The Iron Age Settlement at 'Ain Dara, Syria: Survey and Soundings 9781841711034, 9781407351124

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The Iron Age Settlement at 'Ain Dara, Syria Survey and Soundings

Elizabeth C. Stone and Paul E. Zimansky With contributions by Patricia L. Crawford, Carol J. Frey, Curtis W. Marean, and Murray C. McClellan

BAR International Series 786 1999

Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 786 The Iron Age Settlement at ‘Ain Dara, Syria © The authors and contributors individually and the Publisher 1999 The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781841711034 paperback ISBN 9781407351124 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841711034 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by John and Erica Hedges in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 1999. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.

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F o rE dwa rd L uby a nd C ha r le sP enn ing ton

TABLE OF CONTENTS

L i s to fF igu re s L i s to fT ab le s

v i i

C hap te r 1 I n t roduc t ion C hap te r2 S u rf a ce S u rvey

9

C hap te r3 H e l len i s t ic a nd R oman P o t te ry f r om ' A in D a ra b y Mu r ray C . McC l e l lan

1 9

C hap t e r4 T r enche si nt h e No r thwe s tQ uad ran t

2 3

C hap te r5 E xcava t ion si nt h eN or thea s tQ uad ran t

3 5

C hap t e r6 C e ram ic s

5 9

C hap te r 7 Sma l lf ind s

7 5

C hap te r8 B o tan ica lR ema in sb yP a t r ic ia L .C rawf ord

13

C hap te r 9 Mamma lR ema in sb yC a ro lJ .F rey a nd C u r t i s W . Ma rean

1 23

C hap t e r 1 0

1 39

C onc lu s ion s

B ib l iog raphy

1 4 1

i v

L IST OF F IGURES 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 1 0 . 1 . 1 2 . 1 3 . 1 4 . 1 5 . 1 6 . 1 7 . 1 8 . 1 9 . 2 0 . 2 1 . 2 2 . 2 3 . 2 4 . 2 5 . 2 6 . 2 7 . 2 8 . 2 9 . 3 0 . 3 1 . 3 2 . 3 3 . 3 4 . 3 5 . 3 6 . 3 7 . 3 8 . 3 9 . 4 0 . 4 1 . 4 2 . 4 3 . 4 4 . 4 5 .

U n f in i shed s cu lp tu r e o n ' A in D a ra c i tade l T he ' A in D a ra t emp le d u r ing t h e 1 982 e xcava t ion s T he l o ca t ion o f' A in D a ra C i tade l mound f r om n o r thea s tq uad ran to fl owe rt e l l C ompa ra t ive s i z e so f` Amuq s i te s , C a rchem i sh , a nd ' A in D a ra ' A in D a ra f r om t h es ou thwe s t S u rvey a r ea ' A in D a ra c i tade lf r om n or thwe s tc o rne ro fl owe rt e l l L owe rt e l l f r om c i tade l , f a c ing n or thea s t S e lec ted " i ndex f o s s i l s" f r om s u rf ace s u rvey S u rf a ce d i s t r ibu t ion o fL a te B ronz eA ge s he rd s S u rf ace d i s t r ibu t ion o fs he rd sd a t ing t ot h e I r on Ip e r iod S urf ace d i s t r ibu t ion o fs he rd sd a t ing t ot h e I r on I p e r iod S ur f ace d i s t r ibu t ion o fs he rd sd a t ing t ot h e H e l len i s t ic p e r iod S u rf ace d i s t r ibu t ion o fs he rd sd a t ing t ot h e L a te R oman /Byzan t ine p e r iod S e lec ted p o s tI r on -Age s he rd sf r om u ppe rmo s te xcava t ion s l e ve l s i n1 983 e xcava t ion s L oca t ion o fs ound ing s i nt h e 1 982 a nd 1 983-84 s ea son s T rench 3 :H e l len is t ic f ounda t ion s L T82 -7 , l amp f r om T rench 3 ,L eve l 1 T rench 3 :S tone f e a tu re o ve rH e l len i s t ic p i t T rench 3 :I r on Age w a l l T rench 2 :H e l len i s t ic f ounda t ion T rench 2 :C obb le f l oo r , L eve l4 T rench 2 :T rench 2 .L eve l 5 ,w i th t op o ft a nou rv i s ib le n ea rw e s tb au lk P o t te ry f r om T renche s 2a nd 3 " K ra te r " s he rd f r om T rench 2 ,L eve l4 P o t te ry f r om T rench 1 LT82 -26 , a n ima lf i gu r ine f r om T rench 1 ,L eve l6 G rana ry S ty le c e ram ic sf r om T rench 1 ,L eve l2 ,p i t S ec t ion t h rough T rench 2 ,f r om s ou th sou thwe s t S ec t ion t h rough T r ench 1 ,f r om n or th -nor thea s t E xcava t ion si nS qua re 4 ,1 984 S qua re s 4a nd 5 ,P ha se XX S qua re 5a te nd o fe xcava t ion ,P ha se XX b lue -g rey a sh v i s ib le b enea th l a dde r , f r om s ou thwes t S qua re s 4a nd 5 ,P ha se X IX S qua re 5 ,P ha se X IX , f r om s ou th S qua re s 4a nd 5 ,P ha se XV I I I S qua re 4 ,P ha se XV I I I , f r om n o r th S qua re s 4a nd 5 ,P ha se XV I I S qua re 4 ,P ha se XV I I , l o cu s2 7 , f r om s ou thea s t S qua re s 4a nd 5 ,P ha se XV I S qua re s 4a nd 5 ,P ha se s XV S qua re s 4a nd 5 ,P ha se X IV S qua re s 4a nd 5 ,P ha se X I I I S qua re 5 ,P ha se X I I , f r om e a s t

1 1 2 3 4 5 9 1 0 1 1 2 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 3 2 3 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 3 0 3 0 3 2 3 3 4 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 8 3 9 4 0 4 0 4 1 4 1 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4

4 6 . 4 7 . 4 8 . 4 9 . 5 0 . 5 1 . 5 2 .

S qua re s 4a nd 5 ,P ha se X I I S qua re s 4a nd 5 ,P ha se X I S qua re s 4a nd 5 ,P ha se X S qua re 4 ,P ha se X , L ocu s 1 9 , f r om e a s t S qua re s 4a nd 5 ,P ha se I X S qua re s 4a nd 5 ,P ha se V I I I S qua re s 4a nd 5 ,P ha se V I I

4 5 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 7 4 8 4 8

5 3 . 5 4 . 5 5 . 5 6 . 5 7 . 5 8 . 5 9 .

S qua re 4 ,t a nou r si nL ocu s 1 8 ,P ha se V I I S qua re s 4a nd 5 ,P ha se V I S qua re s 4a nd 5 ,P ha se V S qua re s 4a nd 5 ,P ha se I V S qua re s 4a nd 5 ,P ha se I I S qua r e 5 ,P ha se I V , L ocu s 1 4 S qua re 4 ,o ve r lapp ing w a l l so fP ha se sI I IV i ns ou thea s tc or n e ro ft r ench

4 9 4 9 5 0 5 1 5 1 5 2 5 2

6 0 . 6 1 . 6 2 . 6 3 .

S qua re 5 . Ma s s ive s t one w a l la nd d oo rs ocke ti nP ha se I I S qua re s 4a nd 5 ,P ha se I S qua re 5 ,P ha se I .C obb le f l oo ra nd h igh w a l l S qua re s 4a nd 5 ,P ha se I

5 2 5 3 5 3 5 4

6 4 . 6 5 . 6 6 . 6 7 . 6 8 . 6 9 . 7 0 . 7 1 .

S qua re 4 ,P ha se I .C obb le b a se o fP i tB S qua re 4 ,n o r th b au lk S qua re 5 ,n o r th b au lk S qua re 5 ,w e s tb au lk C e ram ic t ub ( LT83 -22 ) T ref o i lj a r( LT83-6 ) P o t te ry t ypo logy ,p a r t 1 P o t te ry t ypo logy ,p a r t2

5 5 5 6 5 7 5 8 5 9 5 9 6 0 6 1

7 2 . 7 3 . 7 4 . 7 5 . 7 6 . 7 7 . 7 8 . 7 9 . 8 0 . 8 1 . 8 2 . 8 3 . 8 4 . 8 5 . 8 6 . 8 7 . 8 8 . 8 9 . 9 0 .

B ow lf r equenc ie s o ve rt ime F requenc ie so fb ow lt ype s o ve rt ime ( c on t inued ) B ow l s a nd c ook ing p o t s P i tho s S equen t ia l f r equenc ie so fv a r iou sp o tt ype s S equen t ia l f r equenc ie so fv a r iou sp i tho st ype s S equen t ia lf r equenc ie so fv a r iou sj a rt ype s S to rage j a r s C yp rogeome t r ic b a r re lj a r s P a in ted w a res S equen t ia lf r equenc ie so fd eco ra t ion t ype s LT83 -7 , s ca rabo id w i th s ph inx d e s ign o nf a ce LT84 -13 ,t op h a lf o fs ca rabo id S e lec ted s he l l s F igu r ine sa nd p l aque s f r om ' A in D a ra S cu lp ted a nd o rnamen ta ls t one o b jec t s D eco ra ted b one a nd i v o ry o b jec t s B one s pa tu lae a nd p in s M i sce l laneou ss t one o b jec t s

6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 6 6 6 7 6 8 6 9 7 1 7 2 7 4 7 5 7 5 7 7 7 8 7 9 8 0 8 2 8 4

9 1 . 9 2 . 9 3 . 9 4 .

C on ica lw ho r l so fs t one a nd c l ay P e rf o ra ted s he rd s a nd c l ay c y l inde r" bobb in s" M i sce l laneou sc l ay o b jec t s B ead s

8 6 8 8 9 0 9 2

9 5 . 9 6 . 9 7 . 9 8 . 9 9 . 1 00 . 1 0 1 . 1 02 .

B ronze a nd c oppe ro b jec t s I r on o b jec t s f r om e a r l ie rp ha se s I r on o b jec t s , l a te rp ha se s T r i t icum a e s t ivum /durum H o rdeum v u lga r e V i t i sv in if e ra L en sc u l ina r is V ic ia /P i sum

9 4 9 6 9 7 13 14 14 14 14

1 03 . 1 04 .

A sphode lu s A s t raga lu s

15 15

1 05 .

C ompo s i tae

15

1 06 . 1 07 . 1 08 .

C o ron i l la G a l ium Ma lva

16 16 16

v i

1 09 . 10 . 11 . 12 . 13 . 14 . 15 . 16 . 17 . 18 . 19 . 1 20 . 1 2 1 . 1 22 . 1 23 .

Med icago P ha la r i s P lan tago P o lygonaceae P ro sop i s R umex S co rp iu ru s S i lene T r if o l ium T euc r ium T r igone l la I n ten s i ty o fk i l l -of fa nd s urv ivo r sh ip c urve f o ro v i -cap r id s S u id mo r ta l i ty b a sed o n d en ta lw ea rs t age s a nd l o ng -bone f u s ion C ap r ine a nd s u id MAU 's l i s ted b y s ke le ta le l emen tg roup s I n t ra -bone s u rv ivo r sh ip f o ra l lb ov id s

16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 1 29 1 31 1 32 1 34

1 24 . 1 2 5 .

R e la t ion sh ip b e tween l o gd en s i ty a nd a bundance o fl o ng -bone p or t ion sa t' A in D a ra R e la t ion sh ip b e tween r e la t ive a bundance o fS i ze 1a nd S i ze 2b ov id e l emen t s

1 35 1 36

L IST OF TABLES 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 1 0 .

F lo ta t ion s amp le sa na lyzed S eed c oun t sb y s amp le C o r r e spondence o fs t ra t ig raph ic p ha se sw i th g roup su sed i nf a una l a na ly s i s N ISP a nd MN I f o rt h e who le s i te a nd e ach A na ly t ic U n i t . N ISP a nd MNE f o rs pec if ica l ly a nd g ene r ica l ly i d en t if iab le f r agmen t s i na l lA na ly t ic U n i t s C ap r ine a t t r i t ion d a ta b a sed o nd en ta lw a re s t ages L ong -bone f u s ion f r equenc ie so fc ap r ine sa t' A in D a ra ( s iz e c l a s se s 1a nd 2c omb ined ) S u id a t t r i t ion d a ta b a sed o nw ea rs t age s L ong -bone f u s ion f r equenc ie so fs u id sa t' A in D a ra ( s ize c l a s se s 1a nd 2c omb ined ) N ISP a nd MNE f o re ach s i ze c l a s si na l lA na ly t ic U n i t s c omb ined

v i i

19 1 20 -121 1 24 1 26 1 27 1 30 1 30 1 32 1 33 1 37

C hap ter 1

I n troduc t ion T he g r ea t t emp le o f ' A in D a ra , o ve r look ing t h e ` Af r in V a l ley f r om t h e s umm i t o f as t eep s ided t e l l a pp rox i m a te ly f o r ty k i lome te r s n o r th o f A leppo , i so ne o ft h e m o s ti mp re s s ive monumen t so ft h en o r th S y r ian I r on A ge . I nb o th s i z e a nd i n t r icacy o f wo rkman sh ip i ti sv i r tua l ly u npa ra l le led :s qua red l ime s tone a nd b a sa l tb lock so fe no r m ou s s i ze p ave t h e a pp roach t o i t ,r e l ief s o f l i on s a nd s ph inxe s s u r round i t s e x te r io r , r ow s o fl i on s i np ro tome s t and ing mo re t han t wo m e te r s h igh o nce f o rmed t h e f a c ade s o fb o th t h e i n ne r c ou r tya rd a nd t h eb u i ld ing i t se lf , a nd f ou r e no rmou s f oo tp r in t s— each a pp rox ima te ly o ne m e te r i nl e ng th — ca rved i n to i t s t h r e sho ld b lock s g i ve m ea su r et ot h ea we some ma jes ty o ft h ed e i ty who r e s ided t h e re . I n ap rog ram o f e xcava t ion e x tend ing o ve r mo re t h an t h ree d ecade s , e xped i t ion s s pon so red b y t h e S y r ian D e p a r tmen t o f An t iqu i t ie s a nd Mu seum s h ave c omp le te ly F igu re I :U nf in i shed s cu lp tu re o nt h e ' A in Da ra c i tad e l . e xpo sed t h et emp le ' s g round p lan a nd r e cove red ama jo r c o rpu s o f a s soc ia ted s cu lp tu re s ( Abu ' A s saf 1 983a , Who w e re i t sb u i lde r sa nd u nde rw ha tc i r cum s tance sa nd i n f lu 1 983b , 1 990 , 1 993 , 1 994 ,n .d . ; Abu ' A s saf a nd K haya ta 1 983 ; e nce sd i dt h ey u nde r take t h e i rw o rk? S e i ra f i 1 960 ; S e i raf i , K i r ich ian a nd D unand 1 965 ) . T h i s r i ch a r chaeo log ica lh a rve s t ,h oweve r ,p o se si mpo r tan tq ue s t ion st o w h ich e xcava t ion i nt h e t emp le i t se lf h a s s ugge s ted o n ly i n c omp le t ea n swe r s ,o rn one a ta l l . Wha tw a st h ea nc ien tn ame o f t h is a nc ien ts i te? When w a st h et emp le c on s t ruc ted a nd w hen d i di tg oo u to fu se? T o wha tg od o rg odde s sw a si td ed ica ted?

T he r e sea rch p re sen ted i nt h i s monog raph i st h e p roduc t o fa p ro jec tu nder taken i nt h ee a r ly 1 980 's t op rov ide ac on tex tf o r t h e t emp le b y i n ve s t iga t ing t h e s e t t lemen tt h a t s u r rounded i t . We h ad e nv i s ioned amuch mo re e x ten s ive e xp lo ra t ion t h an i t p roved p o s s ib le t oe xecu te a nd l o ng h oped t h a ti tm igh tb ep o s-

F igu re 2 : T he ' A in Da ra t emp le d u r ing t h e 1 982 e xca va t ion s .

1

T he I ron A ge S et t lemen ta t' AM D ara

A

J ude id ah

' h

I M ode rn T own A A nc ien tS i te r -

0

L and a bove 5 00 f e e t L ake

2 00 K i lome te rs

1 00

F igu re 3 :T he l o ca t ion o f' A in Da ra

s i b le t oa mp l if yt h e se f i nd ing sw i th f u r the rw o rk .S i nce u npub l i shed e xcava t ion s a r e a r t if a c t s o f p rof e s s iona l m a lp ra c t ice t h e r e s e em s l i t t le j u s t if i ca t ion f o rf u r the r d e lay i np r e sen t ing o u rf i nd ing s .A l though t h ey d on o t p rov ide u namb iguou sa n s we r st oa ny o ft h eq ue s t ion sp o sed a bove , w eh ope t h ey w i l l s e r ve a s am od e s tc on t r ibu t ion t oo u ru nde r s tand ing o fa no b s cu r ep ha se i nt h ea r cha eo logy o fn o r the rn S y r ia a nd s ou the rn A na to l ia .

s i de sm a rk t h ep o s i t ion o fw ha tw e r eo nce c i ty g a t e s . ' O nt h e f l a t t e r ra in o u t s ide t h e w a l l s s po rad ic s h e rd s a nd b u i ld ing s t one s i n d ica t et h a tt h e re w a s s t i l l mo r es e t t lemen t , a l be i tn o t o fs uf i c ien td u r a t ion o rc on sequence t oh ave c r ea ted p e r cep t i b l es t ra t ig raph ic d epo s i t ion i n mo s ti n s tance s .T he w a l led a r ea o ft h el owe rm ound a nd c i tade lt oge the ri sr o ugh ly t wen ty -f ou r h ec ta r e s , mak ing ' AM D a ra t h el a rge s to ft h ee xcava t ed s i t e si n t h ev i c in i ty o ft h e` Amuq ( s ee F ig .5 )a nd i t sc onf igu ra t ion r e p l i ca te sC a r chem i sh o n as omewha tr edu ced s c a le .

I ti sc l ea rt h a t' A in D a r aw a s ag ood d ea l mo r et h an ar e l ig iou s c en t e rd u r ing t h eI r on A ge .F rom t h ef oo to ft h ec i tad e lm ound b e s ide t h e` Af r in R ive ro nw h ich t h et emp le w a sb u i l t ,r u in so f a na d ja cen ts e t t lemen t much g r ea te ri na r ea b u tl owe ri np rof i le s t r e t ch n or thwa rd a nd e a s twa rd i n to t h e a l luv ia l p l a in . T he e dge so ft h i sl owe r mound a r ee l eva t ed i ns u ch aw ay a st os ug g e s t t h a t i tw a s w a l led , a nd d ep r e s s ion s p unc tua t ing i t s f ou r

U n t i l 1 98 1 ,t h i ss e t t lemen t mound r ema ined e s sen t ia l ly u nex p l o r ed .I tw a sc l ea rf r om t h es u r f ace d eb r i st h a ti th ad m u l t ip le p e r iod so fo ccupa t ion ,a nd e a r l ie re xcava to r s h ad m ade af ew s ound ing s ,t h er e su l t so fw h ich w e re n ev e rp ub l i shed .T he p r i o r i t ie s o ft h e S y r ian e xped i t ion , h oweve r , h ad b een u nd e r s t andab ly c en te r ed o n t h e c i tad e l a nd t h e t emp le w h ich

1 .S e i ra f i ( 1960 : 8 9 -90 )m en t ion st h en o r th a nd e a s tg a te sa t' A in D a ra ,a nd r e f e r sb r ief ly t o as ound ing w h ich u ncove r ed as ma l lp a r to ft h e f o rme r . T he p o s i t ion o f aw e s tg a te n ea rt h eb a se o ft h ea c ropo l is mound a nd as ou th g a t e , b es ide w h ich t h e mode rn d i gh ou se s t and s , s e em e qua l ly c l ea rf r om t h ec on tou r so ft h ep l an .

2

I n troduc t ion

F igu re 4 :C i tad e lm oundf rom n o r thea s tq uad ran to fl ow e rt e l l .

T he s t ra t ig raphy o ve ra nd a r ound t h et emp le i sc omp lex , a nd c anno tb ec a l led u pon f o r much i nt h ew ay o fc l a r if i ca t ion .T he b u i ld ing a ppa r en t ly s t ood e xpo sed f o rs ome t i me a f t e ri tw a s a bandoned ( Abu ' A s saf 1 990 :10 ) ,a nd s h e rd so ft h eH e l len i s t ic p e r iod w e r ef ound l y ing o ni t sf l oo r sa nd c ou r tya rd s .A t al a t e r d a t e , t h e e n t i r e t o p o ft h e t e l l w a s f o r t if i ed , a nd am o r ta r ed s t one w a l l c u t t h rough t h e s ou ther n a nd e a s t er n s i de s o ft h e t emp le .T he t e rm inu sp o s tq uem f o rt h ec on s t ruc t ion i se qua l ly v agu e . T he a r ch i t ec t s p r epa red t h e s u rf a ce c a r ef u l ly , l a y ing d own ar ubb le f o unda t ion s e ve r a l m e t e r s t h ick . I nd o ing t h i s , t h ey p r e sumab ly c u t a way a ny l i v ing d eb r i s o ft h e p e r iod s c l o se t ot h e i ro wn . Af ew l a t e B ronze A ge s h e rd sw e r ef o und u nd e rt h ef r on tc ou r tya rd o ft h et emp le ,b u tt h e se t e l lu sl i t t le , s i nce t h ey c ou ld h ave b een i mpor t ed w i th t h er ubb le .A ny p o s s i b i l i ty f o rf u r the re xam ina t ion o fs t r a t ig raph ic c onnec t ion b e t ween t h et emp le a nd i t ss u r round ing sw a sr e cen t ly e l im ina t ed w hen at r ench ,s e ve ra lm e t e r sd eep ,w a sd ug a r ound t h eb u i ld i n gt os uppor t ar o of t oh e lp p r e se rve t h e b u i ld ing p l an . A bu ' A s saf r e po r t sf i nd ing M idd le B ronz eA ge s h e rd sa sw e l la sa p i ece o fI mpe r ia ls c u lp tu r eb e low t h el e ve lo ft h et emp le f l oo r w hen h ed ug t h i s( 1 994 :3 ) .I ne s sence ,t h ea r cha eo log ica lc on t e x tt e l l su st h a tt h eb u i ld ing w a sc on s t r uc ted s ome t i me a f t e r t h eb eg inn ing o ft h eL a t eB ronz eA ge a nd c ea sed t oh ave a ny r e l ig iou ss i gn if icance i nt h el a t t e rp a r to ft h ef i r s tm i l lenn ium , b u ts h ed sn ol i gh to nt h ep e r iod i nw h ich t h ee d if i ce w a si nu s e .

d om ina t ed i t .A st h ee xcava t ion o ft h et emp le e n t e r ed i t sf i na l p ha se , i tb ecame i n c r ea s ing ly c l ea rt h a tn o t a l o ft h e s i gn if i c a n t i s sue s c ou ld b e r e so lved b y c l ea rance o ft h e b u i ld ing a l one . C h rono logy w a sc e r ta in ly o n eo ft h e se . T he t emp le ' s e mbe l l i shmen t s , e xecu ted i n as t y le t h a tc l ea r ly o we s m uch t ot h e a r t i s t ic t r ad i t ion s o ft h e H i t t i t e Emp i r e , a p p ea rt oo f f e rp a radox ica lg r ound sf o rd a t ing .S ome r e ga rd t h em a s" La t e H i t t i t e" o r" Sy ro -H i t t i t e" , b e long ing t o at ime r e la t i v e ly e a r ly i nt h e I r on A ge , s ho r t ly a f te rt h e c o l lap se o ft h e H i t t i te Emp i re , c a . 1 200 B .C . ( S e i raf i , K i r ich ian a nd D unand 1 9 65 :19 ; O r thmann 1 97 1 :136 138 ) . I nh i s m o s tr e cen tp ub l i c a t ion s ,t h ee xcava to ra r gue st h a ts ome o ft h es c u lp tu re sm ay b e long t ot h e Emp i r e i t s e lf , b u to t h e r s w e r e c a rved a sl a t e a s t h e m id E igh th C en tu ry , B .C . ( Abu ' A s sa f 1 990 :39 -4 1 ; 1 9 94 :3 ) . E ven ac on sen su s t h a t t h e ' AM D a r a s c u lp tu r e s a r e " e a r ly " N eo -H i t t i te a r t w ou ld n o t g i ve t h em ap r ec i se d a t e , s i nce t h e a b so lu te c h rono logy o ft h e s e quence i s am a t t e r o f c on t rove r sy . F u r the rmo r e ,t h er e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h es c u lp t u r ea nd t h eb u i ld ing i t s e lf i ss omewha ta mb iguou s .O nt h eo ne h and , t h e r e a r e i n d ica t ion st h a tt h e a do rnmen tw a s n eve rf i n i s hed : s t one l i on s i nv a r iou s d eg r ee s o fc omp le tene s s w e r e f o und o nt h ec i tad e la nd ag rooved e dge a r ound t h ef ounda t ion b l ock so ft h et emp le my s t e r iou s ly s t op sn ea rt h es ou th c o rne r . O n t h e o t he rh and , t h e r e a r e s i gn s o fr e bu i ld ing a nd d i sca rd . S ome r e l i ef sw e r ef o und i ns e conda ry c on t ex t sl i ke r ubb le f i l l w i th in t h et emp le ( e .g .A bu ' A s saf 1 990 :6 1 ,T a f .5 1 ) ,a nd o t h e r s w e r e p u t o ve rc a rved g u i l loche p a t ter n s o nt h et emp le f a c a de .

A no the r a r ea i nw h ich t h e d i scove r ie s i nt h e t emp le e x cava t i on ss e emed t or a i se a sm any i s sue sa st h ey r e so lved w a si nt h e c u l tu ra l i d en t i ty o f i t s c r ea to r s . C e r ta in e l emen t s r ef lec t t h e l e ga cy o ft h e H i t t i t e s , w ho c on t ro l led t h i s a r ea i nt h e B ronz e

3

T he I ron A ge S e t t lemen ta t' A in D ara

J ude idah C ha ta l H uyuk

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' A in D a ra

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F igu re 5 :C ompa ra t ive s i ze so f` Amu ( 's i t e s , C a r chem i sh , a nd ' A in Da ra

A ge , a l though t h ey b rough t l i t t le o ft h e i r a r tt oS y r ia a tt h a t t i me . T he s p r ead o fL uw ian speak ing p opu la t ion g r oup s t o w a rd t h es ou thea s ti nt h ew ake o ft h e Emp i re ' sc o l lap se a nd t h e c r ea t ion o fp r inc ipa l i t ie st h a tb o r rowed s ome th ing o ft h e i ri d e o l ogy a nd c u l t u ra l i d en t i ty f r om t h e H i t t i t e s c l ea r ly e x tend ed i n to t h e a r ea o f' A in D a ra . P o l i t ica l ly t h i s w a s k nown a st h e l a nd U nq i o rP a t ina i nt h en i n th c en tu ry .2 T he n ame so fL u b a rna a nd S apa lu lme , b or n b y r u le r s o ft h i s k i ngdom m en t i oned i n t e x t s o f A s su rna s i rpa l I ( 8 83 -859 B .C . ) a nd S ha lmane se rI I( 8 58 -824 B .C . )( Hawk in s 1 982 :389 ,3 95 ,p a s -

s im ) r e ca l l t h e f ounde r o ft h e H i t t i te r oya l l i ne , L aba rna a nd t wo k i ng s o fi t s i mpe r ia l p e r iod , r e spec t ive ly . T he A na to l ian c ha r ac te r i s t ic s o ft h et emp le s cu lp tu re a r em an if e s t , m o s tu n a mb iguou s ly i nt h e r ow o fm oun ta in g od a nd d emon f i gu r e s t h a t e x tended a c ro s s t h e i n ne rmo s t c ou r tya rd ( S e i raf i , K i r i c h ian ,a nd D unand 1 965 :p l . i xa b ) . A l though n ol e ng thy L u w ian h i e rog lyph ic i n scr ip t ion s h ave b een d i scove red a t' A in D a ra i t se lf , af ew f r agmen t sh ave b een f ound i ns e conda ry c on t e x t si na nd a r ound t h et emp le ( Abu ' A s sa f1 990 :6 1 ,T af . 5 1 ; 1 994 :3 -4 3) .

2 .T he c l ea re s te v idence o nt oponymy i sf ound i nt h ea nna l so fA s suma s i rpa lI ,w ho m a r ched f r om t h eE uph ra te st ot h eO ron te sv i aH azazu ( mode rn ` Azaz ) a nd t h e r i ve r ` Ap r e ( mode rn ` Af r in ) ( L ive ran i 1 992 :73 -75 ) . A s su rna s irpars a ccoun t m en t ion s K unu lua a s ar oya l c i ty o f L uba rna , a nd s i nce ' A in D a ra l i e sa l ong o ne o ft h ep os s ib le r ou te s , S e ira f i ( 1 960 :102 ) s ugge s ted t h a tt h e se w e re o ne a nd t h es ame . R ecen t a s se s smen t so ft h eg eog raphy o ft h is c ampa ign c ome t oo t he rc on c lu s ions .L ive ran i( 1992 :74 -75 ,n o te 3 54 )s t a tes " An i d en t if ica t ion w i th ' A in D a ra . . .doe sn o tf i ti nt h ei t i ne ra ry o f ASN ." H ep r ef e r st os e ek K unu lua c l o se rt ot h eO ron te s ,s ugges t ing T e l lT ay ina ta st h eb e s tc and ida te ,a v i ew s e conded b yH awk in s( 1995 :95 ) .

3 .T h e r ei ss ome c onf u s ion b e tween t h e i l u s t ra t ions a nd t e x t i nt h is a r t ic le . T he r e levan tp i ece i sT a f . I ,A bb . A , d e sc r ibed u nde rt h er ub r ic " S te le 2 " ,b u tf ound i nt h ep os i t ion n o ted f o r" S te le l "o np .2 ,A bb . 1 .

4

I n troduc t ion

F igu re 6 :' A in Da ra f rom t h es ou thw e s t .

