The Milne Papers: Volume III: The Royal Navy and the American Civil War, 1862–1864 1032473088, 9781032473086

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PUBLICATIONS OF THE NAVY RECORDS SOCIETY Vol. 170

THE MILNE PAPERS VOLUME 3, 1862–1864

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THE MILNE PAPERS The Papers of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Alexander Milne, Bt., K.C.B. (1806–1896) VOLUME 3 The Royal Navy and the American Civil War, 1862–1864

Edited by

JOHN BEELER, Ph.D. Professor of History, University of Alabama

PUBLISHED BY ROUTLEDGE FOR THE NAVY RECORDS SOCIETY 2023

First published 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 The Navy Records Society The right of John Beeler to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-032-47308-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-47338-3 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-38564-6 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003385646 Typeset in Times New Roman by Apex CoVantage, LLC

THE COUNCIL OF THE NAVY RECORDS SOCIETY 2022–23 PRESIDENT Vice Admiral Sir Adrian Johns, K.C.B., C.B.E., K.ST.J., A.D.C. VICE PRESIDENTS N.D. Black, M.A., Ph.D. V. Preston, M.A., Ph.D. C.S. Beck, M.A., Ph.D. Professor R. Harding, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.Hist.S. COUNCILLORS Professor N.A.M. Rodger, M.A.,D.Phil., F.B.A., F.S.A., F.R.Hist.S. A. James, M.A., Ph.D. P.B. Hellawell, M.A., Ph.D. Capt K. Rowlands, Ph.D., R.N. Professor A.D. Lambert, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.Hist.S. M. Wilcox, M.A., Ph.D. L. Halewood, B.A., M.A. E. Jones, M.A., Ph.D. Professor J. Beeler, A.B., M.A., M.L.I.S., Ph.D., F.R.Hist.S. J. Dancy, M.A., D.Phil. C. Lambert, B.A., M.A., Ph.D.

M. Schotte, A.B., M.A., Ph.D. Professor E. Charters, M.A., D.Phil., F.R.Hist.S. J. Davey, B.A., M.St., Ph.D., F.R.Hist.S. N. Blake, M.A. M. Duffy, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.Hist.S. Professor C.M. Bell, M.A., Ph.D. T. Dougall, M.A., Ph.D. M. Crumplin, F.R.C.S., F.R.Hist.S., F.I.N.S., F.H.S. A. Bond, M.A. L.-J. Giles, B.A., Res.M., A.F.H.E.A. M. Willis, B.A., M.A.

HON. SECRETARY, A. Plumbly, B.A., M.A., A.C.A. HON. TREASURER, P. Northcott, M.A. GENERAL EDITOR, B. Jones, M.Phil., Ph.D. MEMBERSHIP SECRETARY, Mrs. J. Gould ONLINE EDITOR, S. Willis, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.Hist.S SOCIAL SECRETARY, Ms K. Jamieson

CONTENTS

Introduction...................................................................................

Page ix

Part I:

February – June 1862 .....................................................

1

Part II:

July – December 1862 ..................................................

77

Part III: January – June 1863 ...................................................

195

Part IV:

July – December 1863 ................................................

341

Part V:

January – December 1864 ..........................................

461

Sources and Documents..............................................................

505

General Index ..............................................................................

515

Ship Index ...................................................................................

543

INTRODUCTION

This volume is the sequel to The Milne Papers, Volume 2, which covered the first two years of Alexander Milne’s command of the Royal Navy’s North America and West India Station (1860–62).1 This one covers the final two, Milne having been retained in command a year beyond the customary three-year commission owing to the British government’s trust in his judgment.2 The Milne Papers, Volume 2, attempted to provide readers with a representative, if not comprehensive, picture of the range of duties undertaken by the Royal Navy during the Pax Britannica, and thus included much material regarding routine matters: sailing orders, letters of proceedings from officers on detached duty, accounts of refloating grounded vessels, and the like.3 Owing to space limitations, this volume’s scope is much more circumscribed. Gone are the sailing orders, reports on fisheries protection, navigational surveys, accounts of shipboard yellow fever outbreaks, and most of the letters of proceedings from officers on detached duty along the Caribbean littoral. Instead, the topical emphasis in this volume is Milne’s thoughts and doings – and those of his correspondents – regarding the American Civil War, and most of its contents are private, rather than public, letters.4 Moreover, the introduction of The Milne Papers, Volume 2 deals in some detail with the circumstances surrounding Milne’s appointment to the North America and West India command and the station’s geographic limits, command structure, responsibilities, and communications. Those in search of such background information are referred to the introduction of that volume.

1 For Milne’s family and service background, see The Milne Papers, vol. 1 (Aldershot, Hampshire, 2004), pp. ix–xvii, 3–7, 53–9, 157–62, 205–13, 379–88, 605–12. 2 The Secretary of the Admiralty to Milne, 2 Feb 1863, National Maritime Museum (hereafter NMM), MLN/114/4. See also Docs Nos 104 and 190. 3 See The Milne Papers, vol. 2 (Farnham, Surrey, 2015), pp. xxvii–xxxiii, xl–xlvii and the documents referred to therein. 4 For the distinction between public and private correspondence, see ibid., pp. xlviii–lvii. Of the 370 documents in this collection, 100 are public letters, the remaining 270 private.

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The Context The Milne Papers, Volume 2, concluded with the Trent affair and its immediate aftermath – the United States government’s release of the emissaries of the so-called Confederacy removed from the RMS Trent on 8 November 1861 – and with British preparations, in conjunction with France and Spain, for armed intervention in Mexico owing to that state’s suspension of payments to foreign bondholders. The former incident brought the US and Great Britain closer to war than any other crisis during the American Civil War, and, given the devolved system for war planning used by the British government, Milne himself was largely responsible for devising the course to be followed in the event of hostilities, as revealed in several of his letters, in particular that of 24 January 1862 to First Lord of the Admiralty the Duke of Somerset.1 The Trent Affair also prevented Milne from commanding the Mexico expedition. Commodore Hugh Dunlop2 went in his stead and quickly exceeded the scope of his instructions.3 The current volume begins at the start of February 1862. By that point the Trent Affair’s denouement had played out: the Southern emissaries had arrived in Britain and Milne’s preparations for hostilities with the US had ceased. Yet new grounds for Anglo-American discord soon appeared. Most pertained to US efforts to stem the flow of goods in and out of the blockaded ports of the South. The British government had initially instructed Milne to reconnoitre and report upon the blockade’s effectiveness, and ships from his squadron had done so during the summer and autumn of 1861,4 but by November the cordon was effectual enough to satisfy the British government that it met the criteria set forth in the 1856 Declaration of Paris, which had established formal standards to which blockades had to conform in order to be adjudged legitimate.5 Yet while

1 Edward Adolphus Seymour (later St Maur), 12th Duke of Somerset, K.G. (1804–85). M.P. 1830–31, 1834–55; Junior Lord of the Treasury, 1835–39; Secretary to the Board of Control (1839–41; Undersecretary of State for Home Affairs, 1841; First Commissioner of Woods and Forests, 1850–51; First Commissioner of Works, 1851–52; First Lord of the Admiralty, 1859–66. Milne’s letter is Doc. No. 501 in The Milne Papers, vol. 2. 2 Hugh Dunlop, C.B. (c.1809–88). Entered, 1821; Lt, 1828; Cmdr, 1842; Capt, 1850; Rear-Adm, 1866; Rear-Adm (Ret.), 1870; Vice-Adm (Ret.), 1873; Adm (Ret.), 1878. 3 See below, pp. xl–xlii. 4 See The Milne Papers, vol. 2, pp. xxxiii–xxxiv and the documents there referred to. 5 The Union had at least one vessel off the nine most important ports of the so-called Confederacy by July 1861, and by the end of the year had 264 vessels in commission, a large proportion of which were engaged in blockade duty. See Nathan Miller, The U.S. Navy: An Illustrated History (New York and Annapolis, MD, 1977), p. 156 and William H. Roberts, Now for the Contest Coastal and Oceanic Naval Operations in the Civil War (Lincoln, NE and London, 2004), p. 33.

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it might have met de jure requirements, for the first two and a half years of the war the US blockade was very porous, and a substantial majority of vessels attempting to evade it succeeded.1 Whether porous or not, however, the mere existence of the blockade created enormous economic incentives for shippers, for the South lacked almost all of the infrastructure needed to wage a modern industrial war, and thus was largely dependent on imported matériel to do so. At the same time, the textile mills of Lancashire, Larnark, and elsewhere in Britain were equally dependent on Southern cotton. Little surprise, therefore, that as early as the summer of 1861 enterprising ship owners and captains, lured by the glittering prospect of enormous profits, were preparing to run the blockade.2 And since the so-called Confederacy had virtually no merchant marine of its own, almost all blockade runners until late in the war, when the Southern government started to purchase vessels, were foreign-flagged. ‘Foreign-flagged,’ was, in this instance, virtually synonymous with ‘British’. This fact should come as little surprise: as of 1860 more than a third of the world’s merchant tonnage was British.3 Equally important, as the ‘workshop of the world’, Britain was the chief supplier of the munitions and other goods on which the so-called Confederacy’s war effort depended. Finally, the design characteristics of successful blockade runners – large engines, high speed, huge coal consumption, and limited stowage – mandated that they operate from ports close to the blockaded coastline. Those ports were Nassau and Bermuda, both of them British colonial possessions.4 As a consequence, not only were most blockade runners British-flagged: they were also usually captained and crewed by British mariners.

1 James McPherson states that about 3/4ths of all blockade runners during the entire course of the war completed their voyages. Lest readers conclude as a consequence that it was failure, McPherson cautions that the real measure of the blockade’s effectiveness was not the number of vessels that got through, but the number that did not attempt to run it in the first place, and points to the 90 per cent reduction in the volume of cotton leaving Southern ports during the war as compared to the four years preceding it. See McPherson, War on the Waters: The Union and Confederate Navies, 1861–1865 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2012), p. 225. 2 See The Milne Papers, vol. 2, p. xxxv and Docs Nos 310 and 371. See also Stuart L. Bernath, Squall Across the Atlantic: American Civil War Prize Cases and Diplomacy (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1970), pp. 4–5. Bernath notes that a merchant captain who might have made $150 a month prior to the Civil War could by 1864 earn as much as $5,000 a month by running the blockade. 3 Paul M. Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict, 1500–2000 (New York, 1987), p. 151. 4 The one exception was Havana, which became the chief staging port for trade with Mobile, Alabama and the Mexican port of Matamoros. See below, pp. xxi–xxv for discussion of that topic.

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Queen Victoria’s 13 May 1861 proclamation of British neutrality had expressly prohibited British subjects from ‘any Acts in derogation of their Duty … as for Example … by breaking or endeavouring to break any Blockade lawfully and actually established’ and that ‘all Persons so offending will incur and be liable to the several penalties and penal consequences by the said Statute or by the Law of Nations’.1 The ‘said statute’ to which the proclamation referred was the 1819 Foreign Enlistment Act which, in fact, stipulated neither ‘penalties’ nor ‘penal consequences’ for blockade running, and never during the duration of the conflict did the British government lift a finger to punish any of its subjects for violating the proclamation of neutrality, a source of much anger and hostility in the US. It was likewise a source of deep concern and frustration to Milne, who at one point remarked to First Naval Lord Sir Frederick Grey2 ‘I cannot understand the value of our Queens Proclamation, when vessels openly arrive [at] & sail … [from Bermuda] with cargoes of Arms & Powder’ [149]. Indeed, both Bermuda and Nassau became regular entrepôts for the so-called Confederacy, with ‘government’ agents and scheduled arrivals and departures from and to blockaded ports, chiefly Charleston, South Carolina and Wilmington, North Carolina.3 Belligerent Versus Neutral Rights US resentment at this decidedly un-neutral activity took several practical forms, all of which caused friction between it and Britain. First, US Navy vessels sought to stem the flow of ships and goods bound for the so-called Confederacy by intercepting them close to their ports of departure.4 Second, this de facto blockade of British colonial ports was reinforced by the detention of merchant vessels bound to them from Britain on suspicion of carrying contraband of war ultimately destined for the South. Third, in an effort to prevent US entrepreneurs from profiting by supplying goods to the South via British colonial ports, the American government barred its own populace from shipping both

1

A copy of the proclamation can be found in MLN/114/15. Frederick William Grey, C.B., K.C.B., G.C.B. (1805–78). Entered, 1819; Lt, 1825; Cmdr, 1827; Capt, 1828; Rear-Adm, 1855; Vice-Adm, 1861; Adm, 1865; First Naval Lord, 1861–66. 3 See Docs Nos 83, 91, 95, 101, 154–5, 161 and 255 relative to Nassau, and Docs Nos 228, 233, 251, 296, and 327–28 regarding Bermuda. See also Regis A. Courtemanche, No Need of Glory: The British Navy in American Waters, 1860–1864 (Annapolis, MD, 1977), pp. 92–3, 95–6. 4 See Docs Nos 114–15, 122, 137, 139, 154–5, 160, and 161, and below, pp. xxii-xxviii. 2

INTRODUCTION

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foodstuffs, coal, and manufactured goods, initially to Nassau and Bermuda, and eventually to ports as distant as Halifax, Nova Scotia, and Kingston, Jamaica.1 Continuous Voyage The seizure of the British merchant vessel Adela off Abaco Island in the Bahamas on 7 July 1862 appeared to manifest both the first and second of those US initiatives, for the ship was bound from Liverpool to Nassau via Bermuda and its Master claimed that it was detained in British territorial waters [78]. The case was fraught less for the location of its detention – the US claimed that it had taken place more than three miles from Abaco – than for it having occurred when the Adela was bound from one British (i.e., neutral) port to another, a fact which raised the contentious doctrine of ‘continuous voyage’. Thanks to the monopolistic and autarchic tenets of the economic theories and premises today known as mercantilism, during the early modern era imperial powers such as Britain, France, and Spain barred outsiders from participating in trade between metropole and colonies. The British Navigation Acts might be regarded as ‘Exhibit A’ of this policy. Owing to British naval supremacy during the conflicts of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, however, continental states, chief among them France, along with cooperative, if not downright eager, neutral countries sought to circumvent British naval blockades which impeded the flow of goods to and from overseas possessions by transshipping goods from colony to parent country, or vice versa, in neutral vessels and via neutral ports. Most prominently, during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars the American merchant maritime – then the world’s second largest – was deeply involved in carrying French colonial produce to France itself, and the US government steadfastly maintained that, by sailing first to a neutral port and from thence onward to their final destination, American merchant ships were not subject to detention and adjudication. The British strenuously disagreed. The British prize rule of 1756 – the notorious ‘Rule of 1756’ – unilaterally barred neutral vessels from engaging in wartime in trade from which they were excluded in peacetime.2 From it followed the concept of ‘continuous voyage’, for the British government maintained that touching at a neutral port en route did

1

See Docs Nos 78, 259, 261, and 296. On the Rule of 1756, see Bernard Semmel, Liberalism and Naval Strategy: Ideology, Interest, and Sea Power during the Pax Britannica (Boston, 1986), pp. 14–16. 2

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not render a vessel travelling from one enemy port to another exempt from seizure. As an ancillary, Britain (and other states, for that matter) prohibited neutral vessels from conveying anything designated ‘contraband of war’ to an enemy. ‘Contraband of war’ was an elastic term, capable of almost unlimited redefinition, but to the US government it clearly encompassed not only munitions but other goods of potential military value, including steam engines, railroad iron, boots, and even grey-coloured cloth, which could be used for army uniforms. In 1856 the British, for reasons still not wholly clear, abandoned the Rule of 1756 and the concomitant doctrine of continuous voyage and instead acceded to the 1856 Declaration of Paris, which enshrined in international law the concept that ‘free ships make free goods’ or, put another way, ‘the flag covers the goods’.1 Of equal irony, just the British had until 1856 been the chief (perhaps sole) advocates for the doctrine of continuous voyage, until the American Civil War the US was, along with the Netherlands, one of the most vocal proponents of the argument that ‘the flag covers the goods’.2 From 1861 to 1865, however, their roles were reversed, and the British became the most vociferous defenders of neutral rights as the US appeared to expand the doctrine of continuous voyage well beyond that which Britain had employed in the past.3 Therefore, Milne’s initial response to the Adela’s seizure focused on its having taken place when bound from one neutral port to another which, as he told Somerset, ‘is certainly a violation of the Law of Nations’, although he acknowledged that ‘there can be no doubt that this Trade is for the purpose of giving indirect aid to the Southern States’, and thus that international laws relative to contraband of war might be applicable [79].4 What most troubled Milne about the capture, however, was information he subsequently received from one of his subordinates, Commander William Hewett5 of HMS Rinaldo. Following the Adela’s detention,

1 On Britain’s adherence to the Declaration of Paris, see Semmel, Liberalism and Naval Strategy, pp. 56–9. Various explanations have been put forward for Britain’s volte-face, among them the widespread belief that the adoption of free trade and other tenets of liberalism would reduce, if not eliminate outright, the causes of wars, and the realisation that Britain was becoming increasingly dependent on food imports to feed its rapidly growing population, for which recourse to neutral shipping might be necessary in a future conflict. 2 In a further irony, the US was not a signatory to the Declaration of Paris. 3 The expansion was more apparent than real, as the following paragraphs make clear. 4 The Adela’s detention is also addressed in Docs Nos 78, 82–5, 89–90, 92, 94–5, 99, 113, and 123. 5 William Nathan Wrighte Hewett, V.C., K.C.B., K.C.S.I. (1834–88). Entered, 1847; Lt, 1852; Cmdr, 1858; Capt, 1862; Rear-Adm, 1878; Vice-Adm, 1884. Naval Lord of the Admiralty, 1885.

INTRODUCTION

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Hewett paid a visit to Key West, where its fate was to be determined by the American Prize Court sitting there. While at Key West he spoke with Commodore James L. Lardner,1 commanding the US Navy’s East Gulf of Mexico Blockading Squadron, who informed him that US warships ‘had orders to seize any British vessels whose names were forwarded them from the Government at Washington, and that being bound from one British port to another would not prevent United States’ officers from carrying out these orders’.2 Numerous Union agents – spies might be a more apposite descriptor – were active in Britain, keeping tabs on, among other things, orders placed with British firms by suspected Southern agents, and the shipment thereof. Their reports, including the names of vessels suspected of carrying contraband of war to Nassau and Bermuda for transshipment through the blockade, were sent to Washington and a list of them compiled for the information of US Navy officers. The captor of the Adela, as Lardner’s admission made clear, was acting on such information. Moreover, the seizure was evidently made without first having ascertained, by examining the ship’s manifest and bill of lading and by inspecting the cargo itself, whether contraband was actually on board, and it was this precipitous, not to say reckless, a priori manner of proceeding that most aroused Milne’s concern [79]. That concern was set forth in a public letter to chargé d’affaires William Stuart,3 then heading the British Legation in Washington in the temporary absence of Ambassador Lord Lyons.4 In it Milne observed that the instructions under which US Navy officers were acting were ‘so entirely at variance with the recognized principles of international law’ that he put Stuart in possession of them without delay. Moreover, while deferring to the latter’s judgment as to whether to raise the matter with the US government, he made clear his own opinion: that the chargé should make ‘an early representation … with a view to these orders, if really issued to their cruizers, being at once recalled, and serious complications possibly

1 James L. Lardner (1802–81). American naval officer. Entered, 1820; Lt, 1828; Cmdr, 1851; Capt, 1861; Cdre, 1862; Rear-Adm (Ret.) 1866. 2 Hewett to Milne, 1 Aug 1862, printed in ‘North America. No. 5. (1863.) Correspondence respecting instructions given to naval officers of the United States in regard to neutral vessels and mails’, Parliamentary Papers [hereafter cited as PP], 1863, vol. 72, p. 450. 3 William Stuart, K.C.M.G., C.B. (1824–96). Diplomatist. Secretary of the Legation to Brazil, 1856–59; to Naples, 1859–61; to Greece, 1861–62; to the US, 1862–64; to the Ottoman Empire, 1864–66; to Russia, 1866–68; minister to Argentina, 1868–72; to Greece, 1872–77; to the Netherlands and Luxembourg, 1877–88. 4 Richard Bickerton Pemell Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., D.C.L. (1817–87). Diplomatist. Minister to Tuscany, 1858; Ambassador to the United States, 1858–64; to France, 1867–87.

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averted’.1 Not content with that warning, Milne added ominously ‘I am enjoined to abstain from any act likely to involve Great Britain in hostilities with the United States, yet I am also instructed to guard our Commerce from all illegal interference …’2 The threat – not to put too fine a point on it – was unmistakable, and Stuart spoke officially to US Secretary of State William Seward3 the same day he received Milne’s letter (8 August 1862). Seward in turn was sufficiently alarmed to inform President Lincoln4 and following that meeting to write immediately to US Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles,5 whom he told: I am directed by the president to ask you to give the following instructions explicitly to the naval officers of the United States, namely … That … [when any foreign vessel is stopped, it] is not then to be seized without a search carefully made so far as to render it reasonable to believe that she is engaged in carrying contraband of war to the insurgents … or otherwise violating the blockade; and that if it shall appear that she is actually bound and passing from one friendly or so-called neutral port to another … then she cannot be lawfully seized …6 There matters should presumably have rested regarding the seizure of British vessels stopped en route from one neutral port to another, but they did not, owing to subsequent instances of ‘backsliding’ by US Navy officers.7 Thus Milne found it necessary to address the subject again in

1 Milne to Stuart, 2 Aug 1862, printed in ‘North America. No. 5. (1863.) Correspondence respecting instructions given to naval officers of the United States in regard to neutral vessels and mails’, PP, 1863, vol. 72, p. 450. 2 Ibid. In his original letter to Stuart he added ‘Should therefore a collision be unhappily brought about, the US Government would alone be responsible from having issued instructions to their Cruizers to seize Neutral Vessels under circumstances which the law of nations does not justify.’ This sentence was not printed in the Parliamentary Papers. See Milne to Stuart, 2 Aug 1862 in ADM1/5787. 3 William Henry Seward (1801–72). American lawyer and politician. Member of the Senate of New York, 1830–34; Governor of New York, 1839–42; US Senator for New York, 1849–61; US Secretary of State, 1861–69. 4 Abraham Lincoln (1809–65). American lawyer and politician. Member of the Illinois House of Representatives, 1834–42; US Representative for Illinois, 1847–49; US President, 1861–65. 5 Gideon Welles (1802–78). American lawyer, journalist, and politician. Member of the Connecticut House of Representatives, 1827–35; Connecticut State Controller of Public Accounts, 1835; Chief of the US Navy’s Bureau of Provisions and Clothing, 1846–49; Secretary of the Navy, 1861–69. 6 Seward to Welles, 8 Aug1862, printed in ‘North America. No. 5. (1863.) Correspondence respecting instructions given to naval officers of the United States in regard to neutral vessels and mails,’ PP, 1863, vol. 72, p. 452. 7 This ‘backsliding’ was almost certainly the consequence of Gideon Welles’s deeprooted hostility towards Great Britain for making no effort to prevent flagrant violations of the proclamation of neutrality. See for instance, Welles, The Civil War Diary of Gideon

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the spring of 1863 in letters regarding the seizure of the merchant vessels Dolphin [225, 228, 229, 238, 251, 253, 259]1 and Peterhoff [225, 229, 251, 259].2 Again, he warned Lord Lyons that should US warships persist in seizing British merchantmen ‘merely because their names are included in a list of suspected vessels … they can hardly fail to give rise to very serious complications, the responsibility of [sic: ‘for’] which would rest with the United States Government…’ [enclosed in 225].3 And again the warning was sufficient for the US government to reiterate the instructions issued the previous August, thus averting a crisis between the two countries on this account.4 As for the larger issue of continuous voyage, however, Milne himself was under no illusions. On 15 October 1862 [115] he informed Frederick Grey that in his opinion both vessels and cargoes outward bound from blockaded ports were ‘liable to capture until they complete their voyage[,] that is [reach] their destination[,] which is England’.5 Grey disagreed [111], but the Law Officers of Crown unequivocally sided with Milne [143].6 Not only were vessels breaking the blockade liable to seizure and condemnation until they reached their final destination: cargoes transshipped to another vessel at an intermediate neutral port remained equally liable to that fate, as did vessels receiving such cargoes. Finally, vessels breaking the blockade were liable to seizure and condemnation until reaching their bona fide destination even if their cargo was removed at an intermediate port and transshipped in another vessel. Territorial Limits While a crisis over seizures of ‘blacklisted’ British vessels was averted, there was, however, no shortage of other accounts on which one might have erupted. First of all, as demonstrated by the Adela’s detention within sight of Abaco Lighthouse, it was widely alleged by British colonial officials and commercial interests that US Navy warships routinely violated

Welles, Lincoln’s Secretary of the Navy, ed. William E. and Erica L. Gienapp (Urbana and Chicago, 2014), pp. 163–4. 1 The Dolphin is also mentioned incidentally in one of the enclosures in Doc. No. 252. 2 The Peterhoff is also mentioned in passing in Docs Nos 231, 246, 249, 283, 289, and 342. 3 See also Doc. No. 233. 4 The issue of seizing vessels without first conducting a search of the cargo resurfaced with the US detention of the British vessels Sir William Peel, Science and Dashing Wave off Matamoros, Mexico in Nov 1863 (Doc. No. 354 and its enclosures), but those instances also involved several other points of international law, and are discussed below in the section dealing with British trade to and from Matamoros. 5 See also Doc. No. 117, in which Milne asked officially for the Law Officers’ judgment on the question, and Docs Nos 123 and 142. 6 Their opinion was also summarised by Grey in Doc. No. 128.

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British territorial waters, in particular within the Bahama archipelago, lying in wait for vessels bound to Nassau carrying contraband of war or departing from that place, bound for a blockaded port. Indeed, no less a personage than Charles Bayley,1 Governor of the Bahamas, appeared to Milne to maintain that no US Navy vessel was to anchor in a Bahamian port or roadstead, or even to enter Bahamian waters, without his sanction. In this belief he was fortified by a 31 January 1861 letter by British Foreign Secretary Earl Russell.2 Given that the Bahamas comprised more than 700 islands and islets, many of them uninhabited, spread over 180,000 square miles of ocean, Russell’s policy was plainly unenforceable, as Milne observed bluntly in a private letter of 16 December 1862 to Lord Lyons: ‘[t]he attention of the US Gov. might be called to the subject, and any flagrant violation should be represented to the officer acting contrary to rule, should he be found in the neighbourhood. In fact we need to be guided by the Spirit of the Instructions and not by the Exact Letter’ [154]. To lend weight to his opinion, Milne wrote officially to the Admiralty on the subject on 24 December 1862 [161], stating that, unless specifically instructed otherwise, he was not ‘disposed to scrutinize too minutely proceedings dictated by a natural and not unreasonable anxiety to check the vast contraband trade of which these Islands are the focus … [and] I shall act up to what I conceive to be the spirit though not perhaps the very letter of Her Majesty’s Instructions’.3 Milne’s commonsensical approach carried the day: on 16 February 1863 the Admiralty informed him ‘Earl Russell … concurs in your views.’4 Milne was also confronted with several claims that US warships fired on British merchant vessels within British or other neutral waters. The

1 Charles John Bayley, C.B. (c.1815–73). Colonial administrator. Governor of the Bahamas, 1857–64. 2 Lord John Russell, from 1861 1st Earl Russell, K.G., G.C.M.G. (1792–1878). Whig/ Liberal politician. MP 1813–17, 1818–19, 1820–30, 1831–61; Paymaster of the Forces, 1830–34; Home Secretary, 1835–39; Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, 1839– 41; Prime Minister, 1846–52, 1865–66; Foreign Secretary, 1852–53, 1859–65; Lord President of the Council, 1854–55; Colonial Secretary, 1855. Russell’s letter appears in ‘North America. No. 1. Correspondence relating to the Civil War in the United States of North America’, PP, 1862, vol. 62, pp. 148–9. 3 For other documents on dealing with the limits of authority in waters around British territories, see Nos 78–79, 81–84, 91, 95, 99, 103, 113, 115, 117, 127, 134, 141, 152–5, 160–61, 163, 165, 167–8, 173, 180, 186, 255, 258–9, 266–7, 269, 277, and 354. 4 The Secretary of the Admiralty to Milne, 16 Feb 1863, MLN/114/3. As a means of reducing the potential for friction regarding British territorial waters, Milne later suggested that the US government might be furnished with a copy of Russell’s 31 Jan 1861 letter with an eye to apprising its naval officers of British regulations. See Docs Nos 161 and 168.

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first of these was the blockade runner Herald, which was fired upon by the USS Adirondack off Nassau at the end of July 1862. Milne, however, quickly ascertained that the report was erroneous, the Herald having been more than five miles from the shore of New Providence Island when Adirondack ceased firing at it. Indeed, he was irritated with his subordinate, Commander Henry Hickley,1 and by extension, Governor Baylay for their mistaken belief that the increased range of modern artillery had ipso facto altered international law regarding the three marine mile limit of territorial jurisdiction [82].2 Indeed, Milne was sufficiently concerned that such mistaken views were widely held by his subordinates that he took the precaution on 8 August 1862 of issuing a memorandum for the guidance of the senior officer at Nassau [81]. Another sort of ambiguity surrounded the next instance of alleged American violation of neutral waters. On 7 October 1862 the US warship Montgomery fired upon, boarded, and apparently set fire to a merchant ship, the Blanche, 300 yards off the coast of Cuba. That the vessel was destroyed in Spanish waters was beyond dispute, and the US Navy officer commanding the Montgomery was court martialled, convicted, and dismissed from the service for his actions.3 Whether or not the vessel, although sailing under British colours, was bona fide British property was not. Indeed, while William Stuart’s initial response to news of the Blanche’s destruction was that it ‘appears to exceed all other outrages in aggravation’, it eventually emerged that it was an American vessel captured by the so-called Confederacy and illegally transferred to British registry [123].4 On 22 May 1863, the captain of the British blockade runner Sirius wrote to Milne, claiming that the US warship Rhode Island pursued his vessel into British waters off Nassau [enclosed in 255]. According to

1 Henry Dennis Hickley (1826–1903). Entered, c.1840; Lt, 1847; Cmdr, 1858; Capt, 1864; Rear-Adm, 1880; Vice-Adm, 1886; Adm (Ret.), 1892. 2 For other documents on the Herald incident, see Nos 78, 81, 83, 111, 113, and 115. For the Herald’s blockade running, see Docs Nos 154 and 199. 3 Charles Hunter (d. 1873). American naval officer. Entered, 1831; Lt, 1841; Cmdr, 1862; Capt (Ret.), 1866. The court recommended executive clemency in view of his long service and zeal for the Union cause, but President Lincoln refused to accede. He was subsequently reinstated by Act of Congress. For Hunter’s court martial and the circumstances surrounding it, see Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion (hereafter cited as ORN) (Washington DC, 1903), ser. 1, vol. 19, pp. 268–77. For an historical take, see Albert Gleaves, ‘The Affair of the Blanche (October 7, 1862)’, in US Naval Institute Proceedings, vol 40 no 10 (Oct 1922), pp. 1661–76. 4 For other documents pertaining to the Blanche, see Nos 134 and 164. The question of its nationality is raised in the latter. For a summary of the Blanche affair, see Bernath, Squall Across the Atlantic, pp. 100–107.

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Commander George Malcolm1 of HMS Barracouta, then at Nassau, the Rhode Island ceased firing at the Sirius when three miles from the shore, causing Milne to answer the allegation with the curt observation ‘Neutral Ships attempting to evade the exercise of the legitimate Belligerent right of visit and search on the High Seas naturally create a suspicion as to their being bonâ fide honest Traders and therefore it is to be expected that the Belligerent Cruizers will employ force on such occasions since they have a perfect right to do so’ [enclosed in 255].2 Six days later, the USS Juniata detained the Victor, formerly an American merchant ship but provisionally registered as British, shortly after it left Havana, bound for Matamoros. It was alleged, by both British and Spanish authorities, that the Victor was in Spanish waters at the time of its detention. Second, both countries also claimed that the Juniata was illegally using Havana as a base for its operations.3 Third, the Victor’s officers alleged they were severely mistreated while in American custody [enclosed in 281]. Finally, although Milne was apparently the only one to raise the issue, the British Merchant Shipping Act of 1854 was so worded regarding provisional registrations as to risk ‘some grave question arising with the Belligerents from the facility now afforded by … [the] Law for changing ownership and nationality’ [281].4 Like almost all5 of the previous allegations of US violation of neutral waters, however, there turned out to be less than met the eye in the case of the Victor. No unequivocal evidence of its having been seized in Spanish waters was produced, the claimed mistreatment of the crew was emphatically disputed by the US authorities, as was the charge that the Juniata was

1 George S. Malcolm (c.1828–84). Entered, c.1842; Lt, 1849; Cmdr, 1859; Capt, 1866; Rear-Adm (Ret.), 1882. 2 For other documents dealing with the Sirius incident, see Nos 258, 259, 266, 3 Similar claims were made with regard to US warships making use of St Thomas, in the Danish West Indies. On this subject see Docs Nos 117, 225, 237, 253, 259, and 261. See also Bernath, Squall Across the Atlantic, pp. 110–12 and Courtmanche, No Need of Glory, p. 112. As was the case with Havana, there was little the British government could do other than protest, since neither port was a British possession. 4 For other documents. relating to the Victor, see Nos 269–70, 277, 286, and 346. The incident and its aftermath generated a voluminous correspondence between Lord Lyons and William Seward, much of which can be found in Papers relating to foreign affairs, accompanying the annual message of the president to the second session thirty-eighth congress, (hereafter cited as FRUS) (Washington, 1863), pt 1, pp. 666–71, 701–4, and 1864, pt 2, pp. 387–9, 395–6, 398–9, 454–5, 497, 501–3, 512–13. See also ORN, ser. 1, vol. 2, pp. 222–32. 5 One instance in which a British vessel was clearly seized within the territorial waters of the Bahamas was that of the Mont Blanc, detained in Dec 1862. It was released by the Prize Court at Key West for that reason. None of the documents in this volume relate to the Mont Blanc case. See, however, Bernath, Squall Across the Atlantic, pp. 112–14

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operating illegally from a neutral port. Finally, they claimed the Victor was bound for a blockaded port.1 Two days after the Victor’s seizure, the Margaret and Jessie, a merchant vessel owned by the so-called Confederacy, was chased and run aground on Eleuthera, one of the Bahamas, by the Rhode Island. Several of the latter ship’s shells struck the island rather than the Margaret and Jessie. The incident was denounced as a ‘ferocious outrage’ by the British press, and upon learning of it Milne wrote Lord Lyons that ‘it appears to be a Serious case and one which if true will be resented by our Government and reparation demanded not only for the insult but also for the damage illegally inflicted on the Steamer’ [267].2 He cautiously added, however, that ‘the Nassau papers, are not always correct, but the facts are so clearly stated that I am inclined to look upon them as true’. The same day Milne wrote to Lyons (22 June 1863), the latter was writing to Milne ‘I have nothing official about the Margaret & Jessie from the Bahamas but Mr Seward has anticipated a complaint, by assuring me beforehand that the Commander of the Rhode Island reports that he did not fire at the chase after she was in neutral water’ [266].3 This claim appears to have been hyperbolic, since Eleuthera was unquestionably struck by gunfire, but a US court of inquiry determined that the warship never got closer to the island than about four miles, and thus never violated British waters proper.4 In this instance, as well as that of the Victor, Milne seems to have accepted, at least initially, the ex parte claims made by the vessels’ crews. In the case of the Margaret and Jessie he informed Lord Lyons ‘I have seen letters from Nassau with the clearest statements of the Officers, Crew & passengers of the English steamer, and she was fired into by the Rhode Island when 300 yards from the Shore and her Armed Boats came into to [sic] the Shore when the steamer was aground …’ [270]. Lyons himself appears to have been more sceptical of such allegations. As he wrote to Milne, also regarding the Margaret and Jessie, ‘[i]n most of the Blockade cases there appears to be a great deal of hard swearing on both sides, though I am afraid I must confess that the Blockade Runners lie most and swear hardest’ [277].5

1

See Thomas Boynton to Edward Bates, 6 Aug 1863, printed in FRUS, 1864, pt 2, p. 399. For the circumstances surrounding the Margaret and Jessie’s destruction, see Bernath, Squall Across the Atlantic, pp. 114–15. The newspaper quotation appears on p. 114. 3 For other documents relating to the Margaret and Jessie incident, see Docs Nos 269, 270, 272, and 277. 4 Bernath, Squall Across the Atlantic, pp. 114–15. 5 See also Doc. No. 342. 2

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Matamoros The biggest point of contention between the British and US governments over neutral rights concerned trade with the Mexican port of Matamoros, which lies directly across the Rio Grande from Brownsville, Texas, about thirty miles up the river from the Gulf of Mexico.1 This hitherto insignificant port became, owing to the American Civil War, its proximity to Texas, and to the conflict between Mexico and France, a boom town, one US observer going as far as to claim that ‘[t]he entire Confederate Government is greatly sustained by resources from this point’.2 This assessment was hyperbolic, if the reports of Milne’s subordinates on the spot are accurate indicators,3 but there can be no doubt that both foreign – and US, for that matter4 – merchant vessels flocked to the town on the news that, as Frederick Grey put it at the end of October 1862, ‘[i]t seems that an attempt is now about to be made to export Cotton from Matamoros’ [127]. By the time Grey wrote those words, British trade with Matamoros had already been a source of tension between the British and US governments for many months. The causes were several. First and most obviously, its proximity to Texas and its neutral status meant that Southern-grown cotton had only to cross the river and it could then be legally shipped, thus evading the Union blockade of Southern ports. To further complicate matters, the exact location of the line between Mexican and US waters at the mouth of the Rio Grande caused great confusion on all sides, so much so that Milne eventually requested that the British consul at Matamoros keep a running record of the bearings of all vessels anchored in the roadstead [334].5 Finally, Matamoros lay at the far southwestern end of the US West Gulf Blockading Squadron’s theatre of operations, some 600 nautical miles from its chief base at Pensacola, Florida, and more than 500 from the supply depot at Ship Island, Mississippi. As a consequence, the blockade of the Texas side of the river’s mouth was intermittent, and thus open to legal challenge.

1 Docs Nos 29, 33, 39, 40, 46, 127, 139, 142, 146, 150–52, 177–8, 191, 204–5, 224–6, 233, 237, 244, 247, 281, 286, 298, 325, 327, 334–7, 340–42, 344, 349–50, 354, 357, 360, and 368 all address British trade with Matamoros. 2 S.S. Brown, quoted in Bernath, Squall Across the Atlantic, p. 35. 3 See the enclosures in Docs Nos 178, 191, and 244. 4 On 1 Jan 1863 George Randolph reported that ‘[a]bout 30 vessels of different nations were in the Roads, but principally American Schooners under English Colours’ [enclosure in Doc. No. 178]. Frederick Grey also informed Milne (31 Oct 1862) that ‘it is stated that Cotton has … been sent … [from Matamoros] to New York’ [127]. See also Robert M. Browning, Jr, Lincoln’s Trident: The West Gulf Blockading Squadron during the Civil War (Tuscaloosa, AL, 2015), p. 165. 5 See also Docs Nos 33, 54 and 342, and Bernath, Squall Across the Atlantic, pp. 36–8.

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Nonetheless, the indirect trade to and from Matamoros for the socalled Confederacy via was galling to US authorities, and some officers on the spot found irresistible the temptation to interdict commerce that so clearly benefited the so-called Confederacy. The first of these was Samuel Swartwout,1 commanding USS Portsmouth, who seized the British merchantman Labuan on 1 February 1862, shortly after his arrival off the Rio Grande.2 Swartwout’s grounds for detaining the vessel were dubious. Not only had he failed officially to proclaim the institution of a blockade on his arrival and given any vessels there adequate time to depart before its imposition: he also informed the British consul at Matamoros that he seized the ship for loading Texas-grown cotton, and its having been transshipped via Matamoros was of no consequence to him.3 Unsurprisingly, the British government took umbrage, and a yearslong dispute over the Labuan’s detention ensued.4 Milne’s first news of the incident came via a 29 March 1862 letter from the Duke of Somerset, which informed Milne ‘any [further] such seizure … should not be permitted’ [29]. Milne himself was never sent the official papers dealing with the Labuan’s detention [see 54] and information as to the proceedings at Matamoros had to await the arrival of a 12 March 1862 letter from Joseph Crawford,5 British Consul-General at Havana, which Milne forwarded to the Admiralty on 7 April 1862 [33]. News of the Labuan’s seizure prompted Hugh Dunlop to order HMS Phaeton to Matamoros and Edward Tatham,6 Phaeton’s captain, threatened to fire into a US warship there if it interfered with neutral merchant vessels in neutral waters.7 Nonetheless, another British vessel, the Will o’ the Wisp was detained on 3 June 1862 for having gunpowder, presumably destined for the so-called Confederacy, concealed in barrels labelled ‘codfish’.8 The ship was subsequently released by the prize court, however, on the grounds that, regardless of its final destination,

1

Samuel Swartwout (d. 1867). American naval officer. Entered, 1820; Lt, 1837; Cmdr, 1855. The Labuan’s seizure is addressed in Docs Nos 29, 33, 39, 40, 45, 46, 48, 50 53–4, 58, and 114 and in passing in Docs Nos 49, 50, and 334. 3 See Bernath, Squall Across the Atlantic, p. 37, and Browning, Lincoln’s Trident, pp. 166–7. 4 A lengthy summary of the seizure and its immediate aftermath can be found in Seward to Lyons, 9 April 1863, printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 557–62. See also ORN, ser. 1, vol. 17, pp. 99–115. For a synopsis of the incident, see Courtemanche, No Need of Glory, p. 99. Bernath also devotes an entire chapter to the Labuan case in Squall across the Atlantic, pp. 34–46. 5 Joseph Crawford (d. 1864). British Consul-General at Havana 1842–64. 6 Edward Tatham, C.B. (1811–80). Entered, 1825; Lt, 1838; Cmdr, 1846; Capt, 1854; Rear-Adm (Ret.), 1870; Vice-Admiral (Ret.), 1876. 7 Browning, Lincoln’s Trident, p. 169. 8 The Will o’ the Wisp’s detention is addressed in Docs Nos 73 and 178. See also ‘North America. No. 12. (1863.) Correspondence respecting the seizure of the British schooner “Will o’ the Wisp” by the United States’ ship of war “Montgomery” at Matamoros, June 2

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the cargo had been consigned to Matamoros, the judge ruling that ‘there could be no thing such as contraband of war in a trade between neutral ports’.1 Following this judgment the Commander-in-Chief of the US Navy’s West Gulf Blockading Squadron, Rear-Admiral David Farragut,2 instructed his subordinates to exercise prudence and caution in their actions at Matamoros.3 Nonetheless, the news that the South was to make a concerted effort to export cotton via Matamoros prompted the Admiralty to instruct Milne to dispatch a substantial force to the port [see 139]. Accordingly, the large frigate HMS Immortalité and the even larger HMS Orlando4 were ordered there, as Milne put it in a private letter to Captain George Randolph5 of the Orlando, ‘for the special protection of British vessels conveying Cargoes of Cotton to New York’ [146]. If a confrontation was to occur with the US Navy at Matamoros, the Royal Navy would be ready. None did. As Randolph reported on 1 January 1863, ‘ [n]o American Cruizer had been seen [at Matamoros] for three months, nor had any interference with any vessel been known to occur since the “Will of the Wisp” was taken, many months ago’ [enclosed in 178]. Subsequent reports [Hancock6 to Hugh Dunlop, enclosed in 191; and Preston7 to Milne, enclosed in 226] reiterated the point. Moreover, both Randolph’s and Hancock’s reports laid bare the logistical and climatic obstacles that prevented the trade at Matamoros from developing to any significant degree: the reason that up to 80 merchant ships might be off the Rio Grande at any given point was owing to the near impossibility of loading them with bulk cargoes. On his arrival at Matamoros the former learned that many of the vessels then loading ‘had been there for three months’. As a consequence, by late March 1863 Milne had decided that

3, 1862’, PP, 1863, vol. 72, pp. 513–62. For a summary of the case, see Bernath, Squall across the Atlantic, pp. 47–9. 1 Bernath, Squall Across the Atlantic, p. 48. 2 David Glasgow Farragut (1801–70). US Navy officer. Entered, 1810; Lt, 1825; Cmdr, 1841; Capt, 1855; Rear-Adm, 1862; Vice-Adm, 1864; Adm, 1866. 3 Browning, Lincoln’s Trident, p. 220. 4 Along with its sister, HMS Mersey, one of the two longest wooden ships built by the Royal Navy. 5 George Granville Randolph, C.B., K.C.B. (1818–1907). Entered, 1830; Lt, 1838; Cmdr, 1846; Capt, 1854; Rear-Adm, 1872; Vice-Adm, 1877; Adm (Ret.), 1884. 6 George Hancock (1819–76). Entered, 1834; Lt, 1844; Cmdr, 1850; Capt, 1855; RearAdm, 1872. 7 D’Arcy S. Preston (1827–90). Entered, c.1841; Lt, 1848; Cmdr, 1860; Capt, 1866; Rear-Adm (Ret.), 1883.

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there was no reason to keep a large frigate permanently stationed at Matamoros [204]. There was, however, an epilogue. In September 1863 the British merchant ship Sir William Peel was detained while at anchor off the mouth of the Rio Grande [325, 327, 334, 341–42, 344, 350, 360], followed in November by a flurry of seizures: the Matamoras, Dashing Wave, Volante and Science, all of which, the US government claimed, had occurred in US American, rather than Mexican, waters [334, 336–37, 340–41, 344, 349–50, 354, 360]. All, it was also alleged, were carrying contraband of war destined for the so-called Confederacy, although, as Milne noted in a letter to Henry Bell,1 Commodore of the US Navy’s squadron off the coast of Texas, some had already discharged their cargoes prior to being seized [enclosed in 334].2 Milne likewise questioned the location of the captures and the US’s ‘claiming and exercising the right to seize Neutral ships lying within three leagues of the coast of Texas, for alleged trading with the enemy, irrespective of any question of Blockade or Contraband’. Again, Milne was determined to uphold neutral rights, even at the risk of a clash with the US. He informed the Admiralty on 22 December 1863 that in his view the seizures were ‘wholly unwarranted by strict International Law’ [334].3 He furthermore had no doubt that Lord Lyons would agree with him that the ‘state of affairs at Matamoras … demand[ed] the attention of the United States Government’ [enclosed in 334]. Lyons agreed with Milne [341].4 Further fuel was added to the fire when a private letter written by Henry Rolando,5 one of the American naval officers stationed off the Rio Grande, was intercepted by Confederate authorities and published. Rolando’s account of the incident reinforced Milne’s conviction that the Peel was at the time in neutral waters [344].6 The US court at New Orleans agreed: the Sir William Peel, Matamoras, Science and Dashing Wave were all adjudged to have been seized in Mexican waters and were released, although the American government appealed all of the verdicts save that of the Matamoras. The Volante, on the other hand,

1 Henry Haywood Bell 1808–68). American naval officer. Entered, 1823; Lt, 1831; Cmdr, 1854; Capt, 1862; Cdre, 1862; Rear-Adm, 1866. 2 See also Bernath, Squall Across the Atlantic, pp. 51–2. 3 See also Docs Nos 335–7 and 340. 4 For further on Lord Lyons’ views on the seizures, see Doc. No. 342. 5 Henry Rolando (d. 1869). American naval officer. Entered, 1836; Lt, 1850; Cmdr, 1862. Rolando’s letter is printed in FRUS, 1864, pt 2, pp. 540–42. 6 The seizures at Matamoros are also mentioned in Docs Nos 349–50.

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was condemned by the court since it was evidently seized in American waters.1 Charles Wilkes Another source of tension between the British and US governments was the provocative activities of American naval officer Charles Wilkes,2 which did not cease with the Trent Affair. In late September 1862 a small squadron under his command arrived at Bermuda, to interdict blockade runners leaving the island. He was informed of the rules pertaining to the use of neutral ports by the Governor, Harry St George Ord,3 but appeared not to adhere to them, prevaricating when instructed to leave, having gunboats cruise off the island by day and anchor in the fairway of St George’s Channel by night, and allegedly stationing sentries on British soil. Milne, who was then at Halifax, first learned of Wilkes’s visit from William Stuart [114] and mentioned it in a subsequent letter to Frederick Grey [115], but never received an account of it from Frederick Glasse,4 the senior naval officer at Bermuda in Milne’s absence.5 Only in late October did Ord send Milne a private letter [122] detailing Wilkes’s doings.6 As a consequence of Ord’s report to the Colonial Office, the Law Officers of the Crown were asked for their opinion on those doings. Their report [enclosed in 143] unequivocally condemned his apparent violation of neutral waters and defiance of Ord’s demands.7 Indeed, so strong was Britain’s resentment at his behaviour that Lord Lyons was instructed to make a formal complaint to the US government [see 141, 147]8 and the Duke of Somerset pledged to Milne to send one or two recently completed ironclads – Defence and Resistance – from the Mediterranean,

1

See Bernath, Squall Across the Atlantic, pp. 56–60. Charles Wilkes (1798–1877). US Navy officer. Lt, 1826; Cmdr, 1843; Capt, 1855; Cdre, 1862; Rear-Adm (Ret.) 1866. 3 Harry St George Ord, C.B., K.C.M.G., G.C.M.G. (1819–85). Army officer and colonial governor2nd Lt, 1837; Capt, 1846; Brevet Major, 1854; Lt Col, 1859; Brevet Col, 1864; Major Gen, 1869. Lt. Governor of Dominica, 1857–60; Governor of Bermuda, 1860–66; of the Straits Settlement, 1867–73; of Western Australia, 1877–80. 4 Frederick Henry Hastings Glasse, C.B. (1806–84). Entered, 1818; Lt, 1826; Cmdr, 1838; Capt, 1846; Rear Adm, 1864; Vice Adm (Ret.), 1871; Adm (Ret.), 1877. 5 See Doc. No. 130. Milne also mentioned Wilkes’s visit to Bermuda in Doc. No. 117. 6 Much of the diplomatic correspondence on the subject can be found in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 462–4, 469–72, 493–5. Wilkes’s correspondence with the authorities at Bermuda is in ORN, ser. 1, vol. 1, pp. 493–8. For a summary of the episode, see Courtemanche, No Need of Glory, pp. 107–9. 7 See also Doc. No. 128. 8 See also Doc. No. 141. 2

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should ‘Commodore Wilkes … again give us some trouble in your neighbourhood … .so as to be prepared for any measures that may become necessary’ [140].1 As had been the case a year earlier, Britain was prepared to threaten the use of force to uphold neutral rights. Milne himself initially shared the British government’s resentment [139]. Indeed, upon learning that while at Bermuda Wilkes had allegedly threatened to stop the St Thomas–Halifax mail packet and to seize it should Confederate officers be found on board, he instructed Frederick Glasse (5 December) to demand its release and to use force should the demand be refused [enclosed in 163]. Milne subsequently acknowledged that he had taken an ‘Extreme view of the case,’ but nonetheless bluntly informed the Duke of Somerset that he regarded ‘the detention of a Mail steamer’ as ‘an unjustifiable proceeding’ that ‘ought to be at once resented’ [190]. His instructions so alarmed the authorities at home that the Admiralty demanded that his order be rescinded [181].2 By the time he issued those instructions to Glasse, however, Milne had doubts about the accuracy of the reports he had received as to what had transpired at Bermuda [149]. After finally receiving a copy Wilkes’s letter to Ord complaining of his treatment, Milne admitted to Lord Lyons ‘It strikes me there has been some confusion in the affair, and it is difficult to unravel the proceedings to get at the real facts’ [152]. Lyons shared Milne’s view [171]. Milne took particular issue with Ord’s role in the episode, for the governor had exceeded his authority by issuing instructions both to Wilkes and to British naval officer Arthur Thrupp [167].3 As Wilkes rightly observed, he would obey orders only from his own superiors: Ord could issue requests, but not instructions. The same was true in Thrupp’s case, and Milne informed Grey (1 January 1863) that he had told Ord he had no authority to issue orders to naval officers [166].4 There the matter rested, but only so far as Bermuda was concerned, for Wilkes shifted his activities to the Bahamas and quickly ran afoul of the British authorities in that locale.5 In addition to stationing his ships among the numerous islands in an attempt to interdict blockade

1

See also Docs Nos 127 and 148. For Milne’s explanation of his order, see Doc. No. 190. 3 Arthur T. Thrupp (1828–89). Entered, c.1841; Lt, 1852; Cmdr, 1858; Capt, 1865; RearAdm, 1882; Vice-Adm (Ret.), 1888. 4 For other documents dealing with Wilkes’s visit to Bermuda, see Nos 116, 133, 137, 142, 143, 147, 149, 150, 152, 156, 164, and 167. 5 For an account of Wilkes’s doings in the Bahamas, see Courtemanche, No Need of Glory, pp. 109–10. 2

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runners,1 he refused to communicate with a boat from HMS Barracouta despite being within hailing distance of it [154, 155, 158, 171] and was reported to have threatened to anchor in Bahamian waters without Governor Bayley’s sanction [157, 165, 167]. Upon receiving an account of the last, George Malcolm informed the US Consul at Nassau that he would open fire on Wilkes’s ship if it anchored without official permission [enclosed in 157]. This threat prompted a sharp public rebuke from Milne [enclosed in 157].2 Again, Milne took a conciliatory view of Wilkes’s alleged transgressions. While he acknowledged that the latter behaved with ‘marked discourtesy’ in refusing to communicate with Barracouta’s boat and made a formal complaint to Lord Lyons on the subject [158],3 he also emphasised that Wilkes had been ‘Exceedingly civil & courteous’ to every British officer he had met save for Malcolm [182].4 More pointedly, he informed Lyons ‘I may say to you that I think the affair’s [sic] here [Bermuda], and at Nassau with Admiral Wilkes have been completely bungled …’ [182]. Nonetheless, the detention of British merchant vessels bound from one neutral port to another – specifically the Dolphin and the Peterhoff – by warships under Wilkes’s orders eventually prompted Milne to write directly to him [enclosed in 252].5 In reply (June 10) Wilkes denied that any of the ships of his squadron had breached the law of nations [enclosed in 275]. By that point, however, the issue had lost all practical significance: orders relieving Wilkes of his command had been signed by Gideon Welles on 1 June. The Foreign Enlistment Act The British government’s failure to prevent the so-called Confederacy from purchasing several British-built vessels destined to prey on US commerce, coupled with the possibility that it might also allow the Confederacy to take delivery of two ironclads building in Laird’s shipyard (Birkenhead), did not directly concern Milne, but the discord between Britain and the US resulting from the South’s exploitation of loopholes

1

See above, pp. xii-xviii. For further on this incident, see Docs Nos 159, 165, 167, 171, and 184. 3 See also Docs Nos 154, 171, 180 and 188. British complaints about Wilkes’s behaviour at Bermuda and Nassau prompted the US government in Dec 1862 to instruct him not to return to the former and not to visit the latter ‘without urgent necessity’. On this decision, see Docs Nos 156 and 164. 4 For other testimonials to Wilkes’s courtesy, see Docs Nos 172, 197, 251 and 252. 5 See also Docs Nos 249, 251, and 259. 2

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in the Foreign Enlistment Act nonetheless had worrisome consequences for him and the ship captains under his command, owing in large part to the physical similarity of CSS Florida and Alabama to several gun vessels in his squadron.1 After receiving its armament and hoisting the Confederate flag at Green Cay in the Bahamas (17 August 1862), the former vessel had sailed for Mobile and on 4 September boldly approached the blockading squadron at the mouth of the bay flying the British red ensign.2 That flag, along with the Florida’s close resemblance to British warships, caused the commander of the blockading squadron to hesitate long enough before opening fire to allow the Florida to steam through the cordon and reach Mobile, where it was repaired before putting to sea to prey on American commerce, capturing thirty-seven merchant vessels before its own seizure in October 1864.3 The ramifications of this incident for Milne’s squadron were manifested in greater vigilance on the part of Union blockaders when British warships approached Southern ports in order to communicate with consuls. Thus, when HMS Vesuvius was dispatched to Mobile in late January 1863, one of the blockading vessels not only steamed out to intercept it but fired a warning shot rather than the customary blank gun [enclosed in 174]. The following month HMS Desperate was fired on when approaching Charleston, prompting Milne to make a formal complaint to Lord Lyons [200].4 Lord Lyons concurred with Milne’s view [enclosed in 221]. The US government heeded Milne’s and Lyons’s representations.5 Gideon Welles’s ill-tempered reply (7 April) pointedly

1 The ‘Act to prevent the enlisting or Engagement of His Majesty’s Subjects to serve in Foreign Service, and the sitting out or equipping, in His Majesty’s Dominions, Vessels for Warlike Purposes, without His Majesty’s Licence’ (1819), commonly known as the Foreign Enlistment Act of 1819, forbade Britons from equipping, furnishing, fitting or arming vessels for use against a friendly power, but the so-called Confederacy exploited a loophole in the act by having warships built in British shipyards, but not equipping or arming them until they had left Britain. On the resemblance between the Confederate commerce raiders Florida and Alabama and the four Philomel- or Cygnet-class gun vessels – Cygnet, Landrail, Nimble and Plover – then under Milne’s orders, see Docs Nos 212 and 214. 2 The Florida, then known as the Oreto, had been seized at Nassau by Henry Hickley on 17 June 1862 on suspicion of being destined for the so-called Confederacy, but had been ordered released by the Prize Court there on 2 Aug, the evidence not being strong enough to convince the judge to condemn it. For this incident and its aftermath, see Docs Nos 74, 76, 79, 89 and 98–99, and Courtemanche, No Need of Glory, pp. 101–4. 3 The Oreto/Florida evasion of the blockading squadron is reported in Doc. No. 107 and described in Courtemanche, No Need of Glory, p. 105. See also enclosure to Doc. No. 174. 4 See also Docs Nos 202, 203, 206, 212 and 216. Milne’s public letter to Lord Lyons is printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 530–31. 5 See FRUS, 1863, pt 1, p. 535. Lyons’ and Milne’s covering letters are in Doc. No. 221. See also Doc. No. 223.

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referred to the Florida’s ruse at Mobile Bay and a similar incident at Galveston, where CSS Alabama had posed as a British warship and sunk the USS Hatteras, and also to the fact that most of the blockade runners were British vessels, before grudgingly allowing that ‘our officers will be enjoined to the observance of every courtesy, and to forebear, so far as they can, from the discourtesies complained of’.1 In the meantime, Milne issued precise instructions to his squadron as to how to display their colours and approach blockading squadrons ‘[so] as to deprive them of every pretext for firing guns … for the purpose of bringing you to’ [207]. And when he received a report of USS Rhode Island having fired a warning shot at HMS Cygnet (27 February), Milne found fault not with the captain of the Union warship but with Cygnet’s commander for flying the wrong ensign [enclosed in 232]. Another result of British complicity in providing warships to the socalled Confederacy was the US government’s threat to resort to letters of marque. In addition to codifying rules pertaining to blockade and neutral rights at sea, the Declaration of Paris outlawed privateering, but the US was not a signatory to the Declaration, and American anger at the British government’s failure to detain CSS Florida and Alabama prompted the US ambassador in London to inform it immediately after the latter vessel’s escape that the US government intended to issue letters of marque [75]. Milne, William Stuart and Lord Lyons were all deeply concerned about the consequences of any such move [93, 89, 208]. The letters of marque issue’s seriousness ebbed and flowed according to the state of Anglo-American relations on the subjects of Confederate commerce raiders and the ‘Laird Rams’, as the two ironclads building for the so-called Confederacy were dubbed. A Privateering Bill was introduced in Congress in July 1862, when anti-British sentiment ran high owing to the British government’s failure to prevent CSS Florida and Alabama from being delivered to the Confederacy. Henry Hickley’s seizure of the Florida/Oreto at Nassau on suspicion of being destined for the so-called Confederacy,2 however, was taken by the American government as an earnest of the British government’s good intentions [89], and the bill languished until early 1863, when anti-British sentiment again spiked, this time over the Laird Rams and the Alabama’s and Florida’s depredations. It was passed by the Senate on 17 February and the House of Representatives on 2 March 1863. On 27 March Lord

1

Printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 564–65. On the detention of the Oreto/Florida, see Courtemanche, No Need of Glory, pp. 101–07. 2

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Lyons warned Milne of the state of American opinion [208] and the following day the Admiralty sent Milne ‘instructions for the guidance of HM’s Naval Officers in the event of Privateers interfering with neutral commerce’ for the squadron’s information [209]. A month later (27 April) Lord Lyons wrote Milne that American anger appeared to have receded and that William Seward had ‘authorized me to inform Lord Russell that the question of issuing letters of Marque is at rest for the present’ [231]. Such was American pressure on the British government that the latter had finally taken steps to prevent the so-called Confederacy from taking delivery on any further vessels.1 There matters rested for the duration of the conflict, although both Lord Lyons and Milne remained wary lest any provocation occur [237].2 Preserving British Neutrality The consequences of British government failure to enforce the Queen’s Proclamation of Neutrality for Milne’s efforts to keep the peace between Britain and the US were exacerbated by the behaviour of colonial administrators, consular officials, and several of the naval officers under his orders. Neither Governor Ord at Bermuda nor Governor Bayley at Nassau made the slightest effort to stem the flow of contraband of war bound for the so-called Confederacy via blockade runners. The latter, indeed, was so influenced by the pro-Southern views prevalent at Nassau that, as Milne reported to Lord Lyons (10 February 1864), ‘he is very bitter against the Federal Cruizers and always has a hit at me when he can do so, as he thinks I wink at their proceedings’ [354].3 Several British consular officials were similarly partisan, in particular Henry Pinckney Walker,4 Acting Consul at Charleston, South Carolina and James Magee,5 Acting Consul at Mobile, Alabama. The latter committed a serious breach of neutrality by persuading a naval officer to transport a large sum in gold due to British bondholders through the blockade to Havana in January 1863, a proceeding at which both Milne and Lord Lyons, who

1 The seizure of a gunboat named the Alexandra in early April 1863 offered apparent proof of the British government’s determination. See Russell to Charles Francis Adams, 5 April 1863 and Adams to Russell, 6 April 1863 printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 234–5. 2 For other documents pertaining to letters of marque, see Nos 196, 205, 233, and 254. See also Ephraim Douglass Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War (New York, 1958), vol. 2, pp. 122–4. 3 See also Doc. No. 181. For further references to Bayley, see Docs Nos 70, 99, and 100. 4 Henry Pinckney Walker (1816–90). Acting British Consul in Charleston, 1856–60; Vice Consul, 1860–63; Acting Consul, 1863–65; Consul for South and North Carolina, 1865– 86. For Lord Lyons’ view of Walker’s partisanship, see Docs Nos 196 and 291. 5 James Magee, Acting British Consul at Mobile, 1861–63.

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bluntly termed Magee ‘an old fool, which is the only excuse that can be made for him’, were aghast [184]. Their immediate condemnation of Magee’s action, coupled with his dismissal by the British government averted a likely diplomatic crisis with the US.1 Milne and Lord Lyons were more forgiving of Lewis Croke,2 acting captain of HMS Vesuvius, who received the specie from Magee [174].3 The opinions and actions of Joseph Crawford, Consul-General at Havana and his son, John Vincent Crawford, created additional headaches for Milne and Lord Lyons.4 The former thought it proper to lecture both Lyons and Milne on the ineffectiveness of the US blockade and on, as he saw it, the illegal proceedings of US cruisers searching and detaining British vessels on the high seas [33], prompting the former to observe ‘I am afraid Mr Crawford gives unsound advice on this point’ [53].5 Milne agreed [55 and accompanying footnote].6 John V. Crawford’s transgression was potentially more serious. On 7 April 1863, having been told by its master that an American cruiser planned to seize the British vessel Ruby, and having been assured by him that its papers were in order and that it was engaged in legal trade, Crawford requested that HMS Ariadne convoy it from Matanzas7 to Havana, a request with which Ariadne’s captain, Edward Vansittart,8 complied [enclosed in 252]. Milne was deeply displeased at this transaction. As he pointed out to both Crawford and Vansittart, belligerent rights permitted US cruisers to stop and search all merchant vessels, whether under convoy or not, and had the Ruby been interdicted and contraband of war bound for the so-called Confederacy found on board, ‘Captain Vansittart would,’ he told Crawford, ‘I think, have been placed in a very awkward position,’ pointedly concluding that ‘it is … better to avoid any such risk, by refusing to entertain all questions of Convoy, which a fair

1

See Docs Nos 168, 174, and 184 for further on this incident. Lewis Morris Croke (1830–64). Entered, c.1844; Lt, 1854; Cmdr, 1863. 3 For further on Croke’s role in the incident, see Docs Nos 176, 179, 182, 184, and 196. So concerned was Milne at the evident ignorance of international law among his subordinates that following this incident he issued a memorandum [185] expressly forbidding them to ship treasure through the blockade. 4 John Vincent Crawford (c.1834–99), Vice-consul at Havana, 1858; Acting Consul General at Havana intermittently between 1859 and 1876, particularly during the latter years of his father’s life. 5 This opinion is reiterated in Doc. No. 58. 6 John V. Crawford also demanded British intervention in the alleged ill-treatment of the Victor’s crew following that vessel’s detention. See Docs Nos 269 and 281. 7 A Cuban port 65 miles east of Havana, 23°34 North, 81°3431 West. 8 Edward Westby Vansittart, C.B. (1818–1904). Entered, 1831; Lt, 1842; Cmdr, 1849; Capt, 1856; Rear-Adm (Ret.), 1874; Vice-Adm (Ret.), 1879. 2

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trader ought not to require, while the fraudulent trader can have no claim to it at our hands’ [enclosed in 252]. Lord Lyons agreed, bluntly stating to Milne that Crawford ‘much needs some lessons in international law’ [266].1 Fortunately for both, Vansittart carried out his mission with such prudence and tact – calling first on Charles Wilkes – that any diplomatic repercussions were averted [enclosed in 252]. While Milne did not censure Lewis Croke for his part in the treasure shipment incident, he less indulgent toward George Malcolm for his threat to fire upon Charles Wilkes’s flagship [157, 165, 167, 171, 184] and downright censorious toward Commander George Watson,2 whose ill-considered actions imperilled British neutrality on more than one occasion. Following the detention of the Adela, Watson visited Key West, where the vessel’s fate was to be adjudicated, and demanded of US officials that the mailbags on board the vessel be handed over to him. When they refused to accede to his demand, he connived with the captain of the Adela to abscond with them. The Adela’s captain entered the courthouse at Key West, took the bags, and handed them over to Watson, although US officials were told that they were destroyed.3 Not surprisingly, his high-handed behaviour earned a rebuke from Milne [85]. William Stuart was of the same opinion [89]. Little surprise, therefore, that when Watson was dispatched to the Bahamas to protect British commerce and waters from illegal activity, Milne warned him ‘You must be cautious to avoid all breach of the Neutral position you and your officers hold …’ [95]. Watson’s ship, HMS Peterel, was subsequently stricken with yellow fever before he could commit any breaches of neutrality in the Bahamas,4 but he did so in spectacular fashion during his next assignment: carrying diplomatic despatches to and from the British consul, Robert Bunch,5 at Charleston. Rather than communicating with the consul via boat from outside the harbour, as per Milne’s instructions, at Bunch’s urging Watson took

1 So did Earl Russell. See Doc. No. 269. For a further example of Crawford’s overreaching, see Doc. No. 281 and its enclosures. 2 George Willes Watson, K.C.B. (1827–97). Entered, 1841; Lt, 1849; Cmdr, 1858; Captain, 1864; Rear-Adm, 1880; Vice-Adm, 1886. 3 Watson’s correspondence with US officials, demanding that mailbags found on board the Adela be handed over to him prior to the vessel’s adjudication in prize court, can be found in ORN, ser. 1, vol. 17, pp. 279–86. 4 See below, p. lv. 5 Robert Bunch (c.1831–81). British Vice-Consul at New York, 1848–51; Consul at Philadelphia, 1851–53; Consul at Charleston, 1853–63; Chargé d’Affaires and Consul-General to Colombia, 1866–78. On Bunch’s tenure at Charleston, see Christopher Dickey, Our Man in Charleston: Britain’s Secret Agent in the Civil War South (New York, 2015).

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Peterel into Charleston on 1 January 1863 and remained there for more than a month.1 While at Charleston he imprudently accepted an offer from Confederate General Roswell Ripley2 to join him to observe a Confederate naval squadron attack the US blockading squadron off the port. Following the engagement, in which the blockaders suffered significant damage and were driven off station for a few hours, Watson visited the Confederate flagship and, again at Bunch’s urging, sent one of his junior officers to Lord Lyons in Washington by land with news of the battle and the Confederate government’s claim that the blockade had been raised. Neither Milne nor Lord Lyons were pleased with Watson’s transactions. Nor, for that matter, was William Seward, who asked the latter to have Watson removed from his Charleston assignment [184], a request with which Lyons immediately complied [183]. Owing to a communications mix-up, Watson’s dispatches to Milne, which were also sent by land via Washington, did not reach Milne until 20 March, at which point he made his displeasure clear [201–2].3 Possibly the greatest threat to amicable Anglo-American relations as a consequence of the actions one of Milne’s subordinates, however, came not from Watson, but from Frederick Glasse. During Milne’s absence at Halifax during the summer of 1863 Glasse permitted several British blockade runners to be repaired in the Bermuda Dockyard and failed to report his doing so to the Commander-in-Chief. Indeed, Milne only learned of these transactions from a chance remark by Governor Ord soon after his arrival at Bermuda for the winter. He was understandably upset, the more so since he had pointedly advised Glasse in August 1863 to ‘give [no] Coal to any one of these doubtful vessels [i.e., suspected blockade runners], and give no assistance to them’ [290]. Glasse’s defence – that he was bound by the Admiralty Instructions to Naval Storekeepers to provide assistance to British-flagged vessels regardless of their activities – cut no mustard with Milne, whose aplomb must have been more severely tested by this incident than at any other time during his command, as is clear from the tone of his official reply to Glasse [enclosed in 328]. Milne lost no time informing the Admiralty [328] and Lord Lyons of his discovery [329] and also wrote privately to Grey on the subject [332]. The result was not what he desired. The Admiralty forwarded his letter to the Foreign Office, which in turn sought the Queen’s Advocate’s

1

For an account of this episode, see Courtemanche, No Need of Glory, pp. 112–19. Roswell Sabine Ripley (1823–87). American soldier. 2nd Lt, 1843; Brevet Capt, 1847; Brevet Major, 1847; resigned commission, 1853; Lt Col, Army of South Carolina, 1861; Brig Gen, Confederate Army, 1861. In command of the defences of Charleston. 3 The episode is also addressed in Docs Nos 183, 187, 188, 189, 196, 203, and 208. 2

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opinion on the subject. The last disagreed with Milne [enclosed in 343].1 Milne found this opinion so objectionable that upon receiving it he remonstrated with the Admiralty. While acknowledging that ‘[a]fter the decided opinion given by the Queen’s Advocate it would not become me, Even were I Competent to do so, to question the law of the case as laid down by him’, he pointedly reminded the Board: … It is to be borne in mind that the United States’ Government and People not unnaturally Consider that the unhappy strife in which they are Engaged would long since have been brought to a conclusion had it not been for the activity of the Blockade Runners … and although I am well aware that it is not any part of our duty as a neutral to stop this Trade, it may yet be found that the Federal Government is only waiting a good opportunity of drawing the distinction between merely permitting such a Trade and actually aiding in it by repairing in HM’s naval Yards vessels openly, notoriously, and regularly Engaged in this Fraudulent Trade, in direct defiance of H.M.’s Proclamation and thus Enabling these vessels when disabled to resume with greater Expedition their adventurous and profitable traffic, and work the more [sic] injury to the Federal cause, and to Confess it strikes me that our strict neutrality is far more likely to be jeopardized by repairing these vessels under such Circumstances than in refusing to do so [355].2 The force of his argument carried the day. On receipt of his letter the Admiralty appealed to the Foreign Office, which in March 1864 asked the Board to issue instructions prohibiting the repair of blockade runners in Royal Dockyards [355]. While he was convinced that ‘our officers & Men no doubt have Southern proclivities’ as he at one point remarked to Lord Lyons [203],3 Milne’s own actions were scrupulously neutral and his sympathies appear to have lain with the North, as his strictures on the flagrant violations of British neutrality by firms and vessels engaged in blockade running, his empathy for US officers like Charles Wilkes who sought to interdict this illegal trade, and his disagreement with the Queen’s Advocate over the repair of ‘notorious’ blockade runners in the Bermuda Dockyard demonstrated.4 So, for that matter, did his visit the United States in the autumn

1

The Admiralty agreed with the Queen’s Advocate’s opinion. See Doc. No. 345. See also Docs Nos 354 and 356. 3 See also Doc. No. 346. 4 Milne even criticised his subordinates for failing to stop their crews from singing ‘Dixie’ when anchored in Northern ports. See Doc. No. 203. 2

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of 1863. The idea appears to have originated with Milne, who mentioned to Grey in November 1862, ‘I am thinking of sending Ariadne to look up New York[.] I wish I could have been allowed to have gone there myself …’ [137]. Lord Russell approved of his visiting the US, as Milne reported to Lord Lyons [256].1 Milne arrived in New York harbour on 29 September 1863 and spent the following two weeks in the US, first New York City (30 September8 October), then Washington, D.C. (9–11 October, the first British flag officer to visit the American capital since Sir George Cockburn2 planned and directed the 1814 assault), before returning to New York and departing for Halifax on 14 October.3 Much of his visit was taken up with social activities, although he toured the Brooklyn Navy Yard while in New York. More critically, on his arrival at Washington, ‘I immediately in company with Lord Lyons paid my respects to the President of the United States and the Members of his Cabinet, by all of whom I was most courteously received, and especially by Mr. Seward the Secretary of State …’ [303].4 When Milne’s thanks for the hospitable treatment he received were conveyed to Seward by Lord Lyons, the former replied ‘[t]he just, liberal and Courteous Conduct of the Admiral in the performance of his duties while Commanding H.M.s Naval Forces in the vicinity of the US was known to this Govt. before his arrival, and it therefore afforded the President a special Satisfaction to have an opportunity to extend to him a hospitable welcome’ [enclosed in 330].5 Even Gideon Welles, whose hostility toward Britain knew few bounds, was favourably impressed.6 Milne’s visit seemed also to have had a positive impact on public opinion in New York [307].7 Yet Milne’s Northern sympathies should not lead to the conclusion, as some have implied, that he appeased the US.8 His insistence that Ameri-

1 Other documents. dealing with Milne’s visit to the US are Nos 259, 267, 269, 272, 277, 284, 287, 289, 292, 294, 296, 298–303, 307–8, 316, 318–19, 329, 330, and 332. 2 George Cockburn, Bt., K.C.B., G.C.B., F.R.S. (1772–1853). Entered, 1785; Lt, 1790; Cmdr, 1793, Capt, 1794; Rear-Adm, 1812; Vice-Adm, 1819; Adm, 1837; Adm of the Fleet, 1851. MP, 1818–32, 1841–47. Lord of the Admiralty, 1818–30; First Naval Lord, 1834–35, 1841–46. 3 For a narrative of Milne’s doings in the US, see Courtemanche, No Need of Glory, pp. 119–24. 4 See also Doc. No. 302. 5 For the diplomatic consequences of Milne’s visit to Washington, see also Doc. No. 316. 6 William and Erica Gienapp, eds, The Civil War Diary of Gideon Welles, p. 307. 7 For other references to Milne’s visit to the US, see Docs Nos 259, 267, 269, 272, 277, 284, 287, 289, 292, 294, 296, 298–303, 307–08, 316, 318–19, 329, 330, and 332. 8 See Howard J. Fuller, Clad in Iron: The American Civil War and the Challenge of British Naval Power (Westport, CT, 2008), pp.xxiv–xxv.

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can cruisers adhere to the rule of nations in their exercise of belligerent rights, his veiled yet unmistakable threat to employ force to prevent illegal interference with British trade, his explicit instructions to Glasse to recapture the St Thomas-Halifax mail packet should it be seized by a US cruiser, even his pointed suggestion that American naval officers be instructed to refrain from firing warning shots across the bows of vessels under his orders,1 all testify to his willingness to uphold British interests and international law and custom, even at the risk of a breach with the US. Nor was the British government’s policy invariably placatory, as its willingness to reinforce Milne’s squadron with ironclads in the autumn of 1862 demonstrates. Having no core interests at stake in the American conflict, and facing no existential threat from either of the combatants, the British government’s policy was, unless provoked as in the Trent Affair, one of peace, for which Milne’s character, personal qualities and demeanour – above all his deliberativeness, prudence and tact – were ideally suited. Lord Lyons, who was charged with carrying out British policy while upholding national honour, was under no illusions as to Milne’s importance in enabling him to perform that task. In February 1863 he informed Lord Russell ‘I have myself implicit confidence in all he does and this is and has been an immense comfort to me in any trouble here.’2 Eight months later, as Milne’s commission neared its end, Lyons told Russell ‘I am very much grieved at his leaving the command. No change of admirals could be for the better.’3 Other Duties Communicating with Southern Ports The outbreak of the US Civil War interrupted communications between Lord Lyons in Washington and British consuls in Charleston, South Carolina and other Southern ports. In September 1861, therefore, Milne began to assign warships to carry diplomatic despatches to and from those ports.4 This practice continued throughout most of the remainder of

1

FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 530–31. Quoted in Courtemanche, No Need of Glory, p. 131. 3 Quoted in ibid. Stuart Bernath echoes Lyons’s views: ‘Milne, … the one man who could most easily have permitted a war to break out, exhibited tact, impartiality, sound judgment, and legal knowledge. Milne’s qualities were recognized by all who dealt with him …’ See Squall Across the Atlantic, pp. 162–3. 4 See The Milne Papers, vol. 2, p. xxxiv, and the docs there referred to. 2

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his command, and was a recurring subject in his correspondence, chiefly with Lord Lyons, but also with other recipients [15, 59, 61, 78–9, 89, 132, 196, 203, 204, 208, 217, 262–4, 270–71, 277, 284, 294–5, 350, 354, 358, 360]. Milne realised, however, that this activity depended on the US government’s sanction, informing his subordinates in February 1863 ‘I deem it right to point out to the officers in command of ships under my orders[,] that even communication by neutral ships of war with a blockaded port is permissive only …’ [185]. Seemingly oblivious to historical precedent, to say nothing of Britain’s own previous behaviour, the Crown’s Law Officers took a different view [279]. Milne strongly disagreed with this opinion [279]. The Admiralty agreed with him [279n]. More substantively, the US government took the same view of the question as did Milne, refusing to allow a Confederate sailor accused of murdering a shipmate at Gibraltar to be transported through the blockade in a British warship for trial [242, 259, 262, 267, 270, 279n], and prohibiting John Crawford from sending a letter through the blockade protesting the so-called Confederacy’s decision to conscript British nationals domiciled in the South [349, 350, 354, 358]. Late in Milne’s tenure in command, the so-called Confederacy also barred foreign warships from travelling directly between Northern and Southern ports [267, enclosed in 295], forcing them to touch at a neutral port en route, a policy that Milne regarded as ‘very inconvenient’ [284]. Finally, in December 1863, the so-called Confederacy summarily dismissed all British consuls in the South [317, 360] and the Union government refused to permit them to be removed by British warships [354] thus bringing to an end the employment of warships for carrying diplomatic communications between North and South. Protecting British Lives and Property The protection of British nationals in the South formed another of the squadron’s duties. In late 1861 Lord Lyons had requested that a British warship accompany a Union expedition bound for Port Royal, South Carolina to provide succour to any British subjects there if needed,1 and the policy of despatching vessels to likely trouble spots continued through 1862–63. Thus, on rumours of a forthcoming Federal assault, Milne more than once made plans to send a vessel to Mobile [17, 22, 54, 151].2 New Orleans, although in Federal hands from late April 1862 onward, was another potential trouble-spot, owing to white resistance to military

1

See The Milne Papers, vol. 2, pp. xxxv–xxxvi and the documents there referred to. See also Doc. No. 277.

2

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rule and fears of a slave uprising. Milne was therefore obliged to keep a warship there for weeks and even months at a time. He first dispatched HMS Liffey there in advance of the impeding Union attack [17–19, 22, 24–5, 45, 51, 54, 56]. Following the assault, the British consul at New Orleans requested another vessel be sent to Mobile and New Orleans to provide protection to British lives and property [56], to which Milne acceded [57], sending HMS Rinaldo. That ship’s commander, William Hewett, was instructed (June 11) not ‘to remain longer than is necessary for this purpose’ [61], but the situation at New Orleans appeared so uncertain that Hewett stayed for several weeks [72] and, after conveying despatches to Lord Lyons, was sent back there by Milne in September [99], where Rinaldo remained until November [129]. The following month both Rinaldo and Vesuvius were assigned to monitor events at New Orleans and Mobile [152, 165–7, 171], and while the latter vessel left after having embarked the treasure at Mobile, the former remained at New Orleans until February 1863 [187], when it was replaced by HMS Styx [204]. Again Milne intended that Styx not remain there indefinitely, but the situation appeared so ‘unsatisfactory’ [214] that it remained off the city until August [245, 247–8, 259, 260, 262–4, 288], when it was replaced by HMS Buzzard [267]. Buzzard, in turn, was replaced by HMS Virago in December [325, 329]. The situation at Charleston constituted an even larger annoyance to Milne, not to mention a greater drain on his limited materiel resources, in part because of the actions of George Watson and Henry Pinckney Walker and in part because of Union animus toward South Carolina as ‘the cradle of secession’. Capturing Charleston, therefore, was high on the North’s list of priorities, and assaults or rumours thereof prompted Milne repeatedly to send vessels to protect British lives and property if need be. Following a Union effort to block the entrances to Charleston harbour with stone-filled ships, Rinaldo was sent to report on the results [5, 9–10], following which Lord Lyons’ reported (March 1862) that a Union assault was soon to be mounted, prompting Milne to dispatch HMS Racer to the city owing to its shallow draught [17–19, 25], which enabled it to reach the harbour. This turned out to be a false alarm [38], which was followed by several others [48, 49, 52, 54, 72–3, 87, 107, 123, 147, 150, 152–3, 155, 159, 164, 171, 183–4, 188, 202–3], all of which nonetheless resulted in a ship being sent to the port. The assault that finally took place in April 1863 was an ignominious failure [213, 218, 228], but nonetheless prompted Milne to send HMS Greyhound to join the Rinaldo there [223, 229]. Union forces then embarked on a siege that was no more successful than the assault [269, 277, 285, 287], but Walker became sufficiently alarmed at the evident danger to ‘several thousand’

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British subjects he claimed were present in Charleston that he requested a British warship be sent to the city to shepherd them to a site out of range of Union guns [enclosed in 295]. Both Milne and Lord Lyons were incredulous at this request, which, if acceded to, would almost certainly have interfered with the North’s military operations, and both rejected it in no uncertain terms [284, 291, 295], as did William Stuart [292]. One instance also arose in which Milne was asked to protect British subjects in the North, that being the 1863 draft riots in New York City.1 On 13 July rioting erupted, ostensibly in opposition to government efforts to enforce military conscription, but in fact driven by racism. White mobs indiscriminately attacked Blacks, including British sailors of colour whose vessels were in port. The British consul in New York, Edward Archibald,2 sent an urgent plea to Lord Lyons: ‘I consider a man of War essential here immediately, to receive and protect Black British Crews’ [enclosed in 276]. Lyons immediately dispatched HMS Challenger, but in the interval between that ship’s departure from the Chesapeake and its arrival at New York, protection was provided by French Admiral Aimé-Félix Reynaud,3 who offered to shelter them on board his flagship, then in New York harbour. Milne’s public letter describing the episode [276] concludes with a letter of thanks to Reynaud.4 Intelligence Gathering The US Civil War erupted three years after the start of a naval arms race between France and Britain that was spurred on by Louis Napoleon’s attempt to negate British materiel superiority in wooden warships through the construction of an armourclad battlefleet.5 This attempt to challenge quantity with quality placed a premium on obtaining technological intelligence regarding rival navies.6 Thus, the epochal ironclad duel between the Union USS Monitor and Confederate CSS Virginia (9

1 See Iver Bernstein, The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War (Oxford and New York, 1990). 2 Edward Mortimer Archibald, C.B., K.C.M.G. (1810–84). Nova Scotian lawyer and judge, and British diplomatist. British Consul (1857–71) and Consul-General (1871–82) at New York. 3 Saint Elme Reynaud (1808–76). French Navy officer. Lieutenant de navire, 1840; capitaine de frigate, 1850; capitaine de navire, 1855; contre-amiral, 1860; vice-amiral. 1864. 4 For other references to the riot, see Docs Nos 269 and 271–2. 5 On the Anglo-French naval race, see Robert Gardiner and Andrew Lambert, eds, Steam, Steel & Shellfire: The Steam Warship 1815–1905 (London, 1992), pp. 53–9. 6 To which end the Admiralty augmented its existing intelligence-gathering means by assigning a naval attaché to collection information on European navies. In late 1863 a second attaché was dispatched to the US (see Doc. No. 342).

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March 1862) quickly prompted the Admiralty to instruct Milne to forward all information obtained about those vessels and the engagement [47].1 Milne needed no such prompting, having forwarded a newspaper account of both ships and the battle on 3 April [31].2 As a consequence, for the next three years Milne sent home numerous reports on American ships [50, 51, 136, 172] the results of engagements [189, 223, 273, 274], and US ordnance [1, 302, 311].3 Lord Lyons also forwarded published information on the US Navy and American defences, both at Milne’s request and on his own volition [204, 208, 214, 354]. Mexico While Milne and his squadron contended the demands imposed upon them by the US Civil War, they had also to deal with other responsibilities, both warlike and peaceful. Chief among the former was the Mexican intervention. While a capable diplomatist – and especially chosen as Commodore of the North America and West India Station’s Jamaica Division owing to previous dealings with the Mexican government4 – once ashore Hugh Dunlop quickly succumbed to what today is termed ‘mission creep’. Rather than following his instructions to employ the small detachment of Marines sent with him as part of the British contribution to the joint intervention with France and Spain to garrison the fortifications at Vera Cruz, he marched inland with them at the insistence of the French and Spanish commanders and wrote to the Admiralty suggesting that reinforcements be sent.5 Indeed, as early 15 January 1862 he informed the government that he and fellow British plenipotentiary Sir Charles Wyke6 had taken steps ‘with a view to the regeneration of Mexico’.7 This undertaking was so at odds with the limited interven-

1

See also Docs Nos 66 and 67. See also Docs Nos 39 and 44. 3 Many other such documents have been omitted from this collection for reasons of space. Milne also passed along intelligence on French warships. See Doc. No. 298. 4 See The Milne Papers, vol. 2, p. xxxi. 5 Dunlop’s public letters from Mexico are printed in ‘Correspondence relating to affairs in Mexico’, PP, 1862, vol. 64, pp. 101–388, and are thus omitted from this collection. For Milne’s reaction to Dunlop’s decision, see Doc No 9. For a narrative of the British intervention in Mexico, see Courtemanche, No Need of Glory, pp. 67–83. 6 Charles Lennox Wyke C.B., K.C.B., G.C.M.B. (1815–97). British diplomatist. Viceconsul, Port-au-Prince, Haiti, 1847–52; Consul-general to Central America, 1852–54; Chargé d’Affaires to Central America, 1854–59; Envoy-extraordinary to Central America, 1859–60; Minister Plenipotentiary to Mexico 1860–62; British Minister to Hanover, 1866; to Denmark, 1867–81; to Portugal, 1884–84. 7 Printed in ‘Correspondence relating to affairs in Mexico’, PP, 1862, vol. 64, pp. 299– 301. For other documents addressing Dunlop’s plans, see Nos 25, 26, 27, 38, and 44. 2

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tion that he had been charged with carrying out – coercing the Mexican government better to protect British lives and property and to resume payments to British bondholders – that once his grandiose plans were known in London, the Admiralty instructed Milne to proceed to Vera Cruz himself, or to send Rear-Admiral Sidney Dacres,1 who had been dispatched from the Mediterranean to reinforce Milne’s squadron during the Trent crisis, to assume command of the British contingent [20].2 Milne himself was in the dark as to Dunlop’s doings for much of early 1862, the consequence of poor communications between Bermuda and the Gulf of Mexico coupled with the latter’s disinclination to keep his immediate superior regularly informed,3 although as early as 7 February 1862 Milne expressed his concern to Somerset [2].4 By 24 March he informed Grey that Dunlop ‘says that war with Mexico appears inevitable and he Evidently requires reinforcements’ and expressed his own view that, once committed to joint action with the French and Spanish, there was no way for Britain to withdraw without loss of national honour [27]. The anticipated conflict never occurred, however. Three weeks before the Admiralty instructed Milne to supersede Dunlop, the allies agreed to a conference with representatives of the Mexican government to take place at Orizaba5 on 15 April. By mid-March, however, French designs to align with conservative Mexican factions with the aim of overthrowing the republic and establishing a client-state monarchy had revealed themselves.6 These machinations were so blatantly contrary to the October 1861 tripartite agreement between France, Spain, and Britain that the latter two powers withdrew from both the agreement and from Mexico. Milne’s responses to Dunlop’s letters and actions and the government’s views thereon were determined by the interval between the posting and receipt of intelligence and instructions. By the time he received

1 Sidney Colpoys Dacres, C.B., K.C.B., G.C.B. (1805–84). Entered, 1817; Lt, 1827; Cmdr, 1834; Capt, 1840; Rear-Adm, 1858; Vice-Adm, 1865; Adm, 1870. Second Naval Lord, 1866–68; First Naval Lord, 1868–72. 2 See also Doc. No. 21. 3 On communications between the northern and southern divisions of the North America and West India Station, see The Milne Papers, vol. 2, pp. xxvii–xxviii. For Dunlop’s epistolary shortcomings, see ibid., p. xix. Milne implored Dunlop to keep him apprised of affairs in Mexico in Docs Nos 12 and 22 and complained to others at being in the dark as to his doings in Docs Nos 18, 24, 41, 56–7, 64, and 71. 4 See also Docs Nos 3 and 9. 5 A Mexican town about 80 miles by road from Vera Cruz, 18°51 North, 97°6 West. 6 See Michele Cunningham, Mexico and the Foreign Policy of Napoleon III (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, 2001).

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the Admiralty’s directive that he or Dacres proceed to Mexico Milne was in possession of news from Dunlop of the planned meeting at Orizaba [30] so decided not to obey his instructions [35].1 His judgment was sound. The Admiralty countermanded its instructions on 5 April [32] and on 2 May Somerset wrote that his decision ‘is fully approved by the Government … [47].2 As had been the case during the Trent crisis, Milne’s autonomy was on full display. As the man on the spot he was better placed to determine what actions, if any, to take, and his superiors in London were aware of that fact and typically had complete confidence of his judgement.3 The Slave Trade High among the British government’s priorities was interdicting the Atlantic slave trade, a task seemingly made easier by the conclusion in April 1862 of a treaty with the US allowing British warships to stop and search American-flagged vessels suspected of human trafficking [96, 97, 101, 104, 109].4 Owing to a shortage of suitable ships, however, Milne was not able to deploy an anti-slave patrol to the coast of Cuba – the only destination for slaves within his command – until October 1862 [118, 129], and even then to little if any effect. While the US government raised no objections to British anti-slave trade activities, the Spanish authorities did [97], owing to allegations that HMS Landrail had anchored off Cuban ports without sanction [101] and that British warships had committed other territorial violations. As a consequence, Milne was obliged in August 1863 to issue ‘orders for the guidance of Her Majesty’s ships employed on the coast of Cuba’ [enclosed in 306] that proscribed certain activities. Moreover, while Milne deployed four vessels to cruise off Cuba’s coast [129, 224], not a single slaver was captured during the remainder of his command [177, 216, 354].5

1

See also Docs Nos 34, 37, and 39. See also Docs Nos 42–45. 3 The cessation of British involvement in the European intervention in Mexico did not end the need for intelligence from that country, especially given Louis Napoleon’s effort to conquer it, and Milne’s correspondence continued to contain information on the course of that war. See Docs Nos 41, 54, 64, 87, 176, 178–9, 184, 187, 191–2, 203, 224, 226, 236, and 298. 4 For US objections to the British searching American-flagged vessels prior to this treaty, see The Milne Papers, vol. 2, pp. xxviii–xxix. For a modern survey of the last years of the Cuban slave trade and Britain’s role in bringing it to a close, see David Murray, Odious Commerce: Britain, Spain and the Abolition of the Cuban Slave Trade (Cambridge, 1981). 5 Interdicting the slave trade is also addressed in Docs Nos 70, 71, 111, 114, 166, 172, 174, 196, and 245. 2

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Maritime Policing While combat operations and, above all, deterrence, constituted the nineteenth-century Royal Navy core functions,1 the relative peacefulness of the period 1815–1914 – the Pax Britannica as it was once routinely called – meant that the service’s most ubiquitous and visible day-to-day operations were those of a maritime constabulary: enforcing the law of nations at sea, combatting piracy and the slave trade, upholding and protecting British commercial interests, showing the flag, seeking redress for or avenging wrongdoing, and surveying.2 Owing to space limitations, relatively few of these routine undertakings are addressed at any length in this collection. Ergo, fisheries protection in the waters surrounding Newfoundland and Labrador, and the ancillary role of supporting the civil power as necessary, especially on the Labrador coast, although among the navy’s most important duties from the standpoint of commerce,3 are mentioned only in passing [17, 37, 71–2, 98, 200–203, 206–7, 224].4 Likewise, many documents related to the anti-slavery patrol established by Milne in late 1862 have been omitted.5 The same holds for most of the reports Milne received from ships visiting Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, and Santa Domingo, to which only passing references will be found.6 Two exceptions should be noted, however. First, and most prominently, ships were periodically dispatched to the Bay Islands off the coast of Honduras, sovereignty over which had been transferred from Britain to Honduras in 1859.7 The fact that the residents were former British subjects doubtless accounted for this solicitousness. Thus, in late

1 Andrew Lambert, ‘The Royal Navy 1856–1914: Deterrence and the Strategy of World Power’ in Keith Neilson and Jane Errington, Navies and Global Defense: Theories and Strategies (Westport, CT, 1995); idem, The British Way of War: Julian Corbett and the Battle for a National Strategy (New Haven, CT, 2021). 2 For more on these duties, see The Milne Papers, vol. 2, pp. x–xii, xxvii–xxxiii, xli–xlii, and the documents there referred to. 3 See ibid., pp. xxvii–xxviii and the documents there referred to. 4 Further documents on fisheries protection 1862–64 can be found in NMM: MLN/ 110/2, MLN/114/4 and TNA: ADM1/5788, ADM1/5820, and ADM1/5821. 5 Those documents can be found in NMM: MLN/110/2, MLN/114/3, and TNA: ADM1/ 5788, ADM1/5821, and ADM1/5871. 6 Guatemala, Doc. No. 310; Honduras, Docs Nos 118, 227, 296, 301, and 307; New Grenada (Colombia), Docs Nos 118 and 309; Nicaragua, Doc. No. 310; Panama, Docs Nos 78 and 73; Santa Domingo, Docs Nos 332 and 362; and Venezuela, Docs Nos 301 and 307. For other documents relating to these countries, see TNA: ADM1/5787, ADM1.5788, ADM1/5820, and ADM1/5821. 7 See The Milne Papers, vol. 2, pp. xxix–xxx.

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April 1863 Milne forwarded to the Admiralty Edward Von Donop’s1 account of a visit he made to the islands the previous month, in which he reported that ‘there existed a very great dissatisfaction and distrust in their present rulers’ and considerable friction between the residents and their Honduran governor [enclosed in 227]. While Von Donop made no attempt to mediate between the disputants, the next navy officer to visit the islands, Arthur Thrupp, did. On his arrival at Roatán, the principal island, in early September 1863 he found a full-blown crisis between the governor and the residents, some of whom had formed a militia over the governor’s protestations [enclosed in 310]. With consummate tact and judiciousness Thrupp called both sides to the island’s assembly house, heard each’s grievances, and then pronounced his judgement. So evenhanded were his proceedings that he received a vote of thanks from the assembly [enclosed in 310]. Milne’s ‘unqualified approval’ of Thrupp’s proceedings echoed that of the islanders [310]. As had been the case with the Bay Islands, in October 1863 the British government abandoned its claims to the small islands of Culebra and Vieques off the coast of Puerto Rico. Milne was therefore instructed to send a vessel to them to convey that information, to ensure that all British residents were aware that they would henceforth be under Spanish rule and assure them that arrangements would be made for any who desired to leave [313 and accompanying note]. The Chain of Command Milne’s Superiors While Milne’s autonomy rested in large part on the Admiralty’s reliance on his judgement, some of it stemmed from the Board’s own shortcomings,2 and their mediocrity seems to have been exacerbated by bureaucratic weakness. Hence, Milne found his work complicated by, among other things, contradictory instructions from the Admiralty and Foreign Office regarding the embarkation of Marines from Vera Cruz [26] and the former’s failure to notify him of the despatch of Marines to Bermuda [130, 148, 149] or of its arrangements for conveying troops from the West Indies to Africa [166]. Furthermore, he was never furnished with official papers on the Labuan’s detention [54] nor did he

1 Edward Pelham Brenton Von Donop (1811–90). Entered, 1827; Lt, 1838; Cmdr, 1849; Capt, 1855; Rear-Adm, (Ret.), 1873; Vice-Adm (Ret.), 1878. 2 See The Milne Papers, vol. 2, pp. xix–xxi.

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receive orders to relieve Hugh Dunlop at the end of that officer’s commission [155], and he complained in several of his private letters that his requests were ignored by the Board [44, 56, 101, 353]. Perhaps most worryingly, just as it deprecated Milne’s concerns about allowing blockade runners to be repaired in the government dockyard at Bermuda, the Board seemed oblivious to the implications of supplying such vessels with coal. Indeed, Milne pointedly asked Grey in November 1863 ‘[p] lease not to give any orders here to supply ships with Coal, but leave it to be dealt with here. an order came out to Glasse to supply 400 Tons to some Ship, but this really was for several Ships. one got 90 Tons and she started to break the blockade & was Captured, HM Govt having furnished her with Welch Coal for the purpose …’ [326].1 Milne’s Subordinates The Royal Navy’s haphazard methods of vetting officer candidates and of training and educating those selected inevitably meant that marked differences in competence and suitability for command were displayed by his subordinates and, like all other flag officers, Milne had to wrestle with the fact that not all of them possessed the requisite personal qualities or skills for their positions.2 Indeed, more than once he felt compelled to point out shortcomings in what should have been their core competencies: navigation and seamanship [3, 7, 8, 11, 80, 87, 121, 213, 216].3 Even more troubling, given the delicate state of relations with the US, several of the ship commanders under Milne’s command were temperamentally unsuited for their duties. In addition to George Watson4 and George Malcolm, Edward Tatham earned Milne’s ire by taking upon himself to haul down an American flag on the disputed island of Sombrero [229, 249],5 and Milne lamented in a private letter to one of the Naval Lords ‘I could not trust [Edward] Von Donop [commanding HMS Jason] on the American Coast or Harbours, as he is far too hot

1 See also Doc. No. 328. For further strictures from Milne on the Admiralty or its doings, see Docs Nos 44, 56, 57, 109, 133, 326, and 340. 2 For more on the inadequacies of the navy’s ‘system’ of selecting and educating officer candidates and the consequences of those weaknesses, see The Milne Papers, vol. 2, pp. xxi–xxvii. 3 On HMS Conqueror’s loss, see Docs Nos 7, 8, and 11, and The Milne Papers, vol. 2, p. xxiv and Docs Nos 474–8, 480, 486, 490–91, 495–7, and 501–3. 4 For further on Watson’s poor judgement, see Doc. No. 301 and accompanying footnote. 5 Milne’s reproaches to Tatham for this ill-advised action prompted the latter to resign in a huff, a further indication of his poor judgement. See Doc. No. 289.

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headed …’. When mooting which ships to assign to convey dispatches to southern ports, Milne bluntly informed Lord Lyons ‘there are some Captains I could not trust to keep the peace’ [49]. Unsurprisingly, men who could not be trusted to exercise judgment and discretion when dealing with foreign authorities often failed to behave toward their crews and officers in a manner that Milne – who had devoted much time and energy while at the Admiralty 1847–59 to improving service conditions for enlisted men and establishing checks on officers’ disciplinary powers1 – found satisfactory. Indeed, his private correspondence suggests that a distressingly large number of the ship captains under his orders were martinets or worse. In addition to his hot-headedness, Edward Von Donop was so disagreeable toward his officers that they complained to Milne, who wrote privately to Von Donop threatening to launch an enquiry should matters not improve [305].2 Henry Caldwell,3 in command of HMS Orlando, although ‘a good man and an Experienced officer’, was ‘not a wise man. his ship has always been uncomfortable for the officers …’ [52].4 Oliver Jones5 commanding HMS Shannon, managed to antagonise his crew to the point that some of the ship’s ropes were cut in retaliation, simultaneously get in a quarrel with one of his lieutenants, and earn Milne’s reproof for his method of dealing with the rope-cutting [340, 349, 353, 356]. Far more disturbingly, while visiting Trinidad George Watson had two of his boat’s crew set upon and severely beat a cabman who refused a ride to Watson because he was already awaiting other customers [315]. But Watson’s transgression, disturbing though it was, was trumped by Henry Hillyar’s.6 Hillyar’s chronic mistreatment of his crew came to Milne’s attention shortly after the latter’s arrival on the station in March 1860.7 Thus it is not surprising that Milne observed to Frederick Grey in February 1862 ‘Master Hillyar is a bullying fellow and his first Lieut8 is worse.’ Just how bad he was only came to light after Hillyar had left the

1 See The Milne Papers, vol. 1, pp. 207–8, 211–12, and 607–8, and the documents there referred to. 2 See also Doc. No. 340 and accompanying footnote. 3 Henry Caldwell, C.B. (1815–68). Entered, 1828; Lt, 1841; Cmdr, 1847; Capt, 1853. 4 See also Docs Nos 41 and 43. Elsewhere Milne had praise for Caldwell’s professional qualifications. See Doc. No. 36. 5 Oliver John Jones (1813–78). Entered, 1826; Lt, 1839; Cmdr, 1849; Capt, 1855. 6 Henry Shank Hillyar, C.B. (1819–93). Entered, c.1832; Lt, 1842; Cmdr, 1853; Capt, 1854; Rear-Adm, 1872; Vice-Adm, 1877; Adm (Ret.), 1884. 7 See The Milne Papers, vol. 2, p. xxvii and Docs Nos 69 and 181. 8 Neale D. F. Lillingston (1834–75). Entered, 1847; Lt, 1856; Cmdr (Ret.), 1870.

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station, however. In late February 1863 Milne informed the Admiralty that Hillyar’s successor in command of HMS Cadmus, John Ross,1 had discovered that one of the boys on board Cadmus had, at Hillyar’s direction, been subjected to systematic and severe physical abuse, including being stripped naked in public and scrubbed with sand and canvas, and was subsequently forced to desert [192]. Milne immediately appointed a board of enquiry, the report of which substantiated the allegations, whereupon he would have assembled a court martial had Hillyar still been under his orders. Instead, he sent the papers pertaining to the case to the Admiralty for their decision, informing Grey privately that ‘a more disgraceful proceeding and one so discreditable could not be conceived’ [193]. The Admiralty agreed and court martialled Hillyar and his first lieutenant, both of whom were convicted.2 This litany of malfeasance by several of Milne’s subordinates should not obscure the fact that most of the officers under his command performed their duties competently, and several earned his unstinting praise. In addition to handling the Ruby episode with consummate tact and discretion, Edward Vansittart was, in Milne’s words, ‘a most able[,] zealous officer and always ready for work … moreover he is an officer who looks ahead & does when absent what he thinks is for the General Good of the Service’ [356].3 Likewise, Milne informed Somerset that George Randolph was ‘an officer of great ability’ [212] and that ‘as an officer’ Rochfort Maguire4 was ‘Everything the Service could desire’ [361].5 Other officers in command to earn Milne’s approbation were John D’Arcy6 [165–6, 289], future First Naval Lord Richard Vesey Hamilton7 [11, 17, 98], William Hewett [79, 109, 165–6], Henry Hickley [74, 362], Algernon Lyons8 [132–3, 165], D’Arcy Preston [297], John Ross

1 John Francis Ross (1821–99). Entered, c.1838; Lt, 1846; Cmdr, 1856; Capt, 1862; Rear-Adm (Ret.), 1878. 2 For the trial’s outcome, see Doc. No. 192, p. 241, n.1. 3 For further praise of Vansittart, see Docs Nos 101, 252, and 309. 4 Rochfort Maguire (1816–67) Entered, 1830; Lt, 1840; Cmdr, 1851; Capt, 1855. Maguire captained HMS Galatea. 5 For further praise of Randolph, see Docs Nos 40, 41, 44, 146, and 213. 6 John D’Arcy (1830–85). Entered, c.1843; Lt, 1854; Cmdr, 1863; Capt, 1869. 7 Richard Vesey Hamilton, C.B., K.C.B., G.C.B. (1829–1912). Entered, 1843; Lt, 1851; Cmdr, 1857; Capt, 1862; Rear-Adm, 1877; Vice-Adm, 1884; Adm, 1887; Second Naval Lord, 1888–89; First Naval Lord, 1889–91. 8 Algernon McLennan Lyons, G.C.B., K.C.B. (1833–1908). Entered, 1847; Lt, 1854; Cmdr, 1858; Capt, 1862; Rear-Adm, 1878; Vice-Adm, 1884; Adm, 1888; Adm of the Fleet, 1897.

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[165–6], Charles Shadwell1 [80], and Arthur Thrupp [310].2 Moreover, he made a point of mentioning the names of several outstanding junior officers – James Armstrong3 [17], William Arthur4 [353], John Butler5 [361], Lewis Croke [174, 184, 319, 336], William Eyde6 [121], Thomas Phillips7 [362, 366], and Richard Wells8 [336] – to Somerset or Grey, urging that they be noticed for promotion. Nor did Milne overlook warrant officers: he was unstinting in his praise of Dr William Smart [202], Paymaster Frederick Fegen (Milne’s secretary) [325], and Assistant Paymaster Bertram Mitford (Milne’s senior clerk) [359].9 More generally, he complained of an anomaly in the regulations that denied warrant officers promoted from second to first class an addition in pay commensurate with their new rank [121,] and when his suggestion that ‘this regulation should be altered’ went unheeded, he remonstrated to Grey a second time, urging the First Naval Lord to increase their pay [289]. The Board heeded his second entreaty [293]. Milne was equally solicitous of petty officers, suggesting to the Admiralty in March 1863 that they be put on a separate list and also mustered separately from the rest of the crew, claiming ‘it would make them take a just and reasonable pride in themselves and it would cause them to be more looked up to by the Ship’s Company than they are at present’ [211]. The Navy’s Accountant General, whose office would have had to

1 Charles Frederick Alexander Shadwell, C.B., K.C.B., F.R.S. (1814–86). Entered, 1827; Lt, 1838; Cmdr, 1846; Captain, 1835; Rear-Adm, 1869; Vice-Adm, 1875; Adm (Ret.) 1879. 2 For further praise of officers, see Docs Nos 137, 176, 280, and 356. Astonishingly, Milne also expressed approval for George Watson’s promotion to Captain [362]. 3 James Wood Armstrong (1827–77). Entered, 1841; Lt, 1852; Cmdr, 1862; Capt (Ret.) 1877. 4 William Arthur, C.B. (1830–86). Entered, 1845; Lt, 1854; Cmdr, 1861; Capt, 1867; Rear-Adm (Ret.), 1885. 5 John Bayford Butler (1832–88). Entered, c.1847; Lt, 1855; Cmdr, 1866, Capt (Ret.), 1873. 6 William Henry Edye (1830–1910). Entered, 1845; Lt, 1853; Cmdr, 1860; Capt, 1865; Rear-Adm, 1881; Vice-Adm, 1888; Adm (Ret.), 1893. 7 Thomas T. Phillips (b. c.1832). Entered, c.1845; Lt, 1854; Cmdr, 1864; Capt (Ret.), 1873. 8 Richard Wells, K.C.B. (1830–96). Entered, 1847; Lt, 1855; Cmdr, 1863; Capt, 1866; Rear-Adm, 1884; Vice-Adm, 1890; Adm, 1896. Wells had already been promoted to commander by the time Milne wrote. 9 In late April 1862, following the Marines’ evacuation from Vera Cruz, Milne also informed Somerset that Royal Marine Colonel Samuel Lowder was ‘a very attentive Zealous officer, and he certainly appears to me to be an officer worthy of your Grace’s consideration’ [43].

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deal with the additional paperwork, objected to the proposal, prompting Milne to complain to Grey [261]. Service conditions for enlisted personnel were no less a source of concern for Milne. Since the late 1840s he had been involved in efforts to make naval service a viable career path for seamen, and had played a crucial role in, among other things, the establishment of continuous service and a comprehensive reform of the system of minor punishments.1 His commitment to improving the conditions under which crews served continued unabated during his tenure in command of the North America and West India Station2 and, indeed, for the rest of his career. Thus, it is unsurprising that, in the same letter urging the establishment of a separate list for petty officers, he suggested that the Board mandate ‘awnings or covers of … Canvas, to cover the head and give protection to the men in wet weather, they are most necessary’ [211]. This recommendation, unlike that regarding the petty officers, was approved. Likewise, a suggestion Milne made to Richard Dundas3 in June 1861 that junior officers be better acquainted with and know the names of the men in their divisions was embodied in new Admiralty Instructions regarding punishments, a step he praised in a letter to Grey [219]. Milne’s 1853 draft Admiralty Circular comprehensively reforming the system of minor punishments was intended, above all, to set limits on captains’ discretion to inflict them.4 Yet that milestone did not eliminate all problems or check all abuses, for as Milne noted to Grey in March 1862, ‘we have probably some 300 officers in Command of Ships and therefore 300 different views and Systems … and all an Admiral can do is to watch that these regulations are not Exceeded or improperly applied or illegal punishments inflicted’ [17]. Unstated in his observation was the fact that, just as the admiral could not ‘be the judge of the Amount of Punishment to be awarded without knowing the Character of the man and the many circumstances connected with the crime he may have committed’, nor could he, unless clairvoyant, monitor captains’ behaviour

1 See R. Taylor, ‘Manning the Royal Navy: The Reform of the Recruiting System, 1852– 1862’, Mariner’s Mirror, 44 (1958), 302–13, and 45 (1959), 46–58. For Milne’s efforts, see The Milne Papers, vol. 1, pp. 207–8 and 211–12, and the documents there referred to. 2 See The Milne Papers, vol. 2, pp. xlii–xliii and the documents there referred to. 3 Richard Saunders Dundas, C.B., K.C.B. (1802–61). Entered, 1815; Lt, 1821; Cmdr, 1823; Capt, 1824; Rear-Adm, 1853; Vice-Adm, 1858; Lord of the Admiralty, 1853–55, 1856–57, 1858–59; First Naval Lord, 1857–58, 1859–61. 4 Doc. No. 264 in The Milne Papers, vol. 1. See also Doc. No. 265 in ibid.

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to ensure that the regulations were not exceeded. Consequently, abuses such as that perpetrated by Hillyar persisted despite the efforts of Milne and many others to curb them.1 His concern for sailors’ well-being was manifested in numerous other ways. He protested against using enlisted men as common labourers in Bermuda dockyard [325],2 took a lenient view toward men who had been lured to desert by crimps [359, 361],3 accused the Board of sharp practice in denying long-service men their pensions when serving afloat [280], argued that seamen and marines deserved the same funeral honours as soldiers [289], and even maintained that, while the Admiralty should not have to bear the expense of conveying home men discharged with disgrace, neither should they be deprived of any pay owed them [261]. Furthermore, while Milne decried drunkenness, he took an indulgent (and pragmatic) attitude toward men who came back from shore leave intoxicated, informing Grey at one point that the existing regulation ‘may be discipline but it is not justice’ [137].4 Last, but certainly not least, in late March 1864, while returning to Britain, Milne drafted a lengthy memorandum urging the establishment of shipboard canteens to enable seamen to purchase items to supplement their rations and that they be allowed to consume beer during their leisure time on board [365]. Again, however, the Board did not agree [minutes to 365]. Transmitting Intelligence One of the hallmarks of Milne’s private correspondence was his thirst for intelligence and his conscientiousness in transmitting that at his disposal, traits which come through in virtually all of his private correspondence. Almost all of his letters to Grey, as well as many of those to Somerset, Lord Lyons, and his subordinates contain information as to the disposition and movements of ships under his orders. Many also report his own intended or actual movements [41–4, 49, 52, 138, 142, 146, 149–50, 152, 154–5, 166, 188, 190, 203, 214, 245–6, 249, 251, 296, 298, 313, 320–21, 325–7, 339, 333, 335–6, 338, 340, 353, 356].

1 There were limits to Milne’s indulgence. In April 1863 he asked the Board to relax existing rules that prohibited captains from inflicting corporal punishment without first convening a court martial (Docs Nos 233, 234). The Board refused to accede (Doc. No. 323). For other documents relating to punishment, see Nos 17, 62, and 67. 2 In 1863 the British government ended the practice of sending convicts to work in Bermuda dockyard, creating a severe labour shortage and necessitating the dispatch of Marines to the island to replace the convicts. See Docs Nos 130, 148–49, 195, 216, 223, 290, 325, 326, and 332. 3 On desertion generally, see Docs Nos 44, 72, 107, 121, and 167. 4 See also Doc. No. 166.

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Likewise, the course of the war in America was a frequent topic in his correspondence [109, 115, 118–19, 167–8, 171, 180, 184, 187, 196, 198, 204, 208, 210, 214, 218, 228, 231, 237, 251, 257, 260–61, 267, 271, 277, 285, 290–91, 307]. At the same time, Milne chafed at being left in the dark, and frequently reported to his correspondents that he had no news to share, whether generally [22, 62, 86, 98, 105, 130, 150, 155, 167, 283, 285, 335, 342, 349], from Britain [49, 55, 129–31, 238, 270, 284, 288, 290, 296], from the Admiralty [19, 71, 182], from the US [43, 52, 56, 79–80, 132, 202, 213, 289, 294, 319–20], from the West Indies [165, 178, 261], and even ‘from here’ (i.e., wherever he was himself [3, 154, 166, 203, 216, 224, 229, 307, 336–7, 350, 361]. Not surprisingly, Milne also shared much materiel-related intelligence in both his public and private letters, reporting defects in ships under his orders [24, 44, 52, 100, 105, 110, 127, 169, 176, 187, 194, 198, 202, 212–13, 219, 228, 246, 261, 285, 311, 313–14, 326, 332, 340, 346, 353, 359, 361–2] and modifications made to ships to improve their sailing qualities [8, 70, 105, 110, 115, 127, 166] or ventilation (another mark of his attention to service conditions) [70, 80, 101, 213, 280, 289]. Indeed, when he sent home a public letter detailing the improvements he had made to HMS Immortalité’s ventilation, the Admiralty informed him that his suggestions had been circulated to the dockyards for adoption [324]. Similarly, his suggestion that all ships’ commanders be furnished with ‘a plan of the Ship’s bottom shewing the position of the many pipes and their depths below water … for the information of the Executive Officers in respect to leaks &c.’ was adopted by the Board [211 and minute thereon].1 Milne’s attention to sailing qualities should not obscure the fact that he had long since realised that battles at sea would be fought under steam.2 Consequently logistics, in particular coal supplies, were a recurring topic in his correspondence, especially in the immediate wake of the Trent crisis [4, 44, 86, 230, 259]. The need to monitor US cruiser operations in the Bahamas prompted Milne to order that a coaling wharf be constructed at Nassau [11, 70, 112, 155].3 He also took the initiative by instructing Edward Von Donop and Algernon Lyons to test American anthracite

1

See also Doc. No. 219. See The Milne Papers, vol. 1, pp. 208–10 and 608–10 and the docs there referred to. Given the inefficiency of contemporary steam technology, coupled with the absence of a comprehensive global network of coaling stations, the bulk of the Royal Navy’s peacetime operations were (read: had to be) conducted under sail, thus accounting for Milne’s interest in the subject. 3 See also Doc. No. 44. 2

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coal in their ships’ furnaces to ascertain and report on its qualities [170]. Looking to the possibility of a conflict with the US, Milne also addressed the need for a dry dock on the station, either at Bermuda [175, 347, 369] or Jamaica [347], and alerted Frederick Grey to the existence of a Royal Navy dockyard at St Johns, New Brunswick, that had been leased to a private individual around 1840 and subsequently forgotten [98]. His desire to improve the service’s efficiency was manifest in numerous other ways. For instance, he weighed in on the fighting and seakeeping qualities and the habitability of several of the ships on the station [17, 219], complained that an Admiralty order to reduce the number of men on three large frigates on the station would adversely affect their combat efficiency [105],1 twice urged that gunboats with more powerful engines be sent to Bermuda [6, 353], that a new navigational survey of the passages in and out of that island group be carried out [234], that several cottages there be retained for naval use rather than transferred to the army [240], and detailed the shortcomings of the water supply arrangements at both Bermuda [187] and Jamaica [346]. He also found fault with the works department at Bermuda [212]. Nor did Milne lose sight of the service’s core function: warfare. His interest in honing fighting efficiency was evident in numerous ways. In addition to modifying ships to improve their sea keeping or habitability, he was constantly mindful of their fighting efficiency, complaining to Grey in July 1862 about an Admiralty order to reduce the number of guns on HMS Immortalité and other large frigates [69].2 Three months later he informed the First Naval Lord that HMS Vesuvius ‘had 87 pieces of wood & Iron weighing 1½ ton to remove before she was clear for action[.] This is Evidently all wrong and ought not to be’ [115]. Gunnery was of particular concern to Milne. In addition to ordering the ships under his command to carry out regular practice [62, 64, 105], his ship inspections revealed that ‘some of the Crews of Guns are not properly or practically efficient in the Exercise’, in response to which he drafted a lengthy memorandum on the subject for the instruction captains and gunnery officers, a memorandum he shared with the Admiralty [108]. The Board referred his memorandum to Richard Hewlett,3 captain of the navy’s gunnery school, HMS Excellent, who agreed with Milne’s

1

For further on the subject, see Docs Nos 115, 119, 149, and 166. See also Doc. No. 105. 3 Richard Strode Hewlett, C.B. (1811–75). Entered, 1821; Lt, 1837; Cmdr, 1845; Capt, 1850; Rear-Adm, 1866; Vice Adm (Ret.), 1873. Captain of the gunnery ship HMS Excellent, 1857–63. 2

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critique [144]. Hewlett’s recommendations, in turn, were embodied in an Admiralty circular [162]. In late October 1862 Milne also wrote to the Admiralty regarding ‘the inadequacy of the present Form of Progress in Gunnery to furnish the information required on that important subject’ and proffered a revised form [125]. In June 1863 he submitted a proposal for an amended ship inspection form that would enable commanders in chief ‘to check any omission of Gunnery practice on board the Ships under … [their] orders,’ a suggestion that was adopted by the Board [268]. In late 1863 Milne informed Grey ‘I have written a [public] letter on the state of our Lower Rigging with reference to the inefficiency of the Guns … in Nile we cannot use the upper Deck Guns without setting the lanyards on fire, and cannot Train the Guns. all I say is, this is not right and should be remedied’ [311]. In the same letter he urged the abandonment of truck carriages for heavy ordnance, and that slide carriages be adopted in their stead. The breech-loading Armstrong guns that the navy had adopted in the late 1850s were a source of ongoing concern to Milne.1 In February 1862 he expressed his worry about their complexity to Grey [3].2 A little more than a year later he suggested improvements to their design and operation [211] and informed the Admiralty that the existing breeching bolts were incapable of bearing the strain of the guns’ recoil [215]. In October 1863 he had come to the conclusion that the 110 pdr Armstrong was a failure and that the 68 pdr muzzle-loading smoothbore was ‘decidedly our best Gun’ [311]. The following month he gave Grey a detailed critique of the Armstrongs’ drawbacks [326], and in late December bluntly informed him ‘It is impossible to go on with these Guns’ [337]. Milne was equally concerned about rationalising the supply of ammunition. He complained to Grey (October 1863) ‘what can our Ordnance people be about to have allowed, different size and Thread for Fuze holes, instead of one Tap[?]’ [311]. In early December 1863 he suggested in a public letter that shrapnel shell be substituted for canister, noting that several advantages would accrue from the switch [331]. As had been the case regarding his recommendations on gunnery practice, the Board forwarded this suggestion to HMS Excellent whose captain,

1 On Armstrong guns, see John Beeler, Birth of the Battleship: British Capital Ship Design 1870–1881 (London, 2001), pp. 70–71. 2 He subsequently reported that ‘The Armstrong Gun people at least [the] Smith is beginning to give trouble[,] beastly drunk &c. I am told he was an Engineer and removed from the Navy’ (Doc. No. 26).

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Astley Cooper Key,1 reported in favour of the change after having conducted trials. Milne also gave considerable thought to the future of naval warfare generally. The destruction of two wooden warships by CSS Virginia on 8 March 1862 prompted him to inform the Admiralty (3 April) ‘the success of the ‘Merrimac’ [sic: ‘Virginia’] must lead to a total change in Naval Warfare, and in the material of our Ships employed on an enemy’s Coast.’ [31]. The Virginia/Monitor duel on 9 March was equally portentous, ‘[c]learly demonstrating’, as he stressed to the Board, ‘that in future warfare no vessel without Iron plating, Whatever may be her size, could defend herself against an iron vessel …’. He also informed Lord Lyons (11 April) ‘it is quite obvious our wooden ships must be cut down  & plated’ [39], and a few weeks later wrote to Junior Naval Lord James Drummond2 ‘I was quite certain that the late action off Fortress Monroe with the Iron plated ships would cause much sensation in England’ [44]. Had hostilities with the US resulted from the Trent crisis, Milne, like many of his contemporaries, envisioned a major littoral warfare component, necessarily involving operations against land fortifications, for which the existing battlefleet would have been ill-suited. In early March 1862 he told Grey ‘[i]f it had been War the great want would have been Frigates & Corvettes … and the Line of Battle Ships would never have stood the Gales & sea off the American Coast … in fact I dont see on what service I could have Employed them’ [17]. He was equally blunt with Drummond: ‘[i]f these Ships of the Line now here were cut up into small vessels they would be of more use to me, but Except for Demonstration clear of Merrimac [sic] & Monitor they are no use …’ [44].3 ‘[A] s to … attacking Forts’, he informed Grey: it must never be done by anchoring ships but … [by] passing and repassing in rotation so as not to allow a steady object to the Enemy, & ships with large draft of water … [are] unfit for this mode of attack[.] you need not build any more. Their days are numbered Except ag[ains]t France & Spain if she Ever gets up a navy’ [17].4

1 Astley Cooper Key, C.B., K.C.B., G.C.B. (1821–88). Entered, 1833; Lt, 1842; Cmdr, 1845; Capt, 1850; Rear-Adm, 1866; Vice-Adm, 1873; Adm, 1878. Capt, HMS Excellent, 1863–66; Director of Naval Ordnance, 1866–69; President, Royal Naval College, Greenwich, 1872–76; First Naval Lord, 1879–85. 2 James Robert Drummond, C.B., K.C.B., G.C.B. (1812–95). Entered, c.1824; Lt, 1832; Cmdr, 1838; Capt, 1846; Rear-Adm, 1864; Vice-Adm, 1870; Adm, 1877; Naval Lord of the Admiralty, 1858–59, 1861–66. 3 See also Doc. No. 52. 4 See also Doc. No. 31.

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Finally, in the event of war with the US, Bermuda would, along with Halifax, have been a major base of operations, and its defences were a source of ongoing concern to Milne. He had addressed two letters on the subject to the Board and one to Somerset during the Trent crisis,1 and continued to remind the latter of the subject’s importance after the alarm had ended [223, 325].2 Battling the Elements Many of the tasks carried out by the squadron were complicated by weather, climate, and disease. The first was a frequent topic of Milne’s correspondence, especially in early 1862, the winter of 1861–62 being so severe that, as he remarked to Grey in March, ‘[t]he Captains of Bermudian Vessels say that in their long Experience they never met with such weather & Gales so heavy’ [17].3 While neither of the subsequent winters that he commanded the station were as severe as that of 1861– 62, weather continued to affect the squadron’s operations [121, 127, 133, 137, 166, 169, 172, 180, 187, 189, 190, 233, 340, 350]. As detailed in the previous volume, disease, above all Yellow Fever, was an ongoing threat, especially in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico during the warm months.4 Milne’s initial concern in the period covered in this volume centred on the Marine force sent to Mexico, it being reported in American newspaper (March 1862) that yellow fever had broken out among them [17–19]. When the Marines reached Bermuda, following their withdrawal from Vera Cruz, Milne was relieved to find that while many suffered from fever, only a few cases exhibited the symptoms of the yellow variety [28], but nonetheless the logistics of caring for so many sick men was a source of much worry to him [29, 34–5, 37, 39, 40–42, 44],5 exacerbated by the inadequate quarantine facilities at Bermuda [17, 28]. The summer and autumn of 1862 saw the outbreak of yellow fever at several ports in the Gulf of Mexico, Milne reporting to Somerset (2 October) ‘I must Exercise great caution as at Havana, Nassau and Key West Yellow Fever is raging in a most malignant form.’ [109].6 But the demands of the service would not permit him to withdraw ships from

1

See The Milne Papers, vol. 2, Docs Nos 465, 469, and 482. See also Docs Nos 214 and 242. 3 See also Docs Nos 3, 14, 16, 19, and 25. 4 See The Milne Papers, vol. 2, pp. xlv–xlvii and the docs there referred to. 5 See also Doc. No. 40. 6 See also Docs Nos 56 and 213 pertaining to Havana, and 83, 106, 109, 129, 154–55 and 216 pertaining to Nassau. Charleston was also afflicted. See Doc. No. 123. 2

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the afflicted region. The results were predictable: yellow fever struck HMS Jason [41, 43–5], Edgar [56], Rinaldo [79–80, 84, 87], Plover [87], Peterel [98–9, 105], Ariadne [101, 105, 115], Melpomene [105–6, 112, 115–16], Spiteful [105–6, 112, 115], and Phaeton [115, 118–19, 131, 141]. Milne’s standing orders instructed ship commanders to head northward should yellow fever break out, it being understood that a cooler climate generally arrested the disease, thus all of those vessels made their way to Halifax where, like Bermuda, the hospital facilities were inadequate to meet the influx. Milne had pointed out this inadequacy in September 18611 and subsequently requested funds with which to build a suitable structure, but the Admiralty refused, prompting him to complain to Drummond in April 1862 ‘The Board refused my reasonable and necessary request for a sick quarters[,] not that that would have been finished[,] but it might have been partially prepared for an Emergency’ [44].2 Milne was fearful that 1863 would prove similarly unhealthy, writing to Grey at the end of March, ‘I am afraid this is going to be a bad Year, as Yellow Fever is prevalent very Early at Havana, and at several of the other islands’ [216]. Indeed, he made contingency plans to withdraw the ships engaged in anti-slave trade patrol off Cuba should yellow fever appear in that neighbourhood [216]. Fortunately, his fears proved largely unwarranted. HMS Barracouta suffered a yellow fever outbreak [216, 233], and HMS Rosario was afflicted by an unspecified fever [298], but the remainder of the squadron stayed healthy. Communications Given the volatile state of Anglo-American relations, communication was an almost constant concern of both Milne and Lord Lyons, as is reflected in their correspondence.3 While at Halifax, the two men could communicate with each other in a matter of hours via cipher telegrams, and the mail between Washington, Halifax and London was both frequent and regular.4 During months that Milne spent at Bermuda – typically mid-November to early May – the situation was much altered. The

1

The Milne Papers, vol. 2, Doc. No. 334. See also Docs Nos 79 and 101. The Board included money for the hospital in the 1863 Navy Estimates. See Doc. No. 175. 3 In addition to the documents cited below, see Nos 25, 59, 139, 147, 152, 210, 214, 237–8, 254, 256, 266, 267, 270, 292, 296, 351, and 354. 4 For more detail on the state of communications see The Milne Papers, vol. 2, pp. xvi–xix. 2

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absence of a telegraph cable connecting the island to the US mainland and the infrequency of mail service forced Milne to keep ships stationed at New York or Fortress Monroe ready at a few hours’ notice to carry Lyons’s dispatches to him. Even so, this arrangement was so far inferior to Milne’s being at Halifax that more than once Lord Lyons wrote wistfully to the effect that ‘I shall be very glad to be again placed in frequent & quick communication with you, by your return to Halifax’ [38].1 The Admiralty, however, failed to perceive the communications (to say nothing of strategic) advantages of Milne’s presence at Halifax: indeed one suspects that they assumed that Bermuda’s geographic centrality ipso facto meant that it was the better base should a crisis with the US erupt. Thus, when Milne informed the Board in late March 1863 – as American anger over the depredations of British-built Confederate commerce raiders and the prospect of the US government issuing letters of marque both soared, and the US Navy prepared for an assault on Charleston – that he intended to depart Bermuda for Halifax earlier than usual, he was told ‘to remain at Bermuda five or six Weeks after the 10th May next’ [220]. Milne was not pleased to receive this instruction and, while informing Somerset that he would abide by it (19 April), also painstakingly pointed out Halifax’s advantages over Bermuda [233].2 On receipt of Milne’s letter (15 May) Somerset relented [242].3 But, owing to Milne’s geographic isolation, this letter did not reach him until 11 June, by which point he had decided to defy the Admiralty’s instructions. Lord Lyons had written on 19 May that relations with the US were ‘in a dangerous state and it will be a great comfort to me to be within reach of you by telegraph’ [237]. The receipt of this letter pushed Milne to act in defiance of the Admiralty’s instructions, as he informed Somerset on 22 May [251]. Thus, he found Somerset’s letter of 15 May awaiting him on his arrival at Halifax, receiving it at least a week earlier than would have been the case had he remained at Bermuda.4 The state of Anglo-American relations also affected Milne’s wish to inspect the West India portion of his command while based at Bermuda. He had visited the Caribbean upon his arrival on the station in early 1860, but was prevented from doing so the following winter owing to the Trent crisis. Thus, he hoped to be able to do so in early 1863, writing

1

See also Docs Nos 46, 196, 231, and 237. The Lord Lyons quotation appears in Doc. No. 231. 3 The official letter is Doc. No. 241. 4 For other documents relating to this episode, see Nos 223, 229, 230, 234, 237, 238, 245, 246, 247, 249, and 256. 2

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to Grey in late November 1862, asking the latter to ascertain whether the Foreign Office would have any objection to his doing so [149]. No objections were raised from that quarter, but when Milne informed Lord Lyons in early December of his intentions [152], the latter replied ‘I shall … be anxious to have the means of communicating with you [with] tolerable frequency and regularity’ [159]. This was asking to square the circle, however, for the defective state of the Royal Navy’s communications in the Caribbean – as detailed in a 30 October 1862 Milne letter to the Admiralty [126] – rendered frequent and regular communications impossible. Thus Milne wrote ruefully to Somerset on 1 January 1863 that he had decided to remain for the time being at Bermuda [165]. Milne did not wholly abandon his intention, for he informed Lord Lyons on 2 February ‘I am thinking of starting for [the] West Indies about [the] 22d of this month, if nothing should occur to detain me, all will however depend on the Mails from England, and the news from you’ [182]. Barely two weeks later, however, he was expressing doubts to Lyons [188] and Somerset [190]. Lyons replied on 5 March ‘I am very glad indeed, for my own sake & for public affairs here that you have given up your cruise in the West Indies’ [196]. There matters rested, Milne informing Lyons (20 March) ‘I have remained at this place and not gone to the West Indies as I so much wished’ [203].1 By way of consolation, however, the state of Anglo-American relations was more settled by the following winter, and Milne was finally able to conduct his inspection of the West India division [307, 311, 313, 329, 332–3, 335–6, 340, 346, 349–50, 353]. The Documents As was the case in the previous volume, the documents in this collection come chiefly from the Admiralty papers in the British National Archives (Kew) and Milne’s own professional papers, housed in the National Maritime Museum (Greenwich). Neither collection is complete. Milne’s clerks copied of all of his official outgoing correspondence and the letterbooks in which those copies were transcribed now form part of the collection housed at the National Maritime Museum. They do not, however, contain copies of the enclosures forwarded by Milne in his letters to the Secretary of the Admiralty, for which the researcher is dependent on the whims of the ‘weeders’ at the Admiralty and, subsequently, the

1

See also Doc. No. 202.

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National Archives. In addition, the in-letters from the Secretary of the Admiralty in his papers are clearly incomplete, and, unlike Milne, as of 1860 the Admiralty did not make copies of its outgoing correspondence. Fortunately, the most important public letters and their enclosures appear to have been preserved at both ends, and exceptions are usually obvious enough to be noted in the annotation. The survival of Milne’s private correspondence has been even chancier than that of the official letters. Of his principal correspondents, only the Duke of Somerset and Lord Lyons appear systematically to have preserved his letters to them. Fortunately for researchers, while at the Admiralty Milne himself began making copies of many of his private out-letters, using carbon paper and letterbooks, and he continued this practice for the rest of his professional life. Without those copies, none of his letters to the majority of his correspondents would exist today. The letterbooks, however, are not comprehensive. Milne’s epistles to Somerset and Lord Lyons generally were not copied (although rough drafts of many were preserved by Milne), and many of those to Grey were not either, so it must be assumed that a substantial portion of Milne’s private outgoing correspondence was never copied to his personal letterbooks. The survival of private in-letters to him was equally chancy. Milne seems to have kept almost all of those he received from Somerset and Lord Lyons, but despite numerous acknowledgements in his own letters for the receipt of missives from Grey, Dunlop, and others, almost none are now to be found in the National Maritime Museum’s collection. As a consequence, there are far more out-going private letters – and public ones too – than there are incoming ones in this collection, and even the former are clearly incomplete. Milne’s chief private correspondents at the Admiralty were Frederick Grey and the Duke of Somerset. This volume contains seventy-five letters from Milne to Grey [3, 6, 8, 16, 17, 24, 26–8, 37, 41, 52, 56, 57, 62, 64, 69, 72, 80, 87, 98, 105, 110, 115, 119, 121, 133, 137, 138, 145, 149, 150, 155, 166, 169, 177, 187, 193, 194, 195, 198, 202, 213, 216, 219, 224, 228, 234, 236, 240, 243, 261, 271, 280, 285, 289, 298, 300, 301, 302, 311, 312, 320, 326, 332–3, 337, 340, 346, 349, 353, 356, 359, 361, 362]. Only twelve of Grey’s letters to him survive, however [67, 92, 111, 120, 127, 128, 141, 148, 175, 186, 205, 265]. Milne also wrote the Duke of Somerset thirty-one times [2, 9, 18, 35–6, 40, 43, 50–51, 79, 101–2, 109, 124, 132, 165, 176, 190, 212, 223, 233, 251, 259–60, 307, 314, 319, 325, 336, 366, 369], and twelve of the latter’s letters to Milne were preserved [21, 23, 29, 47, 91, 97, 104, 140, 181, 222, 230, 242]. This collection also contains three private letters from Milne to James Drummond [4, 11, 44].

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The centrality of Anglo-American relations prompted Milne to write privately to Lord Lyons forty-seven times [5, 10, 19, 25, 39, 49, 54, 55, 60, 139, 142, 152, 154, 167, 179, 182, 188, 203, 204, 206, 214, 229, 238, 256, 262, 267, 270, 272, 283, 284, 294, 296, 297, 299, 304, 308, 313, 321, 327, 329, 335, 338, 350, 354, 364, 368, 370]. Thirty-eight of Lord Lyons’ letters to Milne are preserved among the latter’s papers [15, 38, 46, 48, 53, 58, 59, 63, 135, 147, 153, 156, 159, 164, 168, 171, 180, 184, 196, 197, 208, 210, 218, 231, 237, 266, 269, 277, 282, 291, 317, 330, 341, 342, 351, 357, 358, 360]. In addition, William Stuart, who headed the British legation in Washington from June to November 1862 while Lord Lyons was in Britain for reasons of health, and again when Lyons was on vacation in August 1863, wrote to Milne nine times [65, 73, 78, 89, 114, 123, 134, 287, 292]. None of Milne’s letters to Stuart survive among the latter’s papers, however, and Milne preserved only a single draft to Stuart [77]. A handful of Milne’s private letters to subordinates were copied to his letterbooks: seven to Hugh Dunlop [12, 22, 34, 45, 71, 88, 131]; four each to Dunlop’s successor as senior officer in the Caribbean, Peter Cracroft1 [245, 248, 263, 288] and Frederick Glasse [86, 116, 130, 290]; two each to Charles Ewart2 [83, 99], William Hewett [61, 151], Henry Hickley [70, 82], George Malcolm [112, 129], and George Watson [84, 95]; and one apiece to Sydney Dacres [42], James Graham3 [258], Henry Harvey [250], Arthur Hood4 [247], John Kennedy5 [257], Henry McKillop6 [13], George Randolph [146], Edward Tatham [249], Edward Vansittart [246], Edward Von Donop [305], and William Ward7 [264]. Incoming private letters are even scarcer, there only two: Henry Grant8 to Milne [172], and

1

Peter Cracroft (1816–65). Entered, 1830; Lt, 1841; Cmdr, 1846; Capt, 1854. Charles Joseph Frederick Ewart, C.B. (1816–84). Entered, 1830; Lt, 1841; Cmdr, 1848; Capt, 1855. 3 James Stanley Graham (1836–73). Entered, c.1848; Lt, 1855; Cmdr, 1860; Capt (Ret.), 1870. 4 Arthur William Acland Hood, 1st Baron Hood of Avalon, C.B., K.C.B., G.C.B. (1824– 1901). Entered, 1836; Lt, 1846; Cmdr, 1854; Capt, 1858; Rear-Adm, 1876; Vice-Adm, 1880; Adm, 1886. Director of Naval Ordnance, 1869–74; Second Naval Lord, 1877–79; First Naval Lord, 1885–86, 1886–89. 5 John James Kennedy, C.B. (1819–85). Entered, c.1833; Lt, 1841; Cmdr, 1845; Capt, 1856; Rear-Adm (Ret.), 1874. 6 Henry F. McKillop, C.B. (1822–79). Entered, c.1836; Lt, 1847; Cmdr, 1855; Capt, 1862; Rear-Adm (Ret.), 1878. 7 William John Ward (1829–90). Entered, 1843; Lt, 1850; Cmdr, 1858; Capt, 1864; RearAdm, 1880; Vice-Adm, 1888. 8 Henry Duncan Grant, C.B. (1834–96). Entered, c.1847; Lt, 1855; Cmdr, 1858; Capt, 1864; Rear-Adm, 1881; Vice-Adm, 1888; Adm, 1892. 2

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Harry Ord to Milne [122]. The remainder of the documents are public letters and memoranda. A final note: Milne’s own prose, and, to a lesser extent, that of many of his correspondents, frequently deviates from current compositional norms with regard to capitalisation, spelling, and punctuation. Many words that are today normally rendered in lower case are capitalised in the following documents, including virtually every word beginning with ‘e’ in Milne’s private out letters, thanks to a stylistic quirk of his penmanship. Milne was also indifferent as to whether the opening words of sentences were capitalised or not and he was wont frequently to insert unnecessary apostrophes. As with the previous volume in this collection, punctuation has been inserted in brackets to aid comprehension, while simultaneously making clear all additions to the original text. Original spelling and capitalisation are retained throughout. Arrangement and Sources Readers will sometimes find two or more documents bearing the same date. I have adopted the following order of precedence in such cases: 1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8.

Incoming official correspondence from superiors (the Admiralty) and important diplomatic and colonial officials (ambassadors, colonial governors). Incoming official correspondence from subordinates. Outgoing official correspondence to superiors and important diplomatic and colonial officials. Outgoing official correspondence to subordinates. Incoming private correspondence from superiors. Incoming private correspondence from subordinates. Outgoing private correspondence to superiors (individual Lords of the Admiralty and Lord Lyons) and important diplomatic and colonial officials. Outgoing private correspondence to subordinates.

This arbitrary structure is employed to impose consistency on the numbering of documents, but leads occasionally to instances in which a letter was obviously written after one of the same date that follows it in this volume. The public correspondence is drawn from Milne’s own professional papers in the National Maritime Museum, plus the ADM1 files in the National Archives relating to the North America and West India Station. The private correspondence comes from the former, supplemented by Milne’s letters to the Duke of Somerset, in the Buckinghamshire Record Office, Aylesbury, and those to Lord Lyons in the West Sussex Record

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Office, Chichester. I am grateful to the archivists at all of these repositories for their kindness and assistance. I am likewise grateful to Meg McCrummen Fowler, who furnished invaluable assistance with the annotation, to Sharony Green and Simon Ponce, who proofread the introduction, and Dr Ben Jones, who proofread the entire typescript. Any errors that remain are solely my responsibility.

PART I

FEBRUARY – JUNE 1862

1.

Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty

[ADM 1/5787]

“Nile” at Bermuda 6 February 1862 [received 27 February]

No. 89 Transmitted for their Lordships information[.]1 [Enclosure] Hancock to Milne H.M.S. “Immortalité” At Bermuda, 4th Feby 1862 Sir, During my late visit to Washington I took the opportunity of visiting the Navy Yard now superintended by Commander Dahlgren2 and principally devoted to the construction of the Dahlgren Gun. As I may probably have collected some details connected with these Guns which you have not before been able to meet with[,] particularly with reference to the new mode of casting the Guns without Trunnions[,] I herewith forward you my notes upon the matter, accompanied by a diagram to shew the mode of attaching the Trunnions[.] I should inform you at the same time that as I was accompanied by Commander Dahlgren, and the Chief of the Ordnance Department I could take no measurements & make no notes on the spot, therefore the Diagram is made upon no Scale, and may be quite erroneous in proportion, it is merely to simplify my explanations.3 2.

Milne to Somerset

[Somerset Mss Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/8]

HMS Nile Bermuda 7 February 1862

My dear Sir I have the honor to acknowledge your Grace’s Letter of the 18 Jany. received yesterday via New York by HMS Medea, and I now write by

1 Admiralty Minutes: ‘Send to War Office for information also O[rdnance] Sel Comm … Thank Cap. Hancock for the pains he has taken in making this communication.’ 2 John Adolphus Bernard Dahlgren (1809–70). US naval officer and gunnery innovator. Entered, 1826; Lt, 1837; Cmdr, 1855; Capt, 1862; Rear-Adm, 1863. 3 Hancock’s notes are not included in this volume.

3

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THE MILNE PAPERS

HMS St. George which ship arrived from Vera Cruz on the afternoon of the 4th. I consider it better to send her to England with Prince Alfred1 as the most advisable course for his speedy return under the afflicting circumstances in which Her Majesty is placed,2 and I see no use in keeping so large a ship here as two Frigates would be more serviceable. Admiral Dacres is one of my first and Earliest messmates in 1820 [sic] and we have long been intimate[.] his appointment as second in this Command is all I could desire, but at present I will not find much for him to do unless I send some of the Ships from this to Jamaica which I am not prepared to do until I hear further from your Grace. I had in view to go down to Barbados &c. and then to Jamaica, but under the present aspect of U. States affairs I presume your Grace expects me to remain here. I have a private letter from Commodore Dunlop of which I send your Grace a Copy. I am much afraid we are gradually creeping into a state of war which if not at once checked must inevitably lead to the necessity of sending large reinforcements. I merely allude to this from the tenor of Commodore Dunlops letters, which have been sent direct to the Board, and which no doubt H.M. Government have under consideration. The ships here are Nile[,] Hero, Agamemnon[,] Aboukir[,] St. George, Melpomene, Immortalité[,] Diadem, Rinaldo, Spiteful[,] Landrail[,] Nimble [&] Medea[.] I have written fully to Sir F. Grey so will not repeat. . . . 3. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [9]]

Bermuda 7 February 1862

My dear Grey Your letter of the 11 January reach[ed] me yesterday by Medea via New York and the Mail bring[s] me also letters that at present all is peace. so far so good[.] There is nothing to answer in your letter and I therefore proceed to business[.] St. George arrived two days ago from Vera Cruz and Havana and I send her at once to England with the Prince as the quickest and only satisfactory manner of my getting him to England[.] He is well. I have allowed

1 Prince Alfred Ernest Albert, Duke of Edinburgh, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, K.G., K.T., K.P., G.C.B., G.C.S.I., G.C.M.G., G.C.I.E., G.C.V.O. (1844–1900). Entered, 1856; Lt, 1863; Capt, 1866; Rear-Adm, 1878; Vice-Adm, 1882; Adm, 1887; Adm of the Fleet, 1893. Alfred was a midshipman in St George. 2 Prince Albert had died on 14 Dec 1861.

FEBRUARY – JUNE 1862

5

men who have lately joined St. George to volunteer for the Station. Conqueror is under water Except the Fore part of her Forecastle and her Bowsprit and little has been saved below the Lower Deck.1 She has broken up and Bulldog remains to save the Anchor & Cables and whatever else she can. Cap Sotheby2 and the whole of the crew are here and the arrival of the Hero, Agamemnon[,] Aboukir[,] Melpomene[,] Immortalite [&] Diadem has Enabled me to obtain 3 Captains senior to Capt Sotheby and a Court of 8 Captains so that I think it is now right and proper that the Court Martial should be held here[.] with such a full court it would have been irregular or invidious to have send [sic: ‘sent’] Cap Sotheby home for trial. It commences tomorrow on board the Hero and I Expect it will last some 8 to 10 days as I see it involves the officer of the watch[,] the lookout and leadsman[.] the land was I believe seen on the lee Beam, but unfortunately the ship was thought to be windward of all danger and it was only when the land was seen on the weather Bow the mistake was detected[,] alas too late, for she struck in stays and before head to wind. Cleopatra & a Transport from Halifax will take Home the Crew. Immortalite is under a heavy refit & general Caulking of Every deck[.] her Marine Glue has never adhered to the wood[.] the water has got into the seams & all the Oakum is rotten. Her Fore Yard is slightly sprung, Her Main Yard carried away in the quarter, [&] a main beam sprung. These Frigates make bad weather of it. I have now over 50 Caulkers on her so I hope to get her ready sooner than I Expected. I will Expect Liffey, Orlando and Orpheus here so soon as Cap Scott3 can send them down. Diadem will go home after the C[ourt] Martial. before I close this I will send you Cap Randolphs answer about the Orlando.4 The St. George left V[era] Cruz on the 17th and I send to the First Lord a Copy of the Commodore[’s] letter to me. I am much afraid that our Marines are to be considered as part of the Force to march inland. This I regret because they are not prepared for this service. The French Admiral at Port Royal asked what were the size of the Field Guns attached [to] the Marines & what description of Tents they had. he was

1 For Conqueror’s loss, see The Milne Papers, vol. 2, Docs Nos 474–8, 480, 486, 490–91, 495–7, 501–3. 2 Edward Southwell Sotheby, C.B. (1813–1902). Entered, c.1826; Lt, 1835; Cmdr, 1841; Capt, 1852; Rear-Adm, 1867; Vice-Adm (Ret.), 1873; Adm (Ret.), 1879. 3 Francis Scott (1808–75). Entered, 1822; Lt, 1835; Cmdr, 1841; Capt, 1848; Rear-Adm, 1866; Vice-Adm, 1873. 4 The question was whether Randolph, then in command of HMS Diadem, would trade vessels with Francis Scott, captain of Orlando.

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THE MILNE PAPERS

I hear much surprised that they had neither or that any Mules had been obtained for them. The Spaniards have already 500 men in Hospital and without being an alarmist or wishing in any way to anticipate Evil yet I am inclined to think from many reasons, that this year in the W Indies will be a sickly one. If it comes to a determination on the part of the Allied powers at Vera Cruz to march inland I view the force now at Vera Cruz perfectly unequal to the service and reinforcements will be required with all the appliances of an Army in the way of Commissariat, Field Train[,] Hospital[,] Tents &c &c. This of course opens a large question but a small war has already begun. you have Dunlops letter’s so I can say no more. The Crew of Conqueror are being allowed to volunteer, and many of the Pensioners on the Station are applying to go home as they are surprised to find their Pensions without any warning have been stopped in England which they look upon as a great grievance whilst serving[.] they applied to me[;] all I could say [was that] I had not heard of any such order nor was there any order for their discharge. we have constant Gales of wind which is wretched work for the ships in Grassey Bay.1 I am glad you are sending out the Spitfire[.] such a vessel is invaluable here. Dacres I see is ordered to Jamaica[.] I dont quite see my way how I am to Employ him as he will be trenching on the Commodores domain at Jamaica, and he will have a large Squadron in HMS Cygnet[,] the only ship at Jamaica[.] Your man from Sir W. Armstrongs Manufactory is here[.] he tells me his Tools alone weigh about 2 Ton[s.] I hope the authorities are all right about these Guns, but they require great care[,] indeed more care than Ever will be given in quick firing[,] what with tin Bottoms, Lubricating wads &c. we are getting into sad complication. depend on it we must not go too fast. The Americans wont look at them. Cap Hancock was all thro their great factory & he has sent a report. I have nothing more to add.  [P.S.] Capt. Randolph will be glad to take Orlando, so I will arrange the Exchange. It is blowing so hard from SW that I have not taken any men out of St. George[,] it would have delayed her.

1

Grassy Bay, Bermuda, 32°18′22″ North, 64°47′04″ West.

FEBRUARY – JUNE 1862

7

4. Milne to Drummond [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [9]]

Bermuda 7 February 1862

My dear Drummond I am much indebted to you for your two letters of 11 & 18 Jany which reached me yesterday.1 Your information so much in detail is valuable and I will attend to all your information [sic][.] The Cleopatra is here and will sail in about 10 days with 500 of the Conqueror’s [crew] and I Expect another Transport from Halifax for the remainder. if none comes down the Diadem will take them. none of your Screw Colliers or other vessels have arrived[.] we have only about 1700 Tons left but I hope this will do until some vessels arrive[.] The St. George takes this home[.] she sails in an hour[.] 5. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Bermuda 15 February 1862 [received 20 February]

My dear Lord Lyons I must first of all congratulate you on the Mark of H Majestys approval of your difficult position in regard to American affairs, and your great Success in carrying out the views of the Govt and I hope you may long Enjoy the honor of the G.C.B.2 Medea takes this to New York and will wait there for the Mail due at New York on the 27, and then rejoin me here with any despatches &c. from yourself, and I will have another ship to take her place about the 30th. Rinaldo I will send down to Charleston to report on the Blockade and the state of the Entrances[.] from thence she will go to Fort Monroe where she will [be] at your disposal for any service you may require, and be so good as to let me know what other arrangements you may wish made. I have not a word of news here. The Nile[,] Aboukir[,] Hero[,] Agamemnon, Immortalite[,] Melpomene[,] Diadem[,] Rinaldo, Greyhound[,] Landrail[,] Nimble, Spiteful & Medea are here and the Edgar with Rear Admiral Dacres has gone from Lisbon to Jamaica.

1

Neither letter is preserved among Milne’s papers. Lord Lyons was gazetted G.C.B. on 24 Jan 1862.

2

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THE MILNE PAPERS

The affairs in Mexico I am afraid are getting complicated. France is sending out a reinforcement of nearly 4000 men, and a General officer of rank, to march on Mexico [City]. I am quite in the dark in regard to future Events &c so must wait patiently here until the crisis arises for I presume your neighbours cannot always go on in the present course. 6. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [9]]

Nile Bermuda 15 February 1862

My dear Grey Medea sails for New York today and I send this by her in case of any Early opportunity of a steamer going to England. The Mail of 25 Jany via Halifax arrived yesterday by which I have your letter1 and also the First Lords of that date. The Court Martial on the loss of the Conqueror has been sitting since this day week and the Defence began this morning. I[t] will close on Monday I Expect[,] in which case the Cleopatra transport will sail for England on late Wednesday or Thursday M[ornin]g and the remainder of the Crew will go in the Diadem, as Cap Scott has not sent down a transport[.] I have nothing new here since my last letter to you[,] Except the arrival of Greyhound[.] She has pitched her Jib Boom clear under water & she washed Everything away forward[,] Roundhouses &c[,] so I have taken her in hand at once and am shifting her Cables aft as in Rinaldo[,] which ship is wonderfully improved. I intend also to put a very Light Forecastle on her to keep her Decks from being constantly afloat.2 I wish you would send out here one of the 60 HP. Gun Boats. The two here are only 20 HP. and they will only go 3 knots and it is wretched work when I am obliged to send one of them to St. Georges for the Mails & &c and they wont Stem3 a Top G[allant] Breeze. If you cannot spare a 60 HP. send a 40 HP[.] some such vessel is admirable for many reasons. I have sent home a considerable number of Pensioners who have asked for their discharge. they will go in the Diadem, which ship will leave this

1

Not preserved among Milne’s papers. ‘Overflowing, in flood; submerged in water, flooded . . . ’ – OED. 3 ‘To urge the stem against, make headway against (a tide, current, gale, etc.).’ – OED. 2

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FEBRUARY – JUNE 1862

so soon as Orlando arrives from Halifax which will probably be about [the] 26th of the month. Melpomene will go to Jamaica & Colon next week & return here via Havanah. 7. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5808]

“Nile” at Bermuda, 17 February 1862 [received 7 March]

No. 108 Sir, I have the honor to acquaint their Lordships that the Court Martial on Captain Sotheby; the Officers and Crew of H.M. late Ship “Conqueror” closed its proceedings on Saturday evening the 15th Instant having sat eight days. 2. In transmitting the minutes and sentence of the Court I beg to draw the very serious attention of their Lordships to the following extract of Captain Sotheby’s defence, which contains opinions that are I fear daily becoming the prevailing views of Officers in Command of H.M. Ships. “And if, after the scrutinizing test that the Master’s work has undergone should be found incorrect, proper allowance not made, or the place of the Ship not properly noted in the Chart, I maintain, in which opinion I have no doubt I shall have the full concurrence of the members of this court, that a Captain is not supposed to doubt the accuracy of such work, when he can conscientiously place most thorough confidence in the Master, and that it is not his duty under those circumstances to work the reckoning himself, that Officer being appointed for that specific purpose”. 3. I had always considered that the Captain of a ship was responsible for the due care and conducting of such ship and by his personal investigation of the courses steered, his knowledge of the prevailing currents derived from a perusal of the Admiralty Directions and Charts supplied for his use, that he was a proper check on the Master of the Ship, but I regret to find such views no longer prevail, and I cannot but think that the time has come when their Lordships may perhaps see fit to hold the Captains of Her Majesty’s Ships personally responsible for their being navigated in safety. 4. Many of the Ships on this station have touched the ground from the neglect and inattention of the Captains as well as the Masters, which

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THE MILNE PAPERS

obliged me to issue the enclosed order on the subject,1 and I only await the arrival of Her Majesty’s Ship “Liffey” to hold an enquiry into her having touched the ground off Sambro2 Light House last month…. [Causes for her loss:] (1) An insufficient allowance having been made for a westerly current setting between the hours of 9 PM. of the 28th Decr. and 5:10 AM. of the following morning. (2) No sufficient allowance having being made for leeway. (3) No efficient night glass being on deck. (4) the ship not having been promptly put about on the first appearance of land. The Court is however of opinion that the current which was running on the night of the 28 Decr last, & which mainly caused the loss of the Ship was unusual and of a strength that could not have been anticipated from any study however careful of the West India Pilot or the Charts; they nevertheless consider that had Lieutenant Gammell3 as Officer of the Watch been provided with an efficient night-glass he would have sooner discovered the land and had he shewn more promptitude in putting the helm down on the first appearance of land, the ship might have been tacked into safety. Further the Court is of opinion that Mr. Share4 the Master is to blame for not having made allowance for a Westerly current on the line laid down on the Chart on the night in question as that of the Ships Course for the guidance of the Captain and Officers of the Watches and the possibility of which current, if represented to the Captain, might have induced him to have made a short tack and that Mr. Share is also to blame for having not made sufficient allowance for leeway and for not having provided himself with an efficient night glass and further for shewing a want of promptitude in not requesting the helm to be put down on the first appearance of land. For the reasons alleged by Captain Sotheby, the Court cannot attach any blame to him (the said Captain Sotheby) for not having passed between Crooked Island and Rum Cay under Steam.

