The Mousterian Legacy: Human Biocultural Change in the Upper Pleistocene 9780860542094, 9781407331201

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The Mousterian Legacy

Human Biocultural Change in the Upper Pleistocene

edited by

Erik Trinkaus

BAR International Series 164 1983

B.A.R.

122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS A • R • Hands , B . Sc • , M. A • , D. Phil. D . R • Walker, M. A •

BAR - S164, 1983: The Mousterian Legacy'

©

The Individual Authors,

1983

The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860542094 paperback ISBN 9781407331201 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860542094 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS Contr ibuto rs

i v

P reface J . Desmond C lark T he S ign if icance o f C u lture C hange i nt he E ar ly L ater P le istocene i nN o rthe rn a nd S outhern A fr ica Anthony E . Marks a nd P h i l ip W . V o lkman C hang ing C o re R educt ion S trateg ies : AT echno log ica l S h ift f rom t he M idd le t o t he U ppe r P a leo l ith ic i nt he S outhern L evant

1 3

P h i l ip W . V o lkman a nd Dan ie l Kaufman A R easses sment o f t he Em ireh P o int a s aP os s ib le T ype F oss i l f o r t he T echno log ica l S h ift f rom t he M idd le t o t he U ppe r P a leo l ith ic i nt he L evant

3 5

Haro ld L . D ibb le V a r iab i l ity a nd C hange i nt he M idd le P a leo l ith ic o f Weste rn E urope a nd t he N ear E as t

5 3

L awrence G . S traus F rom Mous te r ian t o Magda len ian : C u ltura l E vo lu t ion v iewed f rom V asco-Cantabr ian S pa in a nd P yrenean F rance

7 3

Randa l l Wh ite C hang ing L and-use P atterns a cross t he M idd le/Uppe r P a leo l ith ic T rans it ion : T he C omp lex C ase o f t he P er igo rd

I1 3

F ranc is B . Harro ld T he C hate lperron ian a nd t he M idd le U pper P a leo l ith ic T rans it ion

1 23

F red H . Sm ith A B ehav iora l I n te rpre tat ion o f C hanges i nC ran iofac ia l Mo rpho logy a cross t he A rcha ic/Mode rn H omo s ap iens T rans it ion

1 4 1

E r ik T r inkaus N eanderta l P ostcran ia a nd t he A dap t ive S h ift t o Mode rn H umans

1 65

Ma rgare t W . Conkey O n t he O r ig ins o f P a leo l ith ic A r t : AR ev iew a nd s o me C r it ica l T houghts

2 0 1

CONTR IBUTORS J .D esmond C la rk D epa r tmen t o f A n thropo logy , U n ive rs ity o f C a l ifo rn ia , B e rke ley , C a l ifo rn ia 9 4720 U SA Ma rga re t W . Conkey D epa r tmen t o f A nth ropo logy , S ta te U n ive rs ity o f N ew Y o rk , B inghamton , N ew Y o rk 1 390 1 U SA Ha ro ld L . D ibb le D epa r tmen t o f A nthropo logy , U n ive rs ity o f P ennsy lvan ia P h i lade lph ia , P ennsy lvan ia 1 9 104 U SA F ranc is B . H a rro ld D epa r tmen t o f S oc io logy , A n th ropo logy a nd S oc ia l Wo rk , U n ive rs ity o f T exas , A r l ington , T exas 7 60 19 U SA D an ie l K au fman D epa r tment o f E re tz I s rae l S tud ies , U n ive rs ity o f H a ifa , Mount C a rme l , H a ifa 3 1 9 99 , I s rae l A n thony E . Ma rks D epa r tmen t o f A nth ropo logy , S ou the rn Me thod is t U n ive rs ity , D a l las , T exas 7 5275 U SA F red H . Sm ith D epa r tmen t o f A nthropo logy , S ou th S tad ium H a l l , U n ive rs ity o f T ennessee , K noxv i l le , T ennes see 3 79 16 U SA L awrence G . S traus D epa r tmen t o f A n thropo logy , U n ive rs ity o f N ew Mex ico , A lbuque rque , N ew Mex ico 8 7 13 1 U SA E r ik T r inkaus D epa r tmen t o f A nthropo logy , U n ive rs ity o f N ew Mex ico , A lbuque rque , N ew Mex ico 8 7 13 1 U SA P h i l ip W . V o lkman D epa r tmen t o f A nthropo logy , S ou the rn Me thod is t U n ive rs ity , D a l las , T exas 7 5275 U SA R anda l l Wh ite D epa r tmen t o f A nthropo logy , 2 0 1 R ufus D . Sm ith H a l l , N ew Y o rk U n ive rs ity , 2 5 Wave r ly P lace , N ew Y o rk , N ew Y o rk 1 0003 U SA

i v

PREFACE I th as b een e v ident s i nce t he t urn o f t he c entury t hat t here w as a p e r iod o f r ap id c hange i n h uman c u ltura l a nd b io log ica l e vo lut ion i n t he m idd le o f t he l a s t g lac ia l . T h is p hase h as t rad it iona l ly b een r eferred t o a s t he M idd le t o U pper P a leo l ith ic t rans it ion i n t he a rcheo log ica l r eco rd a nd a s t he Neande rta l t o modern a ppear ing h uman t rans it ion i n t he h uman p a leonto log ica l r ecord . I n r ecent y ears , wh i le p ub l ic a nd p rofess iona l a ttent ion h as b een c oncentrated o n P l iocene a nd e ar ly P le istocene h om in id f oss i l a nd a rcheo log ica l d i scover ies , r esearch h as c ont inued s tead i ly i n U pper P le is tocene p a leoanthropo logy . A s ar esu lt , we n ow k now c ons iderab ly mo re a bout t h is i mpo rtant p er iod o f h uman e vo lut ion t han was k nown e ven a f ew y ears a go , a nd o ur u nde rstand ing o f t he c omp lex p rocesses i nvo lved i s i mprov ing r ap id ly . F or many y ears t h is U pper P le istocene s h ift was s een p r i ma r i ly i n c u lture h i stor ica l a nd p hy logene t ic t erms : d id t he M idd le P a leo l ith ic a nd i t s make rs , t he N eanderta ls , e vo lve g radua l ly a nd c ont inuous ly i n to t he s ubsequent Uppe r P a leo l ith ic a nd a natom ica l ly modern h umans , o r was t here a ma jor r ep lacement o f c u ltura l t rad it ions a nd/or h uman p opu lat ions? W ith t he r ea l izat ions t hat s t r ict ly p hy logenet ic a nd c u ltura l h i sto r ica l q ues t ions a re b o th l im ited i n s cope a nd may n ot b e s at isfactor i ly a nswerab le d i rect ly f rom p reh isto r ic d ata , r esearch h as t urned i ncreas ing ly t owards d ec iphe r ing t he b ehav io ra l i mp l icat ions o f t he o bservab le c hanges i n t he a rcheo log ica l a nd p a leonto log ica l r eco rds o f t h is t ime p er iod . I n o ther words , was t here a ma jo r s h ift i n h uman a dapt ive p atterns i nt he m idd le o f t he l a s t g lac ia l , o r d o we p erce ive o ne l a rge ly b ecause w e a re c apt ives o f o ur t erm ino log ies a nd c u ltura l/b io log ica l t ypo log ies? I fs uch a s h ift e x isted , w hat w ere i t s p r i ma ry c u ltura l a nd b io log ica l c ons t ituents? A nd , were t he h uman b io log ica l c hanges c lose ly i n terre lated w ith t he a pprox i mate ly c ontempo r . ineous c u ltura l s h ifts , o r d id t hey o ccur l a rge ly i ndependent ly? W ith b etter a nswers t o t hese q uest ions , i t i sh oped t hat w e w i l l b e a b le t o u nderstand t h is , t he l a s t ma jor c u ltura l a nd b io log ica l t rans it ion i n h uman e vo lut ion , a s ap er iod o f h uman b ehav iora l c hange , r ather t han mere ly a s as equence o f f orms a nd e vents . T rad it iona l ly , t he s tudy o f U pper P le istocene h uman c u ltura l a nd b io log ica l e vo lu t ion h as c oncentrated o n t he E uropean , e spec ia l ly t he w estern E uropean , s equence . T h is r eg ion h as b een s tud ied f rom a n a rcheo log ica l a nd p a leonto log ica l p o int o f v iew f or l o nger a nd more t horough ly t han a ny o ther a rea o f t he O ld Wo r ld , s o t hat i ti sd i ff icu lt t o p reven t t he we ight o f i t s d ata a nd i n terpretat ions b ased o n i tf rom c o lor ing o ur p reconcept ions a nd f orm ing t he b ases o f o u r h ypotheses . Y et , r ecent work e l sewhere i n t he O ld Wo r ld , e spec ia l ly i n w es tern A s ia , n orthern A fr ica , a nd s outhern A fr ica , h as s hown t hat t he E uropean s equence may n o t b e f u l ly r epresentat ive o f U pper P le istocene h uman e vo lut ionary c hanges t hroughout t he O ld Wor ld , a nd w e may h ave t o mod ify s ome o f o ur i n terpretat ions o f t h is t ime p e r iod . W ith t hese t houghts i n m ind , Ia sked e leven i nd iv idua ls t o p art ic ipate i n as ympos ium e n t it led " Cu ltura l a nd B io log ica l C hange a t t he M idd le t o U pper P a leo l ith ic T rans it ion ." T h is s y mpos ium was h e ld a t t he f orty-seventh a nnua l meet ing o f t he S oc iety f o r Amer ican A rchaeo logy i n M inneapo l is , M inneso ta o n A pr i l 1 5 , 1 982 . S ubsequent ly i tw as d ec ided t o p ub l ish t he p roceed ings o f t he s y mpos ium . T hree p ar t ic ipants o f t he o r ig ina l s y mpos ium , H aro ld H ieta la , A rthur J . J e l inek a nd R ichard G . K le in , d ec ided n ot t o c ontr ibute t o t he v o lume , b ut p apers were a dded b y Dan ie l Kaufman , P h i l ip W . V o lkman , a nd R anda l l Wh ite t o k eep t he t o ta l a t t en p apers . T h is v o lume i st herefore a n o utgrowth o f t he s ympos ium h e ld i n 1 982 , w ith s o me c hanges i n w h ich

p apers a re i n c luded . I t i sh oped t hat i tw i l l c on tr ibute t o o ur k now ledge o f t h is i mportant p er iod o f h uman e vo lut ion a nd l e ad t oward a c omprehens ive v iew o f t he o r ig ins o f modern h uman a natomy a nd t he c u ltures t hat w e d ef ine a s Upper P a leo l ith ic . Iwou ld l i ke t o e xpress my g rat itude t o D r . A nthony R . Hands , g enera l e d itor o f t he B r it ish A rchaeo log ica l R eports , f o r h i s w i l l ingness t o p ub l ish t hese p ape rs a s a v o lume o f i t s I n ternat iona l S er ies a nd f or h i s p a t ience d ur ing t he p reparat ion o f t he p apers f or p ub l ica t ion . S incere a pprec iat ion i s a l so d ue t o M rs . J ean Wh itmarsh o f t he D epart ment o f A nthropo logy , H arvard U n ivers ity , f o r t ranscr ib ing t he manuscr ipts o n t o t he w o rd p rocesso r a nd p repar ing t he c amera-ready c opy e ff ic ient ly a nd c ongen ia l ly .

v i

THE S IGN IF ICANCE OF CULTURE CHANGE I N THE EARLY LATER P LE ISTOCENE I N NORTHERN AND S OUTHERN AFR ICA J .D esmond C lark U n ivers ity o f Ca l ifo rn ia , B erke ley .

T here h as f o r l o ng b een a n a ssump t ion t hat Mode rn Man ( Homo s ap iens s ap iens ) o r ig inated i n s o me , a s y e t , u n ident if ied r eg ion o f t he O ld Wo r ld a nd t ha t t he r ad iat ion o u t f rom t h is c ente r o f o r ig in w as made p oss ib le b y t he s uper io r ity o f h i s U pper P a laeo l ith ic t oo l t echno logy o ve r t he f l ake t oo l t rad it ion o f t he M idd le P a laeo l ith ic made b y H omo s ap iens n eandertha lens is . A s l o ng a s t he f oss i l h om in id a nd c u ltura l r eco rd i n w estern E urope w as t he o n ly o ne a t a l l w e l l-documented a nd t hose o uts ide E urope r ema ined u nknown o r o bscure , t h is h ypo thes is a ppeared t o b e u nassa i lab le . H oweve r , o ve r t he p as t t wenty y ea rs o r s o t he r eco rd f rom A fr ica , s outheas t A s ia , t he F ar E as t a nd A ustra l ia h as s hown t ha t t h is o neto-one c o rre la t ion n ow r equ ires v e ry c ons iderab le mod if ica t ion . N o t o n ly i s i tu ntenab le i n mos t o f t ho se a reas , b ut t here a re n ow s e r ious d oubts a s t o w he the r i t i s e ven a pp l icab le t o we s tern E urope ( C lark 1 9 82b ) . When M idd le a nd U pper P a laeo l ith ic c u lture i sc ompa red , t he e v idence c lea r ly d ocuments t he i n creased c omp lex ity o f a bs tract a nd s y mbo l is t ic e xpress ion i n t he U ppe r P a laeo l ith ic , s ome 2 515 ,000 y ea rs a go , o ve r t ha t o f t he a ntecedent M idd le P a laeo l ith ic a s t h is c an b e i n te rpre ted f r om , f o r e xamp le , t he a rt mob i l ier , c ave a r t , b ur ia ls , c oncern f o r t he d ead a nd t he e laborat ion o f b ody o rnamentat ion . A t t he s a me t ime , t he s ty l is t ic a nd f unct iona l v ar iab i l ity o f t he s tone a nd b one/ant ler e qu ipment a nd t he i n creased c omp lex ity o f f ood-process ing me thods a re i nd ica t ive o f a pprec iab ly mo re e f f ic ient e conom ic a nd s oc ia l o rgan isa t ion ( B info rd 1 968 ; H arro ld 1 9 80 ; Wyme r 1 9 82 : 156-75 , 2 32-67 ; D eacon 1 9 78 ) . I th as h i the rto b een g enera l ly a ssumed t hat t he M idd le P a laeo l ith ic i n dus tr ia l c omp lexes w e re t he wo rk o f p opu lat ions b e long ing t o t he N eander tha l a nd r e lated h om in id " grade ," w hereas t he U ppe r P a laeo l ith ic t oo l-k its w e re t he e xc lus ive w o rk o f Mod4rn Man ( Homo s ap iens s ap iens ) . Wh i le t h is s t i l l s tands a s a g enera l isat ion , r ecen t d i scove r ies n ow s how t ha t n o s uch o ne-to-one c o rre lat i on s hou ld n ecessa r i ly a lways b e a ssumed , s i nce f o ss i ls d esc r ibed a s a natom ic a l ly modern h ave n ow b een f ound w ith a r t ifact a ssemb lages o f M idd le P a laeo l ith ic/M idd le S tone A ge t ype ( s ee b e low ) a nd a N eandertha l f o ss i l h as a l so n ow b een r epo rted a ssoc iated w ith a n e ar ly U pper P a laeo l ith ic i n dus try i n w es te rn E urope ( Leveque a nd V andermeersch 1 9 8 1 : T r inkaus a nd H owe l ls 1 9 8 1 :286-7 ) . I ti st he a im o f t h is p aper t o f ocus a ttent ion o n t he v a r iab i l ity t hat c an b e s een b e tween M idd le P a laeo l ith ic a ssemb lages i n t he d i ffe rent r eg ions o f t he O ld Wo r ld , p art icu lar ly i n A fr ica , a nd , b y r eason o f t he ir a ssoc iat ion w ith f o s s i ls o f modern p hys ica l t ype , t o s how t hat t he c ruc ia l p e r iod o f t rans it ion w as a l ready t ak ing p lace d ur ing t he l a te r M idd le P a laeo l ith ic i n a ssoc iat ion w ith t he a ppea rance o f a na tom ica l ly modern p opu lat ions . I n many p arts o f t he O ld Wo r ld , U ppe r P a laeo l ith ic t oo l-k its , a s t hese a re k nown f rom w es tern E urope , t he M idd le E as t a nd n o rthe rn A s ia , f or e xamp le , n eve r p ene trated . I n s tead , s tone t oo ls i n t hese p arts c lea r ly b e long

t o l o ng-es tab l ished , r eg iona l t r ad it ions t ha t c on t inued t o b e made b y mode rn p opu lat ions c ontemporaneous ly w ith t hose o f t he U pper P a laeo l ith ic ( C la rk 1 9 82b ) . T he b ehav io ra l c hanges t ha t w e re t ak ing p l ace i nt he l a te P le is tocene a re mos t v i s ib le i nt he U ppe r P a laeo l ith ic o f w es te rn E urope w h i le , i fi tw e re n o t f o r t he a ssoc iated o rnaments a nd b one e qu ipment w ith t he U ppe r C ave o ccupat ion a t C houkout ien , t h is i n dust ry w ou ld h a rd ly b e r ecogn isab le a s b e ing a dvanced P a laeo l ith ic ( Anonymous 1 9 80 : 1 1019 ) . A lthough I s ha l l c onf ine mos t o f my r ema rks t o A fr ica , i t i s a l so n ecessary t o s peak b r ief ly o f t he e v idence f rom A s ia a nd A us tra l ia f o r t he b ear ing t h is h as o n t he t hes is p u t f o rward h e re ; n ame ly , t ha t t he U pper P a laeo l ith ic b lade t echno logy w as n o t n eces sa r i ly a ny mo re e f f ic ient t han t he f l ake t rad it ions o f A fr ica o r t he c hoppe r/f lake t oo l i n dus tr ies o f A s ia . I b e l ieve i t w as e ssen t ia l ly t he n ew a nd much mo re e ff ic ien t w ays i n w h ich Modern Man u sed h i s e qu ipmen t as c ompared t o t he manne r i n w h ich t he s tone a rt ifacts o f e ar l ier h om in id p opu lat ions w e re u sed - t hat made i ts o much s upe r io r . I n o the r w o rds , i t w as t he g rea t ly i mproved l i fe-ways , i n p ar t icu lar w ith r egard t o t he f ood q ues t , a nd t he s upe r io r me thods o f p rocess ing t he e xpanded n ature o f t he p roducts o f t h is q ues t t ha t r e leased man f rom t he s t ra itjacke t o f h av ing t o d evo te mo st o f t he d ay l ight h ou rs t o f o rag ing i no rde r t o k eep a l ive . T he d emons trat ion t ha t t he N eande rtha ls , b io log ica l ly a nd c u ltura l ly , w ere n o t t he s ub-human , b rut ish a nd b ad a pe-men a nd w omen t ha t e a r l ier a nthropo log ists h ad t hought t hem t o b e , t he i n creas ing n umbe r o f d i scove r ies a t p resent b e ing made i n A fr ica , A s ia a nd A ustra l ia a nd t he r ef in ing o f t he c hrono logy s o t hat i n te r-reg iona l c o rre la t ion c an n ow b e made w ith g rea ter c onf idence - t hese f acto rs h ave p roduced a v ery d i fferen t i n terpre ta t ion f or t he s equence o f e vents w hereby Modern Man s o q u ick ly r ep laced a l l o ther h om in id p opu lat ions s ome 3 5 ,000 y ears a go ( Campbe l l 1 9 76 :290-359 ; T r inkaus a nd Howe l ls 1 9 79 ) . I n E urope s eve ra l f os s i ls ( Swanscombe , S te inhe im , V er teszö l l6s , A rago , P etra Iona ) a re e v idence o f t he " phy let ic g radua l ism" mode l w he reby H omo e rectus g ave r i se t o a n e ar ly f o rm o f H omo s ap iens . I n A fr ica , t he c ontempo ra ry l a te M idd le P le istocene f oss i ls ( Broken H i l l ( Kabwe ) , S a ldanha , N dutu , B odo ) a re s im i lar ly r ep resentat ive o f t h is e a r ly Homo s ap iens emergence a nd a dap tat ion t o l i fe i n t he s ub-Saha ran t rop ics w h i le t he c ran ium f rom S a le i nc oas ta l Mo rocco , a nd t he R abat f oss i l c an b e s een a s a n e qu iva len t l a te M idd le P le is tocene f o rm i n N o rth A fr ica . A s im i la r , g radyated e vo lut ion o f H omo s ap iens i sd emonstrated b y h om in id f oss i ls f r om s o u thea s t A s ia a nd t he F ar E ast ( Howe l ls 1 9 73 ; 1 9 80 ) . T he c hrono log ica l ly s omewha t l a ter f oss i ls t ha t c an b e p laced i n w hat h as c ome t o b e c a l led a " Neande rtha l g rade" o f e vo lut ion h ave , s im i la r ly , b een s hown t o e xh ib it much v a r iab i l ity a nd t o b e a l so a utochthonous ly e vo lved . I n w este rn E urope , t he e a r ly N eande rtha ls ( Saccopas to re , B iache , L a C ha ise ) g ave p lace t o t he c lass ic N eande r tha l maker s o f t he v a r ious Mous ter ian s tone t oo l t r ad it ions , b o th o f w h ich w ere r ep laced r e lat ive ly r ap id ly 3 0-35 ,000 y ear s a go ( pe rhaps 4 0 ,000 y ears i n e as te rn E urope ) b y Modern Man a nd U ppe r P a laeo l ith ic c u lture ( T r inkaus a nd H owe l ls 1 9 79 ; A pS i mon 1 9 80 , 1 9 8 1 ; Wo lpof f 1 9 8 1 ) . NORTH AFR ICA I n No rth A fr ica t he e qu iva len t e ar l ie r N eander tha l f o rms r epresented b y t he c ran ia f rom J ebe l I r houd i n s outhern Mo rocco a nd mand ib les f r om 2

H aua F teah i n C yrena ica ( Howe l l 1 9 82 : 137-40 ) a l l a s soc iated w ith a t yp ica l L eva l lo is-Mous te r ian i n dustry , we re , e ar l ier i n t he l a te r P le istocene , s uperseded b y a modern p opu lat ion o f H omo s ap iens s ap iens , h e re , h oweve r , a ssoc iated w ith a n e vo lved f o rm o f t he M idd le P a laeo l ith ic f l ake t oo l t rad it ion n amed t he A te r ian . D at ing e v idence f o r t he A ter ian - f r om t he Mo roccan c oas t ( OuWan b each ) a nd c ave s equences , f rom t he n or thwes t S ahara ( Saoura ) a nd e as tern S ahara ( Wes te rn D eser t o ases o f E gyp t ) i n d icates t hat i tb e longs t o at ime f rom more t han 4 5 ,000 y ears B P t o a n a bso lute m in i mum o f 3 0 ,000 y ears a go a nd mo re l i ke ly a l l t he A te r ian i s mo re t han 4 0 ,000 y ears o ld ( Fer r ing 1 9 75 ; C lark 1 9 82a ) . T he h uman r ema ins c ome f rom t wo c oasta l Mo roccan c aves -D a r-es-So ltane 2a nd T ema ra . A t D ar-es-So ltane 2 ,t wo p a rt ia l c ran ia w ere f ound i nt he l owe r A te r ian l e ve ls ( r es t ing n ea r t he b ase o f t he 5m o ccupat ion d epos its i n p a rt ia l ly b recc iated c ave e ar th a nd b eneath a l a rge f a l len r ock s l ab ( Debena th 1 9 75 ) ) . O n ly o ne o f t hese c ran ia h as r ece ived p re l im ina ry d escr ipt ion ( Ferembach 1 9 76b ) , wh ich s hows i tt o b e i n contes tab ly a r ep resentat ive o f H omo s ap iens s ap iens . Wh i le d i ffer ing f rom t hem i n s ome c ha racter ist ics , i t i s mos t c lose ly c omparab le t o t he c ran ia o f t he l a te P le is tocene Mechta-Afa lou g roup o f n o rthwes t A fr ica a nd t he c on tempo rary p opu lat ions f rom Wad i H a lfa i n N ub ia , t hough i t i s mo re r obus t a nd p rese rves c erta in mo re a rcha ic f eatures s im i lar t o t he J ebe l l r houd s pec imens . T he p a r ieta l a nd o cc ip ita l f r agmen t f r om t he G ro t te d es C ontreband ie rs a t T emara w as r ecove red i n 1 9 76 ( Roche a nd T ex ie r 1 9 76 ) f rom a b recc iated c ave e arth w h ich , t wen ty y ears b efo re , h ad y ie lded t he max i l lary f r agment k nown a s " Temara Man . " T hese r ema ins a re d escr ibed a s p robab ly f ema le ( Ferembach I 9 76a ) a nd a ga in mo rpho log ica l ly a k in t o t he Mechta-Afa lou g roup o f Mode rn Man . T he a ssoc iated s tone i n dustry i sU pper A te r ian s o t hat t he makers o f t he A te r ian I n dus tr ia l C omp lex b e longed t o a n e a r ly p opu lat ion o f Modern Man more t han 4 0 ,000 y ea rs a go ( F ig . 1 : nos . 1-7 ) . T he a va i lab le c hrono log ica l e v idence f o r t he A ter ian s ugges ts , t ha t w h i le i t s l a tes t s tages i nt he Maghreb a nd S ahara m ight b e c ontempo ra ry w ith t he D abban b lade t rad it ion i nC yrena ica ( McBurney 1 9 67 : 135-84 ) a nd t he v e ry r ecen t ly r epo rted U ppe r P a laeo l ith ic b lade i n dus try f rom U ppe r E gypt ( Vermeersch e t a l . 1 982 ) , i ti s , i nt he ma in , n o t o n ly a n o lder t r ad it ion b ut h as f ew c haracte r is t ics t ha t r esemb le t he U ppe r P a laeo l ith ic o the r t han t he s i gn if icant p e rcentage s o f e nd-scrapers , b ur ins a nd b o rers t ogethe r w ith t he r eg iona l i mpor tance o f b lades . C yrena ica a nd E gyp t a re t he o n ly r eg ions w here a n e ar ly U ppe r P a laeo l ith ic ( 30-40 ,000 y ea rs B P ) i sk nown t o o ccur i n t he A fr ican c ont inent . A s w e h ave j u s t s een , h owever , i th as n o th ing t o d o w ith t he f i rst a ppea rance o f Mode rn Man n o rth o f t he S aha ra w he re t he a ntecedents l i e w ith in t he p opu lat ion o f N or th A fr ican n eander tha le rs . A c omparab le a nces try i ss een f o r t he l a ter P le is tocene s ku l l f rom S inga o n t he B lue N i le w h ich , w h i le e ssen t ia l ly mode rn , a l so p os sesses a rcha ic t r a its s im i lar t o t hose f ound i n t he N eandertha ls ( We l ls 1 9 5 1 ) . T he a r t ifact a ssemb lage f rom t he s ame h o r izon a t A bu H uga r a s t ha t f rom w h ich t he c ran ium was d er ived b e longs t o t he M idd le P a laeo l ith ic/M idd le S tone A ge ( Loca l I le 1 9 5 1 ) . EAST AFR ICA H ere a ga in t here i se v idence f o r t he e a r ly a ppearance o f ap opu la t ion t hat i sa natom ica l ly f u l ly modern . T h is i s r ep resented b y t he t wo c a lvar ia

a nd t he c ran ia l a nd p os t-cran ia l f r agments o f t h ree i n d iv idua ls f rom Membe r Io f t he K ib ish F o rma t ion i n t he l owe r Omo v a l ley , w h ich may d ate t o a s much a s c a . 1 3 0 ,000 y ea rs B P ( Butze r a nd T hurbe r 1 9 69 ) . A lso a natom ica l ly mode rn a re t he p robab ly U ppe r P le is tocene K an je ra c ran ia . T o t hese may a l so b e a dded t he D ire D awa mand ib le f r agment f rom t he P o rc E p ic C ave i n E th iop ia ( Va l lo is 1 9 5 1 ) a nd t he r ecent ly d i scovered s ku l l , LH 18 , f rom t he N ga loba B eds a t L aeto l i i nn o rthe rn T anzan ia , t hought t o b e 1 20 ,000 y ea rs o ld ( Day e t a t . 1 9 80 ) . B o th s how a b lend ing o f N eandertha l a nd modern t ra its . A lthough t he e xtent t o w h ich modern a nd a rcha ic t r a its a re p resent i sv e ry v a r iab le i nt hese f oss i ls , t he ir n on-Neander ta l mo rpho logy i su nques t ionab le . I t i s o f g reat i n te res t , t he refo re , t hat t he s t one t oo l t rad it ion a ssoc iated w ith t he N ga loba s ku l l a nd t he D ire D awa mand ib le i s M idd le S tone A ge . S o i s t hat f rom t he K an je ra b eds ( Farrand , p e rs . c omm . ) . T he M idd le S tone A ge a ssemb lages f rom t he N dutu b eds a t O lduva i G o rge s how w hat t h is t oo l-k it i s l i ke ( Leakey e t a t . 1 9 72 ) , w h i le t hat f rom P o rc E p ic i s p robab ly mo re o f al a te r M idd le S tone A ge ( C la rk a nd W i l l iams 1 9 78 ) . A ga in , t hese f os s i ls a re n o t o n ly a pprec iab ly o lde r t han 3 0 ,000 y ears B P , b ut t hey a re a ssoc iated w ith a f l ake t oo l a nd L eva l lo is a nd d i sc c o re t echno logy wh ich , o n K /Ar d a tes f rom t he G a I la L akes r eg ion o f E th iop ia , may h ave b egun n ea r ly 2 00 ,000 y ears a go ( Wendo rf e t a l . 1 9 75 ) . S OUTH AFR ICA T h is a ssoc iat ion o f a natom ica l ly modern f oss i ls w ith a M idd le S tone A ge t echno logy i sr epeated a ga in i nS outh A fr ica . T hree g roups o f f oss i l r ema ins a nd a ssoc iated a rt ifacts a re s i gn if ican t i n t he p resen t c on text a nd a re r e lat ive ly f i rm ly d a ted t o t he e nd o f t he M idd le o r b eg inn ing o f t he U ppe r P le is tocene . T he p ar t ia l c ran ium f rom F lo r isbad m ine ra l s p r ing i n t he O range F ree S tate b e longs w ith a c yc le o f s pr ing a ct iv ity w e l l a nte r ior t o 4 0 ,000 y ears B P . Mo rpho log ica l ly , t he c ran ium f a l ls b e tween t ha t f rom B roken H i l l a nd l a ter a nd e s sent ia l ly modern f o ss i l c ran ia f rom S outh A fr ica . T h is i si n k eep ing w ith i t s a rchaeo log ica l a ssoc ia t ions , n ame ly a n o ccurrence w ithout b i faces b ut w ith c hoppe rs , f l akes a nd l a rge , s ome t imes r e touched b lades a scr ibed t o a n e ar ly f o rm o f M idd le S tone A ge ( R ightm ire 1 978 ; Me ir ing 1 9 56 ) . I n t he K las ies R iver Mouth c omp lex o f c aves o n t he s outh c oas t o f S outh A fr ica , h uman r ema ins h ave b een r ecovered f rom o ccupat ion l a yers c on ta in ing t he e a r l ies t M idd le S tone A ge a ssemb lages r es t ing i m med ia te ly o n t he L as t I n terg lac ia l r a ised b each ( about 1 20 ,000 y ears o ld ) f rom w h ich t he s ea h ad j u s t b egun t o r e treat . T hese a re f ragmen ta ry b ut a re r epo rted a s a lmos t a l l a natom ica l ly modern ( R ightm ire 1 976 , 1 98 1) . T he s tone i n dust ry w ith w h ich t hey a re a ssoc ia ted i s t ypo log ica l ly e ar ly M idd le S tone A ge ( M idd le P a laeo l ith ic ) , at r ad it ion w h ich c ont inues e xcep t f o r o ne a brup t b reak i n a r t ifac t t echno logy f o r s o me 5 0 ,000 y ears . T he b reak i nq uest ion i sd a ted b e tween a bout 8 0 ,000 a nd 9 0 ,000 y ears a go a nd c ons ists o f a n i n dus try ( How ieson 's P oo rt C omp lex ) made o n b lades w ith r e touched t oo ls t hat i n c lude b acked b lades , l a rge l u nates a nd t r apezes w ith v a r ious s craper f o rms . Wh i le b lade t echno logy d om ina tes , a r t ifacts i n t he M idd le S tone A ge , f l ake-b lade t rad it ion a re a l so p resent ( Deacon 1 979 :8710 1 ) . T here a re a n umbe r o f o the r s i tes i n S outh A fr ica , L eSo tho ( Carter a nd V oge l 1 974 ) a nd a l so i nZ i mbabwe ( Cooke 1 97 1) , w here b lade t echno logy a ppear s a t t h is e a r ly t ime o n ly t o d i sappear a nd n ot r eappea r a ga in u nt i l s o me 3 5 ,000 y ears l a ter w ith t he f i rs t L ate r S tone A ge i n dustr ies . T h is a ssoc iat ion i so nce a ga in r epeated i nt he d i scove r ies i n t he B o rde r 4

8

9

1 0

5C m

F IGURE I . N os . 1 -7 A te r ian a r t ifacts f rom s i tes i nn o rthwes t A fr ica a nd t he S ahara ; I .p o inte maroca ine , 2 . p o int , 3 . t onged f l ake , 4 . t onged s craper , 5 . s i de-sc raper , 6 . e nd-scrape r , a nd 7 . b u r in . N os . 8 11: H ow ieson 's P oo rt ( Ep i-P ie tersburg ) a nd Ns . 1 215 : P ie tersburg a rt ifacts f rom B o rder C ave , S outh A fr ica ; 8a nd 1 2 . b l ades , 9& 1 0 . l a rge l u nates , I . t r apeze , 1 3 & 1 4 . p o ints , a nd 1 5 . s craper . ( Nos . 1 7 a fter C lark 1 982a :263 ; N os . 8 15 a fte r B eaumont e t a l . 1 978 :4 11) .