I tw ou ld b em i s lead ing ,h oweve r ,t oc l a im t h a tt h i sw a s mo re t h an s up e rf i c ia l ly a" H i t t i t e" t emp l e . I t s g r ound p l an , w i th a s t ra igh t -a x i s a pp roa ch t ot h e c e l la t h ough ac o lumned p o r ch a nd c ou r tya rd s r e semb le s n o th ing i nA na to l ia , n o r a r e t h e r e p a ra l le l st h e r ef o rt h er a i sed " annex "a r ound t h r ee o fi t ss i de s . I n s t ead i tc onf o rm st o ab u i ld ing t y p et h a th a s al o ng h i s to ry i n S y r ia , r e p re sen ted a se a r ly a st h e M idd le B ronz e A ge a tE b la a nd d ep i c t ed v e rba l ly i nt h eB ib l ica ld e sc r ip t ion so fS o lomon ' s t emp l e( Bu s ink 1 970 ) . T ha t" N eo -H i t t i te" p r inc ipa l i t ie sh ad ac omp lex c u l tu r a li d en t iy h a s b e en a ppa r en t s i nce t h ey w e r e f i r s t d i scove red , a nd t h roughou t t h e l o ng h i s to ry i nt h e I r on A ge t h e i r c u l tu r e s c hang ed i nc ha rac t e r . E ach s i t ea ppea r st oh ave as l igh t ly d i f f e r en tu nd e r s tand ing o ft h eH i t t i t e l e ga cy f r om t h eo u t se t ,a nd i nn o r ther nS y r ia t h el i ngu i s t ic b a lance s e em st os h if ti n c r ea s i n g ly f r om L uw ian t oA rama ic w i th t h ep a s sage o ft ime .F rom t h e n i n th c en tu ry o n , t h e e nc roa ch ing i n f luence o fA s sy r ia i s a l so f e l t .H ow d eep ly t h e se t r end sa f f ec ted t h em a jo r i ty o ft h e d en iz en so ft h e se p o l i t ie s o ri sr e f lec t ed i nm a t e r ia l c u l tu r e a t mo r e m undane l e ve l s t h an m onumen ta l a r t a nd p ub l ic a r ch i t e c tu r e i sp oo r ly u nde r s tood b ecau se v e ry l i t t le a r cha eo l o g ica lw o rk h a sb een d one i nr e s id en t ia la r ea s . B e s ide st h ee n igma o ft h et emp le a nd o u rg ene ra li g no rance o f t h ec ha r a c te ro fe a r ly I r on A ge s e t t l emen ti nn o r the rn S y r ia ,t h e l owe rm ound o f f e r ed a na dd i t iona li n cen t ive f o ri n ve s t iga t ion . T he s c a l ea nd d a te o ft h i se x ten s ive s e t t lemen tw ou ld s ugge s ti t c on t a in si n f o rma t ion o fs i gn if i cance f o ru nd e r s tand ing t h ei m m ed ia t ea f te rma th o ft h ec o l lap se o ft h eH i t t i te Emp i re a nd t h e

5

e me rgence o ft h e q u i t e d i f f e ren t p o l i t ica l m a t r ix o ft h e e a r ly f i r s t m i l lenn ium B .C . T he c r uc ia l d eve lopmen t s t h a tb rough t t h eB ronz eA ge t oa ne nd a nd c u lm ina ted i nt h ew id e sp r ead u se o fi r on t o ok p l a ce i nt h i sg en e ra la r ea . S t ra t if i ed s i t e sw i th d o m e s t ic o ccupa t ion s pann ing t h i st r an s i t ion a r er a r e ,a nd i ti si n d ome s t ic a s semb lage st h a te v id ence f o rt h em ean ingf u ls oc ia l a nd e conom ic c hange sa s soc ia ted w i th t h en ew t e chno logy a r e t ob es ough t . ' A in D a ra ' sl o ca t ion s e em su nu sua l ly f a vo r ed f o rs u rv iva li na n a ge o fc hao s ,p a r t icu la r ly i f ,a ss ome h ave s ugge s t ed , d r ough t w a s af a c to ri nt h ec l o s ing c en tu r ie so ft h es e cond m i l lenn ium . I ti sp o s i t ioned i no ne o ft h eb r oade s tp a r t so ft h e` Af r in v a l ley , a t ap o in tw he r e as e r ie s o fs p r ing sd e l ive rs ub s tan t ia l q uan t i t i e so fw a t e rf r om b e low t h el i me s tone m a s s if l y ing t ot h ee a s t . T hu s ,e ven i fr a inf a l lw a si n suff i c ien tf o rr e l iab le d r yf a rm ing , t h e p opu la t ion a t' A in D a ra w ou ld p robab ly h ave h ad s ome w a t e rf o r i r iga t ion i na dd i t ion t ot h a t c a r r ied b yt h e r i ve r . I n s ho r t ,t h es i t ea ppea r ed t ob ea ne xce l len tl a bo ra to ry f o ri n ve s t i ga t ing t h ep rob lem o fs o c ia l a nd e conom ic c hang e st h a ta c c ompan ied t h et r an s i t ion b e tween t h eB ronz ea nd I r on A ge s . T he p r o je c tt h a tw ei n i t ia ted o nt h el owe r mound i n1 982 w a s m ad ep o s s ib le b yt h eg en e ro s i ty o ft h e d i rec to r s o ft h e d i rec t o r s o ft h e S y r ian ' A in D a ra E xped i t ion , D r . A l i A bu ' A s sa f a nd Wah id K haya t ta . T he a u tho r s w e r e i n S y r ia f o r t h e 1 98 1-82 a cad em ic y ea ru nde rt h es pon so r sh ip o ft h eF u lb r igh t l e c tu r e sh ip p rog ram a nd t h eU n ive r s i ty o fA leppo .I nS ep tem b e r , 1 9 81 ,b ef o r et h et e rm s t a r t ed ,w ev i s i ted t h ee xcava t ion si n p r og r e s sa t' A in D a ra ,a nd i nt h ec ou r se o fo u rs t ay a tt h es i t e ,

T he I ron Age S e t t lemen ta t' A in D ara t a b l i sh s h if t ing p a t ter n s o fs ub s is t enc ed u r ing t h et i me p e r iod i nq ue s t ion .

t h e q ue s t ion o fw ha t k i nd s o fr ema in s m igh t b e f ound i nt h e l owe rt own w a s d i scu s sed . R e spond ing t oo u ri n qu ir ie s , A bu ' A s saf a nd K haya t ta i n v i t ed u st ow o rk u nde rt h e i ra u sp ice si n t h ef o l low ing s e a son . We w e r eh appy t oa g r ee t ot h ei n f o rma l t e rm st h a tt h ey p r opo sed f o rt h i sc oope ra t ive s ub -p ro jec t . We w e r e o f e red a ccommoda t ion i nt h e e xped i t ion h ou se o n t h e s i te a nd t h es e rv ice so fl o ca l ly h i r ed w o rkmen . We w ou ld c on d uc t o u r c ampa ign s a tt h e s ame t i me t h e S y r ian e xcava to r s w o rked o nt h ec i tade li no rd e rt oc oo rd ina t eo u ra c t iv i t ie s . We s i ted o u r t r enche s i n c on su l ta t ion w i th A bu ' A s saf a nd K haya t ta a nd g ene ra l ly r e l ied o nt h em f o ra dv ice a nd l o g i s t ic a s s i s t ance . We w ou ld k eep o u r o wn r e co rd s i nE ng l i sh a nd w ou ld s ubm i ta nnua lr e po r t so no u rw o rk t ot h eS y r ian e xped i t i on .O u rf i nd ing sw e r et ob eb es ubm i t t ed f i r s tt h et h eA nna /e s A rcheo log ique s S y r i enne s , a nd a f t e r t h ey a ppea r ed t h e r e w e w ou ld b e f r ee t o p ub l i sh e l sewhe r e , i fw e s o d e s i r ed . We w o rked u nde r t h e se a r ra ngemen t s f o r a pp rox ima te ly e i gh t w eek si ne a ch o ft h ef o l low ing t h r ee s umme r s . I tw a s o bv iou s f r om t h e o u t se t t h a tt h e l owe r mound a t' A in D a ra m igh tw e l lc on ta in a s semb lage sb r idg ing t h eB ronze a nd I r on A g e s , b u t t h e i r e x t en t a nd a c ce s s ib i l i ty w e r e u nknown . O u r i n i t ia l p r io r i t ie s w e r e t od e te rm ine t h e p e r iod s i nw h ich t h i s s e t t lemen tw a so ccup ied a nd t oi d en t if ya n a r ea i nw h ich s t ra t if i ed r ema in s o f t h e B ronz e A g e I ron A ge t r an s i t ion w ou ld b ea c ce s s ib le t oe xcava t ion .I nt h e 1 982 t h i sw a sa ccom p l i shed t h rough s u rf a ce s u rvey o ft h el owe rt e l la nd s ound ing s i nt h r ee s l i tt r enche si ni t sn o r thwe s te rn q uad ran t! 'I nt h es um m e r s o f 1 983 a nd 1 984 , t wo t e n -by ten m e t e r u n i t s i nt h e n o r thea s t e rn q uad ran tw e r e e xcava t ed i na ne f f o r tt os e cu re a d e ta i led s t ra t ig raph i c r e co rd o f f l o ra l , f a una l , a nd c e ram ic c hang e s f r om t h e 1 3 th t ot h e 8 t h c en tu r ie s , B .C .5 T he l owe r m ound w a s f ound t oh ave a t ta ined i t sp r e sen t d imen s ion s a t l e a s ta se a r ly a st h eL a t eB ronze A g ea nd t oc on ta in E a r ly I r on A ge d epo s i t ss eve r a lm e te r si nd ep th .O ccupa t ion i nt h eH e l le n i s t ic a nd R oman p e r iod sw a sa t te s ted i nt h es u rvey f i nd ing s , b u tw a sn o to fs uf i c ien tc on sequence o rs t a te o fp r e se rva t ion t oi mpede i mmed ia t e a c ce s st oI r on A ge l e ve l s . T he e xcava t i on sc onduc ted i n1 983 a nd 1 984 r e vea led as e quence o fI r on A ge d ome s t ic s t ruc tu r e s i nw h ich w e w e r e a b le t o d i sce rn t wen ty s equen t ia lp ha se so fi n d e te rm ina t el e ng th .T he c e ram ic a s semb lage s t h ey c on ta ined c o r r e spond t o t h o se d ef ined a s p ha se s 0a nd N b yt h ee xcava to r so ft h e' Amuq .B ya nd l a rge , t h e se m a te r ia lr ema in sw e r el o ca la nd b e t rayed n ot r ace o ft h e A na to l ian i nf luence s oe v iden ti nt h es c u lp tu r eo ft h et emp le , a l though b o th A egean a nd E gyp t ian i mpo r t sw e r ei ne v idence . P r e se rva t ion o ff l o ra la nd f a una lm a te r ia l sw a sa dequa te t oe s -

We w e re o n ly p a r t ia l ly s u cce s sf u l i no u ro r ig ina l o b jec t ive o f r e cove r ing d e ta i led i n f o rma t ion o n c h ange s i nc e ram ic s , a r t i f a c tt y pe s ,a nd b i o log ica le v idence f o rs u bs i s tence a nd c l ima te t h roughou tt h eI r on A ge .A tt h ee nd o ft h e 1 984 c ampa ign ,a s t h e s ound ing s r e ached al e ve l d a t ing t ot h e l a te 1 2 th o re a r ly 11 t hc en tu ry , w e c ove r ed t h e b o t tom s o fo u r t r enche s w i th p l a s t ic a nd p a r t ia l ly b a ckf i l led t h em f o rp ro tec t ion a ga in s tt h e w in t e rw ea the r . U nexpec ted ly , t h i sp r oved t ob e o u rl a s t s e a s on . We h ave n eve r f u l ly u nde r s tood w hy t h e c oop e ra t ion , w h ich w a s o p e ra t ing s u cce s sf u l ly w h en w e l e f t t h e f i e ld i n S ep tembe r , 1 984 ,w a st e rm ina ted . Wh en w ew ro te t oA bu ' A s s a ft h ef o l low ing J anua ry t o make w ha tw ea s sumed w e r er ou t i ne a r r ang emen t s f o rt h e s umme ro f1 9 85 , w e w e r et o ld t h a t w ec ou ld n o tr e tu rn .N oc on s i s ten te xp lana t ion w a se ve rg i ven t ou sa st ow ho m ade t h i sd ec i s ion o rw hy .F o r at ime w eh oped t h a ti tw ou ld b er e ve r sed ,b u ta f t e r af ew y ea r sf ound o u r se lve s i n vo lved i no t he rp ro jec t s . Wh i le t h e f u l l s equence b e tween B ronz e a nd I r on A g e s w a s n o t e xpo sed , e nough i n f o rma t ion w a s r e cove red t o r e vea l s ome th ing o ft h ec ha ra c te ro ft h e I r on A g e s e t t lemen ta t' A in D a ra w hen t h e t emp le w a s i nu se . O th e r s i te s i nt h e n ea rby ` Amuq P l a in h ave p roduced ma te r ia l so f ac ompa r ab le p e r iod , b u t t h ey w e r e e xcava t ed i n ad i f f e r en t e r a w hen t e chn ique s s u ch a sf l o ta t ion w e r eu nava i lab le ,a nd w hen t h ee mpha s i sw a s o nb road e xpo su r er a the rt h an s ma l l sca le s t ra t ig raph ic i n ve s t i ga t ion .I na ny e ven t ,t h ey s t i l la wa i tf u l lp ub l ica t ion .A ss t ud i e s o fI r on A ge s i te s p ro ceed e l sewhe r e i nt h e L evan t , i th a s b ecome i n c r ea s ing ly c l ea rt h a tt h e m a t e r ia ls f r om ' A in D a ra h ave ac on t r ibu t ion t om ake t owa rd u nd e r s tand ing l a rge rc u l t u r a l p a t ter n so ft h i s e r a . F o rt h e se r e a son s , w e mak et h i sb e l a t ed of e r ing o ft h e r e su l t s o fo u rw o rk . I tw a s c e r ta in ly n o t o u ri n ten t ion t ol e ave t h el owe rt e l lp r o je c ta t' A in D a ra u npub l i shed t h i sl o ng .P r e l im ina ry r e po r t sw e r es ubm i t ted a f te re a ch o ft h et h r ee a nnua lc ampa ign s ,b u tn eve rf o und t h e i rw ay i n to p r in t .A tt h is p o in t , mo r et h an f ou r teen y ea r sa f te rt h et e rm ina t i on o fe xcava t ion s ,t h e se n ol o nge rh ave a ny v a lue a su pda te s o no ngo ing r e sea r ch .T he a ppea rance o fA bu ' As saf sc omp r e h en s iv e a nd f i na l r e po r t o n t h e t emp le ( 1 990 ) e l im ina t e s t h e p o s s ib i l i ty o fo u ra n t ic ipa t ing a ny o fh i sd i scove r ie s i np r in t , a nd make s a va i lab le e s sen t ia l i n f o rma t ion o n s ome o ft h e i s s u e s w e s ough t t oe xp lo r e i no u r w o rk . T he r ef o r e , w e o f f e r p r inc ipa l f i nd ing s o ft h e l owe r t e l l p r o je c t t o t h e s c ho la r ly c ommun i ty i nt h i s monog raph ,b ef o r eo u rn o te s ,p ho tog raph ic n ega t ive s ,a nd m emo r ie ss u f f e rf u r the rd eg r ada t ion .

4 . O u r1 982 s t af fc on s is ted o ft h et wo a u tho r sa nd K a thy Y unge ra nd S t even E r ik son ,s t ud en t si nt h eD epa r tmen to fA n th ropo logy o ft h eS t a te U n ive r s i ty o fN ew Y o rk a tS t ony B rook , s upp lemen ted b y H am ido H ammade o ft h e U n ive r s i ty o fA leppo a nd D an ie l S ne l l , F u lb r igh t P rof e s so ra tt h eU n ive r s i ty o fA leppo .T he w o rk w a sc onduc ted f r om 2 0 May t o2 2A ugu s t 1 982 ,w i th ar e ces sd u r ing t h em on th o fR amadan ; a nd ac r ew o fe l even w o rkmen w a sh i r ed l o ca l ly t oa s s is tw i th t h ee xcava t ion s . 5 . I n1 983 w ew e re j o ined b yV i rg in ia H e isey a nd E dwa rd L uby ,t h en s t uden t si nA n th ropo logy a tt h eS t a te U n ive r s i ty o fN ew Y o rk a tS t ony B rook ;a nd H am ido H ammade , ag radua te o ft h eU n ive r s i ty o fA leppo 's p rog ram i nA nc ien tS em i t ic L anguages .C ha r le sP enn ing ton o fB o s ton U n ive r s i ty a nd E dwa rd L uby o ft h eS t a te U n ive r s i ty o fN ew Y o rk a tS tony B rook s e r ved a sf i e ld s uperv iso r si n1 984 ,a nd s h o r t te rm h e lp i nt h e f i e ld a l so c ame f r om A r thu rH eyman a nd H am ido H ammade . T he c hem ica l a na lyse s o fm anuf a c tu r ing d eb r is w e re c onduc ted b y G a r rnon H a rbo t t le o fB rookhaven N a t iona l L abo ra to ry .

6

I n troduc t ion T he d eb t sw eo we t ot h ep eop le a nd i n s t i tu t ion sw ho m ade t h i s p ro jec tp o s s ib le a r ee no rmou s .T he g r ea te s ta r et oD r .A l iA bu ' A s sa fa nd Wah id K haya t ta ,w ho s eh o sp i ta l i ty a nd g ene ro s i ty m ade o u rs umme r si nt h ef i e ld n o tj u s tp o s s ib le ,b u tt h o rough ly e n joyab l e . V i r tua l ly e ve ry m embe r o ft h e S y r ian t e am a l so h e lped u si no ne w ay o ra no the r . We w ou ld l i ke t oo f f e rs p ec ia l t h ank s t oB u rhan N i san i ,t h e e xp ed i t ion ' sa r t i s t , a r ch i tec ta nd

r e co rde r , w ho f o und t ime t om ake d r aw ing s o fm any o fo u r f i nd s . We w e r ea b le t oi n i t ia te t h ep ro jec tb ecau s eo ft h eb road s cope o fo ppo r tun i ty o f f e r ed b yt h eF u lb r igh tp rog ram . F und i n gf o rt h es e cond a nd t h i rd s e a son sc ame f r om g r an t sm ade b y t h eN a t iona lG eog raph ic S oc ie ty .

7

T he I ron Age S e t t lemen ta t' A in D ara

8

Chap ter 2

S urf ace S urvey A l though s eve ra lt h ou sand s he rd sw e r ec o l lec ted i nt h ec ou r se T he f i r s ts t ep i no u r1 982 s u rvey w a st ol a yo u t ag r id o ff i f ty b y o ft h es u rvey ,o n ly as ma l lp ropo r t ion o ft h e se c ou ld a c cu ra t e ly f i f ty m e t e rs q ua r e s o ve rt h e s u rf a ce o ft h e s i te a nd c o l lec ta l l b ed a ted t op a r t i cu la rp e r iod s .I np a r tt h i sw a s d ue t ot h ep au v i s ib le s h e rd so n as qua r eb ys qua r eb a s i s .D iagno s t ic t y pe sf o r c i ty o fp o t te ry c o rpo ra f r om r e l iab le s t ra t ig raph ic e xcava t ion s e a ch p e r iod w e re i d en t if i ed , a nd t h e i r f r equency n o t ed . T he l ow d en s i ty o fs he rd sw a st o ac e r ta in e x t e n t r e spon s ib le f o r o u r modu s o p e rand i . K P U Z E ' J ' 0 ' A I ts pa r ed u st h en ece s s i ty o fa dop t ing as e • : . . , . : : : : : : • e le, . ' , " :7 , , e . . k .. l e c t ive s amp l ing s t r a t egy , b u t a l so d i c 9 5 t a ted t h a tw et r ea tr e la t ive ly l a rge s qua r e s /. . "e V' . ' . •• ." _ , . › , 4 4 e . , . . . a su n i t si no r d e rt om ak ee ven t h er o ughe s t •. . k« . • ; , . --,T . ,-Y e e ' . , › A 5r • ee t, o fs t a t i s t i ca lc ompa r i son s .T he l a rge s ca le 9 0 ^ 4k 44 '' : . •• , c on tou r m ap o ft h e s i t e p r epa red b y t h e S y r ian E xped i t ion p rov ided t h eb a s ic g r id , 8 5 w h ich w e r e p l ica ted o n t h e g round w i th r a ng ing p o le s .C o l lec t ion sw e r en o tm ade 8 0 o nt h ec i t ad e l mound , w he r ey ea r s o fe x c ava t ion a nd d ump ing v a s t ly i n c r ea sed t h e a moun to fm a te r ia lw ew ou ld h ave t o 7 5 . . p r o ce s s w i thou t p rov id ing u s w i th a ny n ew i n f o rma t ion . A t t h e s ou the rn e nd o f 7 0 t h em ound ,t h es qua r e sp rox ima lt ot h ed i g . • • , .. .• . . : . • h ou se a nd t h o se i nw h i ch o u r s h e rd y a rd 6 5 a nd d i s ca rd p i le w e r el o ca ted w e r el e f to u t o ft h e s u rvey a s w e l l . A l l o t he r s qu a r e s w e r et a k en i n to c on s ide ra t ion ,e a ch b e ing 6 0 . w a lked b y e i the ro ne o rt wo r e sea r che r s . . • T he a moun to ft ime i tt o ok t oc o l lec tf r om 5 ag i ven s qua r e v a r ied b e tween t wo a nd \ f o u rm an -hou r s ,d epend ing o nt h en umbe r / 5 o f s h e rd s a nd t h e n a tu r e o f t h e g r ound 1 / 41 / c ove r .I ns ome c a se st h el a t te rw a se nough L o fa no b s t ruc t ion t h a t i tmay h ave h ad a n 4 S u rvey A rea i mpa c to nt h ep e r cen tag eo fm a t e r ia la c tu 0 a ly p r e sen t t h a t w a s c o l lec ted , ' s o w e 4 h ave n o ta t t emp ted a ny b u tt h er oughe s to f \ s t a t i s t i ca l c ompa r i son s . I ng ene ra l , h ow 3 e ve r ,t h eb a r eg round w a sc l ea r ly e xpo sed t ov i ew a nd t h en umbe ro fs h e rd st h a te s 1 0 ,2 c aped o b se rva t ion m ay b e d i sm i s sed a s 3 i n con sequen t ia l . A l l d i agno s t ic s h e rd s w e re d r awn a nd p ho tog raphed , a nd a 8 00 Me te rs 2 00 4 00 6 00 0 s t udy c o l lec t ion o f t h e mo s t d i s t inc t ive e xamp le s w a s r e ta ined i n t h e s t o rage r o om i n' AM D a r ad i gh ou se . F igu re 7 :S ur vey a rea .

1 .V ege ta t ion o nt h ef o l low ing s qua re sw a sp a r t icu la r ly d en se :A 85 ,P 85 ,U 70 ,Z 70 ,U 65 ,Z 65 ,E ' 65 ,U 60 ,Z 60 ,E ' 60 ,Z 55 ,E ' 55 . We c ou ld n o t c o l lec ts h e rd sf r om S qua r es K 70 a nd K 65 s i nce t h ey w e re c ove r ed b yl a rge n umbe r so fr o ck s( p re sumab ly f r om t h ec o l lapse o f ac i ty g a te )a nd v ege ta t ion .

9

T he I ron Age S e t t lemen ta t' AM D ara

F igu re 8 :C i tad e lm oundfr om n o r thwe s tc orne ro fl owe rt e l l .

q u i te s uperf i c ia l i nt h e p l a ce sw e d ug , d e sp i t e r e la t iv e ly h i gh s h e rd d en s i t ie s o nt h e s u rf a ce , b u tt h i s m ay b e l a rg e ly d ue t o e r o s ion a nd d i srup t ion o ft h e u ppe rmo s t l e v e l s . T he m ound w a s u nde r c u l t iva t ion d u r ing t h e y ea r s w e w o rk ed o n i t ,a nd a ppea r s n o tt oh ave b een ap l a ce o fh ab i ta t ion f o ra tl e a s tt h e l a s tm i l lenn ium ,s ol o s sa sw e l la sa ccumu la t ion o fs t ra ta m u s t b et a ken i n to c on s ide ra t ion .

i nN o r th S y r ia a nd i np a r tt ot h el a rge ly n on -de sc r ip tn a tu r eo f t h eu ndeco ra t ed p o t t e ry i nt h i sa r ea . S ome c avea t so nt h ei n t e r p r e ta t ion o ft h e d a ta p r e sen t ed i nF igu r e s 1 15 a r e i no r de r . T he d i agno s t ic s h e rd so r" i ndex f o s s i l s" v a ry i nf r equen cy a nd i d en t if iab i l i ty f r om p e r iod t op e r iod . F o r e xamp le , r o of t i l e s a r e l a rg e e nough t oa t t ra c ta t ten t ion ,e a s i ly i d en t if i ed , a nd o c c u r r ed i nv e ry l a rge n umbe r sr e la t ive t ot h es i z eo ft h eh uman p opu la t ion r e p r e sen ted . C on sequen t ly , al a rg e c o l lec t ion o f r o of t i l e sm ay r ef l ec tn o mo r et h an t h eo ccupa t ion o f as i ng le s t ruc tu re b yo ne f am i ly o ve r af ew d ecade s .H e l len i s t ic d i s t r i b u t ion sm ay b es im i la r ly e xagge ra t ed i nF ig . 1 4 .F ragmen t so f H e l len i s t ic r e da nd b l ack s l ipped w a r e sw e r en o to n ly e a sy t o c ha ra c te r iz e ,b u te ven t h es ma l le s tc h ip a t t ra c ted t h ee ye .T hu s t h e c oun to fd i agno s t ic s he rd si nF i g . 1 4i n c luded m any m o r e s ma l l f r agmen t st h an i st h ec a se i nt h eo t he rf i gu re s i nt h es e r i e s . I nc on t ra s t , L a te B ronz ea nd I r on I a s semb lage sc on ta in l i t t le i nt h e w ay o fr e ad i ly i d en t if iab le s h e rd s . S i nce m ono c h rome s h e rd s f r om I r on I c anno t r e ad i ly b e d i s t ingu i shed f r om t h o se s ot y p ica l o fI r on I ,s ome I r on I s h e rd s m ay c on t r ibu te t ot h ed i s t r ibu t ion p a t te rn s hown i nF ig . 1 2 .

T he e a r l ie s t d a tab le e v idence o fs e t t lemen tw e d i scove r ed i n o u r s u rvey o ft h e l owe r mound b e long s t ot h e L a te B ronz e A ge ,b u tt h e r ea r ee a r l ie rr ema in si nt h ea r ea . As ma l lm ound t o t h es ou th o ft h em a in s e t t lemen ta r ea ,w h ich w a sp a r t ia l ly e x c ava ted a f t e ro u rw o rk e nded ,d a te st os i x th m i l lenn ium ,a nd i n o u ro wn e x cava t ion sw ef ound H a laf ian m a te r ia l so u to fc on t e x t .B u tt h ef i r s tm a jo ro ccupa t ion o ft h eL owe r Mound s e em s t oh ave o ccu r r ed i nt h e L a te B ronze a ge , a l though i nt h e a b s e nce o fa dequa t ed ocumen ta t ion o fl o ca lp o t t e ry a s semb lag e s f o rt h a tt ime p e r iod ,w ew e r ec ompe l led t or e ly l a rg e ly o nu n p ub l i shed ` Amuq m a t e r ia l s a nd p o t te ry f r om a r ea s s ome d i s t a nce a way t op o s tu la t e as e t o f d i agno s t i c t y pe s ( F ig . 1 0 : 1 0 12 ) .2 T hu s t h e d i s t r ibu t ion p a t te rn i nF i g . 1 , s how ing a l i gh tb u t e ven s c a t te ro ve r mo s to ft h e l owe rm ound w i th t h e g r ea t e s t d en s i t y o n t h e n o r thea s t e m inence , m u s tb et a k en a s p rov i s iona l . O u rc onc lu s ion t h a tt h e l owe rm ound w a s e f f ec t i ve ly c r ea t ed i nt h eL a t eB ronz eA ge r e s t sl e s so nt h i st h an o n t h ef a c tt h a ts e v e ra lm e t e r so fd epo s i tc l ea r ly l i eb e low t h ee a r l i e s t I r on A g e m a te r ia l i n o u r s ound ing s , a nd n o M idd le B ronz eo re a r l ie rs h e rd sw e r ef o und i nt h es u rv ey .

I na dd i t ion t ot h e se b i a se s i nt h e d a ta , o u r l i m i t ed s ound ing s c onf i rmed w ha th a sb een o b se rved e l sewhe r e :s u r f ace f i nd ing s a r eo n ly i mp r ec i se i n d ica to r so fw ha tt h eu nde r ly ing s t ra t aa c t u a l ly c on ta in . I n s qua r e P8 5 , f o r e xamp le , w e f ound n o p a in ted w a r e sa nd o n ly m in ima le v idence f o rt h eI r on Ip e r iod i ns u rvey ,b u tt h e se w e r ew e l lr e p r e sen t ed i nt h et e s tt r ench w e d ug t h e r e . T he r ema in so fH e l len i s t ic s e t t lemen tp roved t ob e

2 . We w ou ld l i ke t ot h ank P rof e s so rR obe r tB ra idwood a nd t h eD i rec to ra nd C u ra to r so ft h eO r ien ta lI n s t i tu te f o rp e rm i t t ing u st oe xam ine t h e u npub l i shed m a te r ia ls f r om t h e` Amuq . I na dd i t ion t op a ra l le ls w i th ` Amuq M ,t h eb ow ls w i th t h ei nt ur ned r im s( F ig 1 0 : 1 0 )c a nb ec ompa r ed t ot ho se f r om t h eu ppe rl e ve ls a tA la lakh ( Woo l ley 1 955 : P l a te C IX ) ,w i th s h e rd sf r om t h er i ve rQ oue iq ( Ma t the r s 1 98 1 :p a r ti ,f i g . 25 ) ,a nd w i th b ow l sf r om L a te B ronze A ge l e ve ls i nP a les t ine ( Am i ran 1 970 : P l a te 3 8 ) .