1

Doc. No. 252 in The Milne Papers, vol. 2. At the entrance to Halifax harbor, 44º26′12″ North, 63º33′48″ West. 3 Harcourt Thomas Gammell (1829–1904). Entered, 1843; Lt, 1852; Cmdr, 1869; Capt (Ret.), 1874. 4 James Masters Share (1822–95). 2nd Master, 1847; Master, 1854; Staff Cmdr, 1867. 2

FEBRUARY – JUNE 1862

11

Further the Court is of opinion that every exertion was made by Captain Sotheby, the Officers and Crew of H.M. late Ship Conqueror and that they did their utmost to save the Ship and get her off . . . And that it is highly creditable to the Captain, Officers and Crew that under the circumstances all the Guns and a proportion of the Stores were saved without loss of life or serious accident of any kind. In consideration of the foregoing the Court doth fully acquit the said Captain Sotheby CB, Lieutenants St Clair1 and Tonkin,2 Mr. Hage Midshipman and the abovementioned Twelve Seamen [who were lookouts], and they are hereby fully acquitted accordingly. And further the Court doth adjudge the said Lieutenant Harcourt Thomas Gammell to be admonished and cautioned to be more careful in future. And the said Mr. John Masters Share[,] Master to be reprimanded and cautioned to be more careful in future. … Admiralty Minute Write to Adml Milne … and state that my Lords have read with much surprise the passage in Captain Sotheby’s defence quoted by Admiral Milne. My Lords cannot dissent in too strong terms from the views expressed by Captn Sotheby. They consider that it is the duty of the Captain to take every precaution for the safety of the Ship he commands and that he can only acquit himself of that responsibility which attaches to him by showing that he has neglected no means within his power of ascertaining the position of the Ship, the prevailing currents and the dangers to which she may be exposed. My Lords further regret to find that Captn Sotheby’s views appear to have been accepted by the Members of the Court without remark, and to have been so far adopted by them that while they reprimanded the Master they fully acquitted the Captain. My Lords cannot concur in the finding of the Court. One of H.M.’s Ships in fine weather and under no unusual circumstances while making a passage through a Channel in which the currents are known to set to leeward with varying strength has been totally lost in consequence[,] according to the finding of the Court[,] of an insufficient allowance for leeway and current. The Captain is nevertheless

1

Archibald St Clair (1833–72). Entered, c.1847; Lt, 1854; Cmdr, 1866. James Stephen Tonkin (1834–80). Entered, 1847; Lt, 1855; Cmdr, 1867; Cmdr (Ret.), 1873. 2

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THE MILNE PAPERS

fully acquitted & the Master only reprimanded tho’ no reason is given why the Ship should have continued all night on a course which the Master acknowledged might carry her within 6 or 7 miles of an Island surrounded by dangerous Coral Reefs. It appears to their Lordships that had the ordinary & natural precaution been adopted of making a tack to the S.E. before the Ship could by any possibility have been swept upon the Coral Reefs of Rum Cay, the country would not have had to deplore the loss of one of the finest Line of Battle Ships in H.M.’s Service, and They consider Captn Sotheby to have been highly culpable in not having taken that precaution. To prevent all future misconception as to the responsibility of Captains in command of H.M.’s Ships, my Lords have caused the additions notified in the accompanying Memo. to be made in the Printed Instructions to which Adml Milne is to call the attention of the Officers under his orders. Adm. Milne is to communicate this Letter to Captn Hutton1 & the Members of the Court Martial. Copy to Captn Sotheby Those additions (underlined): on p. 160, Chapter XIX: Navigation and Pilotage, of the printed instructions: “The Captain is responsible for the safe conducting and steering of the Ship.” If it shall appear that the Ship has been run on shore, or brought into danger of being run on shore, or wrecked, and that there has been any want of due care or precaution, or that the foregoing orders have been disobeyed, the Captain will be held responsible for the same. 8. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [9]]

Bermuda 18 February 1862

My dear Grey The Cleopatra with a portion of the Conquerors crew will sail tomorrow for Spithead. The Sentence has gone in her and the Board will judge for themselves on the Merits of the case[.] I myself worked up the reckoning and allowing a Current of one Mile an hour I placed her

1 Frederick Hutton (1801–66). Entered, c.1814; Lt, 1825; Cmdr, 1838; Capt 1844; RearAdm, 1863. Hutton had presided over the court martial on Conqueror’s loss.

FEBRUARY – JUNE 1862

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on the Bank 3 Miles north of Rum Cay. In transmitting the sentence I have brought to the notice of the Board, the fact that no Captain considers he has anything to do with the navigation of the Ship, but the Master is specially appointed for that duty. 18 ships on this station have touched the ground or been on shore since I held this Command, some of a trivial nature but some most negligently. two ships coming out of Havanah got on shore by going [on] the wrong side of the Buoy. Liffey appears to me to have had a narrow Escape on the Sister Ledges off Sambro at 5 in the Morning, but backed off. I will order inquiry when she arrives. The Diadem will convey the remainder of the Conqueror’s people. a number have volunteered for Ships on the Station and I have also allowed Exchanges with Pensioners to go Home and others. There are 58 Seamen & 17 Marines for [the] Pacific & they go down the End of the month in Melpomene … We are giving leave here but altho only one week has Elapsed since it was given [i.e., since it began] There is no more Grog in the place, and if these Big ships are kept here there will be famine in the Island. There is nothing to be got, no poultry[,] no Eggs[,] no vegetables & scarcely any meat. it is becoming rather serious, and I will have to do something about it Ere long. I would be inclined to give them a round of [the] W India Islands but I of course cannot do this unless I hear from home, as I presume the affairs in the States must soon come to a crisis. The Light Forecastle I am putting on [Greyhound] is constructed from old condemned spars and it will be so made that the centre Portion across the ship and above the Armstrong Gun will be made in Hatches caulked down so that if necessary they can be taken off[.]1 She will be much more serviceable and Efficient, in every respect. I have nothing of a moment to write to you about. I have written to Drummond.2 Feb. 19th. Cleopatra sailed this forenoon and as the Conquerors people are all Plymouth people she will go there. Feb. 19th 10 am. Liffey not yet arrived. Orpheus was to leave Halifax a few days after her, then Orlando[.] so soon as she comes in[,] Diadem will go home[.] Racer’s Boilers I suspect will be found defective when she returns here[.] you will have to look to her going home.

1

Milne included a drawing of his proposed additions. Doc. No. 4.

2

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9. Milne to Somerset [Somerset Mss Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/9]

Bermuda 19 February 1862

My dear Sir I have to acknowledge the receipt of your Grace’s letter of the 25th Ult. on the 14th Inst, via Halifax and in case your Grace may not have communicated with Commodore Dunlop in regard to Mexican affairs I have sent confidentially to him your views respecting the course which he should adopt. This letter will reach Havana Early in March, but from the views he has Expressed in his public letters to the Admiralty, I am afraid he has Entered into some arrangement with the French & Spanish Commanders to afford the cooperation of the Marines inland, but I have no doubt that your Grace may have conveyed direct Instructions in reply to his letters. I have nothing of any moment to mention to your Grace from this. The Nile, Hero, Aboukir, Agamemnon[,] Melpomene, Immortalité, Greyhound[,] Spiteful, Diadem, Landrail & Nimble are here. The Rinaldo is going out for Charleston. Medea & Racer [are] at New York. Liffey, Orpheus and Orlando I Expect from Halifax. I have nothing from Mexico since 17 Jany by St. George. 10. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Bermuda, 24 February 1862 [received 18 March]

My dear Lord Lyon’s I write you a line altho I have no news to communicate from this. Nashville1 arrived three days ago[,] has coaled & sailed this forenoon[,] The Governor under late regulations having warned her off. I send the Spiteful to New York to replace the Medea and she will return to me after the arrival of the Mail due on the 12th and will bring me any Letters from you which you may wish to send. Rinaldo has gone to Charleston & Fort Monroe as I mentioned in my last note.

1

CSS Nashville, a side-wheel paddle steamer.

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Many thanks to you for your kind attention to my Nephew[.]1 he was charmed with his trip the States. Comdr Wilson2 commands the Spiteful[.] 11. Milne to Drummond [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [9]]

Bermuda 24 February 1862

My dear Drummond Thanks for yours of 1 Feb.3 which I received two days ago by Racer from New York and I am obliged for all the News you give me. China appears unpopular with the Admirals[.] It was the only prize for an Admiral but the Battle having ceased, it wont Pay its Expenses. I find I have not paid my Expenses here so long as I was a R Adl. now I will just be clear and that is all. The only vessel arrived is the Screw Cossack[.] She is now loading with all sorts of Stores and will sail on Thursday. a Barge called the Bangalore is at anchor some miles down, and I forgot the Queen with Coals arrived on Saturday and will clear as soon as it moderates. I am glad [Richard Vesey] Hamilton of Hydra is promoted[.] he is a good, sensible and zealous officer and will do credit to the Service[.] I have a bad Court Martial coming on on Thursday. a Marine stabbed a Marine officer[,] Lt Hogge[,]4 on board the Hero. Why or wherefore I cannot quite make out[.] it was in the Evg under the Half deck. The officer was twice struck with a knife but this cannot be found. Plover I hear or rather see in an American paper is lost[,] one more to the list since I have been here.5 The Board must do something to hold Captains

1

David Milne Home, Jr (1838–1901). Soldier and politician. MP, 1874–85. William Charles Fahie Wilson, C.B. (1831–87). Entered, 1845; Lt, 1853; Cmdr, 1858; Capt, 1863; Capt (Ret), 1868; Rear-Adm (Ret.), 1878; Vice-Adm (Ret.) 1884. 3 Not preserved among Milne’s papers. 4 Martin Hogge (b. 1840). 2nd Lt, 1856; Lt, 1859. For further on this incident, see Milne to Grey, 10 Mar 1862, Doc. No. 18. 5 Plover ran aground on the bar at the entrance to the Mexican port of Alvarado on 22 Jan 1862 and was subsequently blown across the bar and onto the beach by a norther. Milne’s intelligence was nonetheless incorrect, as a working party overseen by Henry Caldwell and George Malcolm in HMS Barracouta, assisted by crew members from HMS Mersey and Phaeton, a Spanish and a French gunboat, and a hired schooner, succeeded with great difficulty in refloating it on 3 Feb. See Hugh Dunlop to Milne and enclosures, 30 Jan 1862, MLN/115/3 and Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty and enclosures, no 265 of 1 April 1862, ADM1/5787. 2

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responsible and my public letter will clearly shew how matters now are. I say to you the Conqueror was carelessly lost. I myself worked her reckoning[,] allowing one mile current NW per hour[,] variation 3°30′E.[,] Leeway 4½°[,] local attraction 1°[.] This[,] with courses steered placed her on the North Bank of Rum Cay, 3 Miles from the Shore. What prudent man would have allowed his ship to have been placed in that position in the night[?] but her Captain[,] a good man too[,] was ignorant of her position Except thro the Master. He never verified the Masters work. he never asked a question as to the current[,] leeway[,] course &c[.] he was no check on the Master, nor was there any Check by a second party on him. The Avenger1 was lost in the same way, so I suspect was Perseverance2 and many other ships. Why should the Captain not be responsible[?] in all the Packet Steamers two separate and independent reckonings are kept, as a check on the Errors which may be made in the sights &c of one person; I think the Masters ought to pass from 2nd Master to Master as was the case previous I think to 1850. They can now pass at once from Masters Asst to master. I think the Alteration was mine, but I think now I was wrong. These Examinations refer to the College. I see nothing infra dig3 in the Captain being held personally responsible for the Ships position. I keep the Niles position whenever nearing the land & take my own Latitude & Bearing &c[.] I know I am a check on the Master. Captains I find are far too great men in their own opinions to do this[,] Even if they could do it. (some may)[.] I will write officially about Coal but as far as I see we have Enough for Every purpose unless war should break out. The Coal at Nassau could be put in the Naval Yard but a small Pier would have to be built for landing as well as Embarking the coal.4 12. Milne to Hugh Dunlop [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [9]]

Bermuda 24 February 1862

My dear Commodore Spiteful sails for New York today so I hope [she] will catch Karnack5 before she sails for Havanah. I write you altho I have no official news[.]

1

Lost on the Sorelle Rocks, near Malta, 17 Dec 1847. Wrecked off the Island of Mayo, in the Cape Verdes, 21 Oct 1860. 3 Infra dignitatem – beneath one’s dignity. 4 It was. See Docs Nos 70 and 155. 5 SS Karnak, a Cunard vessel which plied the New York-Bermuda-Nassau-Havana route on a monthly basis. 2

FEBRUARY – JUNE 1862

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all is smooth with Lord Lyons at Washington. Affairs in the States are much as before. The North has gained some victories but they appear to me of little importance.1 no appearance of any Settlement[,] but from all that is said I suspect before May this dispute must be settled one way or the other…. Admiral Dacres has I presume arrived at Jamaica where he is to conduct the duties until further orders…. I have nothing of any moment from Home but I hourly Expect to hear from you by Mersey and I think it probable you will send back the Donegal. Tell Cap Vansittart I am much obliged for his note from the Havanah[.]2 Melpomene sails today for Rum Cay, Jamaica, [&] Colon with Supernumeraries for [the] Pacific[,] then to Jamaica, Havanah, Nassau, Rum Cay [&] Bermuda to join me, & bring any letters from you [or] from Mr Crawford. I am inundated with big ships here[:] Nile[,] Hero[,] Aboukir[,] Agamemnon, Immortalite[,] Diadem [&] Melpomene, but Diadem goes home so soon as Orlando arrives from Halifax[.] I know nothing about Mexico & am Anxious for your letters[.] 13. Milne to McKillop [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [9]]

Nile Bermuda 24 February 1862

Dear Cap McKillop The Melpomene on her way to Jamaica calls at Rum Cay to supply you with a diving dress[,] a couple of Hawsers and also any Provisions or Stores you may want. She will call back at Rum Cay on her way here the middle or towards the End of March but it is probable Mersey or some other Ship from Vera Cruz will give you a look up in passing[,] when I may hear how you are going on[,] or I may perhaps send a ship for a Cruize down to you. I will of course be anxious to hear whether you have been able to save any of the valuable Stores, such as her anchors & cables[,] Her Screw &c. This should be done if possible[.] Cap Ewart will give you all recent news &c. so I wont Enter on the subject, having very much to do & write for England &c [sic]

1 Milne was probably referring to the seizure of Fort Henry, on the Tennessee River (6 Feb 1862) and Roanoke Island, on the North Carolina coast (7–8 Feb 1862). The latter was of little strategic significance, but the fall of Fort Henry gave Union naval forces unopposed access to the Tennessee river, and thus much of the interior of the mid-South (Tennessee, northern Alabama and northeastern Mississippi). 2 Not preserved among Milne’s papers.

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14. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Bermuda 25 February 1862

My dear Grey I have nothing new since I wrote Drummond two days ago[.]1 The Orpheus [has] not yet arrived from Halifax. I will have to do something with the Squadron here as we are now out of Bullocks and all on Salt Junk, owing to the constant SW Gales which has [sic] prevented the Cattle Ships coming from New York. There are also few private stores on the Island. I will await next mail and I am inclined to send the Ships of the Line [on] a cruize to Barbados & back but will wait Orlando and Mail of 11 March before I decide. I think of going up to Halifax the End of April which is a month sooner than usual, but of course all will depend on American affairs.  [PS] … Since writing this the West India Mail Bags have arrived and a Mail from Admty of 1st Feby with [the] Dukes letter[.]2 will you mention its receipt[?] I have no news from West Indies Except rows in Cadmus. Master Hillyar is a bullying fellow and his first Lieut is worse.3 A ship of war is signalized from Island Stations [sic][,] I presume the Orpheus or perhaps Mersey from V[era] Cruz[.] Melpomene sailed yesterday for Jamaica & Colon with Supernumeraries[,] Spiteful to New York[.] 15. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [2]]

Washington 27 February 1862

Private and Confidential My dear Sir Alexander, It is so impossible to say when or how the contemplated attacks on New Orleans, Mobile, Charleston, and Savannah are to be made, that it is very difficult to come to any conclusion on the subject of sending vessels to those places to protect British Subjects. The Government here

1

Actually one day. That of 25 Jan in The Milne Papers, vol. 2, Doc. No. 504. 3 Hillyar and 1st Lt. Neale Lillingston were subsequently court martialled and convicted for systematic physical abuse of one of Cadmus’s crew. See below, Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty, 28 Feb 1863, Doc. No. 192. 2

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have been in almost daily expectation of hearing that Savannah had been taken possession of by a detachment from Port Royal. Mr Seward told me more than a fortnight ago that the Government expected to be in possession of New Orleans within four weeks from the time at which he spoke, but he is always excessively sanguine. The peculiar situation of the Consul at Charleston,1 whose Exequatur2 has been withdrawn, renders it very desirable that we should have a ship there, in case of an attack being made on that place. I send you confidentially herewith a copy of a Despatch3 which I wrote the day before yesterday to Lord Russell. It will show you how the case stands, and what I think about it. The Despatch from Lord Russell to me referred to in the beginning of it was to the effect that Mr Bunch should stay for the present at Charleston – and that papers to be used in the United States might be signed by the Vice Consul. The new plan for sending despatches to the South seems to answer very well. There are two or three French Ships at Fortress Monroe, and the Despatches are taken by land to Norfolk by one of the French officers under a Flag of truce, and the answer brought back in the same manner. I shall endeavour to let the French conduct the communication if possible, whether or no there is one of our Ships also at Fortress Monroe. The United States have recently had a series of successes4 – not perhaps any one taken singly of very great military importance – but taken altogether they constitute a great advantage morally, and materially. The impression produced by the surrenders at Roanoke Island and Fort Donelson certainly is, that the Southern men do not manifest in action the desperate valour to which they lay claim in speech. On those two occasions they seem to have been ready enough to throw down their arms, on finding themselves outnumbered, and disadvantageously posted. If this is a specimen of the spirit which prevails generally among them, they will hardly make any effective resistance to the Northern Armies, which are greatly superior in numbers, and still more so in arms and equipments. The more sanguine men in the North consider the military success of the United States as already assured. The fall of Fort

1

Robert Bunch. Accreditation with the US Government. For correspondence on this head, see ‘Correspondence respecting Withdrawal by Government of United States of Mr. Bunch’s Exequatur as H.M. Consul at Charleston’, PP, 1862, vol. 62, pp. 575–606. 3 Not included in this collection. 4 In addition to the Union capture of Fort Henry and Roanoke Island in early Feb, the entire garrison at Fort Donelson, Tennessee, surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant’s army on 16 Feb 1862, giving Union forces unopposed access to the Cumberland River. 2

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Donelson and Fort Henry has given the Federals the command of the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers. They expect to be thus enabled to occupy the Western Part of Tennessee, to obtain possession of Nashville and the Railroads which unite at that point, and in this way to interrupt the communication between Virginia and the South through Tennessee. The communication through North Carolina is to be intercepted by General Burnside’s1 expedition; and the Confederate Army at Manassas being thus isolated, is to be compelled either to retreat or to accept a battle under unfavourable circumstances. New Orleans, Mobile, Savannah, and Charleston are (as I have already said) expected to be in the hands of the Federals within two or three weeks. The month of May is to see the Federal armies in undisputed possession of Missouri, Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee, and of the seaboard of the other States. This is going very fast indeed, as all that has been done yet is to take two small river Forts and an island between Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds, and as what has been done, has been done mostly by the help of the gunboats. Nevertheless, if the Southerners do not recover their military superiority by gaining a battle on a large scale, or some other great success, the state of affairs in the spring may not be unlike what the ardent Northern Partisans expect. But will this end the war? If the South acts with the determination and possesses the endurance to which it lays claim, the contest may be maintained for years in the interior of the Gulf States. These qualities have however been tried hitherto by little more than the deprivation of luxuries and comforts. They have yet to stand the test of great military reverses. At this moment the North is full of confidence and spirit. The hope of terminating the contest in May inspires patience even about the Finances, the condition of which was looked upon as desperate. This Government is going on with its project for getting rid of the Allied intervention in Mexico, by undertaking to pay the interest on the pecuniary claims of the Allies.2 It does not seem to me that this looks like a very practical measure. The Colonial office approves very highly of my telegram to the Governor General of Canada and the Lieutenant Governors of New

1 Ambrose Everett Burnside (1824–81). American politician, businessman, and politician. Governor of Rhode Island, 1866–69; US Senator for Rhode Island, 1875–81. 2nd Lt, 1847; 1st Lt, 1851; Resigned Comm, 1852; Col of Volunteers, 1861; Brig Gen of Volunteers, 1861; Major Gen of Volunteers, 1862. 2 On this initiative, see Howard Jones, Blue and Gray Diplomacy: A History of Union and Confederate Foreign Relations (Chapel Hill, NC, 2010), pp. 127–30, and Brian Jenkins, Britain and the War for the Union (Montreal, 1980), vol. 1, pp. 176–7.

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FEBRUARY – JUNE 1862

Brunswick and Halifax against sending troops or military stores through Portland. Many thanks for your very kind congratulations on my G.C.B. My diplomacy would have done little toward settling the Trent question, had not the military preparations come in aid of it. 16. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Bermuda 3 March 1862

My dear Grey I write a line by the Cossack Steamer only to say no news … No change since I last wrote you[.] I am hourly looking for Orlando. Orpheus is refitting and sails on Thursday for the Cape[.] we have had a heavy Gale from Westd for a week[,] indeed I might fairly say two months. Two Cattle vessels coming in[,] only 4 Bullocks to be got on the Island[.] 17. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [9]]

Bermuda 10 March 1862

My dear Grey Your letter of 15 Feby via New York reached me by Medea last Evg and I send this by Diadem. I am sorry the Mail which I sent to New York on 24th Ult. by Spiteful never reached [there] for she put back two days ago[,] having been in Gales of wind ever since her sailing & having been struck by a sea[.] her sponsons1 have been started & she could not go on. Our weather and that on the coast of America has been most awful[.] The Captains of Bermudian Vessels say that in their long Experience they never met with such weather & Gales so heavy. Our ships have been obliged to have lower yards & Topmasts down since Friday. The Court Martial on the Marine of the Hero for stabbing Lieut Hogge of the Marines has closed and … the Marine[,] a man of most Excellent character[,] has been sentenced to 14 Years Penal Servitude[.] This is a sad case and I am told there is a Marine undergoing penal servitude at this Island for the same offense and against the same

1

‘Triangular platforms before and abaft the paddle-boxes of a steamer.’ – OED.

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officer. After this C. M. Cap Ryder1 applied to me for a C. Martial on Lt. Hogge, but the first charge had been disposed of last year and the other charges were in my opinion got up for the occasion and I did not consider were of so grave a nature as would lead to more than a simple reprimand, if that. I therefore thought it more Expedient to refuse a C. Martial under the peculiar circumstances of the case, since which Lt. Hogge has Embarked with the Diadem. my not trying him leaves the Board more free to deal with him should they see fit, on his former conduct as well as the present case.2 I have mustered and Inspected the Agamemnon as ordered by the Board and found her Exceedingly clean & apparently well organized. I have seen no ship more satisfactory below than she is, perfectly sweet & dry. I have gone into the case of her Punishments and I cannot find fault. Martin3 complains that certain punishments were not sufficiently severe for the offenses, but in awarding Punishments there are many circumstances unknown to an Admiral but are before a Captain … which he must duly consider, and in my opinion it is not possible for any Admiral to Enter into such minute details and make his own personal views the rule by which Captains are to award Punishment[.] If so you make the Captains mere Cyphers and I may say to you privately that I find the Captains from the Medn very very sore at the manner they have been treated in such cases[.] I must say I do not by any means agree with Martins system. My duty is to see that the Admiralty punishments are not Exceeded or their orders disobeyed but I cannot bring myself to believe that I am to be the judge of the Amount of Punishment to be awarded without knowing the Character of the man and the many circumstances connected with the crime he may have committed. But what I do find fault with is a system gradually creeping into the Service of allowing the Marine officers to be punishing independently and without the knowledge of the Captain[.] There is a case gone to the Admiralty on this subject[:] a Marine claims a good conduct Badge, because he had never during the whole time he had served in the Diadem been brought before the Captain of the Ship for any offence & therefore

1 Alfred Phillipps Ryder, K.C.B. (1820–88). Entered, 1833; Lt, 1841; Cmdr, 1846; Capt, 1848; Rear-Adm, 1866; Vice-Adm, 1872; Adm, 1877; Adm of the Fleet, 1885. 2 The Board did so. In letter no 272 L of 4 April 1862 Milne was instructed ‘to cause Lieutenant Hogge to be sent to Head Quarters, in order that his case may then be brought before them’. He was dismissed from the service by command of the Queen on 19 April 1862. 3 William Fanshawe Martin, Bt., K.C.B., G.C.B. (1801–95). Entered, 1813; Lt, 1820; Cmdr, 1823; Capt, 1824; Rear-Adm, 1853; Vice-Adm, 1858; Adm, 1863; First Naval Lord, 1858–59. Then in command of the Mediterranean Squadron, from which the Agamemnon had been sent.

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no crime that he may have committed can be recorded against him in the Divisional Defaulters Book. It is a curious case. The Marine officer had Exercised all authority in the ship over the Marines. I look on this Punishment question as one of the most difficult we have to deal with[,] for we have probably some 300 officers in Command of Ships and therefore 300 different views and Systems checked however by Admilty regulations which I drew up in 1857,1 and all an Admiral can do is to watch that these regulations are not Exceeded or improperly applied or illegal punishments inflicted. If in any peculiar case [i.e., if a questionable case arose] I certainly should speak to a Captain but not tell him by Memo that his punishment was not sufficiently severe[.] I regret to say I have no news from Vera Cruz Since the 17 Jany. I cannot think why Dunlop has not sent me the Mersey as I have twice ordered[,] as keeping large ships there can now be unnecessary. By American Paper’s I hear the Yellow Fever has broken out among the Marines. If this is so I do most sincerely regret it and it will spread into the Ships. I found our Quarantine Estabt here in a dilapidated state but with an Expense of £80 it is now nearly complete and ready to receive patients, but altho the Med[ica]l men say I am wrong, as sure as a ship with Yellow Fever comes here, this Island will catch the Disease by some means or another. I feel quite certain on this point. The Ships here are Nile[,] Hero[,] Agamemnon[,] Aboukir, Orlando, Liffey[,] Diadem[,] Immortalite, Greyhound, Spiteful[,] Racer, Landrail, Nimble, [&] Medea. Immortalite as soon as mail comes from Halifax goes to be the senior officer at Barbados & Cadmus comes here for a change. Greyhound goes to Halifax to let Hydra come here for a change and to thaw her. Hamilton I see by official letters is promoted and to remain in the ship. I presume from this it is intended he should go this summer to Newfoundland[,] altho you do not mention it. His promotion has given great satisfaction to all Naval men out here. Diadem is a most Excellent handy ship[.] I wish we had more of them in the Service[.] She is far superior for General Service to the 50’s [i.e., 50-gun frigates], but of them Liffey is so far as a Sea Boat far superior to the others. She is a very Easy dry ship, a good Sea Boat & Preedy2 speaks very well of her but she is not fast. If it had been War the great want would have been Frigates & Corvettes. by my letter to the Duke

1 Milne seems to have been referring to regulations drawn up by him in Oct 1853, not 1857. See Milne Draft Circular on Minor Punishments and Seaman’s Certificates, 7 Oct 1853, Doc. No. 264 in The Milne Papers, vol. 1. 2 George William Preedy, C.B. (1817–94). Entered, 1828; Lt, 1844; Cmdr, 1853; Capt, 1855; Rear-Adm (Ret.), 1874; Vice-Adm (Ret.), 1879.

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[of Somerset]1 you would see the large service I had in view, and the Line of Battle Ships would never have stood the Gales & sea off the American Coast[.] Everyone [sic] of them would have been disabled[,] in fact I dont see on what service I could have Employed them[.] as to… attacking Forts[,] it must never be done by anchoring ships but ships passing and repassing in rotation so as not to allow a steady object to the Enemy, & ships with large draft of water & [sic: ‘are’] unfit for this mode of attack[.] you need not build any more. Their days are numbered Except ag[ains]t France & Spain if she Ever gets up a navy. Liffey I am sending to watch New Orleans & Mobile and to protect British Interests[,] as Lord Lyons writes me the American Govt. intend to make an attack there[,] also at Charleston[,] to which place Racer proceeds tomorrow[,] as no larger ship can get in[.] Orlando’s defects require 6 weeks to make good and Spiteful[’s] one month[.] this is heavy work for our means[.] Some cattle vessels have arrived but with serious loss[:] one vessel lost 46 out of 58. The Adelaide transport arrived on the 7th, not a Ton of Coal on Board & had been blown off [i.e., away from Bermuda] a week before[.] She is Coaling and all the Troops in Tents on shore outside the Dyard[.] I hope to get her away in a week or 8 days. I regret losing the Diadem[.] She is in good wholesome order and Efficient[.] her First Lieutenant Armstrong [is] a hard working sensible good officer & I hope may receive the favorable consideration of the Board. She is a nice ship. I have no special news for you[.] all is going on well & I have now Entered my last year of the Command and now the only tie at Home is broken in the death of my Stepmother to whom we were much attached and to whose decease you kindly allude in your letter.2 I will be glad to have remained another year here [sic] but that cannot be Expected, however much I might wish it. I have seen little of the Station from [sic: ‘since’] the P[rince] of Wales tour in 1860; 1861 was a fix for me at Halifax and it looks as if 1862 is to be the same so I wont see Newfoundland & Labrador as I wished. Cap Scott will give you an account of all going on here &c[.]  [P.S.] You would get my Letters respecting the Supernumeraries having been sent to the Pacific by Melpomene. I will Endeavour to send a few more when I can get them as I will have [first] to send to Jamaica[.] I am going to send Aboukir to Rum Cay for a few days[.]

1

Of 24 Jan 1862, Doc. No. 501 in The Milne Papers, vol. 2. Agnes Stephen, Dowager Lady Milne (7 June 1778–27 Jan 1862).

2

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18. Milne to Somerset [Somerset Mss Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/10]

HMS Nile Bermuda 11 March 1862

My dear Sir I have to thank you for your letter of the 25 th Jany received by a former Mail. I regret I am unable to give you any information on Mexican affairs as I have had no communication from Commodore Dunlop since the St. George left Vera Cruz on the 17 th of January. I am somewhat anxious about the Marines as I understand the American Newspaper’s mention that the Yellow Fever had broken out among them. I will wait the arrival of the English Mail due some days hence via Halifax before sending to Vera Cruz on the subject of moving the Marines from thence, but as the Commodore has received the Admiralty Duplicate Letters, I presume he has acted upon them. Lord Lyons informs me, That an attack on New Orleans, Charleston & Savanah [sic] may be Expected. I have accordingly arranged for the Liffey to sail for New Orleans & Racer for Charleston for the protection of British Interests. I have prepared the Quarantine Estabt. here for any ship which might convey sick from the Gulf of Mexico. It had become rather in a dilapidated state. I have written fully to Sir. F. Grey and also to Drummond[,] so will not trouble your Grace with details … 19. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Bermuda 11 March 1862 [received 18 March]

My dear Lord Lyons, Your Letter of the 27th Feb with its Enclosure reached me by the Medea two days ago and in consequence of the Information you have given me I am sending the Racer to Charleston and the Liffey to New Orleans, for the protection of British Interests and the Rinaldo is I presume at Fort. Monroe and ready to meet any Service you may require[.] These ships going for the protection of British Interests will have the same order’s as were given to Cap. Hancock of the Immortalite when he was sent to Port Royal. The Spiteful which Sailed from this on the 24th Feb. with Letters for you, put back here much damaged by the Heavy gales which have been so severe all this winter, and Landrail now conveys this and former letters and returns here with the Mail due at New

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York about the 14th. I have desired Cap Martin1 to communicate with you in case you may have any Letters to forward to me. Another Ship will be at New York about the 26th for the Mail of the 27th. I am much obliged for all your news of Events in the States, but Even with all the victories gained or to be gained I do not see my way to an amicable settlement of the present difficulties. The want of Money may perhaps bring matters to a crisis. I am anxious about the affairs in Mexico[,] for the Commodore appears by some mean’s to have Exceeded the views of our Government in regard to sending our Marines inland, and if so I dont see my way as to the future & I regret to find by American Paper’s that the Yellow Fever has broken out among them[:] if so it will spread to the Ships and we may lose a number of Men. I have not a word of news from the Admiralty[.] The Duke of Somerset writes me that 6 sail of the Line and 7 Frigates will be kept here for the present, but I dont apprehend any chance of War. The last shew of English feeling will no doubt prevent American aggression for some years to come, and will keep them civil…. Cap F. Scott who has Exchanged from HMS Orlando into the Diadem begs I will convey his kind regards to you. He sailed for England an hour ago. 20. The Secretary of the Admiralty to Milne2 [Milne Mss MLN/114/3]

Admiralty 12 March 1862

No. 196 M Sir. … I am commanded by my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to signify their direction to you to acquaint Commodore Dunlop that considering the course which has been followed by the Allied Forces in Mexico and the Instructions which have been given by the Secretary of State, their Lordships have deemed it necessary, in order to prevent further inconvenience, to direct you either yourself to proceed to the Gulf of Mexico, or to send Rear Admiral Dacres to assume the command of the Expedition.

1 Thomas Hutchinson Mangles Martin (1829–95). Entered, 1842; Lt, 1848; Cmdr, 1859; Capt, 1865; Rear-Adm (Ret.), 1882; Vice-Adm (Ret.), 1888; Adm (Ret.), 1892. 2 A separate letter to Milne on the subject, dated 11 Mar 1862, is printed in ‘Correspondence relating to affairs in Mexico’, PP, 1862, vol. 64, p. 313.

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When the Services of Commodore Dunlop are no longer required at Vera Cruz, he is to resume his Station in the West Indies. 21. Somerset to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1c]

Admiralty 15 March 1862

Private Dear Sir Alexdr Milne You will see by the public letters that the Government are not satisfied with the course of proceedings in Mexico. The whole spirit of the instructions has been departed from, and though no doubt Sir C. Wyke1 & Commodore Dunlop acted as they thought for the best, yet it is obvious from their own letters that this policy, if pursued, would necessitate the maintenance of a large British force for an indefinite period in a most unhealthy country. You must therefore take the course which you may deem best to bring back our operations to the original object as set forth in the preamble of the convention of the 31st October.2 These objects are stated to be “to demand more efficacious protection for the persons & properties of British subjects, as well as a fulfillment of the obligations contracted by the Republic of Mexico”. The measures already taken by Commodore Dunlop may render it difficult to revert at once to the more limited purposes intended by the British Government. It is however so obvious that the small force of 700 Marines were not sent with any intention of marching inland, or of holding Vera Cruz for any long period, that it will be best to communicate this without reserve to the Allied Commanders in chief and then as speedily as may be to send the Marines, if this has not already been done, to Bermuda. It will be necessary to keep some vessels in the neighbourhood of Vera Cruz, though I should hope the state of affairs there will not oblige you to keep any large force exposed to that unhealthy climate. Under the first article of the convention British forces may be required to assist in occupying some fortress or military position on the Mexican coast. This

1 Charles Lennox Wyke C.B., K.C.B., G.C.M.B. (1815–97). British diplomatist. Viceconsul, Port-au-Prince, Haiti, 1847–52; Consul-general to Central America, 1852–54; Chargé d’Affaires to Central America, 1854–59; Envoy-extraordinary to Central America, 1859–60; Minister Plenipotentiary to Mexico 1860–62; British Minister to Hanover, 1866; to Denmark, 1867–81; to Portugal, 1881–84. 2 See ‘Convention between Her Majesty, the Queen of Spain, and the Emperor of the French, relative to combined operations against Mexico,’ PP, 1862, vol. 74, pp. 77–84.

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was agreed to under the impression that the landing of the allied forces might be resisted. Such an occupation by troops unsuited to the climate can hardly be requisite under the altered circumstances of the case, but still if the allied Commanders should press the joint performance of this article, it cannot be avoided. If you yourself can get to Mexico to set these matters right it will probably remove many difficulties. You could then instruct Admiral Dacres what his future course should be, and Commodore Dunlop could return to the W. Indies. I do not wish to say anything which should be interpreted as a censure of Commodore Dunlop: he has been remarkable on other occasions for his judgement, and these Mexican affairs were full of perplexity. The intentions of the British Govt and the statements made in accordance with those intentions, render it impossible that we could approve his proceedings and I believe the course here suggested will offer the best opportunity of reverting to the policy with a view to which the expedition on our part was originally agreed to. Our allies may now intend measures different from those originally proposed, or they may have found that the first measures were inadequate for the attainment of the legitimate objects of the Convention, and may therefore feel themselves constrained to adopt other plans. With all such changes of policy we can have no connexion, and must stand aloof, only taking care that British property & British subjects are not injured by any course which may be adopted. You must, if you deem it advisable to go to Mexico, not stay there longer than absolutely unavoidable as the general state of affairs on your station will probably require your presence in the north before the summer is far advanced. If you should consider it best to send Rr Adml Dacres to Vera Cruz, you will I hope have no difficulty in giving him such instructions as may enable him to act strictly in accordance with the convention, and not allow himself to be induced to support measures, which may or may not be beneficial to Mexico, but which are at all events beyond the purposes intended by the British government. I have desired a copy of the printed papers on Mexico to be forwarded to you. at page 148 there is a letter from Ld Russell dated 27 Jany 1862 stating to Sir C. Wyke “you will make no objection to the withdrawal of the Marines from Vera Cruz when the unhealthy season shall arrive”.1 These words clearly show the intentions of the Government and I am much afraid that a departure from these instructions will have been a source of much suffering to our Marines.

1

Printed in ‘Correspondence respecting the affairs of Mexico’, PP, 1862, vol. 64, p. 254.

FEBRUARY – JUNE 1862

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22. Milne to Hugh Dunlop [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [9]]

Bermuda 18 March 1862

My dear Commodore It is so long since I have received any communication from you that I am Entirely in the dark in regard to your proceedings. my last letters came by St. George, but I see by American Papers the loss of the Plover & that among the Allies 1000 men are in Hospital[.] I have letters from Havanah to 17 Feb. and I Expected letters from you by Havanah and have daily looked for the Mersey in pursuance of the orders sent to you. You must see from this long interval without any Communication that I must feel anxious about the affairs in Mexico and can only look for the arrival of the St. Thomas Mail next week. The Liffey conveys this to Havanah and she goes to New Orleans and Mobile for the protection of British subjects as an Attack[,] I am informed by Lord Lyons[,] is Expected[.] A Copy of Cap Preedys orders are sent. The Aboukir is at Rum Cay to assist Bulldog and I have Orlando[,] Spiteful & Medea under repair from heavy damage. Otherwise I have no News…. Yours very truly in haste … 23. Somerset to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1c]

Admiralty 19 March 1862

Private Dear Sir Alexander Milne You mention the appointment to the Bermuda yard as very important for the efficiency of the station. As you have several good officers on your station would you privately write to me & acquaint me with one who would be well fitted for it & who would be glad to accept it in exchange for his present command. 24. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [9]]

Bermuda 20 March 1862

My dear Grey The Screw steamer Ajax leaves this day for New York, so I take this chance opportunity of writing you a line, as it may arrive before the regular Mail which will not leave for some days.

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on the 15th Aboukir sailed for Rum Cay, Immortalite to Barbados in charge [i.e., as senior officer], Greyhound to be senior off[icer] at Halifax. Liffey sailed on [the] 18th for Havanah & New Orleans. I am still without any news from Dunlop at Vera Cruz. my last letters are dated 17 January. Orlando is in the hands of Artificers[.] Both her stern knees for the outer support of the after Stern Post are again broken and the whole of the wood work has worked a good deal[.] Iron knees are now to be fitted. Her caulking is all in a defective state, The Oakum [inserted] at Halifax having been driven more or less out. The Holds are in a beastly state and have to be Entirely cleared. The Tanks are now being removed. in about a month I hope to have her well advanced. Medea’s Intermediate Shaft is split & useless. It is under the bearing & could not be seen until the bearing was removed. This is most probably the reason why only 6 HP. pressure was allowed to be used. I have by this opportunity written to the Consul at New York to prepare a shaft for her, having sent to him the Dimensions and a Drawing[.] She will go there to get it and I hope will not be detained more than ten days. nothing could be done here or at Halifax and this is the best arrangements [sic] I could make. Spiteful will be ready in about a fortnight[.] Her Defects are heavy[:] some Timber heads [are] gone. I hope you will hurry out the Spitfire as the Kite is nearly done up[.] She works one day & is under repair the next four. I have nothing of any moment to say but propose leaving this for Halifax about 28 April to meet [the] mail of 3d May there unless there should be anything to detain me. I presume you intend the ships sent out[:] Hero, Aboukir[,] Agamemnon[,] Orlando &c to go with me. 25. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Bermuda 24 March 1862 [received 1 April]

My dear Lord Lyons I write a line by a Steamer which leaves for New York this forenoon as I think she will make a more rapid passage than HMS Medea which Sailed last Evening with one paddle, her intermediate shaft being split and I have directed Comdr Preston to get a new one at New York and return here with the Mail due on the 11th April[.] I have not word of news for you[.] I am here waiting Events and orders. Racer has gone to Charleston for the protection of British Interests and Liffey has gone to

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New Orleans and Mobile, for the same purpose. I am very anxious in regard to the Mexican affairs[,] having heard nothing from Vera Cruz since the 17th Jany, but I observe reports in the American Papers that of the Allies a thousand men are in Hospital. I hope I may receive Despatches this Evg or tomorrow by way of St. Thomas’s. our Marines were ordered reembarked before April, but this order I am afraid will not be carried out. It is a complicated state of affairs, and rendered more so by the honor of having not one, but two Allies to work with, or I suspect to differ with. I know from Commodore Dunlop that the line of action he has felt obliged to pursue is not in accordance with the views at Home, so how it may End I know not. I am looking forward to going to Halifax Early in May so soon as the snow and Ice has disappeared, and the weather becomes bearable for the ships companies. The Bermuda Steamer of Liverpool arrived here two days ago bringing Papers of the 1st March. I observe on the 6th there was to be a Blockade debate.1 The weather on the Coast and such a Coast would drive all Ships from their Stations[:] they could not keep the Sea in the Gales which have been blowing. I am anxious for news from your sphere & how long the present state of affairs is to last … 26. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [9]]

Bermuda 24 March 1862

My dear Grey Your letter of the 1 March has just this moment reached me by the Mail from St. Thomas’s[.] as she sails in a few hours I have not much time to write. The orders for Embarking the Marines has of course gone to V Cruz and the Commodore will of course act on it but the Admilty Letter & the one Enclosed from Lord Russell are at variance which is very Awkward. The Admilty Letter says the Marines are to Embark. Lord R or [the] F[oreign] Office Letter says Embark or go to Jalapa, but the Admilty take no notice of this. If the Enclosure is intended to be acted on by the Senior officer then the Admilty Letter must be disobeyed. I think the Admilty should have taken the actual responsibility & said “not to go to Jalapa” or Else left it open for the views of the Senior officer …

1 The debate actually took place on 7 Mar. See Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates (hereafter cited as Hansard), 3rd ser., vol. 165, cols. 1158–230.

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We are nearly out of provisions & next week if no vessel arrives I will have to put men on Short allowance. The Admiral Kanasirs [sic: ‘Kanaris’] is I hear at St. Thomas’s coaling. I have no provisions to complete any ship for Sea[,] only 28 days bread in store for the squadron but the Store Ships must soon be in[.] please to tell Drummond The Belvedere [with] 60 days Swansea Coal Norway [with] 81 “ “ Coal both arrived[.] I will have a Chart of all tracks prepared for you by next Mail[.]  [P.S.] The Armstrong Gun people at least [the] Smith is beginning to give trouble[,] beastly drunk &c. I am told he was an Engineer and removed from the Navy. 27. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [9]]

Bermuda 24 March 1862

No 2 My dear Grey Since I wrote you the other letter I have received Commodore Dunlops private letter of 11 Feb: in which he says that war with Mexico appears inevitable and he Evidently requires reinforcements. I send you a Copy of What he says. however much I may regret this Mexican affair it looks as if we could not withdraw as probably a blow may by this time have been struck which will prevent our forsaking the French & Spaniards. In fact if any War act has been committed by the Allies, we could not I think in honor retreat. that however is an affair … which HM Govt must decide, and will be a question with your Lordships for the steps which will become necessary to reinforce the Marines & &c. I have none at my disposal and I certainly do not consider it would be proper to authorize the Detachments from the Ships to be landed and render them inefficient afloat. I must say I feel very anxious on these various points and can render little held [sic: ‘help’] to Dunlop unless more Marines are sent out direct to V[era] Cruz. 28. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Bermuda 28 March 1862

My dear Grey I find a vessel passing for New York so I have just a chance of a letter to say Donegal arrived [the] Evg. [of the] 25th with 279 of Marine

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Brigade on board and 86 in Sick List altogether[,] 141 Sick in the Ship, 22 deaths … since leaving V. Cruz. The Sans Pareil is off the Island[,] at least a Ship of the Line is Teleghd[.] I believe it to be her[.] She will be more sickly from what I hear than Donegal. The Sick or Bay [sic] Cases[,] 35[,] have been placed on Ports Island[,]1 the Others & Marines in Medway as a hulk. The Civil authorities have yesterday placed, Donegal[,] Medway [&] Ports Island in quarantine as a measure of precaution. The diseases are Diarrhea & Low Fever with some Slight symptoms of Yellow Fever. two deaths have occurred in Harbour, one turned Yellow, so that I dont feel comfortable as [to] what may yet occur. They suspect Sanspareil will be put in quarantine, and I will be in great difficulty – what to arrange about separating sick from Healthy &c. &c. however I will do my best[.] I understand it is not unlikely Mersey may follow from V. C[ruz] with Sick of the 2 Companies of the Brigade landed at V. C. for Garrison duty. Dunlop gone [sic: ‘goes’] to Orizaba on 15 April[.] French and Spaniards worked them [sic][.] 29. Somerset to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1c]

Admiralty 29 March 1862

Private Dear Sir Alexdr Milne I have just received you letter of the 11th March. I am sorry to hear that there is an alarm of fever amongst the Marines. You will have instructions by this mail to send the Marines home in Sanspareil,2 but as the number of Marines in your fleet may not be otherwise sufficient, you can, if you should think it desirable, add to your force of Marines by selecting some of the men from the Sanspareil. Whether or not such a measure would be advisable must of course depend upon the fact whether or not there is yellow fever amongst them, as it would be an imprudent risk to take men from a sickly ship. You will also have letters & papers respecting the vessel Labuan which was illegally seized by an American ship of war in the Mexican waters [sic].3 I have not yet got the opinion of the law officers except

1

One of the islands comprising Bermuda. Sent in Admiralty letter no. 244 M of 27 Mar 1862 in MLN114/3, not included in this collection. 3 The Admiralty never furnished Milne with the papers relative to the Labuan case. See Doc. No. 54. 2

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the Queen’s advocate: this however is very decided as to the illegality of the proceeding. I will obtain further opinions, but in the mean time any such seizure as that of the vessel here mentioned should not be permitted.1 You must be careful in selecting prudent officers to carry out these instructions; & I hope you may be able to relieve the vessels occasionally on the coast of Mexico, so as not to expose the men to that sickly climate more than is absolutely requisite for the service required … 30. [ADM1/5787]

Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty “Nile” at Bermuda 1 April 1862 [received 29 April]

No. 266 Sir Their Lordships will before this reaches England have long since received direct from Commodore Dunlop his several Despatches … relative to the proceedings of the Allied Forces in Mexico,2 but altho’ the Government will, I have no doubt, have come to a decision on the several points in these letters which may have required consideration and have thus relieved me from the necessity of expressing my opinion on them; I yet feel it to be due to Commodore Dunlop that I should forward to their Lordships a Copy of a letter I have this day addressed to him on the subject, and I trust their Lordships will, in view of the difficulties with which he was surrounded, have been disposed to take the same view as I do, and have approved the great energy and forethought displayed in preparing the Royal Marine Battalion to take the field in a state of efficiency, and fully prepared for every service which might have been required, after his having come to the decision that it was necessary for the Marine Battalion to advance into the interior either on sanitary or military grounds.3 [Enclosure]

1 Somerset seems not to have realised that preventing US seizure of British vessels in Mexican waters would itself have been a violation of that state’s sovereignty. See Milne to Lord Lyons, encl. in Doc. No. 334. 2 These are printed in ‘Correspondence relating to affairs in Mexico’, PP, 1862, vol. 64, pp. 302–5, 344–6, 347–9, 350. 3 Board Minute: ‘Copy to F.O.’

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Milne to Hugh Dunlop Nile at Bermuda 1 April 1862 Sir, Referring to your several despatches … I beg to acquaint you that, altho’ I do not feel called upon to express an opinion upon the policy which the Allied Commissioners have deemed it right or expedient to pursue towards Mexico, as that is a question for the decision of Her Majesty’s & the other Allied Governments, I am yet bound to express to you personally my opinion that, accepting the contemplated advance of the Royal Marines into the interior as a sanitary or as a military necessity, or as both, you displayed great energy & forethought in the steps you took to ensure the Battalion taking the field in a state of efficiency and fully prepared for every probable contingency, and in the difficult and trying circumstances in which you were placed, I confidently look forward to your proceedings in that respect meeting the entire approval of the Lds. Commrs. of the Admiralty. 2. When the re-embarkation of the R.M. Battalion became a necessity owing to the increase of sickness, and under their Lordships’ order of the 24th January last, M, No. 70, it was especially convenient that you should have found the French authorities so anxious to take off your hands the means of Transport &c. which you had collected together at such great trouble and expense, & you have my entire approval in the arrangements you have made. 31. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5787]

Nile at Bermuda 3 April 1862 [received 29 April]

No. 269 Sir, I have the honor to enclose for their Lordships’ information a copy of an American News Paper, giving an account of the Iron Case fittings of the Confederate Steamer Merrimac [sic: ‘Virginia’] and of the Federal Steamer Monitor, with the results of the Naval action of Fortress Monroe, on the 8th [sic: ’9th’] March last.1

1

The newspaper article is not included in this collection.

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As this is in reality the first actual naval action in which a vessel clad with iron has been engaged, it will no doubt have peculiar interest for their Lordships, Clearly demonstrating as it does that in future warfare no vessel without Iron plating, Whatever may be her size, could defend herself against an iron vessel, so that this Naval action and the success of the “Merrimac”1 [sic: ‘Virginia’] must lead to a total change in Naval Warfare, and in the material of our Ships employed on an enemy’s Coast.  P.S. Their Lordships will have observed the efforts that have been made by both parties to avail themselves of the use of Iron Clad Vessels, and especially of Gun Boats so protected, a kind of vessel likely in my opinion to take a very prominent part in any future Wars in the narrow waters of an enemy’s country. 32. The Secretary of the Admiralty to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/114/3]

Admiralty 5 April 1862 [received 23 April]

No. 271 M Sir With reference to former correspondence respecting Mexico; I am commanded by my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to acquaint you that considering the present state of affairs in that Country they no longer think it necessary that Commodore Dunlop should be replaced either by yourself or by Rear Admiral Dacres.2 Their Lordships therefore desire that the Commodore should continue to be employed as Senior Officer on the Southern Part of the Station, under your command, and that Rear Admiral Dacres should return to Spithead in the Edgar in order that that Ship may be paid off and recommissioned. Should you think it desirable, from any cause at present unknown to their Lordships, to retain Rear Admiral Dacres on the Station in the Edgar you are at liberty to do so; and in that case you are to send to Spithead a Ship of the Line commissioned in 1859, in addition to the one ordered home by letter of the 29th Ultimo, No. 241.

1 On 8 Mar 1862 the Virginia rammed and sank the sloop of war USS Cumberland and sank the frigate USS Congress by gunfire. 2 Milne subsequently received a letter from the Foreign Office, forwarded on 10 April, which stated that ‘although Commre. Dunlop neglected his Instructions; yet in the peculiar circumstances in which he was placed, his readiness to march with the Marines aided the negotiations of Sir Chas. Wyke & tended to maintain the reputation of the British Arms’.

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My Lords further desire that you will send the Liffey to Devonport to be put out of Commission[.]1 33.

Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty Nile at Bermuda 7 April 1862 [received 29 April]

[ADM1/5787]

No. 280 Sir, In transmitting for their Lordships’ information the accompanying Copy of a Despatch from Mr. Crawford, Her Majesty’s Consul General at Havana, relative to the proceedings of the United States Steamer of War “Portsmouth”, in Capturing the British Steamer “Labuan”, when lying in the neutral Port of Matamoras:2 I beg you will acquaint their Lordships that under date the 6th Ultimo I had from Commodore Dunlop that in consequence of having received a similar intimation from Mr. Crawford, it was his intention to dispatch Her Majesty’s Ship “Phaeton” to that Port for the protection of British interests. 2. I have not troubled their Lordships with copies of the several enclosures to Mr. Crawford’s letter, as it gives full particulars of this questionable transaction.3 [Enclosure] Crawford to Milne Havana 12 March 1862 Sir, … I have also the honor of transmitting to you … [an account of] the capture, at Matamoras, by the U.S. Sloop of War Portsmouth, Commander Swartwout, of the British Merchant Ship (Steam Propeller) “Labuan” of Grimsby. The Labuan had landed a cargo of goods at Matamoras from England, no part of which was contraband of war, and was laying at anchor off the

1 Milne holograph minute: ’24 Apl/62 Orders to Adml Dacres and Commodore Dunlop AM’. 2 Both Milne and many of his correspondents routinely spelled ‘Matamoros’ in this fashion. 3 Admiralty minute: ‘Copy to F.O.’

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Rio Grande . . . having received on board upwards of 400 Bales of Cotton, part of her cargo for the return voyage, the rest being ready for her, with (about) $150,000 in specie, at the Custom house Station, which is on the Southern or Mexican side of the River’s mouth … The Master and Supercargo were on shore attending to the dispatch of the vessel[,] whose certificate of Registry the Consul had, but a receipt for it had been left on board. In this state of matters it appears the United States cruiser arrived, boarded all the vessels which were there laying, and took possession of the Labuan, on the pretext that the cotton on board her was the produce of Texas, a rebel state, which circumstance, Commander Swartwout stated, gave him the right to capture it wherever he might find it! The weather had been so boisterous and the sea so heavy on the Coast and Bar at the entrance of the River, that the Master and Supercargo could not get off on board the “Labuan”, and they had the mortification of seeing her captured and sent away by the U.S. Ship of War, without their having been able to effect either remonstrance or interference. But, a day or two afterwards . . . the British Vice Consul, having come from Matamoras, went on board the Portsmouth, then flying French Colors, and having seen Commander Swartwout, enquired, upon what principle he had captured the Labuan, and where he had sent her. To neither of these questions was the Commander disposed to give any satisfactory answer, he said; the Labuan might have been sent to Boston, or to New York, or Philadelphia, where, or to which of said ports he would not inform Mr. Blacker.1 In short, he would give no explanations, and all that the Vice Consul could discover was, that the Labuan had on board cotton presumed to have been grown in Texas, a Rebel state. That the cotton on board the Labuan could have been no other than Texas grown, which the Commander conceived, gave him the right to take it, not only in the Mexican port of Matamoras, but at Tampico or anywhere else he might find it. It is necessary to explain that the boundary of the Port of Matamoras as established by Treaty between [the] U.S. & Mexico in 1848 is the anchorage, off the mouth of the River to the distance of a league north and a league south of said River’s mouth. Labuan was anchored within those limits in Mexican waters as certified . . . There is only 6 or 7 feet of water over the Bar at the River’s mouth, and therefore, all vessels of greater draft of water … remain at anchor within the limits of the port in the open Roadstead, where they unload

1 Charles Louis (or Lewis) Adolphus Blacker (1827–86). British Vice-Consul at Matamoros, 1861–63.

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and receive their cargoes, the service of the port being done by Boats and lighters, which are managed by experienced men and pilots. It has been assumed by the American Commander, Mr. Swartwout, that these men and Pilots and their Boats and lighters, belong, almost wholly, to the Texan side of the River, and that the lighters are all owned in Brownsville. Moreover, that officer having given out, that he would capture all the Boats and lighters as being Rebel Property, should they show themselves outside the River, – none of the pilots or lightermen would expose themselves by going out and so the business of the port of Matamoras remained entirely stagnant at the date of the latest accounts from thence, viz. the 9th ultimo. On the 21 February, a week previous to the receipt of the news of the Capture of the Labuan, I directed Commodore Dunlop’s attention to Matamoras & suggested the expediency of his sending a ship there to protect our lawful commerce with that part of Mexico. as soon as I knew of the Labuan’s Capture & the presence there of the U.S.S. Portsmouth, & the interruption of neutral commerce by the acts of Commander Swartwout, I pointed out the necessity that had arisen for efficient protection to lawful trading being immediately sent there, and I have no doubt the Commodore has sent what is so urgently called for in that direction, however I understand that H[is] Excy the Captain General of Cuba & the French Consul General have written to General Prim,1 and to Admiral La Graviere2 respectively, urging the necessity of protection being afforded to the French and Spanish Commerce at Matamoras, from the unwarranted interruption [sic] of the U.S. Ships of War in that Quarter, so that, I hope, a combined Squadron of the ships of each nation may have gone there, The more so [since], as I have lately heard, there is a considerable quantity of cotton collected there for shipment, and that vessels (French & English Steamers) are gone there [sic] to fetch it, indeed two, the “Tass”, French & the “Redmond Hawkins”, English, have gone from this port within the last few days. I shall conclude this (already too long) Despatch, by laying before you a copy of a letter which I yesterday addressed to Lord Lyons, acquainting him of the continuous arrivals we have here from the Blockaded ports of the South, stating to his Lordship what the masters say of the

1 Juan Prim y Prats, 1st Count of Reus, 1st Marquis of los Castillejos, 1st Viscount of Bruch (1814–70). Spanish politician and soldier. 2 Jean Pierre Edmond Jurien de La Gravière (1812–92). French naval officer. Enseigne, 1833; Lieutenant de Vaisseau, 1837; Capitaine de Corvette, 1841; Capitaine de Vaisseau, 1850; Contre-Amiral, 1855; Vice-Amiral, 1862.

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ineffectiveness of the Blockade, and I would beg leave to submit to your consideration the fact to which some of said masters refer, that the vessels which are sent into the ports of the U. States, on suspicion of being bound to Run the Blockade are mostly fallen in with, boarded and examined by U. States Cruizers, far distant from the Coast of America, and that these American Cruizers are exercising a search and interference with neutrals, on the High Seas, that is quite unwarrantable and, as such, is denounced to Mr. Seward by Earl Russell as objectionable, and which would not be submitted to by H.M.’s Government. 34. Milne to Hugh Dunlop [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [9]]

Bermuda 8 April 1862

My dear Commodore The Mail from Halifax is now on its way to St. Thomas’s and I write by her. I regret being obliged to send you a Copy of the Admilty Letter of the 11 March in which they are in doubt [&] in great alarm at your joining in any Land Expedition with the Marines and also at your views respecting the regeneration of Mexico. They write Strongly on the subject and have ordered me to proceed at once to Vera Cruz[,] or if I am unable to do so to send Admiral Dacres, but the aspect of Mexican affairs is so Entirely changed since that Despatch was written by the Embarkation of the Marines and the intended meeting at Orizaba, that I think it more Expedient to leave you to go on in Command until I hear further from Home, but of course you will be guided by the views which have been Expressed in the Admilty Despatches[.] I quite admit and the Gov. are quite aware of the perplexing position in which you were placed and I have written to the Duke of Somerset pointing this out. The only thing remaining to be done is the Embarkation of the 2 Companies of the Battalion if it can be done without any breach of faith in carrying out the II Clause of the Convention of Octr.1 It is not possible

1 ‘Convention between Her Majesty, the Queen of Spain, and the Emperor of the French, relative to combined operations against Mexico’, PP, 1862, vol. 74, p. 81. Milne probably meant the first clause of the convention, which stated that the contracting parties would ‘make … the necessary arrangements for dispatching to the coasts of Mexico, combined naval and military forces, the strength of which…shall be sufficient to seize and occupy the several fortresses and military positions on the Mexican coast’ (p. 81).

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for me to give any orders on the subject as so much depends on local circumstance but if possible this should be done. The Donegal and Sans Pareil arrived about 8 days ago[.] the former had 88 Marines sick[,] Sans Pareil 42. They are all landed at Ports Island and doing well[:] 2 only have died but there are 4 Bad cases. There is no symptom of Yellow Fever and all quarantine is now over[.] I have no news from England of any Moment[.] I write in haste to let the Steamer away. Spiteful will go to Jamaica & I will send some 2 or 3 small vessels in a few weeks[.] I leave this for Halifax on the 9th May. I Entirely approve of your keeping the Mersey[.] under the circumstances stated there can be no shadow of a doubt. I now look for some ship from you with Sick for I fully Expect you will be obliged to send some of the Men away. 35. Milne to Somerset [Somerset Mss Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/12]

Bermuda 9 April 1862

My dear Sir Your Grace’s letter of the 15 March reached me on the 1st of the month and I would have at once proceeded to Vera Cruz to carry out the views of H.M. Govt. had not the state of the Mexican affairs been Entirely changed since Commodore Dunlop transmitted his Despatch of the 30 Jany, on which the Admiralty and Foreign Office acted. The Marines[,] 488 in number[,] arrived here in HMS Donegal and Sans Pareil on the 25th and 28th of last month, The Commodore having only retained two Companies for Garrison duty in Vera Cruz and San Juan d’Ulloa. There was therefore no possible movement of Marines into the interior of the Country, as contemplated by the Commodore, and as the Allied Commissioners were to open negotiations with the Mexican Authorities at Orizaba on the 15th[,] It might have proved very inconvenient to the Members of the Convention if the Commodore had been withdrawn by the arrival of myself or Admiral Dacres after these negotiations had commenced. I have adopted this course altho in direct opposition to the orders I have received, because I believe it would have been the one which H.M. Government would wish me to follow under the altered circumstances since their Instructions were given, but as the Mail of the 5th April from Liverpool will reach me about the 22nd it will still be open to me to send Admiral Dacres should it become necessary. I wrote however by yesterdays Mail to the Commodore pointing out the

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views of the Admiralty, and directing him if possible to reembark the two Companies of The Battn. and to send them here, and also to refrain from any interference in the internal affairs of Mexico so far as relates to a regeneration of that Country. The Marines of the Battn. which arrived here are generally broken down, a very large number in a state of weak debility, and they will never be fit for service in Mexico. The disease[,] Dysentery and Low Fever[,] attacked them from 14 to 20 days after landing, from what cause no one can clearly state, but I suspect myself that it was principally from the Water and from sleeping on the Ground, inhaling the poisonous vapour caused by a Hot sun. It is well known to the South American travellers that the only safety from disease is by hanging their Hammocks up to the branches of Trees and sleeping many feet from the Ground. It was my intention to send Sans Pareil home with the men now here[,] retaining 40 for the General Service of the Squadron. There are 50 Volunteers, but I will now wait arrival of [the] Mail of [the] 22nd, which will no doubt give me the Admiralty views[,] as Major Digby1 will have arrived in England. The Men are improving but there are still about 60 in Hospital[,] all severe cases, but 4 are very bad. 5 deaths have occurred. There being no symptom of Yellow Fever[,] all quarantine has now been removed. I propose leaving this on the 9th May for Halifax with the ships of the Squadron now here … 36. Milne to Somerset [Somerset Mss Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/11]

Bermuda 9 April 1862

My dear Sir Your letter of the 19th March respecting the appointment of a Captain in succession to Captain Hutton reached me yesterday, but I have not had time to consider the subject or to send you any definite reply. The officer who may be selected for this must have rank as he will be in charge of the Northern part of the station in the Admirals absence. Captain Caldwell would in my opinion be the man best suited to the work, next Capt. Randolph, but I must wait Capt. Caldwell’s arrival here or until I hear from him before anything can be done. The Coast Guard Ships I suspect are more popular [among captains] than Colonial Service [i.e., an overseas dockyard command]. I will however write to your Grace [again] as soon as I can[.]

1 George Stephen Digby, R.M.A., C.B. (1821–77). 2nd Lt, 1842; 1st Lt, 1847; Capt, 1854; Brevet Major, 1855; Lt Col, 1863; Brevet Col, 1868; Col, 1870; Col Commandant, 1876.

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37. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [9] and [10]]

Bermuda 9 April 1862

My dear Grey The public letters will give you all information about the Marine Batt which came up in Donegal & Sans Pareil[.] we have a large number in Hospital but only 4 are bad cases. The Batt[alion] however is quite broken down[:] most of the men have been thro the [sick] list and many have had relapses. It was my intention to have sent them home in Sans P[areil,] keeping 40 Volunteers on the Station but as Admilty Letter says in case of being sent to Bermuda they are to be kept here until further orders. I will however hear from the [Admiralty] before they are fit to reembark[.] I tremble for the men left at Vera Cruz[,] indeed I daily look for one of the Ships with Sick for as I wrote you sometime ago I thought this year would prove a sickly season and the Marines had only been landed from 14 to 20 days where they were attacked with Dysentery & Low Fever[.] I have had great difficulty in putting them up[,] Ports Island only holding 30 Patients[,] but I have Erected Tents and the new wards of the Hospital will receive 20 Patients day after tomorrow. I have written to the First Lord about Mexican affairs[.] I have not gone nor Have I sent Dacres, as the Embarkation of Marines & commencement of negotiations on the 15 of this month is all tending towards a satisfactory conclusion of the affairs, and had a senior officer to Dunlop gone down it might have caused inconvenient complications in the Allied Council. Your & Earl Russells official letter stating where he had Erred and the orders to supersede him will I trust put him right[,] altho he has had perplexing difficulties to contend against, but in the first instance he should not have sanctioned the Marines marching from Vera Cruz for Exercise[.] This was Dunlops Error. I hope you will send Vesuvius out as soon as you can[.] I intended Hydra to leave to Halifax for the Fisheries on 18 May[.] Even that is late and I may Even get her away ten days sooner as she ought to be on [the] South Shore [of Newfoundland] the 15th of that month to check the Rows which took place last year[.]1 Hamilton wishes to retain his 1st Lieut[,]2 Master3 [&] Ass Surgeon[,]4 as they are all now well up to the

1

See The Milne Papers, vol. 2, Doc. No. 256. Lewis M. Croke. 3 John J. P. Hitchfield (1829–1915). 2nd Master, 1851; Master, 1858; Staff Cmdr, 1869; Capt (Ret.), 1882. 4 Joseph C. Grigg (b. 1836). Acting Asst Surgeon, 1860; Asst Surgeon, 1867. Resigned from the service, 1867. 2

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Newfd and Labrador work[.] He would also be glad to retain the Payr1 who also wishes to remain out[.] will you send me orders to allow their transfer[?] I propose going to Halifax from this the 9[th] May with the Squadron, but leaving one or two ships here for a time. Dacres I have ordered to come to Bermuda on the Commodore[’s] return to Jamaica. I have no particular news of any moment[.]  [P.S.:] Your letter about the Conqueror to the members of the Court will do good[.] It is quite inconsistent with the service to have passed the sentence they did[.] 38. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [2]]

Washington 9 April 1862

Private My dear Sir Alexander, The rapid passage of the “China” took me by surprise – so that I had not sent my letters for you to New York in time to go by the Landrail. I had nothing however to write so important as to make it worth while to delay the departure of the “Landrail” with your Despatches from England. I write this to go by the “Medea”. I have received letters from you of the 24th February and 11th & 24th March since I last wrote. The “Racer” seems to have found Mr Bunch’s alarms as to an immediate attack very much quieted. In addition to the apprehension of the Consuls, I had information from the highest source here, that immediate attacks on Charleston, Savannah, and New Orleans were intended. We expect to hear at any moment of the attack on New Orleans being actually made. It is understood to have been delayed in consequences of the difficulty of getting one of the Frigates over the Bar. If the accounts we have this morning of Federal successes on the Mississippi at Island No 10 & Corinth2 be correct, the attack on New Orleans may soon be made

1 Brice W. White (1819–1900). Passed Clerk, 1848; Paymaster, 1855; Fleet Paymaster (Ret.), 1886. 2 Island Number 10 fell to Union military and naval assault on 8 April 1862. Corinth, Mississippi is not on the Mississippi River; it was an important rail junction a few miles southwest of the Shiloh battlefield in southwestern Tennessee. The Battle of Shiloh had ended two days before Lyons wrote, and he was probably referring to that clash. Corinth itself was occupied by Union troops on 30 May after a month-long siege.

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from above as well as from below. It is idle however of me to write you news for the New York Papers will have intelligence at least 24 hours later than I can send from this place. I think the best thing for the “Racer” to do for the present will be to remain within reach of the Legation, so as to be ready to proceed to any point at wh[ich] I may have reason to suppose she will be required for the protection of British interests. Our Government seem to be very much disconcerted by the vagaries of Sir Charles Wyke and Commodore Dunlop in Mexico. I understand the Emperor is also extremely indignant with M. de Saligny1 & Admiral Jurièn [sic] de la Gravière for asking permission of the Mexicans to move the Troops to healthy positions and for other steps of that kind which His Imperial Majesty looks upon as degrading to the French arms. Things are going on extremely smoothly between the United States Government and me. But I am not too confident that I shall be able to keep them so, if the elation of great military successes is in store for the Northern People [sic].2 I shall be very glad to be again placed in frequent & quick communication with you, by your return to Halifax. 39. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Bermuda 11 April 1862 [received 22 April]

My dear Lord Lyons I send over to New York some public letters for you and I merely write a line to say I have no special news. The greater part of the Marine Battn. arrived here from Vera Cruz in a Sickly State some ten days ago, but no cases of Yellow Fever. The Home Gov. was not satisfied with the Commodores proceedings and I might add with Sir C. Wykes views with respect to the “regeneration of Mexico”, and I was ordered to reembark the Marines and bring matters back to the Strict terms of the Convention, but matters are so altered during the last six weeks that I did not think this course advisable, so I remain here until the 9th May when I proceed to Halifax.

1 Jean Pierre Isidore Alphonse Dubois, self-styled Alphonse Dubois de Saligny (1809– 88). French diplomatist. French ambassador to the Republic of Texas, 1839–46; minister plenipotentiary to the Hague, 1849–50; plenipotentiary to Mexico, 1860–64. 2 Lord Lyons presumably meant that military success might encourage the US government to be more bellicose toward foreign countries.

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The case of the Labuan[,] captured off Matamoras, Is I think a stretch of power on the part of the Comdr of the Portsmouth. from all I can make out the Labuan was at anchor and trading with a neutral Port and I consider the detention illegal. I will be glad to hear if you have taken steps about it. I wish Racer to come over here by the 1st of May as her officers are witnesses in a trial for stabbing a seaman and I will be obliged if you will forward the orders which I send. I have sent home the plan’s of the Merrimac [sic] and Monitor to the Admiralty[.] it is quite obvious our wooden ships must be cut down & plated. 40. Milne to Somerset [Somerset Mss Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/13]

Bermuda 19 April 1862

My dear Sir Your Grace’s letter of the 29th March reached me last Evg by HMS Medea from New York[.] The Marines of the Battn. are all improving altho we had a few deaths from Dysentery, but I am glad to say no symptoms of Yellow Fever. I have no letters from Vera Cruz altho the Mail Steamer arrived from St. Thomas’s this morning[.] The case of the Labuan appears to me unsatisfactory, and her detention highly improper. I accordingly wrote to Lord Lyons on the subject stating my opinion of the illegality of the Capture and submitting to him to take such steps as he might see fit. I have written to Sir F. Grey more in detail and have alluded to the selection of an officer to succeed Capt. Hutton. Cap. Ryder does not wish it, and I have mentioned the subject to Cap. Randolph who is to give me an Answer tomorrow. He is a good active officer well acquainted [with] and Zealous in his duties. 41. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [10]]

Bermuda 19 April 1862

My dear Grey The Mail from England of 29th Ult[.] arrived last Evg and the Mail from St Thomas this morning[.] I had quite made up my mind to send home the Sans Pareil with the Marines. now the order has come she will sail on Wednesday with about 350. The remainder who are not sufficiently recovered will go home in

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Donegal some 12 or 14 days hence[,] so soon as Melpomene arrives from Jamaica, as she brings up a number of men for passage home. The Marines have been improving but we have had some few deaths, no Symptoms however of Yellow Fever, which I am glad off [sic]. I sail for Halifax on May 8th, taking the Ships with me Except Orlando & one other. I have no special news for you but am much annoyed I have no mail from V[era] Cruz[,] altho I ought to have had one by St. Thomas’s. I am much afraid the views of France & Spain are not in accordance with our own. I see more Troops preparing at Toulon for Mexico, and there is a report from Havanah that the Spaniards are going to withdraw[,] so the French Admiral now at New York writes me[.] he returns to Halifax in June. The Duke of Somerset wrote me by a former Mail with reference to a successor to Cap Hutton among the Captains here. Several considerations are requisite[:] 1[.] He should have good standing on the List[.] 2[.] A family man would be preferable[.] now who have I[?] Ryder – does not wish it[.] Hope1 – not health or Energy[.] Shadwell – not well suited[.] Caldwell – questionable[.] Tatham – D[itt]o[.] H. Hillyar – far too much 2 Deck [sic] & no knowledge of detail[.] Randolph – good. I have spoken to Randolph but he seems disposed to keep to Orlando. I am however to have his answer tomorrow and will send home word by San’s Pareil. Yours very truly in haste … 42. Milne to Dacres [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [10]]

Bermuda 23 April 1862

My dear Dacres I send Spiteful to Jamaica and she conveys your orders to proceed to join me at Halifax[.] I am ordered to send you to England[,] thus Edgar

1 Thomas Hope (1810–67). Entered, 1825; Lt, 1832; Cmdr, 1841; Capt, 1852; RearAdm, 1867.

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may be paid off and recommissioned for your Flag,1 but you are not to go home unless I can spare you[,] and as Halifax is not much out of your way you had better call in in [sic] passing. Your best course is to go via Havanah[,] calling in for two or three days[,] then right up thro the Florida Channel and I have no objections to your calling at Bermuda if you should wish to for Coal or Provisions but not to delay longer than necessary. By your calling at Havanah I will get the last Mexican news, and you can take to and leave at Havanah all the letters and Boxes for the V[era] Cruz Squadron as I sent a large shipment in Spiteful [which will not be transshipped] unless there is any ship going first from Jamaica [to Vera Cruz.] I have not much news for you. The Home Govt. have recalled the orders to supersede the Commodore at V[era] Cruz & neither you [n]or I need to go there. This is the Exact view of the subject I took[,] so I presume the Lords Commissioners will approve of my having disobeyed their orders … I sail for Halifax on [the] 6th2 with all the ships Except Orlando. I send Peterel to Jamaica in ten days or so to be attached to the Station. She arrived yesterday. Greyhound has gone from Halifax to Nassau. Jason arrived two days ago with 4 Cases of Convalescent Yellow Fever[.] as they put her in quarantine I sent her on to Halifax. I Expect great sickness at V Cruz and will be glad when this detestable affair is over[,] made doubly detestable by such a triplicate convention with the French & Spaniards. Bring up all the Cadets with you but fill up any vacancies if it is necessary[,] but I do not like having these young lads in [the] W[est] Indies during summer. Thanks for all your letters3 by Mail & Melpomene[.] She arrived 5 days ago. I am so bothered with letters that I regret I must put off all Chit Chat until we meet so good bye[.] Always with best wishes from wife & self. . . . 43. Milne to Somerset [Somerset Mss Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/14]

Bermuda 24 April 1862

My dear Sir … I have received the Admiralty Mail of the 5th April which arrived yesterday, and I am glad to find that the same views which I had Expressed

1

Dacres was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Channel Squadron in early 1863. Milne had stated the 8th in Doc. No. 41. 3 Not preserved among Milne’s papers. 2

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to your Grace in my former letters respecting Mexico have been adopted by the Government, and that it is now considered unnecessary to supersede the Commodore. I have no doubt he has been placed in considerable Embarrassment and difficulty, and Every allowance should be made for any departure from the strict letter of his Instructions, as his proceedings must have been guided to a certain Extent by the general views of the Allied Commissioners in Council. I have directed Admiral Dacres to join me at Halifax from whence I will send him to England. it can only detain him a few days, and Events might arise which might cause me to retain him on the station. The Jason arrived here from Vera Cruz on [the] 22nd[,] Yellow Fever having again broken out. She had two deaths but on arrival here only 4 convalescents. I have sent her on to Halifax, but as I cannot again Employ her in [the] West Indies, it would be as well to recall her or change her Station. I find by a private letter which I have received from London, that it is known that your Grace had mentioned to me your intention of appointing a successor to Captain Hutton, and as he might have heard this from the same source, I thought it better to let him know that probably towards the End of June his successor would be sent out. Neither Cap Ryder [n]or Randolph wish the appointment and I do not think it advisable to go below the seniority of 1854 as the officer in charge here ought to be a Senior, or actually the Senior Captain of the Station as Captain Hutton is at present, being in charge of the whole Northern division of the Station when the Admiral is in the W Indies. I could not recommend Hope or Shadwell, Caldwell is very peculiar and Hillyar hot headed[.] if you could pick out an officer at Home with seniority between 1851–55 it would be advisable. in the meantime I will sound Capt Hancock who is now at Barbados as to his views, but without leading him in anyway [sic] to expect the appointment. he is the Top of 1855. Col Lowder1 goes home in the Sans Pareil[.] I have found him a very attentive Zealous officer, and he certainly appears to me to be an officer worthy of your Grace’s consideration. In case you may wish any reference on Mexican affairs I Enclose the address of a Mr Dillon[,] one of the most Experienced Merchants of Vera Cruz who is now in England[.] he is brother in law of Col. Lambrick2 of The Marines and from all I hear he is a person who might give H.M. Govt. much information on Mexico.

1 Samuel Netterville Lowder, C.B., R.M.L.I. (1812–91). 2nd Lt, 1833; 1st Lt, 1838; Capt, 1848; Major, 1855; Lt Col, 1860; Col, 1863; Col Commandant, 1866; Major Gen, 1868; Lt Gen, 1877; Gen, 1877. 2 George Lambrick, R.M.L.I. (c.1814–1903). 2nd Lt, 1834; 1st Lt, 1840; Capt, 1843; Major, 1860; Lt Col, 1860; Col Commandant, 1866; Major Gen, 1868; Lt Gen, 1877; Gen, 1877.

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I have nothing new from Lord Lyons but hope to be in Telegh Communication with him on the 12th or 14th as I sail from this on the 6th with all the ships except Orlando. Peterel arrived yesterday. I am Endeavouring to relieve the ships at Vera Cruz but have not sufficient ships to do so, as I cannot send Ships of the Line. 44. Milne to Drummond [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [10]]

Bermuda 24 April 1862

My dear Drummond I yesterday received yours and Sir F Greys letters of the 5 April1 and thanks for your news. I was quite certain that the late action off Fortress Monroe with the Iron plated ships would cause much sensation in England. I have sent you all the information I have yet been able to obtain and will continue to do so, as I feel assured that there is much practical knowledge to be picked up from the American’s. They are most ingenious people and depend on [it] will Strike out something new[.] I am very glad to find the views I adopted respecting Mexican affairs has [sic] also been adopted by the Home Govt. Dunlop was placed in very great difficulty and acted for the best, but his views of the new Era & regeneration of Mexico was I hope a slip of the Pen. However that phase of the question is now settled and I look anxiously for the result of the conference now being held. I hear rumours of the French Minister not acting in faith with the other parties to the convention.2 Jason arrived her the day before yesterday[,] having had some fatal cases of Yellow [Fever at] Vera Cruz but none of [sic: ‘on’] the passage up[.] She had 4 Convalescent cases but as the Island authorities put her in quarantine I sent her off to Halifax yesterday, where she will refit, but as this is the second attack of Yellow Fever in the ship I cannot again send her to the W[est] Indies and I think the Board should order her to go to some other Station as she is now no longer of any use to me, as I could

1

Neither letter is preserved among Milne’s papers. The rumours were correct. The French had extended protection to several reactionary Mexican politicians and soldiers banished following the Mexican Civil War, causing the British and Spanish delegations to withdraw from the convention between the three powers. See ‘Correspondence relating to affairs in Mexico’, PP, 1862, vol. 64, pp. 378–400. 2

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not trust Von Donop on the American Coast or Harbours, as he is far too hot headed … Sans Pareil sails for England today with about 350 Marines of the Batt, leaving a portion here in Hospital and in a weakly state[.] these will go home in the Donegal if sufficiently recovered[.] if not they will follow in Bull dog [sic] about 6 weeks hence[.] These men[,] indeed the whole detachment[,] are completely broken down and I pity the poor fellows left at V Cruz. That they and our ships will suffer there can be no doubt and [so will] the ships [that] will bring them to Halifax is also certain, but where I am to put these men suffering as they will be with Fever I do not know. The Stores are now full of provisions, The Pyramus is unfit, and there I will be with Ships in quarantine & no single place whatever to put a sickman [sic]. The Board refused my reasonable and necessary request for a sick quarters[,] not that that would have been finished[,] but it might have been partially prepared for an Emergency. Build I must up the Harbour but what Sheds to build or where to build them must depend on a Law which I hear was to be brought forward in the Nova Scotia Legislature to prevent Yellow Fever cases being landed Except in a quarantine Estabt, so I must on arrival at Halifax come to some decision on this question as neither the Board or myself would like to see our ships arrive with the Yellow Flag flying and not one single place to which a sick man could be removed[,] but that is the actual state of the case[.] Spiteful sails this Evg for Jamaica & to send orders for Dacres to join me at Halifax[,] calling at Havanah[,] where he will land all the letters for the Squadron[,] Stores &c, and on arrival at Halifax[,] if I find all is quiet & his services not required[,] I will at once send him home. Greyhound I have ordered from Halifax to Nassau where I must now keep a ship[,] and I wish you at once to send out 800 to 1000 Tons of Coal to this place in cargoes not Exceeding 300 Tons[,] as there is only 14 feet over the Bar. Please also send 2000 Tons or even 500 more to Havanah and some more would be advisable in Jamaica for Vera Cruz or Havanah & Vera Cruz and let the senior officer at Vera Cruz know. I wish much to relieve the Ships at V Cruz, but I have no spare ones to send down. If these Ships of the Line now here were cut up into small vessels they would be of more use to me, but Except for Demonstration clear of Merrimac & Monitor they are no use, indeed I would be glad now that all is quiet if they were recalled or at any rate two of them[.] I can make no use of them, so far as relates to working the duties of the station. I cannot send them for West India service, not [sic: ‘nor’] to the

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States, so I must if they remain distribute them in the Nova Scotia Harbours to keep them out of mischief in Halifax[,] but the Desertions will be heavy for the Americans are offering very high Pay & Advance. The Landrail lost 11 men at New York[,] Medea 6, so I send no more ships there, but at Fortress Monroe there are a number of our Deserters who told Cap Hewetts coxswain they would be glad to get back if they would not be severely punished and that they had made a great mistake and would gladly come back. Donegal will sail for England in ten days and I sail on the 6th with Nile[,] Hero[,] Agamemnon[,] Aboukir[,] Melpomene[,] Medea & Nimble for Halifax[.] Orlando remains here[.] She will be out of the Hands of [the] Dock Yard this week[,] having been six weeks under refit[,] cleared out &c[.] What a dirty mess she was in[:] her Holds were filthy, however Cap Randolph is doing her justice and she will Ere long be a credit to the Service[.] Peterel arrived last Evg and has a few small defects. Styx [is] not yet arrived[.] Grey writes me he does not agree with me about the Boys[.] I still think it a mistake doing away with them as servants[.] I may may [sic] point out that it would be better to have regular people for that purpose but it will Entirely fail in practice and cause most serious inconvenience to the Service[.] It was in my opinion a good thing for the Boys to be brought in contact with the officers of the ship instead of being an Evil. [The] late Board of Admilty I always thought had gone Boy mad and the waste of money for [the] Boy ship1 will soon come to an End for you will bring up more Boys than can be absorbed into the Service. Much better to have added double the number of 2nd C[lass] Boys to Every Ship and insisted on their being trained. we are now over run on this Station with some 250 Sup[ernumerar]y 1 C[lass] Boys but are in want of 2d C[lass], and I have very great complaints that officers have no servants. Perhaps you wont read this so I wont bother you any more but wish Mrs Drummond and yourself all prosperity …  [P.S.:] My regards to the A[ctin]g First Sea Lord[.]2 The Adriatic is to take home the wing of the 96th Regt from St. Johns[.] it is all arranged. Your Coal ships are coming in[:] 7 [are] now in Harbour[.]

1

I.e., training ship. This was HMS Implacable, established in 1855. Frederick Grey was on vacation. See Doc. No. 52.

2

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45. Milne to Hugh Dunlop [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [10]]

Bermuda 24 April 1862

My dear Commodore Your son1 is here but not strong and he delivered me your message about a separate Command[.]2 I will be glad to aid your views if I have the opportunity. I [am] very glad to find the home Govt have on the receipt of Your further despatches adopted the same views as I did in regard to Mexican affairs and have countermanded the orders about my going down or Sending Admiral Dacres. I am Exceedingly glad of this, but I see the Govt. still harp upon regeneration of Mexico. I will be very anxious to hear the results of the conferences as they proceed. Dacres is ordered to England and I send orders by Spiteful today to direct him to join me at Halifax via Havanah where he will drop all letters for the V Cruz Squadron & bring me any news from you[.] Jason arrived here two days ago with 4 Convalescents from Yellow Fever[.] he had no deaths after leaving Vera Cruz and I have sent him to Halifax. I am very anxious to relieve the Vera Cruz Ships if they are to remain and will do all I can to do so, but I have not ships for the purpose at present available … I go to Halifax on [the] 6th with the Squadron[.] Liffey[,] now off New Orleans[,] is ordered home. I have sent her orders to Havanah. Greyhound I have sent to Nassau from Halifax to relieve the Bulldog[,] ordered home. I have orders to reduce Immortalite to 35 Guns, so [I] intend to order her here from Barbados. All is perfectly quiet in the States[.] The case of the Labuan will be amicably arranged, as you will see by the duplicate letters.3 I write in haste …  [P.S.:] Peterel just arrived[: she] goes to Jamaica for [her] Station.

1 James Andrew Robert Dunlop (1832–92). Entered, c.1846; Lt, 1853; Cmdr, 1860; Capt, 1866; Rear-Adm (Ret.), 1883; Vice-Adm (Ret.), 1888. 2 No evidence survives in Milne’s papers to indicate what Dunlop proposed. 3 It was, in May 1862, although adjudication over financial claims and damages related to the vessel’s detention dragged on until 1873. See Bernath, Squall across the Atlantic, pp. 40–44.

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46

Lord Lyons to Milne

[Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [2]]

Washington 24 April 1862

Private My dear Sir Alexander, As the “Racer” is at Annapolis there is no need for the “Rinaldo” to go in quest of her; and I think a Ship is at this moment more wanted at Fortress Monroe than at any other place in the United States. I have received this morning my mail of the 12th from England. The despatches brought by it for you are I suppose at New York; and I have telegraphed to the Consul to send a Messenger off with them direct to Annapolis, by which means I hope they will be put onboard the “Racer” soon after daylight tomorrow morning. I suppose the “Racer” would hardly under any circumstances sail earlier than that. My cousin1 will judge better than I can whether you would wish him to wait longer for them. If they are too late for him, I will send them back to New York immediately. I have no tidings of the “Nimble”. My Cousin will communicate with the “Rinaldo”, and take you later and better naval and military news of the War, than I can give. Things are going on sufficiently smoothly between the English and American Governments. You will no doubt have received instructions to send a force to Matamoras, and with them full information of the details of the capture of the “Labuan”. You will see that I was officially informed by this Government on the 13th of last month that orders had been sent not to repeat seizures under circumstances similar to those of the “Labuan”.2 I have also mentioned to Mr Seward privately that we were going to send ships to Matamoras and suggested to him to have orders sent to the American Cruisers of a nature to promote harmony and cordiality between the two squadrons. I have, by orders from England, sent in a formal demand for the prompt release of the “Labuan”. I doubt very much its being complied with, but I hope the “question” will not become a very serious one. There are of course in addition to this, some other matters in discussion – but nothing likely to cause excitement, or go beyond the ordinary diplomatic sparring, so far as I see at present.

1

Algernon Lyons. See Seward to Lord Lyons, 9 April 1863, printed in FRUS, 1863, pt. 1, p. 559.

2

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I am happy to see that our Government approve Sir Charles Wyke’s recent proceedings. The Emperor appears to be extremely displeased with Admiral Jurien de la Gravière.1 The visit of Monsieur Mercier,2 the French Minister, to Richmond has (as was to be expected) given rise to all kinds of comments. He went with the consent of this Government, and with my acquiescence, if not my entire approval. His object was to ascertain the real feeling and prospects of the South; and see for himself whether their cause is so desperate, that they would be wise to give in at once – or whether they have the means and the resolution to prolong the contest indefinitely. Diplomatists, however confidential and intimate may be their relations, are prone to suspect each other; I suppose no Frenchman could resist the temptation to make something like a Diplomatic coup, if it were presented, But as in this case the Diplomatic coup would only be one which would tend to hasten the end of the war, I should be very glad if M. Mercier could find an opportunity, and take advantage of it. I am much relieved by the hope of being soon in telegraphic communication with you, and look with impatience for your return to Halifax. 47. Somerset to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1c]

Admiralty 3 May 1862

Private Dear Sir Alexdr Milne Your decision of not going yourself to Vera Cruz and of leaving the command there to Commodore Dunlop under the altered state of affairs and the more prudent policy which he has adopted is fully approved by the Government[,] as you will see by the letter from the Foreign office.3

1 Napoleon III was angry with Jurien over the Convention of Soledad (15 Feb 1862), in which the French, British and Spanish representatives recognized the existing, republican government of Mexico. This recognition flew in the face of the Emperor’s desire to establish a monarchy in Mexico, and led to sharp criticism of Jurien in the French press. See Michele Cunningham, Mexico and the Foreign Policy of Napoleon III (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, 2001), pp. 107–10. 2 Edouard Henri Mercier (1816–86). French diplomatist. Minister to Sweden, 1857–59; to the United States, 1860–63. 3 That letter, no 339 M, dated 30 April and forwarded to Milne on 2 May, stated that ‘Earl Russell considers that in the altered position of affairs you appear to have exercised a very wise discretion in allowing Commodore Dunlop to remain to conduct the negotiations with the Mexican Government’. Subsequent Foreign Office letters of 5 and 6 June reiterated Russell’s approval of Dunlop’s conduct, prompting Milne to minute ‘Write to the

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It appears to me desirable to substitute frigates for the line of battle ships now on your station. The Mersey & Orlando however seem to be ill-suited for that service and I should think some smaller frigates & corvettes might with advantage be sent in lieu of these heavy ships before the autumn. We have not received any distinct account of the mode of construction of the Merrimac (or Virginia) iron-plated ship, which I hope we may obtain from the officers of the Rinaldo. I should be glad to know the various expedients adopted by the Federals in the construction & armament of the iron ships which they have now commenced building; if therefore you can obtain such information send it, as it may save us some expensive experiment here. 48. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [2]]

Washington 12 May 1862

Private My dear Sir Alexander, I hope you will be at Halifax when this letter arrives there. The capture of Norfolk1 and the destruction of the “Merrimac”2 will much diminish the interest of the station at Fortress Monroe. Still[,] considering the great operations going on in the neighbourhood I deem it important that we should keep a ship there. I suppose Savannah and Charleston are to be captured or surrendered. I think it likely you may have sent a ship to call at those places on the receipt of my Despatch of the 24th of last month. Otherwise, I should consult Captain Hewett as to the advisableness of his paying them a visit. You will have had all the papers about the “Labuan” from England. The U.S. Govt will not give her up without trial, though I have done all in my power to persuade them to do so. They are now inclined to maintain that she was seized in American waters not Mexican. The Blockade of the Ports of Beaufort in N. Carolina, Port Royal in S. Carolina and New Orleans is to cease on the 1st of June, & trade to be allowed with them, but under restrictions. The Proclamation announcing

Commodore that I have much satisfaction in conveying to him … the … letters which the LCA have transmitted to me and which I feel assured must be highly gratifying to himself’ (NMM: MLN/114/3). 1 10 May 1862. 2 The ironclad CSS Virginia, scuttled by its crew on 11 May 1862.

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this is to be signed today. I don’t know whether it will be published in time to go to Europe by this Packet. 49. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Halifax 14 May 1862 [received 17 May]

Private My dear Lord Lyons I arrived here on Monday afternoon and glad to get back. I have just now received the Mail from England but have no Special news. I am anxious to hear from you about the case of the Labuan and in what position we are likely to stand with the U.S. Government, as it involves a reduction of the Ships if matters are quiet. The Mexican affairs have come to an abrupt conclusion and I anxiously look for the mails from England after the new’s reaches London. I sent home the Marines from Bermuda Except 120 that are now here and they will go home on Edgar[,] which ship is coming here from Jamaica. Racer when I left Bermuda on the 6th was detained by a trial of a Man for Shooting a Seaman but as soon as that was over she was to proceed to Charleston & Savannah and I Expect will be there on the 15th or 16th. I will probably send a ship to relieve the Rinaldo a week or two hence, but this of course must depend on other calls on me, and there are some Captains I could not trust to keep the peace[.] 50. Milne to Somerset [Somerset Mss Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/15]

Halifax 15 May 1862

My dear Sir Your Grace’s letter of the 3rd Inst. reached me last Evening, and I am glad to find my decision in respect to my not proceeding to Mexico as ordered has met with the approval of H.M. Government. Since that date Events in Mexico have assumed an Entirely new aspect, and the news will have reached England before this letter can arrive. The Marines that were left at Vera Cruz[,] 131 in number[,] arrived at Bermuda in the Challenger and she accompanied us here. The men are all well. I have distributed them in the Squadron in order to clear the Challenger.

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Sir C. Wyke was to proceed to New York, and the Commodore to Jamaica, where he has probably arrived about this time, leaving only the Phaeton at Vera Cruz. I wrote to Captain Hewett of the Rinaldo to obtain any possible information respecting the proceedings in fitting Iron Ships, and I will not fail to Keep the Board informed on the subject.1 I have already sent to the Admilty an American newspaper with some account of the Merrimac’s fittings, but I suspect they are by no mean’s so proof against shot as the sides of the Warrior. You allude in your Letter to the return to England of the Ships of the Line[.] I certainly for active service would prefer Frigates & Smaller Vessels that I could distribute on the Station[,] as I cannot send the larger ships to cruize in the West Indies or to American Ports. I have no news from Lord Lyons respecting the Labuan’s case but may receive despatches this Evg. 51. Milne to Somerset [Somerset Mss Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/16]

Halifax 15 May 1862

My dear Sir The Mail from Boston has only just arrived this morning and Lord Lyon’s writes me that the U.S. Govt. will not give up the Labuan without trial altho he has done all in his power to persuade them to do so. They are now inclined to maintain that she was seized in American waters not Mexican. The Blockade of Beaufort[,] Port Royal and New Orleans is to cease on the 1st of June and trade to be allowed with them, but under restrictions. I Enclose plans of the Merrimac & Monitor drawn by an Engineer of the Fingal which broke the Blockade[,] just now received from Comdr Hewett.2 The Liffey was about to leave New Orleans to rejoin me but would find orders at Havanah to return to England via Bermuda.  [P.S.:] I will Keep Mersey here for the present.

1 Hewett obliged, although his letter has been omitted from this collection owing to space limitations. See Hewett to Milne, 10 May 1862, enclosed in Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty, no 404, 26 May 1862, ADM1/5787. 2 Not included in this collection.

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52. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [10]]

Halifax 15 May 1862

My dear Grey Your letter of the 3 May reached me last Evening and I am glad to find you have returned to Whitehall. I arrived here on the 12th, having left Bermuda on the 6th with Nile, Hero[,] Agamemnon, Aboukir, Mersey, Melpomene[,] Cadmus[,] Challenger, [&] Nimble. The Donegal and Landrail also came out with us[;] the former parted Comy for England and the Landrail for the coast of Cuba to cruize. on the passage up I took the opportunity of having a fair amount of Evolutions and we got on better towards the End of the passage[.] Some ships are very slack at keeping stations and I had to row the Captains pretty sharply by signal. we used the new signal Book and I have found several omissions &c and signals not in the Index altho in the Body of the Book. I will write about this. I tried a new plan of night signals1 which was most perfectly successful. it is only 4 lights vertical & the use of the Boat & Vocabulary Signal Book was perfect, and General signals also[.] I send you a Copy. I propose having further trials and report. I brought the Big Ships from Bermuda as it was absolutely necessary the men should have leave &c and the ships companies are now on shore. If matters remain quiet these big ships would be as well at Home as I can make little practical use of them. I cannot send them to [the] West Indies or to any of the Ports of the States. if I had frigates instead I could do so, but this is of course for your consideration at Home. I am glad Mersey is ordered home and if all is quiet I will send her away[.] it will save me condemning all her rope & giving her an Extensive refit. Caldwell is not a wise man. his ship has always been uncomfortable for the officers and as you say he must have carried matters too far when the officers refuse to meet him at Dinner. He is I am afraid over severe & never conciliatory but a good man and an Experienced officer in other respects. Melpomene is somewhat adrift. Her second Lieut died on the passage up, I hear from Drink.2 The Master3 fell down in a fit the next day from the same

1 Milne’s public letter on this subject (not included in this volume), no 854, of 25 Oct 1862, including printed tables detailing the signals’ use, is found in ADM1/5788. 2 Horace Johnson (1833–62). Entered, c.1847; Lt, 1855. Died on 10 May 1862. 3 Christopher Albert (d. 1865). 2nd Master, 1847; Master, 1853. Albert was invalided on 23 Mar 1862.

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cause and I believe there is another case. You give me a wipe1 for not having tried Mr Brodie[,]2 mate of Donegal by Court Martial. I tried all I could to get sufficient Evidence to try him, but Cap Osborne [sic] could not get it altho he knew Mr Brodie was always more or less in a state of intemperance[.] I never look over such cases when I can get hold of Evidence, and I will never allow the service to be trifled with. I have had to work up Capt Ewart in matters and worry him to make sail on his ship. I have the order to reduce his Armament but before doing so will if possible have a trial of her, for from what I saw of her she is a good ship in a moderate sea but rolls very deep. Her fault at present is her foremast raking to a dangerous Extent & it is close agt the partners.3 I am going at this today[.] Challenger is here with the remains of the Marine Batt. I have for the present distributed them in the ships of the line but they will go home by first opportunity. I intend to try her Paymaster4 by Court Martial for neglect of his accounts & being £87 short in Cash. Cadmus has rather a bad leak in her stern post which has been gradually increasing and I intend sending her to St. Johns [New Brunswick] to be docked or put on a Slip if this can be done with safety. The Crews of the ships & Marine Batt. [are] now quite healthy. I have no news from Lord Lyons but will receive his despatches this Evg. I have sent Peterel to Jamaica & Racer has returned to Charleston &c[.] 53. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [2]]

Washington 26 May 1862

Private and Confidential My dear Sir Alexander, The people here have got into such a fright about the reverse suffered by General Banks,5 that they seem hardly to know what they are about.

1

‘A cutting remark; a sarcastic reproof or rebuff; a jeer, jibe.’ – OED. George S. Brodie (b. 1845) Sub Lt, 1861. Dismissed from the service, 27 April 1862. 3 ‘Any of several timbers forming a framework secured to and strengthening the deck of a wooden ship around the holes through which the masts, capstan, pump, etc. pass.’ – OED. The foremast’s rake was the result of a mistake made when fitting out Melpomene. See Grey to Milne, 31 Oct 1862, Doc. No. 127. 4 William H. Turner (1821–82). Passed Clerk, 1841; Paymaster, 1854. Sentenced by Court Martial on 24 June 1862 to forfeit all seniority as Paymaster and to be dismissed from Challenger. 5 Nathaniel Prentice Banks (1816–94). American politician and soldier. Massachusetts state legislator, 1848–52; Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, 1850– 52; US Congressman for Massachusetts, 1853–57, 1865–73, 1875–79, 1889–91; Speaker 2

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It will be impossible to ascertain either what has happened, or what the consequences will be, until they get a little calmer. The “Labuan” has been released by the Prize Court, but the question of costs and damages has been reserved. If they be not given, we shall have perhaps as much or more trouble, than if she had been condemned. There are two other bad cases; the “Bermuda” and the “Circassian”. The “Bermuda” was laden with contraband of war (cannon & gunpowder among other articles) and therefore there may be some excuse for seizing her, though she was bound to Nassau and apparently on her way thither when the seizure took place. The “Circassian”, from Bordeaux to Havana, was captured between Matanzas and Havana – and had no contraband of war onboard – at least so the exparte1 statement made to me declares. The “Bermuda” is libelled2 at Philadelphia in the Prize Court, and the “Circassian” apparently at Key West. I am ordered not to enter into controversies on blockade cases (when it can be avoided) until the Law Officers of the Crown have been consulted, & instructions sent to me from home. My efforts are always directed to petting this Government[,] in the mean time to behave properly about the cases, so as to prevent difficulties when the instructions come. I do not think any one of the numerous cases of searching in the Gulf of Mexico very serious in itself, but the number of complaints taken together is alarming. It would be very desirable that the Masters of Merchant vessels should understand that they must submit to be searched in a proper manner, and that they only give a pretext to the U.S. officers to behave roughly by resisting and protesting. I am afraid Mr Crawford gives unsound advice on this point. He of course knows that Belligerents have an undoubted right to search, though they ought to exercise the right with forbearance and delicacy. But he has a crotchet that the United States ought not to exercise the right in the present war. His reasons may or may not be good, but as our Govt. has distinctly conceded Belligerent Rights to both Parties in this war, and the right of search in particular, British Subordinate Agents cannot discuss the question[.] I intended to have attacked Mr Seward again today about the proceedings of the U.S. Cruisers in the Gulf – and to have spoken very seriously to him about the alarm they give me – but it would be indiscreet & indeed hopeless to ask for a hearing in the present panic.

of the US House of Representatives, 1856–57; Governor of Massachusetts, 1858–61. Major Gen of Volunteers, 1861. Banks’ army was routed by Confederate forces led by Thomas Jonathan ‘Stonewall’ Jackson at the first Battle of Winchester, 25 May 1862. 1 Ex parte, or partisan. 2 ‘To bring suit in admiralty against (a vessel, cargo, or its owner).’ – OED.

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I have for some time had no communication with the Southern States. That by Norfolk has been stopped. Neither Party will now let things pass between Norfolk and Richmond. The “Racer” has not yet made her appearance, and I think it essential to have at least one Ship in Chesapeake Bay under present circumstances, so I cannot ask Captain Hewett to take Despatches to Charleston for me. I have no late news from New Orleans. The French Minister’s reports from his Consul describe the state of things there as frightful. The Federal Troops not numerous enough to maintain order, The population sulky, and disorderly – no appearance whatever of voluntary submission to the Federal Authority. If my opinion were asked, I should be entirely against the selection of this particular moment for making a reduction in your Squadron. We ought to see our way much clearer in a week or two hence. 54. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Halifax 27 May 1862 [received 1 June]

My dear Lord Lyons I write a line to be ready for the Mail of this afternoon should she arrive from England, and I would be glad to hear from you in what state we stand with the United States Govt, as if all is quiet and satisfactory I am decided to send some of the Ships to England to be paid off[,] their period of Service having Expired, but I should not wish to carry out The Admiralty orders without reference to you. My last Letters from the Duke of Somerset and Sir F. Grey Expressed some apprehension that the case of the Labuan might raise some difficulty with the American Govt. and your last note to me rather confirmed that view. I therefore feel some doubt as to the propriety of reducing the Naval force until I hear further. I have never received a complete set of the paper’s relating to the Seizure of the Labuan, nor have I the Treaty made with the United States and the Mexican Government which defines the boundary limits of the two Countries at the mouth of the River where the Labuan was seized. Our English Authorities consider that line to run to the Eastward from the centre of the River Entrance, whereas Mr. Crawford states that this line commences some two or three Miles North of the Entrance, which of course must materially influence the U. States Authorities in their decision on the case[.] I have with me here The Nile[,] Hero[,] Agamemnon, Aboukir, Melpomene, Mersey, Jason[,] Medea, Nimble, and the Cadmus has

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gone to St. Johns New B[runswic]k. to be repaired. Orlando is at Bermuda. Liffey was at New Orleans and Mobile. The Mexican affair will cause much comment in England but I am glad we have shaken ourselves clear of it. our French Allies do not appear to have acted with faith to the Convention of Oct 1861, and I suspect our Government will have to notice to it [sic], which may prove unsatisfactory at Paris. Sir C. Wyke was to proceed to New York in the Barracouta but I have never heard of his arrival, nor did the last mail steamer from St. Thomas[,] which she left on the 14th Inst.[,] bring me despatches Either from Mexico or Jamaica so that I am quite in the dark as to matters in the West Indies. I propose being absent from Halifax a good deal during the summer as I wish to visit New Brunswick, P.E. Island, and Newfoundland, but will arrange with you before leaving this, and at all these places the Telegh. could reach me. Lord Mulgrave1 is going for a couple of Months run to Canada but not until the Autumn. Racer I sent back to Charleston from Bermuda and I Expect she would be in ample time for any contemplated attack on the locality &c. I would not have recalled her from the Coast, had it not been for some of her officers and men being required as Evidence in a trial of a public house keeper for Shooting one of the Seamen of the Aboukir and wounding another. I understood he has been convicted but no sentence pronounced when the Mail left. I have orders to send Racer to England but intend keeping her for some time longer. As little dependence can be placed in the U. States newspapers we are never certain of the reports of Battles &c but of late the Northern Army has been making rapid advances, and Ere long I presume from the proximity to Richmond we may hear of some general Action before that place, but whether to End the War or not no one appear’s inclined to hazard an opinion. with newspaper Editors England appears in sad disgrace, and the leading Articles in some paper’s so very violent and offensive I hope are not Entertained by the higher power’s of the States Government, or Else our relations would be far from being in a satisfactory state[.] No Steamer for England yet in sight so I close this[.]

1 George Augustus Constantine Phipps, 2nd Marquess of Normanby (courtesy title: Earl of Mulgrave, 1838–63), G.C.B. G., C.M.G. (1819–1890). British Liberal politician and colonial administrator. Governor of Nova Scotia, 1859–63; Governor of Queensland, Australia, 1871–74; Governor of New Zealand, 1874–79; Governor of Victoria, Australia, 1879–81.

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55. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Halifax 29 May 1862 [received 1 June]

My dear Lord Lyons I received from Havana via New York Yesterday afternoon a Letter from Mr Crawford HM Consul Gl containing in strong terms complaints against the U. States Ships of War at the violent manner they Examine and Search neutral vessels[,] Especially British[.]1 I have sent you an Extract from his letter and I have Enclosed to you orders for Comdr Hewett to proceed to the Coast of Cuba to Cruize for a Month or so, to watch the proceedings of these Vessels and to go into Key West, to see what H.M. Consular authorities are about. When you receive this will you Telegh to me whether there is anything you wish to be done by Cap Hewett or to send to the Havanah. The Jason will take the Rinaldo’s place and will leave this on Saturday. Mr Crawford is always wanting ships to be at his port, but cruizing ships were not necessary as we had ships constantly passing and repassing the Coast of Cuba, going into Havanah &c.[,] but I will now send [one] down. I am ordered to send some ships Home & Edgar with Admiral Dacres is one of them[.] She is now coming into Harbour from Jamaica via Bermuda but I will keep all Ships until I hear from you how matters stand[.]

1 Milne’s surviving draft (also 29 May) went into greater detail regarding his opinion of both US officers’ alleged behavior and of Crawford’s poor grasp of international law: I received from Havanah via New York yesterday afternoon a letter from Mr Crawford[,] HM Consul General containing in strong terms complaints against the U. States ships of war at the violent manner they detain[,] Examine and search neutral vessels[,] especially British and Exercising the Search in a most offensive and overbearing manner[,] detaining and sending in as prizes many of our ships on the most frivolous pretenses &c. He mentions his having communicated with you on this subject and he Expressed [sic] to me his opinion that these U.S. V. of War have no right to Exercise this right of search in the manner they do. HM Govt. however having acknowledged that both of the contending parties have Belligerent rights I certainly consider that right allows by international law the right of search on the high seas, for in Robinsons Admilty reports [Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the High Court of Admiralty… by Charles Robinson] it is laid down “That the right of visiting and searching Merchant Ships on the high seas whatever be the ships[,] whatever be the Cargoes[,] whatever be the destination, is an incontestable right of the lawfully Commissioned Cruizers of a Belligerent Nation”. Mr Crawford I consider is wrong in his law but that the U.S. Ships of War should Exercise this right in an offensive & violent manner may be true or not. I propose however to send Rinaldo down to Cruize off the Coast of Cuba and to watch proceedings[.] I send her orders in your Bag and will be obliged if you will forward them and another ship will sail from this for Fortress Monroe tomorrow or Saturday.

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6. PM. 29th, The Mail from England has arrived but I have not a Single Letter of any moment whatever, & none in respect to American affairs[.] 56. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [10]]

Halifax 30 May 1862

My dear Grey Yours of the 17 reached me last Evening as the Mail had bad weather out. I have here Nile[,] Hero, Agamemnon, Aboukir[,] Mersey[,] Melpomene[,] Challenger[,] Jason, Medea [&] Nimble[.] Cadmus was on the blocks at St Johns New B[runswic]k yesterday to repair the leak in her stern post but I have not heard the result[.] Dacres arrived yesterday from Havanah[: he] was only 48 h[our]s there but has 2 Cases of Yellow Fever. one died yesterday, but the authorities did not put her in Quarantine[.] Rinaldo from Fortress Monroe goes to cruize on [the] Coast of Cuba as HM Consul at Havanah complains of the violent measures of the [United] States Cruizers in searching English ships. I suspect this is Exaggerated, but a cruizing ship may check irregularities. I have just received a Telegh thro Lord Lyons from the consul at New Orleans asking for vessels of small draft for the River and for Mobile[.] I will send Rinaldo to look in but not to remain[.] Liffey is there somewhere. I have no news from the Commodore[,] no mail but he had not reached Vera Cruz on the 9th [of] May[,] altho daily Expected. It is reported here the French have had an Action and lost 500 men & more officers than the Mexicans & the Battle was a drawn one.1 you have given me a puzzle about Aboukir for Jamaica.2 She is here[,] also Mersey & Edgar[.] I cannot send them back to Jamaica for Aboukirs men[.] I am inclined to send home her officers & Crew from this and send her to Jamaica with one of the Line of Battle Ships to accompany her. having only received you letter last Evg I have not had time to study the subject, but I dont like the idea of such a ship being at Jamaica[.] Much better to have a Hulk like Imaum, no masts or yards Except for

1

The Battle of Puebla (5 May 1862), actually a Mexican victory. The Board had selected Aboukir to replace Imaum as the senior officer’s ship at Port Royal. 2

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signals. I believe the Aboukir will be a constant source of annoyance to you at Home and ditto at Jamaica unless she has a large crew to keep her in proper order and Even that will be inexpedient in such a climate. much better to have … [a] frigate on the Station to keep cruizing and to change her from time to time. The Commodore at Jamaica was invariably a 2d C[lass] Commodore until an Emergency arose[,] when the Admiral made him a 1 C[lass] for Special Service, and I thought the Board did wrong when they gave Dunlop the permanent appointment as a 1 C Commodore, and I see no reason to alter my opinion. in fact you have [sic: ‘had’] I may say 2 Rear Admirals on this Station until you made me vice[.] Please tell Eden1 Lieut Denny[,]2 put at the bottom of the List for Drunkenness arrived a few days ago and as Melpomene required 2 Lieuts I put him into that ship. Cap Ewart is in sad distress at this and has urged his removal[,] which I have refused, but his grounds for removal are no doubt strong. His Chief Engineer3 was a Drunkard, His Paymaster4 died from Drink. His Second Lieut5 died 3 weeks ago from Drink. His Master6 fell down in a fit from Drink and is now invalided, and now he has got Lt Denny who does Drink. I regret to say I find this drinking system is by no means uncommon & you will see a public letter of mine on the subject[.]7 If Comdrs in Chief dont try to put it down it will be bad for the service[.] I have no news from Lord Lyons but Expect to hear when the Mail comes in[,] which he detained for some hours.  [P.S.:] Please tell Supd Lord of the Store Dept we have not a single fathom of 3, 3½ in or 4 inch rope, no 9″ and only a few fathoms of 8″ breechings[.] Challenger cannot go on for want of rope but I have sent to Bermuda to try & get some up. we are very short of Everything altho demands were specially prepared and sent home in December.

1 Charles Eden, K.C.B. (1808–78). Entered, 1821; Lt, 1832; Cmdr, 1834; Capt, 1841; Rear-Adm, 1861; Vice-Adm, 1866; Adm (Ret.), 1873. Naval Lord of the Admiralty, 1859–66. 2 Edward Denny (1836–93). Entered, c.1850; Lt, 1858. Dismissed from the service on 7 Aug 1865 for disobedience and drunkenness. 3 Edmund Rivers (1826–89). Asst Engineer, 1847; 2nd Engineer, 1849; 1st Engineer, 1853; Chief Engineer, 1858. 4 William Thomas Biddlecomb (b. 1825). Passed Clerk, 1842; Paymaster, 1852. Biddlecombe had also been taken to court as an insolvent debtor in 1858. 5 Horace Johnson. 6 Christopher Albert. 7 Not included in this collection.

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57. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Halifax 2 June 1862

Private My dear Grey I write by the Canadian Mail via River de Loup1 That if possible you may get my report on the question of the Aboukir, as I only received your letters respecting her a few hours before the Mail went from this to England. Port Royal is the greatest Sink of iniquity on the face of the earth & is the ruin of many of our officers who are stationed there, and on that ground we should endeavour to keep them out of the place. If Aboukir is to be a stationary Flag Ship for the Commodore with Her Engines, Guns & Material on board then she must have officers & men and It would require an Estabt of a 6th Rate to keep her in any sort of order, and after all she would not only be unfit for the Harbour duties, but would Ere many months be unfit for Sea, Even if you have men to man her, depend on it. If you send Aboukir there as you propose it would End in disappointment, and she would be a constant source of trouble & Expense. I am afraid the Commodore has been writing to you or someone Else for a Flag Ship. He hinted it to me, and more on his dignity than anything else, and I certainly gave no heed to it, because I did not consider it to be necessary. All that is required for Port Royal is an Empty Ship. She formerly contained the Store of Rum for the Station & some dry provisions. She is to receive the convalescents from Hospital, Supernumeraries for the Ships on the Station, and has a crew of limited numbers of men to discharge Harbour duties and the fewer the better in that sickly climate. I honestly and fairly tell you that without knowing what the views of Your Lordships are, or the grounds on which you propose sending a Seagoing Ship to Port Royal, that in my opinion you are making a mistake, and that I would much regret to see it carried out, because I feel confident it will not work satisfactorily.2 The Broad pendant of the Commodore has flown in such a ship since 1838, and I see no reason why such a ship as Imaum should not Equally bear the Broad Pendt. of Commodore Dunlop. He might like a Ship of the Line & to have a regular Flag Ship, but it would

1 Rivière-du-Loup, Quebec, a town on the south bank of the St Lawrence River, 47°50′ North, 69°32′ West. 2 For the Board’s reasons for selecting Aboukir as the stationary flagship at Port Royal, see Doc. No. 67.

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only be for appearance sake. I will send Edgar to England on the 12th, the day after the arrival of [the] next mail[.] she will take Home the remainder of the Marine Batt, also all Invalids &c. and I will keep Mersey until I have an answer to this Letter. If you still wish Aboukir to go to Jamaica, I will send home some 350 of her Crew in her [i.e., Mersey], leaving sufficient to take Aboukir to Jamaica, but be so good as to give me Instructions what is to be done with Aboukir when she arrives there. Are her Guns to be kept on board, or is she to be dismantled as a Harbour Ship or Kept in preparation for Sea Service[?] I have no news for you from this[.] Jason has gone to Fortress Monroe and I have bound Cap Von Donop by stringent orders as he is rather a hot headed man and inclined to go fast. Rinaldo and Landrail I have ordered to New Orleans and Mobile but not to stay. Cadmus is on the Blocks at St Johns and I will probably send Challenger [there] to give her some repair as she has been on shore, at Nassau. 3 French Frigates from Vera Cruz are here and they are ordered to France forthwith. The French Admiral from New York is changing his Flag from Bellone to the Guerriere and then comes here. I have no late news from Vera Cruz[.] The Commodore had not returned there on 9 May.  [P.S.] Confidential[.] Dunlop is not a little Elevated &c. &c. &c. at his position in Mexico &c. and talks a little too much about himself & what is to follow. just be a little guarded. 58. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [2]]

Washington 8 June 1862

Private and Confidential My dear Sir Alexander, I informed you by telegraph yesterday that I should be obliged to go to England for a short time, on private business, and that I proposed to embark at New York on Wednesday the 18th. Mr Stewart1 is in all respects well fitted for the post of Chargè d’Affaires [sic], which he will hold until my return. I shall be able to leave everything very smooth between the U.S. Govt. and the Legation.

1

Lord Lyons consistently misspelled Stuart’s surname.

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As Her Majesty’s Government considers that the cases of interference with our Vessels in the Gulf of Mexico[,] as reported by Mr Crawford and the Masters of the Vessels, do not call for interference, we may dismiss all apprehension about them. It is very unlikely that the U.S. Govt. will give information wh[ich] makes the cases worse for their own officers. Mr Crawford has been altogether wrong about these cases from the beginning in my humble opinion. In the case of the “Circassian” the Charter Party stipulated in direct terms that the ship should run the Blockade. This may not suffice to condemn her, but it will be enough to justify the U.S. Officer in bringing her before the Court. I have not yet received positive instructions about the “Bermuda”, but I have been informed confidentially that the Law Officers are of opinion that Her M.’s Govt. is not called upon to interfere. There are several cases, (among which the costs of the “Labuan” will be the most serious should they not be given by the Court) in which the Governments differ as to the claims of owners for compensation. But Mr Seward has proposed a Convention for submitting them to Investigation, and although our Government may not agree to this particular mode of settlement, it is nevertheless evident that the questions are not likely to go beyond the limits of amicable discussion. It seems moreover likely that the Ports will be almost all in the hands of the United States before very long, which will relieve us of the Blockade cases, which are the present great stumbling blocks. On the whole, therefore, if it is of importance that your Squadron should be reduced, I cannot say that I see any immediate prospect of trouble between the United States and Her M.’s Govt which need prevent your sending ships home. I have never found this Government so conciliatory as it has been quite recently. It is likely that General McLellan1 [sic] will get to Richmond before the end of the month, but not likely that even this will make so great an impression on the South, as to render any considerable amount of the Federal land or sea forces disposable for employment against any other enemy. Nor, since I know how our Government take Mr Crawford’s cases & that of the Bermuda, do I know of any questions likely to cause serious discussion. My own departure, however, speaks for itself. I should certainly not go, if I thought any important discussion would arise in my absence. Nor

1 George Brinton McClellan (1826–85). American soldier and politician. Lt, 1846; Capt, 1855; Major Gen of Volunteers, 1861; General-in-Chief, 1861–62. Governor of New Jersey, 1878–81.

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would Mr Seward encourage me (as he does) to go, if he apprehended any dispute. I am sure, since the “Trent” affair, he would rather fall into my hands, in a dangerous emergency, than in to those of any new man. I have every confidence that Mr Stewart will be an excellent Chargé d’Affaires. 59. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [2]]

Washington 9 June 1862

Private My dear Sir Alexander, I am afraid that when you see the mass of papers I send you today, you will think it a relief to hear that I am still determined to embark for England on the 18th. The arrival yesterday of the “Jason” at Fortress Monroe has been telegraphed to me. I am glad to have a ship there. I have proposed to my Cousin that the “Racer” shall go to Charleston with the Despatches for the South brought by the England Packet due towards the end of this week. There is not much danger of an attack upon Charleston, until the Gunboats in the James River are rendered disposable by the fall of Charleston Richmond. If Admiral Dacres is with you, will you give him my very kind regards. In great haste … 60. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

HMS Nile Halifax 11 June 1862 [received 14 June]

My dear Lord Lyons I received your Telgh two days ago mentioning your intention of returning to England. I congratulate you on this necessary respite from your arduous labour’s, and I hope in your absence all will keep quiet. I have nothing for you for [sic: ‘from’] this[.] I propose running away for three days to Cape Breton and I intend also to visit Newfoundland during the Summer. We look anxiously for some decisive news from the seat of War but Even with all the loss of life and money, matters do not appear [to be] advancing to any amicable arrangement.

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61. Milne to Hewett [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [10]]

Halifax 11 June 1862

My dear Sir Your orders sent by Telegh would give you only a very general view of the course you were to follow, but sufficient I hope to guide you, my object being that you should proceed to New Orleans & Mobile to communicate with HM Consuls and afford protection to British Subjects & property[,] indeed all my views are Embraced in these few words but I do not wish you or Liffey or Landrail to remain longer than is necessary for this purpose or to risk the Health of the Ships Companies. I leave all this to your or Cap Preedys judgement if you should fall in with him[,] but I Expect by this time he may have reached Bermuda. I will be anxious to hear from you how matters are going on[.] avoid Havana is [sic: ‘if’] the place is sickly. There is nothing of any moment here[.] Edgar goes home on Friday. Cap Glasse goes to Bermuda vice Hutton. 62. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [10]]

HMS Nile Halifax 12 June 1862

My dear Grey Ì have not much for you from this. Edgar sails on [the] 14th Saturday for Spithead. Mersey I keep until I have a final answer about the Aboukir, and if she goes to Port Royal then Agamemnon or Mersey will go down with her as you may decide. Cadmus has been on the Blocks at St Johns and shifted some planks in her bottom forward[.] it cost £137 to lay the Blocks for her so I have sent Challenger to repair [too] as it will cost nothing more, Except for hire of the Wharf. The Ships are going to sea for 3 weeks to Exercise &c with Guns and I am going in Medea to look up the Coast of Cape Breton. Dacres will give you all news here and what is going on[.] will you send us some 2d C[lass] Boys as we are getting short[?] I have taken the 6 40 Pr Armstrongs out of Edgar and put them into Melpomene[,] sending home 6 of her 32 Pr in Exchange. Her other Guns will be landed here, and I will arrange to reduce her Crew[.]

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The new Instructions1 only arrived last Evg, and were much wanted as all Captains were acting in different views respecting the Mulcts for breaking leave.  [P.S.:] I see Cap Glasse is appd to Bermuda[.] 63. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [2]]

Washington 15 June 1862

Private My dear Sir Alexander, I set out for New York tomorrow, and embark the next day but one onboard the “Persia.” I have nothing to add to what I wrote you about the state of this Country on the 8th. The little which the last Mail has brought me confirms the view I then took. It will be a great advantage to the public service, and personally to Mr Stewart, if you will allow him to correspond with you privately as well as officially. You may be assured that he is in all matters thoroughly to be depended upon. He was selected to come here expressly in order to be at hand to take charge of the Mission, in case I should be obliged to absent myself. 64. [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [10]]

Milne to Grey HMS Nile Halifax 23 June 1862

My dear Grey I write in anticipation of the Mail from England which may arrive tomorrow morning, as I propose if [there is] nothing [in your Instructions] to keep me [here,] to visit the Harbours & coast of Cape Breton for ten days or so in the Medea. The Hero[,] Agamemnon, Aboukir[,] Mersey and Melpomene are all at the various Harbours of the province for Gun Exercise & Practice &c and will return here 8 July. Cadmus has returned from St Johns repaired and leaks stopped. Challenger has been repaired and 40 Sheets of Copper replaced, and I Expect her here today[.]

1

Regarding punishments. See Grey to Milne, 28 June 1862, Doc. No. 67.

FEBRUARY – JUNE 1862

73

Liffey sailed from Bermuda on the 11 for England[,] Cap Preedy broken hearted at his fine ship being turned into a transport with [sic: ‘for’] the Artillery & his Cabin divided out to Embark Col Turner[,]1 his wife[,] 4 Children[,] Maids &c[.] I sincerely regret this upset to him, but I was ordered to send the Battery home in a ship of war & had no alternative but to Employ Liffey & Bulldog[,] both having been previously ordered home from Bermuda, and the order which came countermanding the Embarkation came too late. You will no doubt before you receive this have heard of the repulse of the French in Mexico[.]2 I have no particulars, but the French Consul … had a Telegh from the South [which] ordered the 3 French Frigates to proceed immediately to Vera Cruz but they had sailed for France some days before. I have no word from the Commodore since the End of April and do not know where he is. The Steamer from St. Thomas’s which arrived here three days ago left that Island two days before the Mails from Mexico[,] Jamaica &c were due, which is very inconvenient. 24th June Mail has arrived[,] also Cap Glasse. I have nothing new[.] 65. Stuart to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [2]]

Washington 23 June 1862

Private My dear Sir, Lord Lyons encouraged me to believe that you would be ready to correspond with me in this friendly form, when there is nothing to communicate to you officially. It may interest you to look over the inclosed Copy of the last Despatch3 which we have received from Mr. Bunch, describing the state of Affairs at Charleston. It reached us on Thursday the 19th, but I was not able to send down our Southern Despatches to Commander Lyons at Annapolis until the following day, as the French Minister could not get his Despatches ready sooner. You will have heard that the “Racer” got off soon afterwards … The Captain of the “Jason” has reported her as ready for sea, but I have no occasion for her services at present.

1 Henry Austin Turner (c.1815–75). 1st Lt, 1834; Capt, 1844; Major, 1844; Lt Col, 1854; Col, 1858; Major Gen (Hon.), 1865. 2 Presumably the Battle of Puebla (5 May 1862). 3 Not preserved among Milne’s papers.

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I am putting up to your Address a “Baltimore Sun” with an account of the destruction of almost the Entire Crew of one of the Federal Gunboats, the “Mound City”, by a shot going through her Boiler, in White River, Arkansas.1 There is no military news of importance, nor any change in the position before Richmond up to yesterday, except that both Armies are said to be receiving reinforcements. 66. The Secretary of the Admiralty to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/114/3]

Admiralty 27 June 1862

No. 518 M Sir, With reference to the Reports you have forwarded from Commander Hewett of the “Rinaldo” of the proceedings of the Belligerents in the neighbourhood of Norfolk, Virginia, I am commanded by my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to signify their direction to you to obtain all the information in your power with regard to the result of the late Naval Engagements between iron cased Ships and Batteries. 67. Grey to Milne2 [Milne Mss MLN/116/1d]

Admiralty 28 June 1862

My dear Milne I have to thank you for your letters of the 2d & 12th. Edgar is not yet arrived. You will see by the public letter that we hold to the plan of substituting Aboukir for Imaum, but we do not propose to keep her as an available ship, tho’ the power of moving her by steam may be useful. You may take out of her whatever is necessary for the sake of ventilation but I cannot think it can be necessary to disturb her magazine. It would have occupied a large number of Dock Yard men 4 months to have prepared the Hindostan and we are anxious to put every available man we can on the Iron ships, we were therefore glad to take a ship ready to our hands.

1 During the Battle of St Charles, 17 June 1862. Most of the Mound City’s crew were scalded to death when the vessel’s steam chest exploded. 2 The first of Grey’s letters preserved among Milne’s papers.

FEBRUARY – JUNE 1862

75

I have answered your letter about the Punishments.1 There will of course be some confusion until the new Instructions with the Index are in the hands of all Officers. With reference to the Table[,] it is only an assistance not an Authority. In the note on disrating it would have been better to have worded it all men disrated for punishment must be previously deprived of badges. I think the verbal remarks made by the Comdr. in Chief are often the most useful, but how are we to know that the irregularities have been noticed if no note is made? We have been asked by the F.O. to get information about Iron Ships & batteries as to the effects of the late actions. I have no doubt you will get what you can. Nothing new here; the controversy about Forts or Ships was high.2 The Prince Consort[,] the first of our converted liners[,]was launched two days ago.3 We hear Mutine is wrecked[:] how unlucky we are.4  [P.S.:] Immortalité had better remain as she is except landing her upper deck guns till you hear again[.]

1

Perhaps in answer to Milne’s letter to Grey of 10 Mar 1862. See above, Doc. No. 17. The question of whether Britain was better protected from invasion by ships or coastal fortifications was one of hot debate at the time. 3 In order to meet the ambitious French ironclad building programme then underway the government decided in 1860 to convert several wooden-hulled ships of the line then under construction by razing one deck and adding an armoured belt to protect the waterline and guns. Prince Consort was the first of these vessels to be launched. 4 This report was erroneous. 2

PART II

JULY – DECEMBER 1862

68. The Secretary of the Admiralty to Milne1 [Milne Mss MLN/114/3]

Admiralty 1 July 1862 [received 23 July]

No. 528 M Sir, I am commanded by my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to transmit herewith for your information and guidance a Copy of a letter, dated the 30th Ultimo from the Foreign Office, with its enclosure2 from Her Majesty’s Consul at Panama respecting the critical state of affairs at that place and suggesting that steps should be taken for the protection of British Subjects and property in case of a requisition to that effect being made by the Consul. 69.

Milne to Grey

[Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [10]]

Halifax 10 July 1862

My dear Grey Your letter of 28 Ult reached me two days ago and I write to mention that[,] as Agamemnon cannot take home all the Crew of Aboukir from Jamaica[,] it is my intention to send home 350 or 400 of her Crew in the Mersey from this as soon as I can make the necessary arrangements & I hope to get the Mersey away home in 10 or 12 days[.] Agamemnon will proceed to Port Royal and also Aboukir as soon as arrangements are completed and[,] all removal of Bulkheads, the landing of Boats[,] Guns[,] Sails[,] Spars &c must be performed at Jamaica, unless I should find any of these specially required here. Agamemnon will go direct[ly] home from Port Royal. This is the best arrangement that I can make to carry out their Lordships orders & no delay will take place in my doing so. Melpomene goes to Bermuda to take [the] place of Orlando & she [i.e., Orlando] goes to Jamaica[.] Challenger goes to Barbados and Immortalite comes up here for the C[ourt] Martial on the 2 Mids and to land her Guns. I must say I question the propriety or Expediency of reducing these Frigates[.] it is a great fall from 57 to 35 Guns. They may roll &

1

Marginal note: ‘Duplicate to Jamaica’. Neither the Foreign Office letter nor its enclosure is included in this collection.

2

79

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wallow in the sea but in moderate weather they were powerful ships and they are now no match for the French 50s. Hydra will be here in a day or two to Exchange into Vesuvius [which is] daily Expected.1 I have nothing specially new on the Station[.] The Commodore has returned to Jamaica[.] 70. Milne to Hickley [Milne Mss 116/3 [10]

Halifax 10 July 1862

Dear Cap Hickley I write to mention that 900 Tons of Coal may be Expected at Nassau for Naval purposes. This Coal is to be landed in the Naval Yard[.] it is the proper place for it and it is not my intention that any place should be rented for the purpose[.] to afford facilities for landing and Embarking some sort of a pier is necessary, not of a permanent nature to last many years[,] but a temporary stage on piles or some few piles or Legs to support a gangway or Brow [sic][.] I wish you to put this in hand at once and I cannot allow you to Expend more than £100[,] having no authority to do this from Home[.] therefore do not Expend that money if you can avoid it [sic]. I have no doubt you and your Master & Carpenter will devise some plan which will answer the purpose so long as it may be required[.] I have nothing for you of any moment[.] you must remain where you are for the present[.] Mr Bayley writes me about U.S. V[essels] firing at our Ships within territorial limits[.] This of course is illegal and a proper subject for representation to the U.S. Govt and remonstrance with the officers who commit a breach of neutrality. Aboukir goes as receiving ship to Jamaica[.] half her crew go home in Mersey from this, The remainder in Agamemnon. Melpomene goes on Saturday to Bermuda and Orlando from thence to Jamaica. I write in haste …  [PS] I am afraid the slaver did you at Anguilla also Landrail and Barracouta.2

1 Vesuvius was replacing Hydra and several of the latter’s officers and crew were transferring to the former. 2 Anguilla Cay (23º30′1″ North, 79º32′30″ West) was being used by slavers as a way station en route to Cuba, but none of the three ships Milne mentioned had visited the island when the barracoon there was in use. See The Milne Papers, vol. 2, Doc. No. 109.

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71. Milne to Hugh Dunlop [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [10]]

Halifax 11 July 1862

My dear Commodore I was glad to receive your letter of the 30th June,1 as I had not heard from you for sometime & was getting very anxious in regard to the Mexican affairs, more Especially as I had not received any despatches but had letter[s] from the Admilty in reply to those you had sent home of which I was ignorant[.] no doubt this must have arisen from causes but when the Mails arrived from St. Thomas & [sic: ‘with’] no letter I was disappointed. I was very glad to receive the last despatches from the Admilty and Foreign office [sic] in regard to yourself and It is very gratifying to me to find that they now most fully bear testimony to your great Exertions. The French as you will have already heard are sending out 10,000 men to be followed by 5000 more[.] This I suspect will be quite inadequate if the Mexican Gov think proper to oppose them. I send this by Melpomene to Bermuda & from thence by Orlando to Jamaica[.] Aboukir is to be Stationary Harbour Ship at Port Royal and will leave this in 10 days for her destination. 350 of her Crew go home in Mersey from this and Agamemnon will take the remainder from Jamaica. I should wish the transfer of ships to take place with all Expedition so as to get Agamemnon to England. Barracouta is here under refit[.] Desperate goes to Newfoundland[,] also Cygnet, but some [sic] will rejoin [me] in October. Challenger goes to Barbados to take [the] place of Immortalite[,] ordered here for Court Martial on 2 Mids for Desertion & to land her Guns[.] I have no special news from the Admilty. They dont treat me to any information. You can send Ariadne or Phaeton to the North as you may see fit or neither if you require to keep them, but I wish Peterel to cruize for the Slavers[,] also Plover when she rejoins you. Steadys Cylinder is to be sent to Bermuda and there she now waits. I go to Newfd Early in August & return here in Sept. When Hope and Shadwell join you they will give you all our local news[,] which is unimportant. we are all very well and Enjoying a temperate Climate … With best wishes in which Lady Milne begs to join …

1

Not preserved among Milne’s papers.

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72. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Halifax 17 July 1862

My dear Grey I write a line by Mersey in case she may be home before the next Packet from this[,] which will not leave until the 25th. Mersey takes home 350 of the Aboukir’s officers & Crew[,] also the last 14 of [the] Marine Battn. and Invalids[,] in all she has 379 Supernumeraries[.] Aboukir and Agamemnon will sail for Jamaica on 22d or 23d and so soon as possible after their arrival the Agamemnon will sail for England with Cap. Shadwell[,] officers & Crew. Those gone home in Mersey have their Pay Lists with them so that you may get rid of them at once if you wish it. Hydra will sail for England on [the] 23d, the Exchange having taken place, Hydra and Vesuvius arriving here on the same day. The state of American affairs is getting worse & worse, The Panic in the money market has begun in New York. McClellan has as you must already know been forced to retreat from his position near Richmond, and there are reports that his Army is in a very critical position.1 The calling out of 300,000 men by the U.S. Gov. shews how they view their own position and how critical must be their state when forced to adopt so vast a measure. Jason is at Fortress Monroe, The Racer at Charleston, Rinaldo at New Orleans. Our ships are all healthy which I Entirely attribute to the care which has been taken in having all their limbers2 most perfectly free & clear, and all Lower Hatches kept off, with removal of Bulkheads for free Ventilation & circulation of air. Desperate has gone North with M. Perley3 the British Commissioner under the Reciprocity Treaty with the U. States to define the fishing Boundaries in the Bays &c. He gave me a hint that he Expected to be saluted with 13 Guns, as he said had been done by Adl. Fanshawe4 but I have no Authority for such a regulation to order a salute for a Fishery Commissioner. I have however asked the Board the question[.] I presume the F. or Colonial Office will define Mr. Perleys position.5

1 McClellan was pushed back from the lines in front of Richmond in a series of attacks by Confederate forces known as ‘the Seven Days’ Battles’ (25 June–1 July 1862). 2 ‘[H]oles cut through the floor-timbers on each side of the keelson to form a passage for water to the pump-well.’ – OED. 3 Moses Henry Perley (1804–62). New Brunswick lawyer and businessman. Perley was appointed to the fisheries commission in 1855. 4 Arthur Fanshawe, C.B., K.C.B. (1794–1864). Entered, 1804; Lt, 1813; Cmdr, 1815; Capt, 1816; Rear-Adm, 1851; Vice-Adm, 1857; Adm, 1862 Fanshawe commanded the North America and West India Station 1853–56. 5 The Colonial Office agreed with Milne, informing the Admiralty that Perley’s position did ‘not confer upon him any diplomatic or consular character, and that he is not entitled to a salute’. See the Secretary of the Admiralty to Milne, 15 Sep 1862, MLN/114/3.

JULY – DECEMBER 1862

83

Challenger goes to Barbadoes & Immortalite will be here about 1 Sept or soon after. I have completed Niles new Estbt. of Guns from Aboukir by taking out 14 of her Lower D. Guns which can be replaced from the Conqueror’s at Jamaica. I have also taken her 40 Pr. Armstrongs. Nile is therefore complete. I hope you will hasten out the Steadys Cylinder as she is laid up at Bermuda[.] It would have been better to have sent her at once to England from Jamaica but it was too late when the report of the accident reached me, as the Cylinder had been ordered. I have no special news. 5 C. Martial have been held on Deserters and I regret to say Men have been getting away to the U. States. I have got the Mayor to swear in and give full powers to a detective for the special service of the Navy which I consider will do much good.1 73. [Milne Mss MLN/116/1b]

Stuart to Milne Washington 21 July 1862

Private My dear Sir Alexander, I have scarcely time for more to-day than to thank you for your very kind letter of the 8th Instant. You are receiving officially information about the “Will o’ the Wisp”.2 I do not see how the Prize Court can condemn her, if the Powder was bonâ fide purchased by the Mexican Military Authorities. Ships discharging their Cargoes at the ordinary place ought surely to be considered as virtually in Port.3 As Captain Tatham’s letter to Commodore Farragut is amongst the Papers which I have given to Mr. Seward, I preferred not to enter myself into a controversial discussion upon the subject.4

1 For Milne’s earlier efforts to stem desertion at Halifax, see The Milne Papers, vol. 2, p. xliii, and Docs Nos 257–8, 273, and 289. 2 The Will o’ the Wisp was seized off Matamoros, Mexico, on 3 June 1862. See ‘North America. No. 12. (1863.) Correspondence respecting the seizure of the British schooner “Will o’ the Wisp” by the United States’ ship of war “Montgomery” at Matamoros, June 3, 1862’, PP, 1863, vol. 72, pp. 513–62. For a summary of the case, see Bernath, Squall across the Atlantic, pp. 47–9. 3 Loading and unloading ships off Matamoros was a fraught undertaking. See Randolph to Hugh Dunlop, 1 Jan 1863, enclosed in Doc. No. 178. 4 Tatham had written a strongly worded letter to David Farragut, commanding the US Navy’s blockading squadron in the western Gulf of Mexico, in which he maintained that blockading a neutral port like Matamoros violated international law. That letter is printed in ‘North America. No. 12. (1863.) Correspondence respecting the seizure of the British schooner “Will o’ the Wisp” by the United States’ ship of war “Montgomery” at Matamoros, June 3, 1862’, PP, 1863, vol. 72, p. 518. See also Bernath, Storm across the Atlantic, 47–8.

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The Panama question is disposed of in the manner I wished.1 Confidence as to the result of the War has been a great deal shaken by the late events here, and there is evidently great difficulty in procuring the Recruits required. Mr. Seward tells me that Mobile and Charleston are to be shortly taken, – that McLellan’s [sic] position has been rendered impregnable, – that reinforcements are arriving and that General Pope’s2 Army is to advance upon Richmond. But that is only one side of the question, and the one which he wishes us to believe. He looks forward, amongst other means, to a Servile War in the South, but the Confederates must have taken their precautions, if there really is any danger, of which as yet we have no indications. Our great object at present is to get Cotton to help us through the coming winter. I hope you are in the enjoyment of cool Breezes at Halifax[.]  P.S. It was very kind of you to telegraph to me about Panama. Was the Cypher intelligible wh[ich] I sent to you about that and the “Will o’ the Wisp”? 74. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5787]

“Nile” at Halifax 24 July 1862 [received 4 August]

No. 591 Sir, I have the honor to transmit to be laid before the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, the accompanying correspondence3 relative to the seizure at Nassau by Commander Hickley of Her Majesty’s Ship “Greyhound”, of the Steamer “Orito” [sic], on the ground that she was fitting there as an armed vessel for a Foreign Service, in contravention of the Queen’s Proclamation of the 13th May 1861, and of the Foreign Enlistment Act of 1819, and to her consequently being thrown into the Vice Admiralty Court at Nassau.

1 Stuart had written to the Foreign Office and Milne on 19 July regarding New Grenadian efforts to secure American and British assistance to protect the trans-Panamanian railway from revolutionary forces led by General Mosquera. 2 John Pope (1822–92). American soldier. Brevet 2nd Lt, 1842; 2nd Lt, 1846; Brevet 1st Lt, 1846; Brevet Capt, 1846; 1st Lt, 1853; Capt, 1856; Brig Gen of Volunteers, 1861; Major Gen of Volunteers, 1862; Brig Gen, US Army, 1862; Major Gen, US Army, 1882. 3 Not included in this collection, as Milne’s cover letter synopsises their import. For a summary of this incident, see Courtemanche, No Need of Glory, pp. 101–4.

JULY – DECEMBER 1862

85

2. – As on further reflection it appears to me more than probable that the Governor of the Bahamas will have already forwarded to Her Majesty’s Government the particulars of this transaction, I abstain from giving effect to my first intention, which was to express to Commander Hickley my approval of the zeal displayed by him on this occasion, in giving proof that our Neutrality between the Belligerents was a reality, and that when the occasion offered, Her Majesty’s Officers were quite ready to accept the responsibility of acting, as in this case, whenever it appeared to be notorious (however inculpable of legal proof it may turn out to be), that the Vessel in question was fitting out in a British Port as an armed Confederate Cruizer. 3. – Should the Law Officers of the Crown be of opinion that the seizure was illegal, that the very grave suspicion of being intended for employment as a Southern Cruizer, the fact of the Vessel being in every respect fitted like one of Her Majesty’s Ships, and specially adapted for war, Her Armament ready to be put on board, with a Crew of fifty men and Officers of the Confederate States ready to command her, should these facts be insufficient, in their opinion, to justify legally and technically the seizure, I yet trust their Lordships will see fit to exonerate Commander Hickley from all the blame and consequent responsibility, in consideration of the difficult position in which he was placed, and of the fact that the occurrence of such a case is not either directly or remotely contemplated in any of the special Instructions which have, from time to time, been furnished for the guidance of Her Majesty’s Ships employed on this Station in the present crisis. 4. – Had this been the case of a bonâ fide armed vessel of either of the Belligerents, it would have been for the Governor to have taken the initiative, but as the Foreign Enlistment Act specially arms Naval Officers with the authority to act under it without reference to the Civil Power, I apprehend no objection can be taken to Commander Hickley’s line of conduct in this respect, which I consider, under the circumstances, was perfectly right and proper, the opinion of the Queen’s Advocate1 having only reference to the weight of the evidence that could be adduced on a purely professional point, and did not call into question the authority of Commander Hickley to act on sufficient proof of the Law being

1 G.C. Anderson, the Attorney General at Nassau, stated on 10 June 1862 ‘the liability of the Orito to seizure on that facts of her peculiar build and fittings, which gave her the appearance of a vessel of war without however her having guns or ammunition on board’ was not in his opinion ‘such as to justify the seizure of the vessel for an infringement of the Foreign Enlistment Act’. Anderson to Bayley, 10 June 1862, Copy, in the enclosures contained in ‘“Oreto” Seizure of by Greyhound,’ ADM1/5787.

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infringed: At the same time however I cannot lose sight of the allegation, that when seized, the Ship herself was not more complete as an Armed Ship than when she fitted out and left Liverpool, or of the fact that there may be a great difficulty in proving, under the Foreign Enlistment Act, “the Prince, State, Potentate &c” in whose service this Steamer was to have been employed. 75. The Secretary of the Admiralty to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/114/3]

Admiralty 1 August 1862

Circular No. 582 Sir I am commanded by my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to state that Earl Russell, Her Majesty’s Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, has acquainted them that Mr. Adams,1 the Federal Minister in this Country, has informed his Lordship that it is the intention of the United States Government to issue Letters of Marque with a view to checking the Hostilities carried on by Southern Privateers against United States Commerce. 76. [ADM1/5788]

Hickley to Milne2 “Greyhound” Nassau 3 August 1862

Sir, I have the honor to inform you that the finding of the Vice Admiralty Court at Nassau has been to restore the British Steam Ship “Oreto”3 to her owners,

1 Charles Francis Adams, Sr (1807–86). American politician, historian, journalist and diplomatist. Member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, 1840–43; of the Massachusetts Senate, 1843–45; of the US House of Representatives for Massachusetts, 1859–61. US ambassador to Great Britain 1861–68. 2 Milne forwarded this letter to the Admiralty on 17 Sep 1862 (no 733, received 29 Sep), drawing the Board’s attention to ‘the circumstance of this Steamer having been supplied with Pump gear and hoses marked with the Board Arrow’. On receiving it the Board instructed the navy’s Storekeeper General to report ‘how these articles were obtained’. The latter replied (10 Oct) that ‘[t]here is no trace in the Department of the supply of those articles to the Oreto’. See ADM1/5788. 3 The Oreto was subsequently renamed CSS Florida and armed as a commerce raider. See Courtemanche, No Need of Glory, pp. 101–7.

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87

each party paying their own Costs, and that therefore I have delivered her over to her consignees Messrs Adderley and Co. of this place, and by the advice of the Attorney General and Queen’s Advocate, I have also delivered over to her, her hoses and pump gear marked with the Queen’s mark.1 I have to report my sailing this day for Vera Cruz calling off the Havana … 77. Milne to Stuart [Draft] [Milne Mss MLN/116/1b]

Halifax 4 August 1862

My dear Mr Stuart I send you by this Mail a Letter on the subject of the capture of British Vessels bound from Liverpool or Bermuda to Nassau.2 My Instructions are to protect the Commerce of the Country from all illegal interference, and the Seizure of Vessels cleared out from England to a colonial port is in my opinion not justifiable by Internal3 Laws and will I presume be the subject of Complaint by H.M. Gov. In sending you the correspondence I would call your attention to the Letter of Lord Russell[,] nearly the last in the preliminary papers on the Trent Affair[,] where the case of Vessels bound from one neutral Port to another is considered.4 You know better than I do what in this case will be the proper course to pursue towards the U. States Gov. or whether[,] under all the circumstances[,] you deem it necessary or Expedient to submit it at all[.] I confess I am myself ignorant of the course which under the circumstances our Gov. might consider it proper to adopt, but you may perhaps have some instructions bearing on these proceedings[.] I Therefore forward my views[,] founded on the statements submitted to me by the Comd of Racer [sic: ‘Rinaldo’], and must leave you to act as you may think best, but please let me know your views by Telegh as I should not wish to leave Halifax for Prince Edwards Island and Newfoundland without hearing from you.

1 The Bahama Vice Admiralty Court’s verdict on the Oreto/Florida (27 Aug 1862) is found in ADM 1/5788. 2 This letter, dated 2 Aug 1862, and its enclosure from Hewett to Milne is printed in ‘Correspondence respecting instructions given to naval officers of the United States in regard to neutral vessels and mails’, PP, 1863, vol. 72, pp. 449–51. 3 I.e., by domestic, rather than international, law. 4 Milne was probably referring to a paragraph in a 23 Jan 1862 letter from Russell to Lord Lyons. See ‘Correspondence respecting the seizure of Messrs. Mason, Slidell, McFarland, and Eustis, from on board the royal mail-packet “Trent,” by the commander of the United States’ ship of war “San Jacinto”’, PP, 1862, vol. 62, p. 646.

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78. Stuart to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1b]

Washington 4 August 1862

My dear Sir Alexander, We are waiting anxiously for the next move of the Confederates, and a Naval Action in the James River may be looked for, if the Reports are true that the new iron-clad “Richmond” and her Consorts have descended towards General McLellan’s [sic] Neighbourhood.1 I was instructed by last mail to address two strong remonstrances to this Government,--the one about the treatment of captured [blockade running] Crews, and the other about the restrictions upon Trade with Nassau.2 On the latter point, I fear we shall not get any reversal of the present objectionable regulation. The case of the “Adela” looks a serious one, if the Master can prove his Statements. I am suggesting to Lord Russell the propriety of appointing some paid Consul or Vice Consul at Key West, during the continuance of the War, as so many Prizes are being taken in there for adjudication, and the present Vice Consul is also an American Official, in whom we have no confidence. Public opinion in England seems entirely favorable to the South, although there is not any pressure upon the Government for recognition. I propose to ask Captain Von Donop to take the “Jason” to Charleston with the Despatches for the Southern Consuls, towards the end of next week, unless you entertain any objections to my so doing. He might remain there for a fortnight or so, for the return Despatches. One of mine going to you to-day was intended for the last Mail, but there was a great press of business, and the inclosure could not be copied in time.

1

This intelligence was erroneous. Accurately concluding that much of the food and other items shipped from US ports to Nassau and Bermuda was ultimately bound for the Confederacy, the US government imposed severe restrictions on the export of goods to those two places, an embargo eventually extended to Jamaica and British North America. These restrictions were the subject of voluminous correspondence between the British and US governments. See ‘North America. No. 14. (1863.) Correspondence respecting interference with trade between New York and the Bahamas’, PP, 1863, vol. 72, pp. 539–636; FRUS, 1863, pt 1, 489–90. 607–8, 614, 627, 659–61, 670, 673–7, 682–3; 1864, pt 2, 390–91, 394–5, 469–73, 485–7, 500, 520–22, 524–8, 530–32, 558–9, 560–62, 582–4, 587, 617–20, 626, 631–2, 641–2, 648, 662–4, 666, 667–8, 669, 672–3, 682–3, 684–5, 687, 735–7, 741, 761–2. See also Docs Nos. 259, 292, 294, and 296. 2

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Having nothing of interest to tell you, I need not take up any more of your time.  P.S. Mr. Seward has just at this last moment sent me a Copy of a Letter which he has to-day addressed to the Navy Department, in consequence of a report which he had seen in the Newspapers, that the British Ship “Herald” had been chased by the United States Gunboat “Adirondack” within the jurisdictional limits of New Providence.1 Naval Officers are to be strictly enjoined, at the risk of severe displeasure, upon no account to interfere with Ships within such limits, and the case in question is to be thoroughly investigated. You shall have a Copy by next Mail: there is no time to-day. 79. Milne to Somerset [Somerset Mss Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/17]

Halifax 6 August 1862

My dear Sir I have not troubled your Grace with any late correspondence as I have not had anything of special moment to bring to your notice, but the proceedings of the U. States Cruizers in detaining and Capturing British vessels bound from England to Nassau, That is between British Ports[,] is likely to become so general that I have been obliged in protecting our commerce from illegal interference to communicate with Mr. Stuart our Charge d’Affaires at Washington on the subject. A Copy of my letter to him goes to the Admiralty by this Mail[,] giving an account of the Capture of the Adela steamer off Abaco Light House, and the statement of the U. States Flag Officer commanding the Squadron at Key West, to Comdr Hewett of the Rinaldo, “That the United States Cruizers would Capture certain British vessels whose names were sent from Washington wherever found”, is a proceeding so contrary to International Law that I could not allow this communication of the Flag Officer to pass without notice and remonstrance. I have requested Mr. Stuart to bring the subject to the notice of the U. States Government if he considers it expedient or proper to do so.2 I will not however adopt any steps until I hear from

1 Milne quickly ascertained that this report was erroneous: the Adirondack ceased firing at the Herald about five and a half miles from the shore. See Doc. No. 82. 2 Stuart did. His letter to Earl Russell, enclosing Milne’s and a copy of Hewett’s account, along with subsequent letters to and from Stuart, Russell, and William Seward, can be found in ‘North America. No. 5. (1863.) Correspondence respecting instructions given to naval officers of the United States in regard to neutral vessels and mails’, PP, 1863, vol. 72, pp. 447–53.

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him and also from the Admiralty what measures the Govt. would see fit adopt. This seizure of the Adela[,] bound from Liverpool to Bermuda and Nassau[,] is certainly a violation of the Law of Nations, altho there can be no doubt that this Trade is for the purpose of giving indirect aid to the Southern States. I sent by a former mail an account of the seizure of an English vessel in the Anchorage of Nassau by Comdr Hickley of HMS Greyhound, but I have not heard the result of the proceedings in the Admiralty Court, altho it is reported that she has been released. I intend sending the Melpomene from Bermuda to Nassau to communicate with the Governor, and to cruize off Abaco for some days to let the U. States Cruizers be aware that their proceedings are watched. She will then return to Bermuda. The only other subject I wish to bring to your Grace’s special notice is in regard to the Admiralty House at this place, and I feel I may the more freely give my opinion as the period of my Command is now fast drawing to a close. I am directed by your Lordships to send home Estimates for repairing the Commissioners House in the Dock Yard for the residence of the Commander in Chief, and so soon as it is ready, It is their Lordships intention to sell or let this house. I would beg your Grace to pause before adopting this course. The Commissioners House is inferior in Every respect to this, and is not so well suited Either in itself or in position for the residence of the Admiral, and his removal to the Dock Yard would most certainly lower the position in which the Naval Commander in Chief has always held on this Station, and Especially in this place as the Naval Head Quarters. this House is now in perfect order and completely furnished, and to break it all up and let it, to become most likely a Military Hospital to the Barracks would indeed be a mortifying change, and no compliment to this Colony which gave £2000 to assist in building it. The Commissioners House is wanted for many purposes, and glad I would be if it was in a fit state to receive the officers of the Rinaldo. She arrived here with Yellow Fever a week ago and has lost 1 officer and 6 men. She received pratique yesterday. Her crew must be removed into the Lofts, the ship must be cleaned and fumigated, but the officers must live on board as I have no place to put them. Last year the officers of two ships were in the Commissioners House, but it is now under repair. If Ever we should have war, The Commissioners House will be wanted. I must honestly say that altho this House may cost some little Expense to Keep it up, I hope my successors as the Admirals on this Station may not be considered unworthy of the Consideration of the Admiralty. I see nothing to be gained to the Service by the Change, and I therefore hope the Board will not carry out their intention. to complete the Commissioners House and furnish it will probably cost some £2000. I have no special news from the States, but private letters give a very unsatisfactory account of the Northern Army, and the state of the

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Northern affairs, which from the view now taken by the Northern press must Ere long result in some crisis. The Racer has been at Charleston and is now at Annapolis. The Jason is at Fortress Monroe and is to be relieved by Cadmus. Liffey[,] Barracouta, Rinaldo and Landrail have all been off New Orlean’s &c. I mention this as I observed in the House of Commons it was mentioned that there was no British Ship of War there,1 but I had letters when Liffey was there in May & June from the Consul to say that no Ship of War was required. Comdr Hewett has just returned from thence to Mobile and has done good service in placing our Consuls in a satisfactory position with the Federal authorities. 80. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [10]]

Halifax 7 August 1862

My dear Grey I did not write you by the last Mail as it is no use my bothering you when I have nothing of any special moment to communicate. I send home official letters respecting the Capture of British vessels bound from one English Port to Another and I should wish the Instructions of HM Government on the subject[.] I wish to avoid all cause of collision but it will not do for us to be mute under illegal proceedings which might hereafter be brought forward as a precedent. you will see the case by my public letter to Mr Stuart.2 The Agamemnon and Aboukir got away and all arrangements were made and I must do Cap Shadwell the justice to say He was in Every respect most zealous and indefatigable[.] he is a hard working man when there is anything to do but alas his Comdr3 is ——— [sic]. My dear Grey do stop the intention of throwing away this House.4 It grieves me to think of the orders the Board have given for the Commissioners House to be prepared for the C in C and this House to be let or sold. it is wrong in Every sense and a bad compliment to the Colony which gave £2000 to assist in building it. it may cost a little money to keep it up but I do hope that our C in C[s] are worthy of some consideration and that they are to find support at Home. The House being here in order

1 This claim was made in the House of Commons on 21 July. See Hansard, 3rd ser., vol. 168, cols. 589–92. 2 Not printed in this collection. See, however, Milne to Stuart [draft], 4 Aug 1862, Doc. No. 77. 3 Henry Warrington Corneck (1827–77). Entered c.1840; Lt, 1849; Cmdr, 1859; Capt (Ret.) 1870. 4 Admiralty House, Halifax.

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and in Every respect complete[,] why give it up[?] The Military have long had an Eye to it for a Military Hospital and I suspect there is some private influence at work to get it away from us. The Commissioners House is a poor one [compared] to this and is not so well situated[,] with a Coal Depot within 20 Yards of it. If this House was to be built and the Commissioners House Empty then I would say dont built this, but having this House & Grounds and having been the residence of our Comdr in Chief for 42 Years I do say it would be a great pity to give it up[.] dont lower our position which is next to the Governor at this moment and if you Ever have war with any nation you will require a squadron here and a Commissioner or Supdt as formerly. I can have no personal interest in the Matter as I suppose I will soon hear of a Successor unless your Lordships have any intention to keep me here longer than usual on account of American affairs[,] to which I would have no objections. Adventure arrived yesterday from St Johns New Brunswick and has just Escaped a total loss. on the Evg of the 3d at 6:50 she was going 10 knots. by chance the Comdr came on deck[,] saw it thick Fog[,] stopped Engines to sound[,] and] in 3 Minutes land [was] reported right ahead. he backed her astern for 30 seconds when she Struck on a rock & came off, but she has received some indentations and[,] by Telegh from St Johns received in the night[,] some of the Stem &c has been found on the Rocks. an Enquiry is now Sitting on board of her. she is making 1 in[ch] an hour. The Diver will go down this afternoon. The Rinaldo arrived from Kay West with Yellow Fever[.] She has lost a Clerk & 6 men, 3 of them here[,] but the Fever has ceased. Hewett complains very much about having his Sick on the Lower Deck mixed up with his ships Coy and urgently asking me to built [sic: ‘build’] a light Forecastle, that some shelter may be afforded to his Crew and Especially for his sick so as to give them the Benefit of Fresh Air. I so Entirely agree with him and consider we are bound to afford the men Every reasonable and proper comfort that I will build a Forecastle at once. It [is] a proper course. I go on Friday to P[rince] E[dward] Island to visit that Colony for a few days and then I go to Pictou1 and on to Newfoundland and will arrange to meet the Mails. Hero goes also to sea[.] They have [had] too much of the shore. Cadmus goes to Bermuda on Saturday and then to Fortress Monroe to relieve the Jason[.] so soon as I can get hold of Peterel & relieve the Racer I will do so and send Racer home, but I am obliged to keep a vessel of her draft on that part of the Coast[.]

1

On the north coast of Nova Scotia, 45°40′3″ North, 62°42′43″ West.