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C ave ( I ngwavuma ) o n t he e dge o f t he e scarpment i ns ou theas t A fr ica n ea r t he b o rde r b e tween N a ta l a nd S waz i land ( Beaumon t e t a l . 1 978 ) . T he a du lt a nd j uven i le c ran ia , max i l la a nd p o s t-cran ia l f r agments f r om t h is c ave a re a l l a natom ica l ly modern w ithout a t race o f " a rcha ic" f ea tures a nd h ave b een d escr ibed a s " an a l ready p art ia l ly d i fferent iated b asa l s t ock f rom w h ich t he K ho isan p eop les , amongs t o thers , u l t imate ly a ro se" ( Beaumon t e t a l . 1 978 ; R igh tm ire 1 979 ) . T he l a ye rs w ith t hese f oss i ls a re a l l much o lde r t han 4 9 ,000 y ears B P a nd t he a ssoc iated a r t ifacts a re o f M idd le S tone A ge f o rm . T he l owes t l e ve ls c on ta in a n i n dus try b e long ing t o t he P ie tersburg C omp lex t hought t o b e a s much a s 1 95 ,000 y ear s o ld ( F ig . 1 : nos . 1215 ) . T h is i s s ucceeded b y a n a ssemb lage s im i la r t o t he H ow ieson 's P oo rt b lade i n dus t ry f rom K las ies R iver Mouth c aves ( F ig . I : nos .81 I ) a nd t h is , a ga in i so ve r la in b y a n o ccurrence t hat c omb ines e lements o f b o th t he P ietersburg a nd H ow ieson 's P oo rt C omp lexes . S umma r is ing , t he f os s i l e v idence f rom A fr ica i n d ica tes t he e a r ly d i fferen t ia t ion s outh o f t he S ahara o f a n " a rcha ic" e a r ly s ap iens s tock , w h ich a ppea rs f i rst w ith t he a ssemb lages o f A cheu l ian b i faces d ur ing t he l a ter M idd le P le istocene . B y t he b eg inn ing o f t he U ppe r P le is tocene a n e a r ly modern p opu la t ion h ad e vo lved f rom t hem - ( S inga , Omo , K las ies R iver Mouth , B o rde r C ave a nd o the r e as t a nd s outh A f r ican f oss i ls ( R ightm ire , 1 98 1; B rauer 1 978 ; S i nger a nd Wyme r 1 982 ) ) and w as mak ing t oo ls i n t he M idd le S tone A ge f l ake a nd b lade t rad it ion . I n n o r thwest A fr ica , i nd iv idua ls o f f u l ly modern a ppea rance w e re a l so p resent w e l l b efo re 3 5 ,000 y ea rs a go a nd w ere t he makers o f t he A te r ian I n dus tr ia l C omp lex . I f t he d at ing i s c o rrect , t hese f o s s i ls a re c ontempo rary w ith a nd may b e o lder t han t he c lass ic N eander tha ls o f E urope a nd t he mod if ied p opu lat ions o f t he M idd le E as t . S OUTHERN AND EASTERN A S I .A , AUSTRAL IA , AND CH INA T he f oss i ls f rom S arawak ( N iah C ave ) a re a l so c ons idered t o b e a natom ica l ly mode rn ( Bro thwe l l 1 960 ) w ith n o t r ace o f a rcha ic t ra its . R ad iocarbon d ates s ugges t a n a ge o f 4 0 ,000 y ea rs B P f o r N iah a nd t he a ssoc iated a r t ifac ts co re/choppers , f l ake t oo ls a nd l a rge f l akes -b e long t o a l o ng-es tab l ished a nd w idespread t r ad it ion i ns outheas t A s ia . T he n ew e v idence f rom A us tra l ia i se spec ia l ly s i gn if icant a s i ts hows w ithou t d oub t t ha t a natom ica l ly modern man , w ith n o t race o f a rcha ic Homo e rectus c ha rac te r is t ics , b ut a nces tra l t o t he p resent-day a bo r ig ines , w as p resent t here a t l e as t b y 4 0 ,000 y ears a go , p robab ly e ar l ie r . T he t oo ls w ith w h ich t he L ake Mungo a nd D ev i l 's L a ir f oss i ls a re a ssoc ia ted b e long t o t he A ustra l ian " co re t oo l a nd s crape r t r ad it ion" ( Bow le r e t a l . 1 970 ; Mu lvaney 1 975 : 172-80 ) a nd c ons ist o f h orsehoof c o res , s teep a nd f l at s c rapers . T he f oss i l e v idence f rom C h ina i sl e s s w e l l d ated b ut , a ga in , i ts uppo rts a mode l o f " phy le t ic g radua l ism ." A n e a r ly H omo s ap iens p opu lat ion i ss een a s h av ing e vo lved f rom a H omo e rectus a ncestry a nd t o h ave g iven r i se t o t he e ar ly Mongo lo id p opu lat ion r epresented b y t he L iu j ian , U ppe r C ave a t C houkout ien a nd o the r f oss i ls ( Howe l ls 1 980 :9 ) . A ga in , t he a ssoc iated a rt ifacts a re , c ha racte r is t ica l ly , c hoppe rs , s crape rs a nd p o ints a nd t he o n ly t r ace o f r esemb lance w ith t he U ppe r P a laeo l it i j ic i s i n t he we l l-deve loped b one i n dus try a t s o me o f t he l a ter s i tes .

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BEHAV IORAL CHANGES AND THE IR S IGN IF ICANCE F rom t he a bove , t herefore , i t i s c lear t hat a natom ica l ly modern i nd iv idua ls a ppea red i n A fr ica a nd s outheast A s ia e ar l ier t han t he ir a ppearance i n E urope w h ich d ates t o 3 2-35 ,000 y ears a go . T he U pper P a laeo l ith ic b lade t echno logy a nd t he b ehav iora l c hanges a ssoc iated w ith i t a re , o f c ourse , o f ma jo r s i gn if icance i n t he r eg ions where t hey o ccurred . T here i s g ood r eason t o l o ok f o r a p oss ib le o r ig in f o r t he e ar l ies t b lade i ndustr ies o f t h is k ind i nt he L evant ( McBurney 1 9 77 ) , t he N egev ( Ma rks 1 9 77 ) , a nd L ebanon ( Cope land 1 9 75 ) , a s a l so , p erhaps , f o r t he o r ig ins o f t he A ur ignac ian i n e as te rn E urope ( Wo lpoff 1 9 8 1 ; A pS i mon 1 9 8 1 ) . T he m igat ion o f t he Upper P a laeo l ith ic p opu lat ions i n to n o rthern A s ia , S iber ia a nd e as twards t o J apan i n t he w ake o f t he r etreat o f t he c ont inenta l i c e s heets i s a l so r easonab ly w e l l d ocumented ( McBurney 1 9 76 ) a nd t he a rgument f o r a p opu lat ion r ep lacement i n E urope c an s t i l l b e s t rong ly u phe ld . What i sn ow c lear , h owever , i st hat , i no ther r eg ions , t he a natom ica l ly modern p opu lat ions h ad a n e qua l ly e ff ic ient t echno logy w h ich owed n o th ing t o t he Upper P a laeo l ith ic p unched b lade t rad it ion w h ich , p e r s e , c annot h ave b een a l l t hat s upe r ior t o o the r e x is t ing s tone t oo l t rad it ions o r i t wou ld h ave b een r ap id ly a dop ted b y a l l t he c ontempo rary p opu lat ions o f a natom ica l ly modern f o rm . S ince , h owever , o ther t rad it ions a re a l l f ound a t e qua l ly e ar ly d ates a ssoc iated w ith modern f oss i ls , t hen i t mus t h ave b een t he w ays i n w h ich t he t oo ls were b e ing u sed , t he s t rateg ies o f wh ich t hey were a p a rt , a nd n o t t he ir morpho logy t hat w as t he mos t s i gn if icant f actor i n b r ing ing a bout t he a natom ica l a nd c u ltura l c hanges man ifest i n t he l a te r p ar t o f t he Upper P le istocene . I ti sn ecessary , t herefo re , t o t ry t o d eterm ine w hat t hese more e ff ic ient b ehav ior p atterns may h ave b een . Many o f t he t r a its h e ld u p a s e v idence f or N eandertha l man 's a b i l ity f o r a bstract r eason ing - c are o f t he h and icapped , d e l iberate b ur ia l o f t he d ead w ith f ood o ffer ings , e so ter ic r i tua l , t he u se o f p igment -a re d ocumented a l so i nt he M idd le P a laeo l ith ic/M idd le S tone A ge o f A fr ica wh ich a l so p rov ides t he o ldest u nquest ionab le e v idence t hat s tone a rt ifacts w ere n ow b e ing h afted t o f o rm e lementary c ompound t oo ls . T h is e v idence l i es i n t he A ter ian t ang wh ich c ou ld h ave b een d eve loped f or n o o ther p urpose t han t o mount t he s tone wo rk ing-par t s ecure ly . I ta l so s t rengthens t he c ase f o r t he b e l ief t hat t he r educt ion o f s t r ik ing p latforms a nd t he p rox i ma l e nds o f s o me s crape rs a nd p o ints i n t he M idd le P a laeo l ith ic o f E urope a nd t he M idd le S tone A ge o f s ub-Saharan A fr ica w ere , s im i lar ly , d es igned t o f ac i l ita te h aft ing . W ith e ff ic ient h aft ing , t he s tone wo rk ing-parts o f t he e qu ipment c ou ld u nde rgo t he o vera l l s i ze r educt ion w h ich w e o bserve . E xper i mentat ion c an b e s een t o h ave r esu lted i n t he a dopt ion o f d i fferent p r i ma ry f o rms o r b lanks f rom wh ich t Ke t oo ls w ere made a nd t he f orm t hese t ook d epended o n r eg iona l p references a nd t he n a ture o f t he r aw mater ia ls u sed s o t hat t he r ocks o f d i fferent r eg ions t ended t o g ive r i se t o d i fferent p re-forms - b lades i n t he f l int a nd c hert r eg ions o f t he n orth a nd t he i ndurated s ha le a reas o f S outh A fr ica a nd L eva l lo is a nd Mouster ian c ore t echn iques i n a reas o f v o lcan ic a nd o ther l e s s h omogeneous r ocks . T hese b lanks were r etouched i n to a w ide r ange o f f orms t hat c ou ld b e mounted i n av ar iety o f d i fferent w ays b efore g iv ing p lace , b etween 2 0 ,000 a nd 3 0 ,000 y ears a go , t o at rad it ion u s ing s ma l l b lades ( Deacon 1 978 :96-7 ) . N ow t hat t oo ls c ou ld b e h afted a nd h e ld i n t he mos t e ff ic ient w ay f o r t he p urpose f o r wh ich t hey were u sed , t hey were n o l o nger i nvar iab ly h and h e ld , n or d id t hey n eed t o b e l a rge o r c lumsy . T h is n ew e qu ipment made p oss ib le much more e ff ic ient ways o f a cqu ir ing a nd p rocess ing f ood a nd e ssent ia l mater ia ls a nd c an b e e xpected t o h ave f avo red t he t rend t o a more g rac i le b ody s t ructure a nd a n o vera l l r educt ion i n t he r obustness s o a pparent i n t he n eandertha le rs . M icro-wear s tud ies o n t he

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wo rk ing e dges w i l l s how h ow , a nd o n w hat ma te r ia ls , many o f t hese t oo ls were u sed b ut , a s y et , c omparat ive s tud ies o f t h is k ind b etween M idd le P a laeo l ith ic/M idd le S tone A ge a nd U pper P a laeo l ith ic/Later S tone A ge t oo ls h ave h ard ly b egun . S tud ies o f t he a rt ifacts a ssoc iated w ith a f ew M idd le S tone A ge b utchery s i tes ( K le in 1 976 ; C lark a nd H aynes 1 970 ) s eem t o r evea l l i tt le d i fference f rom t he b utchery k i ts o f e ar l ie r t imes , t hough t he g reate r r e l iance o n o ne o r af ew a n i ma l s pec ies n ow s hown b y t he b one w aste , i s p robab ly a n i nd icat ion o f mo re e ff ic ien t b utche ry methods a nd t he a b i l ity t o e xerc ise s e lect ive p references . S uch s e lect iv ity b ecomes mo re e v ident a t t he g enera l p urpose , mu lt ic ontext s i tes s uch a s c aves a nd r ockshe lters w here t he r ecurrent e v idence o f h earths a nd b urned b one s hows t hat f i re w as r egu lar ly u sed a nd t hat mea t w as n ow c ooked a s we l l a s e aten r aw . S im i lar ly , mo re e ff ic ient p rocess ing o f p lant f oods i s e v idenced b y t he a ppearance o f p ound ing a nd g r ind ing e qu ipment a nd i t wou ld s eem t hat l e s s p a la tab le p lan t f oods , o r t hose i mposs ib le t o e at r aw , were n ow p robab ly b e ing c ooked ( C lark 1 982a :326 ) . I f t ough meat a nd p lant f oods b egan t o b e r egu lar ly p rocessed i n t h is w ay , t hen t he n eed f or p owerfu l c hew ing musc les w ou ld b e r educed . I n s o me o f t he M idd le S tone Age h o r izons i n v ar ious p arts o f s outh a nd c entra l A fr ica ( e .g . K las ies R iver Mouth c aves ( Wymer a nd S inger 1 972 ) , B o rder Cave ( Beaumont 1 9 73 ) , R ec l iffe i n Z i mbabwe ( Cooke 1 978 ) , Tw in R ivers Kop je , Z amb ia ( C lark 1 97 1) ) much o f t he a ssoc iated b one i s b urned , c omm inuted i n to s ma l l f ragments a nd s omet i mes a ssoc iated w ith l a yers o f c a rbon ised o rgan ic r e ma ins . T h is may b e a n i n d icat ion t hat mea t w as a l so n ow b e ing d r ied , e i the r i nt he s un o r , u nder r a iny o r c loudy c ond it ions , smoked a nd d r ied i n t he c ave ( C lark 1 982a :333-5 ) . T he b as is f or s uch a s ugges t ion c omes f rom e v idence i n L ater S tone A ge o ccupat ion l a yers a nd p resent-day e thnograph ic p ract ice o bserved i n Ma law i . T he e longated h ea rths w ith t h ick w h ite a sh a nd c harcoa l l a yers i ns o me r ockshe lters , w ith many b urned a nd c omm inuted b one f ragments a ssoc iated , a re c omparab le t o t he h ea rths u sed b y p oachers a nd o thers f o r d ry ing meat o n r acks d ur ing t he r a ins . T he l imbs a nd t he c a rcase a re f i rs t s eparated a nd t hen j ugged s o t hat t he b ones a re b roken i n to s ma l l p ieces a nd t he meat c an b e more e as i ly h ung o n t he d ry ing r acks ( C lark 1 973 ) . S uch a n i n terpretat ion a nd t he l i ke l ihood t ha t e ar ly modern p eop les f i rst b egan t o d ry a nd s tore meat d ur ing M idd le S tone A ge t imes i s wo rthy o f s ystemat ic i nvest igat ion . T he d ry ing o f meat c oncentrates t he p ro te in , t hus i n creas ing t he f ood v a lue p er k i logram . I t a l so e nab les a ny s urp lus t o b e s tored w h ich w ou ld make p oss ib le a g reater d egree o f s edentar iness , a nd h unt ing wou ld t hen b ecome more r egu lated a nd l e ss o pportun is t ic . B es ides b e ing a n i mpo rtant r eserve r esource , d r ied meat c an a l so b e u sed a s ac ommod ity f or e xchange . T he a va i lab i l ity o f af ood s urp lus , t he u se o f s ea f oods f or w h ich t here i sg ood e v idence f rom t h is p er iod ( K le in 1 9 75 ) , a more s easona l ly t ranshumant p attern o f l i fe a nd t he u se o f s e lected f ood p lan ts a nd a n ima ls a re a l l l i ke ly t o h ave b een i mportant i n b r ing ing a bout s i gn if icant c hanges i n t he s t ructur ing o f t hese e ar ly U pper P le istocene c ommun it ies . T he a ccumu lated o ccupat iona l d ebr is i n t he r ockshe lters a nd c aves o f t h is t ime s hows t ha t t he p eop le e n joyed a l a rger measure o f s e lf-suff ic iency a nd a g reater d egree o f s edentar iness . T o c onc lude , t herefore , t h is e v idence - b acked b y t hat f rom s outhern a nd e astern A s ia -s hows t hat Modern Man i n .A fr ica h as a l o ng a nces try a nd t hat h e e vo lved f rom t he i n d igenous a nteceden t p opu lat ions i n t he c ont inent d ur ing t he e ar ly p art o f t he Upper P le istocene . T he morpho log ica l c hanges i n

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t he f oss i ls a nd t he ir w ide a nd r ap id s p read t h roughou t t he A fr ican c on t inen t a re mo re l i ke ly t o b e d ue t o t he s ucces sfu l a dap ta t ion o f t he t r ad it iona l M idd le P a laeo l ith ic /M idd le S tone A ge t oo l-k its , b rought a bou t b y f undamen ta l c hange s i n b ehav io r a nd s o i n t oo l-use , t han t hey a re t o a ny m igra to ry movemen t s a nd e xo t ic i n f luences f rom o uts ide t he c ont inen t ; t he s o le e xcep t ion p o ss ib ly b e ing a long t he e as te rn Med iter ranean l i t to ra l i n C yrena ica a nd u p t he f l il ei n to U ppe r E gyp t ( Sm ith 1 9 82 ) . REFERENCES A nonymou s 1 980 A t las o f P r im it ive Man i nC h ina . S c ience P res s , B e i j ing . A pS imon , A . M . I 9 80 T he l a s t N eande rtha l i nF rance? N a tu re 2 87 :27 1-272 . 1 98 1 A ll e z N eande rtha l . N a tu re 2 89 :823-824 . B eaumon t , P .B . 1 973 B o rde r C ave : A p rog res s r epo rt . S outh A f r ican J ourna l o f S c ience 6 9 :4 1-46 . B eaumon t , P . B . , H . d e V i l l ie rs , a nd J .C . V oge l 1 978 Mode rn Man i ns ub-Saha ran A fr ica p r io r t o 4 9 ,000 y ea rs B P : A r ev iew a nd e va lua t ion w ith p art icu la r r e fe rence t o B o rde r C ave . S outh A f r ican J ourna l o f S c ience 7 4 : 4 09-4 19 . B info rd , S .R . 1 968 A s t ruc tu red c ompa r ison o f d i spo sa l o f t he d ead i n t he Mous te r ian a nd U ppe r P a laeo l ith ic . S ou thwes te rn J ou rna l o f A n th ropo logy 2 4 : 139154 . B ow le r , J .M . , R . J ones , H . A l len , a nd A . G . T ho rne 1 970 P le is tocene h uman r ema ins f rom A us tra l ia : A l i v ing s i te a nd h uman c rema t ions f rom L ake Mungo , w es te rn N ew S ou th Wa le s . Wo r ld A rchaeo logy 2 : 39-59 . B raue r , G . 1 978 T he m o rpho log ica l d i ffe ren t ia t ion o f a na tom ica l ly mode rn man i n A f r ica w ith s pec ia l r ega rd t o r ecen t f i nds i n E as t A f r ica . Z e itschr ift f u r Mo rpho log ie u nd A n th ropo log ie 6 9 : 2 66-292 . B ro thwe l l , D . R . 1 960 U ppe r P le is tocene h uman s ku l l f r om N iah C aves . T he S a rawak J ourna l 9 : 323-349 . B utzer , K . W . a nd D . L . T hu rbe r 1 969 S ome l a te C enozo ic s ed imen ta ry f o rma t ions i n t he l owe r Omo b as in . N a ture 2 22 : 11321137 . C ampbe l l , B . G . 1 976 H umank ind Eme rg ing . L i t t le B rown , B o s ton . C arter , P . L . a nd J .C . V oge l 1 974 T he d a t ing o f i n dus t r ia l a s semb lage s f r om s t ra t if ied s i tes i n e a s te rn L eSo tho . Man 9 : 557-570 . C la rk , J .D . 1 97 1 H uman b ehav io ra l d i ffe rences i n s outhe rn A fr ica d ur ing t he l a te r P le is tocene . Ame r ican A n th ropo log is t 7 3 : 1 2 111236 . 1 973 A rchaeo log ica l i n ves t iga t ion o f a p a in ted r ockshe lte r a t Mwana w o C henche re re , n o r th o f D edza , c en tra l Ma law i . S oc ie ty o f Ma law i J ourna l 2 6 ( 1) :28 -46 . 1 982a T he c u ltures o f t he M idd le P a leo l ith ic/M idd le S tone A ge . I n F rom t he e a r l ies t t imes t o c .500 BC , e d ited b y J . D . C la rk . T he C amb r idge H is to ry o f A fr ica 1 : 248-34 1. 1 982b N ew men , s t range f aces , o the r m inds : A n a rchaeo log is t 's p e rspect ive o n r ecen t d i scove r ies r e la t ing t o t he o r ig ins a nd

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s pread o f Modern Man . S i r Mo rt ime r Whee ler L ecture , 1 98 1. B r it ish A cademy , L ondon . C la rk , J .D . a nd C . V . H aynes 1 970 A n e lephant b utchery s i te a t Mwanganda 's V i l lage , K a ronga , Ma law i a nd i t s r e levance f o r P a laeo l ith ic a rchaeo logy . Wo r ld A rchaeo logy 1 : 390-4 11. C lark , J .D . a nd M . A . J .W i l l iams 1 978 R ecent a rchaeo log ica l r esea rch i n s outh e astern E th iop ia ( 19741975 ) : S ome p re l im ina ry r e su lts . A nna les d 'E th iop ie 9 : 19-44 . C ooke , C . K . 1 97 1 E xcava t ion a t Z ombepata C ave , S ipo l il o D is tr ict , Mashona land , R hodes ia . S ou th A f r ican A rchaeo log ica l B u l le t in 2 6 : 104127 . C ope land , L . 1 975 T he M idd le a nd U ppe r P a laeo l ith ic o f L ebanon a nd S yr ia i nt he l i ght o f r ecen t w o rk . I nP rob lems i nP reh is to ry : No r th A f r ica a nd t he L evant , e d ited b y F . Wendo rf a nd A . E . Ma rks , p p . 3 17-350 . S outhe rn Me thod is t U n ive rs ity P res s , D a l las . D ay , M . H . , M . D . L eakey a nd C . Mago r i 1 980 A n ew h om in id f oss i l s ku l l ( LH 1 8 ) f rom t he N ga loba B eds , L aeto l i , n o r the rn T anzan ia . N atu re 2 84 :55-56 . D eacon , J . 1 978 C hang ing p a tte rns i n t he l a te r P le istocene/ea r ly H o locene p reh isto ry o f s outhe rn A fr ica a s s een f rom t he N e lson B ay C ave s tone a rt ifact s equence . Q ua te rnary R esearch 1 0 :84111. 1 979 G u ide t o a rchaeo log ica l s i tes i nt he s outhern C ape , M i meograph , S outhe rn A fr ican A s soc . o f A rchaeo log is ts E xcurs ion , J une 3 0-Ju ly 4 , 1 979 . D ebenath , A . 1 975 D ecouverte d e r es tes h uma ins p robab lement a ter ien ? ID a r-esS o ltane ( Maroc ) . C omptes r endus d e l ' Acndem ie d es S c iences d e P ar is S er ie D , 2 8 1:875-876 . F erembach , D . 1 976a L es r estes h uma ins a te r iens d e T ema ra ( campagne 1 975 ) . B u l let in e t Memo ires d e l a S oc ie te d 'An thropo log ie d e P a r is S er ie 1 3 , 3 : 175180 . I 9 76b L es r estes h uma ins d e l a G ro tte d e D ar-es-So ltane 2 ( Ma roc ) c ampagne 1 975 . B u l le t in e t Memo ires d e l a S oc ie te d 'Anthropo log ie d e P ar is S e r ie 1 3 , 3 : 183193 . F err ing , C . R . 1 975 T he A ter ian i n N o rth A fr ican P reh is to ry . I n P rob lems i n P reh is to ry : N or th A fr ica a nd t he L evant , e d ited b y F . Wendorf a nd A . E . Ma rks , p p . 13126 . S outhern Me thod is t U n ivers ity P ress , D a l las . H arro ld , F . B . 1 980 Ac omparat ive a na lys is o f E uras ian P a laeo l ith ic b ur ia ls . Wo r ld A rchaeo logy 1 2 : 195-2 10 . H owe l l , F . C . I 9 82 O r ig ins a nd e vo lut ion o f A fr ican H om in idae . I n F rom t he e a r l ies t t imes t o c .500 BC , e d ited b y J . D . C la rk . T he C ambr idge H is to ry o f A fr ica 1 : 70156 . H owe l ls , W . W . 1 973 E vo lut ion o f t he g enus H omo . A dd ison-Wes ley P ub . , R ead ing . 1 980 H omo e rectus -w ho , w hen a nd w here : As urvey . Y ea rbook o f P hys ica l A nthropo logy 2 3 : 1-23 .

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K le in , R . G . 1 9 75

1 976

M idd le S tone A ge man-an ima l r e lat ionsh ip s i ns ou the rn A fr ica : E v idence f rom D ie K e lder s a nd K las ies R ive r Mou th . S c ience 1 90 :265-267 . Ap re l im ina ry r epo r t o n t he M idd le S tone A ge " open a i r" s i te o f D u inefonte in 2 ( Me lkbos s t rand , s ou th-wes te rn C ape P rov ince , S ou th A fr ica ) . S outh A fr ican A rchaeo log ica l B u l le t in 3 1 : 12-20 .

L oc a le , A . D . 1 95 1 T he S tone A ge i n dus try o f S inga . I nT he P le is tocene f auna o f t wo B lue N i le s i tes , e d ited b y A . J . A rke l l , D . M . B a te , L . H . W e l ls a nd A . D . L aca i l le . F o s s i l Mamma ls o f A f r ica 2 : 43-50 . L eakey , M . D . , R . L . H ay , D . L . T hurbe r , R . P ro tsch a nd R . B e rge r 1 972 S t ra t ig raphy , a rchaeo logy a nd a ge o f t he N dutu a nd N a is ius iu B ed s , O lduva i G o rge , T anzan ia . Wo r ld A rchaeo logy 3 : 328-34 1. L eveque , F . a nd B . V ande rmee rsch 1 98 1 L e n eande r ta l ien d e S a in t-Ce sa ire . L a R eche rche 1 2 :242-244 . Marks , A . E . 1 977 T he U ppe r P a laeo l ith ic s i tes o f B oke r T ach t it a nd B oke r : A p re l im ina ry r epo r t . I n P reh is to ry a nd P a leoenv ironments i n t he C en tra l N egev , I s rae l , e d ited b y A . E . Ma rks , 1 : 6 1-80 . S ou the rn Me thod is t U n ive rs ity P res s , D a l las . McBurney , C . B . M . 1 967 T he H aua F teah ( Cy rena ica ) a nd t he S tone A ge o f t he s outhe as t Med ite rranean . C amb r idge U n ive rs ity P ress , C amb r idge . 1 976 E a r ly man i n t he S ov ie t U n ion : T he i mp l icat ion s o f s ome r ecen t d i scove r ies . P roceed ings o f t he B r it ish A cademy I 9 77 : 172-22 1. 1 977 A rchaeo logy a nd t he H omo s ap iens p rob lem i nn o r the rn A fr ica . K roon Memo r ia l L ec ture , 1 977 . N e the r lands Museum o f A n th ropo logy a nd P reh is to ry , Ams te rdam . Me ir ing , A . J .D . 1 956 T he mac ro l ith ic c u ltu re o f F lo r isbad . Memo irs v an d ie N as iona le Museum B loemfon te in 1 ( 9 ) :205-237 . Mu lvaney , D . J . 1 975 T he p reh is to ry o f A us t ra l ia ( r ev ised e d . ) , P engu in B ooks , H a rmondswo r th . R ightm ire , G . P . I 9 76 R e la t ionsh ips o f M idd le a nd U ppe r P le is tocene h om in ids f rom s ub -Saha ran A fr ica . N a ture 2 60 :238-240 . I 9 78 F lo r isbad a nd h uman p opu la t ion s uccess ion i ns outhe rn A fr ica . Ame r ican J ourna l o f P hys ica l A n thropo logy 4 8 :475-486 . 1 979 T he i mp l ica t ions o f B o rde r C ave s ke leta l r ema ins f o r l a te r P le is tocene h uman e vo lu t ion . C urren t A n thropo logy 2 0 :23-35 . I 9 8 1 L a te r P le is tocene h om inds o f e as te rn a nd s outhe rn A fr ica . A n th ropo log ie ( Brno ) 1 9 : 15-26 . R oche , J .a nd J . -P . T ex ie r 1 976 D ecouve r te d e r e s tes h uma ins d ans u n n iveau a t e r ien s upe r ieur d e l aG ro t te d e s C ontreband ie rs T emara ( Ma roc ) . C omp tes r endu s d e l ' Academ ie d es S c iences d e P a r is S e r ie D , 2 82 :45-47 . S i nge r , R . a nd J . Wyme r I 9 82 T he M idd le S tone A ge a t K las ie s R ive r Mou th i nS ou th A f r ica . U n ive r s ity o f C h icago P res s , C h icago . Sm ith , P . E . L . I 9 82 T he L a te P a laeo l ith ic a nd E p i-Pa laeo l ith ic o f n o rthe rn A fr ica . I n F rom t he e a r l ies t t imes t o c .500 BC , e d ited b yJ . D . C la rk . T he C amb r idge H is to ry o f A f r ica 1 : 342-409 . I

T r inkaus , E . a nd W . W . H owe l ls 1 979 T he N eande rtha ls . S c ient if ic Ame r ican 2 4 1(6 ) :1 8 -1 3 3 . 1 98 1 D e N eande rta le rs . I n D e e vo lut ie v an d e Mens , e d ited b y F . v an N o ten . N atuur e nd T echn iek 5 0 :264-309 . V a l lo is , H . V . 1 95 1 L a mand ibu le h uma ine f oss il e d e l aG rotte d u P o rc E p ic p res D ire D aoua ( Abyss in ie ) . L 'An thropo log ie 5 5 :23 1-238 . V ermeersch , P .M . , M . O tte , E . G i bt , E . P au l issen , G . G i jse l ings a nd D . D rapp ier 1 982 B lade t echno logy i nt he E gypt ian N i le V a l ley : S ome n ew e v idence , S c ience 2 16 :626-628 . We l ls , L . H . 1 95 1 T he f oss i l h uman s ku l l f rom S inga . I nT he P le is tocene f auna o f t wo B lue N i le s i tes , e d ited b y A . J . A rke l l , D . M . B ate , L . H . We l ls a nd A . D . L aca i l le . F os s i l M amma ls o f A fr ica 2 : 29-42 . Wendo rf , F . , R . L . L aury , C . C . A lb r itten , R . S ch i ld , C . V . H aynes , P . D amon , M . S haff iqu iI l ah a nd R . S carbo rough . 1 975 D ates f o r t he M idd le S tone A ge o f E as t A fr ica . S c ience 1 87 :740-742 . Wo lpof f , M . H . 1 98 1 A l lez N eander tha l . N ature 2 89 :823 . Wymer , J .J . 1 982 T he P a laeo l ith ic A ge . S t . Mart in 's P ress , L ondon . Wyme r , J .J .a nd R . S inge r 1 972 M idd le S tone A ge o ccupat iona l s e tt lemen ts o n t he T z itz ikama c oas t , e as te rn C ape P rov ince , S outh A fr ica . I n Man , S ett lement a nd U rban ism , e d ited b y P . J . U cko , R . T r ingham a nd G . W . D i mb leby , p p . 2 07-2 10 . D uckwo r th , L ondon .