1 0

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F igu re 9 :L owe rt e l lf rom c i tad e l ,f ac ing n o r thea s t . o rs he rd st h a tw e re d ef in i te ly e i t he rP e r s ian o rG reek i mpo r t s p r e -da t ing t h ef ound ing o fA n t ioch w e re d i scove red .3

We w e r ea b le t od i s t ingu i sh t wo I r on A ge a s semb lage s ,w h ich may b ec a tego r ized a sI r on I( F ig . 1 2 )a nd I r on I ( F ig . 1 3 ) ,c o r r e spond ing t o' Amuq N a nd ' Amuq O ar e spec t ive ly . T he f i r s t w a sc ha ra c te r ized b ys he l l tempe red c ook ing w a r ea nd mono c h rome p a in ted wa re s( F ig . 1 0 : 9 ) . I r on I i sd i s t ingu ished b y r ed s l ipped b u rn i shed w a r e s , b ic h rome p a in ted wa re s ,a nd f i nge r /f inger na i li mp re s sed d eco ra t i on ( F ig . 1 0 :4 -8 ) . I nn e i the rt h es u rvey n o rt h es ound ing sd i d w er e cove ra ny s he rd sw i th t h ec oncen t r ic c i rc le d e s ign sa s so c i a t ed w i th C yp ro -Geome t r ic I I a nd C yp ro -A rcha ic w a re s , l e ad ing u st oc onc lude a tt h et ime t h a tt h el owe r mound a tl e a s t c ea sed t oo ccup ied e a r ly i nI r on I .T h i s c onc lu s ion h ad t ob e r ev i sed ,h oweve r , a s ar e su l to ft h e e xcava t ion s c a r r ied o u t i n 1 983 a nd 1 984 ,i n wh ich s uch s he rd sw e re n o tu ncommon .T he e v iden ce s ugges t s at e rm ina ld a te f o rt h e I r on A ge o ccupa t ion o f' A in D a ra s ome t ime i nt h e 8 t hc en tu ry B .C . . T he d i s t r ibu t i on o ft h eI r on I ma te r ia l st ha tw e re f ound i s ,l i ke t h a to fI r on I ,r e la t ive ly e ven ,w i th c oncen t ra t ion so nt h eh igh a r ea s i nt h e n o r thea s ta nd n or thwe s tc o rne r s( F ig . 1 3 ) . T he re s e em st oh ave f o l lowed ap e r iod o fa bandonmen tw h ich l a s ted f o rr ough ly h a lf am i l lenn ium . No l a te rI r on A ge p o t t e ry ,

H e l len i s t ic r ed w a sh a nd b l ack g l az ed w a re s ,a sw e l la sE a s te rn S ig i l la ta A , s peak f o r a n e x t en s ive o ccupa t ion o ft h e l owe r mound i nt h el a s tt h ree c en tu r ie sb ef o re t h eb i r th o fC h r i s t .F o r t h i s a nd t h e n ex t B yzan t ine o ccupa t ion , s e e t h e c ommen t s o f Mu r ray McC le l lan b e low .I ti sp robab ly t ot h el a t te rp e r iod t h a t w e s hou ld d a te t h e o cca s iona l c oncen t ra t ion s o f r oof t i l e s w h ich w e re e ncoun te r ed a tt h e s i te ,4 p a r t icu la r ly i ns qua r e s K 75 , P 75 ,P 70 , P 65 a nd U 60 ( s ee F ig . 1 5 ) , whe re s t one f oun d a t ion r ema in sa r ea l so v i s ib le o nt h es u rf ace . T hey a ppa ren t ly r e p re sen t t h e r u in s o f s eve ra l f r ee s tand ing v i l la s , s i nce t h e r oof t i l e s c l u s te r ed i nd i sc r e te p ocke t sw i th in t h e se s qua r e s . O n ly t wo p i ece s o fg l azed w a re t h a tm igh tb e t e rmed I s lam ic w e r ef ound .T hu si ts e em su n l ike ly t ha tt h e re w a sa ny s ub s tan t i a lp o s t -Byzan t ine s e t t lemen to nt h e l owe r mound . I ns umma ry , w e a r e c onf iden tt h a t t h e l owe r mound w a s s e t t l ed i nt h e L a t e B ronz e A ge a nd w a s c on t inuou s ly i n hab i ted t h rough t h e o pen ing c en tu r ie s o ft h e I r on Age . I ta ppea r s t o h ave b een a bandoned d u r ing t h e l a t te r y ea r s o ft h e A s sy r ian Emp i re . I tw a sa ga in s e t t led i nt h eH e l len i s t ic p e r iod a nd B yz a n t ine p e r iod sa nd h a sb een u n inhab i ted e ve rs i nce .

3 .D u r ing t h i sh i a tu s ,t h ec i t ade lw a sa ppa r en t ly o c cup ied ,h ow eve r .A bu ' A s sa fd i s t ingu i sh e st wo l e ve l st h e r e , 6a nd 5 ,c o r r e spond ing t ot h e 7 t h -6 t hc e n tu r ie sB .C .a nd 6 t h -4 th c e n tu r ie sB .C . ,r e spec t iv e ly ( Abu ' A s sa f1 9 90 :7 -9 ) . S e eS od in ie ta l .( 1 980 :205 -2 14 )f o r ad i scu s s ion o fB yz an t in er o of t i l e s ,a n df o ra ni l u s t r a t ion o ft h ec o rd imp r e s sed p i tho sw a r et h a tw a s s ot y p ic a lo fB yzan t ine l e ve l sa t' A in D a r a( I b id . :F i g . 32 ) .T h i sc o rd imp r e s s ed w a r ec ou ld b er e ad i ly d i s t ingu i shed f r om w ha tw e ,f o l low ing G .S w i f t( 1 958 :137 ) ,h ave d e sc r ib ed a sf i ng er n a i li mp r e s s ion s .T h i sI r on Id e co ra t ion ,l i k et h eB yzan t in e ,w a ss ome t im e sm ade b yi mp r e s s ing ar o p e i nt h ew e tc l ay , b u tw h e r et h eI r on I r o pe w a st h ick , l o o s e ly t w i s t ed a nd s h a l low ly i mp r e s sed , t h eB yzan t ine c o rd w a st h in , t i gh t ly t w i s t ed a n d d e ep ly i mp r e s s ed . I na dd i t ion , t h e B yz an t in es h e rd s w e r em o s t ly o fh a rd -f i r ed r e d w a r e , w h e r ea st h o se d a t ing t oI r on I w e r e u s ua l ly o fb uf fo ro r ange -buf fw a r e .

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He l len i s t ic a nd Roman P o t tery f r om ' A in D ara B y Mur ray C . McC le l lan a ccomp l i shed w i th at h o rough , f i r s t -hand e xam ina t ion o ft h i s c o l lec t ion , av e ry c l ea rp i c tu re o ft h es u rvey ma t e r ia lf r om ' A in

T h i sb r ief o ve rv iew o ft h eH e l len i s t ic a nd R oman p o t te ry c o l l e c ted f r om ' A in D a ra w a sb a sed o na ne xam ina t ion o fp ho to g raph s a nd d r aw ing s m ade a t t h e t ime o f t h e c o l lec t ion . A l though o n ly t he mo s t r e ad i ly i d en t if iab le s he rd s —mo s t ly f i ne -wa r e s-we re n o ted a nd much mo re c ou ld u ndoub ted ly b e

D a ra h a s n one the le s s e me rged . T he v a s t ma jo r i ty o fi d en t if i a b le H e l len i s t ic a nd R oman s he rd s b e long t ot h et h i rd t of i r s t c en tu r ie s B .C . , w i th as ca t te r ing o f ma te r ia l f r om t h e f i f th t o s even th c en tu r ie sA .D . T he H e l len i s t ic m a t e r ia l s e em s t o b e u n if o rm ly d i s t r ibu ted t h roughou t t h e s urvey u n i t s , w h i le t h e much l e ss f r equen tL a te R oman /Byzan t ine m a te r ia l may s how as l igh tc oncen t ra t ion i n t h e Uu n i t s . Aq uan t i ty o fi d en t if iab le H e l l e n i s t ic p o t te ry w a s f ound i ne ach o ft h e t h r ee s ound ing s i nt h e n o r thwe s t q uad ran t ( s ee C hap te r 4 ) , f r om w h ich ar e p re sen ta t i ve s e lec t ion o ff me w a r e s i si lu s t ra t ed i n F ig . 1 6 . A s soc ia ted a r ch i tec tu r e , h oweve r , w a sr e cove red o n ly i nT r ench 3a nd T r ench 2 .N o L a te R oman /Byzan t ine c ou ld b er e c o gn ized i ne xcava t ion s f i e ld d raw ing s , a nd s h e rd sw e r en o tp ho tog raphed i nt h e se e a r l i e s ts t age s o ft h e l owe rt own p ro jec t .

F igu re 1 6 : S e lec ted p o s tI r on -Ag es herd sf rom u ppe rmo s te xca va t ion l e ve l s i n 1 983 e xca va t ion s . S ca le I :1 . 1 9

T he e a r l ie s t o ft h e H e l len i s t ic m a ter ia l b e l o ng st ot h et h i rd c en tu ry ,B .C .T he l a te f i sh p l a te ( F90 , n o . 1 ) , R hod ian s t amped a m p ho ra h and le ( E 6 5 , n o . 2 ) a nd s eve ra l b l ack -g lazed f r agmen t s mo s t l i ke ly b e long t ot h is c en tu ry .T he l amp f ound i nT rench 3 , L eve l 1( F ig . 1 9 )s hou ld b ed a ted t ot h ee nd o ft h et h i rd c en tu ry , B .C . ( c f . Waage 1 94 1 , t ype 1 ) . T he mo re f r equen t c o lo r -coa t ed b l ack s l ip a nd r e d s l ip s he rd s b e long t o t y pe s t h a t d eve loped o u t o f t h e b l a ck g l azed t r ad i t ion i nt h el a te rt h i rd a nd s e cond c en tu r ie s B .C . ( Haye s 1 99 1 : 2 3 -31) . T he E a s te rn S ig i l la ta A ma te r ia l s e em s t ob e l o ng t ot h e e a r l ie r p ha se s o ft h a t t r ad i t ion ( Hayes 1 985 ; H aye s 1 99 1 : 3 2 -36 ) ; o ft h e i d en t if iab le E SA t ype s , n one e xh ib i t t h e mo re a r t icu la ted f o rm sc ha rac te r i s t ic o ft h e f i r s t c en tu ry A .D . I n g ene ra l , t h e c o lo r c oa ted H e l len i s t ic b ow lt y pe sa nd t h eE SA f r om ' A in D a ra f i nd c l o se p a ra l le l s f r om A n t ioch (Waage 1 948 ) ,H ama ( Ch r i s ten sen a nd J ohan sen 1 97 1) ,T e l l ' Amp ( Tha lmann 1 978 )a nd D u ra -Eu ropo s( Cox 1 949 ;A labe 1 992 ) . None o ft h e i d en t if ied s he rd s f r om

T he I ron Age S e t t lemen ta t' AM D ara t h e ' A in D a ra s u rvey n eed d a t et ot h et ime o ft h eR oman c on t r o lo fS y r ia .I tw ou ld t h u ss e em t h a tt h eH e l len i s t ic s e t t lemen t a tt h i sp a r to f' A in D a ra b egan i nt h el a te rt h i rd c en tu ry BC a nd l a s ted f o rn om o re t h an t wo c en tu r ie s . W i th t h el i m i ted a moun te xcava ted d a ta i ti sd if i cu l tt os p ecu l a te o n t h e e xa c t n a tu r e o ft h e H e l len i s t ic o ccupa t ion o ft h i s s e c to ro f' A in D a ra .T he p r eva lence o ff me w a r e ss ugge s t st h a t t h ez one w a sr e s iden t ia l .I ng ene r a l , aH e l len i s t ic s e t t lemen ta t ' A in D a r aw ou ld h ave e me rged w i th in t h en e two rk o fn ew u r b an c en t e r st h a tt h e S e leuc id s i n i t ia t ed i nn o r the rn S y r ia ( M i l l a r 1 983 ; S a r t r e 1 989 ; W i l l 1 989 ; G ra inge r 1 990 ; S he rw in - Wh i t ea nd K uhn 1 993 ) . R ecen ts c ho la r sh ip h a ss ug g e s ted t h a tt h i sn e two rk o fH e l len i s t ic s e t t lemen t sr e p r e sen t sa f u ndamen ta l c hange i nt h e e conom ic s t ruc tu re s o fn o r the rn S y r ia ,o ne i nw h ich t r ad i t iona la g r icu l tu ra lp r a c t ice sw e r ea ug m en ted b yn on -ag r icu l tu ra lp roduc t ion a nd e xchange ( McC le l l a n 1 997 ) .

2 0

T he v i r tua l l a ck o fm a t e r ia l f r om t h e s e cond t h rough f ou r th c en tu r ie s AD f r om ' A in D a ra f i t s ap a t t er nt h a th a sb een f r e q uen t ly n o t ed i nn o r the rn S y r ia a nd e l sewhe re ( K en r ick 1 98 1) . Wh i le i th a sb een s ugge s ted t h a tt h i sg ap may o n ly b ea na r t i f a c t o f o u r i n ab i l i ty t o r e cogn ize m a t e r ia l f r om t h i s p e r iod ( Lund 1 992 ) —a p rob lem t h a ti sc l ea r ly r e levan to nr u r a ls i te s w i thou t m a jo r a r ch i tec tu r e— the f a c t t h a t t h e s u r vey a r ea o f ' A in D a ra s e em st oh ave b een a bandoned b yt h ee a r ly f i r s tc en t u ry A .D .s ugg e s t st h a tt h ea b sence o fi d en t if iab le l a t e rR oman m a t e r ia la t' A in D a ra d oe sr e f lec t ar e a lh i a tu s i no ccupa t ion . T he f ew ' A in D a ra s h e rd st h a th ave b een a s s igned t ot h ef i f th t o s e ven t h c en t u r ie s A .D . s how a d if e r en t c ha ra c t e r f r om t h o se o ft h eH e l len i s t ic p e r iod . T he m a jo r i ty o ft h e se B yzan t i ne s h e rd s a r e t r an spo r t a mpho ra s o ro t he rp l a in w a r e s . T he p auc i ty o fi d en t if iab le f i ne w a re so ft h i sp e r iod a t' A in D a ra i s s omewha ts u rp r i s ing s i nce A f r ican R ed S l ip a nd o t he rl a t es i g i l la ta t y p e s a r e f r equ en t ly f ound i nn o r th S y r ia a nd a r ev e ry e a sy t or e cogn iz e .T h i sw ou ld s ugge s tt h a tt h eB yzan t in em a t e r i a lr e cov e r ed f r om l owe rp a r to f' A in D a ra m ay r e p r e sen ta n a g r icu l tu r a lu s eo ft h i sl a nd r a the rt h an a na c tua ls e t t l emen t .

H e l len i s t ic a nd R oman P o t tery

R eg is ter o fI den t if iab le H e l len i s t ic a nd R oman S herds b yS urvey S quare F 85

A80

1 .B lack -s l ip . F ragmen to f ab ow lw i th i n -cu rv ing r im . 3 rd -2nd c en tu ry B .C . ( Th ree o t he rH e l len is t ic b l ack s l ip f r agmen t s ) 2 .R ed s l ip . F ragmen t o fp l a te w i th p a in ted f l o ra l p a t te rn . 2 nd

1 .B la ck s l ip . F ragmen to f as ma l lb ow l? 3 rd -2nd c en tu ry B .C . A85 1 .E a s te rn S i g i l la ta A ( ESA ) . F ragmen t . L a te 2 nd t o l a te i s t c en tu ry B .C . 2 .E SA . F r agmen t . L a te 2 nd t ol a te I s tc en tu ry B .C . A95

c en tu ry B .C . C f . S chäf e r 1 968 ,F 56 . 3 .E SA . F ragmen t . L a te 2 nd t ol a te i s tc en tu ry B .C . F 90

N o th ing i d en t if iab le .

1 .B lack -g lazed . R im f r agmen t o f f i sh p l a te ; p o s s ib ly A t t ic i mpo r t . 3 rd c en tu ry B .C . 2 .B la ck s l ip . F ragmen to fb ow l o rp l a te .2 nd c en tu ry B .C . ( Two o t he rb l a ck s l ip f r agmen t s ) 3 .E SA . F ragmen to fb ow l w i th s t amped , p enden te gg a nd d a r t d eco ra t ion . H aye s( 1 985 )f o rm 9 .c .5 0 -25 B .C . 4 .E SA .F ragmen to fb ow lw i th d oub le -d ipp ing s t reak .L a te 2 nd t ol a te i s tc en tu ry B .C . ( Two o t he rE SA f r agmen t s ) 5 .C ook ing -wa re ( ? ) . F ragmen t . 3 r dt o1 s tc en tu ry B .C .

E 60 1 .B lack s l ip . F ragmen to fb ow l w i th i n c ised d oub le c oncen t r ic l i nes .2 nd c en tu ry B .C . C f . Waage 1 948 ,f i g . 2 :1 7 -22 . ( E igh to t he rH e l len is t ic f r agmen t s ) E 65 1 .B lack -g lazed . F ragmen t f r om b ow l w i th m e ta l l ic g l aze . 3 rd c en tu ry B .C . 2 .R hod ian t r anspor t a mpho ra . S t amped h and le w i th r o se . 3 rd c en tu ry B .C . C f . Empe reu ra nd H e sna rd 1 987 . F 95

E 70 1 .R ed s l ip . F ragmen to f mo ldmade r e l ief b ow lw i th r o se t te a nd o t he rf l o ra l p a t te rn s . 2 nd c en tu ry B .C . C f . L aumon ie r 1 977 , p l . 5 3 :3257 . 2 .R ed s l ip .F ragmen to f ab ow lw i th i n curv ing r im .2 nd c en tu ry B .C . C f . C ox 1 949 :18 -20 , n os . 1 1113 ; J one s 1 950 , f i g . 1 80 ; C rowf oo t ,e ta l . , 1 957 :223 , f i g3 8 . ( Fou ro t he rH e l len is t ic f r agmen t s ) .

1 .B la ck -s l ip . F ragmen t . 3 r dt o2 nd c en tu ry B .C . ( One o t he rb l a ck s l ip f r agmen t ) 2E SA ( ? ) . F ragmen t . i s tc en tu ry BC t o1 s tc en tu ry A .D . J 50 1 .R ed s l ip . F ragmen t o fb ow l w i th i n cu rv ing r im . L a te 3 rd t o 2 nd c en tu ry B .C . C f . E 70 , n o .2 . ( Two o t he rr e d s l ip f r agmen t s ) . J 55

E 75

1 .R ed s l ip . F ragmen t f r om b a se o fb ow l . L a t e 3 rd c en tu ry t o e a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry B .C . ( Two o t he rf r agmen t so fr e d s l ip ) 2 .E SA . F ragmen t . I s tc en tu ry B .C . ( Two o t he rp o s s ib le E SA f r agmen t s ) 3 .T ranspor t a mpho ra . B ody f r agmen t w i th g r oove s . P robab ly 4 t ht o6 t hc en tu ry A .D .

1 .B lack s l ip . F ragmen t o f b ow l w i th s ho r t f l a t r im ; i n c ised d oub le c oncen t r ic l i ne so ni n te r io r .2 nd c en tu ry B .C .C f .E 60 n o . 1 2 .P l a in w a re .F ragmen to fa ja r( ? )w i th o u t tur ned r im .P o s s ib ly 2 nd c en tu ry A .D . E 80 1 .B la ck s l ip . F ragmen t o f ab ow l o rp l a te . 3 r d t o2 nd c en tu ry BC . 2 .E SA .F ragmen to f ab ow l o rp l a t e . 2 nd t o1 s tc en tu ry BC . ( Two o t he rl a te H e l len is t ic f r agmen t s ) 3 .G la zed w a re . F ragmen t o f ab ow l (? ) w i th h and le . P o s s ib ly 1 7 th t o1 9 th c en tu ry A .D .

J 60 1 .B la ck -s l ip .F ragmen to fb ow lw i th i n cu r v ing r im .2 nd c en tu ry B .C . C f . E 70 ,n o . 2 . 2 .E SA . F ragmen t . L a te 2 nd t oi s tc en tu ry B .C . ( One o t he rp o s s ib le E SA f r agmen t ) J 70

E8 5 1 .B la ck -g lazed . F ragmen t o fp l a te w i th r o l led r im . L a t e 3 rd c en tu ry B .C . ( One o t he rb l ack -g lazed f r agmen t ) 2 .B la ck s l ip . F ragmen t f r om k an tha ro s ( ? ) . L a te 3 r d t o 2 nd c en tu ry B .C . 3 .B la ck s l ip . F ragmen tf r om b o t tom o fm o ldmade r e l ief b ow l ; r o se t t e w i th in d o t ted c i rc le . 2 nd c en tu ry B .C . c f . L aumon ie r 1 977 ,p l .2 4 :617 . 4 .R ed s l ip . F ragmen t o f ab ow l w i th c oncen t r ic r i bb ing . 2 nd c en tu ry B .C . ( Fou ro t he rH e l len is t ic f r agmen t s )

I .B la ck s l ip . F ragmen t o f ab ow l o rp l a t e . 3 r d t o2 nd c en tu ry B .C . 2 .P l a in w a re . F ragmen t o fb a s in w i th t a l l n eck a nd t r iangu la r r im . P o s s ib ly l a t eH e l len is t ic o re a r ly R oman . J 75 I .B la ck s l ip .F ragmen to f ab ow lw i th i n c i sed d oub le c oncen t r ic l i ne so ni n te r io r . 3 r dt o2 nd c en tu ry B .C . 2 .R ed -s l ip .F ragmen to f ab ow lw i th i n tur ned r im .2 nd c en tu ry B .C . ( One o t he rr e d s l ip f r agmen t ) 3 .E SA .F ragmen t . l a te 2 nd t oi s tc en tu ry B .C . 4 . C ook ing w a re . F ragmen t o f c a s se ro le . P robab ly l a t e H e l len is t ic o re a r ly R oman .

E90 N o th ing i d en t if iab le . F 80 1 .E SA . F ragmen to fb ow l( Haye s 1 985 : f o rm 2 A ) . S econd h a lf o ft h e2 nd c en tu ry B .C .

2 1

J 80 1 .B la ck s l ip . F ragmen t . 3 r dt o2 nd c en tu ry B .C . ( One o t he rb l a ck s l ip f r agmen t )

T he I ron Age S e t t lemen ta t' A in D ara 3 . C ook ing w a re . F ragmen t w i th r i dg ing . P robab ly l a te H e l len i s t ic o re a r ly R oman . 4 .T ran spo r ta mpho ra .F ragmen to fp ane la mpho ra .P robab ly 5 t h t o7 t hc en tu ry A .D .

2 .E SA . F ragmen to f ap l a te . L a te 2 nd t oi s tc en tu ry B .C . ( Fou ro t he rE SA f r agmen t s ) . J 85 1 .B la ck -g lazed . F ragmen t o f ab ow l w i th i n cur v ing r im . 3 rd c en tu ry B .C .

U65 I .B la ck s l ip . F ragmen t . 2 nd c en tu ry B .C . 2 .T ranspor ta mpho ra . H and le o fK oan ( ? ) a mpho ra . 3 r dt o2 nd c en tu ry B .C . 3 . C ook ing w a re . F ragmen t w i th r i dg ing . P robab ly l a te H e l len is t ic o re a r ly R oman . 4 .T r an spo r ta mpho ra .F ragmen to fp ane la mpho ra .P robab ly 5 t h t o7 t hc en tu ry A .D .

K75 1 .R ed s l ip F ragmen t .2 nd c en tu ry B .C . 2 .P l a in -wa r e . F ragmen t p robab ly f r om t r an spo r t a mpho ra o r s t o rage j a r .5 t ht o7 t hc en tu ry A .D .C f .D iede r ich s1 980 ,n o . 1 9 3 . K80 1 .R ed s l ip . F ragmen to fb ow l o rp l a te . 2 nd c en tu ry BC . ( One o t he rf r agmen t ) 2 .P l a in -wa re . R idged b ody f r agmen t . P o s s ib ly l a te H e l len i s t ic o re a r ly R oman .

U70 1 .B la ck s l ip . F ragmen t . 2 nd c en tu ry B .C . 2 .R ed -s l ip . F ragmen to fb ow l w i th i n cu r v ing r im . 2 nd c en tu ry B .C . C f . E 70 ,n o . 2 . 3 . C ook ing w a r e . F ragmen t w i th g roove s . P robab ly l a t e H e l len is t ic o re a r ly R oman .

K85 1 .B lack s l ip .F ragmen to f ab ow lw i th i n curv ing r im .L a t e3 r dt o 2 nd c en tu ry B .C . C f . E 70 ,n o . 2 . 2 .B la ck s l ip . F ragmen to f ab ow lw i th o u t tu rned r im . L a t e3 rd t o2 nd c en tu ry B .C . 3 .E SA . F ragmen t . L a te 2 nd t oi s tc en tu ry BC . 4 .C ook ing w a re . F ragmen t . P robab ly l a te H e l len i s t ic o re a r ly R oman .

U75 N o th ing i d en t if iab le U80 1 .B la ck s l ip .F ragmen to fb ow l w i th i n cu rv ing r im . L a t e3 r dt o 2 nd c en tu ry B .C . ( One o t he rb l a ck s l ip f r agmen t )

K90 1 .E SA . F ragmen t . L a te 2 nd t oI s tc en tu ry B .C . U85

K95

I .R ed s l ip . F ragmen t . 3 rd t o2 nd c en tu ry B .C . ( One o t he rr e d s l ip f r agmen t ) 2 .E SA . F ragmen t . L a te 2 nd t oi s tc en tu ry B .C . 3 .T ran spo r t a mpho ra . F ragmen t w i th g roove s . P o s s ib ly 5 t h t o 7 t hc en tu ry A .D .

I .B la ck -g lazed . F ragmen t . 3 rd c en tu ry B .C . 2 .B la ck s l ip . F ragmen to fb ow l( ? ) . P robab ly 2 nd c en tu ry B .C . 080 1 .E SA . F ragmen t . L a te 2 nd t oi s tc en tu ry B .C . Z 55

P 65 I .B lack s l ip . F ragmen t o f ab ow l w i th i n cu rv ing r im . 2 nd c en tu ry B .C . C f . E 70 , n o . 2 . 2 .R ed s l ip . R im o fj ug le t . 2 nd c en tu ry B .C . 3 .C ook ing w a re . F ragmen t . P robab ly l a te H e l len i s t ic .

1 .B la ck s l ip . F oo to fb ow l . L a te 3 rd t o2 nd c en tu ry B .C . ( One o t he rb l a ck s l ip b ow l f r agmen t ) Z 60 I .R ed s l ip .F ragmen tf r om b a se o fb ow l .3 r dt o2 nd c en tu ry B .C . 2 .U n iden t if ied t e r ra s i g i l la ta . i s t c en tu ry B .C . t o i s t c en tu ry A .D . 3 .E SA . F ragmen t . L a te 2 nd t oi s tc en tu ry B .C . 4 . ARS ( ? ) .F ragmen t . P o s s ib ly 4 th t o6 t hc en tu ry A .D . 5 . C ook ing w a re . F ragmen t w i th r i dg ing . P robab ly l a t e H e l len i s t ic .

P 75 I .E SA . F ragmen t . L a te 2 nd t oi s tc en tu ry A .D . ( Two o t he rE SA f r agmen t s ) P 80 1 .E SA . F ragmen t . L a te 2 nd t oi s tc en tu ry B .C . P 85 I .A f r ican R ed S l ip ( ARS )( ? ) . F ragmen to fb ody w i th g r oove s . P o ss ib ly 5 t ht o7 t hc en tu ry A .D . 2 .E SA .F ragmen t . L a te 2 nd t oI s tc en tu ry B .C . 3 .T ran spor ta mpho ra . B ody f r agmen tw i th g roov ing . 5 t ht o7 t h c en tu ry A .D . P9 5 1 .R ed s l ip . F ragmen to fb ow l w i th i n cu rv ing r im . 2 nd c en tu ry B .C . C f . E 70 ,n o . 2 . ( Two o t he rs im i la rr e d s l ip b ow lf r agmen t s )

Z 75 1 .R ed s l ip . F ragmen to fp l a t e . 2 nd c en tu ry B .C . 2 .E SA F ragmen t . L a te 2 nd t oi s tc en tu ry B .C . ( Two o t he rE SA f r agmen t s ) Z 80 1 .B la ck -s l ip . F ragmen t . 3 rd t o2 nd c en tu ry B .C . Z 85 1 .E SA . F ragmen t . L a te 2 nd t oI s tc en tu ry B .C . 2 .R ed s l ip .F ragmen to f ab ow lw i th i n cur v ing r im .2 nd c e n tu ry B .C .c f . E 70 ,n o . 2 . 3 . P l a in w a re . F ragmen t w i th l i gh t g r oov ing . P robab ly l a te H e l len i s t ic .

U60 1 .R ed s l ip . F ragmen to fb ow l w i th i n cu rv ing r im . 2 nd c en tu ry B .C . C f . E 70 ,n o . 2 . ( S ix o t he rs im i la rr e d s l ip b ow lf r agmen t s ) 2 .E SA . F ragmen t . L a te 2 nd t oi s tB .C . ( One o t he rE SA f r agmen t )

2 2

Z 90 1 .R ed s l ip .F ragmen t . 2 nd c en tu ry B .C .