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Melpomene will go down to Nassau for a few days and return to Bermuda. I have no news from the States but judging from Extracts from their own papers[,] matters are very unsatisfactory for the North[.] I have given a Boston gentleman a note of Introduction to you[.] he has some plan’s for defending ships by Iron & water[.] 81. Milne to the Senior Naval Officer at Nassau1 [Milne Mss MLN/114/9]

“Nile,” at Halifax, 8 August 1862

Sir, In consequence of one of Her Majesty’s ships having interfered with the belligerent right of search, which was being apparently legitimately exercised by an United States cruizer when not within five and a half miles of British territory, under, it would seem, the erroneous impression that gunshot range is no longer limited to one marine league,2 I enclose for your information and guidance, extracted from an Admiralty letter giving very precise instructions on this and other points, which you are to consider as confidential, at the same time bearing in mind that it is Her Majesty’s command that all Her officers abstain from any acts likely to bring on a collision between Great Britain and the United States. [Enclosure] (Extract.) “1. I am commanded by my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to acquaint you that the conduct of Lieutenant-Governor Nesbitt,3 in refusing to allow a coal depôt to be formed at Nassau by either belligerent has been approved by Her Majesty’s Government.

1 This, and subsequent memoranda of 9 Sep (Doc. No. 100) and 18 Sep 1862 (Doc. No. 103), were initially issued only to the Senior Officer at Nassau, but were later distributed generally: “Nile,” at Halifax, 13th October, 1862 Memorandum. The accompanying copies of confidential papers which have been issued to the Senior Naval Officer at Nassau are now circulated for the guidance of officers in command of Her Majesty’s cruizers on the North American and West Indian Station. 2 The ship was HMS Greyhound, under the command of Henry Hickley. See Doc. No. 82. 3 Charles Rogers Nesbitt (1799–1876). Deputy Colonial Secretary of the Bahamas, 1818– 38; Lt. Governor of St Vincent, 1860–61; Colonial Secretary of the Bahamas, 1838–67.

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2. That the authorities of the Bahama Islands and of other British ports, will be justified in preventing either of the belligerents from making a British harbour a place from which to pursue the enemy’s vessels; and my Lords desire that you will co-operate with the authorities, and cause this decision to be respected.1 3. That it has been decided that a vessel of war of one belligerent shall not be allowed to leave a British port until twenty-four hours after any vessel of war of the other belligerent may have left. 4. My Lords desire you will not interfere with any belligerent operations which may be carried on by either party, beyond the limits of three miles from the shore of any British possession, although those operations might be attended with annoyance and inconvenience to the trade of British ports. 5. No warlike operations are to be permitted in British waters that is within three miles of the shore of any British possession. Should such operations be attempted within a British harbour, or within the undoubted limits of British territory, they should be prevented, and, if necessary, force is to be used for that purpose. 6. A vessel of war of either party entering a British port, and having contraband of war on board, is not to be interfered with by the authorities of the port, nor should they allow her to be interfered with while in British waters by any vessel belonging to the adverse party.” 82. Milne to Hickley [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [10]]

Halifax 8 August 1862

Dear Cap Hickley Yours of 28 July2 reached me this morning from Nassau with the Official Letters respecting the case of the Herald being fired at, as you say 5½

1 Printed in the margin next to this portion of the text is an addendum, although it is not stated whether it was penned by the Board of Admiralty or Milne. It reads: The duty of maintaining British territory inviolate devolves on the Governor or other supreme civil authority, and you are not to act without previous communication with him, except in cases of emergency, where such previous communication may be impossible. Great Britain does not claim jurisdiction over the Great Banks [of the Bahamas], except where they are within three miles of British territory, or are so inclosed by British territory as to have an exceptional character. The mere circumstance that a rock would support a fort does not constitute it part of the Bahamas, unless it be an appendage of an inhabited coast and territory, and so situated that a work erected on it would threaten or protect (as the case might be) such coast or territory, or under other conditions of contiguity and dependence which must be considered separately in each case or group of cases. 2 Not preserved among Milne’s papers.

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Miles from Nassau and therefore clearly beyond the territorial limits of Her Majestys Dominions and where the U States Cruizers have full power and authority as a Belligerent to Exercise Every right of search[.] I regret I cannot give my sanction to your proceedings as they are so clearly at variance with the well known rules of international law[,] 3 Miles being the full Extent of the limit and not 5½[.]1 The view taken by Mr Bayley about the range of an Armstrong Gun is all stuff and wont bear on the case and I must say it is stretching the question unnecessarily. You[r] orders[,] founded on those from Her Majestys Government[,] direct that no act is to be committed which might involve Gt Britain in hostilities with the United States[.] you must therefore be very cautious in regard to hostile demonstration Especially when you have not the right on your side. Mr Seward is very angry about this case from which [sic] he saw in the Newspapers and has ordered an immediate Enquiry into the facts[,] and if the U. States Vessel has ventured beyond the Territorial Limits as reported[.] The Home Gov. as well as myself have remonstrated thro our Legation at Washington with the U. States Government in regard to the Seizure of the Adela and vessels bound from one British Port to another but the result is not yet known[.] I am sorry the Commodore has ordered you away from Nassau[:] he could not have been aware that I had specially selected you for the position … Yours very truly in haste … 83. Milne to Ewart [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [10]]

Halifax 8 August 1862

Confidential Dear Cap Ewart I have sent orders for you to proceed forthwith to Nassau[.] The Governor is in anxiety as to the Colony from the U. States Cruizers paying him so many visits, but I see no ground whatever for apprehension. The U. States cruizers no doubt keep a watchful Eye on the place as it is from thence all the arms, ammunition & supplies are sent to the Southern States and we cannot blame them, or find any fault so long as they do not infringe the territorial limit of 3 Marine Miles from the shore. This is the law as laid down by our own Gov as you will see by the official Papers which I send to you. Cap Hickley was in Error when he protested against the proceedings of a U. States Cruizer firing at and bringing to the Herald 5 ½ Miles from

1 Milne’s public letter and its enclosures to the Secretary of the Admiralty on this incident (No 677 M, 14 Aug 1862) are not included in this collection. They can be found in ADM1/5788.

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Nassau. The law is quite clear and it is only causing difficulties when we act contrary to the well known laws. The chief difficulty which I see gradually arising is the United States Cruizers Capturing our Vessels bound from one English Port to another. These proceedings are now in the hands of our Legation at Washington[,] and the Home Govt as well as myself have remonstrated. more we cannot do as I have strict injunctions on no account to commit any Act which is likely to cause Hostilities with America, and I see in all Mr Sewards letters his anxiety and his Instructions to the Naval Dept. that no infringement of the British limits of Territory should take place, and when he saw the report in the Papers that the Herald had been chased into Nassau he immediately order[ed] an Enquiry to be made into all the circumstances[.] the cause of detaining vessels under the above circumstances is owing to their fitting out [ships and] shipping Arms & Gunpowder for Nassau which is no doubt intended for the Southern States and the U States Gov may well feel sore at the transshipment and subsequent smuggling of Munitions of War into the Southern States. You will see the Governor at Nassau[,] then Cruize for 10 days or so towards Abaco and shew that you are cruizing and on the look out, then return to Nassau and supply our ships with Provisions & Stores, landing any spare at the Commissariat and take some of the Conqueror’s Guns to Bermuda. Have an Eye to the Fever which I hear is there and avoid your Men or officers sleeping on shore if the place is Sickly. Comdr Watson has I am afraid given cause for a complaint from the U States Govt. in taking away clandestinely I must call it from Cay West a Mail Bag Captured in the Adela steamer[,] which Bag was abstracted by some one from the Prize Court Authorities and Comdr Watson receives [sic] it from some one not named.1 It was a mistake on his part but I have no doubt there will be a representation from the U.S. Govt on the subject. You will probably be absent five weeks or so from Bermuda unless you find cause to detain you at Nassau[.] 84. Milne to Watson [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [10]]

Halifax 8 August 1862

Dear Cap Watson I am much obliged to [you] for several letters which I have from time to time received from you and your last from Nassau reached me

1

See Doc. No. 84.

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yesterday[.]1 I could have wished in your zeal for the service that you had been a little more considerate in the terms of your communications to the Flag officer and other officials at Cay West, and I must put you on your Guard in the tone of your correspondence[,] which has Evidently given offence to the Flag officer and this I regret[,] for in all our communications with the U. States officers & Govt. there has been a tone of a cordial and conciliatory nature throughout the present difficulties. nothing can be gained by the use of harsh Expressions[.] our duty is to represent any cause of Complaint in plain terms founded on the law and then to call upon the party to release or otherwise as may [be] necessary and proper. I write this to you that you may be on your guard[,] as it is not our Duty to assume the functions of the Home Gov. in Arguing a case when we are not well founded on the law by which cases of the nature in which you have been Engaged are to be decided[.] The simple course is to Explain facts and state the case and then demand [redress] in terms that are civil but firm. The Mail Bag case I suspect I will hear more of, as no doubt the U States Gov. will know that you took the abstracted Mail Bag from Cay West. There ought to have been a receipt given and you should have declined to receive it Except thro an official source. I mention to you that the Limit of our Territorial jurisdiction Extends only to 3 Miles and not 5½ from the shore as assumed by Cap Hickley[.] The U.S. Cruizer under the Law of Nations had a perfect claim to use her Belligerent rights to detain and search any vessel up to the 3 Mile limit so please keep this in view and dont compromise our Government by acting otherwise. The case of the seizure of the Adela is before the U. States Gov. thro our Legation[.] I have remonstrated and I find also the Home Gov. has remonstrated related to the interference with legitimate trade but in weighing the circumstances of all cases of detention we must bear in mind there are two parties and we must therefore consider both sides in coming to a judgement. I am glad the Peterel keeps healthy[.] I hope this will [continue to] be so. Rinaldo has lost 7 by Yellow Fever and is now here clearing out. Yours very truly in haste …

1

Not preserved among Milne’s papers.

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85. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5787]

“Nile”, in the Gut of Canso,1 14 August 1862 [received 31 August]

No. 643. Sir, With reference to my letter No. 606 of the 2nd Instant relative to the capture of the “Adela” by the United States Cruizer “Quaker City”, and to the detention of the Mails & despatches taken in her at the time, I have the honor to enclose an extract of a letter from Commander Watson of her Majesty’s Ship “Peterel”, dated the 29th Ultimo, who was at Key West after the “Rinaldo” left, reporting the steps he took in the matter, together with the several papers particularized in the annexed schedule, all bearing upon the same subject.2 2. – It was with much regret that I felt compelled to disapprove of the proceedings of so zealous an Officer as Commander Watson, but the tone he adopted toward the United States Flag Officer and other United States Officials, in their own Port, appeared to me so objectionable that I could not let it pass without comment,3 – while I consider he, at least, acted very indiscreetly in receiving the Mail bag in such an underhanded way as he describes[,] instead of receiving it openly or not at all. 3. – I have confidentially furnished Mr. Stuart, Her Majesty’s Chargé d’Affaires at Washington, with my views on these points, as my doing so may be useful to him in any communications which he may receive from the United States Government, and perhaps afford facilities for coming to a right understanding upon some of the controverted points without the delay of further reference to Key West or elsewhere.

1

The Strait of Canso, which divides Nova Scotia from Cape Breton Island. Neither the extract from Watson’s letter nor any of the enclosures to which Milne referred, nor a copy of Milne’s reproving letter to Watson, are to be found in ADM1. They were forwarded to the Foreign Office and probably not returned. 3 The Foreign Office agreed. In a letter of 8 Sep (No 677 M) Milne was informed that ‘Earl Russell concurs in the opinion expressed by you respecting the proceedings of Commander Watson of the Peterel at Key West, as regards the tone of his correspondence with the United States Officers, and the indiscreet manner in which he received the Mail Bag on board the “Adela”’. 2

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86. Milne to Glasse [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [10]

HMS Nile Prince E[dward] Island 17 August 1862

Dear Cap Glasse Your note1 reached me when outside of Halifax on the 13th when we fell in with the Steady[,] Plover & Delta … I quite agree with you respecting the protection of the Coal [from the elements.] any temporary plan … should be adopted[.] I have the same measures to carry out at Halifax[.] I am here on my way to St Johns at [sic] Newfoundland but will be at Halifax on the 10 Septr. I have nothing of any moment for you but send an answer about the Boats for the Dock Yard. If we can get a Boat Transferred from the Convict Est[ablishmen]t it should be done and you [should] write officially to the Governor about it[,] but to increase the Dyard Boats and to give the Storekeeper a Boat to be called his own would be wrong. The Dock Yard Boats are for all special [sic: ‘official’] duties of the Dock Yard, as the Hospl Boat is for the Hospital, Works Dept. [boat] for their Dept[,] and a special Boat to be set apart for the Storekeeper[,] to be kept for his use only & thus perhaps once or twice a week[,] is inconsistent with what is due to the public service and cannot be Entertained[.] at the sametime [sic] we want a better Boat than the Porgy. Ports Island must be retained for the Naval Service[.] I quite concur in your views on the subject & Have written to you officially on the subject[.] 87. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [11]]

HMS Nile Prince E[dward] Island 18 August 1862

My dear Grey I write this on my way to St. Johns and have put in here to pay an official visit to this Government[,] not that there is much to do[,] but I think it is right to visit the place. It is a fine Snug Harbour and the NE. River would hold any number of Ships. You will receive by this Mail

1

Not preserved among Milne’s papers.

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the official report of the Adventures accident.1 Blame is attached to all concerned. over zeal and being injudicious in cruizing in a Fog has [sic] been the cause of the accident and had it not been for the most fortunate stopping of the Engines the ship would have been Entirely Smashed. Cap Lethbridge2 I must say appears to me Exceedingly zealous and attentive and is terribly cut up at the unfortunate accident but I think he has a want of Experience in Command. I have given him both publicly & privately a very short rebuke. You will see my public memo dealing with the case which I presume will be satisfactory to the Board.3 I had the Nimble at the Gut of Canso to intercept the Adventure on her way to Quebec … Rinaldo is cleared and will be ready again after her Yellow Fever[.] Plover has come up but her Fever has left her. The French Navy at Mexico buried over 500 men at Vera Cruz with Yellow Fever and they have lost 12 Medical Men; I am anxious about the Phaeton but Cap Tatham writes me the ship is continuing healthy. I propose sending the Racer to England the End of Sept. as soon as I can get Rinaldo to take her place off Charleston &c. Yours very truly in haste … 88. Milne to Hugh Dunlop [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [11]]

HMS Nile Prince E[dward] Island 18 August 1862

My dear Commodore I received your letter4 by the Landrail at Halifax yesterday fortnight since which I fell in with Plover on the 13 outside Halifax. The Steady is also there but I have heard nothing of her Cylinder from England[.] it would have been much better had Dacres sent her home from Jamaica & I would have done so had I not received information that the new Cylinder was ordered, and to be sent to Bermuda … I have sent the Melpomene to Nassau to cruize for a Fortnight or so, and I have written a letter of complaint thro the Legation at Washington complaining of the U.S. Cruizers seizing our vessels bound from one British

1

Not included in this collection. Thomas Bridgeman Lethbridge (1829–92). Entered, 1843; Lt, 1848; Cmdr, 1857; Capt, 1863; Rear-Adm, 1878; Vice-Adm, 1885; Adm (Ret.), 1890. 3 The Board concurred. In a letter to Milne of 5 Sep (No 655 M) they stated that ‘Commander Lethbridge upon his arrival in England will be informed that my Lords have very carefully investigated all the circumstances and are greatly dissatisfied with the careless & reckless way in which the Adventure was navigated in Entering the Bay of Fundy’. 4 Not preserved among Milne’s papers. 2

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Port to another. The answer I have received by Telegh is satisfactory[,] Mr Seward having given orders to the U States Cruizers on the subject.1 as my means of direct communication with Nassau are more direct than yours from Jamaica I have sent a Memo uniting Nassau to the Bermuda Station so that I may direct proceedings at that Island in concert with the Governor. This will be the best course to adopt under present circumstances. Leave the Peterel there for the present and as you must be short of ships I will send down some of the small vessels as soon as I can do so. The Jason is now being relieved by Cadmus at Fortress Monroe and I am sending orders to her at Bermuda to proceed to Jamaica to follow your orders. She is perfectly healthy. I have nothing of any moment whatever from Home, but expect the Mail the End of this week. I have written as you wished me about the Coast Guard appointment[.]2 I am on my way to Newfoundland but will be again at Halifax on the 9 Septr. I will be anxious to hear your arrangements about Aboukir &c[.] I hope the Crews of these ships will continue Healthy. with best wishes in which Lady Milne begs to join[.] 89. Stuart to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1b]

Washington 18 August 1862

Private My dear Sir Alexander, I have to thank you for your private Letter of the 11th and for the accompanying Despatches which arrived yesterday very conveniently, – in addition to those received by the last Mail. You will see that I have got the case of the “Adela” into as good a position as could be, short of release with damages. It is, therefore, a great disappointment to find that Captain Watson has been treating the affair at Key West in such a very different spirit from that in which we have conducted it here.3 I fear that his proceedings will, besides putting us in the wrong on some points, have produced considerable irritation

1 These orders are found in ‘North America. No. 5. (1863.) Correspondence respecting instructions given to naval officers of the United States in regard to neutral vessels and mails’, PP, 1863, vol. 72, pp. 451–2. 2 See Doc. No. 105. 3 See Docs Nos 84–5.

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there, which will possibly prejudice the Authorities against our ships in the Prize Court, in this as well as in future cases. Lord Lyons warned me that the only way to get any redress out of American Officials is by courtesy and conciliation, and I am convinced that he was right. However in the present case, the evil is done, and it is a great consolation to me that you looked upon it at once in the same light as I do. Should Mr. Seward complain to me, it will be my best plan to be frank with him & to say that you had promptly expressed your disapproval, – then noticing to him how much caution is necessary on both sides in order to avoid chances of collision. You may not have heard that Mr Adams had lately announced to Lord Russell the intention of his Government to resort of Letters of Marque.1 Upon my remonstrating with Mr. Seward on Saturday he said that in consideration of the friendly conduct of our Govt in seizing the “Oreto” and in attempting to seize the other Armed Steamer which had escaped from Liverpool,2 the idea would be abandoned for the present, and he hoped that the great additions now being made to the United States Navy would soon be sufficiently complete to render a recourse to Privateering altogether unnecessary. The chance of keeping the Peace would be reduced to a minimum, were such a measure adopted. I hope I shall not have caused you any inconvenience by having asked the “Racer” to go to Charleston with the Despatches. Captain Von Donop wrote to me that he was to be relieved by the “Cadmus”, but that the “Racer” was ready, and I did not know that you were intending to relieve the latter also. She is not, however, likely to be away for long this time. You will see that McLellan’s [sic] Army is being moved from the James River[,] probably to either the York River or to Aquia Creek. Concentration is the present policy, and the new Levies are beginning to pour into Washington. The President still hopes to take Richmond in two or three weeks! We are so over-worked at this Legation that you must, I fear, find much to excuse in the hurried manner in which our Despatches and inclosures have to be copied. The Book Cypher does not answer nearly so well as our Foreign Office Cyphers: – it is so often necessary to change one’s words to suit the Book. Thanks for your concise answer the other day. Wishing you a pleasant cruize to Prince Edward’s Island. . . .

1

See Doc. No. 75. The other vessel to which Stuart referred was CSS Alabama.

2

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90. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5787]

“Nile” at Halifax 19 August 1862 [received 31 August]

No. 655. Sir, With reference to my despatch No. 6061 of the 2nd Instant relative to the capture of the British Steamer “Adela” by the United States Cruizer “Quaker City”, and to the communications which subsequently took place in consequence between Commander Hewett of Her Majesty’s Ship “Rinaldo” and Flag Officer Lardner,2 Commanding the United States Squadron at Key West,3 I have much gratification in forwarding herewith a Copy of a Telegram I received, on the 9th Instant, from Her Majesty’s Chargé d’Affaires at Washington, by which their Lordships will perceive that “satisfactory instructions will be sent for future guidance of United States Naval Officers.”4 2. – As I shall not be at Halifax when Mr. Stuart’s despatches arrive it will not be in my power to furnish their Lordships, by this mail with the particulars of Mr. Seward’s reply, but this is of less consequence as they will, I apprehend, be communicated to the Foreign Office by Her Majesty’s Chargé d’Affaires. 91. Somerset to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1c]

Admiralty 22 August 1862

Private Dear Sir Alexdr Milne We have not been able to obtain any instructions from the Foreign Office in reference to the matters noticed in your last letter, and as Lord Russell will not be in town before the next mail leaves for Halifax tomorrow, we

1

Not included in this volume. See Doc. No. 79 for the gist of its contents. These letters are printed in ORN, ser. 1, vol. 17, pp. 276–7. 3 This dispatch enclosed a copy of Milne’s letter to William Stuart on the subject, Hewett’s letter to Milne, and several related documents. Milne’s letter to Stuart and an extract from Hewett’s to Milne can be found in ‘North America. No. 5. (1863.) Correspondence respecting instructions given to naval officers of the United States in regard to neutral vessels and mails’, PP, 1863, vol. 72, pp. 449–50, and are therefore omitted from this volume. 4 The remainder of the telegram reads: ‘Inquiry will be made respecting the “Adela”, and satisfaction is promised, should the fact turn out as stated. This last promise is conditional and therefore uncertain.’ 2

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have sent a repetition of the instructions previously sent by the F.O., as I feel convinced that these contain the deliberate opinion of the government. We cannot allow the seizure of British ships in British harbours or in the waters which are clearly and indisputably under British jurisdiction but where the limit is doubtful or questionable the use of force should be avoided. From reports which have reached me I believe that Nassau has been made the centre of operations in favour of the south, and allowance must be made for the natural irritation which this has caused in the Federal navy. When a vessel is pursued in the neighbourhood of a port, it is difficult to say accurately where the limit of British waters commences, and therefore unless there appears to be an open defiance of international law it will be best to leave the case for the government to deal with, under the advice of the law officers, rather than by any act on the part of an officer to involve [the] two countries in a difficulty, which diplomacy could then hardly remove. This prudence appears to me the more important at the present juncture, because the course of events seems to prove more and more the hopelessness of this civil war, and the calm forbearance of the British Government may leave us in a better position to join with other powers in some mediation, if any fit opportunity for such mediation should be offered. In a few days I hope we shall have the opinion of the law officers on some points arising from your last dispatch[,] which appear to me to justify a serious remonstrance against the conduct pursued by the federal naval officers. At the end of August, when the [Parliamentary] session has so lately closed, official men are naturally absent from town, and as I cannot send you the opinion of the Foreign Office on your last letter, I have written this note. I will consider the question of the house at Halifax, to which you refer. A large sum was lately asked for repairs of the Admirals house, which it would appear from your letter is not necessary. The naval establishments abroad are always difficult to control, and the information we receive is often unsatisfactory. I should be glad to know if you were aware of this demand of some thousand for repairs of the house in question. 92. Grey to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1d]

Admiralty 23 August 1862

Private My dear Milne The proceedings of the American Cruizers seem very likely to get us into trouble, tho’ I do not blame their Commanders so much as the U.S. Govt. since they only act up to their orders.

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It is true that our Liverpool Merchants have not scrupled to send out vessels to try & run the Blockade, & tho the Northerns have obtained supplies as freely there is this one difference that in one case there is not risk & in the other a great one. I do not think therefore our Merchants have justly any right to complain of the right of search being vigorously enforced by the U.S. Cruizers. When however they go further & seize vessels undoubtedly bound from one British port to another they commit an act for which we have a just claim for redress. Still[,] it would not I think be a case for our cruizers to resort to force to prevent but rather for the Government to deal with. On the other hand, if they seize British vessels in British waters a Man of War being present would be forced to prevent it. I sincerely trust however that such a case will not occur. It does not seem to be quite certain that the Steamer they seized off Abaco was within the limits. The Master states his distance to have been 2½ miles. The other party very naturally may say it was over three[.] who is to decide? The Duke has written to you about the House[.] I clearly think it should not be given up. The idea arose as a consequence I am told of the large sum demanded for its repairs. I have just returned from our inspection [of the dockyards.] I am going off to Northumberland in a day or two. I am afraid we shall have no ship ready to relieve Cadmus for some time. 93. Milne to the Commanding Officers of Ships on the North America and West India Station [Milne Mss MLN/114/9]

“Nile,” at Sydney, Cape Breton, 25 August 1862

Sir, Mr. Adams, the Federal Minister in London, having informed Earl Russell that it is the intention of the United States Government to issue letters of marque, with a view to checking the hostilities carried on by Southern privateers against United States cruizers, I have to communicate the same for your information and guidance with reference to the confidential instructions to the ships under my orders, to protect British commerce from all illegal interference. Should this extreme, though not illegal measure be resorted to, additional watchfulness on your part will be necessary, Privateers being notoriously less scrupulous in respecting neutral rights than regularly commissioned ships of war.

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94. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5788]

“Nile” at Sydney CB 25 August 1862 [received 23 September]

No. 673 Sir, Since writing my letter No. 655 of the 19th Inst. I beg you will acquaint their Lordships that I have received from Mr. Stuart, Her Majesty’s Chargé d’Affaires at Washington, copies of his despatches to Earl Russell of the 3rd, 6th, 12th and 14th instant, and their several enclosures connected with the Capture of the British Steamer “Adela”. 2. As these despatches are I apprehend already in England, I do not think it necessary to trouble their Lordships with copies of more than may be necessary to elucidate the measures adopted by the U.S. Government in consequence of my representation to Mr. Stuart … with this view I enclose a copy of Mr. Stuart’s letter to me of the 17th Instant, and of Mr. Seward’s reply of the 9th Inst. covering a copy of a letter he had, by the President’s direction, addressed to the Secretary of the Navy, laying down certain rules for the guidance of U.S. Naval Officers in their dealings with neutral ships.1 3. So far as these instructions go I am persuaded their Lordships will agree with me in regarding them as satisfactory, but in my reply to Mr. Stuart of this day of which I likewise send a copy, their Lordships will perceive that I thought it right to point out, that besides the introduction of the word “foreign” in the first instruction to which Mr. Stuart had himself adverted, part of the 3rd Instruction appeared to me to be open to some exception, and I therefore thought it advisable to notice it. [Enclosures] Stuart to Milne Washington 17th August 1862 Sir, The enclosed Copies of Despatches which I have addressed to Earl Russell and of Notes which I have exchanged with Mr. Seward, since the

1 Seward’s letters to Stuart and Welles are printed in ‘North America. No. 5. (1863.) Correspondence respecting instructions given to naval officers of the United States in regard to neutral vessels and mails’, PP, 1863, vol. 72, pp. 451–2.

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receipt of your Despatch of the 2nd Instant, upon the subject of the capture of the British Steamer “Adela” by the U.S. Steamer “Quaker City”, will make you fully acquainted with the manner in which I have treated the case, and with the position in which it now stands. The Instructions…which the Secretary of the Navy has been directed to send to United States Naval Officers with a view to prevent the illegal seizure of British Merchant Vessels appear to me to be well calculated to meet the object which you had in view, and I trust you will find them as satisfactory as you could wish.1 Milne to Stuart “Nile” at Sydney CB 25th August 1862 Sir, With reference to your despatch of the 17th Instant and its several enclosures on the subject of the capture of the British Steamer “Adela”, and of the Instructions about to be issued by the U.S. Govt. to their Cruizers, in consequence of the representations I addressed to you on the 2nd Instant; I have much pleasure in expressing my opinion that the prompt action of the U.S. Government will be regarded by H.M. Government with great satisfaction, as an earnest of their desire to pay due respect to the rights of Neutrals[.] In the Instructions to be issued however there is, in my opinion, another point, besides that to which you advert in your letter to Mr. Seward of the 11th Instant,2 which requires explanation; I allude to the Third Instruction which directs, that if it shall appear that a Vessel boarded or searched “is actually bound and passing from one friendly or so-called Neutral Port to another and not bound or proceeding to or from a port in the possession of the insurgents, then she cannot be lawfully seized.” If by this it is to be understood that a Neutral Vessel bound to or from a Southern Port with a legitimate cargo, such port not under legal Blockade, is to be seized, solely on the grounds that she is trading with Insurgents, I cannot believe H.M. Govt. or any Neutral Power would accept a doctrine so entirely at variance with the international law. As however the subject is already before H.M. Governmt, I do not think it expedient to ask you to communicate with Mr. Seward, unless you deem it advisable to do so

1 These instructions are found in Seward to Welles, 8 Aug 1862, printed in ibid., pp. 451–2. 2 Printed in ibid., pp. 452–3.

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at once; it will hardly escape the notice of H.M. Government, and if it is deemed of importance, I presume you will yourself receive instructions on the point, my sole object being throughout to guard against the possibility of collision between any of the Cruizers under my orders and those of the U. States, and the clearer and more precise their respective instructions are the greater is the chance of averting such a catastrophe[,] but as the question has presented itself to me, I think it right to mention it, in case the opportunity should be afforded you of clearing up the doubt as to the precise scope of the Instructions in question[.] 95. Milne to Watson [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [11]]

HMS Nile Sydney Cape Breton 28 August 1862

Dear Cap Watson I write a few lines via New York to mention that under the present aspect of affairs at Nassau I have taken that Island under my own direct orders instead of being attached to the Jamaica Division[,] my Communications with Nassau being more direct that [sic: ‘than’] with the Commodore[.]1 you will therefore keep me informed by Every opportunity of the proceedings at that Island. I mentioned I think in a former letter that I had communicated with the United States Gov. thro the Legation at Washington in regard to the U States Cruizers detaining British Vessels bound from one neutral Port to another[,] for instance from Liverpool to Bermuda & Nassau[.] The result has been that special Instructions have been sent to the U.S. Cruizers on the subject and to refrain from any illegal interference and on no account to violate the Territorial Limits. The whole case is very Simple & Clear and as yet I have no information that any officer of the U States has in any measure or on any occasion violated the limit of 3 Marine Miles. You must be cautious to avoid all breach of the Neutral position you and your officers hold and this appears to me to be the more necessary at Nassau where the Southern tendencies are so very strong and where the Merchants are making their fortunes by a smuggling trade in direct violation of the Queens Proclamation, and from all remarks thereon you

1 This alteration may have been triggered by Milne’s mistrust of Watson’s judgment, given the latter’s misbehaviour detailed in Doc. No. 85. In letter 646 M of 2 Sep 1862, the Secretary of the Admiralty informed Milne that his intention ‘for the present to detach Nassau from the West India portion of the Station under your command’ had received the Board’s approval.

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must keep aloof. no doubt the U. States Gov feel this state of affairs and I believe have remonstrated with our Government on the subject, & I must say they have just reason to do so. Your correspondence at Key West was communicated to the Legation at Washington[.] Mr Stuart writes me “you will see by my despatches that I had got the case of the Adela into as good a position as could be short of release with damages. It is therefore a great disappointment to find that the Comdr of Peterel has been treating the affair at Key West in such a very different spirit from that in which we have conducted it here[.] I fear that his proceedings will[,] besides putting us in the wrong on some points, have produced considerable irritation there which will possible [sic: ‘possibly’] prejudice the Authorities against our ships in the Prize Courts.” I mention this to shew how cautious it is necessary to be in all correspondence &c[.] I think it would be as well for you or some ship to visit Key West Every now & then to see how matters are going on. I hope the Home Gov. will at once send a Consul there. They have been asked to do so. It is probable some vessel will be sent to Nassau but I cannot do anything until I return to Halifax about 10 Septr. I may mention Rinaldo goes to relieve Racer & Cadmus has relieved the Jason at Fortress Monroe. She [i.e., Jason] has gone to Bermuda & Jamaica[.] Pray give my Complts to the Governor[.] 96. The Secretary of the Admiralty to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/114/3]

Admiralty 4 September 1862

No 649 M Sir, I am commanded by my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to transmit herewith a Copy of a Letter from the Foreign Office, dated the 3rd Instant … respecting the landing of four cargoes of Slaves on the Cuban Coasts, and stating the Earl Russell is of opinion that it would be very desirable that an efficient system of cruizing for the suppression of the Slave Trade should be established on the Coasts of Cuba. My Lords desire you will report how far you are in a position to carry out the wishes of Earl Russell without an increase to the force under your command. [Enclosure]

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Hammond1to the Secretary of the Admiralty Foreign Office September 3, 1862 Sir I am directed by Earl Russell to transmit to you the accompanying Despatches2 … from Mr. Crawford, the Acting British Consul General at the Havana, reporting the landing of four cargoes, numbering 2370 Slaves on the Cuban Coast. In laying these papers before the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, I am to request that you will state to their Lordships, that Lord Russell is of opinion, that it would be very desirable, that an efficient system of cruizing for the suppression of the Slave Trade should be established on the Cuban Coasts. Hitherto a vessel that has been enabled to escape from the Coast of Africa with a cargo of Slaves, has found no difficulty in landing them in Cuba. When however the Treaty recently concluded with the Govt. of the U.S. for the suppression of [the] S. T. comes into force,3 the motives which have hitherto prevented H.M’s Govt. from employing a naval force in [sic] the Cuban Coast will no longer exist, and there will be no sufficient reason, why the Slave Dealers should be allowed the immunity from capture that has up to the present time characterized their operations on the Coasts of Cuba. If the Cuban Slave Trade can be put a stop to, which His Lordship believes it may be, if vigorous measures are adopted on the African and Cuban Coasts, the Slave Trade on the West Coast of Africa will become extinct.4 Lord Russell is aware that this end cannot be attained without the presence of an additional force on the Cuban Coast. His Lordship would therefore recommend that not less than four small steam vessels of light draught of water should be continuously employed on the Coast of Cuba and that arrangements should be made for sending these vessels out from this country, if the force at the disposal of the Commander in Chief of Her M’s Naval Forces on the West India Station should not be sufficient in number or the vessels of a suitable class to enable him to carry out the service proposed.

1 Edmund Hammond, 1st Baron Hammond (1802–90). Diplomatist. Permanent UnderSecretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1854–73. 2 Not included in this collection. 3 The treaty permitting British naval vessels to search American-flagged ships suspected of trafficking in slaves was signed on 7 April 1862 and ratified on 20 May. See ‘Treaty between Her Majesty and the United States of America, for the suppression of the African slave trade’, PP, 1862, vol. 61, pp. 371–84. 4 Russell should have added the coast of Brazil.

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Lord Russell would suggest that the officers in command of Cruizers on the Cuban Coast should be directed to concert their operations as far as possible, with the Commanders of Spanish Cruizers, and I am to add, that His Lordship will instruct Her M’s Minister at Madrid to request the Spanish Govt. to issue instructions in a similar sense to the Spanish Naval Forces on the Cuban Station. 97. Somerset to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1c]

Admiralty 4 September 1862

Private Dear Sir Alexdr Milne You will receive by this mail a letter from the F.O. asking for additional vessels to watch the coast of Cuba. Until however we have established some joint courts in connexion with the Federal Govt to carry out the provisions of the Treaty lately made, these vessels cannot operate effectively. Another difficulty seems to arise from the objection raised by the Spanish Captn General to our cruizers anchoring at other than what he calls the qualified [i.e., authorized] ports of the island. I have written to Ld Russell to ascertain whether he can come to some agreement with the Spanish Govt on this point, which seems essential to any effective cruizing by our vessels. The Federal Govt appears to have taken a right view of the question which I feared might have arisen from the conduct of their officers in the neighbourhood of Nassau and I trust the instructions issued to their officers will obviate further difficulties there & elsewhere on that score. 98. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

HMS Nile off Cape Race1 4 September 1862

My dear Grey I write a line to leave at Cape Race on my way to Halifax[,] to which I am hurrying back owing to the new’s from the vicinity of Washington as I do not like to be absent from head quarters. It looks very much as if Washington would fall into the hands of the Confederates and I should

1

Newfoundland, 46°39′31″ North, 53°4′22″ West.

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not be surprised to hear of Maryland rising and joining the South.1 I am not sure whether I wrote to you about Cap Hamilton of Vesuvius[,] who is anxious to get 3 Months leave to go home to be married. His not going home in Hydra has of course upset his matrimonial plans and as he has been kept out for the public service I hope he may be allowed a run to England. He is doing admirably well in Newfoundland and the Labrador and he is a great favorite with the Fishermen. I feel assured much good is to be done to our Fisheries by having one special officer in Charge and continued from year to year[:] it is the practical knowledge which he retains that is so useful in maintaining our rights against the French Encroachments, and it is wonderful that our knowledge of the Coast and the actual detail is so little known. Sir Alexr. Bannerman2 sees the necessity of Establishing Fishery regulations and I hope the Colonial Govt. will not neglect this very necessary and important measure. The Peterel came to Halifax Sickly and is clearing out &c. The Orito at Nassau has been released[,] Each party paying Costs, ours £145. I have not got my Mail which left England [on the] 23d as the Steamer from the Dense Fog and SW Gale did not near Cape Race where I had the Medea waiting, I have no news. I found a Royal Dock Yard at St. Johns in possession of a Mr. Mudge[,] lent to him at a nominal or no rent by Sir T Harvey[.]3 The sooner we reclaim our property the better and then relet it but I can obtain no information about it from the Colonial Gov. so I have written home to you to search the records. I write in haste … 99. Milne to Ewart [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [11]]

HMS Nile Halifax 8 September 1862

Dear Cap Ewart On my return from Newfoundland yesterday I received your letter from Nassau,4 and I am much obliged for the information you give me

1 Robert E. Lee’s army soundly defeated Union forces under John Pope at the Second Battle of Bull Run (29 Aug) and followed that victory by invading Maryland. 2 Alexander Bannerman (1788–1864). British politician and colonial administrator. MP for Aberdeen, 1837–47; Governor of Prince Edward Island, 1851–54; Governor of the Bahamas, 1854–57; Governor of Newfoundland, 1857–64. 3 Thomas Harvey, C.B., K.C.B. (1775–1841). Entered, 1787; Lt, 1794; Cmdr, 1796; Capt, 1797; Rear-Adm, 1821; Vice-Adm, 1837. Harvey commanded the North America and West India Station 1839–41. 4 Not preserved among Milne’s papers.

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and I Entirely approve of your remaining at Nassau until you hear further from me. Barracouta sails this morning for Bermuda and having completed coal at once proceeds to Nassau where she will remain for the present[.] I only hope your ship will continue healthy[.] the precautions you have adopted will no doubt do so. Cap Watson tells me the Fever was introduced into the Peterel by the officers and they caught [it] by sleeping on shore[.] I have no special news from England[.] Hickley[’s] proceedings are very properly approved at Home and I have ordered Comdr Malcolm to pay the £145. The case of the Seizure of the Adela I represented to the U States Gov thro the Legation at Washington and Mr Seward immediately issued orders on the Subject to the U. States Cruizers[.] at Home my despatch has caused some sensation1 and I have not got the opinion of the Law officers of the Crown which will come next Mail[,] but my representation to the U.S. Gov. is Entirely approved[,] but I am directed not on any account to use force in protecting a British vessel from illegal seizure when outside of the Territorial Limit of 3 Miles but to leave such question[s] to be settled between the two Governments. I write fully to you and in confidence as I think it right to Explain privately the views I hold on these matters to all officers who may be placed in difficult positions. I have written privately to Mr Bayley[,] as he appears to have the idea that U States Cruizers have no right to search British vessels outside the 3 Miles and writes to me about Insult to the Flag. This is all nonsense. we must act perfectly fairly and do what is just and right. I have sent Rinaldo from Fortress Monroe to New Orleans. Cadmus is at Fortress Monroe[.] Landrail goes there next week, and I will send some other vessel to Nassau towards the End of the month. I am very glad you went to see the Captain of the U. States Cruizer[.] These kind acts are the best diplomacy and worth all the letters in the world.

1 Milne’s 9 Sep 1862 instructions to the Senior Officer at Nassau (Doc. No. 100) suggest that the ‘sensation’ stemmed from his public letter to William Stuart of 8 Aug 1862 specifically the words ‘I am enjoined to abstain from any acts likely to involve Great Britain in hostilities with the United States, yet I am also instructed to guard our commerce from all illegal interference’. See Milne to Stuart, 2 Aug 1862, printed in ‘North America. No. 5. (1863.) Correspondence respecting instructions given to naval officers of the United States in regard to neutral vessels and mails’, PP, 1863, vol. 72, p. 450.

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100. Milne to the Senior Naval Officer at Nassau1 [Milne Mss MLN/114/9]

“Nile,” at Halifax, 9 September 1862

Memorandum. 1. Referring to my orders to you of the 8th ultimo, relative to the protection to be afforded to British lawful commerce, and to the prevention of warlike operations in British waters, I have now, in pursuance of instructions from the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, to direct you to use your utmost care in case you, or any vessel under your orders, should be compelled to use force for either of the above purposes, that no question should arise as to your acting within the limits of British territory.2 2. Until further orders, in the event of your witnessing the capture of British ships, bona fide trading from one neutral port to another, but not within British waters, you are not to use force. 101. Milne to Somerset [Somerset Mss Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/18]

HMS Nile Halifax 18 September 1862

My dear Sir I have to acknowledge receipt of your Grace’s Letter of the 4th Sept., and I am glad to find by the public letter from the Board, that my correspondence with Mr. Stuart at Washington respecting the detention of our vessels by United States Cruizers has been approved, and it was satisfactory to find when the subject was brought to the notice of the U. States Government, that Instructions were immediately issued which I believe will prevent further complaint, and remove what might have become a source of difficulty. I quite admit our Merchants at Nassau by their irregular proceedings have given great cause of complaint on the part of the Authorities of the United States, from the open manner in which munitions of war marked C.S.A. (Confederate States Army) are openly Embarked and smuggled into the Southern States. Bermuda I suspect is now becoming a depot very much

1 Originally to the Senior Officer at Nassau, issued generally to ship commanders on 13 Oct 1862. 2 Printed in the margin next to this portion of the text is an addendum which reads: ‘Nor are you to constitute yourself a judge of the legality of the capture. You are to obtain all the information in your power, apply if necessary, to the Commander of the capturing vessel, and report the facts at once for the information of Her Majesty’s Government.’

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in the same manner as Nassau, and the U. States Cruizers are beginning to make their appearance at the Island, one having been there a few days ago no doubt to watch proceedings and convey information to Washington. I am quite prepared to Establish a proper System of Cruizing on the Coast of Cuba so soon as I receive Instructions under the new Treaty with the U. States. I have been anxious to Keep ships on the Coast during the last year but they have been otherwise Employed owing to the present crisis in America. The objection now raised by the Spanish Government to our Cruizers anchoring at other than qualified [sic: ‘authorised’] ports, is Entirely new, and is probably a set off against the American Treaty.1 from the year 1834 it has always been customary not only for our Ships to Anchor among the Cuban Cays, but our ships of war used to leave their Armed Boats among the Cays when the ship herself was absent, and the attempt to deprive ships of war from Anchoring on the Coast of a friendly power is Entirely at variance with custom. To carry out the cruizing system I would wish to have two more small vessels if this American crisis is to continue, otherwise we have sufficient. In regard to the Admiralty House here your Grace asks me if I was aware of an Estimate of some Thousand Pounds having been sent home. I was not aware of it, nor does it appear that a report sent home by Mr. Macgregor2 was Ever intended as an Estimate. The sum there stated was an outlay for alterations never contemplated by me. When I was at Bermuda in Feb it was found that the ceilings in the Bedroom Floor had given way owing to the Beam’s having become defective and the weight of large brick partitions. These were removed and all defects made good for £160. The only defect now is the roof which has been imperfectly repaired from time to time, by not Employing proper people. I have gone all over it and having money in hand it will at once be put into proper order without any increase to the General Estimates for repairs. Even if the House should be let, the Roof would require this repair. The Commissioners House is now nearly complete, at a very low Estimate, and I wish it reserved for the officers of Ships coming here in a Sickly state. owing to its having been under repair I have not had it in my power to provide accommodation for the officers of Rinaldo & Peterel, who have to be removed from their ships[.]

1 A 16 July 1862 letter to Earl Russell from Acting Consul-General Crawford at Havana contained the allegation that HMS Landrail had been anchoring illegally outside Cuban ports. 2 John Nugent Macgregor (1814–69). Naval Storekeeper at Halifax.

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Your Grace is no doubt aware that I recommended wards to be built or rather a building for sick quarters on the site of the old Naval Hospital[,] cost about £1200. This I still consider to be Essential, as at present the only place where the Yellow Fever patients can be received, is on board the Pyramus. So many have died on board of her (we buried over 40 last year) that the men dread going to her, and I really do not consider it proper that when men come up here suffering under this deadly scourge that there should be no place to receive them for their proper treatment. I am no advocate for increased Establishments or unnecessary Expenditure of public money, but Entirely the reverse. I would have been glad had my original proposal been approved[,] as the building would have been completed this year under my own superintendance and it would have been satisfactory to have brought it into use before leaving the Command. The news from the U. States by this mornings Telegh. appears of a varied character[.] The Southern Army appears to have advanced to the North beyond its proper line of support and to have been defeated with a loss of 8000 men,1 but as you will have three days later news via Cape Race I will give [no] further accounts. Captain Ryder of Hero has mentioned to me that owing to the death of his mother he may probably on the arrival of next Mail write to ask to be superseded. Ariadne arrived from Vera Cruz two days ago[.] She had a good deal of low Fever and 5 cases of Yellow Fever[.] none proved fatal and I attribute the disease not having spread to the admirable and judicious arrangements of Cap Vansittart in the ventilation of the Ship[.] I went all over her yesterday from the Keelson and was highly gratified at the good order and Efficiency of Everything. I have made the ventilation of our ships one of my special duties out here and I believe with great success[.] The French Ships at Vera Cruz are Entirely unmanned by deaths, our ships there have not lost a man & Phaeton now there is quite healthy. 102. Milne to Somerset [Somerset Mss Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/19]

Halifax 18 September 1862

11½ PM My Lord Duke Since writing this afternoon and closing The Mails for the Admiralty, I have late this Evening received the following Telegh from Comd Lyons of HMS Racer dated at Baltimore this day. “Harpers Ferry with Garrison of Eleven Thousand surrendered to Confederates on Monday. Rumour of recapture not true. Severe Battles

1

The Battle of Antietam, 17 Sep 1862.

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commended Tuesday and continued yesterday near Frederick. Jackson1 again crossed Potomac River in Maclellan’s [sic] Rear”[.] I received this in Cypher and I have no doubt it is in all respects correct. 103. Milne to the Senior Naval Officer at Nassau2 [Milne Mss MLN/114/9]

“Nile,” at Halifax, 18 September, 1862

Sir, I enclose for your information an extract from a despatch which I have received from the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, dated the 3rd instant, detailing the explicit instructions which have been issued to United States cruizers in consequence of recent occurrences in the neighbourhood of Nassau. [Enclosure] (Extract.) 1st. That under no circumstances will they seize any foreign vessel within the waters of a friendly nation. 2nd. That in no case are they authorized to chase and fire at any foreign vessel without showing their colours, and giving her the customary preliminary notice of a desire to speak and visit her. 3rd. That when the visit is made the vessel is not then to be seized without a search carefully made, so far as to render it reasonable to believe that she is engaged in carrying contraband of war to the insurgency and to their ports, or otherwise violating the blockade; and that if it shall appear she is actually bound and passing from one friendly, or so-called neutral, port to another, and not bound or proceeding to or from a port in the possession of the insurgents, then she cannot be lawfully seized. 4th. That official seals or fastenings of foreign authorities are in no case, or on any pretext, to be broken, or parcels covered by them read by any naval authorities of the United States, &c., &c.; and also that the fact that a suspected vessel has been indicated to them as cruizing in any limit which has been prescribed to them (the United States officers) by the Navy Department, does not in any way authorise a departure from

1 Thomas Jonathan ‘Stonewall’ Jackson (1824–63). American soldier. 2nd Lt, USA, 1846; Brevet Major, 1847; resigned commission, 1851; Col, Confederate army, 1861; Brig Gen, 1861; Major Gen, 1861; Lt Gen, 1862. 2 Originally issued to the Senior Officer at Nassau, furnished to all captains of cruisers on 13 Oct 1862.

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the practice of the rules of visitation, search, and capture prescribed by the laws of nations. 104. Somerset to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1c]

Admiralty 19 September 1862 [received 30 September]

Private Dear Sir Alexdr Milne Commodore Dunlop’s time will expire in November next, and it appears to me that there is at present no necessity to continue him or indeed to retain a Commodore in the W. Indies. I propose therefore to leave the W. Indies without a commodore unless you should be of opinion that there is a necessity for such an appointment. I have named Captn P. Cracroft to the Aboukir. The only matter which has lately been specially pressed by the F.O. is the slave trade on the coast of Cuba. Now that the United States have entered into a convention on the subject of the slave trade and have, I believe, a commission at N. York there seems a prospect of putting down slavery [i.e., the trade] on that coast. If circumstances should arise rendering it desirable to have a Commodore in the W. Indies, we might send you a blank Commission for a Commodore of the second class to meet such an emergency.  [P.S.:] Under present circumstances I have not thought of any one to relieve you in Jany next as it is probable we may wish you to remain longer. 105. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [11]]

Nile Halifax 21 September 1862

My dear Grey Himalaya sails on Thursday next for England[.] I therefore write a few lines today as tomorrow I start with Hero[,] Nile, Landrail, Nimble[,] Plover[,] Cygnet and Steady[.] I am going down to Ship Harbour1 for Gunnery Exercise but Hero will go to Cape Breton & Steady to Bermuda

1

On Nova Scotia’s south coast, 44°48′53″ North, 62°53′7″ West.

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to get her new Cylinder. Melpomene arrived here two days ago with Yellow Fever but not bad[.] She has had 16 real cases[,] 5 deaths and 7 are now on board the Pyramus, who are improving. The Disease was caught at Nassau but no one Except the Captain[,] Pay[maste]r and 2 Stewards were Ever out of the ship[,] so thus it is a case of Atmospheric influence. The Melpomene has again carried away her Fore Stays so I have just been on board[,] Examined the Mast Partners &c and have ordered the Mast to be shipped and I propose altering the arrangements so as to get the Mast in its proper place, and not hanging aft as it now does.1 Immortalite arrived from Barbados and Bermuda on Thursday. The C[ourt] Martial on the two Mids is over[. They] have been mulct of time but not dismissed [from] the Service. Ariadne is also here from Vera Cruz[.] She have [sic: ‘has’] 125 Cases of Fever but only 5 of Yellow Fever[,] no deaths and it did not spread. These ships are all getting ready for service[.] I will have to send one to relieve the Phaeton at V Cruz but as long as she continued healthy I thought it better not to send another ship. Cap Marsh2 from Imaum I see has arrived in England[.] you wont get any Captain to remain there in their present position[;] give the Blue Pendt and no Commodore 1[st] Class and you will then get Captains to look at it, but you cannot Expect a Captain to remain there as Captain of a Hulk and nothing to do. Dunlop is very anxious for a home appointment and has asked me to give my aid to his seconding Yelverton3 at the Coast Guard[.] will you kindly keep this in view, that his Name may have consideration[?] I have nothing new in the Squadron[.] our ships have been all more or less Sickly. Peterel lost 3 officers but she is now all right again[.] The Fever is very bad at Nassau but the Governor writes me there is no Fever among the Inhabitants. This is all nonsense. The place is very Sickly but His Exy is afraid of driving away trade[.] You wrote to me June 28th “Immortalite had better remain as she is Except landing her upper Deck Guns till you hear again”[.] I am a little puzzled what to do[.] Her Armstrong Guns are here and I think I will put them on board but keep her Crew and also Melpomene’s [at current strength] until I hear from you. I believe these ships would fight a better

1

On this subject see Docs Nos 52, 110, and 127. John Barling Marsh (1807–79). Entered, 1822; Lt, 1830; Cmdr, 1844; Capt, 1856; Rear-Adm (Ret.), 1874; Vice-Adm (Ret.) 1879. 3 Hastings Reginald Yelverton, C.B., K.C.B., G.C.B. (1808–78). Entered, 1823; Lt, 1830; Cmdr, 1838; Capt, 1843; Rear-Adm, 1863; Vice-Adm, 1869; Adm, 1875. First Naval Lord, 1876–77. 2

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Action with their old Guns. In regard to their reduction to 510 [men,] take away the Stokers, Lamp Trimmers [sic] and all these various sort of people and they will have less men for work aloft than the old 50 Gun Ships of former days whose Crews were 500. I think you have over done the reduction from 570 to 510[.] They ought at least to have 530. Let me know what you wish done about the men. I should like to hear about my successor before leaving this Early in Novr as I will have to make some arrangements here about my Est[a] b[lishmen]t of Horses &c &c. I see by the Paper’s Erskine1 is coming out but I will not take any notice until I hear from you. I suspect there has been a small Hurricane to the Southd. Melpomene had regular shifts of the Wind and in 7 hours the Bar[ometer] fell from 30.00 to 29.34 and in 5 hours after the Shift of Wind to SE[,] East[,] ENE to North it rose to 30.05. it blew heavy for 2 to 3 hours. Pray Send us out 2d Class Boys[,] say 30[.] we are very short[.]  [P.S.] 23 Sept, 9 AM Spiteful arrived in [the] Night from Nassau with Yellow Fever. She arrived there on the 6th[,] relieved Melpomene which ship came here, and on the 14th she had several cases of Fever of the Yellow type and at once left for this. She has had 27 32 Cases in all[,] of these 5 have died[,] 14 are convalescent [and] the remainder ill to very ill[.] She had a new case Each of the last 3 days. I am vexed I have no place on shore to put the Sick, but I hope all will go well with them now they are here, but I must refrain from sending ships to the W Indies until the season is more advanced[.] 106. Wilson to Milne2 [ADM1/5788]

Spiteful 23 September 1862 [receeived at the Admiralty, 5 October]

Sir, In pursuance of Sailing Orders from Commodore Dunlop, C.B., a copy of which is enclosed herewith, I have the honor to inform you that I left Jamaica on the 29th August, and proceeded to Nassau, New Providence, which place I reached on the evening of the 5th September, and found Her Majesty’s Ship “Melpomene”, lying at anchor in the Outer Roads.

1 John Elphinstone Erskine (1806–87). Entered, 1819; Lt, 1826; Cmdr, 1829; Capt, 1841; Rear-Adm, 1857; Vice-Adm, 1864; Adm, 1869. MP, 1865–74. Milne meant that newspapers were reporting that Erskine was to be his successor. This information was incorrect. 2 Milne’s covering letter (no 762) is also dated 23 Sep 1862.

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On Monday the 8th Inst., the “Melpomene”, having landed a portion of the provisions, and Captain Ewart having placed me in possession of all necessary papers, took her departure for Bermuda. As Yellow Fever of a malignant type was reported to be raging on the Island, I considered it advisable to take the ship up to Cochrane’s Anchorage, and to allow no communication whatever with the shore, this was accordingly done on the morning of the 10th, after I had landed the provisions brought down by “Spiteful” for use of “Peterel”, which was done by means of a schooner hired for the purpose. Two days after reaching Cochrane’s anchorage a case of Fever, which had been placed on the list on the morning of the 10th[,] was considered by the Surgeon to have assumed the character of Yellow Fever. I accordingly weighed on the 18th & proceeded to Nassau, where I went alongside the “Caurant” a Barque, which had fortunately arrived with Government Coals two days before, and was then lying outside the Harbour. Having completed Coal, and several fresh cases occurring, I felt it to be my duty to intimate to H.E. the Governor my intention of leaving the Station, and proceeding to the Northward. This intention I carried out by leaving Nassau at 9:30 A.M. on the 14th and making the best of my way to Halifax. Cases of Fever have been occurring daily, 5 deaths have I regret to say taken place, and there are now 27 Men on the sick list with Fever, 3 of which it is feared will prove fatal. Trusting that my conduct on this occasion will meet your approval. 107. Algernon Lyons to Milne H.M. Steam Sloop Racer Baltimore 29 September 1862 [received by Milne, 3 October; by the Admiralty, 14 October]

[ADM1/5788]

No 41 of 1862 Sir, … The Confederate War Steamer “Oreta” [sic: ‘Oreto’] alias “Alabama” [sic: ‘Florida’], succeeded in running into the harbour of Mobile on the 4th instant. she was fired into by three United States Ships of War blockading that port, but did not sustain any serious damage, one man was killed & two wounded … On the 22nd Instant a proclamation was issued by the President of the United States in which Mr. Lincoln declares his intention upon the next meeting of Congress to recommend that the slaves of all states in

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rebellion against the Government on the 1st January 1863 should be thence forth free. This announcement has caused intense excitement throughout the States. As I think the presence of a Ship of War off Charleston would be desirable, it is my intention, if Her Majesty’s Chargé d’Affaires at Washington should concur in this opinion as also in that that the necessity for the “Racer” longer staying at this port no longer exists,1 to proceed next week off that place (Charleston) returning thence to Fortress Monroe. I have much satisfaction in acquainting you that notwithstanding the temptations held out, no attempts at desertion have taken place. 108. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5788]

“Nile” at Halifax 2 October 1862 [received 13 October]

No. 799 Sir, I beg you will acquaint the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty that, having observed during my inspections of some of Her Majesty’s Ships various defects, as well as a want of knowledge in the Gun Exercise &c., I have printed and transmitted to the Captains of Her Majesty’s Ships under my Command a Private Memorandum on the subject, a few copies of which are herewith enclosed for their Lordships’ information.2 [Enclosure] Milne to Captains and Gunnery Officers of H.M. Ships H.M.S. “Nile” 19th September 1862 Private Memo. It has been observed at inspections that some of the Crews of Guns are not properly or practically efficient in the Exercise. This is for want of

1 Algernon Lyons’ letter of proceedings dated 12 Sep (not included in this collection) explained that William Stuart requested he go to Baltimore to protect British interests, in light of the Confederate advance into Maryland and in the belief that that city might be attacked. 2 The Admiralty forwarded Milne’s memorandum to H.M.S. Excellent, Captain R.S. Hewlett, for his remarks, and, following their receipt, issued its own directive for the fleet. See below, Doc. No. 144 for Hewlett’s report and Doc. No. 162 for the Admiralty Circular.

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practice at General Quarters: the one day in the week – sometimes omitted or often slurred over – is not sufficient; repeated Exercise at General Quarters for half an hour in the forenoon, or in the evening on uncertain days until the men are perfect, is positively necessary to ensure efficiency; the shot at such Exercise should invariably be put into the Gun and rammed home with a wad over it, to give practice and confidence to the men in handling the Shot. Gun numbers 3, 4, also 1, 2,1 are generally, some entirely, ignorant of the use of Shells; if the order is given to load with Shell, they are unacquainted with the different descriptions, – which one is Percussion, or which is a time Fuze, or what is to be done when it is in the Gun. The men are not sufficiently instructed in pointing their Guns at an object; a Gun should be run in and pointed forward at a mark. Every man at a Gun should be passed through this exercise. The Magazine Exercise is not generally or sufficiently practiced, nor is it always known what number of rounds can be handed up in a given time. It is especially necessary that the Captain and the Executive Officer should themselves visit and inspect the Magazines, to ensure a rapid supply of Powder, and that proper care is taken in the stowage of the cases. Officers are often unacquainted with the various descriptions of Shot, Shells, Rockets, Fuzes, &c., supplied for the use of their own Ships or Boats. Captains and Officers of Quarters should have a copy, or otherwise make themselves acquainted with the Gunner’s supply or establishment. There is a want of knowledge of the time Fuzes will burn, of their Ranges, or those of the Guns, or for what special object or uses certain kinds of Fuzes are supplied; and if Fuzes are required to be bored into or cut for service[,] the arrangements are found wanting. Captains should direct Gunnery Officers at least twice in each month, to have on Deck one of each description of Shot, Shells, Rockets, Fuzes &c., and their uses explained to all Officers of Quarters, Captains of Guns, &c. These articles are perhaps never even seen, and are therefore unknown. Attention is necessary to spare Trigger lines and Vent plugs being at the Guns; they are sometimes not forthcoming when required at Inspections. Officers and Instructors from the Gunnery Ships, so necessary in training a Ship’s Company, are often employed on other duties, to the prejudice of the service; this is objectionable.

1 It is not clear to which guns Milne was referring, although the numbers suggest that he might have meant the bow chasers.

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Attention is required to the Form of Half Yearly Report of Gunnery Practice. The Exercises therein specified are constantly omitted; the quarterly night practice is not carried out according to the Instructions. The neglect or inattention of these important Exercises, has called forth strong remarks from the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. The unnecessary noise and confusion which have been noticed at some inspections are entirely owing to the men not having been sufficiently often Exercised together; they may know detail, but for want of general Exercise they have little system, or dependence on each other for their separate duties. Care is taken in most Ships to have Guns and gun-gear in good order; in others the rusty Guns and screws, the dirty carriages, the gun-gear badly fitted, show a want of attention, which is not creditable. Attention is required to my Standing Order No. 76, of 29th August, 1861, respecting General Exercise at uncertain periods. 109. Milne to Somerset [Somerset Mss Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/20]

HMS Nile, Halifax 2 October 1862

My dear Sir Your Grace’s letter of the 19th Sep. reached me on the 30th Ult, and I likewise received the public Letters and other paper’s respecting the Slave Treaty with the United States,1 and I will now as soon as possible Establish the cruizing on the Coast of Cuba, but I must Exercise great caution as at Havana, Nassau and Key West Yellow Fever is raging in a most malignant form. at Nassau it has become a putrid fever. It would therefore be injudicious for our Cruizers to go to those places for Coal. The Melpomene and Spiteful came here with Fever from Nassau[.] The deaths have been few. There is no doubt the Crews of those ships were attacked Entirely by the Atmospheric influence, as no person’s landed Except the Captains and 2 Stewards. In regard to the appointment of Cap. Cracroft to the Aboukir, I may mention to your Grace that until the appoint. of Commodore Dunlop in Nov. 1859 no Commodore of the 1st Class had been appointed to Jamaica. It was invariably a Captain to the receiving ship with the Pendt. of a 2nd Class Commodore, The Comdr in Chief having the power on

1 See ‘Treaty between Her Majesty and the United States of America, for the suppression of the African slave trade’, PP, 1862, vol. 61, pp. 371–84.

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any special Emergency to appoint him to the 1st Class as was done with Commodore Douglas1 in 1838, and Commodore Kellett2 by my predecessor in July 1858. My opinion is that the Senior Officer at Jamaica should be a 2nd Class Commodore to give him not only a certain position at that Island as the head quarters of the navy in the West Indies, but also some necessary Table allowance when he is in charge of a large portion of the Squadron, and where they must resort for refitting &c. There is a difficulty in giving Capt. Cracroft a Broad Pendt. because he is junior to Caps. Tatham and Randolph[,] both now Employed on the Jamaica Division, consequently he could not give them any order’s. I must therefore recall both those officers and Keep them with or near me. I wrote to Sir F. Grey to mention when I saw Cap Marsh had Invalided that no Captain could be Expected to remain at Jamaica in the position that Capt. Marsh had held, but that the Captain of Aboukir should have a 2nd Class Pendant. It is much the best arrangement for the Service, but it is necessary that he should be Senior to Captains in Command of sea going ships, as he must of necessity convey or rather give orders to all ships of the Jamaica Division under his Charge. I am much obliged to your Grace for mentioning to me, That under present circumstances that you had not thought of anyone to relieve me in January next as it is probable you may wish me to remain longer. I will be very glad to continue in the Command so long as the public service may require, and your Grace and the Board may think it proper to Employ me, and may have confidence in my judgement and proceedings. I have Endeavored to carry out the duties of the Station in a satisfactory manner and I believe Everything has gone on as well as could be wished. I wish I had Rinaldo back from New Orlean’s as I am afraid she may again get sickly[,] but she was the only available vessel &c with proper draft of water and I had great confidence in Capt Hewetts judgement. I have nothing new from the States[.] there appears to be a lull in Military Operations, but I presume after a few days rest we may look for some operations from the Southern forces. I was glad to see by the Paper’s the Adventure has arrived all safe. Never had a ship such a narrow Escape from a total Smash as she had when she struck the rock. Comd Lethbridge is very zealous, but goes too fast and does not think Enough, Especially in a first Command.

1 Peter John Douglas (1787–1858). Entered, 1797; Lt, 1804; Cmdr, 1807; Capt, 1811; Rear-Adm, 1848; Vice-Adm, 1855. 2 Henry Kellett, K.C.B. (1806–75). Entered, 1822; Lt, 1828; Cmdr, 1841; Capt, 1842; Rear-Adm, 1862; Vice-Adm, 1868.

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I propose leaving this for Bermuda the middle of Nov. unless the Events in the States should render it more advisable for me to be here. 110. Milne to Grey Nile, Halifax 2 October 1862

[Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

[received 14 October] I have written to the Duke of Somerset and I have therefore little to write to you about. The ships here [are] Immortalite[,] Ariadne[,] Melpomene, Spiteful, Landrail[,] Peterel[, &] Nimble[.] Medea [&] Cygnet are preparing for sea after refit. Peterel goes tomorrow to Fortress Monroe to relieve the Racer[.] I have altered the rake of the Melpomenes Foremast having lifted the Mast and cut the step[.] it is now all right 3 in in 6 feet. I am going to haul Nimble up on the Slip here[.] it will cost £18 to 20, but it is better to do this than risk the worms[.] if she comes up comfortably I will then haul up Landrail as I suspect her false keel is gone. I have no special news here[.] I will organize the Cuba Cruizing as soon as I can[.] it will require at least 5 vessels[.]1 6 would be better so that I would wish a couple of small vessels in add[ition] to those I now have[.] The Melpomene & Spiteful are now quite healthy and free from Fever. I have written fully to the Duke about the Commodore at Jamaica so wont repeat to you.  [PS] we are 61 Second Class Boys Short abaft [sic][.] 111. Grey to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1d]

Admiralty 4 October 1862

My dear Milne I returned from the North two days ago & I lose no time in reviving my correspondence with you. The Duke shewed me your last letter to him & I will do all I can to prevent the Comdr. in Chief from being deprived of his House[.] You will learn by the official letters that the Galatea is to take the place of the Hero & the Rosario & Vigilant will join you for the Cuba

1 Here Milne drew a map of Cuba with ‘X’s off the coast to indicate their stations: one off Havana, one off the northeast coast in the Old Bahama Channel, one off Santiago, off Cienfuegos, and one off Cape San Antonio.

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cruizing. This will I hope enable you to do some good. Mcguire [sic: ‘Maguire’] has asked for sundry alterations, but we cannot divert our dockyard men from more important work to do what is after all not an absolute necessity. I have allowed the Material to be supplied & he may do what he can with his own means. I am not sure that I concur in all your observations on Capt Hickley’s letters relative to Herald & there are two points I wish to have cleared up[.] The first is how far is a vessel liable to seizure on the high seas for having broken a blockade[?] Surely a vessel could not be captured in the middle of the Atlantic on such a plea & if not where is the line drawn[?] 2ndly a vessel bound bonâ fide from one Neutral port to another cannot be seized for having Contraband of War unless that Contraband of War is undoubtedly destined for a blockaded port. I apprehend the mere fact of a vessel having warlike stores on board is not sufficient, but there must be reasonable ground at least for believing they are destined for the Enemy. Your remarks appeared to me to go further, but we shall have Travers Twiss’s1 opinion before next mail[.] We wait the next act of the bloody tragedy on the Potomac, & the results of the movements following the battles of the 17 Sept. I should hope that the Northerns will be soon convinced that they cannot force the South back into the Union & that peace will be made, tho’ the language at New York affords little ground for such a hope. 112. Milne to Malcolm [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [11]]

HMS Nile Halifax 7 October 1862

Dear Cap Malcolm I write you via New York and I hope you will write to me via New York by the return of the Steamer[.] The Arrival here of the Melpomene and Spiteful[,] both with Yellow Fever[,] makes me anxious about Barracouta[.] Melp. had 16 cases[,] 4 or 5 deaths and Spiteful 32. She lost about the same number including 1 Masters Asst. and King[,] a Mid who had joined from the Agamemnon. The Ships are now well[.] If you should get Sickly you should come here so soon as you feel that a necessity Exists for a change[,] but you must be the judge of this. It wont do for ships to leave their stations because there is one or two cases of

1 Travers Twiss, C.B., F.R.S. (1809–97). Advocate-General to the Admiralty, 1862–67; Queen’s Advocate-General, 1867–72.

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Fever but if there is an apparent increase then do what you think is right and proper. I have written you about Mr Farrington1 who is in charge of Conqueror and who is saving the Stores. He recommends the ship to be sold at public Auction[.] Entre nous I know he intended to buy her. it would be a gross case to sell that ship before Every Article of Store is saved and I will not agree to her sale on any account until I know what is saved and what is not saved[.] I will then consider what is best to be done for the benefit of the Crown. I have no news for you from this[.] we are all just as you left us, and nothing new from England Except “no one is thought of for my Successor, as the Govt may wish me to remain longer”. Peterel has gone to relieve the Racer[.] She goes home[.] I have sent to the Port officer to see if there are any letters for you[.] if so they will be forwarded[.]  [P.S.:] I hope the Wharf is going on at [the] Naval Yard.2 113.

The Secretary of the Admiralty to Milne

[Milne Mss MLN/114/6]

Admiralty 11 October 1862

No. 751 M Sir, With reference to former correspondence respecting the capture of the British Steamer “Adela” by the United States cruizer “Quaker City”, I am commanded by my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to send you herewith for your information & guidance, a copy of a letter from the Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs dated the 10th Instant, enclosing a copy of a Despatch from Earl Russell to H.M. Chargé d’Affaires at Washington on this subject & pointing out the views taken by the Law Officers of the Crown with regard to H.M. Ships preventing by force the Commission of any act of violence by a Foreign Vessel, within the Territorial Waters of Her Majesty, & with regard to the distance from the shore to which the Jurisdiction of adjacent territory extends being still held to be a Marine league notwithstanding the greatly increased range of Artillery at the present day. [Enclosures]

1 Theodore Farrington was a Bahama-based salvor who had been contracted to conduct the salvage of HMS Conqueror after that vessel was wrecked off Rum Cay on 29 Dec 1861. 2 A wharf was then under construction at the dockyard at Nassau to facilitate coaling naval vessels. See also Docs Nos 70 and 155.

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Hammond to the Secretary of the Admiralty Foreign Office 10th October 1862 Sir, I am directed by Earl Russell to transmit to you herewith, to be laid before the Lds. Commrs. of the Admiralty, with reference to your letters of the 18th August & 2nd & 16th of September, [a] copy of a Despatch which he has addressed to H.M. Chargé d’Affaires at Washington on the case of the “Adela” & I am to add for the information of their Ldps. that the Law Officers of the Crown, after the observations respecting the indiscriminate capture of neutral Vessels which are embodied in the Despatch to Mr. Stuart, go on to say: “With respect to the course which H.M. Navy should pursue in the very anxious & trying circumstances in which they are placed, it would seem to us that while Her Majesty remains a neutral in the present War, the case must be of a highly exceptional character which would justify their interference with the capture of British Vessels upon the high seas by Cruizers lawfully commissioned by the Govt. of the United States. But with[in] Brit. Waters, the case is very different, & it is clearly the duty of H.M. Ships to prevent by force the commission of any such act of violence by a Foreign Vessel within the territorial waters or dominion of Her Majesty. As regards the distance from the shore to which the jurisdiction of the adjacent territory extends, we are of opinion that whatever may have been the theory on which the distance of a Marine league was adopted & notwithstanding the greatly increased range of Artillery at the present day, the old rule is still in force & must be adhered to.” The Law Officers further say with reference to Adml Milne’s despatch of the 25th August that “Adml. Milne is quite correct in the view which he has taken of the rights of neutrals to trade freely with either Belligerent, so long as the Cargo is not contraband & the destination is not to a blockaded Port, & we think his remarks on that point are proper & well calculated to obviate the possibility of any misconception. But we do not understand Mr. Seward’s instructions to mean that neutral Vessels, under such circumstances, are to be carried in for adjudication, but only that the class of Vessels he describes are not to be detained after verifying the conditions described.” It is to be observed that generally speaking all the Ports of the Southern States not in possession of the Federals are held by the United States Authorities to be blockaded.1

1 Lord Russell’s letter to Stuart is excerpted in ‘North America. No. 5. (1863.) Correspondence respecting instructions given to naval officers of the United States in regard

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114. Stuart to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1b]

Washington 13 October 1862

Private My dear Sir Alexander, As Captain Lyons showed readiness to look in at Charleston once more before returning to you, I have asked him to do so, and have sent Despatches by him to the Southern Consuls. I am very sorry to lose him upon this Station, as he appears to be a man of great prudence and sound judgment, and I could always trust to his doing the right thing. The War has, for the moment, become of almost secondary importance to the Elections. At New York, where the struggle is likely to be most violent, the issue seems very doubtful. The Abolitionists here have a great pull just now from the Government having submitted to their dictation. With Gold at a premium of 29 per Cent, and with $50,000,000 due as arrears of pay to the Army, the situation is fast becoming “tight”, as the Yankees say. Lord Lyons was to sail on the 11th, unless detained by Lord Russell till the 18th. In the latter case you will see him the week after next at Halifax. We are taking up more seriously at last the interference of the U.S. Authorities with our trade to the Bahamas, and I have also had to present a strong Note claiming damages for the “Labuan”. Anything in the shape of money will not be got easily out of this Govt, and we shall have many claims to settle with them before the war is over. I hope it is not true, as reported in Baltimore, that Rear Admiral Wilkes has refused to leave Bermuda when required to do so by the Governor. If it is so, you will probably have received official information upon the subject. Captain Ross told me that he had found him very civil and friendly at Fortress Monroe. When I informed Mr. Seward of our intention to establish an effective system of cruizing off the Cuban Coast for the suppression of the Slave Trade, he seemed pleased to hear it, and said that the United States Cruizers stationed in that Neighbourhood for other purposes were also instructed to look out for Slavers. He wants us to conclude a Convention for relieving them of a portion of the Negroes who may become emancipated. It is partly a trap to identify us with them in the most vindictive of all their measures against the South, and it is to be hoped that our Govt will wait until the Political Horizon becomes clearer. Otherwise, such a Convention might lead to many embarrassing complications.

to neutral vessels and mails’, PP, 1863, vol. 72, p. 453. The subsequent correspondence between Russell, Stuart, and Seward is found on pp, 453–5.

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It gave me much pleasure to find that you are not to be relieved at present, on public as well as on private grounds. We heard some ten days ago that several gunboats were ordered from the Potomac to Pensacola for the supposed purpose of attacking Mobile, and that was my reason for asking “Rinaldo” to touch there and communicate with the Consul. 115. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [11]]

HMS Nile Halifax 15 October 1862

My dear Grey I am glad to see your signature again and I hope you have Enjoyed your Holiday. now to business[.] You will see by my letter that Rear Adl Wilkes has been to see what is going on at Bermuda[.]1 I dont know Exactly what transpired between him and the Governor altho I believe the Admiral wrote to him 4 Sheets of Complaint of the way he was treated[.] It was unlucky the Melpomene was not there as the Governor has I hear written home for more ships to be there &c which appears to me to be quite unnecessary[.] he is rather a fussy personage, however Immortalite has gone there and another ship will go in a fortnight. Desperate & Plover are now there, but I could not sent [sic: ‘send’] Yellow Fever ships there. Melpomene’s mast was altered before I received your Lordships orders but I want you to write about the reduction of the Crews of Melpomene and Immortalite. in consequence of your private note I held fast with the order. Please send us out at least 70 2d Class Boys for the Station[.] we have hardly any remaining. most have been rated and they are fast going into higher ratings[.]2 I have hauled up on the Slip here Nimble[,] Landrail & Cygnet, Each at an Expense of £21, well worth the money if only to clean their copper and save the Expense in Coal by increased speed. next year there will be a Slip for ships of 1500 Tons so that HM Ships below that tonnage can be repaired.

1 The official letter, sent 16 Oct, and most of the subsequent public letters on the subject of Wilkes’s doings at Bermuda have been omitted from this collection for reasons of space. Much of the diplomatic correspondence on the subject can be found in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 462–4, 469–72, 493–5. Wilkes’ correspondence with the authorities at Bermuda is in ORN, ser. 1, vol. 1, pp. 493–8. The incident also figured prominently in Milne’s private correspondence for the next several weeks, especially that with Lord Lyons. See Docs Nos 114, 115, 128, 130, 133, 137, 139, 141–2, 147, 149–50, and 152. The most detailed account of it in this volume appears in Ord to Milne, 22 Oct 1862 [Doc. No. 122]. For synopsis of the episode, see Courtemanche, No Need of Glory, pp. 107–9. 2 Second-class boys typically advanced to the first class after several months’ training and evidence of good conduct and competence in seamanship.

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Phaeton is somewhat Sickly at Vera Cruz[.] She has lost 2 Men with Yellow Fever and had 22 Bad Cases so I think she may appear here some day soon[.] Orlando has gone to relieve her. Immortalite was intended to go there but as Orlando was sent by Dunlop I altered my intentions[.] I believe my Law in respect to the Herald and Cap Hickley was quite correct and I now send home some questions for decisions on cases arising out of breach of Blockade as Herald. I myself believe all these Vessels & Cargoes are liable to capture until they complete their voyage[,] that is [reach] their destination[,] which is England. I raise a curious question about the Reefs at Bermuda[.] I never would have doubted the question of their being British Territory if it had not been for Lord Palmerstons views about Cuba.1 my reason for raising it is, that I suspect the Boats from the U. States Gun Boats [are] laying inside the Reefs at night watching the various passages[.] if so I hope the Governor will send out to stop them[.] it is his jurisdiction. Hero will sail for England on the 19 or 20th … We are sadly in want of a Master at Arms for Nile and 5 or 6 Ships Corporal[s] for the Station[.] I wish you could send us some out in Galatea with the Boy’s[.] I have been making some alterations in Vesuvius[.] She had 87 pieces of wood & Iron weighing 1½ ton to remove before she was clear for action[.] This is Evidently all wrong and ought not to be … I have nothing new from the States[.] The Confederates are reported to have rather fallen back with some loss.2 so stands affairs. Please let me have an answer about my going to Bermuda by return mail[.] 116. Milne to Glasse [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [11]]

HMS Nile Halifax 15 October 1862

Confidential My dear Cap Glasse I received your note and the Public Letters by Mail and I have written to you on the subject of the Desperate. I dont understand what led Comdr Thrupp to think he was called on to use force to compel a Ship of War of

1 Palmerston had maintained in 1849 that Spanish territorial waters did not extend 3 miles beyond the outlying cays and reefs of Cuba. See Doc. No. 117. 2 Milne may have been referring to the Battle of Perryville, Kentucky, 8 Oct 1862, after which Confederate forces retreated southward.

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a friendly nation to leave an Anchorage.1 It is unprecedented and Even his going to quarters and clearing for action can only be looked on as a very uncivil demonstration which the American Govt [might] resent and I really think with just ground. If the Governor sent on board his official warning to leave and to say we would not allow any warlike operation whatever and that he must leave his Anchorage in ____ hours[,] no doubt it would be acted on[,] but if Force is to be used His Exy should use the Forts[,] not the Ships. all the verbal communications with our Naval officers is likely to cause misunderstanding &c but I am not aware what has been the correspondence between the Governor and Admiral[.] he [i.e., the Governor] tells me nothing. Melpomene ought to have been at Bermuda had Cap Ewart [not] come up here when Yellow Fever broke out. Immortalite has gone down and it is probable Medea will take the next intermediate Mail. I have written a few lines to the Governor hinting about the verbal communications…. I propose leaving this about the 15 Nov. I send orders for the Plover to proceed to Cruize off Cuba and I am very anxious for Steady to go on the same service[.] You must Employ Engineers of Immortalite to hasten her. Landrail sails on Saturday and Cygnet in ten days[.] 117. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5788]

Nile at Halifax 16 October 1862 [received 28 October]

No. 8182 Sir, … There were reports in Bermuda that the U.S. Vessels of War had visited that Island to watch the arrival of a Steamer expected from St. Thomas with Arms and Munitions of War, and to capture the “Gladiator”,

1 Governor Ord had instructed Thrupp to inform the commander of USS Sonoma that he could not anchor in the fairway at the entrance to St George’s Harbour, and Thrupp had ordered his ship to quarters when the Sonoma did so. It was night and the two ships were not in sight of each other, so the only persons aware of Thrupp’s actions were his crew and the superiors to whom he reported. See Doc. No. 122 and Courtemanche, No Need of Glory, p. 108. 2 The opening paragraph of this letter deals with the activities of US warships under Charles Wilkes’s command at Bermuda and has been omitted. For a summary of this incident, see Courtemanche, No Need of Glory, pp. 107–9 and Bernath, Squall across the Atlantic, pp. 108–9.

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Steamer, then taking on board a Cargo of Cotton from a Steamer which had arrived at the Island after having broken the Blockade, and also to watch the proceedings of several other Steam Vessels then at Bermuda having on board contraband of War. 3. – With reference to the legality of detention or capture of these Vessels which may have broken the Blockade, the following questions may arise, 1st Does an English Vessel[,] after having broken the Blockade by egress from a blockaded port, become released from liability to capture because on her voyage to England, she has reached a British Colonial Port? 2nd. Does a vessel[,] after having broken the blockade by egress, and after having transshipped her Cargo into another Vessel in a Colonial Port[,] become herself released from future capture, and will the Cargo which has been transshipped, or the Ship which receives it become liable to capture on leaving the Colonial Port for England? In the first case I am aware that all writers on International law give a clear and decided opinion that the penalty on a Vessel which had broken the blockade attaches until the voyage is complete; and with reference to the second question, which I have put, the following will be found in Pritchard’s Admiralty Digest,1 article Trade with the enemy[,] page 460 arts 48 & 49 [states] that “The mere touching at an intermediate Port, whether of the Country to which the Vessel belongs, or any other Country without importing the Cargo into the common Stock of that Country, will not alter the nature of the voyage &c.” 4. – I think it proper to submit these cases for their Lordships consideration as I have no doubt but that the United States Government may push the limits of their laws of capture to the extreme in order to seize those English Vessels which are breaking the Blockade with Cargoes of Cotton, and are making for a near British Port before proceeding to England with a view of securing the Ships and Cargoes from liability to capture. 5. – There is also another point, which bears on this question of capture at Bermuda & which I beg to submit to their Lordships, viz: to what extent from the mainland of Bermuda does Her Majesty’s Territorial jurisdiction extend, is this limit 3 Marine Miles from the Northern Reefs? which in themselves are 8½ miles from the shore of the Island. But [sic] were it

1 William Tarn Pritchard, An Analytical Digest of all the reported cases determined by the High Court of Admiralty of England, the Lords Commissioners of Appeal in prize cases, and by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council . . . (London, 1847).

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not for a letter from the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs dated the 12th July 1849,1 and enclosed in their Lordships despatch of the 4th Augt. 1849 No. 181, respecting the Cays of Cuba[,] I should have no doubt as to the question. I certainly consider these reefs as part of Bermuda. 118. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5788]

“Nile” at Halifax 16th October 1862 [received 28 October]

No. 824. Sir, 3. – I intend despatching HM’s Gun Vessels “Landrail” and “Plover” to the Coast of Cuba to cruize for the suppression of the Slave Trade, and the “Steady”, now at Bermuda will be employed upon the same service, so soon as her Cylinder, which arrived in H.M.S. “Supply” on the 20th Ulto, is fitted . . . 6. – From the West Indies I learn that the “Jason” had arrived at Jamaica on the 20th Ulto, and Commodore Dunlop intended to send her to relieve the “Orlando” on the Coast of New Grenada. The “Orlando” would then return to Port Royal to complete Provisions after which she was to proceed to Vera Cruz to replace the “Phaeton” as Senior Officer, which Ship the Commodore proposes sending to Halifax, as one or two cases of Yellow Fever had appeared on board, and I am in daily expectation of her arrival here, as Captain Tatham would probably leave Vera Cruz if the sickness increased, without waiting for orders. The “Styx” had returned to Jamaica on the 12th Ulto from the Coast of Honduras. 119. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Halifax 17 October 1862

My dear Grey Mail from Boston is only now coming in[:] she is 12 hours late[.] Phaeton has arrived from Vera Cruz and Havana. She has had 90 cases of Fever, but only 2 deaths, said to be Yellow Fever. I have not gone into her

1 In which Lord Palmerston maintained that Cuban territorial waters did not extend for 3 nautical miles from the shores of cays off the coast of Cuba proper.

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case, but it strikes me the Surgeon has been unnecessarily alarmed, and writing to his Captain unnecessarily. [You] no doubt forgot to send me an order about reduction of men in Melpomene & Immortalite[.] The Phaeton by the new Estabt Book of Gunnery will have 525 men, The others I was ordered to reduce to 510 men.1 I have no news from the Legation at Washington by this Mail. Matters in the States are much in the same position as they have been for the last Month. I have heard from the Barracouta at Nassau to 29 Sept[:] all quiet there & ship healthy[.] 120. Grey to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1d]

Admiralty 18 October 1862

Private My dear Milne Galatea has her orders to take out 100 Marines (Artificers) to Bermuda following the Southern route so you may look for her before the end of November.2 We may I think then bring home Melpomene. Drummond tells me that a W.I. Regiment is to go to Sierra Leone & that Adventure will not take them all & you will have orders to send the surplus[,] from 2 to 300[,] in her to Sierra Leone[,] the ship from thence returning home to be paid off. I am not sure that the orders will be ready for this mail, but you can have this in view in making your disposition of your ships. There has been little doing at the Board as it has been vacation time & there are seldom more than two Lords in London, who of course have their time fully occupied by the current business. The Estimates will soon come under consideration & we expect that the Govt will call for some further reduction in the amounts for the Army & Navy. Looking to this & also to the fact that with all our efforts we are still much above our vote for men we are adopting all the means in our power to reduce

1 Milne seems to have meant that the Board failed to include Phaeton in the order to reduce the complements of Melpomene and Immotalité, or that they had failed to modify their original order. 2 The official letter (no 770 E) of 10 Oct 1862 stated that that the Board had ‘decided in supplying the deficiency of Civil Labour in the Works at Bermuda by the employment of Artificers Volunteers from the Royal Marines … 1 Captain, 2 Subalterns, 4 Sergeants, 4 Corporals, 1 Drummer, 1 Bugler, and 100 Privates … My Lords further desire that instructions be given to enable the necessary preparation for the reception of these men.’

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our Men & you will receive an order to weed your ships & send home all your indifferent N[on] C[ontinuous] S[ervice] men, but even doing this our number of C[ontinuous] S[ervice] men is so large that it will be difficult to bring them down sufficiently[.]1 We are looking with horror at the accounts from America & almost despair that a people & a Government capable of such acts & such language will ever be brought to take a rational view of their position. I suppose a Crash will come some day and awaken them, but perhaps not till the struggle between the Democrats & Republicans has ended in the complete destruction of constitutional government & freedom.  [P.S.] Maitland2 comes home but his successor is not yet chosen[.] 121. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

HMS Nile Halifax 21 October 1862

My dear Grey I write this by Hero as she sails this afternoon. She has knocked off her forefoot, luckily nothing else wrong, rather imprudent in Ryder, yet he had adopted all usual precautions. I have however sent him a Memo on the subject.3 I have nothing further from Bermuda in regard to the proceedings of the United States Cruizers. I have letters and also a late paper from Nassau. The Barracouta [is] quite healthy. Will you ask Eden to send out a Master for the Melpomene[?] Her Master[,]4 sent to Bermuda Hospital, thought proper to go direct to England on a Medical certificate from a surgeon of the Mail steamer. It would be right to send him out again with a sharp rebuke[.] I only heard of this by chance yesterday.

1 The continuous service system, whereby seamen enlisted for 10 years, rather than the duration of a ship’s commission, had been introduced in 1853. Nonetheless, some men were still permitted to enlist for single ships’ commissions. 2 Thomas Maitland, later 11th Earl of Lauderdale, C.B., K.C.B., G.C.B. (1803–78). Entered, 1816; Lt, 1823; Cmdr, 1827, Capt, 1837; Rear-Adm, 1857; Vice-Adm, 1863; Adm, 1868; Adm of the Fleet (Ret.), 1877. Commander-in-Chief of the Pacific Squadron, 1860–62. 3 Milne’s memo on this incident, dated 20 Oct, and Ryder’s response are found in ADM1/5788. 4 Christopher Albert.

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The Military Authorities have just applied to me to send 5 officers[,] 200 men[,] 25 W[omen,] 34 Children[,] 6 Guns[,] waggons &c complete with 24 Horses to New Brunswick, and the same number from thence to Quebec but without Horses. This is too bad. They select the very worst month in the year for this service, why, is but known to themselves. I will have to send Ariadne to Quebec with them, as no steamer can be obtained[.] she will probably Embark them at the Shediac.1 Spiteful will convey the party to New Brunswick. Two warrant officers in Melpomene have been promoted by the Admty to the 1. Class, but your Lordships give them no advantage by promotion as you refuse them 1 C. Pay. I think this regulation is sharp practice, for you dont supersede them to allow them to come home and get 1 C. pay, nor give it to them here. I think this regulation should be altered.2 we want 4 Ass. Engineers sent out for the Ships on the Station, will you be so good as to order this[?] I find the Letter to move the Troops (Horse Artillery) came out from England[,] went to Canada and then back here[.] if a duplicate have been sent about a month [ago], better weather would been more agreeable for the Troops, as we have now constant gales of short duration[.] I beg to recommend to your notice Comdr Edye of Hero.3 he is without Exception the best officer I have met with and has kept all on board the Hero most united. He has had only 3 desertions, on the station since she came out last [in late 1861.] 122. Ord to Milne4 [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Mt Langton (Bermuda) 22 October 1862

My dear Admiral I have just recd your letter by mail and am sorry to find you have been left so in the dark as to what passed whilst Adml. Wilkes was here. I thought Capt Glasse wd have given you all the particulars with which he was acquainted and altho’ I had very little opportunity for writing, being very

1

A small port in southeast New Brunswick, 46°13′ North, 64°32′ West. It eventually was. Milne again complained of the perceived injustice in a 19 Aug 1863 letter to Grey (Doc. No. 289), and was informed by the Secretary of the Admiralty on 4 Sep 1863 (Doc. No. 293) that his recommendation had been adopted. 3 Hero had been ordered home to be paid off. Upon her decommissioning Eyde was immediately appointed second-in-command of HMS Britannia, the navy’s cadet training vessel. 4 Milne forwarded a copy of this letter to Frederick Grey in Doc. No. 133. 2

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much pressed with my despatches, I endeavoured to supply what he could not know. It is clear however from your letter that this has not been done & as I hear there is a schooner going to New York in an hour I shall try and send you by her an outline of all that happened during Wilkes’ stay. He arr[ive]d here on Friday night the 26th Sept. and on [the] 27th came into St. George’s Harbour with his Flag Ship and one gun boat. I sent him the usual notice that his stay could not be prolonged beyond 24 hours, with [a] copy of H.M. Rules, and recd. a visit from him on the Saturday afternoon. He then said he only wanted a little Coal – about 60 Tons – and he hoped I should not require him to take that on board on the Sunday. I made no objection to this and after indifferent talk he left me and returned to St. Georges. On Monday I heard that he was coaling very slowly and that his Officers were saying they should not go for four or five days & that one Gun Boat was cruising outside the Harbour. I then suggested to Capt Glasse that Desperate should be sent down to “Five fathom Hole”[,]1 as her presence I considered would shew Admiral Wilkes that we were not prepared to allow any infringement or evasion of H. M. Regulations. Of course nothing was said about her making any demonstrations and nothing was further from my thoughts or wishes than that she should do so. On Tuesday 30th what I heard of Wilkes’ proceedings led me to the impression that he was trying how elastic our instructions were & I determined to call on him myself and come to an understanding. Col. Munro2 went with me and after a little conversation I reminded the Admiral that the Queen’s instructions which I had sent him were peremptory in prohibiting the stay of U.S. Vessels in British waters beyond 24 hours and that he had now been upwards of 72 &c and ended by asking him when he meant to go? After some fencing he said Wachusett and Tioga would go the next day, but that he had just discovered Sonoma required some repair which would occupy about 36 hours and that if I would allow her to come into harbour to perform them, she would then go. After some demur I consented to this and went on shore. On landing I met Capt Thrupp who told me he was not anchored in “5 fathom hole”, it being an unsafe anchorage at this season of the year, but off Fort Catherines in the channel leading to Murray’s Anchorage. I was much disappointed at this as my object was to have the Ship in sight of the Harbour and in a position to communicate with the U.S. Vessels at once

1 An anchorage off Bermuda’s reefs, northeast of the islands themselves, 32°23′ North, 64°38′ West. 2 William Munro, C.B. (1818–80). Ensign, 1834; Lt, 1836; Capt, 1844; Major, 1852; Lt Col, 1853; Col, 1855; Major General, 1868; Lt General, 1876; General, 1878.

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if necessary. As however Capt Thrupp was the proper judge of the safety of the position in which his ship was to be placed, I said nothing further to him. I then learned for the first time that the Sonoma Gun Boat was not only cruising every day off the Harbour visiting all Vessels that approached, but that she came in each night and anchored at the fair way buoy. I at once told Capt Thrupp that this was most objectionable, but that as I had arranged with Adml. Wilkes that “Sonoma” was to go into harbour for repair I presumed on her return that evening from her cruising she would proceed into St. Georges without again anchoring at the Buoy. However to guard against the possibility of her doing so, I requested Capt Thrupp to send a Boat with an officer to the buoy before dark and if the “Sonoma” shewed an intention of anchoring there to acquaint her Commander that I could not permit her to do so & that it had been arranged between Adml. Wilkes and myself that she was at liberty to go into St. George’s Harbour for repair. In spite of this notification Sonoma did anchor but on her Commander saying he would go on board his Admiral for further instructions [sic][.] Lt. Grant1 also went on board “Wachusett” & repeated to Adml. Wilkes the instructions I had given to Capt Thrupp[.] The Admiral professed not to understand my objections & wd give no orders for the Sonoma’s removal. Capt Thrupp sent on shore a report of what had passed to be forwarded to me at once, which was brought to me by the Fort Adjutant at 1 AM. there was some delay here owing to Col. Munro being at Hamilton and the Lieut (Grant) thinking he ought to give his report to the next Senior Officer[,] Col. Lloyd[,]2 who of course was quite ignorant of what was going on. I at once wrote to Wilkes to tell him that had I been aware of the objectionable proceedings of the Sonoma in anchoring at the Fair way buoy (when I visited him on the 30th) I should have informed him that I could not permit it & to prevent mistakes I recapitulated the understanding arrived at between us respecting his ships viz. that “Wachusett” and “Tioga” were to go to sea at once and “Sonoma” to come into Harbour for 36 hours for repairs. I sent this on board at 8 AM. 1 Oct. by Capt Baker3 with whom he had a good deal of irrelevant talk in which he praised himself a good deal but he told Capt: Baker he should not reply to my letter.

1

James Grant (1833–81). Entered, 1848; Lt, 1856; Cmdr (Ret.), 1866. Edward Thomas Lloyd (c.1806–92). 2nd Lt, 1826; 1st Lt, 1831; Capt, 1842; Brevet Major, 1854; Lt Col, 1854; Brevet Col, 1857; Col, 1861; Major Gen (Hon.), 1864. 3 Robert Broome Baker (1830–1908). 2nd Lt, 1849; 1st Lt, 1852; Capt, 1853; Brevet Major, 1865; Major, 1868; Lt Col, 1875. 2

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The same day I went down to St. Georges and about 1 PM. I got a letter from Wilkes saying “Wachusett” had burst a tube or two and he required to stay 10 or 12 hours longer to repair the damage. I at once assented to this, and took the precaution of adding that “Tioga” having coaled and gone outside would not be permitted to return into our waters. Plow1 took this letter on board & had a long and interesting conversation with the Admiral who went with him into many matters I should have thought too delicate to form subjects of discussion, such as Mason2 & Slidell,3 their antecedents, behavior here and his own conduct in the Trent affair. I mention it to you to give you some idea of the want of proper feeling & delicacy of the distinguished officer. He told Plow he should not answer my letter but forward the whole correspondence to Washington and inferred that he thought I had strained the Queen’s Rules against him and had not treated him well. He went out the next day with the Sonoma and went to sea shortly afterwards leaving both Gun Boats behind to blockade the Port. I then learnt that notwithstanding my positive prohibition “Tioga” had come in on the night of the 1st Oct. and anchored as before at the Buoy. A day or two after his departure I recd from him a long letter full of complaints of my proceedings with not a few misstatements & misconstructions[.] This I forwarded to the Coll. Office with a detailed explanation of all that had passed, and accompanied it with a very strong letter from Col. Munro regarding certain parts … which the Colonel regarded (and justly so) as misstatements of facts[.] Since this the Gun Boats continued their cruising and boarding of Vessels until the night of the 12th when they took their departure, it is said to fill up coal[.] On the 9th a Boat was sent on shore from “Sonoma” & remained in St. Georges several hours. The following day I sent off a letter by “Plover” to the Commr. of the “Sonoma”[,] acquainting him I could not permit any communication between his ships and the shore unless he applied and obtained my sanction previously. Her Commander sent an explanation that he was not aware he was doing wrong and this is the last communication I have had with them.

1

Henry Frederick Plow (d. 1874). Governor Ord’s private secretary. James Murray Mason (1798–1871). American lawyer and politician. US Congressman for Virginia, 1837–39; Senator for Virginia, 1847–61; Confederate Commissioner to Great Britain, 1861–65. 3 John Slidell (1793–1871). American businessman, lawyer, diplomat, and politician. US Congressman for Louisiana, 1843–45; US Minister to Mexico, 1845–47; Senator for Louisiana, 1853–61; Confederate Commissioner to France, 1861–65. 2

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You will see from this that nothing has been done to lead to any thing like a collision. I have not made any use of naval officers or any one else to communicate with the American officers by message, except in the single instance of warning the Sonoma that she must not anchor in the fair way. The subsequent interview with the Admiral was the act of the officer who thought (and I consider correctly) that if the Commr. of the Sonoma was going off to make any report of what had been said to him to his Admiral, he had better be present also. Desperate was not employed again for any purpose except by the bye that she went within 3 miles on the 8th as the Gladiator Merchant steamer was going to sea and saw her off our territory, when she was boarded by the Yankees but allowed to proceed. on the 9th Desperate returned to the Dockyard[.] The only portion of the affair which can be said to be even injudicious, was Capt Thrupp’s going to Quarters, but this he did without my knowledge, far less sanction – fortunately he was out of sight of the Yankees at the time and no one is aware of it but his own people and Capt: Glasse. It was an error in judgement but has been productive of no harm. I have written extremely hurriedly but think I have given you all the important part[s] of what has transpired and you will be satisfied that nothing has been done by the navy which can be excepted to or call forth observation[.] 123. Stuart to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1b]

Washington 27 October 1862

Private My dear Sir Alexander, This affair of the “Blanche”1 appears to exceed all other outrages in aggravation, but unless the U.S. Cruizer can give a totally conflicting version of the facts, – which is not possible consistently with the truth, – the wrong is one about which there cannot be two opinions, and it will, therefore, be all the easier for this Govt to give any amount of explanation which may be properly due. The principal danger appears to be that the Don [i.e., the Spanish] may be very extravagant in his demands. I don’t know whether we shall

1 The Blanche was a British-registered steamer destroyed by the USS Montgomery in Cuban waters on 7 Oct 1862, an incident that generated a voluminous correspondence between the British and US governments. See FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 473, 487–8, 491–2, 495, 680–82, 685–7; 1864, pt 2, pp. 391–4, 635–7. For the circumstances surrounding the Blanche’s pursuit and destruction, see ORN, ser. 1, vol. 19, pp. 267–81. For a modern account of this incident and its legal aftermath, see Bernath, Squall across the Atlantic, pp. 100–108, 117.

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think it right or not to take up the Affair, but strictly speaking I fancy it is to the Power in whose waters we have suffered injury that we have to look for redress, if it is a Power sufficiently strong to make itself respected. You will probably have received a Copy of the Despatch to me as well as a Copy of the Letter to the Secretary of the Admiralty about the “Adela” & the Instructions to Naval Officers.1 I shall be curious to learn the answers to the questions of International law which you have referred home. My own impression is that a Vessel wh has left a Blockaded Port may be liable to capture on the high seas until she reaches her final destination, – that a Cargo transshipped on board another Neutral Vessel at a Colonial Port, from a Vessel which has left a Blockaded Port is not liable to capture, nor the Vessel on which it is found. Any fresh voyage of a Vessel which is known to have previously run the Blockade would be looked upon with great suspicion, if such Vessel should be found in any equivocal position, and although she could not be condemned for her previous fault, her antecedents would help to her condemnation. But you will see that we are leaving to the Prize Courts to decide in the first instance any disputed points, and that we are ready to dispute the decisions afterwards, if upon a careful perusal of the evidence, they should appear to the Law Officers of the Crown to have been unjust. Lord Lyons’ return was postponed for a fortnight, but I hope he will not fail to be here next week. The French Admiral has gone to New Orleans. Might it not be as well for us to have a ship stationed there during the next few months? But I should not ask you to act upon this suggestion until Lord Lyons returns and confirms it. “Cadmus” is going out for a cruize for a few days, leaving “Peterel” at Fortress Monroe. If we hear of an impending attack on Charleston, I should ask “Peterel” to go there, but as there is Yellow Fever now in the Town, the attack may perhaps be delayed. It will soon be time for you to change your Climate … 124. Milne to Somerset [Somerset Mss Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/21]

Admiralty House Halifax The 27 October 1862

My dear Sir I wish to mention to your Grace a subject which occupied much of my attention when I was at the Board, and I believe the paper’s are most

1

Doc. No. 113.

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probably in the Record Office.1 It has reference to the Naval College, and I was very anxious to Entirely remodel and Change the character of that Estabt. with the view of making it much more useful to Naval officers than at present[.] Your Grace must be well aware that owing to the Early age at which our officers go to sea, and from their continued service until they are made Commanders, they have few if any opportunities of becoming acquainted [with] or being able to study the many branches of General science which are now thought a part of General Education. I can instance several Flag officers who in former years when thrown upon Half Pay as Captains & Commanders and were resident in Scotland, who [sic] devoted their time to the pursuit of scientific knowledge at the University of Edinburgh, and from having been one of those officers and knowing how very great was the advantage I gained from the personal attendance at the public Lectures [in] Natural Philosophy in all its Branches, Chemistry, Geology[,] Astronomy and Languages, I feel assured the Naval College at Portsmouth[,] changed from its present half & half system and so limited as it is in its course of Instruction, might be made a most valuable Naval Institution by Establishing in it a Course of daily lectures on the above [subjects] including Gunnery & Fortification. Few Naval officers can learn by Book. their minds are not trained to a Course of Book study, but if the subject is brought before them by a Course of Lectures as is the system at the University of Edinburgh, with text Books to read up the Subject, then they will take an interest in Instruction. now what is wanted is to give them this opportunity. Establish this at the Naval College[:] appoint a Lecturer for Geology and Chemistry. A Lecturer for Natural Philosophy and Gunnery. A Lecturer for Practical Astronomy and Fortification, or these may be modified[.] Let the course be a six months course, or five months. Those officers who go to the College to study and live there, to pass Examinations. Those admitted to attend the Lectures as a pass time [sic: ‘pastime’], not to be Examined. I feel assured if this arrangement was carried out it would be a great boon to the Service itself and a still greater boon to many officers on full or half Pay who would gladly resort to these public Lectures to gain sound practical and interesting Knowledge, which by Expanding their Minds would render them more Efficient officers in the Service[.] I think your Grace will find the Papers on this subject in the office[.] I drew up I know some proposal and it was delayed partly on account of

1

See The Milne Papers, vol. 1, Docs Nos 613, 617, 659, and 660.

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those officers who were then at the College, but who might soon retire[,] and then the change could have been Easier made[.] Your Grace will perhaps Excuse my troubling you on the subject … 125. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5788]

“Nile” at Halifax 28 October 1862 [received 9 November]

No. 869 Sir, In my letter No. 216 of the 21st March 1862 I pointed out to their Lordships the inadequacy of the present Form of Progress in Gunnery to furnish the information required on that important subject. I have now the honor to enclose for their Lordships’ consideration, an amended form which I have drawn up and which I think might with advantage be substituted for that now in use.1 I may however observe that to accord more perfectly with Art. 53, P. 338, and App 105 of the Regulations the Return ought now to be made Quarterly, instead of Half Yearly.2 126. [ADM1/5788]

Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty “Nile” at Halifax 30 October 1862 [received 9 November]

No. 882 Sir, Having unofficially become possessed of two forms of Tender for the conveyance of Her Majesty’s Mails to the West Indies, from which it would appear to be in contemplation to materially alter the existing routes, I beg again to call their Lordships’ attention to the great desideratum of connecting Jamaica with the Havana by the Belize Steamer. I enclose a copy of my former letter, No. 169 of the 12th September 1860, on the subject, and also the two forms of Tender. 2. – I do not propose to go into the large question which the adoption of the changes contemplated by either of these Tenders would raise, as time does not now admit of my doing so; but I observe that,

1

Not included in this collection. Admiralty Minute: ‘Refer to Captain Hewlett for any observations. 17 Nov 62’.

2

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1st It is proposed to make the Foreign Ports of New York and Martinique centres of communication, from which other lines are to radiate. 2ndly Orders for Contract Passengers, conveyance of Stores and Packages, are necessarily given by the Senior Naval Officer on the Spot, and not alone by the Officer Commanding the Station. 3rdly The definition of H.M. Mails does not include Official despatches from the Naval and Military Authorities, which often cannot pass through the Post Office without great delay and inconvenience to the Service. [Enclosure] Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty Nile, in Gut of Canso, 12 September 1860 Sir, Should their Lordships, or the Lords of H.M. Treasury have it in contemplation to make any change in the routes of the West India Mail Steamers, or to extend additional means of communication with the West Indies, viâ New York, of which I have heard some vague rumours, I hope some means by which the Naval Commander in Chief at Halifax may obtain communication with Jamaica, Vera Cruz, and Havana may not be overlooked, as at present I cannot but feel that the Northern part of this extensive Command is almost entirely isolated from those localities, the present means of communication from Halifax being only once a month by Steamer to Bermuda & St. Thomas’, and from thence by the two separate Branch Steamers[,] one to Jamaica every 14 days, and one to Havana every month, but as the arrival & departure of these Vessels from St. Thomas’ does not suit each other, Letters are constantly most seriously delayed. Again Jamaica, the Head Quarters of the Naval Service in the West Indies, has no communication with Carthagena, Colon, Greytown, Vera Cruz, or Havana, most important places on that Division of the Command, except through the long and uncertain route of St. Thomas’: this is a very serious evil, I therefore trust, that if there is any truth in the report, to which I have alluded, their Lordships will urge upon the Lords of H.M. Treasury: – 1st The advisability of establishing some means of direct communication from North America, say, viâ New York, with Jamaica and Havana. 2ndly That Jamaica should be put in direct communication with Carthagena, Colon and Havana, which would give communication with the Pacific and Gulf of Mexico. 3. In making these observations I would submit for consideration, should no change of route be in contemplation, whether under the Present

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Contract with the West India Mail Company, their Honduras Branch vessel from Jamaica to Honduras might not be extended to Havana, instead of remaining stationary at Honduras for 6 days 18 hours as at present. If this vessel was to leave Jamaica, 6 hours after the arrival of the English Mail, instead of 30 hours, an additional day would be obtained, or 7 days 18 hours at Honduras, and during that period there would be quite sufficient time to run down from Honduras to Havana, there remain one day and back again to Honduras (960 Miles) in time to sail from thence to Jamaica at the present fixed day and hour … Again[,] if Messrs Cunard’s contract to carry the Mails from New York to Nassau were extended to Havana (and this vessel always does go to Havana and Back to Nassau for the return Mails) a direct communication between Jamaica and Havana, and Vera Cruz, and from thence to New York and Halifax would be obtained by these proposed extensions of the present Mail Line.  P.S. I may add that the extension of Cunard’s line of Steamers, to and from Havana is by no means a necessary part of my proposed amended scheme although desirable, inasmuch as Letters sent under cover to H.M. Consul at Havana can always be forwarded viâ New York with which there is constant communication. Admiralty Minute S. Branch 12 Nov. 1862 These two forms of tender for the conveyance of the Mails to & from the West Indies, have been previously submitted officially by the Post Office to the Admiralty[.] One embraces Mr. Trollope’s1 scheme of making Antigua the centre of the communications with the Windward & Leeward Islands & British Guiana; – and Jamaica as the head quarters for the Lines to Mexico, Havana, Honduras, and Central America. This arrangement if properly carried out, would be in all respects most suitable so far as the Naval Service is concerned. The Second Scheme is with a view evidently to do away with the Expense of a double transatlantic Line, – and send the Mails via Liverpool & New York down to Jamaica and thence by lines to all parts of the West Indies[.] This scheme can scarcely be seriously entertained by the Government, – but as in any case the tenders before acceptance will be submitted to the Admiralty[,]

1 The novelist Anthony Trollope (1815–82). Trollope was a Post Office employee 1834– 67, and in 1858 had been commissioned to reorganise the West Indian Post Office.

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their Lordships will doubtless have ample time to urge any objections which they may entertain to the scheme[.] Perhaps it will be sufficient to inform Sir Alex: Milne that the objections he urges will be fully considered whenever a proposition is received from the Postmaster General to accept tenders for the performance of the Packet Service in accordance with the arrangement indicated in the forms of tender. 127. Grey to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1d]

Admiralty 31 October 1862

Private My dear Milne As the work just now falls heavy on me in the absence of the Duke, Eden, and Frederick1 I may not have much time to write you tomorrow & I begin now. I received your letters of the 15th & 17th two days ago. I am glad to hear a more favorable report of Phaeton. You will see that you have brought Melpomene’s mast as nearly as possible to the place where it was intended to be. we cannot discover how the mistake originated. With reference to the armament & complement of the Immortalité & Melpomene the orders should be carried out that we may judge whether in these sharp heavy rolling ships we should not reduce the number of main deck guns & thus relieve their extremities[.] Shannon & Liffey are very different ships & well able to carry their armament[.] Galatea sailed last evening & has some 2d Class boys for you besides the Marines for Bermuda. I conclude Adml Wilkes will have made clear his intentions before the question of sending the W. I. Regiment to Sierra Leone comes upon you. Should he adopt a course likely to lead to a rupture you must of course keep Melpomene[.] The Duke talks of sending Defence & Resistance2 to you & if matters should look at all doubtful they will be ordered on from Lisbon direct to Bermuda. But another service is now called for. It seems that an attempt is now about to be made to export Cotton from Matamoros, the

1 Charles Frederick (1797–1875). Entered, 1810; Lt, 1818; Cmdr, 1829; Capt, 1842; Rear-Adm, 1862; Vice-Adm, 1867; Adm (Ret.), 1875. 2 Two second-class ironclads.

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Southerners having removed the restriction[.]1 Indeed it is stated that Cotton has already been sent thence to New York. A letter will go to you tomorrow desiring you to protect this Trade. Now I don’t know what course the Federals will adopt, but if they attempt to carry out their doctrine of seizing the Cotton shipped in a neutral port on the ground that it was grown in a Southern state, we may have a quarrel & I think the best safeguard will be to have a couple of heavy Frigates like Orlando & Ariadne in the neighbourhood, provided that Adml Wilkes’s proceedings do not make it necessary to keep them to look after him. There is no necessity for a large frigate at Vera Cruz while the French are in possession[;] you want one man with a good head (I am afraid Hickley is not the man2) who will watch Events & look after our Trade. You have several under you. You will not [immediately] have the answer about the limits of Bermuda. I do not see how we can repudiate the doctrine so clearly laid down in 1849[.] I shall be glad when you are there as Glasse does not inspire me with confidence3 & he did not on Wilkes’s arrival shew that judgment one could have wished. And now about Dunlop[.] I send you an order to send him home (unless you think it necessary to retain him) on the ground that there is no longer any occasion to keep a 1 Class Commodore there[.] Cracroft may hoist his blue Pendant & have the allowance of a 2d Class Commodore & you must provide for the Command of the W.I. Division as you think best. Dunlop will expect some home appointment & I have no doubt something will turn up for him.4 I had no Master at Arms disposable to send you in Galatea. If I can get one I will send him in Rosario. She has been delayed by damage in the late gales. Vigilant ran on shore on the Gunfleet5 & is so much damaged that her crew will be turned over to Lily with a new Captain & Master….

1 Grey may have been referring to the demise of an unofficial, although widely observed, Southern embargo on the export of cotton, intended to pressure Great Britain into recognising the Confederacy. 2 Grey may have based this judgment on Hickley’s role in the Herald incident, or perhaps on the belief that he had not been justified in seizing the Oreto (CSS Florida) at Nassau in June 1862. 3 Begging the question of why the Board of Admiralty, of which Grey was the senior naval member, selected him for the post. 4 Dunlop was appointed dockyard commodore at Woolwich in Jan 1864. 5 A sandbank in the Thames estuary off Holland Haven, Essex.

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We have an insurrection in Greece or rather a revolution & little quarrels of our own both with Brazils and Chile so our hands are full.1 128. Grey to Milne2 [Milne Mss MLN/116/1d]

Admiralty 1 November 1862

Confidential My dear Milne Drummond has sent me confidentially the opinion of the law officers on the questions asked by you and on Wilkes’s proceedings. 1st. Every ship breaking a blockade is liable to capture till she has reached her bonâ fide destination, & is not released [from the risk] by touching at a Colonial Port. 2d. Nor is she released by the transhipment of her cargo. 3d. The Cargo tainted by breach of blockade is not protected by transhipment until it has reached it’s [sic] destination. 4[.] A ship receiving such Cargo would be liable to seizure & condemnation. 5. The Queen’s authority does extend to 3 marine miles from the northern reefs [of Bermuda]. The law officers also condemn most strongly the conduct of Adml Wilkes, but I have not time to give you even the substance of their opinion. Those I have given are the substance only on other points but it may be useful to you [sic]. I hope you will lose no time in getting to Bermuda. 

1 Greek King Otto had been ousted by a popular revolt on 23 Oct 1862. The contretemps with Brazil stemmed from two incidents: first, the plunder of the British merchantman Prince of Wales and the murder of its crew after it was wrecked on the Brazilian coast in June 1861; and second, a June 1862 incident in Rio de Janeiro between three officers of HMS Forte (among them the ship’s chaplain) and the city’s police, in which the British officers were roughed up and imprisoned in squalid conditions. On 8 Oct 1862 the Foreign Office asked the Admiralty to instruct the station commander-in-chief, Richard Laird Warren, to ‘place himself in communication with’ the British minister to Brazil in order ‘to make such an arrangement with his ships as shall admit of his proceeding, if necessary, to reprisals’. See ‘Further correspondence respecting the plunder of the wreck of the British barque “Prince of Wales ,” on the coast of Brazil, in June 1861; and respecting the illtreatment of three officers of Her Majesty’s ship “Forte ” by the Brazilian police, in June 1862’, PP , 1863, vol. 73, p. 208. The tensions between Britain and Chile to which Grey alluded are obscure at this remove. 2 Grey labelled this letter ‘No 2’, meaning perhaps that he wrote this one before that of the previous day had been posted; there is not another letter dated 1 Nov 1862 from Grey in Milne’s papers.

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P.S. I have not heard from the Duke about Dunlop so no order goes out to you today, & we shall probably now wait till I hear from you in return as to the return to a 2d Class Commodore & giving Cracroft his blue Pendant. The last day of the exhibition.1 Everybody off. 129. Milne to Malcolm [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [11]]

HMS Nile Halifax 1 November 1862

Dear Cap Malcolm I received your official letter from Nassau and I have since heard of you at sea off Abaco. I am glad the Ship keeps Healthy and that as yet matters are all going on smoothly. I did propose to send another ship to Nassau but in the state of Sickness at the Island I considered it inexpedient to do so. I will however either send down or may possibly run down myself in Decr. but say nothing about this[.] You will by a former mail [have] received official Letters from me, and I have now nothing new for you, nothing from England and matters in the States keep much in the same very uncertain state. The Greyhound left a Bower Anchor and part of a Chain in Nassau Harbour[.] I hope it has been picked up. Rinaldo is returning from New Orleans[.] all [is] Healthy there. Peterel is in [the] Chesapeake, Cadmus at Fortress Monroe. Immortalite [&] Desperate [are] at Bermuda[.] Plover [has] gone to cruize [the] E. End [of] Cuba[,] Landrail [the] South Side[.] Cygnet will leave this for [the] North Side[,] Steady [the] West End[.] I have written this that you may know where the Ships are in case of Letters &c[.] 130. Milne to Glasse [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [11]]

HMS Nile Halifax 1 November 1862

Dear Cap Glasse The Mails for England only arrived this morning and I send the Medea with them[.] she will from Bermuda go on to Jamaica unless there Exists any necessity for detaining her[,] but which I presume there will not be[.]

1 The International, or Great London, Exhibition of 1862, which ran from 1 May to 15 Nov 1862, although the official closing ceremony took place on 1 Nov.

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You will see by the official Papers 100 Marines as Artificers are coming out in Galatea and accommodation [is] to be provided for them. I am not aware whether any or what Communications have been held between the Admilty and the Colonial Office respecting the Buildings at Boaz Island.1 I have twice written to the Board on the subject but have had no reply. You will have to consider and devise some mode of putting up this body of officers and men. I have been anxious to hear from you and Expected letters via New York and by a Vessel arrived here yesterday direct from Bermuda, but none have yet reached me. It is requisite you should keep me informed of what is going on[,] more Especially in a case like that of Admiral Wilkes of which I really know little or nothing. all letters for me should be sent under cover to HM Consul New York, and if anything is urgent he will forward a Telegraph in Cypher from Boat Signal Book or Vocabulary Signal Book. All sorts of absurd rumours and reports are going about respecting Admiral Wilkes &c &c[.] of course I am anxious to hear the true state of the affair. I observe in the Bermuda Papers the Supply was to sail direct from Bermuda to England[.] I therefore presume you have filled her up, but I have been Expecting her here. I have no special news for you Either from England or this. I will probably leave this for Bermuda about 15th to 20th Nov. 131. Milne to Hugh Dunlop [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [11]]

HMS Nile Halifax 1 November 1862

My dear Commodore Medea proceeds to Bermuda and then joins you for Jamaica Service[.] I have delayed sending ships South until the advance of the Season[.] Phaeton arrived here about ten days ago. She had 92 Cases of Fever but only three Cases of Yellow which I think were questionable. She is now having a general refit and Caulking both inside and out. Ariadne has gone to Quebec with Troops and will probably go with me to Bermuda about 15th Inst. Melpomene is going home but goes to W Indies to assist in carrying Black Troops to the Coast of Africa. This is not a very pleasant wind up.

1 One of the six main islands comprising Bermuda: it lies between Somerset and Ireland Islands and hosted part of the navy’s facility.

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Hero has gone home, Galatea comes out with 100 Marines as Artificers for Bermuda. I have no special news from England indeed hardly a line and nothing about yourself on Station. I think I mentioned to you I would probably continue longer on the Station than 3 years. The affairs in the States still drag on without any decisive measures and no one can really say what is now to be done Except to fight it out. The Bostonians and that part of the Northern States are as violent as Ever and cry war to the Knife[.] The Elections however are going in favour of the Democratic party, and they again are more favourable to peace.1 Cygnet sails today to cruize between Cay Domingo2 and Havanah and Steady will cruize between Cay Anguilla & Isle [of] Pines,3 and will rendezvous at Jamaica, when Provisions run short. Lord Lyons comes out next Mail[.] 132. Milne to Somerset [Somerset Mss Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/22]

HMS Nile Halifax 6 November 1862

My dear Sir I take the opportunity of HMS Racer’s return to England to mention to your Grace the name of Comdr Lyon’s whose departure from the Station I much regret, as he has been a most attentive[,] zealous and Efficient officer, and his Ship a credit to the Station.4 he has been for the last two months Employed in the Chesapeake and visiting the Harbour of Charleston with the Ambassadors despatches for our Consuls at the Southern Ports. He is most anxious to continue on Full Pay and Active Service on this Station, should your Grace have it in your power to Employ him[,] as he has not completed three year’s in his present Command.5

1 Milne’s information was both accurate and up to date, the consequence of the telegraph link between Halifax and the US. The mid-term election of 1862 saw strong Democratic gains in the House of Representatives. 2 Cay Santo Domingo, one of the Bahamas. 21°42′ North, 75°46′ West. 3 Now the Isla de la Juventud, off Cuba’s south coast, 21°45′ North, 82°51′ West. 4 Milne had not always entertained such a high opinion of Algernon Lyons. Indeed, in the months following his arrival as Commander-in-Chief Milne repeatedly complained both privately and publicly of Lyons’s high-handedness and lack of prudence and judgment, opinions with which the authorities in London agreed. See The Milne Papers, vol. 2, Docs Nos 86, 88, 91, 92, 149, 159, 196, 233, and 293. Sharing Milne’s high opinion of Lyons by the point of the latter’s departure was William Stuart. See Stuart to Milne, 13 Oct 1862 letter [Doc. No. 114]. 5 Lyons was nonetheless promoted to captain on 1 Dec 1862.

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We have no tangible news from the States. It is supposed the Federal Army is advancing south1 and it is by no means unlikely that the Southern Forces are falling back with the object of drawing the Northern Army into a position for a general action … 133. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

HMS Nile Halifax 6 November 1862

My dear Grey I write a line by Racer as she may be home about the same time as the mail Packet. I regret Lyon’s leaving the station[.] he is a very correct officer and [has] done his duties on the Coast of America with much judgement and discretion. he is very anxious to continue on active service and especially on this station[.] if you could aid his views I would be very glad to have him. There is nothing special here. Ariadne arrived at Quebec with the Troops, and no sooner arrived there, than a requisition was made to convey some 110 men to Newfd and I heard privately to convey 104 back from thence to Quebec. This I decidedly objected to, but gave permission to bring the 110 from Quebec Either to this place or land them at Newfd[,] weather permitting. Melpomene will go with me to Bermuda, fill up and then go to W. I. for the Troops for the Coast [of Africa]. She is a very indifferent ship for this work as one Third of her own Ships Co. sleep on [the] Main Deck and she stows Exceedingly little water, and on her voyage from W. Indies to the Coast will probably have to put into Bermuda for Coal and supplies. Phaeton has had a complete refit and her Caulking inside and out will be completed tomorrow. I propose sending Cap Tatham to be senior officer on the Barbados division as he is senior to Cap Cracroft[,] and bring the Orlando to join me at Bermuda, by sending a frigate to take her place at V. Cruz You will find great difficulty in getting down the vote for men. I have issued your order about the discharge of Indifferent Characters. I have only one man in Nile, none in Phaeton[,] in fact on the Station there will not be 20 men if that, and I have always considered the Admity would get into difficulty with the C[ontinuous] Service men. you were getting too many of them by the progressive advance of Boys and the Service

1 The Union army advance that culminated in the Battle of Fredericksburg (11–15 Nov 1862) had not yet begun when Milne wrote to Somerset.

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155

is overdone with P[etty] O[fficers,] numbers you will I suspect find as supernumeraries on the Books of Flag Ships. I am glad you have sent the Galatea to Bermuda. I have written to Cap Glasse to make some arrangement for the 100 Marines sent out as Artificers, but unless the Governor gives up a Convict Ship which I doubt, there is no place for them Except for the Medway in the outer anchorage. I wrote home twice on the subject of the Convict Buildings, but no notice has been taken, nor has any hint been given me that Marines were intended to be sent out, that I might have communicated with the Governor on the subject, and Endeavoured to make some arrangement before their arrival. I presume further Instructions respecting them will be sent directing on what ships Books they are to be borne. I Enclose you a Copy of a private letter just received from Col Ord[,] Governor of Bermuda respecting Admiral Wilkes[.]1 it is the only information I have received respecting the facts of the case. Capt Glasse has been remiss in not writing to me. We have continued Bad weather and the Gales have been very numerous and sudden[.] 134. Stuart to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1b]

Washington 10 November 1862

Private My dear Sir Alexander, Lord Lyons arrived in New York on Saturday, and he proposes to be in Washington to-morrow. I shall inform him of your intended move to Bermuda. You will there be nearer to the scene of exciting pursuits and captures. As Mr Consul Archibald tells me that he has fully informed you of the recent destruction of British Property on board American ships by the “Alabama”, it is unnecessary to send you Copies of his Despatches to me, and I have not the least idea how HM Govt will view that question.2

1

See above, Ord to Milne, 22 Oct 1862 [Doc. No. 122]. Milne forwarded Archibald’s letter, dated 4 Nov, to the Admiralty on the 13th, with this observation: 2

As I have received no instructions enabling me to deal with a case of so peculiar a nature, I have determined to take no immediate steps in the matter, even had any feasible or expedient courses presented themselves. The case involves many points of difficulty, such as how far the Domicile of the owners, if Residents in the United States, may affect the bonâ fide neutral Character of the cargo destroyed, – the circumstance of the Confederates having having [sic] no

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THE MILNE PAPERS

The Confederate Govt would probably consent, if asked, to make compensation for any property clearly proved to be British, but it is scarcely to be expected that they would forego the right to destroy an Enemy’s ship, in their present circumstances, merely because some British Article or other is on board. Our Shipowners ought to profit by the risks to which American Vessels are liable.1 I do not understand the obscure wording of the Instruction to the Secretary of the Navy about Mails on board private Vessels,2 of which I am sending you a Copy to-day, but, to make sure, I asked Mr. Seward whether Naval Officers would understand that they were to apply à fortiori3 to Neutral Ships, and he answered “Certainly”, and that it had been so worded to exclude a certain class of American Vessels only. The question about the Bermuda Reefs will be rather a nice one. You will have seen that a British Merchant[,] Mr. Clements who was a Passenger on board the “Blanche”[,] was carried off with the Spanish Pilot by the United States Cruizer, & was taken on to Pensacola, although the Pilot was on the day of this capture transferred to a coasting craft bound to Havana. Mr. Clements appears to have signed an Affidavit, which he now states to have been done under constraint, to the effect that the “Blanche” was set fire to by her own Crew.4 On the other hand, a Nassau Ship[,] the “Comet” was boarded on the same evening by this Cruizer, and the boarding Officer is declared to have mentioned to the Captain that he had driven an English Steamer on shore and burnt her. I have reserved the matter to be treated by Lord Lyons. With these contradictions, we shall probably have much trouble about it. The United States Officers do not appear to care a bit for Neutral Rights except those of England and France, and not overmuch for those.

accessible Ports into which they can take their Prizes of War, &c; and I have had the less hesitation in coming to this decision, and of referring the Case for their Lordships’ instructions, from entertaining the impression that heretofore the Confederate Cruizers had respected the provisions of the Declaration of Paris so far as related to neutral Goods not being liable to capture under the enemy’s Flag, and that therefore, there may have been some exceptional features in this particular case. 1 Stuart was right. Not only were the majority of blockade runners British-owned ships; the depredations of Confederate commerce raiders accelerated the ‘flight from the flag’, i.e., the sale or transferral of US-owned vessels to other nations’ registries, chief among them Great Britain’s, that had commenced in the 1850s. 2 This instruction, and the correspondence leading to its issuance, is printed in ‘North America. No. 5. (1863.) Correspondence respecting instructions given to naval officers of the United States in regard to neutral vessels and mails’, PP, 1863, vol. 72, pp. 453–54. 3 Conclusively. 4 For this twist to the Blanche case, see Bernath, Squall across the Atlantic, p. 104.

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JULY – DECEMBER 1862

This will be my last letter to you in my present capacity, and you must permit me to take the opportunity of telling you how much gratification I have derived from our friendly correspondence. It’s [sic] cessation will be one of the few things which I shall regret in handing over the Legation to Lord Lyons.  P.S. The summary dismissal of General McLellan1 [sic] may have very important consequences. It seems an act of open defiance to the Nation which has pronounced itself in favor of the Democratic party, of which the General is considered the Military Representative, by the late Elections. Only a few short weeks ago, the President almost went down on his knees, imploring the General to save the Country: and we now see the result! 135. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [2]]

New York 11 November 1862

Private My dear Sir Alexander I arrived here three days ago, after a long and rough passage. I take up the business of the Legation exactly on the same principles, as before I went away. I have no new instructions, as to mediation, intervention, recognition of the South, or any of the subjects on which the Newspapers have dilated. With your help I hope to keep things smooth for the present. There seem to me to be symptoms of a return to calmness and sense, on the part of the American People, which afford a better hope of bringing this disastrous state of things to an end, than anything else. In haste … 136. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5788]

“Nile” at Halifax 13 November 1862 [received 23 November]

No. 925 Sir, In transmitting for their Lordships’ information the accompanying very interesting return which I have received from Commander Watson

1

McClellan was removed from command by President Lincoln on 5 Nov 1862.

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of Her Majesty’s Ship “Peterel”, I beg to call to their Lordships’ attention to the number of Iron Clad Vessels the United States Government already possesses, or which are in progress, and also to the large proportion of their Ships which are to have turrets. [Enclosure] Watson to Milne 30 October 1862 List of the Iron Clad Fleet of the United States, including those launched and in a forward state. Names

Tons Length

Guns

Beam Miantonomah 1564 –

Turrets

Station

Remarks

Building at N. York

2 revolving turrets each to

or

and

not 4

Yes

contain two 15 inch guns Passaic

844 200 by 46 2

Yes

Ready for Sea at

Brooklyn Montauk

844 200 by 46 2

Yes

do.

Catskill

844 200 by 46 2

Yes

Building at Brooklyn

Camanche

844 200 by 46 2

Yes

do. Fulton Iron Works

Weehauken

844 200 by 46 2

Yes

do. Jersey City

Puritan

3265 340 by 50 4

Two

Nearly finished at New York

} }

Launched a few days ago 13 feet depth of hold Carry each 1 11 inch 1 15 [inch] 4 60 lbrs 13 feet depth of hold and carry two 13 inch Guns in a revolving turret Each turret to contain two fifteen inch guns

159

JULY – DECEMBER 1862

Onondago [sic]

1250 --

4

Two

Conestoga

844 200 by 46 2

Yes

New York

}

do.

do.

Building in Chester

Lehigh

844 200 by 46 2

Yes

Nahant

844 200 by 46 2

Yes

Building at Boston

Nantucket

844 200 by 46 2

Yes

do.

Dictator

3033 320 by 50 2

Yes

do. N. York

24 ft. depth of hold

An iron clad

–

No

Red Hook Pt.

Rudder at both ends

Brooklyn

12 ft depth of hold

230

10

Gunboat not named

Pennsylvania do.

Tippecanoe

1034 –

2

Yes

Cincinnati

Building

Catawba

1034 –

2

Yes

do.

do.

Manayunk

1034 –

2

Yes

Birmingham In the Monongahela river near Pittsburgh

Agamenticus 1564 –

4

Two

Portsmouth

Indianola

442 –

2

Yes

Cincinnati

Baron De Kalb

573 –

13

No

Western Squadron

Galena

738 –

6

No

Hampton Roads

Benton

1000 –

16

No

Western Squadron

Essex

1000 –

7

No

do.

Kickapoo

970 –

4

Two

St. Louis

Building 2 towers1 revolving 13 inch guns

Chilicothe

303 –

2

Yes

Cincinnati

do.

Chickasaw

970 –

4

Two

St. Louis

do. 2 towers revolving 13 inch guns

1

I.e., turrets.

Two 15 inch guns in each turret

A great failure

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THE MILNE PAPERS

Pittsburgh

572 –

13

No

Western Squadron

Ozark

578 –

2

Yes

Mound City Building

New Iron Sides

3486 –

18

No

Newport News

Stern badly fitted and certainly a very weak point about her

Osago

578 –

2

Yes

St. Louis

Building

Neosho

523 –

2

Yes

do.

do.

Monadnok

1564 –

4

Two

Boston

do. two 15 inch guns in each turret

Winnebago

970 –

4

–

St. Louis

do.

Tecumsch

1034 –

2

Yes

New York

do.

Tonawanda

1564 –

4

Two

Philadelphia do.

Tuscumbia

565 –

2

Yes

Cincinnati

do.

Sangamon

844 200 by 46 2

Yes

Chester

do.

Sandusky

479 –

2

Yes

Pittsburgh

do.

Roanoke

3425 –

6

No

New York

Undergoing repairs

Mahopac

1034 –

2

Yes

do.

Building

Manhattan

1034 –

2

Yes

do.

do.

Moodna

677 –

3

–

do.

do.

Milwaukie

970 –

4

–

St. Louis

do.

Marietta

479 –

2

–

Pittsburg

Mound City

572 –

13

No

Western Squadron

Monitor

776 –

2

Yes

Washington

Lexington

500 –

3

Yes

Western Squadron

Louisville

468 –

13

No

do.

Daily expected at Newport News

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JULY – DECEMBER 1862

Dunderburg1 5090 –

4

Two

New York

Building 4–15 inch guns 42000 lbs weight of Gun. 460 lbs shot

Canonicus

1034 –

2

Yes

Boston

Building

Carondelet

572 –

13

No

Western Squadron

Cincinnati

572 –

13

No

do.

Cairo

572 –

13

No

do.

137. [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Milne to Grey HMS Nile Halifax 13 November 1862

My dear Grey The mail for England will be here in a few hours, but the mail from England has not yet arrived, having no doubt been detained by the heavy gales which have been prevalent here as well as with you[.] I have nothing special for you but send home a letter I received 4 days ago from Capt. Glasse at Bermuda respecting the proceedings of Admiral Wilkes. I must say the Admirals Evasion of the Governor’s Instructions[,] Especially about the Gun Boat anchoring at the Fairway Buoy were most unjustifiable and might have warranted after due warning of the use of force. It is reported here that he would have taken Commodore Maury2 out of the Bermuda Packet last week on her leaving the Island, had he been there, or taken the vessel into a United States port to be brought before the Courts for carrying Military Officers of the Enemy. This statement was made by Commodore Maury himself who is now here on his way to England. I must say I would have resented such proceedings. I am very anxious to keep clear of complications but forbearance may be carried too far, and the sooner the U. States officers are made aware of this the better. I have brought before you in the punishment returns of the

1

Watson noted ‘to have ten guns only[,] four in the two turrets’. Matthew Fontaine Maury (1806–73). American naval officer and scientist. Entered US Navy, 1825; Lt, 1836; Cmdr, 1855; resigned commission, 1861; Cmdr, Confederate Navy, 1861; Cdre, 1862. Maury was appointed Chief of the Seacoast, Harbour, and River Defenses for the so-called Confederate States of America and subsequently sent abroad to try to secure political support and to purchase warships. Milne met him in the course of his voyage to Europe. 2

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THE MILNE PAPERS

Melpomene a case of punishing men for coming on board drunk from leave, a man so returning has [had] his leave & grog stopped. The result is the men remain on shore beyond their Leave, and are then punished for breaking leave, so whatever way it is taken, the man must be punished if he gets drunk when on leave. This may be discipline but it is not justice. Cap Ewart is Exceedingly attentive, indeed more than attentive for he works Everything up in the minor detail with the view of getting perfection by downright “keeping at it”, but I think if a little latitude was given, a little give & take system, a medium and not an Extreme view, matters would be better, they would run more smoothly, but Entre nous he truly says [“]one Admiral finds fault because my Punishments are not severe Enough[,] another Admiral that I am too sharp[”.] Phaeton is now ready for Sea and will join me at Bermuda in about 3 weeks. Melpomene goes down with me to Bermuda[,] Spiteful remains here. I am thinking of sending Ariadne to look up New York[.] I wish I could have been allowed to have gone there myself, as the French Admiral had been much there. Cadmus & Peterel [are] at Fortress Monroe[,] Racer [has] gone to England. Ariadne left Quebec for St. Johns Newfoundland[,] then comes here … 138. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

HMS Nile Halifax Midnight 13 November 1862

No 2 My dear Grey The English mail has just now arrived and I write a line to mention having received your Letter [of 1 November] and the opinions of the Law officer[s.] These opinions Entirely agree with my own views on the subject. I sail for Bermuda on Saturday and Immortalite will sail from thence to Matamoras and I will arrange matters for the protection of our trade. It is likely that I will keep Melpomene[.] I think in the present aspect of affairs it would be injudicious to part with a serviceable ship[.] I have not received any order’s about sending her with Troops to the Coast. I think it would be more judicious altho no doubt more Expensive to hire a ship for this service. The building of Cabins and for sanitary purposes in ships of War already Crammed to the full and with little or no space for such purposes and the necessary crowding of the men makes Everything and Everybody uncomfortable.

163

JULY – DECEMBER 1862

I have not had time to consider the question of Dunlop [i.e., his successor] as The Mail has not been half an hour in, so I write in haste. 139. Milne to Lord Lyons1 [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Halifax 13 November 1862 [received 17 November]

My dear Lord Lyon’s I hope I may congratulate you on your return to Washington but I suspect you may find a large increase to your labour’s. The Mail has just arrived and I have received special orders to protect the Trade from Matamoras[.]2 I sail for Bermuda on Saturday and from thence send down one or more Ships for this purpose. If you have anything for me will you send down Letters to Halifax by [the] Boston steamer of 23d, as Phaeton will bring to Bermuda my English Mail and wait your despatches. The proceedings of Admiral Wilkes at Bermuda has [sic] I presume been the subject of consideration at Home and I have no doubt you may have received Instructions on the subject[.] if you wish to Communicate with me you can send the Peterel across. Admiral Wilkes and I may fall out if he follows the course he lately adopted and after fair warning if he should disregard the terms of the Queen’s Proclamation I should Enforce the regulations by force[;] some check must be given to such proceedings, and I hear from statements of Commodore Maury who is here, that he

1 Among Milne’s papers (MLN/116/1a [2]).is a draft letter to Lord Lyons dated 11 Nov 1862 which was never sent. It reads:

My dear Lord Lyons I see by the Telegh. from New York that you have arrived from England and returned to the Scene of Labour and I may say Strife, and I will be anxious to hear from you whether you will have anything for me. There are no doubt several cases which are more or less Nova which are probably in abeyance[.] I will mention one to you but it has been more a Colonial than a Naval affair. I allude to the proceedings of Rear Admiral Wilkes at Bermuda[.] It strikes me he has Evaded to some Extent the Instructions of Her Majestys Gov. conveyed thro the Governor, and I may say disobeyed them by not stopping his Gun Boats from anchoring off the Harbour of St Georges when he received notice not to do so. This was a most unwarrantable [sic] proceeding on his part and I feel that I would have been perfectly justified after due warning in using force to prevent his vessels from taking up this anchorage, however great would have been the risk of bringing on Hostilities between the two countries[.] 2

The public letter seems not to have been preserved among Milne’s correspondence.

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THE MILNE PAPERS

would have seized the English packet with him on board had he been off Bermuda when she sailed for this[.] I have only a few minutes to write as the Steamer is in a hurry to get away, so close with best wishes …  [P.S.:] Please give my kind regards to Mr. Stuart. 140. Somerset to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1c]

Admiralty 15 November 1862

Private Dear Sir Alexdr Milne You will receive by this mail the Gazette with the reply of the Govt to the French dispatch proposing to recommend to the belligerents in N. America an armistice for 6 months.1 It seems not improbable that Commodore Wilkes will again give us some trouble in your neighbourhood. If any difficulty should threaten we shall at once send the defence or resistance or both from Gibraltar to Bermuda; so as to be prepared for any measures that may become necessary. I was glad to receive your letter on the improvement of the Naval College.2 We shall look over the former papers and consider the matter. The present system certainly admits of amelioration. 141. Grey to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1d]

Admiralty 15 November 1862

Private My dear Milne You will probably receive by this mail, if it comes in time from the F.O.[,] an official intimation of the opinion of the Law Officers on the questions you asked & on the extent of the jurisdiction of the Queen in the waters of Bermuda. On this last point there is some doubt & the

1 Correspondence relating to this proposal can be found in ‘North America. No. 1. (1863.) Correspondence relating to the civil war in the United States of North America’, PP, 1863, vol. 72, pp. 56–7. For a modern account of the proposal and its fate, see Howard Jones, Blue and Gray Diplomacy, pp, 254–75. 2 See Milne to Somerset, 27 Oct 1862, Doc. No. 124.

165

JULY – DECEMBER 1862

question is under consideration so you must not take the opinion as conclusive. You will also have a despatch to Mr Stuart on the subject of the threats of Captn Semmes1 to destroy the neutral steamers which he meets with conveying arms to the Federal Govt. Such an act would be an outrage we could not submit to. You will see in the Times & in the Gazette the letter of Drouin de Lys2 proposing to us to join in an attempt at mediation & Lord Russell’s answer. I conclude the Yankees will succeed in finding out that we have behaved much worse than the French! A Despatch also goes out tonight to Ld Lyons on the subject of Adml. Wilkes’ conduct at Bermuda which he is directed to protest against.3 If it comes in time you will have a copy. I don’t know that I have much to tell you. You will see the account in the Times of Whitworth’s success.4 The account tho’ not quite accurate is sufficiently near so to give you a good idea of the truth. I believe that he could send a shell filled with molten Iron thro’ the armour plating into the wood backing. 142. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Halifax 15 November 1862 [received 3 December]

My dear Lord Lyon’s I sail today for Bermuda & from thence I intend to look up Nassau Early in December[.] I send this by the Ariadne[,] Cap Vansittart who is in command of a fine frigate, and I think it as well to shew a Ship now and

1 Raphael Semmes (1809–77). American naval officer, lawyer, and soldier. Entered US Navy, 1826; Lt, 1837; resigned commission, 1861; Cmdr, Confederate Navy, 1861; Capt, 1862; Rear-Adm, 1864. Semmes was also commissioned a Brig Gen in the Confederate Army, 1865. 2 Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys (1805–81). French diplomatist and politician. Minister for Foreign Affairs, 1848–49, 1851, 1852–55, 1862–66; Ambassador to Great Britain, 1849. For his proposal and the British response, see The Times, 15 Nov 1862, p. 8. 3 For this protest and subsequent correspondence, see FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 462–4, 469–72, 493–5. 4 Joseph Whitworth, Bt. (1803–87). Engineer and inventor. Whitworth was the great rival of armaments baron William Armstrong. Grey was referring to the article ‘Important Experiments At Shoeburyness’, which detailed the effects of Whitworth’s guns being fired at an armoured target. See The Times (London), 14 Nov 1862, p. 7.

166

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then at New York[.] He will remain there a few days to hear from you and will then look in at Fortress Monroe to provision the Cadmus and will then join me at Bermuda. I am directed to protect the trade &c from Matamoras from interference of [sic: ‘by’] the U.S. Cruizers and I send two heavy frigates there[,] probably Orlando and Immortalite[,] so soon as I reach Bermuda. I raised several questions at Home respecting the legality of vessels [i.e., blockade runners] resorting to Colonial Ports to free them from liability to Capture after breaking [the] blockade. I Enclose a private Copy[.]1 The official letter will not reach me until next Mail[.] I will be glad to have any hint from you on any matters in which I am or should be concerned[.] I am Angry about Adl. Wilkes proceedings at Bermuda. It was bad taste in the U.S. Govt, sending him to any British port2 and His proceedings appear to me unjustifiable and if I had been there and the Governor appealed to me I certainly would have resented his proceedings and that pretty strongly, and when I reach Bermuda I may probably have to give U.S. Officers notice. 143. The Secretary of the Admiralty to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/114/6]

Admiralty. 19 November 1862

Confidential No. 882 M Sir With reference to your letter of the 16th October No. 818…I am commanded by my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to send you herewith for your information…the Opinion of the Law Officers of the Crown, upon certain questions of Maritime Law, and upon the proceedings of Rear Admiral Wilkes at Bermuda.3

1 This contained the information found in Grey to Milne, Confidential, 1 Nov 1862, Doc. No. 128, with the additional comment that ‘the law officers condemn most strongly the conduct of Admiral Wilkes’. 2 Wilkes had gone to Bermuda on his own initiative, rather than on instructions from the US Government. Milne was informed thusly in a confidential Admiralty letter (no 1) of 1 Jan 1863 (NMM: MLN/114/4). 3 The paragraphs relating to Wilkes have been omitted from this volume.

JULY – DECEMBER 1862

167

[Enclosure] Atherton,1 Palmer,2 and Phillimore3 to Russell Temple 31 Oct. 1862 My Lord, We are honored with your Lordship’s Command signified in Mr. Hammond’s letter of the 29th Octr., instant, stating that he was directed by Your Lordship to transmit to us, for our immediate Consideration, the accompanying letter from the Colonial Department & the Admiralty respecting the proceedings of Admiral Wilkes & the U.S. Ships of War at Bermuda and to request that we would favour Your Lordship at our earliest Convenience with our opinion as to the Course which should be pursued by H.M.’s Government in the matter; and also in regard to the specific questions put by the Admiralty. Mr. Hammond was further pleased, in a note of the same date, to say that he was directed by Your Lordship to transmit to us a letter from the War Office containing further information respecting the proceedings of Admiralty Wilkes at Bermuda. In obedience to Your Lordships Command, we have taken this matter into Consideration and beg to report. That we have the honor to answer the specific questions sent by my Lords of the Admiralty as follows: – 1. That an English vessel, which has broken the blockade by egress from a Blockaded Port, does not become released from liability to capture by a U.S. Ship of War, because, on her voyage to England, she has reached a British Colonial Port. 2. That a vessel, which has broken the blockade & has transshipped her Cargo into another vessel in a Colonial Port, does not become thereby necessarily released from the liability to capture, until she has Completed the voyage of [sic: ‘to’] her bonâ fide destination; for

1 William Atherton, C.B. (1806–64). Lawyer and Liberal politician. MP 1852–64. Queen’s Counsel, 1852–55, Judge-Advocate of the Fleet and Counsel to the Admiralty 1855–59; Solicitor-General, 1859–61; Attorney-General, 1861–63. 2 Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne, F.R.S. (1812–95). Lawyer and, successively, Conservative, Peelite, Liberal, and Liberal Unionist politician. MP 1847–57; SolicitorGeneral, 1861–63; Attorney General, 1863–66; Lord Chancellor, 1872–74, 1880–85. 3 Robert Joseph Phillimore, C.B., Bt. (1810–85). Lawyer, judge, and politician. MP, 1853–57; Admiralty Advocate, 1855–62; Queen’s Advocate, 1862–67; Admiralty Judge, 1867–75; Judge Advocate-General, 1871–73; High Court of Justice Judge (Probate and Admiralty division), 1875–83.

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THE MILNE PAPERS

instance, if she meant to run to England, from the Blockaded Port, & there are proofs that such was and continues to be her destination, she will be in jeopardy of seizure until that voyage has been performed, and she has started de novo on another voyage from the Port of her destination after her breach of the Blockade … 3. That with respect to Cargo tainted by a breach of the Blockade which has not reached its destination but merely undergone transshipment, without any other breach in the Continuity of its voyage in a Colonial Port, we are of opinion that it would be liable to Seizure & Condemnation until it had reached the port of its destination. 4. We think also that the Ship, which knowingly took on board such Cargo would be liable to Seizure & Condemnation. 5. We are of opinion that the Authority (the Dominium Eminent) of Her Majesty does extend to three Marine Miles from the Northern Reefs [of Bermuda]. We think that these Reefs must be Considered as belonging to the territorial jurisdiction incident to the possession of Bermuda, so far, at least, as that between them & the Island H.M. has a right to prevent the Exercise of Hostilities; & that if we are right in considering them as part of Bermuda, it would follow that H.M.’s jurisdiction must extend for 3 Marine Miles from that point. As we are desired, generally, to express our opinion as to the Course which should be pursued by HM’s Govt. in this matter, we think it right to express our opinion that the Conduct of Admiral Wilkes, both past & present, calls for very strong remonstrances on the part of H.M.’s Govt. to that of the U. States. It is manifest that he was guilty of a gross insult to H.M.’s Representative at Bermuda by disobeying in the most open and Contemptuous manner the legitimate orders with respect to anchoring in the fair way; as well as by the greater affront of placing Sentinels on H.M.’s Territory. It is equally plain that he made deliberately false Statements with respect to the necessities of his Ships, for the purpose of setting at naught HM’s Instructions. With respect to the case generally we are of opinion that the true doctrine with respect to the rights of belligerents in circumstances like those of the present case, is properly explained by Lord Stowell1 … “Captors must understand that they are not to station themselves in the mouth of

1 Willliam Scott, 1st Baron Stowell, F.R.S. (1745–1836). Lawyer, politician, and jurist. High Court of Admiralty judge 1798–1827.

169

JULY – DECEMBER 1862

a neutral River for the purpose of exercising the rights of war from that River, much less in the very River itself …” A belligerent has the right, so long as he keeps bonâ fide & altogether beyond the limits of neutral waters, to watch for ships guilty of breaches of neutrality, anywhere upon the open seas; however near this exercise of right may be to any neutral territory. This cannot with any propriety be called a “blockade” of the neutral territory: in as much as it has none of the legal effects of blockade[,] neutrals cannot complain of any degree of obstruction whatever, which thus may be offered to Ships of their Subjects, engaged in breaches of neutrality. If this right of the belligerents be abused, by the capture of Ships innocently employed, redress will always be open, & ought to be required, according to the Circumstances of each case: & if this should be Systematically or recklessly done, or if, when done, due provision should not be made, by the Sentence of the Prize Court, for the Complete indemnity of the parties injured, a case will arise for peremptory remonstrance & for further measures if such remonstrance should fail. But the belligerent right thus admitted to exist does not in any degree justify the use of neutral waters for purposes Subsidiary to warlike operations, we cannot but express our opinion that it appears from the papers before us that by the late proceedings of Rear Admiral Wilkes in Bermuda, not only the rules laid down H.M.’s orders, have been disregarded, but the hospitality extended by the Authorities of the Island to the Ships under that officer’s Command upon the pretext alleged by him of want of necessary repairs & supplies has been seriously abused, for the purpose of furthering belligerent operations, which he was engaged in carrying on. 144.

Hewlett to the Secretary of the Admiralty

[ADM1/5788] Report on Admiral Milne’s Private Gunnery Memo1

H.M. Ship “Excellent” Portsmouth 19 November 1862

My Lord, With reference to their Lordships directions that I should report upon the accompanying letter from Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Milne, enclosing the copy of a private memo addressed by him to Captains and Gunnery Officers of Her Majesty’s Ships under his Command: I have the honor to express my great regret, –

1

See Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty, 2 Oct 1862, and its enclosure, Doc. No. 108.

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First – that The Gunnery state of any Ship, (more especially those that have Gunnery Officers on board) should have rendered it necessary for the Vice Admiral to issue such a memo, which reflects so disadvantageously on those in charge of the Drills, and Guns. Second – I quite agree with Sir Alexander Milne in all he says in this memo, and consider that with common zeal, and exertion on the part of the Gunnery Officers, and Instructors, the Crew of no vessel should be deficient in any one particular therein mentioned six months after she has been commissioned; more especially that the majority of the men are continuous service, and have generally been well trained before joining. Third – The constant practice of loading with dumb Cartridges, Shot, and Wads – Going to General Quarters, calling away individual Guns crews at uncertain times, and always loading – Exercising the men at the Magazines, and teaching them to point correctly, also giving them a knowledge of their projectiles, and the way to use them, are amongst the most important part of their Gunnery duties, the practice of which should daily be continued when the Service will permit, until the men are thoroughly acquainted with their work. Fourth – I am glad to see that Sir Alexander Milne recognises as objectionable employing the Gunnery Officers and Instructors on other duties during the time the Drills are daily going on, and perhaps to this practice may be attributed in great degree the omissions that the Vice Admiral justly finds so much fault with. It is too common an occurrence in the Fleet to send on all occasions for the Gunnery officer, to carry out any especial duty, that may be going on; they are usually given the Guards, board Vessels &c, and are considered the persons to be sent for on all occasions. This, as they are not supposed to keep regular watch in large Vessels, is all very well when the Drills, from any cause, are for a season stopped, and I should be sorry to see them allowed to remain in idleness until they again come on, but if a Gunnery Officer does his duty thoroughly, and is employed in Instructing the men, or a portion of them, during the whole day, I would submit that he has enough to do, and should not, if possible, be interfered with, he should at all times however be ready cheerfully to carry out the orders of his superiors whatever they may be. Fifth – The Gunnery order of a Ship depends only in a second degree on the Instructors, the chief mover in this important desideratum must be, and is, the Captain, all take their cue from the interest he feels in it, and I am satisfied if the Instructors find they are supported and assisted

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by the Officer Commanding the Ship, that there will be no want of zeal, or exertion on their part. Sixth – I beg to submit for their Lordships consideration, whether or not it would be desirable to issue a Memo: to the Fleet, founded on the enclosed one from Admiral Milne.1 Seventh – With respect to that part of the memo: calling attention to the defective state of the Gunnery Returns, and the frequent omissions that occur in them, I would beg to suggest how desirable it would be, if, the Commander’s [sic] in Chief would take notice of these omissions on the spot; in some cases this is done, but generally it is not so, and the Returns come home and explanations called for, months after they have occurred, and the thing is almost forgotten. 145. Milne to Grey2 [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

190 miles North of Bermuda 19 November 1862 [no receipt date noted]

My dear Grey I have been at work on the Night Signals,3 and the more I see of the present system of Figures, [the more] I think they can be improved by Vertical Lights. at 3 miles these lights have been clearly seen and not a Mistake made. I forward to the Board a form or Skeleton Index for the present Night Signal Book, to shew how the number’s can be made having filled in the requisite signals from the present book and added the new Signals. The Book should then be corrected to suit the Index. It is more a mechanical labour than for the Head, but if the Board Entertain the Idea and will pay £20 to £30 for a new Signal Book I would have no objection to correct a Book ready for the Press, unless some one at the Admilty would do so. In haste …

1 Hewlett’s advice was followed. See Admiralty to Commanders in Chief, 26 Dec 1862, Doc. No. 162. 2 A virtually identical letter, dated 20 Nov, is found in MLN/116/2. 3 Milne’s public letter on the subject, No 949 (not included in this volume), was sent on 25 Nov. It is found in ADM1/5788.

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146. Milne to Randolph [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [11]]

HMS Nile Bermuda 23 November 1862

Dear Cap Randolph I write by Steady going to the Havana to mention that orders leave by her also for you to leave Vera Cruz and to proceed off Matamoras for the special protection of British vessels conveying Cargoes of Cotton to New York[.] The only information I have on the subject is a letter from the Admilty & Enclosure from [the] Foreign Office. These I send for your guidance. Immortalite will sail for the same destination from this on Friday next after the arrival of the St. Thomas Mail and so soon as it is seen that this trade is Established and is not interfered with, I intend that you should leave the Gulf and join me at Bermuda. You must not however be in any hurry to come away. Cap Hancock would then assume the duty of Senior officer in the Gulf of Mexico and to him you will deliver all orders &c. It is not considered necessary to keep a large ship at Vera Cruz but only the Greyhound, Which ship I will relieve so soon as I can do so[.] I have sent a Months Provisions in Immortalite for Orlando, Salt Meat Excepted. I was much obliged to you for your former letters.1 I arrived here a week ago[,] I should say on [the] 21st from Halifax with Melpomene, Vesuvius & Nimble[.] Phaeton comes from thence next week with the Mail from England. Ariadne has gone to New York, and Fortress Monroe for a few days and then comes here. Galatea I hourly Expect from England. I intend leaving this for Nassau after the arrival of the next Mail by Phaeton. Any further orders for you will be sent to the Consul at Havana. I hope your ships Co[mpan]y has kept healthy[.] Phaeton have [sic: ‘had’] a large number of low Fever cases but I suspect only one of Yellow Fever[.] 147. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [2]]

Washington 24 November 1862

Private My dear Sir Alexander, I hope you will approve of my request to the “Cadmus” and “Peterel” [to proceed to Charleston]. I have tried to keep as nearly as possible

1

Not preserved among Milne’s papers.

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to the order you gave to the “Immortalité”.1 I think those ships will be enough for Charleston, which is the place most immediately and most seriously threatened. I must leave the rest of the thousands of miles of Coast to your care and superior judgment. I have sent you, in an official form, all the information I can collect. The Foreign Office have sent me their answer to your question on the points of international law arising out of Admiral Wilkes proceedings. They are in a letter from the Foreign Office to the Admiralty dated 7th Nov., of which I suppose you will have had a copy from the Admiralty.2 If you have anything important on the subject, besides that letter, I should be very grateful if you would communicate it to me. France has proposed to Russia and to our Government the Belligerents here to agree to an armistice by sea & land for six months. It is very doubtful whether Russia will agree, and I don’t think we shall agree unless Russia does. I should not have much hope of the recommendation being listened to. The real object of this Government now is their campaign on the Mississippi, and their attacks on the Southern Ports. The grand Army of the Potomac will do as much as is wanted, if it protect Washington. It is at present a secret here that France has made the proposal to Russia and England, not the less is to be a secret here [sic] that M. Mercier and I know it to be true, although the “Times” has announced the proposal. We are again threatened with an attack on this place by Stonewall Jackson, but I believe without any foundation.3 I shall not keep either the “Cadmus” or “Peterel” at Fortress Monroe a moment on account of such rumours; but I should not be sorry to have a ship within reach as soon after their departure as may be. 148. Grey to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1d]

Admiralty 29 November 1862

Private My dear Milne I have mislaid your last letter, so if I leave any points unnoticed you must excuse me for a very busy day has left me but little time to write to you.

1 See Milne to Hancock, 31 Oct 1861, Doc. No. 390 in The Milne Papers, vol. 2, pp. 483–4. 2 Doc. No. 143. 3 Lord Lyons was correct. The Confederate army was encamped on the Rappahannock river.

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With reference to Marines[,] thro’ the absence of the different Lords during their holidays there was some confusion. When I came back from leave & it was determined to send out Galatea I thought it was a good opportunity of sending out these men & I understood that communications had been made to Bermuda relative to their being lodged. I had no idea that you had never been informed of the intention to send them out. I trust some arrangement will have been made. The official orders to send the W.I. Regt in Melpomene go by this mail. If matters look threatening you will of course exercise your discretion in sending or retaining her, only if you do retain her you must provide for the service in some other way. You may remember that we have the 4 Iron[clad] ships at Lisbon & and can reinforce you rapidly from thence. Lyons has arrived in Racer & will I hope receive his commission as Captain on hauling down his Pendant[.] I think you will be pleased at his promotion and Hewett’s.1 Pylades will be commissioned next week to relieve Cadmus and I will do my best to have her well commanded.2 Lily will sail in a few days. Edmonstone3 is arrived & I intend to consult him about the Nimble class. We have had no complaints from the Coast [of Africa] of want of sail or of men[.]4 I cannot think it desirable to crowd these small vessels too much[.] We have had nothing further from the FO relative to the Bermuda reefs. I believe they have now submitted the whole case to the Crown Lawyers. The Alabama is exciting much attention. You will see the answers Ld Russell has given to applications from British subjects whose property has been destroyed by her. It seems to me that America never having agreed to the principle laid down at Paris, we cannot claim compensation for goods destroyed in an Enemy ship tho we have a right to claim that no neutral vessel shall be condemned or destroyed without being brought before a prize Court. I have a letter from Dunlop asking the Duke to keep him at Jamaica till the spring if not inconvenient. There will be no difficulty about this. I must now leave off having been much interrupted[.]

