (b) sorely; the Revisers have introduced this form once : bruised him sorely. S. Luke 9, 39, to avoid the ambiguity of the form sore ; Shakspeare uses it a few times; as, thou strikest me sorely, Winter's Tale, v. I, 18. Strange, strangely : (a) strange, appears only as an adjective in A. V., but in Shakspeare it is also an adverb : how strange I bear myself, Hamlet, i. 5, 170: (b) strangely : this occurs in the text of A. V. but once : lest their adversaries should behave themselves strangely, Deut. 32, 27 ; they deal hardly and strangely with us, Pref. ed. 1 6 n , p. cxiv. a; it is common in Shakspeare; as, you all look strangely on me, 2d Henry IV, v. 2, 63 ; strangely clamorous, 1st Henry IV, iii. 1, 40. v. 32. calledhim unto him, and, by a new rendering, supplying, but not italicizing the second him, after Mr. Darby nearly, having called him to [him] ; after that he had called him, A. V. by a new rendering. saith to him, preserving the Greek present, after Dr. Noyes,

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Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson; said unto him, A . V . after Tynd., Cran., and Rh. Thou wicked servant, close to the Greek after Wycl. and Rh. ; O thou wicked servant, A. V. inserting the interjection, after Tynd. and the rest, besoughtest, closer to the Greek (napeicdXetras), after Rh. ; preiedst, Wycl., Tynd., and Gen. ; desiredst, A. V. after Cran. — v. 33. mercy—mercy, to preserve the uniformity of the Greek, after Wycl. and Rh. ; compassion—pity, A . V. for the sake of variety, and after Tynd., Cran., and 1st Gen. ; pitie—pitie, 2d Gen. — v. 34. due, by an omission from the text after Lachmann and Tregelles ; so Wycl. and Rh. after Cod. Am. ; due unto him, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest. — v. 35. close to the Greek (oCrm), after Wycl., Rh., and Sir John Cheke; So likewise, A . V. freely after Tynd. and the rest, as the Revisers themselves have done in v. 14, rendering this word by Even so, after A. V., instead of by a simple So. shall also my heavenly Father do, by a new order, closer to the Greek ; shall my heavenly Father do also, A. V. after Cran. ; see on 2, 8. ifye forgive not every one his brother from your hearts, to preserve the Greek order, after Wycl. and Rh. ; if ye from your hearts forgive not, etc., A. V. after Tynd. and the rest, which is excellent order and adopted by Sir John Cheke, Dr. Campbell, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson, forgive not, by an omission from the text, after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; and so Wycl. and Rh. after Cod. Am.; forgive not—their trespasses, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest. CHARLES SHORT.

AMERICAN

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PHILOLOGY WHOLE

NO. 27.

I — T H E N E W R E V I S I O N OF K I N G J A M E S ' R E V I S I O N OF T H E NEW T E S T A M E N T .

v. E X A M I N A T I O N OF T H E R E V I S I O N OF S . M A T T H E W

{continued^.

CH. X I X . v. 1. it came to pass—he departed, closely after the Greek; so Wycl., Tynd., and Rh.; and so Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson ; it came to pass, that, etc., A. V., and so Dr. Noyes ; see on 7, 28. borders, after Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, and Dr. Davidson; coasts, A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest ; so Mr. Darby, beyond Jordan, omitting the Gr. article, after Wycl. and all the rest ; and so Sir John Cheke and Dean Alford ; the Jordan, Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson ; see on 3, 5. — v. 3. And there came unto him Pharisees, to preserve the Gr. order, after Tynd., Gen., and Rh. ; so Dean Alford ; The Pharisees also came unto him, A. V. after Wycl. and Cranmer; and so Dr. Noyes, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson; Pharisees, by change of text omitting the article, after Lachmann and Tregelles ; so Wycl. ; the Pharisees, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest. And there came etc., closer to the Greek, after Sir John Cheke, Dr. Noyes, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson ; The P. also came, A. V. after Cran. saying, by an omission from the text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; and so Wycl. and Rh., after the Vulg. ( Cod. Am.') ; saying unto him, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest, for a man, supplied and italicized ; for a man, A. V., supplied but not italicized. — v. 4. said, by an omission from the text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; and so the Vulg. {Cod. Am.)-, said unto them, A. V. after Wycl. and all the

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rest, he which, after A. V. and the rest ; Wycl., he that ; see on 2, 6. from the begitining, closer to the Gr. (à-n-' ¿p%rjs), after Rh. ; at the beginning, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest, his father and mother, rendering the Gr. article by a possessive, after Sir John Cheke, Dean Alford, and Dr. Davidson ; father and mother, A. V. after Wy cl. and all the rest ; and so Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, and Mr. Darby ; see on 1, 24. the twain, close to the Gr. after Dr. Noyes and Mr. Darby {the two) ; they twain, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest; and so Dean Alford and Dr. Davidson, shall become, to keep closer to the Gr. («romu els—), after Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, and Dr. Davidson; so nearly 2d Gen., shall be made; shall be, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and 1st Gen. — v. 6. So thai, close to the Gr. (&v àiroa); better, —lying there, after de Wette. So above v. 6, standing (fVrarar, by an omission from the text) R e v . ; better, standing idle. Compare in classical Greek: o-r^mt, to stand still, Aristoph. A v. 1308; Kelfievov, lying dead, Thuc. vii. 75 ; and in Latin: stare, to stand by, Juv. 7, 1 1 ; sedere, to sit still, Cic. pro Sest. 15 ; and Hor. Ep. i. 17, 37 ; jacere, to lie sick, Cic. ad Fam. ix. 20; to lie dead, Virg. Aen. i. 99. should do, correctly, after Tynd. and Gen.; shall do, A. V., incorrectly, after Cran.; do, also correctly, Wycl. and Rh. — v. 34. And, rendering the Greek particle (&' continuative) strictly, after Wycl., Gen., and R h . ; So, A. V . freely, after Cran. being moved