C hap ter 4

T renche si nt he Nor thwe s t Quadran t T he t h r ee s ound ings e xcava ted i n1 982 w e r ed e s igned t os up p l emen tt h es u rvey b yp rov id ing i n f o rma t ion o nt h ed ep th a nd c ha rac te ro ft h e s t ra t if i ed r ema in s i nt h e l owe r mound . S i nce c o l lec t ion o fc e ram ic a s semb lage s f r om s equen t ia l ly d ef ined s t ra ta w a st h ep r ima ry o b jec t ive ,w es ough tt o max im ize b au lk l e ng th b y d i gg ing t wo -by -n ine m e t e rt r enche s . O u rr e sou r ce s w e re s uff ic ien tt oo pen t h ree o ft h e se , l a id o u t a l ong as i ng le a x is r unn ing p e rpend icu la rt ot h e c on tou r so ft h e i n s ide s l ope o ft h em ound ' sn o r thwe s t ,a nd h i ghe s t ,c o rne r .T h i ss e emed t h e mos te f f ec t ive w ay o fs amp l ing a td i f f e ren t e l eva t ion s ; as t ep t r ench o n t h e o u t s ide o ft h e mound w ou ld u ndoub ted ly h ave r un i mmed ia te ly i n to t h ec i ty w a l la nd f a i led t oy i e ld as a t i sf ac t o ry s equence . B y s pac ing t h e t r enche s s i x ty m e te r s a pa r tw e w e re a b le t o s t a r t f r om n ea r t h e s umm i t ( a t a pp rox ima te ly f i f teen m e te r s a bove p l a in l e ve l ) , n ea r t h e l owe s t p o in t ( a t s even m e te r s ) , a nd a t al o ca t ion h a lfway b e tween ( a t e l even m e te r s a bove p l a in l e ve l ) ( s ee F ig . 1 7 ) . T he d r awback t ot h i s s t ra tegy w a st h a ti tw a si mpo s s ib le t ot r ace a ny d i r ec tc on t inu i t y i n s t ra ta b e tween t r enche s . F o r t h e p u rpo se s o f r e co rd k eep ing ,w en umbe red t h e se t r enche s ,o ne t ot h ree ,s t a r t ing t h e

F igure 1 7 : L oca t ion o fs ound ing s i nt h e 1 982 a nd 1 983 -84 s ea son s s equence o n t h e d ownh i l l e nd . We s ha l l r e ta in t ho se n umbe r s h e r ei no rde rt oa vo id c onf u s ion ,b u td i scu s st h em i nt h eo ppo s i te o rd e r ,b eg inn ing w i th T rench 3a tt h et o po ft h eh i l l . T rench 3 w a s i n many w ays t h e mo s t d i sappo in t ing o f o u r s ound ing s . We f ound n oB yzan t ine d epo s i t sh e re ,d e sp i te h i n t s o ft h e i rp r e sence i nt h e s u r f ace c o l lec t ion s . A l though much o f t h em a te r ia l f r om T r ench 3w a sH e l len i s t ic , l i t t le e v idence f o r a c tua ls e t t lemen tw a sf ound . S t one f ounda t ion sf o rw a l l s( F ig . 1 8 )w e r eu ncove r ed c l o se t ot h es u rf a ce a to ppo s i te e nd so ft h e t r ench ,b u to n ly o ne l a ye ro fs t one sw a sp r e se rved a nd n oa s so c i a ted f l oo r s w e re d i scove r ed . B o th a r ound a nd b e low t h em w e re t h ef i ne r ed a nd b l a ck s l ipped w a re so ft h e3 rd t oI s tc en t u r ie sB .C . ,a nd an ea r ly c omp le te l amp ( F ig . 1 9 )w a sf ound i n t h e d i s tu rbed s o i l a bou t h a lfway b e tween t h e t wo w a l ls . B e n ea th t h e se l e ve l s w e e ncoun te r ed a n a r ea c ove r ed w i th c ob b l e s tone s , r a ised t owa rd t h e e dge s a nd d ep re ssed t owa rd i t s c en te r ,r unn ing t h ree m e te r sa l ong t h ec en t ra lp a r to ft h et r ench

F igure 1 8 : T rench 3 .H e l l en i s t ic f oun ta t ion s

2 3

T he I ron Age S e t t lemen ta t' AM D ara

0

I 2 3 4 5

0c m .

F igu re 1 9 :L T82 -7 , l amp f rom T rench 3 ,L eve l I .

F igu re 2 1 : T rench 3 .I ron A ge w a l l .

F igure 2 0 : T rench 3 .S tone f ea ture o ve rH e l len i s t ic p i t .

2 4

T renche si nt he N or thwe s t Quadran t ( F ig . 2 0 ) . I td i d n o t r e a ch o u r n o r th b au lk ,1b u t i ni t s p lace t h e r e w a s a n a r ea o fh a rd -pa cked s o i l . T he f e a tu r e g ene r a l ly l a y a bou t o ne m e te r b e low t h em od em s u r f a ce ,a nd w a su na s so c i a t ed w i th a ny f l oo r o r l e ve l t h a t w e c ou ld d e t ec te l sewhe r ei nt h et r ench .I t a ppea r s t o h ave s ea led a l a rge p i t , w h ich h ad i t sb o t tom m o r et h an am e t e r b e low t h e c obb le s tone s a nd , t o j udg e f r om t h e s he rd s i tc on ta ined , mu s t h av e b een d e l ibe ra te ly f i l led i n d u r ing t h eH e l len i s t ic p e r iod . T he d i s tu rbance c au sed b yt h i sp i tl e f t u s w i th v e ry l i t t le e a r l i e r s t ra t ig r aphy i n ta c t , a tl e a s t i n sof a r a sw e h ad t i m e t oe xca va te . I tw a s c l ea r t h a t t h e p i t h ad b e en c u t i n to I r on I l e ve l s , a nd F igure 2 2 : T rench 2 .H e l len i s t ic f ounda t ion . n one o ft h e c e ram ic e v idence u ncov e r ed b e f o r e w e r e ached o u r s t opp ing d i s tu rbed l e ve l s o ft h e I r on A ge l a y i nt h e e a s t s i de o ft h e p o in t n e a r ly t h ree m e t e r s b e low t h e t r ench , w he r e am ud -b r ick w a l l , i t s e dg e s ma rk ed b y s ma l l s u r f ac ew a se a r l ie rt h an I r on I .A l though w ew e r et h u su nab le s t one s a ti t sb a se , r a n f r om t h e b au lk i n to t h e l o cu s a nd w a s t om ak e a ny f i ne c h rono log ica l d i s t inc t ion s i nt h i s p a r t icu la r t h en i n te r r up ted ( F ig . 2 1 ) . B e low t h ep i t , a nd b e low t h i sw a l l s ound ing , i ti sa ppa r en tf r om t h ea b sence o fw a r e s d eco r a t ed f r agmen t , l a y a no the rr ow o fm o r e s ub s tan t ia l s t one s , o ne o f w i th c on cen t r ic c i rc le s ,w h ich s od om ina t et h eP ha se 0 a s sem w h ich h ad b een u s ed a s ad oo rs o cke t . b l age so ft h e ` Amuq e xcava ted b yt h eU n ive r s i ty o fC h icago , t h a te v en h e r ew e mu s tb ev e ry e a r ly i nt h a tp ha se .O u rb e s tu n -

F igu re 2 4 : T rench 2 .L e ve l5 ,w i th t o po ft a nour v i s ib l en ea rw e s tb au lk .

F igu re 2 3 : T rench 2 .C obb le f l oo r , L e ve l2 .

1 .T he a x i so ft h et r enche sa c tua l ly r u n se a s t sou th -ea s tt ow e s t -no r th -we s t ,b u tf o rt h es a ke o fe conomy w es ha l lu se t e rms f o rd i rec t ion a si f t h ey r a ne a s tt ow es t .

2 5

T he I ron Age S e t t lemen ta t' AM D ara

1

/

I

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5

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1

f

2

6

Ä l f

7

\ r 4

9

1 F igu re 2 5 : P o t tery f rom T renche s 2a nd 3 .S ca l e 1 : 4 .

We c ou ld d e tec tn oe vo lu t ion i nc e r am ic si nt h e se m eage ru n d i s tu rbed l e ve l s , a nd t h e p oo r d ef in i t ion o ft h e s t ra ta t h em s e lve s l e ad s u s t oc on s ide ra l o ft h e p o t te ry f r om t h em a sa g roup . T he w a r e sf a l l i n to t h r ee b road c a tego r ie s : r e d s l ipped

2 6

b u rn i shed ,p l a in ( many s he rd so f wh ich c ame f r om q u i te l a rge v e s se l s ) , a nd p a in t ed w a r e s . Abou t t e n p e r cen t o ft h e s h e rd s w e r e o fr e d s l ipped b u rn i shed wa r e , i n c lud ing b o th o pen a nd c l o sed s hap e s ,w h ich v a r ied i nc o lo rf r om d a rk o r ange ,t h rough

T renche si nt he N or thwe s t Quadran t D e scr ip t ion

No .

T rench

L eve l

1

M ed ium b uf fw a re ( 7 .5YR 8 / 4 ) ,b u rn i shed r ed -b rown ( 10R 4 / 6 )s l ip

2

3

2

Med ium o range -buf fw a re ( 5YR 8 / 4 ) ,b u rn i shed r e d( 7 .5R 3 / 6 )s l ip

2

3

3

M ed ium o range ( 10R 6 / 6 )t ob uf f( 7 .5YR 7 / 4 )w a r e , s e lf s l ip , d a rk b rown ( 7 .5YR 4 /2 )p a in t

2

5

4

M ed ium b uf fw a re ( 10YR 7 / 3 ) , s e lf s l ip

2

4

5

Med ium o range w a re ( 5YR 8 / 4 ) ,s e lf s l ip

2

5

6

Med ium g reen i sh -buf fw a re ( 2 .5Y 8 / 2 ) , s e lf s l ip , f ug i t ive b l ack t ob rown ( 2 .5YR 4 /6 )p a in t

2

5

7

Med ium o range w a re ( 5YR 7 / 6 ) ,c r eam s l ip ( 10YR 8 / 3) , f ug i t ive b l ack p a in t

2

5

8

Med ium t oc oa r se o range w a re ( 5YR 8 / 3 ) ,b u rn i shed o r ange s l ip ( 10R 6 / 8 ) , i n c i sed d eco ra t ion

2

6

9

Med ium o range w a re ( 5YR 6 / 6 ) ,s e lf s l ip ,f i nger na i l i mp re s s ion s

3

3

1 0

Med ium b uf fw a re ( 10YR 8 / 4 ) ,b u rn i shed o range ( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 )s l ip

3

3

1

Med ium b uf fw a re ( 7 .5YR 8 / 4 ) ,b u rn i shed r e d( 5R 5 / 8 ) s l ip

3

3

1 2

Med ium b uf fw a re ( 10YR 8 / 4 ) , s e lf s l ip ,r ed ( 7 .5R 5 / 8 ) a nd b l ack p a in t

3

3

ma roon , t o b rown . T h i s r e la t ive ly l ow p e rcen tage o f r ed s l ipped b u rn ished w a re sa ga in i n d ica te s ad a te r e la t ive ly e a r ly i nI r on I .` Amuq s i te si nt h ee i gh th c en tu ry B .C .h ave amuch h ighe r p e r cen tage o f r ed s l ipped b u rn i shed w a r e s ( Sw if t 1 958 : 124 161) .P la in w a re sw e r ec on s ide rab ly mo re c ommon , a nd s ome o ft h e se w e r ed eco ra ted w i th f i nge ro rf i nger na i li m p re ss ion s ( F ig . 2 5 /9 ) . T he t h i rd c a tego ry , p a in ted p o t t e ry , made u po n ly s even p e r cen to ft h et o ta ln umbe ro fs he rd sa nd o ft h e se ,a lb u t af ew w e re monochrome p a in ted . Mo s td eco ra t i on c on s i s ted o fh or izon ta l p a in ted b and s , a l though r a re e xamp le s s how ed w avy l i ne s o r o t he r n on l i nea r p a t te rn s . S ome s he rd s h ad h a t ch ing p a in ted o nt h e r im , amo t if c ha ra c te r i s t ic o ft h eL a te B ronze a nd E a r ly I r on Age s i nt h e L evan t . T he r ough ly t e n p e rcen t o f t h e p a in t ed s he rd s t h a t w e re n o t monoch rome , w e re r e d a nd b l ack b i ch rome ( F ig . 2 5 / 12 ) , as t y le wh ich , t oge the r w i th t he r e d s l ipped b ur n i shed w a r e , i s t yp ica l ly I r on I i nd a te . We w e r e i n amuch b e t te r p o s i t ion w i th r e ga rd t os t ra t ig raphy i no u rs e c o nd t r en ch .I tw a st h eo n ly o ne o fo u r s ound ing sw h ich w a su nd i s tu rbed b y l a te rp i t t ing , a nd t h eo ne w i th b yf a r t h e b e s t p r e served a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a t u re s( s ee F ig . 3 0 ) .H e re ,t oo ,t h eu p p e rmo s t l a ye r w a s H e l len i s t ic .

I mmed ia te ly b e low t h e h a lf m e te r o fs u rf a ce s o i l wh ich h ad b een d i s tu rbed b y c u l t iva t ion , t h e t r ench w a s c u t b y as t one w a l lf ounda t ion ,o ne s t one d eep ,o ft h et ype w he re t h eo u t s ide f a ce sa r e made o fh eav ie rs t one st han t h ei n te r io r( F ig .2 2 ) .A s s oc ia ted w i th t h i s wa s ah a rd -packed l a ye r o fc l ay a nd s ca t t e r ed p ebb le s u pon wh ich s he rd s w e re much mo re a bundan t t han t h ey w e re e i the ra bove o rb e low .T h i sl a ye rs ea led t h ee n t i re t r ench — eve ry th ing i n i ta nd a bove i tw a s H e l len i s t ic , w h i le a l lt h ep o t te ry b e low b e longed t ot h e I r on Age .

F igu re 2 6 : " K ra ter" s he rdf rom T rench 2 ,L eve l4 .1 4 s / ca le .

2 7

T he I ron Age S e t t lemen ta t' A in D ara

2

U9 7

\W

/ MiN 1

7

8

9

' 11 0: 31eg

Veler-

1 -2 -

-

1 1r 1

1 3

1 4

t

/ 1 1 6

1

1 5

e

P

1 7

F igur e2 7 : P o t t er yf rom T rench 1 .S ca l e 1 : 4 .

I nt h es of t e rf i l lo ft h en ex tl e ve l s ,L eve l s 2a nd 3 ,t h ed ecay ed r ema in so f am ud -b r ick w a l lc u t t ing t h en o r thwe s tc o rne ro ft h e t r ench w a sv e ry m uch i ne v idence . T h i sw a l l , l i ke o ne sf ound i nL eve l s 4a nd 5 ,h ad n o s t one f o unda t ion s a nd i t s s t a te o f p r e ser va t ion w a ss u ch t h a tw ef o und i ti mpo s s ib le t oa r t icu la te

2 8

t h ef a ce o rm ea su r et h es i ze o ft h eb r ick s :o ne wa sa wa r eo fi t s e x i s tence l a rg e ly t h rough c o lo rd i f f e r ence si nt h e s o i l . T he p o t te ry o fL eve l s 2a nd 3w a se s sen t ia l ly t h es ame a st h a t f ound i nt h eb o t tommo s tl e ve l so fT r ench 3 .I tw a sa l so i n d i s -

T renche si nt he N or thwe s t Quadran t No .

D e scr ip t ion

L eve l

1

F ine g r een i sh -buf fw a r e( 2 .5Y 8 / 2 ) , s e lf s l ip ,b l ack p a in t

2

2

Med ium b uf fw a r e( 10YR 8 / 3 ) , s e lf s l ip ,b rown p a in t( 5YR 4 / 3 )

1

3

F ine b uf fw a r e( 10YR 8 / 3 ) ,s e lf s l ip ,b rown ( 5YR 5 / 6 )t ob l ack p a in t

2

4

C oa r se g r ey -b rown w a r e( 5YR 4 / 1) , i n c lu s ion s ,r ough ly s moo thed

6

5

Med ium b uf fw a r e( 10YR 8 / 3 ) , s e lf s l ip o ni n t er io r ,c r eam s l ip ( 2 .5Y 8 / 2 )o ne x te r io r , y e l low -b rown p a in t( 7 .5YR 6 / 6 )o ne x te r io r ,r ed -b rown p a in t( 2 .5YR 5 / 6 )o ni n te r io r

4

6

Med ium b uf fw a r e( 10YR 8 / 2 ) ,s e lf s l ip ,b l a ck p a in t

2

7

Med ium o range -buf fw a re ( 7 .5YR 6 / 6 ) ,g r ey c o r e( 7 .5YR N4 / ) , s e lf s l ip

2

8

Med ium t of i ne b uf fw a r e( 10YR 8 / 2 ) , s e lf s l ip ,b rown p a in t( 2 .5YR 4 /2 t o2 . 5YR 5 / 6 )

4

9

Med ium o range w a re ( 5YR 7 / 6 ) ,g r ey c o r e( 7 .5YR N 4 / ) , s e lf s l ip ,o range p a in t( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 )

4

1 0

Med ium b uf fw a r e( 10YR 8 / 3 ) , s e lf s l ip ,b rown p a in t( 5YR 4 /6 )

4

1

Med ium o range w a r e( 5YR 6 / 6 ) , s e lf s l ip ,o range -b rown p a in t( 10R 4 /8 )

4

1 2

Med ium g r ey -buf fw a r e( 10YR 7 / 2 ) ,s e lf s l ip ,b l a ck p a in t

5

1 3

Med ium o range w a r e( 2 .5YR 5 / 6 ) , g r ey c o re ( 2 .5YR N 3 / ) ,r ough ly s mo thed

6

1 4

C oa r se o range -b rown w a re ( 5YR 4 / 6 ) ,g r ey c o re ( 7 .5YR N 3 / ) ,h eavy s he l lt empe r , s e lf s l ip

6

1 5

Med ium o r ange -buf fw a re ( 5YR 6 / 4 ) ,r ough ly s moo thed

6

1 6

Med ium g r ey w a re ( 7 .5YR N 3 / ) ,h o r izon ta lb u rn i sh ing o n i n t e r io ra nd e x te r io r

6

1 7

Med ium o range -buf fw a r e( 5YR 6 / 4 ) ,r ough ly s moo thed

4

1 8

C oa r se b rown w a re ( 7 .5YR 5 / 4 ) ,g r ey c o r e( 7 .5YR N4 / ) , l a rge i n c lu s ion s ,r ough ly s moo thed

6

1 9

Med ium o range w a r e( 2 .5YR 6 / 6 ) , g r ey c o re ( 2 .5YR N 3 / ) ,r ough ly s moo thed

5

t i ngu i shab le f r om t h a to fL eve l4 ,i nw h ich t h ef i l lc on s i s ted o f as e r ie so fc obb le f l oo r s( F ig .2 3 )a nd a sh l a ye r sr unn ing b e low t h eb a se o ft h ew es ter nw a l la nd r i s ing t owa rd a ne a r l ie rw a l l , f ounded i nL eve l5 ,w h ich t ur n ed ac or n e ri nt h ec en te ro ft h e t r ench ( F ig 2 4 ) .T he t h ree b a s ic w a r e sred s l ipped b u rn i shed , p l a in ( w i th a nd w i thou tf i nge rna i la nd f i nge ri mp re s s ion s ) ,a nd p a in ted ( i nc lud ing b i ch rome ) ,w e re a l lf ound h e r e . Al a rge s e c t i on o fa n a symme t r ica l b i ch rome " K ra te r" f ound i nL eve l 4 ( F ig . 2 6 )m er i t ss pec ia lr e f e rence . A l though i tw a sb roken i n a n t iqu i ty ,a l lt h es he rd st ha tw er e cove red j o ined ,a nd mo r eo f i tp re sumab ly l i e so nt h is s u rf ace o u t s ide t h ea r ea o fo u re xca v a t ion s . I nL eve l 5t h e b a se o fa n o ven w a s d i scove r ed o n a s t one p l a tf o rm a tt h ew e s te nd o ft h et r ench ( F ig .2 4 ) .T he mo r e o r l e s s c l ean , c rumb ly b rown f i l l b e low t h e a she s a s soc ia ted w i th t h i sw e re d es igna ted L eve l6 ,t h e l owe s tl e ve lr e a ched i n t h is t r ench . S eve ra l s t one f ounda t ion s f o r mud -b r ick w a l l s

2 9

w e re f ound i nL eve l 6 , mo s to fw h ich w e re f r agmen ta ry w i th t h e e xcep t ion o fo ne q u i te w e l l p re se rved e xamp le w h ich r an n o r thea s t -sou thwe s ta c ro s st h em idd le o ft h et r ench . T he I r on A ge p o t te ry o f t h e se s ound ing s e xh ib i ted t h ree t r end s : t h e d eepe rw e w en t , t h e l e s s c ommon t h e r ed s l ipped b u rn ished w a re s ( e .g . F ig . 2 5 / 1 , 2 )a nd p l a in w a re s w i th i m p re s s ion s ;t h eh ighe rt h ep e r cen tage o fp a in ted w a re s( e .g .F ig . 2 5 /3 , 7 ,8 )a nd p la in w a re sw i th c o l la red r im s ;a nd t h es ma l le r t h e p ropo r t ion o fb i ch rome a mong t h e p a in ted w a re s . B y t h e t ime w er e ached L eve l6 ,t h el a s tt e ndency l im i ted t h en umbe r o fb i ch rome e xemp la r st o as o l i ta ry s he rd . I ts hou ld b e n o ted t h a t n owhe re i nt h i s t r ench w a s a ny P ro togeome t r ic p o t te ry d i scove red ,n o rw a ss he l l tempe red w a re s i gn if ican t ly p r e sen t , s ot h e who le r a nge p robab ly d a te st ot h ee a r l ie s tp a r to f Amuq 0 ,o rI r on I . We w e r en o t ,o nt h is o cca s ion ,a b le t oe xp lo re t h e

T he I ron A ge S et t lemen ta t' A in Dara L eve l s 3a nd 4w e re e a ch c ompo sed o f as e r ie so ft h in s u r f a ce s o n ab a se o fc ompa c ted s h e rd sa nd r o ck s , b u to f e r ed l i t t le i n t h ew ay o fd ef inab le a r ch i tec tu re .T he f ew f r agmen t so f mud b r ick t h a tw e re i d en t if ied w e r et o oc u tb yl a t e rp i t t ing a nd t o o p oo r ly p r e served t ob et r a ced i n to m ean ingf u lp a t t e rn s .A sw e w en td own t h rough t h e se l e ve l s ,c hange si nt h er a nge o fc o lo r s o fw a r ea nd p a in ts ugge s t ed s ome s t y l i s t ic e vo lu t ion i np o t te ry . A l though L eve l 3c on ta ined t h es ame b l a ck -on -buf fa sL eve l2 , t h e r ew a sa n i n c r ea sed a moun to fb rown -on -buf fa nd r e d -on o r ange w a r e .I nL eve l4 ,a mong t h ep a in ted w a r e st h e r et e nded t ob e as t i l l l a rge r p ropo r t ion o fr e d -on -o r ange , t h e d e s ign s t e nd ed t ob e mo r ec omp lex ,a nd t h e r ew a s ah ig he rp e r cen tage o fl a rge -ve s se ls he rd s( e .g .F ig .2 9 : 5 ,9 11) . L eve l 5w a sa s soc ia ted w i th ap oo r ly p r e se rv ed w a l lw h ich c u t a c ro s s t h e m idd le o ft h e t r ench . P o t t e ry t e nd ed t ob e much c oa r se rt h an i nt h e l e ve l s a bove , b uf ft oo r ange i nc o lo r a nd p oo r ly f i r ed w i th g r ey c o r e s . When p a in ted d eco ra t ion w a s p r e sen t , w h ich w a s n o t o f t en , i tu sua l ly c on s i s t ed o f c r o s s h a t ched d e s ign si nf ug i t ive r ed t o ma roon p a in t . Mo s tc ommon w e r e s imp le , u ndeco ra ted b ow l s ( e .g . F ig . 2 9 : 1 7 , 1 8 ) , b u t s ome f i ne b ur n i shed p i ece sw e re a l so f o und ,i n c lud ing e ven ly f i r ed , f i ne tempe r ed g r ey w a r e w i th c l ea r ly v i s ib le s ho r tb u r n i sh ing s t roke s .

F igu re 2 8 :L T 82 -26 , a n ima lf igur ine f rom T rench I ,L eve l 6 .A c tua ls i ze a r ch i t ec tu r ei na ny d e ta i l ,b u tg ene ra l ly w a l l sw e r ep oo r ly c on s t ruc ted , l e s s t h an o ne m e te r w ide , a nd d i d n o t c on s i s ten t ly h ave s t one f ounda t ion s .T oa l la ppea rance sw ea r ed ea l ing w i th ar e la t ive ly i mpove r i shed d ome s t ic a r ea ,b u tt h es ound ing w a s t o ol i m i t ed t os ay m uch mo re t h an t h a t .V i r tua l ly n oo b jec t sb e s i de sp o t te ry w e r ef ound . I nT r ench 1e a r l ie r l e ve l s w e re r e a ched . T h i s a r ea , h oweve r , w a s b ad ly c hewed u p b y l a te r p i t t ing , a nd a c ce s s t oo ccupa t i ona l l e ve l sw a st o ac e r ta in e x ten ti mped ed b ye r o s iona ld e b r i s w a shed d own f r om h i ghe rp a r t s o ft h e mound ( F ig . 3 1) . T he u pp e rmo s t l e ve l c on s i s ted o f mo r e t h an am e t e r o fu n s t ra t if i ed , f e a tu r e le s ss o i l i nw h ich am ix tu r eo fI r on A ge a nd H e l len i s t ic p o t te ry w a s f o und . A t t h e e a s t e nd o ft h e t r ench t h e r ew a s al a rge a nd d eep d ep r e s s ion f i l led w i th t h e s ame k i nd o fs o i l i nw h ich H e l len i s t ic s h e rd s a nd i r on a r t if ac t sa ppea r ed a tq u i te l ow a b so lu t el e ve l s .O n t h e o t he r h and , n o a r ch i t ec tu ra l r ema in s w e r e f ound w h ich w ou ld p e rm i tu st os peak o f aH e l len i s t ic o ccu p a t ion i nt h i ss e c to r .

I nL eve l 6 ,w h ich w ew e r ea b le t or e a ch i no n ly t h ew e s ter n mo s tt wo m e te r s o ft h e s ound ing d ue t ot i me l i m i ta t ion s , w e a ga in f ound ac e ram ic i n ven to ry c ha ra c t e r ized p r ima r i ly b y s imp le b ow l s( e .g .F ig .2 7 / 13 , 1 5 ) ,i nt h i sc a s ea s so c ia ted w i th l a ye r so fa lmo s tp u r ea s h ,p r e sumab ly f r om a no ven t h a tl a yt o t h ew e s t o fo u rb au lk . We a r e u nab le t oa s so c ia te t h ep o t t e ry f r om L eve l s 5a nd 6w i th a ny o t he rp ub l i shed m a te r ia l ,b u tf e e l t h a ti tc anno tb ef a rr emoved i nt ime f r om t h ep o t t e ry o fL eve l

T he e a r l ie s tw e l l -def ined l i v ing s t ra ta , i nL ev e l2 ,b e l o ng ed t ot h e I r on Ip ha se , a nd a ppea r ed t ob e e a r l ie r t h an t h e e a r l ie s t l e v e l s o fT r ench 2 .T he p o t te ry w a s c ha ra c t e r iz ed b y b l a ck o n b uf fp a in ted c e ram ic s a nd o pen v e s se l sw i th h o r izon ta ll o op h and le s( F ig .2 7 / 1-3 , 6 ,7 ) . T h e r ew e r es e ve r a lp i t sc u t i n to t h e se l e ve l s ,b u t t h ep o t t e ry f ound i nt h em w a s u nd i s t ingu i shab le f r om t h a t f o und a r ound t h em , s ot h e p i t s c anno t h ave b een v e ry d i s tan t i n t i me f r om t h e o ccupa t ion . S eve r a l s h e rd s o ft h e " G rana ry S t y le" w h ich w e r e e i the r i m Au me r a l lnii r e k ,4 „ti p o r t s o ri n sp i r ed b yA eg ean mode l s , s e rve t od a te o ne o ft h ep i t st ot h e l a t e rH e l lad ic I IC p e r iod ( F ig . 2 7 / 1 ; F ig .2 9 ) .C ook ing w a re sb o th i na nd o u to ft h ep i t sw e r e t empe red w i th g round s h e l l ,w h ich w a sr a r ei nt h eo t he r F igu re 2 9 : G rana ry s t y le s he rd s . T rench I ,L eve l2 ,p i t . / 4 s 3 ca l e . s ound ing s .

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T renche si nt he Nor thwe s t Quadran t 4 ,b ecau s e t h e re i sc on t inu i ty i nt h e s h e l l tempe r ed c ook ing w a re ( e .g . F i g . 2 7 / 14 ) . T h i s s he l l t emp e r ing , c ha ra c te r i s t ic o f I r on I ,b u tp r obab ly o r ig ina t ing s omewha te a r l ie r ,i st o o much o f a n a noma ly t o h av e b een i n t rodu ced i n d epend en t ly a t w ide ly s e pa r a ted t ime s . Af ew s p ec if i c f i nd s i nt h i s l e ve ld e s e rve m en t ion . T he f i r s t i s an ea r ly c omp le te c a r ina ted c up w i th ah i gh s t rap h and le ( F ig .2 7 /4 ) .I ti sb roken a tp r ec i se ly t h e p l ace w h e r e as e cond h and le w ou ld h ave b een i fi tw e r eo r ig i n a l ly b i la t e r a l ly s ymme t r ica l ,a nd t h eb r eak m ay i n d eed r ef lec t t h e l o ss o ft h a t h and le . I fs o , t h e c omp le te v e s se l h ad ad i s t i nc t ly A na to l ian f o rm .S econd ly ,i tw a si nt h ea she so fL ev e l6 t h a tw ef o und t h eo n ly f i gu r ine i nt h e s es ound ing s( F ig .2 8 ) ,a l b e i tn o to n eo fa r t i s t ic d i s t inc t ion o rv a lue f o rd a t ing . T he l owe s tp o in tw er e a ched i no u rs o und ing s ,2 09 .60 m e te r s a bove s e al e ve l ,w a ss t i l l af ew m e t e r sa bove t h ec on tempo ra ry s u r round ing p l a in t os ay n o th ing o fv i rg in s o i l . T ha tw ew e r e a l ready i n to ap re I ron A ge c on t ex ta tt h a t e l eva t ion w a sn o t

u nexpec t ed , g i v en t h ee v idence o fs u rvey d a ta i n d ica t ing t h a t t h e l owe r mound a t' A in D a ra w a s a l r eady f a i r ly s ub s tan t ia l b ef o r et h ee nd o ft h eB ronz eA g e .O ve ra l l ,t h et h ree s ound ing s r e vea led as e quence o fI r on A g ep o t t e ry t h a te vo lved s t y l i s t i c a l ly o ve ra n e x tended p e r iod o ft i me , b u t t e rm ina ted b ef o r e t h ei n t roduc t ion o fd eco ra t ion st h a ta r ed a tab le t ot h em id n i n th c en tu ry .2 O u r s ound ing s i nt h i s a r ea w e r e a imed a tr e vea l ing t h e s t ra t i g raph ic s e quence a se ff i c ien t ly a sp o s s ib le a nd w e r en o te x t e n s ive e nough t oa l low u s t os a y a ny th ing v e ry s i gn if i can t a bou tt h em a te r ia lc u l tu r eo f' A in D a ra ' sI r on A ge i n hab i tan t s . A r t if a c t s o t h e r t h an p o t te ry w e r e l a rge ly l i m i ted t og r ind ing s t one sa nd s ma l lp i ece s o fo b s id ian ,w h ich i tw ou ld b ep o in t l e s st od i scu s si nt h ea b sence o f am o r ef u l ly e xp lo r ed c on t ex t . T he s ma l ls i z ea nd s imp l ic i ty o ft h ew a l l sw ee ncoun t e r ed ,t h e p r e sen ce o f mod e s to ven s , t h eu b iqu i ty o fa n ima l b one s , a nd t h e f r equency o fp i t t ing a l l s ugg e s t a n a r ea o fp r iva t e h ou se s r a the rt h an p ub l ic s t ru c tu r e s .