1

Hewett was promoted to Captain on 24 Nov, Algernon Lyons on 1 Dec. The Board selected future Director of Naval Ordnance, Second Naval Lord, and First Naval Lord Arthur William Acland Hood to command Pylades. 3 William Edmonstone (1810–88). Entered, 1822; Lt, 1829; Cmdr, 1841; Capt, 1853; Rear-Adm, 1869; Vice-Adm (Ret.), 1876; Adm (Ret.), 1879. Edmonstone was Cdre of the West Africa Squadron 1859–62. 4 Milne disagreed. See Doc. No. 166. 2

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149. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Bermuda 29 November 1862

Private My dear Grey I write by the Mail sailing this afternoon for Halifax. we arrived on the 20th five days from thence, and have had much rain since our arrival which I am glad to say has filled the [water] Tanks. The Galatea arrived the day before yesterday, and the Marines will be landed this afternoon & put on board the Medway old Convict Hulk. there is no other place for them[,] nor will anything be decided about the Convict buildings until their [the convicts’] removal in Feby or March next, so that the Marines will be in the Medway for at least 4 months. you do not give me any information of the Boards wishes respecting them. I presume they are to be borne on a ships Books, but no ship is named. I have ordered them to be transferred to Terror’s. I see the officers of Marines are to have Extra Pay when Employed on Extra duty, but I see no use in Employing them, as the men will be under the Clerk of Works Dept. and under the Ac[tin]g Foreman of Shipwrights in the Dock Yard. I am afraid this will lead to disappointment. at Ascension it is different. I wish you would send out the regulations in force at Ascension. They are in the record office, or Vicg Department. I have reduced the complements of Immortalite & Melpomene as you directed, and filled up Ariadne from the former. I Expect her about 10 Decr. from the States. Phaeton I Expect here in a few days from Halifax with the Mail. She will go to Barbados and Challenger to Jamaica; Immortalite sails when [the weather is] Moderate to Matamoras. Orlando is already ordered there from Vera Cruz. I have seen Admiral Wilkes letter of Complaint to the Governor which perhaps you have already seen.1 He complains of his treatment here, 1. No Colour’s were hoisted at the Fort on his arrival. 2d. It was 4 hours before he could get any reply to his proposal to salute the Flag. 3d. The public official letter from [the] Governor was sent to him by the Master of the Convict Steamer, and not by a proper officer.

1

Wilkes’s correspondence with Ord is printed in ORN, ser. 1, vol. 1, pp. 493–9.

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4. No attention or courtesy was shewn to him Either by the Governor or Lt. Governor, whereas the English officers of HM Ships at Fortress Monroe were receiving Every attention that could possibly be shewn to them. (This is quite true and by none more than Admiral & Mrs Wilkes). I have been unable to make out the complications which took place here from the various Messengers & and as I formerly mentioned to the Board and again repeat, we the Naval Authorities should not be mixed up with the Governor’s special duties. It must lead to confusion. I have no doubt Admiral Wilkes was not straight forward in his measures, but was playing a shuffling game to delay [i.e., prolong] his stay in Harbour, but I think the matter has been made more of than it deserved, and I hear there is some such feeling on the Island. If we reverse positions with Admiral Wilkes, I dare say we would feel annoyed to see several steamers full of Contraband of War in a Harbour of a neutral power ready to break our blockades. I cannot understand the value of our Queens Proclamation, when vessels openly arrive & sail [from] here with cargoes of Arms & Powder & when there is now stored in St. Georges 80,000 stand of Arms and over 100 tons of Gunpowder landed by order of the Authorities, ready for shipment, and a law has just now been passed here to prevent the Exportation of Arms, “however it is not my business”.1 The mail from the West Indies has just come in, Cap & Mrs Cracroft I find have arrived at Port Royal, all is quiet at all places and there is nothing for me to communicate to the Admiralty. I sail for Nassau this day week and will probably be here again about Xmas. I should wish to go round the West Indies in Feby[,] March and April but am much afraid your Lordships will order me to remain here[.] will you find out if [the] FO will object to my leaving this and let me know[?]  [P.S.] The Marines are very anxious to have their Wives and Families sent out to them[:] only 9 women and 8 Children[.] The Merchant Transport [that] spoke [to] the Galatea in the Channel[:] She came out here in 19 days direct with a NE wind. Galatea [took] 29 days with 400 miles by steam[.]

1 The law to which Milne referred was an Aug 1862 Act of the Bermuda General Assembly empowering the Governor to prohibit the export of contraband of war and food. Any attempt to exercise that power, however, would have subjected Ord to the wrath of Bermuda’s populace, which was reaping immense profits from blockade-running, and the law therefore remained a dead letter. See Courtemanche, No Need of Glory, pp. 95–6.

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150. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Nile Bermuda 3 December 1862

My dear Grey Phaeton brought me this morning your letter of 15 Nov. and as a steamer sails tonight for England I write by her. With reference to Cap Cracroft[,] I had already written fully to you and also to the Duke on the subject[.]1 if he will allow you to see my letter it Explains Everything. Jamaica has always had a Commodore for near if not more than 40 year’s. The only difficulty in the matter is that Caps Tatham and Randolph are senior to Cracroft[.] the former sails for Barbados in a week and Orlando will ultimately join me. Spiteful I will be glad to see back[.] you send no order’s for me to send home Kite however I will do so in January and make up a crew for her. The Marines are in Medway but a question has been raised about their Extra Pay. Cap Thomas2 mentions that the men indeed all understood they were always to have Extra pay for six days in the week. I have sent his letter home. I sail for Nassau on [the] 5th. I hear Adl Wilkes may be there. if so I would like to have a look at him[.] I dont Expect any trouble with him. I never heard he had placed two Sentries on British Territory, until the Admilty letter reached me today. I presume it must have been two Marines on his Coaling party, but I will Enquire into this.3 I send Vesuvius tomorrow and Melpomene goes off Charleston as an attack is daily expected[.] Cadmus and Peterel are both there but a Third ship of her size will be advisable. She will also complete the others with Provisions &c. and return here. Immortalite has gone to Matamoras. Ariadne is at New York and goes to Fortress Monroe. I have no special news.

1

See Milne to Somerset, 2 Oct 1862, Doc. No. 109. Francis William Thomas, R.M.L.I., K.C.B. (d. 1925). 2nd Lt, 1849; 1st Lt, 1853; Capt, 1861; Brevet Major, 1874; Major, 1877; Lt Col, 1882; Lt Col 2nd Commandant, 1882; Col, 1882; Col Commandant, 1885; Major Gen, 1886; Lt Gen, 1889; Gen, 1889. 3 Wilkes had stationed sentries on his ship’s gangways when coaling ‘to prevent any intoxicating liquors from being conveyed on board to our men’, but ‘most emphatically’ denied ‘that sentinels were placed on British territory’. Milne’s surmise was therefore not far off the mark. See Wilkes to Gideon Welles, 2 Jan 1863, printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, p. 494. 2

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151. Milne to Hewett [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [11]]

HMS Nile Bermuda 3 December 1862

Confidential Dear Cap Hewett It is sometime since I heard from you and I am rather anxious as I observe in the American Papers you have been making a demand on Gl Butler1 for the release of a British subject.2 of course I am not aware of the circumstances, but have no doubt you will Exercise caution and proper forbearance as well as keeping yourself most perfectly neutral, altho the U.S. Papers say you have strong Southern proclivities[.]3 Lord Lyon’s writes me that the Federal Gov intend operations in the South and on a large scale[.] I have therefore send [sic: ‘sent’] Vesuvius to you that you may have a second ship at your disposal in case of requiring to send to Mobile. I dont wish[,] if possible to avoid it, to have Lieut Croke4 as senior officer at New Orlean’s, therefore if you do not wish to keep Vesuvius send her back to me, calling at Havanah and Nassau[,] to which place I intend to proceed on Friday next[,] returning here about [the] 24th. Immortalite has gone to Matamoras where she will be joined by Orlando to protect our trade from that port[,] which it is supposed will or may be interfered with by Federal vessels. Greyhound will remain at Vera Cruz. Vesuvius might be sent to look at Galveston. it was hinted the United States Expedition was intended for that place[.]5

1 Benjamin Franklin Butler (1818–93). American lawyer, politician, and soldier. Member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, 1853–59; Massachusetts Senator, 1959– 61; Member for Massachusetts in the US House of Representatives, 1867–75, 1877–79; Governor of Massachusetts, 1883–84; Maj Gen of Volunteers, 1861. Butler was military governor of New Orleans from the city’s capture by Union forces in April 1862 to Dec of that year when his controversial behaviour brought about his removal from that position. 2 No evidence of this alleged demand is to be found in Milne’s papers or the relevant Admiralty files. 3 Whether owing to Southern proclivities or to the lure of profit (or both), Hewett commanded a blockade runner following the end of Rinaldo’s commission. See Marcus W. Price, ‘Masters and Pilots Who Tested the Blockade of the Confederate Ports, 1861–65,’ American Neptune vol. 21 (April 1961), p. 93. 4 Lewis M. Croke, acting commander of Vesuvius in the absence of Captain Richard Vesey Hamilton, who was then in England in order to be married. 5 Galveston harbor had been secured by Union naval forces in early Oct 1862 but the force sent to occupy the town was not dispatched until Dec. Presumably Milne was referring to the latter.

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I have nothing new for you[.] I would be glad to relieve you but at present I am unable to do so[.] The shallow water of the River limits my arrangements. 152. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

HMS Nile Halifax (Bermuda) [sic] 4 December 1862 [received 20 December]

Private My dear Lord Lyons I have to thank you for your Letter of Nov. 24th received yesterday by HMS Phaeton from Halifax, and I am much obliged for your public Letters and the information you give me. I observe Comdr Watson is Entirely in the wrong about his going to Charleston & New Orleans.1 I cannot conceive what he is thinking about. I have called for Explanation, and to prevent any future irregularity I have placed him under the orders of Captain Ross of Cadmus. I am glad you have sent the two vessels to Charleston. I have also sent over the Melpomene[,] Cap Ewart[,] to supply these two ships with Provisions and to wait off Charleston if required, Communicating with Mr Bunch, and affording any assistance that may be necessary and should anything of importance occur, to proceed to Fortress Monroe to Communicate with you, before returning here. Vesuvius[,] paddle steamer[,] I have sent to Mobile & New Orleans to join Rinaldo. She Sails today. Immortalite Sailed for Matamoras some days ago, and will be joined there by Orlando to protect our trade from thence to England with cotton from all interference by Federal cruisers[.] I sail for Nassau tomorrow, and will be back at Xmas. In January I propose visiting the West India Island[s] on a 2 or 3 Months cruize, unless you consider it necessary I should remain here. I should like to have your views on this subject. I have no other paper’s to send you about the questions I raised respecting the proceedings of vessels coming here, with which you appear to have been made acquainted. the question about the Territorial Limits of

1 Lyons had requested that Watson’s ship, Peterel, be sent to Charleston along with HMS Cadmus, in anticipation of a US Navy assault on that port. See Lord Lyons to Milne, 24 Nov 1862, Doc. No. 147. Milne’s reference to New Orleans is obscure.

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Bermuda is however undecided, as I have a letter of 15 Nov. stating it had been again submitted to the Law officers. I received from England as well as from yourself, the paper’s relative to Admiral Wilkes, I will look forward to the reply of the U.S. Govt with some interest, for It strikes me there has been some confusion in the affair, and it is difficult to unravel the proceedings to get at the real facts.1 I have seen his letter of Complaint to the Governor, in which he does complain of the manner he was treated here, and in two or three instances he had perhaps the right on his side. Ariadne will have arrived very opportunely at New York, and I am under the impression you may have requested Captn Vansittart to remain at Fortress Monroe, during the absence of Cadmus. So soon as I return from Nassau I will have received your further Letters, and will then be better able to make arrangements for the further service of HM Ships on the Coast of the United States … 153. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [2]]

Washington 5 December 1862

Private My dear Sir Alexander, The “Cadmus” and the Peterel” are both gone to Charleston under the request from me of which I sent you a copy on the 24th. In consequence of some information which Captain Ross sent me as to the probable time of the departure of the Expedition to Charleston, I telegraphed and wrote to him that I assented to the Peterel’s going alone thither in the first instance. On receiving however in the interim a letter from me saying I thought the time for sailing had arrived, he with very commendable promptitude sailed at once and was gone before my second telegram reached him. I thought it advisable that the “Peterel” should follow, because she can go into places, from which the “Cadmus” is excluded by drawing too much water. I should be very glad that both were gone, were I not afraid it might be inconvenient with regard to the provisions you intended to supply them with. I understand General Banks expedition (the real destination of which is still stated to be New Orleans)2 will really sail today or tomorrow. It

1

The US government’s reply can be found in FRUS, 1863, pt. 1, pp. 493–95. It was.

2

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is possible he may give a look at Charleston in passing but not I think very likely. It is snowing hard which will be inconvenient for General Burnside’s Army on the Rappahannock.1 The rejected French proposal has produced no apparent effect here. I send you herewith as much of the Report of the Secretary of War as has appeared in the Newspapers. You shall have a complete copy, as soon as I can get one, and any other documents as are likely to be interesting to you. The Under Secretary of State at the For. Off. writes to me privately not to say anything at present about the Queen’s Authority extending to three miles from the Outer Reefs of Bermuda, because the Admiralty have raised some difficulty about it. 154. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

HMS Nile Nassau 16 December 1862 [received 29 December]

Private My dear Lord Lyons I came here on Sunday last from Bermuda, and I propose Sailing on Thursday on my return. I cannot say that there is much novelty here, or much to write to you about. The good people of the Island feel sore that they are well looked after by U.S. Cruizers, and that their vessels going to Key West, or cleared out for Key West, which however is not Exactly the same thing, are seized on the passage.2 Admiral Wilkes appearance here, and his uncourteous proceedings has caused some unpleasant feeling, and I must say his refusal to allow communication with the Boat of HMS Barracouta was a very unusual transaction,3 and I have been obliged to write to you about it, and likewise respecting the use made by U.S. Cruizers of the Roadsteads of the Bahama Islands[.] Cap Malcolm of the Barracouta has mentioned to me that he has always found the U. States officers very civil and no symptom of

1 Burnside was then massing his troops for an attack on Fredericksburg, on the Rappahannock River. 2 Meaning that their destinations were falsely declared. 3 See below, Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty, 22 Dec 1862, Doc. No. 158. Milne complained about Wilkes’s behavior in a 16 Dec letter to Lord Lyons, who duly conveyed it to William Seward. Milne’s letter, with Lyons’s cover, is printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 477–8. For Seward’s reply, and subsequent correspondence on the subject, see ibid., pp. 482, 498.

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any ill feeling. My own impression of the proceedings of the U.S. Cruizers is that you cannot draw the Instructions issued by Lord Russel [sic] with reference to the use of Ports or Roadsteads or waters of the Bahama Islands, so stringently as laid down in his Lordships Letter of the 31st Jany, last, wherein it states that no ship is to enter, that mean’s anchor, without the Consent of the Governor; but the Bahama Islands are Extended over hundreds of Miles, many are uninhabited Cays, and it is impossible to prevent or Even Check Cruizers anchoring at those places by any local authorities. The wish of those authorities great & small is no doubt to carry out the Gov. Instructions to the rigid letter of the Law, but this cannot in my opinion be worked out. The attention of the U.S. Gov. might be called to the subject, and any flagrant violation should be represented to the officer acting contrary to rule, should he be found in the neighbourhood. In fact we need to be guided by the Spirit of the Instructions and not by the Exact Letter. Party Spirit run’s high here, and The Naval officer has a difficulty in keeping a decided independent and neutral part, when opinions are so freely given, Especially in favour of the one Side which receives its supplies from this. The Herald Steamer sailed on Saturday last, and the Leopard yesterday for Charleston. They are looked upon as regular traders, carrying a Mail each way. The Governor here is very well and the Island is now free from Fever.  P.S. I suspect the U.S. Cruizers have never been furnished by their Gov. with any Instructions respecting our regulations defining the limits or rules by which they are to be guided on visiting any of our Colonies. from what I hear the Captains appear to be ignorant of the terms of the Instructions issued by our Gov. in Lord Russels letter of Jany. last, and I think our Gov. should have furnished the U.S. Gov. with these Instructions and requested their Ships of War to conform thereto. 155. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

HMS Nile Nassau 19 December 1862

My dear Grey I write a line from this as the steamer for N. York will sail on [the] 22d and I start on my return to Bermuda so soon as I get over the Bar in Nimble. The Sea is now breaking heavily but I hope to get out this afternoon[.] I arrived here on the afternoon of the 13th and found the place had got rid of the Yellow Fever and is now quite healthy. no news of any moment. Admiral Wilkes had been off here some weeks ago and 4 American Cruizers are reported somewhere among the Cays & Islands. The Governor is a little

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anxious about these vessels, because they anchor near the Cays and on the Banks &c and lookout for vessels from this. This however is unavoidable. It is quite impossible over so extensive a Govt., Embracing some hundred small Islands &c.[,] to watch Every spot and to Enforce the strict letter of Lord Russells instructions of [31] Jany. 1862. It cannot be done. Admiral Wilkes however has Exhibited his usual discourtesy by passing clear outside the Harbour, and refusing to stop for one of the Barracouttas [sic] Boats, when close to her ship. I have sent this to Lord Lyons. The U.S. Gov. do not appear to have made their officers aware of the rules issued by out Gov. respecting the cruizing of these Ships among our Islands or Entering into our Harbour’s &c. which appear’s to me an omission. The system of running Vessels to the Southern Ports is well arranged here. Two steamer’s carrying letters &c. sailed for Charleston since I have been here, and more vessels are hourly Expected from England to join the trade. Barracoutta [sic] is here and will remain on this part of the station[.] She is perfectly healthy. There are 600 Tons of Coal in store, The Wharf at the Dock Yard is completed and an Excellent job at a low cost. it wants £20 to fit a crane or Derrick and some other small matters which I have ordered. I am now anxious for my return to Bermuda to get the Admiralty Letters of the 13th Decr. and End of Nov. two mails will be due on my arrival. I have nothing from the Gulf of Mexico or New Orlean’s nor from off Charleston. I hear there is a report that no present attack [sic] is to be made on that place.1  P.S. In your letter of 31 Oct. you mentioned you had sent an order to me to send Dunlop home, but no order came out. It may probably be in next mail which I will get on Thursday. The 2d C. Boys have arrived and [are] all distributed, but we want 40 more to fill actual vacancies and 60 would not be too many to send out. 156. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [2]]

Washington 20 December 1862

Private My dear Sir Alexander, I inclose a copy of a further note which I have received from Mr Seward concerning the proceedings of Rear Admiral Wilkes at Bermuda.2

1

Milne’s intelligence was accurate; the assault took place on 7 April 1863. This letter is printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 469–72.

2

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I send it you privately, because it will be for Her Majesty’s Government to decide whether they will accept Mr Seward’s disclaimer of evil intentions or feelings on the part of Admiral Wilkes, or will pursue the controversy, and until this is decided, it is more correct that official cognizance of the answer should be confined to them. At any rate, I suppose the local Authorities at Bermuda should not be made acquainted with the answer until Her Majesty’s Government have come to some decision about it. Captain Fox,1 the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, told me in the course of a private conversation a few days ago, that orders had been sent to Admiral Wilkes not to go back to Bermuda nor visit Nassau without urgent necessity. 157. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5788]

“Nile” at Sea Lat. 26° 8′N Long. 76° 48′ 22 December 1862 [received 28 January 1863]

No. 987 Sir, I beg to transmit for their Lordships’ information the accompanying copy of a letter addressed to me, on the 24th Ultimo, by Commander Malcolm of Her Majesty’s Ship “Barracouta”, the Senior Officer at Nassau, and of my reply of the 16th Instant relative to a statement he deliberately and, I think, injudiciously made to the United States Consul as to the course he would have pursued had Rear Admiral Wilkes anchored in British Waters without permission.2 2. – Although this part of Commander Malcolm’s proceedings cannot, I think, be approved of, I am yet bound to express my belief that in making the communication he was inadvertently influenced to a certain extent by those feelings of irritation which the Rear Admiral’s marked discourtesy, in not communicating with the Boat of Her Majesty’s Ship “Barracouta” (referred to in a separate despatch of this date No. 990) was calculated to excite, as generally Commander Malcolm’s conduct has been marked with discretion, and has met with my approbation. 

1 Gustavus Vasa Fox (1821–83). US Navy officer and administrator. Entered, 1838; Lt, 1852; resigned commission, 1852. Asst Secretary of the Navy, 1861–65. 2 The US Consul’s account can be found enclosed in Seward to Lord Lyons, 16 Dec 1862, FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 475–6.

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P.S. My orders of the 8th August last,1 referred to in my Memo: to Commander Malcolm, are founded upon the Instructions conveyed to me in your Letter No. 47 of the 18th January last M. Further it is my intention to forward a copy of this correspondence to Lord Lyons in order that His Excellency may be put in possession of my views in case of any question being raised by the United States Government.2 [Enclosures] Malcolm to Milne H.M.S. “Barracouta” Nassau, 24 Nov. 1862 Sir, Relative to the conduct of Rear Admiral Wilkes on the 20th Inst, as reported in my letter of proceedings, I have the honor to inform you that when I was at the Governor’s, the Pilot Lloyd, and the chairman of the Board of Pilotage called, and Lloyd stated that Rear Admiral Wilkes had asked him to land a Bahama Pilot who was on board[,] which he said he would do, but that he could not anchor the Rear Admiral’s Ship without the permission of the Governor. The Admiral’s reported reply was “that he would anchor whether the Governor liked it or no if he chose”. on this Mr. Lloyd left the Flag Ship without waiting for the Bahama Pilot. 2. – Considering the conduct of the Rear Admiral in steaming slowly along within British Waters and within half a mile of Hog Island,3 I thought it my duty to express my opinion on the subject to the U.S. Consul at this Place. 3. – I called on Mr. Whiting,4 the U.S. Consul and told him that Rear Admiral Wilkes had passed close to the Ashore and close to the Boat of H.M.S. “Barracouta” without taking any notice of her, which conduct I considered as most uncourteous. I then mentioned the report made by Lloyd, the Pilot, saying that I could put no weight in any such report coming as it did, as I thought taking notice of any such rumour was unworthy[,] the position of the receiver, as using such a mode of communication was equally so of that of the sender, but at the same time to

1

Milne to Senior Officer at Nassau, 8 Aug 1862, Doc. No. 81. Lyons’s subsequent letter to William Seward, summarising Milne’s, and Seward’s reply to Lyons, are printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1., pp. 496, 497. 3 Now called Paradise Island, 25°5′54″ North, 77°19.5′1″ West. 4 Samuel Whiting. US Consul at Nassau, 1862–63. 2

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prevent all doubt or misapprehension on either side, painful as it was to me, I had to request him to inform Rear Adml. Wilkes that anchoring in British Waters without permission was against Her Majesty’s Proclamation and if he did so and when officially and beyond a doubt had been informed of his breach of H.M.’s Law and refused to move, so certain as such a case happened, so certainly would I fire into him whatever his force might be. 4. – Mr. Whiting said he knew such conduct was against the orders of the U.S. Government, and that he was sure there was some mistake. I said I was willing to believe so, but in [the] face of the uncourteous proceeding of the Rear Admiral that day, I thought it best that he and the U.S. Consul should know what I intended doing. 5. – I have the honor to submit this to you by the earliest opportunity and to say that, until I receive your orders to the contrary, if, after due and clear warning, Rear Admiral Wilkes knowing and undoubtedly breaks through Her Majesty’s Proclamation, in British Waters, so surely will I fire into his Flag Ship. Hoping such will meet your approval and at the same time assuring you that nothing shall be done hastily, and in no case where there could be a doubt as to our rights. Milne to Malcolm “Nile” at Nassau, 16th Decr 1862 Memo In acknowledging the receipt of your letter of the 24th Ultimo relative to the conduct of Rear Admiral Wilkes, I have to acquaint you that I consider it to have been injudicious on your part to make any communication on such a subject to the United States Consul and which in this case was founded on the mere verbal statement of the Pilot. If United States Cruizers anchor without leave from the Governor of the Colony it is for the Governor of the Colony to decide on the steps to be taken for such an infringement of Her Majesty’s Instructions and not the Naval Officer[.] as I have already pointed out in my confidential letter to you of the 19th Ulto,1 the mere act of a Ship anchoring without permission not, in my opinion, constituting such a Warlike operation, as is contemplated by my Instructions of the 8th August last.

1

Not included in this volume.

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158. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5788]

“Nile” at Sea Lat. 26° 8′ N Long. 76° 48′ W 22 December 1862 [received 31 January 1863]

No. 990 Sir, I beg you will lay before the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty the accompanying copy of a despatch I addressed, on the 16th Inst., to Lord Lyons on the subject of the marked and unusual discourtesy with which Rear Admiral Wilkes treated a Boat, in charge of a Lieutenant, and flying her colours[,] which was sent from Her Majesty’s Ship “Barracouta” to communicate with that Officer on his appearing off the Port of Nassau on the 20th Ulto. with his Flag in the United States Steam Vessel “Wachusett”.1 2. – As such conduct cannot but create feelings of great irritation[,] I trust the United States Government may be induced to take effectual steps to prevent a repetition of such a manifest breach of the usual maritime courtesies observed by all Civilized Nations, it being impossible to believe the Boat was not seen and recognized as belonging to one of Her Majesty’s Ships of War, especially when proceeding out of a British Port. 159. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [2]]

Washington 22 December 1862

Private My dear Sir Alexander, I think it better to send the “Peterel” to Charleston at once, although I do not much apprehend any disorders among the Slaves, and do not suppose the expedition will be ready to sail for some days at soonest. But as the French have a ship there, complaints may be made if we left the place long without one. If the “Melpomene” is there too, Mr Bunch will be well protected. He says, as Captain Ross will no doubt have informed you, that there are at least six hundred British Subjects at Charleston, but that ample provision has been made at dépôts fifteen or twenty miles from Charleston for all noncombatants, and that he does not think that there would be any but his own family to embark. He says also that the

1

Milne’s letter to Lord Lyons is printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 477–8.

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“Cadmus” or any ship of her size would be of no more use to him that if she were at Fortress Monroe. Under those circumstances I think it better that the “Cadmus,” should stay within reach of me. I was glad to find that the “Ariadne” had fallen in with the “Peterel” and put the provisions on board. I have received orders from England to ask for the removal of Mr Whiting, who says that Captain Malcolm said he would fire into the U.S. Ships at Nassau. Mr Whiting[,] it appears on a previous occasion got drunk and abused and insulted the officials at that place. For this I am to ask for his removal. I believe however that it has already taken place…. We are in the midst of what would be called in Europe a Ministerial Crisis. Mr Seward, the head of the Moderate Party in the Cabinet, and Mr Chase,1 the head of the advanced Party, have each resigned.2 The President wishes to keep both. Mr Seward is willing to stay with (or I suppose without) Mr Chase, but Mr Chase wants to go. If any change takes place it will probably be in the radical sense, and then we must be on the look out for squalls, but nothing need, I think[,] be apprehended so sudden, as to render it necessary for you to alter your arrangements for visiting the West India Islands. I shall however be anxious to have the means of communicating with you [with] tolerable frequency and regularity. 160. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5788]

“Nile” at Sea Lat. 28°40′ N Long. 78°5′ W 24 December 1862 [received 31 January 1863]

No. 993 Sir, Referring to the third enclosure3 to my letter No. 995 of this day wherein the question of the limits of our Territorial Jurisdiction over the

1 Salmon P. Chase (1808–73). US lawyer, politician and jurist. US Senator for Ohio, 1849–55; Governor of Ohio, 1856–60; US Secretary of the Treasury, 1861–64; Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court, 1864–73. 2 Seward’s resignation was prompted by efforts of radical Republicans in the Senate to drive him from office, following the disastrous Union defeat in the Battle of Fredericksburg (11–15 Dec 1862). President Lincoln faced them down on 19 Dec, whereupon Chase submitted his resignation. Lincoln refused to accept either resignation. For a synopsis of this episode, see ‘Lincoln’s Cabinet Crisis (Dec 1862)’, http://blog.loa.org/2012/12/lincolns-cabinet-crisisdecember-1862.html. 3 This letter is printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 480–81.

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Bahama Banks is incidentally touched upon … I should be glad to be informed by their Lordships whether I am right in my impression that such jurisdiction extends only to within 3 Marine miles of the Islands and Cays, upon which a work of defence could be erected, and that we lay no claim to the Great Banks themselves except to such portions as may be within those limits.1 2. – If this view is correct, the United States Cruizers are in the right when, as I hear they have done, they coal from Vessels anchored on the Banks outside the 3 mile line.2 161. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5788]

“Nile” at Sea Lat. 21° 40′ N Long. 71° 8′ W 24 December 1862 [received 30 January 1863]

No. 995 Sir, In forwarding to their Lordships the accompanying copy of a despatch which I had the honor to address to Lord Lyons on the 16th Inst, and of its several enclosures relative to the proceedings of Federal Cruizers in and about the Bahamas,3 I would remind their Lordships how utterly impossible it is to watch, or even generally to obtain trustworthy information as to the movement of these Vessels among this extensive group of Islands and Cays, most of which are but sparsely populated, while others are wholly uninhabited, nor indeed am I disposed to scrutinize too minutely proceedings dictated by a natural and not unreasonable anxiety to check the vast contraband trade of which these Islands are the focus. There are, however, certain broad principles which must be upheld and therefore, until I am specially instructed to the contrary, I shall act up to

1 The question Milne posed was so confounding that the Law Officers’ reply was not sent until 1 May 1863, and was hedged with equivocations. ‘[W]e are of opinion that as a general rule British Jurisdiction would not extend beyond the distance of three miles from any uninhabited Island or Cay,’ but that ‘[t]his general proposition however must be subjected to exceptions’. Indeed, they agreed with Colonial Undersecretary Sir Frederic Rogers that ‘the conditions of contiguity and dependence must be considered separately in each case, or group of cases’. See the Secretary of the Admiralty to Milne and enclosures, 6 May 1863, MLN114/6. 2 Admiralty Minute: ‘Copy to F.O. & request to be informed what answer should be sent to Sir A. Milne.’ 3 Milne’s letter to Lord Lyons and the most significant of its enclosures are printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 478–81.

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what I conceive to be the spirit though not perhaps the very letter of Her Majesty’s Instructions, in not seeking occasion to interfere with their use of out of the way Cays for places of rendezvous, for the purpose of procuring supplies from them, yet of course no exercise of Belligerent rights such as visit, search, detention or capture, can on any account be permitted within British Waters, nor must our Islands or Cays be made use of as places from whence to watch for passing Vessels.1 With this view I shall probably, on my arrival at Bermuda, despatch one of the Frigates, drawing the least water, to be stationed off the Bahamas, the presence of a Ship of force appearing to me desirable, in addition to the “Barracouta”, from a report that has reached me that the number of Federal Cruizers in that neighbourhood have been lately increased. 2. – Further[,] I cannot but think that if the United States Government were to make known to their Cruizers the purport of Her Majesty’s Instructions, conveyed in Earl Russell’s letter of the 31st January last, many disagreeable questions of this nature might be avoided, as I fear we must not expect to find all the Federal Officers will conduct themselves in the same courteous and considerate manner as Commanders Collins2 and Stevens3 in their communications with Mr. Brown4 the Police Magistrate at Abaco. 162. The Board of Admiralty to Commanders-in-Chief 5 [ADM1/5788] Memorandum No. 24N

Admiralty 26 December 1862

(Gunnery Duties and Half-Yearly Reports of Gunnery Practice) My Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty consider it necessary to call attention to the following points, in the half-yearly report of the gunnery practice: –

1 This policy received the Foreign Office’s approval, Milne being informed by the Secretary of the Admiralty on 16 Feb 1863 that ‘Earl Russell has informed their Lordships that he concurs in your views’. 2 Napoleon Collins (1814–75). US Navy officer. Entered, 1834; Lt, 1846; Cmdr, 1862; Capt, 1866; Cdre, 1871; Rear-Adm, 1874. 3 Thomas H. Stevens (1819–96). US Navy officer. Entered, 1836; Lt, 1849; Cmdr, 1862; Capt, 1866; Cdre, 1872; Rear-Adm, 1879. 4 James Nibbs Brown. A long-time colonial official, appointed police magistrate at Abaco in 1860. He was also a member of Grenada’s House of Assembly, 1843–59. 5 For the genesis of this memorandum, see Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty, 2 Oct 1862, Doc. No. 108, and Hewlett to the Secretary of the Admiralty, 19 Nov 1862, Doc. No. 144.

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1. In many of the returns, several of the established exercises are omitted; the quarterly night practice is not carried out according to the instructions; and the explanations for these omissions are frequently vague and unsatisfactory. 2. Officers and men are to be more carefully instructed in the description and uses of all natures of shot, shell, fuzes, rockets, &c., and in the various details respecting these articles, which should be brought on deck, or to the guns, at least twice a month, and their uses &c., explained by instructors. 3. Great attention is to be paid to magazine exercise, and the captains and executive officers should themselves visit and inspect the magazines during exercise. 4. Gunnery officers and instructors should not, without absolute necessity, be employed on duties which would cause interference with drills. 5. My Lords desire that Commanders-in-Chief will be most strict in the examination of the Gunnery Returns, in order that omissions may be noticed by them at once; and they are invariably to insert their remarks in the Returns. 163. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5788]

“Nile”, at Sea Lat. 32° 28′N Long. 72° 57′W 27 December 1862 [received 29 January 1863]

No. 996 Sir, I beg you will acquaint their Lordships that, when recently at Bermuda, it came to my knowledge that Rear Admiral Wilkes had expressed his determination to have captured the English Packet from St. Thomas to Halifax, in case he had found on board her certain Confederate Officers.1 I therefore felt it to be my duty, as it was impossible to foresee when a similar intention might be carried into effect, to leave instructions on the point with Captain Glasse instead of leaving it to a Senior Officer.

1 On 1 May 1863 Milne was informed that Wilkes denied having made such a threat. See the Secretary of the Admiralty to Milne, no 301 M, 1 May 1863 in MLN/114/4.

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[Enclosures] Milne to Glasse Nile at Bermuda 5th December 1862 Confidential Sir, In the event of the Mail Steamer from St. Thomas to Halifax being detained by any Federal Cruizer, you will demand her instant release, and should this not be acceded to, you will avail yourself of the force under your orders to recapture her, as I cannot anticipate her having committed any act to warrant such a measure on the part of a Federal Cruizer. Milne to Glasse “Nile” at Bermuda 5th December 1862 Sir, In case any Ship of War of the United States should arrive at Bermuda in my absence, you will offer to His Excellency the Governor the service of one of the Gun Boats to convey any Officers onboard such Federal Ship as he may wish to send with his Official Despatches; but I object to Naval Officers being so employed when the Governor has his own Official Officers at his disposal. Should the Governor deem it necessary and expresses a wish for a Ship of War being at Murray’s anchorage, I will not object to the “Galatea” or “Ariadne” proceeding there. In case of any Federal Vessel of War cruizing off the Port, you will, after communicating with the Governor, send H.M.S. “Galatea” or “Ariadne” (provided the “Desperate” has sailed) to communicate with her Commander, and you will acquaint him by letter in pursuance of Instructions from me that I look for his giving due consideration to the Territorial Limits of Her Majesty’s Dominions, and not affording any just cause of complaint of any breach of International Law. Should the Mail Steamer from Halifax or St. Thomas be simply boarded outside the Territorial Limits of 3 marine miles, no objection can be raised to this legitimate exercise of their Belligerent right being permitted without the Territorial jurisdiction of the Island[.]

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193

164. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [2]]

Washington 27 December 1862

Private My dear Sir Alexander, I wrote to you both officially and privately by Halifax on the 22nd, but the “Melpomene” will probably reach Bermuda before the ship from Halifax. Our Cabinet Crisis is over. Both Mr Seward and Mr Chase retain their offices, in fact no material change has taken place. I do not think there can be any necessity for you to alter your arrangements for visiting the West India Islands. I shall however be anxious to have the means of communicating with you, with tolerable frequency and regularity. I have no reason to expect any alteration in our relations here, which are, so far as this Government and myself are concerned, friendly and cordial, but the times are dangerous, and one cannot ever be entirely free from disquiet. I have asked the “Peterel” to go to Charleston, and I suppose she sailed yesterday. It is thought that the ironclads and men and material prepared for the attack of that place, will be diverted to an enterprise against Richmond up the James River, but however this may be, Mr Bunch thought the presence of a ship desirable about the beginning of the year, in case of any disturbance among the Slaves being caused by the President’s Emancipation Proclamation. I sent you privately by Halifax a copy of Mr Seward’s last note on Admiral Wilkes’ visit to Bermuda.1 It disclaims all evil intentions, or unfriendly feeling on the part of Admiral Wilkes. It rests with Her Majesty’s Government to decide whether they will be content with this disclaimer, or whether they will deem it to be worth while to continue the controversy. I sent it to you privately, because I suppose it would be hardly correct to communicate it officially until Her Majesty’s Government have decided upon it. A correspondence is going on between this Government and the Spanish Minister, and this Government and me on the “Blanche” affair[.]2 The violation of Spanish territorial jurisdiction is not disguised or palliated, and the demands of Spain on this head have been complied with. Commander Hunter of the “Montgomery” has been relieved from

1 This note seems not to have been preserved by Milne, nor is it printed in either British or US compendia of diplomatic correspondence. 2 See Seward to Lord Lyons, 10 Dec 1862, in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, p. 473. See also Docs Nos 123 and 134.

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his command and is to be brought to a Court Martial. A great deal of evidence is brought forward to show that the “Blanche” was fired by her own Crew. I don’t know how this may have been but the point is not a very material one. A question has, however, been raised by this Government as to the nationality of the “Blanche”. It turns upon the title of the vendor. The doubt suggested is, whether the vendor had ever lawful possession of her, she having, it is insinuated, been a Northern vessel, seized by the Confederates. How far the objection is well taken, or how far, if well taken, it affects the claim of the British Owners to compensation, are questions which will soon be before the British and Spanish Governments. In the mean time the concession of the demands of Spain has taken away the immediate gravity of the affair. I was instructed to ask for the removal of Mr Whiting, the United States Consul at Nassau[,] who appears to have got drunk, and abused and insulted the officials at that place. His resignation had however been offered and accepted before I received the instruction, or heard anything of the affair. I asked, some time ago officially, by orders from home, whether the United States Government wishes its Rear Admirals, when they wear their flags at the Main or at the Fore, to be treated with regard to honours, as British Admirals and Vice Admirals. I will let you know what the answer is, as soon as I receive it. The Assistant Secretary of the Navy1 mentioned to me in the course of a private conversation some days ago, that orders had been sent to Admiral Wilkes not to go back to Bermuda or to visit Nassau. I had the very great satisfaction of hearing by the last Packet of the promotion of my cousin Algernon Lyons. He is mainly indebted to you for it.  [P.S.:] General Banks has certainly gone to New Orleans to supersede General Butler; we ought to have heard of his arrival. I hope, and think, Foreigners will be properly treated when General Banks is in command.

1

Gustavus Fox.

PART III

JANUARY – JUNE 1863 

165.

Milne to Somerset

[Somerset Mss Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/23]

HMS Nile Bermuda 1 January 1863

My dear Sir I have not written to your Grace for some Mails past as I had nothing of any Moment to communicate to you. I returned from Nassau on the 30th Dec and found Everything quiet there, altho the Governor was Evidently very anxious & somewhat uneasy about the U. States Cruizers moving about the Bahama Banks, and looking in at the various Islands and cays. There is no doubt that these vessels are placing themselves in such positions as they consider the most likely to capture vessels bound from Nassau to the Southern states with Contraband of War, and we cannot blame them for doing so, so long as they do not infringe on our Territorial Limits. There may be occasions on which they may be somewhat inattentive to those limits, and they may anchor under the Lee of some of our Cays. It is difficult however to give credit to the mere reports which reach Nassau by the Mail vessels of the Bahama’s. Southern views and feelings are so strong there, that all reports against the North are magnified &c. We must of course prevent all improper use of our Territory for Belligerent purposes, and we must act up to the Spirit of the Queen’s Proclamation and Government Instructions, but it is almost impracticable to carry out these instructions to the rigid Letter. any such attempt would keep us all on the verge of national difficulties, and in my judgement of the matter, I think it unwise to be always taking Extreme views. I was very Angry with Comdr Malcolm for having gone to the U. States Consul, and told him him [sic] that if Admiral Wilkes anchored off the Port (Nassau) without the Governor’s leave he would fire into him[.] it was most injudicious. I have sent Lord Lyon’s a Copy of my views as Expressed to Comdr Malcolm and the Admiralty, in case of any reference from the U. States Govt.1 A question has been raised between the Governor of [the] Bahamas & myself regarding correspondence between the Senior Naval Officer and the Governor. Mr Bayley refuses to correspond with such senior officer[s] below the rank of Flag Officer Except thro the Provincial Secretary. I

1 Lord Lyons’s subsequent letter to William Seward, quoting Milne, can be found in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, p. 496.

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believe this to be Entirely wrong and no other Governor has taken this view. He has submitted it to the Colonial Secretary for his decision; and I have submitted the case to the Admiralty. The French Admiral writes me from the Havana that he is somewhat alarmed regarding the State of the Slave population in New Orleans, and is afraid they may rise in open rebellion Even if the [Emancipation] Proclamation is not carried out. he was returning to New Orleans from Havana. I have Rinaldo and Vesuvius at New Orleans and Mobile[,] and would send another vessel if I had one disposable. Melpomene I Expect Every day from Charleston[.] She will then proceed to Barbados to convey 300 Black Troops to Africa. After many years in charge of the Transport Dept and knowing the sad results of the Embarkation of Troops in a Ship of War[,] I would have been glad had a ship been chartered for the service. none of our Frigates of Melpomenes Class have proper space for Troops, nor can they carry [enough] water. I presume on her voyage from Barbados to Africa she will put in here for supplies &c. I am Exceedingly glad to have received Information of the Promotions of Captain[s] Ross[,] Hewett & Lyons. They are all most Excellent good officers and will do the service credit. Allow me to name to your Grace a most Efficient[,] Excellent & Zealous officer[,] altho not the Senior Lt on the Station, Lieut D’Arcy in Command of the Nimble. He is Everything I could desire of a Naval officer and his ship is a credit to the Service, so much so that when at sea with a large number of ships in Co[mpan]y I thought it my duty to Express by signal “my approval of the manner the Nimble was conducted.” I hope your Grace may look with favour on his Name. I have no very special information from [the] W. Indies. The ships are all healthy and all the duties at the several Stations are going on satisfactorily. The Vauban[,] French Steamer of War[,] put in here a week ago with loss of Main Mast and a damaged rudder. 32 wounded men from Vera Cruz have been received in the Naval Hospital and a new M Mast is making for the ship and her defects [are being] made good. It was my intention to have gone down to Barbados and taken a two Months run of the West Indies, but I am afraid the present aspect of affairs in the States is becoming so serious that is would be injudicious for me to leave this, as Lord Lyons writes me if I go to [the] W Indies he will be anxious to have the means of communicating with me tolerably frequently and regularly. I don’t see how this can be carried out if I am absent from this. I must therefore wait [on] Events[.]

JANUARY – JUNE 1863

199

166. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

HMS Nile Bermuda 1 January 1863 [received 28 January]

My dear Grey We arrived here on [the] 30th from Nassau having had a long passage &c for the first 6 days against strong NE winds. On arrival I received the Mail with your letter of the 29th Novr, and the Spiteful arrived yesterday from Halifax with the mail of the 13th Decr. So soon as the Melpomene arrives from off Charleston to which I had sent her to provision Cadmus and Peterel and to be of use to British subjects if required by the Consul, I will send her to Barbados to convey the troops to the Coast of Africa. I hear the Adventure is in the West Indies on some such duty, but for what purpose or under what arrangements I am ignorant. neither myself nor the Commodore at Jamaica have received any information from the Admiralty as is usual. the Commodore in a private note mentioned her arrival and [that she] had gone to the Windward islands to return, and that the War Office arrangements appeared to contemplate that 12 officers & 300 men would be conveyed to Africa in a ship of war. this corresponds with the orders for Melpomene and I will get her away as soon as I can do so. She put back here after sailing on the 5 Decr. having carried away her main stay. She is a most unfortunate ship. Ariadne and Galatea are both here[.] the latter goes to cruize at Nassau as mentioned in my public letter[.] I am glad the two sister ships met[.] Immortalite on her way to Matamoras was at the Havana on the 12 Decr. all well. Vesuvius had sailed for New Orleans and Mobile[.] The French Admiral who was returning to New Orleans from Havana writes me that he is much alarmed in regard to the slave population[.] he is impressed with the idea that Even if the Proclamation making the slaves free is not carried out that they will rise in open rebellion, and there is no saying what may result. He has three small vessels in the Mississippi and we have Rinaldo and Vesuvius. I would gladly send another but at present have no disposable vessel, Spitefuls Boilers having given out. I suspect you will have to look for another vessel to take her place but I will let you know by next mail. I was very glad at Ross[,] Hewetts and Lyon’s promotion[s.] they are all good men and have done their duty well here. Lily I hear has put back[.] Ships are unlucky when ordered out here.

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The Nimble Class has not sail Enough [,] There is no doubt of this. There are 4 out here and I have been obliged to Enlarge their sails to suit their present masts[,] for instance the Topsails would not hoist up by 2 or 3 Feet. Their Courses did not come down by 4 feet but Even with all this [corrected] they are inefficient under Canvas for want of Canvass [sic][.] I added 4 feet to Landrails Lower Yards in 1860 and gave the increase to the Sails and they are not too large. If these Vessels are to cruize for the Slave Trade they ought to be Efficient[,] not with small sails. I quite admit your views about the men but the ships should be fit for service.1 I received your Lordships answer about Drunken men from leave being put under the Sentrys Charge[.]2 I am of course in the wrong in my views, but if the Marine who was tried by C. Martial had been allowed in accordance with your Lordships orders to go below[,] that is “no person under the influence of liquor is to be placed in a situation which may cause further Excitement and thereby lead to acts of unconscious violence or insubordination”, had The Marine been allowed to go quietly below no C Martial would have Ever been held. There would have been no act of insubordination[.] it is in my opinion this constant worry at the men that leads to and causes insubordination. I have nothing special for you[,] not having had time since my arrival to go into some questions with Captain Glasse about the Marine Artificers. I am very glad to see the Board took up Governor Ord’s Letters to the Colonial Office on his ordering Comdr Thrupp. I gave Comd. T. and Cap. Glass [sic] a little of my mind on the subject and wrote privately to Col Ord. he is the Third Governor I have had to write to Expressing my opinion and telling them that their requisitions would always have attention but they had no power to give orders.3 We have bad weather[.] it is blowing hard from NW[,] having shifted in a sudden squall from SW. I cannot therefore send Nimble to sea. With best wishes of the Season and many happy returns of the New Year[.]  [P.S.] Phaetons Complt was reduced to 525, in accordance with the Gunnery Book or rather Armament Book[.]

1

See Doc. No. 148. This letter appears not to have been preserved among Milne’s papers. 3 Milne was correct: only naval officers’ superiors could issue them orders or instructions. Any British official outside the formal chain of command, no matter his position or rank, could only make requests. On Milne’s objections to colonial officials exceeding their authority in this regard, see Courtemanche, No Need of Glory, pp. 110–11. 2

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167. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

HMS Nile Bermuda 1 January 1863 [received 12 January]

My dear Lord Lyons Before I proceed to other matters allow me to offer you my Sincere good wishes and congratulations on the return of another Year, and to wish that you may Enjoy many happy returns of them, altho the last has been one of much anxiety to you. I arrived here from Nassau on the 30th and was too late for the Mail proceeding to Halifax. I therefore send the Nimble to New York where she will remain until the arrival of the Cunard Steamer due the 15th, and rejoin me here with anything you may have to send me. I have to thank you for your Letters of the 20th and 22d Decr. and the accompanying despatches. I have written to you about Cap Malcolm’s injudicious proceedings at Nassau, and his having stated to the Consul he would fire into Admiral Wilkes, if he anchored without permission of the Governor.1 This letter should have gone to you from Nassau but Escaped my notice until I had left the anchorage. The further despatch from the U. States Gov. respecting Adl. Wilkes I have received.2 I think and have always thought, the use of the word “Instruct” by Col Ord was unfortunate, and if any public Authority had used the same term to me, I certainly would have acted somewhat as Admiral Wilkes has done[.] I may say to you confidentially that I have really been unable to unravel the proceedings which took place between the Governor and the Admiral, there were far too many messages by different Individuals, and I think our Governor’s are just inclined to be somewhat too sharp, a little more reasonable consideration would be better to act up to the Spirit and intention of the Queen’s Proclamation and Government Instructions without Enforcing the very Letter. This really cannot be always acted up to, Especially afloat. I will be glad of the Answers about the salutes to Admirals[.] I mentioned the subject to you in my former Letter.3

1

See Doc. No. 157, and FRUS, 1863, pt 1, p. 496. This appears to refer to William Seward’s 5 Dec letter to Lord Lyons, which is printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 469–72. 3 No such mention appears in any of Milne’s private letters to Lord Lyons. Lyons himself was requested by the Foreign Office to ascertain what honours the US government expected to be rendered to rear-admirals flying their flags at the main or foremasts. See Doc. No. 164. 2

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I have nothing of any moment on the Station. Rinaldo and Vesuvius [are] at New Orleans and Mobile … I am much obliged for your arrangements in regard to the Cadmus and Peterel and will be glad to meet your wishes for any change in my Instructions if you will let me know what you wish. I have been obliged to put Several of our Governor’s in the right in consequence of their giving Orders to HM Ships, and the Admiralty have written to the Colonial Office requesting Col Ord may be informed that he had no right to give an Order to the Comdr of the Desperate regarding Admiral Wilkes, but that all due consideration would be given to requisitions[,] if not at variance with the Instructions under which they were acting. I was not aware that he had done so[,] as he never allowed me to see his public despatch. I have not heard of Melpomene since she last left this for Charleston, but I presume she would go on to Fortress Monroe[.] Ariadne is here but I am sorry to say lost 33 Men [who deserted] at New York. We have heard not with surprise of the defeat of the Northern Army at Fredericksburgh, we fully Expected that if an advance was made, that the result would be as it is now reported. It is very sad to see such awful sacrifice of life. 168. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [3]]

Washington 5 January 1863

Private My dear Sir Alexander, I imagine there is some good reason for not formally communicating to Foreign Powers such Documents, as the Regulations about the use of the British Waters by Belligerents, though I don’t know what the reason is. I have nevertheless taken upon myself to suggest that the United States Gov. should call the attention of its officers to our Regulations. I should be a good deal alarmed at Mr Magee’s intention to send specie away from Mobile in a man of War, if I did not feel certain that there is no officer in the Navy as foolish as the precious Acting Consul.1 If a Man of War with Mr Magee’s gold onboard came within my reach, I should probably request the Captain to take the gold back to Mobile and land it as quickly as possible.

1

Lyons was mistaken. See Docs Nos 174, 176, 179–80, 184–5, and 196.

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I sent you a letter from Captain Ross.1 He appears to get on remarkably well with all hands at Fortress Monroe, and he sends me a good deal of useful and interesting information. A great battle has been fought at Murfreesboro in Tennessee for three or four days.2 The result will probably be conveyed by telegraph to Halifax before this letter leaves that place[.] If there be a decided victory one way or the other, it will be an event of great importance, but drawn Battles seem the rule in this war. Captain Ross will have told you all about the “Monitor.”3 I have stolen the observations from the latter part of your private letter of the 16th, and put the substance of them into a Despatch to Lord Russell as opinions of my own. I mean the observations as to the impossibility of carrying out the Regulations about anchoring &c to the letter in the Bahamas. I don’t think the Bahamians can reasonably expect to find the officers of the United States Cruisers always in the best of humours. I have no answer yet as to the honour to be rendered to Rear Admirals with Flags at the Fore or at the Main. 169. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Bermuda 6 January 1863 [received 28 January]

My dear Grey A steamer sails direct for Engd tomorrow and owing to continued heavy Gales I have not sent the Mail via New York. Melpomene is arrived with some defects. The knee securing the after stern Post to the Counter is broken and a new one required. She rolled the muzzle[s] of her Quarter Deck Armstrong Guns in the water. She will leave this for Barbados about the 14 after the arrival of the English mail. The Galatea has gone to Nassau. The Spiteful’s boilers are in a very bad state[.] they have been three times specially surveyed and reported on to last ten months, but she never goes to sea that they do not break down even with a pressure of only 8lbs. The consequence is I cannot send her away on detached service. there is now a 2½ inch hole in the Port boiler. the best plan is for me to send

1

Not preserved among Milne’s papers. The Battle of Stones River or the 2nd Battle of Murfreesboro (31 Dec 1862–3 Jan 1863). This bloody clash was tactically inconclusive but Union forces held off two Confederate assaults, and the latter’s withdrawal from the field left the Union in control of central Tennessee. It was therefore a boost to Union morale after the disappointment of the Battle of Fredericksburg. 3 The Monitor had sunk off Cape Hatteras on 31 Dec 1862. 2

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her home, the boilers have been nine years in the ship, I will wait a mail and see what can be done, but my impression is that she should go home at once. Will you therefore lookout for another ship[?] I am short of the Challenger or Cadmus class. they are useful vessels and having Captains [rather than Commanders] I would employ them on special service. I am anxious to relieve Cadmus at Fortress Monroe but have not a ship, Ariadne & Styx being the only ships with me, Except Spiteful. 170. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5821]

“Nile”, at Bermuda 12 January 1863 [received 17 February]

No. 36 Sir, Having myself noticed the smokeless coal used by the United States Cruizers, the advantage of which in War has been recognized by all our Ships employed on the American Coast, I directed the “Jason” and “Racer” to obtain a proportion of the Anthracite Coal used in the United States Navy, and[,] when the opportunity offered, carefully to test its merits and report on its power of generating steam in comparison with Welsh Coal, and whether it occasioned any unusual destruction of the Fire Bars, &c; and I have the honor to enclose for their Lordships’ information, the reports from those Ships accordingly; but my belief is that our best smokeless Welsh Coal would prove equally serviceable for our Ships, if inferior Coal was excluded from our Contracts.1 [Enclosures] Von Donop to Hugh Dunlop2 H.M.S. Jason Colon 13 Nov: 1862 Sir In obedience to the Memo: I received from the Commander-in-Chief dated 31 May, directing me when in want of Coal in the ports of the United States, I was to procure a certain proportion of Anthracite Coal,

1 The Admiralty Minutes indicate that this letter and its enclosures were furnished to both the Storekeeper General and Controller of the Navy for their information. 2 This and the following letter were forwarded to Milne by Dunlop on 21 Nov 1862.

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used by American Steam Vessels, and when the opportunity offered, I was carefully to test its merits, reporting on its power of generating steam, in Comparison with Welsh Coal, and whether it occasions any unusual destruction to the fire Bars &c. I have the honor to state that while off Fortress Monroe last June, I purchased seventy-one Tons of Anthracite Coal, all of which being nearly expended, I herewith beg to enclose the Chief Engineer’s report, in which, as far as I have been able to judge I fully agree, and would with pleasure receive another supply of similar Coal[.] Beaton1 to Von Donop H.M.S. “Jason” 13 November 1862. Aspinwall Sir, In compliance with your order[,] I beg to state that on the 23 June 1862, H.M.S. “Jason” was supplied by private contract with 71 Tons of Anthracite and 71 Tons of Cumberland Coal, in Hampton Roads at the rate of nine Dollars per Ton[.] The Anthracite Coal I found to answer remarkably well for Condensing, making very little smoke or ash[.] 1st Trial under steam on the 3rd September 1862[:] lighted fires in Boilers, but could not keep steam, we were obliged to force the fires for want of draft, and by constantly using the Pricker, thereby removing ash which accumulated from this Coal, which is a protection to the Bars, from the intense heat given out, the consequence that in taking away the ash, the bars are almost sure to be destroyed[.] in this case our bars heated to a Yellow heat, also the funnel being rather short (Total length from Fire Bars 40 ft 1”) the bars being too Close, and the men (stokers) unaccustomed to the use of this particular Coal. 2nd Trial on the 10th September[:] lighted fires in three boilers, a few of the bars having been taken out of each furnace to give more draft, the result was that we not only steamed better, but at a reduced rate of Expenditure of fuel, and with no apparent injury to the Bars, the ash on the Bars not having been distributed. 3rd Trial, on the 20th September[:] Lighted fires in three boilers with the same result. I therefore consider that by using a greater amount of heating surface the Anthracite would answer very well for H.M. Service[,] but the

1 George Hiram Beaton (1831–91). Chief Engineer, 1861; Deputy Inspector of Machinery, 1882. Chief Engineer of HMS Jason.

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small quantity received has not served for a sufficient trial to enable me to state what effect a constant use might have on the Bars[.] The Cumberland Coal I found preferable to the Anthracite, although when put on board it appeared a very dirty small Coal, but in the Furnaces it caked together, and makes a splendid fire, giving out a great amount of heat, with little smoke or ash. I am of opinion that if the Anthracite was mixed Equally with Welsh or Cumberland Coal it would answer remarkably well[.] Algernon Lyons to Milne H.M.S. Sloop “Racer” Hampton Roads, 28th July 1862 Sir, In compliance with your Memo: of the 3rd May last directing me, when in want of coal, to any Port of the United States to procure a certain proportion of the Anthracite Coal, used by American Steam Vessels, and to carefully test its merits, I have the honor to report that I purchased, at Baltimore last month, 10 Tons of the description of Coal in question, with which the following results were obtained, But little difference was found in the generating power of the Anthracite and the Welsh Coal; the former, owing to the length of time it takes to ignite, is bad for lighting fires, it throws out an intense heat, and has a tendency to fuze the fire bars, ends of tubes[,] and other projections of the Boilers coming in contact with the flames, its consumption is very nearly the same as good Welsh Coal[.] owing probably to the construction of the Furnaces, the Anthracite Coal was found not capable of furnishing a sufficient body of itself [sic], but mixed with Welsh Coal it burnt very well[.] On account of the weak state of the Boilers of HM’s Ship, the qualities of the anthracite coal were not tested to the extent they would otherwise have been[.] After the trial some of the fire bars were found fused and bent[.] 171. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [3]]

Washington 14 January 1863

Private My dear Sir Alexander, I thank you most heartily for your kind wishes. I sincerely hope this may be a year of health and happiness to you and yours.

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Mr Seward promises me a satisfactory answer about the discourtesy to the Boat of the “Barracouta” and says that he hopes that in acknowledging it, I shall say something to show a desire to be civil and cordial on our part.1 This I shall have no difficulty in doing, if his note is judiciously expressed, and I may perhaps be able to turn to good account the information you send me of your views about Captain Malcolm’s threat to the American Consul.2 It will answer the purpose all the better from having been written by you to me, before you were aware of the complaint from this Government … I rather hope the Bermuda difficulty with Admiral Wilkes will be allowed by our Government to drop. There was so much going backwards and forwards and so many messages by word of mouth, that for my part I have never been able clearly to make out the rights of the matter. I should, I think, have adhered more exactly to the Regulations, but on the other hand have been more punctiliously courteous, and above all have made the communications in writing. There is no doubt I think that in official communications “instruct” is rarely, if ever, used, except by a Superior officer to a subordinate. I was surprised at their taking objection at home to Admiral Wilkes’ remonstrance about the use of the word. Matters here are gloomy, Gold is up to 41 per cent premium, a very serious repulse from Vicksburg,3 which may discourage the Mississippi campaign, strong opposition to the administration in New York and other important states, desertions from the army becoming more frequent, and recruiting more difficult. I have a letter of the 29th Ultimo from Mr Coppell,4 Acting Consul at New Orleans; the British Residents are apparently in great alarm about the Slaves, especially as General Banks has very naturally refused to allow the Whites to arm themselves. Mr Coppell mentions with satisfaction that the “Rinaldo” and “Vesuvius” are anchored off the town “their presence alone giving confidence to British Subjects at this time.” The “Peterel” is I suppose at Charleston inspiring the same confidence. The Federals appear to be collecting Naval and Military Forces on the Coast of North Carolina: Wilmington is the place said to be threatened.5

1 Seward’s reply, enclosing a letter from Navy Secretary Gideon Welles, was dated 26 Jan 1863. While Seward’s letter was judiciously expressed, Welles’s was not. See FRUS, 1863, pt 1, p. 498. 2 Lord Lyons’s letter to Seward (20 Jan 1863), and the latter’s acknowledgement (22 Jan) are both printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 496, 497. 3 Presumably Lyons was referring to the failed Union assault at Walnut Hills on Chickasaw Bayou, northeast of Vicksburg, on 29 Dec 1862. 4 George Coppell (1836–1901). Acting British Consul at New Orleans, 1861–65. 5 USS Monitor had foundered off of Cape Hatteras on 31 Dec 1862 while en route to Beaufort, North Carolina, in preparation for the planned assault on Charleston, not Wilmington.

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I shall probably be able to write again before the “Nimble” sails, but I send what is ready for you to-day to New York, in order that if the Mail from England brings me nothing important, I may telegraph to her to sail at once[,] and so may not delay unnecessarily your Despatches from home. 172. Grant1 to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [3]]

HMS Steady Havana 16 January 1863

Dear Admiral Milne I have been obliged to put in here for two or three days to set up rigging & repair my sails which were nearly all split from the continuous bad weather we have had. I hope to got to sea tomorrow afternoon. The duplicates of the letters I have addressed to Commodore Dunlop will inform you of my proceedings but having met Admiral Wilkes at Isla Mugeres2 I thought you might be interested in some account of the interview. On his arrival I called on him. He was very courteous and throughout seemed anxious to impress me with a sense of his good will towards the English Navy. He alluded to the events at Bermuda and Nassau, remarking that having once got a name it was difficult to persuade people of his good intentions, but of nothing did he regret more than he should have appeared discourteous to the Barracouta at Nassau. He was especially desirous of meeting Captain Malcolm, from Lt. Collins of the “Octorora” having spoken in the highest terms of his civility. On the first occasion he may have been somewhat hasty, but annoyed at what he conceived to be an insult in a proclamation being shewn to him by a halfdrunken pilot, he went away to avoid further complication. The Queen’s proclamation he thought just & reasonable[,] but every Governor added to it in some way[,] & now he could not go into a port without obtaining permission and his boats were refused entrance to ask it. On the 2nd occasion of the Stirrup Cays3 the Barracouta came towards him and he expected to have had the pleasure of Capt Malcolm lunching and at first intended sending a boat, but thought it only due to his rank that the Barracouta should take the initiative. I remarked on the hostile

1 The underlined portions of this letter were quoted by Lyons in a dispatch to the Foreign Office, as explained in Doc. No. 197. 2 About 8 miles off the coast of Yucatan, Mexico, 21°14 North, 86°44 West. 3 On this incident, see Courtemanche, No Need of Glory, p. 110.

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attitude of the ship at the time at which he seemed surprised[,] saying “It is a positive order of our service, never to meet any vessel at sea without being at quarters and he would be severely censured if he did not do it.” He asked me as a favor to write to Captain Malcolm and express his regret that there should have been any misconception to prevent his shewing him the attention he much wished to do. Admiral Wilkes said he had no positive knowledge as to the whereabouts of the “Alabama” but he must get near her soon.1 She had taken 200 tons of coal from a transport which had come out from England for her and that transport he was in hopes of capturing when the Norther of the 19th Ultimo., which we must have been close to him in, drove him out of the way. He says the Alabama frequently chases under the blue ensign & pend[an]t[,] but I strongly suspect the reports have arisen for mistaking our class for her, as when we board vessels they generally say “we took you for the Alabama”. I was much struck with the order of the “Wachusett”, her 11 inch Dahlgren’s are worked with 20 men and the quarters were very Clear, arms chests on deck, her boilers were slightly out of repair[:] 9 to 10 knots is about her speed and her draught only 14 feet. The Sonoma carries 11 heavy guns & only draws 8 feet. Mr Crawford had received no official intimation of the intention of the Captain Genl prohibiting boats coming in, but I made arrangements to go with him there today. Captain Randolph having arrived[,] I have given him the official letter which would have gone with this via New York to take the steps he may think necessary. It is entirely in consequence of the conduct of the American cruisers & the “Blanche” case.2 I only think of the inconvenience that would result in communicating during the sickly season. The present Captain General[,] Don Do. Dulce[,]3 is very anxious to suppress the slave trade, and shortly after his installation he sent for Senrs Zulueta4 & Costa[,]5 the two chief slave dealers[,] and asked them

1

He never did. Grant meant that Spain’s prohibition of foreign ships’ boats from landing in Cuba or searching suspected slave vessels at anchor in Cuban ports without official permission was due to the conduct of US vessels . See p. xlii and Doc. No. 306. 3 Domingo Dolce y Garay, 1st Marquis of Castell-Florite (1808–69). Spanish soldier and colonial official. Governor-General of Cuba, 1862–66, 1869. 4 Julián de Zulueta y Amondo, 1st Marquis of Álava and 1st Viscount of Casa Blanca (1814–68). Spanish nobleman with extensive landowning and commercial interests in Cuba, including a large role in the trans-Atlantic slave trade to the island. 5 Probably a member of the Cuesta y Manzanal family, which had become one of the wealthiest in Cuba owing to profits from the slave trade. See Edgardo Pérez Morales, ‘Tricks of the Slave Trade[:] Cuba and the Small-scale Dynamics of the Spanish Transatlantic Trade in Human Beings’, New West Indian Guide 91 (2017), pp. 10–17. 2

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to discontinue the traffic, for if he detected them he would treat them with the utmost severity. I very much doubt the truth of the landing at Marianão1 last month. The mode now seems to be the landing [sic] on Cozumel,2 Isla Mugeres & Contoy3 & taking them across in fishing smacks[,] and Adml. Wilkes told me the same. Here I have been told that all slavers coming to the island communicate first with Point Maysi[,]4 where they are told which way to go. While examining the neighbourhood of the Isle of Pines[,] I commenced a small running survey which I hope to complete on my returning[.] the chart we have is very much out especially about the Felipe Cays5 & Laguno de Cortes.6 I am now going to the Anguilla Cay & thence direct to the Isle of Pines so as to be in Port Royal on the 15th Feby. I have had no one on the sick list for some time. With respectful regards to Lady Milne … 173. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5819]

Nile, at Bermuda 23 January 1863 [received 17 February]

No. 69 Sir, Referring to my letter No. 995 of the 24th Ult.7 on the subject of the alleged transgressions by United States Cruizers, in the neighbourhood of the Bahama Islands [and] of the regulations of Her Majesty’s Government in regard to the use of British Waters by Belligerents, I have now the honor to enclose for their Lordships’ information copies of two despatches dated the 5th and 13th Inst. and of their several enclosures which I have received from Lord Lyons on the subject. [Enclosures]

1

Immediately to the west of Havana. Now a suburb of that city. An island off the coast of Yucatan, Mexico, 20°25 North, 86°55 West. 3 Isla Contoy, off the coast of Quintana Roo, Mexico, 21°3023 North, 86°4754 West. 4 Punta or Cabo Maysi (Point/Cape Maize), the easternmost point in Cuba, 20°15 North, 74°9 West. 5 Cayos de San Felipes, which stretch between the Isla de la Juventud and Cabo Francés on Cuba’s south coast, 21º58 North, 83º30 West. 6 Laguna de Cortes, on Cuba’s south coast, 22º5 North, 83º98 West. 7 Doc. No. 161. 2

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Lord Lyons to Milne Washington January 5th 1863 Sir, I had on the 29th Ult. the honor to receive your despatch of the 16th Ultimo and its enclosures relative to the transgressions by United States Cruizers in the neighbourhood of the Bahamas Islands, of the Regulations of Her Majesty’s Government with regard to the use of British Waters by Belligerents. On the following day I addressed an official note to Mr. Seward the Secretary of State of the United States, transmitting to him a copy of your despatch and copies of all its enclosures except the last, and I especially called his attention to the capture of the “Elias Reed”[,]1 which appears to have taken place in British Waters. The enclosure which I did not send to Mr. Seward is the letter from Messrs Adderly and Co.2 to Mr. Nesbitt relative to the Capture of the “Nonesuch” – considerable doubt is thrown upon the correctness of the assertion that the “Nonesuch” was captured in British Waters by a Despatch from the British Vice Consul at Key West to Her Majesty’s Consul at New York … On the day after I had sent in my note to Mr. Seward I went to the State Department and[,] not having been able to see Mr. Seward himself, I begged the Assistant Secretary of State3 to remind him of the conversations in which I had from time to time pointed out to him the dangers which could not but arise from the operations of the United States cruizers in the neighbourhood of the Bahamas Islands unless very discreet officers, acting under very distinct orders were employed. I observed also that it seemed doubtful whether the officers at present in command of United States Cruizers in that neighbourhood had been made fully acquainted with the instructions laid down in Mr. Seward’s letter to the Secretary of the Navy of the 8th August4 and I suggested that means should be taken to call attention to those restrictions and enforce them.

1 Milne’s letter to Lord Lyons on the seizure of the Elias Reed is printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, p. 479. 2 Henry Adderley and Co. of Nassau, which was deeply involved in blockade-running. 3 William Seward’s son, Frederick William Seward (1830–1915). 4 A copy of this letter was sent to William Stuart on 9 Aug 1862. It is printed in ‘North America. No. 5. (1863.) Correspondence respecting instructions given to naval officers of the United States in regard to neutral vessels and mails’, PP, 1863, vol. 72, pp. 451–2.

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I have the honor to enclose a copy of Mr. Seward’s answer to my note.1 He informed me in a private letter that he will ask the Secretary of the Navy to renew the injunctions addressed to the Officers in the Gulf of Mexico. Lord Lyons to Milne Washington January 13 1863 Sir, With reference to your despatch of the 16th Ultimo, and to my despatch of the 5th Inst. I have the honor to transmit to you copies of a Note and its enclosures which I have received from the Secretary of State of the United States, relative to the infringement by United State’s Cruizers of the Regulations concerning the use of British waters by Belligerents, and to the capture of the schooner “Elias Reed”.2 I have directed all the information in my possession concerning the schooners “Elias Reed” and “Nonesuch” to be sent to the Vice Consul at Key West, with an instruction to him to forward, for my use, such evidence as he can procure as to the exact spot in which each of those vessels was captured. 174. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5819]

“Nile” at Bermuda 24 January 1863 [received 17 February]

No. 78 Sir, Since writing my letter of yesterday3 … I beg you will acquaint their Lordships that Her Majesty’s Ship “Vesuvius” arrived this afternoon rather unexpectedly from New Orleans, Mobile, Havana and Nassau. Your Lordships will perceive by Lieutenant Croke’s letter of proceedings, of which I enclose a copy, that unfortunately he had acceded to the

1

Seward’s letter to Lyons (31 Dec 1862) is printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, p. 483. Seward’s letter (10 Jan 1863) and its enclosures, Gideon Welles to Seward (8 Jan 1863) and Napoleon Collins to Welles (6 Nov 1862) are printed in ibid., pp. 490–91. 3 No 73 of 23 Jan 1863, not included in this collection. 2

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request of Her Majesty’s acting Consul at Mobile (who it would appear could not have received Lord Lyons’ Telegram sent forward on the 3rd Instant) and shipped the Treasure, certified to be the property of British Subjects, from that Port and conveyed it to Havana. I need hardly assure their Lordships that I should have been better satisfied had Lieutenant Croke declined to do so, as was clearly his duty; but under all the circumstances I cannot bring myself to attach so much blame to him[,] as he not unnaturally deferred to the judgment and experience of Her Majesty’s acting Consul, who certainly seems to have very much misconceived the obligation which the Flag of Truce imposed on him, unless indeed he took the Treasure out to the “Vesuvius” with the knowledge and concurrence of the Commanding Officer of the Blockading Squadron. 2. – Had the money been still on board the “Vesuvius” I should have been much disposed to send her back with it to Mobile, there is however nothing left to me but to inform Lord Lyons of the circumstances by the first opportunity, and express to His Excellency my very sincere regret at this very imprudent proceeding[.] [Enclosure] Croke to Milne HMS Vesuvius Bermuda 24 Jan 63 Sir, In continuation of my last report of proceedings dated at Havana the 13th Dec. I have the honor to report to you that I left that Port on the 14th and arrived off the Bar of the Mississippi on the 19th and[,] having ascertained that the “Rinaldo” was at New Orleans[,] I took a Pilot and proceeded up the River, anchoring off the City the following morning. I found that General Banks had arrived with his expedition a few days before and had relieved General Butler[,] who departed from New Orleans on the 24th. The French Admiral Reynaud arrived on the 20th and left again on the 27th for the West Indies. Admiral Farragut[,] with the United States Squadron was lying off the City and remained there at the date of our leaving, also the French sloop “Catinat” and screw Gun vessel “Renaudin”, and the Spanish paddle sloop “Blasco de Garay”. On the morning of January 2nd 1863[,] in accordance with orders from Commander Hewett, I left for Mobile off which place I arrived on the afternoon of the 3rd.

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Before making the land (it being thick and blowing fresh from SE) I observed the Blockading Squadron at anchor off the Bar, and extending along the coast. When within about 2 miles of the Senior Officer’s Ship, for whom we were steaming, a Gun boat detached from her[,] steamed towards this ship[,] and fired a shot which pitched a considerable distance on our Port Bow; I was prepared by Admiral Farragut before leaving New Orleans for some little difficulty in falling in with the Blockaders, owing to the Confederate Steamer “Orito” now Florida having evaded them by passing close to one of them disguised as a British Man of War, and then pushed on quickly for the Bar, which she succeeded in crossing; I rounded to and stopped with the ship clear for action, as we came to the wind and our Ensign blew out clear, the Gun Boat hoisted an English Ensign as a signal, and coming within hail, requested me to communicate with the “Susquehanna” the Senior Officer’s Ship. I bore up for the latter and passed under stern and having communicated with Commodore Hitchcock,1 anchored off the entrance to the Bay. In conversation with the Commodore he stated the above as the reason for bringing ships to off that port by firing a shot, and expressed how he should regret any act that could give offence to the British Flag. I was unable to communicate that day with the shore; on the following morning (Sunday) I sent Lieutenant Blake2 in to communicate, he was met by a Confederate officer in a Boat, whom he desired to telegraph our arrival to the British Consul at Mobile, and that I desired him to come out and communicate with me. On Monday afternoon the 5th Inst. Mr Magee[,] H.M. Consul[,] came out in a steamer under a Flag of Truce, bringing with him 155,000 Mexican dollars, being interest due to British holders of Alabama Bonds. this specie[,] on the Consul giving me a certificate that it was bona fide British property, I took on board for passage to Havana, and as everything was quiet at Mobile, I sailed the same evening for that place. The Blockading squadron consisted of the following vessels, viz: “Susquehana” paddle 18 Guns, Commodore Hitchcock, one screw steamer, apparently a converted merchant ship, mounting 8 Main deck Guns and 1 Upper deck pivot, Five Gun boats of 5 or 6 Guns each. The whole formed in a semicircle around the entrance to the Bay and sufficient in point of numbers to keep up an Effective blockade.

1 Robert Bradley Hitchcock (1804–88). US Navy officer. Entered, 1825; Lt, 1835; Cmdr, 1855; Capt, 1862; Cdre, 1862. 2 George Herbert Blake (1839–1907). Entered, 1853; Sub-Lt, 1860; Lt, 1862; Cmdr (Ret.), 1884.

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I was informed that the Confederate steamer “Orito” or Florida had been armed and manned on arrival at Mobile with about 16 Guns and 200 Men, and she was then lying just inside the Bar ready to run out the first favorable opportunity, she is commanded by Captain Moffitt1 late of the U.S. Navy. I arrived at Havana on the morning of the 9th Inst[,] having sailed the greater part of the way from Mobile, and on Saturday the 10th coaled and landed specie, and sailed on the morning of the 12th for Nassau. H.M. Consul informed me that the “Landrail” and “Cygnet” had gone to Jamaica for provisions, and that the “Steady” had gone to the Coast of Yuchatan [sic] to look for a steam slaver reported to be there. I arrived at Nassau on the morning of the 15th, having Experienced during the whole passage strong and unfavorable winds, meeting HMS’s “Galatea” and “Barracouta” also making for that Port, having communicated with Captain Maguire, anchored outside, and on the following morning[,] having received on board an anchor and some lengths of Bower and stream cable belonging to H.M.S. “Rinaldo”, a Gig belonging to “Cygnet” and some Armstrong shot and shell from the wreck of the “Conqueror”[,] sailed at noon of that day for this place and arrived to-day. Foul winds have prevailed during the passage except for two days[,] during which time we were disconnected2 and under sail[.] 175. Grey to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1d]

Admiralty 24 January 1863

Private My dear MilneYou will receive by this mail a copy of the F.O. letter to L. Lyons on the Tuscarora’s doing at Madeira3 and also Lord Lyons’ correspondence relative to the Bahamas. Not much of consequence in either. I think that the Law Officers (whose opinion on the Madeira case I have seen) push neutral rights rather to an extreme when they say that we

1 John Newland Maffitt (1819–86). American naval officer. Entered US Navy, 1832; Lt, 1843; resigned commission, 1861; Lt, Confederate Navy, 1861; Cmdr, 1863. 2 I.e., the paddles were disconnected from the crankshaft. 3 On this incident, see ORN, vol. 1, pt 1, pp. 564–6. It was alleged that the Tuscarora had been using Madeira, a neutral port, as its base of operations, and had stopped and searched British-flagged merchant vessels. Using a neutral port was a violation of international law.

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have grievances both against Portugal and the U. States for the conduct of the Tuscarora. Portugal has a clear case against the U.S. & we can call on Portugal to prevent her territorial rights from being violated to our prejudice[,] but I would have thought that the English [ship] having been boarded on the high seas without any breach of British territorial rights[,] we had hardly a case against the U.S. I have little to tell you[.] £2000 are inserted in the Estimates for next year for Sick Quarters at Halifax & your house is I hope safe. The question of a dock at Bermuda is adjourned[,] but we propose to try the Hydraulic lift at home1 & if it answers[,] it can be adopted hereafter at Bermuda. The Duke of Somerset is looking into the paper which I daresay you have seen drawn up by Mr Harvey2 & adopted by 1100 officers advocating a large scheme of retirement & Increase of pay. It would cost immediately a quarter of a million & more hereafter. It would not work in my opinion[.] 176. Milne to Somerset [Somerset Mss Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/24]

HMS Nile Bermuda 24 January 1863

My dear Sir I write to your Grace by the Mail which leaves this tomorrow for Halifax[,] to mention the arrival of HMS Vesuvius from New Orleans, Mobile, Havana, & Nassau. No apprehension Existed at New Orlean’s respecting any outbreak of the Slaves. all was quiet and orderly, so much

1 The question of providing Bermuda with a graving dock was then under debate at the Admiralty. A description of the hydraulic lift dock to which Grey referred can be found in Leveson Francis Vernon Harcourt, Harbours and Docks: Their Physical Features, History, Construction and Maintenance … (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1885), pp. 461–2. For further on the subject, see Doc. No. 347. 2 Grey was referring to a sweeping retirement scheme aimed at increasing the flow of promotion in the active ranks, the result of a sustained lobbying effort by many naval officers. The Reverend William Harvey, son of Admiral Sir Thomas Harvey and brother of two future flag officers, served as coordinator of the effort. In 1860 Harvey had addressed to First Lord Somerset a public letter titled ‘The Present State of the Navy: its Defects and their Remedy’. For this initiative, see ‘Copies of letter from Sir John Hay to the Duke of Somerset, with enclosure, dated 26 Jan 1863; and, of memorandum of the Duke of Somerset, on the promotion and retirement of officers of the Royal Navy, dated 13 Feb 1863’, PP, 1863, vol. 36, pp. 121–51. Harvey and his allies eventually pressured the House of Commons into appointing a Select Committee to investigate the subject. See ‘Report from the Select Committee on Navy (Promotion and Retirement); together with the proceedings of the committee, minutes of evidence, appendix and index’, PP, 1863, vol. 10, pp. 71–617.

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so that Capt Hewett proposed leaving in Rinaldo for this place on the 22d of this Month[.] The Styx would have sailed today, to relieve the Rinaldo, and will still proceed to New Orlean’s[,] as I consider it is desirable to have a ship there. Lt Croke has committed a foolish act by receiving on board at Mobile a blockaded Port, $155,000 which our Consul brought out to the Vesuvius under a Certificate that it was British property.1 I am much annoyed at this breach of blockade, but the Consul is more to blame than Lt. Croke. I will have to write to Lord Lyons on the subject Expressing my regret, as the U.S. Govt. may probably complain of this unusual proceeding. I am obliged to send the Spiteful[,] Comdr Wilson[,] to England, as her Boilers are worn out, and it is no use patching them any longer. I would be very glad if your Grace could turn over Comdr Wilson with his officers & Men to another ship, as he has not completed the usual period of service in the Spiteful, and he is Entirely dependant [sic] on the Service, and I would be glad if he should return to the Station.2 Melpomene sailed yesterday for Barbados and Africa[.] Vesuvius brings the report of the French in Mexico having made their attack on Puebla & repulsed with a loss of 3000 men.3 I am glad to say our Ships are perfectly Healthy. 177. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN 116/2]

Bermuda 24 January 1863 [received 17 February]

My dear Grey I write by Packet to Halifax and I have this Evening received the Mail from the Admlty of 31 Dec via St. Thomas’s[,] also Mails from Jamaica, Vera Cruz &c &c. All is quiet at Matamoras and no American cruisers have been seen for several months. Orlando therefore leaves the Gulf and is on her way here. Vesuvius arrived from New Orleans this afternoon[.] all [is] quiet there[,] so much so that Rinaldo was also coming away, but Styx will go there to look after British Interests …

1 Milne’s public letter on this subject, no. 80 of 26 Jan 1863 and its enclosures, are not included in this collection. They are found in ADM1/5819. 2 Wilson was not assigned to another ship, but was promoted to captain on 25 Mar 1863. 3 This information was erroneous.

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The Melpomene sailed yesterday for Barbados and Africa then home[.] Kite will leave this in four or five days for Spithead. She is a very good vessel for this if you will have her repaired. no slavers have been taken altho I have had 4 vessels round Cuba for some months, nor have any been seen, but Cargoes have been landed[,] I believe over 3000 [slaves] … I Expect the English Mail of the 10 Jany early next week by the Desperate[,] and I am not going to send any other vessel to Halifax[.] It appears to me unnecessary. I have nothing of any importance[.] Ships [are] all healthy which is very satisfactory. The Normandie has suffered dreadfully[,] lost over 300[.] Randolph writes me her Bilges are very dirty. our Ships I will answer for it are very clean. 178. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5819]

“Nile”, at Bermuda 25 January 1863 [received 17 February]

No. 79 Sir, Since writing my despatch No. 74 of the 23rd Instant, I beg you will acquaint their Lordships that the West India mail has arrived, bringing me their Lordships’ letters sent from England on the 2nd Instant. 2. – I have nothing of moment to communicate from the West Indies but the accompanying copy of a letter of proceedings, dated the 1st Instant, from Captain Randolph of Her Majesty’s Ship “Orlando”, the Senior Officer in the Gulf of Mexico, will give their Lordships a satisfactory account of the state of affairs at Matamoras, and as the presence of 2 heavy frigates is no longer considered necessary to assure proper protection to the legal Trade of the place, Captain Randolph proposes, in compliance with the Instructions I had given as reported in my letter No. 949 of the 23rd November last,1 repairing to Bermuda, leaving Captain Hancock of the “Immortalité” in charge of the Station. 3. – Captain Randolph has privately pointed out to me the prejudicial effect of there not being at the moment a Consul or Consular agent at Matamoras unconnected with Trade, the present British Vice Consul, a

1

Not included in this collection. See, however, Doc. No. 146.

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German, not appearing to him sufficiently independent for his responsible Post. 4. – Captain Randolph’s letter will also put their Lordships in possession of the latest authoritative information I have received relative to the French Proceedings in Mexico. [Enclosure] Randolph to Hugh Dunlop HM Ship “Orlando” Vera Cruz 1st January 1863 Sir, I had the honor of reporting to you on the 10th Ultimo, by the Greyhound, which I sent to rejoin your Pendant in accordance with your orders of the 24th November, that I was then on my way to the Rio Grande. Experiencing bad weather I did not anchor there until the 16th, after dark. On the following day I proceeded myself to Matamoros, to ascertain the state & prospects of Trade, which I found active in Cotton from Texas, about 10,000 Bales being ready for shipment, and more arriving from the interior almost daily. But at this season of the year the bar is not passible on an average more than one day in twelve or fourteen; and consequently, it frequently requires from two to three months to load a vessel outside; and, during the fortnight that I was off the place, the Steam lighters never crossed the Bar. None but the smallest vessels, drawing at most five feet, or American Schooners with lifting centre boards, can cross, and in the Roads there is generally so much Swell that when the Lighters can cross the bar, they cannot lay alongside Ships to discharge. About 30 vessels of different nations were in the Roads, but principally American Schooners under English Colours, and many had been there for three months. No American Cruizer had been seen for three months, nor had any interference with any vessel been known to occur since the “Will of the Wisp” was taken, many months ago, by the “Montgomery”.1 Some alarm existed among the Mexicans of a French descent, and a rumour was also industriously Circulated that an American expedition,

1

On this seizure, see Bernath, Squall Across the Atlantic, pp. 47–9.

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under General Banks, was coming to land at Bragos de Santiago,1 to stop the Cotton traffic across the Mexican Frontier. A freight of $300,000 was ready for shipment by the Orlando, and a Considerable further amount of specie arrived at Matamoros from the Interior on the 20th December, much of which, I believe, would also have been shipped, if the Bar had been practicable. HM Ship “Immortalité” arrived at Rio Grande on the 21st from Bermuda, with orders from the Commander in Chief, a copy of which I enclose, and in pursuance of which I sailed, leaving the “Immortalité” there, And deeming it desirable to ascertain the progress of events, and to receive the present Mail, and Communicate with you before leaving the Gulf, I came to Vera Cruz, calling at Tampico on my way; and arrived here on the 30th Ultimo. At Tampico I learnt that a Detachment of about a hundred French Soldiers in ascending the River in Boats, for the purpose of taking Old Tampico, were attacked and beaten back, with a loss of 25 men killed. Admiral Jurien de la Graviere is on shore there, with his Flag in the steam corvette Berthollet. His Flag Ship, the Normandie, having lost her Captain, Surgeon, and others from Yellow fever, has gone to Saint’s Island, Guadeloupe,2 the Admiral’s Chef d’Etat Major, and other officers being now in Hospital at Vera Cruz with the same complaint. The Line of Battle Ship “Fontenoy” is gone to Havana and Tourville to Martinique, and there remain, therefore, only three or four Paddle Steamers, and an equal number of Transports on this Coast. I omitted to mention previously an unfortunate accident to a cutter of this Ship which swamped on the Bar at Rio Grande, by which one of her crew was drowned. A norther, which has been blowing ever since I returned here, and has obliged the Packet to keep the sea, has prevented my obtaining the latest news from the shore, but I learn from Commander Preston of the “Medea” that Despatches or letters have been received by the Consul at Vera Cruz from Sir Charles Wyke, but none for the Senior Naval Officer. Also that the French Army has advanced from Orizaba, but how far he is not aware. I shall, at the latest moment, add any information I can obtain.

1 Brazos Santiago or Brazos, an island off the Texas coast immediately north of the international boundary, 26°150 North, 97°927 West. 2 Îles des Saintes, 15°51 North, 61°36 West.

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It is my intention to start, immediately after the Packet, for Havana, and to join the Commander in Chief, in compliance with his orders, leaving the “Medea” here under Captain Hancock’s orders, with all the Provisions &c she can stow . . .  P.S. … The French have not moved from Orizaba yet. The Fortifications of Mexico [City] are almost Complete, and defended by 40,000 men under Comonfont,1 who is Confident of being able to defend it. General Forey2 has ordered the garrison to be withdrawn from Tampico. Two thousand mules have arrived from New York for the French during my absence. 179. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Bermuda 25 January 1863 [received 12 February]

My dear Lord Lyon’s The Vesuvius arrived yesterday afternoon from New Orleans, Mobile, Nassau, calling at Havana. I regret to say the Treasure mentioned in your former Letter, was received on board this ship, and conveyed to HMs Consul at Havana. It appears the Consul brought it alongside the Vesuvius under a Flag of Truce, and Lt. Croke[,] who commands the Vesuvius in the absence of her Captain, refused to have anything to do with it unless he (the Consul) certified that it was bona fide British property and there was no other mean’s of sending it to England. I am Exceedingly angry and annoyed at this transaction, and had actually written Orders three days ago to go by HMS Styx to New Orleans calling at Mobile, on no account to allow this Treasure to be Embarked. Neither the Consul at New Orleans, the Consul at Mobile, or The Naval Authorities appear to have been aware of the illegality of the act[,] but I blame the Consul more than Lt. Croke, for he has more Experience and knowledge of such matters, and ought in my opinion to have been more guarded, at the sametime I have Expressed to Lt. Croke my disapproval of the shipment of the Treasure; He is quite surprised at my doing so, and felt in taking it on board he was doing what was really his duty.

1 Ignacio Gregorio Comonfort de los Ríos (1812–63). Mexican soldier and politician. President of Mexico, 1855–58. 2 Élie Frédéric Forey (1804–72). French soldier. Commander of the French expeditionary force in Mexico.

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It is very unfortunate your Telegh. did not reach Mobile in time. I write in haste … 180. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [3]]

Washington 1 February 1863

Private My dear Sir Alexander, Just as I was sending off the Despatches which I wrote to you on the 30th, I received your telegram of the 15th, informing me of the treasure’s having been put onboard the “Vesuvius”. The Government here have not yet received any positive information of the fact, but they have taken occasion from a statement in a newspaper to direct Mr Adams to call Lord Russell’s attention to the subject. I sent a copy of your telegram home on the 30th, so that the Government will know what has really happened, before Mr Adams makes his representation. Mr Seward read me his instructions to Mr Adams[,] but did not ask me any questions nor invited any observations. I thought it advisable not to say anything of what I knew or of what I had done, because it will be better that our Government should act as far as possible spontaneously in the matter, and at all events that the remonstrance made to them should be as temperate as possible. It is, in my opinion, a very bad affair, the Consul ought to be dismissed at once, and I hope and believe that he will be.1 When the promised answer about the insult to the “Barracouta’s” boat came, I thought it anything but satisfactory, as you will easily believe, when I tell you that I preferred to it, as an answer to our complaint, the letter from the Secretary of the Navy which I sent you officially on the 30th.2 In fact the original answer amounted to a counter accusation against our officers, and conveyed the impression that I must have promised to “enjoin them” to behave better in future.

1 He was. On 16 Feb 1863 the Secretary of the Admiralty sent Milne a letter (No 91 M) enclosing Lord Russell’s 14 Feb instructions to Lord Lyons to “take the earliest opportunity of acquainting Mr. Seward with the whole particulars of this transaction, & you will inform him that as soon as possible after becoming acquainted with what Magee had done, HM’s Govt. sent orders to YL to dispense with his further services. You will say further that HM’s Govt. greatly regret that any person in their employment should have been guilty of such conduct as that which has led to the immediate dismissal of Mr. Magee.” See MLN/114/4. For Lyons’s letter to Seward on the subject, see FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 516–17. 2 The American response of which Lyons complained is printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, p. 498.

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The “Nonesuch”, one of the captured vessels mentioned in your Despatch of the 16th of December, has been released by the Prize Court at Key West, on the ground that her papers showed she was on a legal voyage. The question of her having been seized within British jurisdiction does not appear to have been raised. The “Elias Reed” being a Confederate vessel, has been condemned on the ground that she belonged to an alien enemy. The Navy Department here disputes the fact of her having been taken in British Waters, as you know. Supposing the fact to be proved, it will be open to our Government to take what course they please in vindication of our jurisdiction. The obligation to consider the interests of the owners is very small in such a case I should think. I am glad to take Mr Bunch away from Charleston[,] because his presence there would have given rise to all kinds of difficulties in case of an attack on that place by the Federals. The loss of his reports will however be a disadvantage to me, but it is the less evil of the two. I was prepared for his asking the “Peterel” to go into the harbour. Captain Watson writes that he should have been obliged to go in at any rate, to get his yoke1 mended, which he broke in a heavy gale off Cape Hatteras on his way to Charleston. He says that the use of the Confederate Navy Yard was offered to him, but that he declined it, and had the repair made by his own men at a private yard. This was, I think, judicious. I have no means of knowing when or how Charleston will be attacked, or even whether it will be attacked at all. I believe the Government has left the Naval and Military Commanders great latitude as to the operations on that part of the coast.2 Nothing important has taken place in a military point of view. Political discontent with the present administration seems on the increase in the central and Western States, and the more violent partisans on both sides talk of collisions between the State Militias and the Federal Troops, if military rule is persevered in by the Government here. However neither Party seems to have any fixed plan. It is generally thought that if nothing is done before the spring, the War must come practically to an end for want of men and money. The ultra abolitionists are now reckoning upon carrying on the war with Regiments of Negroes! Owing to a mistake of my Messenger, the Despatches for you from the “Cadmus” and the “Peterel” as well as from myself, were put onboard the Packet which sailed from New York for England on the day before

1 ‘A board or bar fixed transversely to the head of the rudder, and having two cords or ropes … attached for steering.’ – OED. 2 This supposition was incorrect. The US government was applying immense pressure on South Atlantic Blockading Squadron Commander Samuel Du Pont to assault Charleston.

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yesterday, and are now at sea on their way to Europe.1 Of my own I send you duplicates to-day, but I can do nothing at present to supply the loss of those from the ships. The blunder has caused me an amount of trouble and vexation which I will not attempt to describe. The regular Queen’s Messenger was taken ill, and provided a substitute, who has turned out to be very ill suited for the work. 181. Somerset to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1c]

Admiralty 2 February 1863

Private Dear Sir Alexdr Milne There was some doubt as to the propriety of your instructions to the Senior Officer at Bermuda in reference to the mail packet from St Thomas to Halifax; namely that while he should allow the packet to be visited, he must not allow her to be seized, and that if seized, he should recapture her.2 Although the seizure of the packet would be an extreme use of belligerent rights and would justify the British Govt in demanding reparation from the Federal Government, yet it would not justify an officer in the use of force to resist the capture or to recapture the packet in the open sea. On this point we have asked the FO to give us the opinion of the law officers. I cannot send you by this mail their opinion, but it confirms the view stated above and therefore it will be necessary that on the receipt of this letter you should revoke the order given to the Senior Officer at Bermuda as it is important that we should be strictly within the law, even where officers of the Federal Govt may misapply the powers of the law. I have had a public letter sent to this effect. 182. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

HMS Nile Bermuda 2 February 1863 [received 15 February]

Private My dear Lord Lyon’s I have been disappointed in not having been able to write to you so soon as I Expected, owing to a vessel sailing from this for New York

1 See below, Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty, 18 Feb 1863, Doc. No. 189, and Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty, 20 Mar 1863, Doc. No. 199. 2 Doc. No. 163.

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having been delayed. I now send further correspondence in respect to the Treasure at Mobile, and conveying Copies of my admonitions to Lieut. Croke, and Captain Hewett of the Rinaldo.1 It was an Entire inadvertence and neglect on the part of Lieut Croke, and I can only regret what has taken place. Thanks for your Letter, and the information you give me. I may say to you that I think the affair’s here, and at Nassau with Admiral Wilkes have been completely bungled, if I may use the Expression, and I think Their Excellencies the Governor’s do not know how to treat Foreign Flag officers with proper courtesy. My Friend Mr. Bayley at Nassau[,] is I think[,] very angry with me, because I did not adopt his belligerent views. All our Naval officers have found Admiral Wilkes Exceedingly civil & courteous Except Comd Malcolm[,] who I suspect was bit with the Nassau views and feelings. I send you a note from Comdr Grant of the Steady which will amuse you[.]2 The last Mail from England is the 10th Jany[.] it brought me no news, nor any information of any description whatever. I am ignorant of the Admiraltys intentions towards myself, all I know is that “no officer has yet been selected to relieve me as their Lordships may wish me to remain” but for how long, is left in doubt. I would be glad to continue on the Station until next September or October, after that I will be glad to return to England, unless there is anything special to do out here. I will probably have to change the Cadmus at Fortress Monroe so soon as I can get a proper ship to take her place[,] as Cap Ross has been long Enough there, and I am ordered to send her to England as soon as Pylades arrives. I am getting anxious for news from your vicinity, our last is the 22, Jany. via Halifax, so that we have 11 days during which time many Events of importance may have taken place. I am thinking of starting for [the] West Indies about [the] 22d of this month, if nothing should occur to detain me, all will however depend on the Mails from England, and the news from you. I would if I go, ask you to write to me by the British Queen to Havana[.] She leave[s] New York March 2d and 28th.

1

This correspondence can be found in ADM1/5819. Doc. No. 172. Lord Lyons subsequently quoted portions of it in a letter to Earl Russell (see Doc. No. 197). 2

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183. Lord Lyons to Watson1 [ADM1/5819]

British Legation Washington 13 February 1863

Sir, I take advantage of the departure of a United States Steam Vessel for Port Royal to state to you that I have reason to think that it is unadvisable that Her Majesty’s Ship “Peterel” should remain in Charleston Harbor.2 If the protection of Her Majesty’s Subjects appear[s] to render the presence of the “Peterel” in the neighbourhood of Charleston very important, the “Peterel” might remain outside the Harbor, as near to it as circumstances admit; but I am of opinion that she should not without very strong necessity remain in the harbor; and I should be glad that she should leave the neighbourhood altogether and return to Fortress Monroe, unless there are serious objections to her doing so. The Standing Instructions of Vice Admiral Sir Alexr Milne as to the intercourse of the Officers of Her Majesty’s Ships and the Officers and people of the United States, as well as of the so-called Confederate States, and his orders on the subject of the Course to be pursued by any of Her Majesty’s Ships falling in with a United States Naval Expedition, are so complete that it is unnecessary for me to add any advice of my own upon these points[.] 184. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [3]]

Washington 15 February 1863

Private My dear Sir Alexander, I am puzzled about Mr Magee’s assertion that Lieutenant Croke told the Admiral commanding the Blockading Squadron off Mobile that Mr Magee was coming out with the treasure, and that the Admiral made no objection. Mr Croke does not seem to have mentioned this to you. But whether this conversation took place or not, I do not think Mr Croke much to blame in the matter, for it was only natural that he should suppose the

1 This letter was enclosed in Watson to Milne, 10 Mar 1863, and forwarded to by Milne to the Admiralty (in no 219) on 19 Mar 1863. 2 For Lord Lyons’s reasons for this request, see Doc. No. 184.

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Consul understood the question of international law, and think it right to be guided by him. Mr Magee is an old fool, which is the only excuse that can be made for him, and that does not excuse his neglect to report his proceedings to me. My telegram arrived the day after the Vesuvius sailed. Mr Magee dates it the 5th. This date was I suppose put at the Southern Telegraph Station at Petersburgh in Virginia[,] from which it was despatched after it had reached Captain Ross at Fortress Monroe. It was sent hence on the 3rd and dated by me that day. Nothing more has passed between Mr Seward and me on the subject, and I hope he will not revert to it, until we know the answer of Her Majesty’s Government to the representation founded on the mere rumours which Mr Adams is ordered to make to Lord Russell. A proper measure of satisfaction given at once by our Government, without any strong demand from this place, would be by far the best settlement of the matter. Mr Bunch and the People at Charleston seem to have been very much excited by the affair with the Blockading Squadron at Charleston.1 It was hardly worth while to give a Sub Lieutenant of the “Peterel” such a long and uncomfortable journey, to confirm the Newspaper Accounts that the Blockading Squadron had been out of sight for some hours.2 Mr Seward asked me yesterday to withdraw the “Peterel” from Charleston harbour.3 He read me a bit of a Despatch saying something about the inconvenience which would arise if she were in the line of fire. He was going on, I thought, to read some tittle tattle information as to the sentiments of the officers or something of that kind, but I stopped him and said that[,] considering the circumstances under which Her Majesty’s Ships visited the Blockaded Ports, it could only be in a very peculiar case that I could hesitate to do what depended upon me to withdraw one, on the slightest expression of a wish from the Government of the United States, that if there were some serious complaints against any particular ship I would forward it to you, but that it was quite useless to tell me stories about the conversation of officers, and matters of that kind. Mr Seward seemed content to let the matter rest so. I may however say confidentially to you that the “Peterel” is certainly less well looked upon by the Federal Authorities than other ships, and I think it might be a good thing to substitute some other ship of equally light draught of water for

1

See Doc. No. 189. George Watson had sent one of his subordinates overland to the North with an account of the engagement and Confederate Secretary of the Navy Stephen Mallory’s proclamation that the blockade of Charleston had been raised. See Courtemanche, No Need of Glory, p. 115. 3 For further on this subject, see Docs Nos 183, 201, 203, and 208. 2

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her on the station, if you can conveniently do so. I am always afraid of the story of the Mail Bags at Key West coming up; this was not out of my thoughts when I stopped Mr Seward. I send you officially a copy of a Note from Mr Seward announcing the resumption of the Blockade off Galveston. There is no question that that Blockade was really interrupted, though the exact dates have not yet been ascertained. The Southern Newspapers say that the “Cadmus” sailed from Charleston with Mr Bunch onboard on the 7th. The Northern Newspapers have had some “sensation” paragraphs stating that the “Cadmus” had conveyed intelligence to the “Rebels”. Mr Seward said to me the other day that it very often happened that when one did a good natured thing, one was misrepresented. The “Cadmus” had, he observed, been sent to Charleston with the kind motive of preventing the troubles and difficulties which Mr Bunch’s presence there might have caused, and it was to be regretted that this motive had not been more justly appreciated. I observed to Mr Seward that[,] after all[,] the only allegation made was that the officers of the “Cadmus” had said that an attack on Charleston was imminent. It was, I said, universally believed, both in the North and in the South, that Charleston was to be attacked immediately, the officers of the “Cadmus” had however no peculiar means of knowing whether this belief was well or ill founded, there was no evidence that they had really expressed any opinion on the subject at Charleston, and it was really not the least consequence whether they had or not. As for the “sensation headings” and comments of the Newspapers[,] they were, I said, simply the fruits of malignity, or of the pervading desire to make a bit of “startling intelligence” out of the first thing that came to hand. I did not expect another note from Mr Seward about Captain Malcolm’s threat, and Admiral Wilkes’ discourtesy, but the one of which I send you a copy today seems to be written in a friendly spirit.1 There are rumours here that the attack on Charleston will be put off until more ironclads are ready. Everything is now supposed to depend upon the news from that place and Vicksburg. The radical section of the Party now in power hope that successes in those quarters will give them prestige enough

1 Seward’s letter, dated 7 Feb 1863, stated that ‘instructions have been given to RearAdmiral Wilkes to render, on all occasions of intercourse with naval officers of Great Britain, the courtesies due from naval officers of one nation to those of a friendly power. If similar suggestions shall be given to the officers of her Majesty’s service in the gulf, I trust that irritations which have recently existed there, so much to the regret of both governments, will come to an end.’ The entire letter is printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, p. 505. Further correspondence on the subject, including Milne’s reply to Lord Lyons, can be found in ibid., p. 532.

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to rule the Country with a high hand, and keep their party in power, in spite of a majority against them in the Country. There is no doubt that the Mass of the People are heartily tired of the War and the army not less tired than the rest, but they have not yet made up their minds to separation[,] and they see that peace at this moment means separation. The great question is can they keep up the numbers of the Army after the expiration of the terms of service of a great part of it in the spring. In the present mood of People and Army they could get no recruits either by conscription or volunteering, but some military successes might change this. There is therefore a probability that the war may terminated or at any rate languish next summer. We are perhaps a shade less unpopular. This is owing to the growing ill will towards France. The Emperor’s letter to General Forey about Mexico1 has caused great wrath, and his offers of mediation, and even those of advice, keep it hot. 185. Milne to the Commanding Officers of Ships on the North America and West India Station [Milne Mss MLN/114/9]

“Nile,” at Bermuda, 16 February 1863

Sir, The recent shipment of treasure from the blockaded port of Mobile by Her Majesty’s ship “Vesuvius” on the ground that it was certified by Her Majesty’s Consul to be bona fide British property, having convinced me that an erroneous impression as to the legal effect of a properly constituted blockade to generally prevails, I deem it right to point out to the officers in command of ships under my orders[,] that even communication by neutral ships of war with a blockaded port is permissive only, and to be regarded as a relaxation of the more rigid rule of war which formerly obtained, and which would probably be again reverted to in a great maritime war; and further, that ships of war so communicating are not invested with a shadow of right to embark any property with the object of passing the blockade. The captains of Her Majesty’s ships under my orders therefore, unless at the requisition of Her Majesty’s Minister at Washington, or with the written permission of the officer commanding the blockading squadron, which they are, however, on no account to seek or ask for themselves, to refuse

1 The letter to which Lord Lyons referred was written on 3 July 1862, but not printed in full in the New York Times until 9 Feb 1863. See http://www.nytimes.com/1863/02/09/ news/the-emperor-s-letter-to-gen-forey-in-full.html.

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to receive for the above purpose any specie or other goods, whether bona fide British or not, except the official despatches of British and French Consuls, and those of such Consular Officers of other Powers in amity with the United States, as are sent in their official capacity, and paid by their respective Governments, and who are not engaged in trade. 186. Grey to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1d]

Admiralty 16 February 1863

Private My dear Milne, I have been absent for ten days on a fool’s errand as you will see by the papers having been beaten by Ferrand1 at Devonport by a majority of 30. I had not been there long before I found that it was a great mistake sending me down there, but once committed I had nothing to do but make the best of it. You will receive the approval of the F.O. of the view you take of the course to be pursued in the Bahamas. The Capture of the Elias Reed seems to me to be clearly illegal, for altho’ she may have been more than 3 miles from the Little Abaco, I cannot think that any doubt can exist of the waters between the Cays to the N[orthwar]d & Abaco being British waters. The New York papers lead one to believe that either the war must soon be brought to an end or that a further disruption of the Northern & Western states will soon follow. Buzzard will sail in a day or two to take Spiteful’s place. You will I think have force enough without Melpomene. Should it be necessary we can send you another frigate. I write in haste with much matter pressing on me[.] 187. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Nile, Bermuda 17 February 1863

My dear Grey The Vesuvius proceeds this afternoon to Fortress Monroe to be stationed in the place of the Cadmus, which ship arrived here two days ago

1 William Busfeild Ferrand (1809–89). Grey’s Conservative opponent. MP, 1841–47, 1862–65. See The Times (London), 13 Feb 1863, p. 9.

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from Charleston with Mr Bunch the Consul and family on board, and she will proceed to England in about 10 days taking Mr Bunch and family, also Captain Hewett. She is much shaken from heavy weather and is no longer fit for continued service here. The Pylades arrived last week and is now in the Basin under refit. She had a leak of 16 inches in the 24th [i.e. in 24 hours] near her Stern Post, which I am now having Examined. She is [down] 3 [feet] 6 [inches] by the Stern and is Evidently too deep[.] I have therefore directed 15 to 18 Tons of Ballast to be landed from aft. Rinaldo has arrived from New Orleans. Ariadne goes to Jamaica. The Albatross French Paddle Steamer of War arrived here two days ago for repair’s in her Machinery, and to make good other defects, having been in bad weather 100 miles to the North of this. She is from Vera Cruz with Invalids &c. The Captain reports that there is no truth respecting the defeat of the French in Mexico, but the Army was to advance on the 15th of this month. There has been an Action off Charleston and it is said that the Confederate Rams, drove the U. States Blockading Squadron to sea and raised the Blockade. I have no particulars of the Action and Lord Lyons writes me that by Mistake of his Messenger all my despatches from Peterel &c. have gone to England from New York, instead of having been sent to Halifax via Boston.1 The Confederate Secy of State had issued a Proclamation declaring Charleston an open Port, but I understand the U.S. Authorities report that the blockade was never suspended but the Ram’s were chased into Port. This may become a difficult question which Prize Courts & Foreign Govts may have to define, but until I receive Comdr Watsons official account of the Transaction I cannot give an opinion on the Merits of the case. Captain Ross of Cadmus who has been very much in the society of the U. States Authorities and very intimate with the officers, tells me that the strong feeling which Existed of the necessity of subduing the South, has Entirely ceased, and they all now admit that they can make no impression, that they are much dissatisfied with their own Government and that matters must Ere long come to a close. from all I hear I think the month of April or May will probably see the End of this sad war. I received your letter of the 24th Jany on the 14th. The plan of Mr Harvey for Retirement is Evidently the Plan to some Extent altered, which Sir J Pakington2 submitted to the Board. I recollect objecting to one part

1 For this dispatch, see Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty, 20 Mar 1863, Doc. No. 212. 2 John Somerset Pakington, Bt., 1st Baron Hampton, G.C.B., F.R.S. (1799–1880). Politician. MP, 1837–74. Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, 1852; First Lord of the

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which added 5 to 7 years to the age of officers before they were or could be Eligible for promotion to the Rank of Captain, but I have not yet seen Mr H[’s] proposal Except in the newspapers. It will prove an Expensive alteration. I have no special news for you from this … The Pump of 6 H Power sent out here, and asked for in 1858, supplied in 1861, put up in 1863, is now found unfit to pump the water up for flushing the Dock Yard and other drains. The first reservoir is 59 feet above the Pump and with 60 lbs pressure the water is got up with difficulty, but the next reservoir at the Naval Hospital is 96 feet above the Pump and ½ a mile from it and no water can be forced up[.] This is [a] bad state of affairs, and there is an absolute necessity for a Pump that will do the work[.] I hope you will at once have this gone into and a larger Pump sent out without delay[.] 10 or 12 H Power appears to be necessary[.] I will send a public letter.  [P.S,] We are very badly off for 2d Class Boys[.] those sent out have been so long Kept in England, that they have nearly all to be rated 1 C Boys on arrival or a few weeks after. 188. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

HMS Nile Bermuda 17 February 1863 [received 25 February]

My dear Lord Lyon’s The Cadmus arrived two days ago from Charleston with Mr Bunch on board, and he and his family will continue their voyage in the Cadmus[,] as I am sending her to England. The Vesuvius takes this to Fortress Monroe[,] and will be stationed there at your disposal. She is Commanded by Lieut Croke in the absence of Captain Hamilton in England. I sent off the Desperate yesterday to Charleston to take the place of the Peterel, ordered to rejoin me here, but she will go to Fortress Monroe to communicate with you and to bring over anything you may have for me; The two ships on the U.S. Coast will therefore be the Desperate[,] Comdr Thrupp[,] and Vesuvius[,] Lt Croke.

Admiralty, 1858–59, 1867–68; Secretary of State for War, 1867–68. Pakington’s scheme was ordered printed by the House of Commons. See ‘Copy of proposed plan for retirement and promotion of naval officers, which was left by Sir John Pakington, when he quitted office, in the hands of the present First Lord of the Admiralty’, PP, 1860, vol. 62, pp. 513–35.

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I have no letter from Comdr Watson respecting the Confederate Rams, having driven off the Blockading Squadron at Charleston, nor have I any report on the Subject, altho Mr Bunch has mentioned to me what took place: It is stated by the Northern Paper’s that it was only the inshore line of Ships which were driven off and that the Ships of the outer Line[,] some 7 Miles distant[,] retained their position[.] If this is really so[,] I presume it will not constitute an opening of the blockade[,] but I have no doubt some conflicting views will be taken on the subject. I do not at present see any grounds for my acting in the Matter, but will be glad to hear from you on this point. The blockade of Galveston is very much in the same position. I am much obliged to you for your long letter of the 1 Feby which reached me on the 14th by the Halifax Mail. I think the Secy of the Navy in his reply about Admiral Wilkes might have been more satisfactory.1 As Mr. Seward has written to Mr Adams on the subject of the Embarkation of the Treasure at Mobile[,] my Letters to the Admiralty would reach the F Office before any representation from Mr Adam’s could be made[,] which I am glad of. I have not made any arrangements for going to the West Indies[,] as I am not satisfied at being away from the vicinity of the U. States under the present aspect of affairs, for it certainly appears a crisis is not far distant. I have not one word of news from England[.] I will write you again in a few days should I have anything to communicate to you[.] 189. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5819]

“Nile” at Bermuda 18 February 1863 [received 17 March]

No. 135 Sir, I beg you will acquaint their Lordships that owing possibly to a mistake of the Legation Messenger who, I am informed has forwarded to England some of my despatches from HM Ships “Cadmus” and “Peterel”,2 which came by the way of Washington, I am unable to furnish their Lordships with the official details of the Proceedings of the

1

See Welles to Seward, printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, p. 498. See Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty, 20 Mar 1863, Doc. No. 201.

2

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Confederate Rams off Charleston on the 31st Ultimo; but the enclosed Extract from the “Charleston Daily Courier”1 gives[,] as I learn from Mr Bunch[,] Her Majesty’s Consul[,] who was present, a substantially correct account of the affair as believed at the time on the spot. I should observe however that Captain Ross of HMS “Cadmus”, who arrived off Charleston on the 2nd Instant, was informed by Commodore Godon, Commanding the United States Blockading Squadron, that, as detailed in the accompanying copy of a letter he addressed to Lord Lyons, none of the Blockading Ships were sunk as supposed at Charleston: – but their Lordships will not fail to notice that each of the disabled ships suffered from the Boilers being unprotected. 2. In regard to the question of the effect this temporary interruption of the Blockade, owing to the alleged withdrawal of the Blockading Squadron, Captain Ross very judiciously instructed Commander Watson of the “Peterel”[,] whom he left at Charleston, to adhere to his former Instructions, and as I apprehend Lord Lyons will have already, on the receipt of Mr. Bunch’s report, which was forwarded to him viâ Richmond by Mr Pulley[,]2 Sub Lieutenant of the “Peterel”, submitted to HM Government the question of the legal effect of these proceedings of the Blockade (as well as the analogous case of the Galveston Blockade), I have, when sending the “Desperate” to Charleston[,] directed Commander Thrupp … to continue to respect all actual and de facto Blockades, pending the receipt of further instructions, and I have taken care to inform Lord Lyons of what I have done in the matter. [Enclosure] Ross to Lord Lyons HMS “Cadmus” Off Charleston S.C. 7 Feb. 1863 My Lord, Having this day received from Commander Watson of HMS “Peterel” copies of Despatches relating to the late attack by the (so called) Confederate rams on the Federal Blockading Fleet and the assumed raising of the Blockade in consequence thereof.

1

Not included in this collection. Samuel Pulley (1841–1921) Entered, 1855; Sub-Lt, 1861; Lt, 1863.

2

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235

I beg herewith to subjoin the information I have been able to obtain from Commodores Turner1 and Godon of the United States Navy, Commanding the Fleet here, as also my own deductions from the same. The Rams appear to have attacked and injured three vessels[:] 1st. The Keystone State, shot through the boilers, and six men killed, besides some twenty wounded, she is now at Port Royal under repairs. 2nd. The “Mercedita”[,] shot through the Boilers, two men killed or wounded, surrendered and paroled when supposed to be sinking, but reached Port Royal in safety, the water in her proving only to be the escape from the injured boilers, was not injured by the concussion of the Ram. 3rd. The Quaker City shot through the Boilers, but not materially injured, continues her duty here in the Blockading Flotilla. These appear to be the only injuries sustained by the Blockading Fleet, which are in full force and vigour at this moment, and the Federal Authorities inform me that far from the squadron being drawn off, that the “Augusta” chased the Rams back[,] firing seventy shots at them, none of which however appear to have taken effect. The fact of the capture of the “Isaac Smith” U.S. Gunboat, is undeniable and uncontradicted. In view of these circumstances I have ordered Commander Watson to abide by the original orders of the Commander in Chief, Sir Alex: Milne, as well as to adhere to your Lordship’s suggestions and requisitions, and to abstain from any action arising from the assumption that the Blockade had been raised, until at least he should have received further Instructions. I have counted twelve Federal Vessels in sight from our anchorage and was boarded by one as far North as Bull’s Bay.2 My impression is that the Blockade is as effectively kept up as the difficulties of the Coast, and violence of the weather will permit. I am still of the opinion expressed to your Lordship in my private note of the 26th January[,] that no immediate attack on Charleston is contemplated, if it be not indeed indefinitely postponed. I have directed Commander Watson to return to Fortress Monroe immediately on the arrival of the French man of War at Charleston, reporting his arrival by Telegraph to your Lordship, unless meanwhile

1 Thomas Turner (1807–83). US Navy officer. Entered, 1825; Lt, 1835; Cmdr, 1855; Capt, 1862; Cdre, 1862; Rear-Adm, 1868. 2 32º58′31″ North, 79º33′29″ West.

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circumstances should arise which should render his remaining here a matter of urgent necessity[.] 190. Milne to Somerset [Somerset Mss Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/25]

HMS Nile Bermuda 25 February 1863

My dear Sir I have to acknowledge your Grace’s Letter of the 2 Feby[,] which reached me last Evening by the Mail from St. Thomas’s. The Instruction which I gave to Captain Glasse respecting the recapture of the Mail Steamer, became cancelled on my return, and therefore no longer Exists. I admit I adopted an Extreme view of the case, and had some doubt as to the Strict legality of the orders, Yet I felt that the detention of a Mail steamer would be an unjustifiable proceeding which ought to be at once resented; I am glad however Your Grace has submitted the case for the opinion of the law officers of the Crown, as their opinion will be a valuable record in future. I have to Express to your Grace and to the Board my special acknowledgements for the very gratifying Letter which I have received Extending my Command for one year. It is to me a source of much satisfaction to have received this mark of your Grace’s confidence, and you may be assured that in the discharge of my public duties, I will continue to watch with special interest, all that relates to the Naval Service and the Station. I am very anxious to leave this for the West Indies, but Lord Lyons writes me he is anxious that I should be in constant & certain communication with him, which in fact keeps me here against my will. I Expect the Peterel from Fortress Monroe with Despatches in about a week, when I will decide my Movements. Cadmus goes to England so soon as Galatea arrives from Nassau[,] now hourly Expected. The Pylades arrived from England on the 12th. She is now under refit and I am removing 20 Tons of Ballast from her and otherwise improving her stowage &c. Rinaldo is here[,] Commander Dunlop1 having joined[,] & Captain Hewett goes home in the Cadmus, also Mr Bunch[,] H.M. Consul from Charleston with his family. I have no news of any moment from this, all is going on very satisfactorily on the Station, and our ships [are] healthy. The Albatross French Ship

1

James Andrew Robert Dunlop.

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of War put in here a week ago from V[era] Cruz and sails today for Brest. She landed some wounded men at our Hospital. some will remain here. 191. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5819]

“Nile” at Bermuda 28 February 1863 [received 28 March]

No 173 Sir, With reference to your letter of the 1st November last No. 820 M I beg to enclose for their Lordships’ information the accompanying copy of a Report of Proceedings in the Gulf of Mexico of Captain Hancock of Her Majesty’s Ship “Immortalité”, from which their Lordships will perceive that no difficulties have arisen with the United States Cruizers off Matamoras in regard to the shipment of Cotton from that port. Their Lordships will also observe that Messrs Stotterfohl1 who originally applied to Earl Russell for protection to the Trade at that Port appear to have been entirely unknown there, although an Agent from Texas has recently arrived at Matamoras to act for them.2 [Enclosure] Hancock to Hugh Dunlop H.M. Ship “Immortalité off Sacrifcos, Vera Cruz 31st January 1863 [received by Milne 24 February] No. 1 Sir, Since my last letter[,] dated the 26th December 1862, I have continued off the Rio Grande[,] having once run down as far as Lobos Cay3 to meet the “Medea” and give Commander Preston such instructions for his future guidance as I considered necessary. From him I learnt that Sir

1

H. and J.N. Stotterfohl. Admiralty Minute: ‘Acquaint Sir A Milne with reference to former orders that the occasional visit of a ship of War to Matamoros will now be sufficient.’ 3 At the southern tip of the Chinchorro Bank, 18º23′20″ North, 87º23′41″ West. 2

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Charles Wyke had communicated his intention of being at Vera Cruz about the end of the month. I found that the “Medea” had directions to convey him either to New York or Bermuda[,] but as the Squadron in the Gulf is now reduced to only two Ships, I desired Commander Preston[,] in the event of Sir Charles Wyke requesting to be taken to the former Port, to point out to him the before mentioned fact and suggest that the “Medea” should only go as far as Havana, nevertheless[,] after making this suggestion[,] if Sir Charles Wyke still desired to be taken on, he was to do so. With regard to the Trade from Matamoras, I am of opinion that its importance and amount are very much over estimated in England, and that there is no probability of its being developed to a much greater extent. There were lying off the Bar from forty to fifty Vessels large and small, many of which have already been there for four months, and they have still barely completed three quarters of their Cargo, during a period of one month there were only three days in which the Steamers bringing out Cargo could cross the Bar, and no day in which they could make a second run. Each Vessel upon arrival has her name entered upon a “Register” and they can only be attended to in their turns[,] even to land the Cargoes they bring out, and after being discharged here to wait some three or four months for Cargo; thus if Messrs Stotterfohl & Sons were to send out a Fleet of Steamers to engage in this trade at once, not one of them would be attended to before the month of July next. with regard to these Gentlemen, it appears a fact worthy of notice that[,] from inquiries made at Matamoras[,] I can find no person who is acquainted with this Firm, even by name. I wish also to point out to you the fact that the Mercantile Community at Matamoras who are interested in the trade thence are under no kind of apprehension of molestation from the United States Cruizers[,] inasmuch that during my stay here nearly a Million of Dollars have been embarked on board Merchant Ships in the Roads which[,] from the facts above stated[,] must necessarily be detained there yet for many weeks, although they had previously been notified that a Ship of War would be ready to receive specie and convey it at once to Vera Cruz to catch the English Mail. I have likewise been informed that the Federal Forces in Texas have already succeeded in cutting off the supply of Cotton between the City of Brownsville and the interior[,] so that no more can be passed over to Matamoras[,] and that consequently the traffic has to find a new route and is now coming down from another pass 300 miles up the River. Under all these circumstances I think Her Majesty’s Government have been led to attach far greater importance to the representations of Messrs Stotterfohl & Sons than the plain facts of the case seem to warrant. With regard to the “wear and tear” of a ship

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like this during the Winter months upon such a Coast, where the gales are almost incessant, and there is no possible anchorage or shelter to be had anywhere within nearly 300 miles, and seldom if ever the probability of obtaining fresh Provisions for the Crew, I need make no comment[,] as you so fully know the nature of this Coast. much damage has already been sustained by the Ships waiting Cargoes during these heavy Gales[,] a number of them dragging and breaking adrift on each occasion, for those whose turn for receiving Cargo has arrived dare not put to Sea when the “Norther” threatens[,] lest they should not get back again in time as the Bar is only passable for one day immediately succeeding the Gale. I have done all in my power to repair and help those who have suffered[,] but I cannot furnish Anchors and cables, and some here lost all they had. On Sunday January 25th I received a communication from the Acting British Vice Consul at Matamoras, together with a small freight[,] and that afternoon I sailed for Vera Cruz, where I arrived on Wednesday morning, having carried a heavy “Norther” all the way down. I find the “Medea” has proceeded to Tampico to embark Sir Charles Wyke, and convey him to Havana, Commander Preston having received a letter requesting him to be there by the 27th Inst[.] In the letter from the Acting Vice Consul at Matamoras, before referred to, he tells me that he finds there is a “Transient Mercantile Firm” from Texas lately arrived at Matamoras[,] and that they are about to act for Messrs. Stotterfohl & Sons of London and Liverpool. I have no news relative to the movements of the French Troops, except that Tampico has been abandoned and the Troops, 1000 in number, have been sent up from here to join the Army near Puebla, the reason for abandoning Tampico was that they found themselves isolated there, and could obtain no supplies of any kind. Moreover General Forey insists upon having all his Forces united before he makes his attack. There arrived on the 27th by the English Mail an Aide-de-Camp of the Emperor of the French charged with Despatches for General Forey, rumour says they are important and forbid any forward movement towards Mexico [City]. I understand the Mail Steamer has on board a quantity of Provisions for the “Orlando”[,] but her stay was so short and it was blowing so hard, that I was unable to find out what it was. I only hope there is no more Bread, we are suffering from plethora not from want, being overdone with everything. It is my intention to remain here a few days, probably until the “Medea” returns, and then proceed to Tampico, Rio Grande, and Galveston, returning here by the end of the month for the Mail. I have received nothing from the Commander in Chief or the Admiralty. Vice Admiral Jurien de la Gravieré is here, having his Flag in the “Dryade”, there are also four Paddle Wheel Steamers, the Transport “Allier”

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and two Gunboats. The Weather is very fine and cold, and…you will perceive that our Sick List is wonderfully small. The Surgeon is anxious that I should give the Crew as many days of Fresh Meat and Vegetables as possible, as we have been two months almost entirely on Salt Meat. 192. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5820]

“Nile”, at Bermuda 28 February 1863 [received 22 March]

No. 174 Sir, It is with extreme regret that I feel called upon to lay before their Lordships the accompanying report of an enquiry which I ordered to be held on board Her Majesty’s Ship “Cadmus”[,] in consequence of a personal representation from Captain Ross[,] now in command of that ship, which I directed him to report by letter of which I forward a copy. 2. The practices which that enquiry has brought to light are so discreditable to the discipline of that ship previous to Captain Ross joining, that had Captain Hillyar been still in her I should have considered it my duty to have assembled a Court Martial to enquire into the improper treatment of Robert Baker[,] Boy 1 Class, who it appears was not only subjected to gross ill treatment, but from being driven to desert from the ship is now unjustly charged £3 for Desertion[,] £1.10.0 Expenses, in addition to forfeiture of Pay due, Clothes &c. and which desertion the enquiring officers consider was not willful, but was caused by systematic ill usage. 3. Captain Hillyar left the “Cadmus” at Halifax on the 23rd July[,] agreeably to their Lordships’ permission[,] and as Captain Ross[,] who was appointed acting Captain to her was then at St. Johns Newfoundland; I appointed Lieut. Lillingston to take charge of the ship and proceed to that Port. she accordingly sailed from Halifax on the 24th, arrived at St. Johns on the 29th[,] and Captain Ross took Command on the 30 July last; the transactions relative to the Boy Baker therefore took place while Lieut. Lillingston was actually in charge, and I could have held him responsible and brought him at once to trial, had he not brought forward Captain Hillyar’s name and stated that he believed he was only carrying out his Captain’s orders. 4. Under these circumstances it appears to me no further investigation, whatever shape it may take, whether Court Martial or enquiry, could fairly go on without the presence in some character of Captain Hillyar himself, as the whole system of the ship would have to be enquired into,

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and I have therefore determined on referring all the papers for the consideration of their Lordships who will observe that Lieutenant Lillingston so far forgot his duty as actually to ask Captain Ross’ sanction for the Boy Baker being sent on shore or permitted to run.1 [Enclosures] Ross to Milne Relative to Robt Baker Boy 1 Class H.M.S. “Cadmus” Bermuda 24 Feb: 1863 Sir, I have the honor to call the attention to the circumstances under which Robert Baker[,] Boy 1st Class appears to have run[,] Compelled to leave this ship at St. Johns Newfoundland on the 30th July 1862[,] being the day on which I assumed the command[.] The circumstances of his desertion being reported to me on the 31st[,] a few hours before the sailing of the ship, I immediately issued descriptions offering £3 reward for his apprehension and caused them to be placed in the hands of the police[,] time not admitting of further proceedings. On the 13th October 1862[,] the Boy being brought back by H.M.S. “Peterel”[,] I enquired into the circumstances of the case and ascertained that he had been cruelly ill used by Frederick Bowles, Chief Boatswain’s mate, by being scrubbed with sand and canvas and finally beaten with a rope’s end, also that an attempt was made by Bowles to pass him over the side in the 4 to 6 Watch, which however was frustrated by the Sentry James Mills Gunner R.M.A. Finally, an opportunity appears to have been taken to call off the Ship’s Corporal soon after 8 P.M.[,] so that the Boy might be sent over the side[.]

1

Admiralty Minute: ‘Write to Capt Hillyar in accordance with terms of draft letter[.] Aqt C in Chf two C. Mtl will be held and charges sent[.] Solicitor to lay all papers including draft letter before Mr. [Robert Porrett] Collier [later 1st Baron Monkeswell, (1817–86). Then Judge-Advocate of the Fleet] who is to draw charges agst Capt Hillyar & Lt. Lillingston and also agst Master at Arms & Boatswain mate who will be tried if Capt Hillyar & Lt. Lillingston are acquitted.’ The ensuing court martial found both Hillyar and Lillingston guilty, Hillyar being sentenced to a severe reprimand, and Lillingston to dismissal from the service, although the Board granted him clemency. The Court Martial minutes are found in ADM1/5863.

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Lieutenant Hunt1 appears to have been Officer of the watch[,] and to have witnessed some part of the ill-treatment the Boy received[,] but owing to the lapse of time and the entire absence in my mind of any suspicions of illtreatment, I find great difficulty in fixing the exact time and circumstances. Considering the case would involve considerable correspondence if reported from a distance, I thought it better to take the first opportunity of bringing it under your personal notice[.] Alfred Langdon Gunner’s Mate[,] John Smith, Gunner R.M.A. and Benjamin Hurrell Gunner R.M.A. are witnesses of the ill treatment[.] Milne to Randolph and Hood 25th February 1863 Referred to Captains Randolph & Hood who are forthwith to repair on board the “Cadmus” and make a full and searching Enquiry into the circumstances herein set forth, stating to me their opinions thereon & whether they consider the Chief Boatswain’s Mate to have acted on his own responsibility (should the facts be proved) or under the authority of any [officer of]2 the ship[.] Randolph and Hood to Milne  Report of enquiry relative to R. Baker B 1st Cl. H.M. Ship Cadmus Bermuda 26th February 1863 Sir, In pursuance of your order of the 25th February we have been on board H.M. Ship Cadmus and have the honor to report the following result of our enquiry[.] Robert Baker, Boy 1st Class[,] the complainant[,] states that he was forced to leave the Ship by the violence and ill usage of Frederick Bowles, Chief Boatswain’s Mate. That on the day of his leaving, during the Ship’s Company’s dinner hour Frederick Bowles took him on the Forecastle, caused him to be stripped naked, scrubbed with sand and canvas by William Haynes[,]

1

George G. Hunt (b. c.1840). Entered, c.1855; Lt, 1862; Cmdr, 1878. These words were omitted by the clerk who copied Milne’s instructions to Randolph and Hood. 2

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Boy 1st Class, and then he (Bowles) beat him violently with ropes ends about the deck over his naked body in the presence of females (washerwomen); that he was then made to go into a copper Punt [sic] naked to scrub a jumper[,] and told by the same Bowles to jump overboard and swim on shore; that on coming on board from the copper Punt he was made to stand on the gangway with no clothes but two Bread bags; he does not know how long; that he appealed to the Assistant Surgeon, Mr. Samuel Grose1 but obtained no assistance. That in the last day watch[,] Bowles passed him over the Starboard gangway into a Bumboat[,] but the Sentry James Mills R.M.A. stopped him[,] and he was then passed over the Port side by the Ship’s Corporal, James Johns, into H.M. Ship Desperate’s Dingy, in which he landed. He waited a few days until the Cadmus sailed and then gave himself up to the Police at St. Johns as a deserter. He further states that he has been frequently kept for weeks dressed in nothing but bread bags. John Smith, Gunner R.M.A. corroborates the complainant’s statement as to what occurred on the Forecastle on the day referred to and to his being frequently clothed in Bread Bags. Alfred Langdon, Gunner’s Mate gives similar evidence but he did not see the scrubbing with sand. Considered Baker a willing, good lad, told Bowles it was a shame to treat him as he did; many men were present, and it was the general talk of the lower deck. Baker was kept out of any mess for a very long time. Thomas Regan, A.B. Gives the same evidence as to fact and character. Edward Elsigood, AB[,] formerly Captain of the Maintop[,] does the same[.] James Mills, Gunner R.M.A. States that Bowles placed Baker into the Bumboat but he (Mills), being sentry[,] called him back when Bowles called him a Bloody old fool and he had no occasion to take any notice of it. Benjamin Hurrell Gunner R.M.A. States positively that he, being sentry at the Port Gangway, Ships Corporal James Johns passed Baker over the side into the Desperate’s Dinghy. James Johns, Ships Corporal. After prevarication admitted he could not deny having done so[.]

1

Samuel Grose (b. 1837). Asst Surgeon, 1859; 2nd Class Staff Surgeon, 1870.

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Lieutenants Lillingston, Hunt and Sandys1 all give evidence that the lad was frequently clothed in Bread Bags[.] Mr. Samuel Grose, Asst. Surgeon could not remember anything clearly[,] but had some recollection of being appealed to by the lad when suffering. Is not sure whether he reported it to the Surgeon. But considered the complaint trivial and took no steps. George Wamell [sic], Master at Arms states that Lieutenant Lillingston gave orders to scrub the boy with sand and canvas, but does not know whether to himself, (the Master at Arms) or to Bowles. Captain Hillyar, as well as the first Lieutenant, frequently ordered him to be put into Bread Bags. Also ordered him to make no entries in the Defaulters Book[,] except selections made by the Captain on Sundays[.] Lieutenant Lillingston confirmed the evidence of the Master at Arms respecting the entries in the defaulters Book; Heard orders given by Captain Hillyar to nearly all the Petty Officers to ropes end the Boy[,] and had ordered the same himself believing he was carrying out his Captain’s orders. Did not order Baker to be scrubbed with Sand and Canvas; Captain Hillyar ordered him to be kept in Bread bags. Lieutenant Hunt. Received a report in the forenoon as officer of the watch from Bowles that Baker was covered with vermin. did not report it but ordered him to be allowed to wash his clothes. Subsequently, after he was relieved, saw Willm Haynes washing Baker with his trousers on. Went forward to see but saw no canvas or Sand[.] Thought it was all right, as it was the custom for men to wash clothes or themselves when they liked. Lieutenant Sandys was officer of Baker’s division, understood he was habitually dirty, but never reported him. He (Baker) was not allowed by Captain Hillyar to come to Muster. Frequently heard Captain Hillyar ordered him to be clothed in Bread Bags. Shewed by Divisional List that he had (shortly before he left the Ship) a tit sufficient for cleanliness [sic]. W. H. Adam, Surgeon.2 Never received any report from Mr. Grose of Baker complaining. Was never aware of his being ill treated or dirty. Went round Divisions, never noticed the lad; when in sick list the lad was not dirty[,] and had sufficient clothes. Frederick Bowles. requested permission to produce a written statement annexed.

1

Henry Stair Sandys (1841–1912). Entered, c.1854; Lt, 1860; Cmdr, 1869. William Hogarth Adam (1831–1911). Asst Surgeon, 1853; Surgeon, 1861; Fleet Surgeon, 1876; Deputy Inspector of Hospitals and Fleets, 1886. 2

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Bowles to Randolph and Hood, nd  I had charge of the supernumeraries by Order of Captain & 1st Lieutnt[.] Boy Baker was one of them[.] I had by order of the aforesaid to muster them with their Hammock’s Every morning[,] their Bag’s Every Tuesday and found Boy Baker with his Bag all dirty. I made the case known to Mr. Hunt[,] 3rd Lieutnt [&] Officer of the watch who ordered me to take him and get him washed. Prior to my obeying this order[,] I asked the Master at Arms, what was to be done with the Boy. He told me to take him into the Head and get him scrubbed with sand and canvas, and cut his hair close. I did has [sic: ‘as’] the Master at Arms ordered Me[,] the Order to report the Boy Clean with his hair cut short, the Master at Arms Ordered me to keep him to all the dirty work on the Lower Deck and also by Order of the Captain, and 1st Lieutnt[,] after their remarks to me to look at this dirty brute[.] I answered that I had done all in my power[,] but that it was of no use and I could not keep him Clean. upon my saying this[,] I was Ordered to put him in a Bread Bag suit which I made for him also by order of the 1st Lieutnt[.] I did thrash the boy with a ropes end[,] also other Petty Officers were ordered to do so[.] I acknowledge that I did thrash the Boy with a ropes End several times but it was by Order by the Captain and 1st Lieutnt[.] I know nothing of his running away during the dinner hour[.] I passed him down to the Bumboat to get something to eat as he wanted[,] as I had charge of him[.] I also see [sic: ‘saw’] him back again and also saw him Several times after that during the same day[.] Frederick Bowles His Mark X There is no entry whatever of Baker in the Record of Conduct Book. There are two entries for dirtiness in the Defaulters Book, and seven altogether, one of which is for accusing Bowles of an indecent assault on another Boy for which he (Baker) received – 8 lashes. No parchment certificate could be produced, it having been sent to the Accountant General. From the description Book we find the following to have been his previous character: – Fisgard – Good Victory – Time only. Indus – Very Good for 8 Months Imaum – Very Good for 15 Months We are of opinion that[,] notwithstanding an entry in the Defaulters Book for a previous attempt at desertion, which on enquiry, we consider unfounded, the lad did not willfully desert, but was driven out of the ship by systematic ill usage. We consider Frederick Bowles did not generally act on his own responsibility, but was under the orders of the Captain or 1st Lieutenant, though

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on the 31st July, the day on which Baker left the Ship, he (Bowles) acted with excessive and unauthorized severity, in beating the boy while naked, to which, however, he was instigated by having been frequently found fault with for not having been severe enough. But in the absence of Captain Hillyar, who is said to have authorized the numerous irregularities above deposed to[,] we are unable to decide to which to the above named officers the blame is to be attached. We think it right to add that Captain Ross states that on his taking command[,] Lieut. Lillingston asked him if the Boy Baker might be sent ashore or permitted to run[,] which he positively forbade. 193. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Bermuda 28 February 1863 [received 22 March]

No. 11 My dear Grey I am I regret to say obliged to send to the Board The report of an Enquiry I ordered on board the Cadmus, in consequence of the ill treatment and forced Desertion of a Boy of the 1st C. I would have tried the First Lieut here as he was in charge of the ship at the time, Cap Hillyar having gone home, if it had been possible to do so, but Cap Hillyar would have been required as a witness and probably as a principal. It is therefore impossible for me to order a C. Martial under the circumstances and I am there obliged to send the Paper’s to the Board for Your Lordships decision[.] this I regret, but have no alternative[.] a more disgraceful proceeding and one so discreditable could not be conceived. The Cadmus has never been a satisfactory ship[.] 194. [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Milne to Grey Bermuda 3 March 1863 [received 22 March]

No 2. My dear Grey I have nothing very special for you[.] Cadmus conveys this to England[.] The Comdr of Galatea2 is Invalided from varicose veins from

1 This was the first of three letters to Grey written between 28 Feb and 4 Mar 1863 and sent in the same mail. 2 Charles Gowan Lindsay (1829–71). Entered, c.1844; Lt, 1852; Cmdr, 1861.

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which he suffer’s and he is unfit for duty. Orlando is here still in the hands of the Caulkers and Engineers with her Screw Bearing[.] There is no doubt the sand from Holystoning decks has been the cause of all the mischief[.] Galatea arrived from Nassau on Saturday last all well. Pylades sails for Jamaica next week and Peterel will go to Barbados so soon as she arrives from Fortress Monroe. I hope to leave this for Jamaica next week, returning here Early in May before going on to Halifax.  [P.S.] I have appointed Lt. Butler of Galatea to be Acg Comdr in the vacancy in that ship, as he is an officer of conspicuous service in China. 195. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Bermuda 4 March 1863 [received 22 March]

No 3 My dear Grey A public letter goes home today respecting Labour in the Naval Department. The fact is, no Labour can be obtained on the Island. The Coloured people are not sufficient for Island purposes[,] consequently the Island is partially uncultivated, and there are no men to be got. The Convicts are withdrawn, and the last 136 sail for England on the 25th of this month[.] We must therefore provide our own Labourer’s from Ships, or from the Marine Artificers, but paying them 1 [shilling]/3 [pence] per day is Excessive. Now what is to be done? The Convict Department used to furnish some 150 or more Convicts who did Labourer’s duty, and we now want a substitute for them. This is indispensable, and I must have you at Home to decide the question having the facts of the case before you. The Convict Estbt. has ceased, but there is much for Convicts to do here, in Government works. There is however no doubt, The one here has been a very Expensive and Extravagant Estbt. and the Convicts themselves far better treated than our own men, getting their allowance of Grog at Dinner, Smoking their Pipes at the usual hours, all night in when the Troops are out 4 nights out of the 7, and doing little work, but I presume the Home Gov. have good reason for breaking up the Estbt. Yet I cannot but think it will be again re-established.1

1 It was not. The era of punishing convicted criminals by transportation was virtually at an end.

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196. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [3]]

Washington 5 March 1863

Private My dear Sir Alexander, You will receive by the Halifax Packet some Despatches which I sent there more than a fortnight ago, under the impression that there would have been means of forwarding them thence sooner. I sent also to Halifax a Telegram, being anxious to let you know as soon as possible that I agreed with Captain Ross about the Blockade of Charleston. Mr Bunch seems to have been a little carried away by the Confederate excitement on that occasion. The arrangement I have made about the Consulate at Charleston is only a makeshift, but I could do no better. I could not throw all the details of the office upon the French Consul in quiet times, I have no one whom I could send to replace Mr Walker,1 and if I had, it would be more than probable that the Confederates would not recognize a new man. I imagine that you would rather not have one of your ships lying long at a time in Charleston Harbour. I don’t know when the attack is likely to take place[.] if I have any positive information in time[,] I shall ask Captain Thrupp to send the “Vesuvius” off the place, she draws, I think, too much water to go in. My letters from Halifax will explain why I wrote to Captain Watson to come away. Mr Seward asked me to do it, and I said that I was quite ready to do so on the mere expression of a wish from him. I declined to hear some tittle tattle which I thought he was going to tell me about the sentiments of the officers and so forth. The “Peterel” (probably without any reason)2 seems to be less liked here than other ships: your orders to her to return to you anticipate a suggestion which I made in the letters I sent to Halifax. The Consul at Mobile is summarily dismissed, in my official letter I ask you to send him the announcement of this. I am very glad we have thus anticipated any complaint on the matter of the speciè. I was glad to be able to have Mr Croke here to ascertain what was the truth about his

1 Lord Lyons profoundly mistrusted Walker owing to his strong Confederate sympathies, yet was forced to rely upon him as Acting Consul after the US government withdrew Robert Bunch’s exequatur. See Eugene H. Berwanger, The British Foreign Service and the American Civil War (Lexington, KT, 1994), p. 82–5. 2 As Milne’s private correspondence regarding Watson’s actions makes clear, there was ample reason for Northern antipathy towards him, if not his ship.

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conversation with Commodore Hitchcock. I was very much pleased by the straightforward[,] frank account he gave of the matter. Congress has passed a Bill authorizing the President to issue Letters of Marque. Mr Seward has given a sort of promise to the English and French Governments, that they shall have notice, unless under very peculiar circumstances, if the Letters are really to be issued. I have given all the warning possible of the quarrels with the Maritime Powers which cannot fail to ensue if Privateers are allowed to interfere with Foreign Commerce. I have signed with Mr Seward an additional Article extending our Slave Trade Treaty to within 30 leagues of San Domingo, Puerto Rico and Madagascar.1 The Ratifications will be exchanged in London as soon as may be. The present unpopularity of France has drawn some of the fire of the press away from us, and the Exeter Hall Meetings2 are looked on with favour by the Abolitionists in this Country, but the hopes they raise are as usual so much exaggerated that disappointment and reaction will follow. There are some rather awkward questions between the two governments on the Conscription and such matters, but nothing which threatens at present to carry us beyond Diplomatic discussion. The Session of Congress closed yesterday. Unlimited Powers have been given to the President, if they can be exercised[,] they will amount to a total change of the system of Government.3 it is thought that unless some military successes give the Government some prestige, the new powers will either lie dormant or be resisted by the People. Without the exercise of them the Army will be so much reduced in number in the Spring, that the war will languish. The mass of the Northern People are heartily tired of the war, but they cannot reconcile themselves to the separation of any part of the territory. The military events of the next few months will decide which sentiment will predominate. But the Executive Government and the Party which support it are so deeply pledged to war, and have so much power, that it is much doubted whether peace can be made until Mr Lincoln goes out [of] office two years hence. 

1 See ‘Additional article to the treaty signed at Washington, April 7, 1862, between Her Britannic Majesty and the United States of America for the suppression of the African slave trade’, PP, 1863, vol. 71, pp. 1–4. 2 Lord Lyons was referring to a large anti-slavery, pro-Union meeting sponsored by the Emancipation Society at Exeter Hall in London on 29 Jan 1863. See The Times (London), 30 Jan 1863, p. 7. 3 From the context, Lord Lyons appears to have been referring to the Enrollment Act (passed 3 Mar 1863), which gave the government the authority to conscript males age 18–45 for military service.

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[P.S.:] I am very glad indeed, for my own sake & for public affairs here that you have given up your cruise in the West Indies. 197. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [3]]

Washington 5 March 1863

Private My dear Sir Alexander, I thought it only fair that Lord Russell should know that Admiral Wilkes is not so black as he is sometimes painted, and therefore send his Lordship privately an Extract from Captain Grant’s letter to you of the 16th January.1 I send you back the letter in order that you may see exactly what text I communicated to Lord Russell. It consisted only of those words which are underlined in red ink. The Paragraph in the middle of them wh[ich] is not underlined, did not go. In haste . . . 198. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Bermuda 11 March 1863

My dear Grey I send this note via St. Thomas’s, in case the Bermuda Steamer should fall in with the English Mail before leaving that Island, to mention I am sending home the Orlando, and she will leave this for Devonport about the 25th. Her after stern Post has separated at the junction of the two pieces about 10 or 12 feet above the Water Line and the joint is nearly an inch open and the Main Keel has dropped from the Forward stern Post. I suspect the Whole after Body is weak and it will not do to keep the ship out here. I therefore send her to Devonport. in docking her[,] if the Stern Posts are allowed to rest on the Blocks, the Stern Posts, Keel, &c will be forced up into their original places & the defect will not be visible. I mention this that you may have her Examined before being docked. The Peterel arrived yesterday from Fortress Monroe[,] bringing me letters from Lord Lyons. from what he says I see that it is indispensable I

1

See Doc. No. 172. The underlined portions were those quoted by Lyons.

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should remain here. This will prevent me from going to the W Indies as I intended and wished[.] 199. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5819]

“Galatea” at Bermuda 17 March 1863 [received 17 April]

No 221 Sir, In transmitting for their Lordships’ information the accompanying copy of a letter from Commander Watson of HMS “Peterel” reporting that Four Vessels engaged in running the Blockade of Charleston had changed their nationality, while at the same time retaining their British registers; I request their Lordships will furnish me with their Law Officers’ opinion on the question, as to how far Naval Officers under my command would be justified in interfering with them for using indifferently two Registers and the English and Confederate Flags, under Clauses 52 and 103 of the “Merchant Shipping Act” of 1854.1 [Enclosure]

1 Admiralty Minutes: ‘Send to Adm[iralty] Proctor[.] obtain Adm[iralty] Advocates opinion in time for mail to Halifax on 18th’. The Law Officers’ opinion (17 April 1863) stated: That we are of opinion that the 52nd Section of the Merchant Shipping Act (17 & 18 Victoria Cap 104) does not apply to the four Vessels in question, inasmuch as the British Certificates of Registry were legally granted to those Vessels and the Section does not apply to any foreign Certificate of Registry. We are also of opinion that as it appears from the Papers before us that the four Vessels in question have changed their nationality, and as we must assume, have become the property of Confederate Citizens, their case falls under the first, and not the second branch of the 103rd section of the Merchant Shipping Act but it does not appear that under these circumstances they have since used the British Flag or assumed the British National Character, for any other purpose than that of escaping Capture by an enemy or by a Foreign Ship of War in Exercise of some [sic] Belligerent Rights. We are therefore of opinion that it will not be proper for the naval officers under Admiral Milne’s command to interfere with these ships on the ground of their having incurred any forfeitures or penalties under the Merchant Shipping Act. This opinion said little for the Law Officers’ perspicacity, as the owners could hardly have been ‘citizens’ of an entity the existence of which Britain did not formally recognise. In terms of international law they were citizens of the United States, although the Law Officers could simply have glossed over the question of their nationality by having stated ‘property of foreign citizens’.

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Watson to Milne HMS. “Peterel,” Charleston S.C. 21st February 1863 Sir, I consider it my duty to report to you that the Vessels named in the margin1 have changed their Nationality, and assumed other names than those with which they obtained British Registers. Obtaining Confederate Registers from the Custom House at Charleston, they still retain the British Register and will[,] according to circumstances[,] produce either. As the Vessels referred to are employed running between this Port and Bermuda or Nassau, the information I have the honor to lay before you may be of service to the Senior Officer at either of the abovementioned Ports. 200. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5819]

Galatea at Bermuda 18 March 1863 [received 14 April]

No. 222 Sir Referring to my letter No. 126 of the 5th Ultimo2 relative to a shot having been fired across the Bow of Her Majesty’s Ship “Vesuvius” when approaching Mobile by one of the United States Blockading Squadron in January last, I have now the honor to enclose a Copy of a despatch I have this day addressed to Lord Lyons in consequence of the unusual proceeding having been repeated when Her Majesty’s Ship “Desperate” recently called off Charleston under the circumstances set forth in Commander Thrupp’s report of the occurrence[,] of which I likewise enclose a copy.3

1

“Herald” Side Wheel Eng: “Antonica” Confederate “Leopard” English, “Stonewall Jackson” Confederate “Douglas” English, “Mary & Jessie” Confederate “Julia Usher” English “T D Wagner” Confederate[.] 2 Not included in this collection. The incident is referred to in Croke to Milne, 24 Jan 1863, enclosed Doc. No. 174. 3 Milne’s letter to Lord Lyons, enclosing Thrupp’s, along with Lyons’s cover to William Seward, are printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 529–31.

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201. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty Galatea at Bermuda 20 March 1863 [received 14 April]

[ADM1/5819]

No. 223 Sir, Having at length received the missing despatches from HM Ship “Peterel” referred to in my letter No. 135 of the 18th Ultimo,1 I am now enabled to forward to their Lordships Commander Watson’s official Report of the attack by the Confederate Rams on the Blockading Squadron off Charleston on the 31st January last modified however by his further despatch of the 15th Ultimo. 2. – As however the question that had arisen out of that occurrence will have already been dealt with by Her Majesty’s Government, I think it unnecessary to enter more fully into the subject beyond informing their Lordships that I have not failed to remark upon Commander Watson’s indiscretion in mixing himself up so conspicuously and unnecessarily with the Confederate Authorities on this occasion, instead of confining himself to his own ship, where under the circumstances his duty required him to be while an action was going on; and after all that has passed I have thought it judicious to withdraw the “Peterel” from the Coast of America and purpose [sic: ‘propose’] sending her to the Barbados Division which requires the presence of another Ship of War … [Enclosures] Watson to Milne “Peterel” Charleston 31st January 1863 Sir, I have the honor to inform you that last night I received information from General Ripley that an attack was going to be made by the Fleet of the Confederate Government on the blockading Squadron off Charleston bar.

1

Doc. No. 189.

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The General was also good enough to offer Her Majesty’s Consul and myself a passage in a Steamer to Fort Sumpter [sic: ‘Sumter’] to enable us to witness the attack[,] which offer we availed ourselves of. At 11:36 PM on the 30th the Iron clad Screw “Palmetto State” (bearing the Flag of Commodore Ingram1 [sic])[,] Captain Rutledge;2 the “Chicora”, iron-clad Screw[,] Captain Tucker,3 and the side-wheel Steamers “Clinch” and “Etiwan” with a detachment of Troops onboard to assist in taking possession of any Vessels that might be captured, steamed past the “Peterel”[.] From Fort Sumpter we saw them steam out about 1:30 AM, and everything remained quiet until 4:30 AM, when firing commenced and was kept up at irregular intervals till 7 O’clock, at which time the blockading Squadron were totally routed and a most signal victory gained by Flag Officer Ingram over the Forces of the United States. After the action we steamed out with General Ripley in a tug and proceeded onboard the “Palmetto State”. The following is the result of the action; The U.S. Screw Steamer of War “Mercedita”, mounting 7 Guns[,] 776 Tons, with a crew of 150, – totally destroyed by “Palmetto State” running into her and firing one Shot through her boilers. Two Steamers, one the “Quaker City”, a sidewheel of 1600 Tons and 9 Guns, surrendered to “Chicora”, but subsequently escaped much damaged, the other, name unknown, much damaged and set on fire, but escaped. The whole Squadron, consisting of 13 War Steamers, [was] driven to Sea. All the entrances to the Port of Charleston in possession of the Confederates, and the Blockade raised by a superior force. With Mr. Consul Bunch we steamed, in the “Chesterfield” over the ground that had been occupied by the late Blockading Squadron of the United States from which position with good glasses, no sign of a War Vessel was to be seen. Not a single shot struck any of the Confederate Fleet, and they returned into Port about sunset without having sustained the slightest damage.

1 Duncan Nathaniel Ingraham (1802–91). American naval officer. Entered US Navy, 1812; Lt, 1825; Cmdr, 1841; Capt, 1855; resigned commission, 1861; Capt, Confederate Navy, 1861. 2 John Rutledge (1820–94). American naval officer. Entered US Navy, 1835; Lt, 1849; resigned commission, 1861; Lt, Confederate Navy, 1861. 3 John Randolph Tucker (1812–83). American naval officer. Entered US Navy, 1826; Lt, 1837; Cmdr, 1855; dismissed from the service, 1861; Cmdr, Confederate Navy, 1861; Capt, 1864; Rear-Adm, Peruvian Navy, 1866.

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From the mast head of the “Peterel” two vessels could be seen about sunset, which we supposed were part of the Blockading Squadron. Watson to Milne H.M.S. “Peterel” Charleston 15 Feb. 1863 Sir, With reference to my letter to you dated January 31st, reporting the Naval Engagement which took place that morning an inaccuracy occurred inasmuch that the United States Steamer of War “Mercedita” was not sunk … 202. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Bermuda 20 March 1863

My dear Grey I write you a line by the Mail via Halifax and in case my letter by the West Indies may not reach you before this, I again mention I am sending home the Orlando to be docked from her Stern Posts being defective and it is inexpedient to keep the ship out here in her present state. she sails from this on this day and we have had very heavy work with her, and a long business it has been to Caulk her inside on all Decks. Her Screw was also unsafe from having no Pauls [sic: ‘pawls’] to hold it when it came above the deck 4 feet [i.e., hoisted]. Her Screw Thrust [bearing] was also defective, and a new Inner Thrust [bearing] had to be cast. all this and various other items has [sic] given a good deal of trouble, and caused much expense. Nile I have sent to St. Thomas’s for the Screw[,] 11 inch Pendants1 for the Orlando which I Expect you will send out in the W. India Steamer. She will return here by Jamaica & Havana, as she required a Sea Cruize. it was with much regret and disappointment I could not go in her, as Lord Lyons wrote me he was glad I was going to remain here, as he wished to be in certain correspondence with me, and my remaining was satisfactory to himself on private grounds as well as in reference to public affairs. after

1 ‘A short rope hanging from a mast, yardarm, or clew of a sail, having at its lower end a block or a thimble spliced as an eye for receiving the hooks of the fore and main tackles; a similar device used in other parts of a ship’. – OED.

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that it was impossible for me to leave this. I have sent Nimble to New York to bring to the notice of Lord Lyons and the U. States Govt. the unusual custom of all our ships being brought to by United States Ships of War, in the first instance by a shot across the bows, instead of a blank gun. so long as this was an Exceptional case, I was inclined to leave it alone, but as it now appears to have become Established as a custom, I cannot permit it to continue without representation, more Especially when the U. States officers admit it is not proper and might cause retaliation[.] The Galatea, Rinaldo and the Peterel are here, also Orlando. The Rinaldo goes to Fortress Monroe to relieve Vesuvius[.] she comes here to prepare for Newfoundland. Peterel I had to recall from Charleston. he (Comd Watson) most unwisely associated himself with a Confederate general, and went with him to Fort Sumter to witness the attack on the Federal Blockading Squadron, went with him the next morning to go on board the Confederate Ship of War Palmetto State when she was returning from the Attack, went out with him also to visit the scene of Action, and the results on the Blockade. I have been Exceedingly Angry with him at the open violation of my direct orders to keep strictly neutral. The United States Gov. felt annoyed at all this, and Mr Seward asked Lord Lyons that Peterel might be recalled, which I had done before I heard of this. Comdr Watson is not a wise man and I am sending him to Barbados to cruize, as I cannot trust him Either at Nassau or on the American coast. You have been over liberal in your money allowance for the Clerks in Foreign Yards, that is at Halifax where meat is from 2½d to 5d a pound and a goose for a shilling. here and Jamaica it is all right, but the Clerk in Charge at Jamaica will no doubt raise a grievance and also at Mr. Macgregor getting so much as £600. I have nothing from the States, but I anxiously look for some news of the attack on Charleston. The Confederates can throw 6 Tons of shot on one point in the turn of the passage, and it is well stocked with Torpedos [sic] having 60 lbs of powder in them, so I suspect from all I hear the Federals may meet with a warm reception. I have no Instructions from the Board respecting Commodore Dunlop altho you mentioned in one of your private letters that he was to return home, but If you contemplate any change I presume the orders will come out. The Paymaster1 of the Peterel died a few days ago at this Hospital with disease of the Heart.