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CHANG ING CORE REDUCT ION S TRATEG IES : AT ECHNOLOG ICAL SH IFT FROM THE M IDDLE TO THE UPPER PALEOL ITH IC I N THE SOUTHERN LEVANT A nthony E . Marks a nd P h i l ip W . V o lkman S ou the rn Me thod ist U n ivers ity

Wh i le i n it ia l ly h e ld t ha t t he b lade t echno logy c haracte r iz ing t he L evant i ne U pper P a leo l ith ic w as i n troduced b y n ew ly a rr iv ing H omo s ap iens ( Neuv i l le 1 934 ) , b y t he 1 960 's mos t s cho lars h ad a ccepted t he p rem ise t hat t he L evant ine U pper P a leo l ith ic h ad d eve loped i n p lace , o ut o f t he l o ca l M idd le P a leo l ith ic ( Garrod 1 955 ; P er ro t 1 968 ) . I t w as G ar rod ( 195 1) w ho d ef ined t he n a ture o f t he c u ltura l t r ans it ion o f L evant ine M idd le t o U pper P a leo l ith ic a s e s sent ia l ly o ne o f c hang ing l i th ic t echno logy a nd s ty les o f r etouched t oo ls . B r ief ly ( s ee Ma rks i n p ress a f o r a d eta i led r ev iew o f L evant ine t rans it iona l s tud ies ) , s he s aw a t r ans it iona l p er iod , r epresented b y ad i scre te l i th ic i n dustry c a l led t he Em iran ( Garrod 1 95 1, 1 955 ) , w he re in t here w as a c ont inuat ion o f t r ad it iona l Mouste r ian t echno logy w h ich p roduced t rad it iona l M idd le P a leo l ith ic b lanks , o ften L eva l lo is , o n w h ich w e re made t yp ica l M idd le P a leo l ith ic t oo ls s uch a s s i desc rapers , Mouste r ian p o ints , a nd d ent icu lates . I n a dd it ion t o t hese f u l ly Mouster ian e lements , t he re w as a dded a n i ncreas ing ly l a rge n umbe r o f b lades p roduced f rom b lade c o res a nd r e moved b y " punch" t echn ique . O n t hese b lanks , t hought o f a s t yp ica l ly U ppe r P a leo l ith ic , w e re p roduced t he c haracte r is t ic t oo ls o f t he U pper P a leo l ith ic , e ndsc rapers a nd b ur ins . I n s ho rt , t o G a rrod i tw as a p er iod d ur ing w h ich man i nt he L evant , a t l e ast , p ract iced t wo r ad ica l ly d i f feren t c o re r educ t ion s t rateg ies t o p roduce b lanks f o r c omp le te ly d i ffe rent s ets o f r e touched t oo ls . S he s ugges ted t hat t he o r ig in o f t he " punch" b lade t echno logy w as t o b e f ound i n l o ca l i n ven t ion a nd t hat , t h rough t ime , i tb ecame mo re a nd mo re p opu la r a t t he e xpense o f t he o lde r t r ad it ion o f c o re r educt ion ( Garrod 1 95 1: 129 ) . I n a dd it ion t o t he d ua l n atu re o f t he l i th ic t echno logy , t here a l so o ccurred a t ype f o ss i l , t he Em ireh p o int , w h ich w as c ons idered t he c haracte r is t ic t ypo log ica l e lemen t o f t he i ndus try ( Gar rod 1 955 ) . T he p rogress ive s h ift t owa rd i n c reas ing n umbers o f " punch" b lades a nd U pper P a leo l ith ic t oo l t ypes w as s eem ing ly c onf irmed b y e xcavat ions i n t he J udean D esert , f i rs t r epo rted i n 1 934 ( Neuv i l le 1 934 ) , b ut n o t p ub l ished i n d e ta i l u n t i l a lmos t t wen ty y ears l a te r ( Neuv i l le 1 95 1) . T hese d eser t c ave s i tes p roduced a ssemb lages w h ich , t o N euv i l le , s howed e ssent ia l ly U ppe r P a leo l ith ic t oo l a nd c o re f o rms b u t a l so c on ta ined a c erta in , s ma l l M idd le P a leo l ith ic t echno log ica l a spect ( Neuv i l le 1 95 1: 100 ) . T hese Mous tern ian r emnants l a sted s ome t ime i n to t he U ppe r P a leo l ith ic , a nd o ne f i nds c la ims f o r i t we l l i n to t he L evant ine U pper P a leo l ith ic ( Garrod 1 962 :544 ) . 1 3

T h is g ene ra l c onstruct o f t he L evant ine M idd le t o U ppe r P a leo l ith ic t rans it ion was a ttacked i np a r t a nd i n w ho le o ve r many y ea rs ( S teke l is 1 954 , 1 96 1; S . B inford 1 966 ; B ar-Yo se f a nd V andermee rsch 1 972 ) u nt i l i th ad l o s t i t s c red ib i l ity , a nd i n i t s p lace a n ew c ons truc t w as p roposed a nd a ccep ted . T h is l a tte r w as p ut f o rth b y C ope land ( 1970 ) a fter h e r e xam inat ion o f mate r ia ls f rom A nte l ias C ave , L ebanon , a nd e xpanded l a te r ( Cope land 1 975 ) f rom d ata l a rge ly d e r ived f rom a n u npub l ished d i ssertat ion o n t he t rans it iona l l e ve ls f rom t he c ave o f K sar A k iI ,a l so i nL ebanon ( Azoury 1 97 1) . C ope land 's c ons truct w as b o th l o g ica l ly a ppea l ing a nd s eem ing ly w e l l f ounded i n , a t l e as t , o ne w e l l d one a nd p ub l ished s tudy , t hat o f t he A n te l ias a ssemb lages ( Cope land 1 970 ) , a l though i tw as s a id ( Cope land 1 970 , 1 975 ) t ha t t he A nte l ias p attern w as p a ra l le led a t t he s i te s o f A bu H a lka ( Ha l ler 1 946 ) a nd K sar A k i l ( Ew ing 1 947 ; A zoury 1 971) . A cco rd ing t o C ope land , t he t rans it ion f rom t he M idd le t o t he U pper P a leo l ith ic i n L ebanon w as n o t a s d escr ibed b y G arrod f o r t he Em iran b ut w as , i nb road s cope , a s f o l lows : What h as n ow a ppeared i st he d ef in ite e n t ity d i st ingu ishab le i nt he C entra l L evant ( Abu H a lka I V fa nd e , j o ined n ow b y b o th K sa r A k i l a nd A nte l ias ) e ach w ith a—d eve lj p ing s equence o f l e ve ls o f o ne i n dustry ( s ic ) ; t h is d oes n o t h ave e qua l o r e ven c ompa rab le n umbe r o f M idd le a nd U ppe r P a leo l ith ic t oo ltypes made o n M idd le P a leo l ith ic b lanks . Mo re s pec if ica l ly . ../ i t/ . . i s r epresented a s a s udden emphas is o n t oo ls ( i .e . , b ur ins a nd e ndscrapers ) w h ich u p t i l t hen h ad p layed a m ino r r o le i n t he u nder ly ing a ssemb lages , a ccompan ied b y t he v i rtua l d i sappea rance o f t hose t ypes ..w h ich t i l l t hen h ad d om inated t he Mous te r ian t oo l k i t . A t t he s ame t ime , t he p rev ious o lde r f l int w o rk ing t echn iques w ere s t i l l i nu se ( Cope land 1 970 : 137 ) . I n s ho rt , s he d escr ibed a n i n dus try w he re U ppe r P a leo l ith ic t oo ls w e re p roduced o n Mous te r ian ( o ften L eva l lo is ) b lanks ; t he t ypo logy h ad c hanged b ut n o t t he b as ic t echno logy . Y et , t he t echno logy w as n o t s imp ly L eva l lo is , i t w as a n " evo lved" L eva l lo is i n t hat i tt ended t oward c ore p reparat ion a nd b lank r e mova l w h ich w ere u n id irect iona l ( Cope land 1 970 : 105 ) . T h is d escr ibed t echno logy w as c erta in ly d i s t inct f rom t ha t k nown f r om l a te Mous ter ian a ssemb lages i nt he L evan t ( Ga rrod a nd B ate 1 937 ; C ope land 1 975 :335 ; J e l inek 1 98 1) , a l though i t mus t b e a dm itted t hat t he re i s n o c onsensus o n e xact ly w ha t c onst itutes a l a ter Mous ter ian t echno logy ( Je l inek 1 98 1) . E ven w ith t h is l a ck o f a greement , i t i s c lear t hat t he t r ans it iona l t echno logy h e ld much mo re i n c ommon w ith t he t echno logy o f t he E a r ly L evant ine Mouste r ian o f s uch s i tes a s T abun L eve l D( Garrod a nd B ate 1 937 ; J e l inek 1 98 1) , R osh E in Mo r ( Marks a nd C rew 1 972 ; C rew 1 976 ) a nd A bu S i f ( Neuv i l le 1 95 1) t han i t d id w ith s uch s i tes a s G ue la C ave ( Wreschne r 1 967 ) , K eba ra ( Sch ick a nd S teke l is 1 977 ) , o r S khu l ( Garrod a nd B ate 1 937 ) . G iven t he o ften i mp l ic it p ropens ity t o v iew t he M idd le P a leo l ith ic d eve lopment i nt he L evan t a s u n il i nea l ( Neuv i l le 1 934 ; G a rrod a nd B a te 1 937 ; J e l inek 1 98 1) , o ne i s f aced w ith a r a ther c ur ious c yc le o f t echno log ica l p roc l iv it ies w ith in t he Mouste r ian . T h is c yc le g oes f rom o n-ax is p repara t ion , p roduc ing e longated " Leva i lo is" p o ints a nd b l ades d ur ing t he E ar ly L evant ine Mous ter ian ( e .g . , T abun D ) , t o q u ite t yp ica l L eva l lo is p e r iphera l p repara t ion o f c o res , p roduc ing o vo id L eva l lo is f l akes a nd b road-based L eva l lo is p o ints i n t he a l ter L evant ine Mouste r ian ( e .g . , T abun C a nd B ) a nd , f i na l ly , b ack t o a t endency t oward u n id irect iona l p repara t ion a nd t he p roduct ion o f e longa ted b anks i nt he t rans it iona l a s semb lages o f L ebanon . Whatever o ne may w ish t o make o f t h is , i t i sc lea r t hat a s imp le v ec to red c hanged t owa rd i n creas ing

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e longat ion i sn ot t o b e f ound i nt he Mouster ian o f t he Centra l L evant ( Je l inek 1 98 1) . H owever , i t wou ld b e am is take t o a ssume t hat t he Centra l L evant ine d ata h ave p an-Levant ine a pp l icat ion . Work i n t he N egev ( Marks 1 976 , 1 9 77 , 1 98 1) a nd i n s ou thern J ordan ( Henry i n p ress ) h as d ocumented a q u ite d i fferent d iach ron ic p attern f o r t he s outhern Mouster ian o f t he c l i mat ica l ly marg ina l z ones o f t he L evant . E ven i n t he C entra l L evant , b ecause o f e bou l is d epos its a t a l l t he L ebanese t rans it iona l s i tes , i t was n o t p oss ib le t o t race a s tep-w ise p rogress i on f rom t he s o-ca l led " o lder f l int w o rk ing t echn iques" ( Cope land 1 970 : 137 ) t o t he " evo lved" L eva l lo is t echn ique o f t he t rans it ion . I n a dd it ion , a no the r e bou l is d epos it p revented t he d ocumentat ion o f t he c ont inued d eve lopment o f t he " evo lved" L eva l lo is t echn ique i n to a t rue U ppe r P a leo l ith ic " punch" b lade t echno logy . T hus , t hese L ebanese t rans it iona l a ssemb lages a nd t he ir s pec ia l t echno logy s tand a lone , s t rat igraph ica l ly i s o lated f rom t he ir o r ig ins a nd f rom t he ir d escendants , i f a ny . T hus , f or t he L ebanese s equence , a t l e ast , t he t echno log ica l c on t inu ity must b e a ssumed ( e .g . , Cope land 1 975 :342 ) a nd i t s n ature a t e ach s tage must b e d educed f rom t rad it iona l w isdom c oncern ing t he r e lat ionsh ip b etween f i na l b lank morpho logy a nd t he method u sed t o a ch ieve t hat f orm ( e .g . , C ope land 1 976 :40 ) . I n t he c ase o f b oth G arrod 's Em iran a nd t he more r ecent d ep ict ion o f t he L ebanese t r ans it ion , i t mus t b e r emembered t hat t hey were s imp ly d escr ipt ive , w ith n o e xp l ic it a ttempt a t a ny e xp lanat ion o f w hy a t rans it ion m ight h ave o ccurred . I n b o th , h owever , a n i mp l ic it l i nk w as made b etween t he t rans it ion i n l i th ic t echno logy a nd t ypo logy a nd t he s h ift f rom N eandert ha ls t o f u l ly mode rn man ( Garrod 1 95 1: 129 ; Cope land 1 975 :342 ) a s i ft h is , i n a nd o f i t se lf , h e ld s ome s pec ia l e xp lanatory v a lue . T h is p osture , o ften i mp l ic it b ut o ccas iona l ly e xp l ic it , i s t o b e f ound t hroughout O ld Wor ld p reh istory wherever t here was a p erce ived s h ift f rom b as ica l ly f l ake p roduc ing t echno log ies t o b lade p roduc ing o nes . P art icu lar ly i n t he L evant , where t he p resence o f e ar ly a natom ica l ly modern h umans i n d icated a b io log ica l t rans it ion , t he a pparent g enera l s ynchron iety b etween t h is b io log ica l c hange a nd t he i n troduct ion o f ab lade t echno logy w as n ot v iewed a s mere ly c o inc identa l b ut w as i mp l ic it ly v iewed a s ad i rect a nd , p erhaps , e ven n ecessary c oassoc iat ion . A lthough i t i s r ecogn ized t hat b lade p roduct ion d id o ccu r o n o ccas ions i n e ar l ie r c ontexts ( part icu lar ly i n t he L evant ) , i ti ss t i l l o f ten a ssumed t hat a t echno logy b ased u pon t he c ons istent p roduct ion o f b lades was l im ited t o modern man ( e .g . , K le in 1 980 ) . Whether t h is l a s t a ssumpt ion w i l l s tand t he t es t o f n ew d ata , r ecent wo rk i n t he L evant h as we l l d ocumented t hat modern man w as a l so a ssoc iated w ith a t yp ica l l a te Mous ter ian a ssemb lage a t t he s i te o f O aftza , I s rae l ( Vander meersch 1 966 , 1 98 1) . T herefore , h oweve r o ften modern man i s a ssoc iated w ith c ons istent b lade t echno log ies i n t he L evant ( wh ich , i nf act , i s r ather r are s i nce much o f t he L evant ine U ppe r P a leo l ith ic - t he L evant ine A ur ignac ian t rad it ion - c an h ard ly b e d escr ibed a s ab lade t echno logy ) , h e i s a l so a ssoc iated w ith a t yp ica l Mouster ian f l ake t echno logy , a s we l l , a nd t hus , n o n ecessary c onnec t ion b etween t he t wo c an b e made . I tn ow s eems o bv ious t hat t he t rans it ion f rom t he M idd le t o t he U pper P e leo l ith ic i n t he L evant , a s s een t hrough mater ia l r ema ins , r e lfected c hanges i n b as ic a daptat ion . T he f i rs t t o p ut f o rward t hat v iew w as S . B inford ( 1968 ) , b ut t he p art icu lar mode l p resented , t hat o f a s h ift f rom g enera l ized h unt ing t o t he s pec ia l ized h unt ing o f af ew s pec ies , d id n o t match t he t hen a va i lab le d ata , much l e ss t he much l a rger c orpus o f d ata n ow a va i lab le . A more r ecent f o rmu lat ion w as p resented b y Marks a nd F re ide l ( 1977 ) wh ich , n ot s u rpr is ing ly , t hese p resent a uthors f avo r . T he mode l

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s uggests t hat t he t rans it ion f rom M idd le t o U ppe r P a leo l ith ic was e ssent ia l ly o ne o f a s h ift f rom a rea i n tens ive e xp lo itat ion t o o ne o f a rea e xtens ive e xp lo itat ion i n t he f ace o f d eter io rat ing e nv ironmenta l c ond it ions a nd t hat t he s h ift f rom a M idd le P a leo l ith ic , L eva l lo is-based t echno logy t o ab lade p roduc ing t echno logy was o ne f acet o f t h is a daptat ion . T he i n creased e ff ic iency o f b lade p roduct ion p e r u n it o f r aw mater ia l was a dap t ive i n s i tuat ions w here i tw as l e ss a nd l e ss p oss ib le t o p red ict t he s pat ia l c oassoc iat i on o f r aw mater ia l a nd o ther n eeded r esources s uch a s water a nd f ood ( Marks i n p ress a ) . A lthough i t i s f e lt t hat t he mode l i ss ound , i td oes n ot d ocumen t t he n ature o f t he t echno log ica l c hange , mere ly t hat t he e nd p o int o f t he c hange w as more a dapt ive t han t he b ase f r om w h ich t he c hange t ook p lace . T he s pec if ic n ature o f t he c hange , h owever , h as b een d ocumented f or t he c ruc ia l p er iod o f t he t rans it ion ; t hat p er iod d ur ing w h ich t here w as a r ad ica l c hange i n t echno logy s uch t hat t he r educt ion s equences u t i l ized b ecame d i fferent i nk ind , n o t mere ly i nd egree . T he a b i l ity t o d ocumen t s pec if ic c hange i nc ore r educt ion s t rateg ies i s t he f ortu itous r esu lt o f f i nd ing t he s i te o f B oke r T acht it w h ich h ad s t rat ig raph ica l ly i s o lated o ccupat ion f l oors s pann ing t hat s pec if ic p er iod o f c hange . I n a dd it ion , e ach f l oo r c on ta ined moderate d ens it ies o f a r t ifacts i n p r i mary c ontext w h ich r epresented c o re r educt ion , t oo l p roduct ion , t oo l u se , a nd t oo l d i scard . T herefore , t he f u l l r ange o f a ct iv it ies w as p resent o n e ach f l oor . T h is s i te h as a l ready s een p re l im inary p ub l icat ion ( Marks I 9 77b ) a nd i s n ow s hort ly t o b e p ub l ished i n g reat d e ta i l ( Marks i n p ress b ) . T herefo re , t h is p ape r w i l l d ea l o n ly b r ief ly w ith t he s i te i t se lf a nd w i l l c oncentra te o n t he s pec if ic n ature o f t he t echno log ica l t rans it ion s een i n f our o ccupa t ion f l oo rs t horugh e xtens ive c ore r econstruct ions . E ven h ere , h owever , t he t reatment , b y n ecess ity , w i l l b e b r ief . F u l l d ocumentat ion w i l l b e f ound i n T he P reh istory a nd P a leoenv ironments i n t he C entra l N egev , I s rae l , V o l . 3w h ich i sn ow i np ress . B oker T acht it i s l o cated i n t he C entra l N egev , I s rae l ( f ig . I ) , w ith in a t errace o f t he N aha l Z in , i n t he Avdat/Aqev a rea ( Marks I9 77b ) . T he s i te c onta ines f i ve s t rat if ied o ccupat ion f l oors , o f w h ich f our w ere e xcavated t o a s i gn if icant d egree . T he s i te i t se lf was , a t t he t ime o f o ccupat ion , a d jacent o t a s pr ing-fed l a ke a t t he mouth o f a f a ir ly n arrow b ox c anyon . T he o ccupat ions t ook p lace o n t he s urface o f f i ne g ra ined s ed i ments a t t he e dge o f t he l a ke . T hese o ccupat ion f l oo rs w ere p e r iod ica l ly s ubmerged w hen t he l a ke l e ve l r ose ( Go ldberg , i n Marks i n p ress b ) . T he t o ta l d urat ion o f t h is p rocess b etween t he f i rs t o ccupat ion ( Leve l I ) a nd t he l a s t o ccupat ion u ncovered ( Leve l 4 ) i s u nknown , b ut i t i s p robab ly t hat n o more t han 7 ,000 y ears were i nvo lved . C harcoa l f rom h earths i n L eve l Ia nd L eve l 4 p roduced d ates w h ich s ugges t t he e ar l ies t o ccupat ion t o h ave b een a t a bout 4 5 ,000 B .C . a nd t he l a test a t n o l e ss t han 3 8 ,000 B .C . ( Marks 1 98 1) . A dd it iona l d ates o n T hor ium/Uran ium t aken f rom a n earby f oss i l s p r ing w ith a rt ifacts c omparab le t o t hose a t B oker T acht it , t end t o c onf irm t he C I4 d a tes ( Schwartcz e t . a l . 1 979 ) . P o l len i n d icates t hat t he o ccupat ions t ook p lace d ur ing a p e r iod o f i ncreas ing c l i mat ic ameorat ion ( Horow itz , i n Marks i n p ress b ) a nd t h is i s c lear , a s we l l , f rom t he g eo logy , s i nce B oke r T acht it i s s i tuated l ow i n a n a ggrad ing t errace s et i n to t he b o ttom o f a mass ive ly e roded w ad i ( Go ldberg a nd B r i mmer , i n Marks i np ress b ) .

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F igure I . Map o f t he Negev , s how ing t he l o cat ion o f B oker T acht it .

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CORE REDUCT ION S TRATEG IES T he r econstruct ions f rom f i na l c ore e lements b ack t oward u nmod if ied b locks o f r aw mater ia l , o r t he r everse , f rom c o rtex c ove red f l akes i nward t oward a n e xhausted c o re was a l o ng a nd a rduous t ask , t ak ing u ncounted man d ays o ver a f our y ear p er iod . F or t he l owest l e ve l ( Leve l I ) , t h is w ork h as r esu lted i n t he c omp lete o r s i gn if icant r econs t ruct ion o f 2 4 b locks o f r aw mater ia l , i nvo lv ing n o f ewer t han 1 9 c ores , 2 3 t oo ls , a nd 4 74 p ieces o f d eb itage o f v ar ious s o rts . T he s a mp le f rom L eve l 2 i s l a rger , w ith 8 8 b locks o f r aw ma ter ia l r econstructed , i nvo lv ing 6 2 c ores , 7 5 t oo ls , a nd 2 072 p ieces o f d eb itage . U nfortunate ly , t he L eve l 3s amp le w as q u ite s ma l l , o n ly 9 r econstruct ions c ou ld b e d one , i n c lud ing 9 c ores , n o t oo ls , a nd 9 7 p ieces o f d eb itage . T h is s ma l l s a mp le was d ue t o t he v ery l im ited a rea o f p r i mary c ontext o ccupat ion f l oor wh ich h ad s urv ived i n t he a rea o f e xcava t ion ( 4 s q . m . ) . T he L eve l 4 r econstruct ions t o ta l led 3 5 , w ith 3 1 c ores , 3 0 t oo ls , a nd 6 3 1 p ieces o f d eb itage i n c luded . T h is r ec itat ion o f t he n umbe rs o f r econstruct ions a nd t he t ypes a nd q uant it ies o f p ieces i nvo lved i s g iven t o emphas ize t hat t he d escr ipt ions o f t he c hang ing c ore r educt ion s t rateg ies w h ich f o l low a re b ased o n l a rge s a mp les , w h ich i n c lude a s i gn if icant p roport ion o f a l l l i th ic mate lo t p roduced i nt he e xcavated a rea o f t he o ccupat ion f l oors . L eve l I . T he p r i mary c o re r educt ion s t ra tegy i n t he L eve l Ia ssemb lage c ons ists o f as pec ia l ized , o pposed p latfo rm L eva l lo is me thod , wh ich n o rma l ly p roduced o ne o r more L eva l lo is p o ints p er c o re , a l though s ome e xamp les s uggest t ha t a ctua l p o int p roduct ion was n o t a lways a ch ieved o r , p erhaps , d es ired . T h is s pec ia l ized r educt ion s t rategy i n vo lved a s er ies o f s equenced s teps w h ich may b e s u mma r ized as f o l lows : I . T he r e mova l o f much o f t he c ortex f rom a n odu le d ur ing wh ich p roces s al ame ä c rg te r i dge was s e t u p a long t he max imum l e ngth o f t he p iece . 2 . T he f ormat ion o f t wo p latfo rms , o ne a t e ach e nd o f t he l ame c ic ra te r i dge , b y t he r e mova l o f s evera l s ma l l p latfo rm p repara t ion f l akes . O ccas i ona l ly , t h is may i nvo lve t he f ormat ion o f s ma l l l ame ä c ra te r i dges a nd t he ir r e mova l d ur ing t he i n t ia l p latfo rm f o rma t ion ( f ig . 2 ) . 3 . T he s econd ma jor p hase o f c ore r educt ion b eg ins w ith t he r e mova l o f t he ma in l ame C Ic rate , w h ich i ss t ruck f rom o ne o f t he p repared p la tforms . 4 . T he s t r ik ing f rom t he o pposed p latfo rm o f as hort s er ies o f b lades ( f rom t wo t o f i ve ) , u s ing t he l ame ä c ra te s ca r a s t he s u rface f o r t he i n it ia l r e mova ls . A dd it iona l p latform f acet ing may o r may n o t b e d one , d epend ing o n t he s pec if ic s i tuat ion a fte r e ach b lade r e mova l . 5 . T he s t r ik ing f rom t he o ppos ite p latfo rm o f a nother s hort s er ies o f b lades ( f rom t wo t o f i ve ) , u s ing b o th t he n ew b lade s cars a nd w ha t i s l e ft o f t he l ame ä c r P te s c a r a s t he s urface f or i n it ia l r e mova ls . I n t h is c ase , p latfo rm r e juvenat ion u sua l ly t akes p lace t o c orrect f o r t he n egat ive b u lb r esu lt ing f rom t he l ame ä c rü te r e mova l a nd a dd it iona l p latform mod if icat ion may t ake p lace a s n eeded . T he l a s t r e mova l o f t h is b lade s e r ies i s u sua l ly e longated L eva l lo is p o int , whose Y a rret p a ttern i s p redeterm ined b y t he j uncture o f n egat ive s cars l e ft b y t he p rev ious t wo s e r ies o f b lade r e mova ls . I ts eems t hat t he n umber o f b lades r e moved i ne ach s er ies may w e l l r e late t o t he n umber i tt ook , i ne ach c a se , t os e t u p t he a ppropr iate s car c onf igurat ion f or p o int r e mova l . I m med iate ly p r ior t o t he p o int r emova l , t he p latform i s r efaceted t o h e lp c ontro l r e mova l . A fter t he p o int r e mova l t he c o re i se i ther a bandoned o r s teps f our a nd f i ve a re r epea ted , s o t hat a s econd s er ies o f b lades i sr e moved , a s we l l a s a nother e longated L eva l lo is p o int . Whether t h is h appens o r n o t s eems t o d epend u pon t he s i ze o f t he c ore a fter t he f i rst p o int

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F igure 2 . P ar t ly r econs t ructed L eva l lo is p o in t c o re f rom L eve l Is how ing I ) ma in l ame ä c re ‘ te a nd 2 ) s econd l ame ä c ra te u sed t o i n it ia l ly f o rm t he t op p la tfo rm .

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F igure 3 . P art r econstruct ion f rom L eve l I ,s how ing s i ng le p latform r educt ion s t rategy a nd t rad it iona l u se o f l ame c icre ' te .

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r e mova l a nd t he a b i l ity o f t he i n d iv idua l k napper . I no ne r econs truct ion t h ree e longated L eva l lo is p o ints w ere r emoved f rom t he s a me c o re b y a mu lt ip le r epet it ion o f s teps f our a nd f i ve . T he f act t ha t u l t imate ly t he r educt ion s t rategy e nds a fte r t he r emova l o f a n o pposed p latfo rm p roduced L eva l lo is p o int c lea r ly i n d ica tes t ha t t he p o int i st he d es ired e nd p roduct . I t s hou ld b e n o ted t ha t t h is s pec ia l ized L eva l lo is r educt ion s t rateuy t ends t o p roduce e l ongated L eva l lo is p o ints w ith r e lat ive ly c omp l icated a r ret p atterns . Wh i le t he Y -pattern i sp resent w ith in t hem , t hey r a re ly c onfo rm t o t he s imp le Y -a r re t p a ttern s o o ften i lus tra ted f o r M idd le P a leo l ith ic L eva l lo is p o ints . T hese more c omp lex p at te rns , h oweve r , a re k nown f rom Mouster ian c ontext ; me re ly , t hey a re n o t c ommon ( Bo rdes 1 96 1: 18 ) . I n am ino r v a r ia t ion o f t h is s t rategy , n o p o ints a re r emoved d ur ing r educt ion . I ti sd i ff icu lt t o t e l l w hether t h is i sd ue t o p lann ing o r me re ly t hat t he s cars n ever a ch ieved t he c orrec t c onf igura t ion . I ti si mpor tant , h oweve r , s i nce i ts ugges ts t ha t s ome v ar iat ion , i n f act , w as p resent i n w ha t s eems t o b e ar a the r d u l l a nd s tandard ized r educt ion p attern . F ina l ly , ap a rt ia l r econs truct ion i s t he o n ly e v idence i n L eve l If o r a s i ng le p la tfo rm b lade c o re r educt ion s t rategy . I nt h is c ase , t he l ame ä c ra te method i s emp loyed i n a mo re e xpected mode a nd i ta ppea rs t hat b lades w e re s t ruck f rom a s i ng le p latfo rm a round a lmos t t hree q uarters o f t he p la tfo rm 's c i rcumference ( f ig . 3 ) . L eve l 2 . A s i nL eve l 1 ,t he d om inant c ore r educt ion s t rateg ies a re t he s pec ia l o pposed p l a tfo rm L eva l lo is p o in t t ype a nd t he s imp le o pposed p latform b lade t ype . I nf act , i ti si nt h is l e ve l t hat a s h ift i se v ident f r om t he p o in t a s af i na l p roduct t o t he b lade a s af i na l p roduct . T h is d oes n o t i n vo lve t he a bandomnent o f t he L eva l lo is p o int r educt ion s t rategy b ut , me re ly , t he t endency t o c ont inue t he r educt ion o f ac o re a fte r t he r emova l o f t he l a st L eva l lo is p o in t . A lmos t h a lf o f t he r econs tructed c o res f rom w h ich L eva ll o is p o ints we re s t ruck s aw a dd it iona l r educt ion s o t ha t t he e xhaus ted c ore s hows n o i n d ica t ion o f p o in t p roduct ion . I na dd it ion , t here i s at endency t o p roduce more b lade s d ur ing t he s ett ing u p o f t he L eva l lo is p o int f o r r emova l a nd , a s w e l l , at endency t o r emove l o nge r s e r ies o f b lades f rom i n d iv idua l p la tfo rms d ur ing t h is p rocess . T here i s n o q ues t ion c oncern ing t he L eva l lo is n ature o f t he p o int p roduct ion ; e ach p o in t h as i t s s hape p rede te rm ined p r io r t o i t s b e ing s t ruck f rom t he c o re . H oweve r , i n t h is l e ve l t he t echno logy s hows a f l ex ib i l ity e ven w ith in t he L eva l lo is p o in t p roduct ion . F o r t he f i rs t t ime t he re a re L eva l lo is p o ints w he re t he a r re ' t p a ttern i sn o t f o rmed s o le ly b y t he i n tersect ion o f t wo s cars f rom t he d i s ta l e nd a nd o ne o r mo re f rom t he p rox ima l . R ather , t here a re s ome e xamp les w here o n ly a s i ng le s ca r o f t he a rre ‘ t p a ttern o r ig ina tes f rom t he d i s ta l e xtrem ity o f t he c o re ( f ig . 4 ) . I n a dd it ion t o t he mod if icat ions a nd c ont inuat ion o f L eve l 1r educt ion s t rateg ies , L eve l 2 s ees t he b lossom ing o f s i ng le p latfo rm r educ t ion s t rateg ies a nd t he i n troduc t ion o f r educt ion s t rateg ies w h ich u t i l ized t wo o r mo re u nopposed p la tfo rms . S ing le p la tfo rm r educt ion i s mos t c lea r ly s een i n w hat i s l i t t le mo re t han a mod if icat ion o f t he L eve l 1p a ttern . I n it ia l d ecort if icat ion a nd l ame ä c ra te f o rma t ion f o l lows t he a l ready d escr ibed s teps . H oweve r , o nce t he l ame ä c ra te r i dge i s f o rmed , o n ly a s i ng le p la tfo rm i sp roduced , e i the r b y f ace t ing o r b y t he r emova l o f as i ng le c o ret ab letl ike f l ake . C o re r educt ion i st hen l im ited t o t he s t r ik ing o ff o f b lades f rom t h is s i ng le p la tfo rm .