2 . F o rt e rm ino logy a nd d a t ing o ft h er e levan tC yp r io tc e ram ic s , w ef o l low G je r s tad ( 1960 ) .

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F igu re 3 0 : S ec t ion t h rough T rench 2 ,f rom s ou th sou thwe s t

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F igu re 3 1 :S ec t ion t h rough T rench I ,f rom n o r th -no r thea s t .

T renche si nt he N or thwe s t Quadran t

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T he I ron A ge S et t lemen ta t' A in D ara

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E xcava t ion si nt he N or theas t Quadran t T he w o rk o fo u rf i r s ts e a son ,r e po r t ed u pon i nt h ep r ev iou st wo c hap t e r s ,w a se s sen t ia l ly d evo t ed t ou nd e r s tand ing w ha tp e r i o d sw e r er e p r e sen ted i nt h e l owe rt e l la nd t h ee x t en tt ow h ich I r on A g ea nd e a r l ie rm a t e r ia l sc ou ld b ee xp ed ien t ly e xcava ted . I nt h e 1 9 83 a nd 1 984 s e a son s w e b egan t oa dd re s s t h e mo re g ene r a l p r ob lem o f i n ve s t iga t ing t h e B ronz e -Age / I ron -Age t r an s i t ion .T he t h eo r e t ica ls i gn if icance o fa n" i ron" a ge i st h a t m e ta lt e chno logy p ene t ra t e st o al owe rs t ra tum o fs o c ie ty t h an w hen t h eb a s ic m a te r ia lf o rt o o l s a nd w eapon s i sb ronz e . O ne e xpec t st os e ei mpo r tan ts o c ia la nd e conom ic c hang e sc o inc id i n gw i th t h ee me rgence o ft h i sn ew t e chno logy ,a st h em onop o l y o np owe rh e ld b yp a la ce e conom ie sa nd e n t r ench ed e l i te s d i s s ipa t e s . I nt h ep a r t icu la rc a se o ft h e a nc ien tN ea rE a s t , t h e t r an s i t ion f r om b ronz e t oi r on h a s b een a s soc ia ted w i th s u ch p henomena a s d rough t , l a rge s c a le p opu la t ion movemen t s , d i sr up t ion o fn o rma l t r ad ing r ou t e s , c o l lap se o f m a jo r B ronz eA ge c i v i l iza t ion s ,a nd e t hn ic r e a l ig nmen t . ' A in D a r aw a sd en s e ly s e t t led d u r ing t h e t u rbu len t e a r ly c en tu r ie s o f t h i s t r an s i t iona l e r a , a nd o f f e r sg r ea tp o t en t ia lf o rc on t r ibu t ing t o o u r u nde r s tand i n go fi t sc u l t u ra ld ynam ic s .

i sg ene ra l ly s ho r t . We w e r e a l so c oncer n ed t h a tt h e s t udy o f d ome s t ic a s semb lage si nt h en o r ther np a r to ft h eI r on A ge L e v an th a sb een s on eg lec t ed i ng ene ra lt h a t mo r ee xcava t ion i s n eed ed e v en t of r ame i n te l l igen tq u e s t ion s . T he b e s t o ppo r tun i ty f o r s a t i sf y ing t h e se d e s ide ra ta w a s o f f e r ed b y ak no l li nt h en o r thea s tq uad ran to ft h el owe rt e l l .N o t o n ly w e re t h e g r ea t e s t d en s i t ie s o fI r on Ia nd I r on I s h e rd s f o und o n t h e s u rf a ce t h e r e , b u tt h i s l o ca t ion w a s a l so d i s t in g u i shed b y ag r oup o fb ou ld e r st h a tb e long ed t ot h e o n ly d e m on s t rab ly p r e -Roman s u r f ace f e a tu r e o n t h e l owe rt e l l . We l o ca t ed o u re xcava t ion so nt h es ou ther ne dg eo ft h i sf e a tu r ei n o rd e rt ou ncove rs ome th ing o ft h es t ru c tu r e i tr e p r e sen ted , a l t h ough t h i sw a s am ino rc on s ide ra t ion r e la t ive t oo u ri n t e r e s ti n t h ed ome s t i cr ema in sw h i ch s u r rounded i t .T he t e n -by t en so c -

T he n ex t p ha se o f o u r r e s e a r ch , t h e r ef o r e , c a l led f o r s omewha tb r oade rh o r izon ta l e xpo su r e s . We w an ted t o p l a ce t h e t r enche s i ns u ch a s w ay a st or e vea l al o ng s e q uence o fd ome s t ic a r ch i tec t u r e i n w h ich , i d ea l ly , w e c ou ld o b ser ve c hange si nt o o l t y pe s o n t h e b a s i s o f l i t h ic a nd m e ta l l ic a r t if a c t s , c hang e s i n s ub s i s t ence p a t t e rn so nt h eb a s i so ff l o ra la nd f a una l r ema in s , c hang e s i n t r ad ing p a t t e rn s a nd r e g iona l F igu re 3 2 :E xcava t ion s i nS qua re 4 ,1 984 . i n t eg ra t ion o nt h eb a s i so fe x o t ic g ood s , a nd p e rhap se v en c hang e s i ns oc ia l s t ruc tu r e o n t h e b a s i s o fc hang ing h ou se c up ied s qua r e s F '8 4 a nd G ' 8 4 o nt h e c on tou rm ap ( s ee F i g . p l an s .T h e r ew a sa na dd i t iona li n cen t ive f o rs e ek ing o u th ou se s 1 7 ) , a nd w e r e d e s igna t ed S qua r e s 4a nd 5r e spec t ive ly , c on r a the rt h an p ub l ic b u i ld ing s : t h ea r t if a c t sf o und i nt h em m igh t t i nu ing t h e n ume r ica l s e quence o fo u r e a r l ie r s ound ing s , b u t b em o r es e n s i t ive c h rono log ica li n d ica to r st h an t h o se f o und i n u s ing t h ed e s igna t ion " s qua r e" i n s t ead o f" t rench" t oi n d ica t e p ub l ic b u i ld ing ss i nce t h ep e r iod ap r iva te h ou se r ema in si nu se t h ed i f f e r en tc ha ra c t e ro ft h ee xpo su r e .

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M E B u rned C lay F igu re 3 3 :S qua re s 4( l ef t ) a nd 5( r igh t ) , P ha se XX .N o r th a tt o p . I nt h e 1 983 a nd 1 984 s e a son s w e e mp loyed e s s en t ia l ly t h e s ame e xcava t ion t e chn ique sa sw eh ad p r ev iou s ly .L o ca lw o rk m en w e r eh i r ed t oa s s i s ti nt h er emova lo fd i r t ,w h i le mo s to f t h ef me p i ckwo rk a nd a l o ft h er e co rd ing w a sd one b yt h ee x p ed i t ion s t af f . We e xcava t ed b yn a tu ra ll e ve l sa nd a r ch i tec tu r a ly d e t e rm ined l o c i .I no u rr e co rd ing s y s tem ,t h et e rm " l ocu s" r e f e r s t o ah o r izon ta l ly d efmed a r ea t h a t w a s e xcava t ed a sa u n i t , u sua l ly c o r r e spond ing t o ar oom o r c ou r tya rd , b u t s ome t ime sw i th a r t if i c ia l ly s p ec if i ed b ounda r ie s ,a si nt h ec a se w he r e ac ou r tya rd w ou ld b ee xcava ted i nt wo p a r t s ,f o re xam p l e .E a ch s qua r eh ad a ni n d ep enden ts y s t em o fl o cu sn umbe r s , i . e . S qua r e 5 ,L ocu s 2 7 a nd S qua r e4 ,L ocu s 2 7 a r e d i f f e r en t a nd u n r e la t ed u n i t s . T he s ame s y s tem o f n umbe r s c a r r ied t h rough o ve rt h rough b o th f i e ld s e a son s .I nc on t ra s tt ot h ew ay t h et e rm i su s ed i nt h ed e sc r ip t ion o ft h es ound ing si nt h ep r ev i o u s c hap t e r , " Leve l s" h e r e w e r eh o r izon ta l u n i t s w i th in al o c u s , a nd i n d ependen t ly n umbe r ed i ne a ch l o cu s , s o s im i la r l e ve l n umb e r s i nd i f f e r en t l o c i a r e n o t t ob e e qua t ed i na ny w ay . A l l m a c rof auna l r ema in s w e r e c o l lec ted a nd s amp le s w e r et a ken f o rf l o ta t ion i nb o th s e a son s .I n1 983 o n ly h and f l o t a t ion w a su s ed ,b u ti n1 984 a" SMAP" f l o ta t ion m a ch ine ,d e s i gned a c co rd ing t o Wa t son ' s s pec if ica t ion s ( Wa t son 1 976 :88 -89 ,9 4 )w i th m ino r mod if i ca t ion s , i n c r ea sed t h e ef i c i ency o fr e cove ry .T he c on ten t so fv i r tua l ly e ve ry p i ta nd l i v i n g s u r f a ce w e r e f l oa ted a nd a l s e ed r ema in s w e r e t a k en t o B o s ton U n ive r s i ty f o ri d en t if i ca t ion . T he o ccupa t iona ld eb r i sw ee xcava t ed i nt h i sa r ea c on s i s ted o f t h in s t ra ta c ove r ing o n ly p a r t so fe a ch s qua r e ,p oo r ly p r e served s t one a nd m ud b r ick a r ch i t ec tu r et h a tw a sf r equen t ly r e pa i red ,

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mod if i ed , a nd r e u sed , a nd p i t s o f i regu la r s i z e a nd d ep th . S i nce m a jo rb r eak sw e r es ca r ce ly e v id en ti nt h es e quence ,w e h av ec ho sen t oo rgan ize o u rd i scu s s ion i nm ic ropha se sd ef ined b yr e la t ive ly m ino r ,b u ts equen t ia l ly d i s t ingu i shab le ,c hange s i nb u i ld ing a nd d epo s i t ion . Twen ty s u ch p ha se s , n umbe r ed f r om t h e t o p d own , c ove r ed ap er iod o fa pp rox ima t e ly f ou r h und r ed y ea r s , w h ich w ou ld g ive a n a ve r age d u r a t ion o f t wen ty y ea r sp e rp ha se w e re t h ep ha se so fe qua ll e ng th ,w h ich t h ey c l ea r ly a r e n o t . I nt h e f o l low ing d i scu ss ion , p l an s o ft h e t wo s qua r e s o r ien t ed w i th n o r th a tt h e t o p , a r e p r e sen ted f ö r e a ch o ft h e se sp ha se s .T he f e a tu re sa nd f md spo t so fs ma l lf ind s a r ei n d ica ted ,w i th l o cu sn umbe r sw r i t ten i nl a rge t y pe a nd o b j e c tn umbe r si ns ma l le rt y pe .To a vo id u nnece s sa r i ly c l u t te ri n d e s igna t ion o f f i nd spo t s i n t h e p l an s , o b jec t n umbe r s a r e w r i t ten w i thou tt h e i rL T8 3 -a nd L T84 -p r ef ixe s .T he f u l lf i e ld n umbe r s a r e , h oweve r , r e co rded i n t h e o b jec t c a ta log p ub l i shed a sa na ppend ix t ot h i sr epo r t . I no rd e rt od i s t ingu i sh t h e t wo s e r ie s o n t h e se p l an s , t h e s t a r s i n o u t l ine m a rk f i nd spo t so f1 983 o b jec t s ,a nd s o l id s t a r st h o se o f1 984 o b jec t s . We w i l l d i scu s st h e se i nc h rono log ica l o r d e r , b eg inn ing w i th t h e e a r l ie s t , p ha se a nd mov ing t owa rd t h e s u r f a ce . T he s t ra t i g r aphy w a sc omp l ica t ed b yt h ep re sence o fs l op ing l e ve l s ,e s p ec ia l ly i nS qua r e5 .H e r ed epo s i t sd ropped d r ama t ica l ly f r om n o r th t os ou th a nd t o al e s se re x ten tf r om e a s tt ow e s t

P ha se XX P ha se XX ( F ig . 3) w a sc ha ra c te r ized b y as e r ie so fl a ye r so f a s hy m a te r ia l m ixed w i th b u rn t c l ay u na s soc ia ted w i th a ny s t ruc tu r e s ( F ig . 3 4 ) . T h i s m a te r ia l w a s e xpo sed o n t h e n o r th

E xcava t ion si nt he N or thea s t Quadran t

F igu re 3 4 :S qua re 5a te nd o fe xcava t ion , P ha se XX b l ue -g rey a sh v i s ib l eb enea th t h e l add e r ,f rom s ou thwe s t .

a nd w e s t s i de s o f S qua r e 5 ,w he r e i t s a b so lu t e e l eva t ion i s h i gh e s t ,a nd o nt h ew e s ts i de o fS qu a r e4 ,w he r eo u rs ound ing w a s d e epe s t . I t s p r e sence a t as t i l l l owe r a b so lu t e e l eva t ion c ou ld b e o b se rved f r om t h e " w indow" p r ov ided b yt h ep i t i n t h e s ou thea s t c o rne r o fS qua r e 4 .T hu s i ti sp r e sumed t or u n a c ro s s a l o fS qua r e 5a nd a tl e a s t h a lf o f4 ,s l op ing s ha rp ly d ownwa rd a so ne m ove s f r om n o r th t os ou th , a nd s omewha t mo r eg en t ly d ownwa rd f r om e a s tt ow e s t .T he a s hi sg ene ra l ly o f ap ecu l ia rb l ue -g r ey c o lo r , a nd v e ry g r i t ty d ue t ot h e p r e s e nce o fn ume rou st i ny g l a s sg l obu le s . T he c l ay t e nd st ob eo f a no ve r -f i r ed g r een i sh c o lo r ,b u td if e ren tl a ye r si n c lude m o r e r e do ry e l low l ump s . C hem ica la na ly se so fs ome o ft h el a rg e r p i ece so ft h i sm a t e r ia li n d ica te sa na bno rma l ly h i gh c oncen t r a t i on o fc oppe ra nd z i nc ,a nd i tm ay b et h a tt h e se a r eb yp roduc t s o f c oppe r s me l t ing .The r e la t ive ly l ow l e ve l s o f i r on o x id e f ound i nt h e se s amp le s mak e c l ea rt h a tt h i s c anno tb e as l ag h eap ; r a the r w e a ppea r t ob e d ea l ing w i th h i gh ly f i r ed c l ay , s ome o fw h ich w a s i mp r egna t ed w i th c oppe ra nd z i n c ,w h ich h ad b e en b roken u pa nd d i sca rd ed t o ge the rw i th t h ea s h . S ev e r a l t i ny d r op le t s o fm e ta l w e r e f ound i n af l o ta t ion s amp le t a ken f r om t h i sa s h . W i th in t h e p a r to ft h i s a shy m a te r ia lt h a th a s b een e xcava t ed t h e r ew e r et wo b ur n ed c l ay f e a tu r e so fu nce r ta in s i gn if i cance . T hey w e r ef ound a tt h ev e ry e nd o ft h e 1 984 s e a son a nd n eve r f u l ly e xpo sed o r s t ud ied . T he mo s t c omp le t e ly i n ve s t iga t ed w a sr o ugh ly r e c tangu la r , w i th af l a tu ppe rs u r f a ce m ea su r ing a pp rox ima t e ly f o r ty b y s i x ty c en t ime te r s a nd t h e c l ay b e low f i r ed t o ad ep th o ff i ve t ot e n c en t ime t e r s . T he s u r f a ce o ft h e s e cond f e a tu re w a so n ly j u s te me rg ing a tt h ec l o se o fe xcava -

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t i on s .B o th i n s ta l la t ion sa ppea rt ob es o l id c l ay p l a tf o rm su pon w h ich af i r e w a s b u i l t , a nd , g i ven t h e n a tu re o ft h e d eb r i s a r ound t h em ,o u ra s sump t ion i st h a tt h i sh ad s ome th ing t od o w i th m e ta l lu rgy .T he s p ec if i ct y pe a c t iv i ty i n vo lved h e r ei so f s ome i n t e re s t , b u t f u r the r e xcava t ion w ou ld b e n ece s sa ry t o c l a r if yw ha ti tw a s .T he c e r am ic so ft h i sp ha se c l ea r ly d a t ei tt o I r on I ,ap er iod i nw h ich t h eb a s ic m e ta lt e chno logy o ft h er e g i on w a sp r e sumab ly i nt h ep roce s so fs h if t ing f r om b r onz et o i r on , a nd a ny i n f o rma t ion o n m e ta l lu rg ica l p r ac t ice s i sv a lu a b le f o rt e s t ing v a r iou s t h eo r ie s a bou tt h e c au se s a nd c on se q u ence so ft h et r an s i t ion .T he h i gh ly d i s t inc t ive a s hy m a t e r ia l a ppea r s t ob e w ide ly s p r ead t h rough t h e e xcava t ed a r ea a nd c an s e rv ea s am a rk ing l i n et or e -o r ien ts t ra t igaphy s hou ld e x c ava t ion sb er e sumed h e r e . T he o r gan ic m a t e r ia l s r e cove r ed b y f l o ta t ion o ft h e a s h i n c l ud ed as ma l ln umbe ro fc ha r r ed s e ed s ,m o s t ly w hea ta nd b a r l e y . G iven t h e l ow l e ve lo fp ho spho rou si nt h es amp le s ,t h e se s e ed st h em se lve so f f e rn os uppo r tf o rt h et h e s i st h a td ung w a s o ne o ft h ef u e l su sed i nt h i sa c t iv i ty .T he o n ly o b jec to fi n te r e s t f o und i nt h i s p ha se w a s as ma l l ,p o l i shed g r een s tone c e l t , L T 8 4 -59 ( F ig . 9 0 /4 ) .

P ha se X IX P ha se X IX ( F ig . 3 5 )s aw t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f am a jo rb u i ld ing i nt h en o r ther nh a lf o fS qua re 5a nd aw a l lr unn ing n o r thea s t s ou thwe s tp a r tw ay a c ro s sS qua re 4 ,d ef in ing t h ew e s te dge o f al a rge ,d i sh shaped c ou r tya rd . T he b u i ld ing h ad as ub s tan t ia l s t one f o unda t ion t h a t w a s p l aced i mmed ia te ly o n t o p o ft h e

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a s hy l a ye r s o fP ha se XX a t ap o in tf r om w h ich t h ey d rop s ha rp ly d own a so ne m ove s t o t h e s ou th ( F ig 3 6 ) . I n t h e c en te r o f t h e s ou the rn w a l l o f t h i s b u i ld ing t h es t one f ounda t i on s t ep s f i f ty c en t ime t e r s d ownwa rd f o r a d i s tance o fa bou to ne m e t e r . T h i s a ppea r s t o h ave b een a d oo rway w h ich w a s b l ocked i nl a te r l e v e l s ; a ny s t ep s t h a t m igh t h ave p rov ided a cce s s f r om t h e l owe r c ou r tya rd i n to t h e b r oad r oom , L o c u s 2 4 , w e r e n o t p r e s e r ved . T h i s b u i ld ing l a s t ed f o ra c on s ide r ab le t ime , a l be i t i n av e ry e r oded s t a te . T he re a ppea rt oh ave b een F igu re 3 6 :S qua re 5 ,P ha se X IX ,f rom s ou th . s ome a t t emp t s a t r e pa i r ;

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F igu re 3 7 :S qua re s 4( l ef t )a nd 5( r igh t ) , P ha se XV I I I N o r th a tt o p . i t s mud -b r i ck w a l l sa r ep r e se rved t oo ve r am e t e ri nh e igh ta nd mu s th av eb een af e a tu r eo ft h el a nd scape u n t i lP ha se X IV .I t s p o s i t ion o nt h eh igh g round i nS qua r e 5i n c r ea sed t h ee l eva t ion d if e r en ce si nt h i sa r ea ,c r ea t ing as l ope s os t eep t h a ti tw a sn o t u n t i lP ha se V , w hen e r o s ion h ad f i l led i nt h e d ep r e s s ion ,t h a t a ny o t h e rm a jo rc on s t ruc t ion w a sa ga in a t temp ted h e r e . T he c e ram ic s f r om P ha se X IX s ugge s t at r an s i t iona l I r on I I r on I d a t e . A l though t h e c ook ing w a r e sw e r e s t i l lp r edom i n an t ly s h e l l tempe r ed —a h a l lma rk o f I r on Ip o t te ry —and t h e re w a sm uch t yp ica lI r on Im onoch rome p a in ted d eco ra t ion , t h e r e w e re a l so a f ew b i ch rome a nd r e d s l ipped b u rn i shed s he rd s ,w h ich a r e g ene ra l ly r e ga rd ed a sc ha ra c te r i s t ic o fI r on I . T h e s o le s ma l l f ind f r om t h i s p ha se w a s aw e l l -p r e se r ved i r on p r o jec t i le p o in t ,L T8 4 -43 ( F ig .9 7 /4 ) .

P ha se XV II I I nP ha se XV I I I( F ig .3 8 )t h es t ru c tu r e sf o unded i nP ha se X IX w e re r e vamped a nd an ew b u i ld ing w a s c on s t ruc ted i nt h e s ou thwe s t er n c o rne r o f S qua r e 4 . Mo s t o ft h e w a l l s o ft h e b u i ld ing i nS qua r e 5w e r er e inf o r ced a nd t h ickened w i th m ud b r ick sp l a ced o ns t one sw h ich e xh ib i ted s t r e s sf r a c tu re sa s ar e s u l to fb u rn ing .A sn o ted a bove ,t h er e ce s sed a r ea i nt h eo r ig i n a l f o unda t ion w a s n ow f i l led i n . S i nce t h e f l oo r s o fP ha se XV I I Id on o ts how s i gn if i can tt r a ce so fb ur n ing ,a nd s i nce n o a sh w a s a s soc ia ted w i th t h e f o unda t ion s , o ne mu s t c onc lud e t h a tt h e s t one s h ad b een b ur n ed p r io rt ob e ing u sed f o rc on 3 9

s t ruc t ion .W i th in t h er e con s t r uc ted b u i ld ing w e r ef r agmen t so f b o th i r on ( LT84 -62 , F ig . 9 7 / 3 ) a nd c oppe r /b ronz e ( LT84 -69 , F ig .9 5 / 1) o b jec t s . I nS qua re 4 , as ma l lr oom ,L ocu s2 7 ,w a sa dded t ot h ei n s id eo f t h e c ou r tya rd o ccupy ing t h es ou ther np a r to fS qua re 5 ,a nd a s ma l la r ea p aved w i th c obb le s tone sw a sf ound a c ro s st h ew a l l t ot h en or thwe s to fi t( F ig .3 7 ) .T he r ew a sa l so al i nea rs c a t t e r i n g o fs t one s b e tween t h e e nd o ft h e c ou r tya rd w a l l a nd t h e b au lk b e tween t h e t wo s qua r e s , h i n t ing t h a t t h e r e m ay h ave b een a no the r , s l igh t ly l a rge re n c lo su r et ot h es ou th . L ocu s2 7 y i e lded ak nob o f ak oh l b ox , L T 8 4 -57 , t h e r oug h ly s qua r e f a ce o fw h ich w a sd i v ided i n to aw aff l ep a t t er no ft we lve r e c t a ng le sb y ad eep g r id o ft a pe r ing i n c i s ion s( F ig . 8 7 /2 ) . A l though m uch o ft h en o r thwe s ter np o r t ion o fS qua r e 4w a s n o t e xcava ted t ot h e l e ve l o ft h is p ha se , i ta ppea r s t oh ave f o rmed as e cond c ou r tya rd . S ou th o ft h i sw a s an ew b u i ld ing , o fw h ich o n ly o ne r oom ( Locu s 2 8 ) , d om ina t ed b y as i zab le t a nou r , l a yw i th in t h es qua r e . T he c e ram ic s f r om t h i s p ha se c on t inued t ob e m ixed . A s i n P ha se X IX ,t h ey i n c lud ed w ha ta r es uppo sed t ob et y p ica lI r on It y pe s , n am e ly s h e l l t empe r ed c ookwa r e s a nd monoch rome v e s se l sw i th s h ape s a nd d e s ign sr em in i scen to fL a te H e l lad ic IC v e s se l s ,t o g e the rw i th s t anda rd I r on I t y pe s : r e d s l ipped b ur n i shed w a r eb ow l s ,r e d -and -b la ck b i ch rome d e s ign s .

T he I ron Age S e t t lemen ta t' AM D ara P ha se XV I I P ha se XV I I( F ig .3 9 )r e p r e sen t sl i t t le mo r et h an ac on t inua t ion o fP ha se XV I I I .T he b u i ld ing i nS qua r e 5w a sa ga in s ho r ed u p , b u tt h eb i t sa nd p i ece so fn ew w a l l ing s ugge s t mo re t h es t ab i l i z ing o f ad e te r io r a t ing s t ruc tu r et h an m a jo rr e nova t ion .O ccu p a t ion o ft h e n ewe rc on s t ruc t ion i nS qua r e 4a l so c on t inued . L ocu s2 7i nS qua r e 4w a sa ppa r en t ly d e s t royed b yf i r ei nt h a t t h e r oom s howed s i gn if ican t s i gn s o fb u rn ing a nd b r ick c o l l a p se ( F ig .4 0 ) . D e sp i t e t h e a r ch i te c tu ra l c on t inu i ty f r om P ha se s XV I I I t o XV I I ,t h ea r t if ac t ua li n ven to ry o ft h el a t te rp ha se i sp e r cep t ib ly d i f f e r en t . P ha se XV I I c on ta in s t h e e a r l ie s t m an if e s ta t ion o f r e la t ive ly p u r e e a r ly I r on I c e r am ic s a nd o b jec t s . A l though s h e l l t empe r ed c oo l cwa r e s a nd I r on Ip a in ted c e ram ic s c on t i nue i ns ma l lq uan t i t ie s ,t h ep o t te ry i sn ow d om ina t ed b yg r i t t empe r ed c oo l cwa r e s ,r e d s l ipped b u rn i shed w a r e sa nd m ono c h rome a nd b i ch rome I r on I s h e rd s ,i n c lud ing t h ee a r l ie s te x a mp le s o f ar a r e , q u i te c omp lex f o rm o fb i ch rome d eco ra t ion ( F ig . 8 1 /8 11) . P ha se XV I I i st h e e a r l ie s t o f o u r p ha se s i n w h ich C yp ro -geome t r ic w a r e sw e r ef o und ,a nd t h i sw ou ld s ug g e s t t h a t i td a te s n o e a r l ie r t h an 1 0 50 B .C . ' I n a dd i t ion , a

F igu re 3 8 :S qua re 4 ,P ha se XV I I I I ,f r om n o r th .

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1 . ' A in D a ra h a sn o t ,a sy e t ,p roduced a ny e v idence o fi mmed ia t ei mpo r tance i nt h ev a r iou sd eba te so ve rt h ea b so lu t ec h rono logy o fc e ram ic c hange s i nt h eL evan ta nd C ypru s .A s ac onven t ion ,t h ey ea rd a t es w eu s ed f o l low t h ea s se s smen t so fB i rm ingham ( 1 963 ) ,w h ich a c cep tt h e S wed ish C yp ru sE xped i t ion 's s uppo s i t ion t h a tt h eC yp ro -geome t r ic P e r iod b egan a r ound 1 050 B .C .( p .3 9 ) ,b u tp u sh b a ck t h ef i r s ta ppea rance o fr e do nb l ack w a re sf r om 8 50 t o1 000 ( p p . 3 8 -39 ) . H e rc onc lu s ion so nr e la t ive c h rono logy a cco rd w e l l w i th t h ef i nd ing sa t' A in D a ra .