1 Henry Pengelley (c.1831–63). Passed Clerk, 1851; Asst Paymaster, 1851; Paymaster, 1860.

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257

Peterel was on shore for a Couple of Hours on the Bar at Charleston but received no damage[:] a few Sheets of Copper off but they are now being replaced. The Renaudin French Screw of War was on shore the same day for 12 hours & Peterel gave her material assistance[.] Orlando will convey to Plymouth all the French Invalids now in Hospital[,] only 5. They are now well[,] some very bad cases of dysentery having been brought round by the indefatigable attention of Dr Smart1 who is a first rate man in his profession. March 22d Yours of the 3 Feby2 has this moment reached me by the Mail from the W Indies[.] I am Exceedingly sorry you have been unsuccessful in your Election at Devonpt. a Sea Port is not a good position for a Member of the Board. I was twice asked to go there, no I thank you [sic] [.] I Entered the Admiralty under [the] distinct understanding I was to have nothing to do with Politics. 203. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Bermuda 20 March 1863 [received 25 March]

My dear Lord Lyon’s I have to thank you for your several Letters which reached me by the last Halifax mail, and also those and the Despatches from the Cadmus and Peterel which had gone to England. I am not surprised at Mr. Seward Expressing a wish for the withdrawal of the Peterel. I have been very much annoyed at Comdr Watsons want of discretion and indeed common sense, in associating himself with General Ripley and other Confederate officers, and having made himself party to the question of the rights of Blockade. I have been very sharp on him for not keeping Entirely aloof and independant [sic], his place when any action was going on, was on board his own ship. I have ordered the Challenger[,] Captain Kennedy, to proceed to Fortress Monroe from Jamaica, as I wish to have a Captain as the Senior Officer. The Desperate will then go to the West Indies. Rinaldo on Monday leaves this to take the place of the Vesuvius, which ship returns here

1 William R. E. Smart, M.D., C.B., K.C.B. (1808–87). Asst Surgeon, 1841; Surgeon, 1850; Staff Surgeon, 1855; Deputy Inspector General of Hospitals and Fleets, 1858; Inspector General of Hospitals and Fleets, 1869. The medical director of Bermuda’s naval hospital. 2 From the contents Milne appears to have been referring to Doc. No. 186.

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to go on to the Newfoundland Fisheries. I have selected the Rinaldo, Comdr Dunlop[,] as she draws only 15 feet. I have no Ship’s on the Station Except Peterel & Rosario drawing less water, their draft being 14, Except the Nimble class and they are only Gun Vessels[,] and have no space below for passengers &c. Had the Main Channel to Charleston been open, Desperate and Vesuvius could have gone over the bar. I have remained at this place and not gone to the West Indies as I so much wished, but I have sent my Flag Ship for a Cruize to St. Thomas, Jamaica & Havana[,] and as soon as she returns here the End of April[,] I will move North to Halifax and probably be there about the 17. May. I send you a Letter which might as well be laid before the U.S. Gov. complaining on my part of the Ships of their Blockading Squadron[s] always firing a Shot across the Bows of our Ships of War, instead of the usual blank warning gun.1 so long as this was an Exceptional case, I did not wish to take any notice of it or to make any difficulty, but as it has now become Established as a general custom, I think it right to bring it to the notice of the Authorities, not so much as a complaint, but with the view of having this unusual custom altered to the practice which is adopted by all nations. I have not one word of news for you from hence. we always look with Anxiety for arrivals from the States, Expecting to find some change in the present state of affairs, but we look in vain. I have nothing from England Except Copies of Admiral Wilkes Letters &c. I have avoided speaking to the Governor here on the subject[,] as I suspect he is a little sore with me on several points in reference to it. The Catinat French Steamer of War arrived yesterday from Guadeloupe to take away Sick & wounded Soldiers landed at our Naval Hospital from the French Ships of War Vauban & Albatross from Vera Cruz, but I am sending them to England in the Orlando, which ship I am obliged to send home to be docked from her Stern Post being loose. General Forey was before Puebla but was waiting further reinforcements. 8000 Men had arrived at Martinique and Guadeloupe and were going on. This Mexican affair has been and will be a Thorn in the side of the Emperor and is most unpopular in France, we have not seen Either the results or End of this business. The Catinat goes from this tomorrow or next day to Charleston and then to the Chesapeake. Admiral Reynaud may come here from the Havana after calling off Charleston.

1

Printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 529–31.

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259

I am sorry to see in the Albion an Article headed “Dixie” about our Ships, & our Men singing such songs when at Anchor in the Harbours of the U. States. I do not believe any intentional affront was meant or that the men Even gave the least heed to their doing anything offensive, but I blame the officers in not checking it. They have I regret to say little common sense, and do not act with that judgement which I have a right to Expect. I will write by Rinaldo on Monday to Enquire into this, and to give orders for the future. I will not allow[,] so far as I can prevent it[,] any act which will cause annoyance to the U.S. Govt. my public orders and private Instructions to the Captains are to keep a most strict neutrality, and to act an independant [sic] part, but our officers & Men no doubt have Southern proclivities. Nimble takes this to New York and will only wait there a few days for Letters from you, but if you should consider it necessary to send her to Charleston to look into the Harbour, I would have no objection to Lt. D’Arcy going there, on her return here … 204. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Bermuda 20 March 1863 [received 25 March]

My dear Lord Lyon’s As soon as I received your Letter by the Peterel and those intended for Mobile, I sent them in Pylades to Jamaica[,] which ship was [bound] there under order’s[,] and I directed the Commodore to send a ship at once to Mobile to Embark the Consul1 if he should wish it[,] and convey him to Havana or Jamaica[,] or I presume he might prefer to remain[,] however all is done as you wished[.] I have also given directions to the Styx to leave New Orleans if all is quiet[,] and during the Summer I do not intend to keep a ship permanently there[,] but one of the Cruizers will call there from time to time[,] probably once a month or three weeks, unless anything of moment was to arise[,] when I would of course resume the permanent Ship. I am withdrawing Immortalite after April from Matamoras, as I see no reason to keep so large a Ship there. Thanks for the [U.S.] reports on the Naval Defences of the Lakes[.]2 These reports on the Defences of the United States Harbour’s are very

1

James Magee. Not included in this collection.

2

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interesting and I am collecting Every Information I can obtain on the subject.1 205. Grey to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1d]

Admiralty 21 March 1863

Private My dear Milne Cadmus is reported by telegraph from Portsmouth. I have nothing new for you. There has been little said in Parliament about the U. States. Indeed the Prince of Wales’s marriage has absorbed all the interest of the Country[,]2 and with the exception of some foolish talking in the House of Commons on wood & Iron ships there has been very little of interest.3 The Princess is very pretty indeed. I don’t think at the party last night there was one English girl as pretty & she looks most amiable. Our Flag appointments are settled. Smart4 goes to the Mediterranean with Yelverton as his second. Dacres succeeds Smart in the Channel and Austin,5 Codrington6 at Malta. Smart will have local rank of Vice Admiral. You may also like to know that the knotty question of uniform is settled by deciding to leave it alone.7 Ryder8 has started a question as to the powers of privateers. I do not know that it is likely to arise. My idea is that a state cannot delegate to a private ship its belligerent rights as regards neutrals, that letters of Marque only give authority to capture vessels of the enemy & they

1

Milne forwarded the report to the Admiralty the following day. Prince Albert Edward married Princess Alexandra of Denmark on 10 Mar 1863. 3 Grey was probably referring to a lengthy House of Commons debate on 12 Mar 1863 regarding the advisability of converting several wooden steamships of the line to ironclads. See Hansard, 3rd ser., vol. 169, cols. 1333–89. 4 Robert Smart, K.H., K.C.B. (1796–1874). Entered, c.1810; Lt, 1820; Cmdr, 1828; Capt, 1837; Rear-Adm, 1857; Vice-Adm, 1863; Adm, 1869. 5 Horatio Thomas Austin, C.B. (1800–65). Entered, 1813; Lt, 1822; Cmdr, 1831; Capt, 1838; Rear-Adm, 1857; Vice-Adm, 1864. 6 Henry John Codrington, K.C.B. (1808–77). Entered, 1823; Lt, 1829; Cmdr, 1831; Capt, 1836; Rear-Adm, 1857; Vice-Adm, 1863; Adm, 1867; Adm of the Fleet, 1877. 7 For several years the Admiralty had contemplated doing away with the full (i.e., formal) dress uniform in order to reduce the number of uniforms officers had to purchase. A committee appointed in 1856 had put forward that recommendation. While at the Admiralty Milne himself had deprecated the proposal. See Amy Miller, Dressed to Kill: British Naval Uniform, Masculinity and Contemporary Fashions, 1748–1857 (London, 2007), p. 84. 8 Alfred Phillipps Ryder, who was then the Duke of Somerset’s private secretary. 2

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would not justify the capture by a privateer of a vessel for breaking the blockade or for having contraband of war on board. I presume the privateer is entitled to verify the nationality of any vessel & perhaps on good grounds of suspicion seizing a vessel which he believes to be an Enemy vessel sailing under a false flag. Belligerent rights could only be exercised by ships regularly commissioned by the State. I have not had time to consult any books & this is only my first impression on the point. We have received Hancock’s report on Matamoras.1 I have not thought it necessary to cancel the orders we gave relative to it[,] leaving it to you to act as you think best. Racoon [sic] sailed yesterday. I should not wish her to be detained too long. 206. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Admiralty House Bermuda 25 March 1863 [received 2 April]

My dear Lord Lyon’s The Rinaldo sails today for Fortress Monroe to take the place of the Vesuvius[,] which ship will return here after receiving your despatches. I send by this opportunity a Letter from Commodore Dunlop2 respecting the U. States Steamer of War, Vanderbilt at Jamaica[.] I do not wish to be raising Complaints to the United States Government if I can avoid it, but there is some degree of courtesy and respect to be shewn to our National Flag and our Military & Naval Authorities when Foreign Ships of War Enter our Military Ports. There may have been good reasons for the Vanderbilt not Saluting, and this might have been Explained had the Captain waited on the Commodore as is customary. Captain Hamilton leaves this in the Rinaldo to rejoin the Vesuvius[,] and he will probably run up to Washington for a day. he is the officer who is Employed on the Newfoundland Fisheries, and returns there in May…. I have not one word of news.  [P.S.:] I have directed the Captains of Ships, in case of US Ships firing a Shot across the Bows or towards any of our ships instead of a blank Gun, to write a Letter to the Senior Officer of the U. States Ships to acquaint him that I object to this unusual proceeding &c &c[.]

1

Enclosed in Doc. No. 191. Not among Lord Lyons’ papers.

2

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207. Milne to the Commanding Officers of Ships on the North America and West India Station [Milne Mss MLN/114/9]

25 March 1863

Approaching Blockading Squadrons Whenever you sight a vessel of war belonging to either belligerent, you will be careful that your colours are shown immediately, and are of sufficient size and so displayed as to be seen distinctly (but not at the mast-head, which might afford a pretext for mistaking you for a merchant vessel); and if it appears that she is desirous of communicating with you, you are to afford her every facility for doing so. Blockading squadrons are, in every case, to be approached by daylight from to [sic] seaward, and under such reduced sail or speed as to deprive them of every pretext for firing guns, either blank or shotted, for the purpose of bringing you to. Should such an act of discourtesy be practised towards you, you are, in a written communication, to demand an explanation, forwarding the same with your own report, in full, of all the circumstances attending it, for my information at the earliest opportunity. 208. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [3]]

Washington 27 March 1863

Private My dear Sir Alexander, I have to thank you for your two private letters of the 20th. I was a little scandalized by some goings on at Charleston while the “Peterel” was there, and should have written sharply to Mr Bunch about them had he remained there. As they did not come to my knowledge officially I felt a delicacy about mentioning them to you. Should one of H.M. Ships go at my request to Charleston, I will send a caution to the Acting Consul. It is so uncertain when the attack may be made, that I do not think it worth while to turn the “Nimble” out of her course back to you.1 Mr Walker, the Acting Consul, writes that great preparations have been made by the Authorities for housing the population in the country, if the town should be bombarded, and you will have seen that I do not wish the Acting Consul to go onboard one of our men of war for protection, so that I do

1

The attack was made on 7 April 1863.

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not think much real inconvenience could arise, if we should have no ship present at the moment of the attack, and in some respects it would be as well we should not, though I should feel it to be right to have one on the spot if I knew of the attack’s being imminent. There is so violent an exasperation now against England, on account of the proceedings of the “Alabama”, and of the rumours that other such ships are fitting out in our Ports for the Confederates, that it is more than usually necessary to be careful not to give our susceptible friends any just cause of offence. There is no question now pending between the two governments, which threatens any interruption of cordial relations. There is however a serious danger in prospect. If this Government issue Letters of Marque and allow Privateers to exercise belligerent rights against neutral merchantmen, I shall have hardly any hope of keeping the peace, except by such a demonstration of force and determination as we were driven to in the “Trent” case. I hope however that the Letters of Marque will not be issued. There may perhaps be some news from the Mississippi1 which can be depended upon, received by the New York Papers before the “Nimble” sails. We know nothing certain here at this moment. The government is anxiously looking out for military successes to give it prestige enough to enable it to exercise vigorously the immense power conferred upon it by Congress. The enforcement of the new Conscription is the vital point. The expiration of the term of service of a large part of the Army draws near, no more men can be raised by voluntary enlistment, and if the Conscription cannot be speedily enforced, the North will be obliged to stand on the defensive during the Spring. The People are sick of the war, but they have not yet reconciled themselves to the notion of giving up any part of the old territory of the Republic, and the beginning of the end of the war does not yet show itself. I send you (in separate covers) two copies of the last American Navy List. The work only appears once a year.2 209. The Secretary of the Admiralty to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/114/4]

Admiralty 28 March 1863

No. 197 M Sir, I am commanded by my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to send you herewith, for your information and guidance, a Copy of a Letter from

1

Presumably regarding the Union’s efforts to capture Vicksburg and Port Hudson. The Royal Navy’s list appeared quarterly.

2

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the Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, dated this day, stating that a Bill has passed the Congress of the United States of America by which the President is empowered to issue letters of Marque, and enclosing a Copy of a Memorandum of Instructions drawn up by the Law Officers of the Crown for the guidance of Her Majesty’s Naval Officers in the event of Privateers interfering with neutral commerce. With reference to Mr. Hammond’s observation that the Memorandum only applies to ordinary cases such as have arisen during previous wars, and that the question of protecting Mail Packets from improper molestation may require further and careful consideration, I am to state that any further information or instructions on this head, which my Lords may receive, will be forwarded to you hereafter. Printed Copies of the Memorandum of Instructions will be prepared and transmitted to you.1 [Enclosures] Hammond to the Secretary of the Admiralty Foreign Offce 28 March 1863 Immediate Sir, I am directed by Earl Russell to request that you will acquaint the Lords Commissrs. of the Admty that in consequence of the accounts received from Lord Lyons & from Mr. Adams of a Bill having passed the Congress of the US empowering the President to issue Letters of Marque, His Lordship requested HM’s Advocate General to draw up, in concert with the Attorney General & Solicitor & the Admiralty Advocate, a memo of instructions for the guidance of HM’s Naval Officers in the event of Privateers interfering with neutral commerce. I am now to transmit to you to be laid before the Board of Admty, a copy of the memo which Lord Russell has received from the law Offrs., & which they observe applies merely to ordinary cases such as have arisen in previous wars: but they go on to say that if it should be thought necessary to take any measures for the purpose of protecting mail Packets from improper molestation by Privateers that subject will require further & careful consideration.

1 Milne holograph minute: ‘Send copies of the enclosed to the Senior Offr of Divisions to be Confidential[.] Copies 1 [to] Barbados[,] 3 [to] Jamaica[,] 1 Nassau[,] 1 Vera Cruz[,] 1 Fortress Monroe[,] 1 Bermuda’.

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Lord Russell concludes that the Board of Admiralty will sent at once to HM’s Naval Offrs. on the North American & West Indian Station in conformity with the recommendations of the Law Offrs. Instructions1 March 1863 No vessel owned by private persons is entitled to cruize and capture ships on the high seas unless she is furnished with a letter of marque and reprisal, or with a commission of war. A private vessel, therefore, without such letters of marque or commission, cannot exercise any of the belligerent rights of visit, search, detention, or capture. Neither the letter of marque and reprisal, nor the commission of war, one of which ought to be on board of every private ship exercising any belligerent right on the high seas, usually contains any express mention of neutral vessels, but only authorizes the Commander by name of each private ship to seize and take all ships, vessels, and goods belonging to the enemy, not being within cannon-shot of the shores of a friendly State. But it is competent to a private ship of war, furnished with letters of marque or a commission of war, to capture neutral vessels carrying contraband of war, or violating a blockade. Any ship belonging to Her Majesty’s Navy, if it sees a British merchantship captured by or in tow of a ship wearing a privateer jack of the United States, may send an Officer on board to ascertain the fact that such private ship has letters of marque or a commission of war on board, and, if that fact be duly verified, must refrain from any further interference. Such is the general law, for a private ship is not exempt from the obligation of submitting to have its letters of marque or commission of war verified. If the private ship, which is the captor, have no such letters of marque or commission on board, it will be the duty of any of Her Majesty’s ships to cause the said British merchant-ship to be set free, and if necessary to use force for the attainment of that object. It will also be the duty of Her Majesty’s ships to ascertain the name of such private ship, and any circumstances which tend to identify her as the wrong-doer, and to make a report thereupon to Her Majesty’s Government. If the letters of marque or commission of war should assume the novel form of being confined to the capture of any ship or class of ships specifically mentioned or described, such as the “Alabama,” “Oreto,” or similar

1

Somebody other than Milne wrote “Tonight” in pencil across the top of this sheet.

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vessels, in such a case the seizure of any British merchant-vessels by such private ship of war, bearing such limited letters of marque or commission, would be unlawful, and it would be the duty of Her Majesty’s ships to cause such British merchant-vessels to be immediately set free. 210. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [3]]

Washington 29 March 1863

Private My dear Sir Alexander, The Mail from England has brought me despatches to the 14th of last month. There appears to be no intention of making any change in our American Policy, and the thorny question is that of the Privateers fitting out or supposed to be fitting out in England for the Confederates. I am told by a man just come from New York and one who ought to be well informed, that the excitement on the subject there is diminishing. The news from the Mississippi seems very unfavourable to the Federals,1 but I know no more than the Newspapers contain. As the “Nimble” could hardly have got off at any rate until daylight tomorrow, and as my messenger will arrive at New York about that time, I thought it as well to telegraph ask[ing] her to wait until he arrived, although I had so little to send to you.  [P.S.:] Mr Stewart begs me to give you his best remembrances. 211. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5819]

“Galatea” at Bermuda 31 March 1863 [received 17 April]

No. 250 Sir, I beg you will submit to their Lordships’ consideration certain points connected with Her Majesty’s Ships which I consider deserving of their attention.

1 Union efforts to advance on Vicksburg from the northeast via the Yazoo River, had led to a series of repulses at the Confederate stronghold of Fort Pemberton, north of Greenwood, Mississippi, 11–16 Mar 1863. On 14 Mar 1863 five of seven Union warships attempting to steam past the batteries of Port Hudson failed to do so. Three were disabled and one – USS Mississippi – was destroyed by fire.

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1 I have observed in different ships different customs prevail respecting the Petty Officers, in some the Petty Officers are mustered by themselves, in others they are mustered among the Ship’s Company. I believe it would prove a great advantage not only to the Petty Officers themselves by giving them a better position, but also to the Service if they were transferred to a separate List on the Ship’s Books instead of being mixed up with the Ship’s Company, it would make them take a just and reasonable pride in themselves and it would cause them to be more looked up to by the Ship’s Company than they are at present. 2. – Their Lordships by Memo: No. 18 dated 28 August 1862 transferred the charge of the Pumps to the Engineer of the Ship. I would submit that the Captain of all Her Majesty’s Ships should[,] when commissioned[,] be furnished from the Dockyard with a plan of the Ship’s bottom shewing the position of the many pipes and their depths below water. This plan, which I have ordered to be made out in several ships on this station[,] is a very valuable and useful document for the information of the Executive Officers in respect to leaks &c. 3. – I would submit that an order be issued forbidding the use of the vent pieces in Armstrong Guns (as properly ordered in HM Ship “Orlando”) at the usual exercise for Instruction as their constant use on this manner destroys the Bouches;1 I am of opinion a hard wood vent piece should be supplied for this purpose weighted with Lead. 4. – In the Armstrong Gun the elevating screw is worked with handle working in a notched wheel; this is a very slow and very unsatisfactory operation. I would recommend the Common handle or arms to work the screw[,] as in other Guns, or the use of the Common Coins.2 5. – I would suggest to their Lordships to allow in the establishment of Her Majesty’s Ships Head awnings or covers of No. 2 or 3 Canvas, to cover the head and give protection to the men in wet weather, they are most necessary, and many ships now have them, but they are not on the Establishment. 6. – I would recommend the introduction into the Uniform Regulations of white Linen Covers for the Caps of the officers and men in Tropical climates, they are especially needful and are far superior to the use of the heavy straw Hat; they also work well, and are much liked by the Officers and men. 7. – These observations which I consider of a practical character I submit to their Lordship’s notice[.]

1

‘A metal plug which is drilled to form the vent or touchhole of a cannon.’ – OED. Quoins.

2

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Admiralty Minutes [On 1st proposal:] Accountant General to report on this proposition (See separate Report herewith dated 16 May 63/J Beeby[,]1 Acct Genl) Sir Alexander Milne’s proposal to Muster Petty Officers distinct from the rest of Ship’s Comp[an]y Admiralty, Somerset House WC 16th May 1863 A.G. No. 841 1. In compliance with their Lordships’ direction on Sir Alexander Milne’s letter, herewith, I beg with reference to the proposal contained in Paragraph No. 1, to report that as regards this Department: – I. The proposed alterations would occasion an increase, which is undesirable, in the number of Lists on Ship’s Books. At present there are Sixteen separate Lists and sometimes more, owing to the necessary subdivisions on the Lists of Supernumeraries borne for different services. II. The placing of Petty Offcers on a distinct List would involve a transfer from one List to another on all the Ship’s Books, in every instance of promotions to or disratings from, the Rank of Petty Offcer, thus causing additional clerical labour both on board Ship and in Offce. III. The above transfers from List to List would cause many breaks on the Record of a Man’s service, and thus add to the clerical work on board ship in preparing his Pay Documents, on which the several periods for which he is borne would have to be shown. It would also occasion inconvenience in Offce in adjusting men’s pay and in taking out their times of service. IV. The proposed arrangement would not be carried out on board Ships now in commission, without opening in the majority of cases fresh Books, so as to prevent confusion and consequent risk of errors. The opening of new books would entail a great increase of labour on board Ship and in Offce. V. The subdividing of the present “List 5” (Ship’s Company) into two parts, assigning one part to Petty Offcers, would add to the inconvenience at present experienced through an inadequate allotment of space allowed for the several Lists.

1

James Beeby (1811–80). Accountant General of the Navy, 1863–72.

JANUARY – JUNE 1863

269

2. As the object of the proposal appears to be merely [sic] to facilitate the mustering of the Petty Offcers distinct from the rest of the Ship’s Company on some occasions, – I submit that this object might be attained by means of a separate nominal List of the Petty offcers, temporarily made out for the purpose; – as it appears to be already the practice in those Ships in which, as the Admiral states, the Petty Offcers are thus separately mustered. 3. If, however, their Lordships should deem it expedient, for the reasons urged by Admiral Milne, to sanction this proposal, I would beg to submit that the change should only be adopted on board Ships hereafter commissioned, unless the suggestion in paragraph 2 be approved, which could be carried out at once throughout the whole feet, upon their Lordships’ directions being issued to that effect. 4. I request to be informed of their Lordships’ decision herein. 19.5 [19 May]: Acquaint Sir A Milne that his proposal to place the P.O.s on a separate list would make so much additional clerical labour that my Lords do not consider it expedient to adopt it. F[rederick] W[illiam] G[rey] [On 2nd:] Controller of the Navy, to state whether this can be done. See Controllers minute annexed dated 21 April 1863 21st April 1863 No 1250 The necessary directions have been sent to the Dockyards for the Captains of Ships to be furnished with a plan of the ships bottom shewing the position of the pipes &c as herein suggested[.] R Spencer Robinson1 [On 3rd and 4th] Send Copies of third and fourth Paraghs of Sir A Milne’s letter to Capt Hewlett for any observations[.] C[larence] P[aget] May 19 Referred to Capt Hewlett Sanct[io]n[e]d by Admty 5 June 1863 [On 5th:] A[c]q[uain]t Storekeeper Genl that this is to be allowed in the Establishment

1 Robert Spencer Robinson, K.C.B., F.R.S. (1809–89). Entered, 1821; Lt, 1830; Cmdr, 1838; Capt, 1840; Rear-Adm, 1860; Vice-Adm, 1866; Adm (Ret.) 1871. Controller of the Navy, 1861–71; Naval Lord, 1869–71.

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[On 6th:] To be authorized. Order accordingly to be noted in Blue List that Cs in C may authorize White Covers to be worn. 212. Milne to Somerset [Somerset Mss Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/26]

Admiralty House Bermuda 31 March 1863

My dear Sir I write to your Grace by the Orlando which ship will leave for England this afternoon. I have nothing of any special importance to write to you, but to Express my Extreme satisfaction at the Efficiency and good order of the Orlando[.] She is Everything the Admiralty could wish to see or desire, and Captain [Randolph]1 is an officer of great ability. I regret sending the ship to England[,] but it is right to do so, from her Defects abaft the Mizzen Mast which can only be remedied in Dock. I wrote to Lord Lyons some ten days ago on the subject of the U. States Ships of War, firing shot across the Bows of our Ships, instead of a blank gun, and I Expect the US Govt. will stop this unusual practice.2 This mornings paper Mentions HMS Cygnet having been fired at by two U. States vessels, mistaking her for the Alabama or Florida. So soon as I receive the official account of this transaction I will adopt every proper measure to stop this in future, but it is somewhat awkward that the Alabama & Florida are in appearance so similar to the Cygnet class; 4 of them are now cruizing on the Coast of Cuba. There is nothing very special here[.] I have been arranging with Captain Glasse a better system in the Works department. This is much required, & I hope Captain Glasse’s personal supervision will enable more work to be done than has heretofore been the case. to me it has been unsatisfactory. This is one of the peculiar days of Bermuda[.] Even the paper I now write on is wet from the very damp atmosphere. The Comdr of the Galatea was invalided and I put Lt. Butler in the vacancy as Actg Comdr. I considered it the best & most proper course to adopt.

1 Milne reached the page’s end with the word ‘Captain’ and neglected to write ‘Randolph’ as he began the following page. 2 Printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 530–31.

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213. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Bermuda 31 March 1863 [received 18 April]

My dear Grey, The Orlando sails today for Devonport and conveys this letter. Her repairs to her screw have been completed, but her Defects in the after part of the Ship will require repair in Dock. I regret Cap. Randolph goes home, as the ship is in very high order and does him very great Credit. If the Board should be at Devonport I hope they will visit the ship as a specimen of the W. India Station in her fittings below for more free ventilation[,] Stowage of Bags &c. She has a fine Ships Comy and there is much unity of feeling among the officers[.] Buzzard anchored an hour ago. I send in Orlando the last of the French patients who were in the Naval Hospital that they may return to France. they are all Invalids, and have been well cared for here, and Dr. Smart and Domville1 deserve great credit for their kind attention, and their professional devotion to these men. It is wonderful how they pulled them thro, the bad dysentery cases. I have no special news. The Greyhound has arrived from Jamaica and having been a year in the West Indies will now have her run in the North. I apply this rule so far as I can do so to all the Ships of the Squadron and withdraw them as far as possible from the W. Indies during the Sickly months. I am afraid this is going to be a bad Year, as Yellow Fever is prevalent very Early at Havana, and at several of the other islands. I only hope this place may keep clear, it is a dreadful scourge when it does come, and is much dreaded by the Inhabitants. I have no news from the States, but I Expect Nimble from New York. The attack on Charleston is what is now Expected but there are rumours that The Northerners will not attempt it[.]  [PS:] Buzzard was 200 Miles out in her Reckoning from Cox[wain] at Devonport putting the wrong Rates & Error into the wrong Boxes, but if the Master2 had done his duty he ought to have found this out the day after he took the Chronometers on board, and so careless has he been

1 Henry Jones Domville, M.D., C.B. (1818–88). Asst Surgeon, 1839; Surgeon, 1846; Staff Surgeon, 1846; Deputy Inspector General of Hospitals and Fleets, 1864; Inspector General of Hospitals and Fleets, 1875. Domville succeeded William R. E. Smart as medical chief at Bermuda’s naval hospital in 1864. 2 William L. Southey (b. 1836). Entered, 1848; 2nd Master, 1856; Master, 1861.

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that I have ordered Enquiry to be made what steps he took to check the Error’s & rates before leaving Devonport. The mistake was only found when near Madeira & the ship by Lunar [observation] was found to be 200 miles to the west of the Island. 214. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Admiralty House Bermuda 5 April 1863 [received 17 April]

My dear Lord Lyons Thanks for your Letters of the 27th and 29th March[,] which reached me Early on the morning of the 3d by the Nimble. I am much obliged to you for the information your Letters contain and also for the United States Navy List. I have very nearly started off for the Havana in the Galatea, owing to a report which was in one of the Bermudian papers, That HMS Cygnet had been fired into by two U.S. Vessels of War, one on Each side, and had gone into the Havana for repairs; The report however is not correct[,] as the Captain of the Vessel which brought this rumour, had seen the Captain of the Cygnet. two American Ships of War had chased the Cygnet on the Coast of Cuba, on observing these vessels chasing, she was hove to, to let them come up to her, and the first U.S. Vessel which came up fired a Shot across her Bows[,] altho hove to. This I understand is all that took place[,] but to fire a Shot across the Bows of a neutral ship of war when hove to, is going a step further in the already uncourteous proceedings of these American Cruizers. I have no official Letter on the subject, but will probably receive one by the Nile or the Packet about the 23d as I am Sending a Ship to St. Thomas, for the English Mail due there on the 17. Had the report been true respecting the Cygnet having been fired into[,] I certainly would have gone to the Havana, and seen Admiral Wilkes on the subject of his cruizers acting so hurriedly. I quite admit they are often misled by our Ships, as the Alabama & Florida, are Exactly the same rig & counterpart1 of our Cruizers on the Coast of Cuba. I send this by a regular trader called the Excelsior[,] Cap. Talbot[,] who is a safe man and will bring any Letters &c. for me if Sent to the office[.] She will be a week to ten day’s at New York.

1 ‘A person or thing so answering to another as to appear a duplicate or exact copy of it.’ – OED.

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Everything appears to have gone off well at the Princes Marriage[,] and I observe the American Papers have thrown aside some of their asperity on the occasion. I hope to leave this about the 20th May for Halifax and will visit New Brunswick in June as I have not been there. I think I mentioned to you that the Admiralty has Extended my period of Command for one Year whether the American War closed [sic] or not. This will Enable me to remain at Halifax and on the Coast until Nov. next, which I am glad of. General Doyle[,]1 who is here from Halifax to inspect the Military Departments[,] has been detained a month beyond the period he intended by a Sprained Ancle [sic] which he received from a fall on the Ice the End of Nov. he has been our guest and is now much better and will return to Halifax in the packet from St. Thomas on the 17th. Our Climate just now is quite delightful[,] Ther from 58 to 65. Many American families are now coming here on account of Health, a good Hotel having been opened by a New Yorker[,] and if a Steamer was Estab[lished]d to run across the Gulf Stream it would become the winter quarters of the American people[.] our Government should always keep a good force here. it is a most important Military & Naval Station to us. It wants looking after and I hope General Doyle will state what is wanted.  [P.S.:] The Challenger is ordered from Jamaica to relieve the Desperate. I have a Letter from Comdr Ward of Styx who is at New Orleans[.] he think[s] matters unsatisfactory there and that there is a chance of the North being driven out of it[.] 215. The Secretary of the Admiralty to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/114/4]

Admiralty 6 April 1863 [received 5 May]

No. 244 N Sir With reference to your letter of the 26th Ultimo, No 164, calling attention to the inefficiency of the present breeching Bolts in Ships to resist the strain of Armstrong Guns, I am commanded by Lords

1 Charles Hastings Doyle, K.C.M.G. (1804–83). Soldier and colonial administrator. Ensign, 1819; Lt, 1822; Capt, 1825; Brevet Major, 1838; Major, 1841; Lt Col, 1846; Col, 1854; Major Gen, 1860; Lt Gen, 1869. Lt Governor of New Brunswick, 1867; of Nova Scotia, 1867–73.

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Commissioners of the Admiralty to acquaint you that provision will be made for increasing the strength of these Bolts for the future, and clenching them, so that they may be able to bear the recoil of the Guns without difficulty. 216. [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Milne to Grey Bermuda 6 to 23 April 1863 [received 14 May]

My dear Grey I write by Halifax Steamer via St. Thomas, which will reach you on the 28th or 29th of this month. I have nothing very special for you from this, all is going on well. Galatea[,] Greyhound[,] Peterel[,] Buzzard and Nimble [are] in Harbour. Nimble arrived from New York on [the] 4th but brings me nothing of any importance from Lord Lyon’s, and he does not see any prospect of a settlement of American affairs. I have a letter from Barracoutta at Nassau of 14th March[.] I regret to say she had lost two men from Yellow Fever, and had several more cases. I hope Comdr Malcolm will come up here at once as he was to be relieved by Lily or Rosario. I observe in various papers that Yellow Fever is making very Early appearance at various Islands. this is very unusual, seldom any cases occurring until June or July and as I mentioned in a former letter I am apprehensive this will be a sickly season. looking therefore somewhat ahead, I have sent confidential orders to Jamaica that if Yellow Fever should become prevalent to withdraw the Cruizers from Cuba[.] this I presume would be the wish of the Board and Gov. for as to slave vessels, not one has Ever been seen since I have been on the station and I suspect the Blue Book reports from Cuba are “dreams” of the Slave Commissioners. It would I consider be injudicious to keep our Ships on a Sickly coast to get the Yellow Fever on board and lose valuable lives, merely for the purpose of looking after Slave Vessels. The Ariadne’s time is getting on and also Greyhounds with her crew which was formerly in the Gladiator[.] I merely mention this, that you may consider those ships. There is a precious fellow in Buzzard as Master[,] a man quite unfit for his position, 200 miles out in her reckoning before getting to Madeira; he never got rates for Chro[nometer] in England, never compared

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those on board, he worked by one and applied the rates & Error to it of another [sic] Chronometer. The Comdr1 is not free from neglect. Orlando sailed this day week, but will I hope be in England long before this. The Captain of the Marines2 in charge of the Artificers [at Bermuda] has been going somewhat fast, and wrote an improper letter to Cap Glasse remonstrating with him because he ordered one of the subalterns to visit the working parties twice in the day. I have however put that right and I hope there will be no more trouble. A report reached this some days ago that the Cygnet had been fired into by two federal vessels of war, one on Each side. I have however found out the Master of the vessel who brought the report; He had seen Capt. De Kantzow3 and the facts are these; The Cygnet was chased on the Coast of Cuba by two Federal vessels, she Hove to, and the first vessel which came up to her fired a Shot across her bows. This is all that took place; had it been as at first reported, I intended to have sailed tomorrow in Galatea for Havana to have investigated the matter and gone into the question with the Senior officer of the Federal Squadron[.] The question of Firing Shot instead of the customary blank gun I have sent to Lord Lyons and have requested that the U. States Gov. will check this shot practice as it may lead to difficulties. 217. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5819]

Galatea at Bermuda 7 April 1863 [received 10 May]

No. 261 Sir, With reference to my letter No. 157 of the 25th February last,4 I have now the honor to forward for their Lordships’ information a Copy of a Despatch I have received from Lord Lyons, and of its enclosure, from which their Lordships will learn that Mr. Seward had received with great satisfaction my order on the subject of intercourse with Blockaded Ports. [Enclosure]

1 William Frederick Winnington Ingram (1820–89). Entered, 1833; Lt, 1845; Cmdr, 1856; Capt, 1863; Rear-Adm (Ret.) 1878. 2 Francis William Thomas. 3 Walter Sidney De Kantzow (1832–1927). Entered c.1847; Lt, 1854; Cmdr, 1863; Capt (Ret.), 1873. 4 Not included in this collection but see Doc. No. 185.

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Lord Lyons to Milne Washington March 29, 1863 Sir, With reference to my Despatch of the day before yesterday’s date informing you that I had sent Mr. Seward unofficially a Copy of your order of the 16th Ultimo, relative to intercourse with Blockaded Ports, I have the honour to transmit to you a Copy of an unofficial letter from Mr. Seward acknowledging receipt of it.1 218.

Lord Lyons to Milne

[Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [3]]

Washington 8 April 1863

Private My dear Sir Alexander, The Mail of the 21st from England, which I received on the day before yesterday, has brought me nothing of importance. We are looking out for news from Charleston, the attack on which is said to have commenced. So far as I can judge, it is well we have not a ship in the harbour[,] but I have thought it necessary to write to Captain Hamilton to request that one of the ships at Fortress Monroe, should go to Charleston without delay. It would not look well in England for us to leave British Subjects without a ship, although I hardly see what good one can do them. The exasperation against England on account of the Alabama and the other ships supposed to be building for the Confederates is on the increase.2 Those who ought to be more prudent seem to me to be fanning the flame. In haste … 219. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Bermuda 9 April 1863 [received 14 May]

My dear Grey Thanks for yours of the 21 March received last night via Halifax and I am much obliged to you for all your news of appointments &c. I am very

1

Seward’s letter is printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, p. 533. On the Alabama’s impact on Anglo-American relations, see Frank J. Merli (ed. David Fahey), The Alabama, British Neutrality, and the American Civil War (Bloomington, IN, 2004). 2

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sorry indeed to see the return of attacks on the Admilty in the House of Commons.1 There always will be differences of opinion on Naval Matters, but unfortunately Members of the House are often personally mixed up with private speculations as well as political party, and these warp the judgement of men, and then follows all sorts of attacks not grounded Either on justice or reason. Lord Clarence [Paget]2 must have a fine time of it, but he is now reaping what he himself sowed when in opposition, and he also attacked the Admiralty with as much justice as he is now attacked. This is Entre nous, but it is true. I sent home a few recommendations for the Boards consideration.3 The P. Officers on a separate list will I am sure do great good. it will raise them in their own feelings & [they] will be more respected by the men[,] and instead of following or being before an Ordy Seaman or Tailor at muster they will have an independant [sic] position to be removed from which will be a disgrace. The Memo which I sent poor Dundas4 when I first came out here about the officers of Divisions looking more after their men, & the men made to look up to the officers, and Embodied in the new Instructions is working well and at Inspections I make the Captain read the Article and ask if [it is] fully acted up to. Some have not, but it is now in full play here and I look upon it as one of the most important Memo’s which has been issued. I was Exceedingly angry in Cadmus however when I found the Lieuts did not know the Names of the men in their Divisions. The plan of the Ships Bottoms with the place of the Pipes is really necessary. Thanks for your notice about the Naval Uniform.5 The 3 Coats is the only change which appear’s necessary, but you may have had some general scheme.

1 A lengthy House of Commons debate on 12 Mar 1863 regarding the advisability of converting several wooden steamships of the line to ironclads. See Hansard, 3rd ser., vol. 169, cols. 1333–89. 2 Lord Clarence Paget, C.B., K.C.B., G.C.B. (1811–95). Entered, 1823; Lt., 1831; Cdr, 1834; Capt, 1839; Rear-Adm, 1858; Vice-Adm, 1865; Adm, 1870. MP, 1847–52, 1857–66. Political Secretary to the Admiralty, 1959–66. 3 Doc. No. 211. 4 Milne was referring to a letter of 24 June 1861, Doc. No. 258 in The Milne Papers, vol. 2. 5 Milne was probably referring to a memorandum detailing the circumstances in which each uniform should be worn. The dress uniform was for state occasions only, the undress uniform for courts martial and other formal occasions. ‘On all special duties, such as medical Surveys, examination of Candidates, &c., as well as upon ordinary occasions of duty, frock coat, with the cap and sword, is to be considered sufficient dress.’ Moreover, ‘[a]ll officers may wear on board their [emphasis in original] ships, a round jacket, without skirts, with their respective arrangement of buttons and distinction lace’. See Great Britain, Admiralty, The Navy List corrected to the 20th June 1863 (London, 1863), p. 283.

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I have just had a letter from the Desperate. Comd Thrupp writes me all the plank about the waterway [sic: ‘waterline’] is rotten but I will let you know about this[.]  [P.S.] I will send back the Racoon as soon as she has a weeks [sic] or so at the Tar and Paint Brush.  P.S. 9 April I presume you will send out Orlando again unless you find a good deal to do to her Stern. I suspect you will find it necessary to ship her after frames. however, if she does not come out another Frigate will be required in her place, and one in lieu of Ariadne if you recall her. I look upon Galatea & Ariadne as the most serviceable ships on the Station for Every service. The Landrail class are of no use Except as Cruizers. If I send them [to] look after British Interests at a Foreign Port, they cannot receive anyone on board for protection nor is there stowage for even a spare cask. Buzzard & their class are good for this. I will have sufficient small vessels for the Summer’s work, if all keeps quiet in the West Indies[.] 220. The Secretary of the Admiralty to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/114/4]

Admiralty 16 April 1863 [received 5 May]

No. 252 M Sir, With reference to your letter of the 22nd Ultimo respecting your intention of leaving Bermuda for Halifax about the 10th May,1 I am commanded by my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to acquaint you that they consider it will be advisable for you to remain at Bermuda five or six Weeks after the 10th May next. 221. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5819]

Galatea, at Bermuda 16 April 1863 [received 10 May]

No. 272 Sir, Referring to my letter No. 222 of the 18th Ultimo and to former correspondence on the subject of United States Cruizers firing shot across the

1

Not included in this volume.

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bows of Her Majesty’s Ships, I have now the honor to enclose a copy of a further despatch which I have received from Lord Lyons on the subject, from which their Lordships will, I am sure, learn with satisfaction that the United States Government are inclined to take a proper view of this matter[,] which I had feared might have been productive of some embarrassment and difficulty had the United States Authorities been disposed to sanction the continuance of the practice to which I took exception on the part of their Cruizers. [Enclosures] Lord Lyons to Milne Washington March 27th, 1863 Sir, I have transmitted to the Secretary of State of the United States a Copy of Commander Thrupp’s report to you of the 2nd instant and a Copy of your Despatch to me of the 16th instant,1 and I have represented to him that it is of great importance that the Officers of the U.S. Navy should refrain from the unnecessary and discourteous practice of firing shots across the bows of HM Ships[.] Lord Lyons to Milne Washington April 8, 1863 Sir I had on the 2nd Instant the honor to receive your Despatch of the 23rd Ultimo enclosing a copy of a Circular which you had addressed to the Captains of Her Majesty’s Ships employed on the Coast of America with reference to the firing of shots across the Bows of Her Majesty’s Ships by United States Cruizers.2 I informed you in my despatch of the 27 Ultimo that I had made a representation on the subject to the Secretary of State of the United States. I have now the honor to enclose a copy of an answer which I have received from the Secretary of State[.]3

1

Both letters are printed in printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, p. 529–30. Doc. No. 207. 3 Seward to Lord Lyons, 31 Mar 1863, printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, p. 535. 2

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222. Somerset to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1c]

[Admiralty] 17 April 1863

Dear Sir Alexdr Milne You will see from the public letter that the Government consider it desirable for you to remain at Bermuda for the present. I write this line to say that by the next mail I hope the necessity for remaining there during the hot weather will no longer exist[,] and shall take care to apprize you as soon as the Foreign Office consider this necessity to have passed away. The irritation of the Federals on account of the Alabama[,] and probably also of the numerous deceits which have been practiced upon them by the assumption of the British flag renders Lord Russell anxious that you should still continue in a central position from which you may be able to watch and to advise on the innumerable questions which arise & which cannot be foreseen. 223. Milne to Somerset [Somerset Mss Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/27]

Clarence Hill Bermuda 19 April 1863

My dear Sir I write to your Grace by this mail to mention my intention of leaving for Halifax about the 7th or 8th proximo, As owing to the attack on Charleston[,]1 I am anxious to be within more direct communication with Lord Lyons, and if the reported failure of the Northern Iron Clads in the attack is true, it may probably lead to some changes in the operations of the war. I mentioned to the Board that I had complained to the United States Govt. Thro Lord Lyons of the Federal vessels of war firing shot across the Bows of our ships, instead of the customary blank Gun. I am glad to find by Mr. Sewards reply, which I now transmit,2 that the U.S. Government has taken a reasonable view of my communication. I endeavoured to point out the impropriety of the act, and at the sametime to show the Complaint was not made in any factious or unfriendly spirit, and this has Evidently had a good Effect from the tone of Mr. Sewards communication to Lord Lyons. I believe the Rinaldo was off Charleston during the attack, and so soon as

1

7 April 1863. Printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, p. 535.

2

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the news reached me, I sent over the Greyhound to afford assistance to British Interests, but from all the information which I had previously obtained I believe one vessel alone would be sufficient. Of the final results of the attack I have no correct information. The [New] Ironsides was disabled, and another and the most Efficient Iron Clad was sunk,1 but I am not aware whether the attack was renewed after the first days action on the 7th. General Doyle from Halifax has again visited this Island on an official Inspection. It was in 1861 I mentioned to your Grace the necessity for such a measure, and I am glad to say it has been attended with greatest possible advantage to HM Service. He has reported on the State of the Defences, Forts, Armament, &c. and communicated with the Duke of Cambridge2 privately on all these points. He quite agrees with the view I took in 1861, That the Governor of this Island ought to be a General officer in Command of the Troops, and I cannot too strongly urge the great importance of this Island as a central Naval Station, and the necessity for keeping up its defences. There is still much to do, and I much regret that the Convicts have been withdrawn, and the Establishment broken up. no labour can be obtained on the Island, and the Military must Either send out Sappers or else the works must stand still. My own impression is, that the Convicts are essentially necessary. the Government has gone to the Enormous Expense of Buildings &c.[,] gas laid &c. and now it is all broken up. Our Marine Artificers are working well, but a considerable number of them are doing and obliged to do labourers duty … Racoon arrived on the 14th and made a good passage[.] She will sail for England on the 8th May. I am writing to Sir F. Grey as I am getting very short of Frigates and have not one to take with me to Halifax[.] 224. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Clarence Hill Bermuda 19 April 1863 [received 10 May]

My dear Grey The Steamer from St. Thomas starts in a couple of Hours so I have not much time to write. I am getting a little anxious at the reduction of the

1

Milne presumably meant USS Keokuk. Prince George William Frederick Charles, 2nd Duke of Cambridge, K.G., K.T., G.C.B., G.C.H., G.C.S.I., G.C.M.G., G.C.I.E., G.C.V.O. (1819–1904). Brevet Col, 1837; Lt Col, 1842; Col, 1842; Major Gen, 1845; Lt Gen, 1854; Gen, 1856; Field Marshal, 1862. Commander-in-Chief of the Forces, 1856–95. 2

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Squadron. The going home of Orlando was necessary and I am therefore reduced to the 4 frigates[,] far too few with the present state of affairs out here. The Enclosed sheet will shew you the Distribution of the Squadron and It is probable I may not have a Frigate to take with me to Halifax[.] This is causing me some anxiety as if any shew of force was necessary I could not collect the W. India Ships in less than 6 weeks. I have been obliged to withdraw the Frigates from Matamoras[,] but where in my opinion they were not required. I have no special news. Racoon arrived on [the] 14th and will leave this on 8 May for England[,] on which day I propose leaving for Halifax[.] Vesuvius leaves this on the 24th for Halifax and will I hope reach [it] in time for the Mail going to England[.] General Doyle goes up in her. In haste… [Enclosure] 19 April 1863 The Arrangements after April 1863 Jamaica, Ariadne Medea Desperate Lilly [sic] Landrail Cygnet Steady Plover

}

To Cruize on Coast of Cuba

Mexico, Styx, Vera Cruz Pylades, Matamoras Nassau, Rosario Fortress Monroe Challenger Rinaldo Barbados Phaeton & Peterel

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Bermuda Galatea or Immortalite or Jason Buzzard Newfoundland Vesuvius Greyhound Halifax Nile 1. Frigate if possible from Bermuda Barracoutta You see how badly I am off for serviceable ships with all these places to look to, and no spare ships to relieve those in the West Indies for a change to the North. 225. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5819]

“Galatea” at Bermuda 21 April 1863 [received 11 May]

No. 293 Sir, I beg you will lay before the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty the accompanying copy of a Despatch I have this day deemed it right and proper to address to Lord Lyons on the subject of the capture off St. Thomas of the British Steamer “Dolphin”, bound from Liverpool to Nassau, by the Federal Cruizer “Shepherd Knapp”, as the United States Cruizers appear to be reverting to a course of proceedings which I had hoped the affair of the “Adela” had finally put a stop to.1 2. – Their Lordships will have received direct from Captain Tatham, a copy of his report of the 14th Ultimo, upon the capture of the British Steamer “Peterhoff”,2 and which I at once communicated to Lord Lyons.

1 The Dolphin’s capture generated a voluminous diplomatic correspondence between the British and US governments. See FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 580–82, 583–5, 587, 590–91, 602–3, 609, 684–5. For the capture itself, see ORN, ser. 1, vol. 2, pp. 135–6. See also Bernath, Squall Across the Atlantic, 110–12. 2 Printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 542–3. For other correspondence relative to the Peterhoff’s seizure, see ibid., pp. 533, 539–41, 543–4, 545, 546–55, 556–7, 567, 568–9, 570,

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3. – If his Excellency should consider it advisable to communicate my Despatch to the U.S. Government, I indulge in the hope, that it may lead to the Instructions given to the U.S. cruizers after the affair of the “Adela”1 being reiterated, and to an effectual stop being thereby put to this reckless practice of seizing British Vessels bound from one Neutral Port to another; apparently on the sole ground of their names being included in a List of suspected Vessels, and therefore characterized as contraband, and in direct contravention of the instructions under which the Federal Cruizers are acting from their own Government. [Enclosures] Milne to Lord Lyons “Galatea”, at Bermuda 20th April 1863 My Lord I have already, in my Despatch of the 23rd Ultimo,2 called Your Excellency’s attention to the very questionable capture, off the Danish Island of St. Thomas, of the British Steamer “Peterhoff”, by the United States Cruizer “Vanderbilt”, and I have now the honor to enclose a copy of a letter I have just received from Captain Tatham of Her Majesty’s Ship “Phaeton”, reporting the capture, under very similar circumstances, and apparently with no greater show of right, of the British Steamer “Dolphin”, bound from Liverpool to Nassau;3 These cases, as they are represented to me, present such flagrant violations of the letter and spirit of the Instructions to United States Cruizers which Mr. Stuart communicated to me in his Despatch of the 17th August last,4 and which originated in the analogous case of the “Adela”, that I cannot doubt but that[,] when brought before the United States Government, it will be recognised

584, 585–7, 588–9, 592–3, 598, 601, 602, 664, 671–3, 692, and 693. See also ORN, ser. 1, vol. 2, pp. 97–104; ‘Correspondence respecting Seizure of British Vessels Springbok and Peterhoff by US Cruisers in 1863’, PP, 1900, vol. 110, pp. 913–87; and Bernath, Squall across the Atlantic, pp. 63–84. 1 Those instructions are printed in ‘North America. No. 5. (1863.) Correspondence respecting instructions given to naval officers of the United States in regard to neutral vessels and mails’, PP, 1863, vol. 72, pp. 451–2. 2 Printed in FRUS, 1863, pt. 1, p. 542. 3 An extract from Tatham’s letter and that from Barnard mentioned below appear in ibid., p. 585. See also Bernath, Squall across the Atlantic, pp. 110–12. 4 Not included in this volume but see Doc. No. 94 and accompanying footnotes.

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that the capture of these Vessels was in no way justified by the Law of Nations, as correctly laid down in the 3rd Article of the instructions to the Cruizers above referred to, which is to this effect “That when visit is made, the Vessel is not then to be seized without a search carefully made, so far as to render it reasonable to believe that she is engaged in carrying Contraband of War to the insurgents and their Ports, or otherwise violating the Blockade; and that if it shall appear that she is actually bound and passing from one friendly or so called neutral Port to another, and not bound or proceeding to or from a Port in the possession of the insurgents, then she cannot be lawfully seized.” I have heretofore, as Naval Commander in Chief on this Station, most scrupulously abstained from evincing any disposition to question the exercise of their Belligerent rights by the United States cruizers, to the fullest extent sanctioned by International Laws, and I shall continue to act in that manner; but with these cases before me I feel that I should be wanting in my duty were I not to beg of Your Excellency to take an early opportunity of repeating to the United States Government, my earnest conviction, which I cannot doubt is shared by Your Excellency, that if these reckless seizures of bonâ fide British Vessels, bound from one neutral port to another, merely because their names are included in a list of suspected vessels, and therefore characterized and dealt with as Contraband, are persisted in, they can hardly fail to give rise to very serious complications, the responsibility of [sic: ‘for’] which would rest with the United States Government, from not insisting on their Naval Officers acting up to those carefully considered instructions already alluded to, with which they have been furnished for their guidance in the performance of a most delicate and important duty. As bearing likewise on the subject of this Despatch I annex an extract of a letter from Captain Barnard of Her Majesty’s Ship “Nile” dated from St. Thomas the 31st Ultimo, and who, Your Excellency will observe, also adverts to the use which the United States Cruizers are habitually making of the Harbor of St. Thomas, a neutral Port of call for British Vessels, from whence the United States Cruizers watch, give chase to, and illegally detain any Vessels they may choose to consider suspected, – and I also enclose an extract of a Despatch from Captain Hancock of Her Majesty’s Ship “Immortalité” dated from Havana the 21st Ultimo, where part of the crew of the “Peterhoff” had arrived. Hancock to Milne [21 March 1863] … Rear Admiral Wilkes has arrived here, having his Flag in the “Vanderbilt” and accompanied by the Gun boat “Sonoma[”].

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I hear the “Vanderbilt” captured recently near St. Thomas the British Steamer “Peterhoff” bound from Liverpool to Matamoras, she had a cargo worth £50,000 and the Gentlemen to whom she is consigned came out by the last mail to Vera Cruz[,] and have gone on in the Medea to the Rio Grande; surely this was a bonâ fide legal voyage between two Neutral Ports; I have not any official knowledge of this capture[,] but I believe part of the Officers and Crew of the “Peterhoff” are still on board the “Vanderbilt”. Mr. Crawford will endeavour to ascertain the facts before the departure of the next mail. 226. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5819]

“Galatea” at Bermuda 21 April 1863 [received 11 May]

No. 294 Sir, I enclose for their Lordships’ information a copy of a Despatch I have received from Commander Preston of HM Ship “Medea” dated 31st Ultimo, giving the latest accounts of the progress of the French Arms in Mexico and of the state of affairs at Matamoras[,] for which place HM Ship “Immortalité was also to sail direct on the 22nd Febry from Havana, whither Captain Hancock had been obliged to proceed to obtain a supply of Biscuit, as no less a quantity than 43,022 lbs had become so infested with Weevils, that it was condemned as unfit for food. [Enclosure] Preston to Milne HMS. “Medea” at Vera Cruz Mexico 31 March 1863 Sir, I have the honor to report that[,] in obedience to Captain Hancock’s orders[,] I returned to this anchorage from the Rio Grande on the 30th Ultimo. There were two small United States Vessels of War there and about 70 Merchant Vessels of different nations; a few consecutive days of fine weather had enabled the Merchant Vessels to land a great quantity of

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Cargo of various kinds, which was left laying about the beach of the Mexican side of the river inside the bar, with a great quantity of cotton bales for shipment[,] without any sort of covering, but the rainy season not having set in[,] it was thought to be safe[,] though the means of transport from there to Matamoros is very limited. A large quantity of Cotton had also been shipped during the fine days. I imagine there is not near enough Cotton at Matamoros to load all the Vessels waiting there for it[,] and the distance it has to be conveyed by land through Texas to Matamoros is so great that it is doubtful whether it will be sufficiently remunerative to bring much more there, it cost $30 a bale for conveyance to Matamoros from the interior and the shipping expenses from there are so great that it costs $250 a bale or about 33 cents a pound by the time it is on board and it is only a middling quality of Cotton. The United States Vessels during my stay there did not interfere with any vessel laying off the entrance of the River … 227. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5820]

“Galatea” at Bermuda 22 April 1863 [received 11 May]

No. 297 Sir, I enclose for their Lordships’ information a copy of a letter dated the 17th Ultimo … by Captain Von Donop of Her Majesty’s Ship “Jason”[,] to Commodore Dunlop giving among other details of his proceedings an interesting account of his visit to the Bay Islands. [Enclosure] Von Donop to Hugh Dunlop 17 March 1863 Sir, I have the honor to inform you that[,] in obedience to your orders of the 9th February, having embarked the Lord Bishop of Kingston,1

1 The Right Reverend Reginald Courtney, D.D. (1813–1906). Bishop of Kingston, Jamaica, 1856–79.

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I proceeded on the 10th February to Belize, where having arrived and landed his Lordship on the 15th[,] I left on the 19th for Omoa1… Arriving at Omoa on the following day, I found all in a satisfactory state, no complaints of any kind having reached me from the Consular Agent. I visited the Governor General Alvariz,2 who returned my visit the following day. On the 23rd the Agent informed me that he had just received a letter from our Consul at Comayagua, informing him that one of H.M. Ships was daily expected at Omoa to inforce the payment of some British Claims. Before quitting Omoa on the 23rd[,] the Agent assured me that our visit would have a most beneficial effect in that unsettled country. From Omoa I proceeded to Utilla,3 where I anchored in the Western harbour during the afternoon of the 23rd. I visited several of the Cays, where about 35 inhabitants are settled, these without exception expressed themselves as being most comfortable, having no reason to complain of any arbitrary acts of their present Government. I left the following morning, but finding shortly afterwards that the wind was rapidly increasing, I returned to the former anchorage, where I remained until the following morning when I proceeded and hove to off East harbour. I landed with the Surgeon4[,] was most politely received by all the 70 inhabitants, found them also most content, but suffering as all these Islands are, from the effects of the American War, their chief trade being with the Southern Ports of that country. The oldest inhabitants assured me that their Governor at Ruatan5 was most indulgent to them, and as times were bad was not at all particular as to when their few and small taxes were paid. The inhabitants of this Island, having formed numerous intermarriages, seemed like one happy and contented family, and not appearing to trouble themselves about the politics of their neighbours at Ruatan. Leaving Utilla on the 25th[,] I anchored in Croxan [sic: ‘Coxen’]: Hole[,] Ruatan the same afternoon. I visited the Governor, who informed me that with a few exceptions, he had very little difficulty in governing

1

Omoa, Honduras, 15°4626 North, 88°211 West. Probably General Mariano Álvarez (d. 1921). 3 Isla de Útila, one of the Bay Islands, 16°6 North, 86°56 West. 4 Robert W. Beaumont (1828–1906). Entered, 1848; Asst Surgeon, 1853; Surgeon, 1857; Staff Surgeon, 1872; Fleet Surgeon, 1878. 5 One of the Bay Islands, 16°23 North, 86°24 West. The modern spelling is Roatán. 2

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the quiet inhabitants, consisting or about fourteen or fifteen hundred inhabitants [sic]. From other quarters I learnt there existed a very great dissatisfaction and distrust in their present rulers, chiefly owing to their being unable to receive either reply or even acknowledgement to their repeated applications to the Supreme Government for the present Constitution being confirmed to them, it being at present merely on sufferance[.] All applications appear to be treated with similar indifference by the Supreme Government[,] for the Governors repeated requests to be superseded have not elicited any reply[.] Another cause of great discontent arises from the Treasurer’s Office and duties being blended with those of the Governors; this tends to frequent quarrels between the Assembly and his Excellency and on a recent occasion the Assembly having applied to the Treasurer for an inspection of the Cash Chest[,] naming the following day on which they would be prepared to do so, the Governor sent an order to close the Assembly, but in the mean time the Assembly issued a summons for the appearance of the Treasurer at the bar of the house[,] giving it to the Constable to carry into execution. On the Constable appearing before the Governor, the Governor informed him that as the house was closed[,] its power for the present ceased.1 with the exception of their political squabbles[,] the community appear to be in a thriving state, for they certainly enjoy far greater privileges than their neighbours on the main, and really I cannot perceive that they were in any sense ill treated; the taxes on imports are only two per cent, whereas on the Main it is nearly twenty five per cent. I am inclined to believe[,] in the present unsettled, state this Island is not much benefitted by too frequent visits from H.M. Ships, as the arrival of one is immediately imagined as having been sent for the purpose of enforcing the Supreme Government to grant the requests of the inhabitants[,] and consequently excites hopes which are not possible to be realized. Leaving Ruatan on the morning of the 26th I anchored the same afternoon [at] Half Moon Cay[,] Bonacco,2 there I found about forty inhabitants, some located on the numerous Cays, and others on the Island, all of whom expressed themselves as quite content, and with the exception of their loss of trade, doing well.

1

For the resolution of this situation, see Thrupp to Cracroft, enclosed in Doc. No. 310. Bonacca (now Guanaja), one of the Bay Islands, 16°28 North, 85°53 West. Half Moon Cay is about a mile to the southeast of Guanaja. 2

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I left the following morning and anchored off Truxillo1 at 2 P.M. With the exception of a rumour of Revolution in the interior all seemed quiet. The Governor was too ill to see any one, but the offer of a salute was accepted and duly returned; at the request of the Consular Agent I fired at a target before leaving on the 2nd instant[,] and anchored off Belize the next day. Early on the morning of the 10th inst: a most calamitous fire broke out in the town of Belize on the South side of the River; it raged with great fierceness for several hours, destroying hundreds of houses[,] including the Wesleyan Chapel and two Government schools. The loss was estimated at three quarters of a million dollars. Our men were landed and assisted greatly in checking its progress. Having embarked his Lordship during the night of the 10th inst., I left Belize the following morning and arrived here this day[.] 228. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Bermuda 23 April 1863 [received 10 May]

My dear Grey The Vesuvius has had her Defects made good a day sooner than I expected and she therefore sails today for Halifax and will meet the same Mail to England which will take our former letters. I have heard of the U.S. Cruizers having detained another British vessel (Dolphin) off St. Thomas[,] bound from England to Nassau. I have accordingly again written strongly to Lord Lyons on this reckless proceeding and you will see copies of my letters which I send to the Admiralty by this mail. There is nothing new in regard to the distribution of the ships as I sent it to you a few days ago, but I am anxious for more strength[.] it would be wise to have more ships with the bitter feeling in America. I have no certain information but it is reported that the Federals have abandoned the attack on Charleston. if so it will have a strong Effect on the affairs at Washington[.] General Doyle returns to Halifax in the Vesuvius. Comdr Graham wishes to give up the Rosario as his health will not stand the West Indies.

1

Trujillo, Honduras, 15°55 North, 86° West.

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I would be glad to see Comd Grant of Cygnet1 moved into her as he is the 3d Senior Comdr on the Station and has one of the smallest vessels. I think this would be fair & reasonable.  P.S. The Blockade Runner’s are making a fine business here. There are several steamers which make regular voyages to Wilmington and back, reload here and go back again. one[,] the Cornubia[,] came in three days ago, is now reloaded & starts tonight. She wanted 1 Ton of Carbonate of Soda, 80 lbs Croton oil,2 40 lbs Calomel.3 Bermuda could not supply it, but this regular breaking of Blockade under a false clearance appears to me most irregular; for instance the Cornubia clear’s for Nassau, but goes to Wilmington or Charleston, then comes here. Ought the Custom House to take notice of their former false clearance[?] This is a piece of law which I cannot answer. The Southerners have a regular Agent here[,] a Colonel Walker,4 & they are making the Island a regular Depot. 229. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Clarence Hill Bermuda 25 April 1863 [received 8 May]

My dear Lord Lyons The departure of a vessel for New York this morning, Enables me to write you a few lines and to send you a Despatch respecting the seizure of the English steamer Dolphin, bound from England to Nassau, off the Island of St. Thomas. From the Information which has reached me[,] altho somewhat scanty, it appears that this vessel was bound on a legal voyage, and therefore not liable to Capture, but the proceedings of the Captains of United States Cruizers appear to me to be in this instance[,] and in the case of the Peterhoff[,] in direct violation of the Instructions which were issued by the United States Government, on the occasion of the detention of the Adela off Abaco last Year, and that they are again detaining vessels on the ground that they are [carrying] what they call “Contraband”, without reference to the Ports to which they are bound, or to the nature of the Cargo. You may probably have already heard of

1 Grant commanded HMS Steady, not HMS Cygnet. He was indeed transferred to HMS Rosario. 2 Oil derived from the tree Croton tiglium, native to India and Malaysia. 3 Mercury chloride. 4 Norman Stewart Walker (1830–1918). Chief Confederate agent at Bermuda 1863–65.

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the seizure of the vessel (Dolphin[)] and the accompanying Despatch[,]1 which I now transmit to you[,] may be unnecessary, or you may consider that it is unadvisable to lay it before Mr Seward. I must leave this to your decision & better judgement[,] depending as it must on Events at Washington & the steps you may have already adopted, but I feel it is my duty to remonstrate, on the apparent determination of the Captains of United S. Cruizers, to act illegally in the detention of these Vessels, and I have no doubt when the news reaches England some notice will be taken by the Government. I send you also a Letter with Paper’s respecting Captain Tatham having hauled down The American Flag flying on the Island of Sombrero, a stupid & uncalled for act[,] as it was a question which the Government did not wish to have mooted.2 So soon as I heard of the attack on Charleston, I despatched the Greyhound to the bar of that place, in case further aid than the Rinaldo was required, but if not wanted[,] Capt. Hickley was to rejoin me here. we are not certain if the Federals renewed the attack after the 10th which is our last dates [sic] on which we can depend. I am now anxious to get nearer to you thro’ the Telegh. Wires[,] and so soon as the Mail from Halifax reaches this on 5. or 6th May I will start for Nova Scotia. Will you be so good as to send anything you may have for me by Cunard Steamer from Boston[?] I have no news of any kind from this. It has become a Depot for Stores &c [for the Confederacy]. 230. Somerset to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1c]

Admiralty 25 April 1863

Private Dear Sir Alexdr Milne We have ordered the Shannon to join your force in lieu of Orlando, because the present state of affairs renders it desirable that your force

1

Not with Milne’s letter among Lord Lyons’s papers. Isla Sombrero (Hat Island), the northernmost of the Lesser Antilles, 18°3521 North, 63°2531 West. It was awarded to Britain by the Treaty of Utrecht (1714), but claimed and occupied by the US in 1856 owing to large guano deposits there. The British government brought counter-claims against the US for the occupation, which were settled in Britain’s favour in 1867. Nonetheless, as Milne’s remark suggests, Tatham was acting without official sanction when he lowered the American flag. Doubtless neither Milne nor Lord Lyons was happy at the thought of another point of contention between Britain and the US. The official correspondence relating to this incident can be found in FO5/997. 2

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should not be diminished. The interference of the Federal cruisers with British merchant vessels going ostensibly to Mexico has excited some irritation in this country and public feeling in the states of N. America appears to be equally sensitive. We have as yet[,] however[,] no ground for believing that the Govt of N. America wishes for a quarrel with this country. I have nevertheless thought it desirable to increase the quantity of coal at Bermuda during this favourable season for obtaining freight at a low price, and shall make arrangements to be ready for any contingency at a short notice. I shall send this to Gib[raltar] to meet the Shannon, & hope by the next mail to be able to write & allow you the [sic: ‘to’] proceed to Halifax for the summer. This of course must depend on the progress of events. 231. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [3]]

Washington 27 April 1863

Private My dear Sir Alexander, Captain Thrupp will have given you the news from Norfolk and reported to you the movements of the “Desperate” and the “Rinaldo”. The Mails of the “Peterhof ” have been given unopened to the Consul at New York and forwarded by him to Havana on their way to Matamoras. The ship has been sent before the Prize Court. They assert at New York that there is evidence to condemn her. Even if she be condemned, it will be on evidence found after the seizure I suppose, there does not seem to have been any probable cause of capture at the time. We cannot claim, as a matter of strict right, that mails onboard private ships shall be respected. My application for the mails of the Peterhof was grounded on a letter from Mr Seward to the Secretary of the Navy directing such Mails to be forwarded, a copy of which was communicated to Mr Stewart, when he was Chargè d’Affaires [sic]. Mr Adams is now instructed to endeavour to come to an amicable understanding with Lord Russell as to a general rule to be followed. It is promised in the mean time, rather vaguely, that Mails onboard private vessels of Friendly Powers “shall be respected”. The exasperation here about the ships supposed to be building for the Confederates in England had reached such a pitch about a fortnight ago, that there was real cause for alarm. The stories in the Newspapers about an ultimatum having been sent to England are untrue. But it is true that it had been determined (or very nearly determined) to issue letters of Marque, if the answer to despatches then sent were not satisfactory. It

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is easy to see that if United States Privateers were allowed to capture British Merchant Vessels on charges of breach of Blockade or carrying contraband of war, the vexations would have soon become intolerable to our commerce, and a quarrel must have ensued. Happily the latest news from England is considered so satisfactory that Mr Seward has authorized me to inform Lord Russell that the question of issuing letters of Marque is at rest for the present.1 He promises also that[,] if it should be revived[,] due notice will be given. It is not, however, in this way that I expect, or ever did expect, that trouble would really be most likely to come. The vexations practiced against our Merchant Vessels, if they be not checked, must in the end lead to remonstrances from us, which may not be attended to, and we may have to make demands, which the people here will be too angry to comply with. Unluckily the Navy Department is in a state of chronic exasperation against us, and as matters of prize of course belong to that Dept, the danger is serious. You will see indications of the feeling in the communication about firing shot across the bows of our ships[,] which I send you officially.2 This state of things has determined me not to bring forward the case of the Cygnet until I receive the official account from you. Had the feeling been more cordial at the Navy Dept, I should have tried to prevent trouble by suggesting a spontaneous apology, but there would be no chance now of obtaining one, and therefore it is better to say nothing about it. I rejoice at the thought of your being at Halifax. 232. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5819]

“Nile”, at Bermuda 6 May 1863 [received 26 May]

No. 321 Sir, Referring to my letter No. 222 of the 18th March last, I have now the honor to enclose for their Lordships’ information a copy of the Report I

1 Lord Lyons was probably referring to the British government’s increased determination, in the wake of the Alabama’s ‘escape’, to investigate and even to detain vessels suspected of being built or fitted out for the Confederacy. The seizure of a gunboat named the Alexandra in early April 1863 offered apparent proof of that determination. See Russell to Adams, 5 April 1863 and Adams to Russell, 6 April 1863, printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 234–5. 2 See Doc. No. 235.

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have received from Commander De Kantzow of the circumstances under which the United States Steamer “Rhode Island” fired a shot across the Bows of Her Majesty’s Ship “Cygnet” and of my reply to that officer, together with a copy of a Despatch I have this day addressed to Lord Lyons[,] and which I trust may tend to promote a proper understanding in regard to the objectionable practice of United States Cruizers firing shot across the Bows of Her Majesty’s Ships[,] as it will enable Lord Lyons to show to the United States Government that the views I hold are not unreasonable[,] and that I am ready to make any proper allowance for the difficulties with which their Cruizers have to contend in the exercise of their Belligerent duties and rights. [Enclosures] de Kantzow to Milne HMS “Cygnet” at Sea Lat. 22°49 N. Long 78° 29 W 27 February 1863 Sir, I feel it my duty to report for your information the following grave circumstances which occurred today. At about 8:30 AM[,] while Her Majesty’s Ship “Cygnet” under my Command was Steaming expansively [sic] near the Bahama Bank, under Fore and Aft Sail on the Starboard tack, with a fresh breeze, Ship laying EbN ½ N. and making towards Guinchos Cay,1 then distant about 30 Miles to the Eastward, two Vessels bearing on the lee Quarter were reported from the Masthead. Not long afterwards I observed these Vessels from the Deck, one of which rather detached from the other, bore towards the “Cygnet’s” stern; the other I made out to be a large Steamer with a beam Engine and painted lead-color. I hoisted our Red Ensign and Pendant and observing the Stranger steaming towards me and rapidly closing. I guessed him to be a Federal man of War from my knowledge of the numerous converted Vessels of this Class in their Service. Rather than give her a chase to Windward, I stopped the Engine to allow her to come up, and had the Whaler ready to communicate. Just at this moment white smoke was seen on board the stranger, supposed to be a gun fired, though no report was heard, and to which I attached no importance

1

22°45 North, 78°06 West.

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believing it to be a private Signal to close or otherwise to her Consort Steamer in Company, both Vessels with their Ensigns and Pendants discernable as American while the “Cygnet” losing her way had now fallen somewhat off the Wind. Both Steamers now began to close rapidly and when within a mile of us, to my surprise the Vessel on the lee Quarter fired a loaded gun, the Shot passing across our Bows. Conceiving the only possible reason for such a menacing act lay in her mistaking us for a Confederate Ship, however incomprehensible, I repaired at once in the Whaler to the Stranger to demand an apology and explanation, She steaming up rapidly and being now a few yards only to leeward and stopping when I got alongside. Ascending to the Quarter deck, I found her to be the United States Ship “Rhode Island”, Captain Trenchard1 who met me at the gangway. On my demanding an explanation and reason for firing a Shot ahead of Her Majesty’s Ship “Cygnet”, he replied he had ordered his First Lieutenant to proceed onboard and apologize for the deed not intentional to our Flag, but that my appearance anticipated this, and he begged in his cabin to enter more fully on the act which he said he regretted. I requested to be informed whether he had not seen our Pendant and Ensign, he replied he made out a Pendant positively asserting he could not make out the Ensign. I then asked him if he had not observed we had stopped, which I had done out of courtesy, and while in that position with our broadside half towards him, he replied that, it was reported white smoke was seen onboard of us, that we were close into the Bahama Bank, and apparently endeavouring to get on it, and not rightly knowing or making out our intention and nationality he fired ahead of us, being unaware of our being a British Man of War, for which mistake as he called it he now made an apology. He then asked me whether we did not fly the Blue Color on the Station, stating that our Red Ensign and Pendant was invariably used by the Confederates with impunity and success, that the recent case of the “Oreto’s” getting safe into Mobile under the Red Ensign, deceiving a brother Officer of his, who fired a blank gun first[,] her escape being attributable in consequence, and for which he was dismissed [from] their Service.2 I stated that I should lay the fact of his firing a Shot ahead of HM Ship “Cygnet” under all its circumstances with all the explanation and

1 Stephen Decatur Trenchard (1813–83). American naval officer. Entered, 1834; Lt, 1847; Cmdr, 1862; Capt, 1866; Cdre, 1871; Rear-Adm, 1875. 2 This was George H. Preble (1816–85). Entered, 1835; Lt, 1848; Cmdr, 1862; Capt, 1867; Cdre, 1871; Rear Adm, 1876. As his service record indicates, Preble was reinstated following his dismissal.

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apologies he had made, before my Commander in Chief, and which I have related word for word as I remember them; and having politely refused the personal civilities offered me, beyond marks of respect, I quitted the “Rhode Island” and returned to the “Cygnet”. The “Rhode Island” joining her Consort the St. Iago de Cuba of 11 Guns which had stopped not far from the “Cygnet”, and both Vessels steamed to the Southward. Milne to de Kantzow “Nile”, at Bermuda 6 May 1863 Memo: In acknowledging the receipt of your letter of the 27th Febry last reporting the circumstances under which the United States Steamer “Rhode Island” fired a shot across the Bows of the ship you command, I have to express to you my approval of your proceedings in asking for and accepting the apology so frankly accorded by Captain Trenchard; but your flying a Red Ensign and Pendant when it is well known Her Majesty’s Ships on this station fly blue was very incautious and reprehensible as it naturally gave occasion for the Rhode Island to doubt the “Cygnet’s” bonâ fide National Character. Your excuse that the Blue Pendant was anending [sic: ‘a-mending’] is unsatisfactory, as there ought to have been a spare Pendant ready for hoisting and you will in future act with more caution and judgment. Milne to Lord Lyons Nile, at Bermuda 6th May 1863 My Lord, Referring to my letter to you of the 6th Inst, I have now the honor to enclose for your Excellency’s information a copy of the report addressed to me by Commander De Kantzow of the circumstances under which the United States Steam Vessel “Rhode Island” fired across the Bows of HMS. “Cygnet” and to acquaint you that I have this day expressed to Commander de Kantzow my approval of his proceedings in accepting the frank apology so readily offered by Commander Trenchard of the Rhode Island, at the same time informing Commander de Kantzow that his flying a red Ensign and pendant when it is well known that all

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ships under my command habitually wear Blue was both incautious & reprehensible and was naturally calculated to mislead the United State’s Cruizers as to the Cygnet’s bonâ fide National character. Of course under these circumstances I do not anticipate Your Excellency’s making any formal representation to the United States Government about this particular case, I have however thought it right to put Your Excellency in possession of the view I have taken of the matter, so as to enable you to mention to Mr. Seward in case you consider in doing so it is likely that a proper understanding on the general question of firing shot across the bows of Her Majesty’s Ships will be promoted, by giving proof that I am animated by no desire to question in a captious spirit the exercise of those duties which the present civil war imposes on the United States navy, but that on the contrary I am ready to make every allowance for the difficulties with which their cruizers have to contend. 233. Milne to Somerset [Somerset Mss Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/28]

Bermuda 6 April [sic: May] 1863

My dear Sir Your Graces letter of the 19th April reached me yesterday afternoon and I will now remain here in pursuance of Your Lordships Instructions instead of proceeding to Halifax tomorrow as I had intended. I may however mention to your Grace, that at this time of the Year when the winter Gales have ceased, and the Ice in Nova Scotia melted, The position of the Admiral at Halifax is far more central and convenient than at this Island, having at Halifax weekly information from England, and direct communication with Lord Lyons, New York, our Ships on the Coast of the States, and Even New Orleans by Telegraph, whereas at this place the regular Mail is but once a month, and to get your Lordships Despatches by the alternate Mail I must send a ship to Halifax for them. Feeling this and knowing I would on service grounds be better at Halifax[,] I am almost inclined to proceed there at once, Especially as Lord Lyons in his Letter of the 27th Ult. says “I rejoice at the thought of your being at Halifax,” but your Graces Letter is Stringent and I therefore remain. Lord Lyons mentions to me that there had been considerable Excitement at Washington in regard to the supposed construction of Confederate vessels in England, but that the last news from London is considered so satisfactory, that Mr. Seward has stated that the issuing of Letters of Marque it at rest for the present.

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I acknowledge to your Grace I feel somewhat anxious respecting the Seizure of our Ships bound on legitimate voyages from England to Matamoras, or Nassau[.] The Papers of these vessels so far as I have heard are correct, suspicion therefore must attach to the Cargo’s which I have reason to believe may partly consist of Contraband of War. These vessels may be legally searched by Belligerent Vessels of War, and as their Papers are correct and the voyage legitimate, any cause for detention must rest with the Cargo, in respect to its intended Market, but this appear’s to me to be beyond the control of the Belligerent. He can only look to the consignment of the Cargo to the port to which the ship is bound, and I presume upon these Grounds these vessels will be released. I have been considering how far it is my duty to interfere in such cases and prevent Even by force the detention of such vessels by United States Cruizers, but it might raise the question of an improper interference with the legal right of search by Belligerents, whereas a Court of Admiralty will decide the legality of Capture and if illegal the Amount of damages. I therefore consider it to be more prudent for me to abstain from such interference unless I receive Instructions from Home. my doing so might cause complications on a question which has heretofore been of considerable difficulty with the United States. This Island has now become a Depot of the Confed[era]te Govt. they have an Agent here transacting business, and the Blockade Steamers go and return with regularity. How it is managed, to ship Arm’s on board of these vessels in Contravention of the Local Acts is beyond my comprehension, nor am I aware of the custom house regulations or the mode in which the duties are performed, but that Arms are sent from Bermuda is well known[.] There is nothing of any moment going on in the Squadron[.] The Barracoutta has had several cases of Yellow Fever but by my last letter was healthy. I Expect her here Every hour from Nassau. I will have to send a ship to Halifax[,] probably the Galatea, as there will be no ship there and I Expect the French Admiral to arrive there during this month. He wrote to me from Martinique of his intention, and I wish to give Galatea some of the Halifax air before she goes to the West Indies in July which she must do to relieve some other ship[.] It is this changing of Climate which Keeps ships healthy and in good humour. no one knows what a comfort it is to officers & men to get a run North Except those who have Experienced it. I have written to Sir F Grey on some questions of Punishment where I consider the regulations being so Exceedingly stringent are working disadvantageously to the Service[.]1

1

Doc. No. 234.

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234. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Bermuda 7 May 1863

My dear Grey I have no special news for you respecting the Squadron. as I am detained here I have sent Nimble to Halifax to bring me the next mail. I wish to draw the Board[’s] attentn to the Stringent rules about Corporal Punishment and in my opinion to the necessity Either of a relaxation or giving power to the Commander in Chief or Senior officer present to deal with certain cases. I do not like acting agt. the Admiralty Instructions, it is not pleasant to do so, and it is not Exactly correct, yet I consider it is for the Sake of the Service sometimes necessary to do so. Now, take Boys guilty of Theft[.] They must Either be tried by Court Martial to authorize Corporal Punishment, or they must be reduced to 2 C[lass] Conduct [sic] which is no punishment at all. It is surely inexpedient to call together Courts Martial on Cases of Theft committed by Boys, and surely it is improper not to flog a brat of a Boy for being a thief. Yet it cannot be done without a C. M. Why not give [the] Comd in Chief (or senior officer present) [the authority] to order Corpl P. in such cases as he may see fit[?] Again there are Crimes of a serious nature in which the same observations apply and I have mentioned in a public letter the best course in my opinion to adopt. The Subject is one for your consideration. Racoon sails from this on the 10th direct for Spithead. She has had [a] good time & fine weather for a complete put to right. I have recommended 2 Surveyors to be sent out to Survey the passages in and out [of Bermuda,] no survey [having been conducted] since 1793, Except a part of the narrows. In haste … [P.S.] Galatea goes to Halifax the day after tomorrow & will remain there for the present, but I hope to join her soon. 235. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5819]

“Nile” at Bermuda 9 May 1863 [received 30 May]

No. 329 Sir, Referring to my letter of the 16th Ultimo No. 272, and to previous correspondence on the subject of the practice of United States Cruizers

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firing a shot across the Bows of H.M. Ships to indicate their desire to communicate, I have now the honor to enclose a copy of a further despatch from Lord Lyons and of its enclosures, upon the same subject, together with a copy of the reply which I have this day addressed to His Excellency, and which I trust may bring the question to a satisfactory issue; – indeed, I have reason to know that already in Commodore Turner’s Blockading Squadron off Charleston, the Blank instead of the Shotted Gun is adopted as an indication of a desire to approach and speak. [Enclosures] Lord Lyons to Milne Washington April 27th 1863 Sir With reference to my Despatch of the 8th Instant, and to our previous correspondence relative to the practice adopted by United States Cruizers of firing shot across the Bows of Her Majesty’s Ships, I have the honor to transmit to you copies of a Note from Mr. Seward and its Enclosure, relative to the subject in general and to the case of the “Desperate” in particular.1 I have not yet made any answer to Mr. Seward’s Note. Milne to Lord Lyons “Nile” at Bermuda 9th May 1863 My Lord, Having very carefully considered the statements made and arguments adduced by the United States Secretary of the Navy in his despatch to Mr. Seward of which Your Excellency did me the honor to forward me a copy on the 27th Ult, I beg to acquaint you that giving due weight to all the circumstances, I am inclined to the opinion that Mr. Welles’ recognition of the general rule in regard to shot not being fired when one Ship of War desires to communicate with another belonging to a friendly power

1 Seward’s letter and its enclosure, Welles to Seward, 7 April 1863, are both printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 563–5.

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is satisfactory, as I take it for granted that the Navy Department will have issued Instructions to their Cruizers in corresponding terms and have thereby put a check upon the practice to which I had felt it to be my duty to take exception. I have all along admitted that there may possibly be exceptions to this rule and I have never lost sight if the difficulties with which the Federal Cruizers have had to contend in the exercise of their Belligerent rights and duties; and the instructions I have issued to the Cruizers under my orders when approaching Blockading Squadrons1 (which I forwarded to you on the 25th March Last) sufficiently prove my anxiety to reduce these exceptional cases to the least possible number, as with ordinary discretion they ought I apprehend never to occur on the high seas. Animated still by these sentiments, which are in strict accordance with my Instructions and which will Continue to guide me, and anticipating no good result from prolonging the discussion upon the particular case of the “Desperate”, as the main facts are not contested, I am induced to hope from the satisfactory spirit in which Mr. Seward is disposed to approach the question, as evinced in his note to Your Excellency of the 31st March last, that the end I had in view when I initiated this correspondence may be looked on as attained if the United States Government will insist on the general observance of the recognised rule on the part of their cruizers, as I on my part will not fail to enforce the regulations to which I have referred above, so as to give no just ground for the adoption of measures which all are agreed to regard as unquestionably exceptional and therefore only to be resorted to in very extreme cases. 236. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Bermuda 9 May 1863

My dear Grey The Racoon sails at daylight for Spithead and I write this line by her but I have nothing new since I wrote 3 days ago via Halifax. will you send out 25 or 30 Marines for the Squadron[?] we are getting short and there are some on the Station who should be Allowed to return home. The French I hear have taken Puebla[.]2

1

Doc. No. 207. This intelligence was premature. Puebla fell to the French on 17 May.

2

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303

237. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [3]]

Washington 11 May 1863

Private My dear Sir Alexander, I am afraid you will hardly thank me for sending you so great a mass of papers about the proceedings of the United States Cruisers. I thought however that you ought to know exactly what has been done on that subject. You will see that I have done my best to turn your Despatch of the 20th of last month1 to good account. I have given Mr Seward verbally a warning from H.M’s Gov. that the impression which prevails in England that the United States are systematically endeavours by fair means and foul to stop our trade with Matamoras is producing very dangerous effects. Mr Seward said that he should be able to give very satisfactory assurances on this head. I observed to him that I thought some decided practical steps were necessary to do away with this impression. I reminded him of his previous assurances and of his instructions to the Navy Department, and pointed out that those instructions were apparently set at naught by the United States officers. I said that the great point was to make the subordinate officers feel the effects of the displeasure of the Gov. when they violated neutral rights, that it was not likely the Naval officers would pay much attention to the assurances given by the Gov. to Foreign Powers, and that it was not to be expected that they would pay much attention to formal instructions to themselves, if they found that they could practically violate them with impunity. The Gov. ought, I said, to remove its subordinates from situations in which they were peculiarly exposed to temptation to make an unlawful use of Belligerent powers. I told Mr Seward that I should regard another questionable seizure of a British Merchant Vessel in the neighbourhood of St Thomas, or another questionable seizure anywhere of a British Vessel bound to Matamoras, as little less than a calamity. I trust that I made so much impression as to render it probable that these matters will be arranged for the present, so far as words go, and that something will be done to check the vexatious proceedings of the Cruisers. What this Gov. ought to do is to remove their ships from St Thomas altogether and to recall Admiral Wilkes. I have not however much confidence in their doing anything really effectual. Many of the Naval officers would like a

1

A copy of which is enclosed in Doc. No. 225.

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war with England. They know well enough that it would not be a naval war, but they are envious of Captain Semmes and the Alabama, and would rather roam about picking up prizes, than go on with the dull and harassing work of blockading. Then the universal exasperation in the Country against England makes the Government unwilling and afraid to do anything which looks like a concession to us. Thus things are in a dangerous state and it will be a great comfort to me to be within reach of you by telegraph. If any more privateers get out of our Ports, the Government here may be forced by public clamour to issue letters of Marque somewhat suddenly. Mr Seward has verbally promised to give us notice, but this is a very vague assurance. Of course it will not do for me to discuss beforehand any particular arrangements about them, because this would imply an acquiescence in their being issued, which we are far from wishing to signify beforehand. So far the Country seems to take the defeat on the Rappahannock very quietly.1 It is however a severe disaster, not so much on account of the losses, for if the North has lost numerically a much larger number of men than the South, it has a much larger population to recruit from, but the effect on the spirit of the Army and of the population will be very unfavourable to a successful prosecution of the War. I suppose an attempt must soon be made to enforce the new Conscription Act, but it will not be possible to obtain recruits in that way before the term of service of a great part of the present Army expires. I have been unwell during more than a month and am beset by a quantity of small vexations[,] business concerning the wrongs of the hundreds of thousands of British Subjects, who have suddenly proclaimed their unswerving loyalty to the British Crown, and demanded my protection. Many thanks for your private letter of the 25th April. You will think I am trying to make up for the quality of my information by quantity of writing. The fact is I am too much knocked up to be able to write shortly. 238. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Bermuda 11 May 1863 [received 24 May]

My dear Lord Lyons A merchant vessel leaves this during the day for New York, and I send by her some Letters respecting the reply of the United States Gov. in answer

1

The Battle of Chancellorsville, 30 April–6 May 1863.

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to the question raised by Comdr Thrupp & the firing of a Shot across the Bow’s of the Desperate. I am of opinion is it unnecessary to carry it further, as I find from HMS Greyhound’s communication with the Blockading Squadron last month, “The Blank Gun has been Established”, and in the case of the Cygnet Comdr De Kantzow is partly in [sic: ‘at’] fault, and I do not therefore wish any communication to be made to the U.S. Gov. on the subject. You would receive my Letters respecting the detention of the Dolphin, and I observe from Extracts from English Papers that our Government have taken up this question of illegal detention of our ships. In fact the U. States Cruizers have returned to the Seizure of Vessels because they are on a List of Suspected vessels, contrary to the Instructions issued last year, on the case of the Adela. As I am ordered by the Admiralty to remain here for the present I presume it has reference to this question. I had already packed up and was to have sailed on the 7[th], but I suspect will be here for some weeks longer. I have to thank you for your last Letter of the 27th April and [I am] Exceedingly obliged for all the information you give me. Our Govt will never submit to the illegal seizure of our vessels[,] and unless the U.S. Govt stop this I will be prepared for a row. I have not a word of news from England Except to stay here, which I regret as I could do far more work at Halifax and this I have Explained[.]  P.S. Had I been at St. Thomas’s I certainly would have come to an understanding with Admiral Wilkes on the Seizure of these vessels but I think it would be an injudicious step to go down to St. Thomas to moot the question when the Home Government and yourself are in communication with Mr Seward[.] it might cause misunderstanding which I think is better avoided[.] 239. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5819]

“Nile”, at Bermuda 14 May 1863 [received 8 June]

No. 339 Sir, Observing in the Printed Papers laid before Parliament, North America No. 4 (1863) Admiral Wilkes to Mr. Welles, Secretary to the United States Navy[,] dated Flag steamer “Wachusset” [sic], Havana October 11th 1862, No. 4, in which that Officer reported to his Government a case of infraction of the Neutrality Regulations “by the Commander of Her Britannic Majesty’s Gun Boat “Bulldog” in transporting Captain

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Pegram1 and seven Officers from Nassau to Bermuda in July last on their way to England to take charge of the “290” or other vessels about to fit out there under the secesh Flag”[.] I think it due to myself to state for the information of their Lordships that I had never before so much as heard of a rumour of Commander McKillop having embarked these Confederate Officers and conveyed them to Bermuda, no mention being made of the circumstances in his Reports to me; I therefore submit that he be called upon for an explanation, as if he really acted in the manner described he clearly disregarded the Instructions under which he was acting and had the subject been pressed by the United States Government it would have been impossible to have offered a satisfactory defence for an act which, if it took place, I cannot hesitate to characterize as in the highest degree indiscreet, & which had I known it at the time would have caused me much annoyance[.]2 240. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Bermuda 14 May 1863

My dear Grey I do not trouble the First Lord but I will be obliged if you will mention the following subject to him. In 1856 The Admiralty made over to the War Department a point of Land and six Cottages thereon called Lodge Point (See Plan)3 at Ireland Island. for this point I believe some money was paid. The War Department will shortly get possession of Boaz Island with all the Convict Buildings, and I would most strongly urge on the Board to get this point and the Cottages retransferred to the Naval Depart. It will be of no use to the Military when in possession of Boaz, and it is of great importance to the Dock Yard, as it will save the Admiralty at least £6000, as new cottages at that Expense and [sic: ‘could’] not be built. however it will give the Board a new site for Cottages which is much wanted.

1 Robert Baker Pegram (1811–94). American naval officer. Entered US Navy, 1829; Lt, 1841; resigned, 1861; Capt, Confederate Navy, 1861. 2 See ‘North America. No. 4. (1863.) Despatch from Her Majesty’s minister at Washington, dated December 8th, 1862, inclosing extract of papers relating to foreign affairs, presented to Congress, December, 1862’, PP, 1863, vol. 72, pp. 367–8. Nothing in Milne’s own papers or the Admiralty files suggests that there was any truth to this allegation. 3 Milne evidently enclosed a map detailing the land in question.

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The Commandant of the Troops sees no objection to giving it up. It was the intention of the Military Department to have expended £80,000 in building Commissariat Stores on this point, which In my opinion would have been a fatal mistake, The Naval Dept. having more Store Houses than they know what to do with. This £80,000 might [therefore] have been saved.  [P.S.] I send a public letter[.] 241. The Secretary of the Admiralty to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/114/4]

Admiralty 15 May 1863

No 331 M Sir With reference to my letter of the 16th April, No. 252, directing you to remain for 5 or 6 weeks after the 10th May at Bermuda; I am commanded by my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to acquaint you that there is now no objection to your immediate departure from Bermuda to the northern and more healthy part of the Station. 242. Somerset to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1c]

Admiralty 15 May 1863

Private Dear Sir Alexder Milne I received your letter of 19 April from Bermuda … You will by this mail receive permission to leave Bermuda for Halifax, and I hope the detention will not have inconvenienced you. The Shannon had been ordered to join you before we received your letter stating your want of frigates. The question of the prisoner confederate officer sent from Gibraltar to Bermuda is full of difficulties.1

1 Somerset was referring to Joseph G. Hester, a sailor on CSS Sumter, which ended its commerce-raiding career at Gibraltar. While there, Hester allegedly murdered a shipmate, midshipman William Andrews, and was arrested by British authorities, who then sought to convey him to the Confederacy to be tried for the crime. The US government refused to allow Hester to be delivered through the blockade, however, and he was subsequently released at Bermuda owing to the British government’s lack of jurisdiction over the case. See Courtemanche, No Need of Glory, pp. 148–9.

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It will be best to retain him on board ship until the proper mode of dealing with him can be arranged. If he were landed, it might seem doubtful whether legally he could be detained; yet to allow his liberation without any trial would be a course, only excusable, if it could not be avoided. I shall speak to the Secretary of State for War on the importance of Bermuda & its defences. 243. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Bermuda 18 May 1863

My dear Grey I send a letter to the Admilty from [the] Wardroom officers of the Buzzard asking for a wardroom servant. If you look at the Estbt. Sheet you will see several Vessels that are only allowed a Steward but no Servant, Whereas both are allowed to the Gunroom[.] I have no doubt this was done under the impression that the wardroom had Boys & the Gunroom none but It would be advisable to give the wardroom’s a Servant in addn. to the Steward. This question of Servants is becoming a sad annoyance[:] none can be obtained and Every large ship on the Station is short some 6 or 8. May 19th. The Nimble has not yet made her appearance from Halifax with [the] 2d May Mail and I cannot detain the Steamer for Halifax. She did not bring a mail from England (2d May) as was expected. If ships are coming out please send out some 60 2d C. Boys at least, and some 30 Marines to fill vacancies. Those Boys taken out of Ships & sent to [the] Pacific has caused many vacancies in 1st C. Boys, which the advancement of 2 C. are now filling up. I Expect Immortalite Every hour from Vera Cruz[.] 244. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5819]

“Nile” at Bermuda 21 May 1863 [received 8 June]

No. 351 Sir, I beg to annex for their Lordships’ information an extract of a letter I have just received from Captain Hancock of Her Majesty’s Ship

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309

“Immortalité” dated the 2nd Instant, relative to the state of affairs at Matamoras and in its vicinity. [Extract] I left the Rio Grande on the 23 April, at which time there was nothing of any Consequence going on, there were still between 70 and 80 Merchant Ships of all nations and of various sizes principally small now lying off the Bar, but the weather had been so unfavourable that during the last 14 days I was there, the Cargo Boats only once came over the Bar; Matamoras, and the Banks of the River for a mile from its mouth, are overcrowded with merchandize, and from all I can learn the market has been flooded; Cotton is becoming scarce also. General Magruder1 Commanding the Confederate Forces in Texas, New Mexico and Arizona, had just arrived at Brownsville on a tour of inspection and he sent an officer of his Staff on board to invite me and my officers to dine at his Camp and to witness a review of the Troops of the district, being on the eve of sailing I was unable to accept this attention. It is stated that there are in the state of Texas at this moment 80,000 Men, and from those I saw I should say their are by no means inferior to those who under Generals Lee2 [and] Longstreet3 have already made themselves conspicuous. 245. Milne to Cracroft [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [11]]

Bermuda 21 May 1863

My dear Commodore I am sending the Greyhound to St. Thomas, and I write by her to say I leave this for Halifax tomorrow and I send down order[s] to you and to Havana for the Lily to join me at Halifax forthwith[.] this is necessary

1 John Bankhead Magruder (1807–71). American soldier. 2nd Lt, US Army, 1830; 1st Lt, 1836; Capt, 1846; Brevet Major, 1847; Brevet Lt Col, 1847; resigned commission, 1861; Lt Col, Virginia Volunteers, 1861; Col, Confederate army, 1861; Brig Gen, 1861; Major Gen, 1861; Major Gen, Imperial Mexican Army, 1865. 2 Robert Edward Lee (1807–70). American soldier. 2nd Lt, 1829, US Army; 1st Lt, 1836; Capt, 1838; Brevet Major, 1847; Brevet Lt Col, 1847; Brevet Col, 1847; Lt Col, 1855; Col, 1861; resigned commission, 1861; Major Gen, Virginia Volunteers, 1861; Brig Gen, Confederate army, 1861; Gen, 1861. 3 James Longstreet (1821–1904). American soldier. 2nd Lt, 1842, US Army; 1st Lt, 1845; Brevet Capt, 1847; Brevet Major, 1847; Capt, 1852; resigned commission, 1861; Brig Gen, Confederate army, 1861; Major Gen, 1861; Lt Gen, 1862.

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as I am short of ships for the work of the Station & the Slave Trade is of less importance[.] I have letters from Styx to 30 April[.] She cannot leave New Orleans and I will arrange on arrival at Halifax what I will do to relieve the Medea. Jason is here & Buzzard. Immortalite left Vera Cruz 4th May for this and I hourly Expect her. Barracouta has not yet arrived from Nassau[.] I was stopped here by the Home Govt. but I find myself so Isolated & so backward in Every way in regard to American affairs that I have taken on myself to go to Halifax[.] I have nothing further for you from this[.] 246. Milne to Vansittart [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [11]]

Bermuda 21 May 1863

Dear Cap Vansittart You letters Enclosed in one from the Commodore reached me two days ago via St. Thomas.1 You were quite right to go to Cay West, altho you could no [sic: ‘do’] nothing practical in the way of release &c of any vessels before the Admiralty Court of the U.S. and the question of the detention of these vessels[,] altho to us apparently illegal[,] yet the U.S. Gov. appear to think they have full grounds for seizure and condemnation[.] The Peterhoff will not be given up, but goes to trial. In the case of the Ruby, you must be very careful in such matters.2 The Convoy does not prevent the U.S. Cruizer from Searching her and Even detaining her. Convoy does not stop the Exercise of Belligerent rights, and had the Sonoma come up you had no power to prevent the Search & Even the Capture, if Ruby was an illegal vessel. The Consul had no power nor was he justified in asking you to Convoy her. Look at the law of the cases of Convoy. I start for Halifax tomorrow to meet the next English mail[.]

1 Not included in this collection. Vansittart had been asked on 7 April 1863, by Acting Consul-General Crawford at Havana, to call at Key West to ascertain the circumstances under which the Dolphin had been detained. Crawford’s request and Vansittart’s letter of proceedings are enclosed in Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty, no 309 of 24 April 1863 in ADM1/5819. 2 On April 7 1863 Crawford had asked Vansittart to convoy the Ruby from Matanzas to Havana owing to the ‘understanding that the Commander of the United States Cruizer “Sonoma” stated at Matanzas that it was his intention to seize the “Ruby” on her way down here’, to which request Vansittart complied. Crawford’s letter can be found in ibid. Vansittart’s letter of proceedings on this mission is enclosed in Doc. No. 252.

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Jason is here. Greyhound goes to St. Thomas for Mail. Immortalite I Expect Every [sic] hour from Vera Cruz. Cap Ryder I observe has gone to the Comp[troller] of Coast Guard.1 Very truly yours in haste. . . .  [P.S.:] Orlando [has] gone to Chatham for Extensive repairs. 247. Milne to Hood [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [11]]

Bermuda 21 May 1863

Dear Cap Hood I am sending the Greyhound to St. Thomas’s and therefore write a line to meet the Steamer for Vera Cruz[.] I have not heard anything of Immortalite and hourly Expect her[.] I find by letters from New Orleans of 30 April the Styx would not be able to leave for Vera Cruz[.] That being the case[,] and if Medea is not required[,] you may send her to Jamaica and I have written to the Commodore to say so. I leave for Halifax tomorrow, but several ships will remain here. I have no special news of any Moment. There is a good deal of complication with the U.S. Govt but I dont fear any real difficulty[.] You must often look up the proceedings at Matamoras and afford Every possible aid to our vessels Engaged in legitimate trade so long as you do not interfere with the rights of Belligerent vessels of War. Make yourself acquainted with the law of right of search &c[.] I hope you have the Manual of Maritime Warfare by Hazlitt & Roche.2 I have permission to build a Forecastle[.]3 248. [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [11]]

Milne to Cracroft Bermuda 21 May 1863

No 2 My dear Commodore Since I wrote you this morning … I have written to Cap Hood at Vera Cruz to tell him the Styx cannot leave New Orleans and therefore if he

1

Alfred Phillipps Ryder was appointed to that post on 27 April 1863. William Hazlitt and Henry Philip Roche, A manual of the law of maritime warfare embodying the decisions of Lord Stowell and other English judges, and of the American courts, and the opinions of the most eminent jurists; with an appendix of the official documents and correspondence in relation to the present war (London: Stevens, 1854). 3 I.e., to add a forecastle to HMS Pylades, Hood’s ship. 2

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does not require the Medea to send her to Jamaica to join you but to look well to Matamoras to give if proper [sic: ‘warranted’] aid to our vessels in legitimate trade[.] Let me hear from you by Every opportunity[.] with Complts to Mrs Cracroft. I have received your kind note[.]1 I have had nothing to do with your getting the Broad Pendant[.] It is all [the] Admilty[.] I wrote home two years ago to say on Comdr Dunlop leaving the old Plan of a 2d C[lass] Commodore was the proper thing for the Station[.] 249. Milne to Tatham [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [11]]

Bermuda 21 May 1863

Dear Cap Tatham Your several letters reached me on Tuesday by the Mail and I am much obliged for the information which they convey. I much regretted to be obliged to notice the measures at Sombrero,2 but really with the Letters in the Senior officer Box which you do not appear to have opened to see what were their purport I could not do otherwise than Express my regret. no complaint has yet been made by the U States government and Lord Lyons has of course not opened the question … I Entirely approve of your letter to Admiral Wilkes[.]3 The one questionable part was on the remark of notoriety to [be] gained by their officers in such proceedings[.] I see in the late Papers there is a question about the Peterhoff and that she had contraband of war on board for the South. That however may not be correct. The U.S. Gov. will not give her up but she is to go before a Prize Court[.] I have letters from Lord Lyons to 11 May. Matters are not comfortable from the great Excitement against England in the States but there appears no danger of any real difficulty[.] I have written a letter to Admiral Wilkes4 and I send you a Copy that you may Express the same views to any Senior officer you may fall in with.

1

Not preserved among Milne’s papers. See Doc. No. 229. 3 Tatham’s letter to Wilkes, and the latter’s reply, are printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, p. 544. 4 Enclosed in Doc. No. 252. 2

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313

I write in haste as I sail for Halifax tomorrow and have very much to do[.] 250. Milne to Harvey1 [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [11]]

Bermuda 21 May 1863

Dear Cap Harvey I have sent orders to you at Havana to proceed to join my Flag at Halifax, as I will require the services of a fast vessel at that place[.] I have written to St. Thomas to inform the Commodore at Jamaica[.] If you come up please to bring me 4 dozen small Boxes of Guava Jelly[.] 251.

Milne to Somerset

[Somerset Mss Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/29]

HMS Nile Bermuda 22 May 1863

My dear Sir I was in Expectation of receiving Letters from your Grace and the Admiralty via Halifax by the Mail of the 2nd of May, but the Nimble returned from Halifax yesterday without any Mail. I presume the Despatches have been sent to St. Thomas via Southampton, but as the Cunard Steamer from thence to Halifax calling here, left two days before The English mail arrived, I am obliged to send the Greyhound to St. Thomas for them, and to wait for the following Mail due on the 30th. Nimble however brought me various despatches from Lord Lyons, and as he again Expresses much anxiety that I should be within Telegh. distance, I intend to leave for Halifax this afternoon. I have considered this to be the most advisable course owing to my isolated position here, and I will be Enabled to receive the Mail from England due on the 26th or 27th, but I will not take any ships with me but be ready to return here at a few hours notice should it be requisite. I am so very anxious in regard to the present state of affairs, and feel so Entirely cut off from all direct communication, that I consider I am acting for the good of the Service by adopting this course. The Jason

1 Henry Harvey (1821–69). Entered, c.1835; Lt, 1847; Cmdr, 1857; Capt, 1863. Harvey commanded HMS Lily.

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and Buzzard will remain here, and also the Immortalité[,] now hourly Expected from Vera Cruz. Lord Lyon’s Keeps me informed respecting the affairs of the United States with our Government, and he mentions that in consequence of my Letters to him respecting the Seizure of the Peterhof and Dolphin he had communicated my views to Mr. Seward, which I hope may cause some stringent orders to be issued to the United S. Cruizers to check them from Exceeding the limits of their Belligerent Rights. I am much afraid however that under the cover of a legitimate trade and regular papers, That under Hatches, our Merchants are not over particular what they ship. The Article of Hardware here is transferred from ship to ship and no questions are asked, but it is well known that Hardware means Arms, and thus a lively trade is carried on, and the Custom House Authorities ask no questions; or Else such Articles are not in the manifest of the Cargo, and are transshipped from the depot ship to the Blockade Runner. The American [news]papers[,] owing to Letters from American visitors here are now calling the attention of the U.S. Government to this trade at Bermuda, and recommending Ships of War to be sent here to watch these vessels. I have addressed a letter to Rear Admiral Wilkes informing him that I have been obliged to represent to Her Majestys Government and to HM Minister at Washington the proceedings of officers under his Command in detaining British vessels bound from one neutral port to another, with the hope that he may adopt such steps as he may see fit to check proceedings which are not justified by the law of nations. I considered it Expedient to adopt this course and I have desired Capt Tatham with the Peterel [i.e. to take that vessel with him] to call at St. Thomas’s from time to time, and to adopt the views Expressed in my Letter to Admiral Wilkes in any communication he may have with United States officers. All the officers under my Command who have met Admiral Wilkes have invariably Expressed the courtesy and attention which he has shewn to them, indeed I may say that in the intercourse which has taken place with the Captains of our ships & American officers, there has been no ill feeling, quite the reverse, there has been much civility, and frankness of manner, and cordiality, and I am glad to be able to say so. I send this by the Nimble to Halifax as she will arrive sooner than Nile and may most probably meet the Packet going to England whereas I may not. I have no further news from this, Except that Comdr Ward at New Orlean’s has on the request of the British subjects at that place and likewise HM Consul considered [it] advisable to continue at that place. I will therefore adopt some means of sending a ship to relieve him as Styx has been long Enough at that Anchorage. a few more ships on The Station would be advisable[.]

315

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252. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5819]

“Nile” at Sea Lat: 34. 26 N Long: 64. 31 W 23 May 1863 [received 21 June]

No. 358 Sir, I beg to enclose for their Lordships’ information a further Report of Proceedings from Captain Vansittart of H.M. Ship “Ariadne” which though of a date anterior to that forwarded in my letter No. 309 of the 29th Ulto1 has only just reached me, and of its enclosures, together with a Copy of letters I addressed, in reference to the question of Convoy being afforded to the “Ruby”, to Commodore Cracroft and to Mr. Crawford[,] Her Majesty’s Acting Consul General at the Havana, which I trust will meet with their Lordships’ approval, and that I shall be considered to have dealt properly in regard to this controverted question of international Law; I also enclose a Copy of a letter I have addressed to Lord Lyons on the subject. 2. – It is only due to Rear Admiral Wilkes to call their Lordships’ attention to the perfect courtesy which he evinced throughout towards Captain Vansittart, and with which he has equally treated every Naval Officer under my orders, with whom he has come in personal contact in the West Indies; – I may instance Captain Tatham, Captain Hancock and Commander Grant: – and I take this opportunity of forwarding to their Lordships a copy of a letter I deemed it proper to address to the Rear Admiral, on the subject of the recent questionable proceedings of the Cruizers under his Command, in the hope that he may be induced to put an immediate stop thereto, without waiting for instructions which I cannot bring myself to doubt will be forwarded to him by the Government at Washington to that effect[.] [Enclosures] Vansittart to Milne HM Ship “Ariadne” Havana, 8th April 1863 Sir I have the honor to enclose copy [sic] of two communications received yesterday afternoon from Her Majesty’s Acting Consul

1

Not included in this collection.

316

THE MILNE PAPERS

General at Havana,1 together with my answer to the one on the subject of the “Ruby”, British Steamer, and to inform you that I in consequence put to sea last evening, after having waited on Admiral Wilkes whose Flag is flying onboard the “Vanderbilt”, United States Ship in Havana. 2. – Apologizing for a late visit I considered it right to read Mr. Crawford’s letter to Admiral Wilkes, and to inform him that I intended to proceed at once off Matanzas to prevent any illegal interference with the “Ruby”, but that I did not come to make a present charge or complaint against any of the United States Cruizers. 3. – The Admiral, although at dinner, received me with the greatest courtesy, and declared he had no intention of interfering with the “Ruby”, and that his Cruizers had strict orders to be very careful[.] as he did not refer to any past threat on the part of the “Sonoma” it did not appear becoming in me to enquire, so having received the Admiral’s thanks for my frankness, I returned in time to get out before dark. 4. – Taking everything into consideration, I deemed to right to proceed off Matanzas, and at 7 A.m. was met by the “Ruby”, somewhat this side of that Port, and learnt from her master that the United States Cruizer “Sonoma” had left four days before. The “Ruby” started out before daylight. I have accompanied her down the Coast, and she will carry this letter into Havana: – We have seen no American Men of War, although two of their Cruizers were off Matanzas yesterday[.] 5 – I have the honor further to explain that I am about proceeding [sic] to Key West, for the purpose of shewing Her Majesty’s Ship “Ariadne” as requested by Her Majesty’s Acting Consul General in his second letter of yesterday, our stay there however must be limited. The matter related to this letter has induced me to write direct to your Flag. Vansittart to Crawford HMS. “Ariadne” Havana 5 P.M. 7 April 1863 Sir, I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your despatch of this afternoon’s date, relative to the declared intention of the United States

1

Not included in this collection.

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317

Cruizer “Sonoma” at Matanzas to seize the British Steamer “Ruby”. I have applied to Rear Admiral Wilkes on this subject, and have been assured that no such intention exists on the past of any of his Vessels, and that the “Sonoma” is at present anchored close to the Flag Ship “Vanderbilt”. I shall however proceed off Matanzas to reassure the Master of the “Ruby”. Milne to Cracroft “Nile” at Bermuda 21 May 1863 Sir, With reference to the proceedings of Captain Vansittart of HM Ship “Ariadne” transmitted in Commodore Dunlops letter of the 9th May,1 you will acquaint that Officer that I entirely approve of his having proceeded to Key West on the requisition of Her Majesty’s Acting Consul General at Havana, to communicate with the Acting Vice Consul, although it would have been inexpedient had any demand been made by him for the release of the Steamer “Dolphin”, or any Vessels detained under similar circumstances, as it is for Her Majesty’s Government to decide what steps they consider necessary to be taken, in cases of supposed illegal detention of British Vessels by United States Cruizers; and it becomes the duty of a Prize Court to determine, on the evidence produced before it, whether the seizure of the Vessel was illegal or not, the whole of the circumstances which may have lead [sic] to their seizure being probably unknown to any but the Captors. In the case of the “Ruby” I approve of the communication made to Rear Admiral Wilkes after the disclaimer on the part of that Officer of there being any intention to seize her, and of the protection afforded to her, but extreme caution must be exercised by the Captains of H.M. Ships, so as not in any manner to interfere with Belligerent Cruizers in the exercise of their legitimate right to search all Neutral Vessels; and in the case of the “Ruby” an United States Cruizer would have had full power to have searched that Vessel, and even to have detained her, if sufficient grounds for doing so were obtained, even if actually under the convoy of the “Ariadne”, for it must be borne in mind by all Officers that they have no authority to deprive Belligerents of their lawful right

1

Not included in this collection.

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of visitation and detention of Vessels which the Law of Nations confers on them. In Hazlitt and Roche’s Manual of Maritime Warfare, a copy of which was supplied to Captain Vansittart in June 1861, the question of the effect of Convoy as determined by Lord Stowell in the case of the “Marin” is very clearly laid down at Page 275. Milne to Crawford “Nile” at Bermuda 21st May 1863 Sir, Referring to the letter you addressed to Captain Vansittart of H.M. Ship “Ariadne” on the 7th Ultimo, suggesting that he should convoy the “Ruby” to Havana, I think it advisable to point out to you that as Convoy does not render the Neutral convoyed less amenable to all the Belligerent rights of visit, search, detention or capture, no advantages at all commensurate with the risk incurred with would follow, were convoy to be afforded; and therefore, in the absence of special instructions on the point from Her Majesty’s Government, I think it desirable that Her Majesty’s Ships should not be requested to convoy Vessels circumstanced as the “Ruby” was at the time. Further I would remark that when making this suggestion, it would appear that you only knew from the Master’s own statement, without having personally verified the fact, that her clearance and papers were in perfect order; had this turned out not to have been the case, and had the Ship been seized when under Convoy of the “Ariadne”, Captain Vansittart would, I think, have been placed in a very awkward position; and it is therefore better to avoid any such risk, by refusing to entertain all questions of Convoy, which a fair trader ought not to require, while the fraudulent trader can have no claim to it at our hands. Milne to Lord Lyons “Nile”, at Sea Lat 34°.26 N Long 64°.31 W 23rd May 1863 My Lord, I have the honor to enclose for Your Excellency’s information a copy of a letter addressed by Mr. Crawford, Her Majesty’s Acting Consul

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General at the Havana to Captain Vansittart of Her Majesty’s Ship “Ariadne” on the 7th Ultimo, together with a despatch I thought it right to lose no time in forwarding to Mr. Crawford, in reference to his request that Captain Vansittart should convoy the British steamer “Ruby” from Matanzas to the Havana. From the judicious way in which Captain Vansittart dealt with the case it is not likely to be noticed by the United States Government, even if they were made aware of the circumstance, but I think Your Excellency will agree with me that in the present state of our Relations with the United States, it would be highly undesirable to provoke by any act on our part, a discussion on so controverted a question of international law as that of the right of Convoy by neutrals. I have forwarded a copy of this Despatch and all the Papers to which it refers to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty[.] Milne to Wilkes “Nile” at Bermuda 21 May 1863 Sir, I consider it an act of Courtesy due to you as the Rear Admiral Commanding the United States Squadron in the West Indies to acquaint you that I have felt myself called upon in the discharge of my Public duty to bring to the notice of Her Majesty’s Government and likewise of Her Majesty’s Minister at Washington for representation to the Government of the United States the practice pursued by Cruizers under your orders of detaining British Vessels trading from one Neutral Port to another and apparently affording no legitimate ground whatever for their detention. 2. – As the proceedings appear to me to have been in direct violation of International Law and of the very satisfactory instructions for U.S. Cruizers which were communicated to Lord Lyons by Mr. Seward in August last, I think it right in the interests of peace, and to avert as far as possible, every cause of misunderstanding between our respective Governments to beg your serious attention to this very important subject, in the hope that you may see the necessity of taking immediate steps to confine the exercise of Belligerent rights on the part of the U.S. Cruizers over Neutrals, within the limits prescribed by the Law of Nations and thus prevent the recurrence of cases similar to those which are now the subject of discussion between the two Governments, and which are causing such natural anxiety among the Mercantile classes interested in our West Indian Commerce[.]

320

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253. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5819]

Nile, at Sea Lat 37°57 N Long 65°41 W 25 May 1863 [received 21 June]

No. 360 Sir, Adverting to my letter No. 309 of the 29th Ultimo1 and particularly to a despatch which I addressed to Lord Lyons on the 21st April upon the subject of the capture of the “Dolphin” which accompanied my letter to you of the 21st Ultimo No. 293,2 I have now the honor to enclose for their Lordships’ further information copies of a despatch addressed by Lord Lyons on the 5th Inst. to Earl Russell and of a note from Mr. Seward to Lord Lyons of the 7th Inst. which will apprize their Lordships of the present state of that question.3 2. – Further their Lordships will learn with satisfaction from Mr. Seward’s note that without the prejudging this particular transaction, the United States’ Government intended at once calling the attention of their officers “maintaining the Blockade” to the duty of obeying and conforming to the Instructions communicated in Mr. Seward’s note to Lord Lyons on the 8th August last and promptly investigating every complaint of departure therefrom with a view to redressing any wrong committed by their cruizers. [Enclosure] Lord Lyons to Russell Washington May 5, ’63 My Lord, I have the honor to transmit to Your Excellency copies of a despatch and its enclosures which I received yesterday from Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Milne and which relate to the Capture of the “Peterhoff” and the “Dolphin” off St. Thomas and to the use which the U.S. Cruizers make of that port as a station from which to watch and pursue British Merchant Vessels. I went to yesterday to the State Department and said to Mr. Seward that I was so much distressed by the accounts which I received almost

1

Not included in this collection. Doc. No. 225. 3 Seward’s letter to Lord Lyons is printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 590–91. 2

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321

daily of proceedings on the part of the United States Cruizers, of which the lawfulness was (to say the least) questionable, that I could not forbear to entreat him to take measures at once to recal [sic] the officers of the United States’ Cruizers to a more just sense of their duties towards Neutrals[.] I reminded Mr. Seward of the instructions for the guidance of those officers which were prescribed by his letter to the Secretary of the Navy of the 8th August 1862 and I suggested that steps should be taken without delay to enforce a real and practical observance of them. I added that my object was to lead the Government of the United States to check of their own accord the vexatious conduct of their officers, before it became a cause of serious discussion between the two countries. I proceeded to observe that it was in this spirit that I had treated the two remarkable cases of the “Dolphin” and the “Peterhoff” as well as others of less note which had come before me. I had promptly communicated to the Government of the United States the information which had reached me concerning these cases, but I had been careful to take no step which could embarrass that Government. I had abstained from putting forward any specific demand, and even from making any strong comments. I had wished to leave it open to the Government to take, without any suggestion from me, such measures as might appear to be required by their obligations towards a friendly power, and by the duty of confining the operations of their Cruizers within the strict limits of international law[.] I went on to say that the view which I had taken of the conduct of the officers of the United States Cruizers had been confirmed by a letter which I had received the day before from Vice Admiral Sir Alex: Milne. I observed that I myself always attached the greatest weight to the Admiral’s opinion, and that I knew H.M. Government had peculiar confidence in his good judgment; and I added that I would not conceal from Mr. Seward that the Admiral had expressed to me his apprehension that if the officers of the United States’ cruizers persisted in the course which they had lately pursued, their proceedings would give rise to serious complications the responsibility of which would rest upon the United States Govt. for not insisting on their Naval Officers acting up to the carefully considered instructions set down in the letter of the 8th August[.] The Admiral had also, I said[,] remarked upon the use made by the United States Cruizers of the Neutral Port of St. Thomas as a station from which to carry on Belligerent operations. I referred to my note of the 4th February last respecting a similar use made by the United States ship “Tuscarora” of the port of Madeira1 and reminded Mr. Seward that he had informed me in reply that the conduct of the Commander of the “Tuscarora” had been deemed censurable. I proceeded to tell

1

See Doc. No. 175.

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Mr. Seward that I proposed to address an official note to him, in which I should advert to my communications respecting the occurrence at Madeira, and should call his attention to the proceedings of the United States Cruizers at St. Thomas in the cases of the “Peterhoff” and the “Dolphin”. I added however that I was disposed to adhere to my previous line of conduct, and to abstain from making in my note any specific demand or any strong observations. I should leave the Government of the United States to be prompted only by their own sense of propriety. In conclusion I earnestly begged Mr. Seward to take what I had said into consideration, and to remember that measures, which if taken at once, might prevent much inconvenience, would lose all their grace, if not all their efficacy, by being postponed[.] Mr. Seward said that he would not fail seriously to consider my suggestions, and that he should be very glad to receive the note I intended to write on the use of the Port of St. Thomas, as it would enable him to place that matter distinctly before the Secretary of the Navy. I accordingly in the course of the day sent in to Mr. Seward the note of which I have the honor to enclose a copy,1 and of which I have just received the inclosed acknowledgement. I propose sending a copy of the note as well as a copy of this despatch to Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Milne[.] 254. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5819]

“Nile” at Sea Lat 39°00 N; Long 66°4 W. 26 May 1863 [received 21 June]

No. 364 Sir, With reference to my letter No. 309 of the 23rd Ultimo2 I have now the honor to enclose for their Lordships’ information a Copy of a despatch

1 A question mark in the margin of Lyons’s letter suggests that this note was not forwarded to the Admiralty by Milne. It was probably, however, Lord Lyons to Seward, 4 May 1863, printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 584–5. 2 Milne’s reference here appears to have been faulty. His letter no 309 (not included in this collection) was dated 24, not 23, April 1863, and did not deal with the subject of letters of marque.

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323

I have received from Lord Lyons, dated the 11th Instant, informing me that the question of issuing letters of Marque by the United States Government is for the present at rest. 2. – As, on my arrival at Halifax, I shall be within telegraphic reach of Lord Lyons, His Excellency would, I have no doubt, immediately apprize me should this question be revived at Washington, and I should thus be enabled to furnish all necessary information and give the requisite Instructions to the Ships under my orders with the least possible delay, in case the U. States Government should determine on giving effect to the powers conferred on them by Congress[.] [Enclosure] Lord Lyons to Milne Washington 11th May 1863 Sir, I had on the 8th instant the honor to receive your despatch of the 21st Ultimo inclosing copies of a letter from the Foreign Office to the Admiralty, and of Instructions for Her Majesty’s Cruizers in the event of Letters of Marque being issued by the Government of the United States. You will have learned before the present Despatch reached you that the Secretary of State of the United States, in the course of a conversation I had with him towards the end of last month authorized me to inform Earl Russell that the question of issuing letters of Marque was for the present at rest and that he added that I might also assure Lord Russell that should the question again come up, due notice would be given to Her Majesty’s Government in the same frank manner which had been already adopted. Her Majesty’s Government are, for obvious reasons, of opinion that questions as to particular arrangements concerning Privateers should not be mooted by me here, unless it should appear that the design of issuing Letters of Marque is seriously entertained by the United States Government. I will endeavour to obtain the earliest information of the intentions of the United States Govt[.]

324

THE MILNE PAPERS

255. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty Nile, at Halifax 5 June 1863 [received 21 June]

[ADM1/5819]

No. 375 Sir, I beg you will lay before the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty the accompanying Copy of papers … relative to the United States Cruizer “Rhode Island” chasing and firing at the British Steamer “Sirius” off Nassau and which I have no doubt will be reported to Her Majesty’s Government.1 2. – Their Lordships will learn from my reply to the Master of the “Sirius” and my letter of this date to Lord Lyons the view I take of the matter with the information before me. [Enclosures] Pittman2 to Milne Bermuda 22 May ’63 Sir, I have the honor to hand you my communication to His Excellency the Governor of Nassau and his reply thereto relating to the firing into the British Steamer “Sirius” under my Command and bound to Nassau. the facts are as follow[.] On the morning of the 12th Inst. at 9 A.M. 15 miles E.N.E. of Nassau made out a steamer to the Westward standing to cut us off[.] she was soon made out to be a Cruizer and her intentions were evidently to capture us which I was determined she should not do if my heels would serve me. I stood boldly for the Steamer which was in the direction of the Port until I got within long gun shot. at this point Nassau Sound bore S.S.E. and the entrance visible from the deck[.] I concluded to anchor there for a Pilot and accordingly changed my course which brought the Cruizer directly on my quarter when he commenced firing rifle shot and shell and continued to do so until we were within the reef. foiled and disappointed

1 For the account of the USS Rhode Island’s commander, Stephen Trenchard on this incident, see FRUS, 1863, pt 1, p. 647. 2 Robert A. S. Pittman (b. 1811). American shipmaster.

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325

he withdrew and came to anchor off the Lighthouse. I got pilot[,] weighed anchor and proceeded to Nassau passing the cruizer about one cable length. only two shot passed over us doing no damage. I may add that my vessel was visited by Yankee spies in every port we put into[.] I left Nassau on the day of receiving the Governor’s reply not having time to make my statement to him. however I send you this communication for your guidance.  P.S. was boarded by the U.S. Gunboat Tioga 120 miles East of Abaco after a chase of six hours; treated us very kindly, was very polite (quite out of his element) and regretted detaining us &c. Pittman to Bayley Nassau 14 May 1863 Dear Sir, You have no doubt heard (if not witnessed) the outrage perpetrated by the United States Cruizer “Rhode Island” on the morning of the 12th Inst. in sight of Nassau and within the required limits of international usage upon the bonâ fide British Steamer “Sirius” under my Command and bound direct to this Port with ballast, and as no notice or enquiry by the authorities have been instituted, I deem it a duty which I owe the power from which I derive me command to notify you that a protest to the home Government is requisite if not absolutely necessary, and I beg you on behalf of Her Majesty’s Government to direct such steps to be taken as you in your good judgment may think necessary in order that a true and Correct report may follow my protest to the Home Government[.] Malcolm to Milne 26 May 1863 … On the morning of the 12th the United States Steamer of War “Rhode Island” was observed to be in chase of the British Steamer “Sirius” firing at her which she continued until the latter got to the boundary of the Marine league from the shore, when the firing ceased. The “Rhode Island” then came off the harbour, anchored by permission of His Excellency the Governor and saluted out Flag which salute was returned. After the “Rhode Island” had anchored, the “Sirius” weighed and steamed close by her into Nassau Harbour. The U.S. Steamer “Rhode Island” left at 6 P.M. and stood away to the North Eastward.

326

THE MILNE PAPERS

Milne to Pittman Nile, at Halifax 5 June 1863 Sir, In acknowledging the receipt of your letter of the 22nd Ultimo and its enclosures relative to the British Steamer “Sirius” under your Command having on the 12th Ult. been fired at by the U.S. Cruizer “Rhode Island”, I have to acquaint you that from the official Report of the circumstances which has reached me I learn that on the “Sirius” reaching the prescribed limit of 3 marine miles of the shore the firing ceased and Consequently Her Majesty’s Territorial Rights appear to have been respected, but I should be obliged by your furnishing me with the Cross bearings of the land, and the exact position of the two ships when the last Gun was fired by the “Rhode Island” in order that I may determine as to the necessity of taking any further steps in the matter. Neutral Ships attempting to evade the exercise of the legitimate Belligerent right of visit and search on the High Seas naturally create a suspicion as to their being bonâ fide honest Traders and therefore it is to be expected that the Belligerent Cruizers will employ force on such occasions since they have a perfect right to do so[.] Milne to Lord Lyons Nile, at Halifax 5 June 1863 My Lord As it is not improbable but that the case of the U.S. Federal Cruizer “Rhode Island” Chasing and firing at the British steamer Sirius off Nassau may attract Public attention, I think it as well that I should forward to Your Excellency copies of the papers I have received connected with the case, together with a copy of the reply I have this day addressed to the Master of the Sirius from which Your Excellency will perceive that, as far as I am at present informed there seems to be no just ground of complaint against the “Rhode Island”[.]

327

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256. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Admiralty House Halifax 9 June 1863 [received 12 June]

My dear Lord Lyons On my arrival here on [the] 29th I sent off a Telegh to mention my arrival but did not bother you with a Cypher as I really have no news for you or anything special to send you. The Admiralty detained me at Bermuda for five or six weeks after the 10th May, but as I thought their Lordships were not quite correct in their views I came up here and wrote home and Explained my reason’s. The Mail from England has just come in and I understand from the Duke of Somerset, that Lord Russel [sic] has written to you that a change of air to Halifax will or may be of use to you, and that when you return it might be convenient for you as well as myself If I was to visit New York. This I should like to do before going home, and [I] might take you down in Nile, however If you propose coming here I will be very glad if I can be of any use to you. I have not a spare room in the House and therefore much regret I am unable to offer you one. I am going to Cape Breton on the 25. June with Lord Mulgrave but return here about 20. July. we are going on a fishing Excursion[.] I want a Holiday very much and it will be [only] my Second in three years[.] I have nothing to trouble you about, as I have no doubt you have troubles Enough without any addl. ones from me. Let me hear from you if I can arrange anything for you about your coming to Halifax. . . .  [P.S.:] There is a case of a Seaman who Deserted from the Nile and who was arrested at Havana, when actually belonging to an United States Merchant ship[.] I have just received a Letter from the Admiralty stating “That HM Gov. should not refuse to give him [up] on the requisition of the Spanish or United States Governments”. This is the opinion of the Law officers. I am therefore waiting any application which you may send from the U.S. Government, but I presume the Spanish Govt will not do anything in the matter. I am anxious to hear from Capt. Kennedy [of] Challenger as I have no information respecting the Ships at Fortress Monroe for sometime. Lord Mulgrave’s Govt. has resigned in consequence of their by the late

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Election being beat by some 16 Votes, and those who have been so violent both in public and privately agt. Lord Mulgrave come into office[.]1 257. Milne to Kennedy HMS Nile Halifax 9 June 1863

[Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [11]]

Dear Captain Kennedy From the want of direct communication I have been unable to write to you from Bermuda and as this is the first Boston Mail since my arrival here I enclose this to Lord Lyons. I am aware of your arrival at Fortress Monroe as I received your one letter2 mentioning your arrival and That Desperate had gone to Charleston, but I have never received any acknowledgement of the orders I sent directing her to proceed to Jamaica, and whether she has gone there or not I do not know. subsequent to those orders having been sent I heard from Cap Thrupp that the Dry rot had appeared in the ship, and sent orders instead of going to Jamaica to come to Bermuda but these orders were returned to me, and several letters which I have from time to time sent have never been acknowledged[.] I therefore presume they have never been received. If the Desperate is still at Fortress Monroe she should now go to Bermuda to be overhauled[.] I am very anxious to hear from you respecting what is going on on the Coast of the States, Charleston &c and I Expect to hear from you at least once a Fortnight Either thro Lord Lyons to whom your letters can be forwarded or thro the Consul at New York or if anything important [occurs] you can Telegh to me here. I came here from Bermuda on the 29th May and remain here for the present. Galatea & Barracouta [are] here, also Nimble; Shannon I presume has arrived at Bermuda[.] 258. [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [11]]

Milne to Graham HMS Nile Halifax 9 June 1863

Dear Cap Graham I write to New York That the steamer to Nassau may take this, to mention my having sent orders for the Steady to proceed to Nassau That

1 Mulgrave was closely associated with Nova Scotia’s Liberal Party, which was soundly defeated by the Conservatives, who captured 44 of the House of Assembly’s 55 seats in the June 1863 election. 2 Not preserved among Milne’s papers.

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329

you may be Enabled to return to England. she may have arrived before this reaches [you.] if so Cap Thrupp will open it[.] I have nothing of any moment to communicate nor have I any special Instructions to send, as the previous orders to the Senior officer Embrace Everything. I had a letter from the Captain in Command of the Sirius complaining he had been fired at by the U.S. Steamer Rhode Island. if he was fired at, why did he not heave to[?] The U.S. Cruizers have a perfect right to detain any Vessel out[side] of the 3 Mile Territorial Limit in order to see what is the Nationality, Cargo &c but being a blockade runner he complains he is fired at, within the 3 Miles. Cap Malcolm[,] who is here[,] reports the firing ceased at the 3 Miles [sic]. I have written to the Captain of the Steamer for further information[,] cross Bearing &c when the last gun was fired. Do not remain too long in harbor or in anyone [sic] locality as it is very apt to cause Sickness and health to [sic: ‘is’] preserved by moving from place to place and thereby giving change of air. I have no news of any moment[.] Shannon I Expect is at Bermuda and Nile[,] Galatea, Barracouta and Nimble here[.] 259. Milne to Somerset [Somerset Mss Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/30]

Halifax 11 June 1863

My dear Sir On my arrival here on the 29th Ult. I received your Grace’s Letter of the 15th May and this afternoon I have received Your’s of the 25th April by the Shannon at Bermuda which she reached on the 1st June. The Greyhound has this moment arrived from St. Thomas’s and Bermuda, but brings me no special news, only one United States Cruizer was at St. Thomas’s, and no interference with English ships had taken place since the detention of the Peterhoff and Dolphin, and I had sent orders to Captain Tatham to take the Peterel with him and visit St. Thomas’s from time to time as a check on the United States Cruizers, and to act in terms of my original orders and my Letter to Admiral Wilkes. I considered it advisable in writing to the Admiral, not to touch on what I considered the illegal use of St. Thomas’s by the U.S. Cruizers, but to leave that question to the Danish Authorities. I understand Admiral Wilkes has been removed from the West India Command.1

1

Milne’s intelligence was correct: orders for Wilkes’ relief had been issued on 1 June.

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THE MILNE PAPERS

A Letter of Complaint has reached me from the Captain of the Sirius, Blockade breaker[,] of his ship having been fired at when Entering one of the Entrances of the Harbour’s near Nassau, by the U States Steamer of War Rhode Island, but the official report from Comdr Malcolm mentions that the Rhode Island left off chase & firing, when more that 3 miles from the shore[.] I have however written to the Capt of the Sirius for bearings of the Land &c when the last Gun was fired. The Shannon arrived at Bermuda on the 1st of June, and the Governor writes me that a difficulty is likely to arise respecting the Confederate Prisoner on board.1 he says “I have today seen the Attorney General and Chief Justice, and both assure me that it is quite possible for a writ to be applied for from him as he is now a prisoner in Shannon and that if this is done he will inevitably be released.” This I regret, but if the writ is applied for, I see no help for it than to obey the law. The Governor informs me he has written to the Duke of Newcastle2 on the subject. I Expect to hear from Lord Lyon’s this Evening by the Boston Packet which conveys this to England. I may have some information on the subject from him, which I will send to Bermuda. Everything is going on satisfactorily on the Station[.] I will have to relieve the Styx at New Orleans and the Pylades at Vera Cruz in July. The Galatea will probably go there on the arrival of the next English Mail. Our supply of Coal is good and the Expenditure is not heavy but by next Mail I will write to Drummond on the subject. I may also have to write him about Bermuda Supplies. The U. States Government has stopped the Exportation of Cattle of all descriptions, and I am told today that all Kinds of Provisions will be stopped;3 as we obtain Flour & Peas by purchase at Bermuda, difficulties may arise, but There is plenty of Flour here for present use, but the Flour of Canada comes here [sic]. this however will not Keep more than 3 Months; arrangements are now being made to send Cattle from this to Bermuda. The Northern people or some of them are sending Cargoes here from the States to be shipped direct to Nassau, of course ultimately to go into the Southern States. This information was given me by the Agent to the parties.

1

See Doc. No. 242. Henry Pelham Fiennes Clinton, 5th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, D.C.L. (1811–64). Junior Lord of the Treasury, 1834–35; First Commissioner of Woods and Forests, 1841– 46; Chief Secretary of Ireland, 1846; Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, 1852–54; Secretary of State for War, 1854–55; Secretary of State for the Colonies, 1859–64. 3 The US government had established an embargo of both Bermuda and Nassau in an attempt to prevent the Confederacy from getting supplies from the North. 2

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331

I received Mr. Romaines1 Letter with Your Graces Message respecting my visit to New York &c. I will be very glad to go there and will arrange with Lord Lyons[.] 260. Milne to Somerset [Somerset Mss Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/31]

Halifax 11 June 1863

My dear Sir The Boston Mail has arrived this Evening since I wrote to you this afternoon. I have Letters from Lord Lyons. He mentions that matters are peaceable at present and he has nothing important to communicate Except the U.S. Govt. having refused a pass to Mr. Magee our Consul at New Orlean’s [sic: Mobile] and asking me if I can bring him away. This I will be able to arrange. I have Letters from Comdr Ward [at] New Orleans [to] 1st June[.] He will remain there for the present on the urgent solicitation of the British Merchants until I can send another ship. Comdr Ward says “General Banks Army has been severely handled at Port Hudson”[.]2 he brought negroes into action at which I am told the Black Flag was shewn and no quarter given them. no detail of this business appears in any of the Papers[.] Grant has also been repulsed with great loss before Vicksburg[.]3 General Shearman is dying of wounds received at Port Hudson[.]4 261. [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Milne to Grey Halifax 11 June 1863 [received 22 June]

My dear Grey, Yours of the 30 May5 reached me two days ago by Mail. I have no special news for you from this. American affairs from all I can hear still drag on,

1 William Govett Romaine (1815–93). Second (Permanent) Secretary of the Admiralty, 1857–69; Judge-Advocate General of India, 1869–73; member of the Egyptian Conseil du Trésor, 1876–79. Romaine’s letter is not preserved among Milne’s papers. 2 Ward was referring to a failed Union assault of 27 May 1863. 3 22 May 1863. 4 Thomas West Sherman (1813–79). American soldier. 2nd Lt, US Army, 1836; 1st Lt, 1838; Capt, 1846; Brevet Major, 1847; Major, 1861; Lt Col, 1861; Brig Gen of Volunteers, 1861; Col, US Army, 1863; Brevet Brig Gen, 1865; Brevet Major Gen, 1865. Sherman was badly injured in the May 27 assault, losing his leg, but survived. 5 Not preserved among Milne’s papers.

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but the Capture of Vickburgh is rumoured,1 and this will give the Northern Arms advantages on The Mississippi[.] The U.S. Gov. has stopped the Exportation of Cattle of all kinds. Bermuda will therefore be in a difficulty unless prompt measures are adopted to draw supplies from this or New Brunswick. a cargo ready for shipment at New York was refused. The Galatea is here[,] also Barracouta[.] I Expect Jason & Immortalite from Bermuda. Galatea will go to the W. Indies in July to take [the] place of the Pylades at Vera Cruz. The question of discharge of men with Disgrace forfeiting all Pay is I consider a question which the Board should well consider. It appears to me more advisable to discharge such men abroad instead of sending them Home to be discharged. You save all the Expense & annoyance, but to discharge a man to the shore without any money in his pocket to buy food or lodging is wrong, and Encouragement to commit robbery, nor could such a system be defended. There is pay due to the man and I doubt the propriety of [the] Government taking a man’s pay in full for work done. The proposal I sent Home respecting the P. Officers to be placed on a Separate List has met the Somerset House answer of Clerical Labour. This I doubt. I dont myself see why a Petty Officers name written on Page 4 or 5 is to increase labour instead of writing it on Page 10 or 11. I believe it would be for the benefit of the Service if this could be adopted[.] it would Elevate the position & tone of the P. O. which is really much wanted. I am going to take a run to Cape Breton with Lord Mulgrave for a fortnight or so, as I have not been very well and I want to shake off detail for a short time and get a few days recreation on the Banks of the Margaree River[,]2 but I am within 30 miles of the Telegh and can be back in 24 h[ours] if wanted. I see Orlando is having large repairs &c. to her after framework. She is too long. Galatea is a more Efficient class.  [P.S.] Since writing this The Greyhound has arrived from St. Thomas, but brings no news. only one U.S. Cruizer was at St. Thomas. Phaeton was there & you would see by my public letters I had ordered Captain Tatham to visit it frequently as a check on U. States Cruizers.

1

Vicksburg actually fell on 4 July 1863. Cape Breton Island, 46°2538  North, 61°550  West. The Margaree is famed for its trout and salmon fishing. 2

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Shannon arrived at Bermuda on 1 June and I suspect there may arise a difficulty about the Confederate Prisoner, as the Governor writes me he can apply for a writ of H Corpus and be released. Such is the opinion of the Attorney General and Chief Justice of the Island. The Thames Convict ship suddenly Sunk at her moorings without any previous warning[.] none of the old Convict ships are fit to be moved from the Island for service here as a powder ship. Yours of 25 April1 has just now reached me via Shannon[.] 262. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Halifax 12 June 1863 [received 18 June]

My dear Lord Lyons Thanks for your Letter of [the] 8th which I received last Evg by the Boston Mail. I have approved of Comd Ward remaining at New Orleans, but the Styx has been there so long that I have ordered Commodore Cracroft who has succeeded Commodore Dunlop to send the Buzzard[,] Comd Martin[,]2 from Jamaica to take her place. The Styx on leaving will call off Mobile to Communicate with the late Consul Mr Magee and take him to Havana or Jamaica unless you write or Telegh to Comd Ward to the Contrary. I leave you to arrange this. There is a difficulty most likely to arise at Bermuda respecting the Confederate Prisoner on board the Shannon. The Governor writes me that in the opinion of the Law officers he may apply for a writ of H Corpus and thereby obtain his release. We, that is myself and Secretary think the Law officers in England have made a mistake in their Law. I shall be anxious to hear from you what is to be done, also with reference to the Prisoner Ford now on board the Nile.3 I would prefer his being given up to the Spanish Govt. if it could be arranged. Mr Crawford has written to me about a Vessel under English Colours called the Dream having been fired at off Cuba[,]4 but as I only

1

Not preserved among Milne’s papers. Thomas H.M. Martin, who had transferred from HMS Landrail to Buzzard. 3 Ford was a deserter from the US Navy who had sought refuge on board the Nile when that ship was at Havana. For further references to his case, see Docs Nos 267 and 289. 4 On this incident, which occurred on 28 April 1863, see ORN, ser. 1, vol. 17, pp. 426–8. 2

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received the Letter last Evg I have not had time to go into the question. he mentions having written to you on the subject. An United [States] Steamer of War had arrived at Bermuda[.] The old story of the Boilers requiring repair has taken her into St. Georges Harbour. I have as yet no particulars of the officers proceedings from the Naval Department but I Expect HMS Jason from thence tomorrow[.] It is the Wasachussets [sic]. I have at present nothing to trouble you about. 4 Gentlemen arrived in the Packet last Evg from the States[.] they say they have come to Enter 2000 Labourer’s for a mining company in the western States, [“]wages no object”! I am going to see the Governor on the subject[.] 263. Milne to Cracroft [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [11]]

Halifax 12 June 1863

My dear Commodore Your’s of the 24th May reached me yesterday afternoon by the Greyhound from St. Thomas’s, and I am obliged for all the information you give me. The Desperate is still on the U.S. Coast owing to my letters never having reached their destination[.] I have now ordered her to Bermuda and from there she will join you as soon as Cap Glasse can get her away. If you require other vessels withdraw the small vessels from the Coast of Cuba. The Buzzard so soon as Comd Martin joins must proceed to relieve the Styx at New Orleans. fill her up with Provisions[,] as much as she can stow. Galatea will leave this for Jamaica in about 18 days and she should then go to [the] Gulf of Mexico to relieve Pylades. Styx on coming away should call at Mobile as the Consul may wish to come away, The Northern Govt having refused a pass by land. It is probable I may order Peterel from Barbadoes to Jamaica but not if I can help it[.]1 I send this by New York to go by Holtes2 line of steamer. I am obliged for the information about them[.] I am writing to Comd Ward at New Orleans also via New York. I have no special news for you from hence.

1

Almost certainly owing to Milne’s mistrust of George W. Watson’s judgement. Holt’s Line, later the West India and Pacific Steamship Company.

2

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335

Will you say to Cap Vansittart that I am Exceedingly obliged for his letter of the 7 April1 but it only reached me last Evening by Greyhound[.] I cannot make out where it has been and I regret I have not time to write to him via New York as I have only an hour. 264. Milne to Ward [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [11]]

HMS Nile Halifax 12 June 1863

My dear Cap Ward Your letter of the 1 June2 reached me last Evg and I now write via New York with the hope that this may be forwarded to you[.] I am much obliged for all the information you give me and you have done quite right to remain[.] I have however sent orders to Jamaica for the Buzzard to proceed as soon as possible to relieve you[,] when you will proceed to Jamaica, calling off Mobile to bring away Mr Magee unless Lord Lyons should write or Telegh to you to the Contrary. The Northern Government refused Mr Magee a pass by land. I have written to Lord Lyons to let him know what I have done[.] I received your former letter3 some few days ago and it appears to be admirable that you should lift your Anchor once Every week[.] tell Comdr Martin this when he relieves you[.] I [am] sorry about Young Mallory4 but send him north whenever you have an opportunity and I will be anxious to hear from you by Every opportunity. I have nothing new for you and so long as you are at New Orleans can do nothing about your Pay[maste]r and the letters having only reached me last night I have come to no decision on the matter.5 Your letters are very clear and satisfactory & I am much obliged for all the news of Events which are not made public[.]  [P.S.:] Nile[,] Galatea, Barracouta [&] Greyhound [are] here. Galatea goes to Jamaica in 16 days[.]

1

Not preserved among Milne’s papers. Not preserved among Milne’s papers. 3 Not preserved among Milne’s papers. 4 Probably one of Styx’s midshipmen. 5 Milne’s reference here is obscure. 2

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265. Grey to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1d]

Admiralty 13 June 1863

My dear Milne, I do not think I have much to write to you. All is going on smoothly here[,] our eyes being still turned anxiously to your quarter. Cracroft has erred in a matter of form in writing to us directly instead of you & sending us the copy. I will give him a hint. The Committee on Promotion have nearly brought the evidence to a close. The Duke of Somerset is to be examined next week & I am much mistaken if he does not put an extinguisher on many of the crude & wild schemes proposed.1 Dacres’s Squadron of Iron Ships is collecting & I shall run down next week to look at them at sea for a couple of days.2 I believe the Royal Oak is the best of the whole[.] 266. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [3]]

Washington 22 June 1863

Private My dear Sir Alexander, If I have omitted to write all I ought this time I must beg you to forgive me, for I have been so busy with the Mail for England, that I have not known which way to turn. I am very much obliged indeed to Lord Mulgrave and General Doyle for their hospitable intentions toward me had I come to Halifax. The Confederate Army is too near Washington for it to be proper for me to go away at this moment.3 A battle, a great slaughter, and no result has

1 Somerset testified to the committee on 16 and 19 June. See ‘Report from the Select Committee on Navy (Promotion and Retirement); together with the proceedings of the committee, minutes of evidence, appendix and index’, PP, 1863, vol. 10, pp. 359–402. For an overview of officers’ promotion and retirement 1830–90, see John Beeler, ‘“Fit for Service Abroad”: Promotion, Retirement, and Royal Navy Officers, 1830–1890’, Mariner’s Mirror vol. 81, no 3 (Aug 1995), pp. 300–312. 2 Sydney Dacres commanded the Channel Fleet, to which ironclads were assigned on commissioning. 3 The Confederate Army had captured Winchester, Virginia, on 15 June and the bulk of it crossed the Potomac River on 24–25 June.

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hitherto been the end of such a meeting between the Armies as seems to be imminent. Captain Kennedy tells me he has written to suggest that a Gunboat would be useful at Fortress Monroe. In the not impossible case of the communication with the North by land being temporarily interrupted, it would be very desirable to have a vessel at hand which could come up and down the Potomac with ease, and without giving the impression of any thing like a demonstration of naval strength. I entirely agree with you as to Acting C[onsu]l Gl. Crawford’s request to have the “Ruby” escorted. He much needs some lessons in international law. The Papers give a much worse account of firing into the “Margaret & Jessie”1 at the Bahamas than those we have had about the “Sirius”. I have nothing official about the Margaret & Jessie from the Bahamas but Mr Seward has anticipated a complaint, by assuring me beforehand that the Commander of the Rhode Island reports that he did not fire at the chase after she was in neutral water.2 It seems doubtful whether the shot which was fired at the “Dream” off Cuba was a U.S. or Confederate vessel, or indeed whether she had correct Papers at all. The Spanish Minister & I are in communication with this Gov. about the matter. In greatest haste … 267. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Halifax 22 June 1863 [received 27 June]

My dear Lord Lyons, As the English Mail may be here this Evening I write you to Enclose an Extract from one of the Halifax Paper’s, respecting the proceedings of the U.S. Steamer of War Rhode Island in firing at, and causing damage to the Margaret & Jessie steamer, in what appear’s to me to be within the

1 The Confederate ship Margaret and Jessie was forced ashore on Eleuthera Island, one of the Bahamas, on 30 May 1863 by the USS Rhode Island. Several of the shells fired by the latter vessel struck the island. For further on the incident, see Docs Nos. 269, 270, and 277; FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 647–8, 693–4; 1864, pt 2, 412–50, 494–6, 575–6, 639, 704–5, 706, 708–9; and ORN, ser. 1, vol. 2, 235–50 and vol. 3, pp. 805, 815, 817, 826, 837, 858, 859, 860, 884, 890, 922, 934. For a summary of the incident and its aftermath, see Bernath, Squall across the Atlantic, pp. 114–15. 2 See Seward to Lord Lyons, 10 June 1863, printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 647–8.

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Territorial jurisdiction of the Bahamas. As I have not yet received any official representation on the subject from Nassau I do not forward any public Letter, but it appears to be a Serious case and one which if true will be resented by our Government and reparation demanded not only for the insult but also for the damage illegally inflicted on the Steamer; some caution however must be Exercised, as the Nassau papers, are not always correct, but the facts are so clearly stated that I am inclined to look upon them as true. I Enclose a tracing from our Admiralty Chart of Eleuthera which will give you the position of James’s Point. I sent orders to New York to be forwarded to Jamaica by a Steamer which sailed from thence on [the] 20th for Buzzard to go direct to Mobile from Jamaica, Embark Mr. Magee and put him on board Styx. By a subsequent Letter I found Styx had left New Orleans and Mr Archibald telegraphed to me that Mr Magee had gone to England in the Persia. Buzzard will therefore go direct to New Orleans and remain there. I send [sic: ‘sent’] you a Telegh. this morning to ask you, if under the present aspect of the War, you require another Ship in the Chesapeake. My attention was drawn to the Confederate advance into Pensilvania [sic], and the chance of some attempt on Baltimore[,] in which case British subjects and property might require protection. I hope to hear from you on this subject by the Boston steamer, as I propose on her arrival to go to Cape Breton with Lord Mulgrave, but we will be only 30 Miles from the Telegh. Station at Port Hood.1 From the Telegh. you sent me respecting no Vessels being allowed to Enter a Confederate Port from any Except a neutral Port, I presume your communication with Charleston by HM Ships is at an End, and that the Rinaldo is of no further use. if this is so, I will send her to Bermuda, retaining the Challenger at Fortress Monroe at your disposal and will probably relieve her Early in August by another Ship. I am anxious to hear from you what is to be done with the Confederate Prisoner on board the Shannon at Bermuda, and likewise the deserter on board the Nile. Captain Barnard should have shut his Eyes in this case, and had he reflected on the question of Deserters from Canada into the U. States, would have come to the conclusion that the case was better left alone. Had you come here for a change both Lord Mulgrave and the General2 would have been glad to have had you with them, as they have spare rooms.

1

Cape Breton Island, 46°1 North, 61°32 West. Charles Hastings Doyle.

2

JANUARY – JUNE 1863

339

I propose visiting New York sometime this Summer but will arrange with you when it will be convenient, Augt. or Sept. will suit me. Thanks for your last Letter, and I am Exceedingly obliged for all the information you give me. I saw in the Paper’s that Admiral W[ilkes] was to be removed, altho I am not aware whether the order has gone forward. June 24th 4 PM  The Mail from England has this moment arrived and not one word of news. I send you a Letter with Enclosures from a Mr Weir[,] a Merchant here, respecting the Seizure of a British Brigantine bound from Nassau to Halifax[.]1 the case is clearly stated, if it is the whole case. I received your two telegh. last night and Rinaldo can go up the Potomac for your Letters whenever you may consider it necessary and I have desired Cap Kennedy of Challenger to meet your wishes[.] Truly in haste. …

1 Lacking its name, it is impossible to state for certain to which vessel Milne was referring. It may have been the Isabella Thompson of Halifax, seized on 6 June 1863 en route from Nassau to its home port. For correspondence on this capture, see FRUS, 1864, pt 2, pp. 385–7, 455–6, 496–7.

PART IV

JULY – DECEMBER 1863 

268. The Secretary of the Admiralty to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/114/4]

Admiralty 10 July 1863 [received 20 July]

No 458 N Sir With reference to your letter of the 19th June, No. 411,1 submitting an amended Form of “State and Condition” –, containing queries respecting Gunnery practice – which you have adopted, in order that you may be in a position to check any omission of Gunnery practice on board the Ships under your orders, I am commanded by my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to acquaint you that they approve of the Form, and will give immediate orders for its being generally adopted.2 269.

Lord Lyons to Milne

[Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [3]]

Washington 20 July 1863

Private My dear Sir Alexander, I am so tired, and so hot, and so out of sorts, that I can only beg you to excuse me, if I have omitted anything I ought to have sent by this Packet to you. I hope to set out for New York on my way to Canada soon after the arrival of the next packet from England and Halifax. Any time in the Autumn will suit Lord Monck3 for receiving me, so that I shall probably have no difficulty in managing to be at New York at any time you may fix for coming there. I suppose you would like to be sure that the Riots are quite over there first.4

1

Not included in this collection. Milne’s letter and its enclosure were almost certainly responses to Admiralty letter no. 363 of 29 May 1863 [MLN/114/4], which called his attention to ‘repeated instances of irregularity, and omissions in the Gunnery practice on board some of the Ships of Your squadron without explanation’. The Board specified the Nimble, Phaeton, Rinaldo, Shannon, and Styx, for various omissions or infractions. 3 Charles Stanley Monck, 4th Viscount Monck G.C.M.G. (1819–94). Politician and colonial administrator. MP, 1852–57; Junior Lord of the Treasury, 1855–58; Governor General of the Province of Canada, 1861–67; Governor General of the Dominion of Canada, 1867–69. 4 Major riots against the military draft, chiefly targeting Blacks, raged in New York City 13–16 July 1863. For more on them, see Doc. No. 276. 2

343

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Mr Crawford tells me he has sent you copies of his despatches about the capture of the “Victor” in Spanish waters.1 So far as words go, and there has been no time for more than words, the Spanish Minister and I are satisfied with the proceedings of this government with regard to the case. Governor Bayley writes that he has sent home complete evidence that the “Margaret & Jessie” was fired at in British Waters. He has not sent the evidence to me so I wait till I get it from home, & remain quiet here about the matter at present. The siege of Charleston may perhaps be a long affair. If so, the ship you send from Bermuda may arrive before the end of it, if not, a ship sent now from Halifax would not be in time, so I have not thought it necessary to make any telegraphic answer to your telegram on the subject wh[ich] has just reached me. I have received a Despatch from the Foreign office, expressing Lord Russell’s concurrence in your opinion as to the request to escort the “Ruby”. I have already said that my own invaluable opinion is the same. I have no news beyond what is in the Newspapers. 270. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Halifax 20 July 1863

Private My dear Lord Lyon’s The Steamer from England has suddenly arrived in a thick fog and we did not Expect her until the morning. I have to thank you for your Letters of the 3rd or 4th2 which reached me when at Cape Breton from whence Lord Mulgrave and I returned last Friday. I have written you a Letter respecting the seizure of the steamer “Victor” off The Havana and the treatment of the Crew Especially at Fort Taylor, and I must say if true, it is disgraceful to the U.S. Govt. and I feel assured will cause a very strong remonstrance from our Govt.3 There have been Several cases lately which appear to me to be Exceedingly outrageous. The Firing at the steamer at Eleuthera is one. I have seen letters from Nassau with the clearest statements of the Officers, Crew & passengers

1

Crawford’s letter to Milne on the Victor’s detention is enclosed in Doc. No. 281. It is unclear whether Milne was referring to public or private letters. If the latter, he evidently failed to preserve them. 3 See Doc. No. 281 and its enclosures. 2

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of the English steamer, and she was fired into by the Rhode Island when 300 yards from the Shore and her Armed Boats came into to [sic] the Shore when the steamer was aground. I think we ought to demand the dismissal of the officer in Command of the Rhode Island and compensation from the U.S. Govt. for the injury inflicted on the Steamer. Lord Mulgrave has told me an Empty Schooner of Nova Scotia has also been seized off Cuba. I have refrained from taking any Extreme views in these matters, but I must acknowledge that I feel the U.S. Cruizers are going beyond the limits and are acting improperly in their proceedings[.] The Jason Cap Von Donop will leave this on Friday for New York to relieve the Challenger as she requires refit, but both will remain if you wish it or consider it necessary. Your Despatches for the South go to Bermuda by Mail on Friday and HMS Plover will then go at once to Charleston and see the state of affairs & come up to Fortress Monroe and communicate with you by Telgh. She will do to carry your Despatches up the Potomac and when she arrives I would wish to recall the Rinaldo to Bermuda for a time. Jason & Plover will then be the ships in your neighbourhood. let me know by Telgh. if you wish any other place of operations. I should wish very much to visit New York in Sept. or End of August or Even later and when there I would certainly take a run up to see the Capitol[,] Whether you would be there or not. at the sametime I would be very glad to meet you before I leave this Command which I will probably do in Feby next[.] I have not one word of news from England by the Mail and all our news comes from the States. Lord Mulgrave[,] myself and [my] Flag Lieut were 16 days at the Margaree river[.] we caught 32 Salmon but ought to have had 50.  [P.S.:] I have order’s to release the Prisoner from Gibraltar now on board the Shannon at Bermuda & will send [them] by Mail on Friday. 271. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Halifax 21 July 1863

My dear Grey Your last Letter reached me when at Cape Breton which I have to thank you for. you all appear to be going on Smoothly enough and not much of interest going on in England. The English mail arrived yesterday having made a very rapid passage and a Calm nearly the whole way out, but brings me no news Except approval of

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my views in the case of the Ariadne and Ruby at Havana, and the discharge of the Prisoner in the Shannon. orders will go down on the 25th. I regret to say in returning from Cape Breton in Barracouta, she took the Ground on a shelving gravel Beach on the North side of the western Entrance of the Gut of Canso, by what I must call the overconfidence and want of due caution on the part of Comdr Malcolm & Mr Bignel1 The Master, yet both are good men. The night was a perfect calm and fine when the Gut was Entered, but a low Fog sprung up and Enveloped the low shore on Each side altho the higher land was visible. I had not long turned in and never dreamt of any difficulty or Even Fog, or I would at once have anchored, which Capt Malcolm should have done, but overconfident and quite sure all was right, went on and thus the ship took the ground, and next morning came off some two hours before high water. I am Exceedingly annoyed and vexed at this stupid affair[,] for downright stupid it is and I have been very severe both on Comd Malcolm and the Master for their want of proper caution and judgement, but I find it in all these young officers. They go right ahead, jump at conclusions, and will not examine their brains; It is for want of continued Experience which time alone can remedy. There was no shock when The ship took the ground but a mere grazing in loose shingle and I have no Expectation of any severe injury but on Examination I am told about 6 feet of the Main Keel is gone from abaft the Forefoot (but not the Forefoot itself)[,] about 90 feet of False Keel and some sheets of Copper off the Port Bilge. The False Keel [damage] may have been done when the ship touched at Eleuthera Early in the year. I am however sending the Ship to go on the Tide Blocks at St. John’s New Bk where Cadmus & Challenger were repaired, and I Expect Everything will be put right in a week or ten days. I send materials and workmen from this. Lieut. Dawes2 of the Jason was this day tried by Court Martial for Drunkenness and dismissed [from] the service[.] he is an old offender and reports say has hardly been sober for may weeks. Matters in the States are getting worse and worse and and [sic] the riots in New York altho quelled for the moment may again break out and spread to other Towns. The Advance of Lee in Maryland was more a “raid” than any contemplated attack, his object being Cattle &c.[.] so say the Southerners who are here. An English Screw Steamer called the Harriet Pinkney [sic: ‘Pinckney’] arrived from Bermuda a fortnight ago[.] she brought from thence 600

1

William C. Bicknell (b. 1833). 2nd Master, 1854; Master, 1859; Navigating Lt, 1867. Weedon Dawes (1837–99). Entered, c.1850; Lt, 1858.