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F igure 4 . P o ints f rom B oker T acht it . a -b , i , t yp ica l L eve l Ia nd 2 p o in ts ( a h as r i ght l a tera l r e touch n ear b utt ; o n i ,i ti sb i late ra l ) ; c -d , Em irah p o ints f rom L eve l 2 ; ea nd g , L eva l lo is p o ints w ith o n ly o ne s car f rom t he d i s ta l e xtrem ity ( Leve ls 2 a nd 3 ) ; fa nd h , n on-Leva ll o is p o ints f rom L eve l 4( no te r i ght e dge r e touch o n h ; fc omes f rom c ore s hown i n F igure 6 . ) 2 2

As econd s i ng le p la tfo rm r educt ion s t ra tegy a ppears i nt h is a s semb lage , i n troduc ing w ha t i st o b ecome t he d om inan t r educt ion s t rategy i n L eve l 4 , t he u ppe rmost a t B oker T acht it . T h is p art icu lar s t rategy c a l ls i n it ia l ly f o r t he s e lec t ion o f at h in , t abu lar f l in t n odu le . A p latfo rm i sp roduced a t o ne e nd o f t he n odu le b y t he r emova l o f o ne o r mo re f l akes , e ach o f w h ich r emove s aw ho le s l ice f rom t he n odu le e xtrem ity . T hese a re s im i la r t o c o re t ab lets b ut , i n t h is c ase , t he p rocess i s f o r i n it ia l p latform f o rma t ion , n o t r e juvena t ion . P e rhaps b ecause o f t he t h inness o f t he n odu le , n o l ame ' ac rA te r i dge i s p roduced a nd a l l d eco rt if ica t ion t akes p lace f rom t h is s i ng le p latfo rm . T hat i s , c o rtex i sr emoved a s b lades a re p ee led f rom o ne t h in e dge o f t he n odu le . T h is p roces s p roduces , a t f i rs t , an umber o f b lades w ith d ecreas ing amount s o f c ortex o n t he ir d orsa l s urfaces u n t i l i tb ecomes r a re t ha t a ny c o rtex i sp resent . P latfo rm r e juvenat ion may t ake p lace e i the r b y t he r emova l o f t r ue c o re t ab lets o r b y t he r emova l o f s ma l l f l akes w h ich f acet t he s t r ik ing p l atform . A no ther v a r ia t ion i nr educt ion s t ra tegy w h ich i sf i rs t s een i nL eve l 2i s t he s e lect ion o f al a rge f l ake a s a n i n it ia l p iece o f r aw mate r ia l f o r f ur ther r educt ion . I n o ne s ense , t h is i ss im i lar t o t he a bove d escr ibed s e lect ion o f a t h in modu le , b ut i nt h is c ase , t he re i sn o c o rtex a nd , f ur the rmo re , t he d o rsa l a nd v entra l s urfaces o f t he l a rge f l ake c um c o re a re , o f c ourse , v e ry r egu la r a nd p ara l le l t o e ach o the r . I no rde r t o p repare o ne l a tera l e dge a s as urface f rom w h ich b lades w ou ld b e r emoved , t he re f i rst w ou ld b e t he f o rma t ion o f a u n ifac ia l l ame Z ic r a te ( l ook ing l i ke a d ent icu la ted e dge ) , t hen o f p la tfo rms a t e ach e nd o f t he e dge . B lades a re r emoved a s d escr ibed f o r t he c ores i n L eve l I . I n o ne c a se , a t l e as t , t he i n it ia l f l ake w as s uff ic ien t ly t h ick s uch t hat a L eva l lo is p o int w as p roduced i n t he t r ad it iona l manne r o f t he l owe r l e ve l . P erhaps t he mos t s t r ik ing i n novat ion s een i n L eve l 2w as t he s e lect ion o f l a rge b locks o f r aw mate r ia ls f o r r educt ion . A t t imes , t h is a ppears t o h ave b een d one s o a s t o i n crease t he s i ze o f t he b lanks p roduced ; o ppo sed p latfo rm r e juvena t ion q u ick ly r educes t he e ffec t ive l e ngth o f a ny c o re . H owever , much o f t he t ime t hese l a rge b locks w e re me re ly s p l it i n to t wo o r mo re p ieces w ith e ach p iece t hen b e ing t reated a s a s eparate c o re . T he r econstruct ions , t he refo re , i n r e turn ing t o t he o r ig ina l , l a rge b lock o f f l int , t ake o n as t range a spect ; u p t o s i x d i ffe ren t c o res a l l c onnected o nto a s i ng le p iece o f f l int w ith , p erhaps , a n umbe r o f d i s t inc t r educt ion s t rateg ies r epresented . T he p a ttern o f l a rge b lock u sage i sc ons isten t w ith t he marked i n crease i n r educt ion s t rategy v a r iab i l ity s een i n L eve l 2a s c ompa red w ith t ha t i n L eve l I . W h i le a L eva l lo is p o in t r educt ion s t rategy i s s t i l l c lear ly p resent a nd p roduc ing s i gn if icant n umbers o f L eva l lo is p o ints , t he o ther s t rateg ie s a re n o t L eva l lo is i n t ha t t hey f a i l t o p redete rm ine t he s pec if ic s hape o f t he r e moved b lanks . T he t echn iques u t i l ized a re t hose a l so u t i l ized i n s o me L eva l lo is t echno logy ( f aceted p latfo rms , o pposed p la tfo rm f l ak ing , n umerous r e face t ing s o f t he p latfo rms , e tc . ) ; h oweve r , t hese t echn iques a re more d i rec t ly r e la ted t o t he r equ irements o f h ard h amme r f l ak ing t han t hey a re t o a ny s pec if ic p redeterm ina t ion o f s hape . I t i s c lea r , h owever , t ha t L eve l 2e xh ib its r educt ion s t rateg ies f o rmed b y c omb ina t ions o f o ld a nd n ew a pproaches t o r aw ma te r ia l . I np a rt icu lar , t here i s a much w ide r v a r ia t ion i n t he s i ze a nd s hape o f b locks c hosen f o r f l ak ing . I ts eems o bv ious t ha t t h is v ar iat ion , o nce a ccep ted , t ended t o e ncourage d i ffe rent a pproaches t o c o re r educt ion . L eve l 3 . B ecause o f t he s ma l l a rea o f L eve l 3p r ima ry c ontext f l oo r f ound w ith in t he e xcavated a rea a t B oke r T acht it , o n ly s i x c ores c ou ld b e r econs truc ted t o a n e xtent t ha t t he ir s pec if ic r educt ion s t rategy c ou ld b e

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F igure 5 . P art ly r econstructed L eve l 3o pposed p latfo rms b lade c o re made o n t h ick f l ake .

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d eterm ined . E ven s o , o ne h ad a t yp ica l p a tte rn f o r t he L eva l lo is p o int p roduct ion a nd t h ree o thers w ere o pposed p la tfo rm b lade t ypes s o c ommon i n b o th o f t he l owe r l e ve ls . A no the r t yp if ied t he o pposed p latfo rm s t rategy u t i l ized w hen a l a rge f l ake w as c hosen f o r r educt ion ( f ig . 5 ) , w h i le t he l a s t e xh ib its a r educt ion b ased u pon mu lt ip le p latfo rms a nd t he r emova l o f t he l a rge f l akes , r athe r t han b lades . I n s p ite o f t he f ew r econs truct ions d one , o ve r 3 0 c o res w e re r ecove red mos t o f w h ich i n d icate o pposed p la tfo rm f l ak ing . Y et , f rom t he d or sa l s ca r p atterns o n b lades f r om t h is l e ve l , i ti sa ppa ren t t hat t he re w as a n i n c rease i n t he p roduct ion o f b lades f rom e i the r t r ue s i ng le p la tfo rm c o re s o r f rom l o nger s e r ies o f b l ades s t ruck f rom o ne p latfo rm o f o ppo sed p la tfo rm c o res . I n L eve l I ,3 8% o f t he b lades h ave a u n id irect iona l d o rsa l s ca r p atte rn . T h is i n creases t o 4 3% i n L eve l 2 , a nd , t o 5 0% i n L eve l 3 . B y L eve l 4 , h oweve r , t h is p attern i sd om inan t , w ith 7 6% o f t he b lades c om ing f rom s i ng le p la tfo rm c o res a nd e xh ib it ing n o i n d icat ion o f a ny o ppo sed p latfo rm w o rk . F rom t he c o res t hemse lves , o n ly f ou r s pec ia l L eva l lo is p o int p reparat ion , r emova l , T h is s t rong ly s uggests , a s d oes t he t ypo logy L eva ll o is method w as f as t d i sappea r ing i n t he i nr educ t ion s t ra teg ies .

a re i n d ica t ive o f t he t yp ica l a nd a bandonment o f t he c o re . ( Marks , i n p res s a ) , t ha t t he f ace o f a n i n creased f l ex ib i l ity

L eve l 4 . T he d om inan t r educt ion s t rategy i n L eve l 4 i s a s i ng le p latfo rm t echn ique , a s s een o n 4 3 o f 5 2 c o res f ound o n t he f l oo r . O ther , p oo r ly r epresen ted , s t rateg ies i n c lude o pposed p latfo rm , t wo p latfo rms u nopposed , a nd mu lt ip le-p la tfo rm . E ven w ith in t h is r a ther u n iform r educt ion s t ra tegy t he re a re s o me v ar iat ions w h ich a re s uff ic ient ly p atte rned a nd r eoccur r ing t ha t t hey c anno t b e c ons idered i d osyncrat ic . T hree b as ic v a r ie t ies c an b e s een , e ach a ppare n t ly a ssoc iated w ith a d i ffe rent w idth o f t he r aw mate r ia l s e lected f o r r educt ion . I n t he f i rs t v ar ie ty , t he c hosen n odu le i st h in , o ften t abu lar . T he p latfo rm i sp roduced b y as i ng le b low w h ich r emoves a c o re t ab le tl ike f l ake f rom o ne e nd o f t he n odu le . B lades a re t hen s imp ly p ee led b ack f rom t he o r ig ina l c o rtex c overed e dge o f t he n odu le . C ontro l o f t he p latfo rm i sd one b y e i the r t he r emova l o f as econd f l ake w h ich t akes o ff t he w ho le t op o f t he c o re o r , more o ften , t h rough t he l im ited u se o f f i ne f ace t ing a long t he i n tersect ion b etween t he s t r ik ing p la tfo rm a nd t he f l ak ing s urface . T hus , many o f t he b lades p roduced o n t hese c ores h ave f aceted p la tfo rms . I n t h is v ar iety , i ti sa lway s at h in e dge o f t he n odu le w h ich i sc hosen a s t he s urface f rom w h ich b lades w i l l b e s t ruck . T h is t ype o f c o re r educt ion s t ra tegy f i rs t a ppears i nL eve l 2 ,a l though i ti s much mo re p reva lent i nt h is l e ve l . I ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t i na dd it ion t o t abu lar n odu les , l a rge f l akes a re a l so c hosen t o b e t reated i nt h is manner . T he s econd v a r iety o f t h is s i ng le p latfo rm r educt ion s t ra tegy c omes i n to p lay w hen a n odu le o f med ium w id th i sc ho sen f o r r educt ion . B ecause o f t he s i ze o f t he p iece , i tn o rma l ly w i l l h ave n o t h in e dge , b e ing e i ther p o inted o va l o r s qua t ly r ectangu lar i nc ross-sect ion . I na l l c ases , h oweve r , t he re i sa n atura l c res t a long t he l o ng a x is o f t he p iece . T he mass i sn o t s o l a rge t hat i n it ia l p latfo rm f o rma t ion n eeds t o b e mod if ied f rom t he f i rs t s ys tem . R ather , t he p latfo rm i ss e t u p b y t he r emova l o f as i ng le f l ake , b ut b ecause o f t he s hape o f t he b lock o f r aw mate r ia l , t here i s a marked t endency t o r e move b lades f rom a f a ir ly l a rge p art o f t he c o re 's c i rcumference ( i .e . , o neh a lf t o t wo-th irds ) . T hese b lade r emova ls a re i n terrupted w hen t he p la tfo rm i sn o l o nger s u it ab le , a nd t he p latfo rm i sr e juvenated b y t he r e mova l o f t rue

2 5

F igure 6 . R econs tructed L eve l 4s i ng le p latfo rm b lade c ore w ith p yram ida ! f l ak ing s u rface . T hree mo rpho log ica l ly t yp ica l " Leva l lo is" p o ints c ame f rom t h is c o re , i n c lud ing f i g . 4 , f .

2 6

F igure 7 . R econst ruc ted L eve l 4b lade c o re w ith t wo u nopposed p la tfo rms .

2 7

c o re t ab le ts . I ns ome c ases , a s many a s t hree s t ages o f p la tfo rm r e juvena t ion h ave b een r econs tructed o n as i ng le c o re . B ecause o f t he l a rge r a rea f o rm ing t he f l ak ing s urface , o ccas iona l ly p ieces a re r emoved w h ich mo rpho log ica l ly p a ra l le l t he e longated L eva l lo is p o ints o f L eve ls 1t h rough 3 . H owever , f rom t he r econs truct ions i ti sc l ear t ha t t hey a re n o t t he r e su lt o f c onsc ious p rede te rm ina t ion , a nd c o re s a re n eve r a bandoned a fter t he r emova l o f s uch a p o in t . U n l ike t he t rue L eva l lo is p o ints , t he re i sn o r e turn t o ap atterned s equence o f r emova ls a fte r ap o int h as b een p roduced a nd , i fa no ther p o int h appens t o c ome o f f t he s a me c o re a t al a te r s tage o f r educt ion , i ti s mo re o r l e ss b y c hance . A f i na l v ar ie ty o ccurs w hen a l a rge b lock o f r aw ma ter ia l i sc ho sen f o r r educt ion . T h is s t rategy i s e ssent ia l ly l i ke t he o the r t wo , e xcep t i n t he method o f p latform p roduct ion a nd r e juvena t ion . I n it ia l ly , t he p latfo rm i ss e t u p b y f ace t ing t hrough t he r emova l o f as e r ie s o f l a rge f l akes . B lades a re t hen p ee led o ff a round t he l a rge p ar t o f t he c i rcumfe rence . When t he p la tfo rm n eeds r e juvena t ion , i ti sd one p iece-mea l w ith a dd it iona l s ma l l s ca le f acet ing w h ich a ffects o n ly a s ma l l p a rt o f t he p l atfo rm ( f ig . 6 ) . T hese c ores o ften a re p yram ida l i n s hape , w ith a l a rge p latfo rm a nd l a tera l e dges w h ich c onve rge t owa rd t he d i s ta l c o re e xtrem ity . T he w ide p latfo rm c aused b y n o rma l h a rd h amme r p e rcuss ion t ends t o b e t he w ides t p art o f t he d etached b lanks a nd , a s m ight w e l l b e e xpec ted , i n al a rge s er ies o f r e mova ls a c erta in n umbe r h ave a s ymmet r ic t r iangu la r o r l e a f s hape . I n s hort , t hese a re mo rpho log ica l ly i d ent ica l t o t he L eva l lo is p o in ts , a l though t hey t end t o b e s omewhat l a rger . A s w ith t he v a r ie ty d escr ibed a bove , t hese p o ints a re n o t p redeterm ined b y a s e t p a t tern o f p rev ious r e mova ls a nd c anno t b e c ons idered L eva l lo is . H ere , h oweve r , t hey t end t o b e e ven mo re L eva l lo isl ike , s i nce t he p latfo rm r e juvenat ion a nd r egu la r izat ion t echn iques t end t o g ive t hese p o ints f aceted p la tfo rms ( f ig . 4 ) . T he o ther r educt ion s t rateg ies r ep resented i n L eve l 4a re e i the r h igh ly a typ ica l ( i .e . , t he mu lt i-p la tfo rm c ore ) o r a re r ea l ly v a r ia t ions o f t hose d escr ibed a bove . I n t he c ase o f c o res w ith t wo u nopposed p la tfo rms , i n r ea l ity , e ach p latform s hou ld b e c ons idered a s epa rate r educt ion p rocess , s i nce o ne s equence h as n o e ffect o n t he o the r ( f ig . 7 ) . E ven i n t he o pposed p la tfo rm s t rategy , i t i s n o t r ea l ly o pposed p la tfo rm i n t he s ense u sed f o r L eve ls 1 t hrough 3 . R a ther , as i ng le p lat fo rm i s u sed u nt i l s ome ma jo r s t ruc tura l p rob lem i se ncountered ( h inge-frac tur ing , p la tfo rm c rush ing , e tc . ) a nd t hen t he c ore i st urned u ps ide-down a nd a n ew p la tform c rea ted o n t ha t e nd . F ur the r r educt ion f rom t he n ew p la tfo rm i sq u ite d i s t inct f rom t he f i rs t o ne , s o t h is t oo i sn o t at rue o pposed p latfo rm t echn ique . F ina l ly , i ts hou ld b e n o ted t hat t he l ame ? : . 1c r e te t echn ique w as n o t u sed i n a ny o f t hese v ar iet ies o f c ore r educt ion . D ISCUSS ION T he c o re r educt ion s t rateg ies d escr ibed a bove d ocumen t as h if t f rom a r ather h omogenous , L eva l lo is f l ak ing t echno logy , t hrough a p e r iod o f c ons i derab le h eterogene ity a nd f l ex ib i l ity i n r educt ion s t rateg ies , t o , f i na l ly , a r e turn t o ar a the r h omogeneous t echno logy w h ich w as n o l o nge r L eva l lo is . T h is l a tes t man ifes tat ion , a s s een i n B oke r T acht it , L eve l 4 , may b e mos t e conom ica l ly d ef ined a s a n U pper P a leo l ith ic h ard h ammer , s i ng le p l atform , b lade p roduc ing t echno logy . T h is t echno logy i ss een e l sewhere i nt he L evan t a t s uch s i tes a s A nte l ias ( Cope land 1 970 ) a nd K sa r A k i l ( Cope land 1 975 ) b u t h as b een d escr ibed a s " evo lved" L eva l lo is . P r io r t o t he c ore r econs truct ions

2 8

f rom B oker T acht it , s uch a n i n ferent ia l c onc lus ion , b ased u pon t he p resence o f L eva l lo isl ike p o ints i no the rw ise b lade a s semb lages , w as q u ite r easonab le . I tn o l o nger i sr easonab le , h owever . T he p icture w h ich eme rges f rom B oke r T acht it i s o ne o f ma rked v ectored c hange i n r educt ion s t ra tegy f rom L eva l lo is t o b lade w h i le , a t t he s a me t ime , ma in ta in ing s urpr is ing c ont inu ity i n t he b lanks p roduced . C ont i nu ity i n b lade p roduct ion i s s t r ik ing ; mean l e ngth , w id th , t h icknes s a nd p latform me tr ics s how s i gn if ican t c umu lat ive c hange b e tween L eve ls 1a nd 4 b ut c hanges b e tween a d jacen t l e ve ls a re t r iv ia l ( Ma rks i np res s a , i np ress b ) . T he o n ly a ttr ibutes w h ich c hange r e la te t o d o rsa l s car p a ttern ( f rom b id irect i ona l t o u n id irect iona l ) a nd b lade s hape ( f rom p ara l le l l a te ra l e dges t o c onverg ing l a te ra l e dges ) . O ther a ttr ibutes s uch a s b lade p la tfo rm t ype , p rof i le , c ross-sect ion , e tc . , s how n o v ecto red c hange . T h is i s mo re e xtreme f o r f l akes , w he re n o s i gn if icant c hange o ccurs a t a l l . I nf act , o ften i n tra leve l v ar iab i l ity e xceeds i n te rleve l v a r iab i l ity o f a l l c lasses o f a r t ifacts a nd mos t a ttr ibute s tates (H ie ta la , i n Marks i np ress b ) . T he o ne ma jo r c hange b rought a bou t b y t he a dopt ion o f ac ons is tent s i ng le p latform b lade p roduc ing s t rategy w as t he d i sappearance o f t he l ame ä c rPte t echn iques b etween L eve ls 3a nd 4 . G iven t he t rad it iona l u nde rs tand ing o f t h is t echn ique ( B rez i l lon 1 968 :96-97 ) , b o th i t s a ssoc iat ion w ith t he o pposed p latfo rm L eva l lo is p o in t r educt ion s t rategy a nd i t s a bsence f rom t he s i ng le p latform b lade p roduct ion s t rategy a re u nexpected . I ti sa no ther c ase w he re t r ad it iona l i n fe rence i s p roven t o b e u nen l ighten ing . T h is p rob lem i s c ompounded b y t he p resence o f mu lt ip le l ames e tc ra te a ssoc ia ted w ith i n d iv idua l c ores i n L eve ls 1 t hrough 3 , a s i s i t s d ocumented u se i n i n it ia l p latform f o rma t ion . T he t echno log ica l c hange d escr ibed a bove mus t b e s een , i fo n ly b r ief ly , i n t ypo log ica l c ontext , a s w e l l . T he t rans it ion f rom t he M idd le t o t he U pper P a leo l ith ic i s u sua l ly t hought o f a s b e ing b o th t echno log ica l a nd t ypo log ica l ( Garrod 1 95 1, 1 955 ) ; i ti sn o rma l ly a ssumed t ha t b o th t echno logy a nd t ypo logy s h ifted s ynchronous ly . Y e t , i ft he d a ta f rom B oker T acht it c an b e g ene ra li z ed , t h is w as n o t t he c ase . T he r e touched t oo ls f rom B oke r T acht it , L eve l I , a s ide f rom t he L eva l lo is p o ints , a re a l l t yp ica l ly U ppe r P a leo l ith ic ; e nds crapers , b ur ins , r e touched b lades . I n f act , t here i sn o t at rue s i descrape r , Mouster ian p o int , p o int d e T ayac , e tc . , a t B oke r T acht it . T here a re a f ew d ent icu la tes b ut t hese , w h i le o ften c ommon i n t he M idd le P a leo l ith ic , a re a l so c ommon i n t he U pper P a leo l ith ic o f t he L evant . I fo ne h ad t o p o in t t o c ont inu ity a t B oke r T acht it , i tw ou ld b e s een i n t wo e lements mos t o f a l l ; t he c ons is tency i n t he r e touched t oo ls f rom l e ve l t o l e ve l a nd i n t he p resence o f p o ints w ith L eva l lo is l ike mo rpho logy . Wha t c hange c an b e s een i n t he t ypo logy m ight b e e xpressed , a t b es t , a s a n i n tens if ica t ion a nd m ino r e labo ra t ion o f U ppe r P a leo l ith ic t oo l f o rms , p art icu la r ly o f e ndscrape r t ypes . T he re i sn o t e ven t ha t much c hange i nt he p o ints . I ns p ite o f b e ing p roduced b y t wo u nre lated c o re r educt ion s t rateg ies , t hey a re mo rpho log ica l ly t he s a me a nd t end t o r ece ive t he s a me t ype o f r e touch i na l l l e ve ls ( f ig . 4 ) . T he o n ly e xcept ion t o t h is i st he p resence o f Em ireh p o ints i n t he l owe r t hree l e ve ls . T hese p o ints , c ons idered b y G a rrod t o b e a t ype f o ss i l o f t he t rans it ion b etween t he M idd le a nd U ppe r P a leo l ith ic a re d i scussed i n d e ta i l e l sewhere i nt h is v o lume ( Vo lkman a nd K aufman t h is v o lume ) . I t may b e a sked r easonab ly w hy d o w e n o t c ons ide r t he p o ints f rom L eve l 4t o b e L eva l lo is i ft hey s hare t he s a me mo rpho logy w ith p o in ts w h ich h ave a lways b een c lass if ied a s L eva l lo is? T he a nswer i ss imp le . T he c o re r econstruct ions h ave d emons trated t ha t t he p o ints p roduced i n L eve l 4w ere 2 9

n o t p rede term ined b y t he c onsc ious s hap ing o f t he c o re b ut w ere o ne e nd o f a mo rpho log ica l c ont inuum w h ich r e su lted f rom t he c omb inat ion o f h a rd h ammer p ercuss ion , s i ng le p la tfo rm b lank r emova l , a nd p yram ida l-shaped c o re f aces . Ah igh p e rcentage o f a l l e longated b lanks r esu lt ing f rom s uch a c omb ina t ion a re o f t r iangu lar o r l e af s hape ; o n ly a f ew h ave t he s ymme try w h ich p ushes t hem i n to a L eva l lo isl ike mo rpho logy . T h is s i tuat ion i sq u ite d i fferent i n at rue L eva l lo is r educt ion s t rategy s uch a s t ha t o f L eve l I . T he t endendy t here i sf o r b lades w ith p ara l le l l a te ra l e dges a nd b lunt t i ps ; t he L eva l lo is p o ints s tand o ut f rom t he r es t b y v i rtue o f t he ir p rede term ined s hape . T h is r a ises t he q ues t ion o f w he the r o ne c an a ccurate ly i n fe r me thod o f p roduct ion f rom f i na l mo rpho logy . Wou ld i tn o t b e s imp le mere ly t o d ef ine L eva l lo is a s a mo rpho log ica l e nd-product , r a ther t han a s a me thod o f a ch iev ing a p roduct? P e rhaps s o , b ut i tw ou ld h ave l i t t le u t i l ity . Y e t , i n r ea l ity , t ha t i sp retty much w hat h as h appened . A rcheo log ists h ave w o rked ma in ly f rom b lanks a nd h ave i n ferred t he ir me thod o f p roduct ion f rom s pec if ic a t tr ibutes , p art icu lar ly b y t he d o rsa l s ca r p a tterns . I ti sr ecogn ized t ha t d i fferen t r educt ion s t ra teg ies c an a ch ieve t he s ame p atterns , p ar t icul a r ly i n t he c ase o f L eva l lo is p o ints ( Bo rdes 1 9 80 ; T ix ier e t a l . 1 980 ) b ut i th as a lways b een a ssumed t hat , w ith a v e ry o ccas iona l i n d iv idua l e xcept ion , b lanks w ith a L eva l lo is p o int mo rpho logy w ere p urpo se ly p redeterm ined . T he r econstruct ions f rom B oke r T acht it , L eve l 4 , i n d icate t ha t t h is s tatemen t m ight b e t rue i n many c ases , b ut t hat i t i s n o t t rue i n o ne c ase ( Bake r T acht it ) a nd i sp robab ly n o t t r ue i ns ome o the r c ases , a s w e l l ( Ante l ias , K sa r A k i l , A bu H a lka ) . T he mode o f p roduct ion o f L eva l lo isl ike p o ints i n L eve l 4o f B oke r T acht it c anno t mere ly b e a dded t o t he l i s t o f d i ffe rent L eva l lo is me thod s s i nce , b y d ef in it ion , s pec if ic p rede term inat ion i st he c r it ica l e lemen t ( Bo rdes 1 96 1, 1 980 ) . G iven t he n umbe r o f t heo re t ica l ly d i f fe rent t echn iques b y w h ich e ven L eva ll o is p o ints may b e p roduced a nd , n ow a dd ing t o t h is n umbe r an onL eva l lo is me thod , o ne mus t s e r ious ly q ues iton w he the r t he t ype h as mean ing w h ich p erm its i n s ights i n to e i the r c u ltura l a s soc iat ion o r , e ven , b as ic t echno log ica l t ra its . I n s ho rt , t he a ssemb lages a t B oke r T acht it h ave n o t o n ly d ocumented o ne s pec if ic t echno log ica l t rans it ion f rom t he M idd le t o t he U ppe r P a leo l ith ic b ut h ave a l so , b y v i rtue o f t he k i nd o f t r ans it ion i n vo lved , r a ised s er ious q ues t ions a s t o t he u se o f t he L eva l lo is p o in t a s a t r ue r ef lect ion o f a L eva l lo is method . When c omb ined w ith t he p rob lems i n herent i nd ef in ing a nd r ecogn iz ing L eva l lo is b lades ( Cope land 1 98 1) , i ts eems a pparent t ha t c ur rent u sage a nd , p erhaps , e ven t he w ho le c oncep t o f L eva l lo is i nt he L evant s hou ld b e r eeva luated a nd , a t t he l e as t , t he d ef in it ions g overn ing i t s r ecogn it ion s hou ld b e t i ghtened . REFERENCES A zoury , I . 1 97 1

A T echno log ica l a nd T ypo log ica l A na lys is o f t he T rans it iona l a nd E ar ly U ppe r P a leo l ith ic L eve ls o f K sar A k i l a nd A bu H a lka . U n ive rs ity o f L ondon : P h .D . d i sse rta t ion . B ar-Yosef , 0 . a nd B . V ande rmeersch 1 972 T he S trat igraph ica l a nd C u ltura l P rob lems o f t he P assage f rom M idd le t o U ppe r P a leo l ith ic i n P a les t in ian Caves . I n T he O r ig in o f H omo S ap iens , e d ited b y F . B ordes , p . 2 2 1-226 . UNESCO , P a r is .

3 0

B inford , S .R . 1 966

1 9 68 B o rdes , F . 1 96 1 1 980 B rez iI l o n , M . 1 97 1 C ope land , L . 1 970 1 975

1 976

1 98 1

C rew , H .L . 1 976

Me 'a rat S hovakh ( Mugha ret e sh S hubbab iq ) . I s rae l E xp lo rat ion J ourna l 1 6 : 18-32 , 9 6103 . E ar ly U pper P le istocene A dap ta t ions i n t he L evant . Amer ican A n thropo log is t 7 0 :707-7 17 . T ypo log ie d u P a leo l ith ique A nc ien e t Moyen . I mp r ime r ies D e lmas , B o rdeaux . L e d eb itage L eva l lo is e t s es v a r iants . B u l le t in d e l aS oc iete P reh isto r ique F rança ise 7 7 :45-49 . L a D enom inat ion d es O b jects d e P reh is to ire , S upp lement 4 : 1-4 11.

P ie rre

T a i l lee .

G a l l ia

T he E ar ly U pper P a laeo l ith ic F l in t Mater ia l f rom L eve ls V I I-V , A n te l ias C ave , L ebanon . B e ry tus 1 9 :99143 . T he M idd le a nd U ppe r P a leo l ith ic o f L ebanon a nd S yr ia i n t he l i gh t o f R ecen t R esea rch . I n P rob lems i n P reh isto ry : No r th A f r ica a nd t he L evant , e d ited b y F . Wendorf a nd A . E . Marks , p . 3 17-350 . S outhern Me thod is t U n ive rs ity P ress , D a l las . T erm ino log ica l C o r re la t ions i n t he E ar ly U ppe r P a leo l ith ic o f L ebanon a nd P a les t ine . P ape r p resented a t t he C o l loque I . P repr int i n D eux ieme C o l loque s u r l a T erm ino log ie d e l a P reh is to ire d u P roche-Or ient , I Xe C ongres U n ion I n te rnat iona le d es S c iences P reh is tor iques e t P ro toh is to r iques , N ice . p p .35-49 . L eva l lo is o r N on-Leva l lo is? R ef lec t ions o n s o me T echn ica l f ea tures o f H umma l , L eve l I A ( E l-Koum , S yr ia ) . P ape r p resen ted a t t he C om is ion V . T e rm ino log ia d e l a P reh is tor ia d e l C e rcano O r iente . X C ongreso U n ion I n te rnac iona l d e C ienc ias P reh is tor icas y P ro toh isto r icas , Mex ico . D .F . P rep r int , p p . 1-27 . T he Mous ter ian S i te o f R osh E in Mo r . I nP reh is to ry a nd P a leoe nv ironments i n t he C entra l N egev , I s rae l . V o l . I . T he A vda t A qev A rea , P a rt I , e d ited b y A . E . Marks , p p .75- 11 2 . S outhe rn Me thod is t U n ivers ity P ress , D a l las .

Ew ing , J .F . •1 947

P re l im inary N o te o n t he E xcavat ion a t t he P a leo l ith ic S i te o f K sa r A k i l , R epub l ic o f L ebanon . A nt iqu ity 2 1 : 186196 . G arrod , D . A . E . 1 95 1 A T ran s it iona l I n dus try f rom t he B ase o f t he U pper P a leo l ith ic i n P a les t ine a nd S yr ia . J ou rna l o f t he R oya l A nthropo log ica l I n s t itu te 8 1 : 12 1129 . 1 955 T he Mughare t e l -Em ireh i nL owe r G a l i lee ; T ype S tat ion o f t he Em iran I n dus try . J ourna l o f t he R oya l A nthropo log ica l I n s t itute 8 5 : 14 1162 . 1 962 A n O ut l ine o f P le is tocene p reh is to ry i n P a les t ine-LebanonS yr ia . Q uarternar ia 6 :54 1-546 . G arrod , D . A . E . a nd D . M . A . B ate 1 937 T he S tone A ge o f Mount C arme l I : E xcavat ions a t t he Wadye l -Mughora . C larendon P ress , O xfo rd . H a l ler , J . 1 946 N otes d e p reh is to ire p hen ic ienne : l ' Abr i d 'Abou H a lka ( Tr ipo l i ) . B u l le t in d u Musee d e B eyrouth 6 : 1-20 .

3I

H enry , D . 0 . i np ress

T he P reh is to ry o f S ou thern J o rdan a nd R e lat ionsh ips w ith t he L evant . J ourna l o f F ie ld A rchaeo logy .

J e l inek , A . J . 1 98 1 T he M idd le P a leo l ith ic i n t he S outhe rn L evant f rom t he P erspect ive o f t he T abun C ave . I n P reh is to ire d u L evan t , e d ited b y J . C auv in a nd P . S an lav i l le , p p . 2 65-285 . E d it ions d u C .N .R .S . , P ar is . K le in , R . I 9 80 L ate r P le is tocene H unters . I n T he C amb r idge E ncyc lopaed ia o f A rchaeo logy , e d ited b y A . S he rratt , p p . 8 7-95 . T he U n ive rs ity P ress , C ambr idge . Marks , A . E . 1 976 P reh is to ry a nd P a leoenv ironmen ts i n t he C entra l N egev , I s rae l . V o l . I . T he A vdat/Aquev A rea , P art I . S outhe rn Me thod is t U n ive rs ity P ress , D a l las . 1 977a P reh is to ry a nd P a leoenv ironmen ts i n t he C entra l N egev , I s rae l , V o l . 2 T he A vda t/Aqev A rea , P art 2a nd t he H a r H a nf . D epar tmen t o f A nthropo logy , S outhern Me thod is t U n ive rs ity , D a l las . I 977b T he U ppe r P a leo l ith ic S i tes o f B oke r T acht it a nd B oke r : A P re l im ina ry R epo r t . I n P reh is to ry a nd P a leoenv ironmen ts i n t he C entra l N egev , I s rae l . V o l . 2 T he A vda t/Aqev A rea , P a rt 2 a nd t he H ar H anf , e d ited b y A . E . Marks , p p . 6 1-80 . D epar tmen t o f A n thropo logy , S ou the rn Method is t U n ivers ity , D a l las . 1 98 1 T he M idd le P a leo l ith ic o f t he N egev . I nP reh isto ire d u L evan t , e d ited b y J .C auv in a nd P . S an lav i l le , p p . 2 87-298 . E d it ions d u C .N .R .S . , P ar is . i np ress a . T he M idd le t o U pper P a leo l ith ic T rans it ion i nt he L evant . I n A dvances i n Wo r ld A rchaeo logy , e d ited b y F . Wendo rf a nd A . C lo se , V o l . 2 . A cadem ic P ress , N ew Y o rk . i np res s b . P reh is tory a nd P a leoenv ironmen ts i nt he C entra l N egev , I s rae l , V o l . I . T he A vdat/Aqev A rea , P a r t 3 .D epar tmen t o f A n thropo logy , S outhern Me thod is t U n ive rs ity , D a l las . Marks , A . E . a nd H . L . C rew 1 972 R osh E in Mo r , A n O pen-A ir Mous ter ian S i te i n t he C entra l N egev , I s rae l . C urrent A nthropo logy 1 3 :59 1-593 . Ma rks , A . E . a nd D . A . F re ide l 1 977 P reh is to r ic S ett lement P atte rns i nt he A vdat/Aqev A rea . I n P reh is to ry a nd P a leoenv ironmen ts i n t he C entra l N egev , Is rae l . V o l . 2 . T he A vdat/Aqev A rea , P a rt 2 a nd t he H a r H a nf , e d ited b y A . E . Marks , p p . 1 3 1159 . D epartment o f A n th ropo logy , S outhern Me thod ist U n ive rs ity , D a l las . Neuv iI l e , R . L e P reh isto r ique d e P a les t ine . R evue B ib l ique 4 3 :237-259 . 1 934 L e P a leo l ith ique e t l e Meso l ith ique d u D esert d e J udge . 1 95 1 A rch ives d e l ' I ns t itut d e P a lgon to log ie H uma ine 2 4 : 1-270 . P erro t , J . 1 968 L a P reh isto ire p a les t in ienne . E xtra it d u S upp lemen t a u D ict ionna ire d e l aB ib le V I I I :286-446 . S ch ick , T . a nd M . S teke l is 1 977 Mous ter ian A ssemb lages i n K eba ra C ave , Moun t C a rme l . E retzIsrae l 1 3 :97149 .