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E xcava t ion si nt he N or thea s t Quadran t n umbe ro fc a t ego r ie so fd ome s t ic o b jec t sw h ich d om ina t et h e i n ven to ry i nt h el a te rl e ve l sa r er e p r e sen t ed f o rt h ef i r s tt i me i n t h i sp ha se . T he se i n c lud eb one s pa tu la s( LT84 -65 ,F i g . 8 9 / 1) , s p ind le w ho r l sm ad eo fb r oken s h e rd sa nd s o l id c l ay c y l ind e r s w i th r ound ed e nd s .2

P ha se XV I T he b u i ld ing r e p r e sen t ed b yL ocu s2 4i nt h en o r th o fS qua r e5 mu s th ave b een i nr u in sb yP ha se XV I ( F ig .4 1) . A tt h i s l e ve l t h e r ema in ing m ud -b r ick i sb ad ly w ea the r ed , a nd t h e a r ea t o t h e s ou th i sn o m o r e t h an ad eep d ep r e s s ion f i l led w i th e r o s i ona ld eb r i s .T he s o i lt h e r ef r ac tu r e si ns u ch aw ay a st oi n d i c a t et h a ti th ad b een d epo s i ted i ns t and ing w a te r . I nS qua r e4 , L ocu s 2 7 h ad c o l lap sed a nd s ome t ime p a s sed b ef o r e r e con s t ru c t ion ,s oo n ly t h eL ocu s2 8b u i ld ing s how ss i gn so fa c t ive o ccupa t ion . T h e r e , as ubd iv id ing w a l lw a sb u i l t , c r ea t ing t wo s ma l lr o om s ,b u ts ol i t t le r ema in si nt h ea r ea e xcava t ed t h a tt h e u s e st ow h ich t h e se w e r ep u tc anno tb ed e t e rm ined . T h e l a rge e xpan se i nt h en o r thwe s to fS qua r e4 ,a s sumed t oh ave b een a c ou r tya rd ,w a sf i l led w i th a s hy m a t e r ia l s , a mong w h ich w e r e f ound s e ed so fc e r ea l s ,g r ape s ,a nd w eed s . T he c e ram ic s a nd a r t if ac t s d i f f e r l i t t le f r om t h o se o fP ha se XV I I , e xcep t t h a t g l a s s ( LT84 -60 , F ig . 9 4 /2 ) a nd f i t ( LT84 -52 , F i g . 9 4 / 1) b ead s , a nd s t on e ( LT84 -58 , F i g . 9 1 /2 ) a nd c l ay ( LT84 -55 ,F ig . 9 1 / 1) c on ica ls p ind le w ho r l sa r en ow a dded t ot h e i n ven to ry . S he rd s a nd s ma l lfmd s ,w h ich i n c lude w o rk ed p i ece so fi r on a nd c oppe r ,a r ep l en t if u li nt h ec ou r tya rd a r ea s , a so n ew ou ld e xpec ti ft h ey w e r e u sed i np a r tf o rt r a sh d i spo sa l . Among t h e c e r am ic s a r e t h e o dd C yp ro -geome t r ic p i ece s a nd s t anda rd I r on I w a r e s , w h i le t h o se t y p e sm o r ed i r e c t ly a s soc ia t ed w i th I r on Il e ve l sa r en ow q u i t er a r e .

P ha se s XV a nd X IV P ha se XV ( F ig . 4 2 ) s aw t h er e con s t ru c t ion o ft h ea r ea s i nt h e e a s to fS qua r e 4a nd t h ea ppea rance o f an ew w a l li nt h es ou th e a s tc o rne r . Mo s to fS qua r e 5w a s s t i l l ad eep d ep r e s s ion ;t h e n ew w a l lb u i l to ni t ss l ope h a sa ne l eva t ion d i f f e r ence o fo v e ra m e t e rb e tween i t sn o r th a nd s ou th e nd s a nd w a sn o tp a r to fa l i v ing s t ru c tu r e( S ee F ig . 6 7 f o ra n i n d ica t ion o ft h es l ope ) . I t s e em s m o s tp r obab le t h a t a tt h i s t ime t h e a r ea w a s p r edom i n a te ly o pen a nd u sed f o rt r a sh d i spo sa la nd /o rk eep ing d ome s t i ca n ima l s .T h i sw ou ld a c coun tf o rt h el a rge n umbe ro fs h e rd s , a sw e l la so t he ro b jec t s , mo s t ly f r agmen t so fc oppe ra nd i r on . I nS qua r e4 , al a rge n umbe ro fj o in ing s h e rd sf r om t wo C yp ro g eome t r ic b a r r e lj a r s ( F ig . 8 0 ) w e r e s c a t te red o ve r ab r oad a r ea .T he i rt h ick w h i t es l ip p o in t st o aC yp ro -geome t r ic Id a te .3 A l though m o s t e v id ence s uppo r t s t h e i n t e rp r e ta t ion t h a t t h i s a r ea w a so pen s p ace ,t h ep r e sence o f at a nou ra nd ac omp le t e b on es p a t u la ,L T8 4 -23 ( F ig . 8 9 /4 ) ,s t uck i n to ac h ink b e tween

t h eb r ick so f aw a l l ,s ugge s ti tw a sn o td evo id o fo ccupa t iona l a c t iv i ty i nP ha se X IV ( F ig .4 3 ) .

P ha se X I I I P ha se X I I I ( F ig . 4 4 ) a ppea r s t o r e p r e sen t ab r ief p er iod o f a bandonmen to rd e s t ruc t ion . T he re a r en os ub s tan t ia lw a l l st o b e s e en , n o r w e r e a ny o t he r f e a tu r r e s c r ea t ed i nt h i s p e r iod . H oweve r , c on t inu i ty i nb o th m a te r ia l c u l tu r e a nd , i nm any c a se s ,a r ch i tec tu ra lp l an f r om P ha se sX IV t oX I Is ugg e s t st h a t t h i sa bandonmen td i dn o tl a s tl o ng ,a nd w i th s os ma l la ne xpo s u r ei ti su nce r ta in h ow e x t en s ive i tw a s .I ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h i s p ha se r e p re sen t s n o mo r e t h an t h e c l ea r ing o ft h i s p a r t icu la r p o r t ion o ft h es i te f o rr e bu i ld ing ,a l though mo r et h an o ne s t ruc t u r ew a s i n vo lved .

P ha se sX I Ia nd X I I nt h e se t wo p ha se s( F ig s .4 6 ,4 7 )t h ea r ea w a sr e bu i l t— in t h e s ou ther n p o r t ion o fS qua r e 4a l ong a lmo s tt h e s ame l i ne s a s b ef o re ,b u te l sewhe r e d if e ren t ly . A ga in t h ed om inan tf e a tu r e o fb o th s qua r e ss e em st oh ave b een ac ou r tya rd ,b u tt h i st i me a r o om o ra l cove ( Squa r e4 ,L oc i2 5 , 1 8 , 2 2 )w a s l o ca t ed o n i t s w e s ter n s i d e . T he n o r ther n p o r t ion o ft h i s r o om ( Locu s 1 8 ) , w h ich mu s th ave b een u sed f o rc ook ing i nv i ew o fi t st wo t a n o u r s ( b r ead o ven s ) , a ppea r s a lway s t oh av e b een c l o sed o f f r om t h ec ou r tya rd ,b u ti nP ha se X I It h es ou ther np o r t ion w a s n o t ;i tw a sn o tu n t i lP ha se X It h a t an ew w a l lw a sb u i l tr e s t r ic t i n g a cce s s , a n a c t ion p e rhap s a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e r o o f ing o f t h i sa r ea . As e cond r oom ( Locu s 1 6 )i nt h es ou thea s tc o rne ro fS qua r e4 a ppea r st oh ave b een u s ed f o rs t o rage .I nt h ec en t e ro ft h a tp a r t o fi tw h ich l a yi no u rt r ench w a s ad eep p i ta pp rox ima t e ly o ne m e t e ri nd i ame te r .T he r oom ,a sw e l la st h eo t h e rr o om si nt h e s ou th o ft h e s qua r e , h ad as e r ie s o fw e l l la id p l a s t e r f l oo r s , v a ry ing i nc o lo rf r om y e l low ,t os a lmon ,t ow h i t e .T he se f l oor s c ou ld b eo b se r ved g o ing o ve rt h el i po ft h ep i ta nd c ou ld a ga in b e p i cked u p a tv a r iou s l e ve l s i n s ide i t .Af l o ta t ion s amp le t a ken f r om a na shy l a ye rb enea th o ne o ft h e f l oo r sw i th in t h e p i ty i e lded al i t t le w hea t , mo r eb a r ley ,c h ickpea s ,p u l se sa nd a l a rge n umbe r o fg r ape p i p s . T he c omb ina t ion o ft h e c a r ef u l p l a s t e r ing o ft h ep i t , l a ck o fs h e rd sa nd a n ima lb on e sf r om i t s f i l l , a nd p r e sence o fs e ed s o fp l an t s d e s igned f o rh uman c on s ump t ion i n d ica te t h a t t h i s p i t w a s u sed f o r s t o rag e . Ac om p l e t eb one p i nf ound a tt h eb a se o ft h ep i t ,L T8 4 15 ( F ig . 8 9 / 9 ) ,w a st h eo n ly s ma l lf ind a s soc ia t ed w i th i t . V e ry d i f f e r en t f r om t h e p i t i nL ocu s 1 6 i so ne f o und i nt h e n o r ther np o r t ion o fS qua r e 4i nP ha se X I .T h i sp i t— loca ted i n t h e c ou r tya rd , n o t ar oom —had u neven s i de s a nd w a s f i l led w i th s h e rd s ,a n ima lb one s ,a nd b rok en o b jec t ss u ch a st h et o p

2 . F o rt h e 1 983 s e a son ,w er e co rded t h e se o b jec t si n d iv idua l ly a ss ma l l f ind s . I nt h e 1 984 s e a son ,t a k ing n o te o fh ow c ommon t h ey w e r e ,w e s imp ly a dded t h em t os h e rd t y po logy a nd t h e ref o re d i dn o tl i s tt h em i nt h eo b jec tc a ta log .T he t o ta ln umbe rf ound b yp ha se i sg i ven o np .7 6 , b e low . 3 . P e r sona l c ommun ica t ion , P e rA l in .

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F igu re 4 4 :S qua re s 4( l ef t )a nd 5( r igh t ) , P ha se X I I I .N o r th a tt o p . h a lf o f as c a r ab ( LT 8 4 13 , F ig . 8 4 )a nd p a r to f a ni r on p i n( LT 8 4 -9 ,F ig .9 7 / 1) . Af l o ta t ion s am p l et a ken h e r e y i e lded much l e s s i nt h e w ay o f s e ed r ema in st h an w e r ef ound i nt h ep i ti nl o cu s 1 6 ,a nd i n c lud ed t h o se o fw eed sa sw e l la sc r op s . T he r e s e em s n o d oub t t h a t t h i s p i t s e r ved f o r t r a sh d i spo sa l . S qua r e 5r ema ined t o os t eep ly s l oped t ob e al i v i n ga r ea ,b u tt h e r em ay h ave b een a na t temp ta t t e r ra c ing . T h e s c a t te r o f r o ck s s hown i n t h e p l an sf o rP ha se sX I Ia nd X Ic ou ld w e l lr e p r e sen t aw a shed o u tr e ta in ing w a l l( F ig .4 5 ) . T he a b sence o fd oo r s p r e se rved i nt h e e xcava t i on a r ea i sa n i mped imen tt ot h e i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h e a r ch i t ec tu r e o fP ha se s X I I a nd X I . A l t h ough t h ec ook ing a r ea a nd c ou r tya rd i nS qua r e 4w e re c l ea r ly p a r to ft h es ame c omp lex ,i ti si m p o s s ib le t ot e l l f r om t h e r ema in s w he the r t h e r a ng e o fr oom st ot h e s ou th r e p re sen tt h e n o r th w ing o f as e pa ra te s t r uc tu r eo rt h es ou th w ing o f t h e b u i ld ing o ft h e r e s t o fS qua re 4 .I ti sc l ea r , h oweve r , t h a tt h e se s ou the rn r oom s d i d b e long t ot h es ame h ou se .A l lt h ree e xh ib i tt h es ame s e r i e s o ff l oo r s o fv a ry ing c o lo r s a s soc ia ted w i th F igu re 4 5 :S qua re 5 ,P ha se X I I ,f rom e a s t . P ha se X I I ,a nd t wo o ft h et h r ee w e r ep aved w i th s t one si nP ha se X I .

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T he I ron Age S e t t lemen ta t ' AM Dara A s n o ted a bove , t h e c e ram ic i n ven to ry i sl a rg e ly u nchanged f r om t h a t w h ich p r eced ed t h e b r ief h i a tu s i ns e t t lemen t , a l t h ough s ome n ew d eco r a t ive t y pe s i nb o th i mpo r t s a nd l o ca l s t y le s m ake t h e i r f i r s t a ppea rance . Wh i le b l ack -on -wh i te C yp ro -geome t r ic s h e rd s c on t inued t oa ppea r , t h ey w e re n ow j o ined b y b l ack -on red j ug le t s , mo r e c ha r ac te r i s t ic o fC yp ro g eome t r ic I o rI It h an C yp ro -g eome t r ic I .I nl o ca lw a r e s ,t h e m a in i n nova t ion w a st h ei n t roduc t ion o f ab i ch rome d eco ra t ion i nw h ich af i ne rb ru sh w a su s ed f o rt h eb l a ck d eco r a t ion t h an p r ev iou s ly a nd w h ich i n c lud ed b o th v e r t ica l a nd h o r izon ta l l i ne s( F ig . 8 1 /2 ,3 ) . I ti sa l so i nt h i sp ha se t h a tw ef i r s td i scov e r ed l amp f r agmen t s o ft h e s t anda rd L evan t ine t y pe i nt h e a r ea — the i ra b sence e a r l ie ri sp ecu l ia ra nd p r e sumab ly f o r tu i t o u s . S ome o ft h ec ookwa r e si nt h e se p ha se s e xh ib i ted b and s o fa pp l ied d eco ra t ion , af e a tu r ew h ich s e em st oh ave b een r e la t i ve ly s ho r t l iv ed ( F ig . 7 4 /7 ,8 ) .

P hase X

t h e h ea r th l o ca t ed a ga in s t t h e s ou th w a l l . F lo ta t ion s amp le s f r om t h ea s hy d epo s i t sb e s ide t h i sh ea r th e xh ib i tt h em ix tu re o f s e ed s a nd w eed s c ha ra c t e r i s t ic o ft h eb u rn ing o fd ung c ake s , p lu s af ew g r ape p i p s .E x t end ing t ot h ee a s tf r om t h en o r th w a l l o ft h i sr oom w a s e v idence o fy e ta no the ra t temp ta tt e r rac ing t h es l ope i nS qua r e5 . S qua r e 5w a ss t i l lp r ima r i ly as l op ing ,e r od ing c ou r tya rd w i th t r a sh d epo s i t s .T he b i t so fa r ch i tec tu r ef o und t h e r ei nP ha se X d o n o t l e nd t h em se lve s t oi n te rp re ta t ion . Mo s t o ft h e o b jec t s f r om t h i sp ha se w e r e f o und i nt h e d eb r i s i nS qua r e 5 ,a nd i n c l ud e c oppe r /b ronz e ( LT 8 4 12 , F ig .9 5 /7 a nd L T8 4 -40 , F ig . 9 5 /6 )a nd i r on f r agmen t s( LT 8 4 -29 ,F i g .9 7 /2 )a sw e l la sg l a s s b ead s ( LT 8 4 19 , F ig . 9 4 / 11 ; LT 8 4 -33 , F ig . 9 4 / 10 ; a nd L T 8 4 -34 , F ig . 9 4 /9 ) . T he l i v ing a r ea s i nt h e s ou ther n h a lf o f S qua r e 4w e re a ppa r en t ly s wep t o u t o n ar egu la r b a s i s a nd t h e r ef o re y i e lded l i t t le i nt h ew ay o fa r t if a c t so ra n ima lb one s .

P hase I X

I nP ha se X ( F ig .4 8 ) , al o ng a nd n a r row l i v ing s p a ce ,L ocu s 1 9 , d om ina ted S qua r e 4 .I tw a s s l igh t ly mo r e t h an t h r ee m e te r s w ide a nd o ve re i gh tm e te r si nl e ng th . T he w e s t e rn s i de o ft h i s r o om w a sb u i l to ve rt h et a nou r so fL ocu s 1 8 ,P ha se X I ,a nd t h e b a se so fi t sw a l l sw e r eh i ghe ri nt h i sa r ea .I nt h ee a s ti to ve r lay p a r to ft h en o r the rn c ou r tya rd .A tt h i se nd w a s ad oo rway w i th as t one t h r e sho ld ,j u s ti n s id eo fw h ich t h e r ew a s as ma l lp a tch o fp ebb le p avemen t ( F ig . 4 9 ) . T he f l oo r s i nt h e r e s t o ft h e h ou se w e re f o und t ob ep l a s te r ed a nd q u i te c l ean , e xcep tn ea r

T h i s p ha se ( F ig . 5 0 ) i s ac on t inua t ion o fP ha se X w i th r e la t i ve ly m ino rc hange s . T he l a te r f l oo r s i nt h e l i v ing r o om i n S qua r e4 ,L o cu s 1 9 ,a r ea s soc ia ted w i th ab l ock ing o ft h ed oo r w ay i nt h e e a s t( p e rhap sd ue t o ac hang ei nt h eo r ien ta t ion o f t h e h ou se ) , t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f ab i n i nt h e n o r thea s t c or n e r , a nd t h ea dd i t ion o f as ma l lp l a s te red b ench o rp od ium a ga in s t t h en o r th w a l lo nt h ew e s ts i de o ft h et r ench . As e cond w a l lw a s c on s truc ted a l ong t h em a in n o r thwe s t sou thea s tw a l l .T h i sd i -

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E xcava t ion si nt he N or thea s t Quadran t v i s ion c anno tb et r a ced i n to S qua r e5 ,w h ich i n t h i s p ha se i sa lmo s t f e a tu r e le s sa pa r tf r om a n i n sub s t an t ia ll i ne o fs t one sa nd s ome t r a ce so f w a l l si nt h en o r thea s tc o rne r .I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t ac hange i ne n t rance o ft h e s ou ther ns t ruc tu r e l ef tS qua re 5a s as i ng le o pen s pa ce .C e r am ic s , a n ima lb one sa nd o b jec t s f r om t h i sp ha se d i f f e rl i t t le f r om t h et wo p r ev iou s o ne s , i n d ica t i n g b a s ic c on t inu i ty i n s e t t lemen t a nd a c t iv i t ie s .

P ha se sV II Ia nd V I I I nP ha se s V I I I ( F ig . 5 1 )a nd V I I( F ig . 5 2 )t h e d oub le w a l l s e pa r a t ing S qua r e 4L o c i 1 9 a nd 1 7c on t inued i nu s e ,b u tt h el i v ing r oom —de s i g na t ed L ocu s 1 9 i n e a r l ie r l e v e l s —wa s n o l o ng e r . N ever the le s s , t h e s ou the rn p o r t ion o f t h e s qua r e w i th i t s c l ean c l ay f l oo r s d i f f e r ed ma rked ly f r om t h ea r ea t ot h en o r th w h ich w a s c ha ra c t e r iz ed b y a s hy t r a sh d epo s i t s . As t one r e inf o r cemen t a dded t ot h e s ou ther n f a ce o f t h en o r thwe s t sou thea s tw a l l i nP ha se V I I I o f S qua r e 4s ugge s t st h a tL o cu s 1 5w a sn ow e x p o sed t ot h e e l emen t s . A t t h e e a s t er n e nd o f t h i s f a c ing t h e s t one s f o rmed a s ma l l b ox w h ich c on ta ined f o u rs h e rd sp i e r ced f o ru se a s

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E xcava t ion si nt he N or thea s t Quadran t I nS qua re 5a l r ema in s a s soc ia ted w i th t h i s p ha se a r e q u i te p rob lema t i c . T he r ea r e d i s jo in t ed t r ace s o fa r ch i t e c tu r e , b u t t h e e v idence o t herw i se i n d ica te s t h a t t h i s a r ea c on t inued a sa no pen s l ope u sed p r ima r i ly f o rt r a sh d i spo sa l .C o r re la t ion sb e tween t h et wo s qua r e sa r ea l so d i ff i cu l ta tt h i sp o in t ;a lc on s t ruc t ion s e ems t ov an i sh i n t h eb au lk w h ich s e pa ra t e st h em . I ng ene ra l ,P ha se sV I I Ia nd V I Ir e p r e sen tt h eb eg inn ing o f ap e r iod o ft r an s i t ion b e tween e a r ly I r on I a nd l a te r . O b jec t s o f c ommon d ome s t ic u se s u ch a s s p ind le w ho r l sm ad eo fp i e r ced s h e rd sa nd c l ay c y l inde r sd i sap p ea r a f t e r P ha se V I I , a l though c on ica l s p ind le w ho r l s a nd b one s p a tu la sc on t inue .A pa r tf r om as i ng le s he rd i n p ha se V I , b l a ck -on -wh i t e C yp ro -g eome t r ic s h e rd s a r e n o mo r ea nd t h eC yp r io tt r ad i t ion i sr e p r e sen ted h ence f o r th b y b l a ck -on r ed j ug le t s , w h ich w ou ld s ugge s t a d a te o fa r ound 9 00 B .C .O therw i se ,t h ec e ram ic i n ven t o ry c on t inued w i th o n ly m ino rc hange s .

F igu re 5 3 :S qua re 4 ,t a nou r si nL ocu s 1 8 , P ha se V I I .

s p ind le w ho r l s . T he r e s t o fL ocu s 1 5 y i e lded amo re f i ne ly c r af t ed s t one s p ind le w ho r l ( LT83 -4 1 , F ig . 9 1 /7 ) , b aked c l ay c y l ind e r s( LT 8 3 -29 ;L T83 -32 ,F ig .9 2 / 13 )a nd ap i e ce o fb one i n lay ( LT8 3 -37 ,F ig .8 /8 ) ,a mong o t he ro b jec t s .T he o n ly w e l l p r e ser ved r o om w a s L ocu s 1 8 , w h ich c on ta ined t wo t a nou r s s ugge s t ing t h a t i tw a s ak i tchen i nP ha se V I I i fn o t a l so i n P ha se V I I I .T he se c on s i s ted o fc r ud ep i ece so fw ha tw e r eo nce c l ay d ome sw h ich h ad b een f i r ed i np l a ce ,a nd i ta ppea r st h a t t h ep a i rr e p r e sen t st h er e p la cemen to fo ne t a nou rb ya no the r .

P ha se V I Ap a i ro fl a rg e ,r e d s l ipped b u rn i shed t u b sa r et ob ea s s igned t o t h i sp ha se F ig .5 4 ) : o ne f o und i n ta c t( LT83 -21 ,F ig .6 8 )i nt h e n o r th p o r t ion o fS qua r e5 ,a nd p i ece so ft h es e cond v e s se lf r om t h es ou the rn p o r t ion o fS qua r e5 .U nf o r tuna te ly , t h e r e i sl i t t le i nt h ew ay o fa r ch i tec tu r a lc on tex tw h ich m igh th e lp i nt h eu n -

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T he I ron A ge S e t t lemen ta t' A in D ara d e r s tand ing o ft h e f u nc t ion o ft h e se t u b s , s i nce t h e f ew w a l l s t h a tw e r ef o und w e r eb ad ly p r e se rved .I ti sl i ke ly t h a tt h es t eep s l ope t h a tc ha rac t e r iz ed t h eS qua r e 5d epo s i t sm ay h ave a i d ed i nt h ee r o s ion o fw ha t eve rs t r uc tu r e sw e r el o ca ted i nt h i sa r ea . O ne t h ing w h ich i sc l ea rf r om t h eP ha se V Ir ema in si st h a tt h e p y ro t echn ic a c t iv i ty l a s to b se rved i nP ha se XX i sa ga in i ne v i d ence . Two p i t si nS qua r e5 ,o ne i nt h en o r thea s tc o rne ra nd t h e o t he rs ou th o fi to nt h ee a s tb au lk ,w e r ef i l led w i th t h ec omb i n a t ion o fb l ue -g r ey a s hy ma te r ia la nd b u rned c l ay w h ich c ov e r ed t h e a r ea i n t h e e a r l ie s t l e ve l s w e r e a ched . C hem ica l a na ly s i so ft h ea s h f r om t h e mo r en o r the r ly p i ts howed t h a ti t w a sg ene ra l ly s im i la r w ha tw a sf ound i nP ha se XX ,b u tc on t a ined m o r e c oppe r ( s ee A pp end ix ) . T h i s d i sc r epancy n o t w i th s tand ing ,t h es im i la r i ty o ft h ed epo s i t s i nP ha se s XX a nd V I a nd t h ep r e sence o fo cca s iona lf r agmen t si nt h ei n t er ven i n gl e ve l s ,s ugge s te i the rt h a tt h ea c t iv i ty c on t inued i nt h i sg en e r a l p a r t o ft h e c i ty f o r ac on s ide rab le p e r iod o ft i me o rt h a t e a r l ie r m a te r ia l w a s b e ing d ug u p a nd r e d epo s i ted i nl a te r p ha se s . T he o b jec t sr e cove r ed f r om P ha se V Iw e r ef a i r ly mundane ,b u t i n c lud ed t h ree mo r e b one s pa tu la s , ( LT83 -25 , F i g . 8 9 / 14 ; L T84 -2 ,F i g .8 9 / 11 ;a nd L T84 -22 ,F ig .8 9 / 13 ) af u r the ri n d ica t i on o fc on t inu i ty .

P ha se V P ha se V ( F ig . 5) r e p re sen t st h el a s to ft h em a jo rc on s t r uc t ion p ha se sp r e se rved . A tt h i st ime t h eh eavy s t one f ounda t ion so f t h e c ou r tya rd ( Locu s 1 4 ) wh ich w a s t o d om ina te S qua r e 5 t h rough P ha se I I w e r e b u i l t . I n S qua r e 4i ta ppea r s t h a t t h e c on s t ruc t ion o ft h ec ou r tb o th i n te r rup t ed a nd a bu t t ed p r e ex i s t i n g a r ch i tec tu r e , b u t n o c l ea r ly c omp r ehen s ib le p l an c an b e m ade o u t . T he o n ly o b jec t o fn o t e w a s af r agmen t o f ac l ay h o r se -and r ide rf i gu r ine ( LT83 -23 ,F i g . 8 6 /4 ) .

P ha se I V P ha se I V( F ig .5 6 )r e p r e sen t st h em a in o ccupa t ion l e ve lo ft h e l a rg e c ou r tya rd i nS qua r e 5( Locu s 1 4 )a nd t h ea s soc ia t ed a r c h i tec tu r e t ot h e n o r th a nd w e s t . T h i s c ou r tya rd h ad af l oo r , n ow o n ly p a r t ia l ly p r e se rved , made u pf o rt h e mo s tp a r to fc ob b l e s , b u t i np l a ce s s upp lemen ted b y l a rg e s h e rd s f r om p i tho s j a r s ( F ig . 5 8 ) . I ts l oped g ene ra l ly d own f r om n o r thea s t t o s ou thwe s t ,b u tr o se u pwa rd a l ong a l lo ft h ew a l l so ni t sp e r ime t e r .T he s t eep s l ope u pon w h ich t h ec ou r tya rd w a sl a id o u tu n d oub ted ly c au sed w a t e rt op oo lu pa ga in s tt h en o r th f a ce o fi t s s ou ther n w a l l , n ece s s i ta t ing t h e s t one r e inf o r cemen t o ft h a t f a ce . T he l owe rp o r t ion so fp i tho sj a r sh ad b een s unk i n to t h e

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T he I ron Age S e t t lemen ta t' A in D ara t r a s t ,t h o se f r om L ocu s 6t e nded t ob ep l a in w a r e s ,w i th al a rge n umbe ro ff r agmen t so fp i tho sj a r s .

P ha se I I P ha se I ( F ig .5 7 )r e p r e sen t st h et e rm ina lo ccupa t ion l e ve lf o r t h ea r ch i t ec tu r a lc omp lex t h a tw a se s tab l i shed i nP ha se V ,s t i l l d om ina ted b y t h e l a rge c ou r tya rd i nS qua r e 5 ,L ocu s 6 .T he n o r th f a ce o ft h es ou th w a l lo ft h i sc ou r ts howed s i gn so fe r o s i on a nd p a t ch ing —a sw a s t h e c a se w i th t h e s t one r e inf o r ce m en ts e en i nP ha se I V . T h i sw a sp r e sumab ly a n i n d ica t ion o f c on t inued p r ob lem s w i th w a te r a c cumu la t ion r e su l t ing f r om t h e s l ope o ft h ef l oo ro ft h e c ou r t .T he m ud -b r ick s up e r s t ruc t u r eo ft h en o r th w a l lw a sl a rge ly d e st r oyed b yt h ep l ow z one . T he c e ram ic sf r om t h en o r the rn p o r t ion o fS qua r e 5c on t inued t od if e r s i gn if i can t ly f r om t h o se i nt h er e s t o ft h e e xcava ted a r ea ,b e ing m uch f i ne r ,i n c lud ing ah i ghe rp e rcen tag eo fd eco r a ted t y pe s ,a nd d om ina ted b yc a r ina t ed b ow l s .

F igu re 5 8 :S qua re 5 ,P ha se I V , L ocu s 1 4 ,f rom e a s t .

f l oo r— e sp ec ia l ly i ns ome o ft h eh i ghe ra r ea s —and i no ne c a se t h e e n t i re p r of i le o f av e s se l c ou ld b e r e con s t ruc ted ( s ee F ig . 7 5 ) . N ea rt h e e a s t er ns i d e o ft h e c ou r tw a s al a rge p i tw h ich c on ta ined m any s h e rd sa nd a n ima lb one s . T he a r ch i tec tu ra lr ema in st ot h en o r th o fL ocu s 1 4i nS qua r e5 a nd i nS qua r e 4s ugge s tt h a tt h ec ou r tw a st h ec en t ra lf e a tu r eo f as i zab le b u i ld ing .H oweve r ,f ew f e a tu r e so fn o te h ave b een r e c ove r ed f r om l o c i o t he rt h an t h e c ou r tya rd i t s e lf . T he e xcep t i on i sal a rge s t one d oo rs o cke tl o ca t ed i nL ocu s1 0o fS qua r e5 ( F ig .6 0 ) .A l though t h es o cke ti t s e lf i sa tt h es ame l e ve la st h e f l oo r si nt h i sa r ea ,i ts e em sp robab le t h a ti tb e long st ol a t e rc on s t ruc t ion w h ich h a s l o ng s i nce b een d e s t royed b y t h e p l ow z one .

I nS qua re 4 ,t h ew e s ter ne nd o ft h ec ou r tya rd ( Locu s7 )w a sn o t a sw e l ld ef ined a si nS qua r e5 .I n s t ead o f as i ng le w a l l ,a tl e a s t o ne s ma l lc hambe r ,L ocu s3 ,f a ced i n to i t .T he p o t t e ry f r om t h e mo re o pen p ar t s o f c ou r tya rd h ad b een d om ina t ed b y t h e s he rd so fl a rge s t o rage v e s se l ss im i la rt ot h o se f ound i ns i tu i n P ha se I V , b u t i nS qua re 4 L ocu s 3i tw a s c ha r a c te r iz ed b y c ook ing p o t s , r e d s l ipped b u rn i shed w a r e s a nd s ma l le rj a r s ,

T he p o t te ry a l so r ef lec t ed ad i v i s ion a l ong t h i sl i ne .L ike t h o s e i mmed ia te ly a bove i nP ha se I IL o cu s2 ,t h es h e rd sf r om L ocu s 1 0w e re g ene ra l ly v e ry f i ne ,d om ina t ed b yc a r ina ted b ow l sa nd c ha rac t e r iz ed b y ah i gh p e r cen tage o fd eco ra ted w a r e s .I nc on -

F igu re 6 0 :S qua re 5 . Ma s s ive s t one w a l la nd d oo rs ocke ti nP ha se I I .