2

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Bales of Cotton[,] a number of Southern people, Mr Ward[,]1 late Minister in China, Mr Vallindingham2 of notoriety[,] also Military Invalids on their way to England from this. on her passage up an United States Steamer of War closed on her[,] on which the Master hoisted our Transport Ensign, put all the Invalids in their Red Coats[,] also their wives on the Forecastle[,] upon which the steamer sheered off and went away, assuming I presume she was a Gov Transport, but in reality I believe a legal prize.3 The Southern people stuffed the soldiers coats with their money & Papers. This vessel has sailed from this on return to Bermuda but I have desired Capt Glasse to call upon the Master to state his reasons for having illegally used the Government Transport ensign which he had no right to hoist unless he was specially chartered as a Transport with an Agent on board. I have sent home a Case respecting men who have asked [for] Their discharge[,] having completed a period of time since they received Half Bounty in 1859. The Order in Council of 8 July 1859 says they may be retained for five years if required. now we dont in the Nile require the 3 men who ask [for] Their discharge, but this application is only a feeler for there may be a hundred or more in the Ships on the Station who would ask their discharge on the same grounds. it is therefore a question for the Admilty to decide, but I presume you will not think of granting this request. Lt. DArcy in Nimble you know is promoted4 but I have heard nothing of his successor[.] I think it might be as well to appoint an officer to her unless your Lordships intend that I should fill up the vacancy, which I would do if so contemplated. Lily is here and is dismantled from Keelson to Mast Head[,] a general clear out, Caulking &c &c and will be sometime before she is ready[.] with only 4 Abs it is heavy work[.] Jason goes to relieve Challenger, Plover goes across to Charleston from Bermuda a week hence, then to Fortress Monroe, when Rinaldo will go to Bermuda on her way here, if she can be spared. Challenger has gone to New York in consequence of the Riots[,] some English coloured seamen having taken refuge on board [with] the French Admiral. 

1 John Elliott Ward (1814–1902). American politician and diplomatist. Minister to China, 1858–60. 2 Clement Laird Vallandigham (1820–71). American politician. US Congressman for Ohio, 1858–63. Although a northerner, Vallandigham was a vocal critic of the Civil War and President Lincoln. He was arrested, tried and convicted for disloyal public statements, incarcerated, and later sent through military lines to the Confederacy, from whence he travelled to Bermuda and then Halifax. For more on Vallandigham, see Frank L. Klement, The Limits of Dissent: Clement L. Vallandigham & the Civil War (New York, 1998). 3 For further on this incident, see Doc. No. 322. 4 On 9 May 1863.

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[P.S.] You will see Comd Hickley has written a conditional Letter for a few weeks leave[.] The fact is he is much afraid and alarmed that his young and beautiful wife is fast going with a Consumption but he has written home to his Brother & medical men for information[.] 272. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Halifax 24 July 1863 [received 31 July]

My dear Lord Lyon’s Yours of the 20th reached me during the Night by the Boston Steamer and I am much obliged to you for it and also your Public Despatches[.] You will probably get Governor Bayleys Letters &c. from England by the next. The Shot & Shell from the Rhode Island not only went into the Island of Eleuthera but over it into the inner Sea. I am decidedly impressed that it is a gross case of infringement of our Territorial Limits, but I have no public Letter to send you. I will delay my visit to New York for the present until I see my way respecting the Riots, but if you should be absent in Canada on no account think of coming to meet me. I would much regret if you were to do so and deprive yourself of your Holiday &c. Jason takes this to New York and I send you a Copy of Captain Von Donops orders. 273. James Dunlop to Milne1 [ADM1/5820]

HMS “Rinaldo” Fortress Monroe Va. 29 July 1863 [received by Milne, 12 August; by the Admiralty, 30 August]

Sir, I have the honor to inform you that nothing of interest has occurred at this place since the departure of Her Majesty’s Ship “Challenger”[.] . . . A reconnaissance was made last week up James’ River by some Gun Boats and two Monitors, one of the latter returned disabled from the bursting of her Gun, and had gone to New York for repairs.

1 Milne’s covering letter, No 508 of 12 Aug 1863 states ‘Transmitted for their Lordships’ information with reference to my letter No. 489 of the 29th ultimo.’

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The “Roanoke” is now at Newport News, she must resemble I think what it is proposed the “Royal Sovereign” should be[.]1 She is between 7 & 8 feet out of water, completely iron clad, the rudder quite protected, and carries three turrets. I am unaware what her draught of water is, but she is said to roll heavily. I find upon enquiry from Officers of the United States Navy that an American Newspaper statement about the Monitors “Weehawken” and “Passaic” in which they are designated floating prisons and air tight coffins unfit for a hot climate and certain to break down the health of those serving in them is not exaggerated, and may be the more readily believed as even in the “New Ironsides”, a frigate built Iron Clad, Commodore Turner told me and I myself saw, that he had given up his fore Cabin which was outside the armour fitting [for] the officers[.] I am informed by the office in command of the Naval ordnance here, that it has been proposed that Monitors should for the future be attached as tenders to some large vessel, on board of which the officers and seamen might live, excepting when required for action. 274. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty Nile, at Halifax 29 July 1863 [received 17 August]

[ADM1/5820]

No. 489 Transmitted for their Lordships information in reference to the annexed Newspaper Report of the failure of the Monitors[.] [Enclosures] Kennedy to Milne H.M.S. “Challenger” Annapolis 13 July 1863 Sir, I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your Memo: (22 June 1863) to report on Monitors, Iron Clads, and in returning [the] accompanying slip of paper, I can only report what I stated in my letter of

1 Originally a steam frigate, USS Roanoke was subsequently cut down to the top of its gun deck, armoured, and fitted with turrets.

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proceedings No. 4, that there are orders from [the] United States Government not to allow strangers on board. Admiral Lee1 refused me permission point blank. Officers with whom I Conversed inform me that they are dreadful, and that it has been determined to relieve Officers and men every six months, that they can only be useful to defend harbours, and will then require a steamer to attend them for Officers and men to live on board. I shall not miss visiting one should an opportunity occur. Newspaper notice: Failure of the Monitors. – The Port Royal correspondent of the New York Herald thus announces the practical failure of the Monitors. The repairs on the Weehawken have just been completed, and those of the Passaic are also finished. These are two of the Monitors reported by Chief Engineer Stimers2 and the Baltimore American as being ready for service the day following the attack on Charleston. And they are but specimen bricks. A large number of officers have been invalided during the past three weeks, broken down by service on these floating ovens and air-tight coffins, Many others must be sent home, entirely used up by this terrible life. The Monitors are not fit to live in this climate, and it will require a larger corps of officer than the navy now has, to keep them officered. They are too expensive in a sanitary point of view for service, I hear. 275. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5820]

Nile, at Halifax 30 July 1863 [received 17 August]

No. 490 Sir, I beg to enclose to be laid before the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty a copy of a correspondence which has taken place between myself and Rear Admiral Wilkes Commanding the U.S. West Indian Squadron on the subject of the exercise of Belligerent rights by the Cruizers under his orders[.]3

1 Samuel Phillips Lee (1812–97). US Navy officer. Entered, 1825; Lt, 1837; Cmdr, 1855; Capt, 1862; Cdre, 1866; Rear-Adm, 1870. 2 Alban Crocker Stimers (1827–76). American naval officer. 3rd Asst Engineer, 1849; 2nd Asst Engineer, 1851; 1st Asst Engineer, 1853. Chief Engineer, 1858. Stimers worked closely with John Ericsson on the development of the US Monitor programme. 3 Milne’s initial letter to Wilkes is enclosed in Doc. No. 252. Earl Russell subsequently concurred in Milne’s opinions. See the Secretary of the Admiralty to Milne, no 550 M, 25 Aug 1863, MLN/114/4.

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2. – Their Lordships will I think agree with me that on the whole the Rear Admiral’s answer is eminently satisfactory and that the correspondence is likely to be productive of advantage in promoting a good understanding and facilitate the settlement of some of the many difficult cases we must yet look for from the enterprize displayed by the organized Blockade runners and the strenuous efforts that are naturally being made by the United States navy to put a stop to these proceedings. [Enclosures] Wilkes to Milne U.S. Flag “Vanderbilt” June 10th 1863 at St. Thomas Sir, I have to acknowledge the receipt on my arrival here yesterday of your communication of the 21st May. I take it, as I believe it was meant, in the most friendly spirit[.] I should have been glad to learn the instances, of the cruizers under my orders, detaining “British vessels trading from one Neutral Port to another”, which you have deemed it your duty to bring to the notice of H.M. Government and to Her Majesty’s Minister at Washington. I am left entirely in the dark, as to the grievance which you inform me has been the subject of your communication[.] I am well aware that many reports have been circulated respecting our proceedings, and I may add of outrageous conduct on my part. It is just on mere assumption, so I take it, your acts have been predicted [sic: ‘predicated’], that you should have felt warranted in charging my officers and myself with violating the orders of my Government, or trespassing on Neutral rights. It does not become me to argue this point, or to offer any explanation, which might leave the impression on your mind, that I thought I had done or permitted any wrong in the exercise of Belligerent rights. My Government is well advised of my actions, and to it explanation will be made if necessary. The anxiety, I feel, in the exercise of Belligerent rights and the desire I have to respect those of neutrals, in every particular, I apprehend is as great as yours. It is my wish and determination to avoid any misunderstanding, or cause of irritation between our respective Countries. Moreover, I feel assured that, in no[t] one case have the rights been invaded, nor the necessity of cultivating friendly feeling been lost sight of by my officers or myself, and when the true facts are Considered instead of the apparent ones, You, yourself will come to the same conclusion.

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It is extremely difficult to understand the actions of others, especially when our judgment may have been formed or influenced by ex-parte statements, many times, and often by untruthful and interested persons which is to be regretted, but cannot be avoided or complained of. They have the effect to produce much feeling [sic], and condemnation of an officer who does his duty, of this in your length of service you must have met many instances. In the exercise of the Belligerent Rights it has ever been my practice, and that of my officers in command of the United States’ Cruizers, composing my squadron, to avoid everything which could make the duty of search, in any way harsh or unpleasant, and this duty has been conducted in the most careful manner to avoid any rudeness, complaint or cause of disttress [sic] whatever. You may be assured I am as desirous as you can be to avoid any subject of discussion between our Governments. Unhappily they will arise, and cause anxiety to both parties, they cannot at times be averted, but when the circumstances are known, this state of anxiety vanishes and good feeling is restored and justice awarded [sic]. Altho’ I cannot admit that we have overstepped a proper interpretation of Belligerent rights, over neutrals, or unduly exercised them, without the limits prescribed by the Law of Nations, I nevertheless have to express my appreciation for your courtesy in addressing me your despatch to inform me what you deemed obligatory in the discharge of your duty. I have to regret that, since I have been in this Command, we have not met, as I am satisfied that a few minutes Conversation between us, would have shewn that my views and actions were in accordance with the feelings you express. Trusting that one of these days such an opportunity may be afforded. Milne to Wilkes Nile, at Halifax 30th July 1863 Sir, I had the honor duly to receive your letter of the 10th Ult. in reply to mine of the 20th May last on the subject of the exercise of Belligerent rights by the Cruizers of the United States under your orders and to thank you for the expression of your sentiments on this important subject with which you have so frankly and courteously favored me and which I trust may be instrumental in maintaining harmony between our respective Governments.

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I, on my side can only repeat and I do so without hesitation, that so long as the rights of neutrals are properly respected and the principles you have indicated are carried out in a fair and Consistent spirit, no exception can be taken by me as Naval Commander in Chief on this Station[.] 276. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5820]

Nile, at Halifax 31 July 1863 [received 17 August]

No. 491 Sir, In my letter of proceedings No. 486 of the 23rd Inst. I gave their Lordships all the information I then possessed in regards to the measures taken for the protection of the colored British subjects belonging to British Merchant ships from the violence of the mob at New York during the recent riots,1 and I have the honor to forward for their Lordships’ further information the accompanying extracts of a correspondence I have since received from Lord Lyons and of a report from Captain Kennedy2 of H.M. Ship “Challenger” (who arrived at New York on the 19th Inst) upon the same subject and which will put their Lordships in possession of all the material particulars and from which their Lordships will learn how much we are indebted to the considerate Kindness of Rear Admiral Reynaud, the French Commander in Chief, who happened fortunately to be at New York at the time, in affording refuge on board his own Flag ship to some seventy of our colored fellow subjects, and to whom I lost no time in expressing my thanks for the services rendered on this occasion[,] to which many of these people owed the preservation of their lives, adding that I should have great pleasure in bringing the same to the notice of Her Majesty’s Government[.] 2. – The Riots are for the present quelled but if the Draft is persisted in it appears not improbable they may be renewed with increased violence. I have therefore in relieving the “Challenger” to enable her to undergo

1 The relevant portion of that letter (also found in ADM1/5820) reads ‘In consequence of negro crews of British ships having been menaced by the Mob during the recent riots at New York[,] many of them took refuge on board the French ships of war lying there and Lord Lyons therefore requested the “Challenger” to proceed from Fortress Monroe to New York where she arrived on the 19th Inst. all this I have learnt by Telegraph, not having received any letters on the subject.’ 2 Kennedy’s report is missing from the docket.

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a refit, by Her Majesty’s Ship “Jason” directed Captain Von Donop to remain himself at New York, and if necessary retain the services of the “Challenger”, should either or both these measures be deemed by him expedient after communication with Her Majesty’s Minister at Washington and Her Majesty’s Consul at New York[.]1 [Enclosures] Lord Lyons to Milne Washington July 20 1863 Sir, With reference to my telegram of yesterday I have the honor to enclose Copies of despatches and Telegrams which will make you acquainted with the steps which have been taken with a view to affording protection to Her Majesty’s colored subjects at New York against the savage violence of the Rioters at that place[.] You will not fail to observe the prompt and effectual aid so handsomely afforded by the French Rear Admiral Reynaud who has given shelter on board his Flag ship to more than 70 of these British subjects. I have received this morning a telegram from the Challenger from New York. Lord Lyons to Kennedy Washington July 15 1863 Sir, Her Majesty’s Consul at New York has represented to me that colored people, subjects of Her Majesty, and in particular some of them forming part of the Crews of Merchant Vessels are exposed to danger from the Rioters at that place, and the Consul has stated to me that in his opinion it is extremely important that one of H.M.’s Ship should repair thither without delay in order to afford protection to these British subjects, and serve in case of need [as] a refuge for them. I have accordingly to request you make such arrangements as you may deem advisable for sending a Ship of War to New York as speedily

1

Admiralty Minute: ‘Copy to F.O.’

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as possible to communicate with the Consul and act in Concert with him for the purposes indicated[.] Archibald to Lord Lyons British Consulate New York 14 July 1863 My Lord I have the honor to report to Your Lordship that a serious and alarming riot took place here yesterday and Continued until late last night[.] For the particulars of what took place I beg leave to refer Your Lordship to the reports in the New York morning newspapers of this day, which will have reached Your Lordship before this despatch can be received. While the opposition to the enforcement of the conscription is the cause of this riot, the fury of the mob appears to have been expended most particularly upon the colored people wherever they can be found, whether in the streets, in houses or on board vessels. Some five or six it is reported have been murdered while very many have been cruelly beaten and left at the point of death. I remained at my office until 8 o’clock last evening, and witnessed from the window the cruel beating of two or three negroes by a mob of infuriated men, no police being at hand, and there being no possibility of protecting the poor negroes. We have several British Vessels in Port, the crews, or greater part of the Crews of which are Composed of Negroes, British subjects. Most of these vessels were visited last night by gangs of men armed with Clubs, and wherever negroes could be found they were attacked and in some instances severely beaten[.] I have had complaints of these outrages from three or four shipmasters this morning and beg leave to inclose, for Your Lordship’s information a copy of an affidavit made before me by the master of the schooner “Arctic” and by a clergyman who witnessed an attack by the mob on this vessel[.]1 As the mob has gathered together again today in greater numbers than yesterday and a continuation of their riotous proceedings, perhaps with greater violence, is certain, I fear a repetition of the outrages on the unfortunate Colored Seamen on board our Vessels and have accordingly despatched to Your Lordship in Cypher the following telegram “I consider a man of War essential here immediately, to receive and protect Black British Crews”[.]

1

Neither affidavit is included in this volume.

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Since forwarding it, Admiral Renaud [sic] of the French navy has kindly volunteered to receive for protection on board his Flag ship the “Guerrierè” [sic] any colored British seamen whom I may think it fit to send on board, or if the vessels will draw off into the stream, and anchor near his ship he will protect them[.] At the time I now write, Four o’clock P.M. I hear that crowds of idle and excited men throng the wharves and docks and one of our shipmasters has reported to me that he fears any movement of vessels with colored seamen on board would be the signal for an attack by the mob upon them. I hope however, to have either the vessels or their colored seamen placed under protection, if not in the course of the afternoon, at all events during the night[.] Archibald to Lord Lyons British Consulate New York 15 July 1863 My Lord Referring to my despatch (No. 219) of yesterday’s date, I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of Your Lordship’s cypher telegram in reply to mine. The masters of Seven British Vessels have applied to me for protection, and I have availed myself of the generous offer of Admiral Renaud who has Kindly received on board his Flag ship a Considerable number of colored British seamen[.] It is just reported to me that a colored seaman on board a British vessel lying at one of the upper wharves has been murdered this afternoon. I have accordingly circulated, so far as was practicable, instructions to the masters of all our vessels to send their colored seamen to the “Guerrierè” for protection[.]  P.S. I find that the Negroes are hurrying away from the city to other places for protection[.] Archibald to Lord Lyons British Consulate New York 16 July 1863 My Lord Referring to my despatches of the 14th and … 15th Instant, I have the honor to report that the proceedings of the Rioters were continued during last night with even greater violence and with increased loss of life in the conflicts which took place between them and Military and Police. The terror of the Negro population is indescribable. On Staten Island

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and other places in the vicinity these poor persecuted people were driven from their houses, and have taken shelter in the woods and swamps from the insensate fury of the mob. To-day the street cars and omnibusses have recommenced running, and it is reported that the Hudson River and Harbour Railroad tracks have been repaired and that trains are running as usual direct from the city. I trust we have now seen the worst of the riots; but if the attempt to enforce the “draft” be renewed we shall have probably a repetition of the violence and outrages of the past few days. I received to-day Your Lordship’s Cypher telegram to the effect that the Captain of the Challenger reports he had made every arrangement to act on my telegraphic communication, at the time I now write however (5 P.M.) no British ship of War has arrived[,] meantime Admiral Reynaud has received and subsisted on board his Flag ship all of our Colored seamen who have sought his protection[.] Milne to Reynaud Nile, at Halifax 24th July 1863 Sir, Lord Lyons H.M. Minister at Washington and Captain Kennedy of Her Majesty’s Ship “Challenger” having informed me of the Kind and generous manner in which Your Excellency[,] in the absence of one of Her Majesty’s ships[,] received on board your Flag ship no less than 63 colored subjects of Her Majesty belonging to British Ships, whose lives were recently placed in jeopardy from the violence of the mob at New York; I beg you will accept my very sincere thanks for the protection and hospitality so extended to our colored fellow subjects, many of whom doubtless owe the preservation of their lives to this considerate proceeding on the part of Your Excellency, which I have great pleasure in bringing to the notice of H.M. Government[.] 277. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [3]]

Washington 31 July 1863

Private My dear Sir Alexander, I shall probably be here till the 7th or 8th or even later. My first resting place will be New York, and a few days more or less there would

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probably be of no importance to me. I should be there again towards the end of September, so that I hope we may be able to make our plan fit. If it suited you to make your visit late in September to New York, I should like to meet you there, and come on with you to Washington. The only house I have been able to get in this miserable place is so poor a one, that I have hardly a corner for my own head in it. I do not know therefore that my being here would be of much use to you, but I should myself be sorry not to be here during your visit. The “Victor” has been released by the Prize Court at Key West.1 I do not yet know exactly on what grounds. I have no instructions yet about the “Margaret and Jessie”. In one sense the more flagrant the case the better, for if it be clear and outrageous, the U.S. Gov. will have no difficulty in making amends at once. There is a want of firmness in checking individual officers who transgress international law, but certainly a strong desire on the part of those highest in authority here that no transgression should take place. But then the only real way to put a stop to them is to be prompt in making the individual transgressor feel the displeasure of their Superiors. In most of the Blockade cases there appears to be a great deal of hard swearing on both sides, though I am afraid I must confess that the Blockade Runners lie most and swear hardest. I do not know that there is any reason why you should put off your visit to New York if it suited you particularly well to make it at this moment, but I suppose that in a few weeks the question of the draught [sic: ‘draft’] will be disposed of somehow or other, and the danger to the public tranquility be over. Military news we have none of any importance. The Army of the Potomac and Army of General Lee seem to have got very nearly back to their old positions. We are assured that the siege of Charleston is to be pushed with vigour, and that Mobile is to be attacked immediately.2 It would I think be well that any of your ships should look in at Mobile in going to and from New Orleans. I have no instructions yet on the alteration made by the Confederates in the communications in refusing to receive vessels from U.S. Ports or Messengers sent to the Consulates from the Legation. I have had nothing from the Southern Consuls since, and they, I suppose, have received little or nothing from the outer world.

1 The US government appealed the verdict, however. For more on this case, see Doc. No. 281. 2 Mobile Bay was not assaulted until 5 Aug 1864.

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278. Milne to Commanding Officers of Ships on the North America and West India Station [Milne Mss MLN/114/9]

“Nile,” at Halifax, August, 1863

Sir, The question of convoy having lately attracted attention, I think it right to point out to Captains and Commanding Officers under my orders, that as convoy does not render the neutral convoyed less amenable to all the belligerent rights of visit, search, detention, or capture, no advantages at all commensurate with the risk of possible collision would follow, if afforded, and therefore all requests for convoy by Her Majesty’s ships are to be refused. I am &c.

279. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5820]

Nile, at Halifax 1 August 1863 [received 17 August]

No. 496 Sir, Referring to my letter No. 438 of the 26th June last1 … I beg you will acquaint their Lordships that since forwarding that despatch I have been enabled to look into the whole question of the right of neutral ships of War to enter into Ports under Blockade, the result of which as given in the annexed Memo: will shew what a conflict of opinion there exists in regard to this question, which may come to be, and indeed already is, of great importance; I therefore am induced to suggest to their Lordships the reconsideration of the whole subject with reference to former precedents which may probably be found in some of the Published correspondence of Naval or Diplomatic Collections, Annual Register, Published State Papers &c. I have looked in some for any mention of the question in the Books on International Law &c to which I have access and hence many references are necessarily of very recent date. My opinion as a Naval Officer is clear, that the Blockading Power must, and ought to have the

1

Not included in this volume.

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right (whether exercised or not) to debar all access to, or egress from a Blockaded Port, as it is very easy to conceive that[,] in the case of the ships of War of a doubtful neutral power[,] much prejudice might result to the Blockading Force from free and unrestrained intercourse with the blockaded port when preparations were being made for an attack, and as a general rule all attempts to distinguish between a Military and a Commercial Blockade must necessarily be fallacious, in proof of which I may instance the existing Blockade of Charleston, Mobile, Wilmington, Galveston &c, which must be looked upon as partaking of both a Military and Commercial character[.] Extracts shewing various opinions relative to the Right of a Blockading Squadron to stop the entrance into the Port blockaded of a Neutral Ship of War[:] Lord Lyons to Sir Alex: Milne 11 May 1861  “The general result of enquiries made by me or other Foreign Ministers here (at Washington) as to the manner in which the Blockade will be conducted appears to be . . . That armed vessels of Neutral States will have the right to enter and depart from the Blockaded Ports”. Lord Lyons to Sir Alex: Milne 25 May 1861  “The United States Government admit the right of Neutral armed Vessels to enter even Blockaded Ports”. Lord Lyons to Mr. Bunch 19 Septr: 1861, Communicated to Sir A. Milne 28 Septr. 1861  “The United States Government have been informed of my intention to communicate with Her Majesty’s Consuls in the Southern Ports (under Blockade) by means of Her Majesty’s Ships, and have no sort of objection to it”. Same to the Same (26th October 1861)  Correspondence communicating with Southern Ports “In this correspondence Mr. Seward assumes the right to make the communication of Neutral Ships of War with Blockaded Ports Conditional in which Lord Lyons (and Her Majesty’s Government) appear to acquiesce”[.]

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Lord Lyons to Mr. Magee, H.M. Acting Consul, Mobile (3 January 1863)  “Foreign Ships of War are permitted by the Courtesy of the Government of the United States to enter and depart from Blockaded Ports, of course in the belief that such ships will not abuse this privilege to the detriment of the Government by which it is granted”. Sir A. Milne’s Circular (16 February 1863)  “Even communication by Neutral Ships of War with a Blockaded Port is permissive only and to be regarded as a relaxation of the more rigid rule of War which formerly obtained and which would probably be again reverted to in a great Maritime War” (Earl Russell concurred in this Instruction). Lord Lyons to Sir A. Milne (29 March 1863)  “Copy of this order [i.e., the preceding] was received from Lord Lyons by Mr. Seward with great satisfaction”[.] Law officers opinion 24 April 1863 (enclosed in Admiralty letter of 4 May 1863 No. 299 M1  “The right of the Belligerent to prevent the entrance of Neutral Vessels of Commerce into a Blockaded Port does not extend to Ships of War belonging to a Neutral State[.] The Neutral Government has a right to hold communication with the Belligerent whose Port is blockaded and [sic] the reason of the Belligerent Right of Blockade does not apply to a Neutral Ship of War which is bound of course to carry no merchandize or relief to the Blockaded Port. The abstract right of the Neutral Ship of War to enter the Port, however wise it may be to abstain from the exercise, can not be questioned[.] We believe moreover that during the War the right of a Neutral ship of war to pass through the Blockading Lines has not been questioned and that it has not been waived or controlled by a Contrary usage.”2

1

This clause was minuted in red at the Admiralty: ‘For Office 29. April 1863’. One of several examples of the Law Officers’ cluelessness. See also Docs Nos 199, 343, 345, and 355. 2

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Mr. Layard Under Secretary for Foreign Affairs[,] House of Commons 19 May 1863  “When the Blockade of certain Ports was established by the Government of the United States, full liberty was given to English men of War to pass through the Blockade and to communicate with these Ports, but it was on the distinct understanding that they should only be employed on official business and that they should not engage in any Commercial transactions”.1 280. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [11]]

Halifax 1 August 1863

My dear Grey There Exists some misunderstanding on the question of Pensions to men when serving which requires attention at Home. From what I can make out you adopted new regulations on the 30 Nov 1861 and from that date refused the Pension to men when serving. This regulation however has never been made known to the Fleet. The men are ignorant of it and are consequently much disappointed when they are told, Your Pension is so much in amount, but you cannot draw it when serving, but having been granted a pension He is transferred to the Pensioners List and is then deprived of his Badge Pay. There is therefore an Evident loss to the man because he claims a Pension for long service. will you have the case gone into[?] I have written officially[.] I have taken Lily in hand here[.] she is a perfect oven below and her foremost Stoke Hole 124 [degrees] in [the] W Indies[.] Her lower deck is also very deficient of Air. I have made several alterations in her in Every way[.] I will report them when completed. She wants much more Canvass but I will make no changes aloft[.] Comd Harvey is very attentive & zealous and has a well disposed ships Co[mpan]y[.] I Expect the Mail from England the day after tomorrow when I will write to you so soon as I hear from New York[.]

1 Admiralty Minute: ‘Write to F.O. sending copies of Sir A. Milnes communication and my Lds wd remark that they concur in the opinion expressed by Sir A Milne with regard to the strict right of a blockading power to debar entrance to a blockaded port even the ships of war of a neutral, and which in accordance with [their] L[ordshi]ps letter to the For Off of the 1st May on the subject of delivering the officer of the Sumter [who] had murdered his superior officer at Gibraltar.’

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281. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5820]

Nile, at Halifax 3 August 1863 [received 17 August]

No. 504 Sir, I have the honor to forward for their Lordship’s information the accompanying Copy of a letter dated the 3rd Ultimo and its several enclosures relative to the circumstances attending the seizure of the British (provisionally registered) Steamer “Victor” off the Havana by the United States Cruizer “Juniata” together with a Copy of a despatch which I addressed to Lord Lyons on the subject of the treatment which her Officers and Crew are stated to have met with on board the “Juniata” and subsequently at Fort Taylor. 2 – Altho’ this matter will doubtless[,] on the receipt of Mr. Crawford’s letter to Earl Russell[,] have attracted the attention of H.M. Government, I yet think it right to put their Lordships in possession of the facts, as well as the steps I took on hearing of the occurrence, in the mean while Lord Lyons has informed me privately that he and the Spanish Minister at Washington are led to believe no irregularity has taken place in the detention of the vessel[.] 3. – Their Lordships will permit me to remind them that so far back as on the 20th September 1860 and 25 July 1861 (in my despatches of those dates Nos. 200 and 344)1 I took occasion to point out the probability of some grave question arising with the Belligerents from the facility now afforded by our Merchant Shipping Law for changing ownership and nationality and it appears in the explanation offered by the United States Government and Naval Officers in regard to the case in question of the “Victor” this point may obtain some prominence, as she is stated to have been originally an American Steamer, sold at Havana thro’ the United State’s Consulate to a British subject, who obtained from Her Majesty’s Acting Consul General there a provisional Register under which she sailed for Matamoras[.]2 [Enclosures]

1 2

Both printed in The Milne Papers, vol. 2 (as Docs Nos 92 and 296). Admiralty Minute: ‘Copy to F.O. of such papers as have not been received there.’

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Crawford to Milne Havana 3 July 1863 Sir, I have the honor of transmitting to you herewith for your information a copy of a despatch with its several enclosures which I have addressed to Her Majesty’s Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, on the subject of the seizure of the British Screw Steamer “Victor “ by the U.S. Steam Sloop “Juniata” and the ill treatment of her officers and crew at Key West. I have also to report to you that the “Juniata” fired a round shot at the British “Fair Friends” of Belize on the 17th Ultimo at 8 ½ A.M., near Bahiahonda,1 although the latter was only about 400 yards off, and had her colours flying. The Master informed me that the shot whizzed close overhead and struck the water a very short distance from the vessel. The “Fair Friends” is a small sailing craft of 30 Tons, and if the U.S. Cruizer wanted to overhaul her, she could have easily done so without shot[,] a cowardly exhibition of force. Crawford to Russell Havana 2nd July 1863 My Lord I have the honor of transmitting to Your Lordship, Copy of a Despatch with its inclosures, which I have this day addressed to Lord Lyons, Her Majesty’s Minister at Washington, on the subject of the seizure of the British Screw Steamer “Victor” by the United States Steam Sloop “Juniata”, Commander Stephens,2 and of the ill treatment of the Master and Crew both on board the “Juniata” and at Fort Taylor, Key West. The “Victor” was formerly an American vessel, having been employed at Monatillan, Mexico, and was sold here through the United States Consulate to Captain Pearce, a British subject, who obtained a Provisional Certificate of Registry at this office in the manner prescribed in the Merchant Shipping Act, 1854. The “Victor” took on board an assorted cargo, in which there was nothing contraband of war, and having cleared at the Customs and at the Mexican Consulate in the usual form, started on the voyage to Matamoros on the evening of the 28th May last.

1 Bahía Honda, about 40 miles west of Havana on Cuba’s north coast, 22°54′23″ North, 83°9′50″ West. 2 Thomas H. Stevens.

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No sooner had she got under weigh, than the “Juniata” steamed after her, passing the “Victor” in the narrows, and waiting until she was about six miles from the Morro, when the United States Ship bore down upon her and seized her in the manner described in the Master’s Protest, although there was no reason whatever for such seizure, and in spite of the “Victor” being in Spanish Waters, two miles and a quarter from the Coast of Cuba. There can be no doubt as to this fact, for the capture was witnessed from the signal station at the Morro, and was duly reported. The captured vessel was taken to Key West and the Crew were detained on board the “Juniata” for twelve days, during which they were not allowed any bedding, although there was plenty on board of their own vessel, nor were they even permitted to change their clothes! But this was trifling when compared with the subsequently cruelty inflicted upon the Master the Mate and the Chief Engineer. These British born subjects appear to have been signalled [sic: ‘singled’] out by Commander Stevens (formerly of the “Sonoma” and now of the “Weehawken”) for private or particular vengeance merely because they were Englishmen! At the caprice of that officer, without even a form of trial or any criminal accusation against them, these poor men were conveyed to Fort Taylor, where from the 9th to the 13th of June, they were subjected to a species of torture both mental and corporal which is worthy of savages. They were confined to a cell of narrow dimensions, the door of which was airtight, and where the heat, the stench, the insects, and the scarcity of air, which was admitted by two small grated apertures near the roof, rendered their existence intolerable, and they were obliged to strip naked and to lay on the floor, fanning it [sic] with their coats in order to create a circulation of air. This confinement could not last long without serious consequences. The Mate had to be removed to another cell, having been seized with faintness and violent cramps in the stomach. The Master was suffering so much from palpitation of the heart that he was allowed upon payment of £2½ to pass the night of the 11th June in one of the casemates of the Fort, and the Engineer was in such an emaciated state that he was permitted to join the Master during the day time on the 12th, but all three prisoners were again locked up together in the “Sweat Box”, as this dreadful cell is termed by the garrison of the Fort. I need not dwell upon the fearful outrage which has been perpetrated upon these our unfortunate countrymen. To suffer as they have done, and to be turned out of the place of their captivity, with the remark of the Prize Commissioner, “that it was all a mistake”!, is quite revolting.

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Mr. Seward states distinctly in his letter of 31st Decr 18611 to Mr. Welles, Secretary of [the] U.S. Navy that “although it may be lawful to detain such persons as witnesses when their testimony may be indispensable to the Administration of Justice, yet when captured in a Neutral Ship, that they cannot be considered, and ought not to be treated as prisoners of war”[.] Are we to suppose then that the United States Government issues one set of Instructions to its officers, which is to be shown whenever a difficulty occurs with any Foreign Government, and another set of orders which they are to act up to? It certainly looks as if such was the case, and from what we know of the proceedings of the Federal Cruisers, there is great cause for such a conclusion. I would most respectfully beg Your Lordship to acquaint me, for the information of the Merchants here, whose enquiries on the subject I have been obliged to answer evasively and with great caution, what protection a bona fide British Ship bound to Matamoros from this port and vice versa, is entitled to and is likely to receive from Her Majesty’s Government in case of molestation from United States Cruisers? That a British Vessel with her papers in perfect order and bound on a legitimate voyage should be liable to be seized and sent before a Prize Court, upon a mere suspicion or at the caprice of any American Naval officer, is alarming; and it is a very sorry alternative for the owners of a valuable adventure [sic] to be dependant [sic] upon an appeal for damages to the Supreme Court of the United States. There appears to be a general mis-apprehension with regard to the latitude which is conceded to the United States Cruisers in the prosecution of the Belligerent right of search, and as the Trade between Havana and Matamoros is on the increase, being chiefly carried in British vessels, the Merchants are most anxious to know what they have to depend upon. I consider it my duty to point out to Your Lordship that that United States Cruisers do not treat the vessels of other nations as they do those bearing the British Flag. Their crusade appears to be solely and wholly directed against our shipping, and I am informed that they are determined to stop the trade with Matamoros by every means in their power.

1 Printed in ‘North America. No. 1. Correspondence relating to the civil war in the United States of North America’, PP, 1862, vol. 62, pp. 127–8.

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The Federal cruisers lay in this port with their fires banked and follow any vessel which they consider suspicious. Is this not a breach of neutrality, and would I be justified in requesting the Captain General to put a stop to it? I respectfully recommend the case of the “Victor” to Your Lordship’s consideration, and I trust that the ill treatment suffered by the Master the Mate and the Engineer will call for ample compensation. Crawford to Lord Lyons Havana, 3d July 1863. My Lord, I have the honor to transmit herewith to Your Lordship, [a] Copy of a letter which I addressed to Mr. Vice Consul Butterfield1 on the 30th Ultimo, including certified copies of a Protest extended before me by the Master of the British Steamer “Victor”, which Vessel was seized and taken to Key West by the United States Ship “Juniata”, and of an Affidavit made at this Consulate by Mr. Ardill, the Chief Engineer, relative to the dreadful treatment which he experienced, together with the Master and the Mate of the “Victor”, at Fort Taylor[.]2 Your Lordship will observe that the “Victor” was deliberately followed out of this Port, and was seized without a vestige of right in Spanish Waters, by Commander “Stevens”, of the “Juniata”[.] But the horrible treatment of the Master, the Mate and the Chief Engineer, is what I would most particularly draw Your Lordship’s attention to. That such abominable acts are permitted by the Federal Government (a Government professing amity towards Great Britain) is only in keeping with the Vandalism and Savage propensities which characterise every act of the Officers in the desperate Civil War in which they are engaged; but it is hardly possible that the continuance of such marked ill treatment of Neutrals, and the high handed manner in which the cruisers of the United States are carrying on their blockade against British Vessels … can fail to arouse the People of England and lead to very serious remonstrances on the part of Her Majesty’s Government.

1

Aubrey George Butterfield (1839–97). British Vice-Consul at Key West. The protest is printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 666–70. A rebuttal to the allegations made therein from the US authorities at Fort Taylor can be found in ibid., 1864, pt 2, pp. 501–3. 2

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282. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [3]]

Washington 3 August 1863

Private My dear Sir Alexander, I have nothing to add to what I have written by the Challenger. I hope to leave this place by the end of this week or the beginning of next, and intend to be at New York on my way back from Canada towards the end of September. In haste … 283. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Halifax 3 August 1863 [received 7 August]

My dear Lord Lyons No news is said to be good news, and I have therefore not a word of intelligence to send you from this, and I have nothing from the Admilty by Mail, so I may say all is quiet here. I see by the Local Paper’s the Peterhoff has been condemned[.] Should any Evidence of the Trial be printed I would like very much if a Copy could sent to me. I am anxious for the Boston Mail on Thursday Evg that I may hear what is doing with Challenger & Jason and also your own movements. We are wasted here with the heat[:] Ther 82°. I suspect you must be baked further South. [PS:] Thanks for your last Letter. 284. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

HMS Nile Halifax 18 August 1863 [received 24 August]

My dear Lord Lyons The Mail from England is Signalized and I send by her Despatches for you and the French Minister brought here by HMS Plover from Charleston[.] it is very inconvenient that none of our Ships of War can Either go to Charleston or come from it directly to an United States

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Port. The Plover owing to the regulations of the Confederate Gov. must Either have gone to Bermuda or come here, but I presume this rule must be obeyed. The Rinaldo is going to Bermuda then to join me here and Lily from this goes to Fortress Monroe on Saturday. I do not see the necessity for Sending Ships of War to be in Charleston Harbour[.] My official Letter[,] founded on a Despatch from Mr Walker to you[,]1 will Explain my reasons. From all I can at present see I think I will be at New York about the 22d Sept. but dont let this in any manner interfere with you or bring you away from Canada one day sooner than you intended[.] [PS:] I have not one word from England. Lord Normanby2 and all the family will go to Engd I think 17 Sept. and [are] not to return. 285. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [11]]

Halifax 6 August 1863

My dear Grey The Mail will leave for England this night, so I write a line but have no news whatever. The Barracouta is not so much injured as the Diver reported and 4 days…work has put her to rights at St. Johns, but she was nearly more injured there by the Blocks not being strong Enough and she squeezed them but no damage has resulted[.] I Expect her here the day after tomorrow. Greyhound has gone to Newfd or rather will go tomorrow with Mr Howe3 the Commissioner under the Reciprocity Treaty. Everything is very backward at Newfd and a great deal of Ice on East Coast. There is no news from the States but the Federals repulsed at Charleston[.] The slaughter at Fort Wagner has been dreadful[.]4

1

Not included in this collection but see Doc. No. 294 and its enclosures. Lord Mulgrave, who became the 2nd Marquess of Normanby on the death of his father on 28 July 1863. 3 Joseph Howe (1804–73). Nova Scotian journalist, politician, and civil servant. Speaker of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly, 1841–43; Provincial Secretary and Clerk of Council, 1848–54; Chairman of the Railway Commission, 1854–57; Provincial Secretary, 1860–63; Premier, 1860–63; Imperial Fisheries Commissioner, 1863–66; President of the Canadian Privy Council, 1869; Canadian Secretary of State for the Provinces, 1869–73; Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, 1873. 4 Union forces assaulted Fort Wagner, one of the fortifications covering the approaches to Charleston harbour, on 11 and 18 July, suffering 339 casualties in the first attack and about 1,500 in the second. 2

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Mobile I suspect will soon be attacked and fall into the hands of the Federals.1 The Confederates are certainly going down hill but still they say they will hold out and never submit. I send home a letter from [the] Wardroom officers of Lily for a cook. The nine officers have one Steward to do Everything for the mess and Half a Cook [sic]. The consequence is there is nothing but discomfort[.] I think Every mess should have a Steward and Asst Stewd. You will see the officers have had to hire a Boy at their own Expense and not on the Ships Books. now I really think this should not be[.] I am going to order Shannon up here from Bermuda. We have had very hot & wet weather & there is a good deal of Sickness in the place[.] 286. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty Nile, at Halifax 17 August 1863 [received 30 August]

[ADM1/5820]

No. 528 Sir, With reference to my letter No. 504 of the 3rd Inst. giving the particulars of the seizure off the Havana of the British Steamer “Victor” by the United States Cruizer “Juniata”, I have now the honor to enclose a copy of a despatch dated the 28th Ultimo and of its enclosures which I have received from Lord Lyons, and from which their Lordships will learn the progress of the case.  P.S. I have since heard that the “Victor” was released by the Prize Court at Key West[.]2 [Enclosures] Lord Lyons to Milne Washington July 28th 1863 Sir, I had on the 23rd Inst the honor to receive your Despatch of the 20th Instant relative to the capture of the British steamer “Victor” off Havana, and to the treatment experienced by the Master, Mate and Engineer of that Vessel.

1 2

The Union attack on Mobile Bay did not take place until 5 Aug 1864. Milne’s intelligence was correct, but the US government quickly appealed the verdict.

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The enclosed copies of a Note from the Secretary of State of the United States to me, dated the 18th Instant,1 and of a Note from him to the Spanish Minister here, dated the 18th Inst. will make you acquainted with the present state of the Communications with the United States Government Concerning the matter. Seward to Tassara2 Department of State Washington 18 July 1863 Sir Referring to your note of the 7th Instant and to my reply of the 7th Inst relative to the Capture of the “Victor” I have now the honor to inform you that it appears a report upon the subject had previously been received by the Secretary of the Navy from the Commander of the “Juniata” which represents that the “Victor” at the time of her capture was distant about 8 miles from the Cuban Coast and that although her papers were mainly correct, yet by the admission of one of her Crew, as well as from the nature of the circumstantial evidence Connected with the Case, the vessel was undoubtedly intended to run the Blockade, though bound ostensibly for Matamoras, her cargo is stated to have been entirely unsuited for that place. Mr. Wells [sic] will, however, require a further report upon the subject, which, when received may enable this Department to address to you an additional communication in regard to it[.] 287. Stuart to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [3]]

Washington 17 August 1863

My dear Sir Alexander, As Lord Lyons started upon his tour on Friday last, I am again entering on the agreeable duty of corresponding with you. There is nothing, however, of interest to report to you by this Mail. The siege of Charleston may be a long business. The principal object of early anxiety is the question of the intended Draft at New York, which the Government is stated to be preparing to carry out within the next few days.

1

Seward’s letter to Lord Lyons is printed in FRUS, 1863, pt 1, pp. 670–71. Gabriel García y Tassara (1817–75). Spanish poet, journalist, politician and diplomatist. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the US, 1857–67; to Great Britain, 1869. 2

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From what Lord Lyons told me of your plans, I am in great hopes that we are to have the pleasure of seeing you here, after his return from Canada. 288. Milne to Cracroft [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [11]]

Halifax 19 August 1863

My dear Commodore … Barracouta sails to join you at Jamaica on Saturday. Malcolm has gone home[.] I have put Comd Darcy [sic: ‘D’Arcy’] in as acting [Commander]. Styx I have ordered here from New Orleans thro New York as going thro Jamaica would occupy months and I will hold C[ourts] Martials here[.] if she is with you send her up here. Plover goes next week to Bermuda & Barbados. Peterel comes down to join you and Desperate then goes Home. Inspect Peterel on her arrival[,] Expressly her Clothing &c[,] also inspect Desperate before she leaves[.] The Mail arrived from England brings no news whatever Except Virago coming out here. 289. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [11]]

Halifax 19 August 1863

My dear Grey I have several things to write you about so forgive a longer letter than I otherwise would have written[.] The Board will have received from Cap Tatham a Letter of resignation written in terms by no means proper[,] indeed [it] might be considered somewhat offensive. He is a very peculiar person and his private letters to me indicate a man inflated with his own vanity and importance. He writes “he hopes a younger man will give me more satisfaction to carry out my desires”. I have no idea what the man means. He says nothing in any private note about his resignation[.] I never was so taken by surprise as when his letter reached me, but as he wrote to your Lordships direct I must leave the Board to deal with him.1

1 On receipt of Tatham’s letter, the Board asked Milne to forward his views on it. See the Secretary of the Admiralty to Milne, no 545 C, 21 Aug 1863, NMM: MLN/114/4.

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Barracouta is all right[,] her Expense of Repair £116. She goes to Jamaica on Saturday[.] Comdr Malcolm has been worrying me and himself for a year to go home. he says he can now delay it no longer[,] his private affairs requiring his immediate presence[.] I have therefore given him leave and put Comd Darcy into the ship as he is a safe man and a good one and[,] as her Commission is nearly up[,] I hope he may be allowed to keep her but if not pray let him go on half pay and not into any small vessel here as he has been so long in Nimble. Lily goes to Fortress Monroe on Saturday[.] I have completed her for service & Comfort and send you home the report of alterations & plan.1 I write to the Board on Funeral Honors. The Marines dont like 3 Volleys on Shore and none afloat.2 I must say our P[etty] officers & Seamen should be Equally Entitled to the same ceremonies as soldiers. In regard to Warrant Officers advanced in class but not getting the Pay[,] they feel this as a great hardship and I think you would do well to give the Pay when you give the advance in Class. it will be money well spent instead of a grievance with these Warrant officers as it is at present. in the Mail which leaves a fortnight hence I send home Prisoners sentenced by Court Martial & Ford the Deserter[.] I write a public letter to send some one to meet them. I send a Sergeant & 3 Marines in charge. I propose going to New York about 20 Sept and being there a fortnight or so, then return here. will you mention this to the Duke of Somerset[?] Lord Lyons writes me he will be at New York the End of Sept. I have nothing new from the States but I will be anxious to hear the opinion of the Law officers on the condemnation of the Peterhoff[.] All is going on well on the Station but I have tried the Engineer3 of Plover for Drunkenness and he is discharged [from] the Service. The Engineers of Lily & Challenger are both Invalided.4 As soon as Peterel arrives at Jamaica Desperate will go to England via Bermuda[.]

1 On 21 Dec 1863 the Secretary of the Admiralty wrote Milne (no 788), expressing the Board’s satisfaction at the results obtained in altering the Lily. 2 Milne evidently meant that the Marines objected to the inconsistency of honouring funerals ashore with three volleys but those at sea with none. 3 The Dec 1862 Navy List does not list the Plover’s engineer, making it difficult at this remove to determine to whom Milne was referring. 4 Challenger’s engineer was James Mangnall (seniority 1860). Lily’s engineer is not listed in the Dec 1862 Navy List.

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290. Milne to Glasse [Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [11]]

Halifax 20 August 1863

My dear Cap Glasse Yours of the 21 July1 reached me a few days ago and I am glad you refused the Coal to the Hansa[.] indeed give [no] Coal to any one of these doubtful vessels [i.e., suspected blockade runners], and give no assistance to them. you also did quite right in the case of the Florida.2 I think the question of the Salute at St. Georges to be one of doubt.3 Had the Florida saluted at once then the salute should be returned, but if the Captain offered a salute and there was an opportunity of declining, I think it should have been declined, the Flag not having been recognized by HM Government. The Instructions to our ships visiting Southern Ports are not to Salute the confederate Flag, unless the English Flag is saluted[,] when the Salute may be returned. The next intermediate Mail I will send you by Plover or some other ship. Barracouta sails for Jamaica on [the] 22d and Lily for Fortress Monroe the same day. I have not one word from England Except Virago coming out to the Station. I write home about the Labourers for the Yard by an increase of the Terrors Crew. I have nothing from the States[.] The Southern Cause appears to be drooping in North Carolina[.]4 I am glad to hear you are all well[.] my wife joins me in kind regards …  [P.S.:] I do not see the great difficulty about the Siren going Home[.]5 how did she come out[?]

1

Not preserved among Milne’s papers. CSS Florida arrived at Bermuda on 15 July 1863 and departed on 27 July. Glasse refused its captain’s requests to purchase coal from the Royal Navy’s stock and to use navy yard facilities to carry out repairs. See John Maffitt to Stephen Mallory, [27 July] 1863, printed in ORN, ser. 1, vol. 2, p. 654. 3 51 Florida exchanged salutes with the fort at St George’s on 16 July, the only instance during the Civil War in which a Confederate naval vessel was recognised in such fashion. On this incident, see William Munro to John Maffitt, 15 July 1863, printed in ORN, ser. 1, vol. 2, p. 650. 4 North Carolina contained many pro-Unionists, and its wartime government waged an ongoing struggle to suppress anti-Confederate and anti-war activities. In the 1864 gubernatorial race one candidate, William Woods Holden, ran on an anti-war platform, calling for North Carolina to withdraw from the Confederacy and unilaterally to negotiate peace with the Union. 5 This reference is obscure. HMS Siren, a sailing sloop of war, was not in commission at the time. Presumably Milne was referring to a merchant vessel of the same name. 2

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291. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [3]]

Montreal 30 August 1863

Private My dear Sir Alexander, Mr Stewart sent me to Niagara your Despatch of the 15th August respecting the application of the Acting Consul at Charleston for a Ship of War. He will probably have telegraphed to you that I entirely agree with you as to the inexpediency of sending one of our ships into Charleston Harbour during or pending an attack. It might perhaps be well that we should have a ship off the harbour, considering the state of affairs represented in the Newspapers, for it would seem that the Federal Commanders are attempting to obtain a surrender of the Forts, by throwing shells not into them but into the town. Of this you will of course be the best judge. It would be very desirable, if a ship is sent, that the Captain should be conciliatory and cool headed, and strongly impressed with the necessity of avoiding disputes with the Federal Commanders. I have nothing to go upon but the newspaper account. Mr Stewart may perhaps send you some surer intelligence from Washington. I wrote to M Mercier (the French Minister) who was at New York, to tell him that the Acting Consul at Charleston had applied for a Ship of War to go inside Charleston harbour, but that you and I thought that it would be extremely inexpedient to employ Her Majesty’s Ships in removing persons[,] though non combatants[,] out of the town while an attack is actually in progress, and that such a measure would be very fairly objected to by the U.S. Naval Commanders. I added that consequently if any ship of ours went to Charleston at all, she would remain outside the harbour, and would of course only communicate with the Consul, if the Federal Commanders made no objection. My letter was a private and Confidential one. I thought it well to let the French know what we thought, in order to induce them, if possible, to take the same view. The only observation which the Foreign Office has as yet made on the withdrawal by Mr Davis1 of the Exequatur of the Consul at Richmond and on his prohibition of direct intercourse between the Consulates in the South and the Legation in the United States, is that, under all the circumstances, it does not appear that these measures afford any ground for complaint.

1 Jefferson Davis (1808–89). American soldier and politician. US Representative for Mississippi, 1845–46; Senator for Mississippi, 1847–51, 1857–61; Secretary for War, 1853–57; President of the so-called Confederate States of America, 1861–65.

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The Confederates have recognized Mr Walker1 as Acting Consul at Charleston and Mr Fullerton2 as Acting Consul at Savannah, but refuse to acknowledge Mr Cridland3 as Acting Consul at Mobile.4 The appointments of all three have been notified in the usual way to the Federal Government, and the notifications have been acknowledged by that government in the usual way. I presume therefore that there can be no reason to apprehend any refusal to recognize any one of the three on the part of the Federals without reference to Washington. There may, as you know, be some objection on their part to Mr Walker personally. I arrived here last night, and go on to Quebec tomorrow morning. As I intend to be back at Washington quite at the beginning of October, it will probably suit me very well to be at New York about the 22nd September, and I should much like to do so, and to accompany you to Washington if you go there. The place is generally as endurable at the beginning of October as it ever is. I took leave of Mr Seward at Niagara on Tuesday, and he went with what remained of the Diplomatic Party to Buffalo, whence I suppose he will go back to Washington, & the others to various watering places. The French and Russian Ministers dropped off before I did. My journey seems to be answering for my health. I shall probably spend the next fortnight partly at Quebec and partly in an expedition to the Saguenay.5 I have the small cypher book with me but of course not the large one. 292. Stuart to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [3]]

Washington 31 August 1863

Private My dear Sir Alexander, Lord Lyons was as much surprised as you were to hear of there being still several thousands of British Subjects at Charleston.6 However, I see

1

Henry Pinckney Walker. Allan Fullarton or Fullerton (b. c.1828). Acting Vice-Consul at Savannah, 1862–63. 3 Frederick Cridland, Vice-Consul at Richmond, 1860–63; Acting Consul at Mobile, 1863. 4 The Confederate government refused to recognise Cridland’s appointment since it was made by Lord Lyons, on the grounds that he had no authority to appoint consuls in the seceded states. 5 The Rivière Saguenay is one of the St Lawrence River’s tributaries, emptying into the latter at Tadoussac, Quebec (48°9′ North, 69°43′ West). 6 See Walker to Lord Lyons, enclosed in Doc. No. 295. 2

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by a Correspondence published in the newspapers as having taken place between Generals Gilmore1 and Beauregard,2 relative to the demand made by the former for the immediate evacuation of Norris Island and Fort Sumter, and to the almost simultaneous Bombardment of Charleston during the night, that General Beauregard concludes by saying that he was then taking measures for the removal of non-combatants. There is great talk of an invention called Greek Fire, which appears to have been employed in the shells thrown into Charleston. Any information as to the effects of this Fire which your Officers could pick up in visiting Charleston or other Southern Ports, would be useful to our Govt. We were instructed the other day to report upon it, and it so happened that Mr Short,3 the Inventor, had just then applied to us with a view to offer his invention to our War Department. I therefore sent home Mr Short’s own account of the Greek Fire and of its wonderful properties together with a sample of it in a small Box. But I am naturally not in a position to be able to verify his account of its effects. Any enquiries about it should be made with discretion, as Mr Short is particularly anxious that his readiness to dispose of it to us should not be known in this Country. I venture to mention the matter to you, on account of the opportunities which you may have through your Officers of learning more about it. You will probably receive a letter by this Post from Lord Lyons. He was to arrive at Quebec to-day. After his first day’s journey, which occupied thirty hours, he seems to have enjoyed his tour with Mr Seward very much. he wishes me to tell you that you can still telegraph to him in cypher, if necessary, by the Boat Signal Book. Mr Seward came back on Saturday night, but I have been too busy to pay my respects to him yet. The “Live Stock Question” had formerly been the cause of a disagreeable correspondence between the Treasury and War departments, and that is why it requires such delicate treatment. Indeed, I do not expect to be able to do any good in the matter, as Mr Seward will probably tell me that it would be useless to apply under present circumstances.4

1 Quincy Adams Gillmore (1825–88). American soldier. 2nd Lt, US Army, 1849; 1st Lt, 1856; Capt, 1861; Brevet Col, US Army, 1862; Brig Gen of Volunteers, 1862; Brevet Col, US Army, 1863; Major Gen of Volunteers, 1863; Major, US Army, 1863; Brevet Brig Gen, US Army, 1865; Brevet Major Gen, US Army, 1865; Lt Col, US Army, 1874; Col, 1883. 2 Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard (1818–93). American soldier. 2nd Lt, US Army, 1838; 1st Lt, 1839; Brevet Capt, 1847; Brevet Major, 1847; Capt, 1853; resigned commission, 1861; Brig Gen, Confederate Army, 1861; Gen, 1861. 3 Levi E. Short (d. 1863). Short’s formula was tried in incendiary shells by the Union army, but they tended to explode prematurely. 4 Stuart was probably referring to the US government’s ban on the export of cattle to Bermuda and Nassau.

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In case Lord Lyons’ letter misses the Mail, I may as well mention that I believe he fully counts upon returning to New York in time to meet you there on the 22nd. 293. The Secretary of the Admiralty to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/114/4]

Admiralty 4 September 1863 [received 15 September]

No 582 P Sir, I am commanded by my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to acquaint you that they have been pleased to approve of the suggestions contained in your letter of the 15th Ultimo, No. 525,1 and I am to transmit to you a copy of a letter my Lords have addressed to the several Commanders in Chief on the subject. [Enclosure] The Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to Commanders-in-Chief  Admiralty 2nd September 1863 Sir I am commanded by my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to acquaint you that they have been pleased to direct that Warrant Officers on promotion are to receive the pay of the class to which they are advanced, irrespective of the rate of the ship in which they may be serving. 294. [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Milne to Lord Lyons Halifax 4 September 1863 [received 10 September]

My dear Lord Lyons, I have this moment received your Letter of the 30th August from Montreal and I am much obliged to you for it. I have nothing of any moment

1

Not included in this collection. See, however, Doc. No. 289.

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whatever from New York, or from Mr Stuart. I telegraphed to him a few days ago to know if the U.S. Government would allow 130 Bullocks per month to the Embarked for Bermuda, but as yet I have no reply. I sent this request as the Bermuda Contractor was here and some final understanding had to be come to regarding his Contract which he would probably have to give up, if all supply for Navy and Army was refused. I leave this on [the] 25th or 26th for New York, and Nile from her draft of water[,] 26f[eet].6 [inches,] will have to go to Flushing as the Entrance to New York is far too hazardous Even in spring tides and Smooth water, but I will have Immortalite in the Harbr. of New York. Pray do not think of coming to New York if in anyway inconvenient or give up your Holiday in Canada. Plover leaves this for Bermuda tomorrow, and will then convey Your Despatches to Charleston and go back to Bermuda for orders. Thanks for letting me know what you have written to the French Minister[.] I am going to New Brunswick for a week but return here about the 12th, as I understand the French Admiral1 intends to be here between the 15th & 20th. 295. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5820]

“Nile”, at Halifax 14 September 1863 [received 27 September]

No. 590 Sir, I beg to enclose for their Lordships’ information a copy of a Despatch which I received from Her Majesty’s Acting Consul at Charleston by Her Majesty’s ship “Plover” on the 15th August2 together with a copy of a letter I accordingly addressed to Lord Lyons on the 15th Ultimo, and of His Excellency’s reply from which their Lordships will perceive that Lord Lyons concurs with me in the propriety of not acceding to the suggestion of Mr. Walker for the employment of one of Her Majesty’s Ships in the removal of non-combatant British subjects from one part of Charleston Harbour to another while the attack was actually in progress. I have however made arrangements for the “Plover” to revisit Charleston where I expect she will arrive in the course of a day or two to afford all legitimate protection and Countenance to British subjects and to enable me to receive authentic intelligence of the progress of the attack, and at

1 2

Aimé-Félix Saint Elme Reynaud. Milne had sent Plover to Charleston on 23 July 1863.

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the same time to enable Her Majesty’s Acting Consul to receive and send away his despatches as the “Plover” will[,] when no longer required[,] then return to Bermuda[.] [Enclosures] Walker to Milne British Consulate Charleston S.C. Aug: 6 1863 Sir, I have the honor to transmit for your information a copy of a despatch which I have on this day deemed it my duty to address to Lord Lyons[.] I am doubtful whether the destination of Her Majesty’s Ship “Plover” is such as will permit me to place on board the despatch referred to without violating a regulation recently established by Mr. Benjamin1 the Secretary of State at Richmond[.]  P.S. On reference to the chart of Charleston Harbour I find that a vessel not drawing more that 12 feet can proceed from the wharves at Charleston to the wharf at Mount Pleasant at any time of tide[.] Walker to Lord Lyons British Consulate Charleston Aug: 6 1863 My Lord, In view of the very threatening state of affairs which now exist at this Port, I humbly submit for your Lordship’s Consideration the great personal danger to which a very great number of British subjects may be shortly exposed should the United States Naval & Military Forces be enabled to make advances to points from which they might bombard this place[.] it seems to me highly probable that resort will be had to such a course with the view of obtaining its submission or of effecting

1 Judah Philip Benjamin (1811–84). American lawyer and politician. Senator for Louisiana, 1853–61; Confederate Attorney-General, 1861; Secretary for War, 1861–62; Secretary of State, 1862–65. Walker was referring to the so-called Confederacy’s prohibition of foreign warships travelling directly between Northern and Southern ports, forcing vessels carrying dispatches to and from Lord Lyons to British consuls in the South to touch at a neutral port en route.

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its destruction. In that event there will be found in the place several thousands of British subjects Chiefly women and children, who will be unable to avoid one danger without incurring another of equal magnitude. No provision has been made on the occasion as was the case on a former occasion for the removal and subsistence, of the indigent inhabitants of the place, and neither they, nor the more wealthy can retire by land to [sic] the environs of the city with the view of avoiding the danger of assailing Artillery without at the same time incurring the dangers of the Climate[.] The transportation the Harbour affords is so slender that although there is a healthy spot on the north side of it, to which safe resort might be had[,] it does not seem to me possible that the parties on whose behalf I now address Your Lordship can be possibly taken there. I humbly submit to Your Lordship, that if one or more of Her Majesty’s vessels of War could be permitted previously to enter and remain within the Port, upon the occurrence of the emergency I have in contemplation[,] an influence might be exerted over the United States Naval and Military Commanders, whereby some reasonable delay might be obtained and[,] with the aid of the ship’s Boats, and such other transportation as may be at hand[,] very many British Subjects might be removed beyond the reach, as well of the dangers attending Warfare, as of those peculiar to this climate[.] I pray Your Lordship’s pardon for this intrusion[,] urging for excuse the importance and pressing nature of the subject[.]

Milne to Lord Lyons “Nile”, at Halifax 15th August 1863 My Lord, By H.M.S. “Plover” which has just arrived direct from Charleston I have received from Mr. Walker Her Majesty’s Acting Consul a copy of his despatch to Your Excellency No. 72 of the 6th Inst in which a request is made for the presence of one or more ships of War in Charleston Harbour to move British subjects principally women and children from the Town to some safe position within the Harbour[,] the Consul adding “by such a step an influence might be exerted over the United States Naval and Military Commander whereby some reasonable delay might be obtained, and with the aid of the Ship’s boats and such other means of transportation as may be at hand very many British subjects might be removed beyond the reach, as well, of the dangers attending warfare, as of those peculiar to the climate”.

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This despatch contains the first intimation I have ever received that there are many bonâ fide British subjects in Charleston, but even if there are as many – several thousands – as Mr. Walker states, it would I conceive be in the highest degree inexpedient to employ H.M. Ships in removing persons, tho’ non-combatants, out of the Town, while an attack is actually in progress, indeed such a measure would very fairly be objected to by the U.S. Commanders, and I Certainly could be no party to exerting an influence in obtaining any delay in the prosecution of the military operations against Charleston which have been so long anticipated[.] Commander Corry1 very properly acceded to the request of Her Majesty’s Acting Consul to bring here the despatches for Your Excellency and for the French Minister which accompany this letter, and which Could not have been sent to Fortress Monroe without violating the recently established Regulation of the Confederate Secretary of State[.] I shall immediately forward a copy of this correspondence to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty as I an quite prepared to re-consider the subject in case Your Excellency[,] from possessing further and later information, or from other Causes entertained [sic] views at all differing from those expressed above[.] Stuart to Milne Washington 30th August 1863 Sir, With reference to your despatch to Lord Lyons of the 15th Inst, communicating to him your views upon the subject of Mr. Acting Consul Walker’s application for the presence of one or more of Her Majesty’s Ships in Charleston Harbour during the expected attack upon that City. I have the honor to state to you that after having been in Correspondence with His Lordship on the subject that he entirely agrees with your view as described in that Despatch, and that he considers that it would be extremely inexpedient to employ Her Majesty’s Ships in the manner desired by Mr. Walker. I have already addressed to you a telegraph message to the above effect. Lord Lyons appears to have been as little aware as you had been until the receipt of Mr. Walker’s recent application, that there were several thousands of British subjects requiring protection at Charleston.

1 Amar Lowry Corry (1836–1919). Entered, c.1849; Lt, 1856; Cmdr, 1861; Capt, 1866; Rear-Adm (Ret.), 1882; Vice-Adm (Ret.), 1888.

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As some shells were thrown into that city from the besieging batteries some nights since, I trust that the Military authorities may by this time have seen the necessity to remove the non-combatant portion of the population to a place of safety[.] 296. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Halifax 20 September 1863 [received 28 September]

My dear Lord Lyon’s I should have written to you yesterday but unfortunately delayed too long for the Mail[.] Your Telegh reached me last night and Medea will be at St Johns on Friday next, and convey you to Portland. She will return here from thence and be at New York on the 18 Oct to convey Colonel Jervois1 to Bermuda to inspect the Fortifications &c. The French Admiral is here[,] having arrived some days ago. He leaves for New York the same day I do, and is to be relieved in the Command of the Station at Martinique Early in December. I have not heard anything respecting my successor but I presume I will be in England in March[.] I will leave this for Bermuda about the 14th Novr., and from thence will proceed to the West Indies the first week in December, as I intend to make a round of the principal islands, before going off the Station. I have nothing of any importance from Home, but matters are unsatisfactory at Honduras and the other republican States, HM Consuls as usual calling out for HM Ships & Even going so far as to ask if possible that warlike stores might be supplied for the use of the local Governments.2 I dont think this view of the case will get any support from me. The Beef Contractor from Bermuda was here to give up his Contract or to come to some arrangement with the Naval & Military Auths.

1 William Francis Drummond Jervois, G.C.M.G., C.B., F.R.S. (1821–97). Soldier and colonial administrator; 2nd Lt, 1839; 1st Lt, 1841; Capt, 1847; Major, 1854; Lt Col, 1861; Col, 1867; Major Gen, 1877; Lt Gen, 1882; Col Commandant Royal Engineers, 1893. Governor of the Straits Settlements (Malaysia), 1875–77; of South Australia, 1877–83; of New Zealand, 1883–89. Jervois was a leading authority on fortifications. 2 On 17 Sep 1863 Milne had written to the Secretary of the Admiralty (no 606) requesting information on ‘the steps that should be taken in case of any renewal of the Filibustering attempts as seems likely to be the case’, and enclosing a letter from Edward Vansittart ‘on the subject of the possible descent of Adventurers in Central America and the repetition of the scenes of the year 1856’. See ADM1/5820.

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respecting the future supply of Cattle but before we could come to any arrangement I Telegphd to Mr Stuart to ask if the U.S. Gov. would allow 130 Bullocks to be Exported Each month to Bermuda for the Naval & Military Depts under Bond. This is refused, or would have been refused if asked, so it has removed all doubt on the subject. Cattle will therefore be sent from this but an [sic: ‘at’] an increase of Expense I think of 4d a pound, and in winter from the Severity of the weather, it will be difficult to keep up the supply. The U.S. Gov. must hate the name of Bermuda for it has become a complete depot for the Southern States with regularly appointed Agents of the Government sent there. So great is the demand for House accommodation that some of the Mudian’s1 are getting £1000 a year for their Houses, but the Influx of Strangers will I am afraid cause a famine on the Island. Plover went from Bermuda to Charleston and is most probably there about this time, from thence she returns to Bermuda and your Despatches will come here by the next St. Thomas Mail[.] I Expect to reach New York about the 29th weather permitting and will Endeavor to get Nile to Staten Island but there is a question of the depth of water on the Bar. I may however not get in until the last day of this Month. Lady Milne2 and Miss Milne Home3 accompany me and they will go to the Clarendon where I also intend to put up. With my Complts to Mr Gordon[.]4 297. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Admiralty House Halifax 22 September 1863 [received 25 September]

My dear Lord Lyons I send this note by Comdr Preston of HMS Medea who is to Embark you for Portland[.] He is an Excellent steady officer and I am glad to make him known to you. on your landing at Portland[,] Medea will return to Halifax & Coal before proceeding to New York[.]

1

Mudian: a resident of Bermuda. Euphemia Cochran Milne (1818–89). 3 Jeannie Milne Home (1834–1907). 4 This reference is obscure. Milne may have been referring to a British official that he met in Canada when escorting the Prince of Wales on his 1860 goodwill tour. 2

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298. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Halifax 23 September 1863 [received 11 October]

My dear Grey, I presume you will have returned to the Admiralty by the time this reaches England as I leave it here to go by the next Mail on the 2d Octr[.] I sail tomorrow for New York and hope to return here by 20th Octr. I have not any special news of consequence. Virago has had a clean up after her 80 Boys and goes from this to Bermuda in 10 days and thence to Nassau. I forwarded to Cap. Johnstone1 your Lordships severe censure &c.2 He has written me a Letter of Explanation which I think I am bound to forward[.]3 no one can justify slackness in the watches, but was it not rather sharp practice when a Ship[,] after two years service on the Home station[,] was suddenly ordered abroad[,] to at once stop leave altho for 4 days the Ship would be in the hands of the D. Yard, thus depriving the men from seeing their wives &c. before going abroad[?] Comd Johnstone received a verbal order from the Secretary to give no leave. Of course I do not know the circumstances connected with the Court of Enquiry but merely judge by what I have read in Comdr. J.[’s] Explanation, for he feels very much hurt at receiving so very severe a censure. In American affairs matters drag on but what will follow no one can predict. There is a feeling going abroad that the French and U. States forces may come into collision at Matamoras. The French Admiral Reynaud[,] who is

1 William George Hope Johnstone (1830–70). Entered c.1844; Lt, 1854; Cmdr, 1857; Capt, 1864. 2 The Board had censured Johnstone and Lieutenant Henry E.C. Robinson for inadequate watch-keeping immediately prior to Virago’s departure from Devonport. Leave had been stopped owing to the ship’s impending departure, but several men defied the order and were able to get ashore. 3 Johnstone’s explanatory letter is enclosed in Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty, no. 626 of 23 Sep 1863 (not included in this collection). The Board’s minute on it reads that ‘My Lords will gladly believe that the irregularities complained of on the night in question were exceptional. Sir A Milne is at the same time to point out that altho’ the Virago had on board at the time two Lieutenants a master & a Sublieutenant [sic] the watches were not kept by properly responsible Officers, & it is on that ground that My Lords consider the 1st Lieut to have been wanting in his duty. My Lords trusting that what has passed may be a warning will allow Lt. Robinson to remain in the Virago.’

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here, does not appear to know what is going on under Admiral Bosse1 who commands on the Coast of Mexico up to Matamoras or the Rio Grande. we received your 80 Boys but we want 70 more to fill vacancies. some 3 or 4 have been Invalided from Virago for Venereal disease[,] not the Supernumeraries, but I hear reports that indicate such a disease Existing the Training Ships [sic][.] I hint this to you as some Examination would appear to be necessary[,] as in [sic: ‘with’] the Troops. I propose leaving this for Bermuda about 13 Nov. and leaving for the W. Indies Early in Decr. so that I may visit the Naval Estb. before returning to England, but my movements will of course be guided by what I hear from your Lordships respecting my successor as well as the state of American affairs. I have been on board the Guerriere French Frigate[.] she now mounts only 34 rifled Guns but was intended for 60 of less weight[.] she has 550 men. She is a poor affair and her Gun’s not above 7 feet from the water. I observe[d] all Gun locks are done away with, they only use friction Tubes. Their Guns are higher on the Cruizers than ours. She has a small Forecastle to shelter the men and also a Poop for the Admiral[.] Her ports are all clear and not lumbered with rails and Hammock berthing[,] I mean an upper Deck [sic]. She steams fast and is very narrow for her length. Her screw does not lift but her after stern Post is loose from A to B2 whenever the Rudder has any strain of the water on it[.] The Admiral wants to Dock the ship at New York as she leaks aft from the above. Ariadne & Phaeton are ordered up here for a few weeks change of Climate[,] also Rosario as she has had come [sic: ‘some’] cases of Fever. I will write from New York. 299. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Nile, off Town [New York] 29 September 1863 [received 29 September]

My dear Lord Lyons I intended to have called & seen you this Evening but we are late in getting up to this Anchorage so [I] will delay until about Eleven or half

1 Auguste Bosse (1809–91). French naval officer. Ensiegne de Vaisseau, 1832; Lieutenant de Vaisseau, 1836; Capitaine de frigate, 1847; Capitaine de Vaisseau, 1853; Contre-amiral, 1861; Vice-amiral, 1868. 2 Milne inserted a drawing in his letter with these two points marked.

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past tomorrow after which I am going to call on the Mayor[,] The Admiral & General in Command of the place[.] I have no news for you. 300. Milne to Grey HMS Nile New York 30 September 1863

[Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

My dear Grey I arrived here yesterday with Immortalite and Nimble & Company[,] the former having joined me outside [the harbour] from Bermuda. As we only anchored off the Town at 4 PM I have not landed but do so to see Lord Lyons who is here[.] The French Admiral arrived yesterday from Halifax and we came up the River in Comy. we are Excellent friends in Every sense and also with the officers of his ships. There is a Russian Admiral here with 2 Frigates & 3 Corvettes but as yet I know nothing about them or Even where they are from or where going.1 I write this because one of Cunards Cargo steamers sails today direct for Liverpool. This, so far as Steamers are concerned is a go ahead place[.] I never saw anything like the moving on the River, but we are in awful disgrace here[:] the Steamer’s wont come near us, but I dont think they will carry their resentment so far as to mob us on shore, but there may be some demonstration[.] In haste … 301. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

HMS Nile New York 4 October 1863 [received 19 October]

My dear Grey, A hurried note would inform you of my arrival here a few days ago, with Immortalite and Nimble. I have been looking about in Naval matters but

1 In late 1863 the Russian government dispatched squadrons to both New York and San Francisco, ostensibly as a gesture of friendship with the US, but actually in fear of their being trapped in Russian ports in the event of a war with Britain and France over Russian suppression of a revolt in Poland. See Courtemanche, No Need of Glory, pp. 120–22, and Alexander Noonan, ‘“A new expression of that Entente Cordiale?” Russian-American Relations and the “Fleet Episode” of 1863’, in David T. Gleeson and Simon Lewis (eds), The Civil War as Global Conflict: Transnational Meanings of the American Civil War (Columbia, SC, 2014), pp. 183–231.

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there is not much of a tangible nature to write about. I think the U.S. Naval officers are not in favor of the heavy Guns Except for shore Defences[.] I saw many 15 Inch Guns in the D Yard and one in the turning lathe[.] these are intended for pounding stone walls, but as they can only be fired once in ten or twelve minutes it is very slow and unsatisfactory work. no seamen can be got for the U.S. Navy[.] Their ships are detained for weeks & months quite helpless, and they are still without means of going to sea. The Crimping system here is quite awful. my Galleys crew have been offered 600 dollars Each and are pestered all day long with people of all classes to Entice them away, some as substitutes for those drafted for the Army, &c. &c. I never was in such a town or place in all my life[.] The go ahead system is astonishing[.] The most surprising to me is their Steam Boats, for size[,] management &c. you see 50 to 70 steamer’s all at the same moment towing Ferry’s &c &c. in all variety and size. Oct. 6. Since writing this I have via Halifax received the Duke of Somersets letter1 acquainting me with Sir J Hopes2 appt. as my successor and that he will leave England the middle of Jany. I propose running round the W Indies if I find there is time to do it, but it will be rather sharp practice to get back before Hope arrives[,] which I presume will be about 5 of Feby. I have no special news but I see some rumours in the Papers that disturbances have broken out in Honduras[,]3 Venezuela4 &c[,] The old story with these

1

This letter appears not to have been preserved by Milne. James Hope, C.B., K.C.B., G.C.B. (1808–81). Entered, 1820; Lt, 1827; Cmdr, 1830; Capt, 1838; Rear-Adm, 1857; Vice-Adm, 1864; Adm, 1870; Adm of the Fleet (Ret.), 1879. 3 In alliance with El Salvador, Honduras went to war with Nicaragua and Guatemala in Feb 1863. Forces from the latter two countries, assisted by Honduran rebels, overthrew Honduras’s government in June 1863, and installed a fragile regime that lasted only until Dec. El Salvador was defeated by Guatemala in Oct 1863. On 5 Sep HMS Desperate had been sent to the Honduran coast on Milne’s instructions. Arthur Thrupp’s letter of proceedings is enclosed in Doc. No. 310. Additionally, on 20 Oct 1863 Milne enclosed to the Secretary of the Admiralty (in letter no 641) a correspondence between the British envoy to Central America, George Benvenuto Matthew and the British Vice Consul at Colon, in which the former stated (3 Aug 1863) ‘Irritated by the repeated attempts made by the present Government in Nicaragua to create internal revolution in Honduras (which is allied to Salvador by a defensive and offensive Treaty[)] and by the mode in which they deceived him, on two occasions, with pretended Union proposals, President [Gerardo] Barrios [of El Salvador] appears to have committed the mistake of giving material aid there to General Vera against General [Tomás] Martinez whose reelection as President in Nicaragua is believed to be a violation of the constitution of that state, and thus gave a pretext for his alliance with Guatemala and for his present invasion on concert with General [Raphael] Carrera of both the Sister Republics [i.e., Honduras and El Salvador]’(ADM1/5821). For an overview of the Central American War of 1863, see Ralph Lee Woodward, Jr, Rafael Carrera and the Emergence of the Republic of Guatemala, 1821–1871 (Athens, GA, 2008), pp. 315–28. 4 The termination of Venezuela’s Federal War (1858–63) did not end political instability in that country. On 26 Sep 1863 Milne addressed a public letter to the Secretary of the 2

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republics of which the better class are I think heartily sick here. There is some uneasiness here about the U.S. Army[.] The want of news rather leads the public to think that some of the Divisions have been defeated[.] gold in consequence has risen to 46¾ premium 4 per Cent in two days[.]1 The Russian ships are here[.] The frigate [has] 750 men & a very large number of officers, very convenient if war to man any ships purchased here [sic][.] this is the rumour of the place and it looks like it. I have not been on board any of them as yet[.] The Admiral & his officers have been too much taken up with the Yankee demonstrations to [sic: ‘in’] their honor &c[.]  [P.S.] I leave for Halifax on [the] 14th. 302. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Washington 11 October 1863 [received 27 October]

My dear Grey, The mail via Boston leave[s] this Evening, so I write you a few lines. I came here with Lord Lyons on Friday from New York, and I return this Evg. and sail for Halifax Wednesday. Nothing could have been more civil or attentive that the Government officials from the Secty of State down[.] they have been polite beyond

Admiralty enclosing a voluminous correspondence between British officials in Venezuela, merchants and bankers, and George W. Watson of HMS Peterel. Watson had been sent to La Guairá, Venezuela in July on the requisition of the British legation at Caracas, which reported on his arrival that a group of rebels had seized the town of Puerto Cabello, about 75 miles to the west, and had laid hold of the customs house revenues, which were mortgaged to British bondholders. They subsequently attempted to impose a blockade on La Guairá. Watson resolved the former issue amicably, but refused to recognise the blockade and offered protection to any foreign vessels attempting to reach La Guairá (8 Aug), prompting a rebuke from Milne (22 Sep): ‘I am willing to believe that you acted rightly in not recognising the so-called Blockade of La Guayra, especially as I apprehend the course you pursued was in accordance with the views of H.M. Chargé d’Affaires, but I cannot convey to you my sanction or concurrence in the opinion you have expressed … to the effect that you “will not allow any European or American Vessels to be interfered with, and do not allow it possible that sailing schooners can blockade a Port in days of Steam. There is no blockade at [sic] La Guayra”[,] as I am not aware that a bonâ fide legal blockade could not be maintained by a sufficient number of Sailing Vessels, or that an opinion to that effect has ever been expressed by any competent Authority or Tribunal.’ This correspondence is found in ADM1/5821. 1 During the Civil War the US government resorted to issuing paper money unbacked by gold or silver. Milne meant that it required 46.75 of these ‘greenback’ dollars, at a premium of 4%, to purchase an ounce of gold, the official value of which was $20.65.

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Expectation and Mr Seward has himself devoted two days to shewing Lord L and myself all the sights of Washington, and took us yesterday in a steamer to visit the House and Tomb of Washington some 14 Miles down the River in Rebel land, and ordered 2 guns boats to be there to defend us from any of the Confederate Guerrillas who might be prowling about. I am not aware what you may be doing at Home in the Gunnery question, but here it is perfectly wonderful what strides they are making[.] Their 15 Inch Guns are being mounted in all their Forts and their officers appear to have perfect confidence in them. next comes their Parrotts of a Sizes [sic] 11 Inch[,] 9 Inch and Smaller. These they look upon as perfection with rifle shot or for close quarters with round shot. Their Naval Gunnery Depart has devoted Extensive Experiments respecting [sic: ‘to’] the process of Casting Guns and I am Endeavouring to get their Book which is not sold. I saw in one of their Armed Boats, muskets for sea Service Containing 7 Charges at once[:] no reloading until these are Expended. What struck me also was the size of Their Minie Ball[,] not the small one we use which will often hit, but not do much harm, whereas the larger Ball will do damage. I am called away to go and visit some Coloured Troops so must close this &c[.]  [P.S.] I think my visit to New York and this as The English Admiral has done much good. 303. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5820]

“Nile” at New York 13 October 1863 [received 28 October]

Sir, Referring to my letter No. 631 of the 6th Instant,1 I have now the honor to acquaint their Lordships that I thought it right to accompany Lord Lyons to Washington, and I accordingly left this place on the 9th Instant. On arrival there I immediately in company with Lord Lyons paid my respects to the President of the United States and the Members of his Cabinet, by all of whom I was most courteously received, and especially by Mr. Seward the Secretary of State, who accompanied Lord Lyons and myself when visiting the objects of interest in and about Washington, and who, during the whole of my stay there of three days,

1

Not included in this collection.

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391

was unremitting in his endeavours to render my visit agreeable, and I an sure their Lordships will learn with pleasure that my visit to Washington has proved so satisfactory[.]1 304. Milne to Lord Lyons HMS Nile [New York] Tuesday Evg 13 October1863 [received 15 October]

[Lyons Mss Box 192]

My dear Lord Lyons I write a line this Evening to mention our safe arrival & comfortable journey thanks to Mr Sewards considerate arrangements. This Forenoon at 9 o’clock I had to join a large shore party to visit the public Institutions which kept me engaged until 2 PM when I returned on board to Entertain a large party of friends &c including Mr Mercier & Madam French Admiral2 &c so I am rather done up. I cannot however leave New York without thanking you very sincerely for all your kind attentions to myself and Staff for which I am much obliged. I Enclose a Photogh of my Wife & self for your own album, and likewise The same for Sheffield3 with our Complts, will you please give them to him[?] My wife is much obliged to S. for his care of me. I have enjoyed my visit very much to Washington[.] nothing could have given me more pleasure & satisfaction, Thanks to you[.]  [PS:] I hope you will allow us Each to have a Copy of your Photogph[.] 305. Milne to Von Donop [Milne Mss MLN/116/4]

HMS Nile off Sandy Hook 13 October 1863

Dear Capt. Von Donop I regret being obliged to draw your attention in a public letter to the complaints which have been transmitted to me from the Officers of the

1 Admiralty Minute: ‘Copy to F.O. and request that Ld. Russell will express the gratification which they have felt at the courtesy & attention which have been shewn to Sir A. Milne[.] Sir F. Grey 28 Oct’[.] 2 Presumably Admiral Reynaud’s wife. 3 George Sheffield (1836–98). Sheffield was appointed attaché to the British Legation in Washington in 1859 and promoted to third secretary in 1863. For many years he served as Lord Lyons’s private secretary, both in Washington and later in Paris.

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Jason. Why your ship should Evidently be so uncomfortable is [a question] whom [sic] you alone can answer. that it is the case there is no doubt in my own mind for no officers [sic] would appeal to me unless there were some grounds for complaint. Either they are treated harshly or else they have not those facilities for going on shore or coming off which the Service provides and which they have a right not only to expect but claim. I should regret to be obliged to order any Enquiry on board the Jason but matters are Evidently tending in that direction; and I therefore not only hope but Expect if you have any regulations different from the usual custom of the service which places unnecessary or unusual restrictions on officers they should be removed. from the wording of the Letters I have received and Expressions which appear it strikes me that the officers have not the means of going on shore or coming on board which are customary and to which they have a right[:] at least it seems to me to be one of the grounds of complaint which the Captain of a Ship should himself rectify without a reference to me. 306. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5821]

Nile, at Halifax 17 October 1863 [received 11 November]

No. 635 Sir, Referring to your letter of the 17th Ultimo No. 598 M I beg you will acquaint their Lordships that although as I had not (nor have I yet) received the reports from the several cruizers employed in the suppression of the Slave Trade on the Coast of Cuba in answer to the Complaints of the Spanish Government forwarded in your letter of the 4th August No. 495 M,1 I yet thought it right to issue a standing order on the 28th of August last No. 30 (of which I enclose you six Copies) so as to remove any reasonable ground of Complaint on the part of the Spanish Government against our cruizers in case the Complaints should turn out to be well founded.2 [Enclosure]

1 2

Neither of the Admiralty’s letters is included in this collection. Admiralty Minute: ‘Copy to F.O. with one copy of enclosure’.

393

JULY – DECEMBER 1863

Standing Order, No. 30 “Nile,” at Halifax 28th August 1863 ORDERS FOR THE GUIDANCE OF HER MAJESTY’S SHIPS EMPLOYED ON THE COAST OF CUBA. In consequence of complaints which have been made by the Government of Spain, respecting irregularities said to have been committed by Cruizers on the Coast of Cuba, the following regulations are to be attended to: 1. No Captain is to search any Spanish vessel unless he has the requisite authority under the Treaty between Great Britain and Spain. 2. No Spanish vessel is to be boarded or visited when at anchor in any harbour or Roadstead of Cuba where there is an officer or representative of the Spanish Government; in case of any suspicion that a vessel is engaged in the Slave Trade, representation is to be made in writing to the proper official authority on shore. 3. The Sanitary Laws of the Spanish Government are to be most strictly respected, and no person is to land until the ship has been visited by the health officer or other official authority of the place; and my Standing Order, No. 2, of the 27th September 1862, respecting the Yellow Flag, is to be duly enforced at all ports and anchorages of Cuba. 4. The custom of firing shot and shell into the woods, or making targets of the trees at any place whatever, is strictly forbidden …

307. Milne to Somerset [Somerset Mss Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/32]

Admiralty House Halifax 18 October 1863

My dear Sir I take the opportunity of the Adventure leaving this for England to write your Grace a few lines to mention my arrival here last Evening direct from New York[.] My stay there was altogether 16 days including 3 days at Washington, and altho on our first arrival there was Evidently much coolness, yet before we left the tide in our favour had Evidently turned and the people of New York were quite prepared to be Exceedingly civil and attentive, and nothing could Exceed the courtesy of Mr. Seward and the other Ministers of the United States Government. I am I believe the only Admiral who has visited New

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York since the War of 1812 and I believe my visit has done much good in many ways, and I would thoroughly recommend that such visits should be repeated. The Evident feeling of the people of New York is to obtain the good opinion and sympathy of England. They do not appear to care anything for France or other power’s, it is a wish to find favour with the old country and to know what Englishmen think of them. it constantly came out among the many people I met with and the same feelings have been Expressed over and over again to other officers. One very opulent tradesman made the remark to me, against the mob rule &c “O if we only had a Queen Victoria over here.” The Mail from England has just arrived in HMS Vesuvius from St. John’s Newfoundland to which port the Africa1 had proceeded after having struck on Cape Race and I am sending her [Vesuvius] on to Boston with the Letters &c. I have no news of any moment from this[.] Vesuvius got on shore in some of the out of the way harbour’s2 and I am going to ask the U.S. Authorities at Washington to allow her to be docked at Boston. Some Anxiety was felt at Washington respecting General Rosecrans3 position at Chattanooga, and also at General Meades4 right wing having been obliged to fall back, but nothing decisive was known when I left on Wednesday. I propose leaving this on the 12th or 13th Novr for Bermuda & then visit the West Indies, before Sir J. Hope’s arrival. I am somewhat anxious respecting the state of affairs on the Coast of Venezuela and Honduras from what I have seen in American Paper’s, but we have ships Either on the Coast or going down, but the political state of affairs in these and all other Republics is unsatisfactory.

1

One of Cunard’s vessels. In the course of undertaking fisheries protection on the Labrador coast. 3 William Starke Rosecrans (1819–98). American soldier, businessman, politician, and diplomatist. 2nd Lt, 1842; 1st Lt, 1853; Col, Ohio Volunteers, 1861; Brig Gen, US Army, 1861; Major Gen of Volunteers, 1862; Brevet Major Gen, US Army, 1865. US Envoy to Mexico, 1868–69; US Congressman for California, 1881–85. Rosecrans’s army was at that moment almost completely surrounded and besieged by Confederate forces at Chattanooga. 4 George Gordon Meade (1815–72). American soldier. 2nd Lt, 1835, Brevet 1st Lt, 1846; 1st Lt, 1851; Capt, 1856; Major, 1862; Brig Gen of Volunteers, 1861; Major Gen of Volunteers, 1862; Brig Gen, US Army, 1863; Major Gen, US Army, 1864. Meade’s Army of the Potomac had advanced southwest from Centreville, Virginia, occupying Culpepper Courthouse in mid-Sep. His army’s right flank was assailed by the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in early Oct and fell back toward Centreville. 2

395

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308. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Halifax 18 October 1863 [received 22 October]

My dear Lord Lyons Vesuvius has just arrived from Newfoundland with the Africas Mails and I am sending her on to Boston with them as Cunard has no vessel here[,] his only spare one having gone to St Johns to bring down the Africas passengers. We arrived here last Evg at 7:30 after a Capital run from Sandyhook which we left 2 PM on Wednesday[.] Mr Archibald came with us. I hope you are none the worse for all your Exertions on my behalf during my most agreeable visit to Washington, for you had a bad cold and I was afraid the last days drive on Arlington Height would not have improved it. I was much indebted to you for all your Kindness to me and those with me and we most specially Enjoyed the visit to the Capital and appreciate your own & Mr Sewards attentions. I had somewhat of a hard day on the Tuesday as I went round the Institutions until 1 PM when I was Enabled to return on board altho it was not intended I was to be free until 6:30 PM however it went off very well, and I am inclined to think the per C[enta]ge in our favour was rising in the New York market. Lady Milne joins me in Kind regards to yourself and also specially to Mr Sheffield for taking such good care of the Admiral[.] 309. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5821]

Nile at Halifax 24 October 1863 [received 11 November]

No. 661 Sir, I beg to forward for their Lordships information the accompanying copy of a letter dated the 12th Ultimo from Captain Vansittart of H.M. Ship “Ariadne” to Commodore Cracroft reporting on the state of affairs in New Grenada and the assistance he had most properly rendered to Captain Hayes1 of H.M. Ship “Tartar” when about to proceed on service

1 John Montagu Hayes (1816–82). Entered, 1929; Lt, 1837; Cmdr, 1841; Capt, 1855; Rear-Adm (Ret.) 1873; Vice-Adm (Ret.), 1878.

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from Panama to Japan and of which I have expressed to Captain Vansittart my entire and unqualified approval[.]1 [Enclosures] Vansittart to Cracroft HMS “Ariadne” Port Royal 12th Septr 1863 Sir I have the honor to report the return of HM Ship under my command from the Coasts of New Grenada, having left Colon on the 3rd Instant and touching at Cartagena on our way inshore to windward on the afternoon of the 7th Instant. I the same evening steamed off into a weak Trade which continuing very light with the usual strong westerly set brought us just to leeward of our port last evening … 2. The state of affairs in New Grenada seems to be again becoming very unsettled; the party under the existing President General Musquera2 is said to be far from firmly established and the Country and trade generally suffering in consequence of this uncertainty, but as far as I could gather British Interests do not immediately call for the presence of one of H.M. Ships either at Santa Martha[,] Carthagena or Colon[.] 3. We arrived at this latter Port direct from Port Royal on July 4th, and after visiting Carthagena and Santa Martha I returned to Colon on the 20th Ultimo. Your Despatch of the 21st Ultimo in answer to my letter of July 22nd soliciting instructions on Central American affairs reached me there on the 31st Ultimo and we sailed thence as soon as I could obtain certain receipts which completed a transfer of men and stores to HM Ship “Tartar”[.] 4. I have the honor to call your attention to the enclosed copies of two letters from Captain Hayes and [a] copy of my answer, on the subject of assisting the “Tartar”[.] I thought it right to allow none but good characters, men in [the] First Class for Conduct, to volunteer, many more offered themselves, but I was obliged to take into consideration the services this ship may be called upon to perform and so limited the draft to 22.

1 Admiralty Minute: ‘Extract to F.O. 11 Nov /63 & approve highly of measures adopted by Capt. Vansittart for supplying the Tartar’. 2 Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera y Arboleda (1798–1878). Colombian soldier and politician. President of the Republic of New Granada, 1845–49; President of the Granadine Confederation, 1861–63; President of the United States of Columbia, 1863–64, 1866–67.

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5. It is satisfactory to be able to report favorably of the general health of my Crew, the Sick list today numbering 18, and it becomes me to bring to your notice the constant care and attention displayed by the Assistant Surgeon Mr. G.W.L. Harrison, 1 which has contributed much to this result; Mr. Harrison (during the absence of the Surgeon, left in Port Royal Hospital) has had Medical Charge for the last ten weeks, and owing to the sickness of his junior, has for a considerable portion of this time conducted his onerous duties without assistance. Hayes to Vansittart HM Ship “Tartar” Panama, 27th August 1863 Sir HM Ship under my command being several short of Complement and having been ordered to proceed on special service to Japan, where it is very improbable that hands can be procured, I have the honor to request that you will allow any men or Boys belonging to the “Ariadne” who may volunteer for service in Japan, and who can be spared without inconvenience to the Service, to be sent across to the “Tartar” at Panama.  P.S. I should also be very glad of any warm clothing that can be spared for the Crew, as it is many months since we have received a Supply[.] Hayes to Vansittart HM Ship “Tartar” Panama, 27th Augt 1863 Sir, I have to request that you will cause the “Ariadne” to supply H.M.’s Ship under my Command with as much Rope and Canvas as the “Ariadne” can spare without inconvenience to the Service, forwarding the same with the least possible delay.

1 Garland William Langdon Harrison (1837–99). Asst Surgeon, 1858; Surgeon, 1869; Staff Surgeon, 1870; Fleet Surgeon, 1880; Deputy Inspector-General of Hospitals and Fleets, 1890; Inspector-General of Hospitals and Fleets (Ret.), 1893.

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Vansittart to Hayes HM Ship “Ariadne” at Colon 29 August 1863 Sir, I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your two letters of the 17th Instant, applying for Volunteers for service in Japan, and for any rope, canvas, and warm clothing the Ship could supply, and I beg to inform you that I have this day sent every fathom of rope smaller than nine inch, and all the Canvas we have remaining as also the Clothing, together with 22 Volunteers for the “Tartar”, for service in Japan; these men and boys are in the 1st Class for Conduct, none other were allowed to offer themselves and five of their number have Good Conduct Badges. One of the new fashioned Iron spare vent pieces for the 110 Pdr Armstrong Gun was also forwarded and a second (which I understand you are anxious to have) shall be sent by the first train on Monday the 31st Inst. 310. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5821]

“Nile” at Halifax 24 October 1863 [received 11 November]

No. 662 Sir, Referring to my letter No. 640 of the 20th Instant,1 I have now the honor to enclose for their Lordships information the Reports from Commander Thrupp of H.M. Ship “Desperate” of his Proceedings on the Coast of Honduras and the Island of Ruatan, which I have just received from Commodore Cracroft by way of New York. 2. – As Commander Thrupp has, throughout these transactions, displayed great tact and judgment, and as I trust the steps he took at Ruatan may have the effect of bringing about a better understanding between the Governor and our late fellow subjects, I have had great pleasure in expressing to Commander Thrupp my unqualified approval of his proceedings in a letter I have this day addressed to him and of which I enclose a Copy.2

1

Not included in this collection. Admiralty Minute: ‘Copy to F.O. Papers sent in original to be returned to Admiralty’. The copy of Milne’s letter to Thrupp is missing from both the Admiralty and the relevant Foreign Office files. 2

JULY – DECEMBER 1863

399

[Enclosures] Thrupp to Cracroft H.M. Ship “Desperate” at Port Royal 18 Sep: 1863 Sir, I have the honor to inform you that after leaving Port Royal on the 26th August, we experienced very light winds, frequent calms, but strong currents, one day 36 miles, and on the 30th August 54 miles, setting N.W. by W. Expecting some, but not so much current, we proceeded under easy steam to cross the strength of the stream, and anchored at Truxillo [now Trujillo] on Tuesday the 1st September. Mr. Melhado,1 the British Consular Agent came on board extremely pleased at our arrival. Every evening upwards of sixty men were under arms, expecting to be attacked, all the women and children were sent to Ruatan Island, but on our appearance they slept in peace[.] It appears that the occupation of the Town by Antonio Fonseca2 in July, was only for a few days, for having no water or provisions in the Fort he surrendered, claiming the protection of the British Consular agent, which was granted, And a pass given him to leave the town at once. The mutinous troops who joined him were likewise expelled and order restored. The Town is at present under Don Francisco Alvarado3, who is in Command and Head of the Custom House, and belonging to the Ex-Junta party, having held the position of Minister at War. General Mondina4 [sic] is in possession of Comayagua the Capital, but Omoa and Truxillo are still holding out, more for order than the Montes5 party. With regard to the Custom House of Truxillo, it is mortgaged for a debt of 65,860 dollars, due to British Merchants. The agreement states “To pay annually all the receipts of the Custom House to the British

1

William Melhado, Acting British Consular Agent at Trujillo. Probably the former commandant of Trujillo. 3 Perhaps Francisco Alvarado Arellano (1840–1917). Honduran soldier and politician. 4 Presumably José María Medina (1826–78). Honduran soldier and politician. Acting President of Honduras, Sep–Dec 1863; President of Honduras, 1864–72; Provisional President of Honduras, 1875–76. Medina had ousted the government of José Francisco Montes Fonseca on 7 Sep 1863. 5 José Francisco Montes Fonseca (c.1830–88). Honduran soldier and politician. Acting President of Honduras, Jan–Feb 1862, Dec 1862–Sep 1863. 2

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Merchants, except such sums as are necessary to defray the expense to supporting the Troops and the Government officials”[.] Since 1855, only 25,000 dollars have been paid, now the yearly interest on the 65,860 dollars is 3,600 dollars, so that the amount paid scarcely represents the interest and leaves the original debt owing still. On the 11th August Mr. Kirkpatrick,1 Consul of Comayagua was deprived of his Exequator [sic: ‘Exequatur’] by General Mondina and dismissed [from] the Country. I have since heard from the Lieutenant Governor of Belize that he is there. On the 3rd September a courier arrived here from Comayagua, bringing the intelligence, that General Modina [sic] declared his intention to act as head of the Government until the November elections, then he would support whoever was constitutionally elected President[.] In the mean time he called upon Truxillo to disarm, and sending their muskets out of Town, declare for Modina. the Commandant was very much alarmed, but has not done anything, except talk of resignation. On Saturday the 5th September we left Truxillo for Omoa. on Monday 7th September anchored off Omoa, everything perfectly quiet. The Governor, General Alvarez2 is a firm man, and has the reputation of being a good General. he stoutly refuses to recognise Modina as President, unless legally elected. Trade is going on as usual. On Tuesday evening the 8th Septr we steamed for Rattan3 Island, the account of my proceedings there are in a separate letter. After leaving Rattan Island on the 11th September, anchored at Truxillo the same day. Mr. Melhado, the British Consular Agent I found suffering from a very severe bilious fever, therefore [I] determined to remain a little longer so that he might have the advantage of medical advice, there being no medical man in Truxillo[.] I find no reports tending to cause alarm to the inhabitants here, in fact they all speak cheerfully of the present state of affairs, excepting the Commandant, Don Francisco Alvarado, who is a nervous, timid little man. The Republics of Guatemala and Nicaragua are supporting General Modina in Honduras and at the same time General Carrara,4 President of Guatemala, an Indian himself, and a great General, is invading the St. Salvador [El Salvador] republic (Honduras and St. Salvador are natural

1

Edward C. Kirkpatrick, Acting Consul at Comayagua, Honduras. Probably Mariano Álvarez. 3 Ruatan. The modern spelling is Roatán. 4 José Rafael Carrera Turcios (1814–65). Guatemalan soldier and politician. President of Guatemala, 1844–48, 1851–65. 2

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allies). there are rumours General Carrara has met with a disastrous defeat in St. Salvador.1 These rumours want confirmation, My authority is Mr. Kilpatrick, in a letter dated 3rd September (not an official letter) but should these rumours prove true, General Modina’s party will be greatly weakened, and some other adventurer will start up (as report says is the case)[.] President Montes has fled and has lost the confidence even of those who were his friends. I mention these rumours and reports to shew, that though there is no immediate cause for anxiety for the British Interests at the Ports of Omoa and Truxillo, yet the future is still very obscure and doubtful, and many cruel murders, and great atrocities have been committed in the interior of the country, but I have not heard of any lately. Mr. Melhado fully intended sending a despatch by me, representing the state of the Country, and requesting that another man of War might visit Truxillo, to protect the interests of British Subjects, but prostrated as he is, by this severe illness, I deemed it incumbent upon myself to enter thus minutely, into the affairs of the Country. On Sunday, 13th September, the British Consular Agent being out of danger, the fever having left him, and only suffering from weakness, we steamed in Her Majesty’s Ship “Desperate” for Jamaica where we arrived this morning … Thrupp to Cracroft H.M.S. “Desperate” At Sea 11th Sept 1863 Sir, It having been represented to me by Mr. Melhado, H.M. Consular Agent at Truxillo, that great complaints had been made by the British residents in Rattan Island, and that if I would visit that place on my return, it would give satisfaction to the English residents there. I therefore left Omoa on the evening of the 8th Sept, and reached the anchorage at Coxen Hole, Rattan Island, at 3 P.M. on the 9th Inst. His Excellency Senior Francisco Bernardez,2 Governor of the Bay Islands, requested I would call as soon as possible at his house as he was very anxious to see me.

1 2

This intelligence was faulty: Carrera’s army seized the Salvadorian capital on 26 Oct. Subsequently US consular agent at Trujillo, Honduras.

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He informed me of the very difficult task he had in Governing these Islanders. He did not know what position he held, by what Laws to Govern. he had called a house of assembly on his first arrival, to last six months, Hoping before the end of that period, to hear something more definite from the Honduras Government. However, this state of uncertainty, has continued for two years, many disputes arose, the House continued to sit without any authority, until last February, when His Excellency closed the House. Shortly afterwards, the members of the House, issued a Warrant for the apprehension of His Excellency, and calling on him to appear that the Bar of the House, with the Public money chest under his arm. They then formed a body of Militia, and paraded the streets, with a Fiddle, Fife, and drum, hoisting a little Flag, and firing their muskets off continually in the air. His Excellency put up a proclamation, protesting against their arming themselves, without his authority. That, they tore down. Even after the arrival of HMS “Desperate”, they paraded through the town under arms, their leader on Horseback (lately a Police Officer in Jamaica)[.] His Excellency sent at my request, for two influential citizens, from whom, I was enabled to hear some of the grievances. But finding the whole truth could not be arrived at without a meeting of the House, I asked His Excellency to call a meeting for Noon the next day, so as to give those people in the country, time, to drive or ride in. In the mean time I read up their Laws, Parliamentary Blue Book, Reports of trials, &c. Shortly after noon, on Thursday the 10th Inst., His Excellency, Senior Francisco Bernardez, took His seat in the House, more than Five hundred (500) people were present, a great many remaining outside, there being no more room inside. His Excellency in a short speech, introduced me to the House. I then explained, that my object was to hear the complaints [of] the British Subjects in the Island of Rattan, and called upon the assembly to choose a speaker, and let him alone represent the grievances. Afterwards that His Excellency should speak, and then I would give my opinion of the whole proceedings. Mr. Appleton, the President of the House of Assembly, then Addressed me, in a speech that lasted nearly an hour and a half. As I took notes, I can give the substance of his speech. His First complaint, was, that they required a Constitution, and had sent a long list of requirements to the Honduras Government. That they had assembled a House of Assembly two years ago, to last six months, and then the Laws to be reenacted, trusting the Government would by that time give more explicit directions concerning the course to be pursued. They had written to Mr. Matthews [sic: ‘Matthew’] the British

JULY – DECEMBER 1863

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Minister of the five Republics, and to Earl Russel [sic], and had received answers, which he read out, but nothing was done. Formerly, they were governed under British rule, by a Resident Magistrate, with an appeal to the Lieutenant Governor of Belize, and supreme appeal to the Governor of Jamaica, in matters of grave importance. Now they had no appeal, the Honduras Government, never took any notice of them, nor were they at all certain, whether His Excellency represented the Resident Magistrate, Lieutenant Governor of Belize, or Governor of Jamaica, nor could they bring forward any acts, or pass new laws, being still in ignorance of how they were governed. Secondly, the House of Assembly had been closed in a peremptory manner by His Excellency, for the following reasons. First, the accounts of supply and expenditure of Public money, had not been laid before the House, and His Excellency refused to have the balance counted, or to produce it. Secondly, that he had fined a Captain Gun, for Contempt to the Government, Twenty five (25) dollars, His Excellency combining the position of Judge and prosecutor, without having any defence or attempting a fair trial. Thirdly, in the case of Christopher Bush, who when paying his land Tax of sixpence an acre, fancied he had also paid the Tax of his newly married wife, whose property consisted of six acres, settled on her child by a former Husband. Christopher Bush’s property, was Forty eight (48) acres, but as he was a little late in paying it, he was fined 5s/-, and paid it, without Knowing of the fine, but thinking it was his wife’s land tax. Six months after, The Government sold the six acres, “for the benefit of the Crown”, according to the Law, the Tax not being paid. But they gave no previous notice, beyond posting it up with a long list of other lands, that had not paid Tax. This case had been referred to H.B.M. Minister, Mr. Matthews and he had urged the Honduras Government, to make immediate restitution, to the child that was deprived of all support, but no restitution had been made. Mr Matthew’s letter, a very strong one, was read out. In consequence of the House, in most respectful language, remonstrating with His Excellency, on the inexpediency of his proceedings, He sent a Messenger to close the House. That was last February. In August, three Spaniards sitting in a Dory or small Boat, belonging to Mr. McBride, were told to get off, they made some abusive answer. Mr. MacBride attacked one with a stick, which he broke over the Spaniard’s back. The row became general, the British subjects numbered over fifteen (15) the two Spaniards retreated into their house, but seeing the third on the ground, being beaten, they rushed out and rescued him. The mob

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endeavoured to tear down the door, threw in stones at the windows, pulled off the planking of the house (it being a wooden one) and shouted “they would Kill these Spaniards”[.] The Spaniards, seeing the house could not hold them many minutes, armed themselves with their Macheutas,1 or long wood cutting Knives, and “run a Muck”, cutting and wounding all who opposed them, until they reached the woods. They then sank on their Knees, threw away their Macheutas, and begged for their lives to be spared. They were lodged in Gaol, tried by the Governor or Chief Justice, assisted by two other Magistrates, and a Jury of twelve, sentenced to be transported, or banished, from the Island, and five years Imprisonment if they returned ever, but the mob would not sanction that mild sentence. The Justices therefore, reconsidered their sentence, and gave them, two years imprisonment, and twenty five (25) lashes each. After remaining a few weeks in prison, they escaped, without being flogged. The Government had no power to inforce the Laws. They had formed a Militia, to protect themselves against the Spaniards, or an invasion of any force from the main land. Had not informed His Excellency of the fact. Had not seen his Proclamation, nor did they think it had been torn down. The Governor had frequently urged the House, to form a Militia, in his addresses, but that they had not done so before as they considered it was not right to form a Militia, unless raised under most stringent laws and regulations, therefore, they had not attended to His Excellency’s suggestions, but since he had closed the House, and after the Spanish riot, they had armed in self defence. They had committed no hostile act against the Government, nor had they any ill feeling against His Excellency, but they had no Government. The Land Tax of sixpence an acre, went to pay the Governors salary, the Public works, &c, &c, were defrayed out of a small ad valorum duty of two per cent on import goods. They had a license liquor tax as well. But the whole trade of Rattan, consisted of fruit, to the Southern States. A bunch of Bananas at Rattan, was worth 3s/-, and sold at New Orleans for 40s/-. If two thirds of their cargo arrived safe, they made a good profit, but now for two years, they had anxiously waited for a market for their fruit, and were nearly ruined, so that the Tax, small as it might appear, could not in all instances be paid. Having to pay His Excellency’s salary, came very heavy on them. His Excellency, Senior Francisco Bernardez, Governor of the Bay Islands, then addressed the House.

1

Machetes.

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He was not at all certain by what laws to rule the Islands. He had frequently applied to his Government for advice, and received no answer. The Laws should have been reenacted at the end of six months, but had not been, because he thought they might be changed. He had applied very often to be superseded. The House was opposed to him, though all he did was for the best. He had no authority to flog, nor would he flog any one, nor did he intend to do so. When he sentenced the prisoners to be flogged, it was only to appease the people! With regard to the sums voted for Public Works, and for the account of Public Money expended, He had not shown those accounts, nor had be brought the Public money to be counted by the House, for two reasons. First, the House might not return the Money!! and secondly, he had lent a portion of the Public money, to members now present (Sensation in the House!) and that money had not been returned, therefore [it] could not be returned [sic]. With regard to the case of Capt Gun, if his Government did not approve of the Fine, he could return the money. Whereas, if he had put Capt Gun in prison, or flogged him, that would not be returned[.] Until the explanation today, he had never understood the case of Christopher Bush, and his Government would no doubt make restitution. From the opposition of the House, on these three points, he had closed the House last February[.] He was prepared to organize a Militia, but with stringent Laws and regulations, and with proper authority from himself. He did not see, unsupported as he had been, by his subjects, how, with only one policeman, and a Gaoler, he could have prevented the escape of the Spanish prisoners. How often, in his addresses to the House, had he urged upon them the necessity of growing Cotton, sugar, &c, &c, when, in consequence of the blockade of the Southern ports, the market was gone for their fruit. If they had taken his advice a year ago, they might now be reaping the benefit. He trusted that a new Era was about to take place, and that in future they should see their way more clearly, by combination for the public good, improve the mercantile condition, not only of Rattan, but all the Bay Islands[.] His Excellency then concluded[.] I opened my speech, be remarking, that it was my particular duty, to watch carefully British interests. In the space of more than three hours, had I listened to the various points of dispute and carefully read over the documents that had been published, since the Bay islands had been turned over to the Honduras Government, by the British Commissioner, who I believe was Sir Charles Wyke. That it was stated in article one of that treaty, and that was the only

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article referring to the Bay islands, the others referring to the Musquito,1 and other territories. “That The British subjects, were to retain their privileges of Religion, and land granted to them, by the British Government, but must be prepared to acquiesce with such a form of Government, as the Honduras Republic thought proper to impose, and further, should they not wish to remain on those islands, they had the option of leaving, and having other grants of land in some colonies, belonging to Great Britain.” But they had preferred remaining, and now coming to the Question of Form of Government. I found, that His Excellency had received a commission from his Government, in due Form, Signed, and authorizing him, to act as Governor, viz, “the people to enjoy the same privileges, as they did before, and same form of Government as formerly, calling upon them, to obey any laws, that might be made hereafter, with the consent of the Government of Honduras.” (Signed) Francisco Duran[.] Now it appears, that this Commission, has never been read, or posted up, any where, in fact, the President of the House stated, he was under the impression that no commission existed, but it had always been supposed, that His Excellency held office, merely by verbal orders from his Government. Accompanying this Commission, was issued a public proclamation, which all here have seen. In that it states “That the Former rights and Statutes should be maintained, and the people to enjoy the same rights and privileges.” Seeing, that these two Documents, are the only ones on record, and that for two years now passed, no more definite form of Government, was been granted by the Honduras Republic, though frequent applications have been made to them, And Further, that these Islands are suffering, and causing British Subjects, to come to want and penury, through the form of Government not being understood, I consider the present occasion a fit one, to explain the full meaning of the Form of Government, as at present should exist, in strict accordance with the Governor’s Commission, and the Proclamation I have quoted. That is, that the Governor’s Commission authorizes him, to act as Governor, and, by the proclamation, to Govern these people, by the same Laws, and Customs, rights, and privileges, as heretofore, when under the British rule. But formerly, you had here, a Resident magistrate, at Belize, a Lieutenant Governor, at Jamaica, a Governor. Now, the Governor by his Commission to act as Governor, has therefore, according to the old

1 The Mosquito or Miskito coast, which, like the Bay Islands, had been a British protectorate (1844–60). It encompasses most of Nicaragua’s and the southernmost part of Honduras’s Caribbean coastlines, from about 11°45′ to 14°10′ North.

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Laws, a higher position, and therefore greater power, than the Resident Magistrate and in his present position, combines all three, Magistrate, Lieutenant Governor, and Governor. A House of Assembly, and the levy of Taxes, &c, should therefore continue as before. With reference to the examination of Public accounts, A committee should be formed, whose duty it would be, to audit them, and count the balance, at His Excellency’s own House, At such stated periods, as he may think fit. And, that there is no occasion for the money to be produced, in the House of Assembly. Public Money, being lent to private parties, seems to be decidedly irregular, which is also His Excellency’s opinion. In the case of Capt Gunn [sic], His Excellency acting as prosecutor and judge seems incompatible. The offender should have been tried by two other Magistrates. In the case of Christopher Bush, I call on His Excellency to make restitution without reference to his Government, Particularly, as the child this property should support, has no other means. And from the opinion of Mr. Matthews, the British Minister, I urged this matter more particularly [sic][.] His Excellency closed the House of Assembly last February. And I trust that now he sees the matters clearly, and understands what basis to go upon, he will reopen the house, and reenact the Laws as heretofore. In the case of the Spanish prisoners, I consider that the British subjects were very much to blame, for taking the law in their own hands, and therefore caused a riot, by which some of their people got cut and wounded, by men running in terror of their lives. The Sentence of transportation was not legal. For by the Magisterial Synopsis, page 424, you will find the punishment for cutting and wounding to be two years imprisonment, with hard labour, as the extreme punishment. Corporal punishment, can be inflicted by your local laws, with the approval of the present Governor. In taking upon yourselves to form a Militia, without the knowledge or consent of His Excellency, you have taken a most imprudent step, and entirely contrary to the Laws, and regulations, of all nations. You must be aware, that imitating the Filibuster Walker,1 you render yourselves liable to the same fate. For if you remember he was taken by a British Man of War, handed over to the Authorities in Honduras, and shot at Truxillo.2 Besides this, on His Excellency posting up a Proclamation, it was torn down instead of being acted up to.

1

William Walker (1824–60). American lawyer, journalist, and filibuster. See The Milne Papers, vol. 2, pp. 32–3 and Docs Nos 56, 75, 79, 82, 84–5, 88, 91, 95–6, 104–6, 113, 121, 131, and 136–7. 2

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The Land tax, of sixpence an acre, is perfectly legal according to your local laws. Act. 2nd Art. XV. That this tax comes heavy on some of the poorer people, I have no doubt, in consequence of the stagnation of trade with the Southern States. It would have been well had you listened to His Excellency’s advice, and grown cotton or sugar. Possibly the Governor may temporarily reduce the Tax, but that is a matter than personally effects himself, and should be his own doing. I then concluded. After speaking a short time with His Excellency, he got up, and informed the House, of reopening the House of Assembly in a few days, reenacting all the former Laws, and statutes, and hoped that he should receive the support of the House, for without that, no government could stand. (The members of the House declared their willingness to support the Governor)[.] He agreed to submit the auditing of accounts, to a select committee. He reiterated his opinion that should his Government disapprove, he would return the fine imposed on Capt Gunn. In the case of Christopher Bush, he promised the House faithfully, that in one, or two days, at the latest, he would give restitution to the child that was deprived of her six acres, and that he would then write and inform his Government that he had done so. The House of Assembly appeared very well satisfied, and passed a vote of thanks before they broke up. The meeting lasted over five hours and should it result, in giving to the Bay Islands, a clear understanding as to their form of Government, also be the means of re-uniting, and clearing up all difficulties, between His Excellency, and his people, and also advantageous to their mercantile interests and future prosperity, Then I trust Sir, that my proceedings, may meet with your approval, and that of the Commander in Chief … 311. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Halifax 25 October 1863 [received 11 November]

My dear Grey I would have written to you by the Adventure, but Capt Lethbridge walked off without my Letters[,] for which he was ordered to wait. I dont quite make out this officer, and will take care if we again meet that he does not play any more tricks. I have sent a Memo to him calling for Explanation.

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I expect the packet from England two days hence, but write you before the mail pressure comes. The last mail steamer run [sic] on Cape Race and put back to St. Johns Newfd. The Vesuvius brought the Mails, and I sent her on to Boston with them. She had been twice on shore in Labrador[.] I asked that she be docked at Boston. This the U.S. Government readily granted and she is now in dock, and will not be out for a week. I had a Teleg. from Cap Hamilton (last Evg)[.] her Forefoot is gone, & part of the Main Keel forward, & 150 sheets of Copper, and in going to Boston she came in Collision with a large American ship Either in a Fog or thick weather at night and lost her Bowsprit & Cutwater but as yet I have not received any official Letters. The Cutwater I will repair here and I dont wish her to remain longer at Boston than necessary. Had she been here, I would have sent her home for repairs, but being at Boston I thought it as well to get her into the Govt dock. I heard from the Duke of Somerset announcing Hope as my successor and that he would leave England the middle of January but I presume I will hear from you … as to the Exact time, on which I will be guided in my movements in the West Indies[.] Matters are very quiet on the Station[.] The Surgeon of Styx1 was dismissed [from] the Service by C. Martial a few days ago and the Ass. Payr2 of Shannon put back for 3 years for the same amusement.3 The Payr. of Styx4 and Mr Gilbert5 the Ass. Surgeon both deserted at New Orleans. they were both to be tried for inebriety. I send home reports on the Payrs. accounts. I have written a letter6 on the state of our Lower Rigging with reference to the inefficiency of the Guns. I wrote in 1860, on the same subject, and I regret to say made an Enemy of the late surveyor7 in consequence, but this wont deter me from urging what I believe to be necessary for the good of the Service. I can have no personal object in the matter, but in Nile we cannot use the upper Deck Guns without setting the lanyards on fire, and cannot Train the Guns. all I say is, this is not right and should be remedied.

1

Thomas M’Gahan (1834–79). Asst Surgeon, 1853; Surgeon, 1861. Edward A. Burniston (1834–79). Asst Paymaster, 1857. 3 Presumably drunkenness. 4 Robert Taylor. Asst Paymaster, 1849; Paymaster, 1857. 5 Robert A.S. Gilbert. Asst Surgeon, 1861. 6 Not included in this collection. 7 Baldwin Wake Walker, K.C.B., Bt. (1802–76). Entered, 1812; Lt, 1820; Cmdr, 1834; Capt, 1838; Rear-Adm, 1858; Vice-Adm, 1865; Adm, 1870. Surveyor of the Navy, 1848–61. 2

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I send home a valuable Book on the Casting of Gun’s in the United States Foundries, and a report on the 15 Inch Gun. if the Board have not much in hand they will be interested in the Book. I send also some Gunnery Books which will have interest for the Gunnery Ships. The 15 Inch has become the Standard Gun for Harbour defence when the range does not Exceed 2300 Yards. it is mounted on an Iron Carriage, the whole flat A is double Iron secured together with Strong Iron on the frame work or Edge, and then Mounted on a slide.1 Octr. 28: Mail from England came in this morning[.] thanks for your Letter of 17 Octr.2 I am sorry you are going to reduce the 110 pr. Armstrong projectile[:] it will look like a failure in the Gun. I wrote to the Board on the Subject of the Recoil which no Carriage or Trucks will stand. a slide is the only think [sic: ‘thing’] for them. Your Gunnery people of the Excellent should have found this out. We appear from the reports of the Ordnance Select Committee to be in complete confusion both in Guns and Fuze’s. I see no less than 400,000 Fuzes have been condemned or withdrawn and what can our Ordnance people be about to have allowed, different size and Thread for Fuze holes, instead of one Tap[?] I am glad of the success of the Smooth bore 100 pr. at present our 68 pr. 95 Cwt. is decidedly our best Gun but I think it will be found impracticable to work any of these Guns on Truck Carriages. they must all be on slides with compressors[.] nothing else will do, and for the Broadside a new slide must be invented, some feet shorter than those now in the Service and the Fighting Bolt [sic] let into the Ships side below the Port. There is one important question with regards to Iron Gun’s which I have never yet seen named, That is the process of annealing them after the first Cooling after casting. I believe Guns may be toughened in the Annealing process and thus rendered more Efficient. In haste … 312. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Halifax 27 October 1863 [received 11 November]

My dear Grey Will you kindly look at the Board order No. 677 of the 18 Novr 1861[?] I presume Hope will hoist a Flag of a Vice Admiral and when we meet I

1 2

Milne provided a sketch of the mount. Not preserved among Milne’s papers.

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presume I will Keep the Vice Adl. Flag flying in Nile according to the Analogous Case of Commodores Page 36 article 7 of the Admlty Instructions, but the Board Orders tell me to strike the Vice Admirals Flag in the presence of any Senior officer. this of course would be quite correct if Hope had a Rear Adl Flag, but if Vice, then I consider my Vice Admiral Flag will remain up [sic]. Will you send a memo on the subject[?] 313. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Halifax 28 October 1863 [received 31 October]

My dear Lord Lyon’s Our Mail from England has just arrived but I have nothing of any importance from the Admiralty[.] I propose leaving this on the 10th or 11th Nov after the arrival of the next English Mail, and any Despatches from you will come down to Bermuda by Cunards Steamer which leaves this on the 12th or 13th, and I will wait at Bermuda until I receive the English Mail due here on Novr. 25[.] I will have a Ship here for the purpose, she will [also a]wait the arrival of [the] Boston Mail of [the] 27th. So soon as I receive these Mails at Bermuda I will start for the West Indies, returning there [at the] End of January. I am much [obliged] to you for asking for the use of the Dock at Boston[.] Vesuvius is still there but will have completed her Defects by Saturday. She has been twice on shore on the Northern part of the Labrador, where we has [sic] no Surveys, and then she ran into the American Ship and lost Bowsprit and Cutwater. I observe in one of my Letters1 from home we have given over to Spain the sovereignty of the Islands of Cuelebra2 and Crab3 on the East side of Porto [sic: ‘Puerto’] Rico. They have for years past been considered as English, and constant disputes were arising respecting them.4

1 This letter, no 639 M of 16 Oct 1863, appears not to have been preserved among Milne’s papers. 2 Isla Culebra, between Puerto Rico and St Thomas, 18°19′1″ North, 65°17′24″ West. 3 Isla de Vieques, 8 miles east of Puerto Rico, 18°7′ North, 65°25′ West. 4 The sovereignty of both islands was unclear. On 23 Jan 1864, Milne wrote to the Secretary of the Admiralty enclosing a letter of 16 Jan from George Hancock, who had been sent in HMS Immortalité to Vieques and Culebra on 31 Dec 1863, ‘detailing his proceedings in Connection with the acknowledgement by Her Majesty’s Government of the de facto sovereignty of Spain over the Islands of Crab and Passage [Culebra]’. Hancock informed Francisco Gumez de Mercado, Lieutenant Governor of Viéques, that ‘Her Britannic Majesty’s Government having come to an agreement with the Government of Her Catholic

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We are all Well here but find it very raw and Cold with a North Wind and Ther at 33°. Can I do anything for you in the West Indies[?] if so pray give me any Commissions. Lady Milne joins me in best wishes … 314. Milne to Somerset [Somerset Mss Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/33]

Halifax 29 October 1863

My dear Sir I regret to say Capt Lethbridge has left this without my despatches & your Letter which I am unable to Explain. I have no news from Washington[.] The Vesuvius is in Dock at Boston[.] she is a good deal injured by having been on shore at Labrador and from being in collision with an American ship full of Ice, but what is worse the fault was with the Vesuvius and we will have to pay the repairs of the American ship, demurrage to Cargo &c. which will be a heavy item. 315. The Secretary of the Admiralty to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/114/4]

Admiralty 2 November 1863

No. 674 L Sir I am commanded by My Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to transmit to you herewith [a] Copy of Extracts from two Newspapers published in Trinidad, which have been forwarded to their Lordships by H.M. Secretary of State for the Colonies, charging Commander Watson, of H.M. Ship “Peterel”, with having beat a cabman, named

Majesty, the Queen of Spain, relative to the sovereignty over Cuelebra and Viéques Islands, and the former having officially notified to the latter that they were resolved to acknowledge the de facto sovereignty of Spain, I have been instructed by Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Milne K.C.B. &c Commander in Chief of the British Naval Forces on the North American and West Indian Station to visit these Islands and to enter into Communication with Your Excellency in order that all British subjects who may be resident here may Know that henceforth they are not living under British Law, and that opportunity may be afforded to any such British subjects who may desire it to leave the islands for some neighbouring British possessions. I have therefore to request that you will enable me to meet such British Subjects as are likely to be affected by this change of sovereignty in order that I may learn their wishes, and explain to them upon what Conditions they must henceforth remain.’ See ADM1/5871 for the entirety of Hancock’s letter of proceedings and its enclosures.

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Joseph Bell, at Trinidad, and I am to signify their Lordships direction to you to call on Commander Watson to report on this charge,1 taking such measures as may appear to you to be necessary for a full investigation of the complaint. [Enclosures] Extract from the “Trinidad Colonist[”] 8 Sept 1863 The press like the Law is no respecter of persons. Be the offending individual whom he may, if he violate decency or morality, the inexorable censor must expose him & hold him up to that public scorn & indignation which his rashness merits. Today we have a painful duty to perform, no less than to expose the cowardly conduct of Capt Watson of HM Sloop of War “Peterel”, the particulars are briefly these. Joseph Bell a Cabman in the employment of Mr. Cretean, was in waiting at the door of the Honble F. J. Scott[,]2 a member of the Legislative Council to take that Gentleman & his brother home[.] Capt Watson of the “Peterel” came up & ordered the Cabman to take him somewhere. The Cabman replied very civilly that he could not do so as he was waiting for some of his customers, whereupon the Captain observed that he had better take him or else he (the Cabman) would get a licking. The Cabman enquired from whom he would get that licking. The Capt replied “from my Boats Crew”[.] The statement up to this point is vouched for by the Honble F. J. Scott & C. H. P. Scott Esqre. Mr. Henry Vesprey Capt of the Waterwitch adds that Capt Watson Just as the Cab was driving off ordered one of his Crew who was near him to call the Crew of the boat up. But as the Cab drove off Capt Watson countermanded the order[,] observing he would give his Boats Crew a Sovereign a piece to thrash the fellow & pull the wheels off his Cab. Joseph Bell adds that this morning while handing 2 ladies out whom he had driven up in his Cab to an home in St. Anns Road, two sailors came up & enquired if he was the Cabman to whom the Captain had been speaking. He answered in the affirmative[,] when the 2 sailors informed

1 Watson’s explanation appears not to have been preserved in either the Admiralty or Colonial Office files at the National Archives. A brief summary of this incident is found in Courtemanche, No Need of Glory, p. 118. 2 Frederick John Scott (1825–1907).

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him that the Capt had sent them to give him a thrashing & each taking a rope out of his pocket proceeded to give the poor man a severe beating. Now we have no reason to doubt these statements and therefore we make no hesitation to say that a more mean[,] cowardly act has never been perpetrated to our knowledge since we have been in this Colony. Joseph Bell is an honest, well disposed[,] inoffensive individual. He is remarkable for his civility, & he has still been dealt with in the most inhuman manner & in cold blood. There is probably no man under the Canopy of heaven who more deeply respects the British Sailor that we do, & we blush for very shame at the Exhibition which has this day been made[.] The English Navy must have retrograded since the days of Blake, Nelson & Cochrane if such an act as this does not cause the blush of shame to mantle on the cheeks of those who real pride on being [a] member of their glorious brotherhood which makes Great Britain the Mistress of the Seas. If such things are permitted what man is safe? if British Seamen are to commit such outrages under such circumstances, it will be necessary for the citizens to arm themselves against those whom they have hitherto regarded as their natural protectors. The doings of the “Jasper’s[”] Crew have not yet been forgotten.1 Certain of the Gentry of such Vessels fancy that because they are far from the “old Country” they can do as they please. But thank God the press is free, & we shall do our duty in exposing the matter as far as possible. We shall wait with anxiety to see what action will be taken by the Government in this Matter. His Excellency the Governor2 by his promptness in dismissing Mr. Begg,3 a Magistrate[,] for a similar outrage deserved the thanks of every right thinking man in the community. Let us hope that he will do all in his power to bring the violators of the public peace to some sort of punishment. Extract from the “Star of the West” 21st Sept. 1863 Joseph Bell was certainly mistaken in supposing that there was justice for cabmen & no respect of persons in Trinidad [sic]. A more disgraceful reply than that of Mr. Keate to the poor mans appeal we have seldom

1

This reference is obscure. Robert William Keate (1814–73). Colonial administrator and cricketeer. Commissioner of the Seychelles, 1850–52; Governor of Trinidad,1857–64, of Natal, 1867–72; of Gold Coast, 1873. 3 Perhaps J.W. Begg. 2

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seen, but it sufficiently confirms the popular impression that Captain Watson defeated the Ends of justice, & left the island (while a Warrant was out against him) with the connivance of the authorities. Not one word of sympathy or regret; that would be too much for our great mans “dignity”’ but he “has the honor” to inform the injured Cab driver that the “Peterel” has “left the harbour”, & that he is “therefore unable to enquire into the truth of his allegations”. That is certainly not true; there are at least ½ a dozen persons in the town who can give evidence in this matter, one of whom is a member of the Council, & another a Government Officer. We suppose no one has the slightest doubt that the Cowardly Captain, this “officer & gentleman”, this guest of the governor, escaped with the connivance, if not the assistance of the Authorities & Mr Keates’ letter abundantly confirms that impression.1 The whole case should be sent tomorrow to the Duke of Newcastle & the Secretary of the Admiralty, with the comments of the press, & with the mention of the fact that the Government Haves of the press2 have not ventured one word of defence to explanation. another significant fact, The “Gander” mildly remarks that the “Peterel” has left an “unfavourable impression”, & speaks of the outrage as if it were the act of the seamen alone, & he echoes Mr Keates’ letter by adding “the vessel left before the facts could be investigated or the offenders arrested”. The coolness would be wonderful anywhere else. 316. The Secretary of the Admiralty to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/114/6]

Admiralty 4 November 1863

No. 667 M Sir, I am commanded by my Lords Commrs of the Admiralty to send you herewith a Copy of a letter from the Under Secy. of State for Foreign Affairs dated the 2nd inst., and of a Dispatch from Lord Lyons, in which His Lordship states that during your recent visit to Washington the Members of the United States Government “seemed anxious to shew that they were not unaware that to nothing more than to the excellent judgment, and to the firm but temperate and conciliatory conduct of the

1 So did a subsequent exchange between Keate and Colonial Secretary the Duke of Newcastle which was sent to Milne by the Admiralty on 15 Jan 1864. The former’s explanation of his inaction in the matter drew a sharp reprimand from Newcastle: 2 I.e., the government’s supporters amongst the press.

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Admiral is owing the maintenance of harmonious relations between the two countries”. My Lords have much satisfaction in forwarding this communication to you. [Enclosures] Hammond to the Secretary of the Admiralty Foreign Office November 2nd 1863 Sir With reference to your letter of the 28th Ulto; I am directed by Earl Russell to transmit to you for the information of the Lds. Commrs. of the Admty, a Copy of a dispatch from H.M’s Minister at Washington reporting the visit of Vice Admiral Sir A Milne to that City[.] Lord Lyons to Russell Washington Octr. 16th 1863 No. 744 My Lord Vice Admiral Sir A Milne came with me to this place the 9th Inst:. On the following morning I introduced him to Mr. Seward who was so good as to accompany us in visits which we made to the other members of the Cabinet. We had moreover the honour of an audience of the President, at which also Mr. Seward was present. Sir A Milne was received with the utmost Courtesy and Cordiality by the President, as well as by the members of the Govt. no pains were spared to do him honor and to make his visit agreeable to him, & every facility was afforded him for visiting the Naval & Military establishments, & other objects of interest at Washington & in its neighbourhood. Sir A Milne set out from this place for New York on the evening of the 12th Inst. & sailed thence for Halifax the day before yesterday. I have good reason to believe that his visit to the U. States has produced an excellent impression. The Members of the Govt. seemed anxious to shew that they were not unaware that to nothing more than to the excellent judgment and to the firm but temperate & Conciliatory

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Conduct of the Admiral is owing the maintenance of harmonious relations between the two Countries. 317. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [3]]

Washington 9 November 1863

Private My dear Sir Alexander, I have received a despatch from Mr Fullerton, the Acting Consul at Savannah, sending me officially copies of the letters from Mr Benjamin dismissing all British Consuls, which appeared in the Newspapers.1 He says that he has asked for permission to remain in the Confederacy. I don’t know whether it will be granted. I have not heard that any of our Consuls have yet actually quitted the Confederate States in consequence of Mr Benjamin’s order. They are now recognized as Consuls by the United States Government but not by the Confederate Government. The Papers announce that the Army of the Potomac has had a brush with the Confederates on the Rappahannock, and that he [sic] has crossed that River.2 There has been for some time a cry that Meade must make an advance to prevent Lee’s detaching more troops to the neighbourhood of Chattanooga but the news of to-day is too recent for one to have any idea of what may be the truth of it. Some trifling successes near Chattanooga are claimed by the Federals.3 The delay of the Confederates in effecting anything there is what looks most unfavourable to their side. Fort Sumter is again being pounded, but it does not seem to mind it much. We are going on, at the Legation, much as usual. Stewart is an immense loss.4 I expect his locum tenens5 by the next packet.

1 This decision was taken on 8 Oct 1863. For a summary of it and its consequences, see Berwanger, The British Foreign Service & the American Civil War, pp. 117–23. Fullarton’s request to be allowed to remain in the Confederacy was refused by Benjamin and he crossed the lines to Washington, DC. See Doc. No. 360. 2 This, the Second Battle of Rappahannock Station, took place on 7 Nov. The ‘he’ to whom Lord Lyons referred was George Gordon Meade, whose forces overran the Confederate defences guarding a bridgehead across the Rappahannock Rover. 3 Lord Lyons understated the extent of the Union’s gains. A supply line had been opened on 27–28 Oct 1863, enabling the army in Chattanooga to be reprovisioned, and the Confederate effort to dislodge the forces guarding that line was repulsed in the Battle of Wauhatchie, 28–29 Oct. 4 Again, Lord Lyons misspelled William Stuart’s name. The latter had been recalled to London and was subsequently given another posting – as Secretary to the British Legation in Constantinople – which he took up the following year. 5 Substitute.

418

THE MILNE PAPERS

318. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5821]

Nile, at Halifax 11 November 1863 [received 23 November]

No. 703 Sir, Referring to my letter of the 26th Ultimo No. 672,1 I beg you will acquaint the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty[,] that since my return from New York[,] the accompanying letter with the sum of £90 was transmitted to me by some British Merchants at New York to mark their admiration for the fidelity to their Flag which was displayed by my Galley’s Crew, and part of the Galley’s Crew of H.M. Ship “Immortalité” in resisting the large offers made to them to desert, and I have accordingly ordered it to be divided among these men. 2. – Although this transaction is strictly speaking of a private nature I yet think it so creditable to all concerned that I cannot refrain from bringing it to their Lordships’ notice[.] [Enclosure] Anonymous English Merchants in New York to Milne New York 24th October 1863 Sir, It has come to the knowledge of a few Englishmen in this City, that your Galley’s Crew, and three men of H.M.S. “Immortalité”, while ashore on duty, were tempted with various offers of large pecuniary bribes to desert the flag of their Country, and that these bribes were scornfully rejected; Although this is by no means a rare instance of the spirit of British Sailors, the Gentlemen addressing you, think it not unworthy of special notice and commendation under present circumstances. they therefore beg the favor of you, if not inconsistent with the rules of the service, to present the accompanying sovereigns to the seamen who have

1

Not included in this collection.

JULY – DECEMBER 1863

419

thus honored themselves and their Country in testimony of respect for them, and admiration of their fidelity to their flag. This proceeding being strictly private in its character and purpose, the names of the gentlemen engaged in it are not added, but they would avail themselves of this opportunity to express their highest esteem for yourself personally, and to assure you of their appreciation of the services you have rendered to British Interests during your command on the North American Station, as well as of their gratification that you are surrounded by men so eminently worthy of their Country’s Service, and of the distinguished reputation of their Commander[.] 319. Milne to Somerset [Somerset Mss Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/34]

HMS Nile Halifax 12 November 1863

My dear Sir I write your Grace a few lines before my departure from this in the morning for Bermuda, having been detained for 24 h[ours] by the non arrival of the English Mail, but it is likely She will arrive in the night; The Board I have no doubt will be as much satisfied as I am myself gratified with the public notice which has been taken of my final departure from this place. I send copies of the addresses which have been presented to me on the occasion.1 I have nothing from Lord Lyons, and so far as Naval affairs are concerned all is satisfactory on the Station. I send your Grace a Photogh of my Galleys Crew who resisted all temptation to desert[,] Even up to $800, when at New York. I would be glad should your Grace be able to consider the name of Lieut. Lewis M. Croke of the Vesuvius for advancement, he is a first rate officer in Every respect, and will be a credit to the Commander’s List.2 I only know him as the First Lieut of the Ship and by his Excellent conduct and Example[.] The Phaeton has arrived here from Barbados, Ariadne from Jamaica [&] Rosario from Antigua, all well. They will give their men a run of three weeks here and then go South.

1 Not included in this collection. The city of Halifax’s address was signed by some 1,200 residents. See Courtemanche, No Need of Glory, p. 171. 2 Croke was duly promoted to Commander before the year ended but died the following Feb.

420

THE MILNE PAPERS

We had the Ther at 22° yesterday but it is now more mild altho it rather pinches the West India Ships[.]1 320. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Halifax 12 November 1863 [received 26 November]

My dear Grey I am Embarked and ready for a start for Bermuda but the English Mail is overdue and I am waiting its arrival. I hope it may come in during the night[.] I send home copies of addresses presented to me here on my departure, which are most gratifying to me. nothing could have been better than the good feeling which has always Existed between the Naval authorities and the Inhabitants, and it is very pleasing to me to leave in this gratifying and satisfactory manner. I have no news of any moment from the States. matters are going [on] in the same undecided manner but the Govt. of Washington thinks it is only a matter of time, and that the South will be forced to give in for want of Money, Supplies &c &c. The Phaeton is here from Barbados[,] Ariadne from Jamaica and Rosario from Nassau[.] Their men will have a run here and they will all go South, Phaeton to Bermuda to be Caulked[.] She is a very weak ship and works very much. You will see the Paper’s about the Vesuvius running down the American Ship[.] I tried the officer of the Watch and he pleaded guilty. I had to reprimand him only two days before, and Hamilton had to remove him from the Forecastle duties of the Vesuvius & place a Sub-Lieut. in his place[.] in fact Lieut. Geo H Blake is perfectly useless or Even worse. how he Ever passed is a perfect mystery.2 I am Expecting Ariadne’s orders to go home[.] Why I do so I dont Exactly know Except for her having been Commissd Nov. 59.3 I will leave Bermuda probably 6 Decr. for Barbados.

1

I.e., the ships arrived from the West Indies. George Herbert Blake (b. 1830) Entered; 1853; Lt, 1863; Cmdr (Ret.), 1884. Blake avoided dismissal from the service but never advanced on the active list. He was retired with the rank of Cmdr on reaching age 45 in 1884. 3 148 Ariadne was paid off at Sheerness, 19 Mar 1864. 2

421

JULY – DECEMBER 1863

321. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

HMS Nile Halifax 12. November 1863 [received 18 November]

My dear Lord Lyons Thanks to you for your Photghs which we much appreciate and they are very good ones. I am Embarked and ready to start for Bermuda but the non arrival of the English Mail detains me[.] I send you a Newspaper with the account of my approaching departure from this City[.] I was not in any way prepared for such a manifestation of public opinion, but it is very gratifying to me to leave this with so strong a mark of the good wishes of the Inhabitants. I have not one word of news one way or another.  [PS:] The Commandant of Royal Engineers a Col Westmacott1 is going from this to New York and Washington[.] He and his wife are very pleasant and Agreeable people[.] I mention his name, and who he is, in case he should call on you. 322. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5821]

Nile at Halifax 13 November 1863 [received 29 November]

No. 706 Sir, The Comptroller of Victualling having apprized me by his letter of the 30th Ultimo of the Shipment of 13004 lbs of Biscuit for Bermuda in the “Harriett Pinckney”, I think it right to point out to their Lordships that this Steamer is regularly Employed in Connection with the Blockade Runners from Bermuda, and her conduct gave rise to so much suspicion that on the 22nd July last I addressed a letter to Captain Glasse respecting her, and although the report I had heard about her hoisting Her Majesty’s Transport Flag was denied by the Master, I have since heard on

1 Spencer Westmacott (1819–90). 2nd Lt, 1836; 1st Lt, 1838; Capt, 1846; Brevet Major, 1858; Lt Col, 1859; Brevet Col, 1864; Col, 1868; Major Gen, 1877.

422

THE MILNE PAPERS

Good Authority that the Flag actually hoisted was a Red Ensign [with] both an Anchor and Gun on the Flag, in imitation of a Government Flag. 2. Under these circumstances I think it desirable that, in the present state of affairs Caution should be exercised in putting Government Stores on board this and other screw Steamers bound to Bermuda. [Enclosure] Milne to Glasse “Nile” at Halifax 22 July 1863 Sir I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 29th Ultimo, reporting having sent certain Military Passengers to Halifax in the “Harriet Pinckney”, and to acquaint you that, as a general rule, it is better to send all Government Passengers in the regular Mail Packets when no opportunity offers by Ships of War, instead of making use of Vessels which, as in this case, are well known to be connected with the Blockade runners[.] Further, in regard to this particular case, it has come to my knowledge, that availing herself apparently of the opportunity offered by having some of HM Troops onboard, as Passengers, she hoisted H.M.’s Transport Flag, on her passage up[.] This, if true, was quite unwarrantable, and you will therefore call upon her Captain to explain, if such was the case, on what grounds he did so, as no Vessel is authorized to use that Flag, unless specially employed and chartered solely as a Government Transport, with an Admiralty Agent; and the “Harriet Pinckney’s” so doing on this occasion rendered her liable to prosecution[.] Minutes  … state that My Lords concur in the views Expressed by Sir A Milne in his letter to Cap Glasse. He has correctly stated that the Harriet Pinckney was not authorized to wear the Transport Flag which under the 2d Article of the 12th Section Chapter 3 of the Instructions can only be worn by vessels having a Commissioned officer on board. The first clause of that Article applies not to vessels casually or temporarily Employed in the Government Service but only to vessels belonging to or permanently Employed by some department of the Government and in the latter case

JULY – DECEMBER 1863

423

alone vessels are Entitled to wear Colours with the seal or badge of the Office to which they belong. My Lords have instructed the Director of Transports to Exercise great caution in taking up freight for N America & the W. Indies and they have directed that some Govt Stores which had been landed at Devonport from the H. Pinckney in consequence of that vessel having sustained damage should not again be again embarked in her. Sir F. Grey[:] There does not seem to be room for doubt in this case. The Harriett Pinckney does not come within the words of either the Regulations which grant special flags, but must wear the ordinary flag of the Merchant Service. It is a question for their Lordships to decide what flag the vessel is entitled to. Before allowing any vessel to hoist the transport flag and claim any privilege under it the Bd. is bound to have a commissioned officer on board over whom they have control and whose presence on board would be a guarantee to a belligerent power that no improper use was made of the flag. Should a vessel carrying such a flag be boarded & searched by a belligerent a question of international law might then arise but at present there seems to be no question on which it is necessary to take the opinion of the Law officers of the Crown. The Captain of the Harriett Pinckney denies having hoisted a transport flag & does not appear to have claimed a right to do so[.] 323. The Secretary of the Admiralty to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/114/4]

Admiralty 18 November 1863 [received 5 January 1864]

No. 707 Sir, Having laid before my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty your letter of the 6th May last, No, 332,1 suggesting that … the Admiralty Instructions might be altered so as to allow of a Commander in Chief (in cases in which he might consider rendered such a course necessary) ordering Corporal Punishment to be inflicted on serious Offenders, although in the First Class for conduct; I am commanded by their

1

Not included in this collection.

424

THE MILNE PAPERS

Lordships to acquaint you that having had the subject under their consideration, my Lords do not think it advisable to make any immediate alteration in the existing Regulations. 324. The Secretary of the Admiralty to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/114/4]

Admiralty 21 November 1863 [received 5 January 1864]

No. 717 S Sir, With reference to your further report, No 667 of the 24th Ultimo1 as to the steps taken by you for improving the ventilation of the Immortalité and other ships under your orders; I am commanded by my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to acquaint you that on receipt of your report of the 29th of April 1862 instructions were given to the Dockyards for the adoption of your suggestions so far as circumstances might admit; – a copy of the circular issued on the subject is transmitted herewith for your information. [Enclosure] Circular Controller’s Office Admiralty, S.W. 15 July 1862 The Superintendents at the several Dockyards are informed that the enclosed Extracts [not enclosed in this letter] from a report, dated 29 April 1862, by the Commander-in-Chief on the N. American & W. Indian Station, in reference to the ventilation, &c. of H.M. Ships, are forwarded for the information and guidance of the Officers, with a view to the suggestions therein contains being adopted, as far as circumstances will admit, in ships which may be fitted out at the several ports.

1

Not included in this collection.

425

JULY – DECEMBER 1863

325. Milne to Somerset1 [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Bermuda 28 November 1863 [received 31 December]

My dear Sir The arrival of the St. Thomas packet on her way to Halifax Enables me to write a few lines to your Grace to mention my arrival here. The Pylades from Jamaica & Vera Cruz reached this on the 23d, and Captain Hood furnishes me with further reports relative to the seizure of the Sir W. Peel steamer off Matamoras by which it would appear to be perfectly clear that she was in Mexican waters at the time.2 I have Expressed this opinion to Lord Lyons. I have heard a report that she did land Contraband of War but I have seen no documents to confirm this view[.] The work in the Dock Yard goes on very slowly, and the question of Labour is one which your Grace must consider at Home. There are no Labourer’s here, [&] no Convicts, consequently to prevent the Yard work from coming to a stand still[,] seamen from any chance ship which happens to be here are Employed in the Quarries, mixing Lime and all such work, which is very objectionable & the Captains naturally complain. 80 Men might be sent to the Terror for this duty and I am under the impression it was ordered some months ago. Col Jervoise [sic] left this for Halifax two days before my arrival[.] I very much regret that he should have gone away without Communication with the Naval Authorities respecting the defences of this Island. I was under the impression he was to have awaited my arrival. nothing can be done respecting Forts &c, to be Erected here without some Naval opinion. I hear larger forts are in contemplation to the sum of a Million Ster[lin]g. if so Convicts must be reestablished here. I understand Mr Haig3 at G[reenwic]h Hospital is dead. may I be permitted to submit to your Grace the Name of my Secretary Mr Fegen4 as

1 This letter was filed among Milne’s missives to Sir Frederick Grey, suggesting that the Duke of Somerset passed it along to the latter. 2 Sir William Peel’s seizure, on 11 Sep 1863 was one of the most contentious such cases during the Civil War, generating a voluminous correspondence, much of which can be found in FRUS, 1864, pt 2, pp. 396–8, 400–401, 475–82, 536–8, 539–42, 547, 563, 733–4, 744, 784–5. For a summary of the Peel case and those of other British vessels seized at Matamoros, see Bernath, Squall across the Atlantic, pp. 51–62. 3 Richard Haig (d. 1863). Paymaster, 1813. Clerk of the Check at Greenwich Hospital, 1853–63. 4 Frederick James Fegen, C.B. (1822–85). Asst Clerk, 1836; Clerk, 1842; Paymaster, 1849; Paymaster-in-Chief (Ret.), 1882. Fegen was not appointed to Greenwich Hospital,

426

THE MILNE PAPERS

a Candidate for the appointment[?] he has served nearly 15 years as a Secretary and is a steady attentive officer but I should not wish to lose his services before my arrival in England. The Blockade running business is very active here, but five Steamers have been captured within the last month[,] which has caused some Considerable dismay here among those who have been coining money. The Shannon is going to Jamaica & Vera Cruz to relieve the Galatea, [and] Virago [is] to take the place of the Buzzard at New Orleans. I am glad to say the ships are all healthy and not keeping them too long in one place certainly keeps them so. 326. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Bermuda 28 November 1863

My dear Grey, We arrived here this day week and had a blow for two days agt us on the way down, otherwise we made a good passage. I now wait the mail from Halifax before leaving for [the] W. Indies[.] What do you intend doing to meet the question of Labour in this Dock Yard[?] I understand you were to send 100 men to the Terror. at present working parties from any chance ship here are Employed in the Quarries, Mixing Lime, Carrying Bricks &c &c, in fact doing labourer’s duty in the Dock Yard, which is very objectionable and the Captains are all complaining. you must do something at Home, as the Convicts are all gone for 9 months past, and no Labourers [are to be had] on the Island. pray send 80 to 100 men to the Terror. it is absolutely necessary. Phaeton I Expect here in ten days[.] her Armament has been again reduced to 35 Guns. She is a weak Ship and has worked a good deal and I dont think she will bear heavier guns. I have not ventured to write to the Board about Armstrong guns & shells, but it is impossible Either in Action or at nights to fit the Fuzes to the Shells. Even in daylight at the Common Exercise it is a difficulty and complication almost amounting to uselessness. I am quite annoyed to see how very serious this is, indeed in regard to the Gun’s and the Shells & the whole concern [sic], I think all the Captains out here agree in the opinion that they are far too delicate, refined & complicated for Ships

but instead became Secretary to Vice-Admiral Robert Smart in HMS Victoria, flagship of the Mediterranean Squadron. He subsequently joined the Admiralty secretariat.

JULY – DECEMBER 1863

427

use, That our old Guns up to 2200 yards[,] and I really might say some of them up to 3000 yards[,] are Equally Efficient and better adapted for the Service[.] It might be Expedient to retain a pivot for Extreme ranges but what are our ships to fight beyond 2000 yards[?] You Lordships have your Gunnery Advisors to prevent over refinement in our Gunnery arrangements. I have therefore not Expressed any opinion, but I do feel that to go into action with Armstrong Guns we are less Efficient than we were, altho I quite admit their accuracy of fire. I wish the Board had not given provisions to the Families of the Marines here. It is different from Ascension; Captain Glasse and the workmen sent from England think they have an Equal Claim and the Marine officer in Charge has actually applied to have Milk supplied to all his Children which I positively refused. The Marines are costing 2s.2½d per day. Lieut Evens1 of the Nimble has been taken very seriously ill and there is some considerable alarm about him, so much so I will have to put another Lieut into Nimble, probably Senior of Shannon.2 Please not to give any orders here to supply ships with Coal, but leave it to be dealt with here. an order came out to Glasse to supply 400 Tons to some Ship, but this really was for several Ships.3 one got 90 Tons and she started to break the blockade & was Captured, HM Govt having furnished her with Welch Coal for the purpose, and the Agent out here wanted this Coal to be delivered to St. Georges[,] which is the Port of the Blockade runners, but Capt G. very properly refused. we are obliged to be very cautious here: Cap G. sometime since on very special representation repaired a Steamer in the Yard. he was done and she went [to] Charleston[,] in fact after her repair she became a blockade runner. five have been captured within the last month, which has caused some dismay here. I send a return [as to] what we are short in Boys, some 250, and the Ships are very badly off for those of the 2d Class. we also want some 50 Marines, and as to Police we are also in want, which I am afraid you will be unable to aid us in obtaining[.] I have a number of Prisoners here under sentence of Court Martial that I am anxious to get home but I see no opportunity unless you order Ariadne to England or some other ship. She has been the longest in Commission.

1

John H. Evens (1835–64). Entered, c.1848; Lt, 1857. Francis Rhodes Hartwell (1830–92). Entered, c.1845; Lt, 1854; Cmdr, 1865; Capt (Ret.), 1880. 3 See Stringer, Pembroke and Co. to Dundas, 20 July 1863 and Dundas to Stringer, Pembroke and Co., 23 July, enclosed in Doc. No. 328. 2

428

THE MILNE PAPERS

327. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Clarence Hill Bermuda 28 November 1863 [received 14 December]

My dear Lord Lyons We arrived here last week and I write a line by the St. Thomas Steamer on her way to Halifax. The Pylades arrived on the 23d from Jamaica and Vera Cruz and Captain Hood has sent me some additional reports respecting the seizure of the Sir W. Peel at Matamoras which I forward to you.1 You will observe from these paper’s that she was seized in Mexican waters, and the case appears to me to be one of unjustifiable detention and at variance with the Instructions issued to the Captains of United States Vessels of War, and I presume it will be resented by our Government. I have no other papers for you from this. The Blockade runner’s are Enriching the Colonial Treasury, there being £7000 in the Chest, certainly a very unusual Event. The Agents however are somewhat mortified to find five of their Vessels have been Captured with valuable Cargoe’s [sic] during the last Month. I look for the English Mail by HMS Vesuvius in a few days when I take my departure for [the] W Indies[.] This Island is becoming popular with the Americans in Search of Health and Emolument in blockade runners[.] I dare say there are nearly 200 on the Island at this moment. certainly the Climate is charming with the Ther at 70° & a clear bright sky. Our family party are all well & Lady Milne joins me in best wishes … 328. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5821]

“Nile”, at Bermuda 2 December 1863 [received 31 December]

No. 750 Sir, I beg you will lay before the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty the papers particularized in the annexed Schedule relative to certain notorious Blockade Runners having been repaired at this Yard during the past summer, and which circumstance has but just (and I may add quite accidentally) come to my knowledge.

1

Not included in this collection.