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•with compassion, closer to the Greek after 2d Gen., moved with compassion ; had compassion on them, A. V. after Tynd., Cran., and 1st Gen. straightway, by a new rendering ; immediately, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest ; this is the substitution of an English for a Romance word; see on 4. 12. they received, by an omission from the text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; and so Wycl. and Rh. after the Vulg. {Cod. Am.) ; their eyes received, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest. CH. X X I . v. 1. came, to preserve the Greek aorist, after Wycl. ; were come, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest ; see on 2, 2. unto Bethphage, by a new rendering ; to B., A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest. — v. 2. then Jesus sent, to conform to the order of the Greek, after Sir John Cheke and Rh. ; then sent Jesus, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest ; the Revisers are not consistent in this matter : then saith he (i-óre Xe'y«) 9, 6 ; Then touched he (Tore {¡faro) 9, 29 ; but, Then he arose (Tore e'yepSds) 8, 26; com p. also 4, 5, 1 1 . — v. 2. village that is over against, to preserve the force of the second article in the Greek, after Wycl., Tynd., Cran., Gen., and Rh. ; village over against, A. V. after Sir John Cheke. — v. 3. any one, closer to the Greek (ri s ). after Dr. Noyes, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson; any man, A. V. after Wycl. and all the rest, aught, after Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, and Dr. Davidson; ought, A. V. after Tynd. and the rest ; see on 5, 23. —v. 4. Now, preserving the Greek particle (8 after Dr. Campbell and Dr. Noyes ; And, Rh. ; All this, A. V. omitting the particle, after Wycl., Tynd., Cran., and Gen. this, by an omission from the text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles; and so Rh. after the Vulg. {Cod. Am.). All this, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest, is come to pass that it might be fulfilled, by a new rendering; was done that etc., A. V. after Cran., 2d Gen., and Rh. ; was doon, that that thing schulde be fulfillid, Wycl.; so Sir John Cheke, Dr. Noyes, and Mr. Darby; hath come to pass, that it may be fulfilled, Dean Alford; is come to pass, that it may be fulfilled, Dr. Davidson, it—which : and so A. V. after Cran., 2d Gen., and Rh. ; that thing—that, Wycl. ; that which, Tynd.; see on 1, 22. — v. 5. riding upon, by a free rendering, after Sir John Cheke, Dr. Campbell, and Dr. Noyes ; mounted upon, Mr. Darby and Dr. Davidson ; sitting upon, A. V. after Wycl. and all. and upon, by a change of the text after Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles ; and, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest ; and so the Vulg. {Cod. Am.). — v. 6. even as, by a new and fuller rendering of the Greek {icaéós not ¿>r) ; as, A. V.

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after Wycl. and the rest, appointed, by a new rendering, closer to the Greek (oWragfv) ; commanded, A. V. after Wycl. and the rest. — v. 7. garments, to conform to v. 8 ; and so Rh. ; clothes, A. V. after Cran. and Gen. he sat, after Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson, after Stephens' text (fWii&iw) ; they set him, A. V. after Wycl. and all, according to Beza's text (f7TfKii0Li7nv) ; and so the Vulg. ( Cod. Am.). — v. 8. the most part of the multitude, by a new and closer rendering ; most of the multitude, Dr. Davidson; very many of the multitude, Dr. Noyes; the greater part, Dr. Campbell ; many of the people, Tynd., Cran., and 1st Gen. ; a very great multitude, A. V. after Rh. and others, preserving the Greek particle (8 after Wycl. and Rh. ; Jesus, omitting the particle, A . V. after Tynd. and the rest, what, after Dr. Noyes and Mr.

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Darby ; this which, A. V. by a new rendering ; this that, Cran. ; that which, Tynd. and Gen. even («ai emphatic), after Dr. Campbell, Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, Mr. Darby, and Dr. Davidson ; also, A. V. after Wycl., Tynd., Cran., and Gen. Be thou taken up, closer to the Greek, after Dr. Noyes ; Take up—thyself, Rh. ; Be thou removed, A. V. by a new rendering ; Remove, Cran. and. cast, for the unification of the sentence, after Dr. Noyes ; see on 5 , 1 1 . —v. 24. one question, after Dr. Noyes, Dean Alford, and Dr. Davidson ; a question, Dr. Campbell ; a certayne question, Tynd. and 1st Gen. ; one thing, A.V. by a new rendering, likewise, after 2d Gen. ; in like wise, A.V. after Tynd., Cran., and 1st Gen. — v. 25 .from—or from, close to the Greek (c'|—