F ig ru re 5 9 :S qua re 4 , o ve r lapp ing w a l l so fP ha se 1 V 1 1 1i n s ou thea s tc o rne ro ft r ench .

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b ow l sa nd p o t s .T he mo s tn o tab le o ft h eo b jec t sw e r et wo f r ag m en t s o f ak oh lt ube ( LT83 -27 , F ig . 8 8 /2 ) , f ound i nS qua r e 5 L ocu s6 .

P hase I P ha se I ( F ig .6 1) i sn o tw e l lu nde r s tood .T he c o rne ro f ab u i ld i ng , f ounded i nP ha se I I , s u rv ived i nt h e s ou thea s t c o rne ro f S qua r e 4( F ig . 5 9 ) ,b u ta pa r tf r om t h e se w a l ls mo s to ft h ea r ea w a sb ad ly c hewed u pb y moder nc u l t iva t ion .O ne p ecu l ia rf e a t u r ew a sa na mo rphou sc l ay f l oo rw h ich r a nb e tween S qua re s4 a nd 5 ,t h e ma tr ix o f wh ich w a sp acked w i th f l in t sd a t ing t ot h e s i x th m i l lenn ium B .C .4I ft h es ma l ln eo l i th ic mound mound t o t h e s ou th o fT e l l ' A in D ar n( F ig . 7 ,s e c to r s E ' . 1730 -35 ) w a s t h es ou r ce o ft h ec l ay f o rt h is f l oo r ,t h ep r esence o f ma ter ia l so f t h a t d a te h e r e wou ld b e e xp la ined . D is tu rbance c au sed b yr e c en tp low ing o ve rt h er e s to ft h ea r ea made t h ec on tex to f mo s t p o t te ry a nd o b jec t sa s s igned t ot h i sp ha se p rob lema t ic .

P hase I P ha se I( F ig . 6 3 ) i n c lude st ho se f e a tu r e st ha tc ou ld b e i d en t i f i ed w i th in t h ep low z one a nd ag roup o fp i t s wh ich o r ig ina te i n t h e z one a nd p ene t ra te t ot h e l e ve l s b enea th . T he se a r e o bv i o u s ly n o ta l lo ft h es ame d a te ,b u tf o rt h e mo s tp a r tw ea r eu n a b le t of u r the rs ubd iv ide t h ec h rono log ica ls equence . Ac obb le f l oo r a s soc ia ted w i th I r on I p o t te ry w a s d i scove r ed n ea rt h e

F igu re 6 2 :S qua re 5 ,P ha se I .C obb le f l oo ra nd h igh w a l l .

4 .W e w ou ld l i k et h ee xp r e s s o u rg r a t i tud et oD r . A nd r ew M oo r e o fY a le U n ive r s i ty w ho v e ry k i nd ly l o ok ed a tt h e ' A in D a r af l i n t sa n d s u gg e s t ed t h ei d en t if i ca t ion s . 5 3

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b o t tom o ft h ep l ow z one i nS qua r e 5( F ig .6 2 ) ,b u ti ti su nc lea r w he the r o rn o t t h i s w a s c u t b y n ea rby p i t s o r c on tempo ra ry w i th t h em . S ome o ft h ep i t sw e r eo fc on s ide rab le d ep th a nd a l c on ta ined I r on I p o t t e ry a nd o b jec t s ,a l though t h ey a ppea rt oh ave b een c r ea ted f o rd i f f e r en tr e a son s .S ome w e r ea ppa ren t ly r obbe rp i t s

m ad e t or e t r ieve t h e s t one s f r om e a r l ie rw a l l f oo t ing s . T he se c on ta ined ac e r ta in a moun t o fp o t te ry a nd a n ima l b one , b u t o t he r f i nd s w e r e n o tp a r t icu la r ly s t r ik ing . O nt h e o t he rh and , o ne p i ti nt h ec en te ro fS qua r e 4a nd o ne i n te r sec ted b yS qua r e 4 ' se a s tb au lk a ppea rt oh ave b een d e s igned f o rt r a sh d i spo sa l , a si n d ica t ed b yt h eh i gh p ropo r t ion o fa n ima lb one s ,p o ts h e rd s a nd o t he ro b jec t sw h ich t h ey c on ta ined . An ea t ly l a id c obb le f l oo rl i ned t h eb a se o ft h ef o rme r( F ig .6 4 ) ,w h ich w a st h er i ch e s to ft h ep i t si ns ma l lf ind s . T he p o t te ry f o und i nt h e se p i t s i n c lud ed m any v a r ie t ie s o f r e d s l ipped a nd b u rn i shed w a r e s , s t rap -hand led c ook ing p o t s w i th b eve led r im s , a nd o t he r p l a in -wa r e j a r s a nd b ow l s . S eve r a lp yx i sf r agmen t so ft h et y pe w h ich c ha ra c te r ize t h ee nd o f t h e G eome t r ic a nd b eg inn ing o f t h e A r cha ic p e r iod o n C yp ru s w e r e a l so d i scove r ed , o ne l y ing d i r ec t ly o n t h e c obb le s tone s a tt h e b a se o ft h e p i t i nt h e c e n te r o fS qua r e 4 . P a in ted c oncen t r ic c i r c le d eco ra t ion si nb o th b l a ck o nr e da nd r e dd i sh -b rown o nb uf fw e re r e p r e sen ted .A l though w ed i dn o t p e r f o rm t h e t r a ce e l emen t a na ly s i s n e ce s sa ry t oc on f i rm t h e p o in t , t h e se s h e rd s a ppea rt ob e i mpo r t s f r om C yp ru s , w he r e t h ey f i nd q u i t e e xac t p a ra l le l s . T he i r d i scove ry , w h i ch w a s u nexp ec ted i nt h e l i gh to ft h e 1 982 s u rvey a nd s ound ing s ,h a s c ompe l led u st or e cogn ize t h a tt h et e rm ina l d a t e o fI r on A g e o ccupa t ion o ft h i sp o r t ion o ft h el owe rt e l lc ou ld h ave b een a s l a te a s 7 00 B .C . 5—mo r e t h an a c en t u ry l a te r t h an w a s s ugge s ted b y t h e s u r vey d a ta . T he o b jec t s f o und i nP ha se I

F igu r e6 4 :S qua re 4 ,P ha se I .C obb le b a se o fP i tB .

5 .F o r ad i scu s s ion o ft h ea bso lu te c h rono logy o ft h is C yp ro -geome t r ic /Cyp ro -a r cha ic t r an s i t ion ,s e eD eme t r iou ( 1978 : 12 -25 ) .

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E xcava t ion si nt he N or thea s t Quadran t c on t ex t sg ene r a l ly c onf i rm t h i sd a t e . B one k oh lp i n s ( LT83 -3 a nd L T83 -24 , F ig . 8 / 5 ,6 ) f i nd p a r a l le l s w i th s im i la r o b jec t s f r om D eve H uyuk a nd t h e Y unu s C eme te ry a tC a r chem i sh ( Moo rey , 1 980 , 3 94 -5 , F ig . 1 5 n o . 3 89 ; Woo l ley 1 939 /40 , 1 -37 , s e e e spec ia l ly P l a te XX I . ) , w h i le t h e s c a rabo id ( LT83 -2 , F i g . 8 3 ) , i v o ry k n if e h and le ( LT83 15 , F ig . 8 8 / 1) , t r ef o i l p o t ( LT83 -6 , F i g . 6 9 ) a nd c r ude ly c a rved b a sa l t l i d o r

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g r ind ing s t one ( LT83 -2 ,F ig .8 7 / 1) a lf a l lc omf o r tab ly i n to t h i s p e r iod .T he d ep th o ft h ep l ow z one p r even t su sf r om k now ing w he the r t h e p i t s w e r e o r ig ina l ly a s soc ia ted w i th p e rmanen t s t ruc tu r e s o r s ome th ing l e s s s ub s tan t ia l , b u t t h e r i chne s s o f s ome o f t h e i r c on t en t s s ugge s t s t h a t t h i s w a s n o t a n i n con sequen t ia lo ccupa t ion o ft h el owe rt e l l .

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C eram ic s A pp rox ima t e ly 1 29 ,000 p o t she rd sw e r ef ound i nt h ec ou r se o f t h e 1 983 a nd 1 984 e xcava t ion s e a son s , o fw h ich 1 3 ,724 r im s , b a se s ,h and le sa nd d eco ra ted p i ece sw e r er e ga rded a sd i agno s t i c .A l ls h e rd sw e re w a shed ,s o r ted a nd c oun t ed .F o re a ch d i ag n o s t ic s h e rd a f o rm w a s f i l led o u t , u pon w h ich i tw a s c a t ego r iz ed b yt ype ,d e sc r ibed ,a nd ,i nc a se sw he r et y pe n um b e r s f a i l ed c ha rac te r iz e i ta c cu ra te ly , d r awn . C o lo r p ho to g r aph s w e r e t a ken o f a l d eco ra ted s h e rd s a nd t h o se u nd eco ra t ed f o r wh ich ap r in tm igh ty i e ld u s ef u l i n f o rma t ion . O ft h ed i agno s t ic s , 9 , 446 c ame f r om u nd i s tu rbed c on tex t s .A t p r e sen tt h i sc o rpu sf a l l sf a rs ho r to fs p ann ing t h er a nge o ft i me f r om t h e L a t e B ronz e t o E a r ly I r on A ge s , b u t n eve r th e le s s c hange si nb o th d eco ra t ion a nd r im t y pe sc an b ed e t ec t ed .

S hape F ig s . 7 2 -74 s how d i s t r ibu t ion s ( a s ap e r cen tag e o ft h e t o ta l n umbe r o fr im s i n ag i v en c h rono log ica l u n i t ) o ft h o se r im t y pe s w h ich m an if e s t ed s i gn if ican t f r equency v a r ia t ion o v e r t ime . T hey i n c lude s h e rd sf o und i nt h et e s te x cava t ion so ft h e 1 982 s e a son — e spec ia l ly S ound ing 1— in o rd e r t o r e vea l t r end s o v e ra sl o ng as p an a sp o s s ib le , b u t i ts hou ld b en o t ed b o th t h a t t h e r e m ay b e ah i a tu s i nt h e s e quence b e tween t h e

d a ta d e r ived f r om t h e s ound ing s a nd t h o se f r om t h e mo r e e x t en s ive e x c ava t ion s , a nd t h a t t h e s amp le s i z e s f r om S ound ing 1 a r e m u ch s ma l le r t h an t h o se f r om t h e 1 9 83 a nd 1 984 s e a s on s . T hu s , w h i le e a ch p ha se i n o u r r e cen t e xcava t ion s y i e ld ed a tl e a s t2 00 r im s h e rd s ( e xcep t igu re 6 9 : T ref o i lj a r( LT 83 -6 ) , S qua re P ha se s X IX a nd F 4 ,P i tB ,P ha se I .L igh tb rown XX ) a nd i n m any p a s t e , u nbu rn i shed H e igh t2 9 c a se s o ve r 5 00 , t h e cm . d i s t r ibu t ion sf o rt h e e a r l ie r p e r iod s a r e b a s ed o n s amp le s t h a t r a r e ly h ad mo r e t h an 1 00 d i agno s t ic s p e r c h rono log ica l g r oup ing . F o r t h e p e r iod s e a r l ie r t h an r ough ly 100 B .C . , t h e r ef o r e ,t h e d i s t r ibu t ion s mu s tb et a ken o n ly a sa pp rox ima t i on s ,p end ing a mp l if i ca t ion o ft h ed a ta b a se i nf u tu r es e a son s . E xamp le so ft h ef o rm s i nq ue s t ion a r ei lu s t ra ted i nt h et y po l o gy ,F i gu r e s7 0 -7 1 . A s i sc l ea r f r om F i g s . 7 2 -74 , mo s t s pec if ic r im t y pe s w e r e c ommon f o rr e la t ive ly s ho r tp e r iod so ft ime . I nt h ed i scu s s ion b e low w e g r oup t o ge the rf o rm s t h a tm ay b e c on s trued a sb e l o ng ing t ob road f u nc t iona lt y pe s ,s u ch a sb ow l s ,j a r s ,e t c . ,a nd c ompa r et h es t a t i s t ica lv a r ia t ion sw i th in t h em i no u rs e a r ch f o r t r end s .

B ow l s S i nce t h ep o s s ib i l i t ie sf o rv a r iab i l i ty i ns imp l eb ow lf o rm sa r e l i m i t ed , i ti sn o ts u rp r i s ing t of i nd t h a tt h e t y p e s w h ich w e r e c ommon e a r ly i nt h es equence ,t h ev e ry s ha l low ,s t ra igh ts i ded b ow lr e p r e sen t ed b yT ype 1 00 a nd ad eep b ow lw i th ar ound ed p r of i le ( Type 16 ) w e re a l so c ommon a tt h e e nd o ft h e s e q uence . I nb e tween , t h e s imp le b ow l f o rm s , T ype s 1 06 a nd 1 0 8 ,w e re d eepe rt h an T yp e 1 00 ,b u tw i thou tt h er ound ed p ro f i l eo fT ype 16 . A si st ob ee xpec t ed ,b ow l sw i th mo r ee l abo ra te r im ss how s i g n i f i can t ly mo r ev a r iab i l i ty o ve rt ime .T yp ica lo ft h ee a r ly p e r i o d sa r eb ow l ss how ing o n ly as l igh tt h ick en ing o ft h er im ,s u ch

F igu r e6 8 : C e ram i c t u b ( LT 8 3 -22 ) , S qua re 5 ,L ocu s 1 0 , P ha se I V . R ed b u rn i shed c l ay , h e igh t6 0c m .

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a sT ype s 1 24 , 1 26 a nd 1 20 . S omewha t l a te r a r e b ow l s w i th much mo re p ronounced , a lmo s t l umpy r ims , s uch a sT ype s 1 30 , 1 50 , 1 32 , whe rea s b y t h e e nd o ft h e s e q uence ,t h ef o rms h ave b ecome s omewha tl e s sb u lbou s , a si nT ype s 1 34 a nd 1 36 . F ina l ly , t h e d eepe r , c up l ike b ow ls a l so s how at r end ,f r om t h ee l egan tc u rved v e s se l s o fI r on I( Type s 1 70 , 1 75 )t ot h ec a r ina ted b ow l s( Type s 1 90 ,a nd 1 83 ;F ig .7 4 /3 )t ot h es imp le d eep c up t h a tc ha r a c te r ize st h ev e ry e nd o fo u rs equence ( Type 1 86 ) .O ve r a l ,c omp lex b ow l sw e re s t i l lr e a l t ive ly s imp le i nd e s ign i nb o th t h ee a r ly a nd l a te e nd so fo u rc on t inuum ,b u th ad m o re e l abo r a te f o rms i nt h em idd le ,d u r ing t h ee a r ly p a r t o fI r on I .

C ook ing p o t s U n l ike o t he r t ype s o fc e ram ic s , t h e t r end s i nc ook ing v e s se l sa r ev e ry c l ea r .T he l i on Ia s semb lage w a sd om i n a ted b ys he l l tempe red c ook ing v e s se l sw i th q u i te o pen p rof i le s , a ss e en i nT ype 2 03 , b u t d u r ing t h e t r an s i t ion f r om I r on I to I r on I ,t h i sw a sr ep laced b yt h ee ven mo r e o pen v e s se lf o rm ,T ype 2 00 ,s t i l lr e ta in ing t h es he l lt em p e r . A st h eI r on I p rog r e s sed ,h oweve r ,s he l lt empe r ing w a s r ep laced b y g r i t t empe red w a re s , a nd mo r e h o le m ou thed v e s se l so ft ype s2 33 a nd e spec ia l ly 2 30 b ecame c ommon . T he se p o t s g ene ra l ly h ad s t rap h and le s a nd s ome t ime s h ad d eco ra ted b and s a round t h em ( F ig . 7 4 /6 -8 ) .

P i tho i L a rge p i tho i w e r e e x t r eme ly r a r e i n S ound ing 1 ,b u t g i ven t h e s ma l l s amp le s i ze h e r e , t h is may r e f lec t t h e f unc t ion o ft h e a r ea r a the r t h an ac omp le te a b sence o f t h e se k i nd s o f v e s se ls . I n I r on I , T ype 3 05 , a nd i t s s ma l le r c ou s in T ype 3 15 w e re c ommon i nt h e e a r l ie r

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T he I ron A ge S e t t lemen ta t' A in D ara m en t ioned c omp l ica t ion si nw o rk ing w i th d eco r a ted w a r e s ,t h e a c tua l p e r cen tage s o fd eco ra ted s h e rd s i sp r obab ly m ean ing l e s s ,b u tt h er e la t ive d i f f e r ence sb e tween t h ed i f f e r en td eco ra t i ve s t y le si smo r el i ke ly t ob es i gn if i can t .

p ha se s ,w i th t h em o r eb u lbou sr im t y pe s3 20 a nd 3 43 c ommon a tt h ee nd o ft h es e quence .T ype 3 55 ,w i th i t st y p ica lf i nge ri m p r e s s ion s i nt h e r im i st h e mo s t c ommon f o rm a nd i sf ound t h roughou t mo s to ft h es equen ce .T he o t he rt wo t y pe s ,3 65 a nd 3 70 ,w h i le n ev e rv e ry c ommon ,w e re f ound i nt h em idd le a nd t h ee nd o ft h es e quence r e spec t ive ly .

J ar s Two d i s t inc tt y pe so f ja rr im sw e r et h e mo s tc ommon ,a nd e a ch e xpe r ience s s ome v a r iab i l i ty o ve rt ime . T he f i r s t ,r e p r e sen t ed b yT ype s4 10 ,4 13 a nd 4 16 ,s how s as l igh tt r end f r om t h e mo re p ronounced r im s , T ype s 4 13 a nd e spec ia l ly 4 16 , a sc ommon r e la t ive ly e a r ly i nt h e I r on I s equen ce , w i th t h e l e s s p ro n ounced v e r s ion ,T ype 4 10 t a k ing o ve rt owa rd st h ee nd .W i th t h es imp le rj a rr im s ,T ype s4 00 ,402 a nd 4 04 ,t h er im sb ecome i n c rea s ing ly e l onga ted o ve rt ime , w i th T ype 4 00 c ommon i n t h e e a r l ie r p o r t ion s o fI r on I , a nd T ype s 4 02 a nd e spec ia l ly 4 04 d om inan ti nt h el a t te rp o r t ion o ft h es e quence . A l so q u i te c ommon i nt h el a s tp ha se sa r eT ype s4 50 a nd 4 35 .T he l a t te ri s v e ry s im i la rt ot h es l igh t ly e a r l ie rp i tho sr im T ype 3 55 ,i n c lud i n g t h e i mp r e s sed d eco ra t ion u nde rt h e r im ( s ee F ig . 7 : 1 ) . T hu st h e s ame r im f o rm i sf ound o n b o th j a r s a nd p i tho i , b u t w i th t h ej a r s t e nd ing t ob e s omewha t l a te r i nd a te t h an t h e p i tho i .

D ecora t ion B o th t h ef r equency w i th w h ich d eco ra t ed s h e rd sa ppea r ed a nd t h en a tu r eo ft h a td e co ra t ion v a r ied c on s id e rab ly o ve rt h et ime s pan c ove r ed b yo u re xcava t ion sa nd s ound ing s .T he s t a t i s t ica l a na ly s i so fd eco ra t ion i ns h e rd a s semb lage si sg r ea t ly c omp l i c a ted , h oweve r , b y t h e d if e ren t ia l c ove rage o ft h e v a r iou s d eco ra t ive s t y le s . I nt h e c a se o fa l b u tr e d s l ipped b u rn i shed w a r e —whe r e t h e t r ea tmen t g ene ra l ly c ove r ed t h e e n t i r e v e s s e l —deco r a t ion w a so n ly a pp l ied t oo ne p or t ion o ft h ev e s s e l , a nd a s ac on sequence w ha tw a so nce as i ng le d eco ra ted p o ta p p ea r s i nt h e a r cha eo log ica l r e co rd a sb o th d eco ra ted a nd u n d eco ra ted p o ts h e rd s . Mo r eove r ,a ny c hange si nt h ef r equen cy o f ap a r t icu la rd eco r a ted t y pe m igh tr e f lec te i the r ac hange i n t h er a te o fd eco ra t ion o r ac hange i nt h e a moun to ft h ev e s se l d eco ra ted ,o r am ix tu r eo ft h et wo .F i g . 8 2s how st h ef r equen c i e s o ft h e mo s t c ommon d eco ra t ive s t y le s a sp e r cen tage s o f t o ta ls h e rd sr e cove r ed f r om e a ch p e r iod .L ike P l a te sL It o LV , t h ec e ram ic s f r om S ound ing Ih ave b een a dded t oe x tend t h e s e quence i n to t h eI r on Ip e r iod ,b u tt h es ame c avea t so u t l in ed a bove a st ot h e e xa c t s t ra t ig raph ic r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e t wo d if e ren t s amp le s , a nd t h e s amp le s i ze s o ft h e c e ram ic s f r om S ound ing 1a pp ly h e r e .I na dd i t ion ,b ecau se o ft h ea f o r e -

7 0

L i t t le t empo ra l d i f f e r ence c an b e d e t ec t ed i ns h e rd s w i th a p p l ied , i mp r e s sed o r i n c i sed d eco r a t ion , a l though f i nge r o r t h umb i mp r e s s ion so nt h er a i sed r i dg e so fs t o r ag ev e s se l sa nd c ook ing w a r e s( F ig .7 4 /7 ;F ig .7 9 / 1) w e r e mo r ec ommon i nt h e l a te rp ha se s ,w h i le s l a shed d eco ra t ion ( F ig .7 4 /8 )t e nd ed t ob e e a r l ie r . F i nge rna i l i mp r e s s ion s —f ound o n ly o n l a rge p i tho s j a r s( F ig . 7 5 )w e r ef ound i n mo s tp e r iod s ,a nd t h e i rf r equency may r e f le c t mo r et h ec hang ing f unc t ion so ft h ea r ea se xcava ted t h an c hange si ns t y le .O nt h eo t he rh and ,f a sh ion si np a in t ing , r e ds l ipp ing a nd b u rn i sh ing — the mo r ep opu la rf o rm so fd eco r a t ion — c lea r ly c hanged o ve rt ime . Wh i le v e s se l sw h ich w e r e c omp le te ly c ove r ed i n ar e d , b rown o rp u rp le s l ip a nd b u r n i shed i n s id e a nd o u t w e r e p r e sen t t h roughou t I r on I ,t h o se w h ich r e ce ived s u ch as l ip w i thou t b u rn i sh ing , a nd t h o se o n w h ich t h e s l ipp ing , w i th o rw i thou tb u rn i sh ing , o n ly c ove red p a r to ft h ev e s se l ,w e r eg ene r a l ly l a t e ,a l though t h et o ta lp e r c en tage o fr e d s l ipped b u rn i shed p o t t e ry i n c r ea sed s t ead i ly o ve rt ime . P a in t ing , o n t h e o t he rh and , w a s much m o r e c ommon i nt h e e a r l ie r , I r on Il e ve l s , w hen n ea r ly 2 0% o ft h e s h e rd sw e r e s o d eco ra ted ,t h an i nI r on I ,a nd t h eo ve r a l la moun to fp a in td e c r ea sed o ve rt ime .P a in t ing w a sa l so r e la t ive ly r a r ei nt h ev e ry e a r l ie s t l e ve l s o fS ound ing I ,w h ich s e em t ob e t r an s i t iona l L a te B ronz e -Ea r ly I r on l e ve l s . Monoch rome p a in tw a s mo s tc ommon i nI r on Iw i th p a in to fa r e dt ob rown c o lo rd i s t inc t ly mo r ec ommon a tt h ev e ry b eg in n i ng o ft h es e quence ,a nd t h a to f ab l a ck t od a rk b rown c o lo r , t h ough p r e sen ti na l l e ve l s ,r e ach ing i t sp eak i nP ha se V I I .R ed a nd b l ack b i ch rome p a in tw a s o n ly f o und i nI r on I ,a nd w a s mo s t c ommon a r ound P ha se XV I . T he p a in t o n t h e e a r l ie r s he rd sw a sq u i te b r igh t ,b u ti tt o ok o na ni n c r ea s ing ly f a ded a p p ea rance o ve rt ime Two v a r ia t ion s o n t h e s imp le b i ch rome d e s ign s k nown f r om t h e` Amuq ( Sw if t , 1 958 ,P l a te s3 8 ,3 9 ,4 2 )we r ei d en t if i ed ,b o th o fw h ich , w h i le a lway s v e ry r a r e , o ccu r r ed p r ima r i ly i nt h e m idd le o ft h es e quence ,b e tween P ha se s XV a nd V .O ne s t y le e xh ib i t ed c omp lex d e s ign s d om ina ted b y d i agona l z one s o f c r o s s -ha tch ing a nd r e d t r iang le s w i th b l a ck o u t l ine s ( F ig . 8 1 /8 11) . T he o t he r i sa l so c ha ra c te r iz ed b yt h e u s e o f af i ne b ru sh f o rt h ea pp l ica t ion o ft h eb l a ck p a in ta nd o f t en h a sv e r t i c a l a sw e l l a sh o r izon ta l l i ne s s o p a in t ed i nt h e d e s ign ( F ig . 8 1 /2 ,3 ) . Whe the rt h e se t wo s t y le sr e p r e sen tl o ca lv a r ia t ion so f t h e mo r ec ommon d e s ign r ema in st ob es e en .

C eram ic s

B roken H and le

F igu re 8 0 : C yprog eome t r ic b a r re lj a r s . T op : m ed ium w a re , g r i tt empe r ,p a s te c o l ro 1 0YR 8/ 4, e x te r ior s l ip c o lor 2 . 5Y 8 /2 , b lack p a in t . B o t tom : m ed ium w a re , g r i tt empe r ,p a s te c o lo r 7 . 5YR 8 / 4 , e x te r ior s l ip c o lo r WY 8 / 2 , b lack p a in t . B o th f rom p ha se X I II S ca le 1 / 3 . 7 1

F igure 8 1 : P a in ted w a re s , s ca le 1 / 2 . . S ee d e sc r ip t ion s o nf ac ing p age .

T he I ron Age S e t t lemen ta t' A in D ara

' r' r • -

7 2

C eram ic s N o .

D e scr ip t ion

P ha se

1

Med ium w a re , g r i tt empe r ,p a s te c o lo r7 . 5YR 7 ?4 , s t amped d eco ra t ion i n s ide r ime , i mp re ssed d eco ra t ion o u t s ide r im ,p a in tc o lo r s5 YR 5 / 4 a nd 2 . 5YR 5 / 6

XX

2

Med ium w a re ,g r i tt empe r ,p a s te c o lo r5 YR 7 / 3 ,p a in tc o lo r sb la ck a nd 2 . 5YR 6 / 4

XV I

3

Med ium w a re ,g r i tt empe r ,p a s te c o lo r5 YR 7 / 3 ,p a in tc o lo r sb lack a nd 2 . 5YR 6 / 4

X IV

4

Med ium w a re , g r i tt empe r ,p a s te c o lo r 1 0YR 7 / 3 ,p a in tc o lo r sb l ack a nd 2 . 5YR 6 / 6

X IV

5

Med ium w a r e , g r i tt empe r ,p a s te c o lo r5 YR 7 / 4 ,p a in tc o lo r sb la ck a nd 2 . 5YR 6 / 4

X IV

6

Med ium w a re , g r i tt empe r ,p a s te c o lo r5 YR 7 / 3 ,p a in tc o lo r sb la ck a nd 2 . 5YR 5 / 6

X -X I I

7

Med ium w a re ,g r i tt empe r ,p a s te c o lo r5 YR 7 / 6 ,p a in tc o lo r sb la ck a nd 1 OR 5 / 8

I X

8

Med ium w a re , g r i tt empe r ,p a s te c o lo r5 YR 7 / 2 ,p a in tc o lo r sb lack a nd l OR 5 / 6

I X

9

Med ium w a re ,g r i tt empe r ,p a s te c o lo r5 YR 7 / 3 ,p a in tc o lo r sb la ck a nd 5 YR 6 / 6

V I I I

1 0

Med ium w a re ,g r i tt empe r ,p a s te c o lo r2 . 5YR 5 / 4 ,p a in tc o lo r7 . 5YR 2 . 5 /2

V I I

1

Med ium w a re ,g r i tt empe r ,p a s te c o lo r2 . 5YR 6 / 6 ,p a in tc o lo r s 2 . 5YR N6 /0 a nd l OR 6 / 4

V I I I

7 3

The I ron Age Sett le ment a t 'A in Dara

Monoch rome

2 5 2 0 1 5 1 0 5 0 21 200 1 . 8 1 . 6 W 1 . 4 E 12

I

• 0 .8 0 .6 0 .4 0 .2

4 .5 c o 4 . 2

I

I PE I I I I 11 1 1 1 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I 11 1 1 1 1 I I I I I 11 1 E 1 1 I II I .

2 ' 1

le ' l )

7 50 B .C .

7 50 B .C .

1 200

3 .5

5 h

3 C I ° 2 .5 O 2 1 2 - 15 = c o 1 . 1 3 0 .5 a ) 0

z

7 50 B .0

1 200

2 .5

05

0 .9 1 200

Ih i II

m a k-

7 50 B .C .

a ) 0 .8 0 0 .7 E 0 .6 1 3 0 .5 a ) i n 0 .4 l e0 .3 1 2 -0 .2 E0 . 1 0

7 50 B .C .

1 200

0

7 50 B .C .

1 200

F igure 8 2 : S equen t ia lf requenc ie s o fd ecora t ion t ypes .