JULY – DECEMBER 1863

429

The letters I have this day addressed to Captain Glasse and to Lord Lyons will inform their Lordships of my views on this very extraordinary proceeding and of the steps I have taken in consequence. Their Lordships will observe I have not deemed it necessary to advert in my despatch to Lord Lyons to the question of the Coal authorized to be sent to Messrs. Stringer, Pembroke and Co., as I am not able to explain the circumstances under which their Lordships were pleased to accede to their request, nor is it material to the question of the repairs of the vessels, but I may explain to their Lordships a few facts of which I presume they were not aware, and which to my mind fully explains the anxiety of that Firm to obtain a loan of the Coal. 2. – When Charleston was first attacked this summer the Blockade [running] business was transferred in a great measure to Bermuda as being nearer to Wilmington. this naturally led to a want of Coal, as there were at one time no less that 14 steamers here waiting supplies, and none to be had, and the “Harriet Pinckney” when she arrived at Halifax on the occasion referred to in my letter of the 13th Ult. No. 7061 asked the Senior Officer (Captain Hancock) for 750 Tons of Welsh Coal from the Dockyard, ostensibly to take her to Bermuda but really to supply the Blockade runners there, this however Captain Hancock very properly refused, and it was about this time I imagine that Messrs. Stringer[,] Pembroke and Co. made the arrangement referred to in the enclosed correspondence, and as their Agent here is notoriously engaged in the Blockade [running] business, and as letters from the same firm have recently been captured, and have been published in the New York papers, clearly show that they are engaged in the same business, I cannot doubt the purpose to which the Coal to be borrowed from this Yard was to have been applied, indeed the 80 Tons actually received was put on board the “Juno” which ship was subsequently captured. I may add that it is well understood that many of the steam vessels employed in running the Blockade are the property of the Confederate Government although ostensibly belonging to British subjects and sailing under the English Flag[.]  P.S. 4 Dec. 63 Since addressing this letter to their Lordships I have received an explanatory letter from Captain Glasse on the subject of the repairs, a copy of which accompanies these papers.2 [Enclosures]

1 2

Not included in this collection. Milne’s letter and its enclosures were forwarded to the Foreign Office on 4 Jan 1864.

430

THE MILNE PAPERS

Stringer, Pembroke and Co to Dundas1 8 Austin Mews L[ondon].C[entral]. 20th July 1863 Sir, We have a Steam Ship on the way to Bermuda & would feel much obliged by your allowing us to have about 400 Tons of Welsh Coal for her from the Government Store there. this we would repay in kind by a Vessel now in Cardiff ordered to load David Davis’ upper 4 feet double screened Steam Coals, or we should gladly ship any other description which you may prefer. Dundas to Stringer, Pembroke and Co. 23 July 1863 Gentlemen, In reply to yr. letter of the 20th Inst. I have to acqt. you the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty accede to yr. request to be supplied with 400 Tons of Steam vessel Coals from the Naval Depôt at Bermuda[,] repayment to be made in kind, the shipment of which however must take place under the inspection of…the Admy Inspector of Coals[,] shipped from South Wales for the Naval Service abroad[,] who will also name the description of Coals to be supplied. I have also to request you will state the name of the Vessel at Cardiff in which the Coals would be shipped in repayment of the Supply to be made at Bermuda.2 Glasse to Milne Royal Naval Yard 1 December 1863 No. 124 Sir 1. In answer to your letter of yesterday’s date,3 I have the honor to transmit the enclosed Return of Private Steamers repaired at this Yard since your departure in May last.

1 Robert Dundas, later 4th Viscount Melville (1803–86). Deputy Comptroller of the Navy, 1830; Storekeeper-General, 1832–69. 2 Dundas wrote to Glasse on 23 July 1863, informing him of this agreement. Neither that letter nor subsequent exchanges between the Storekeeper General and Stringer, Pembroke and Co. are included in this volume. 3 Not among the papers forwarded by Milne.

431

JULY – DECEMBER 1863

2. These repairs were all effected in conformity with the 40th Article of the Naval Storekeeper’s Foreign Instructions, Page 60. 3. It has not been customary as a general rule, officially to report to the Commander in Chief all works of the above nature performed in the Dockyard but, some notice of them ought to have been taken in my Journal as Senior Officer, or in my private letters to you. I much regret their omission in those reports, which I can only attribute to the embarrassed state of my Office in consequent [sic] of the recent and frequent change of Clerks in it. I shall endeavour however in future, to prevent any similar omission. Return of Private Steamers repaired in H.M. Naval Yard, Bermuda, between 23d May and 30th November 1863  Name of Steamer Cornubiac Mail Fanny and Jenny Harriet Pinckney Junoc

Miriamc Hansa Venusc Jubal Cain Coquette

Date of arrival Date of departure Did not come to the Naval Yard Did not come to the Naval Yard Augt. 6 Augt. 22

Nature of the repairs Repairs to Engine Do.

Remarks

Do.

Of Halifax N.S.

Augt. 3

Augt. 14

Do.

Augt. 5

Sepr. 8

Do. Boilers and Engines

Chartered to bring Bullocks Recd 80 Tons of Coal See Correspondence enclosed about Coal to be supplied Messrs. Stringer, Pembroke and Co. Brought Stores for Government

Did not come to the Naval Yard Did not come to the Naval Yard Did not come to the Naval Yard Sepr. 28 Octr. 1

Did not come to the Naval Yard Those marked c were captured[.]1

Repairs to Engine Do. Repairs to Rudder Do. Machinery

Recd. 60 Tons Of Coal

Do.

1 Copies of letters from the masters of the vessels repaired or assisted, and the replies of Glasse or his subordinates thereto were enclosed in Glasse’s letter to Milne. These have been omitted from this collection.

432

THE MILNE PAPERS

Milne to Glasse Nile, at Bermuda 2nd December 1863 Sir, I have received your letter of the 1st Inst. and its several enclosures giving me for the first time information of your having in the course of the past summer repaired and otherwise assisted from the Establishment in your charge several private steamers, among which I observe the names of notorious Blockade runners which have since been captured  – for instance the “Cornubia”, “Venus”, “Miriam”, “Juno” &c. Notwithstanding the article of the Instructions to which you refer me, I Consider in the present state of affairs in the United States, extreme caution should have been exercised by you in each case where it must have been obvious what was the nature of the vessels employment, the assistance sought for should have been refused, as by so doing you would not have put in the power of the Government of the United States to question the sincerity of our neutrality by adducing the fact of well known Blockade runners employed in Carrying Arms, Ammunition &c. to the Southern States being actually repaired at H.M. Dockyard at Bermuda contrary to the spirit of the Instructions you had from time to time received enjoining on you and all Her Majesty’s officers the strictest neutrality between the Belligerents. At the same time I am willing to admit you may have been somewhat led astray by finding from the Storekeeper Generals letter of the 25 July last that the Admiralty had sanctioned a loan of 400 Tons of Coal to Messrs. Stringer, Pembroke & Co., whose agent here was well known to be engaged in Blockade business, tho’ it is probable this could not have been known at home. You will understand that in future no other vessel which there are reasonable grounds for suspecting may have likely been or is about to be engaged in blockade running is to be repaired or assisted from the Establishment in your charge (unless in actual distress and danger) so long as the present state of affairs continues in America. You will whenever you see fit to repair any other vessel under the article above quoted adopt the precaution of taking bonds from substantial persons residing here to the amount of at least thrice the probable cause of the damage to be repaired[,] that the ship will not be engaged within 3 months directly or indirectly in the business of running the Blockade, and every case of repairs or supplies to a sea-going vessel is to be

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specially reported to your Commander in Chief so long as the Civil War lasts in America[.] Milne to Lord Lyons Nile, at Bermuda 2 December 1863 My Lord I hasten to bring to your Excellency’s notice the fact of which I have only just been made aware that several vessels notoriously engaged in Blockade running have from, I think inadvertence and an erroneous interpretation of the spirit of his general instructions[,] have been repaired at, and otherwise assisted from Her Majesty’s Dockyard at Bermuda by the Naval officer in charge during the past summer[.] I enclose particulars of the vessels assisted among which Your Excellency will be glad however to perceive the name of the U.S. Steamer “Jubal Cain” which trades from New York viâ Bermuda to the West Indies. Notwithstanding that I am satisfied the assistance received was strictly impartial, and would have been as readily rendered to other United States Vessels as the “Jubal Cain”, I not [sic] the less regret the aid rendered to the notorious blockade runners, as when known to the United States Government it may give it a fair opening to question the sincerity of our neutrality when one of H.M. Dockyards is used for repairing these vessels, and supplying them with fuel. I need hardly assure Your Excellency that had I had the slightest suspicion that this very injudicious course was being pursued here I should have at once put a stop to it. I have however now given peremptory orders that no steamer or other vessel, which there are reasonable grounds for suspecting may have likely been, or is about to be engaged in Blockade running is to be repaired or assisted from Bermuda Yard (unless in actual distress and danger) and so long as the present Civil War lasts in America, no other sea going vessel is to be repaired until Bonds are given by substantial persons residing here, that the vessel to be assisted will not within the next three months be engaged directly or indirectly in the business of running the blockade[.] These instructions will I hope effectually put a stop to a practice to which the United States Government may very naturally take exception, and which I am sure Your Excellency will now learn with as much regret as I felt when it first came to my Knowledge.

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Glasse to Milne Bermuda Yard 4th December 1863 Sir, I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 2nd Inst., conveying to me your sentiments with regard to the repairs and assistance lately given to Private Steamers at this Yard, and also your instructions for my future guidance in similar cases. 2. – These latter shall be most punctually attended to; – but with respect to your observation that “it must have been obvious what was the nature of the vessels’ employment” I beg leave earnestly to assure you that at the time they severally applied for assistance I was not aware of their character, plausible assurances were made to me of their being intended for passage Vessels in the West Indies, and considering the large amount of capital involved, and the serious amount of loss to their owners if the steamers were compelled to remain idle, I considered it my duty to render them the assistance they required in the repair of their machinery, persistently withholding supplies of Coals, lest they should barter or sell the Coals to the Contending states. 3. – Latterly it became known to me that the Bermuda Agent of Messrs. Stringer Pembroke & Co. was engaged in Blockade business, and it was this fact that deterred me from placing under his Control the 400 Tons of Coals, sanctioned by the Admiralty for a ship of that Company. Eighty Tons only were supplied to the “Juno” one of Messrs. Stringer, Pembroke and Co.’s vessels. 329. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Bermuda 4 December 1863 [received 27 December]

My dear Lord Lyons I write a line this Evg to thank you for your Letter received Yesterday from Halifax with the English Mail of Nov. 14th. I am much gratified at having received thro the Admiralty a Copy of your Despatch on my visit to Washington and I am glad that my visit, thanks to you[,] has been considered satisfactory. I think at New York my visit did much good and I really believe an occasional look at an English Admiral would Change the tone of anti English feeling which has so long Existed. I am glad to

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find those in authority at Home appear to be satisfied at my having gone to the States. Should you see Mr Seward or any of those high in Authority who were so very attentive to me I will be very much obliged if you will convey my Complts to them. I have written you a public Letter about an inconsiderate proceeding on the part of Captain Glasse in Charge of the dock yard here in affording repairs to some of the Blockade runners, he did not act wisely, but really never gave the subject a thought and was much surprised when I pulled him up for having made HM Naval Yard, a Dock Yard for the Confederate States, for the Vessels he repaired were probably more or less the property of that Government. The U.S. Govt. might complain of this act, but I have now put a stop to it. The Virago is going to relieve the Buzzard at New Orleans. I sail tomorrow for St. Thomas’s and will write you from thence[.] We are all well here and Lady Milne begs I will convey her best wishes … 330. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/114/6]

Washington 7 December 1863

Sir, I have the honour to transmit to you a Copy of a note which I addressed on the 30th Ulto. To the Secretary of State of the United States respecting your visit to Washington and a Copy of the answer which he has returned to it. I send today Copies of these two notes to Her Majesty’s Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. [Enclosures] Lord Lyons to Seward Washington 30 November 1863 Sir, Vice Admiral Sir Alex Milne having reported to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty the great kindness and Courtesy with which he was received at Washington by the President of the United States and the members of the Cabinet, I have been instructed to convey to the

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Government of the United States the expressions of gratification with their Lordships have felt at the Courtesy and attention so handsomely shown to the Vice Admiral[.] Seward to Lord Lyons Department of State Washington Decr. 3 1863 My dear Lord Lyons I have made known to the President, and to the Heads of departments, the agreeable communication you have made to me in regard to the reception of Rear Admiral Milne on the occasion of his visit at this Capital. The just, liberal and Courteous Conduct of the Admiral in the performance of his duties while Commanding H.M.s Naval Forces in the vicinity of the U.S. was known to this Govt. before his arrival, and it therefore afforded the President a special Satisfaction to have an opportunity to extend to him a hospitable welcome. 331. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5821]

“Nile” at Sea Lat: 24°.54′ N Long: 62° 39′ W 9 December 1863 [received 31 December]

No. 765 Sir I have the honor to submit for their Lordships consideration whether some change might not be advantageously made in the issue of Canister Shot and Shrapnel Shell to H.M. Ships, leaving Grape Shot to be supplied as at present[.] 2. – The following Table shews the number of Balls in each of the several Descriptions Description of Gun

No. of Balls in Canister allowed Number of Musket balls Shrapnel lb oz Shell allowed 10 Inch 84 of 1 13 none 68 Pdr and 8 Inch 90 of 0 8 320 Musket 32 Pdr 63 of 0 8 150 Balls Range 300 Yards 200 to 1600 Yds

}

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As the use of Canister is intended against Boats or Bodies of Men at and under 300 Yards, I beg to point out to their Lordships that the Shrapnel Shell placed in the Gun, fuze inwards, becomes a much more formidable weapon under 300 Yards against Boats &c than Canister, in the proportion of, 320 to 90 in the 68 Pdr and 8 Inch Gun, and of 150 to 63 in the 32 Pdr, with the further advantage of being efficient up to 1600 Yards when fired as a Shell with the regular Time-fuze. Should this view of the question be entertained by their Lordships and the Gunnery Establishment, the issue of Canister or Case Shot which are always deteriorating from Salt Water would cease, and space would be obtained for an increased number of Shrapnel Shell.1 [Enclosure] Cooper Key to the Secretary of the Admiralty HMS “Excellent” Portsmouth, 1st Feb ’64 With reference to the accompanying suggestions from Vice Admiral Sir A. Milne KCB, having in view the abolition of Canister shot for great guns, which the Admiral considered may be superseded by a more formidable projectile, the Shrapnell-Shell [sic], which, if entered fuze inwards, bursts on leaving the gun, and scatters a far greater number of balls than the Canister Shot fired from the same calibre. I have the honor to forward herewith a Report of a Trial2 that I have made with both kinds of projectiles and submit that, as it is very desirable to simplify the supply of ammunition, the suggestion of the Vice Admiral should be adopted, and the supply of case and canister shot be discontinued, a small additional supply of shrapnell being substituted. As the shrapnell balls, when the shell is burst in the gun, have not sufficient penetration to sink a boat, grape should be used in combination with the shrapnell. Grape shot should in future be supplied for 24 & 12 pr. Howitzers in lieu of Case-shot, the former description of shot not being at present allowed to those guns. If their Lordships sanction this arrangement it will be advisable to issue a memo to the Fleet to the following effect “The issue of Case or Canister Shot for smooth bore guns will be discontinued, Shrapnell Shell, entered fuze inwards being more effective against uncovered men within 300 Yards, but as the balls contained in

1 2

Admiralty Minute: ‘[Forward to] Captain Key for any observations’. Not included in this volume.

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them have not sufficient penetration to destroy a boat, such as a pinnace, at 100 yards, Grape shot should be used in combination with the Shrapnell when repelling an attack by boats; they may be fired together (the grape being entered first,) up to 200 yards, but should not be fired from the same gun at objects beyond that range.”1 332. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

HMS Nile St. Thomas 12 December 1863 [received 21 December]

My dear Grey I arrived here this afternoon from Bermuda and remain until the afternoon of the 14th to get some 80 tons of Coal[,] when I go on to Antigua. I have sent by this mail a letter to the Board on the repair of Blockade running Steamers, more or less the property of the Govt of the Confederate States of America, by Captain Glasse. I was not aware[,] until the Governor of Bermuda made a casual remark to me about one vessel, that any repairs had been made, and when I called for a return I found no less than 8 or 9. I am much annoyed with Cap Glasse, and he is Equally annoyed at my letter and orders to him, and I have also written to Lord Lyons to Explain matters in case the Govt. of the United States should naturally complain of the assistance rendered to these vessels which are supplying Contraband of War to the South. Cap Glasse was Evidently acting as he thought in affording Every proper aid to British Vessels without really reflecting on what he was about, and was much surprised when I called [on] him to Explain &c. I dont wish the Board to say anything to him. He is somewhat peculiar & not very stable. I also write to the Board about the Provisions to the Marine Detachment as there is nothing here to shew what are the allowances at Ascension. I do hope you will not Sanction the issue of Milk to the Families of the Marines[.] it really appears to me a scandal to ask for it, but nothing daunts Captain Thomas. I have been obliged to put a curb on him, or the whole Deta[chmen]t would have been in a state of disorder. There is something wrong with the Immortalite[.] She leaks a great deal[,] some 26 inches in 4 hours at Sea which subsides to 18 inches in Harbour. I will order a Survey when I reach Barbados, and if I find anything wrong or that it is really necessary to Dock here I will Either

1 Admiralty Minute on Cooper Key’s report: ‘Copy to War Office and request opinion of Ord Sel[ect] Com[mittee]’.

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send her Home or to be Docked at Martinique if the Dock is finished[,] but this leak must not be allowed to continue gradually increasing as it has been for the last year. Ariadne will be sent on from Barbados so soon as I arrive there, and I Expect will leave for Bermuda for England about the 15 Jany. I have nothing of any importance for you[.] The State of St. Domingo is very bad[.] the Dominicans are at open war with the Spaniards[,]1 who have been obliged to send for reinforcements and they have issued notice of a Blockade of the Dominican Ports but as yet have no ships to Enforce it[.] I have sent the question Home for the views of HM Govt. I am glad to receive your Lordships satisfaction at Lord Lyons despatch. I hear from many quarters that my visit has been productive of much good and Especially at New York and that the talk there is the chagrin they now feel at their own absurd treatment of the Russians and at not having been more attentive to the British Admiral. 333. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

HMS Nile Barbados 20 December 1863 [received January 1864]2

No. 1 My dear Grey Just arrived from Antigua & got your Letter of 16th Nov.3 Thank you for it. Ariadne is here & I send her to Trinidad, Antigua[,] St. Thomas, Bermuda & home[.] You may Expect her Early in Feby. You mention Servants versus 2d C. Boys. This has been a Lobby with Martin4 & Co. for a long time, but I do not think it will work, and it will decidedly fail at the present rate of Pay and Pension.

1 Pedro Santana y Familias, 1st Marquis of Las Carreras (1801–64), ruler of the Dominican Republic 1844–48, 1853–56, and 1858–61, invited Spain to reestablish colonial control over the country. The annexation was announced on 18 Mar 1861, prompting outbreak of the Dominican Restoration War (1861–65), in which Dominican guerrilla forces eventually drove the occupiers from the island. Milne received several reports of proceedings from vessels visiting Santo Domingo following the Spanish occupation, none of which, owing to space limitations, are printed in this volume. 2 Grey failed to note the day. 3 Not preserved among Milne’s papers. 4 William Fanshawe Martin, who wanted officers to be waited upon by permanent servants rather than by boys who would become Ordinary Seamen after serving their apprenticeship.

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I have never given in to this view of the 2d C. Boys not being Servants. I Entirely disagreed with Martin upon this. I looked upon the Boys being brought into contact with the officers more to their advantage than a disadvantage, and that the Boys were the Gainers. Therefore why change a Custom that has not worked disadvantageously to the Service; but if it is to be, then The Pay of Attendants (not Servants) must be largely increased[,] also the Pension and this I consider most advisable. The Pay will have to range from £24.6.8 to £35 [per year] at least, and Even with this men will not serve in the position of Attendant when more profit is to be got in other positions[.] my own opinion is it will as a general rule fail, but may answer in 2, 3 or 4 particular Ships. There it will cease. The only other Scheme that I can think of is to allow Marines to attend on officers[,] paying them 4d or 6d a day, but increasing The actual No of Mess Servants for the Messes of wardroom & Gunroom, but Then comes Engineers & warrant officers. no man who can turn his fingers to anything Else will go to them.1 it is quite true. I admit the great difficulty of the question, and at this moment the officers messes in this Squadron are very very short and these Servants give more trouble[,] annoyance & vexation than all the other ratings put together[.] The real truth is that men or young men or Boys will not be made Servants[,] they prefer anything Else, but the few we have, go to the great Steam Companies where they get from £50 to £100 a year.  [P.S.] I suspect your Police for HM Ships is very much what will be the case with Servants[,] “found wanting”[.] I Even go further and think the LCA Have gone to a very unnecessary Expense for Training Ships for Boys[.] it looks well, sounds well, and costs well, Query[:] does it really work well for the Cost[?] as a Member of the Board I always thought it more for the Eye of [the] public than the real want of the Service[.] Many of those brought up as Novices &c. in the Training Ships and now out here never advance. Altho I am very particular at Inspections to Enquire into the training of the Ordy. Seamen I find them still holding these ratings after two years afloat[.]

1 Milne meant that few enlisted men would consider being servants to executive officers, and none would consent to serve engineer or warrant officers.

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334. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5821]

“Nile” at Barbados 22 December 1863 [rec.14 January 1863]

No. 797 Sir, I beg you will lay before the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty the accompanying copy of a Despatch which I have this day addressed to Lord Lyons and of its several enclosures relative to the seizure of the British Vessels “Matamoras”[,] “Dashing Wave”, “Volante” and “Science” at Matamoros on the several grounds stated, some of which, as their Lordships will perceive from my letter to Lord Lyons, in which I have entered fully into the subject, are in my opinion wholly unwarranted by strict International Law. 2. – Their Lordships will also observe that, in addition to the “Lily”, which is by this time near the Coast of Texas, I propose sending the “Challenger” to the Gulf of Mexico, which will enable Matamoros to be more frequently visited. 3. – I should be glad to receive an early intimation of the views of their Lordships, in regard to the question as to how far, in the present enfeebled and distracted state of Mexico, Her Majesty’s Ships would be warranted in protecting British Ships so circumstanced and undoubtedly lying in Mexican Waters from capture by Federal Cruizers, as the occupation of parts of Texas by the Northerners will, I apprehend, by no means put and entire stop to the Trade of Matamoros, which their Lordships will recollect has been especially exempted from Blockade by the French[.]  P.S. I also beg to enclose a copy of a letter I have thought it right to address to Commodore Bell Commanding the U.S. Naval Forces in Texas, respecting these proceedings of the Federal Cruizers at Matamoros. [Enclosures] [FO5/1181]1

1 Milne’s enclosures appear not to have been preserved at the Admiralty, and were therefore transcribed from copies in the Foreign Office files.

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Milne to Lord Lyons “Nile” at Barbados 22nd December 1863 My Lord, I have the honor [sic] to forward to Yr Exe a copy of a Despatch I have just received from Captain Maguire of HM’s Ship “Galatea”, the senior officer in the Gulf of Mexico, dated the 27th Ulto. and of its several enclosures, – relative to the recent seizures of British Vessels off Matamoras by Federal cruisers, together with copies of letters I have this day addressed to Captain Maguire and to Her M’s acting Vice Consul at Matamoras[,] respectively[,] having reference to the same subject.1 Yr. Exe. will observe that Captn Maguire has embraced in his Report the case of the “Atlantic” (to which you called my attention in your Despatch of the 13th September last) as well as forwarded a further protest regarding the case of the “Sir William Peel.” 2. I feel satisfied that yr. Exe. will rise from a perusal of these papers with the same conviction as I am impressed with, that they disclose a state of affairs at Matamoras which demands the attention of the United States Government[.] I will proceed to touch on some of the more prominent points, which I look on as open to very grave question, premising however that, as any action I have taken in the matter is confined to the Instructions I have given to Captain Maguire and my letter to Mr. Zürn2 of this date, yr. Exe. and Her M’s Govt. wd be unfettered by any view I may entertain and am about to express on the delicate questions of International Law suggested by this correspondence. (1st) In regard to cases of Vessels taken in Texan waters with contraband of War actually onboard, I take it that nothing ought to be done to impede the proceedings of U.S. Cruisers, and the action of the Prize Courts, supposing the allegation against the Vessels to be founded on fact. (2nd) The case however of Vessels that had actually landed their cargoes, alleged to comprise contraband of war, and which had partially or wholly shipped a return cargo of cotton (which is certainly not contraband) stands, I apprehend, on quite a different footing, as I understand the Law of Nations in such cases, contraband can only be ascertained by  actual bonâ fide search, and the ship, in accordance with modern

1 2

For American accounts of these seizures, see ORN, ser. 1, vol. 20, pp. 658–64. Paul Zürn, acting British Vice-Consul at Matamoros.

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practice, is only affected when the contraband is found in her; in the particulars of the case of the “Science”, it is alleged by the US. officers that she was for a considerable time lying in American waters, – if this were the case, it was at all times competent on them to make the proper search, but the fact that no such search was made, that all the contraband was allowed to be landed, and that a further cargo, not contraband, was allowed to be shipped before seizure was made, and also that the seizure was made on the sole ground that her papers disclosed her having brought out materials characterized as contraband but upon which point, I am not at this stage of the question (assuming the facts to be true) called on to offer any opinion, I cannot but regard this case as one of a very doubtful character, and calling for careful investigation and enquiry. 3. In the case of the “Volante” it is alleged that there were 70 Bales of Grey Cloth, similar to that used for the Confederate Uniforms found on board of her; but then her case differs from that of the “Science”, inasmuch as it does not appear quite so certain that she (the “Volante”) was in American Waters when seized, as Captain Maguire seems not to have had any personal knowledge of her position at the time. (4) The “Dashing Wave” appears to have been seized without being searched to ascertain whether she had onboard contraband of War; it is possible however (in reference to the deposition of her Passenger Mr Coldwell)1 that this fact might have been disclosed from her Papers in the Cabin, during the interview between her Master and the Captains of Federal cruisers when he (Mr Coldwell) was not present. (5) The special information beyond that furnished by Lieutenant Brown2 commanding the U.S. cruiser “Virginia”, respecting the Brig “Dashing Wave”, is of too meagre a character to admit of any opinion now being formed, as to whether her capture was justifiable, but I may remark that even Lieut Brown does not state that she had any contraband on board. (6) Having touched upon these particular cases, I now proceed to what I consider to be by far the most serious feature of this correspondence, which is the evident determination of the U.S. Govt (if the Instructions to their cruisers are rightly given and properly understood) to enforce the novel rule that neutrals are liable to seizure under the Municipal Law of the U. States, for the mere act of trading with the Southerners, quite irrespective of all questions of Contraband or Blockade[.]

1 2

Not printed in this collection. Charles H. Brown. Acting Volunteer Lt, 1863.

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That such is the case is, I think, sufficiently proved by the statement of Commander Woolsey1 of the U.S. Steamer “Princess Royal” in his letter of the 22nd August last to Mr Zürn[,] Her M’s Actg. Vce. Consul at Matamoras that “I am not ordered to Blockade the coast, but to exercise in American Waters the Belligerent right of visitation and search, and to seize and send in, for adjudication all Vessels engaged in trade with the Rebels”[.] This again receives confirmation from the copy of their cruisers’ Instructions … which Captain Maguire has transmitted to me, and which bears such strong internal evidence of authenticity, that I cannot but regard it as a genuine transcript, and I would here call attention to an equally fallacious observation of this officer (whose communications to the Vce. Consul are however conceived in an excellent spirit) when remarking on the cases of the “Atlantic” and “Flying Scud” – “they were then, or had been during the present voyage, engaged in Contraband Trade”, and further in the same letter he refers to his absolute right to seize Vessels with Contraband of War onboard, destined for the neutral state of Mexico!! 7. Again, yr. Exe. will not fail to observe the claim set up in these orders … to exercise authority over vessels lying within three leagues of the coast of Texas. I am aware that the U.S. claim municipal jurisdiction to that extent over their own Vessels, but I had yet to learn that it was claimed over Foreign Merchant Vessels lying within that limit, or that indeed those pretensions on the part of the U.S. had any International significance whatever. It is not alleged that the part of the Texan coast contiguous to the Rio Grande was under Blockade, it is however but just that I should state my belief that if Lieut Brown has given correctly the bearing where the several Vessels were lying when taken, they appear to me to have been just within the U.S. side of the line dividing the River, and consequently they were not in Mexican Waters[.] I am not quite aware how possible it may be for orders to be misunderstood by those whose duty it is to carry them out, and I am therefore ready to believe, after the assurance so repeatedly given by the U.S. Govt., of their determination to adhere to the Letter and the Spirit of International Law, that the Instructions issued for the guidance of their cruisers may possibly have been misinterpreted, in respect to seizing, in American Waters, all Vessels trading with the Confederates, wholly irrespective of any question of Blockade or Contraband, and should this

1 Melanchthon Brooks Woolsey (1718–1874). American naval officer. Entered, 1832; Lt, 1847; Cmdr, 1862; Capt, 1866; Cdre, 1871.

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be the case, I wd venture to suggest that explanatory Instructions should without loss of time be sent to their cruisers pointing out that the Municipal Law, authorizing the capture of American Vessels so employed, has no reference to neutrals, whose obligations and risks are defined by the Law of Nations. Yr. Exe. will observe, from my Instructions to Captain Maguire, the view I take of his expressed determination “not to permit any infringement of the neutrality of Mexican waters, in the case of British vessels;” I enter fully into his feelings and appreciate his motives, but I am unwilling to countenance our being engaged in such a large question, as that of protecting the jurisdictional Rights of Mexico over her Waters, as any intervention, in such a question must, in the present state of affairs in America, and the existing relations between France and Mexico, be rather a question of policy, and would involve considerations of so much importance that I think it my duty to defer talking any more active steps, until I have referred the matter to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, to whom I propose sending a copy of this Despatch and of its several enclosures.  P.S. I also beg to enclose a copy of a letter I have thought it right to address to Commodore Bell commanding the U.S. Naval Forces in Texas, respecting these proceedings of the Federal cruisers at Matamoras.

Maguire to Milne HM’s Ship “Galatea” Vera Cruz 27th Novr /63 Sir, In reply to your letter of the 19th September, directing me to obtain information relative to the capture of the English Brigantine “Atlantic”, at the anchorage off the Rio Grande, I have the honor [sic] to acquaint you that the only information which I have been able to obtain on the subject is contained in an enclosed letter (No. 2) from Commder M.B. Woolsey, commanding the U.S. cruiser “Princess Royal” to Paul Zurn Esqre, H. M.’s acting Vce Consul at Matamoras, in reply to a representation (No. 1) from him that the “Atlantic” and a Schooner named the “Flying Scud” had been illegally captured in the Roads off the Rio Grande. 2. Whilst making enquiries concerning the “Atlantic”, I obtained also from the acting Vce Consul, a copy of several depositions made before

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him relative to the circumstances attending the seizure of the “Sir Wm Peel” … which I beg to enclose for your perusal.1 3. On November 8th at sunset HM’s Ship “Galatea” anchored off the Rio Grande, the weather on the following day and until 6 hr of the 10th being so rough as to render it impossible to lower a boat. On the evening of the 10th I communicated with the merchant steam Vessel “Sea Queen”, and was informed that a Federal Cruiser, then at anchor in shore of us, and in American waters, had lately captured four prizes viz the “Matamoras” (Schooner) “Dashing Wave” and “Volante” (Brigs) and the “Science” (Barque), the “Matamoras” and “Science” being still anchored, close to her. From the information I received, to the effect that the “Matamoras” had been removed out of Mexican waters, where she had been taken possession of, into American waters, and, from my own knowledge, obtained on a former visit to this place, that the English Barque “Science”, although at anchor in American waters, had been allowed to discharge a full cargo from England, and to receive on board nearly a full one of cotton, before she was seized, I considered the case of these two Vessels required an explanation. Consequently on the following morning, to avoid a long correspondence on the subject, I went on board the Federal cruiser “Virginia” and sought the explanation from Lieutenant Brown, the officer in command. 4. With reference to the “Matamoras”, which I informed him that I had been told was captured in Mexican waters, he referred me at once to his note book, in which the bearing of the entrance of the Rio Grande were west of South at the time she was taken, and as he asserted she had on board contraband of war, and was in American waters, I could make no further question about her; I may here state with [sic: ‘in’] relation to this vessel, and everything about her is American except the Ensign which she has lately assumed. 5. With regard to the English Barque “Science” I stated that I thought it hard she should have been allowed nearly to complete her cargo of cotton before she was taken, and the explanation I received was that she had previously been visited several times by officers of the U.S. Navy, whilst she was discharging her cargo from England, also when loading with cotton, and on being asked for her papers, on the Invoice of the cargo she had brought out, the Federal officers were told that the papers were lodged at Matamoras in the hand of the consignees, they therefore failed in gaining the information they required.

1

Not printed in this collection.

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on [sic] the arrival of the “Virginia”, Lieut. Brown went onboard the “Science” and received the same answer, upon which he demanded to see the Vessel’s cargo list, and, observing therein a notation of seventy (70) Bales of goods, the contents of which were not stated, he questioned the Master about them, and failing to receive a satisfactory reply, he took possession of her on suspicion; finally the bales were found to have contained the Gray cloth worn by the Confederates. Similar Bales were also discovered on board the “Volante”, shipped by J.J. Bennett and Wake of London, well known to the Federal officers as Shippers of goods for the Confederates: this fact alone was the great cause for the “Science” being seized. 6. The “Science” being, to my own knowledge, at anchor in American waters, and having, as stated, brought to Matamoras Bales of doubtful goods, I feel, notwithstanding the unfairness of her being allowed to take on a valuable cargo of cotton before she was captured, that any interference with regard to her was beyond my province, a copy of the protest… entered by her consignees before the British Vice Consul, together with a certificate from the Customs at Matamoras…that the cotton shipped had been brought from the interior of Mexico, and had paid the Mexican Custom House Dues, also of a letter from Brach Shanfeld and Co. … Shippers of Cotton in her, are herewith enclosed.1 7. Concerning the Brigs “Dashing Wave” and “Volante”, as they were taken away without having communicated with the shore, the only information I have received is from a Passenger in the former, who was allowed to land with his family, and whose statement … I enclose.2 It is stated at Matamoras that the “Dashing Wave” had specie on board to the amount of £20,000, to pay for cotton purchased in the Mexican market. The “Volante” had no means of communication whatever, but I am informed her cargo consisted of Boots, Gray Cloth, and Blankets. 8. Whilst in connection with this subject, I may state that I have written a letter, a copy of which I enclose,3 to Commodore H.H. Bell, commanding the squadron off this coast, begging him to let me know what immunity from capture by U.S. cruisers there is for British Vessels engaged in legal traffic at anchor in Mexican waters. 9. I have to state that no capture has been made during the presence of the “Galatea”, except that of a Spanish Barque lying in American waters, also that is my intention not to permit any infringement of the neutrality of Mexico in the case of British Vessels, as it will be seen from

1

None of these documents are printed in this collection. Not printed in this collection. 3 Maguire evidently failed to enclose this letter, as Milne noted in his reply (below). 2

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the enclosed copy … of the orders under which U.S. cruisers act, that when the neutrality of Mexican waters is broken, it is the act of the individual commanders, and not authorized by their government. 10. I beg to enclose a list … of the Vessels captured by the “Virginia” and “Owasco”, Federal cruisers, off the Rio Grande between 4th and 5th November, obtained from Lieut. Brown commanding the “Virginia”, also a form1 … filled in by him, at my request, showing the bearings of the mouth of the River at the time of their capture etc., and to state that, as this letter, a copy of which the Commodore [Cracroft] is furnished with, is in answer to your directions of the 19th September, concerning the capture of the “Atlantic” I have confined myself in it to the subject of Prizes which I have not gone into, in detail, in my letter of proceedings. Zürn to Woolsey H.B.M.’s Vice Consulate Matamoras Aug. 14 1863 Sir, I have received communication that several British Vessels lying in this Port of Matamoras have been boarded by your order, and that an armed guard has actually been placed on board the British Schooners “Atlantic” and “Flying Scud” both of Nassau and now lading cotton from this Port for Nassau. It becomes my duty solemnly to protest against this proceeding as an illegal and arbitrary act committed upon British property within the limits of a neutral Port. Though I believe that you are fully aware of the responsibility taken upon yourself, I will not omit to transmit to you herewith a communication of the Commander of H.M.’s Frigate “Phaeton” dated 22nd March 1862, consequent upon the outrage committee against the British Steamer “Labuan”, which is laying down the rule to be observed in regard to the Port of Matamoras. Allow me to add on some later occasion verbal assurances have been given to H.M.’s Vice-Consul L. Blacker by Captain Hunter,2 commanding the U.S. Frigate “Montgomery” that he did not mind if the vessels lay to the North of the Channel, if it facilitated the trade of this Port, provided they carried no contraband of War.

1 2

Neither document is printed in this collection. Charles Hunter, later embroiled in the Blanche affair.

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I would thank you for communicating with to me the motives and reasons for which the above seizures have been made[.] Woolsey to Zürn U.S. Steamer “Princess Royal” off Bocca del Rio Grande August 22nd 1863 Sir, Upon my arrival from sea yesterday I received your communication of the 14th July, enclosing the copy of a letter from the Captain of H.B.M.’s Ship “Phaeton”. The decisions obtained in the understanding between the Captain of the “Phaeton” and the French Commander are perfectly in accordance with the Treaty, the law of nations and my Instructions. I cannot go into Mexican waters to seize a Vessel, even though she be wearing Texan or Confederate colours [sic], or though she be an American vessel trading with the Rebels. You state having received communications that several vessels lying in the Port of Matamoras have been boarded by my orders, and that an armed guard has actually been placed on board the British schooners “Atlantic” and “Flying Scud” both of Nassau. Permit me to assure you, Sir, that the source of your communication was entirely wrong, for I have not interfered with, nor approached any vessels lying in the Port of Matamoras. The Brig [sic] “Atlantic” and the Schooner “Flying Scud” were lying in American waters, being off the coast of Texas, and to the northward of the entrance of the Rio Grande, and so far north of it that there was no chance of a doubt. I did not board these vessels until I had obtained evidence that they were then, or had been, during the present voyage engaged in Contraband Trade with the State of Texas, now in rebellion against the U. States. I then boarded them, not knowing their nationality, that was ascertained after boarding. They were then treated precisely as American Vessels, or those of any other nationality, would have been treated, excepting that with American Vessels I would have been more rigid, and would not have extended to them on the courtesy of waiting three days for their Papers, and for any evidence in their favor which they might wish to procure and forward with their indictment. The evidence I procured against these Vessels was so conclusive that I seized them and sent them to New Orleans for adjudication.

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I allowed the captain of the “Atlantic” (who is the principal witness against that Vessel) three days to send to Matamoras to get his papers, and further offered him any facility in my power to facilitate him in procuring evidence to clear his vessel; no exertion was made by him, that I know of, to take advantage of the time extended to him. I sent word to the Master of the “Flying Scud” also, that his Vessel was seized, and that if he did not plead guilty to the charges against the Vessel he would [sic: ‘could’] come off and bring his papers, and do what he could to clear his Vessel. He sent word to me that he did not intend to come onboard. Notwithstanding, I kept the vessel waiting two days for any papers which might be received. Had your protest arrived in time I would have made it my duty to forward it to the authorities at New Orleans, with my statement; I will forward it by first opportunity. I am fully aware, Sir, as you believe, of the responsibility taken upon myself. But I have, as you will find upon unbiased investigation, but done my duty in American territory as the only authorized U.S. Police in existence at that time and in this place. In your next private conversation with the Commander of a British Vessel of War, ask him to tell you candidly if I have pursued any other than the course he would have pursued under precisely the same circumstances, first giving him a truthful statement of the trade those two vessels were actually engaged in. I was not aware of the assurances given by Commander Hunter, until I saw them quoted in your letter. Nevertheless there is no reason why I should not observe and act upon the same, as I am not ordered to blockade the coast, but to exercise in American waters the belligerent right of visitation and search, and to seize and send in for adjudication all vessels engaged in trade with the Rebels. This duty I must perform without regard to nationality, conforming strictly to the law of nations, and respecting all foreign Flags alike. I shall be happy to afford to British Vessels, and Vessels of all other nationalities all the protection and courtesy in my power provided always that they contain no contraband of war either for Mexico or Texas, and that they do not engage in direct trade in any way with Texas or with the States in rebellion against the U. States. I will send to you through the U. States Consul, a statement of the motives and reasons for which the seizures have been made. No one wishes more heartily for the presence of a British Man of War at this place than I do, it would relieve me of a load of responsibility, prevent misunderstandings, and also prevent the shameful

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abuse of the British Flag by vessels of different nationalities engaged in an illicit trade with States in rebellion against the U.S. of America. allow [sic] me to say in conclusion, that I shall be pleased to receive any communication from you, and to forward any Papers you may wish to send in vindication of vessels seized by me off the coast of Texas. Instructions to Cruisers, U.S.S. “Princess Royal” off Rio Grande  U.S. Steamer “Princess Royal” Off Rio Grande, Aug. 8 /63 1. a line due East and West, the same bearing E.9&N and W9&S by compass from the entrance of the Channel of the Rio Grande, is the Boundary line between the U.S. and Mexico. 2. All the Roadstead and open sea to the true north of the Aforesaid Line and Eastward from the Coast of Texas to the distance of three leagues, is American water, and under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U. States. 3. U.S. Vessels of War have the right & authority to exercise belligerent right of visitation and search, and also to enforce the laws of the U.S. and of nations throughout the entire extent of waters, above mentioned: and upon the Coast of Texas to the mouth of the Rio Grande, thence inland along the entire River shore of Texas. 4. Neutral vessels lying in the American waters above mentioned, and consigned to neutral or Mexican houses [sic], in Mexico, are not be molested or hindered in their honest and legal trades. But all such vessels are liable to visitation & search, and if they are found to contain articles of contraband of war, or evidence be obtained that they have brought contraband goods, or have carried on any Trade directly or indirectly with the State of Texas during the present voyage, they are liable to seizure. 5. Vessels lying in American Waters, which are or have been engaged in the illicit trade aforesaid, do by such acts forfeit their neutrality and at once become subject to seizure and confiscation by the U.S. under the law of nations. 6. all vessels so seized in these waters, shall, if the Public Service will admit of it, be obtained [sic: ‘allowed’] a reasonable time for the Master to obtain their Papers, and for the Consuls or Agents of the Nationalities to which they belong, to forward protests, or remonstrances, or any evidence they may have in vindication of the vessel.

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7. Officers Capturing vessels are cautioned against being too hasty and against giving Cause of complaint, that sufficient opportunity was not given for the seized vessel to prove her innocence. 8. U.S. vessels of War lying in these waters will not go into Mexican waters excepting to speak or confer with Foreign vessels of War, or excepting in stress of weather, or other absolute necessity, or to relieve vessels in distress, and while in Mexican waters under the above restrictions, will take no action whatever Except in self defence [sic], and will not follow or chase out of Mexican waters or proceed thence to sea in chase of any vessel. 9. No boat from any U.S. vessel of war will visit any merchant vessel, lying in Mexican waters, except for the purpose of social intercourse, and any Officer, or other person, so visiting is strictly prohibited from obtaining or seeking in any way, information which will criminate [sic] the vessel visited, or any other vessel; and any such information so obtained, even by accident, will not be acted upon, even in U.S., waters. 10. A neutral vessel lying in neutral or Mexican waters may by stress of weather, or some other unavoidable Cause, be forced into American Waters. In such case such vessel cannot be searched, nor visited until she has had a reasonable time to return to Mexican or neutral waters, and in the event of any such vessel shewing a signal of distress it is the duty of any U.S. vessel of war present to go at once to her assistance. 11. Upon the occurrence of a case provided for in the foregoing section, should it be discovered that the vessel assisted has on board Contraband of war, or is in any way violating the laws of nations, she cannot be seized; but may be detained & immediately given up to the authorized Agent of the Govt whose Flag she bears. But no property of any kind on board must be touched, nor an attempt made to search or investigate. 12. Should the Agent above-mentioned refuse to receive the vessel under crimination, she must be suffered to depart, then a protest must be immediately sent to the afore-said Agent, and to the Mexican Authorities, against the landing of her cargo, until satisfactory arrangements have been made by the Mexican Govt to seize the contraband goods and papers. 13. Any neutral vessel lying in Mexican waters upon entering the Rio Grande, or upon sending portions of her cargo in, in lighters, may not be able to pass into the channel without coming a short distance into American waters, in such cases it would be oppressive and contrary to justice, not to consider such as neutral water. Therefore

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that much of U.S. Territory, according to Circumstances must be Considered neutral. 14. As the entire channel leading into the River is considered neutral, no boat or armed force can enter in pursuit of a vessel, but a U.S. vessel can enter and land troops or neutral forces after they are inside[,] provided they land such troops or forces on the Soil of Texas and the debarcation [sic] takes place on the American side of the River. Milne to Maguire “Nile” at Barbadoes [sic] 22 Dec.1863 Sir, I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 27th ult, and it’s [sic] several enclosures, relative to the recent seizures of British vessels at Matamoros by United States Cruizers, and to thank you for the valuable information you have been able to obtain and furnish me, on this important subject generally. As the “Lily” will have arrived in the Gulf and the “Challenger” will shortly follow from Port Royal, you will take them under your orders; this increase of force will enable you to keep one of the vessels under your orders more constantly off Matamoros, and I trust the frequent presence of a Ship of War may have the effect of rendering the U.S. Cruizers more cautious, than from your Report, they seem recently to have been, in the exercise of their Belligerent Rights. At the same time, however, I must observe to you that, under the present circumstances I conceive it to be no part of your duty (unless specially ordered to do so) to guard the Neutrality of Mexican Territory, or to exercise any protection over it; but the presence of a Ship of war, by watching the proceedings of the U.S. Cruizers, and seeing that they are in accordance with International Law, and especially by placing beyond a doubt in any future case, that may occur, the much controverted point, as to whether the ship seized is in Texan or Mexican waters, can hardly fail of being of service to lawfully trading British ships. In regard to the subject of the bearing of the centre of the River, I inclose for your information a copy of a letter I have this day addressed to H.M.’s Vice Consul at Matamoros, suggesting that a Record should be kept of the position of all British ships anchoring off the mouth of the Rio Grande. Your letter and the correspondence which accompanied it have suggested several other points of great importance to which I have called the attention of Lord Lyons and H.M. Govt, in the hope that a better

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understanding may be come to especially in regard to the point raised in your letter to Commodore Bell, of which, however, no copy reached me. I would observe than in all similar cases, when you may feel called on to intervene with the Federal Officers, I think as a general rule it is desirable that your communications should be in writing, and that, when possible, all given bearing affecting the position of ships captured should be verified by yourself or some Competent Officer under your Command. I inclose a copy of a letter I have this day addressed to Commodore Bell commanding the U.S. Squadron to whom you will take the necessary steps to have the accompanying Despatch delivered[.] Milne to Zürn “Nile”, at Barbados 22nd December 1863 Sir With reference to the subject of recent seizures by Federal Cruizers of British Ships off the entrance of the Rio Grande[,] it would appear that there is often a considerable difference of opinion as to whether the ship seized was at the time lying in Mexican or Texan waters. I would therefore suggest that the anchorage of every British Ship should be noted, and that when she first anchors the bearing of the ship by compass from say the Mexican Flag Staff, or other well defined mark should be taken by yourself or by some competent person employed by or under you, any changes of anchorage being in the same manner noted, and further the Master of each ship should give the bearing of the same mark from his ship, – a record of these particulars in some such form as that given on the otherside [sic] being kept at the Consulate for reference if required. I should be glad to receive from you copies of any official documents to which you may have access[,] whether Mexican or Texan[,] bearing on the question of the boundary between Texan and Mexican waters to seaward from the mouth of the Rio Grande[,] shewing the point from which the boundary line commences and the direction by compass. Anchorages of British Ships off the Rio Grande Date

Name [of] Ship

Bearing of Ship from Flagstaff

Bearing from Ship of Flagstaff

Remarks

Note – If a ship changes her anchorage it should be entered afresh in this Record[.]

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Milne to Bell “Nile” at Barbadoes [sic] 23 Dec. 1863 Sir, I have the honor [sic] to acquaint you that I have received reports from Capt. Maguire of H.M. Ship “Galatea”[,] the Senior Officer of H.B.M.’s ships in the Gulf of Mexico, relative to the seizure off Matamoros of the British ships “Matamoros” “Volante” “Science” and “Flying Scud” by the U.S. Cruizers, which I understand are serving under your orders. I have on a previous occasion[,] with a view of promoting the continuance of amicable relations between our respective Govts.[,] taken the necessary steps to bring to the notice of the U.S. Govt., certain proceedings on the part of U.S. Cruizers, that appear to me to be in violation of international law, and which resulted in the issue, by your Govt of instructions which were Communicated to Ld Lyons in Aug. 1862, and which were considered satisfactory by H.M. Govt. If, however, the information which has recently come to my knowledge is correct, I cannot but entertain the belief that the United States Cruizers employed off Matamoros, have much misunderstood the scope and spirit of those Instructions. I have therefore, deemed it my duty to lose no time in addressing H.M.’s Minister at Washington on this important subject, which I cannot doubt will be brought to the notice of your Govt, and will receive immediate attention: but as a considerable delay must take place before the questions raised can be determined on, I am sure that I shall not be misunderstood by you, when acquainting you with the principal points, which I regard as very questionable, in an international point of view, if I express the hope, that (should on investigation my facts and my interpretation of the Law of Nations, prove to be correct) you will see fit to anticipate what I cannot doubt will be the decision of your own Govt by prohibiting Cruizers under your orders: 1. From capturing ships for having carried Contraband of war, after the contraband has been actually landed[.] 2. From capturing ships lying in Mexican waters and 3. From claiming and exercising the right to seize Neutral ships lying within three leagues of the coast of Texas, for alleged trading with the enemy, irrespective of any question of Blockade or Contraband. Before concluding, permit me to assure you that it will afford me very great pleasure to learn that you are disposed to treat this question in the same spirit as that in which I am now addressing you, and which has

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for its object, the prevention of questions arising likely to embarrass the relations between our respective Govts. 335. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

HMS. Nile Barbados 23 December 18631 [received 7 January 1864]

My dear Lord Lyons The Mail from the Gulf of Mexico came in three days ago via St. Thomas, and brought me despatches from Captain Maguire of HMS Galatea.2 These despatches relative to the seizure of British Vessels at Matamoras and the Instructions to the United States Cruizers from the Govt. appear to me to be so at variance with the rights of Neutrals, that I at once send Nimble to Fortress Monroe with the information to you. You will see by the papers the Whole state of the case and you will judge best what should be done. my own impression is that the U.S. Gov. have no right to issue the orders they have done and that the Officers in Command of their Ships may have Even Exceeded their orders. I leave this on the 28. for Martinique and Jamaica and will be back at Bermuda about the 2d or 4th Feby, to which place the Nimble will proceed, after you have [had] time to read the paper’s I send you, and you can keep her a week or ten days. Captain Hickley of the Greyhound I am sending to England as I regret to say his wife is very ill and in a precarious state[.] I will send another ship to take the place of the Greyhound so soon as I can communicate with Bermuda. I have not one word of news for you. The Vanderbilt was here the day before I arrived from the Cape of Good Hope and last from Brazils. You may have received some information from the Foreign Office respecting a Vessel captured by one of the Confederate Cruizers having on board a Cargo of Wool; this wool was subsequently purchased at or near the Cape and shipped on board an English Vessel.3 The Vanderbilt fell in with her and Captured her and has sent the Prize to New York,

1

Milne noted at the top of this letter ‘See Letter 26. Decr.’ Enclosed in Doc. No. 334. 3 This vessel was the Saxon. For correspondence relating to this incident and its aftermath, see ‘North America. No. 2. (1864.) Correspondence respecting the capture of the “Saxon”; by the United States’ ship “Vanderbilt”’, PP, 1864, vol. 62, pp. 61–109 and ORN, ser. 1, vol. 2, 480–88. 2

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where she may probably have already arrived[.] It appears to me a complicated Case and likely to give you trouble. We have very warm sultry weather with rain which is always disagreeable in this Climate[.] With best wishes and the Complts of the Season …  [PS:] Lieut Hartwell is in Command of the Nimble[.] [PPS:] Thursday Since writing this I have ordered the Greyhound to proceed at once to Bermuda and Rosario to come from thence to Fortress Monroe[.] Nimble will [a]wait her arrival. 336. Milne to Somerset [Somerset Mss Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/35]

HMS Nile, Barbados 25 December 1863

My dear Sir Your Grace will observe by the Letters which I send to England by this Mail, That a question has arisen respecting the seizure of British vessels at as which I consider illegal, and that the orders issued to the United States Cruizers by the Government are not justified by International Law. I have written to Lord Lyons on the subject and will dispatch the Nimble tomorrow direct to Fortress Monroe, that his Lordship may get my representation without delay. The Letters from the Gulf of Mexico containing the information only reached me three days ago and I consider it advisable not to permit any delay in bringing this matter forward. The case is somewhat intricate and will require the attention of the Law Officers of the Crown. 1. On the detention of vessels which had landed Contraband from on board, but had no such Contraband when boarded. 2. The detention of vessels within 3 Marine leagues from the Texan shore, This Extension beyond the 3 Marine Miles being inapplicable to Neutral Vessels. 3. The Seizure of Vessels trading with Texas with no Contraband as Cargo, There being no Estab[lishe]d blockade, and [4.] the Seizure of British Vessels in Mexican waters. I will refrain from taking any strong measures until I hear from Your Lordships, but I have addressed a Letter to the American Commodore pointing out what I consider to be illegal on the part of the Cruizers under his orders, and requesting his attention to the subject. The

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Presidents proclamation of 1861 may prevent American Vessels trading with Texas, but he cannot so far as I am aware prevent a Neutral from doing so Except by Blockade. The Ariadne leaves this for Trinidad to day or rather tomorrow[,] thence to Antigua[,] Bermuda and England. I sail on Tuesday Morning for Martinique[,] thence to Jamaica[:] will sail from thence on [the] 20th Jany for Havana and Bermuda[.] I mentioned to Your Grace the name of Lt. Croke of HMS Vesuvius as a very deserving officer[.] I would also submit the name of Lt. Wells[,] Senior [Lieutenant] of HMS Immortalité[.] I consider I am only doing an act of Justice to the Service & to the officers themselves in mentioning their names to you. I have no special news from this[.] The Island is recovering from some despondency owing to the rise in Sugar [prices] and the prevalence of rain[.] 337. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

HMS Nile Barbados 25 December 1863

No 2 My dear Grey The Mail for England will leave this Early in the morning and I write to mention that I send special Letters to the Board on the subject of the seizure of British Vessels at Matamoras. The question is perhaps somewhat intricate and the Law officers will have to give their opinions on the Subject. I have written to Lord Lyons as will be seen by the Papers. I have nothing very special for you. I send Ariadne to Trinidad as I want to shew a ship there owing to some disturbance on the opposite Coast of Venezuela. She will then call at Antigua for old stores[,] then go to Bermuda for Invalids &c. I send home a Letter about the recoil of the 110 Pr. Armstrong on the rear Chock Carriages.1 It is impossible to go on with these Guns. if they get heated and be worked with any heel in the Ship, they could not be used and on several late occasions in them and the 40 Pr. the vent pieces have become jammed, rendering the gun useless. With the Complts of the Season …

1 Not included in this collection. See Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty, no 562, 17 Aug 1863, in ADM1/5820.

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338. [Lyons Mss Box 192]

459

Milne to Lord Lyons HMS Nile Barbados 26 December 1863 [received 7 January 1864]

My dear Lord Lyons I wrote you a few days ago and I mentioned about the Nimble joining me at Bermuda but as I Expect she will reach Fortress Monroe on the 6th or 7th Jany, I would wish her to rejoin me at Havana on the 27th Jany. possibly you may be Enabled to send despatches by her to me on the 11th or 12th and if she sails on the 13th I Expect she will reach me on the day named. I would be glad if you could arrange it and the sooner she could get away there would be less chance of detaining me at Cuba[.] Greyhound will remain at Fortress Monroe until relieved by Rosario from Bermuda[.] I have sent orders for this by Ariadne[.] She will reach Bermuda 14 Jany. 

PART V

JANUARY – DECEMBER 1864  

339.

The Secretary of the Admiralty to Milne

[Milne Mss MLN/114/5]

Admiralty 7 January 1864 [received 9 February]

No 39 C Sir, I am commanded by my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to acquaint you that Rear Admiral Sir James Hope1 has been this day appointed to succeed you as Commander in Chief on the North American and West Indian Station. 340. Milne to Grey2 HMS Nile, Jamaica 8 January 1864

[Milne Mss MLN/116/3 [11]]

My dear Grey I arrived here two days ago and the Mail leaves for England morning.

1 James Hope, C.B., K.C.B., G.C.B. (1808–81). Entered, 1820; Lt, 1827; Cmdr, 1830; Capt, 1838; Rear-Adm, 1857; Vice-Adm, 1864; Adm, 1870; Adm of the Fleet (Ret.), 1879. 2 MLN/116/3 [11] contains a draft of this letter, which differs in significant ways from that sent:

HMS Nile Jamaica 8 Jany 1864 My dear Grey The Mail for England leaves tomorrow morning. I therefore write to mention my arrival here and on [the] 20th after the arrival of [the] next Mail I start for Havana[.] The Phaeton on passage from Halifax to Bermuda got into very heavy weather and Sea, has strained much and has received some damage. Her Lower Rigging is all condemned and we have nothing on the Station to replace it, only one shroud[,] hawsers here 11 inch & none at Bermuda[.] It will be necessary to send Lower Rigging to Bermuda for her. perhaps the Duncan will be the quickest way as she cannot go to sea until it arrives. The Medea also got much knocked about on coming from Halifax[.] The Liverpool had arrived at Bermuda & Challenger has brought me here what are called 12 Prisoners for distribution in the Squadron, but I have no letter from your Lordships on the subject & am therefore at a loss what to do with them or what Instructions to give respecting them. I will probably send them to other ships and afterwards send information respecting them[.] The Jason is here and I would be glad when Cap Von Donop returns to Half pay[.] he is a very inconsistent man & cannot go Straight with his officers[.] I am pestered with complaints agt his arbitrary proceedings towards them[.] he is plausible Enough but he is disagreeable on board. Landrail is here [&] will go to Bermuda and England so soon as the Royalist makes her appearance[.] she is a long time out not sent[.]

463

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The Phaeton at Bermuda had heavy weather from Halifax[.] She is a good deal shook and strained and all her Lower Rigging is condemned. see my official letter[.] we have no rope in Store for a new set. You will have to send it out to Bermuda[.] Query[:] in the] new Flag Ship[?] The Liverpool has arrived at Bermuda and Challenger has brought down 12 men from that ship for disposal but I have no letter or information respecting them Except [they are] said to be Mutineers. nothing has reached me from the Board or Liverpool. I find on my arrival here there has been an Emuete1 on bord [sic] the Shannon (see my letter).2 I consider the case so unsatisfactory[,] and

1

Émeute: ‘A popular rising or disturbance.’ – OED. There were, in fact, several public letters, in particular Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty, no 21, 8 Jan 1864 and no 114, 11 Feb 1864, both containing voluminous enclosures. Shannon’s captain, Oliver J. Jones, reported to Milne on 24 Jan 1864 on acts of vandalism, the apparent causes for them, and the steps he took to prevent any further such acts. He attributed them to two causes: ordering the crew to wash the decks on a Sunday afternoon (13 Dec 1863), and delaying their breakfast the following morning until the ship had been towed to and lashed alongside the coal wharf at Port Royal. To prevent any repetition of the rope-cutting, he posted a large guard of blue jackets about the ship. Milne appointed a Board of Enquiry consisting of captains Rowley Lambert, Edward Vansittart and Arthur Hood to investigate the vandalism and to ascertain the causes of it. Their findings agreed with Jones’s surmise. Milne reported their findings in a memorandum of 11 Feb to Jones, part of which read; 2

The service on which the ship was engaged; proper attention to decent cleanliness and the ordinary duties of the ship, may have required both the immediate washing of the decks, and the securing of the ship before the sea breeze set in – and I cannot therefore too strongly express my disapproval of the attempt made to excite dissatisfaction on such frivolous grounds, and the Cowardly [sic] and disgraceful act of some one or more persons in cutting the ropes of the ship to shew such dissatisfaction is a disgrace to the person or persons who Committed [sic] the act, and I still hope that the Petty Officers and the remainder of the Ship’s Company may yet be enabled to discover and bring them forward in order that their discreditable Conduct [sic] may meet with its due punishment[.] This Memo: is to be read to the Officers and Ship’s Company… Yet in a separate memorandum (also 11 Feb) to Jones, Milne criticised him for having maintained the guard indefinitely: ‘however desirable the guard of Petty [officers] and seamen may have been for one or two days to check any Contemplated injury to the stores &c I consider it would have been more expedient to have discontinued it at the end of that time, as the Continuance of it has in my opinion led to many disagreeable rumours being Circulated to the prejudice of the ship and the service, and a guard so Constituted Could only be justified by the Discipline of the ship being in a highly disorganized state’. This was not the end of the affair, for on 9 Mar 1864 Milne again informed the Secretary of the Admiralty that ropes had been cut on board the Shannon. All of these letters are found in ADM1/5873. For further on the state of discipline on Shannon, see Docs Nos 356 and 362. Like several other of Milne’s subordinates, Jones appears to have been a wilful and difficult man. John A. Fisher, who served as Acting Lieutenant on HMS Furious under Jones’s command, wrote to a friend ‘Jones…is an awful scoundrel. There has been one mutiny on

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as Commodore Cracroft neither Enquired into it or stopped the ship[,] I consider it necessary to order the ship from Vera Cruz forthwith to Bermuda as I cannot allow the ship in the state she appears to be in to be dealt with by my successor. There is Evidently something wrong which would lead to cutting of Breeching, Foretopsail[,] Sheets, Jib stay  & Shank painter and I consider I have adopted the proper course, indeed under the circumstances no other could be followed. Jason sails tomorrow to order Shannon up. I send home copies of the Protests of the English vessels seized at Matamoras which will require grave consideration. I will again write to Lord Lyons from Havana[.] As yet I have not had time to inspect the Establishments or Aboukir but begin on Monday.  [P.S.:] Royalist [has] not yet made her appearance. 341. Lord Lyons to Milne1 [FO5/1181]

Washington 10 January 1864

Sir, Your Despatch of the 22nd Decr., respecting the proceedings of the United States Ships of War in the Rio Grande and its neighbourhood, reached me on the 7th Inst. The seizure of the British vessels “Sir Wm Peel”, “Volant” [sic], “Science” and “Dashing Wave” had been already reported to me by the Acting British Consul at New Orleans. The several cases have been brought before the Prize Court at New Orleans; and having regard to the information which I have received from H.M.’s Princ[ipa]l Secretary of State for F.A., I have deemed it right to abstain for the present from entering into a discussion concerning them with the Govt. of the U.S.

board … already through him [i.e., owing to his behaviour], and he has very cunningly managed to get none but acting Lieutenants … he knows we are all young and don’t want to risk a court martial …’ Fisher later recalled that, although Jones was ‘a consummate sailor, a wonderful linguist, a master of words [and] skilled in the arts of navigation and surveying,’ he ‘led me a dog’s life! As a lieutenant he used to send me up to the maintop in my tail coat and epaulettes after I had been dining with him … he being “three sheets to the wind” as the sailors say!’ Both quotations from Ruddock Mackay, Fisher of Kilverstone (Oxford, 1973), pp. 25–6. 1 This letter and its enclosure were contained in a dispatch sent by Lord Lyons to Earl Russell on 12 Jan. Because Lyons’s note to Seward was confidential neither it nor No 344, on which it was founded, appears either in in FRUS or the PP.

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I have, however, considered it necessary to ask at once for explanations respg the instructions given to the U.S. cruisers, and to the principles, on which the officers in command of them appear to be acting. With a view to obtaining these explanations as speedily as possible, and ascertaining to what extent a formal official remonstrance may be required, I have in the first instance communicated confidentially to Mr. Seward an extract from your Despatch and copies of some of the Papers which were inclosed in it. In doing so, I have said that I have sent Mr. Seward the Papers Confidentially, and not by way of complaint, my hope being to obtain explanation on some if not all of the points which will render complaint unnecessary. Mr. Seward has promised to give me explanation as soon as possible, and has assured me that he has reason to hope that they will be entirely satisfactory. The Extract from your Despatch which I have communicated to him begins with the words “I now proceed to what I consider to be by far the most serious feature”, and ends with the words “whose obligations and risks are defined by the law of nations.” It comprises all that is contained in the Despatch between those two passages except the following words: “it is however just that I should state my belief that if Lieutenant Brown has given correctly the bearings where the several vessels were lying when taken, they appear to me to have been just within the U.S. line dividing the river, and consequently they were not in Mexican waters.” I omitted this sentence to avoid making any reference to the individual cases of vessels seized … [Enclosure] Lyons to Seward Washington Jan 7 1864 Confidential My dear Sir With reference to our conversation of yesterday, I send you the inclosed Papers rel[ative] to the proceedings of the U.S. Cruisers in the Rio Grande & its neighbourhood and to the instructions under which those Cruisers are believed to be acting. You will understand that I send you these Papers Confidentially and not by way of complaint[,] my hope being to obtain Explanation on many, if not all, of the points referred to, which will render complaint unnecessary[.] The following is a list of the Papers which I inclose – 1.

Extract from a despatch from Vice Admiral Sir Alex Milne, dated 22 Dec.1863

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Copy of letter from Commr Woolsey of the U.S.S. “Princess Royal” to the British Vice Consul at Matamoros dated 22nd August 1863 3. Copy of instructions to U.S. Cruisers dated 8 August 1863. 4. Copy of letter from V. Admiral Sir Alex Milne to Commodore Bell dated 23 Dec.1863 I shall have an opportunity of sending despatches to the Vice Admiral early on Monday morning. I should therefore be glad to receive any explanation which can be furnished in so short a time in the course of tomorrow or the next day. You will I am sure consider that it is due to the excellent spirit, with regard to the U.S., of which Sir Alex Milne has given so many proofs during his command, that we should endeavour to relieve his anxiety as soon as possible[.] 2.

342. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [3]]

Washington 10 January 1864

Private My dear Sir Alexander, I pressed Mr Seward to give me some explanations respecting the proceedings in the Rio Grande in time for me to forward them by the “Nimble”, but the communications with the Navy Department and other things are likely to cause so much delay, that I think it better to send off my Despatches for the “Nimble” at once, so that she may sail the day after to-morrow or the next day, according to your wish.1 I had communicated to the U.S. Government a Protest of the Master “Sir William Peel”, and other documents relating to the seizure of that vessel,2 but I received an instruction from the Foreign Office not to make any further representations to this Gov. on the case, pending the enquiry before the Prize Court. The cases of the other Vessels are precisely similar, so that I could hardly have brought them before the United States Government without further instructions, had I considered that it would have been of advantage to the Owners for me to do so, but in fact it would have been more likely to injure them than to do them good, for this Government never consents to release a vessel without judicial proceedings, and the Diplomatic correspondence has often appeared to have an unfavourable effect. Besides which there is the risk, that, as

1 The correspondence for which Lord Lyons waited was sent to him by Seward on 11 Jan 1864, and is printed in FRUS, 1864, pt 2, pp. 475–82. 2 Lord Lyons’s protest, dated 2 Nov 1863, and several of its enclosures are printed in ibid., pp. 396–8.

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happened with the “Peterhof ”, the most plausible statements of unjust seizure made by the interested parties, may be overturned at the trial before the Court. I have had two or three conversations with Mr Seward on the subject of the Instructions to the Cruisers. So far as I can make out the explanations given will be something to the following effect. It will be maintained that the Coast of Texas is under Blockade. I don’t know exactly what modification of the Blockade will be considered as having resulted from the occupation of certain points by the U.S. Forces. The three leagues from the Coast of Texas mentioned in the Instruction will be stated to refer only to the arrangement between the U.S. and Mexico made by the 5th Article of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; and the meaning to be that Mexican jurisdiction does not impede the exercise of the Belligerent Rights, as it would to the distance of three leagues on the other side of the imaginary frontier line; and it will be contended that the U.S. Cruisers only exercise towards Neutrals the same Belligerent Rights which they might receive on the high seas.1 If this be the real meaning of the instruction more pains ought to have been taken to make it clear. When the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was published in 1814 we protested against the three leagues, and were informed by the U.S. Gov. in reply on the 19th August 1848, “that the stipulation in the treaty can only affect the rights of Mexico and the United States; that is for their mutual convenience it has been deemed proper to enter into such an arrangement, third parties can have no just cause of complaint;” that “the Government of the U.S. never intended by this stipulation to question the rights which Great Britain or any other Power may possess under the law of Nations”. All notion of capturing vessels in Mexican Waters will of course be disavowed. Commander Woolsey’s heterodox doctrine will probably be attributed to looseness of language on his part: for instance when he says had been engaged in contraband trade during the present voyage, it will be assumed that he meant had been engaged in breaking the Blockade, an offense which is, I believe, usually held to adhere to the vessel until the end of the return voyage. I should say that all this is little more than conjecture on my part, and that it is not impossible the U.S. Government may set up some extreme pretensions as to jurisdiction in Texas or the Rio Grande; but I have thought it better not to assume this, and at all events to make it as easy as possible for them to secede from such pretensions

1 Seward eventually forwarded Gideon Welles’s clarification on this subject to Lord Lyons on 5 Mar 1864. See FRUS, 1864, pt 2, p. 548, for his letter.

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quietly. They are, I am afraid, disposed to go [to] great lengths to stop the Trade with the Confederates, carried on in the neighbourhood of Matamoras. I hope to obtain a proper apology for the proceedings of the U.S. Officers in Nova Scotia in the case of the “Chesapeake”, without making a row about it.1 There is however a great deal of irritation on account of the feeling manifested by the population of Halifax; and they are displeased here at the Authorities having put the “Chesapeake” into the Vice Admiral’s Court instead of restoring her at once. I should suppose however that the correct course was to put her into Court. Captain Goodenough2 has been sent our by the Admiralty to report on naval matters, and so far has been very well received by the Authorities. I expect also one or more officers from the War Department to report on military matters. I should have thought that Captain Maguire would have infringed the Sovereignty of Mexico by defending its neutrality, without being invited to do so by its Government, quite as much as a U.S. Captain would by capturing a neutral vessel in its waters. The Juarez Government would, I imagine do anything the United States desired, and I suppose the French Mexican Government would not like a fight between an English & United States ships in Mexican waters. It must be a very extraordinary case in which our Government would approve an interference vi et armis on the part of our Ships of War, no case, however apparently clear and outrageous would justify this, if it rested only on information derived from the Master or other Parties interested in a vessel. The number of instances in which, relying on such

1 On 7 Dec 1863 a group of men from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia with Confederate sympathies seized the US steamer Chesapeake off Cape Cod, their intention being to deliver the vessel to Wilmington after having coaled it in St Johns, New Brunswick. Encountering difficulties securing coal there, they continued to Nova Scotia, where two US warships cornered it outside of Halifax harbour. It was seized in British waters on 16 Dec and towed to Halifax, where it was in turn impounded by British authorities for adjudication as a pirate vessel in Admiralty court. A pro-Confederate mob assisted the perpetrators to escape from US custody. William Seward demanded that the Chesapeake be released to US authorities and that the perpetrators be extradited to America. For correspondence on the incident and its aftermath, see FRUS, 1864, pt 2, pp. 401–3, 404–6, 407, 456–61, 468–9, 474–75, 482, 483, 488–91, 511, 535–6, 562–3, 616, and ORN, ser. 1, vol. 2, pp. 512–60. 2 James Graham Goodenough, C.M.H., C.B., C.M.G. (1830–75). Entered, c.1843; Lt, 1851; Cmdr, 1858; Capt, 1863. Milne had been informed of Goodenough’s dispatch by the Secretary of the Admiralty on 5 Jan 1863. His appointment as naval attaché to gather information on the US Navy, in particular its ironclads and ordnance, and the concurrent assignment of naval officers to serve the same function in Europe was indicative of the Admiralty’s appreciation of the need for up-to-date intelligence on foreign naval forces and technology.

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information, I had looked upon a case as monstrous, in which it turned out on investigation that there was no real ground for complaint, has made me extremely distrustful. I have expressed the thanks of the Admiralty to this Gov. for allowing the Vesuvius to be docked at Boston. It is extremely cold here, which suits me. I have never seen so long a spell of cold weather at this place. 343. The Secretary of the Admiralty to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/114/6]

Admiralty 16 January 1864 [received 10 February]

No. 42 Sir, With reference to your letter of the 2nd Ultimo No 750 respecting the repair at Bermuda of certain Vessels alleged to be employed in running the Blockade of the Ports of the so called Confederate States, I am commanded by my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to transmit herewith for your information and guidance, a Copy of a letter, dated this day, from Her Majestys Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs from the Queen’s Advocate reporting his Opinion upon the several points raised. [Enclosures] Hammond to the Secretary of the Admiralty Foreign Office 16th January 1864 Immediate Sir I am directed by Earl Russell to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 4th Inst: & its Enclosures respecting the repair at Bermuda of Certain vessels alleged to be employed in running the blockade of the Ports of the so-called Confederate States and I am to request that you will inform the Lds Comrs of the Admlty that His Ldsp has taken the opinion of the Queens Advocate on the points raised in the correspondence enclosed in your letter & I transmit herewith a copy of that opinion for Their Ldsps information.

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Phillimore to Russell Doctors Commons Jan 14th /64. My Lord I am honoured with Y.L. commands signified in Mr. Hammond’s letter of Jan: 9 inst: stating that he was directed to transmit to me a letter from the Admlty enclosing copies of a letter from V. Adml. Milne with other papers on the Subject of the repair at Bermuda of certain Vessels employed in running the blockade of the ports of the so called Confederate States, & to request that I would take these papers into consideration & report to Y.L. any opinion thereupon[.] In obedience to Y.L. Commands I have taken these papers into consideration & have the honour to Report That it is certainly no part of the duty of a neutral Govt. according to the existing usage & practice of International Law to enquire into the destination of Merchant vessels belonging to its Country, or to aid by any domestic regulations directly or indirectly the maintenance of the belligerents blockade which he, & he alone, is bound to make effectual. His right to capture the neutral vessel which attempts to break the blockade, or seize contraband merchandise on board of her is not attended by any correlative obligation on the part of the State, to which the vessel belongs, to take any active steps in support of that right. The Neutral State cannot lawfully complain if the vessel, or the merchandise be thus captured or thus seized by the belligerent cruizer; but with this passive acquiescence, so to speak in the act of the belligerent, the strict obligations of neutrality in this matter, so far as the state is concerned are satisfied[.] I do not, therefore, think that the U.S. Govt. would be legally warranted in preferring a formal complaint against H.M. Govt. for allowing among other British vessels, some to be repaired in Govt. Dock Yards, which were without the privity [sic] or consent of the Govt. employed in breaking the blockade. In other words, the belligerent Govt. would have no legal right to Call upon the neutral Govt. to exclude from the general privilege of repair in the Dock Yards (of which too its own vessels partake) a particular class of British vessels which they alleged to be, or which were, Commonly & reported to be what are called blockade-runners[.] It is of course competent to H.M. Govt. or to the Admiral representing H.M. Govt. to make a regulation excluding certain vessels from this privilege &[,] regard being had to the particular circumstances of this war & to the position & peculiar character of the Bermuda Islands the exclusion of particular vessels which after

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having been repaired in these Docks, have proceeded to break the blockade, may be, and probably is, a justifiable & prudent measure, though this is a power which ought I think, to be sparingly exercised; but it certainly seems to me that the exaction from all vessels seeking repair, of a bond that they “shall not be engaged within 3 months directly or indirectly in the business of breaking the blockade” is[,] independently of the difficulty & extreme inconvenience to the Govt. incident to a proceeding for the enforcement of penalties for the breach of such bond[,] open to the general objection of being too strong a measure for a State desirous of maintaining a strict neutrality, to adopt a step approaching too closely the act of assisting one belligerent to maintain against another his blockade which, it must always be remembered, the belligerent is bound by law to render sufficient for its purpose by his own means at the place where it is instituted[.] 344. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty Nile, at Jamaica 18 January 1864 [received 3 February]

[ADM1/5871]

No. 35 Sir, Referring to my letter of the 22nd Ultimo No. 797 and to previous correspondence relative to the seizure of British Vessels at Matamoras in neutral waters, by Federal Cruizers, I have now the honor to enclose a Copy of a despatch I have this day addressed to Lord Lyons in forwarding to His Excellency a transcript of the Copy of a letter purporting to have been addressed on the 3rd October last by Commander Rolando of the United States Steamer “Seminole” to Mr. Fox the United States under Secretary of the Navy department at Washington[.]1 [Enclosure] Milne to Lord Lyons Nile, at Jamaica 18 January 1864 My Lord, Referring to my despatch of the 22nd December last and to the subject generally of the seizure of British vessels at Matamoras when in

1

Rolando’s letter is printed in FRUS, 1864, pt 2, pp. 540–42.

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Mexican waters by Federal Cruizers, I have now the honor to forward to Your Excellency a transcript of the Copy of a letter purporting to have been written on the 3rd October last by Commander Rolando of the U.S. Steamer “Seminole” to Mr. Fox the under Secretary of the Naval Departmt. of the United States at Washington, which has come into my possession, and which as it bears such strong internal evidence of authenticity, will, I cannot doubt prove interesting if not useful to Your Excellency in any discussion to which the subject it refers to may have given rise. Your Excellency will not fail to observe the evident tone of excuse which pervades Commander Rolando’s letter, and which Coupled with the ambiguity of his assertions as to the bearings when the capture was made, but whether of his own ship, or of the “Sir William Peel” is not at all clear, convincing me that Commander Rolando himself entertained no doubt that, as I have already had occasion to inform Your Excellency this capture took place in Neutral waters. 345. The Secretary of the Admiralty to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/114/5]

Admiralty 19 January 1864

No 50 M Sir, With reference to Mr. Romaine’s Letter of the 16th Instant, No 42, enclosing, for your information and guidance, a Copy of one from the Under secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, with the opinion of the Queen’s Advocate relative to the repair in the Dock Yard at Bermuda, of British Merchant Vessels, which are alleged to be employed in running the Blockade of the Ports of the so-called Confederate States; I am commanded by My Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to inform you that it is clear from the opinion of the Queen’s Advocate, that no question of breach of neutrality can fairly be raised by the United States Government on account of such assistance rendered to British Merchantmen at a place like Bermuda, where there are not adequate private Establishments for the purpose. My Lords consider that when repairs which are absolutely necessary for the safety of a Ship, or to enable her to continue her voyage, are asked for at Bermuda, they should be executed, whenever they do not interfere with the public Service. A British Merchantman should not be allowed to remain helpless at the Island merely because she has been, or may be again engaged in attempting to run the Blockade.

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Of course, after the opinion of the Queen’s Advocate, no engagement can be demanded from the Captain or Owners of a ship repaired, that she shall not be again engaged in running the Blockade within any stated time. As a diminution of our Store of Coal at Bermuda may be attended with public inconvenience, their Lordships are of opinion that, except in some extreme case, the occurrence of which it is not easy to anticipate, Coals should not be supplied from the Government Dockyard to Vessels engaged in this traffic either for the outward, or homeward, voyage. 346. [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Milne to Grey HMS Nile Jamaica 20 January 1864 [received 13 February]

My dear Grey, Thanks for your’s of the 30th Dec.1 which reached me this Evg by the Mail from St. Thomas’s. I am sorry about the Victor difficulty2 and Commanders who have been in Command of Blockade Runners[.]3 I believe there have been 4 or 5. one of them you gave a ship to in Autumn. Hudson or Hodson I think[.]4 I will try and get you their Names. I sail at 9 am tomorrow for the Havana. I have been obliged to order Cracroft to hire artificers to get the Defects of Ships, Yard Craft &c. made good. He is getting into Arrears[.]

1

Not preserved among Milne’s papers. Milne’s reference to the Victor is obscure. The ship had been freed by the prize court at Key West but in late Dec the US government appealed the verdict. This step might have posed a difficulty for the British government and the Foreign Office, but not for the Board of Admiralty or the First Naval Lord. 3 This seems not to have been the subject of an official letter from the Admiralty. It is undoubted, however, that William Hewett, who had commanded HMS Rinaldo on the North America and West India Station 1861–62, commanded the blockade runner Condor under the pseudonym Samuel S. Ridge. See Stephen R. Wise, Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running During the Civil War (Columbia, SC, 1988), p. 197, also Seward to Joseph Hume Burnley, 3 Oct 1864 and Lord Lyons to Seward, 15 Nov 1864, printed in FRUS, 1864, pt. 2, pp. 719, 777. 4 Probably Cmdr Joseph Hudson, who was appointed to HMS Curlew in May 1863. A J.S. Hudson captained the blockade runner Calypso, which ran between Nassau and Charleston Jan–May 1863. See Marcus W. Price, ‘Masters and Pilots who tested the Blockade of the Confederate Ports, 1861–1865’, American Neptune vol. 22, no 2 (April 1961), p. 94, and Wise, Lifeline of the Confederacy, p. 252. 2

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Galatea is on her passage to this from Vera Cruz. I find her Steam Pipes by the working of the Ship have been nearly torn from The Boilers[.] I will have to send her to Bermuda for repair[.] Since I have been in the West Indies I have been working the Sennett question for the Mens Hats[.]1 The Penetentiarey [sic] has taken it up here with a good will, and I have ordered 10,000 yards at about 3/ to 3/6 per 100 yards[,] but the price may come down on Experience & trial. I have laid the foundation for a supply for the Navy. Barbados will also take it up[.] The question of Water here I have also taken up to get it from Kingston by a pipe 3 Miles long across the Harbour. I think it can be done[.] it will be a great matter[:] save you £2000 a year. Some of your Young Commanders who come out here are awfully green and inexperienced. I am quite surprised at it, and they appear Equally surprised at me for I have been obliged to speak out. Master Royalist2 came into Har[bou]r. like a mad Bull[,] did not wait for answer to signals, bang up into the middle of the Ships, so I ordered him out to anchor under our stern for Inspection. he lost his Jib Boom and carried away Steadys Mizzen mast and would insist to me he had no spare Jib Boom in his Ship and did not find it out for a day, when I saw it with my Spy Glass on his Boom. he will however do well in time[.] I have no very special new’s to detain you with a long letter[.] I expect to hear from Hope when he will leave England[.] will you let me know as I will vacate the House and Embark before he arrives.  [P.S.] I was writing to the Board about the Soft Bread when your Circular arrived[.] the allowance however should be 1¾ lbs. I had got many facts on the question, and it is one I will still send Home as it bears on the Biscuit question[.] I have sent a Letter Home about the Paymaster of Aboukir paying mess money[.] the fact is, if he was a Single man he would live at the Mess but being a married man he cannot do so and is never on board The Ship at all but has a House on Shore.

1 Milne wanted to provide straw hats to enlisted personnel. In MLN/145/5: ‘Measures brought forward by Captain Milne when a Member of the Board of Admiralty, from December 1847,’ he claimed responsibility for having ‘Obtain[ed] sinatt [sic: ‘sinnet’ or ‘sennet’] and straw from Jamaica and Havannah [sic] for making Straw Hats for the Petty Officers and Seamen, also at Malta’. 2 Edwin John Pollard (1833–1909). Entered, 1846; Lt, 1855; Cmdr, 1861; Capt, 1868; Rear-Adm (Ret.), 1885.

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347. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [Milne Mss MLN/114/6]

Nile at Sea Lat 23°1 N Long: 85°8W 25 January 18641

Sir, Referring to previous correspondence on the important subject of the construction of a Dock upon this station,2 I have now the honor to acquaint their Lordships that there has been some move among the merchants and other Residents at Kingston to construct either a hauling up slip for ships of about 1200 Tons or a floating dock, but as yet nothing has been finally decided, the question of a guarantee of 6 percent interest on the outlay being I understand before the Legislature. I would however submit to their Lordships whether some arrangement might not be come to between H.M. Government and the Island Government for this [sic: ‘the’] joint construction of a dock of at least the same dimensions as that in course of construction at Martinique … I have reason to believe that the soil under Kingston is well adapted for such an undertaking and can be easily worked, and I need hardly again point out to their Lordships as indeed it is self evident how absolutely indispensable such a work would be found in case of war, as even at present great inconvenience is experienced from the want of some means of docking ships; at this moment the Nile, Galatea and Immortalite would be docked to stop leaks were the means of doing so available[.] 2. – As therefore I consider the construction of a Dock at Bermuda or Jamaica to be a question of paramount, indeed National importance, I would again urge upon their Lordships the necessity of taking up the subject in earnest so that no more time may be lost. At Bermuda[,] which would unquestionably be the more central position[,] there are great engineering difficulties to be overcome, but this Could doubtless be effected by commanding the best engineering skill with a liberal outlay of money, and I can have no hesitation in expressing my former conviction that in the end if Bermuda were selected, this would prove a very judicious expenditure of public money[.]

1 Since this letter was transcribed from Milne’s copy of it, it bears neither receipt date nor number. 2 Although the public letters on this subject are not printed in this collection, see Doc. No. 175.

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348. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty Nile, at Havana 27 January 1864 [received 1 March]

[ADM1/5871]

No. 64 Transmitted for their Lordship’s information with reference to my letter No. 750 of the 2nd December last[.]1 [Enclosure] Lord Lyons to Milne Washington 10th January 1864 Sir, I have the honor to thank you for the information Contained in your despatch of the 2nd Inst respecting the measures taken, to prevent vessels engaged or likely to be engaged in running the blockade from being repaired at Her Majesty’s Dockyard at Bermuda[.] I am happy to say that the Circumstances which led to your taking these measures have not up to this time been noticed by the United States Government in any Communication with me. 349. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

HMS Nile Havana 27 January 1864

My dear Grey I expect a Steamer from New Orlean’s this afternoon on her way to New York, but as the Portage is Extravagant I dont send many papers by her[,] altho in winding up the Station I have performed [sic] a good many reports for the Board. I met Buzzard here and I have sent her to Bermuda instead of Jamaica as she has been nine months in [the] W. I. The Russian Admiral is here[,] having split one of the bottoms of his Cylinders and he goes to New York to get it repaired, as nothing can be done here.

1

Doc. No. 328.

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I have no news for you. The Shannon I Expect will now be on her way from the Gulf to Bermuda. I here [sic] rumour’s that matters are not right on board, but I will go into the whole matter so soon as she reaches me[.]1 There is no doubt a blot somewhere. The Nimble returned here a week ago with answers from —— [name omitted, but presumably Lord Lyons] about the seizure of Ships at Matamoras[.] he does not appear to think much about it, so I can do no more. I send the Peterel to Savannah with Mr Crawfords Letter2 and she waits for the reply and brings it down here. [P.S.] I have Letters from Lord Lyons in reply to mine of 25 Decr. he Evidently does not wish any interference with matters at Matamoras, so I will refrain for [sic: ‘from’] all attempts to do so, and will not send Challenger or any other Ship to the Gulf. 350. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

HMS Nile Havana 29 January 1864 [received 9 February]

My dear Lord Lyon’s On my arrival here on the Evening of the 26th I received your Kind letter3 by the Nimble and I am much obliged to you for the information you give me, on the various matters connected with Matamoras[.] It is my wish to Keep aloof as much as possible from all controversy on matters connected with the de[te]ntion of our Ships, at the Sametime It would be wrong on my part to see vessels detained which appear at the time not to be justified by national [sic] law, and I therefore considered I was right in drawing the attention of Commodore Bell to the subject, and I still think some Vessels have been improperly seized. I understand for instance the Sir W. Peel is to be given up.4

1

For further on this subject, see Docs Nos 340 and 353. Crawford had been directed by the Foreign Office to protest to the Confederate government its decision to conscript British subjects domiciled in the South. In order to do so he had first to obtain permission to pass through the Union blockade, which request formed the subject of his letter. The US government, however, bluntly refused to allow passage to anyone who sought to transact business with a government it did not recognise, and so Crawford’s mission came to naught. 3 Probably that of 10 Jan, Doc. No. 342. 4 The US District Court at New Orleans did indeed release the Sir William Peel, Dashing Wave, Science and Matamoras, but the US government appealed the first three decisions to the Supreme Court, which did not uphold the District Court verdicts until 1867. See Bernath, Squall across the Atlantic, pp. 56–8. 2

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By next Mail which I will receive at Bermuda I will most probably have the opinion of the Govt on the question and as on the Mails arrival I will have to send a Ship to New York I will then write to you. There is no Blockade at the Rio Grande; vessels are clearing almost daily from New York for Matamoras, and I cannot think Mr Seward can say that a Blockade Exists. The Russian Admiral is here and sails in a few days for New York to get his machinery repaired as the Cylinder is split[.] I am sending the Peterel to Savannah with Mr Crawford’s Letter to the Confederate Govt. as ordered from Home, and if the reply is favourable he will go to Richmond[,] landing at Savannah in the Peterel. My letter from the Admilty & Foreign Office mentions that you have been informed. Will you be so good as to write to me a line to Bermuda by any Merchant ship from New York should you have anything to say to me[?] I will reach Bermuda on the 9th and remain there until relieved Early in March. There is nothing of any moment going on here[.] I sail this afternoon at 5 oclock. The weather in the West Indies has been very unusual[:] heavy rains & Gales of Wind. . . . 351. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [3]]

Washington 1 February 1864

Private My dear Sir Alexander, I don’t like to let the Greyhound go without a line from me, although I have nothing to tell you and no time to write. I hope the “Chesapeake” affair will have no serious results. The U.S. Gov. have apologized for their violation of our Territory, on the other hand, I think General Doyle has done all that they could with any reason expect of him. My very kind regards to Lady Milne. 352. The Secretary of the Admiralty to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/114/6]

3 February 1864 [received via Duncan, 12 March]

By the Commissioners for executing the Office of Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland etc.

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Whereas We have appointed Rear Admiral Sir Jas. Hope KCB to relieve you in the command of Her Majesty’s Ships and Vessels, employed on the North American and West Indian Station, and We have directed him to proceed to meet you at Bermuda, in order to his taking upon himself the said command. You are hereby required and directed, on being joined by the Rear Admiral, to deliver over to him all such standing and unexecuted orders and Instructions, as may be in your possession, and to afford him all such information as may be proper for his knowledge, and, having so done, you are to return to Spithead in HMS “Nile”. Sir James Hope has been instructed to hoist his blue Flag at the Fore, on entering the limits of the Station, and you are to keep your blue Flag at the Fore, and to retain the Temporary Rank of Vice Admiral until your arrival in England. Given under our hands this 3rd day of February 1864 353. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

HMS Nile Bermuda 9 February 1864 [received 4 March]

My dear Grey I arrived here on Saturday from Havana[,] Nimble in Co and by my public Letter you will see I have a large number of Ships here[,] more than I wish and more than I want. Landrail goes to England today[.] Ariadne was detained here by Cap Glasse for my arrival which has delayed her a week. I now detain her for [the] Packet Expected Every hour. Phaeton with condemned Rigging and a general Caulking inside has been delayed for weeks for want of Artificers. Shannon arrived an hour ago. The case of Rope Cutting, and a mutiny on board, and the Captain being killed, and Sundry Such reports in general circulation here, and in Havana &c. is made more of than necessary, and kept up thoughtlessly by Capt Jones having kept a constant guard of Blue Jackets on the Forecastle and on the Main deck.1 He has not found out any Culprit nor any trace of who are the Guilty parties. He says he has not cause of Complaint of the Crew, but the facts remain the Same, and he admits two causes of discontent. 1.

on arrival at Jamaica on a Sunday morning Washing Decks after Dinner.

1

For the disorder on board Shannon, see Doc. No. 340 and accompanying footnote.

JANUARY – DECEMBER 1864

2.

481

Warping next morning to the Coal Wharf [&] not going to Breakfast until 10 oclock.

I will however have immediate Enquiry on board and put matters right, but you may be assured there is nothing now wrong, so far as I can make out. Liverpools Condenser is cracked and not a new Defect, but the recurrence of an old one, which had been previously patched. If the present repairs will not cure or Check the further break down she will have to go home. Galatea I Expect in the few days[,] Shaft Thrust & Bearing defective[,] Steam Pipes & attachment to Boiler’s defective, Stern knees, or Braces broken, Transom in the Breadroom come away from the side. If I find on her arrival that these defects are of a nature requiring the Ship to be Docked I will send her home. I am sorry to have so many lame Ducks, and with a Small Estbt, and no proper Nasmyth Hammer “long asked for” (but like many other suggestions and recommendations and proposals the only answer I get is [“]your letter No. — of — has been received”), It is difficult to get the work done[.] The Plovers Shaft could not be properly forged the other day for want of a proper hammer. Shannon I find is severely affected with Sloughing Ulcer’s[.]1 I must move the Crew from the Ship or they will never be got rid off [sic] them. I would have sent her to Halifax but the winter is far too Severe as yet[.] I must see what should be done. Comdr Arthur of Landrail is a first rate officer and up to his work[.] I hope the Duke will give him another ship and a bigger one[.] I have written to the Duke.2 Cygnet [is] coming in from Key West, and Greyhound from Fortress Monroe. Good bye[.] I am full of work and find the day from 6:30 AM to 5 PM hardly long Enough. No Boatswain yet sent out for Bermuda Yard. Much wanted.

1 Phagedaenic ulcers: ‘serious deep, necrotic and gangrenous skin ulcers’ – Canadian Medical Association Journal quoted in OED. 2 No letter from Milne between 25 Dec 1863 and 9 April 1864 is preserved among Somerset’s letters. Arthur was not promoted to Captain upon Landrail’s paying off in Mar 1864, as he had not served the requisite sea time as commander, but his next appointment – commander on the gunnery ship HMS Excellent – immediately upon decommissioning Landrail, suggests that Milne’s commendation was noted at the Admiralty. Arthur subsequently became an authority on underwater weapons and was the first captain of HMS Vernon, the navy’s torpedo and mine instructional and experimental establishment.

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You should really send out another Gun Boat of 40 or 60 Horse Power[.] the two here of 20 HP. are nearly done up and Pullen1 cannot trust himself in them near the Reefs as they wont face the sudden strong winds. 354. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Papers, Box 192]

HMS Nile Bermuda 10 February 1864 [received 20 February]

My dear Lord Lyons I send Medea to New York with Despatches for you respecting the communications with Southern Ports. I am ordered by the Mail of yesterday to arrange or assist in the removal of our Consuls but It is no use my Sending Ships Either to Savannah or to Charleston until I hear from you and why the U.S. Authorities prevent our Communicating. The Peterel will no doubt be refused at Savannah with Mr Crawford’s Letter so she will come on here for orders and She will wait Medea’s return. I wrote you respecting the repairs made at our Dock yard or by our Artificers to the Blockade runners. My Letter and the orders I gave were sent to the Queens Advocate, and he thinks my order’s are not proper, and that where repairs cannot otherwise be made to Vessels under British Colours we should not because they are blockade runner’s Exclude them from obtaining assistance. I do not agree with the opinion he has given and have again referred the case to the Admilty[.]2 I cannot think it right that we should give repairs to those vessels which are notoriously Engaged in an illegal trade in violation of the Queen’s Proclamation. I have no answer to the Despatch I wrote Home about the detention of our Ships at Matamoras but the Admiralty privately think the detention of the Vessels in the manner I have named to be illegal, but I can do no more on the subject until I hear from Home. The Chesapeake affair appears to have given you some trouble. I must say I am inclined to think more was made of it in Nova Scotia than perhaps was really necessary. hard words are difficult to be got over, and the giving up of the Ship to the Authorities at Halifax would have led me to have given her at once up to the Federal Gov, demanding an apology for the proceedings of the U.S. Naval Officers.

1 William John Samuel Pullen (1813–87). Entered, c.1827; Lt, 1846; Cmdr, 1850; Capt, 1856; Rear-Adm (Ret.), 1874; Vice-Adm (Ret.) 1879. Pullen was assigned to HMS Terror for surveying duty at Bermuda. 2 Doc. No. 355.

JANUARY – DECEMBER 1864

483

Can you Send me by Medea the Naval & Military reports laid before Congress[?] I hear they are full of information and interest Especially on Naval matters. My Successor was to leave England as [of] yesterday, so I presume in about three weeks time I may Expect him here, when I will start direct for Plymouth, not many days after he reaches this, and now that I have been four years on the Station I will not regret my return to England where I will be glad to Execute any Commissions for you if you will Entrust me. I have nothing of any importance going on here or on the Station[.] You sent me a letter about 2000 Slaves having been landed at Cuba. This I believe is over the Mark. There were 1200 landed from a Steamer and the Spanish Government captured about 1000 of them after they landed. not a Single Slave Vessel has been seen by our Ships since I have been on the Station. An Anti Slavery meeting at Jamaica had a hit at me in Decr. “that out of 28 Ships only one was Cruizing in the Coast of Cuba,” so when they send [sic: ‘sent’] me their resolutions, I took the liberty of telling them I was the best judge where the Ships were to be Employed. I hear they are very angry. I had a very pleasant trip thro the West Indies, St. Thomas[,] Antigua[,] Barbados, Martinique[,] Jamaica, [&] Havana. I find our Governor’s are very anxious for some decisions as to their removes [sic: ‘successors’], Mr Eyre1 at Jamaica having been Kept in suspense for 10 Months, and Mr Bayley anxious Either for another Gov[ernor] or another £1000 a year to his salary; he is very bitter against the Federal Cruizers and always has a hit at me when he can do so, as he thinks I wink at their proceedings, or what Mr Bayley thinks illegal proceedings in his Dominions, but he is disturbed by Every idle rumour in Nassau and thinks all these idle reports are facts, when in truth there is no foundation for them. Medea will only wait any despatches you may have for me and then return direct here[.] I must now close this with my best wishes …  [PS:] Feb 12. Medea did not get away yesterday as I had intended[.] She starts in an hour. Peterel is coming in and has of course been refused Communication at Savannah or she would have returned to Havana. 

1 Edward John Eyre (1815–1901). Explorer and colonial administrator. Lt Governor of New Munster (South Island), New Zealand, 1848–53; Lt Governor of St Vincent, 1854–59; Interim Governor of the Leeward Islands, 1859–61; Acting Governor of Jamaica, 1861–64; Governor of Jamaica, 1864–66.

484

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[PPS:] I send you a Copy of my reply to the Admiralty on the repair of the Blockade Runners.1 355.

Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty

[Milne Mss MLN/104/8]

Nile at Bermuda 11 February 18642

No. 98 Sir, I had the honour to receive yesterday your letters of the 16 and 19th Ultimo. Nos. 42 and 50M,3 on the subject of the measures I had thought right to adopt in consequence of vessels Employed in running the Blockade having been repaired at, and supplied with Coal from HMS Dock Yard at Bermuda. 2. After the decided opinion given by the Queen’s Advocate it would not become me, Even were I Competent to do so, to question the law of the case as laid down by him, but after my Experience in this Command during the past three years while the American Civil War has been in progress, their Lordships will not I hope deem me to be Exceeding my duty in urging upon H.M.’s Govt. the advisability of re-considering the policy of allowing notorious Blockade Runners to be repaired in H.M.’s Yards, although the United States’ Government may have no legal right to call it in[to] question. 3. It is to be borne in mind that the United States’ Government and People not unnaturally Consider that the unhappy strife in which they are Engaged would long since have been brought to a conclusion, had it not been for the activity of the Blockade Runners, and hence they watch with feverish anxiety all intelligence of their movements; and although I am well aware that it is not any part of our duty as a neutral to stop this Trade, it may yet be found that the Federal Government is only [a]waiting a good opportunity of drawing the distinction between merely permitting such a Trade and actually aiding in it by repairing in HM’s naval Yards vessels openly, notoriously, and regularly Engaged in this Fraudulent Trade, in direct defiance of H.M.’s Proclamation and thus Enabling these vessels when disabled to resume with greater Expedition their adventurous and profitable traffic, and work the more [sic] injury to the Federal cause, and to Confess it strikes me that our strict neutrality is far more likely to be

1

Doc. No. 355. This is the copy preserved among Milne’s papers, and thus lacks a receipt date. 3 Docs Nos 343 and 345. 2

JANUARY – DECEMBER 1864

485

jeopardized by repairing these vessels under such Circumstances than in refusing to do so. 4. I cannot but think that had the French Government in the old days, when smuggling was so rife, been in the habit of repairing well known smugglers in the Dockyards [sic], we should have deemed it an unfriendly proceeding on their part; if so, how much more may the Federals in this case, when the interests involved are so much more vast and important? Again, it is possible Even some [sic] of these vessels may, though bearing British Colours, have been and really are, the property of Confederates, as on former occasions I have drawn attention (in my Despatches No 344 of 25 July 18611 and 221 of 17 March 18632) to some of these vessels so Employed having two sets of Papers. 5. I do not know that the distinction is very material but from the terms used [by the law officer] “outbound & homeward voyages”, it would seem, that my former observations were understood to apply to Ships to and from England, but such was not the case, as of the steamers named, the greater part were well known to be engaged in regularly running the Blockade from these Islands, or from Nassau to Wilmington. 6. Their Lordships will already have been made aware, on the receipt of my letter No. 80 of this year[,]3 of the large quantity of work required of this Dockyard, and it is therefore very improbable that the Service will admit of workmen being spared therefrom to repair any Blockade Runners Even should an application be made, and consequently no question of Exacting Bonds is likely to be raised; I shall however leave the whole of the Papers Connected with this important Subject in the hands of my Successor, to act as he may see fit should I quit Bermuda before their Lordships reply is received. 7. One more point occurs to me which is that this practice[,] if followed up[,] may Encourage the belief in the South that secretly H.M.’s Government was disposed to favour their Cause by indirectly meeting the requirements of the Confederate agents to get work done at the Dock Yard which might have been Executed at St. Georges, as these Islands are not so deficient in artificers as to render Ships liable to be left helpless, if sufficiently high wages are paid. 8. Their Lordships will, I am sure, do me the justice to believe that in re-opening this question I am animated with the sole desire of doing my best for HM Service, and of observing to the letter that Strict neutrality which HM’s Commands, and their Lordships instructions, have

1

Printed in The Milne Papers, vol. 2, Doc. No. 296. Doc. No. 199. 3 Not included in this volume. 2

486

THE MILNE PAPERS

Enjoined on me, and which it has been my Study [sic] to preserve during the whole of this Civil War.1 356. [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Milne to Grey HMS Nile Bermuda 13 February 1864 [received 3 March]

My dear Grey Ariadne goes off this morning well loaded with Invalids, Prisoners and other’s both Naval & Military and I hope she will have a good run home[.] The Investigation on board the Shannon took place.2 The whole affair has been magnified. It resolves itself into two causes of what is called discontent – 1. 2.

Washing Decks with the Watch on Sunday afternoon after arrival in Harbour the same morning at 9 oclock[.] not going to Breakfast until 10 am on the following morning when warping the Ship to the Coal Wharf and it being requisite to secure her before the Sea Breeze.

Altho perhaps better arrangements might have been made in these two cases, There is nothing of any moment to justify symptoms of discontent on the part of a Ships Comy. on such absurdly trivial grounds and it is coming to a fine state of things if men are to shew this absurd feeling by cutting ropes. You will see how I have dealt with the question.3 As to the Guard of Seamen which has been kept on the Forecastle and Main Deck from the 16 Decr until yesterday you will se[e] my opinion, which is not very acceptable to Captain Jones who meets me by saying That it was [on] the recommendation of Sir W Martin as Comd in Chief in the Medtn. that he does so. I cannot alter my opinion. What may have been necessary for two days or might be expedient for 3 days appears to me to be very inexpedient for 6 weeks, however I leave the Board to deal with the whole question.

1 This appeal bore fruit. In Mar 1864 the Foreign Office asked the Admiralty to issue instructions not to permit blockade runners to use Royal Navy dockyard facilities, using the argument made by Milne in point 6 to justify the policy. See Courtemanche, No Need of Glory, p. 100. 2 For further on this subject, see Docs Nos 340, 349, and 362. 3 See Doc. No. 340 and accompanying footnote.

JANUARY – DECEMBER 1864

487

I have now to deal with Capt Jones and Lieut Purcell[.]1 Hot headed Captains who use harsh language are a nuisance and it is difficult to deal with them. Jones is very plausible and agreeable to me or mine [sic], but report says he is difficult in his own Ship[.]2 “That I cannot say”. I will clear up Everything on the Station before Hope arrives and am busy Enough doing so[.] I received the Boards Letter with the opinion of the Queens Advocate on the repair of Blockade Runner’s[.] it may be Law, but it is not Common Sense, and I really cannot held [sic: ‘help’] writing again on the subject for it appears to me that to repair these notorious vessels whose sole performances are Blockade running and some owned by Confederates Either in whole or in part, is not a neutral proceeding. I send Home in Ariadne Lt. Evens of Nile who was in Command of Nimble[.] he is very very ill with disease of the Heart and I doubt whether he will Even reach England.3 he is a fine zealous young fellow and I sincerely regret he has been compelled to leave us … Vansittart waits so I close this[.] he is a most able[,] zealous officer and always ready for work and the more you give him the better he is pleased, moreover he is an officer who looks ahead & does when absent what he thinks is for the General Good of the Service and not backward in giving anything from his own ship. Good bye[.] I hope to reach Plyth. the 28 or 30 March & see you soon after[.] 357. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [3]]

Washington 15 February 1864

Private My dear Sir Alexander, I have to thank you for your private letter of the 29th. I have not yet got anything like detailed explanations as to the proceedings of the U.S.

1 George J. G. Purcell (b. c.1836). Entered, c.1849; Lt, 1858; Cmdr, 1869. Oliver Jones claimed (21 Dec 1863) that Purcell had complained about having to keep the morning watch and do the first lieutenant’s duty at the same time and that ‘I told him he ought to be ashamed of himself and as he said he was not ashamed of himself I repeated the expression’. Purcell submitted a statement giving his side of the exchange on 19 Dec, enclosed in a letter to Jones the following day. The whole correspondence was forwarded by Jones to Commodore Cracroft on 21 Dec. See the enclosures in Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty, no 21, 8 Jan 1864, ADM1/5873. 2 He was. See Doc. No. 340 and accompanying footnote. 3 Evens’s illness was indeed fatal: he died in 1864.

488

THE MILNE PAPERS

Cruisers in the Rio Grande.1 The proceedings of the Prize Court at New Orleans in the cases of the Ships seized, appears to me to be extremely dilatory, indeed unjustifiably so. They increase the presumption, for which there have always appeared to me to be strong grounds, that no probable cause can be shown to justify the captures. The business of this Legation is continually increasing, and is becoming almost too much for me. 358. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [3]]

Washington 15 February 1864

Private and Confidential My dear Sir Alexander, On the 15th of last month, I stated to Mr Seward the fact of Mr Crawford’s proposed mission, and mentioned in general terms the objects of it. Mr Seward made no observation, he merely said as much as courtesy required to show that he had listened to me and understood me. I was not instructed to do more than this, but a copy was sent to me of a confidential letter from the Foreign Office to the Admiralty of the 16th December,2 with which you are of course acquainted, and the communication of which to me I might take as authorizing me to make application to this Government respecting the passage of H. M’s Vessels employed respecting the intended Mission. I am not however much inclined to make any formal application, as it would very probably be met by a preemptory refusal. The Newspapers say that the “Peterel” appeared off Savannah with a letter for Mr Benjamin, and was refused permission to pass by Admiral Dahlgren. I have no other information on the subject. 359. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Bermuda 20 February 1864 [received 15 March]

My dear Grey The Mail from St. Thomas to Halifax has just now come in, and as this will probably be my last opportunity of writing I send you home the news from Here.

1 These did not arrive until 8 Mar. See Seward to Lyons, 8 Mar 1864, enclosing Welles to Seward, 5 Mar 1864, both printed in FRUS, 1864, pt 2, pp. 547–8. 2 Not included in this volume.

JANUARY – DECEMBER 1864

489

Liverpool is getting on with her defective Condenser’s[.] it is a long job but I hope it may stand when done[.] I went on board and Examined the defect[.] The whole inside of the Condenser ABCD1 is cracked at the Sides; The Cross Bars from the Bottom of the Condenser and thru are all cracked along the Sides AB & CD so that a new Frame work has to be cast to secure to the Sides over the present one. A Court Martial was held on a Seaman of the Buzzard for Desertion[.] the case was not proved desertion, but absent without leave, but the case is one which Cap Martin ought never to have brought forward, and had he made me acquainted with the facts, I never would have granted the C Martial. I consider the young man was taken off by Crimps[.] he tried all he could to get back. he was caught in the Act, but he sent word to the Ship and was given up. I cannot feel justified in sending him to Prison and I have therefore suspended the Sentence until the Admilty decide. I am Exceedingly angry with Martin and only attribute his neglect to his ignorance. my own opinion is clear that the Sentence should be remitted … A good many men are claiming Discharge on their Continuous Service time being up, and very few if any reentering. I suspect from what I hear that there will be a large number out here who will claim their discharge in Summer. it may cause inconvenience[.] I have called for a return from the Squadron of the Number of men whose times will Expire during this and [the] next half year and will send it home if any opportunity should offer. I am going to ask the Board to promote the Senior Clerk of my office[,] Mr Mitford2 Ass. Payr. Sep 1858, a first rate young man in Every sense of the word, and who will make an Excellent Secretary, so I hope if there should be any vacancies in the Payrs. List you will assist me in this request. I dont think you can accuse me of any or many requests since I have been out here, certainly none personal but I will be very anxious to have this done, so please give this young man a helping hand if you can. I have arranged Everything on the Station. I will not leave so far as I know a Single case for Hope to settle. Since writing this I have received Jamaica Letters. I find Galatea[’s] stern is weak and nothing can be done unless she is Docked. I will therefore on her arrival send her to Plymouth under sail. I Expect her Every hour. I think it likely the after stern Post has become loose from the Side Braces of Cast Metal having broken. many ships have been the same and I strongly recommend Iron Braces as in Ariadne[.] your officials at the time did not like them but they [are] decidedly the best, and the after

1

Milne inserted a drawing of the condenser with each corner lettered. Bertram Mitford (1837–69). Entered, 1853; Asst Paymaster, 1858; Paymaster, 1864. Mitford was promoted on 9 May. 2

490

THE MILNE PAPERS

Stern Post itself should have an addl. Suspending Brace on Each Side to bind it to the fore part of the ship [he inserted a drawing here], I should say the after body of the Ship and I think fore & aft Beams or Stringer’s should be placed to secure the after Stern Post. I have nothing to write to the Duke of Somerset and therefore do not trouble him[.]  [P.S.] I will of course write by Galatea[.] 360. Lord Lyons to Milne [Milne Mss MLN/116/1a [3]]

Washington 23 February 1864

Private My dear Sir Alexander, I think with you that we can only wait for instructions about sending vessels to the South. The only remaining Consuls are I believe Mr Walker, at Charleston, who when I last heard of him, did not wish to come away if he could help it, & Mr Cridland, who is still, I suppose, at Mobile, & anxious to get away, but if Mobile is on the point of being attacked, as we suppose, there would be little chance of a ship being allowed to communicate. Mr Fullerton, the Acting Consul at Savannah, came here some time ago by land, & met with no impediment from Federals or Confederates. Mr MacRae,1 the Vice Consul at Wilmington has resigned, so we have no one there. I have now got some rather spirited instructions about the Sir William Peel & the other vessels at Matamoras, founded principally on your Despatch.2 A great point is made of Captain Rolando’s intercepted letter.3 I don’t suppose we shall do the injured Parties much good, but I confess I feel it a satisfaction to speak out a little about these goings on in the Rio Grande.4 I am very glad you have persisted about the repairs to the Blockade Runners. They are entirely satisfied in England with the apology made by this Gov. for the violation of territorial right in the case of the Chesapeake &

1

Donald MacRae (1825–92). Doc. No. 334. 3 Rolando’s letter is printed in FRUS, 1864, pt. 2, pp. 540–42. 4 Lord Lyons’s formal remonstrance to Seward on the Matamoros seizures, dated 1 Mar 1864, is printed in FRUS, 1864, pt 1, pp. 536–8, and a follow-up letter of 4 Mar, with its enclosures, on pp. 539–42. 2

JANUARY – DECEMBER 1864

491

people here are quiet since the Vice Admirals Court has decreed the surrender of the vessel. I send this today, as Captain Preston will be ready for sea the day after tomorrow, but I shall suggest to him to wait till I get my Despatches by the Packet now due at New York, if he thinks you would approve of his doing so. I shall telegraph to him directly they arrive, so that he may sail at once if they bring me nothing on wh it seems important to communicate with you. It is a real grief to me to think that this may be the last letter I may write to you in your present position. I trust however we have laid the foundation of a lasting friendship. With my very kind regards to Lady Milne … 361. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Bermuda 27 February 1864 [received 17 March]

My dear Grey I send this by the Galatea. I am obliged to send her Home as her defects cannot be made good without going into Dock. The Strain on her has been below her Lower Deck[.] She appears to have fallen out, The Bolts of her Knees on the port side are broken abaft [the] mizzen mast and there is much derangement in the Shelf piece. Capt. Maguire as an officer is Everything the Service could desire. I am now looking for Duncan and Expect her on Thursday next[.] if she arrives on 6 March it will be the anniversary of my arrival in the Emerald in 1860. I have no special news from this[.] The Cylinder [sic: ‘condenser’] of Liverpool gets on slowly but I hope to have her ready by Sir J. Hopes arrival[.] Shannons Boilers require 16 days work. She will not be ready for the Gulf of Mexico until Sir J Hope arrives. I Expect to be at Sea on my way home in 10 or 12 days. Thanks for your Letter of 6 Feb which arrived two days ago in Plover from Halifax. I am much indebted to the Board for allowing me to carry the Vice Admirals Flag to England, but unless there is some good reason, I wont put you to the Inconvenience of bringing the Ship to Spithead1 but I am very much obliged for this considerate attention to myself[.] With best wishes & in Expectation of an Early meeting … 

1 It was customary for the Board to meet flag officers returning from overseas stations if they hauled down their flags at Portsmouth. Milne was telling Grey that he would sail for Devonport rather than Portsmouth. In fact, however, Nile arrived at Spithead on 7 April 1864. See Doc. No. 366.

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THE MILNE PAPERS

[P.S.] The Seaman of Buzzard who was tried by C Martial & whose case I submitted to the Board I send home as pr [my orders] Complts of Galatea. The First Lieut1 of Galatea is worthy of consideration[.] I have alluded to him in Inspection Sheet & Letters[.] 362. Milne to Grey [Milne Mss MLN/116/2]

Bermuda 9 March 1864

My dear Grey The mail of Feb. 20 via Halifax arrived last Evening and I opened the Despatches addressed to Hope. There is nothing of any Importance. I have looked for Duncan for some days but no appearance of her[.] I am ready for a Stuck2 on the 5th day after her arrival[.] I am very glad Hickley and Watson3 are both promoted, also Lt. Phillips of Nile[.] Shannon completed defects and is ready for Sea. Her men have had leave, but the night before last some Ropes leading thro the Head were partly cut. I muster her this morning and intend to make some Enquiry into this affair and to call on the P[etty] O[fficers] to state if there is any grievance in the Ship. I shall send her back to Vera Cruz as I think this ought to be done[.] Liverpool is ready and her Condenser has stood nearly 24 h[ours] Steaming as I sent her out to a vessel off the Island in distress to test the repairs. all the Ships here are now ready for Hope[.] I would have dispersed them had I not looked for Duncan before this[.] Peterel sailed for Jamaica yesterday Mg and Barracoutta [sic] arrived from thence the day before with Letters about St. Domingo but of no interest[.] a Lieut of Plover has been dismissed [from] the Service for Drunkenness.4 Mr Aiken5 the Clerk in the Dock yard has again broken out. it is no use keeping him in the Service[.] He has never been of the least use to the Storekeeper[.] he knew nothing when he came and has no capacity for anything but drink[.] This Letter goes to St. Thomas’s by the Steamer from Halifax and will reach you most probably 3 or 4 days before we arrive[.]

1

John Bayford Butler. Milne’s meaning is obscure. ‘Stuck’ means ‘a thrust or lunge’ (OED) in connection with fencing. Presumably he was referring to his upcoming homeward voyage. 3 Hickley and Watson were both promoted to captain on 16 Feb 1864. Given Milne’s frequent strictures on Watson’s actions, his approval of that officer’s promotion is surprising. 4 Probably Arthur L. Trevor (Lt, 1863). 5 Perhaps David Aitken, clerk at Halifax Dockyard. 2

493

JANUARY – DECEMBER 1864

363. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty Nile, at Bermuda 15 March 1864 [received 8 April]

[ADM1/5871]

No. 182 Sir, I have the honor to acquaint you for their Lordships’ information that I have this day transferred the Command of the North American and West Indian Station to Vice Admiral Sir James Hope K.C.B. in pursuance of their Lordships’ orders of the 3rd Ult. which I received by Her Majesty’s Ship “Duncan” on the 15th Inst. 2. – I delivered to Sir James Hope all the Station Records and unexecuted orders in my possession, and I furnished him Two Memos: relating to the Station generally and to the Civil War in America, Copies of which I have the honor to enclose,1 as they may prove of use to their Lordships for future reference; I also enclose the Disposition of the Ships on my transferring the Command. 3. – I take advantage of this opportunity of expressing to their Lordships my acknowledgements for the further mark of their Consideration in permitting me to return to England with my Flag at the Fore. 364. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Bermuda 15 March 1864 [received 3 April]

My dear Lord Lyons. I have this day given up the Command of the Station to Sir J. Hope, and I leave this for England on the 17th. I cannot however leave the Coasts of America and retire from the duties of the Station without Expressing to you my very sincere thanks for the able assistance you have invariably rendered to myself and the Naval Service during the last four years of troublesome and anxious times[,] and altho released from the cares of the Command I shall Ever watch with Interest all further proceedings at Washington which may bear on the past and which will be brought forward in regard to future Naval Matters. Hope is a very active and zealous fellow and he may hit some blot which Escaped my notice, but as yet I am not aware if there is any blot in Existence[.]

1

Not included in this collection.

494

THE MILNE PAPERS

Thank you very much for your kind & friendly Letter which reached me a week ago via Halifax[.] I shall look forward with much Interest to the time when you return home and if within reasonable distance I will not fail to have great pleasure in renewing our personal intercourse. Lady Milne joins me in very kind regards & best wishes. . . . 365. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5873]

Nile, at Sea Lat 33° 31 N Long 53° 49 W 21 March 1864 [received 11 April]

No. 196 Sir, I beg to submit for their Lordship’s Consideration whether for the reasons I am about to give it might not be advisable to permit generally the sale of certain articles to the Crews of Her Majesty’s Ships in the same manner as the men of a Regiment are furnished from their Canteen. 2. – I feel satisfied that some such arrangement authorised by their Lordships and carried out under proper Regulations, would be much appreciated by the men, and would add very much to their Comfort and Contentment on board their ships; it is I think obvious that the Continuous issue, day after day, of the same kind of food without any material change may become nauseous to the men and may cause the Craving for some change – something new – while there exist no means of gratifying this desire – hence the craving for drink and the willingness to pay any price for it. In harbour this taste is partially gratified by the purchase of articles from the bum boat, generally however to but a very limited extent and at extravagant prices. Indeed I have heard that one of the reasons why the United States Navy is popular with our men is from the means of being allowed them on board of procuring “small stores” in addition to their daily rations[.] 3. – Having generally expressed these views when in Command of this station Captain Kennedy of the “Challenger” and Commander Preston of the “Medea” have both adopted some such arrangement. In the case of the “Medea” the Ship’s Steward has undertaken to furnish supplies – a regular book is kept of all messes or persons who make purchases, the accounts are settled monthly; the prices charged are below the retail prices on shore as the profit to the Steward is fixed at one penny on the shilling; it is probable that this (8½ per cent) might

JANUARY – DECEMBER 1864

495

generally be found too small to cover losses &c and I should therefore be inclined to recommend 1½d. on the shilling or 12½ per cent by way of Commencement [sic][.] The result of this experiment in the “Medea” has, Commander Preston informs me, been most satisfactory and has proved to be a very great boon to the men who purchase. The Articles provided are – Preserved meat Soups Cheeses Bacon Salt Fish Sardines Fruit Sweet Biscuits Flour Sweets and sugar in large quantities to make lemonade and also other similar articles when specially required. From the “Challenger” I have no such specific information, but with my sanction Captain Kennedy allows men when in Harbour who put their names down, to have a certain limited quantity of beer in the evening. the same practice was pursued with a like success with the Marine Battalion from Mexico when hulked at Bermuda, and it is also followed in the “Vesuvius”[.] 4. – In former years when I Commanded three ships on the West Indian Station I adopted this plan of allowing beer, and I have ever felt satisfied that good resulted from it; – if limited in quantity and issued under proper regulations it can never do harm, and in warm climates a drink of good wholesome beer is very gratifying to a working man, and in many places abroad where leave must be given it is far better that men should spend their money on board upon harmless luxuries and upon a glass of good wholesome beer when smoking their pipes, than in going ashore, bent only on spending their money as fast as possible, and ending in getting beastly drunk on a deleterious spirit, and thereby not only degrading themselves and the service, but incurring the risk of fever and other serious diseases[.] 5. – Impressed with this belief, I should hope that the adoption of some such plan as that which I now propose, would, in meeting the natural craving of the men for a change in their food by affording them the means of supplying themselves with little palatable additions to their daily allowance[,] be the means of checking those two great evils of

496

THE MILNE PAPERS

the service, leave breaking, and smuggling spirits into ships; and could make the men regard their ships more as their homes than they now do; but even if these desirable anticipations were not fully realized it would surely be a positive gain that the men should, instead of spending their money as at present, lay it out in the purchase of wholesome articles: – and certainly if the Canteen system is found of benefit in the army, where the men have generally access to local purchases to obtain the change in their food which nature requires, it would[,] I Consider[,] be much more beneficial in the Navy where the means of obtaining such changes are now impossible at Sea and limited in harbour. 6. – Should their Lordships see fit to entertain this suggestion I would recommend that it be tried as an experiment on each station before being finally adopted in the service and that orders should be given to the officers in Command of Stations to make the experiment by the issue of some such orders as the following to their ships[.] (a) The sale of “Comforts” or “small stores” to be permitted on board each ship, in the same manner as in Army canteens[.] (b.) The respective Captains to give the system their countenance and support, and to afford the means of shipping and storing such articles as are brought on board with their approval for this purpose[.] (c) That the second executive officer, the Master, and the paymaster should regulate and fix the prices to be charged from time to time[.] (d) That there could be no objection to the Ship’s Steward undertaking the business – but no one connected with the Ship’s Police should be Concerned in it. (e) The remuneration should not exceed 1½d. on the shilling (f) All accounts to be settled monthly when the advance is paid. (g) The authorised articles would depend on the prevailing taste of the men, and on the particular stations[,] but the list must have the Captain’s written sanction. needles, – thread, – trimmings – blacking &c. might be included however with advantage. 7. – It should also be remembered that the stoppage of the indulgence of obtaining articles from the Canteen would be a very effective additional minor punishment, whether of whole messes or of particular individuals[.]1

1 Somebody at the Admiralty noted in the margin beside this sentence ‘I don’t like this as a punishment’. The name beneath this statement is largely obscured in the binding but ‘Cha’ is visible, suggesting that it might have been written either by Second Naval Lord Charles Eden or Third Naval Lord Charles Frederick.

497

JANUARY – DECEMBER 1864

Minutes Board Minute:  [Send to] Controller of Victualling for a report on these suggestions[.] 21 April 64 Charles Richards:1 30 April 1864 No. 245 The question of introducing the Canteen system into H.M. Ships, is to a great extent one of discipline[.] I therefore confine my observations to the manner in which it is suggested to be carried out. The Ships Steward is in my opinion one of the last persons who should be selected to undertake such a business, independently of his duties, especially in large ships, being such as to call for his undivided time, and attention, which he would assuredly not give to them when a matter of personal benefit intervened. I think it highly objectionable that one who has necessarily access to the public stores, should be permitted to carry on any private traffic whatever with the Ships Compy. If the Canteen system be sanctioned by the Admiralty their Lordships must I apprehend be prepared to advance money to set it going on board each ship & this would doubtless lead to application on the part of the Canteen Keepers for relief in cases of loss by damage or of failure in the sale of the articles. The system is said to have worked satisfactorily in the Medea & it might do so in other ships, but I am decidedly of opinion that it should not be entrusted to any person connected with the custody of the Public Stores, and with this prohibition I think it should if introduced atall [sic], be left in every instance to the discretion of the Captain of the Ship who should establish his own regulations subject to the approval of his Commander in Chief[.] Grey:   I concur with the Controller of Victualling that it would not be advisable to allow any person in charge of Victualling stores to open a shop on board ship. Nor do I think it advisable to add a new rating of Canteenmen to the Complement.

1

Charles Richards, C.B. Paymaster, 1846. Controller of Victualling, 1858–70.

498

THE MILNE PAPERS

As an experiment Captains might be permitted with the Sanction of their Comdr in Chief to allow articles of food to be sold by any person not belonging to the Steward or Police Department whose duties would admit of it & who might be selected by the Ships Company. Permission might also be given for beer to be admitted in harbour under careful regulations against the abuse of the privilege[.] May 4th Drummond:   I concur generally with Sir F Grey in his Remarks – on this proposal – but I think that at present when Ships are so long in harbor & so frequently it is not necessary to make a trial of it. May 8th Frederick:   I fear the anticipated advantages of this scheme, would be much more than counterbalanced by the inconveniences to which, even under good management, it would give rise. CF May 12 Eden:   I agree entirely with the Controller of Victualling[.] May 16th Childers1   I have some hesitation, as a civilian, in giving any opinion on this question, but the objections to my mind are very great. (1) Want of space in many ships. (2) The additional demands which would be made for the use of the galley or cooking place. (3) The insuperable objection to the Ship’s Steward becoming a contractor or salesman. (4) The difficulty as to money payments by, or credited to, the men.

1 Hugh Culling Eardley Childers (1827–96). Liberal politician. MP, 1860–85, 1886–92. Civil Lord of the Admiralty, 1864–65; Financial Secretary to the Treasury, 1865–66; First Lord of the Admiralty, 1868–71; Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, 1872–73; Paymaster-General, 1873–74; Secretary of State for War, 1880–82; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1882–85; Home Secretary, 1886.

499

JANUARY – DECEMBER 1864

(5) Discontent & loss which will often follow when the exigencies of the service interfere with supplies being obtained, or destroy the value of some supplies when sudden movements take place. (6) Grumbling which may be expected if [it] was allowed in one ship & not in another. The real remedies to the present inconveniences mentioned by Sir A Milne appear to me to be to give a wide latitude to Commanders to substitute when they are able & with the consent of their people one article of food for another, & to alter the scale of diet E.g in tropical climates to purchase tropical produce; in wine countries to substitute wine for rum, & especially to allow beer & porter in harbour. I think also that if possible some improvement might be made in the galleys to admit of more baking & stewing HCEC 14 June Paget: July 30 1864 The Proposals of Sir A Milne appear to me to shew that in the midst of his overwhelming occupations as Commander in Chief he has been mindful of the comforts of his men, & I think he should be thanked for his humane and & elaborate communication. I entirely agree with him that the present system of victualling the Navy requires attentive consideration from thr. Ldsps. The pay & allowances of the Men are very high as compared with the rest of the labouring classes. Their food is provided gratis, their hammocks & bedding likewise, their clothes are also supplied at small cost & their washing is done by themselves, hence their pay becomes almost entirely “pocket money” – can it then be surprising that they should be improvident when so little is attempted to render them provident – the first object should be to induce the men to save their money – the second to induce them when they spend it to do so properly[.] The former may be secured by introducing savings banks on board ship & therefore I again take the opportunity of adverting to it notwithstanding objections of the late Accountant General1 to its introduction.

1

Probably John Thomas Briggs (1781–1865), Accountant General 1832–54.

500

THE MILNE PAPERS

The latter object may & I am confident will be secured by making their Ship their house where they can get better food & drink than on shore. Whether this should be done by giving Comg Officers power to purchase articles of food in lieu of those established in the scale of Victualling or whether the Sutler system or both should be introduced are mere matters of detail. Mr. Grant’s1 cooking apparatus enabling bread to be baked & meat to be cooked in every variety has now been in operation in one Ship for more than a year with great success. Why is it not generally introduced? Sir A. Milne is now at liberty & I feel sure would gladly preside over a Committee to amend these things & I earnestly advise that he should be invited to do so. Germane to the subject tho’ not touched upon by Sir A. Milne in his excellent paper is the question of cleanliness & decency & I venture upon a few remarks on these important matters, because it was only on my entreaty that several members of the House of Commons who sat on the Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases Bill[,] who heartily assisted me in passing it through that House, forbore to call attention to the following facts. Firstly the want of any regular & established private washing facilities for the men. There should be in every vessel of war basins with water & supply cocks, with fresh water. Towels should be supplied & baths fitted & fresh water for washing their clothes. 2ndly The heads (i.e. privies) of Ships are really brutalising, nothing but a lot of holes close to one another without any partition consequently the men perform their necessities in common. The Admiralty on my submission fitted the Princess Royal with regular partitions in the head & fitted likewise 40 Basins & 4 Baths as I have described. 3rdly The men are not obliged nor even invited to submit to occasional personal medical examinations nor are they punished in any way if they neglect to present themselves for cure of Venereal disease & while the Country has cheerfully consented to Novel legislation to prevent women from propagating the disease, is it not our duty to take additional & stringent means to prevent the men from spreading it?

1 John Grant, inventor of a portable gas cookery system, a patent for which was granted in 1856.

501

JANUARY – DECEMBER 1864

I am persuaded that questions will be asked on this subject during the next Session of Parliament & I recommend that Sir A. Milne should also be invited to include this matter in his enquiry[.] The Secretary of the Admiralty to Milne1 Admiralty 23rd February 1865 Sir, I am commanded by my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to acquaint you that they have fully considered the suggestions submitted in your letter of the 21st March last, as to introducing the Canteen system onboard H.M. Ships. My Lords so far coincide in your opinion that facilities for enabling seamen to obtain onboard their Ships occasional small supplies of vegetables, fruits, and other additional articles of diet, might be attended with beneficial results in many respects, – but they see very grave objections to placing a Petty officer who has necessarily access to the Public Stores, in a position of carrying on a remunerative traffic with the Ship’s Company, – besides other serious Evils attendant on an official recognition of the proposed system. My Lords desire me to convey to you their thanks for the attentive consideration you have given to this subject, – but at the sametime to add, – whilst disposed to encourage any arrangements to be made by Commanding Officers for contributing to the comfort and contentment of their Ships’ Crews, their Lordships are not prepared to take any further steps in the matter.

366. Milne to Somerset [Somerset Mss Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/36]

HMS Nile Spithead 7 April 1864 10 P.M.

My dear Sir I write a few lines to Your Grace to mention my arrival at Spithead 21 days from Bermuda[,] having left it on the 17th March. Sir J. Hope arrived on the 12th, having made a long passage of 35 days. he assumed

1 Across the top of the first page is stated ‘Cancelled by direction of Mr. Romaine 24th Feb 1865’. Below the text Romaine wrote ‘My Lords do not consider it necessary to take any step in the matter. WR’.

502

THE MILNE PAPERS

the Command of the Station on the 18th. It was on that very day in 1860 that I took the Station from Sir Houston Stewart. I have no news of any importance[.] The ships which I had detained at Bermuda to meet my successor were being dispersed to various ports of the Station. Sir J. Hope intended to leave in ten days for Barbados and take the round of the West Indies as I had done in the Emerald. We have had a long spell of SEly winds which have delayed our passage. Before leaving Bermuda I saw in the paper’s the promotion of Lieut. Phillips. I am much obliged to Your Grace for your kind attention to my Letter respecting him and for having given him his step[.] he will do justice to Your selection[.] I have to convey my personal acknowledgements for your Grace’s Kindness towards myself since I have been in my late Command and I feel much indebted for the privilege of bringing to England the Vice Admirals Flag, an honor which I had no right to Expect. I send this on shore Early in the Morning to the Early Mail and to ask for any official Letters and will land in the forenoon. 367. Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty [ADM1/5871]

Nile, at Spithead 9 April 1864 [received 11 April]

Sir, I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 8th Inst. conveying to me, on the striking of my Flag, their Lordship’s approval of the manner in which I had invariably discharged the important duties of Commander in Chief on the North American and West Indian Station during the prolonged period I had held Command, and at having satisfactorily carried out the Instructions of Her Majesty’s Government, in preserving a strict neutrality during the existing Civil War between the Federal and the so-called Confederate States of North America[.] 2. – I beg you will assure their Lordships that it is to me a source of extreme satisfaction to find that I have in the discharge of the duties Confided to me by their Lordships been enabled to give them satisfaction and to receive the special mark of their Lordships’ approval, for which I beg to convey my special thanks[.]

JANUARY – DECEMBER 1864

503

368. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

London 30 April 1864 [received 16 May]

My dear Lord Lyon’s Since my return to England three weeks ago, I have been so very much Engaged in public and private affairs that I have not had time to write you a line as I wished to have done to mention my having again reached England and Struck my Flag and become … an idle gentleman with nothing to do, but I cannot resume that Character without Expressing my thanks for the able assistance you invariably rendered to me during my late Command and Especially for your kindness and attention when at Washington. I met with a very satisfactory reception from Lord Russell and Mr Hammond at the Foreign Office and also from the Head of my own department in respect to my proceedings but I have not heard anything whatever respecting the Matamoras question of Seizure of Vessels which I sent you last Decr. and Jany. Your own private note stating you had received Instructions from Home on the subject is all I Know. I mentioned however to Mr Hammond that, altho I had asked for Instructions as to the future none had been sent out. London is more in a whirll [sic] than Ever, I see much change, and a new Town almost built in the west, and the streets are thronged with Carriages. Lady Milne begs to unite with me in very Kind regards and best wishes to yourself …   [PS:] If I can be of any use to you pray write to me[,] United Service Club, Pall Mall[.] our best wishes to Mr Sheffield. 369. Milne to Somerset [Somerset Mss Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/37]

U.S. Club Pall Mall 8 July [1864]

My dear Sir On my return to England you mentioned to me the Patent Lift1 as a substitute for a Dock at Bermuda.

1

A hydraulic lift dock.

504

THE MILNE PAPERS

I went to the Victoria Docks a few days ago and saw a Steamer of 800 tons raised and taken away on a Caisson in the short space of twenty minutes. The whole arrangements are very Simple and the jet of water which is forced into the Hydraulic presses is only 3/4th of an inch in diameter. The Main feature & strength however depends on the large pipes or Cylinders in which the Hyd[rauli]c presses work. in fact the weight of the ship is on these Cylinders. at Victoria Docks there are 32 of these, 4 f[eet] 3 i[nches] in diameter, and they are sunk 14 feet into the London clay and then built up with concrete, and the whole apparatus is fixed in 30 feet of water, and has lifted a vessel of 2700 Tons. I see no reason why such a lift should not answer at Bermuda[.] The chief difficulty to be Encountered would be foundations for the Main Pipes which support the weight of the Ship, but I have no doubt the rock could be Excavated for this purpose[.] You will perhaps Excuse my writing to you, but I thought it better to do so, in reference to the wants of Bermuda[.] 370. Milne to Lord Lyons [Lyons Mss Box 192]

Inveresk Musselburgh 29 December 1864 [received 3 January 1865]

My dear Lord Lyon’s I congratulate you on your return home, but I hope it is not in consequence of bad health[,] but for relaxation and peace after the anxious and trying days you have passed in the vicinity of Mr Seward and Co.1 I have often thought of you since my return home and [have] always been most anxious to hear of your successful Endeavors to Keep the peace. Some one, I suppose E Cunard[,]2 has just sent me the New York papers of Decr. 16 in which I see violent leader’s against Canada & England, none more warlike have I seen, but I presume it is the usual American outcry. I was in London a few days ago and much regret I should have returned North before your arrival as I should have wished to have offered my congratulations in person. Lady Milne begs I will convey her best wishes to you and with the Complts of the Season …  [PS:] How is Sheffield[?] if [he is] with you please give our Kind regards.

1

Lord Lyons’s return to Britain in late 1864 was indeed health-related. Edward Cunard (1816–69), Sir Samuel’s eldest son.