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S chwa rcz , H . P . , a nd B . B lackwe l l , P . G o ldberg a nd A . E . Marks 1 979 U ran ium S e r ies D at ing o f T raver t ine f r om A rchaeo log ica l S i tes , N aha l Z in , I s rae l . N ature 2 77 :558-560 . S teke l is , M . 1 954 N ouve l les f ou i l les d ans l a G ro tte d e K eba rah . C ron ica d e l I V C ongreso I n te rnac iona l d e C ienc ias P reh is to r icas y P ro toh istor icas , Madr id . p p . 3 85-389 . 1 96 1 I r aq-e l-Ba roud , n ouve l le g ro tte p reh is to r ique a u Mon t C ame l . B u l let in o f t he R esea rch C ounc i l o f I s rae l , 1 0G :302-320 . T ix ie r , J . , M . I n izan a nd H . R oche 1 980 P reh is to ire d e l a p ierre t a i l lee ; V o l . I , T erm ino log ie e t t echno log ie . C en tre d e R eche rche e t d 'Etudes P reh is to r iques , V a lbonne . V ande rmeersch , B . 1 966 N ouve l les d ecouve rtes d es r es tes h uma ins d ans l e s c ouches l e va l lo iso-mous te r iennes d u g i semen t d e Q afzeh ( I s rae l ) e t l e ur s i gn i f icat ion . C omptes r endus d e l ' Academ ie d es S c iences d e P a r is S er ie D , 2 62 : 14341436 . 1 98 1 L es h ommes f o ss i les d e Q a fzeh ( I s rae l ) . E d it ions d u C .N .R .S . , P a r is . W reschner , E . 1 967 T he G ue la C aves - Moun t C arme l : E xcavat ion , F inds , a nd S umma ry . Q uaterna r ia I X :69-90 .

3

A REASSESSMENT OF THE EM IREH PO INT A S A POSS IBLE TYPE FOSS IL FOR THE T ECHNOLOG ICAL SH IFT FROM THE M IDDLE TO THE UPPER PALEOL ITH IC I N THE L EVANT P h i l l ip W . V o lkman S outhern Method ist Un ivers ity a nd Dan ie l K aufman U n ivers ity o f Ha ifa

T he i n it ia l r e sea rch o n t he t ypo log ica l a nd t echno log ica l c haracte r o f t he M idd le t o U ppe r P a leo l ith ic t rans it ion i n P a les t ine b egan a s e a r ly a s t he 1 920 's w ith t he w o rk o f T urv i l le-Petre a t Em ireh C ave ( 1927 ) a nd G arrod a t Mugharet e l -Wad ( 1 929 ) . I n t he 1 950 's , G arrod ( 195 1, 1 955 , 1 957 ) p roposed a d ef in it ion o f at r ans it iona l i n dustry t ha t s he c a l led Em iran . S he i n d icated t hat t he Em iran o ccurred a t t he c ave s i tes o f Em ireh , e l Wad , e t-Tabban , a nd Q afzeh . I tc ons is ted o f am ixture o f M idd le P a leo l ith ic t oo ls made o n f l akes o f M idd le P a leo l ith ic t echno logy , a nd U ppe r P a leo l ith ic t oo ls made o n b lades o f Upper P a leo l ith ic t echno logy ( 195 1) . I n c luded i n h e r d ef in it ion w as a f oss i le d i recteur , t he Em ireh p o int , w h ich w as f i rs t d escr ibed b y T urv i l leP etre ( 1927 ) f rom f our s pec imens f rom Em ireh C ave . G arrod ( 195 1: 124 ) d ef ined t he p o int a s a" t r iangu lar f l ake w h ich h as t he b u lba r e nd t h inned b y c h ipp ing o n b o th f aces , t he t h inn ing r e touch b e ing a lways d i rected f rom t he b ase o f t he f l ake a nd n eve r f rom t he l a tera l e dges ." S ubsequent ly , B ordes ( 196 1) c la r if ied G ar rod 's d ef in it ion o f t he Em ireh p o int f u rthe r , i n d ica t ing t hat i tw as a r ea l L eva l lo is p o int w ith b i fac ia l t h inn ing a cross i t s b ase . S ubsequent r e search a t s evera l L evant ine s i tes l e d t o c onf l ict ing v iews c oncern ing t he t r ans it iona l i n dus try . P referr ing t o v iew t he s i gn if icant s h ift a s a c hange i n h uman e co logy , s o me , s uch a s S . R . B info rd ( 1968 ) , h ave q uest ioned w hethe r a n a ctua l t echno log ica l t r ans it ion e ve r e x is ted . S he ( B inford 1 966 ) a nd o the rs , s uch a s S teke l is ( 1954 , 1 96 1) a nd S ch ick a nd S teke l is ( 1977 ) , h ave ma inta ined t hat t he Em ireh p o in t c an n o l o nge r b e c ons ide red a s af os s i le d i recteur o f a t rans it iona l i n dus try , s i nce s im i lar b i fac ia l ly t h inned p o ints h ave b een f ound i n Mouste r ian , a s w e l l a s U ppe r P a leo l ith ic c ontexts . T hus , t he e x is tence o f a t rans it iona l i n dus try , i t s c haracter i fi td oes e x ist , a nd t he s tatus o f t he Em ireh p o in t a s f oss il e d i recteur o f s uch a n i n dus try h as b een q u ite p rob lemat ica l . G arrod 's c oncep t o f t he Em iran m ight h ave b een r e legated t o i n s ign if icance h ad i tn o t b een f o r t he r ecent r esea rch o n t he C entra l N egev s i te o f B oker T acht it ( Ma rks , 1 977 , i np ress b ) . H ere f our d i screte o ccupat ion f l oors o ccur i n p r ima ry c ontext . Em ireh p o ints w e re r ecove red i nt he l ower t hree l e ve ls ( 1 -3 ) i n a ssemb lages c haracte r ized b y b lades p roduced d ur ing L eva l lo is o pposed p l a tform p o int c ore p reparat ion . S ince t he a rt ifacts w e re i np r i mary c ontext , e xtens ive c ore r econstruct ions h ave a l lowed a u n ique l o ok a t t he a ctua l c o re r educt ion t echno logy u sed t o p roduce Em ireh p o ints a nd a t r ans it iona l i n dus try .

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3 6

BR IEF H ISTORY OF THE PROBLEM E xcavat ing a t t he e ponymous s i te o f Em ireh C ave , T urv i l le-Petre ( 1927 ) r ecove red s tone t oo ls c haracter ist ic o f b o th t he L eva l lo is-Mous ter ian a nd t he L evan t ine A ur ignac ian " i nt i mate ly m ing led" i n w ha t s eemed t o b e a n u nd isturbed l a ye r . T he a ssemb lage e ventua l ly i n c luded f our e xamp les o f p o ints w ith b i fac ia l , b asa l t h inn ing t hat G arrod w ou ld l a te r n ame Em ireh p o ints ( f ig . I : 11) . A t a bout t he s ame t ime a t Mugharet e l -Wad , G arrod ( 1929 ; G a rrod a nd B ate 1 937 ) r ecovered a s im i lar c omponent o f M idd le a nd U ppe r P a leo l ith ic e lements i n l e ve l F . A ssum ing p os t-occupat iona l e ros iona l m ix ing , h oweve r , G arrod s eparated t he e lements i n to t wo d i s t inct M idd le a nd U ppe r P a leo l ith ic a ssemb lages ( F l , F I I ) . O ne Em ireh p o int i no ve r ly ing l e ve l E( f ig . I : e ) , t wo i n F( f ig . 1 : c-d ) , a nd t wo i n t he L eva l lo is-Mous te r ian l e ve l G ( f ig . I : a-b ) w ere f ound . A lso d ur ing t he e a r ly 1 930 's , N euv i l le w as e xcavat ing a t Q afzeh a nd a t t he J udean D eser t s i te o f e t-Tabban . A ga in , a ssemb lages w ith b o th M idd le a nd U ppe r P a leo l ith ic e lements i n term ixed w e re r ecove red . Two b i fac ia l ly , b asa l ly t h inned p o ints we re r ecovered i nQ afzeh E ( f ig . I : g-h ) , a nd o ne p o int w as f ound i n T abban B ( f ig . I : f ) . O n t he b as is o f h i s w o rk , a nd G arrod 's a t e l Wad , Neuv i l le ( 1934 , 1 95 1) p roposed a s i x p hase d eve lopmen ta l s equence f o r t he U ppe r P a leo l ith ic t hat b egan w ith a n i n dus try e xh ib it ing a M idd le a nd U ppe r P a leo l ith ic c omb ina t ion o f e lements a nd h av ing T abe lba lat ( Em ireh ) p o ints . T hese f our s i te s e p itom ize t he i n it ia l i n terpret ive i s sue . N euv i l le a nd T urv i l le-Petre i n s is ted o n t he l e g it imate e x is tence o f a s i ng le u nm ixed c omponent c onta in ing b oth M idd le a nd U ppe r P a leo l ith ic e lements . G arrod , o n t he o the r h and , c ont inued t o v iew t hese a ssemb lages a s r e su lt ing f rom n atura l ( e ros iona l ) i n term ixture o f s epa rate M idd le a nd U ppe r P a leo l ith ic a ssemb lages . H oweve r , af ew y ears l a ter , H a l le r 's e xcavat ions a t A bou H a lka ( 1946 ) a nd Ew ing 's a t K sar A k i l ( 1947 ) p rov ided d ata c aus ing G arrod t o r ee va luate h e r o p in ion . T he A bou H a lka a r t ifacts o ccurred i n a n u nd isturbed l a ye r o ve r s ter i le s and . T he a ssemb lage c onta ined L eva l lo is-Mouste r ian f l akes a l tered b y A ur ignaco id r etouch , a s w e l l a s f our Em ireh p o ints , i n l e ve ls I Ve a nd I V f . A s im i lar c omb inat ion o f e lements o ccurred a t K sar A k i l , w ith o ne p oss ib le Em ireh p o int i n l e ve l XXV . T he d epth o f t he l a ye rs a t b o th s i tes s eemed t o p rec lude t he p oss ib i l ity o f m ixed a ssemb lages . I n l i ght o f t he A bou H a lka a nd K sar A k i Id ata , G arrod ( 195 1, 1 955 , 1 957 ) r e-exam ined h e r e l Wad mate r ia l a nd s ubsequent ly r eversed h e r o p in ion . S he i n d icated t ha t e l Wad L eve ls F a nd G s hou ld n o t h ave b een s epa rated . S he n ow c ontended t ha t t hese l e ve ls , a long w ith t he o the r P a les t in ian a nd L ebanese s i tes , r epresented t he s a me t rans it iona l i n dus try f i rs t d escr ibed b y T urv i l le-Petre a t Em ireh C ave . T he Em ireh p o in t b ecame t he g u ide f oss i l o f t h is Em iran i n dus try . E ar ly o n , h oweve r , t he a ccepted w isdom o f G a rrod 's p os it ion w as c a l led i n to q ues t ion b y S teke l is . R ecove r ing Em ireh p o ints f rom d i s t inct Mouste r ian ( Ec , E f , E h ) a nd U ppe r P a leo l ith ic ( Db , A24 ) l e ve ls a t K eba rah ( 1954 ) , a nd i n a n U pper P a leo l ith ic l a yer ( D ) a t I r aq e l -Baroud ( Sefun im ) ( 196 1) , S teke l is c ontended t ha t t he Em ireh p o int c ou ld n o t b e at ype f o ss i l o f at r ans it iona l i n dustry . H e ma inta ined t hat b asa l t h inn ing w as a s pec ia l s econdary f l ak ing 3 7

T ab le I . D iscover ies o f Em ireh P o ints EXCAVATED S ITES l e ve l n umbe r

OCCURRENCES

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t echn ique t ha t b egan a s e ar ly a s t he Mous ter ian a nd c ont inued t hrough U ppe r P a leo l ith ic a nd l a te r c ontexts . S teke l is v iewed t he Em ireh p o int a s a t echn ica l e xper iment , n o t a s at ype f oss i l o f ac erta in i n dus try ( Sch ick a nd S teke l is 1 977 ) . S teke l is ' r e serva t ions g a ined f u r ther s uppo rt f rom B info rd 's ( 1966 ) e xcava t ions a t Mughare t e sh-Shubbab iq . A t S hubbab iq , B inford d escr ibed t wo a ssemb lages t ha t s he c haracter ized a s " Mous ter ien t yp ique ." E ach c onta ined a n Em ireh p o in t . A lthough o ne a ssemb lage w as a dm itted ly r edepos ited , B inford s t i l l q ues t ioned t he u se o f t he Em ireh p o int a s af oss il ed i recteur o f a t rans it iona l i n dus t ry . I n t he 1 970 's t he d eath k ne l l f o r G arrod 's c oncep t ion o f t he Em iran s eemed t o s ound b eg inn ing w ith B ar-Yose f a nd V ande rmeersch 's ( 1972 ) p ub l ica t ion . T hey n o ted t hat t he re i s s t rong e v idence o f s pr ing a ct iv ity w ith in a l l t he c ave s w here t he P a les t in ian t rans it iona l i n dustry o ccurred . T herefo re , t hey i n d icated t hat t he Em iran may h ave b een p roduced b y r edepos it ion o f t wo o r mo re d i s t inct a s semb lages i n to o ne l a ye r . R e-eva lua t ion o f G arrod 's c oncep t ion o f t he t r ans it iona l Em iran h as c ome mo re r ecen t ly w ith C ope land 's ( 1970 , 1 975 , 1 976 ) r esearch o n t he t rans it iona l a ssemb lages a t t he s i tes o f A bou H a lka , A nte l ias , a nd K sa r A k i l . H e r a na lys is o f t hese a ssemb lages d id n o t s uppor t G arrod 's d escr ip t ion o f t he t rans it iona l i n dus try a s c omposed o f am ixture o f M idd le P a leo l ith ic t oo ls made b y M idd le P a leo l ith ic t echno logy , a nd U ppe r P a leo l ith ic t oo ls made b y U pper P a leo l ith ic t echno logy . C ope land i n d icated t hat t he L ebanese t rans it ion c ons is ted o f : ...c haracte r is t ica l ly U ppe r P a leo l ith ic t oo l t ypes.. . f ound o n b lanks made b y M idd le P a leo l ith ic t rad it ion f l int k napp ing ...T hus , t he t r ans it iona l a spect o ccurs " on t he s a me p iece o f f l int" ( 1975 :337-39 ) . A ga in : . e ndscrape rs , c hanf re ins , a nd b ur ins f ash ioned o n L eva ll o is b lades a nd p o in ts - i . e . t he t r ans it iona l a spect ( UP t ypes , MP t echn iques ) o ccurs o n t he s a me p iece o f f l int ( 1976 :37 ) . V iew ing t h is , C ope land s uggested t ha t a d i fferen t t r ans it ion o ccurred L ebanon t han i nP a les t ine .

i n

A fter s ee ing t he K sar A k i l mater ia l i n 1 968 , G a rrod a greed t hat t he L ebanese a ssemb lages r epresented t he ' n o rthern ' f ac ies o f t he t rans it ion t hat s he h ad a nt ic ipated i n h er 1 955 a rt ic le ( Cope land 1 975 :337 ) . N everthe les s , G arrod 's p roposed c haracter o f t he P a les t in ian ' s outhe rn ' f ac ies o f t he Em iran w as n ear ly d efunct a s a r esu lt o f B a r-Yosef a nd V andermee rsch 's ( 1972 ) r esearch . H oweve r , C ope land s uggested t hat a p oss ib le mode l f o r t he s outhern f ac ies t rans it ion may b e Amud B ( Wantanabe 1 970 ) , " whe re t he i n dustry i sc lea r ly n o t an o rma l L eva l lo iso-Mous te r ian f ac ies" ( 1975 :339 ) . A t t he s a me t ime , C ope Iand ma inta ined t hat t he Em ireh p o int mus t f o rm a t ypo log ica l l i nk b e tween t he L ebanese a nd s t i l lto-be-es tab l ished P a les t in ian t rans it ion , s i nce t h is p o int i sa ssoc iated w ith s i tes o f b o th t r ans it iona l f ac ies . T he r ecent r esea rch a t B oke r T acht it ( Marks 1 977 , i np ress b ) h as a dded a no ther c and ida te b e s ides Amud B t o r epresent t he s outhern t rans it ion . T he c o re r econst ruct ions f r om t h is s i te i n t he N egev p rov ide a p rec ise l o ok a t a n 3 9

a c tua l t echno log ica l t r ans it ion i n w h ich Em ireh p o in ts a re d i rect ly a ssoc iated . A lso , b ecause o f t he s pec if ic manne r i nw h ich Em ireh p o ints a re p roduced , t h is s i te p rov ides a t echno log ica l l i nk w ith a nd c lar if icat ion o f t he n orthern f ac ies o f t he t rans it ion . F our o f t he f i ve e xcavated l e ve ls a t B oke r T acht it w e re i n p r i ma ry c ontext . C onsequen t ly , a ctua l r econstruct ion o f b locks o f r aw mate r ia l f rom w h ich t oo ls h ad b een made w as p o ss ib le . T he c o re r econs truct ions d emonstrate a s h ift f rom M idd le t o U ppe r P a leo l ith ic t echno logy i n t he N egev . T h is c hange b egan a round 4 5 ,000 B .C . , p roceed ing i n r e lat ive ly g radua l t echno log ica l p hases , a l though t he t ime e xpanse i n vo lved w as c omparat ive ly s ho rt ( Marks 1 98 1, i np res s a ; Marks a nd V o lkman t h is v o lume ) . A lthough a l l t he r e touched t oo ls f rom t he f our a ssemb lages a re t yp ica l U pper P a leo l ith ic t ypes , b o th i n f o rm a nd q ua l ity , o pposed p l atfo rm L eva l lo is p o ints a re a l so c haracte r is t ic o f t he a ssemb lages i n t he l owe r t hree l e ve ls ( Marks i n p ress b ) . I n L eve l 4 , t he p o in ts a re n o t L eva l lo is t echno log ica l ly , a l though t hey a re mo rpho log ica l ly v e ry s im i la r t o t he L eva l lo is p o ints o f L eve ls 1 3 . T hus , e ach l e ve l s ubsumes t yp ica l ly U ppe r P a leo l ith ic r e touched t oo l t ypes ( endscrapers a nd b ur ins ) , a s w e l l a s L eva l lo is p o ints o r p o ints t ha t a re morpho log ica l ly i d ent ica l t o p o ints p roduced b y aL eva l lo is t echno logy . H owever , t here i s as h ift i nb as ic t echno log ies f r om L eve l I( Te rm ina l M idd le P a leo l ith ic ) t o L eve l 4( I n it ia l U ppe r P a leo l ith ic ) e ven t hough t he s a me t oo l t ypes a re p roduced i n e ach l e ve l . T h is p resents a n a pparen t d i s junct ion b etween c hanges i nt oo l t ypo logy a nd b as ic t echno logy . We c ons ide r t he c hange i n b as ic t echno log ies i n t hese a s semb lages t he mos t c r it ica l f actor i n d ef in ing t he N egev t r ans it ion . T h is t echno log ica l c hange i se p itom ized b y t he o pposed p latfo rm L eva l lo is r educt ion s t rategy t hat p roduces e longated L eva l lo is p o ints a nd b l anks f or Em ireh p o ints , a s w e l l a s t ypo log ica l ly U ppe r P a leo l ith ic b lades a nd b lade t oo ls . T he s pec if ic c o re r educt ion s equence i ss omewhat o uts ide o ur p urpo ses , h owever a b r ief d escr ipt ion o f t h is u n ique s t rategy i sc onta ined i n Marks a nd V o lkman ( t h is v o lume ) , a nd a c omp lete a ccoun t w i l l b e f ound i nV o lkman ( i n p ress ) . T h is r educt ion t echno logy d oes p roduce d i s t inct ive a ttr ibutes o n t he e longated p o ints t hat a re t he e ndproduct o f t he o ppo sed p latfo rm L eva l lo is s t rategy . T hese a ttr ibutes p rov ide a d ef in it ion o f w hat i so r i sn o t a Em ireh p o int , a l low ing s o me a ssessment o f t he t r ans it iona l a nd Em ireh s ta tus o f t he b i fac ia l b asa l ly t h inned p o ints f ound i n v ar ious s i tes a nd l o cat ions i n t he L evant . L EVALLO IS AND EM IREH PO INTS O r ig ina l ly , G arrod ( 1957 ) a nd B o rdes ( 196 1) d ef ined t he Em ireh p o in t a s ar ea l L eva l lo is p o int w ith b i fac ia l b asa l t h inn ing . Wh i le i t i sd i ff icu lt t o k now p rec ise ly i fB o rdes meant a " rea l L eva l lo is p o int" i n as t r ic t s ense , w e n ow d ef ine t h is t o mean a L eva l lo is p o int p roduced b y a n o pposed p la tfo rm b lade p roduct ion L eva l lo is p o int c ore p repara t ion a s f ound a t B oke r T ach t it i n L eve ls 1 3 . F ive o f t he Em ireh p o ints r ecove red a t B oke r T acht it h ave b een r ef itted t o t he ir c o res , d ocument ing t h is r educt ion s t rategy a s t he o ne t hat p roduced t hem . T he o n ly d i st inct ion i st hat Em ireh p o ints h ave t he b i fac ia l b asa l t h inn ing a bsent f rom t he o the r o pposed p l a tfo rm L eva ll o is p o ints . T hat t he Em ireh p o in t w as p roduced i n t he s a me manne r a s t he o ther o pposed p latfo rm L eva l lo is p o ints a t B oke r T acht it i s amp ly d emonstra ted b y o ne c o re r econs truct ion . T he l a s t r emova l o n t h is c o re w as a p o int t ha t w as 1 40

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F igure 2 . Em ireh p o in ts f r om t he C entra l N egev s i te o f B oke r T acht it . L eve l I : aa nd b , L eve l 2 :c -g , L eve l 3 :h . N o te t he b ur in p roduced o n t he d i s ta l e nd o fg .

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s ubsequent ly t h inned b i fac ia l ly a cross t he b u tt , p roduc ing a n Em ireh p o int . P r io r t o t he Em ireh p o int , h owever , t wo o the r o pposed p la tfo rm L eva l lo is p o ints w ere p roduced f rom t h is s a me c o re . T hus , t h ree L eva l lo is p o in ts w e re s t ruck f rom o ne c o re , a l though o n ly o ne w as s e lected f o r a dd it iona l b utt r e touch mak ing i ti n to a n Em ireh p o in t . A lthough t h is t h ird p o int w as s ho rte r i n l e ngth t han t he p rev ious t wo , o ther Em ireh p o ints f rom B oke r T ach t it a re e qua l ly a s l o ng a s t he f i rs t t wo p o ints s t ruck f r om t h is c o re . No a p r io r i r eason i sy e t a va i lab le f rom t he r econs truct ions t o i n d icate w hy o n ly a f ew o f t he L eva l lo is p o ints w ere s e lected t o b e m ade i n to Em ireh p o ints . N one the less , t echno log ica l ly , e ach w as p roduced t he s a me w ay . T he o pposed p latform L eva l lo is p o int c o re p repa rat ion p roduces a d i s t inct ive s car p atte rn o n t he d o rsa l f ace o f t he B oke r T acht it L eva l lo is a nd Em ireh p o ints . T h is s car p a ttern i si n d ica t ive o f t he r educt ion p rocess t ha t p roduced i t . A c ommon s equence o f r emova ls b eg ins w ith t he s hap ing o f w ha t w i l l b ecome t he d i s ta l e nd o f t he p o int . A b lade i sr emoved f rom t he c o re f ace . R o tat ing t he c ore s l ight ly , a s econd b iade i s r emoved u s ing t he s ame p latfo rm . T h is s econd r emova l i s a d jacent t o t he f i rs t o n t he c ore f ace , a nd i t s l ight ly o ver laps t he f i rs t r emova l f r om t he p o int o f i mpact t o t he a pprox ima te m idpo int o f t he c o re f ace . T he p o int o f i mpac t f o r b oth t hese r emova ls o ccurs n ea r t he c enter o f t he w id th o f t he p latfo rm f rom w h ich t hey a re s t ruck . O ne i s s l igh t ly d i rected t owards t he r i ght e dge o f t he c o re f ace , w h i le t he s econd i sd i rec ted t owa rds t he l e ft e dge . T hus , t he n egat ive s cars o f t hese t wo r e mova ls c rea te aY -shaped r i dge d own w ha t w i l l b e t he c ente r o f t he p o int , f o rm ing t he l a te ra l e dges o f t he p o inted e nd o f t he p o int . T o f o rm t he b ut t o f t he p o int , t he c ore i sr o tated 1 80 d egrees t o t he o ppos ite p latfo rm . Two t o f i ve b lades a re s t ruck o ff u s ing t h is o ppo s ite p latfo rm . T hese r e mova ls a re g enera l ly s ho rte r i n l e ngth t han b lades r e moved f rom t he d i sta l e nd . Mov ing f rom o ne s i de o f t he c o re f ace t o t he o the r a long t he p la tfo rm , t hese r emova ls a re s t ruck o ff i ns ucces s ion , s l igh t ly r o tat ing t he c ore a fte r e ach r e mova l . T hus , t he n ext r emova l i ns uccess ion i s a d jacen t t o t he o ne b efo re i t a nd o ve r laps i t . T o s t r ike t he p o int , t he a pprox imate c enter o f t h is s ucces s ion o f r emova ls a long t he p latfo rm i s s e lected , a nd t he p o int i sr emoved . W ith t h is k ind o f r educt ion s equence , t he Y -shaped r i dge p a t te rn c ommon t o t yp ica l L eva l lo is p o ints o ften b ecomes a l te red i n to a p a t te rn r esemb l ing t he h and le a nd p rongs o f at ab le f o rk . S equences w ith f ewe r r emova ls f rom t he b utt e nd o f t he p o in t c o re f ace b efore t he p o int i ss t ruck g enera l ly r e ta in t he Y -shaped r i dge p attern o n t he ir d o rsa l f aces . I n a l l s equences , h owever , t he o pposed p la tfo rm p roduc t ion s t rategy i s r ead i ly a pparent o n t he p o ints ' d o rsa l f aces . T he b id irect iona l s equence o f r emova ls o n o ne a x is u sed i n p o int f o rma t ion i s r epresented o n t he B oke r T acht it Em ireh p o ints i n F igure 2 . C onsequent ly , t he d orsa l s car p attern o n t he B oke r T acht it p o in ts u sua l ly h as t wo s cars o r ig inat ing f r om t he d i s ta l e nd f o rm ing t he l a tera l e dges o f t he p o int , a nd o ne t o f i ve o pposed s cars , mos t o f ten s ho rter t han t he d i sta l t wo , o r ig inat ing f rom t he b utt e nd . A s f ew a s t h ree a nd a s many a s s even s hap ing b lade r e mova ls a re s t ruck f rom t he c ore f ace p r io r t o t he p o int b e ing s t ruck . T he s hap ing r emovg ls may b e i n terrup ted f o r p la tform r e juvenat ion a t a ny t ime i n t he s equence . C ons is tent ly , h owever , t he p la tfo rm f rom w h ich t he p o in t i s s t ruck i s 4 2

r efaceted j u s t b e fore t he p o int i s r emoved . T h is i s t he o n ly p latfo rm r eface t ing e p isode t ha t h as a ny p atte rned c ons is tency , i n d ica t ing t ha t t he p o int i s ap r i ma ry o b ject ive o f t he r educt ion s t ra tegy . T hat t he p o int i sa p r i mary o b ject ive o f t he p roces s i s a l so s upported i n t ha t t he c o re i s g enera l ly a bandoned a fter t he p o int i ss t ruck . B ased o n B oke r T ach t it Em ireh p o ints , t he d i s t inc t ive o pposed p latfo rm d orsa l s ca r p attern , i n d icat ive o f t he t echno logy , c an b e e s tab l ished a s a s pec if ic a ttr ibute o f t yp ica l Em ireh p o ints . T he r ema in ing a tt r ibute t hat n eeds t o b e c la r if ied i s b i fac ia l b asa l t h inn ing . O r ig ina l ly , G ar rod ( 1927 , 1 95 1) s pec if ied t ha t t he t h inn ing o ccurs o n ly o n , a nd d i rected f rom , t he b ase . I n s ubsequen t a rguments a ga ins t t he u se o f t he Em ireh p o int a s ag u ide f oss i l , S teke l is ( 1954 , 1 96 1) , i np ar t icu lar , t ended t o e xpand t ha t s pec if ic d ef in it ion t o i n c lude a ny p o in t w ith b i fac ia l b asa l t h inn ing . S ome a l so h ad l a te ra l e dge s hap ing r e touch . A lthough h e c onceded t ha t t he e xpans ion o f t he s t r ict d ef in it ion may n o t h ave b een q u ite p rope r ( Sch ick a nd S teke l is 1 977 : 111) , i t a l lowed t he i n c lus ion o f Em irehl ike p o ints f r om n on-trans it iona l c ontexts . T h is , o f c ourse , s eemed t o s t rengthen t he a rgument a ga ins t t he Em ireh p o int a s af oss il ed i recteu r . T he Em ireh p o ints f rom B oke r T acht it s ugges t t hat t he d ef in it ion s hou ld b e r estr icted t o G a rrod 's o r ig ina l c oncep t . O n ly t h ree o f t he B oke r T acht it p o ints h ave r etouch o ther t han o n t he b ase . H owever , t h is a dd it iona l r e touch w as p robab ly s ubsequent t o t he t oo ls ' u se a s Em ireh p o ints . E ven G arrod ( 1937 ) n o ted a n e ndscraper made o n a n Em ireh p o int i n e l Wad F l . S uch r ework ing o f p o ints may h ave b een c ommon , a nd i tw ou ld n o t b e i n cons is tent w ith G a rrod 's d ef in it ion . H oweve r , a dd it iona l s econda ry r e touch s pec if ica l ly d i rected t owards p o int f o rma t ion , s uch a s t hat f ound o n s ome p o ints S teke l is i mp l ied may b e Em iran , i sn e ithe r c ons istent w ith t he d e t in it ion n o r w ith t he B oker T acht it p o ints . O ve r 4 1 Em ireh p o ints h ave b een i d en t if ied b y v a r ious L evant ine r esearchers . Twen ty-e ight c ome f rom e xcavated s i tes , w h i le t en we re c o l lected b y S teke l is . N euv iI l e ( 195 1) r epo rted t h ree o the rs . P oss ib le Em ireh p o ints h ave b een f ound a t R as B e irut , a s w e l l . T ab le Ip resents a l i s t ing o f Em ireh p o int f i nds . T he a utho rs e xam ined t he c o l lect ions a nd p oss ib le Em ireh p o ints f rom t he l o ca t ions ma rked b y a s te r isks . ( The p o ints f rom S ubbab iq w ere n o t f ound , b ut t he r es t o f t he c o l lect ion w as e xam ined . A lso , t he p o in t e xam ined f r om K sar A k i l w as o n ly a p las t ic r ep l ica . ) N one o f t he c o l lect ions e xam ined w as t ypo log ica l ly o r , mo re i mpo rtant ly , t echno log ica l ly c omparab le t o t he B oker T acht it a ssemb lages . I tw ou ld s eem t hat B ar-Yosef a nd V andermeersch ( 1972 ) a re c o rrect i n i n s ist ing t hat many o f t hese Em ireh p o int a ssemb lages r e su lted f rom w ate r r edepos it ion o f t wo o r mo re d i s t inct l e ve ls . O r , a d i ffe rent t echno log ica l t r ans it ion t ook p l ace n orth o f t he C entra l N egev . U s ing t he s pec if ic a t tr ibutes f o r Em ireh p o ints d ef ined h ere , many o f t hose f rom t he a bove s i tes a nd o ccurrences w e re i n deed Em ireh p o ints . O thers , h oweve r , w e re s o mewhat p rob lemat ic , w h i le s t i l l o thers c ou ld b e r e jected a s p robab le Em ireh p o ints . T hose t hat a re p rob lemat ic w e re n o t a ctua l ly e xam ined . A lthough i lustrat ions i nt he o r ig ina l p ub l icat ions a re o ften a va i lab le , r e l iance o n t hese f or a ccurate d ep ic t ion o f d orsa l s ca r p a tterns h as i t s l im itat ions . O ften , t he d i rect ion l i nes o f n ega t ive s cars o n i lus trated p o ints a re e i the r a bsen t o r amb iguous . N euv i l le ( 195 1) , f o r e xamp le , h as a l l d o rsa l s ca rs o r ig ina t ing f rom t he b utt o f h i s Em ireh p o int i lustrat ions , o r t hey a re amb iguous . Y e t , w hen 4 3