2

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS

Sources The National Archives, Kew, Richmond, Surrey Admiralty Papers [ADM] Foreign Office Papers [FO] The National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London The Papers of Admiral Sir Alexander Milne [MLN] The Buckinghamshire Record Office, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire The Papers of Edward Adolphus Seymour, 12th Duke of Somerset [Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34] The West Sussex Record Office, Chichester, Sussex The Papers of Richard Bickerton Pemell Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons [Lyons Mss, Box 192] Numerical List of Documents Part I: February – June 1862 1 Milne to Secretary of Admiralty 2 Milne to Somerset 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

6 Feb 1862 7 Feb 1862

Milne to Grey Milne to Drummond Milne to Lord Lyons Milne to Grey Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Grey Milne to Somerset

7 Feb 1862 7 Feb 1862 15 Feb 1862 15 Feb 1862 17 Feb 1862 18 Feb 1862 19 Feb 1862

Milne to Lord Lyons Milne to Drummond Milne to Hugh Dunlop Milne to McKillop Milne to Grey Lord Lyons to Milne

24 Feb 1862 24 Feb 1862 24 Feb 1862 24 Feb 1862 25 Feb 1862 27 Feb 1862

505

ADM1/5787 Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/8 MLN/116/3 [9] MLN/116/3 [9] Lyons Mss, Box 192 MLN/116/3 [9] ADM1/5808 MLN/116/3 [9] Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/9 Lyons Mss, Box 192 MLN/116/3 [9] MLN/116/3 [9] MLN/116/3 [9] MLN/116/2 MLN/116/1a [2]

506

THE MILNE PAPERS

16 Milne to Grey 17 Milne to Grey 18 Milne to Somerset

3 Mar 1862 10 Mar 1862 11 Mar 1862

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

11 Mar 1862 12 Mar 1862 15 Mar 1862 18 Mar 1862 19 Mar 1862 20 Mar 1862 24 Mar 1862 24 Mar 1862 24 Mar 1862 28 Mar 1862 29 Mar 1862 1 April 1862 3 April 1862 5 April 1862 7 April 1862 8 April 1862 9 April 1862

Milne to Lord Lyons Secretary of Admiralty to Milne Somerset to Milne Milne to Hugh Dunlop Somerset to Milne Milne to Grey Milne to Lord Lyons Milne to Grey Milne to Grey Milne to Grey Somerset to Milne Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Secretary of Admiralty to Milne Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Hugh Dunlop Milne to Somerset

36 Milne to Somerset

9 April 1862

37 Milne to Grey

9 April 1862

38 Lord Lyons to Milne 39 Milne to Lord Lyons 40 Milne to Somerset

9 April 1862 11 April 1862 19 April 1862

41 Milne to Grey 42 Milne to Dacres 43 Milne to Somerset

19 April 1862 23 April 1862 24 April 1862

44 45 46 47 48 49 50

24 April 1862 24 April 1862 24 April 1862 3 May 1862 12 May 1862 14 May 1862 15 May 1862

Milne to Drummond Milne to Hugh Dunlop Lord Lyons to Milne Somerset to Milne Lord Lyons to Milne Milne to Lord Lyons Milne to Somerset

51 Milne to Somerset

15 May 1862

52 53 54 55 56 57

15 May 1862 26 May 1862 27 May 1862 29 May 1862 30 May 1862 2 June 1862

Milne to Grey Lord Lyons to Milne Milne to Lord Lyons Milne to Lord Lyons Milne to Grey Milne to Grey

MLN/116/2 MLN/116/3 [9] Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/10 Lyons Mss, Box 192 MLN/114/3 MLN/116/1c MLN/116/3 [9] MLN/116/1c MLN/116/3 [9] Lyons Mss, Box 192 MLN/116/3 [9] MLN/116/3 [9] MLN/116/2 MLN/116/1c ADM1/5787 ADM1/5787 MLN/114/3 ADM1/5787 MLN/116/3 [9] Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/12 Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/11 MLN/116/3 [9] and [10] MLN/116/1a [2] Lyons Mss, Box 192 Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/13 MLN/116/3 [10] MLN/116/3 [10] Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/14 MLN/116/3 [10] MLN/116/3 [10] MLN/116/1a [2] MLN/116/1c MLN/116/1a [2] Lyons Mss, Box 192 Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/15 Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/16 MLN/116/3 [10] MLN/116/1a [2] Lyons Mss, Box 192 Lyons Mss, Box 192 MLN/116/3 [10] MLN/116/2

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67

507

Lord Lyons to Milne Lord Lyons to Milne Milne to Lord Lyons Milne to Hewett Milne to Grey Lord Lyons to Milne Milne to Grey Stuart to Milne Secretary of Admiralty to Milne Grey to Milne

8 June 1862 9 June 1862 11 June 1862 11 June 1862 12 June 1862 15 June 1862 23 June 1862 23 June 1862 27 June 1862 28 June 1862

MLN/116/1a [2] MLN/116/1a [2] Lyons Mss, Box 192 MLN/116/3 [10] MLN/116/3 [10] MLN/116/1a [2] MLN/116/3 [10] MLN/116/1a [2] MLN/114/3 MLN/116/1d

Part II: July – December 1862 68 Secretary of Admiralty to Milne 69 Milne to Grey 70 Milne to Hickley 71 Milne to Hugh Dunlop 72 Milne to Grey 73 Stuart to Milne 74 Milne to Secretary of Admiralty 75 Secretary of Admiralty to Milne 76 Hickley to Milne 77 Milne to Stuart, Draft 78 Stuart to Milne 79 Milne to Somerset

1 July 1862 10 July 1862 10 July 1862 11 July 1862 17 July 1862 21 July 1862 24 July 1862 1 Aug 1862 3 Aug 1862 4 Aug 1862 4 Aug 1862 6 Aug 1862 7 Aug 1862 8 Aug 1862

MLN/114/3 MLN/116/3 [10] MLN/116/3 [10] MLN/116/3 [10] MLN/116/2 MLN/116/1b ADM 1/5787 MLN/114/3 ADM1/5788 MLN/116/1b MLN/116/1b Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/17 MLN/116/3 [10] MLN/114/9

8 Aug 1862 8 Aug 1862 8 Aug 1862 14 Aug 1862 17 Aug 1862 18 Aug 1862 18 Aug 1862 18 Aug 1862 19 Aug 1862 22 Aug 1862 23 Aug 1862 25 Aug 1862

MLN/116/3 [10] MLN/116/3 [10] MLN/116/3 [10] ADM1/5787 MLN/116/3 [10] MLN/116/3 [11] MLN/116/3 [11] MLN/116/1b ADM1/5787 MLN/116/1c MLN/116/1d MLN/114/9

25 Aug 1862 28 Aug 1862 4 Sept 1862 4 Sept 1862 4 Sept 1862 8 Sept 1862 9 Sept 1862

ADM1/5788 MLN/116/3 [11] MLN/114/3 MLN/116/1c MLN/116/2 MLN/116/3 [11] MLN/114/9

80 Milne to Grey 81 Milne to Senior Naval Officer at Nassau 82 Milne to Hickley 83 Milne to Ewart 84 Milne to Watson 85 Milne to Secretary of Admiralty 86 Milne to Glasse 87 Milne to Grey 88 Milne to Hugh Dunlop 89 Stuart to Milne 90 Milne to Secretary of Admiralty 91 Somerset to Milne 92 Grey to Milne 93 Milne to Commanding Officers of Ships on the North America and West India Station 94 Milne to Secretary of Admiralty 95 Milne to Watson 96 Secretary of Admiralty to Milne 97 Somerset to Milne 98 Milne to Grey 99 Milne to Ewart 100 Milne to Senior Naval Officer at Nassau

508

THE MILNE PAPERS

101 Milne to Somerset

18 Sept 1862

102 Milne to Somerset

18 Sept 1862

103 Milne to Senior Naval Officer at Nassau 104 Somerset to Milne 105 Milne to Grey 106 Wilson to Milne 107 Algernon Lyons to Milne 108 Milne to Secretary of Admiralty 109 Milne to Somerset

18 Sept 1862 19 Sept 1862 21 Sept 1862 23 Sept 1862 29 Sept 1862 2 Oct 1862 2 Oct 1862

Milne to Grey Grey to Milne Milne to Malcolm Secretary of Admiralty to Milne Stuart to Milne Milne to Grey Milne to Glasse Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Grey Grey to Milne Milne to Grey Ord to Milne Stuart to Milne Milne to Somerset

2 Oct 1862 4 Oct 1862 7 Oct 1862 11 Oct 1862 13 Oct 1862 15 Oct 1862 15 Oct 1862 16 Oct 1862 16 Oct 1862 17 Oct 1862 18 Oct 1862 21 Oct 1862 22 Oct 1862 27 Oct 1862 27 Oct 1862

125 Milne to Secretary of Admiralty 126 Milne to Secretary of Admiralty 127 Grey to Milne

130 Milne to Glasse 131 Milne to Hugh Dunlop 132 Milne to Somerset

28 Oct 1862 30 Oct 1862 31 October 1862 1 November 1862 1 November 1862 1 Nov 1862 1 Nov 1862 6 Nov 1862

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141

6 Nov 1862 10 Nov 1862 11 Nov 1862 13 Nov 1862 13 Nov 1862 13 Nov 1862 13 Nov 1862 15 Nov 1862 15 Nov 1862

110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124

128 Grey to Milne 129 Milne to Malcolm

Milne to Grey Stuart to Milne Lord Lyons to Milne Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Grey Milne to Grey Milne to Lord Lyons Somerset to Milne Grey to Milne

Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/18 Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/19 MLN/114/9 MLN/116/1c MLN/116/3 [11] ADM1/5788 ADM1/5788 ADM1/5788 Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/20 MLN/116/2 MLN/116/1d MLN/116/3 [11] MLN/114/6 MLN/116/1b MLN/116/3 [11] MLN/116/3 [11] ADM1/5788 ADM1/5788 MLN/116/2 MLN/116/1d MLN/116/2 MLN/116/2 MLN/116/1b Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/21 ADM1/5788 ADM1/5788 MLN/116/1d MLN/116/1d MLN/116/3 [11] MLN/116/3 [11] MLN/116/3 [11] Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/22 MLN/116/2 MLN/116/1b MLN/116/1a [2] ADM1/5788 MLN/116/2 MLN/116/2 Lyons Mss, Box 192 MLN/116/1c MLN/116/1d

509

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS

142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162

Milne to Lord Lyons Secretary of Admiralty to Milne Hewlett to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Grey Milne to Randolph Lord Lyons to Milne Grey to Milne Milne to Grey Milne to Grey Milne to Hewett Milne to Lord Lyons Lord Lyons to Milne Milne to Lord Lyons Milne to Grey Lord Lyons to Milne Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Lord Lyons to Milne Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Admiralty to Commanders-in-Chief 163 Milne to Secretary of Admiralty 164 Lord Lyons to Milne

15 Nov 1862 19 Nov 1862 19 Nov 1862 19 Nov 1862 23 Nov 1862 24 Nov 1862 29 Nov 1862 29 Nov 1862 3 Dec 1862 3 Dec 1862 4 Dec 1862 5 Dec 1862 16 Dec 1862 19 Dec 1862 20 Dec 1862 22 Dec 1862 22 Dec 1862 22 Dec 1862 24 Dec 1862 24 Dec 1862 26 Dec 1862

Lyons Mss, Box 192 MLN/114/6 ADM1/5788 MLN/116/2 MLN/116/3 [11] MLN/116/1a [2] MLN/116/1d MLN/116/2 MLN/116/2 MLN/116/3 [11] Lyons Mss, Box 192 MLN/116/1a [2] Lyons Mss, Box 192 MLN/116/2 MLN/116/1a [2] ADM1/5788 ADM1/5788 MLN/116/1a [2] ADM1/5788 ADM1/5788 ADM1/5788

27 Dec 1862 27 Dec 1862

ADM1/5788 MLN/116/1a [2]

Part III: January – June 1863 165 Milne to Somerset

1 Jan 1863

166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176

Milne to Grey Milne to Lord Lyons Lord Lyons to Milne Milne to Grey Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Lord Lyons to Milne Grant to Milne Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Grey to Milne Milne to Somerset

1 Jan 1863 1 Jan 1863 5 Jan 1863 6 Jan 1863 12 Jan 1863 14 Jan 1863 16 Jan 1863 23 Jan 1863 24 Jan 1863 24 Jan 1863 24 Jan 1863

177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185

Milne to Grey Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Lord Lyons Lord Lyons to Milne Somerset to Milne Milne to Lord Lyons Lord Lyons to Watson Lord Lyons to Milne Milne to Commanding Officers of Ships on the North America and West India Station

24 Jan 1863 25 Jan 1863 25 Jan 1863 1 Feb 1863 2 Feb 1863 2 Feb 1863 13 Feb 1863 15 Feb 1863 16 Feb 1863

Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/23 MLN/116/2 Lyons Mss, Box 192 MLN/116/1a [3] MLN/116/2 ADM1/5821 MLN/116/1a [3] MLN/116/1a [3] ADM1/5819 ADM1/5819 MLN/116/1d Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/24 MLN/116/2 ADM1/5819 Lyons Mss, Box 192 MLN/116/1a [3] MLN/116/1c Lyons Mss, Box 192 ADM1/5819 MLN/116/1a [3] MLN/114/9

510

THE MILNE PAPERS

186 187 188 189 190

Grey to Milne Milne to Grey Milne to Lord Lyons Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Somerset

16 Feb 1863 17 Feb 1863 17 Feb 1863 18 Feb 1863 25 Feb 1863

191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207

28 Feb 1863 28 Feb 1863 28 Feb 1863 3 March 1863 4 March 1863 5 March 1863 5 March 1863 11 March 1863 17 March 1863 18 March 1863 20 March 1863 20 March 1863 20 March 1863 20 March 1863 21 March 1863 25 March 1863 25 March 1863

208 209 210 211 212

Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Grey Milne to Grey Milne to Grey Lord Lyons to Milne Lord Lyons to Milne Milne to Grey Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Grey Milne to Lord Lyons Milne to Lord Lyons Grey to Milne Milne to Lord Lyons Milne to Commanding Officers of Ships on the North America and West India Station Lord Lyons to Milne Secretary of Admiralty to Milne Lord Lyons to Milne Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Somerset

213 214 215 216

Milne to Grey Milne to Lord Lyons Secretary of Admiralty to Milne Milne to Grey

217 218 219 220 221 222 223

Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Lord Lyons to Milne Milne to Grey Secretary of Admiralty to Milne Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Somerset to Milne Milne to Somerset

224 225 226 227 228 229 230

Milne to Grey Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Grey Milne to Lord Lyons Somerset to Milne

27 March 1863 28 March 1863 29 March 1863 31 March 1863 31 March 1863

MLN/116/1d MLN/116/2 Lyons Mss, Box 192 ADM1/5819 Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/25 ADM1/5819 ADM1/5820 MLN/116/2 MLN/116/2 MLN/116/2 MLN/116/1a [3] MLN/116/1a [3] MLN/116/2 ADM1/5819 ADM1/5819 ADM1/5819 MLN/116/2 Lyons Mss, Box 192 Lyons Mss, Box 192 MLN/116/1d Lyons Mss, Box 192 MLN/114/9

MLN/116/1a [3] MLN/114/4 MLN/116/1a [3] ADM1/5819 Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/26 31 March 1862 MLN/116/2 5 April 1863 Lyons Mss, Box 192 6 April 1863 MLN/114/4 6–23 April, MLN/116/2 1863 7 April 1863 ADM1/5819 8 April 1863 MLN/116/1a [3] 9 April 1862 MLN/116/2 16 April 1863 MLN/114/4 16 April 1863 ADM1/5819 17 April 1863 MLN/116/1c 19 April 1863 Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/27 19 April 1863 MLN/116/2 21 April 1863 ADM1/5819 21 April 1863 ADM1/5819 22 April 1863 ADM1/5820 23 April 1863 MLN/116/2 25 April 1863 Lyons Mss, Box 192 25 April 1863 MLN/116/1c

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS

231 Lord Lyons to Milne 232 Milne to Secretary of Admiralty 233 Milne to Somerset

27 April 1863 6 May 1863 6 May 1863

234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251

Milne to Grey Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Grey Lord Lyons to Milne Milne to Lord Lyons Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Grey Secretary of Admiralty to Milne Somerset to Milne Milne to Grey Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Cracroft Milne to Vansittart Milne to Hood Milne to Cracroft Milne to Tatham Milne to Harvey Milne to Somerset

7 May 1862 9 May 1863 9 May 1863 11 May 1863 11 May 1863 14 May 1863 14 May 1862 15 May 1863 15 May 1863 18 May 1863 21 May 1863 21 May 1863 21 May 1863 21 May 1863 21 May 1863 21 May 1863 21 May 1863 22 May 1863

252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259

Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Lord Lyons Milne to Kennedy Milne to Graham Milne to Somerset

23 May 1863 25 May 1863 26 May 1863 5 June 1863 9 June 1863 9 June 1863 9 June 1863 11 June 1863

511

260 Milne to Somerset

11 June 1863

261 262 263 264 265 266 267

11 June 1863 12 June 1863 12 June 1863 12 June 1863 13 June 1863 22 June 1863 22 June 1863

MLN/116/1a [3] ADM1/5819 Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/28 MLN/116/2 ADM1/5819 MLN/116/2 MLN/116/1a [3] Lyons Mss, Box 192 ADM1/5819 MLN/116/2 MLN/114/4 MLN/116/1c MLN/116/2 ADM1/5819 MLN/116/3 [11] MLN/116/3 [11] MLN/116/3 [11] MLN/116/3 [11] MLN/116/3 [11] MLN/116/3 [11] Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/29 ADM1/5819 ADM1/5819 ADM1/5819 ADM1/5819 Lyons Mss, Box 192 MLN/116/3 [11] MLN/116/3 [11] Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/30 Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/31 MLN/116/2 Lyons Mss, Box 192 MLN/116/3 [11] MLN/116/3 [11] MLN/116/1d MLN/116/1a [3] Lyons Mss, Box 192

10 July 1863 20 July 1863 20 July 1863 21 July 1863 24 July 1863 29 July 1863 29 July 1863 30 July 1863

MLN/114/4 MLN/116/1a [3] Lyons Mss, Box 192 MLN/116/2 Lyons Mss, Box 192 ADM1/5820 ADM1/5820 ADM1/5820

Milne to Grey Milne to Lord Lyons Milne to Cracroft Milne to Ward Grey to Milne Lord Lyons to Milne Milne to Lord Lyons

Part IV: July – December 1863 268 Secretary of Admiralty to Milne 269 Lord Lyons to Milne 270 Milne to Lord Lyons 271 Milne to Grey 272 Milne to Lord Lyons 273 James Dunlop to Milne 274 Milne to Secretary of Admiralty 275 Milne to Secretary of Admiralty

512

THE MILNE PAPERS

276 Milne to Secretary of Admiralty 277 Lord Lyons to Milne 278 Milne to Commanding Officers of Ships on the North America and West India Station 279 Milne to Secretary of Admiralty 280 Milne to Grey 281 Milne to Secretary of Admiralty 282 Lord Lyons to Milne 283 Milne to Lord Lyons 284 Milne to Lord Lyons 285 Milne to Grey 286 Milne to Secretary of Admiralty 287 Stuart to Milne 288 Milne to Cracroft 289 Milne to Grey 290 Milne to Glasse 291 Lord Lyons to Milne 292 Stuart to Milne 293 Secretary of Admiralty to Milne 294 Milne to Lord Lyons 295 Milne to Secretary of Admiralty 296 Milne to Lord Lyons 297 Milne to Lord Lyons 298 Milne to Grey 299 Milne to Lord Lyons 300 Milne to Grey 301 Milne to Grey 302 Milne to Grey 303 Milne to Secretary of Admiralty 304 Milne to Lord Lyons 305 Milne to Von Donop 306 Milne to Secretary of Admiralty 307 Milne to Somerset

31 July 1863 31 July 1863 Aug 1863

ADM1/5820 MLN/116/1a [3] MLN/114/9

1 Aug 1863 1 Aug 1863 3 Aug 1863 3 Aug 1863 3 Aug 1863 18 Aug 1863 6 Aug 1863 17 Aug 1863 17 Aug 1863 19 Aug 1863 19 Aug 1863 20 Aug 1863 30 Aug 1863 31 Aug 1863 4 Sept 1863 4 Sept 1863 14 Sept 1863 20 Sept 1863 22 Sept 1863 23 Sept 1863 [29 Sept 1863] 30 Sept 1863 4 Oct 1863 11 Oct 1863 13 Oct 1863 13 Oct 1863 13 Oct 1863 17 Oct 1863 18 Oct 1863

308 309 310 311 312 313 314

Milne to Lord Lyons Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Grey Milne to Grey Milne to Lord Lyons Milne to Somerset

18 Oct 1863 24 Oct 1863 24 Oct 1863 25 Oct 1863 27 Oct 1863 28 Oct 1863 29 Oct 1863

Secretary of Admiralty to Milne Secretary of Admiralty to Milne Lord Lyons to Milne Milne to the Secretary of the Admiralty 319 Milne to Somerset

2 Nov 1863 4 Nov 1863 9 Nov 1863 11 Nov 1863

ADM1/5820 MLN/116/3 [11] ADM1/5820 MLN/116/1a [3] Lyons Mss, Box 192 Lyons Mss, Box 192 MLN/116/3 [11] ADM1/5820 MLN/116/1a [3] MLN/116/3 [11] MLN/116/3 [11] MLN/116/3 [11] MLN/116/1a [3] MLN/116/1a [3] MLN/114/4 Lyons Mss, Box 192 ADM1/5820 Lyons Mss, Box 192 Lyons Mss, Box 192 MLN/116/2 Lyons Mss, Box 192 MLN/116/2 MLN/116/2 MLN/116/2 ADM1/5820 Lyons Mss, Box 192 MLN/116/4 ADM1/5821 Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/32 Lyons Mss, Box 192 ADM1/5821 ADM1/5821 MLN/116/2 MLN/116/2 Lyons Mss, Box 192 Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/33 MLN/114/4 MLN/114/6 MLN/116/1a [3] ADM1/5821

315 316 317 318

12 Nov 1863

Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/34

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS

320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336

Milne to Grey Milne to Lord Lyons Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Secretary of Admiralty to Milne Secretary of Admiralty to Milne Milne to Somerset Milne to Grey Milne to Lord Lyons Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Lord Lyons Lord Lyons to Milne Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Grey Milne to Grey Milne to Secretary of Admiralty Milne to Lord Lyons Milne to Somerset

12 Nov 1863 12 Nov 1863 13 Nov 1863 18 Nov 1863 21 Nov 1863 28 Nov 1863 28 Nov 1863 28 Nov 1863 2 Dec 1863 4 Dec 1863 7 Dec 1863 9 Dec 1863 12 Dec 1863 20 Dec 1863 22 Dec 1863 23 Dec 1863 25 Dec 1863

337 Milne to Grey 338 Milne to Lord Lyons

25 Dec 1863 26 Dec 1863

Part V: January – December 1864 339 Secretary of Admiralty to Milne 340 Milne to Grey 341 Lord Lyons to Milne 342 Lord Lyons to Milne 343 Secretary of Admiralty to Milne 344 Milne to Secretary of Admiralty 345 Secretary of Admiralty to Milne 346 Milne to Grey 347 Milne to Secretary of Admiralty 348 Milne to Secretary of Admiralty 349 Milne to Grey 350 Milne to Lord Lyons 351 Lord Lyons to Milne 352 Secretary of Admiralty to Milne 353 Milne to Grey 354 Milne to Lord Lyons 355 Milne to Secretary of Admiralty 356 Milne to Grey 357 Lord Lyons to Milne 358 Lord Lyons to Milne 359 Milne to Grey 360 Lord Lyons to Milne 361 Milne to Grey 362 Milne to Grey 363 Milne to Secretary of Admiralty 364 Milne to Lord Lyons 365 Milne to Secretary of Admiralty 366 Milne to Somerset

7 Jan 1864 8 Jan 1864 10 Jan 1864 10 Jan 1864 16 Jan 1864 18 Jan 1864 19 Jan 1864 20 Jan 1864 25 Jan 1864 27 Jan 1864 27 Jan 1864 29 Jan 1864 1 Feb 1864 3 Feb 1864 9 Feb 1864 10 Feb 1864 11 Feb 1864 13 Feb 1864 15 Feb 1864 15 Feb 1864 20 Feb 1864 23 Feb 1864 27 Feb 1864 9 March 1864 15 March 1864 15 March 1864 21 March 1864 7 April 1864

513 MLN/116/2 Lyons Mss, Box 192 ADM1/5821 MLN/114/4 MLN/114/4 MLN/116/2 MLN/116/2 Lyons Mss, Box 192 ADM1/5821 Lyons Mss, Box 192 MLN/114/6 ADM1/5821 MLN/116/2 MLN/116/2 ADM1/5821 Lyons Mss, Box 192 Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/35 MLN/116/2 Lyons Mss, Box 192 MLN/114/5 MLN/116/3 [11] FO5/1181 MLN/116/1a [3] MLN/114/6 ADM1/5871 MLN/114/5 MLN/116/2 MLN/114/6 ADM1/5871 MLN/116/2 Lyons Mss, Box 192 MLN/116/1a [3] MLN/114/6 MLN/116/2 Lyons Mss, Box 192 MLN/104/8 MLN/116/2 MLN/116/1a [3] MLN/116/1a [3] MLN/116/2 MLN/116/1a [3] MLN/116/2 MLN/116/2 ADM1/5871 Lyons Mss, Box 192 ADM1/5873 Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/36

514

THE MILNE PAPERS

367 Milne to Secretary of Admiralty 368 Milne to Lord Lyons 369 Milne to Somerset

9 April 1964 30 April 1864 8 July 1864

370 Milne to LSnlord Lyons

29 Dec 1864

ADM1/5871 Lyons Mss, Box 192 Somerset Mss, Ref. D-RA/A/2A/34/37 Lyons Mss, Box 192

GENERAL INDEX

Abaco Island, Bahamas, xiii, xvii, 89, 90, 96, 105, 151, 190, 230, 291, 325, Adam, William H., 244 Adams, Charles Francis, Sr., xxxi, 86, 102, 105, 222, 227, 233, 264, 293, 294 Adderley and Co., 87, 211 Admiralty, x, xviii, xxiii–xxvii passim, xxxi, xxxiv, xxxv, xxxviii, xlii–lxii passim, 3, 14, 25–9 passim, 33, 41–3 passim, 46, 48, 55, 62, 82, 89, 90, 93, 103, 104, 111, 116–21 passim, 126, 127, 136, 148, 150, 155, 164, 167, 168, 171, 173, 176, 178, 181, 183, 197–9 passim, 202, 215, 216, 224–6 passim, 230, 233, 239, 257, 260, 270, 273, 277, 280, 290, 292, 305, 306, 313, 323, 327, 336, 348, 361, 411, 413, 422, 426, 432, 434, 469, 481–8 passim Charts, 9, 338 Circulars, Letters and regulations, 22, 93–4, 122, 171, 190–1, 300, 378, 423, 424 Courts, 61, 64, 86, 87, 90, 134, 168, First Lord of, x, 231–2 see also Seymour (later St. Maur), Edward Adolphus, 12th Duke of Somerset Intelligence-gathering, xl–xli, 3, 6, 35–6, 50, 56, 234, 469 foreign ironclads, xl–xli, 35–6, 50, 56, 58, 74, 75, 93, 157–61, 348–50, 469 Lords Commissioners (Board) of, xiv, xxxvi, l, lv, 3, 9, 12, 26, 32, 34–7 passim, 66, 67, 74, 79, 84, 85, 86, 90–4 passim, 103, 106, 109, 110, 114, 117, 122, 124, 128, 129, 131, 134, 135, 138, 145–9 passim, 156, 157, 158, 166, 167, 169, 171, 176, 182, 184, 187, 189, 190–1, 200, 204, 210, 212,

213, 218, 219, 225, 233, 234, 237, 240, 241, 246, 251–3 passim, 263–9 passim, 273–5 passim, 278, 279, 283, 286, 287, 294, 298, 306–8 passim, 315, 319–24 passim, 327, 343, 347–53 passim, 359, 362, 363, 370, 372, 378, 379, 382, 385, 386, 390, 391, 392, 395, 398, 412–8 passim, 421–4 passim, 427–30 passim, 435–41 passim, 445, 463, 470, 473–9 passim, 484, 485, 493–7, passim 501, 502 weakness of, xlv–xlvi, 26, 33, 34 see also Milne, Alexander, Admiralty, observations on Minutes, 3, 11–2, 37, 145, 147–8, 189, 204, 237, 241, 251, 268–70, 354, 361, 362, 363, 391, 392, 396, 398, 437, 438, 497–501 Secretary of, ix, xviii, 3, 9, 15, 18, 26, 34–7 passim, 58, 74, 79, 82–6 passim, 95, 98, 103, 106–9 passim, 122, 128, 129, 133, 135, 138, 143–6 passim, 157, 166–9 passim, 184, 187–91 passim, 204, 210, 212, 218, 222, 224, 231, 233, 237, 240, 251–3 passim, 263–6 passim, 273–8 passim, 283, 286, 287, 294, 300, 305–10 passim, 315, 320–4 passim, 331, 343, 349, 350, 353, 359, 363, 370–3 passim, 378, 379, 383, 385, 388–92 passim, 395, 398, 411, 412, 415–8 passim, 421–4 passim, 428, 429, 436, 437, 441, 458, 463, 464, 469, 470–3 passim, 476–9 passim, 484, 487, 493, 494, 499, 501, 502 See also Royal Navy Africa, xlv, 110, 124, 152, 154, 174, 198, 199, 217, 218, 249 Alabama, xi, xxxi, 17, 214 Albemarle Sound, North Carolina, 20 Albert, Prince of Saxe-Coburg Gotha, 4

515

516

THE MILNE PAPERS

Albert, Christopher, 59, 66, 137 Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, 24, 260, 273, 384 Alfred Ernest Albert, Prince, Duke of Edinburgh, 4 Alvarado Arellano, Francisco, 399–400 Alvarado, Mexico, 15 Álvarez, Mariano, 288, 289, 400 American Civil War: see Great Britain, policy regarding US Civil War; Milne, Alexander, US Civil War; North America and West India Station/Squadron, US Civil War; United States of America, Civil War Anglo-American Relations: see United States of America, government, relations with Great Britain; United States of America, Civil War, tensions with Great Britain as a result of; Great Britain, policy regarding U.S. Civil War, relations with the US Anguilla, Leeward Islands, Anguilla Cay, Bahamas, 153, 210 way station for Cuba-bound slavers, 80 Annapolis, Maryland, 54, 73, 91, 349 Antietam, Maryland, Battle of (17 Sept 1862), 116 Antigua, 147, 419, 438, 439, 458, 483 Aquia Creek, Virginia, 102 Archibald, Edward Mortimer, xl, 30, 155, 211, 293, 328, 338, 354, 355–7, 395 Arkansas, 74 Armstrong, James, Milne’s praise for, xlix, 24 Armstrong, William, 6, 165 Armstrong Guns, liv, 6, 13, 32, 71, 83, 95, 119, 203, 215, 267, 273–4, 398, 410, 426–7, 458–9 Arthur, William, Milne’s praise for, xlix, 481 Atherton, William, 167 Australia, xxvi, 63, 383 Bahamas, xiii, xviii, xx, xxi, xxvii, xxix, xxxiii, lii, 85, 88, 93, 94, 112, 130, 153, 189, 190, 197, 203, 211, 215, 230, 337, 338 Governor of: see Bayley, Charles John territorial limits of the Bahama Banks, 94, 182, 183, 188–9, 190, 197, 203, 338

See also Abaco Island, Bahamas; Eleuthera, Bahamas; Green Cay, Bahamas; Nassau, Bahamas; New Providence, Bahamas Baker, Robert, systematically abused on HMS Cadmus, 240–6 Baker, Robert B., 140 Baltimore, Maryland, 74, 116, 121, 122, 130, 206, 338, 350 Banks, Nathaniel P., 60–1, 180, 194, 207, 213, 230, 331 Bannerman, Alexander, 112 Barbados, 4, 18, 30, 49, 53, 79, 81, 83, 119, 175, 177, 198, 199, 203, 217, 218, 247, 256, 264, 282, 334, 372, 419, 420, 438, 439, 441, 442, 453–9 passim, 475, 483, 502 Division of the North America and West India Station, 23, 154, 253 Barnard, Edward King, 284, 285, 338 Bay Islands, Honduras, xliv, xlv, 287–90, 398, 401–8 See also Roatan (Ruatan), Bay Islands; Honduras Bayley, Charles John, xviii, xxviii, xxxi, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 101, 109, 113, 119, 121, 182–3, 185, 186, 197–8, 201, 225, 324, 325, 344, 348, 483 Milne’s criticism of, 113, 225 Beaton, George H., 205 Beaufort, North Carolina, 56, 58, 207 Beaumont, Robert W., 288 Beauregard, Pierre G.T., 377 Beeby, James, 268 Belize, 145, 288, 364, 400, 403, 406 Bell, Henry, xxv, 441, 445, 447, 454, 455, 467, 478 Bell, Joseph, 412–5 Belligerent and neutral rights at sea, xii–xvii, xviii, xx, xxxvii–xxxviii, 61, 64, 65, 85, 93–6, 97, 129, 168–9, 190, 193, 202, 210–2, 224, 251, 260–1, 263, 265–6, 285, 295, 299, 302, 303, 304–5, 310, 311, 314, 317–9, 321, 326, 350–3, 359–62, 366, 423, 432, 435, 444, 450, 451, 453, 468, 471–2 See also Great Britain, policy regarding US Civil War, neutrality and neutral rights of during and subheads; International Law (the Law of Nations); Milne, Alexander, US Civil War, neutral and

GENERAL INDEX belligerent rights at sea, questions and opinions on Benjamin, Judah P., 380, 427, 488 Bermuda, xiii, xxvi, xlv, liii, lvii, 3–7 passim, 18, 21, 24–53 passim, 57–9 passim, 63–6 passim, 71, 73, 78–83 passim, 87, 90, 92, 96, 100, 101, 108, 109, 113, 115, 118–21 passim, 126, 133, 135, 138, 151–4 passim, 162–6 passim, 171, 172, 177–83 passim, 190–93 passim, 197–201 passim, 204, 210–13 passim, 216–21 passim, 224, 229–33 passim, 236–42 passim, 246, 247, 250–61 passim, 264, 266, 270–6 passim, 281–7 passim, 290, 291, 294, 297–313 passim, 317–19 passim, 324, 329–33 passim, 338, 344–7 passim, 369–74 passim, 379, 380, 383–7 passim, 394, 411, 419–21 passim, 425–8 passim, 438, 439, 456–9 passim, 463–5 passim, 475–82 passim, 486, 488, 491–5 passim, 501, 502 Boaz Island, 152, 306 coal supply at, 293, 474 defences of, lvi, 271, 281, 308, 383, 425 de facto US naval blockade of, xxvi, xxvii–xxviii, 130, 131, 133–4, 137, 138–42, 155, 161, 163, 165, 166, 168–9, 183–4, 191, 194, 207, 208, 334 depot for blockade runners, xi, xii, xv, xxxi, 114–5, 176, 252, 291, 299, 314, 330, 346–7, 421–2, 426, 427, 428–34, 438 failure of colonial government to prevent, xxxi, 176, 291, 299, 314 dockyard, li, 306–7, 425 labourers for, 136, 148, 153, 174, 247, 275, 281, 374, 425, 426, 427, 481 oversight of, 99, 151–2, 155, 200, 270, 275, 374 repair of blockade runners in, xxxiv–xxxv, xlvi, 428–34, 435, 438, 470–2, 473–4, 477, 482, 484–6, 487, 488, 490 see also Milne, Alexander, repair of blockade runners in Bermuda dockyard proposed improvements to, 232 drydock, liii, 216, 476, 503–4 government, 176 gunboats at, 482

517

see also Kite, HMS naval hospital, lvii, 42, 43, 51, 67, 99, 137, 198, 232, 237, 256, 257, 258, 271 quarantine establishment at, lvi, lvii, 23, 25, 33, 41, 42, 48, 50 poor communications with, xlii, lviii–lix, 146, 278, 280, 298, 307, 310, 311, 313–4, 327, 328 Ports Island, 33, 41, 43, 99 St. George’s Channel and Harbour, 8, 133, 139, 140, 141, 163, 176, 334, 374, 427, 485 territorial limits of, 132, 134–5, 149, 150, 156, 168, 174, 179–80, 181, 192 US embargo on and shortage of provisions at, xiii, 88, 330, 332, 377, 379, 383–4 Bernardez, Francisco, 401–8 Bicknell, William C., 346 Biddlecomb, William T., 66 Blacker, Charles L.A., 38, 488 Blake, George H., 214, 420 Milne’s criticism of, 420 Blockade: see Milne, Alexander, US Civil War, blockade of the southern coast; North America and West India Station/ Squadron, US blockade of the southern coast; United States of America, Navy, blockade of southern ports Blockade runners, xi, xix, xxi, xxxi, 40, 58, 61, 69, 88, 132, 166, 178, 256, 291, 299, 314, 324–6, 329, 330, 351, 358, 371, 374, 421–2, 427, 428, 474, 482, 484, 486, 48, British registry of most, xi, xxx, 156, 256 repair of in Bermuda dockyard, xxxiv–xxxv, xlvi, 428–34, 435, 438, 470–2, 473, 477, 482, 484–6, 487, 488 See also Coquette; Cornubia; Fanny and Jenny; Fingal; Hansa; Harriett Pinckney; Herald; Juno; Mail; Miriam; Sirius; Venus Blockade running, xi, xii, xvii, xxxv, 133–4, 143, 150, 166, 167–8, 211, 299, 426, 434, 474 International law pertaining to, 127, 133–4, 143, 150, 162, 165, 166–8 See also Great Britain, policy regarding U.S. Civil War, neutrality and neutral rights of during, blockade running by British ships; Bahamas; Bermuda; Nassau, Bahamas

518

THE MILNE PAPERS

Bonaparte, Louis-Napoléon, Emperor Napoléon III, xl, xlii, xliii, 45, 55, 229, 239, 258 Bosse, Auguste, 386 Bordeaux, 61 Boston, Massachusetts, 38, 58, 93, 135, 153, 159, 160, 161, 163, 231, 292, 328, 330, 331, 333, 338, 348, 368, 389, 394, 395, 409, 411, 412, 470 Bowles, Frederick, 241–6 Brazil, xv, 110, 150, 456 Brest, France, 237 Briggs, John Thomas, 499 British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, 16, 147, 201, 292, 313, 387, 394, 395, 411 British Honduras: see Belize Brodie, George S., 60 Brooklyn, New York Navy Yard, xxxvi, 158, 388 Brown, Charles H., 443–8 passim, 466 Brown, James N., 190 Brownsville, Texas, xxii, 39, 238, 309 Bull Run or Manassas, 2nd Battle of (29 Aug 1862), 112 Bulls Bay, South Carolina, 235 Bunch, Robert, xxxiii–xxxiv, 19, 44, 73, 179, 187, 193, 223, 227, 228, 231–6 passim, 248, 254, 262, 360 Burnside, Ambrose Everett, 20, 181 Buffalo, New York, 376 Burniston, 409 Butler, Benjamin, 178, 194, 213, Butler, John B., 270, 492 Milne’s praise for, xlix, 247, 492 Butterfield, Aubrey G., 211, 212, 367 Caldwell, Henry, 15, 42, 47, Milne’s criticism of, xlvii, 49, 59 Milne’s praise for, xlvii, 42 Cambridge, Duke of: see George William Frederick Charles, Prince and 2nd Duke of Cambridge Canada, 20, 63, 138, 330, 338, 343, 348, 368, 369, 372, 379, 384, 504 See also Montreal, Quebec Canso, Strait (Gut) of, 98, 200, 246, 346 Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, 70, 71, 72, 98, 105, 108, 118, 327, 332, 338, 344, 345, 346

Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, 203, 207, 223 Cape of Good Hope, 456 Cape Maize (Cabo Maysi), Cuba, 210 Cape Race, Newfoundland, 111, 112, 116, 394, 409 Cape (Cabo) San Antonio, Cuba, 126 Cape Verde Islands, 16 Caribbean Sea, ix, lvi, lviii, lix, lxi, 406 Carrera Turcios, José R., 400–1 Cartagena, New Granada (Colombia), 146, 396 Central America, xli, xliv, 27, 147, 383, 388, 396 Central American War (1863), 388–9, 400–1 Filibusters in, 383 See also Bay Islands; Belize; Costa Rica; El (San) Salvador; Honduras; Guatemala; Nicaragua; Panama; Walker, William Charleston, South Carolina, xii, xxix, xxxi, xxxiii, xxxiv, xxxvii, xxxix, xl, lvi, lviii, 7, 14, 18, 19, 20, 73, 181, 182, 183, 198, 202, 227, 228–36 passim, 248–58 passim, 262, 280, 291, 301, 360, 376, 427, 429, 474 attack or anticipated attack on, lviii, 18, 20, 24, 25, 29, 44, 56, 63, 70, 84, 143, 153, 177, 179, 180, 183, 193, 207, 223, 228, 262, 271, 276, 290, 292, 344, 350, 358, 369, 371, 375, 376–7, 429 communicating with, xxxvii–xxxviii 62, 63, 70, 88, 102, 130, 259, 338, 345, 347, 368–9, 379, 384, 482, 490 British warships fired on when approaching, xxix, 252 protection of British interests at, xxxix–xl, 24, 25, 30, 57, 60, 63, 82, 91, 100, 122, 172–3, 179, 180, 187–8, 193, 199, 207, 223, 226, 259, 276, 280–1, 292, 328, 344, 369, 375, 376–7, 379–83 Chase, Salmon P., 188, 193 Chancellorsville, Battle of (30 April–6 May 1863), 304 Channel Squadron: see Royal Navy, Channel Squadron Chattanooga, Tennessee, 394, 417 Chesapeake Bay, xl, 62, 151, 153, 258, 338

GENERAL INDEX Childers, Hugh C.E., 498–9 China, 15, 247, 347 Second Opium War, 15 Cienfuegos, Cuba, 126 Coal and Coaling: see North America and West India Station, coal supplies and coaling Cockburn, George, xxxvi Collier, Robert Porrett, 241 Collins, Napoleon, 190, 208, 212 Colombia, xxxviii, xliv, 396 See also New Granada (Grenada) Colon, New Granada (Panama), 9, 17, 18, 146, 204, 388, 396, 398 Colonial Office: see Great Britain, Colonial Office Comayagua, Honduras, 388, 339, 400 Comonfort de los Ríos, Ignacio G., 221 Confederate States of America, so called, x, xi, xii, xix, xxi, xxii, xxiii, xxv, xxvii, xxviii, xxix, xxx, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiv, xxxviii, xl, lviii, 84, 141, 149, 155–6, 178, 191, 203, 223, 226, 248, 251–2, 263, 291, 292, 293–4, 298, 307, 330, 333, 347, 358, 369, 370, 374, 375, 376, 380, 382, 417, 429, 435, 438, 444, 447, 449, 469, 470, 471, 473, 474, 478, 479, 485, 487, 490, 502, Army, 20, 61, 82, 88, 110–1, 114, 116–7, 122, 132, 173, 256, 257, 266, 309, 336–7, 338, 358, 377, 390, 394, 417, 443, 447 Commerce raiders, xxviii, 304, 306 see also Alabama, CSS; Florida CSS government, xi, xii, xxii, xxxiv, 156, 253, 299, 376, 384, 417, 429, 435, 438, 478, 479 Navy, 35, 85, 88, 121, 155–6, 161, 165, 194, 214–5, 227, 231, 233–4, 253–5, 256, 263, 266, 276, 294, 296, 298, 337, 374, 456 Consuls: see Great Britain, consuls Contagious Diseases Act (1864), 500 Continuous Voyage, doctrine of: see United States of America, Navy, blockade, suspected blockade runners, seizure of British merchant vessels bound from one neutral port to another (continuous voyage); Lyons, Richard Bickerton Pemell, 1st Viscount Lyons, US Civil War,

519

blockade of the so-called Confederacy, seizure of British merchant vessels bound from one neutral port to another (continuous voyage); Milne, Alexander, US Civil War, British merchant vessels, seized bound from one neutral port to another (continuous voyage); Adela; Dolphin; Peterhoff Contraband of war: see United States of America, Navy, blockade, suspected blockade runners, contraband of war Convoy: see Milne, Alexander, British cruisers, Milne’s instructions to, on convoying Coppell, George, 207 Corinth, Mississippi, 44 Corneck, Henry W., 91 Corry, Amar Lowry, 382 Cotton, xi, xxii, xxiii, xxiv, 38, 39, 84, 134, 148, 149, 172, 179, 219, 220, 237, 238, 287, 309, 347, 405, 408, 442, 446, 447, 448 Courtney, Reginald, 287–8 Coxen Hole, Roatan (Ruatan), Bay Islands, Honduras, 288, 401 Cracroft, Peter, lxi, 118, 124, 125, 149, 151, 154, 176, 177, 289, 309, 311, 312, 315, 317, 333, 334, 336, 372, 395, 396, 398, 399, 401, 448, 465, 474, 487 Milne’s criticism of, 474 Crawford, John Vincent, xxxii, xxxviii, 37–40, 310, 333, 344, 363–7, 478–9, 482, 488 ignorance of international law, xxxii–xxxiii, 315–9, 337 Crawford, Joseph T., xxiii, xxxii, 17, 62, 110, 115, 209, 286 ignorance of international law, 61, 64, 69 Cridland, Frederick, 376, 490 Croke, Lewis Morris, xxxii, xxxiii, xlix, 43, 178, 212–15, 217, 221, 225, 226, 232, 248, 252 Milne’s criticism of, 221 Milne’s praise for, 419, 458 Crooked Island Passage, Bahamas, 10 Cuba, xix, xxxii, 39, 64, 65, 132, 135, 142, 153, 272, 275, 333, 337, 345, 364, 365, 371, 459 slave trade to, xliii, lvii, 59, 80, 109–11, 115, 118, 124, 126–7, 130, 133, 135,

520

THE MILNE PAPERS

151, 209–10, 218, 270, 272, 274, 282, 334, 392–3, 483 See also Havana, Cuba Cunard, Edward, 504 Cunard, Samuel, 504 Cunard Steamship Co.: see British and North American Royal Mail SteamPacket Company Dacres, Sidney Colpoys, xlii, xliii, lxi, 4, 6, 7, 17, 26, 28, 36, 37, 40–4 passim, 47–53 passim, 64, 65, 70, 71, 100, 260, 336 Dahlgren, John, 3, 488 Dahlgren Gun, 3, 209 Danish Virgin Islands: see St. Thomas, Danish Virgin Islands D’Arcy, John, xlviii, 198, 259, 347, 372, 373 Milne’s praise for, 373 Davis, Jefferson, 375 Dawes, Weedon, 346 De Kantzow, Herbert Philip, 275, 294–8, 305 Declaration of Paris: see Paris, Declaration of (1856) Denny, Edward, 66 Devonport, 37, 230, 250, 257, 271, 272, 385, 423, 491 See also Plymouth Digby, George S., 42 Dolce y Garay, Domingo, 2st Marquis of Castell-Florite, 209 Domville, Henry J., 271 Douglas, Peter, J., 125 Doyle, Charles H., 273, 281, 282, 290, 336, 338, 479 Draft riots: see New York City, draft riots at, 1863, Drouyn de Lhuys, Édouard, 165 Drummond, James Robert, lv, lvii, lx, 7, 13, 15, 18, 25, 32, 50, 52, 136, 150, 330, 498 Du Pont, Samuel Francis, 223 Duboise de Saligny, Alphonse (Jean Pierre Isidore Alphonse Dubois), 45 Dundas, Richard Saunders, l, 277 Dundas, Robert, 4th Viscount Melville, 427, 430 Dunlop, Hugh, xxiii, xxiv, xlvi, lxi, 17, 26, 37, 39, 66, 67, 68, 81, 83, 100, 118, 119,

120, 124, 132, 135, 149, 151, 152, 163, 174, 183, 204, 208, 219, 237, 256, 259, 261, 287, 312, 317, 333 and Mexican intervention, x, xliii, 34–5, 40–1, 43, 53, 55 exceeds scope of his instructions, x, xli, 4, 6, 14, 26, 27–8, 31, 32, 33, 36, 43, 45, 50 failure to keep superiors informed of his doings, xlii, 23, 25, 29, 30 Dunlop, James Andrew Robert, 53, 236, 258, 348–9 East Gulf of Mexico Blockading Squadron: see US Navy, East Gulf of Mexico Blockading Squadron Eden, Charles, 66, 137, 148, 496, 498 Edmonstone, William, 174 El (San) Salvador, 388, 401 Eleuthera, Bahamas, xxi, 337, 338, 344, 346, 348, Elsigood, Edward, 243 England, xvii, lv, lix, 4, 6, 8, 17, 26, 34, 37, 41–59 passim, 62–73 passim, 81–3 passim, 87–9 passim, 100, 106, 112, 113, 118, 119, 128, 132, 134, 137, 138, 151–3 passim, 156, 161–3 passim, 167, 168, 172, 173, 177–80 passim, 183, 188, 208, 209, 217, 218, 221–5 passim, 231–3 passim, 236, 238, 246, 247, 257, 258, 263, 266, 270, 274–6 passim, 281, 282, 290–4 passim, 298, 299, 303–8 passim, 312–4 passim, 327–30 passim, 333, 336–9 passim, 343–8 passim, 362, 367–9 passim, 372–4 passim, 383–8 passim, 393, 394, 409–11 passim, 426, 427, 439, 446, 456–8 passim, 463, 475, 480, 483–7 passim, 490–3 passim, 502, 503 See also Great Britain Erskine, John L., 120 Europe, 57, 161, 188, 224, 469 Evens, John H., 427, 487 Milne’s praise of, 487 Ewart, Charles, lxi, 17, 60, 66, 95, 122, 121, 133, 162, 179 Eyde, William, Milne’s praise for, xlix, 138 Eyre, Edward John, 483 Fanshawe, Arthur, 82 Farragut, David G., xxiv, 83, 213, 214

GENERAL INDEX Farrington, Theodore, 128 Fegen, Frederick James, Milne’s praise for, xlix, 425–6 Filibusters: see Central America, filibusters; Walker, William Fisher, John A., 464–5 Fisheries protection: see Labrador; Newfoundland; North America and West India Station, duties of, fisheries protection Florida, xxii, Florida Straits, 48 Fonseca, Antonio, 399 Foreign Enlistment Act (1819): see Great Britain, Great Britain, policy regarding U.S. Civil War, neutrality and neutral rights of during, Foreign Enlistment Act (1819) Foreign Office: see Great Britain, Foreign Office Forey, Élie F., 221, 229, 239, 258 Fort Donelson, Tennessee, 19, 20 Fort Henry, Tennessee, 17, 19, 20 Fort Pemberton, Mississippi, 266 Fort Sumter, South Carolina, 254, 256, 377, 417 Fortress Monroe, Virginia, lv, 7, 14, 19, 25, 35, 50–6 passim, 64, 65, 68, 70, 82, 91, 92, 101, 109, 113, 122, 126, 130, 143, 151, 162, 166, 172, 173, 176–80 passim, 188, 202–5 passim, 225–7 passim, 230, 232, 235, 236, 247, 250, 256, 257, 261, 264, 276, 282, 327, 328, 337, 338, 345–8 passim, 353, 369, 373, 374, 382, 456–9 passim Fox, Gustavus, V., 184, 194, 472, 473 France, xiii, xv, lv, 24, 45, 68, 73, 141, 156, 164, 165, 173, 181, 230, 271, 387, 394, 248, 249, 271, 375, 485 and the Newfoundland fisheries, 112 government, 249, 485 Minister to the US, 55, 62, 73, 368, 375, 376, 379, 382, 391 naval arms race with Great Britain, xl, 75, 386 Tripartite intervention in Mexico with Great Britain and Spain, x, xli, xlii, 5, 14, 27, 32, 33, 35, 40, 48 Unilateral intervention in Mexico, xxii, xlii, 8, 45, 47, 50, 55, 63, 65, 73, 80, 116, 149, 217, 219–21, 229, 231, 239, 249, 258, 286–87, 302, 385–6, 441, 445, 469

521

Frederick, Charles, 148, 496, 498 Fredericksburg, Virginia, Battle of (11–15 Nov 1862), 154, 181, 188, 202, 203 French Navy, xl, 15, 19, 39, 47, 68, 73, 80, 100, 116, 143, 162, 187, 198, 199, 213, 231, 235, 236–7, 257, 258, 299, 347, 353–7, 379, 383, 385–6, 387, 391, 449 Ironclad building race with Great Britain, xl, 75, 386 French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, xiii Fullerton or Fullarton, Allan, 376, 417, 490 Gammell, Harcourt T., 10, 11 Galveston, Texas, xxx, 178, 228, 233, 234, 239, 360 George William Frederick Charles, Prince and 2nd Duke of Cambridge, 281 Gibraltar, xxxviii, 164, 307, 345, 362 Gilbert, Robert A.S., 409 Gilmore, Quincy A., 377 Glasse, Frederick, xxvi, xxvii, xxxvii, xlvi, lxi, 71, 72, 73, 99, 132, 138, 139, 142, 149, 151, 155, 161, 191, 192, 200, 236, 270, 275, 334, 347, 374, 421, 422, 427, 429, 430, 434, 480 Milne’s criticism of, xxxiv–xxxv, 152, 432–3, 433, 435, 438 Godon, Sylvanus W., 234, 235 Goodenough, James G., 469 Graham, James Robert George, lxi, 290, 328 Grant, Henry Duncan, lxi, 208–10, 225, 250, 291, 315 Grant, James, 140 Grant, John, 500 Grant, Ulysses S., 19, 331 Great Britain, x, xi, xii, xiii, xiv, xv, xvi, xxvi, xxvii, xxxviii, xxix, xxxi, xxxiii, xxxvi, xxxviii, xl, xlii, xliii, xliv, li, lii, lxi, 75, 93, 94, 95, 113, 149–50, 156, 228, 251, 292, 367, 387, 393, 406, 414, 468, 479, 504 Colonial Office, xxvi, 20, 82, 141, 152, 167, 189, 198, 200, 202, 413, 415 Colonial officials, xxxi, lxii, 63, 93, 112, 190, 200, 273, 343, 383, 414, 483 Shortcomings of, xxvii,113, 133, 200, 202, 225, 258, 113

522

THE MILNE PAPERS

Foreign Office, xxxiv, xxxv, xlv, lix, 34, 36, 37, 41, 55, 75, 79, 81, 84, 98, 102–4 passim, 109, 110, 111, 118, 129, 150, 164, 172, 173, 189, 190, 201, 208, 215, 230, 280, 323, 344, 354, 362, 363, 375, 391, 392, 396, 398, 416, 429, 441, 456, 457, 470, 474, 478, 479, 486, 488, 503 Consuls, xxii, xxiii, xxix, xxxiii, xxxvii, xxxviii, xxxix, xl, 19, 30, 37, 38, 44, 54, 64, 65, 71, 79, 82, 88, 91, 109, 110, 115, 130, 131, 147, 152, 153, 155, 172, 174, 199, 202, 207, 211, 212–3, 214, 215, 218–9, 230, 231, 234, 236, 239, 248, 254, 259, 262, 288, 290, 293, 314, 328, 331, 333, 334, 354, 355–7, 358, 360, 361, 363, 367, 388, 399, 400, 401, 417, 442, 444, 445, 447–51, 453, 454–5, 467, 482, 490 shortcomings of, xxxi–xxxiii, 202, 212–3, 214, 217, 221–2, 227, 229, 310, 315–6, 317, 318–9, 375–6, 379–83 legation to the US, xv, lxi, 45, 50, 68, 95, 96, 97, 100, 102, 108, 109, 113, 136, 157, 226, 233, 358, 375, 391, 417, 488 government, ix, x, xii, xiii, xx–xxiii passim, xxvi–xxxii passim, xxxvii, xli–xlvi passim, lx, 4, 7, 26–8 passim, 32–5 passim, 40, 41, 45, 48–50 passim, 53–7 passim, 61, 63, 64, 69, 75, 85, 88, 90–7 passim, 102–10 passim, 113, 114, 128, 130, 136, 142, 147, 155, 164, 167, 168, 173, 184, 193, 194, 197, 201, 207, 210, 211, 222–4 passim, 227, 228, 230, 234, 238, 249, 253, 263, 265, 273, 280–3 passim, 292, 294, 305, 307, 310, 314, 317–27 passim, 332, 338, 351–3 passim, 357, 360, 363, 366, 367, 374, 377, 406, 411, 422, 427, 428, 439, 442, 453–6 passim, 469–76 passim, 479, 484, 485, 502 Law Officers of the Crown, xvii, xxvi, xxxiv, xxxv, xxxviii, 33, 34, 61, 69, 85, 87, 127, 142, 143, 150, 164, 166–9, 180, 189, 215, 224, 236, 241, 251, 264, 327, 331, 333, 361, 373, 423, 457, 458, 470, 471–2, 473–4, 482, 484, 485, 487

Merchant Shipping Act (1854), xix, xx, 251, 363 Mexico, British, French and Spanish intervention in, x, xli–xliii, xlv, xlix, lvi, 6, 8, 14, 17, 20, 23, 25, 26, 27–8, 29, 30–6 passim, 40–57 passim, 65, 68 naval arms race with France, xl, 75, 386 Navigation Acts, xiii ‘Rule of 1756’, xiii–xiv Ordnance Select Committee, liv, 3, 410 Parliament, 104, 260, 305, 402, 501 House of Commons, 91, 216, 232, 260, 277, 362, 500 policy regarding US Civil War, lviii, lix, 45, 54, 61, 68–70, 72, 157, 188, 193, 202, 207, 222, 228, 263, 266, 276, 293–4, 303–4, 323, 375–6, 490–1 relations with the US, x, xxv, xxvii, xxx, xxxiv, xxxv, lvii, lviii, lix, lxi, 45, 62, 69, 86, 93, 95, 108, 185, 187, 190, 194, 202, 226, 227, 256, 261, 266, 276, 291, 306, 319, 331, 390, 393–4, 415–7, 432–3, 435–6, 438, 470–2, 473–4, 477, 484–6 neutrality of and neutral rights of during, xv–xvii, xviii, xxxvii–xxxviii, 64, 65, 93–6, 97, 193, 226, 229–30, 275, 285, 295, 299, 302, 304–5, 310, 311, 314, 317–9, 321, 326, 350–3, 359–62, 432, 444, 453, 457–8, 502 blockade running by British ships, xi, xix, xxi, xxx, xxxi, 40, 58, 61, 69, 88, 132, 166, 178, 256, 291, 299, 314, 324–6, 329, 330, 351, 358, 371, 374, 421–2, 427, 428, 474, 482, 484, 486, 487 British colonial ports used as blockade running depots, xi, xii, xiii, xv, xviii, xx, xxxi, 96, 104, 108, 114–5, 176, 181, 182, 183, 211, 252, 291, 314, 330, 346–7, 421–2, 426, 427, 428–34, 435, 438 see also Bermuda; International Law (the Law of Nations); Nassau, Bahamas Foreign Enlistment Act (1819), xii, xxviii–xxix, 84–6 violation or alleged violation of British territorial waters by US Navy vessels, xvii–xx, xxi, 80,

GENERAL INDEX 93–4, 95, 96, 97, 108, 113, 114, 127, 128, 129, 132, 134–6, 142, 168–9, 177, 179–80, 188–9, 192, 197, 216, 324–6, 329, 337–8, 348, 479, 490–1 Queen Victoria’s proclamation of neutrality, xii, xvi, xxxi, xxxv, 84, 108, 139, 141, 163, 176, 186, 197, 201, 208, 482, 484 Queen’s Advocate: see Law Officers of the Crown Secretary for War, 308 War Office, 3, 167, 199, 438 See also Trent Affair; North America and West India Station/Squadron and subheads Greenwood, Mississippi, 266 Greece, xv, 150 Green Cay, Bahamas, xi Grey, Frederick William, xii, xvii, xxii, xxvi, xxvii, xxxiv, xxxvi, xlii, xlvi– xlix passim, l–lx passim, 4, 8, 12, 15, 18, 21, 25, 29, 31, 32, 43, 46, 50, 52, 59, 60, 62, 65, 67, 71–5 passim, 79, 82, 91, 99, 104–5, 111, 118, 125, 126, 131, 135–8 passim, 148, 154, 161–6 passim, 171–7 passim, 182, 199, 203, 215–6, 217, 230, 246, 247, 250, 255, 260, 271, 274, 276, 281, 290, 299, 300, 302, 306, 308, 331, 336, 345, 362, 369, 372, 385, 387, 389, 391, 408, 410, 420, 423, 425, 426, 438, 439, 458, 463, 474, 477, 480, 486, 488, 491, 492, 497, 498 Grigg, Joseph C., 43 Grimsby, 37 Grose, Samuel, 243, 244 Guadeloupe, 220, 258 Guadeloupe Hidalgo, Treaty of (1848), 468 Guatemala, xliv, 388, 400–1 Guiana, British, 147 Gulf of Mexico, xv, xxii, xlii, lvi, 25, 26, 61, 69, 83, 146, 172, 183, 212, 217, 218, 220, 228, 237, 238, 334, 441, 442, 455, 456, 457, 478, 491 Hage, Mr., 11 Haig, Richard, 425 Halifax, Nova Scotia, xiii, xxvi, xxxiv, xxxvi, 5–10 passim, 13, 14, 17, 18, 21–5 passim, 30, 31, 40–53 passim, 56–67

523

passim, 70–2 passim, 79–104 passim, 109–37 passim, 143, 145, 151–65 passim, 172, 175, 179, 193, 199, 201, 203, 217, 218, 224, 225, 231, 233, 240, 247–51 passim, 255–8 passim, 273–83 passim, 290, 293, 299–314 passim, 323–39 passim, 343–53 passim, 357, 359, 362, 363, 368–74 passim, 378–95 passim, 398, 408–12 passim, 416–22 passim, 425–31 passim, 434, 463, 464, 469, 481, 482, 491–4 passim Admiralty House at, 90, 91, 104, 115, 216 communications with Britain, Washington, DC and elsewhere, lvii, lviii, 45, 55, 56, 146–7, 153, 163, 203, 248, 280, 292, 294, 298, 305, 313 defence of, lvi dockyard commissioner’s house at, 90, 91, 92, 115 hospital at, lvii, 51, 90, 116, 216 quarantine establishment at, 51, 65, 120 Halifax-St. Thomas mail packet, xxvii, xxxvii, 191–2, 428, 488, 492 Hamilton, Richard Vesey, 43, 112, 178, 232, 261, 276, 409, 420 Milne’s praise for, xlviii, 15, 23, 112 Hammond, Edmund, 110, 129, 167, 264, 416, 470, 471, 503 Hampton Roads, Virginia, 159, 205, 206 Hancock, George, xxiv, 3, 6, 25, 49, 172, 173, 218, 221, 237–40, 261, 285–6, 308–9, 315, 411–2, 429 Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia), 116 Harrison, Garland W.L., 397 Hartwell, Francis R., 427, 457 Harvey, Henry, lxi, 313, 362 Milne’s praise for, 362 Harvey, Thomas, 112 Harvey, William, 216, 231–2 Havana, Cuba, xi, xxiii, xxxi, xxxii, 4, 6, 13, 14, 16, 17, 29, 30, 37, 47, 48, 51, 53, 58, 61, 64, 71, 87, 110, 115, 126, 145–7, 153, 156, 172, 178, 198, 199, 208, 210, 212–6 passim, 220, 221, 225, 238, 239, 255, 258, 259, 272, 275, 285, 286, 293, 305, 309, 310, 313, 315–9 passim, 327, 333, 344, 346, 363–4, 366, 367, 370, 448, 459, 463, 465, 474, 477, 478, 480, 483

524

THE MILNE PAPERS

yellow fever at, lvi, lvii, 85, 124, 135, 271 alleged illegal use by US warships as a base of operations, xx, 365, 367 Hayes, John M., 395–8 passim Hester, Joseph G., 307, 330, 333, 338, 345, 346 Hewett, William Nathan Wrighte, xiv–xv, xxxix, xlviii, lxi, 52, 56, 58, 62, 64, 71, 74, 87, 89, 91, 92, 103, 174, 178, 213, 217, 225, 231, 236, 474 Milne’s praise of, 125, 198, 199 Hewlett, Richard, liii–liv, 122, 145, 169–71, 190, 269 Hickley, Henry Dennis, xix, xxix, xxx, xlviii, lxi, 80, 84, 85–6, 90, 93, 94, 95, 97, 113, 127, 132, 149, 292, 348, 456 Milne’s praise for, 85, 492 Hillyar, Henry Shank, xlvii Milne’s criticism of, xlvii, 18, 47, 49, 246 systemic mistreatment of crew member, xlviii, li, 240–6 Hitchcock, Robert B., 217, 249 Hitchfield, John J.P., 43 Hogge, Martin, 15, 21, 22 Honduras, xliv, 135, 147, 288, 290, 383, 394, 398, 399–401, 402–7 passim See also Bay Islands, Honduras; Comayagua, Honduras; Omoa, Honduras; Trujillo (Truxillo), Honduras Hood, Arthur W.A., lxi, 174, 242–6, 311, 425, 428, 464 Hope, James, 388, 394, 409, 410, 411, 463, 475, 480, 487, 489, 491, 492, 493, 501, 502 Hope, Thomas, 47, 49 House of Commons: see Great Britain, Parliament, House of Commons House of Representatives, US: see United States of America, Government, House of Representatives Howe, Joseph, 369 Hudson, Joseph, 474 Hunt, George G., 242, 244, 245 Hunter, Charles, xix, 193, 448, 450 Hurrell, Benjamin, 242, 243 Hutton, Frederick, 12, 42, 46, 47, 49, 71 Ingraham, Duncan N., 254 Ingram, William F.W., 275

International Law (the Law of Nations), xii–xix passim, xxv, xxviii, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxvii, xliv, 64, 83, 87, 89, 90, 95, 97, 104, 107, 118, 134, 143, 151, 173, 187, 192, 215, 226–7, 251, 258, 284–5, 314, 315, 318, 319, 321, 325, 337, 352, 358, 359, 407, 423, 441–5 passim, 449–57 passim, 458, 465–72 See also Belligerent and neutral rights at sea; Milne, Alexander, US Civil War, neutral and belligerent rights at sea, questions and opinions on; United States of America, Navy, blockade, suspected blockade runners, contraband of war Ironclads, Confederate, xl, lv, 35, 36, 51, 56, 58 Intelligence collection regarding, xli, 3, 35–6, 46, 50, 58, 157–61, 234, 280–1, 348–50, 386, 387–8, 389, 390, 410, 483 US, xl, lv, 35, 46, 51, 58, 158–61, 203, 207, 348–50 Building race between Great Britain and France, xl, 75, 386 Isla de la Juventud (Isle of Pines), 153, 210 Island Number 10, Tennessee, 44 Isle of Pines: see Isla de la Juventud (Isle of Pines) Jackson, Thomas J., 61, 117, 173, Jalapa, Mexico, 31 Jamaica, xiii, 4, 6, 7, 9, 17, 18, 24, 41, 44, 47, 48, 51, 53, 57–60 passim, 63–5 passim, 68, 73, 79–83 passim, 88, 100, 101, 135, 145–7 passim, 151–3 passim, 174–7 passim, 199, 215, 217, 231, 247, 255–61 passim, 264, 271–4 passim, 287, 311–3 passim, 328, 333–5 passim, 338, 372–4 passim, 401–3 passim, 406, 419, 420, 425–8 passim, 456, 458, 463, 472–7 passim, 480, 483, 489, 492 need for a drydock at, 476 Jamaica Division of the North America and West India Station, xli, 66, 108, 109, 120, 124, 125, 126, 149, 282 See also Kingston, Jamaica; Port Royal, Jamaica James River, 70, 88, 102, 193, 348 Japan, 396–8 passim Jervois, William F.D., 383, 425

GENERAL INDEX Johns, James, 243 Johnson, Horace, 59, 66 Johnstone, William G.H., 386 Jones, Oliver J., 464 Milne’s criticism of, xlvii, 464, 480, 486–7 Juárez Garcia, Benito Pablo, 469 Jurien de La Gravière, Jean Pierre Edmond, 29, 45, 55, 220, 239 Keate, Robert W., 414, 415 Kellett, Henry, 125 Kennedy, John James, lxi, 257, 327, 328, 337, 339, 349–50, 353, 354, 357, 494, 495 Kentucky, 20, 132 Key, Astley Cooper, lv, 437, 438 Key (Cay) West, Florida, xv, xx, xxxiii, 61, 64, 88, 89, 96–8 passim, 101, 103, 109, 181, 211, 212, 223, 228, 310, 316, 317, 358, 364–5, 367, 370, 474, 481 yellow fever at, lvi, 124 Kingston, Jamaica, xiii, 287, 474 need for a drydock at, 476 See also Jamaica; Port Royal, Jamaica Kirkpatrick, Edward, 400 La Guaira (Guayra), Venezuela, 389 Labrador, 24, 409, 411, 412 fisheries protection, xliv, 43–4, 112, 394 Laird Brothers Shipyard (Birkenhead), xxviii, xxx ‘Laird Rams,’ the, xxviii, xx Lambert, Rowley, 464 Lambrick, George, 49 Lanarkshire, xi Lancashire, xi Langdon, Alfred, 242, 243 Lardner, James L, xv, 103 Latin America: see Bay Islands, Honduras; Belize; Central America; Colombia (New Granada); Cuba; Havana, Cuba; Honduras; Guatemala; Mexico; New Granada; Nicaragua; Panama (New Granada); Venezuela Law of Nations: see International Law (Law of Nations) Law Officers of the Crown: see Great Britain, Law Officers of the Crown Lee, Robert E., 112, 309, 346, 358, 417 Lee, Samuel Phillips, 350

525

Leeward Islands, 147, 483 See also Antigua; Guadeloupe Lesser Antilles, 292 See also Anguilla; Antigua; Barbados; Guadeloupe; Martinique; St. Thomas; Trinidad Lethbridge, Thomas B., 100, 125, 408, 412 Milne’s criticism of, 100, 125, 408, 412 Letters of Marque: see United States, Letters of Marque threatened to be issued by Lillingston, Neale, Milne’s criticism of, xlvii, 18, 240–6 Lincoln, Abraham, xvi, xvii, xix, xxii, xxiii, xxiv, 121, 157, 188, 249, 347 Lindsay, Charles G., 246 Lisbon, Portugal, 7, 148, 174 Liverpool, xiii, 31, 41, 86, 87, 90, 102, 105, 108, 147, 239, 283, 284, 286, 387, London, xxx, xl, xlii, xliii, lvii, 49, 57, 105, 134, 136, 151, 153, 239, 249, 260, 277, 298, 417, 447, 503, 504 Longstreet, James, 309 Louis Napoléon: see Bonaparte, Louis-Napoléon Lowder, Samuel N., Milne’s praise for, xlix, 49 Lyons, Algernon, xlviii, lii, 54, 70, 73, 116, 121–2, 130, 153, 174, 194, 198, 206, 194 Milne’s praise for, xlviii, 153, 154, 198 Lyons, Richard Bickerton Pemell, 1st Viscount Lyons, xv–xli passim, xlvii, li, lv, lvii–lxii passim, 7, 14, 17, 24, 25, 29, 30, 34, 39, 45, 46, 50, 57, 58–66 passim, 70, 73, 87, 102, 131, 143, 153–7 passim, 163, 165, 179, 181–9 passim, 197, 198, 201, 208, 210–7 passim, 221, 224, 225, 231–6 passim, 249–61 passim, 264, 270, 272, 275, 279–84 passim, 290–8 passim, 301, 304, 312–37 passim, 344, 348, 353–7 passim, 363, 364, 367–91 passim, 395, 411, 415, 419–25 passim, 428–42 passim, 453–9 passim, 465, 472–8 passim, 482, 493, 503, 504 Anglo-American relations, state of, 45, 54, 61, 68–70, 72, 157, 188, 193, 202, 207, 222, 228, 263, 266, 276, 293–4, 303–4, 323, 375–6, 490–1 Charleston, 19, 44–5, 56, 62, 70, 172–3, 179, 180, 187–8, 207, 223, 227, 228, 248, 262, 276, 344, 358, 375–6, 417

526

THE MILNE PAPERS

Communications with British consuls in the so-called Confederacy, 19, 62, 70, 223, 358, 375, 417, 488, 490 with Alexander Milne, 44, 54, 55, 188, 203, 208, 223–4, 248, 250, 266, 293, 294, 304, 336–7, 368, 479, 491 Labuan, 54, 56, 61, 69, Matamoros, 54, 303–4, 465–70, 487–8, 490 Mexico, 55, 229, Milne, Alexander praises Lyons, 493 Lyons shares naval and military intelligence with, xli, 181, 207, 223, 228, 229, 259–60, 263, 272 tact and prudence of, xxxvii, 491 visit to the US by, 343, 357–8, 376, 416–7, 435–6 New Orleans, 56, 62, 194, 207, 358, 465, 488 US Civil War, blockade of the so-called Confederacy, 61, 227–8, 276, 360–1 de facto blockade of British colonial ports, 203 alleged interdiction and/or seizure of merchant vessels in Bahamian waters, 203, 211–2, 223, 226–7, 337, 344, 358, conveyance of specie through in a Royal Navy vessel, 202, 222, 248–9 repair of blockade runners in Bermuda dockyard, 477, 490 seizure of British merchant vessels bound from one neutral port to another (continuous voyage), 61, 69, 293–4, 303–4, 320–2, 370–1 US warships, firing on Royal Navy vessels approaching the blockade, 279, 301, use of neutral ports as bases of operations, 303, 320–2, 370–1, Charles Wilkes, 173, 181, 183–4, 185, 193, 194, 207, 228, 250, 303, draft riots in New York City, 343, 354–5

Letters of Marque, 249, 263, 266, 293–4 protection of British interests, 45, 172–3, 179, 180, 187–8, 193, 207, 223, 248, 262–3, 276, 304, 344, 375 strength of North America and West India squadron, 62 views on course of, 18–20, 55, 56, 60–1, 69, 70, 72, 173, 181, 194, 203, 207–8, 223, 227–9, 249, 263, 276, 304, 336–7, 358, 417 Watson, George Willes, 226, 227, 248, 262 McClellan, George Brinton, 69, 82, 84, 88, 102, 157 M’Gahan, Thomas, 409 Macgregor, John N., 115, 256 McKillop, Henry F., lxi, 17, 306 MacRae, Donald, 490 Madeira, 215, 272, 274, 321–2 Magee, James, xxxi–xxxii, 202, 214, 222, 226, 227, 259, 331, 333, 335, 338, 361 Maguire, Rochfort, 127, 215, 442, 443, 444, 445–8, 453, 455, 456, 469 Milne’s praise for, xlviii, 491 Magruder, John B., 309 Maitland, Thomas, 11th Earl of Lauderdale, 137 Malcolm, George S., xx, xxviii, lxi, 15, 127, 151, 181, 188, 207, 208, 209, 225, 228, 274, 325, 329, 330, 372, 373 Milne’s criticism of, xxxiii, xlvi, 184–6, 197, 201, 346 seizes CSS Florida (ss Orito or Oreto), 84–6, 113 see also Orito (Oreto) Manassas, Virginia, 20 Marque, Letters of: see United States of America, Civil War, Letters of Marque threatened to be issued by Marsh, John B., 119, 125 Martin, Thomas Hutchinson Mangles, 26, 333, 334, 335, 489 Milne’s criticism of, 489 Martin, William Fanshawe, 22, 439–40, 486 Martinique, 146, 220, 258, 299, 383, 439, 456, 458, 476, 483 Maryland, 112, 122, 346

GENERAL INDEX See also Annapolis, Maryland; Baltimore, Maryland Mason, James Murray, 87, 141 Matamoros, Mexico: see Mexico, Matamoros Matanzas, Cuba, xxxii, 61, 310, 316–9 passim Matthew, George B., 388, 402, 403, 407 Maury, Matthew F., 161, 163 Meade, George G., 394, 417 Medina (Mondina), José M., 399–401 Mediterranean Sea, xxvi, xlii Mediterranean Station/Squadron: see Royal Navy, Mediterranean Station/ Squadron Melhado, William, 399–401 passim Mercantilism, xiii See also Great Britain, Navigation Acts Merchant Shipping Act (1854): see Great Britain, Merchant Shipping Act, 1854 Mercier, Edouard Henri, 55, 62, 73, 173, 375, 376, 379, 382, 391 Mexico, xvii, 34, 38, 39, 63, 68, 83, 141, 147, 208, 210, 237–40, 282, 293, 364, 394, 444, 445, 447, 450, 451, 468, 469, 495 alleged violation of territorial waters by US warships, 441–56, 468, 472–3 British, French, and Spanish intervention in, x, xli–xliii, xlv, xlix, lvi, 6, 8, 14, 17, 20, 23, 25, 26, 27–8, 29, 30–6 passim, 40–57 passim, 65, 68 City, 8, 221, 239 French invasion of, xii, xlii, xliii, 47, 50, 55, 63, 73, 81, 100, 116, 148, 198, 217, 219–21, 229, 231, 237, 239–40, 258, 286–7, 302, 364, 441 government, xli, xlii, 55, 62, 452, 469 Matamoros, xi, xvii, xx, xxii–xxvi, 37–40, 46, 54, 83, 148, 162, 163, 166, 172, 175, 177, 178, 179, 199, 217, 218–21, 237–40, 259, 261, 282, 286–7, 293, 299, 303, 308–9, 311, 363, 364, 366, 371, 385, 425, 428, 441–56, 458, 465–9, 472–73, 478–9, 482, 487–8, 490, 503 Orizaba, conference between Mexican, British, French and Spanish representatives at, xlii, xliii, 33, 40, 41, 220, 221

527

Vera Cruz, 4, 5, 17, 27, 28, 58, 68, 73, 87, 116, 119, 132, 135, 146–9 passim, 154, 172, 175, 178, 217, 219, 220, 231, 237, 238, 239, 264, 282, 286, 308, 310, 311, 314, 330, 332, 425, 426, 428, 445, 465, 475, 492 Mexico, Gulf of: see Gulf of Mexico Mills, James, 241, 243 Milne, Agnes Stephen, 24 Milne, Alexander, ix, xxx, 3, 4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 36, 44, 54, 55, 56, 60, 68, 73, 74, 75, 83, 86, 88, 97, 101, 104, 109, 111, 113, 120, 121, 123, 128, 129, 130, 138, 142, 144, 148, 150, 155, 158, 164, 166, 169, 170, 171, 173, 174, 176, 183, 185, 187, 190, 193, 200, 202, 206, 208, 211, 215, 223, 226, 227, 241, 248, 260, 263, 264, 265, 268, 269, 276, 293, 303, 336, 364, 375, 376, 378, 447, 469, 470, 471 Admiralty, observations on, xlv, 31, 50, 62, 66, 67, 81, 138, 155, 162, 176, 200, 225, 256, 332, 385, 464, 481 Admiralty House at Halifax, 90, 91–2, 115 autonomy of, xliii, xlv, lviii, 40, 41, 43, 48–9, 50, 55, 57, 310, 313, 390, 435 anti-slave trade patrol, xlii, 81, 115, 124, 126, 135, 153, 200, 218, 274, 310, 392–3, 483 Bay Islands, xliv–xlv, 287 Bermuda, 275, 300, 476 defences of, lvi, 273, 281 dockyard, defects and needed improvements, 232, 247, 270, 275, 281, 306–7, 374, 425, 426, 503–4 Royal Marines as labourers in, li, 152, 53, 155, 175, 176, 177, 275, 427, 438 need for gunboats at, 8, 481 US embargo on, 330, 332, 379, 383–4, 425 Caribbean Islands, 411–2, 439 see also Bay Islands; Cuba; Puerto Rico; Santa Domingo Central America, xliv, xl, 287, 383, 388–9, 394, 398 see also El Salvador; Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua

528

THE MILNE PAPERS

coaling, coal supplies and coaling arrangements, lii–liii, 7, 16, 32, 50, 51, 52, 80, 99, 183, 204, 330 colonial and consular officials, observations on, xxxi–xxxiii, 64, 65, 100, 113, 125, 131, 133, 137, 197–8, 200, 201, 202, 383, 483 communications, lvii–lix, 7, 25–26, 145–8, 180, 200, 224, 233, 236, 251, 255, 261, 272, 313, 327, 338, 339, 345, 368, 409, 459 preference for Halifax over Bermuda for communicating with Washington, 278, 280, 292, 298, 305, 307, 310, 311, 313–4, 323, 327 with Britain and the Caribbean via the Halifax-St Thomas packet, 14, 17, 18, 23, 25, 29, 31, 40, 46, 47, 63, 73, 81, 146, 172, 175, 179, 193, 203, 216, 217, 218, 225, 231, 233, 248, 236, 250, 255, 257, 272, 274, 276, 281, 292, 308–13 passim, 384, 425, 426, 428, 434, 456, 457, 458, 463, 474, 479, 488, 491, 492 with Britain and the US via the Liverpool-Boston packet, 25, 57, 58, 62, 63, 65, 67, 72, 112, 113, 128, 135, 147, 151, 152, 161, 163, 172, 180, 199, 218, 231, 282, 290, 292, 300, 302, 308, 310, 313, 314, 327–33 passim, 337, 338, 339, 344, 345, 348, 362, 368, 369, 372, 389, 394, 395, 409, 410, 411, 419, 420, 421, 422 with Britain, the Caribbean and the US via New York, 3, 4, 7, 8, 14, 15, 16, 21, 26, 29, 30, 32, 44, 45, 46, 54, 64, 108, 127, 139, 146–7, 152, 201, 203, 208, 209, 223, 224, 225, 231, 256, 259, 266, 271, 272, 274, 291, 304, 328, 334, 335, 338, 348, 362, 378–9, 398, 477, 479, 482, 491 with the US via Annapolis, 54, 73 correspondence, lix–lxii enlisted personnel, desertion, xlviii, 51, 52, 83, 119, 122, 138, 202, 326, 246, 489, 492 Milne’s barge crew refuses enticements to desert in New York City, 418–9

discipline and punishment, l–li, 14–5, 22–3, 71, 161–2, 200, 299–300, 423–4 drink and drunkenness, li, 59–60, 65, 161–2, 200, 346, 373, 409, 492 praise for, 418, 419 service conditions, xlix–li, 6, 51, 138, 256, 267, 277, 332, 347, 362, 370, 373, 439–40, 475, 481, 489, 494–501 flag officer and flagship at Jamaica, 65–6, 67–8, 119, 124–5, 126, 176 hands over command, 493–4, 501–2 health of squadron, lvi–lvii, 33, 60, 82, 97, 100, 101, 113, 116, 119, 126, 136, 137, 151, 172, 183, 198, 218, 299, 329, 426, 481 yellow and other fevers, lvi–lvii, 23, 25, 26, 27, 33, 42, 43, 46, 47, 49, 50, 53, 65, 92, 96, 97, 100, 112, 113, 116, 119, 120, 126, 127, 131–2, 135–6, 152, 172, 183, 271, 274, 299 defective quarantine and hospital facilities for reception of fever victims at Bermuda and Halifax, 23, 25, 33, 43, 50, 115–6, 120 intelligence, production and consumption of, xli, li–lii, 7, 9, 13–9 passim, 23–30 passim, 32–3, 41, 47–53 passim, 57, 59, 63, 65, 68, 71, 73, 79–83 passim, 90–1, 93, 100, 101, 109, 112–20 passim, 125, 126, 127, 132–6 passim, 151–62 passim, 165, 172–83 passim, 198, 199, 201–4 passim, 218, 225, 230–7 passim, 247, 256–61 passim, 271–4 passim, 281–3, 290, 299, 308–13 passim, 326, 328–38 passim, 345, 347, 369, 372, 374, 383–8 passim, 368, 372, 373, 394, 409, 411–2, 419, 420, 425–8 passim, 439, 456–7, 463–4, 475, 480–1, 483, 492 shipbuilding, technology and ironclads, xli, 3, 35–6, 46, 50, 58, 157–61, 234, 280–1, 348–50, 386, 387–8, 389, 390, 410, 483 Maritime Provinces, 64, 70, 87, 92, 99, 326, 332, 344, 345, 379, Newfoundland and Labrador fisheries protection, 43–4, 261, 370,

GENERAL INDEX See also Cape Breton Island; New Brunswick; Newfoundland; Nova Scotia; Prince Edward Island Mexico, British, French and Spanish expedition against, x, xlii, 4, 5–6, 7, 14, 23, 25, 26, 27, 31, 32–3, 34–5, 40–1, 43, 45, 48–50, 53, 57, 64, 65, 68, 73, 81 Marine detachment sent with, lvi, 5, 14, 23, 25, 26, 31, 33–4, 35, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 49, 51, 57 French invasion of, 258, 286, 302 naval warfare, future of, lii, lv, 23–4, 46, 50 coastal assault, lv, 24 necessity of ironclads for, lv, 50, 58 preparing for, 476 officers: education, 144–5 criticism of subordinates, xxxiii–xxxv, xlvi–xlviii, 14–5, 18, 30, 47, 50, 57, 59, 65, 67, 73, 96–7, 98, 100, 109, 125, 126, 137, 152, 155, 184–6, 198, 199, 200, 201, 240–1, 242, 246, 253, 256, 257, 259, 271–2, 274–5, 277, 292, 312, 372, 391–2, 408, 412, 463, 464–5, 475, 477–8, 480–1, 486–7 for deficient seamanship and navigation, xlvi, 5, 9–13, 15–6, 27, 44, 59, 92, 99–100, 125, 271–2, 346, 347, 420 petty, xlix–l, 267, 268–9, 332, 464, 475, 501 praise for subordinates, xlv, xlviii–xlix, 24, 34, 35, 49, 50, 55–6, 81, 112, 138, 153, 154, 198, 199, 270, 271, 347, 362, 373, 384, 386, 389, 398, 419, 425–6, 438, 481, 487, 489, 492, 502 retirement scheme, 231–2 warrant, xlix, 138, 373, 378, 440 period of command extended by a year, ix, 118, 125, 128, 153, 225, 236, 273 personal traits: tact, diplomacy and neutrality of, xxxv–xxxvii, 108–9, 414–7, 436 refusal to participate in politics, 257

529

Port Royal/Kingston, Jamaica, lvi, 475, 476 ships: praise for, 23, 278, 332 criticism of, 5, 13, 30, 278, 332, 362, 386, 426, 438–9, 475, 489–90 improvements to, 267, 277, 489–90 combat readiness, liii, 13, 119–20, 131, 132 guns and gunnery, liii–lv, 6, 32, 53, 71, 72, 79–80, 83, 119–20, 122–4, 136, 145, 169–71, 200, 267, 343, 409–10, 426–7, 436–8, 458–9 health, habitability and ventilation of, lii, liii, 8, 13, 82, 92, 116, 162, 311, 362, 373, 424 sailing qualities, lii, liii, 8, 60, 126, 131, 200, 236 repairs to, 5, 23, 24, 30, 59, 65, 71, 72, 81, 83, 119, 126, 131, 135, 154, 199, 203–4, 217, 218, 231, 236, 247, 250, 255, 257, 270, 271, 278, 290, 311, 328, 332, 346, 347, 369, 373, 394, 409, 411, 412, 426, 464, 475, 481, 489–90, 491, 492 signaling, 59, 171 South America, 394, 395–6, 458 see also New Granada (Colombia); Venezuela strength of squadron, boys, seamen and Marines, 52, 71, 120, 126, 131, 132, 154–5, 183, 232, 302, 308, 386, 427 ships, 57, 59, 62, 64, 162, 204, 278, 281–3, 290, 480 United States, visit to, xxxv–xxxvi, 162, 326, 331, 339, 345, 348, 369, 373, 379, 384, 386–91, 393–4, 395, 415–7, 434–6, 439 praise for New York City, 387, 388 meets US president and cabinet, 389–1, 395, 435–6 opinion as to war with, 26 US Civil War, ix, 82, 93, 111–2, 116–7, 125, 136, 151, 153, 154, 157–61, 183, 202, 225, 231, 256, 258, 271, 290, 331–2, 338, 343, 346, 369–70, 385, 394, 420, 433

530

THE MILNE PAPERS blockade of the southern coast, x, xiv–xvii, 231, 233–4 international law relative to breaking the blockade, 133–4, 162, 165 RN communications with blockaded ports, 229–30, 275–6, 313–4, 327, 338, 345, 359–62, 368–9, 379, 384, 478, 479, 482, 483 warning shots fired at British warships by US warships when approaching, xxix–xxx, 252–3, 256, 258, 260, 261, 262, 270, 272, 275, 278–9, 280, 294–5, 297–8, 300–2, 304–5 shipment of specie through the blockade, 212–3, 217, 221–2, 224–5, 229–30, 233 blockade runners, 96, 132, 251, 324, 326, 329, 330, 347, 421–2, 474 Bermuda and Nassau as depots for, 114–5, 176, 181–3, 290, 299, 330, 384, 426, 428, 429, supplying coal to, xlvi, 374, 427, 429, 434, 474 repair of in Bermuda dockyard, xxxiv–xxxv, xlvi, 428–34, 435, 438, 473–4, 477, 482, 483, 484–6, 487 British colonial ports, de facto blockade of, xi, xxvi, xxvii–xxviii, 93–6, 97, 113, 114, 117–8, 132, 134–5, 137, 163, 175, 181–3, 191–2, 210, 334 British cruisers, Milne’s instructions to, 93–6, 105, 108–9, 113, 114, 117–8, 229–30, 262, 263–6, 359 on convoying, 310–1, 315, 317–9, 345–6, 359 British (the Queen’s) declaration of neutrality, xii, xxxi, xxxv, 84–5, 108–9, 163, 176, 197, 201, 482, 484 British Foreign Enlistment Act (1819), xxviii–xxxi British Merchant Shipping Act of 1854, loopholes in, xix, xx, 251, 363 British merchant vessels, fired upon by US warships, 93–6, 97, 113, 114, 117–8, 132, 324, 326, 329, 333

interdicted close to British territory, xvii–xx, xxi–xii, 93–6, 117–8, 210, 324, 326, 329 search and seizure of, xiv–xvii, xix, xx–xxi, xxiii, xxiv, xxv–xxvi, 64, 65, 87, 89–90, 91, 96, 100–1, 113, 117–8, 124, 135, 161, 163–4, 181–3, 191–2, 315, 344, 362 see also Adela; Blanche; Dashing Wave; Dolphin; Herald; Labuan; Matamoras; Peterhoff; Science; Sir William Peel; Victor; Volante; Will of the Wisp seized bound from one neutral port to another (continuous voyage), xii–xvii, xviii, xxviii, 87, 89–90, 91, 100–1, 103, 106–8, 113, 114, 134, 162, 165, 283–5, 290, 291–2, 299, 305, 310, 312, 314, 317, 320–2, 329, 339, 363, 370 see also Adela; Dolphin; Peterhoff British territorial limits, 93–6, 97, 113, 114, 117–8, 132, 134–5, 164, 179–80, 188–90, 192, 197, 210, 324, 326, 329, 327–8, 344–5, 348 violated or fired into by US cruisers, xviii–xx, xxi, 80, 181–3, 210, 327–8, 344–5, 348 Charles Wilkes, xxvi–xxviii, 131, 132–3, 134, 137, 152, 155, 161, 163, 165, 175–6, 177, 180, 181, 184–7, 191–2, 197, 201, 202, 225, 233, 258, 261, 272, 305, 312, 314, 315, 317, 319, 329, 350–3 Confederate commerce raiders, 84–6, 112, 113 see also Alabama; Oreto/Florida Letters of Marque, US threats to issue, xxx, 105, 264, 298, 322–3, 328 Matamoros, Mexico, seizure of British merchant vessels at, xxii–xxvi, 37, 46, 57, 58, 63, 85, 163, 165, 172, 175, 177, 178, 179, 217, 219, 237, 308–9, 311, 425, 428, 441–5, 453–6, 457–8, 465, 466–7, 472–3, 478–9, 482, 503 neutral and belligerent rights at sea, questions and opinions on, xv–xvii, xviii, xxxvii–xxxviii, 64, 65, 93–6, 97, 193, 226, 229–30, 275, 285, 295,

GENERAL INDEX 299, 302, 304–5, 310, 311, 314, 317–9, 321, 326, 350–3, 359–62, 432, 444, 453, 457–8, 502 See also International Law (the Law of Nations) threatens the use of force against USN cruisers, xvi, xxxvi–xxxvii, 113, 161, 163, 191–2, 224, 236, 285, 299 neutral ports, alleged use of for bases of operations by US cruisers, xx–xxi, 283, 285, 329, 332 see also Bahamas, Bermuda, Havana, Nassau, St. Thomas protecting British lives and property, xxxviii–xl, 25, 30, 57, 64, 68, 71, 91, 177, 178, 179, 198, 199, 202, 217, 232, 257, 259, 280, 292, 310, 311, 314, 331, 333, 335, 338, 369, 379–80, 381–2, 435 draft riots in New York City, xl, 347, 348, 353–7 see also Charleston; Mobile; New Orleans Trent affair, x, 87 war plans as result of, x, 23–4 weather, lvi, 6, 8, 18, 21, 25, 31, 120, 155, 161, 200, 203 West India portion of the command, Milne’s desire to visit, lviii–lix, 176, 179, 198, 225, 233, 250–1, 255–6, 258, 383, 386, 388, 394, 409, 411, 412, 438 Milne, David, Jr., 15 Milne, Euphemia, 81, 101, 210, 384, 395, 412, 428, 435, 479, 491, 494, 503, 504 Milne Home, Jeannie, 384 Mississippi, xxii, 17, 375, Mississippi River, 44, 173, 199, 207, 213, 263, 266, 332, Missouri, 20 Mitford, Bertram, Milne’s praise for, xlix, 489 Mobile, Alabama, xi, xxix, xxx, xxxi, xxxviii, xxxix, 18, 20, 24, 29, 31, 63, 65, 68, 71, 84, 91, 121, 131, 178, 179, 198, 199, 202, 212–7 passim, 221, 222, 225, 226, 229, 233, 248, 252, 259, 296, 331–5 passim, 338, 358–61 passim, 370, 376, 490 anticipated attack on, xxxviii, 18, 20, 84, 91, 131, 178, 358, 370, 490

531

British warships fired on by US warships when approaching, xxix, 252, protection of British interests at, xxxix, 24, 29, 31, 63, 65, 68, 71, 178, 179, 198, 199, 202, Monck, Charles Stanley, 4th Viscount Monck, 343 Montes Fonseca, José F., 399, 401 Montreal, Canada, 375, 378 Mosquera y Arboleda, Tomás Cipriano, 296 Mosquito (Miskito) coast, Honduras and Nicaragua, 406 Mulgrave, Lord: see Phipps, George Augustus Constantine, 2nd Marquess of Normanby Munro, William, 139, 140, 141, 374 Murfreesboro, Tennessee, 203 Murfreesboro, 2nd Battle of (31 Dec 1862–3 Jan 1863), 203 Napoléon III: see Bonaparte, Louis-Napoléon Nassau, Bahamas, xix, xxi, xxviii, xxix, xxx, lvi, 16, 48, 51, 53, 61, 68, 84–90 passim, 93–6 passim, 100, 101, 104, 108–21 passim, 124, 128, 136, 137, 147, 149, 151, 156, 165, 172, 176–88 passim, 194, 197–203 passim, 208, 211, 212, 215, 216, 221, 225, 236, 247, 256, 264, 274, 282, 283, 284, 290, 291, 299, 306, 310, 324–30 passim, 338, 339, 344, 377, 385, 420, 448, 449, 474, 483 blockade-running depot, xi, xii, xiii, xv, xviii, xx, xxxi, 96, 104, 108, 114, 181, 182, 183, 211, 252, 330, 485 Construction of coaling wharf at, lii, 16, 80, 183 Yellow fever at, 96, 119–21, 124, 151 Naval Medicine; see North America and West India Station/Squadron, health of squadron; Yellow Fever Navigation Acts: see Great Britain, Navigation Acts Nesbitt, Charles Rogers, 93, 211 Netherlands, xiv, xv Neutral ports, use of by US warships as bases of operations: see Milne, Alexander, US Civil War, neutral ports, alleged use of for bases of operations by US cruisers; United States of America, Navy,

532

THE MILNE PAPERS

alleged use of neutral ports as bases of operations against Neutral rights at sea: see Belligerent and neutral rights at sea New Brunswick, liii, 60, 63, 65, 82, 92, 138, 273, 332, 346, 239, 469 New Granada (Grenada), xliv, 135, 395, 396 See also Colombia; Panama New Mexico, 309 New Orleans, Louisiana, 18, 19, 20, 44, 53, 56, 58, 62, 63, 82, 143, 151, 178, 179, 180, 194, 198, 202, 212, 214, 216, 217, 221, 231, 298, 335, 338, 358, 372, 404, 409, 426, 435, protection of British interests at, xxxviii–xxxix, 24, 25, 29, 30–1, 65, 68, 71, 113, 179, 198, 199, 207, 213, 259, 273, 310, 311, 330, 331, 333, 334 US Prize Court at, xxv, 449, 450, 465, 478, 488 New Providence Island, Bahamas, xix, 89, 120 New York, xvi, 207, City, xxiv, xxxiii, xxxvi, xl, lviii, 3, 4, 7, 8, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 26, 29, 30, 32, 38, 44, 45, 46, 47, 54, 58, 63, 64, 68, 72, 82, 88, 108, 127, 130, 139, 146–7, 149, 152, 155–61 passim, 162, 163, 166, 172, 177, 180, 201, 203, 208, 209, 211, 221, 223, 224, 225, 229, 230, 231, 238, 256. 259, 263, 266, 271, 272, 274, 291, 293, 298, 304, 328, 332, 334, 335, 338, 343, 345, 348, 350, 358, 362, 368, 372, 375, 376, 378, 379, 383, 386, 393, 394, 395, 398, 416, 418, 419, 421, 429, 433, 456, 477, 479, 482, 491, 504 desertion at, 52, 202 draft riots at, 1863, xl, 343, 346, 347, 348, 353–7, 371 Milne’s visit to, xxxv–xxxvi, 162, 327, 331, 339, 345, 348, 358, 369, 373, 376, 379, 384, 385, 386, 387–9, 390, 391, 434, 439 Newcastle, Duke of: see Pelham-Clinton, Henry Pelham Fiennes, 5th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne Newfoundland, 24, 63, 70, 81, 87, 92, 99, 101, 111, 112, 154, 162, 240, 241, 256, 369, 394, 395, 409

fisheries protection, xliv, 23, 43–4, 112, 258, 261, 283, 369 government, 112 preserving order in, xliv Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, 375, 376 Nicaragua, xliv, 388, 400–1, 406 Norfolk, Virginia, 19, 56, 62, 74, 293 North America and West India Station/ Squadron, ix, xli, xlii, l, lxii, 82, 93, 105, 412, 419, 463, 474, 480, 493, 502 Barbados Division of, 23, 154, 253 coal supplies and coaling, lii–liii, 7, 15, 16, 32, 50, 51, 52, 80, 99, 128, 131, 183, 204–6, 293, 330 communications, lvii–lix, 7, 25–6, 145–8, 180, 200, 224, 261, 272, 278, 313, 338, 339, 345, 459 with Britain and the Caribbean via the Halifax-St Thomas packet, 14, 17, 18, 23, 25, 29, 31, 40, 46, 47, 63, 73, 81, 146, 172, 175, 179, 193, 203, 216, 217, 218, 225, 231, 233, 248, 236, 250, 255, 257, 272, 274, 276, 281, 292, 308–13 passim, 384, 425, 426, 428, 434, 456, 457, 458, 463, 474, 479, 488, 491, 492 with Britain and the US via the Liverpool-Boston packet, 25, 57, 58, 62, 63, 65, 67, 72, 112, 113, 128, 135, 147, 151, 152, 161, 163, 172, 180, 199, 218, 231, 282, 290, 292, 300, 302, 308, 310, 313, 314, 327–33 passim, 337, 338, 339, 344, 345, 348, 362, 368, 369, 372, 389, 394, 395, 409, 410, 411, 419, 420, 421, 422 with Britain, the Caribbean and the US via New York, 3, 4, 7, 8, 14, 15, 16, 21, 26, 29, 30, 32, 44, 45, 46, 54, 64, 108, 127, 139, 146–7, 152, 201, 203, 208, 209, 223, 224, 225, 231, 256, 259, 266, 271, 272, 274, 291, 304, 328, 334, 335, 338, 348, 362, 378–9, 398, 477, 479, 482, 491 with the US via Annapolis, 54, 73 deployment of, April 1863, 282–3 drydock, need for on the station, liii, 216, 476, 503–4 duties of, anti-slavery patrol, xliii, xliv, lvii, 59, 80–1, 109–11, 115, 118, 124,

GENERAL INDEX 126–7, 130, 133, 135, 151, 153, 209–10, 218, 270, 272, 274, 282, 334, 392–3, 483 filibusters, 383, 407 fisheries protection, ix, xliv, 43, 82, 112, 258, 261, 369, 394 maritime policing, xliv–xlv protecting British interests in Latin America, 79, 84, 135, 287–90, 388–9, 394, 396, 398–408, 439, 492 surveying, ix, xliv, liii, 210, 300, 411, 465, 482 enlisted men, desertion, xlviii, li, 51, 52, 83, 119, 122, 138, 202, 240, 241, 245, 246, 327, 338, 489, 492 Milne’s barge crew refuses enticements to desert in New York City, 418–9 discipline, l–li, 14–5, 22–3, 71–2, 161–2, 200, 299–300, 423–4 education and training of, 52, 123, 131, 386, 440 mistreatment of, xlvii–xlvii, 240–6 service conditions of, xlix–li, 6, 51, 138, 256, 267, 277, 332, 347, 362, 370, 373, 439–40, 475, 481, 489, 494–501 gunnery and ammunition, liii–lv, 6, 32, 53, 71, 72, 79–80, 83, 119–20, 122–4, 136, 145, 169–71, 200, 267, 343, 409–10, 426–7, 436–8, 458–9 health of squadron, lvi–lvii, 33, 60, 82, 97, 100, 101, 113, 116, 119, 126, 136, 137, 151, 172, 183, 198, 217, 218, 299, 328, 426, 481 Yellow and other fevers, lvi–lvii, xxxiii, lvi–lvii, 23, 25, 26, 27, 33, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 65, 90, 92, 96, 97, 100, 112, 113, 115–6, 119, 120, 121, 124, 126, 127–8, 131–2, 133, 135–6, 143, 152, 166, 172, 182, 183, 220, 271, 274, 299, 386, 495 defective quarantine and hospital facilities for reception of fever victims at Bermuda and Halifax, 23, 25, 33, 43, 50, 115–6, 120 protocol for ships afflicted with, lvii Jamaica Division of, xli, 66, 108, 109, 120, 124, 125, 126, 282

533

Mexico, intervention in, x, xli–xliii, xlv, xlix, lvi, 6, 8, 14, 17, 20, 23, 25, 26, 27–8, 29, 30–6 passim, 40–57 passim, 65, 68 officers, education and training, xlvi, 138, 144–5 misbehaving, xxxiii–xxxv, xlvi–xlviii, 14–5, 18, 30, 47, 50, 57, 59, 65, 67, 73, 96–7, 98, 100, 109, 125, 126, 137, 152, 155, 184–6, 198, 199, 200, 201, 240–1, 242, 246, 253, 256, 257, 259, 271–2, 274–5, 277, 292, 312, 372, 391–2, 408, 412, 463, 464–5, 475, 477–8, 480–1, 486–7 praise for individuals, xlv, xlviii–xlix, 24, 34, 35, 49, 50, 55–6, 81, 112, 138, 153, 154, 198, 199, 270, 271, 347, 362, 373, 384, 386, 389, 398, 419, 425–6, 438, 481, 487, 489, 492, 502 ships, combat readiness of, liii, 13, 119–20, 131, 132 efficiency and sailing qualities of, lii, liii, 8, 60, 126, 131, 200, 236 health, habitability and ventilation of, lii, liii, 8, 13, 82, 92, 116, 162, 311, 362, 373, 424 repairs to, 5, 23, 24, 30, 59, 65, 71, 72, 81, 83, 119, 126, 131, 135, 154, 199, 203–4, 217, 218, 231, 236, 247, 250, 255, 257, 270, 271, 278, 290, 311, 328, 332, 346, 347, 369, 373, 394, 409, 411, 412, 426, 464, 475, 481, 489–90, 491, 492 trade protection, 105 see also U.S. Civil War subheads U.S. Civil War, ix, xviii, 82, 93, 111–2, 116–7, 125, 136, 137, 151, 153, 154, 157–61, 164, 178, 183, 202, 225, 231, 256, 258, 271, 290, 331–2, 338, 343, 346, 369–70, 371, 385, 394, 420 communicating with Lord Lyons and William Stuart, lvii–lviii, 7, 14, 25, 26, 30, 44, 45, 54, 58, 60, 64, 101, 103, 106, 109, 163, 166, 172, 179, 180, 201, 208, 210, 222–5 passim, 231–3 passim, 236, 248, 250, 256–61 passim, 266, 271–3 passim,

534

THE MILNE PAPERS 273, 282, 291, 298, 304, 313, 326–8 passim, 338, 339, 345–8 passim, 353–4, 368, 378–9, 382, 384, 411, 456–9 passim, 467, 479, 481–3 passim, 491 communicating with British consuls in blockaded ports, xxix, xxxiii–xxxix, xxxvii–xxxviii, xlvii, 19, 62, 70, 73, 88, 102, 130, 153, 345, 358, 360, 374, 375, 377, 379–8, 382, 479, 482, 488, 490 see also Charleston, South Carolina RN warships fired upon by USN vessels blockading southern ports, xxix–xxx, 252–3, 256, 258, 260, 261, 262, 270, 272, 275, 278–9, 280, 294–5, 297–8, 300–2, 304–5 instructions to RN cruisers, 93–6, 105, 108–9, 113, 114, 117–8, 229–30, 262, 263–6, 359 on convoying, 310–1, 315, 317–9, 345–6, 359 intelligence-gathering regarding shipbuilding, technology and ironclads, xli, 3, 35–6, 50, 58, 157–61, 349–50, 386, 387–8, 389, 390, 410, 483 protection of British commerce, interests, and subjects during, xxxviii–xl, 25, 30, 57, 64, 68, 71, 91, 177, 178, 179, 198, 199, 202, 207, 217, 232, 257, 259, 280, 292, 310, 311, 314, 331, 333, 335, 338, 358, 369, 375–82, 435 draft riots in New York City, xl, 347, 348, 353–7 see also Charleston; South Carolina; Mobile, Alabama; New Orleans, Louisiana southern sympathies of officers and men, xxxv, 178, 259 threat of war, xvi, xxxvi–xxxvii, 113, 161, 163, 191–2, 224, 236, 285, 299 Trent Affair, x, xxvi, xxxviii, xliii, lii, lv, lvi, lviii, 21, 70, 87, 141, 263 US blockade of the southern coast, x, xiv–xvii, 231, 233–4 international law relative to breaking the blockade, 133–4, 162, 165

RN communications with blockaded ports, 229–30, 275–6, 313–4, 327, 338, 345, 359–62, 368–9, 379, 384, 478, 479, 482, 483 warning shots fired at British warships by US warships when approaching, xxix–xxx, 252–3, 256, 258, 260, 261, 262, 270, 272, 275, 278–9, 280, 294–5, 297–8, 300–2, 304–5 shipment of specie through the blockade, 212–3, 217, 221–2, 224–5, 229–30, 233 weather affecting operations of, lvi, 6, 8, 18, 21, 25, 31, 120, 155, 161, 200, 203 See also Bahamas; Barbados; Bermuda; Halifax, Nova Scotia; Kingston, Jamaica; Port Royal, Jamaica North Carolina, xii, 17, 20, 56, 207, 374 Nova Scotia, xiii, xl, 52, 63, 92, 98, 118, 273, 292, 298, 328, 345, 269, 469, 482 Legislature, 51 See also Halifax, Nova Scotia Old Bahama Channel, 126 Omoa, Honduras, 288, 399, 400, 401 Ord, Harry St. George, xxvi, xxvii, xxxi, xxxiv, 14, 99, 130–3 passim, 138–42, 155, 161, 163, 166, 175–6, 180, 192, 200, 201, 330, 333, 438 Milne’s criticism of, xxvii,133, 200, 202, 225, 258 Orizaba, Mexico: see Mexico, Orizaba Osborn, Sherard, 60 Pacific Ocean, 146, 334 Pacific Station: see Royal Navy, Pacific Station Paget, Clarence Edward, 34, 269, 277 On enlisted personnel’s service conditions, 499–501 Pakington, John S., 1st Baron Hampton, 231–30 Palmer, Roundell, 1st Earl of Selborne, 167 Palmerston, Lord: see Temple, Henry John, 3rd Viscount Palmerston Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, 20 Panama (New Granada), xliv, 79, 84, 396, 397

GENERAL INDEX Paris, Declaration of (1856), x, xiv, xxx, 156 Parliament: see Great Britain, Parliament Pax Britannica, ix, xiii, xliv Pegram, Robert Baker, 306 Pelham-Clinton, Henry Pelham Fiennes, 5th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, 330, 415 Pengelley, Henry, 256 Pensacola, Florida, xxii, 131, 156 Perley, Moses H., 83 Perryville, Kentucky, Battle of (8 Oct 1862), 132 Petersburg, Virginia, 227 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 38, 61, 160 Phillimore, Robert J., 167, 471 Phillips, Thomas, Milne’s praise for, xlix, 492, 502 Phipps, George Augustus Constantine, 2nd Marquess of Normanby, 63, 327–8, 332, 334, 336, 338, 344, 345, 369 Pictou, Nova Scotia, 92 Pittman, Robert A.S., 324–6 passim Plymouth, England, 13, 257, 483, 489 Pollard, Edwin J., Milne’s criticism of, 476 Pope, John, 84, 112 Port Hood, Cape Breton Island, 338 Port Hudson, Mississippi, 263, 266, 331 Port Royal, Jamaica, 5, 65, 67, 71, 79, 81, 135, 176, 210, 396, 399, 453, 464 dockyard, 474, 475 need for drydock at, 476 greatest sink of iniquity on the face of the earth, 67 hospital, 397 See also: Jamaica; Kingston, Jamaica Port Royal, South Carolina, 19, 25, 56, 58, 226, 235, 350 U.S. Navy expedition against, xxxviii Ports Island, Bermuda: see Bermuda, Ports Island Portsmouth, England, 144, 169, 260, 437, 491 Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 159 Portugal, xli, 27, 216 Potomac, Army of the, 173, 394, 417 Potomac River, 117, 127, 131, 336, 337, 339, 345, 358 Preble, George H., 296

535

Preedy, George W., 23, 29, 71, 73 Preston, D’Arcy S., xxiv, 30, 220, 237, 238, 239, 286–7, 491, 494, 495 Milne’s praise for, xlviii, 384 Prim y Prats, Juan, 39 Prince Edward Island, 63, 87, 92, 102, 122 Prince of Wales: see Albert Edward, Prince of Wales Privateering, threat of by Union and Confederate vessels, xxx, xxxi, 86, 102, 105, 249. 260–1, 263–5, 266, 294, 304, 323 See also United States of America, Civil War, Letters of Marque threatened to be issued by Purcell, George J.G., 487 Puebla, Mexico, 217, 239, 258, 302 Battle of (4 May 1862), 65, 73 Puerto Rico, xlv, 249, 411 Quebec, Canada, 67, 376 Quebec City, 100, 138, 152, 154, 162, 376, 377 Queen’s Advocate: see Law Officers of the Crown Randolph, George G., xxii, xxiv, lxi, 5, 6, 42, 49, 83, 125, 172, 177, 209, 218–21, 242–6 Milne’s praise for, xlviii, 46, 47, 52, 270, 271 Rappahannock River, Virginia, 173, 181, 304, 417 Rappahannock Station, 2nd Battle of (7 Nov 1863), 417 Regan, Thomas, 243 Reynaud, Aimé-Félix Saint Elme, xl, 5, 47, 68, 143, 162, 198, 199, 213, 258, 299, 353–7 passim, 379, 383, 385, 387, 391 Richards, Charles, 497 Richmond, Virginia, 55, 62, 63, 69, 70, 74, 82, 84, 102, 193, 234, 375, 376, 380, 479 Rio Grande, xxii, xxiii, xxiv, xxv, 37–8, 219, 220, 237, 239, 286, 309, 386, 444, 445–56, 465–9, 488, 490 Ripley, Roswell S., xxxiv, 253, 254, 257 Rivers, Edmund, 66 Roanoke Island, North Carolina, 17, 19, Roatán (Rattan; Ruatan), Bay Islands, Honduras, xlv, 288–9, 400–8 Discontent at, 289

536

THE MILNE PAPERS

Robinson, Robert Spencer, 269 Rogers, Frederic, 1st Baron Blachford, 189 Rolando, Henry, xxv, 472, 473, 490 Romaine, William Govett, 331, 473, 501 Rosecrans, William S., 394 Ross, John F., xlviii, 130, 179, 180, 187, 203, 225, 227, 231, 234, 240, 241–2, 246, 248 Milne’s praise for, xlviii–xlix, 198, 199 Royal Marines, 13, 21, 23, 49, 302, 308, 373, 427, 440 at Vera Cruz, xli, xlv, xlix, 5, 14, 26, 27, 28, 31, 32, 35, 36, 40, 45 sickness among, lvi, 23, 25, 26, 33, 41, 42, 43, 46, 47, 51, 57 labourers at Bermuda, li, 136, 148, 152, 153, 155, 174, 175, 176, 177, 175, 427, 438 Royal Navy, ix, xxiv, xliv, l, lix, 263, Accountant General, xlix, 245, 268, 499 Channel Squadron, 48, 260, 336 coal, coal supplies and coaling, lii–liii, 7, 15, 16, 32, 50, 51, 52, 80, 99, 128, 131, 183, 204–6, 293, 330, 374 Coast Guard, 42, 101, 119, 311 Controller, 204, 269, 424, Controller of Victualling, 497, 498 coastal assault, plans for, lv, 24 deterrence, xliv Director of Transports, 423 dockyards, liii, 486 see also Bermuda, dockyard; Devonport; Halifax, dockyard; Port Royal, Jamaica, dockyard; Portsmouth enlisted personnel, l, li continuous service, 136–7, 154–5 desertion, xlviii, li, 51, 52, 83, 119, 122, 138, 202, 240, 241, 245, 246, 327, 338, 489, 492 discipline and punishment, l–li, 14–5, 22–3, 71–2, 75, 161–2, 200, 277, 299–300, 423–4 drink and drunkenness, li, 59–60, 65, 161–2, 200, 346, 373, 409, 492 education and training, 52, 123, 131, 386, 440 service conditions, xlix–li, 6, 51, 138, 256, 267–70, 277, 332, 347, 362, 370, 373, 378, 439–40, 475, 481, 489, 494–501

guns and gunnery, liii–lv, 6, 32, 53, 71, 72, 79–80, 83, 119–20, 122–4, 136, 145, 169–71, 190–1, 200, 267, 343, 410, 426–7, 436–8, 458–9 Armstrong guns, liv, 6, 13, 32, 71, 83, 95, 119, 203, 215, 267, 273–4, 398, 410, 426–7, 458–9 intelligence-gathering, xl–xli, 3, 6, 35–6, 50, 56, 234, 469 foreign ironclads, xl–xli, 35–6, 50, 56, 58, 74, 75, 93, 157–61, 348–50, 469 ironclad building race with France, xl, 74–5 manning, l, 137, 154, 170, 332, 439–40, 489 men with indifferent characters, 136–7, 154–5 maritime policing, xliv–xlv Mediterranean Station/Squadron, xxvi, xlii, 22, 23, 260, 426, 486 North America and West India Station: see North America and West India Station/Squadron officers, education and training, xlvi, 143–5 engineer, liv, 32, 66, 133, 138, 205, 247, 267, 365, 367, 370, 373, 440 executive, xlvi–xlix, lii, 123, 191, 267, 440, 496 promotion and retirement, 216, 336 warrant, xlix, 138, 373, 378, 440 petty, xlix–l, 267, 268–9, 332, 464, 475, 501 shortcomings, xlvi–xlviii, uniforms, 260, 277 Pacific Station: 12, 17, 24, 137, 308 ships, lii coast guard, 42 combat readiness of, liii, 13, 119–20, 131, 132 improvements to, 267, 269, 277 guns and gunnery, liii–lv, 6, 32, 53, 71, 72, 79–80, 83, 119–20, 122–4, 136, 145, 169–71, 200, 267, 273–4, 343, 410, 426–7, 436–8, 458–9 health, habitability and ventilation of, lii, liii, 8, 13, 82, 92, 116, 162, 267, 270, 362, 373, 424

GENERAL INDEX sailing qualities, lii, liii, 8, 60, 126, 131, 200, 236 ironclads, lv, 74, 277, 336 line-of-battle, 24 signaling, 59, 171 Storekeeper General, 86, 204, 269, 430, 432 surveying, ix, xliv, liii, 210, 300, 411, 465, 482 See also Admiralty; North America and West India Station/Squadron Royal West India Mail Company, 147 Rule of 1756: see Great Britain, Navigation Acts, ‘Rule of 1756’ Rum Cay, Bahamas, 10, 12, 13, 16, 17, 24, 29, 30, 128 Russia, xv, 173, 376 government, 387 navy, 387, 389, 439, 477, 479 Russell, John, 1st Earl Russell, xviii, xxxi, xxxiii, xxxvi, xxxvii, 19, 28, 31, 40, 43, 55, 86, 87, 88, 89, 98, 102–6 passim, 109–11 passim, 115, 128–30 passim, 165, 167, 174, 183, 190, 203, 222, 225, 227, 237, 250, 264, 265, 280, 293, 294, 320, 323, 344, 350, 361, 363, 364, 391, 416, 465, 470, 471, 503 See also Great Britain, Foreign Office Rutledge, John, 254 Ryder, Alfred Phillipps, 22, 46, 47, 49, 116, 137, 260, 311 St. Charles, Battle of (27 June 1862), 74 St. Clair, Archibald, 11 St. Johns, New Brunswick, 52, 60, 63, 65, 68, 71, 72, 92, 369, 383, 469 Royal Navy dockyard at, liii, 112 St. Johns, Newfoundland, 99, 162, 240, 241, 243, 395, 409 St. Lawrence River, 67, 376 St. Thomas, Danish (now US) Virgin Islands, xx, 29, 31, 32, 40, 46, 47, 63, 73, 81, 133, 146, 172, 217, 224, 236, 250, 255, 258, 272, 273, 274, 281, 310, 311, 313, 332, 334, 351, 384, 411, 425, 428, 435, 438, 439, 456, 474, 483, 488, 492 alleged use of as a base of operations by US warships, xx, 283–6, 290, 291, 303–4, 305, 309, 314, 320–2, 329

537

St. Thomas-Halifax mail packet, xxvii, xxxvii, 191–2, 428, 488, 492 Saligny: see Duboise de Saligny, Alphonse (Jean Pierre Isidore Alphonse Dubois) Sambro, Nova Scotia, 10, 13 San Juan de Ulúa (St. John d’Ulloa), Mexico, 41 San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua (formerly known as Greytown), 146 Sandys, Henry S., 244 Santa Marta, New Granada (Colombia), 396 Santana y Familias, Pedro, 1st Marquis of Las Carreras, 439 Santiago de Cuba, 126 Santo Domingo, xliv, 249, 439, 492 Savannah, Georgia, 18, 19, 20, 44, 56, 57, 376, 417, 478, 479, 482, 483, 488, 490 Scott, Francis, 5, 8, 24, 26 Scott, William, 1st Baron Stowell, 168, 311, 318 Secretary of the Admiralty: see Admiralty, Secretary of Semmes, Raphael, 165, 304 Senate, US: see United States of America, government, Senate Seven Days’ Battles (25 June–1 July 1862), 82 Seward, Frederick William, 211 Seward, William, xvi, xx, xxi, xxiii, xxxi, xxxiv, xxxvi, 19, 40, 54, 61, 69, 70, 83, 84, 89, 95, 96, 101–3 passim, 106, 107, 113, 129, 130, 156, 181–5 passim, 188, 193, 197, 201, 207, 211, 212, 222, 227, 228, 233, 248–52 passim, 256, 257, 275, 276, 279, 280, 292–4 passim, 298, 301, 302–5 passim, 314, 319–22 passim, 337, 360, 361, 366, 371, 376, 377, 390–5 passim, 416, 435, 436, 465, 466–9 passim, 474, 479, 488, 490, 504 Seymour (later St. Maur), Edward Adolphus, 12th Duke of Somerset, x, xiv, xxiii, xxvi, xxvii, xlii, xliii, xlviii, xlix, li, lvi, lviii, lix, lx, lxii, 3, 14, 23–4, 25, 26, 29, 33, 34, 40–2 passim, 46–8 passim, 55–8 passim, 62, 89, 103–4, 111, 114–8 passim, 124, 126, 143, 153, 154, 164, 177, 197, 216, 224, 236, 260, 270, 280, 292–3, 298, 307–8, 313, 327, 329, 331,

538

THE MILNE PAPERS

336, 373, 388, 393, 409, 412, 419, 425, 457, 481, 490, 501, 503 Shadwell, Charles, 47, 49, 81, 82 Milne’s praise for, xlix, 91 Share, James M., 10, 11, 12 Sheffield, George, 391, 395, 503, 504 Shiloh, Battle of (6–7 April 1862), 44 Ship Island, Mississippi, xxii Short, Levi, 377 Slave Trade, xliii, xliv, lvii, 59, 80–1, 109–11, 115, 118, 124, 126–7, 130, 133, 135, 151, 153, 209–10, 218, 270, 272, 274, 282, 334, 392–3, 483 See also Bahamas; Cuba; North America and West India Station, duties of, anti-slavery patrol; Yucatan, Mexico Slidell, John, 87, 141 Smart, Robert, 260, 426 Smart, William R.E., xlix, 257, 271 Smith, John, 242, 243 Sombrero Island, Anguilla, Lesser Antilles, xlvi, 292, 312 Somerset, Duke of: see Seymour (later St. Maur), Edward Adolphus, 12th Duke of Somerset Sotheby, Edward Southwell, 5 Court Martial on, for loss of HMS Conqueror, 5, 9–12, 16 South America, 42, 394, 395–6, 458 See also Colombia (New Granada); Latin America; New Granada; Panama (New Granada); Venezuela South Carolina, xxi, xxxi, xxxiv, xxxvii–xxxix passim See also Charleston, South Carolina Southey, William L., 271–2, 274 Spain, xiii, xix, xx, xlv, lv, 24, 39, 132, 142, 193–4, 327, 333, 344, 365, 367, 411–2 and the Cuban Slave Trade, xliii, 111, 115, 209, 392–3, 483 government, 111, 115, 194, 327, 333, 392, 393, 411–2, 483 intervention in Santo Domingo, 439 Minister to the US, 193, 337, 344, 363, 371 Navy, 213 tripartite intervention in Mexico with France and Great Britain, x, xli–xliii, xlv, xlix, lvi, 6, 8, 14, 17, 20, 23, 25,

26, 27–8, 29, 30–6 passim, 40–57 passim, 65, 68 Spithead, England, 12, 36, 71, 218, 300, 302, 480, 491, 501, 502 Stevens, Thomas H., 190, 364, 365, 367 Stewart, Houston, 502 Stone’s River, Tennessee, Battle of (31 Dec 1862–3 Jan 1863), 203 Stotterfohl, Messrs., 237, 238, 239 Stowell, Lord: see Scott, William, 1st Baron Stowell Stringer, Pembroke and Co., 427–34 passim Stuart, William, xv, xvi, xix, xxvi, xxx, xxxiii, xl, lxi, 68, 70, 72, 73, 87, 89, 91, 98, 103, 106, 109, 113, 114, 122, 129, 153, 164, 165, 211, 266, 284, 293, 371, 375, 379, 384, 417 US Civil War, Adela case, 88, 101–2, 106–7, 143 alleged violations of British waters by US warships, 89 anti-slave trade patrol, 130 Blanche case, 142–3, 156 British merchant vessels seized bound from one neutral port to another (continuous voyage), 107, 143 Charles Wilkes, 130 communications with British consuls in the so-called Confederacy, 88, 102, 130, destruction of British property on US merchant vessels seized by CSS Alabama, 155–6 Letters of Marque, 102 protection of British interests, 143, 376–7, 382–3 US embargo on British colonial ports, 88, 378 views on course of, 84, 88, 102, 130, 131 Will o’ the Wisp case, 83, 84 Swartwout, Samuel, xxiii, 37–9 passim Sydney, Cape Breton Island, 105–8 passim Tampico, Mexico, 38, 220, 221, 239 Tassara, Gabriel García y, 193, 337, 344, 363, 371 Tatham, Edward, xxiii, lxi, 83, 100, 125, 135, 154, 177, 283, 284, 314, 315, 329, 332

GENERAL INDEX Milne’s criticism of, xlvi, 47, 292, 312, 372 Taylor, Robert, 409 Temple, Henry John, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, 132, 135 Tennessee, 17, 19, 20, 44, 203 Tennessee River, 17, 20 Texas, xxii–xxiii, xxv, 38, 219, 220, 237, 238, 239, 287, 309, 441, 444, 445, 449–58 passim, 468 Republic of, 45 Thomas, Francis William, 177, 275, 438 Milne’s criticism of, 438 Thrupp, Arthur T., xxvii, 139–40, 142, 232, 234, 248, 252, 278, 279, 289, 293, 305, 328, 329, 388, 399–408 Milne’s criticism of, 132–3, 200 Milne’s praise for, xlv, xlix, 398 Times (London), 165, 173, 230, 249 Times (New York), 229 Tampico, Mexico, 38, 220, 221, 239 Tonkin, James S., 11 Toulon, France, 47 Trenchard, Stephen D., 296, 297, 324 Trent Affair, x, xxvi, xxxvii, xlii, xliii, lii, lv, lvi, lviii, 21, 70, 87, 141, 263 Trinidad, xlvii, 412–5, 439, 458 Trollope, Anthony, 147 Trujillo (Truxillo), Honduras, 290, 399, 400, 401, 407 Tucker, John R., 254 Turner, Henry A., 73 Turner, Thomas, 235, 301, 349 Turner, William H., 60 Twiss, Travers, 127 United States of America, xvi, xxxv, 19, 54, 55, 61, 155, 180, 184, 205, 206, 230, 251, 369, 375 Anti-slave trade Treaty with Great Britain, xliii, 110, 111, 115, 124, 249 Civil War, ix, xviii, 82, 93, 111–2, 116–7, 125, 136, 137, 151, 153, 154, 157–61, 164, 178, 183, 202, 225, 231, 256, 258, 271, 290, 331–2, 338, 343, 346, 369–70, 371, 385, 394, 420 anti-British sentiment in, xii, 63, 229, 263, 266, 276, 280, 293–4, 304, 312, 323, 387, 393, 434, 504

539

attack of southern ports, 69, 226, 380–3 see also Charleston, South Carolina; Mobile, Alabama; New Orleans, Louisiana military dimension of, 18–20, 55, 56, 60–1, 69, 70, 72, 173, 181, 194, 203, 207–8, 223, 227–9, 249, 263, 276, 304, 336–7, 358, 371, 417 prohibition of food exports to British colonial ports, xiii, 88, 330, 332, 377, 379, 383–4 tensions with Great Britain as a result of, lviii, 45, 54, 61, 68–70, 72, 157, 188, 193, 202, 207, 222, 228, 263, 266, 276, 293–4, 303–4, 323, 331, 375–6, 490–1 threat of war with, xvi, xxxvi–xxxvii, 113, 161, 163, 191–2, 224, 236, 285, 299 Letters of Marque threatened to be issued by, xxx, 102, 105, 263–6, 293–4, 298, 322–3, 328 see also Navy and subheads below coastal defences, 259 Consul at Nassau, xxvii, 185–86, 188, 194 see also Whiting, Samuel Emancipation Proclamation, 121, 193, 198, 199 government, xii–xiii , xiv–xviii passim, xxii, xxv, xxvi, xxix, xxx, xxxv–xl passim, lviii, 18–9, 20, 24, 45, 54–8 passim, 61–3 passim, 68, 69, 80, 86, 88, 89, 95–8 passim, 102, 105–14 passim, 122, 129, 130, 133, 134, 137, 142, 158, 165, 166, 173, 180, 185–7 passim, 190, 193, 194, 197, 207, 217, 222–4 passim, 227–31 passim, 248, 249, 256, 259–63 passim, 270, 279, 280, 283–5 passim, 291–5 passim, 298, 302–7 passim, 311–5 passim, 319–23 passim, 327, 330, 331, 334, 335, 344, 345, 350–2 passim, 358–63 passim, 366, 367, 370, 371, 376–9 passim, 389, 394–5, 409, 415–7 passim, 420, 432–8 passim, 442–4 passim, 448, 455, 456, 467, 468, 471–4 passim, 477, 478, 484, 488

540

THE MILNE PAPERS

Congress, xix, xx, xxx, 60, 121, 141, 249, 263, 264, 306, 323, 347, 394, 483 House of Representatives, xvi, xxx, 60, 61, 86, 153, 178 president, xxxvi, 121, 390, 416 see also Abraham Lincoln relations with Great Britain, x, xxv, xxx, xxxiv, xxxv, lvii, lviii, lix, lxi, 45, 62, 69, 86, 93, 95, 108, 185, 187, 190, 194, 202, 226, 227, 256, 261, 266, 276, 291, 306, 319, 331, 390, 393–4, 415–7, 432–3, 435–6, 438, 470–2, 473–4, 477, 484–6 Senate, xvi, xxx, 86, 188 merchant marine, xiii Mexico, relations with, 20, 62 Navy, xxiii, 102, 105, 494 blockade, 121, 129, 351, 359–62 de facto of British colonial ports, xi, xxvi, xxvii–xxviii, 93–6, 97, 113, 114, 117–8, 132, 134–5, 137, 163, 169, 175, 176, 181–3, 189, 191–2, 203, 210, 211, 212, 324–6, 334, 348 alleged violation of British territorial waters, xviii–xx, xxi, 80, 181–3, 210, 211, 212, 223, 327–8, 344–5, 348 of Matamoros, Mexico, xxii–xxvi, 37, 46, 57, 58, 63, 163, 165, 172, 175, 177, 178, 179, 217, 219, 237, 238–40, 286–7, 303, 308–9, 311, 425, 428, 441–56, 457–8, 465–9, 472–3, 478–9, 482, 503 of southern ports, x, xi, xii, xv, xvi, xvii, xviii, xxi, xxii, xxiii, xxv, xxix, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiv, xxxviii, xlvi, 7, 31, 39–40, 56, 58, 69, 82, 93, 105, 107, 111–2, 116–7, 125, 127, 129, 134, 136, 141, 143, 151, 153, 154, 157–61, 166, 183, 202, 214, 217, 227, 228, 229, 231, 233, 234, 235, 248, 254, 256, 257, 261, 265, 275–6, 285, 290, 291, 294, 307, 320, 331–2, 338, 343, 346, 347, 351, 359–62, 367, 369–70, 385, 394, 405, 420, 443, 444, 450, 455, 457, 458, 468–9, 474, 477, 478, 479, 485,

firing on British warships approaching the blockade, xxix–xxx, 252–3, 256, 258, 260, 261, 262, 270, 272, 275, 277–9, 280, 294–8, 300–2, 304–5 blockade runners, alleged use of neutral ports as bases of operations against, xx–xxi, 215, 283, 285, 321–2, 329, 332, 365, 367 see also Havana, Cuba; St. Thomas, Danish Virgin Islands contraband of war, xii, xiv, xv, xvi, xviii, xxiv, xxv, xxxi, xxxii, 37, 61, 94, 117, 127, 129, 134, 176, 189, 197, 261, 265, 284, 285, 291, 294, 299, 312, 264, 425, 438, 442–4, 446, 448, 449, 450, 451–2, 455, 457, 468 fired on, 93–6, 97, 113, 114, 117–8, 132, 324, 326, 329, 333 interdicted close to British territory, xvii–xx, xxi–xii, 93–6, 117–8, 210, 324, 326, 329 search and/or seizure of, xiv–xvii, xix, xx–xxi, xxiii, xxiv, xxv–xxvi, 37, 38, 64, 65, 83, 87, 89–90, 91, 96, 98, 100–1, 103, 106–7, 108, 113, 114, 117–8, 124, 128, 129, 130, 134, 135, 137, 156, 161, 163–4, 181–3, 186, 187, 191–2, 294, 310, 315–19, 344, 350–3, 362–7 see also Adela, Blanche, Dashing Wave, Dolphin, Herald, Labuan, Matamoras, Peterhoff, Science, Sir William Peel, Victor, Volante, Will of the Wisp seizure of British merchant vessels bound from one neutral port to another (continuous voyage), xii, xiv–xvii, xviii, xxviii, 87, 89–90, 91, 100–1, 103, 106–8, 113, 114, 134, 162, 165, 283–6, 290, 291–2, 293, 294, 299, 303, 305, 310, 312, 314, 317, 320–2, 329, 339, 363–7, 370–1

GENERAL INDEX see also Adela, Dolphin, Peterhoff East Gulf of Mexico Blockading Squadron, xv guns, 3, 158–61, 388, 390, 410 List, 272 South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, 223, 234–5, 254 warships, 204, 255, 286, 287, 316 cruisers, xv, xvi, xx, xxiv, xxxi, 40, 64, 65, 89, 90, 93–108 passim, 113–7 passim, 128–30 passim, 137, 142, 156, 166, 181, 182, 186, 189, 190, 192, 197, 204, 210–2 passim, 219, 237, 238, 259, 272, 278, 279, 283–5 passim, 290–2 passim, 295, 298–305 passim, 310, 314–26 passim, 329, 332, 345, 350–52 passim, 363–7, 370, 441, 453–6 passim, 472, 473, 483 ironclads, 158–61, 280–1, 348–50 Monitor-type ironclads, xl, lv, 35, 46, 51, 58, 158–61, 203, 207, 348–50 West Gulf of Mexico Blockading Squadron, xxii, xxiv, 83, 213, 252 See also Great Britain, policy regarding U.S. Civil War and subheads; Lyons, Richard Bickerton Pemell, 1st Viscount Lyons; Milne, Alexander; North America and West India Station/Squadron, US Civil War; Trent Affair Vallandigham, Clement L., 347 Vansittart, Edward Westby, xxxii, xxxiii, lxi, 17, 165, 180, 310, 315–7, 318, 319, 335, 383, 395–8, 464 Milne’s praise for, xlviii, 116, 319, 396, 487 Venezuela, xliv, 388–9, 394, 458 Vera Cruz, Mexico: see Mexico, Vera Cruz Vicksburg, Mississippi, campaign of (26 Dec 1862–4 July 1863), 207, 228, 263, 266, 331, 322 Victoria, Queen, xii, xviii, 4, 7, 251, 394 Proclamation of British neutrality: see Great Britain, policy regarding U.S. Civil War, neutrality and neutral rights of during, Queen Victoria’s proclamation of,

541

Victoria, Australia, 63 Virginia, 20, 74, 141, 227, 309, 336, 394 Von Donop, Edward Pelham Brenton, xlv, lii, lxi, 88, 102, 204–5, 287–90, 345, 348, 354 Milne’s criticism of, xlvi–xlvii, 50–1, 68, 391–2, 463 Walker, Baldwin Wake, 409 Walker, Henry Pinckney, xxxi, xxxii, xxxix, 248, 262, 361, 376, 379, 380–2, 490 Walker, Norman Stewart, 291 Walker, William, 407 Wamell, George, 244 Ward, John E., 347 Ward, William John, lxi, 273, 314, 331, 333, 334, 335 Milne’s praise for, 335 Washington, District of Columbia, xv, xxxiv, xxxvi, xxxvii, lvii, lxi, 17, 18, 44, 54, 56, 60, 68, 70–3 passim, 83, 88, 89, 95–103 passim, 106–15 passim, 122, 128–30 passim, 136, 141, 142, 155, 160, 163, 172, 173, 180, 183, 187, 193, 202, 206, 211, 212, 222, 226, 229, 233, 248–50 passim, 261, 262, 266, 276, 279, 290–3 passim, 298–303 passim, 306, 314, 315, 319, 320, 323, 336, 343, 351, 354, 357–60 passim, 363, 364, 368, 370, 371, 375, 276, 382, 389, 412, 416, 417, 420, 421, 434–6 passim, 455, 465–7 passim, 472, 473, 477, 479, 487–90 passim, 493, 503 Milne’s visit to, xxxvi, 358, 389–90, 393, 395, 415–7 Navy Yard, 3 Watson, George Willes, xxxix, lxi, 101, 113, 157–61, 223, 226, 227, 231, 233, 234, 235, 248, 251–2, 253–5, 412–5 Milne’s criticism of, xxxiii–xxxiv, xlvi, xlvii, 96–7, 98, 108–9, 179, 248, 253, 256, 257, 334, 388–9, Milne’s inexplicable praise for, xlix, 492 Weather: see North America and West India Station/Squadron, weather affecting operations of, Welles, Gideon, xvi, xvii, xxviii, xxix, xxxvi, 106, 107, 177, 207, 212, 233, 301, 305, 366, 371, 468

542

THE MILNE PAPERS

Wells, Richard, Milne’s praise for, xlix, 458 West Gulf of Mexico Blockading Squadron: see US Navy, West Gulf of Mexico Blockading Squadron West Indies, xx, xlv, lii, lviii–lix, 6, 18, 27, 48, 49, 50, 58, 59, 63, 118, 120, 125, 135, 145, 146, 147, 152, 154, 176, 179, 198, 199, 213, 218, 225, 233, 236, 250–1, 255–6, 257, 258, 271, 278, 283, 290, 299, 315, 319, 332, 362, 383, 386, 388, 394, 409, 411, 412, 420, 423, 426, 428, 433, 434, 438, 439, 457, 475, 479, 483, 502, See also Anguilla; Antigua; Bahamas; Barbados; Bay Islands; Cuba; Guadeloupe; Honduras; Jamaica; Leeward Islands; Martinique; Puerto Rico; St. Thomas; Santa Domingo; Trinidad; Windward Islands Westmacott, Spencer, 421 White, Brice C., 42 White River, Arkansas, 74 Whitehall, 59 Whiting, Samuel, xxvii, 185–6, 188, 194 Whitworth, Joseph, 165 Wilkes, Charles, xxvi–xxviii, xxxiii, xxxv, 148, 149, 152, 209, 210, 233, at Bermuda, xxvi–xxviii, 130, 131, 133, 138–42, 149, 150, 152, 155, 161, 163–4, 165, 166, 168–9, 173, 175–6, 177, 180, 183–4, 185–6, 191–2, 193, 194, 201, 202, 207, 225, 258 at Havana, 272, 304 at Nassau, Bahamas, xxvii–xxviii, 177, 181, 182–3, 184, 194, 197, 201, 225, 228

at St. Thomas, Danish Virgin Islands, xxviii, 285, 303, 305, 312, 314, 315, 316, 317, 319, 329, 350–3 Personality of, xxviii, 176, 183, 187, 208–9, 225, 228, 250, 314, 315 Wilmington, North Carolina, xii, 207, 291, 360, 429, 469, 485 Wilson, William Charles Fahie, 15, 120–1, 217 Winchester, Virginia, 336 Winchester, 1st Battle of (25 May 1862), 61 Windward Islands, 199 See also Martinique Woolsey, Melanchthon B., 444, 445, 448, 449–51, 467, 468 Wyke, Charles Lennox, xli, 27, 28, 36, 45, 55, 58, 63, 220, 238, 239, 405 Yazoo River, Mississippi, 266 Yellow Fever, ix, xxxiii, lvi–lvii, 23, 25, 26, 33, 41, 42, 45–53 passim, 65, 90, 92, 97, 100, 116, 119, 120, 121, 124, 127, 131, 132, 133, 135, 143, 152, 172, 182, 205, 220, 271, 274, 299, 393 See also Havana, Cuba, Yellow Fever at; Key West, Florida, Yellow fever at; Nassau, Bahamas; Milne, Alexander, health of squadron, Yellow and other fevers; North America and West India Station/Squadron, health of squadron, Yellow and other fevers Yelverton, Hastings R., 119, 260 York River, Virginia, 102 Yucatan, Mexico, 208, 210, 215 Zürn, Paul, 442, 444, 445, 448–9, 454

SHIP INDEX

Aboukir, HMS, 4, 5, 7, 14, 17, 23, 24, 29, 30, 52, 59, 62–8 passim, 71, 72, 74, 79–83 passim, 91, 101, 118, 124, 125, 465, 475 Adela (Br.), xiii, xiv–xv, xvii, xxxiii, 88, 89, 90, 95–8 passim, 101, 103, 106–8, 109, 113, 128–9, 143, 283, 284, 291, 305 Adelaide (Br.), 24 Adirondack, USS, xix, 89 Admiral Kanaris (Br.), 32 Adriatic (Br.), 52 Adventure, HMS, 92, 100, 125, 136, 199, 393, 408 Africa (Br.), 394, 395 Agamemnon, HMS, 4, 5, 7, 14, 27, 22, 23, 30, 52, 59, 62, 65, 71, 72, 79, 80, 81, 82, 91, 127 Agamenticus, USS, 159 Antonica (Confederate), 252 See also Herald (Br.) Augusta, USS, 235 Ajax (Br.), 29 Alabama, CSS, xxix, xxx, 102, 121, 155, 174, 209, 263, 265, 270, 272, 276, 280, 294, 304, 306 Albatross (Fr. warship), 231, 236, 258 Alexandra (Br., under construction for the so-called Confederacy), xxxi, 294 Allier (Fr. warship), 239 Antonica (Confederate), 252 See also Herald (Br.) Arctic, 355 Ariadne, HMS, xxxii, xxxvi, 81, 126, 138, 149, 152, 154, 162, 165, 172, 175, 177, 180, 188, 192, 199, 202, 204, 231, 274, 278, 282, 315–9 passim, 346, 386, 395–8 passim, 419, 420, 427, 439, 458, 459, 480, 486, 487, 489 Yellow fever on board of, lvii, 116, 119 Atlantic (Br.), 442, 444, 445, 448, 449, 450

Augusta, USS, 235 Avenger, HMS, 16 Bangalore (Br.), 15 Baron De Kalb, USS, 159 Barracouta, HMS, xx, xxviii, 15, 63, 80, 81, 91, 113, 127, 136, 137, 181, 183, 184–6, 187, 190, 207, 208, 215, 222, 283, 310, 328, 329, 332, 335, 346, 369, 372, 373, 374, 492 Yellow fever on board of, lvii, 274, 299 Bellone (Fr. warship), 68 Belvedere (Br.), 32 Benton, USS, 159 Bermuda (Br.), 61, 69 Berthollet (Fr. warship), 220 Blanche (Br.) xix, 142, 156, 193, 194, 209, 448 Blasco de Garay (Sp. warship), 213 Britannia, HMS, 138 Buzzard, HMS, xxxix, 230, 271, 274, 278, 283, 308, 310, 314, 333, 334, 335, 338, 426, 435, 477, 489, 492 Bulldog, HMS, 5, 29, 51, 53, 73, 305 Cadmus, HMS, xlviii, 18, 23, 59, 60, 62, 65, 68, 71, 72, 91, 92, 101, 102, 105, 109, 113, 143, 151, 162, 166, 192, 173, 174, 177, 179, 180, 188, 199, 202, 204, 223, 225, 228, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 236, 240, 241, 242, 243, 246, 257, 260, 277, 346 Cairo, USS, 161 Camanche, USS, 158 Canonicus, USS, 161 Carondelet, USS, 161 Catawba, USS, 159 Catinat (Fr. warship), 213, 258 Catskill, USS, 158 Caurant (Br.), 121

543

544

THE MILNE PAPERS

Challenger, HMS, xl, 57, 59, 60, 65, 66, 68, 71, 72, 79, 81, 83, 175, 204, 257, 273, 282, 327, 338, 339, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 353, 354, 357, 368, 368, 373, 441, 453, 463, 464, 478, 494, 495 Chesapeake (US), 469, 479, 482, 490 Chesterfield (Confederate), 254 Chickasaw, USS, 159 Chicora, CSS, 254 Chilicothe, USS, 159 China (Br.), 44 Cincinnati, USS, 161 Circassian (Br.), 61, 69 Cleopatra (Br.), 5, 7, 8, 12, 13 Clinch, CSS, 254 Comet (Br.), 156 Conestoga, USS, 159 Congress, USS, 36 Conqueror, HMS, loss of, xlvi, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 83, 96, 128, 215 Court Martial on, 8, 9–12, 13, 16, 44 Coquette (Br.), 431 Cornubia (Br.), 291, 431 Cossack (Br.), 15, 21 Cumberland, USS, 36 Cygnet, HMS, xxix, xxx, 6, 81, 118, 126, 131, 133, 151, 153, 215, 270, 272, 275, 282, 291, 294–8 passim, 305, 481 Dashing Wave (Br.), xvii, xxv, 441, 443, 446, 447, 465, 478 Defence, HMS, xxvi, 148, 164 Delta (Br.), 99 Desperate, HMS, xxix, 81, 82, 131, 132, 139, 142, 151, 192, 202, 218, 232, 234, 243, 252, 257, 258, 273, 278, 282, 293, 301, 302, 305, 328, 334, 372, 373, 388, 398–402 passim Diadem, HMS, 4, 5, 7, 8, 13, 14, 17, 21–6 passim Milne’s praise for, 23 Dictator, USS, 159 Dolphin (Br.), xvii, xxviii, 283, 284, 290, 291, 292, 305, 310, 314, 317, 320, 321, 322, 329 Donegal, HMS, 17, 32, 33, 41, 43, 47, 51, 52, 59, 60 Douglas (Br.), 252 See also Mary & Jessie (Confederate) Dream (Br.), 333, 337

Dryade (Fr. warship), 239 Duncan, HMS, 463, 479, 491, 492, 493 Dunderburg, USS, 161 Edgar, HMS, 7, 36, 47, 57, 64, 65, 68, 71, 74 Yellow fever on board of, lvii, 65 Elias Reed (Confederate), 211, 212, 223, 230 Emerald, HMS, 491 Essex, USS, 159 Etiwan, CSS, 254 Excellent, HMS, liii, liv–lv, 122, 169, 410, 437, 481 Excelsior, 272 Fair Friends (Br.), 364 Fanny and Jenny (Br.), 431 Fingal (Br.), 58 Fisgard, HMS, 245 Florida, CSS, xxix–xxx, 86, 87, 121, 149, 214, 215, 270, 272, 374 See also Oreto (Orito) Flying Scud, 444, 445, 448, 449, 450, 455 Fontenoy (Fr. warship), 220 Furious, HMS, 464–5 Galatea, HMS, xlviii, 126, 132, 136, 148, 149, 152, 153, 155, 172, 174, 175, 176, 192, 199, 203, 215, 236, 246, 247, 251, 252, 253, 256, 266, 270, 272, 274, 275, 278, 283, 284, 286, 287, 299, 300, 328, 329, 330, 332, 334, 335, 426, 442, 445, 446, 447, 455, 456, 475, 476, 481, 489, 490, 491, 492 Galena, USS, 159 Gladiator (Br.), 133, 142 Gladiator, HMS, 274 Greyhound, HMS, xxxix, 7, 14, 23, 30, 48, 51, 53, 84, 85, 86, 90, 93, 151, 172, 178, 219, 271, 274, 281, 283, 292, 305, 309, 311, 313, 329, 332, 334, 335, 369, 456, 457, 459, 479, 481 alterations to, 8, 13 Guerrière (Fr. warship), 68, 356, 386 Hansa (Br.), 431 Harriett Pinckney (Br.), 346–7, 421–3, 429, 431 Hatteras, USS, xxx

SHIP INDEX Herald (Br.), xix, 89, 94–6, 127, 132, 149, 182, 252 See also Antonica (Confederate) Hero, HMS, 4, 5, 7, 14, 15, 17, 21, 23, 30, 52, 59, 62, 65, 72, 92, 116, 118, 126, 132, 137, 138, 153 Himalaya, HMS, 118 Hindostan, HMS, 71 Hydra, HMS, 15, 23, 43, 80, 82, 112 Isabella Thompson (Br.), 339 Imaum, HMS, 65, 67, 74, 119, 245 Implacable, HMS, 52 Impregnable, HMS, 112 Immortalité, HMS, xxiv, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 17, 23, 25, 30, 53, 79, 81, 83, 119, 126, 131, 132, 133, 136, 151, 162, 166, 172, 173, 177, 178, 179, 199, 218, 220, 237, 259, 283, 285, 286, 308, 309, 310, 311, 314, 332, 379, 387, 411, 418, 438–9, 458, 476 alterations to, lii, liii, 5, 75, 119, 148, 175, 424 Indianola, USS, 159 Indus, HMS, 245 Isaac Smith, USS, 235 Jason, xlvi, 62, 64, 65, 68, 70, 73, 82, 88, 91, 92, 101, 109, 135, 204, 205, 283, 287, 310, 311, 313, 332, 334, 345, 346, 347, 348, 354, 368, 392, 463, 465 Yellow fever on board of, lvii, 48, 49, 50, 53 Jubal Cain (US), 431 Julia Usher (Br.), 252 See also TD Wagner (Confederate) Juniata, USS, xx, 363–5, 367, 370, 371 Juno (Br.), 429, 431, 432, 434 Karnak (Br.), 16 Keokuk, USS (originally named USS Moodna), 160, 281 Keystone State, USS, 235 Kickapoo, USS, 159 Kite, HMS, 30, 177, 218 Labuan (Br.), xxiii, xlv, 33, 37–9, 46, 53–8 passim, 61, 62, 69, 130, 448 Landrail, HMS, xxix, xliii, 4, 7, 14, 23, 25, 44, 52, 59, 68, 71, 80, 91, 100, 113,

545

115, 118, 126, 131–5 passim, 151, 200, 215, 278, 282, 333, 463, 480, 481 Lehigh, USS, 159 Leopard (Br.), 182, 252 Lexington, USS, 160 Liffey, HMS, xxxix, 5, 10, 13, 14, 23, 24, 25, 29, 30, 37, 53, 58, 63, 65, 71, 73, 91, 148 Lily, HMS, 149, 174, 199, 274, 282, 309, 313, 347, 362, 369, 370, 373, 374, 441, 453 Liverpool, HMS 463, 464, 481, 489, 491, 492 Louisville, USS, 160 Mail (Br.), 431 Manayunk, USS, 159 Manhattan, USS, 160 Margaret and Jessie (Confederate), xxi, 337–8, 344, 358 Marietta, USS, 160 Marin (Br.), 318 Mary & Jessie (Confederate), 252 See also Douglas (Br.) Matamoras (Br.), xxv, 441, 446 Medea, HMS, 3, 4, 7, 8, 14, 21, 23, 25, 29, 30, 44, 46, 52, 62, 65, 71, 72, 112, 126, 133, 151, 152, 220, 221, 237, 238, 239, 282, 286, 310, 311, 312, 383, 384, 463, 482, 483, 494, 495, 497 Medway, HMS, 33, 155, 175, 177 Melpomene, HMS, 4, 5, 7, 9, 13, 14, 17, 18, 24, 47, 48, 52, 59, 60, 62, 65, 66, 71, 72, 79, 80, 81, 90, 93, 100, 119, 120, 126, 131, 136, 137, 138, 148, 152, 154, 162, 172, 174, 175, 177, 179, 187, 193, 198, 199, 202, 203, 217, 218, 230 Yellow fever outbreak on board of, lvii, 119, 124, 126, 127, 133 Mercedita, USS, 235, 254, 255 Merrimac, USS: see Virginia, CSS Mersey, HMS, xxiv, 15, 17, 18, 23, 29, 33, 41, 56, 58, 59, 62, 65, 68, 71, 72, 79, 80, 81, 82 Miantonomah, USS, 158 Milwaukee, USS, 160 Miriam (Br.), 431 Mississippi, USS, 266 Monadnok, USS, 160 Monitor, USS, xl, lv, 35–6, 46, 51, 58, 160, 203, 207

546

THE MILNE PAPERS

Mont Blanc (Br.), xx Montauk, USS, 158 Montgomery, USS, xix, xxiii, 83, 142, 193, 219, 488 Moodna, USS: see Keokuk, USS Mound City, USS, 74, 160 Mutine, HMS, 75 Nahant, USS, 159 Nantucket, USS, 159 Nashville, CSS, 14 Neosho, USS, 160 New Ironsides, USS, 160, 349 Nile, HMS, liv, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 14, 16, 17, 23, 25, 34, 35, 37, 52, 59, 62, 65, 70, 72, 83, 84, 93, 98, 99, 100, 103–8 passim, 111, 112, 114, 117, 118, 122–7 passim, 131–7 pasism, 145, 146, 151–4 passim, 157, 161, 162, 172, 177–92 passim, 197, 199, 201, 204, 210, 212, 216, 218, 224, 229, 230, 232, 233, 236, 237, 240, 255, 272, 283, 285, 294, 297, 300, 301, 305, 308, 313–29 passim, 333, 335, 338, 347–53 passim, 357, 359, 363, 368, 370, 379, 381, 384, 386, 387, 390–5 passim, 398, 409, 411, 418–22 passim, 428, 432, 433, 436–42 passim, 453–9 passim, 463, 472–87 passim, 491–4 passim, 501, 502 Nimble, HMS, xxix, 4, 7, 14, 23, 52, 54, 59, 62, 65, 100, 118, 126, 131, 172, 174, 182, 198–201 passim, 208, 256, 258, 259, 262, 263, 266, 271–4 passim, 300, 308, 313, 314, 328, 329, 343, 347, 373, 387, 427, 456–9 passim, 467, 478, 480, 487 Nonesuch (Br.), 211, 223 Normandie (Fr warship), 218, 220 Norway (Br.), 31 Onondaga, USS, 159 Oreto or Orito (Br.), xxix, xxx, 84–7 passim, 102, 121, 149, 265, 296 See also Florida, CSS Orlando, HMS, xxiv, xlvii, 5, 6, 9, 13, 14, 17, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 29, 47, 48, 50, 56, 63, 79, 80, 81, 132, 135, 149, 154, 166, 172, 175, 177, 178, 179, 217, 218, 219, 220, 239, 256, 257, 267, 275, 282, 292, 311

defects of, 30, 52, 247, 250, 255, 258, 270, 271, 278, 332 Orpheus, HMS, 5, 13, 14, 18, 21 Ozark, USS, 160 Palmetto State, CSS, 254, 256 Passaic, USS, 158 Perseverance, HMS, 16 Persia (Br.), 70, 338 Peterel, HMS, xxxiii–xxxiv, 48, 50, 52, 53, 60, 81, 92, 97, 98, 101, 109, 121, 126, 128, 143, 151, 158, 162, 163, 172, 173, 177, 179, 180, 187, 188, 193, 199, 202, 207, 223, 226–36 passim, 241, 247–59 passim, 262, 274, 282, 314, 329, 334, 372, 373, 389, 412–5 passim, 478, 479, 482, 483, 488, 492 Yellow fever on board of, xxxiii, lvii, 112, 113, 115, 119 Peterhoff (Br.), xvii, xxviii, 283–6 passim, 291, 293, 310, 312, 314, 320–2 passim, 329, 368, 373, 468, Phaeton, HMS, xxiii, 15, 37, 58, 81, 100, 116, 119, 136, 148, 154, 162, 163, 172, 175, 177, 179, 200, 282, 284, 332, 343, 386, 419, 420, 426, 448, 449, 463, 464, 480 yellow fever on board, lvii, 132, 135–6, 152, 172 Philomel, HMS, xxix Pittsburgh, USS, 160 Plover, HMS, xxix, lvii, 81, 99, 100, 118, 131–5 passim, 141, 151, 282, 345, 347, 368, 369, 372–4 passim, 379–81 passim, 384, 481, 491, 492 grounding of at Alvarado, Mexico, 15, 29 Porgy (Br.), 99 Portsmouth, USS, xxiii, 37, 38, 39, 46 Prince Consort, HMS, 75 Prince of Wales (Br.), 150 Princess Royal, HMS, 500 Princess Royal (USS), 444, 445, 449, 451, 467 Puritan, USS, 158 Pylades, HMS, 174, 225, 231, 236, 247, 259, 282, 311, 330, 332, 334, 425, 428 Pyramus, HMS, 51 Yellow fever patients on board of, 116, 119

SHIP INDEX Quaker City, USS, 98, 103, 107, 128, 235, 254 Queen (Br.,), 15 Racer, HMS, xxxix, 13, 14, 15, 23, 24, 25, 30, 44, 45, 46, 54, 57, 60, 62, 63, 70, 73, 82, 87, 91, 92, 100, 102, 109, 116, 121, 122, 126, 128, 153, 154, 162, 174, 204, 206 Racoon, HMS, 261, 278, 281, 282, 300, 203 Redmond Hawkins (Br.), 39 Renaudin (Fr. warship), 213, 257 Resistance, HMS, xxxvi, 148, 164 Rhode Island, USS, xix–xx, xxi, xxx, 295–7, 324–6, 329, 330, 337–8, 345, 348 Richmond, CSS, 88 Rinaldo, HMS, xiv, xxxix, 4, 7, 14, 25, 54, 56, 57, 58, 64, 65, 68, 74, 82, 87, 89, 91, 98, 100, 103, 109, 113, 125, 131, 151, 178, 179, 198–202 passim, 207, 213, 215, 217, 225, 231, 236, 256–61 passim, 280, 282, 292, 293, 338, 339, 343–8 passim, 369, 474 Yellow fever on board of, lvii, 90, 92, 97, 100, 115 alterations to, 8, 92 Roanoke, USS, 160, 349 Rosario, HMS, lvii, 126, 149, 258, 274, 282, 290, 291, 386, 419, 420, 457, 459 Royal Oak, HMS, 336 Royalist, HMS, 463, 465, 475 Ruby (Br.), xxxii, xlviii, 310, 315–9, 337, 344, 346 St. George, HMS, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 25, 29 San Jacinto, USS, 87 Sandusky, USS, 160 Sangamon, USS, 160 Sans Pareil, HMS, 33, 41, 42, 43, 46, 49, 51 Saxon (Br.), 456 Science (Br.), xvii, xxv, 441, 443, 446, 447, 455, 465, 478 Seminole, USS, 472 Shannon, HMS (1855), xlvii, 148, 292, 293, 307, 328, 329, 330, 333, 338, 343, 345, 346, 370, 409, 426, 427, 464–5, 478, 480, 481, 486, 491, 492

547

Shepherd Knapp, USS, 283 Sir William Peel (Br.), xvii, xxv, 425, 442, 467, 473, 478, 490, Sirius (Br.), xix–xx, 324–6, 329, 330, 337 Sonoma, USS, 133, 139–42, 209, 285, 310, 316–7, 365 Spiteful, HMS, 4, 7, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 23, 24, 25, 29, 30, 41, 47, 48, 51, 53, 138, 162, 177, 199, 203, 204, 217, 230 Yellow fever on board of, lvii, 120–1, 124, 126, 127 Steady, HMS, 81, 83, 99, 100, 118, 133, 135, 151, 153, 172, 208, 215, 225, 282, 291, 328, 475 Stonewall Jackson (Confederate), 252 See also Leopard (Br.) Styx, HMS, xxxix, 52, 135, 204, 217, 221, 259, 273, 282, 310, 311, 314, 330, 333, 334, 335, 338, 343, 372, 409 Sumter, CSS, 307, 362 Supply, HMS, 135, 152 Susquehanna, USS, 214 Tartar, HMS, 395–8 passim Tass (Fr.), 39 TD Wagner (Confederate), 252 See also Julia Usher (Br.) Tecumseh, USS, 160 Terror, HMS, 175, 374, 425, 426, 482 Thames, 333 Tioga, USS, 139, 140, 141, 325 Tippecanoe, USS, 159 Tonawanda, USS, 160 Tourville (Fr. warship), 220 Trent (Br.), x, 87 Tuscarora, USS, 215, 216, 321 Tuscumbia, USS, 160 Vanderbilt, USS, 261, 284, 285, 286, 316, 317, 351, 456 Vauban (Fr. warship), 198, 258 Venus (Br.), 431 Vernon, HMS, 481 Vesuvius, HMS, xxix, xxxii, xxxix, liii, 43, 80, 82, 112, 132, 172, 177–9 passim, 198, 199, 202, 207, 212, 213, 216, 217, 221, 222, 227–32 passim, 248, 252,

548

THE MILNE PAPERS

256–8 passim, 261, 282, 283, 290, 394, 395, 409–12 passim, 419, 420, 428, 458, 470, 495 Victor (Br.), xx–xxi, xxxii, 344–5, 358, 363–7, 370–1, 474 Victoria, HMS, 426 Victory, HMS, 245 Vigilant, HMS, 126, 149 Virago, HMS, xxxix, 372, 374, 385, 386, 426, 435 Virginia, CSS, xl, lv, 35, 36, 51, 56, 58

Virginia, USS, 443, 446, 447, 448 Volante (Br.), xxv–xxvi, 441, 443, 446, 447, 455 Wachusett, USS, 139, 140, 141, 187, 209, 305, 334 Warrior, HMS, 58 Waterwitch (Br.), 413 Weehawken, USS, 158, 365 Will o’ the Wisp (Br.), xxiii, xxiv, 83, 84, 219 Winnebago, USS, 160

NAVY RECORDS SOCIETY – LIST OF VOLUMES. (as at 1 July 2022)

1. State Papers relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588. Vol. I. Ed. Professor J.K. Laughton. 2. State Papers relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588. Vol. II. Ed. Professor J.K. Laughton. 3. Letters of Lord Hood, 1781–1783. Ed. D. Hannay. 4. Index to James’s Naval History, 1886, by C.G. Toogood. Ed. Hon. T.A. Brassey. 5. Life of Captain Stephen Martin, 1666–1740. Ed. Sir Clements R. Markham. 6. Journal of Rear Admiral Bartholomew James, 1752–1828. Eds. Professor J.K. Laughton & Cdr. J.Y.F. Sullivan. 7. Hollond’s Discourses of the Navy, 1638 and 1659 and Slyngesbie’s Discourse on the Navy, 1660. Ed. J.R. Tanner. 8. Naval Accounts and Inventories of the Reign of Henry VII, 1485– 1488 and 1495–1497. Ed. M. Oppenheim. 9. The Journal of Sir George Rooke, 1700–1702. Ed. O. Browning. 10. Letters and Papers Relating to the War with France, 1512–1513. Ed. A. Spont. 11. Papers Relating to the Navy during The Spanish War, 1585–1587. Ed. J.S. Corbett. 12. Letters and Papers of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Thomas Byam Martin, 1733–1854, Vol. II (see Vol. 24). Ed. Admiral Sir Richard Vesey Hamilton. 13. Letters and Papers Relating to the First Dutch War, 1652–1654, Vol. I. Ed. S.R. Gardiner. 14. Dispatches and Letters Relating to the Blockade of Brest, 1803– 1805, Vol. I. Ed. J. Leyland. 15. History of the Russian Fleet during the Reign of Peter The Great, by a Contemporary Englishman, 1724. Ed. Vice-Admiral Sir Cyprian A.G. Bridge. 16. Logs of the Great Sea Fights, 1794–1805, Vol. I. Ed. Rear Admiral Sir T. Sturges Jackson. 549

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Letters and Papers Relating to the First Dutch War, 1652–1654, Vol. II. Ed. S.R. Gardiner. 18. Logs of the Great Sea Fights, 1794–1805, Vol. II. Ed. Rear Admiral Sir T. Sturges Jackson. 19. Letters and Papers of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Thomas Byam Martin, 1773–1854, Vol. III (see Vol. 24). Ed. Admiral Sir R. Vesey Hamilton. 20. The Naval Miscellany, Vol. I. Ed. Professor J.K. Laughton. 21. Dispatches and Letters Relating to the Blockade of Brest, 1803– 1805. Vol. II. Ed. J. Leyland. 22. The Naval Tracts of Sir William Monson, Vol. I. Ed. M. Oppenheim. 23. The Naval Tracts of Sir William Monson, Vol. II. Ed. M. Oppenheim. 24. Letters and Papers of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Thomas Byam Martin, 1773–1854, Vol. I. Ed. Admiral Sir R. Vesey Hamilton. 25. Nelson and the Neapolitan Jacobins. Ed. H.G. Gutteridge. 26. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naval Mss. in the Pepysian Library, Vol. I. Ed. J.R. Tanner. 27. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naval Mss. in the Pepysian Library, Vol. II. Ed. J.R. Tanner. 28. The Correspondence of Admiral John Markham, 1801–1807. Ed. Sir Clements R. Markham. 29. Fighting Instructions, 1530–1816. Ed. J.S. Corbett. 30. Letters and Papers Relating to the First Dutch War, 1652–1654, Vol. III. Eds. S.R. Gardiner and C.T. Atkinson. 31. The Recollections of James Anthony Gardner, 1775–1814. Ed. Admiral Sir R. Vesey Hamilton and Professor J.K. Laughton. 32. Letters and Papers of Charles, Lord Barham, 1758–1813, Vol. I. Ed. Professor Sir J.K. Laughton. 33. Naval Songs and Ballads. Ed. Professor C.H. Firth. 34. Views of the Battles of the Third Dutch War. Ed. J.S. Corbett. 35. Signals and Instructions, 1776–1794. Ed. J.S. Corbett. 36. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naval Mss. in the Pepysian Library, Vol. III. Ed. J.R. Tanner. 37. Letters and Papers Relating to the First Dutch War, 1652–1654, Vol. IV. Ed. C.T. Atkinson. 38. Letters and Papers of Charles, Lord Barham, 1758–1813, Vol. II. Ed. Professor Sir J.K. Laughton. 39. Letters and Papers of Charles, Lord Barham, 1758–1813, Vol. III. Ed. Professor Sir J.K. Laughton. 40. The Naval Miscellany, Vol. II. Ed. Professor Sir J.K. Laughton. 17.

NAVY RECORDS SOCIETY

41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66.

551

Letters and Papers Relating to the First Dutch War, 1652–1654. Vol. V. Ed. C.T. Atkinson. Papers Relating to the Loss of Minorca, 1756. Ed. Captain. H.W. Richmond. The Naval Tracts of Sir William Monson, Vol. III. Ed. M. Oppenheim. The Old Scots Navy, 1689–1710. Ed. J. Grant. The Naval Tracts of Sir William Monson, Vol. IV. Ed. M. Oppenheim. Private Papers of George, 2nd Earl Spencer, 1794–1801, Vol. I. Ed. J.S Corbett. The Naval Tracts of Sir William Monson, Vol. V. Ed. M. Oppenheim. Private Papers of George, 2nd Earl Spencer, 1794–1801, Vol. II. Ed. J.S. Corbett. Documents Relating to the Law and Custom of the Sea, Vol. I, 1205–1648. Ed. R.G. Marsden. Documents Relating to the Law and Custom of the Sea, Vol. II, 1649–1767. Ed. R.G. Marsden. The Autobiography of Phineas Pett. Ed. W.G. Perrin. The Life of Admiral Sir John Leake, Vol. I. Ed. G.A.R. Callender. The Life of Admiral Sir John Leake, Vol. II. Ed. G.A.R. Callender. The Life and Works of Sir Henry Mainwaring, Vol. I. Ed. G.E. Manwaring. The Letters of Lord St. Vincent, 1801–1804, Vol. I. Ed. D. Bonner-Smith. The Life and Works of Sir Henry Mainwaring, Vol. II. Eds. G.E. Manwaring and W.G. Perrin. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naval Mss. in the Pepysian Library, Vol. IV. Ed. J.R. Tanner. Private Papers of George, 2nd Earl Spencer, 1794–1801, Vol. III. Ed. Rear Admiral H.W. Richmond. Private Papers of George, 2nd Earl Spencer, 1794–1801, Vol. IV. Ed. Rear Admiral H.W. Richmond. Samuel Pepys’s Naval Minutes. Ed. Dr. J.R. Tanner. The Letters of Earl St Vincent, 1801–1804, Vol. II. Ed. D. Bonner-Smith. The Letters and Papers of Admiral Viscount Keith, Vol. I. Ed. W.G. Perrin. The Naval Miscellany, Vol. III. Ed. W.G. Perrin. The Journal of the 1st Earl of Sandwich, 1659–1665. Ed. R.C. Anderson. Boteler’s Dialogues. Ed. W.G. Perrin. Letters and Papers Relating to the First Dutch War, 1652–1654, Vol. VI (& index). Ed. C.T. Atkinson.

552

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The Byng Papers, Vol. I. Ed. W.C.B. Tunstall. The Byng Papers, Vol. II. Ed. W.C.B. Tunstall. The Private Papers of John, Earl Sandwich, 1771–1782. Vol. I, 1770–1778. Eds. G.R. Barnes & J.H. Owen. 70. The Byng Papers, Vol. III. Ed. W.C.B. Tunstall. 71. The Private Papers of John, Earl Sandwich, 1771–1782, Vol. II, 1778–1779. Eds. G.R. Barnes & J.H. Owen. 72. Piracy in the Levant, 1827–1828. Ed. Lt. Cdr. C.G. Pitcairn Jones R.N. 73. The Tangier Papers of Samuel Pepys. Ed. E. Chappell. 74. The Tomlinson Papers. Ed. J.G. Bullocke. 75. The Private Papers of John, Earl Sandwich, 1771–1782, Vol. III, 1779–1780. Eds. G.R.T. Barnes & Cdr. J.H. Owen. 76. The Letters of Robert Blake. Ed. Rev. J.R. Powell. 77. Letters and Papers of Admiral the Hon. Samuel Barrington, Vol. I. Ed. D. Bonner-Smith. 78. Private Papers of John, Earl Sandwich,Vol. IV. Eds. G.R.T. Barnes & Cdr. J.H. Owen. 79. The Journals of Sir Thomas Allin, 1660–1678, Vol. I, 1660–1666. Ed. R.C. Anderson. 80. The Journals of Sir Thomas Allin, 1660–1678, Vol. II, 1667–1678. Ed. R.C. Anderson 81. Letters and Papers of Admiral the Hon. Samuel Barrington, Vol. II. Ed. D. Bonner-Smith. 82. Captain Boteler’s Recollections, 1808–1830. Ed. D. Bonner-Smith. 83. The Russian War, 1854: Baltic and Black Sea. Eds. D. BonnerSmith & Capt. A.C. Dewar R.N. 84. The Russian War, 1855: Baltic. Ed. D. Bonner-Smith. 85. The Russian War, 1855: Black Sea. Ed. Capt. A.C. Dewar. 86. Journals and Narratives of the Third Dutch War. Ed. R.C. Anderson. 87. The Naval Brigades of the Indian Mutiny, 1857–1858. Ed. Cdr. W.B. Rowbotham. 88. Patee Byng’s Journal, 1718–1720. Ed. J.L. Cranmer-Byng. 89. The Sergison Papers, 1688–1702. Ed. Cdr. R.D. Merriman. 90. The Keith Papers, Vol. II. Ed. C. Lloyd. 91. Five Naval Journals, 1789–1817. Ed. Rear Admiral H.G. Thursfield. 92. The Naval Miscellany, Vol. IV. Ed. C. Lloyd. 93. Sir William Dillon’s Narrative of Professional Adventures, 1790– 1839, Vol. I, 1790–1802. Ed. Professor M. Lewis. 94. The Walker Expedition to Quebec, 1711. Ed. Professor G.S. Graham. 67. 68. 69.

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95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120.

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The Second China War, 1856–1860. Eds. D. Bonner-Smith & E.W.R. Lumby. The Keith Papers, Vol. III. Ed. C.C. Lloyd. Sir William Dillon’s Narrative of Professional Adventures, 1790– 1839, Vol. II, 1802–1839. Ed. Professor M. Lewis. The Private Correspondence of Admiral Lord Collingwood. Ed. Professor E. Hughes. The Vernon Papers, 1739–1745. Ed. B.McL. Ranft. Nelson’s Letters to his Wife and Other Documents, 1785–1831. Ed. G.P.B. Naish. A Memoir of James Trevenen, 1760–1790. Ed. Professor C.C. Lloyd. The Papers of Admiral Sir John Fisher, Vol. I. Ed. Lt. Cdr. P.K. Kemp R.N. Queen Anne’s Navy. Ed. Cdr. R.D. Merriman R.I.N. The Navy and South America, 1807–1823. Eds. Professor G.S. Graham & Professor R.A. Humphreys. Documents Relating to the Civil War. Eds. Rev. J.R. Powell & E.K. Timings. The Papers of Admiral Sir John Fisher, Vol. II. Ed. Lt. Cdr. P.K. Kemp R.N. The Health of Seamen. Ed. Professor C.C. Lloyd. The Jellicoe Papers, Vol. I, 1893–1916. Ed. A Temple Patterson. Documents Relating to Anson’s Voyage Round the World, 1740– 1744. Ed. Dr. G. Williams. The Saumarez Papers: The Baltic 1808–1812. Ed. A.N. Ryan. The Jellicoe Papers, Vol. II, 1916–1935. Ed. A Temple Patterson. The Rupert and Monk Letterbook, 1666. Eds. Rev. J.R. Powell & E.K. Timings. Documents Relating to the Royal Naval Air Service, Vol. I, 1908– 1918. Ed. Capt. S.W. Roskill. The Siege and Capture of Havana, 1762. Ed. Professor D. Syrett. Policy and Operations in the Mediterranean, 1912–1914. Ed. E.W.R. Lumby. The Jacobean Commissions of Enquiry, 1608 and 1618. Ed. A.P. McGowan. The Keyes Papers, Vol. I, 1914–1918. Ed. Professor P.G. Halpern. The Royal Navy and North America: The Warren Papers, 1736– 1752. Ed. Dr. J. Gwyn. The Manning of the Royal Navy: Selected Public Pamphlets, 1693–1873. Ed. Professor J.S. Bromley. Naval Administration, 1715–1750. Ed. Professor D.A. Baugh.

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121. The Keyes Papers, Vol. II, 1919–1938. Ed. Professor P.G. Halpern. 122. The Keyes Papers, Vol. III, 1939–1945. Ed. Professor P.G. Halpern. 123. The Navy of the Lancastrian Kings: Accounts and Inventories of William Soper, Keeper of the King’s Ships, 1422–1427. Ed. Dr. S. Rose. 124. The Pollen Papers: The Privately Circulated Printed Works of Arthur Hungerford Pollen, 1901–1916. Ed. Dr. J.T. Sumida. 125. The Naval Miscellany, Vol. V. Ed. N.A.M. Rodger. 126. The Royal Navy in the Mediterranean, 1915–1918. Ed. Professor P.G. Halpern. 127. The Expedition of Sir John Norris and Sir Francis Drake to Spain and Portugal, 1589. Ed. Professor R.B. Wernhan. 128. The Beatty Papers, Vol. I. 1902–1918. Ed. Professor B.McL. Ranft. 129. The Hawke Papers, A Selection: 1743–1771. Ed. Dr. R.F. Mackay. 130. Anglo-American Naval Relations, 1917–1919. Ed. M. Simpson. 131. British Naval Documents 1204–1960. Eds. Professor J.B. Hattendorf, Dr. R.J.B. Knight, A.W.H. Pearsall, Dr. N.A.M. Rodger & Professor G. Till. 132. The Beatty Papers, Vol. II, 1916–1927. Ed. Professor B.McL. Ranft. 133. Samuel Pepys and the Second Dutch War. Ed. R. Latham. 134. The Somerville Papers. Ed. M. Simpson with assistance from J. Somerville. 135. The Royal Navy in the River Plate, 1806–1807. Ed. J.D. Grainger. 136. The Collective Naval Defence of the Empire, 1900–1940. Ed. Professor N. Tracy. 137. The Defeat of the Enemy Attack on Shipping, 1939–1945. Ed. Dr. E.J. Grove. 138. Shipboard Life and Organisation, 1731–1815. Ed. B. Lavery. 139. The Battle of the Atlantic and Signals Intelligence: U-boat Situations and Trends, 1941–1945. Ed. Professor D. Syrett. 140. The Cunningham Papers, Vol. I: The Mediterranean Fleet, 1939– 1942. Ed. M. Simpson. 141. The Channel Fleet and the Blockade of Brest, 1793–1801. Ed. Dr. R. Morriss. 142. The Submarine Service, 1900–1918. Ed. N.A. Lambert. 143. Letters and Papers of Professor Sir John Knox Laughton, 1830– 1915. Ed. Professor A.D. Lambert. 144. The Battle of the Atlantic and Signals Intelligence: U-boat Tracking Papers, 1941–1947. Ed. Professor D. Syrett. 145. The Maritime Blockade of Germany in the Great War: The Northern Patrol, 1914–1918. Ed. J.D. Grainger.

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146. The Naval Miscellany, Vol. VI. Ed. Dr. M. Duffy. 147. The Milne Papers. Papers of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Alexander Milne 1806–1896, Vol. I, 1820–1859. Ed. Professor J. Beeler. 148. The Rodney Papers, Vol. I, 1742–1763. Ed. Professor D. Syrett. 149. Sea Power and the Control of Trade: Belligerent Rights from the Russian War to the Beira Patrol, 1854–1970. Ed. N. Tracy. 150. The Cunningham Papers, Vol. II: The Triumph of Allied Sea Power, 1942–1946. Ed. M. Simpson. 151. The Rodney Papers, Vol. II, 1763–1780. Ed. Professor D. Syrett. 152. Naval Intelligence from Germany: The Reports of the British Naval Attachés in Berlin, 1906–1914, Ed. Dr. M.S. Seligmann. 153. The Naval Miscellany, Vol. VII. Ed. Dr. S. Rose. 154. Chatham Dockyard, 1815–1865. The Industrial Transformation. Ed. P. MacDougall. 155. Naval Courts Martial, 1793–1815. Ed. Dr. J. Byrn. 156. Anglo-American Naval Relations, 1919–1939. Ed. M. Simpson. 157. The Navy of Edward VI and Mary I. Eds. Professor D.M Loades and Dr. C.S. Knighton. 158. The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean, 1919–1929. Ed. Professor P. Halpern. 159. The Fleet Air Arm in the Second World War, Vol. I, 1939–1941. Ed. Dr. B. Jones. 160. Elizabethan Naval Administration. Eds. Professor D.M. Loades and Dr C.S. Knighton. 161. The Naval Route to the Abyss: The Anglo-German Naval Race, 1895–1914. Eds. Dr M.S. Seligmann, Dr F. Nägler and Professor M. Epkenhans. 162. The Milne Papers. Papers of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Alexander Milne 1806–1896, Vol. II, 1860–1862. Ed. Professor J. Beeler. 163. The Mediterranean Fleet, 1930–1939. Ed. Professor P. Halpern. 164. The Naval Miscellany, Vol. VIII. Ed. Mr B. Vale. 165. The Fleet Air Arm in the Second World War, Vol. II, 1942–1943. Ed. Dr B. Jones. 166. The Durham Papers. Ed. Dr H.L. Rubinstein. 167. Nelson’s Letters to Lady Hamilton and Related Documents. Ed. Dr M.R.E. Czisnik. 168. Anglo-American-Canadian Naval Relations, 1943–1945. Ed. M. Simpson. 169. Papers and Correspondence of Admiral Sir John Thomas Duckworth, Vol 1: The French Revolutionary War, 1793–1802. Ed. J.D. Grainger.

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OCCASIONAL PUBLICATIONS. O.P. 1 O.P. 2

The Commissioned Sea Officers of the Royal Navy, 1660–1815. Eds. Professor D. Syrett & Professor R.L. DiNardo. The Anthony Roll of Henry VIII’s Navy. Eds. Dr. C.S. Knighton & Professor D.M. Loades.