t he a ctua l T abban a nd J affa s pec i mens w ere e xam ined i n I s rae l , t hey w e re j udged t o h ave o pposed p latfo rm d orsa l s ca r p atte rns . Howeve r , d esp ite s uch p rob lems , j udgments o n t he Em iran s tatus o f mos t p o ints h ave b een made . A l l t he p o ints f rom e l Wad , e xcept o ne , a re Em ireh p o ints , j udg ing b y G arrod 's i lus tra t ions . F ive s eem t o b e L eva l lo is p o ints w ith d o rsa l s ca r c onf igurat ions c omparab le t o t hose a t B oker T acht it . T hese f i ve a re a l l b i fac ia l ly t h inned o n ly o n t he b ase ( f ig . 1 : a-b , d -e ) . ( One p o int r epo r ted i n G arrod ( 195 1) , f ound d ur ing h e r r e-exam ina t ion o f t he e l -Wad mate r ia l , i sn o t i lus trated i nt h is t ext . ) A lthough i ti sd i ff icu lt t o j udge f rom t he i lus trat ion , t he s i xth e l -Wad p o int ( f ig . 1 : c ) d oes n o t a ppea r t o b e a n Em ireh p o int . I t a ppears t o b e b i fac ia l ly r e touched i n s eve ra l l o cat ions b e s ides t he b ase . H oweve r , c ompared t o t he 1 937 p ub l ica t ion , t he 1 95 1 i lus tra t ion o f t h is s a me a r t ifact h as t he d i rect ion o f t he d o rsa l s cars c hanged . T he 1 95 1 i lus trat ion o f t h is " po int" i n d icates a n o pposed d o rsa l s ca r p attern , a nd t he t h inn ing o ccurs o n ly o n t he b utt . U nt i l c la r if ied b y e xam inat ion o f t he a ctua l a r t ifact , t he s t a tus o f t h is p o in t mus t r ema in u ncer ta in . F our p o ints w e re r ecove red f rom Em ireh C ave , a l though o n ly t h ree d i sp lay t he n eces sa ry Em ireh a ttr ibutes . A l l w ere e xam ined , a nd t ho se i n F igure 1 : jI a re Em ireh p o ints , w h i le I : i i s n o t . O n 1 : i , t he s upe rf ic ia l t h inn ing l o cated a t t he b ase w as c aused b y h ea t s pa l l ing . I n a dd it ion , t h is p o int h as b i latera l d orsa l r e touch , a s w e l l a s au n id irect iona l d o rsa l s ca r p atte rn . I ti st he refo re a Mouste r ian p o in t w ith h ea t s pa l l ing o n t he b utt e nd . We h ave b een u nab le t o e xam ine t he Q a fzeh p o ints . H oweve r , t he d orsa l s ca r c onf igurat ions o n N euv i l le 's ( 195 1) i lus tra t ions ( f ig . I : g-h ) i n d ica te t r ue Em ireh p o ints , a l though t he d i rect ion l i nes f or t he n ega t ive s cars o n t he p o in ts i n h i s i lus trat ions a re amb iguous o r d i rected f rom t he b utt . T h is i sl i ke ly a r esu lt o f i n attent ion t o p rec ise r ende r ing , h owever . T he b asa l t h inn ing o n t he Q afzeh p o ints i s a l so c ons isten t w ith t he Em iran p attern . A lthough N euv i l le 's 1 95 1 i lus trat ion o f t he T abban B ( f ig . I :0 p o in t h as ar a ther amb iguous d o rsa l s ca r p attern , t he e xam inaton o f t he a ctua l p o int i n d ica ted a n o pposed p a tte rn t yp ica l ly p roduced b y t he B oke r T acht it r educt ion s t rategy . T he b asa l t h inn ing , p art icu la r ly o n t he d orsa l f ace , i s m in i ma l c ompared t o mo re t yp ica l Em ireh p o in ts . H oweve r , m in ima l b asa l t h inn ing o n t he d o rsa l i sp resent o n s ome B oke r T acht it p o ints , a l though i ti s a typ ica l . T he T abban p o int i sw e l l w ith in t he r ange o f Em ireh p o ints . T he p oss ib le Em ireh p o ints f rom K ebarah h ave b een d i scussed b y S ch ick a nd S teke l is ( 1977 ) . T hey n o te t hat t wo p o in ts a re o n ly v entra l ly t h inned a t t he b ase , a nd t hey d o n o t q ua l ify a s t r ue Em ireh p o ints u nde r G a r rod 's d ef in it ion . Mo re i mpo rtant ly , h oweve r , t hese t wo p o ints h ave u n id irect iona l d orsa l s ca r p atterns , w h ich w ou ld b e a typ ica l , s i nce Em ireh p o int s a re p roduced b y t he o pposed p latfo rm L eva l lo is p o in t c o re p repa rat ion . T aken t ogether , t he v entra l r etouch a nd u n id irect iona l s ca r p attern i n d icate s t hese t wo K ebarah p o ints a re n o t Em ireh p o ints . S ch ick a nd S teke l is a l so s tate t hat t he e xtens ive b i fac ia l t h inn ing o n a no the r p o in t w ou ld a l so d i squa l ify i t a s a t yp ica l Em ireh p o int . O ur e xam inat ion o f t h is p o int i n d icates t hat t he r e touch i ss o e xtens ive t ha t i Ti s d i ff icu lt t o d e te rm ine i f t h is t oo l w as e ven made o n a L eva l lo is p o int .

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C erta in ly , t he b id irect iona l s car p a t tern t echno logy i sn o t a pparen t o n t h is " po int ."

t yp ica l

o f

t he

B oke r

T acht it

Two mo re K eba rah p o in ts d o s eem t o b e Em ireh p o ints . T hese c ome f rom E c a nd E h . B o th h ave b i fac ia l t h inn ing a t t he b ut t a nd t he b id irect iona l L eva l lo is d o rsa l s ca r p a ttern . T he a dd it iona l l e ft l a tera l r e touch o n t he E c p o int i sn o t o f d i squa l ify ing c onsequence , s i nce s o me e l Wad , Em ireh , a nd B oker T acht it p o ints h ad o ther t oo l r e touch o n t hem . O n ly w hen t he a dd it iona l r etouch i sn ecessa ry t o p roduce a p o in t s hape d oes s uch r e touch d i squa l ify i ta s a n Em ireh p o in t . S ch ick a nd S teke l is d o n o t d ep ict b ur in b low r e touch o n t he E h p o in t , i n d icat ing mere ly a b roken t i p . O ur e xam ina t ion , h oweve r , i n d icated a p os s ib le b ur in b low w as p resent . A ga in , s uch r ewo rk ing o f Em ireh p o in ts w as f i rs t n o ted b y G ar rod ( 1937 :5 1) , a nd i t s p resence d oes n o t d i squa l ify a n a rt ifact a s a n Em ireh p o int . Two o the r p o ss ib le K eba rah Em ireh p o ints a re s o mewha t p rob lema t ic . S ch ick a nd S teke l is d id n o t i lus trate o ne o f t hese w h ich h ad v e ry m in i ma l v entra l t h inn ing a t t he b ase . A lso , t he d orsa l s ca r p a ttern i n d icat ive o f t he o pposed p latfo rm L eva l lo is s t rategy w as n o t i d en t if iab le d ue t o t he p oo r q ua l ity o f r aw ma te r ia l . T h is s a me t roub le w ith t he q ua l ity o f r aw mater ia l i sa l so p resent w ith t he A24 p o int . T he A24 p o in t i sa l so c omp l icated b y t he e xtent a nd i n vas ivenes s o f t he l a tera l r e touch . T h is i sn o t t yp ica l o f Em ireh p o ints , e ven w hen t hey h ave a dd it iona l r etouch . S uch i n vas ive r e touch s ugges ts a n eed f o r s hap ing t he l a tera l e dges i n to a p o in t s hape . T h is i su nneces sary i f t he b lank i sap ref o rmed L eva ll o is p o int . W ithout a d i rect ly a ssoc iated t echno logy , t he s tatus a s Em iran o f t he A24 a nd u n i l lust rated K ebarah p o ints i s d i ff icu lt t o a scerta in , a l though t hey d o n ot a ppear t o b e t yp ica l Em ireh p o ints . N e ither o f t he S hubbab iq p o int s h ave b een l o cated f o r e xam inat ion . T he a rt ifact c o l lect ion w as e xam ined , h oweve r . A s B info rd ( 1966 ) i n d icated , t he a ssemb lages w e re " Mouste r ien t yp ique ." I n l i ght o f t he t echno logy a t B oker T acht it , t h is may l e nd s o me d oubt a s t o t he Em iran s tatus o f t he S hubbab iq p o ints . T he u nfor tunate e xtreme r educt ion o f t he S hubbab iq i lus trat ions r ende rs t hem v i rtua l ly u se les s f o r d e te rm ing t he ir Em iran s ta tus . T hus , j udgment mus t b e w ithhe ld u nt i l t he a ctua l p o ints a re a na lyzed . T he I r aq e l B a roud ( Sefun im ) D p o int a ppears t o b e a n Em ireh p o in t . T he n eces sary a ttr ibutes a re p resent . A lthough t he p o int t i p w as b roken , t he o pposed p l atform L eva l lo is t echno logy i s r ead i ly a pparent . T he b i fac ia l r e touch i sa l so t yp ica l . T he e xtens ive a nd i n vas ive l a tera l a nd d i sta l d o rsa l r e touch o n t he K sar A k i l XXV p o int o bscures t he o r ig ina l d o rsa l s car p attern . A ssum ing t he p las t ic r ep l ica e xam ined a ccurate ly r eproduced t he a ctua l p o in t , t he t echno logy t hat p roduced i ti sn o t d i scernab le , a l though t he a pparent p attern w as n ot o pposed p l atform L eva l lo is . A lso , l i ke t he K eba rah A24 p o int , s uch i n vas ive l a tera l r etouch i sn o t u nusua l o n Em ireh p o in ts . T he K sar A k i l p o int i sn o t a n Em ireh p o int , a t l e as t n o t i nt he s ense d ef ined h ere . F ou r p o ints w e re r ecovered f rom A bou H a lka . O n ly o ne h as b een i lus trated i n N euv i l le ( 195 1) , h oweve r . A lthough h i s i lus trat ion h as s o mewhat amb iguous d o rsa l s ca r d i rec t ion l i nes , t he c onf igura t ion o f t he s cars s uggests t h is i sa n Em ireh p o int . T he b asa l t h inn ing t hat e xtends a

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s ho rt d i stance u p e ach l a tera l e dge i su sua l , b ut i td oes o ccur o n o ne L eve l I Em ireh p o int a t B oker T acht it . I ft he o the r A bou H a lka p o ints a re s im i lar , t hey t oo c an b e a dded t o t he l i s t o f Em ireh p o ints . T he s ugges ted Em ireh p o in t f rom A nte l ia s t ha t C ope land ( 1975 :339 ) i n d icates c ou ld h ave c ome f r om L eve ls V I I-V h as n o t b een e xam ined , n o r h as i t b een i lustrated i n p ub l icat ions . J udgmen t o n i t s Em ireh s ta tus , u nfo rtuna te ly , mus t b e r e se rved . A t l e as t t h ree o the r s i tes h ave b een s ugges ted a s p oss ib ly h av ing t r ans it iona l a ssemb lages . T hese a re Mechm iche ( P rufe r a nd B a ldw in 1 957 , H ours 1 962 ) , J erf A j la ( Schroeder 1 966 , 1 972 ) , a nd Amud C ave ( Wan tanabe 1 970 ) . T ypo log ica l ly a nd t echno log ica l ly , t hese a ssemb lages , a s d escr ibed i n t he r epo rts , a re d i ffe rent f r om t he B oke r T acht it a ssemb lages . I ft hese s i tes p roved t o h ave t rans it iona l a ssemb lages , t hey h ave a d i ffe ren t t ypo log ica l a nd t echno log ica l emphas is t han t he o ne d ocumen ted i n t he C entra l N egev . N one o f t hese s i tes h ave Em ireh p o ints . S evera l b i fac ia l , b asa l ly t h inned p o in ts h ave b een s u rface c o l lected f rom v a r ious l o cat ions i n n o r thern I s rae l a nd i n s and d une a reas o f L ebanon . Mos t a re n o t r epo rted , a l though N euv i l le ( 195 1) i lus trated t h ree . T hese , a s w e l l a s t en o thers , w ere a s semb led i n to a c o l lect ion b y S teke l is . T he t h ree p o ints i lus tra ted b y N euv i l le a re l i s ted a s f rom E tam a nd J affa . A l l a re p robab ly Em ireh p o ints , a l though o ne h as a s omewha t a typ ica l d o rsa l s ca r p atte rn i n t hat o ne ma jor s car o r ig ina tes f r om t he l e ft l a tera l e dge . T he o the r t wo h ave q u ite t yp ica l o pposed p la tfo rm p atterns . A l l h ave t he u sua l b i fac ia l b asa l t h inn ing l im ited t o a nd d i rected f r om t he b ut t . Two o the r p o ints f rom t he S teke l is c o l lect ion a re a l so l i sted a s f rom J affa ( Netanya ) . O n ly o ne h as Em ireh p o int a t tr ibutes . T he o the r h as b een e xtens ive ly a nd i n vas ive ly r e touched o n t he d or sa l . T he t i p i sa l so t r uncated . A lthough i th as b i fac ia l b asa l t h inn ing , t he e xtens ive s hap ing r e touch o f t he l a tera l e dges i n d icates t h is i sn o t a n Em ireh p o int . Two p o ints l i s ted a s f rom K i lome ter 7 b e tween N e tanya a nd T e l A v iv a l so h ave t he n ecessary Em ireh a tt r ibutes . T he d i s ta l e nd o f o ne a l so h as a dd it iona l r etouch , i n d ica t ing t ha t t h is Em ireh p o int w as r ewo rked i n to a b orer . O f t hree p o ints w ith u nknown p roven ience , t wo a re p robab ly Em ireh p o ints . Two h ave t he b id irect iona l s ca r p atte rn a nd b i fac ia l b asa l t h inn ing . T he t h ird , h owever , may h ave b een a s temmed a r t ifact w ith b asa l r e touch . T he p o int l i s ted a s f rom C aesarea h as b i fac ia l b asa l t h inn ing r e touch . H owever , t he d o rsa l s car c onf igurat ion d oes n o t i n d icate a b id irect iona l L eva l lo is t echno logy . T h is i s a l so t r ue o f t he R amat H acovesh a r t ifac t . A lthough t he R amat H acovesh t oo l h as a b i d irect iona l s car p a tte rn , t he c onf igura t ion o f a t l e as t t wo s cars o r ig ina t ing f rom t he d i s ta l e nd a nd f orm ing t he l a tera l e dges o f t he p o int i sn o t p resent . I t i sn o t c lea r i ft he a rt ifac t w as e ve r d i sta l ly p o inted , s i nce t h is e nd i sb roken . A lso , o n ly v entra l r etouch i s p resen t . N e ither a rt ifact , C aesarea n o r R amat H acovesh , a re t yp ica l Em ireh p o ints . T he l a s t p o int i n t he S teke l is c o l lec t ion w as f ound a t Wad i F a I lah . A lthough s omewha t a typ ica l i nb o th d o rsa l s ca r p atte rn a nd t h inn ing r e touch

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o n t he d orsa l f ace , t he p o in t i s w ith in t he r ange o f v ar iat ion f o r Em ireh p o ints . D ISCUSS ION S ome f i na l c l ar if icat ions r egard ing t he t rans it iona l s tatus o f t he Em ireh p o int c an n ow b e made . F irs t , t he Em ireh p o int i sn o t e xc lus ive ly l im ited t o at rans it iona l i n dust ry . L eve l Ia t B oker T acht it c onta ined t hree Em ireh p o ints . T h is l e ve l h as a T e rm ina l M idd le P a leo l ith ic a ssemb lage , s i nce t he L eve l It echno logy w as s o le ly d i rected t owards L eva l lo is p o in t p roduct ion ( Marks i n p ress a ; V o lkman , i n p ress ) . S ome o f t hese L eva l lo is p o in ts w e re t hen r e touched i n to Em ireh p o ints . A lso , i ft he S ubbab iq p o ints p rove t o b e Em ireh , t hey r ep re sent a s econd a ssoc iat ion o f t h is t oo l t ype w ith l a te M idd le P a leo l ith ic a ssemb lages . A lthough t he B oker T acht it L eve l Ia ssemb lage h as b een d es ignated T e rm ina l M idd le P a leo l ith ic , t he t echno logy a nd t oo l t ypo logy a re n o t t yp ica l ly M idd le P a leo l ith ic . O the r t han t he m in ima l ly r e touched p o ints , t he t oo ls a re t yp ica l U pper P a leo l ith ic t ypes . T he t echno logy p roduced o n ly 4 3 p e rcent b lades , b u t 5 6 p e rcent o f t he r e touched t oo ls a re made o n b lade p ropor t ion a r t ifacts . T he t echno logy a l so p roduced a rt ifac t c lasse s s uch a s l ame a c re te t ha t a re n o t n o rma l ly i n d icat ive o f M idd le P a leo l ith ic L eva l lo is c ore r educt ion s t ra teg ies . C lea r ly , i n t echno logy a nd t ypo logy , t he L eve l I a ssemb lage i s mod if ied i n c ompa r ison t o mo re t yp ica l L evant ine M idd le P a leo l ith ic a ssemb lages . V iew ing w ha t n ext o ccurs i n L eve l 2( Vo lkman , i n p ress ) , s uch mod if ica t ions i n M idd le P a leo l ith ic r educt ion s t rateg ies a re i n d icat ive o f t he c om ing t r ans it ion t o U pper P a leo l ith ic t echno logy . T he a ppearance o f n ew t oo l t ypes s uch GS t he Em ireh p o int i n t h is T erm ina l M idd le P a leo l ith ic a s semb lage i sn o t u nusua l , b ut r a the r d i rec t ly r ef lects t he c hang ing t echno logy . A p ercept ib le s h ift i n r educt ion t echno logy o ccurs i n L eve l 2a t B oke r T acht it . T h is c hange i n t he p o in t c o re s t rategy , a nd t he a cqu is it ion o f n ew r educt ion s t rateg ie s a nd v ar iat ions , i n d icate t ha t t h is a ssemb lage i s t echno log ica l ly t he t rans it iona l o ne ( Vo lkman , i n p res s ) . H oweve r , n o s i gn if ican t c hange i nt ypes o f t oo ls made o ccurs . T he t r ans it ion i sp r ima r i ly r ef lected i n t echno log ica l a d jus tments t owa rds t he mo re c ons is tent p roduct ion o f b lade a rt ifacts . N ew r educt ion s t rateg ies s o le ly d i rected t owards b lade p roduct ion , a nd mod if ica t ions i n t he L eva l lo is p o in t c o re s t rategy t owa rds l o nge r s er ies o f b lade r emova ls b efo re t he p o int i sr emoved , r ef lect t hese a d jus tments . I t may b e s i gn if icant t ha t t he g rea tes t n umbe r o f Em ireh p o ints a l so o ccurs i n L eve l 2 . O n ly t hree w e re r ecovered i n L eve l I ,w h i le t wenty-one t yp ica l a nd a typ ica l Em ireh p o ints w e re e xcavated i n L eve l 2 . T he t wentyf i fth p o int w as f ound i n L eve l 3 , w h ich i s a l so a t r ans it iona l l e ve l . T hus , t wenty-two o f t wen ty-f ive Em ireh p o in ts o ccur i n t r ans it iona l l e ve ls . B ased o n B oker T acht it , i tw ou ld s eem t hat G arrod w as n o t f a r w rong i n ma inta in ing t he Em ireh p o int a s af o ss il ed i recteur o f t he t r ans it ion . T h is i sp e rhaps e ven mo re s i gn if icant c ons ide r ing t hat , a s B a r-Yosef a nd V ande rmee rsch ( 1972 ) i n d icate , many o f t he Em ireh p o int f i nds i n t he L evant o ccur w ith c ave a s semb lages t hat h ave b een d i s turbed b y s p r ing a ct iv ity . B ecause t hese r edepos ited a ssemb lages may n o t r ef lect t he t echno logy t hat p roduced t he Em ireh p o ints n o r t he a ssoc iated t oo l c omp lements , t he p r ima ry c ontext o f t he B oker T acht it a s semb lages s e rves t o r e info rce G a rrod 's c ontent ion .

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I t i s p robab le t ha t Em ireh p o ints a re n o t a ssoc iated w ith U ppe r P a leo l ith ic a s semb lages , s uch a s O afzeh ( Ronen a nd V ande rmeersch 1 972 ) , t hat i n c lude e l -Wad ( Font Y ves ) p o ints . A t B oke r T acht it , Em ireh p o in ts a re a bsen t f rom L eve l 4 , w h ich i s t he i n it ia l s t age o f t he Negev U ppe r P a leo l ith ic . A lso , i n t he N egev , t he n ext s tage o f t he U pper P a leo l ith ic o ccurs a t t he s i te c omp lex o f B oke r ( Ma rks 1 977 ) w here e l -Wad p o ints n ow o ccur . S ome l im ited c o re r econs truc t ions o n t he B oke r A s i te i n d icate a no the r s l ight t echno log ica l s h if t f rom B oke r T ach t it L eve l 4t o B ake r A . T h is c ons is ts o f ac hange i np ercuss ive t echn ique f r om h ard h amme r i nB oke r T acht it L eve l 4t o p unch b lade o r s o ft h amme r a t B oker A . A ssoc iated w ith t he B oke r A t echno logy i s ac hange t o as i gnf icant ly mo re a cute p l atfo rm a ng le o n a r t ifacts t o a ccommodate t he n ew p e rcuss ive t echn ique . E l-Wad p o ints , t h rough t he r econs truct ions , a re d i rect ly a ssoc ia ted w ith t h is n ew t echno logy a t B oke r A . T he refo re , s i gn if ican t ly d i ffe rent t echno log ie s p roduced Em ireh a nd e l -Wad p o ints . I td oes n o t s eem l i ke ly t hat t hey w ou ld b e a ssoc iated w ith in t he s ame u nd is turbed a s semb lage , u n les s f or tu itous ly . We ma inta in t hat t he Em ireh p o int c an b e p rof itab ly u sed a s ag u ide f oss i l f o r a ssemb lages u nde rgo ing t echno log ica l t r ans it ion f rom M idd le t o U pper P a leo l ith ic . T he e a r ly r esea rchers , T urv i l le-Petre , Neuv i l le , a nd G ar rod i n p a rt icu lar , w e re s ubs tant ia l ly c o rrec t i n ma inta in ing t he Em ireh p o int a s af oss i le d i recteur . Wha t t hey l a cked w as a c lea rer p e rcep t ion o f w hat t he t rans t iona l i n dust ry s hou ld l o ok l i ke t echno log ica l ly . T h is w as p robab ly i n p a rt d ue t o t he i n term ixture o f d i ffe rent a ssemb lages i n to t he t rans it iona l l e ve ls a t t he c ave s i tes w here s uch p o ints were r ecove red . CONCLUS ION T he c ore r econstruc t ions f rom B oker T ach t it h ave p rov ided a u n ique o ppo r tun ity t o r econs truct a nd a na lyze a n a c tua l r educ t ion t echno logy . I t w as f o rtunate t ha t t he f ou r a ssemb lages i n p r ima ry c ontext b r idged a p e r iod b etween t he M idd le a nd U ppe r P a leo l ith ic a nd c onta ined a s pec if ic t oo l t ype o nce t hought t o b e i n d icat ive o f s uch a t r ans it iona l i ndus t ry . I n l i ght o f t he t echno log ica l a t tr ibutes o f a ssemb lages a t B oke r T acht it , o ther a ssemb lages a nd t he Em ireh p o in t t ype t hought t o b e r epre sentat ive o f at rans it ion c ou ld b e a ssessed t o s o me d egree . T he c r it ica l a spect i n i d ent ify ing a ny t rans it ion i n vo lves t he r ecogn it ion o f " changes i n b as ic s t ructure" ( B info rd I 9 68 ) . T he b as ic s t ructure o f t he M idd le P a leo l ith ic i s t he t echno log ica l a nd t ypo log ica l a ttr ibu tes a rchaeo log is ts u se t o c haracte r ize a nd a na lyze t h is c u ltura l p e r iod . T he s ame i st r ue f o r t he U pper P a leo l ith ic . T he c r it ica l f actor i st he mod if icat ion s i n t hese t wo b as ic s t ructures t hat make a ssemb lages l i ke L eve ls 2 a nd 3 a t B oker T acht it n e ither M idd le n o r U ppe r P a leo l ith ic , b ut t r ans it iona l b e tween t he t wo . T h is t rans it iona l s t ructure w as p robab ly i n it iated i n t he T e rm ina l M idd le P a leo l ith ic a nd i s c ha racte r ized b y a n o pposed p latfo rm L eva l lo is p o in t c o re p reparat ion . T he c haracter o f t he t r ans it ion i s a ppa rent . T echno log ica l a nd t ypo log ica l a ttr ibutes o f t he M idd le a nd U ppe r P a leo l ith ic t ha t h ave b een t rad it iona l ly s eparated a re c oncep tua l ly i n te rm ixed i n to o ne a ssemb lage . T he e ssent ia l p rob lem w ith p rev ious p e rcep t ions o f t he t r ans it ion i s t ha t t hey a ttemp ted t o c omb ine t hese t r ad it iona l a ttr ibu tes o f t he t wo b as ic s t ructures i n s ome w ay b ut s t i l l k eep t hem c onceptua l ly d i s t inct . T he t rans it iona l s t ructure d oes n ot c ons ist o f M idd le P a leo l ith ic t oo ls a nd t echno logy p lus U ppe r P a leo l ith ic t oo ls a nd t echno logy . N o r d oes i t c ons is t o f aM idd le P a leo l ith ic t echno logy a nd U ppe r P a leo l ith ic t ypo logy . B oke r T acht it 4 8

d emons trates t ha t n o c onceptua l d iv is ion o f b as ic s t ructures e x is ted . T ypo log ica l ly , t he N egev t rans it ion c omb ines t yp ica l ly U ppe r P a leo l ith ic r etouched t oo l t ypes w ith p o ints t hat a re mo rpho log ica l ly i d ent ica l t o L eva l lo is p o ints . Mos t i mpo rtan t ly , t he t echno logy i s n e ithe r M idd le n o r U pper P a leo l ith ic , b ut b lends a spects o f b o th w ith in a mod if ied t echno logy , a l low ing t he p roduc t ion o f M idd le a nd U ppe r P a leo l ith ic t oo l t ypes w ith in t he s a me t echno logy . O ne n ew t oo l t ype d i rect ly a s soc iated w ith t h is t r ans it ion a t B oke r T acht it , a nd i n d ica t ive o f i t , i st he Em ireh p o int . REFERENCES B a r-Yosef , 0 . a nd B . V ande rmee rsch I 9 72 T he S trat igraph ic a nd C u ltura l P rob lems o f t he P as sage f rom t he M idd le t o U ppe r P a leo l ith ic i n P a les t in ian C aves . I n O r ig ine d e l ' homme moderne , e d ited b y F . B ordes , p p . 2 2 12 25 . UNESCO , P a r is . B inford , S .R . 1 966 Me 'a rat S hovakh ( Mugha ret e sh S hubbab iq ) . I s rae l E xp lo rat ion J ourna l 1 6 : 18-32 , 9 6103 . 1 968 E a r ly U pper P le is tocene A dap tat ions i n t he L evant . Ame r ican A nthropo log is t 7 0 :707-7 17 . B info rd , L . R . A rchaeo log ica l P erspect ives . I n N ew P e rspect ives i n 1 968 A rcheo logy , e d ited b y S . R . B info rd a nd L . R . B info rd , p p . 5 3 3 . A ld ine , C h icago . B o rdes , F . T ypo log ie d u P a leo l ith ique a nc ien e t moyen . D e i mos , 1 96 1 B o rdeaux . C ope land , L . T he E ar ly U ppe r P a leo l ith ic F l int Mater ia l f r om L eve ls V I I-V , 1 970 A n te l ias C ave , L ebanon . B erytus 1 9 :99143 . T he M idd le a nd U pper P a leo l ith ic i nL ebanon a nd S yr ia i nt he 1 975 l i ght o f r ecent r esearch . I n P rob lems i n P reh is to ry : N o rth A f r ica a nd t he L evan t , e d ited b y F . Wendo rf a nd A . E . Marks , p p . 3 17-350 . S outhe rn Me thod is t U n ivers ity P ress , D a l las . T erm ino log ica l c o rre lat ions i n t he E ar ly U ppe r P a leo l ith ic o f 1 976 L ebanon a nd P a les t ine . I n T erm ino logy o f P reh is to ry o f t he N ear E as t , e d ited b y F . Wendo rf , p p . 3 5-48 . UNESCO , P ar is . Ew ing , J .F . 1 947 P re l im inary N o te o n t he E xcavat ions a t t he P a leo l ith ic S i te o f K sa r A k i l , R epub l ic o f L ebanon . A nt iqu ity 8 4 : 186195 . 1 963 A P robab le N eande rtha lo id f rom K sar A ki I , L ebanon . Ame r ican J ourna l o f P hys ica l A nthropo logy 2 1 : 10 1104 . G arrod , D . A . E . 1 929 E xcava t ions i n t he Mugha ret e l Wad , n ear A th l it . P a les t ine E xp lo rat ion F und Q uar ter ly S tatement , p p . 2 20-22 . 1 95 1 A T rans it iona l I n dus try f rom t he B ase o f t he U ppe r P a leo l ith ic i n P a les t ine a nd S y r ia . J ourna l o f t he R oya l A nthropo log ica l I n s t itute 8 5 : 14 1162 . 1 955 T he Mugharet e l Wad i n L owe r G a l i lee : T ype S iat ion o f t he Em iran I n dus try . J ourna l o f t he R oya l A nthropo log ica l I n s t itu te 8 5 : 14 1162 . 1 957 N o tes s ur l e P a leo l ith ique s upe r ieur d u Moyen-O r ient . B u l let in d e l aS oc iete P reh is to r ique f r an v ] ise 5 4 :439-446 . G arrod , D . A . E . a nd D . M . A . B ate 1 937 T he S tone A ge o f Moun t C arme l I : E xcava t ions a t t he Wady e l -Mughara .C larendon P ress , O xfo rd . 4 9

H a l ler , J . 1 946 H ours , F . 1 962

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i np res s b

N o tes d e p reh is to ire p hen ic ienne : l ' abr i d e A bou H a lka ( Tr ipo l i ) , 1 94 1-43 . B u l let in d u Mus e d e B ey routh 6 : 1-20 . L e g i sement d e M itchm iche : me lange o u i n dus tr ie d e t rans it ion? A tt i d e l V I C ong res so I n te rnat iona le d e ll e S c ienze P re is to r ia e P ro to is to r ia , 2 : 187198 . T he U pper P a leo l ith ic s i tes o f B oker T acht it a nd B oke r : A p re l im ina ry r epo rt . I n P reh isto ry a nd P a leoenv ironments i n t he C en tra l N egev , I s rae l I : T he A vda t/Aqev A rea , P a rt 2 a nd t he H ar H anf , e d ited b y A . E . Marks , p p . 6 1-79 . D epar tmen t o f A n thropo logy , S ou thern Me thod is t U n ivers ity , D a l las . P reh isto ry a nd P a leoenv ironments i n t he C entra l N egev , I s rae l I : T he A vda t/Aqev A rea , P a rt 2 a nd t he H ar H a nf , e d ited b y A . E . Marks . D epar tmen t o f A n thropo logy , S outhe rn Method ist U n ivers ity , D a l las . T he U ppe r P a leo l ith ic o f t he N egev . I n P reh is to ire d u L evant , e d ited b y J . C auv in a nd P . S an lav i l le , p p . 3 43-352 . E d it ions d u C .N .R .S . , P a r is . T he M idd le t o U ppe r P a leo l ith ic T rans it ion i n t he L evant . I n A dvances i n Wo r ld A rchaeo logy 2 , e d ited b y F . Wendorf a nd A . C lose . A cadem ic P ress , N ew Y o rk . P reh is to ry a nd P a leoenv ironmen ts i n t he C entra l N egev , I s rae l I : T he A vdat/Aqev A rea , P art 3 , e d ited b y A . E . Marks . D epar tment o f A nthropo logy , S outhern Me thod is t U n ive rs ity , D a l las .

N euv iI l e , R . 1 934 1 95 1

L e p reh is to r ique d e P a les t ine . R evue B ib l ique 4 3 : 2 37-259 . L e P a leo l ith ique e t l e Meso l ith ique d e d esert d e J udee . A rch ives d e l ' I ns t itut d e P a leon to log ie H uma ine . 2 4 : 1-270 . P rufer , 0 . a nd E . B a ldw in 1 957 Mechm iche a nd Meyrouba : Two P a leo l ith ic S ta t ions i n L ebanon . Q uar tar 9 :6 1-84 . R onen , A . a nd B . V ande rmee rsch 1 972 T he U ppe r P a leo l ith ic S equence i nt he C ave o f Q afza ( I s rae l ) . Q uaterna r ia 1 6 : 189-202 . S chroede r , B . 1 966 T he L i th ic Mater ia l f rom J erf A j la . A P re l im ina ry R epo r t . A nna les A rcheo log iques A rabe s S yr iennes 1 6 ( 2 ) : 2 0 1-2 10 . 1 972 T he P a leo l ith ic I n dus tr ies f rom t he S yr ian D ese rt C ave o f J erf A j la . A cts o f V I I I I NQUA C ongres s , 1 969 . S ch ick , T . a nd M . S teke l is 1 977 Mous ter ian A ssemb lages i n K eba ra C ave , Mount C a rme l . E re tzIsrae l 1 3 : 9 7149 . S teke l is , M . 1 954 N ouve l les f ou i l les d ans l a g ro tte d e K eba ra . C ron ica d e l I V C ongresso I n ternat iona l d e C ienc ias p reh is to ri c e s y p rotoh isto r icas , 4 :385-389 . 1 96 1 I r aq e l B a roud , n ouve l le g ro tte p reh istor ique a u Mount C a rme l . B u l let in o f t he R esea rch C ounc i l o f I s rae l 1 0G :3023 20 . T urv iI l e -Petre , F . 1 927 R esearches i n P reh is to r ic G a l i lee 1 9251926 . B r it ish S choo l o f A rchaeo logy i nJ e rusa lem , L ondon .

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B oke r T acht it : C o re R econs truct ions . I N P reh istory a nd P a leoenv ironments i n t he C entra l N egev , I s rae l I : T he A vdat/Aqev A rea , P a r t 3 , e d ited b y A . E . Marks . D epa rtmen t o f A nthropo logy , S ou thern Me thod is t U n ivers ity , D a l las . A P a leo l ith ic I n dus try f rom Amud C ave . I n T he Amud Man a nd H is C ave S i te , e d ited b y H . S uzuk i a nd F . T aka i , p p . 7 714 . A cadem ic P ress o f J apan , T okyo .

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VAR IAB IL ITY AND CHANGE I N THE M IDDLE PALEOL ITH IC OF WESTERN EUROPE AND THE NEAR EAST H aro ld L . D ibb le U n ive rs ity o f P ennsy lvan ia S ince t he t ime o f t he ir d i scove ry a bout 1 25 y ears a go , N eanderta ls h ave b een t he s ub ject o f c ontroversy c once rn ing t he ir r e lat ionsh ip t o a na tom ica l ly modern H omo s ap iens ( s ee B race 1 964 , w ith r efe rences ) . O p in ions h ave r anged f rom t hose o f B ou le ( 1923 ) a nd V a l lo is ( 1954 ; a l so L eakey 1 972 ) t hat N eander ta ls made v i rtua l ly n o c ontr ibut ion t o t he e vo lut ion o f modern H . s ap iens , t o t he v iew t ha t t he N eander ta ls , a s a g roup , r epresen t a p art icu la r g rade i n h uman e vo lut ion ( Hrd l iCka 1 927 ; We idenre ich 1 943 ) , p erhaps w ith d i fferent p o lyphy le t ic l i nes l e ad ing t o s pec if ic h uman r aces ( Coon 1 962 ) . T oday mo st a nthropo log is ts g ene ra l ly a gree t hat a t l e as t s ome N eanderta l o r N eander ta ll ike p opu la t ions g ave r i se t o a natom ica l ly mode rn f orms s ome t i me d ur ing t he l a te U ppe r P le istocene ( Howe l ls 1 973 ; T r inkaus a nd Howe l ls 1 979 ; Wo lpoff 1 980 ) . B ut o ne f undamenta l q ues t ion s t i l l r ema ins : d id t he t r ans it ion t o a natom ica l ly modern H . s ap iens o ccur t h roughout t he wo r ld a t r ough ly t he s ame t ime a nd v ia t he s ame e vo lut iona ry p roces ses? O r w as t he re a s pread f r om r e lat ive ly f ew p r i ma ry c enters , w ith r ep lacement o r a bso rpt ion o f l o ca l a bo r ig ina l N eanderta l p opu lat ions? E ach o f t hese a l ternat ives h as d i fferent i mp l icat ions f o r a n u nderstand ing o f h uman o r ig ins a nd h i sto ry . F o l low ing v e ry r ecen t d i scove r ies , t h is q ues t ion i s r ece iv ing i n creased a t tent ion ( s ee S tr inger 1 982 ) . T he p urpose o f t h is p aper i st o c ompa re t wo g eograph ic r eg ions w here t h is t rans it ion may h ave o ccurred , n ame ly Wes te rn E urope a nd t he N ear E as t . I tw i l l b e s hown t ha t , i n t e rms b o th o f t he e v idence f o r t he t rans it ion i t se lf a nd t he n a ture o f v a r iab i l ity a nd c hange i n t hose i n dus tr ies p reced ing t he U pper P a leo l ith ic , t hese t wo a reas d i ffered s i gn if icant ly . T h is f u rthe r s uggests t ha t t he p rocesses o f e vo lut iona ry c hange d i ffe red a nd t hus r a ises t he p robab i l ity t ha t b o th a reas s hou ld n o t b e c ons idered a s e qua l r epresentat ives o f i ns i tu d eve lopment a nd t r ans it ion . T he e v idence t o b e u sed i nt h is c ompa r ison w i l l b e p r ima r i ly a rt ifactua l r ather t han b io log ica l . A lthough t here i s n o t p e rfect a greement b e tween p hys ica l t ype s a nd t he mate r ia l c u lture r ema ins ( Bo rdes 1 96 1a , 1 97 1, 1 98 1; L eveque a nd V ande rmeersch 1 98 1; T r inkaus 1 983 ; S tr inger 1 974 ) , t he t wo k inds o f e v idence a re c omp lementary . Iw ou ld a rgue ( s ee a l so J e l inek 1 977 ) t ha t t he c r it ica l q ues t ions r egard ing t he r e lat ionsh ip o f N eande rta ls t o modern h umans a re c oncerned n o t o n ly w ith p hys ica l morpho logy a nd p hy logeny , b ut a l so w ith s im i lar it ies a nd d i fferences i n b ehav io r . A nd i ti s t he a rchaeo log ica l e v idence t hat a l lows u s t o v iew t hat b ehav io r mos t d i rect ly .

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THEORET ICAL CONS IDERAT IONS OF THE NATURE OF THE TRANS IT ION B efo re t urn ing t o t he e v idence f rom t hese t wo a reas , a f ew b r ief c omments s hou ld b e made r egard ing t heo ret ica l a nd methodo log ica l p rob lems i n t r y ing t o e xp la in t h is t r ans it ion . F irs t , i ts hou ld b e r ecogn ized t ha t t h is p a r t icu lar t r ans it ion i s , a t l e as t i n p a rt , a n a r t ifact o f o ur p resent c lass if icat ion s ys tem . T he n o t ion t ha t t he p a leo l ith ic i sc omposed o f t hree o r p e rhaps f our ( Je l inek 1 977 ) ma jo r p e r iods i s ar esu lt o f c lass if icat ion me thods d eve loped o ve r t he p as t c en tury ( Dan ie l 1 962 ) . W ith in t he c urren t s cheme t he M idd le a nd U ppe r P a leo l ith ic a re d ef ined a s b e ing s epa rate , b u t t h is c lass if icato ry o r t ypo log ica l d i s t inct ion l e aves t he p rob lem o f d ocumen t ing r e lat ionsh ips b e tween t he t wo p er iods , o r o f e xp la in ing t he t rans it ion f r om o ne t o t he o ther . T he me thodo logy i n vo lved i n s uch c lass if ica t ions c an , i n i t se lf , l e ad t o p rob lems i nu nders tand ing p rocesses o f c hange . F o r e xamp le , e xp lanat ions o f t h is t rans it ion o ften p roceed b y c ontras t ing t he t wo p e r iods i n t he ir e nt irety i n t e rms o f t he c r ite r ia u sed t o d ef ine t hem ( s ee e spec ia l ly Me l lars 1 973 ; Wh ite 1 982 ) . I ft hese t wo p e r iods a re d i s t ingu ished o n t he b as is o f mutua l ly e xc lus ive c r ite r ia ( a me thodo logy t hat i su sefu l f o r t axonom ic p urposes ) , t hen o ur u nde rs tand ing o f t he p roces ses o f c hange may b e l im ited b ecause t he re i s n o f ramewo rk f o r i d en t ify ing c ont inu ity o r d eve lopment . O n t he b as is o f s uch c ontrasts w e k now t hat a t t he t ime o f t h is t rans it ion t he re w ere c hanges n o t o n ly i n l i th ic i n dus tr ies a nd s ke leta l morpho logy , b ut a l so i n b ur ia l c us toms ( B inford 1 968a , H arro ld 1 980 ) , e conomy ( B info rd 1 968b , Me l lars 1 973 ) , a nd e ven c hanges i n t he d i sposa l o f r efuse ( a s a t t he G rotte d u R enne a t A rcys ur-Cure ( Mov ius 1 969 : 122 ) ) . H oweve r , s uch c on tras ts d o n o t i n t hemse lves t e l l u s h ow t hese c hanges c ame a bout ( F ish a nd D ibb le 1 982 ) . No r h ave t hey b een a dequate t o d emons trate t he n ature o f t he q ua l ita t ive d i fference i n a daptat ion t hat a ppea r t o h ave t aken p lace a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he U ppe r P a leo l ith ic . Wh i le t ypo log ica l d i st inct ions p rov ide a u sefu l means o f i d ent ify ing a nd d escr ib ing a ssemb lages , i ti sc lea r t hat a n e vo lu t iona ry p erspect ive p rov ides a b etter means o f e xp la in ing t he c hanges t hat t ook p lace d ur ing t he U ppe r P le is tocene . I n t ak ing a n e vo lut iona ry p erspect ive i t i s mo re i mpo rtan t t o emphas ize t he v ar iab i l ity t hat i s e xp ressed w ith in e ach p e r iod r a the r t han emphas ize t he a pparent d i ffe rences b e tween t he t wo . T h is i se ssent ia l ly t he s a me a rgument t hat h as b een p ut f o rwa rd i n s t ud ies o f b io log ica l e vo lut ion ( Mayr 1 959 ; s ee a l so B ennett 1 969 ) a nd i t i s e qua l ly v a l id f o r c u ltura l e vo lut ion . A f urther f a i lure o f t he c las s if icato ry a pproach i s t hat i t c anno t d i st ingu ish b e tween a t r ans it ion t hat r epre sents a p rocess , w ith i n s i tu d eve lopment t hrough t ime , f rom t hat w h ich i s a n h i s to r ica l e vent b rought a bout t hrough a ccu lturat ion , a bso rp t ion , o r e ven g radua l r ep lacement . C hanges c lear ly t ook p lace i n b o th Wes tern E urope a nd t he N ear E as t t ha t c u lm inated i n t he t o ta l r ep lacemen t o f M idd le P a leo l ith ic i n dus tr ies w ith t ho se o f t he U ppe r P a leo l ith ic a nd o f N eande rta ls w ith a natom ica l ly modern H . s ap iens . T he t ask n ow i s t o e luc idate t he p rocesses o f c hange a nd d ete rm ine i ft hey w e re t he s a me i n e ach o f t hese t wo a reas . R egard les s o f w h ich k ind o f t rans it ion t ook p lace , w he the r a n i n s i tu d eve lopment o r o ne t ha t w as a r esu lt o f m igrat ion , w e may s ee s ome c ont inu ity i n b io log ica l o r i n dus tr ia l t ra its . A s imp le c ompar ison o f t r a its i s , t he refore , n o t s uff ic ien t t o d ec ide among t hese a l ternat ives . S uch a d ec is ion c an o n ly b e a ccomp l ished t hrough a n e xam inat ion o f t he u nde r ly ing v a r iab i l ity d ur ing t he

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p er iods t hat p receded t he t r ans it ion a s w e l l a s t he e v idence t hat may e x is t f o r t he t r ans it ion i t se lf . I n t he f o l low ing p ages s ome o f t he e v idence f o r v a r iab i l ity a nd c hange d u r ing t he M idd le P a leo l ith ic o f Western E urope a nd t he N ear E as t w i l l b e c ontras ted . T h is i s n o t meant t o b e a n e xhaus t ive t r eatmen t o f a l l t he e v idence c urren t ly a va i lab le a nd s evera l i mpor tant i s sues r e la t ing t o o ur u nders tand ing o f t he s equences i ne ach a rea a re om itted e nt ire ly . Wh i le t h is may a ppea r t o o ve r-s imp l ify w ha t i s av e ry c omp lex p rob lem , t h is a pproach i s n ecessary f o r c l a r ity . U ndoub ted ly many d e ta i ls w i l l c hange a s w o rk p rogresses i ne ach a rea . VAR IAB IL ITY AND CHANGE DUR ING THE FRENCH M IDDLE PALEOL ITH IC F o l low ing t he me thod o f B o rdes ( Bo rdes a nd B ourgon 1 95 1; B o rdes 1 950 , 1 953 , 1 96 1a ) v ar ious F rench Mous ter ian a s semb lages c an b e p laced i n to f our o r f i ve g roups o n t he b as is o f d i fferen t ia l f requenc ies o f l i th ic t oo l t ypes . A lthough i n terpre ta t ions o f t he t ypo log ica l v a r iab i l ity e xp ressed b y t hese g roups h ave d i f fe red ( Bo rdes 1 973 ; B o rdes a nd S onnev i l le-Bo rdes 1 970 ; B inford a nd B info rd 1 966 ; B info rd 1 968c ; B info rd 1 973 ; Me l ia rs 1 970 ) , t he d i fferen t g roups d o n o t a ppea r t o b e l i nked d i rec t ly t o c l imate n o r d o t hey d emons trate a u n i l inea l t empo ra l s uccess ion ( s ee a l so G u ichard 1 976 ; R o l land 1 977 ) . T he e v idence f rom t he Mous te r ian i n Wes te rn E urope s uggests t hat i t r epresents a h igh ly f l ex ib le a nd i n terna l ly v a r ied a dap ta t ion , b ut o ne t ha t , a s aw ho le , r ema ined r e la t ive ly s ta t ic t hroughout t he l a s t i n te rg lac ia l a nd t he f i rst h a lf o f t he Wurm ( s ee B utzer 1 98 1: 179 ) . T he t r ans it ion t o t he C häte lperron ian o ccurs a round t he b eg inn ing o f Wurm I Ia nd a ppea rs t o h ave t aken p lace q u ite r ap id ly , p e rhaps i n a s l i t t le a s 5 ,000 y ears ( Lav i l le e t a t . I 9 80 :267 ) . A t t he t ime o f t he t r ans it ion i n F rance , t he i n dus tr ia l s uccess ion a ppears t o b e f rom e i the r a Mous te r ian o f A cheu l ian T rad it ion ( MTA ) t ype B , o r a T yp ica l Mous ter ian w ith h i gh f r equenc ies o f s crapers , n o tches a nd d ent icu lates , t o t he C hate lperron ian ( Bo rdes 1 958 , 1 96 1a ; T uf freau 1 9 67b , I 976c ; Mov ius 1 969 ; L ero i-Gourhan a nd L ero i-Gourhan 1 964 ) . T he r e la t ions h ips b etween t he i n dus tr ies o n e i the r s i de o f t he t r ans it ion a re r ecogn ized p r i mar i ly o n t he b as is o f l i th ic t ypo logy . T he f i na l Mous ter ian i sc ha racteri z ed a s h av ing r e lat ive ly h igh f requenc ies o f U ppe r P a leo l ith icl ike t ypes s uch a s b acked k n ives , e ndscrape rs a nd b ur ins , a s w e l l a s ah i gh p e rcentage o f b lades o r b ladel ike f l akes ( Bordes 1 954 , 1 958 , 1 96 1a , 1 968 ; Mov ius 1 969 ; T uffreau 1 976a ; P rade l 1 966 ; L e ro i-Gourhan e t a l . 1 976 ) . T he C h te lpe rron ian , f o r i t s p art , r e ta ins c erta in Mous te r ianl ike i mp lements s uch a s s imp le s i de s crape rs , e ndsc rapers o n f l akes , n o tches a nd d ent icu lates ( Sonnev i l leB o rdes 1 963 , 1 972 ; D ebenath 1 976 ) . D ur ing t h is t ime , t here i s a l so s ome r ef inemen t o f t he C h Che lperron k n ife ( Prade l 1 966 ; D e lpo rte 1 976 ) . H owever , w h i le t here d oes a ppear t o b e ar e la t ionsh ip b e tween t he f i na l Mous te r ian a nd t he C hä te lperron ian i n t e rms o f f r equenc ies o f ma jo r t oo l g roups , t he U ppe r P a leo l ith ic t ypes t ha t d o o ccur i nt he M idd le P a leo l ith ic a re n o t o ften s im i lar i n o vera l l f o rm t o t hese t ypes a s t hey a ppear i n l a te r i n dus tr ies . I n o ther w o rds , t he c ont inu ity i ss een o n t he b as is o f t ype f requency a nd n o t a lways o n c ont inu ity i n t he f o rm o f t he a r t ifacts . I n t h is r ega rd i t s hou ld a l so b e p o inted o u t t ha t t wo s eparate t ypo log ies a re b e ing emp loyed f o r e ach s i de o f t he t rans it ion - t ha t o f B o rdes ( 196 1 b ) f o r t he Mous ter ian , a nd S onnev i l leB o rdes a nd P erro t 's ( 19541956 ) f o r t he U ppe r P a leo l ith ic . N eed less t o s ay , t hese t wo t ypo log ies a re n o t d i rect ly c omparab le . A dm itted ly t he re a re p rob lems i n d ocumen t ing t he a ctua l t rans it ion .

5

F irs t , e ros ion a t t he e nd o f t he Wurm I / 1 1 1 i n terstad ia l r e moved a l a rge p o r t ion o f t he d epos its t ha t m igh t h ave y ie lded f urther e v idence o f t he t rans it ion ( Lav i l le e t a l . 1 980 :267 ) . S econd , many s i tes , s uch a s L a F erras s ie a nd L e Mous t ie r , s uffered f rom o the r k inds o f p os t-depos it iona l m ix ing o f s ed iments ( Son ne v i l le-Bo rdes 1 960 ; L av iI l e e t a l . 1 980 : 178 ) . T h ird , many o f t he s i tes c ove r ing t h is t ime w ere e xcavated b efo re r ef inements i ne xcava t ion t echn iques a nd c onsequent ly t he i n tegr ity o f t he c o l lect ions a nd a ccuracy o f t he s t rat igraph ic i n terpre ta t ions a re s o me t imes i nd oubt ( s ee L ynch 1 966 ) . T here a re a l so p rob lems c once rn ing t he t im ing o f t he t rans it ion . A t L e Mous t ier t he MTA t ype B a ppea rs v e ry e a r ly ( d ur ing t he Wurm I -Pe r igo rd I i n te rva l o f L av i l le ) a nd i sc ontempo raneous w ith t he MTA t ype A a t P ech d e l ' Aze I( Lav i l le e t a l . 1 980 : 165 , 177 , T ab les 7 , I ) . T hus t he s uccess ion w ith in t he MTA d oes n o t s eem t o o ccur a t t he s ame t ime a t a l l s i tes . F urthermo re , t he re i sa l so e v idence o f Mous te r ian i n dust r ies i nP rovence t ha t s u rv ived i n to t he e ar ly Wurm I b ut w h ich d o n o t s how e v idence o f c hange ( Bo rdes 1 96 Ia :808 ; L um ley 1 97 1; E sca lon d e F onton a nd O norat in i 1 976 : 147 ) . VAR IAB IL ITY AND CHANGE DUR ING THE NEAR EASTERN M IDDLE PALEOL ITH IC Many o f t he N ear E astern s i tes t ha t a re r e levan t t o t he s tudy o f t he t rans it ion h ave a l so s uffered f r om p os t-depo s it iona l d i s turbances , e i the r o f n atura l o r ig in ( Ba r-Yo sef a nd V ande rmeersch 1 972 ; H o row itz 1 979 :304-305 ) o r d ue t o h uman a ct iv it ies , s uch a s a t Amud ( Ch inze i I 9 70 ) . T hese a nd o ther p rob lems h ave l e d t o ma jo r r ev is ions i n t he c haracte r izat ion o f t he e a r ly U ppe r P a leo l ith ic f i rs t p ut f o rwa rd b y N euv i l le ( 1934 , 1 95 1) . Av ery t ho rough h i s to r ica l r ev iew o f t r ans it ion s t ud ies i n t he L evant h as b een w r it ten b y Marks ( i n p ress ) a nd s o o n ly a c oup le o f ma jo r p o ints w i l l b e a ddres sed h e re . T he ma in p rob lems o f t he e a r l ie r s yn the ses c oncern t he f i rs t t wo s t ages o f N euv iI l e . T he e ar l ies t b lade i n dus try , w ha t H owe l l ( 1959 :25 ) c a l led U ppe r P a leo l ith ic S tage 0 , o r w ha t i sn ow c a l led e i the r t he P re-aur ignac ian ( Rus t 1 950 ) o r t he Amud ian ( Garrod a nd K irkbr ide 1 96 1) , c lea r ly s hows n o c h ronol o g ica l a ff in it ies w ith t r ue U ppe r P a leo l ith ic i n dustr ies , s i nce i ta ppea rs t o h ave b een c ontempo raneous w ith a l a te A cheu l ian a nd t he J abrud ian d ur ing t he i n te rva l o f t he l a s t i n te rg lac ia l ( Je l inek e t a l . 1 973 ; C ope land 1 975 ; H ours e t a l . 1 973 ) . T echno log ica l ly i ta l so s eems t o b e i n te rmed iate b e tween t he L ate A cheu l ian a nd t he e a r ly Mous te r ian ( Je l inek 1 98 1; D ibb le 1 98 1) . N euv i l le 's S tage I ,c o rrespond ing t o t he Em iran ( Garrod 1 955 1 ) , w as o r ig ina l ly c ons idered t o b e t rans it iona l b ecause o f am ixture o f Mouster ian a nd U ppe r P a leo l ith ic t ypes . H oweve r , t he " t rans it iona l z ones" f r om E l Wad , J e rf A j la , a nd Em ireh i t se lf we re p robab ly a r t ifacts o f t he e a r ly e xcavat ion t echn iques ( Garrod 1 952 ; C oon 1 957 ; S k inner 1 965 ; S chroeder 1 969 ; R onen 1 976 ) . Mo re l i ke ly c and idates f o r i n dust r ies t ha t r epresen t t rue t rans it ions f rom M idd le t o U pper P a leo l ith ic c ome f r om K sar A k i l ( l eve ls XXV-XX ) , A bu H a lka ( l eve ls I V f a nd I Ve ) a nd A nte l ias C ave ( l eve ls V I I-V ) i n L ebanon ( Cope land 1 970 , 1 976 ; R onen 1 976 ) , a nd B oke r T acht it i n t he N egev ( Ma rks 1 977 ) . T he t rans it iona l c haracte r o f t hese i n dustr ies i sd ue n o t t o am ixture o f e ar ly a nd l a te t ypes , b ut r a the r t o t he manufacture o f n ew t ype f o rms ( endscrape rs , b ur ins , em ireh p o ints , a nd i nt he N orth , " chamfe red" p ieces ) o n b lades a nd p o ints t hat a re p roduced t h rough a M idd le P a leo l ith ic L eva l lo is t echno logy , o r a t l e as t at echno logy t ha t h as s t rong h i s to r ica l c onnect ions w ith t hose u sed e ar l ier ( Marks , p e rsona l c ommun icat ion ) . T hus , i ti mmed iate ly b ecomes a ppa ren t t ha t t he t r ans it ion f rom M idd le 5 6

t o U pper P a leo l ith ic f l int i n dus tr ies o ccurred d i fferent ly i n t he Near E as t t han i td id i n F rance . I n F rance , t he r e lat ionsh ips b etween t he M idd le a nd Upper P a leo l ith ic a re s een l a rge ly o n t he b as is o f c hang ing t ype f requenc ies . T he l a te Mouste r ian o f F rance e xh ib its mo re U ppe r P a leo l ith ic e lements , wh i le t he C hAte lperron ian r eta ins many o f t he Mous ter ian f orms . I n t he Near E as t t here a re a l so c hanges i n t ype f o rm a nd t he i n troduct ion o f n ew t ypes . B ut h ere t here i s ac ont inuous d eve lopment o f b as ic Mouster ian t echno logy , w ith g radua l c hanges i n t he p roduct ion o f d i fferent b lank f orms ( Marks 1 977 :64 ) . Wh i le C ope land ( 1976 :37 ) c haracter ized t he t rans it ion i n t he Near E as t a s o ccur r ing " on t he s ame p iece o f f l int ," i t i s c lear t hat s o me t echno log ica l d eve lopment d id t ake p lace . T h is i sc lear ly d emons trated b y t he c ore r econs truct ions d one b y Marks a nd h i s s tudents o n t he B oker T acht it mater ia l ( s ee Marks a nd V o lkman , t h is v o lume ) . A lso c ontra ry t o t he n ature o f Mouste r ian v a r iab i l ity i n F rance , t he Near E astern a s semb lages p rov ide g ood e v idence o f d i rect iona l c hange t hrough t he Uppe r P le istocene p r io r t o t he U ppe r P a leo l ith ic . F o r e xamp le , Cope land ( 1975 :329-337 ) h as o ut l ined a t hree-phase t ypo log ica l s equence f or L ebanon a nd S yr ia b ased o n t he T abun mater ia l f rom I s rae l . T hese a re ( f rom o ldes t t o y oungest ) : P hase I , c o rrespond ing t o T abun L ayer D a nd c haracte r ized b y u n id irect iona l L eva l lo is b lades a nd l o ng L eva l lo is p o ints ; P hase 2 ( Tabun C ) c haracter ized b y b road f l at L eva l lo is f l akes a nd f ew L eva l lo is p o ints ; a nd P hase 3 ( Tabun B ) w ith f l at L eva l lo is f l akes a nd many s hort , b road L eva l lo is p o ints . A lso , J e l inek ( 198 1, 1 982 ) h as d emons trated t e mpora l c hanges i n f l u . ,2 t echno logy b ased o n t he i ndex o f f l ake w idth t o t h ickness . U s ing a s s a mp les ma jor s t rat igraph ic U n its f rom T abun , h e h as s hown a c ont inuous d eve lopmenta l t rend t hrough t he s equence t owards i ncreas ing mean a nd v ar iance o f w idth/th ickness r at ios o f c omp lete f l akes . T hese c hanges i n f l ake f o rm a re c orre lated w ith c hanges i n p la tfo rm p reparat ion a nd f eatures o f t he e xter io r f l ake morpho logy ( D ibb le 1 98 1: 118 ) . I t may b e t hat t here a re Northern a nd S outhern v a r iants r egard ing l a ter t echno log ica l c hanges , b ut b o th a reas d o s how c ont inuous t echno log ica l d eve lopment t hrough t ime . T hus , t he a ctua l t rans it ion , a s s een a t s i tes l i ke B aker T acht it ( l eve ls ^ nd 3 ) , r epresents o ne p o int o n a t echno log ica l c ont inuum t hat e xtends b ack we l l i n to t he P le istocene . T ECHNOLOG ICAL COMPAR ISONS B ETWEEN FRANCE AND THE NEAR EAST I ta ppears t ha t t h t i re d i fferences b etween F rance a nd t he hl ear E as t i n t erms o f b oth t he v ar iab i l ity e xh ib ited d ur ing t he Mouster ian a nd o f t hat e v idence r e lat ing t o t he t rans it ion i t se lf . Much o f t he d i scuss ion i n t he l i terature o f t he F rench a rt ifactua l mater ia l h as b een b ased o n t ypo log ica l v ar iab i l ity , wh ich d oes n o t a ppear t o e xh ib it c ont inuous d i rect iona l c hange d ur ing t he Wurm u nt i l j u st b efore t he t rans it ion i t se lf . T he ma jo r t e mpora l c hanges n o ted f o r t he Near E as t , o n t he o ther h and , a re b ased o n t echno log ic a l d ata . T he q ues t ion t hus a r ises w hether p art o f t he c ontras t b e tween t he t wo r eg ions may b e d ue t o t he f act t hat d i fferent a spects o f v a r iab i l ity a re b e ing measured . I n o rder t o c ompare t hese t wo r eg ions mo re d i rect ly , J e l inek a nd Ih ave c o l lected t echno log ica l d ata f rom s evera l s i tes i n b o th o f t hese r eg ions , t he r esu lts o f w h ich w i l l b e p ub l ished a t a l a ter d ate . However , i t i s r e levant h ere t o p resent s ome p re l im inary r esu lts o f o ne a na lys is o f L eva l lo is f l akes f rom f our M idd le P a leo l ith ic s i tes i n F rance a nd f rom T abun . T he F rench s a mp les , a nd t he ir a ssoc iated i ndustr ies , a re : P ech d e l ' Aze I V , l a yers F 4 ( MTA ) , 1 2 ( Typ ica l Mouster ian ) a nd J 3B ( "As in ipod ien" ) ; C ombe G rena l l a yers 3 5 ( Ferrass ie ) a nd 5 0 ( Typ ica l ) ; Co rb iac l a yer M I ( MTA ) a nd L e T i l let ( MTA ) .

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T he s amp les f rom T abun were d rawn f rom t he c o l lect ions e xcavated b y J e l inek a nd r epresent f our d i s t inct s t rat igraph ic h o r izons : U n its I( "Layer C " Mouster ian ) , I X ( "Layer D " Mous ter ian ) , X ( t rans it iona l Mouster ian ) , a nd X I ( Amud ian ) . O n ly t ypo log ica l ly T yp ica l L eva l lo is f l akes ( Bordes 1 96 1b ) were c hosen f o r a na lys is b ecause i tw as f e lt t hat b y r es tr ict ing t he s a mp les t o o ne t echno log ica l a nd t ypo log ica l c lass o f i t ems i t w ou ld b e more p oss ib le t o c ontro l f or o ther a spects o f f unct ion a nd ma jor t echno log ica l v ar iat ion . I dent ica l measurements were made b y t he a utho r o n f l akes f rom t hese i ndustr ies . Measurements o f f l ake l e ngth , w idth a nd t h ickness were made t o d escr ibe b as ic a spects o f f l ake f o rm . P latfo rm measurements i n c luded p latfor m w idth a nd t h ickness , max i mum p latfo rm t h ickness a nd e xter ior p latform a ng le ( s ee D ibb le 1 98 1: 140149 f o r d ef in it ions o f t hese v a r iab les ) . O ther i nput v ar iab les i n c luded t he n umber o f e xter io r f l ake s cars a nd s evera l i n d ices o f d imens ion a nd p latfo rm v ar iab les . T he c ho ice o f v ar iab les w as made o n t he b as is o f e a r l ier e xper i ments ( D ibb le a nd Wh ittaker 1 98 1; D ibb le 1 98 1) t ha t d emons trated r e la t ionsh ips b etween o bservab le a spects o f p latform p reparat ion ( performed p r ior t o t he r e mova l o f t he f l ake f rom t he c ore ) a nd t he f i na l f o rm o f t he f l ake i t se lf . T ab le 1p resents t hese v a r iab les a nd t he ir mean v a lues f o r t he f l ake s a mp les f rom e ach a ssemb lage . T hese d ata were a na lyzed t hrough P r inc ipa l C omponents A na lys is ( u s ing S PSS , v ers ion 8 .0 ) , a mu lt ivar iate t echn ique t hat c an o ften r evea l mean ingfu l a spects o f v ar iab i l ity among s evera l s a mp les . T he c omponents g enerated b y t h is t echn ique e ach r epresent o u n ique ( and n on-corre lated ) c omb inat ion o f t he i nput v a r iab les . I n t h is way t he i n terpretat ion o f t he v a r iab i l ity i s made more manageab le b ecause t he e ffects o f s evera l v ar iab les a re r educed t o s i ng le c omponent s cores . A s c an b e s een i n T ab le 2 , t he f i rs t t hree P r inc ipa l Components t ogethe r a ccount f or n ear ly n inety-f ive p ercent o f t he v ar iab i l ity among t he e leven a ssemb lages . T he s tandard ized p r inc ipa l c omponents c oeff ic ients a re a measure o f t he c ontr ibut ion o f e ach v a r iab le t o ag iven P r inc ipa l C omponent , w ith l a rge r a bso lute v a lues i nd icat ing a g reater c ontr ibut ion , a nd t he s i gn ( pos it ive o r n egat ive ) i nd icat ing t he k ind o f r e lat ionsh ip ( pos it ive o r i nverse , r espect ive ly ) . T hus , t he f i rs t c omponen t i s most h eav i ly d ependent o n t he n umber o f e xter ior f l ake s cars , a nd t he r a t ios o f p latfor m t h ickness t o f l ake t h ickness a nd f l ake w idth t o f l ake t h ickness . Component 2 i si n f luenced most b y t he max i mum p latform t h ickness , a nd l e ss s o b y p latfo rm w idth a nd f l ake w idth . C omponent 3 r epresents l e ngth a nd t he r at io o f e xter ior p latform a ng le t o l e ngth . F igure 1 i s a g raph o f t hese i n dustr ies a long t hese t h ree P r inc ipa l Components . T here i sc lear d i scr im inat ion b etween t he F rench a nd T abun i ndustr ies a long t he s econd c omponent . T h is s eparat ion i s ar esu lt o f t he T abun f l akes h av ing s ma l ler p latfo rm t h icknesses , b o th i n a bso lute s i ze a nd r e lat ive t o f l ake t h ickness ( s ee T ab le 1 ) . B ut a l so i n teres t ing i st he n ature o f t he v ar iab i l ity w ith in e ach r eg ion . T he T abun i ndustr ies r eta in t he ir c hrono log ica l o rder a long t he f i rst c omponent f rom U n it X I a t o ne e xtreme t o U n it 1a t t he o ther . T he ma jo r v ar iab les c ontr ibut ing t o t h is p attern a re p latfor m t h ickness r e lat ive t o f l ake t h ickness , t he r at io o f f l ake w idth t o f l ake t h ickness , a nd t he mean n umber o f e xter io r f l ake s cars , a l l o f w h ich i n crease t hrough t ime ( s ee T ab le I ) . T he F rench i ndustr ies , wh i le n o t e xh ib it ing a ny t e mpora l p attern ing , i n stead t end t o s egregate a ccord ing t o s i te . T hus , t he t hree P ech d e l ' AA . I V i ndustr ies f a l l s o mewhat t ogethe r , a s d o t he t wo f rom Combe G rena l . Moreover , e ach o f t he f our s i tes f rom F rance a re d i st inct f rom e ach o ther , a nd t here i sn o c luster ing b y i n dustry . T he

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s uggests t hat t he f acto rs a ffect ing v ar iab i l ity a re d i fferent i n e ach o f t he t wo r eg ions . T ak ing t he F rench mater ia l f i rst , t he most p robab le e xp lanat ion f or t he c luster ing b y s i te i s t hat t here a re d i ffe rences b etween t he s i tes i n t erms o f l o ca l r aw mater ia ls . T he mate r ia l f ound n ear Combe G rena l a nd P ech d e l ' Aze I V c ons ists o f r e lat ive ly s ma l l r ounded f l int n odu les , w h i le Co rb iac a nd L e T i l let b o th h ave a ccess t o much l a rger p ieces ( F ish 1 98 1:377 ; B ordes p ersona l c ommun icat ion ) . I nf act , i nt erms o f t he q uant ity a nd s i ze o f t he l o ca l f l int r esources , Co rb iac a nd L e T i l le t a re more s im i la r t o T abun t han t hey a re t o P ech d e l ' Aze I V a nd C ombe G rena l . T h is may a ccount f o r t he s im i lar ity among t hese i n dustr ies a long t he t h ird c omponent , w h ich i s s t rong ly a ffected b y f l ake l e ngth ( s ee a l so F ish 1 979 :138 , 1 98 1) . Howeve r , n o t e nough d eta i led i n format ion o n t he n ew mate r ia ls i sk nown t o a ccoun t f o r t he d i scr im inat ion b etween P ech d e l ' Aze I V a nd C ombe G rena l . Munday 's ( 1976 ) s tudy o f t he Negev mate r ia ls s uggests t hat s ma l l-sca le i n ter-s ite v ar iat ion may b e d ue t o n umberous f acto rs o f t he r aw mater ia ls , i n c lud ing n o t o n ly s i ze b ut a l so a ccess ib i l ity a nd q ua l ity . U nfortunate ly , t hese mo re d eta i led a spects o f t he l o ca l r aw mater ia ls a re n ot a va i lab le f o r c ompa r ing t he t wo s i tes . However , i ti su n l ike ly t hat t he c lus ter ing o f t hese s i tes i sd ue t o f unct ion , s imp ly b ecause t he L eva l lo is f l akes u sed i n t h is s tudy s hou ld b e more o r l e ss f unct iona l ly e qu iva lent a nd a l so b ecause s uch d i ffe rent Mouster ian g roups o r a ssemb lage t ypes a re r epresented . I ti se qua l ly d oub tfu l t ha t s ty l ist ic f actors a re r espons ib le f o r t he p attern ing s een i n F igure 1s i nce t he c lusters a ppear t o b e i n dependent o f t ime a nd t here a re n o r easons t o a ssume t hat d i fferent c u lture g roups , i f t hey w ere p resen t a t a l l , o ccup ied s i ng le s i tes e xc lus ive ly . T hus t he o ne f acto r t hat most l i ke ly a ccounts f o r t he p attern ing i nt he F rench L eva l lo is d ata i sl o ca l v ar iat ion i nr aw mater ia l . F or t he Near E ast t he r esu lts p resented h ere j o in t hose o f J e l inek i n s how ing a d ef in ite t e mpora l c hange t hat s eems t o o ccur i ndependen t ly o f d i fferences o r s im i lar it ies i n r aw mater ia l . Whether t h is c hange r ef lects t he d eve lopment o f k napp ing s k i l ls , c hanges i n s ty l is t ic t rad it ions , o r d i fferences i na daptat ion ( Munday 1 979 ) i su nknown . T hus , o n t he b as is o f t he e v idence p resented h ere , as i gn if icant c ontras t c an b e made b etween F rance a nd t he Near E as t b o th i n t he k inds o f v ar iab i l ity t hat e x isted d ur ing t he M idd le P a leo l ith ic a nd i n t he n ature o f t he t rans it ion i t se lf . T he e v idence s hows t hat Western E urope , a nd F rance i n p art icu lar , r e ma ined r e lat ive ly s tat ic t hrough t he e ar ly h a lf o f t he W urm . A lthough t here i s c ons iderab le t ypo log ica l v ar iab i l ity among t hese a ssemb lages , t hey d o n o t a ppear t o s how a ny c ont inuous d i rect iona l c hanges u nt i l t he t ime o f t he t rans it ion . T h is i se spec ia l ly t rue o f t he t echno log ica l v ar iat ion w ith in t hese i n dustr ies a s s hown i n F igure I . A lthough t h is s tudy i s p re l im inary , i t s uggests t hat d i fferences i n b as ic f l ake t echno logy may b e l a rge ly d ue t o r aw mater ia l d i fferences . W ith B utzer ( 198 1: 178180 ) Iwou ld a rgue t hat t he Mouster ian " cu lture" i n F rance r epresents a b road-based a nd h igh ly f l ex ib le t echno log ica lb ehav iora l c omp lex t hat e xh ib its l o ca l v ar iat ion as r esponses t o s pec if ic c ond it ions , e .g . , r aw mate r ia l ( a s s uggested h ere ; s ee a l so F ish 1 98 1) , a nd d i fferent p rocurement a nd p rocess ing a ct iv it ies . T he t rans it ion t o t he C häte lperron ian , d ef ined p r i mar i ly o n t he b as is o f c hanges i n t he f requenc ies o f p art icu lar t oo l t ypes , o ccurs v ery r ap id ly a nd w ith s o me e v idence t ha t n ot a l l o f t he Mouster ian a ssemb lages t ook p art i n i t . T he Near E astern d ata a re d i fferent . T h roughout t he Upper P le is tocene t here i se v idence o f t e mpora l p attern ing a nd c hange i n l i th ic t echno logy . T he t rans it ion t o Upper P a leo l ith ic may f o l low t hese g enera l t rends , a nd w ithout 6 2

d oub t t he n a ture o f t he t r ans it ion i t se lf i sd i fferent t han t hat d escr ibed i n F rance .

THE FOSS IL E V IDENCE H ow w e l l d oes t he f oss i l e v idence s uppor t t he d i s t inct ions p resented a bove o n t he b as is o f i n dus try? I n F rance , w h i le t here d oes a ppea r t o b e s o me e v idence f o r ar educt ion i n t oo th s i ze t hrough t he f i rs t h a lf o f t he U pper P le istocene , t he re a re n o s pec i mens t hat a re t ru ly i n termed iate b etween N eande rta ls a nd a natom ica l ly modern H . s ap iens . O n t he c ontrary , i t i s p oss ib le t ha t t he N eanderta ls f rom Western E urope b ecame mo re " spec ia l ized ," ( pe rhaps d ue t o c l imat ic a dap ta t ion ) , a l though c e rta in mo rpho log ica l t r a its may h ave c arr ied o ve r t o t he e a r ly moderns ( Howe l l 1 959 ; B race 1 964 ; Wo lpo ff e t a l . 1 98 1; Wo lpo ff 1 980 ) . A ga in t he re h as b een s o me c ontroversy c once rn ing t he t im ing o f t he t rans it ion t o modern f o rms . T he e xac t g eo log ica l c ontext o f t he a natom ica l ly mode rn f o rm f r om C ombeC ape I le ( o ften s ta ted a s b e ing d e r ived f rom a n e a r ly P e r igord ian l e ve l ) h as b een q ues t ioned f o r s o me t ime ( Lynch 1 966 : 165169 ) . T he r ecen t d i scove ry o f a d ef in ite N eander ta l i n a C häte lperron ian c ontext a t S a int-Cesa ire ( Leve 'que a nd V ande rmee rsch 1 98 1) s t rong ly s ugges ts t hat t h is f o rm s urv ived i n to t he Wurm I a nd may h ave b een r espons ib le f o r t h is p art icu la r i n dus try . G iven t ha t a na tom ica l ly modern f o rms a re c lear ly a s soc iated w ith t he s ucceed ing A ur ignac ian i n dustr ies , t he S a int-Cesa ire f i nd w ou ld i mp ly o ne o f t wo t h ings . F irs t , i t c ou ld mean t hat t he re w as a v e ry r ap id e vo lut ion i n h om in id mo rpho logy d ur ing t he t ime o f t he C hä te lperron ian . T h is w ou ld a ppea r u n l ike ly g iven t he s ma l l i n terva l o f t ime a va i lab le . T he s econd p oss ib i l ity i st ha t t here w as a c ontemporane ity b e tween N eander ta ls a nd t he a natom ica l ly mode rn H . s ap iens a ssoc iated w ith A ur ignac ian i n dustr ies a ppear ing i n t h is a rea a t r ough ly t he s a me t ime ( c f . B o rdes 1 98 1) . S uch c ontempo rane ity o f h om in id p opu lat ions w ou ld f i t w ith t he a r t ifactua l e v idence o f Wurm I l Mous te r ian i nP rovence . O n t he o the r h and , h om in ids t hat a t l e as t i ns o me r e spects a ppear t o b e t rans it iona l b e tween N eande rta ls a nd a natom ica l ly modern H . s ap iens h ave b een f ound i n t he N ear E as t a t t he s i tes o f S khu l , Q afzeh a nd ( pe rhaps ) K sar A k i l . R egard less o f t he ir u l t ima te t axonom ic p lacemen t ( McCown a nd K e ith 1 939 ; V andermee rsh 1 972 ; B rose a nd Wo lpoff 1 97 1) , i th as b een d emons trated t hat t hey a re d i s t inc t f rom t he g enera l ized o r " C lass ic" N eande rta ls o f t he N ear E as t a nd E urope ( Howe l ls 1 970 , 1 975 ; S t r inge r 1 974 ; S tr inge r a nd T r inkaus 1 98 1) . O ne o f t he p rob lems i n a ccep t ing t hese i n d iv idua ls a s r epresent ing t rue t r ans it iona l f o rms a ppears t o s tem f rom a c onfus ion a s t o t he c hrono log ica l p l acement o f t hese i n d iv idua ls v i sCi v is t he mo re c onserva t ive f o rms s uch a s T abun C I a nd C 2 , S han idar 1 9 , a nd Z utt iyeh 1 ( s ee H owe l l 1 957 ; T r inkaus 1 983 ) . H is to r ica l ly t h is p rob lem d ates b ack t o G a rrod 's t empo ra l e quat ion o f S khu l B w ith T abun C a nd D ( Ga rrod a nd B ate 1 937 ) , a nd t he s ubsequent i n terpretat ion t ha t t wo d i fferent h om in id p opu lat ions c o-ex isted o r w e re i n t he " throes o f e vo lu t ionary c hange" ( McCown a nd K e ith 1 939 : 13 ) . R ecen t ly t he re h ave b een a n umbe r o f a ttempts t o c o rre late v a r ious N ea r E astern P le istocene a ssemb lages ( s ee H o row itz 1 979 ; F arrand 1 972 , 1 979 , B a r-Yosef a nd V andermee rsch 1 98 1; B out ie 1 979 ) , a l though t he t ask i sc omp l ica ted b y t he f act t ha t t h is a rea e xh ib its a w ide r ange o f e nv ironmenta l z ones i n c lose p rox im ity t o o ne a no the r . J e l inek ( 1982 ) d i scus ses s o me o f t hse p rob lems i n r e lat ing o ther i n dust r ies f rom t he N ear E as t t o t he t empo ra l c urve d escr ibed a bove f o r t he T abun s equence . I f , a s s eems l i ke ly , t hese t echno log ica l 6 3

c hanges n o ted b y h im a re v a l id f o r a t l e as t t he N o rthern L evant , t hen t he t empora l p lacement o f t he f oss i ls o n t he b as is o f i n dustr ia l c o rre lat ion makes s ense i n t erms o f t he ir mo rpho logy . F o l low ing h i s t e mpo ra l c urve o f f l ake w id th/th ickness , t he T abun c ran ium wou ld d ate s i gn if icant ly e a r l ie r t han t he i n d iv idua ls f rom S khu l , w h ich i s s uppo r ted o n t he b as is o f o ther k inds o f e v idence ( Je l inek e t a l 1 973 : 178180 . Q afzeh , w h ich h as y ie lded t he mo s t mode rnlook ing M idd le P a leo l ith ic h om in ids f rom t h is r eg ion , a ppears t o f a l l v e ry l a te o n t he c urve . Whe the r o r n o t t here i s ad i rect a nd c ont inuous r e la t ionsh ip b e tween b io logy a nd i n dus try , i td oes a ppea r t hat b o th a spec ts d emonstrate d eve lopmenta l c hange t hrough t he U pper P le istocene a nd t he N ea r E ast . S UMMARY AND CONCLUS IONS A t t he b eg inn ing o f t h is p aper , i t w as a rgued t ha t t o u nders tand e vo lut ionary c hange , i t i s f i rst n ecessary t o e xam ine t he u nde r ly ing v a r iab i l ity . I n f act , g iven o n ly t he e v idence o f t he t r ans it ion i t se lf , t he d i fferences a ppa rent b e tween F rance a nd t he N ea r E as t a re n o t e asy t o i n te rpret . F o r e xamp le , d o t hey r epresent a l terna t ive p rocesses o f c hange , o r i so ne k ind o f e v idence mo re v a l id t han t he o the r? T here i sn o w ay t o a nswe r t hese q ues t ions w ithout l o ok ing mo re c lose ly a t t he k inds o f v a r iab i l ity t ha t a re e xh ib ited d ur ing t he M idd le P a leo l ith ic . U pon e xam in ing t h is k ind o f e v idence , i ts eems h i gh ly p robab le t ha t t here w as a n i n s i tu t rans it ion , b o th i n dus tr ia l a nd b io log ica l , i n t he N ea r E as t . Wh i le t he e xact p rocesses i n vo lved i n t he c hanges r e ma in u nknown , t hey must h ave b een p resent t h roughout t he t ime o f t he M idd le P a leo l ith ic t here . I t makes l i t t le d i ffe rence h ow w e d ef ine t he c ut-off b e tween N eanderta l a nd H . s ap iens , o r b etween M idd le a nd U pper P a leo l ith ic . T hese a re c once rns o f c lass if icat ion , b ut a re o f l e s s h e lp i n u nderstand ing t he e vo lut ionary c hanges t hat o ccurred a lmos t c ont inuous ly t h roughout t he U ppe r P le istocene i nt h is r eg ion . I fo ne f ee ls u ncomfo rtab le w ith " Uppe r P a leo l ith ic men" w ho a re a ssoc ia ted w ith " M idd le P a leo l ith ic t oo ls ," i ti so n ly n eces sa ry t o p o int o u t t hat t hese t oo ls a re a bout t he l a tes t t ha t o ccur i n t he Mous te r ian s equence . Whe the r t hey o r t he men a ssoc ia ted w ith t hem a re c a l led U ppe r o r M idd le P a leo l ith ic makes n o d i ffe rence f o r u nders tand ing e vo lut iona ry c ont inu ity . O n t he o the r h and , t he k ind o f t r ans it ion t hat t ook p lace i n F rance i s mos t l i ke ly t o b e e xp la ined n o t a s a n i n s i tu d eve lopment , b ut r a the r a s a n e vent t ha t o ccurred s ome t ime a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he Wurm I . T he c hange i n i n dus try a t t hat t ime w as q u ite r ap id a nd , w hether o r n o t t he C hä te lpe rron ian h as h i s to r ica l t i es w ith t he Mous te r ian , i t d oes n o t f o l low a ny l o ca l d eve lopments t hat w e re t ak ing p l ace e ar l ie r . F urthe rmo re , t he h om in ids t hemse lves s how f ew p os it ive s i gn s o f e vo lu t ionary d eve lopment t h rough t he e ar l ie r p a rt o f t he Wurm , a s i se spec ia l ly d emons tra ted b y t he i n d iv idua l f rom S a int-Cesa ire , w ho r ema ins a v e ry l a te , b u t t yp ica l , N eanderta I . B ased o n t h is e v idence , i t i s h igh ly p robab le t hat t he t r ans it ion i n Wes te rn E urope w as b rought a bou t b y c ontact w ith modern p opu la t ions a ssoc iated p e rhaps w ith t he A ur ignac ian . I am n o t a rgu ing f o r " catastroph ism" b ut r a the r f o r a ccu lturat ion a nd b io log ica l a bso rp t ion . T h is s eems t o b e t he s imp les t e xp lanat ion f o r t he r ap id ity o f t he b io log ica l a nd i n dustr ia l c hanges a t t he t ime o f t he t rans it ion , t he e v idence o f c ontemporane ity o f l a te Mouster ian w ith C hä te lperron ian , a nd a bove a l l , t he

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l a ck o f c lear d i rec t iona l c hange d ur ing t he M idd le P a leo l ith ic b e fo re t he t rans it ion . Aq ue s t ion a sked a t t he b eg inn ing o f t h is p ape r w as , d id t he t r ans it ion t o mode rn H . s ap iens o ccur t h roughout t he w o r ld a t r ough ly t he s ame t ime a nd v ia t he s a me e vo lut iona ry p roces ses? T h is q ues t ion i si mpo r tan t b ecause t o u nde rs tand t he e vo lut iona ry p roces ses t hat w e re i n vo lved i n t he t r ans it ion t o mode rn man , i t i s f i rs t n eces sa ry t o i s o la te t ho se a reas w he re t he t rans it ion r e f lec t s i n s i tu d eve lopmen ts . Wh i le b o th F rance a nd t he N ea r E as t s how e v idence t ha t b io log ica l a nd i n dus t r ia l c hange d id o ccu r , t he e v idence p resented h e re s ugges ts t ha t t he p roces ses o f t r ans it ion d i ffe red b e tween t hem . I f f ur the r r e sea rch s uppo rts t h is c onc lus ion , i t w i l l h ave i mpo rtan t i mp l ica t ions r ega rd ing t he d i ffe rent k inds o f a dap ta t ions t ha t w e re t ak ing p lace i nt he se t wo s eparate a reas d u r ing t he e a r ly U ppe r P le is tocene . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS T he a utho r w ishes t o t hank A . J e l inek , A . Ma rks , E . T r inkau s a nd P . C hase f o r t he ir c ommen ts o n e a r l ie r d raf ts o f t h is a r t ic le , a nd A . J e l inek a nd D . d e S onnev iI l eBo rde s f o r mak ing t he ir c o l lec t ions a va i lab le f o r s tudy . REFERENCES B a r Y o se f , 0 . a nd B . V ande rmee rsch 1 972 T he s t ra t ig raph ic a nd c u ltura l p rob lems o f t he p as sage f r om M idd le t o U ppe r P a leo l ith ic i n P a les t in ian c aves . I n T he O r ig in o f H omo S ap iens , e d ited b y F . B o rdes , p p . 21-225 . UNESCO , P a r is . B ennett , K . A . 1 969 T he T ypo log ica l v e rsus t he E vo lut iona ry A pp roach i nS ke le ta l P opu la t ion S tud ies . Ame r ican J ourna l o f P hys ica l A n th ropo logy 3 0 :407-4 14 . B inford , L . R . 19 71 I n te rassemb lage v a r iab i l ity - T he Mous te r ian a nd t he f unc t iona l a rgumen t . I n T he E xp lana t ion o f C u lture C hange , e d ited b y C . R enf rew , p p . 2 27-254 . D uckwor th , L ondon . B inford , L . R . a nd S .B info rd 1 966 A p re l im ina ry a na lys is o f f unc t iona l v a r iab i l ity i n t he Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe r P a leo l ith ic . Ame r ican A nth ropo log is t 6 8 (2-2 ) :236-295 . B inford , S . I 9 68a A s t ruc tura l c ompa r ison o f d i spo sa l o f t he d ead i n t he Mous te r ian a nd U ppe r P a leo l ith ic . S ou thwe s te rn J ourna l o f A n th ropo logy 2 4 : 13915 1. 1 9 68b E a r ly U ppe r P a leo l ith ic a dap ta t ions i nt he L evant . Ame r ican A n th ropo log is t 7 0 :707-7 17 . I 9 68c V a r iab i l ity a nd C hange i n t he N ea r E as tern Mous te r ian o f L eva l lo is F ac ies . I nN ew P e rspec t ives i nA rchaeo logy , e d ited b y S . R . B info rd a nd L . R . B info rd , p p . 4 9-60 . A ld ine , C h icago . B o rdes , F . 1 950 P r inc ipe s d ' une me thode d ' e tude d es t echn iques d e d eb itage e t l e t ypo log ie d u P a leo l ith ique a nc ien e t moyen . L 'An th ropo log ie 5 4 ( I2 ) : 19-34 . ) 1 953 E ssa i d e c las s if ica t ion d es i n dus tr ies Mous ter iennes . B u l le t in d e l aS oc ie te P reh is to r ique F rança ise 5 0 :457-466 .

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1 954

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E vo lut ion o f t he P a leo l ith ic i n C en tra l a nd E as te rn E urope . C ur ren t A nth ropo logy 9 : 35 1-390 . V ande rmee rsch , B . 1 972 R ecen tes d ecouve r tes d e s que le t tes h uma ins a O a fzeh ( I s rae l ) : e s sa i d ' in te rp re ta t ion . I n T he O r ig ins o f H omo s ap ien s , e d ited b y F . B o rdes , p p . 4 9-54 . UNESCO , P a r is . We idenre ich , F . 1 943 T he " Neande rtha l Man" a nd t he a nces to rs o f H omo s ap iens . Ame r ican A n thropo log is t 4 5 :39-48 . Wh ite , R . 1 982 R e th ink ing t he M idd le/Uppe r P a leo l ith ic t r ans it ion . C ur ren t A n th ropo logy 2 3 : 169192 . Wo lpoff , M . H . 1 980 P a leoan th ropo logy . K nop f , N ew Y o rk . Wo lpoff , M . , F . Sm ith , M . Ma lez , J .R adov ic ic a nd D . R udav ina 1 98 1 U ppe r P le is tocene h uman r ema ins f r om V ind ja C ave , C roa t ia , Y ugo s lav ia . Ame r ican J ou rna l o f P hys ica l A n thropo logy 5 4 :499-545 .

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FROM MOUSTER IAN TO MAGDALEN IAN : CULTURAL E VOLUT ION V IEWED FROM VASCO-CANTABR IAN S PA IN AND PYRENEAN FRANCE L aw rence G . S traus U n ive rs ity o f N ew Mex ico l ti st he p u rpo se o f t h is p ape r t o e xam ine t he n a ture o f a dap t ive c hange d ur ing t he p e r iod b e tween t he b eg inn ing a nd t he e nd o f t he L as t G lac ia l i n t he z one l y ing j u s t t o t he n o r th o f t he C an tab r ian C o rd i l le ra a nd P y renees . B ecause t h is c hange w a s t he r esu lt o f mo rpho log ica l a nd , e spec ia l ly , c u ltura l p rocesses , r ad ica l d i f fe rence s c anno t b e e xpected b e tween t wo c on t inguous a rb itrar i ly d e f ined s t ages ( eg . N eande r tha l v s . C ro-Magnon , Mou s te r ian v s . C he l te lpe r ron ian , Wü rm 1 v s . Wü rm I l ) . R ecen t d i scove r ies a nd a na lyses h ave s hown t he f u t i l ity o f a t temp t ing t o d raw c lea r d i s t inc t ions b e tween s uch a r t if ic ia l c ons truct s . T he f i nd ing o f r ema ins o f a rcha ic H omo s ap iens i n a s soc iat ion w ith s o -ca l led U ppe r P a leo l ith ic t oo ls a nd t ho se o f mo re mode rnl o ok ing H omo s ap ien s i n a s soc ia t ion w ith M idd le P a leo l ith ic t oo ls , a nd t he f requen t a ppea rance o f b l ades , b u r ins , e ndsc rape rs a nd b acked k n ives i n Mous te r ian a s semb lage s a nd t ha t o f s i desc rape rs , d en t icu la tes , b i face s a nd e ven c hoppers i n U ppe r P a leo l ith ic o nes a re t es t imony t o c ons ide rab le d iachron ic c on t inu ity . T he p rob lem o f t he M idd le/Uppe r P a leo l ith ic t rans it ion c an o n ly b e u nde rs tood i n l i ght o f ab roade r h uman e vo lu t iona ry p rocess b y means o f b io log ica l a nd c u ltura l a dap ta t ion . T he n a tu re o f t he b ehav io ra l c hange s s ymp toma t ic o f t h is p roces s c an b e b es t mon ito red b y e xam in ing t he t empo ra l e xtreme s a t w h ich t he d i f fe rences s hou ld c ome mo re c lea r ly i n to f ocus . F o r t h is r eason , Ih ave c ho sen t o e xam ine t he p rob lem o f c hange b e tween t he M idd le a nd U ppe r P a leo l ith ic n o t f rom t he s t anda rd p e rspec t ive o f t he Mous ter ian v e rsus t he C ha te lpe r ron ian o r e a r ly A u r ignac ian , b u t r a the r b y c ompa r ing t he M ous te r ian a nd t he Magda len ian-s tage s s epa ra ted i n t ime b y a t l e as t s ome 1 8 ,000 y ea rs . B o th s tages a re c ons ide red i n s ensu l a to , w ithou t r ega rd t o p u ta t ive f ac ie s o r p hases , a nd a re t aken t o r ep resen t , r espec t ive ly , e a r ly a nd t e rm ina l L as t G lac ia l h un te r-ga the re r a dap ta t ions , a l though s ome Mous te r ian a s semb lage s ( bu t p robab ly n one o f t ho se s tud ied h e re ) a c tua l ly d a te t o t he L as t I n te rg lac ia l ( s ee B o rdes 1 9 77 ; B u tze r 1 9 8 1 ) . T he Mous te r ian a s semb lages s pan a p e r iod o f + 70 ,000 y ea rs , w h i le t he Magda len ian o nes s pan a p e r iod o f a t mos t 7 ,000 y eo rs . Ih ave c ho sen t o u se t he p reh is to r ic r eco rd f r om t he s ou the rn s ec to r o f t he c las s ic F ranco C an tabr ian r eg ion , w he re Ih ave d one c ons ide rab le r e sea rch o n b o th s i des o f t he i n te rna t iona l f r on t ie r . A s a r esu lt o f o ve r a c en tury o f i n tens ive i nves t igat ion - p ar t icu la r ly t he h igh-qua l ity w o rk w h ich h as b een d one s i nce t he 1 960 's - t he q uan t ity a nd q ua l ity o f d a ta a re u nusua l ly g reat i n t h is r eg ion . H oweve r t hey o bv ious ly s uffe r f rom s amp l ing b iases ( e .g . -i n f avo r o f c ave s i tes ) a nd p rob lems o f u neven c o l lec t ion p ract ices , p roven ience i n fo rma t ion , s t ra t ig raph ic r e so lut ion , a na ly t ica l c ons is tency , e tc . I ti sh oped t ha t b y j uxtapo s ing t he Mous te r ian a nd Magda len ian d a ta r e la t ing t o a n umbe r o f k ey v a r iab les , t he d icho tomous s ta tes o f t he r eg iona l a dap t ive s ys tems c an b e c ha rac te r ized . T h rough t he p rocedu re o f c ontro l led c ompa r ison o f t he p o le s o f t he a dap t ive c on t inuum , l i gh t s hou ld b e s hed o n 7 3

t he c hanges w h ich h un te r-ga the re r s e t t lemen t-subs is tence s ys tems w e re u nde rgo ing d u r ing t he i n te rven ing e a r l ie r U ppe r P a leo l ith ic p e r iod , a nd p e rhap s , o n s ome o f t he u nde r ly ing c auses f o r t ho se c hanges . THE REG ION T he P yrenee s ( max . e lev . c a . 3 , 400m . ) a nd C an tab r ian Co rd i l le ra ( max . e lev . c a . 2 , 700m ) t oge the r f o rm a c on t inuou s m ounta in c ha in r unn ing a t o ta l o f a bou t 1 , 000km , f rom t he Med ite r ranean t o t he B ay o f B iscay a nd t hen p a ra l le l ing t he C an tab r ian c oas t t o t he o pen A t lan t ic i nG a l ic ia . T he c ha in i s o r iented i n a n ea r ly t r ue e as t-wes t d i rec t ion a long t he 4 3rd p a ra l le l o f l a t itude . T h is r ampa r t i sl owe s t i n t he S pan ish B asque s ecto r , w he re i tr uns b e tween t he c oas ta l p rov ince s o f G u ipü zcoa a nd V izcaya t o t he n o r th a nd t he i n te r io r p rov inces o f N ava rra a nd A lava t o t he s ou th . I nt h is a rea t he re a re o n ly i s o la ted mass ifs o ve r 1 , 000m i n e leva t ion , a nd p asses a re f requen t t h roughou t t he e n t ire l e ngth o f t he c ha in . T he moun ta ins a re a l so q u ite l ow i nw es te rn A s tur ias a nd G a l ic ia , n onl imes tone a rea s w h ich d o n o t c once rn u s h e re , d ue t o t he ir d ea rth o f P a leo l ith ic s i tes . T he a rea d ea lt w ith h e re , t hus , c ons is t s o f t he n ar row s t r ip b e tween t he C an tab r ian C o rd i l le ra a nd S ea ( neve r mo re t han a bou t 5 0km w ide ) i n e as te rn A s tu r ias , S antande r a nd t he c oas ta l S pan ish B asque p rov inces , p lus t he n o r the rn P y renean p iedmont z one , a ga in a s t r ip a bout 5 0km w ide ) . T he F rench h a lf o f t he r eg ion t hus i n c ludes t he e xtreme s outhe rn p a r t o f L es L andes ( "Cha los se" ) , P yrgnges-At lan t iques , H au te s-Pyr& lees , s ou thwe s te rn H aute-Ga ronne , A r ie-g e , s ou thwes te rn A ude a nd P yrenges-O r ien ta les . T h is c o r responds t o t he d ra inages o f t he N ive , G ave d e P au , G ave d 'O lo ron , u ppe r G ave d 'Adou r , u ppe r G a ronne , A r iege , u ppe r A ude a nd T e t r i ve rs . A ltoge the r , t he P a leo l ith ic s i tes a re s t rung o ut f o r ad i s tance o f c a . 7 00km a long t he n o r the rn f l ank o f t he P y renees -Can tab r ian C o rd i l le ra w ith in a n a rea o f a bou t 3 5 ,000km 2. Much o f t h is a rea i s i n v e ry h igh moun ta ins , i n c lud ing mas s if s w h ich w e re g lac ia ted d u r ing t he p e r iods i n q ues t ion p a r t icu la r ly i n t he C en tra l P y renees a nd P ico s d e E uropa . T hus t he i n hab itab le a rea w as s omewha t l e s s t han t he t o ta l . T he d i s t r ibut ion o f k nown s i tes i sc lea r ly u neven , t he re b e ing , o n t he o ne h and , d ef in ite c lus te rs o f s i tes a nd , o n t he o the r h and , l a rge a reas w ithou t e v idene o f P a leo l ith ic o ccupa t ion - e ven i n t he Magda len ian p e r iod . I ti s , o f c ou r se , d i ff icu lt t o r u le o u t t he p os s ib i l ity t ha t s ome a rea s h ave b een much l e s s i n tens ive ly e xp lo red a rcheo log ica l ly t han o the rs . T he P y renees may r easonab ly b e r ega rded a s a d i s t inc t c u ltura l r eg ion e spec ia l ly d ur ing t he Magda len ian , b ased o n t he l o g ic a nd e v idence o f a t t itud ina l t r anshumance a nd e as t-wes t p a tte rns o f a n ima l ( e .g . r e indee r ) a nd h uman movements ( Sa in t-Pe r ie r 1 9 20a ; D e lpech 1 9 75 ; A rambou rou 1 9 78 ; B ahn 1 9 77 , 1 9 79 ) , p lus a rcheo log ica l e v idence o f r eg iona l r upes t ra l a nd mob i le a r t s ty les ( S ievek ing 1 9 76 , 1 9 78 , 1 9 79 ; C lo ttes 1 9 76 ; S t raus n . d . ) CHRONOLOGY T he re a re n o r ad ioca rbon d ates f o r Mous te r ian d epos its i n P yrenean F rance , h oweve r , t he C ha te lpe r ron ian d epo s it a t L es T amboure ts ( H te .G a ronne ) i sa rgued t o d a te t o t he v e ry b eg inn ing o f W i i rm I l ( Br icke r a nd L av i l le 1 9 77 ) . T he Mous te r ian o f C ueva Mo ri n i n S antande r a nteda tes a C hä te lpe r ron ian l e ve l ( 1 0 ) d a ted t o a t mo s t 3 5 ,000+6 ,777 B .P . ( S tucken ra th 1 9 78 ) . T h is l e ve l a nd t he C h 2 i te lper ron ian a nd e a r ly A ur ignac ian d epo s it s o f n ea rby E l P endo c ave w e re l a id d own u nde r c o ld c ond it ions a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he Wü rm U ppe r P len ig lac ia l ( Wü rm I l ) ( Bu tze r 1 9 8 1 , 1 9 80 , 1 9 7 1 ) . T he Mou s te r ian o f L a F lecha c ave i n Monte C as t i l lo ( S an tande r ) i sc apped b y a 7 1

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