7 4

C hap ter 7

Sma l l f ind s Mo s t o ft h e a r t if a c t s r e cove red d u r ing t h e t h r ee s ea son s o f w o rk o n t h e l owe rt e l l w e re mundane , b u t s ome s peak f o r a r e la t ive ly s oph i s t ica ted p opu la t ion a nd i n te rna t iona l c on tac t s . T he ma jo r i ty i nt h el a t te rc a tego ry w e re d i scove r ed i np i t st h a t w e re d ug f r om P ha se Ia nd i n c lude k oh lp in so fb one a nd i v o ry ( LT83 -3 , 2 4 ) , a n i v o ry k n if e h and le ( LT83 15 ) , as ca rab o r s c a rabo id ( LT83 -7 ) , b a sa l t v e sse l f r agmen t s ( LT83 11 a nd p robab ly L T83 17 ) a nd al i d o rg r ind ing s t one w i th ah and le s cu lp ted i n to t h es hape o f al i on ( LT83 -2 ) . R e la t ive ly e xo t ic o b jec t ss im i la rt ot h o se f ound i nt h et e rm ina l p i t so fP ha se Ia ppea red s po rad ica l ly i no t he rl e ve ls o ft h ee x c ava t ion s :a no the r ,s omewha ts imp le rb one p in f r om P ha se X I I ( LT84 15 ) , t wo f r agmen t s o f ak oh l t ube f r om P ha se I I ( LT83 -27 ) , a nd t h e k nob f r om as t one k oh l b ox f r om P ha se XV I I I ( LT84 -57 ) . Among o t he r o b jec t s o fn o te w e re af r ag m en t o fb one i n lay f r om P ha se V I I ( LT84 -37 ) a nd t h et op o f a no the rs ca rab f r om ap i td a t ing t oP ha se X I ( LT84 13 ) . P a ra l le l st ot h em a jo r i ty o ft h e se o b jec ts c an b ef ound a mong m a te r ia l s r e cove red f r om o t he r c on tempo ra ry No r th S y r ian s i te s —Hama ,C a r chem i sh ,T e l lA f i s ,D eve H üyük a nd t h et e l l s o ft h e ` Amuq p l a in .I np a r t icu la r , ab one k oh lt u be ( LT83 -27 , F ig . 8 8 /2 ) i so f at ype s e en a tC a r chem ish a nd D eve H üyük ( Woo l ley 1 939 /40 , P la te XX I ; Moo rey 1 980 , p p . 3 97 -8 a nd F ig . 1 6n o .3 98 ) .T he k oh lb ox k nob ( LT84 -57 ,F ig .8 7 /2 )i sa l mo s t e xac t ly r e p l ica ted o n a n u np roven ienced o b jec t i nt h e K of le rC o l lec t ion ,w h ich i nt ur ni ss im i la rt oo t he rs t one k oh l b oxe s f r om e xcava ted c on tex t s a t H ama , Z inc i r l i , D eve H üyük ,A la lakh ,E b la ,C ha ta lH üyük ,T e l lJ ude idah ,T e l lT ay a na ta nd H a san O sak ( Mu sca r e l la , 1 995 ) . Mo s to ft h ek oh lp i n s

a tt h e se s i te s , wh i le s im i la r i n f o rm t o o u r e xamp le s ( F ig . 8 8 /5 ,6 )a r eo fb ronze r a the rt h an o fb one o ri v o ry , No td i s s im i l a r b one p i n s w e re r e cove r ed f r om S a r ep ta ( P r i t cha rd 1 988 , F ig .3 0 : 1 ,3 ) ,h oweve r .O u rf r agmen to fb one i n lay ( LT83 -37 , F ig . 8 8 /8 ) i ss im i la r i nd eco ra t ion t ot h e i n lay o f aw ooden g am ing t a b le r e cove red f r om H ama ( R i i s 1 990 ,2 40 ,F ig 14 : 9 58 ) . T he p r e sence o ft h e se o b jec t ss ugge s t st h a t ,d e sp i te t h e s e em i n gp ove r ty a t te s ted b yt h eg r ea te rp a r to ft h ea r ch i tec tu ra la nd a r t if ac tua l i n ven to ry o ft h e s ound ing s , t h e a nc ien tp opu la t ion h e r e h ad a cce ss t ot h e t ype s o fo b jec t s w h ich a r e t yp ica l o f e l i te sr e s id ing a tt h eo the r ma jo rE a r ly I r on A ge s i t e si nN o r th S y r ia .G iven t h er ema in so fq u i te s ub s tan t ia ls t one f ounda t ion s v i s ib le o nt h es u rf ace n ea ro u re xcava t ion sa nd t h ei mp re s s ive s t one d oo rs ocke tf ound s unk i n to P ha se I Vo fS qua re 5 ,i tmay b et h a tt ho se o b jec t sf ound i nt h eP ha se Ip i t sw e r ea s soc ia ted w i th s ome l a rge p ub l ic b u i ld ing l o ca ted i nt h i sa r ea a tt h ev e ry e nd o fo u rs equence ,t h er ema in so fw h ich w e re h a rd ly t ouched b y o u r e xcava t ion . H oweve r , t h e d i scove ry o f s im i la r i t em s— such a s t h e k oh l t ube f r om P ha se I I , t h e b one i n lay f r om P ha se X I , t h e s ca rab f r om P ha se X I , a nd t h e k oh l b ox k nob f r om P ha se XV I I It e s t if yt h a tc on t inu i ty i na cce s st os uch e l i te g ood sb egan e a r l ie ra nd w a so fl o ng d u ra t ion . E ven t h e mo re t yp ica l a nd mundane g ood sa mong o u rs ma l l f i nd sw e r ef ound b o th i nt h el owe rl e ve l sa nd i nt h ep i t sw h ich a r ea l lt h a tr ema in o fP ha se I .T he mo s tc ommon o ft h e se w e re r e la ted t ot e x t i le manuf ac tu re a nd i n c lude b one s pa tu lae , c l ay " bobb in s" a nd s eve ra l t ype so fs p ind le w ho r l s . T h i r teen b one s pa tua lae w e re f ound i nc on tex t st h a ts panned t h ep e r iod f r om

F igu re 8 3 :L T 83 -7 , s ca rabo id w i th s ph inx d e s ign o nf ace , s t one , f rom S q . 4 ,L oc . 1 ,L e ve l1 ,F ea ture 3 . P ha se I .D raw ing o nl ef ti s a c tua ls i ze .

7 5

F igure 8 4 : LT 84 -13 , t o ph a lf o f s ca rabo id ,f rom S q . 4 , L oc . 1 7 , L e ve l4 ,F ea tu re 1 8 , P ha se X I . A c tua ls i ze .

T he I ron Age S e t t lemen ta t ' A in Dara P ha se s XV I I t o I( F ig .89 ) . Two w e r e d eco ra t ed : o ne i n ap i t d a t ing t oP ha se I( LT83 13 ,F ig . 8 / 3 )a nd a no the rf r om P ha se V I I I ( LT 8 4 16 , F i g .88 /4 ) . O ne c omp le te e xamp le w a s f ound s t uck i n to ac h ink i nt h ew a l lo ft h eP ha se X IV l i v ing r oom i n S qua re 4( LT84 -23 ,F ig .89 /4 ) . None o ft h e f i nd spo t s o ra s so c i a t ion s s hed a ny l i gh t o n t h e q ue s t ion o fw ha t t h e se i mp le m en t sw e r eu sed f o r , b u to ft h e v a r iou sp o s s ib i l i t ie s l i s ted b y C rowf oo t , C rowf oo t a nd K enyon a tS ama r ia — "a s s t y l i f o r w r i t ing o nw ax t a b le t s ,o rw i th i n k ;f o rn e t t ing ;i nm ak ing n a r r ow w eave so rb r a id s ,a sp a t te rn s t ick st or a i se a nd h o ld t h r ead s a sr e qu i r ed ;o rf o ra pp ly ing c o sme t ic s "( C rowf oo te ta l . 1 957 , 4 6 1-462 )— the f i r s t t wo s e em i mp robab le i nt h e ' A in D a ra c on tex t . A l so t ob ea s so c ia ted w i th t e x t i le p roduc t ion a r es o l id c l ay c y l i n d e r sw i th s l igh t ly c onvex s i de s( F ig .9 2 /8 13 ) .S of a r ,e l even o ft h e se h ave b een d i scove r ed a t' A in D a ra , i n c lud ing t wo o f u nf i r ed c l ay f o und i na s soc ia t ion w i th u nf i r ed s h e rd s .T he r ei s s ome d i ve r s i ty i nf o rm : a n u nf i r ed p i e ce a nd af i red o ne t h a t s u r v ive so n ly a s af r agmen th ave at h umb imp r e s sed d imp le i n t h e c en te ro fe a ch e nd f a ce ; a nd t h e d eg r ee t ow h ich t h ey a r e c y l ind r ica lo rs we l lo u twa rd a tt h ee x t r em i t ie sw hen v i ewed i n p r of i le v a r ie sc on s id e rab ly .T hey d on o tc l u s t e rs i gn if i can t ly i n D i s t r ibu t ion o fc l ay c y l ind e r sb yp ha se

P ha se

N umber o fE xamp le s

XV I I

2

X IV

1

X I I I

2

V I I

2

V I

1

I V

2

t i on i st e nuou sa tb e s t . ' O the re xamp le s , u nbak ed ,h ave b een f ound a tA shke lon a s soc ia ted w i th c l o th f i be r s ,w he r et h ey a r e i d en t if ied a s l o om w e igh t s a nd a t t r ibu ted t ot h e P h i l i s t ine s ( S tage r 1 993 , 1 07 ) .C lo se rt o' A in D a r a ,t h ey h ave b een f ound i nE a r ly I r on A ge l e ve l sa tH ama ,w he r et h ey a r ed e sc r ibed a s b obb in sf o rt h r ead ( R i i s ,P . J . 1 990 ,F i g . 9 6 : 7 32 ) . T he s ugge s t ion t h a tt h e se o b jec t sw e r eu sed a sb obb in so rl o om w e igh t s i sc e r ta in ly a ppea l ing , a nd w ou ld b e c on s i s ten t w i th t h ew ide a r ray o fo t he ri t em sw ef o und t h a tc a nb ea s soc ia ted w i th t h ec l o th i n du s t ry ,f r om t h eb one s pa tu la sd e sc r ibed a bove t ot h e many s p ind le w ho r l s a nd p i e r ced s he rd s . T he n a r rowe r w a i s t o ft h e se o b jec t s w ou ld c e r ta in ly s e rve e i t he r t o k eep t h r ead f r om f a l l ing o f ft h ee nd so fb obb in so rf o re a se o fa t tach m en tt ot h ew a rp t h r ead s , a nd w he r e d imp le so nt h e e nd s a r e p r e sen tt h e se m ay h ave h e lped t oh o ld b obb in si np l a ce .H ow e ve r ,o ne o ft h ec u r iou sa s pec t so ft h e se c y l ind e r si st h a tm o s t o ft h em s how ad eg r ee o fw ea ro n o ne o ft h e e nd s . H e r et h e t h icken ing o fa tl e a s to ne e nd h a sb een w or no f f , a nd t h e f l a t e nd h a sb een w or ni n to amo r er ound ed s hap e . I ti sn o tc l ea r w he the rt h i sc ha ra c t e r i s t ic w ea rw a s af e a tu r eo ft h ec y l inde r s f ound a to t he rs i te s , b u t i ts hou ld b et a ken i n to c on s ide ra t ion w hen a s s ign ing af u nc t ion t ot h em .T he i s su eo fw h e the rt h e se o b jec t sa r et ob ea s so c ia t ed w i th t h ei n troduc t ion o ft h ew a rp w e igh ted l o om i nt h ea r ea h a sb een t r ea ted i nd e ta i lb yC ecc in i ( 1 992 ) . O the r a r t if ac t s t h a t c an b e a s soc ia ted w i th t e x t i le p r oduc t ion a r es p ind le w ho r l s ,w h ich c ame i nt wo b a s ic t y pe s : c on ica l i n s hape o fe i the rs t ea t i t eo rb aked c l ay ( F ig .9 1 ) ,a nd p e rf o ra t ed s he rd s ( F ig . 9 2 ) . O ft h e l a t te r , t wen ty -f ou r w e r e f o und , a nd , p e rhap sf o r tu i tou s ly ,t h ey c l u s t e r ed s i gn if i can t ly i nt h em idd le p ha se so ft h es t ra t ig raph ic s e qu ence ;e xcep tf o ra ni s o la t ed e x a mp le i nP ha se XV I I I ,a l lc ame f r om P ha se s XV -V I Iw i th n o p ha se i nt h a t g roup f a i l ing t op rov ide a tl e a s t o ne e xamp le . S im i la ro b jec t sh ave b een r e po r t ed f r om T e l le lF a r 'ah ( Cham b on 1 984 , P l a te 7 :3 -5 ) a nd B a lu ' (Wo r s che ch 1 990 , 8 2 , n umbe r6 2 ) ,b u tg i ven t h ee x t r eme ly mundane n a tu r eo ft h e se o b jec t si ti sl i k e ly t h a tt h ey h ave f o und a tm any o t he rs i t e sa nd s imp ly n o tp ub l i sh ed .

1

a ny p a r t icu la rp ha se ,a st h el i s to ff i nd spo tp ha se si n d ica te s . C ompa rab le o b jec t sf r om t h es ame e r ah ave b een i d en t if i ed a s " mode lb r ead o f f e r ing s" a tB e th S han ,w he r ef ou rw e r ef o und i nL eve l V I , w h ich a ppa r en t ly t e rm ina te s a tt h eb eg inn ing o f t h ee l even th c en tu ry ( J ame s 1 966 ,F ig . 1 0 5 / 11 a nd p .2 9f o rt h e o b jec t s ,p .1 50 f o rt h ed a t e ) . T he j u s t if i ca t ion f o rt h i sd e sc r ip -

O ft h et o ta l o fn i ne c on ica l s p ind le w ho r l s( F ig .9 1) ,t wo w e r e o fb aked c l ay a nd s e ven o fs t one , u sua l ly o fs t ea t i t e . A no the r b aked c l ay s p ind le w ho r lw a sa l so r e cove r ed f r om t h es ound i n g se xcava ted i n1 982 . T hey w e r ed i s t r ibu ted t h roughou ta l mo s tt h ee n t i r es e quence ,f r om P ha se XV It h rough P ha se I Vo r e ven P ha se 1 .2 T he s p ind le w ho r l s f r om ' A in D a r a a r e o f t en s omewha ts t eepe ri np rof i le t h an m any o ft h o se r e po r t ed f r om o t he rI r on A g e s i t e s i nt h ea r ea , a nd t h eb aked c l ay e xamp le s s e em s omewha t mo r e c ommon h e r et h an t h ey a r e e l sewhe r e . I ns hape t h ey a lf a l li nT ype B ,a sd ef ined a tS a r ep ta ( P r i t cha rd

1 .R owe ( 1940 , 9 0 )i d en t if ie sa no b jec ta s a" vo t ive o f f er ing i nt h e s hape o f as phe r ica l l o af o fb r ead" o nt h eb a s is o fi t ss hape a nd as t amped i mp re s s ion o ft h eE gyp t ian w o rd " imeny ,i . e . ` d a i ly ' ." T he c y l ind r ica le xamp les f r om B e th S han d on o tb ea rt h is s t amp ,a nd h a rd ly r e semb le a ny n o rma lf o rm o fb r ead l o a f . 2 . L T83 -5 w a sf ound i nt h ep l ow z one i nS qua re 5a nd t h e r ef o re d a tes e i the rt oP ha se Io rt o al a te rt ime .A l though s t i l lm o r eo rl e s sc on ica li n

s hape , i th a ss t eepe rs i de st h an t h eo t he r s , i sm ade o fa l aba s t e ri n s tead o fs t ea t i te ,a nd h a s as e cond h o le b o red t h rough o ne s i de .T he se a t yp ica l f e a tu re sa nd i t sa mb iva len ts t ra t ig raph ic p o s i t ion m ake i tp o s s ib le t h a tt h is o b jec td a tes t o at i me s ub sequen tt ot h eI r on A ge .

7 6

Sma l lf ind s g a lu so f as h eep w i th i t st wo l o ng s i de sp l aned d own ,p r e suma b l yf o ru se a s ag am ing p i ece ( LT 8 4 -28 ,F ig .8 8 /7 ) .O b jec t so f t h i sk i nd a r e mu ch m o r ec ommon i nt h eL a t eB ronze A ge ,b u t t h ey h ave b een f o und i nI r on A g ec on t ex t si nt h eB aqah V a l ley ( McGover n 1 986 , 2 7 1 , F ig . 9 2 ) , T e l l F a r 'ah ( Pe t r ie 1 930 , P l . 3 6 )a nd H ama ( R i i s 1 990 F ig .9 9 : 8 14 , 8 15 ) .

1 988 ,9 4 ,F i g .2 2 :3 9 -47 ) ,a nd h av ec l ea rp a ra l le l sw i th s im i la r o b jec t sr e cov e r ed f r om H ama ( R i i s 1 990 ,F ig . 9 7 : 7 54 ,7 55 ) . T h i s r e la t ive ly e x ten s iv e c o l lec t ion o fo b jec t st h a t c an b e r e l a ted t ot e x t i le m anuf a c tu r e s ugge s t s t h a t w eav ing a nd s p in n i ng m ay h ave b een m a jo ra c t iv i ty i nt h ea r ea e xcava t ed .Y e t t h e c ompa r a t ive d a ta o fo t he r E a r ly I r on A ge s i te s d oe s n o t m ake t h i sp a r to f' A in D a ra s e em a ta l u nu sua li nt h i sr e ga rd , a nd i tm ay w e l lb et h a ts u ch a r t if a c t sa r et y p ica lo fv i r tua l ly a l l d ome s t ic c on tex t si nt h er e g ion d u r ing t h i se r a . O the ro b jec t sf ound i nt h ec ou r se o ft h ee xcava t ion sw e r et o o l s a nd f r agmen t s o fi r on a nd s t one . T h e s t one t oo ls mu s t h ave a r r ived i nt h e i r I r on A ge c on t ex t i n d i rec t ly , p e rhap s v i a t h e m ud b r ick s t h a t w e r e u s ed t om ake s up e r s t ruc tu r e s o fw a l ls , s i nce a l d i agno s t ic s b e long i nt h e s i x th m i l lenn ium . Me ta l o b jec t s a c coun ted f o r as i z eab le p e r cen tage o ft h e r e g i s t e r ed s ma l lfmd s . I n s o s ma l l a n e xcava t ed a r ea , i si to bv iou s ly i n app rop r ia te t op u t a ny f a i th i nc ompa ra t ive p e r cen tage s o f m e ta l o b jec t s , b u t t h e p r edom inance o f i r on i sp e r cep t ib le . ' A in D ar nw a sw e l lp l a ced f o rt h ee xp lo i ta t ion o ft h i sm e ta li n t h a t am a jo r wo rkab le s ou r ce o fo r e w a s t o b e f ound n ea r R ad jo ,3 0k m .a way a nd ,p r e sum ing t h a td ef o r e s ta t ion w a sn o w o r se a tt h ed awn o ft h eI r on A ge t h an i ti st oday ,t imbe ra nd t h em ean st ot r an spo r ti t( t he ` Af r in )w e r ee ven c l o se r . T he r e a r en oo bv iou st r end si nt h ed eve lopmen to fo b jec t so ve rt i me , a tl e a s ti n sof a ra si ti so b se rvab le f r om t h ep r e served s hape so f t h e o b jec t s , b u t a ga in , t h e a c tua l n umbe r s a r e s ma l l . A t l e a s t f i ve o ft h em a r e c l ea r ly p ro jec t i le p o in t s— f ou r s pea r ( F ig s . 9 6 / 1 ,8 ,9 ; 9 7 /7 ) a nd o ne a r rowhead ( LT 8 4 -70 , F ig . 9 6 /5 ) —a c a t ego ry t h a t i sn o t r e p r e sen ted a mong o u r c oppe r /b ronze p i e ce s . O ft h eo t he ri r on f r agmen t s( F ig s . 9 6 ,9 7 ) ,w h i le mo s t s e emed u t i l i ta r ian i nn a tu re , o n ly al a rg e s i ck le h a s ac l ea r ly i d en t if iab le f unc t ion ( P la t e 9 6 / 11) . B y c on t ra s t many o ft h e c oppe r /b ronze f r agmen t s( F ig .9 5 )w e r eo bv iou s ly d eco r a t ive , a nd i n c luded p in s ,r i ng s ,e t c . ( F ig .9 5 /5 ,8 ) .

S he l l sw e r er ou t ine ly r e cove rd i nt h ec ou r se o fe xcava t ion a nd g en e ra l ly c o l lec t ed i nt h es ame m anne ra sp o t te ry a nd b one s , i . e . g r ouped i nl o t s b y l o cu s a nd l e ve l . A cco rd ing t o D av id R ee se o ft h eF i e ld Mu seum ,f o rw ho se c oun se lw ea r eg ra tef u l , f r e shwa te rb i va lve s( ma in ly U n io )a nd g a s t ropod s ( Me lanop s i s )m ade u pt h em a jo r i ty o ft h e se .T he r ew e re ,h oweve r ,n i ne s h e l l st h a tc ou ld b ei d en t if ied a sm a r ine ,a nd p r e sumab ly f r om t h e Med i te r rana ean : s i x G lycyme r i s , t wo Mu r ex t r uncu lu s , a nd o ne A ucu la r ia g i bbo su la . I n af ew i n s tance s , i n d iv idua l s h e l l sw e r er e cogn iz ed a sa r t if a c tua la tt h et ime o fe xcava t ion , e i the rb ecau se t h ey w e r ep e rf o ra ted f o rw ea ro ra ppea r ed e x o t ic ( s ee F ig .8 5 ) .T he se w e re t r ea t ed a si n d iv idua la so b jec t s , w i th s p ec if i c f i nd spo t sr e co rd ed , a nd w e r en o tb rough tt ot h e U n i ted S t a te sf o ra na ly s i s . B ead s w e r e r e la t iv e ly n ume rou s a nd c omp le te ly h e te rogene o u s ( F ig . 9 4 ) . T he m o s t i n te re s t ing i n d iv idua l p i ece s a r e a n " eye b ead" o f at y pe w i th al o ng c h rono log ica lr a nge f r om t h e L a t eB ronze t h roug ht h eI r on A ge s( F ig .9 4 /5 )a nd as ma l lb u t e l egan to ne w i th ac u r v i l inea rd e s ign i nb l ue g l as s( F ig .9 4 / 12 ) . Among t h em i sce l laneou ss ma l lf ind s ,t h ew e l l -po l ished g r een s t one 3 c e l t ( F ig . 9 0 /4 ) d i sp lay s t h ey h i ghe s t q ua l i ty o fw o rk man sh ip . I ti so fr e la t ive ly c ommon s hap e ,o fw h ich t h e re a r e n ume rou s I r on A g e e xamp le s ( e .g . A nd ra e 1 943 T af . 1 p ;L a mon a nd S h ip ton 1 9 39 , P l a te 1 00 ,N o s . 1 3 ) , a sw e l l a so ne s f r om e a r l ie rt i me p e r iod s . I t s c u t t ing e dg e s how s s ome w ea r a nd t h e o ppo s i t e e nd i sb ad ly c h ipped , s o i tw a s s ome th ing mo r eu t i l i ta r ian t h an a" vo t ive a xe ."

E xcep t f o rt h e s pa tu la e a nd k oh l p i n s , b one a r t if a c t s w e r e r e la t i v e ly u ncommon ( F ig . 8 9 ) . A c oup le o f p i ns w e r e r e cov e r ed ( LT84 15 ,L T84 -53 ,F ig . 8 8 /5 ,6 ) , b u t m o r e i n te re s t ing i sa n a s t ra -

F igu re 8 5 :S e lec ted s he l l s . L ef t :L T 84 -67 ,p i e rced ,f rom S q . 5 ,L oc . 2 5 , L eve l 2 .P ha se XV I I I . C en te r :L T 84 -5 , a ppa ren t ly o fm a r ine o r ig in ,f rom S q . 5 ,L o c . 2 1 , L eve l! . P ha se X R igh t :L T 84 -66 ,p i e rced ,f rom S q . 5 , L oc . 2 9 , L eve lI .P ha se XV I . P ha se XV LA c tua ls i ze .

3 . We h ave n o i n f o rmed j udgemen to ft h ee xac tt y pe o fs t one . S im i la rc e l t sf r om o t he rs i te sa r ed e sc r ibed a sa ss e rpen t ine o r" neph r i te l ike ."

7 7

T he I ron A ge S e t t lemen ta t' A in D ara

1

LT 83 -31 , a n ima lf igur ine , b aked c l ay ,f rom S q . 4 ,L oc . 1 5 , L eve l] . P ha se V I I . A c tua ls i ze .

2

4

L T83 -23 ,f ragmen to fh o r se a nd r i d e rf igur ine , b aked c lay ,f rom S q . 4 ,L oc . 1 2 , L e ve l 2 .P ha se V .A c tua ls i ze .

LT 83 -9 , m id sec t ion o ft e r raco t ta p laque ,f rom S q . 5 ,L oc .1 , L eve l1 .P ha se I .A c tua l s i ze .

3

5

LT84 -38 , l owe rp a r to ft e raco t ta p laque ,f rom S q . 4 ,L oc . 2 4 , L eve l2 .P ha se X IV A c tua l s i ze .

LT83 -4 , b o t tom o ft e r raco t ta p laque f rom S q . 5 , L oc . 1 ,L eve l 1 .P ha se I .A c tua ls i ze . May j o in LT83 -9 .

F igure 8 6 : F igu r ine sa nd p laque sf rom ' A in Dara .

7 8

Sma l lf inds

LT83 -2 , b a sa l tl i do rg r ind ing s t one w i th l i on s haped h and le, S q . 4 ,L oc . I ,L eve lI . P ha se I .A c tua ls i ze .

2 A tl e f t , LT84 -57 , k oh lb ox o rnamen t ,f rom S q . 4 ,L oc . 2 7 , L eve l4 . P ha se XV IL A c tua ls i ze . B e low , e x -Kof ler c o l lec t ion p iece ( no tt os cac le ) i nd ica te sp robab le p o s i t ion o nb ox .

F igure 8 7 : S cu lp ted a nd o rnamen ta ls t one o b jec t s .

79

T he I ron Age S et t lemen ta t' A in Dara

a

1

2

Ara V I P

6

4 5 3

7

8

F igure 8 8 : D eco ra ted b one a nd i v o ry o b jec t s . A c tua ls i ze .

8 0

Sma l lf ind s P ha se

P roven ience

D e scr ip t ion

No . 1

L T8 3 15 ,i v o ry k n if eh and le

S qua re 4 ,L ocu s8 , L eve l 1 ,F ea tu r e4

I

2

L T83-27 ,t wo f r agmen t so fi n c i sed b one k oh lt ube ,b u rned b l ack

S qua re 5 ,L ocu s6 , L eve l2

I I

3

LT8313 ,i n c i sed b one s pa tu la

S qua re 5 ,L ocu s 1 , L eve l2

I

4

LT84 16 ,f r agmen to fi n c i sed b one s pa tu la

S qua r e5 ,L ocu s 1 8 , L eve l2

V I I I

5

L T83-24 ,i v o ry p in

S qua re 4 ,L ocu s 1 , L eve l2

I

6

L T83-3 ,p o l i shed b one p in

S qua re 4 ,L ocu s 1 , L eve l 1

1

7

LT84 -28 , mod if ied s heep /goa ta s t raga lu s ,o ppo s i ted s i de s p l aned f l a tw i th i n den ta t ion i no ne o ft h em

S qua re 4 ,L ocu s2 1 , L eve l5

X I I

8

L T83 -37 , i n c i sed b one i n lay

S qua re 4 ,L ocu s 1 5 , L eve l2

8 1

V I I .

T he I ron A ge S e t t lemen ta t' A in Dara

3

2

1

4 d o .

7 5

6 8

9

1 2 1 0

1 3

1

F igu r e8 9 : B one s pa tu lae a nd p in s .

1 /2

s ca l e .

8 2

1 4

Sma l lf ind s N o .

D e scr ip t ion

1

P roven ience

P hase

L T84 -65 ,r ounded e nd o fl o ng s pa tu la

S qua r e5 ,L ocu s2 5 , L eve l2

XV I I

2

L T84 -24 ,b one a w l ,w i th w or na nd b roken t i p

S qua r e 5 ,L ocu s2 1 , L eve l5

XV I

3

L T84 -27 ,p o in ted h a lf o fs pa tu la

S qu a re 4 ,Locu s2 8, L eve l2

XV

4

L T84 -23 , c omp le te a w l ,c u rv ing n ea rp o in t

S qua re 4 ,L ocu s 1 9 , L eve l8

X IV

5

L T84 -51 ,p o in tw i th e v idence o fr e sha rpen ing

S qua r e5 ,L ocu s2 5 , L eve l 1

X I I I

6

L T84 -25 ,r ounded e nd o fs pa tu la

S qua r e5 ,L ocu s2 1 , L eve l 5

X I I I

7

L T84 -30 , f r agmen to fr ounded e nd o fs pa tu la

S qua r e5 ,L ocu s 1 7 , L eve l2

V I I

8

L 184 -53 , c rude p in ,t i pb roken o f f

S qua r e4 ,L ocu s3 0 , L eve l 1

X I I I

9

L T84 -15 ,p i nw i th s qua r ed o f fh ead ,p o in tb roken o f f

S qua re 4 ,L ocu s 1 6 , L eve l6 ,F ea tu r e2 2

X I I

1 0

L T84 -26 ,p o in ted e nd o fs pa tu la o ra w l

S qua re 5 ,L ocu s2 1 , L eve l2 -5

X -XV I

1

L T84 -2 , f l a t tened b one p o in t ,b o th e nd sb roken

S qua re 5 ,L ocu s 1 8 , L eve l 1

V I

1 2

L T83 -39 , f r agmen to fb one p o in t

u n s t ra t if ied

p l ow z one

1 3

L T84 -22 , s pa tu la f r agmen t ,b roken b o th e nd s

S qua r e 5 ,L ocu s 1 3 , L eve l 1

V I

1 4

L T83 -25 ,b roken b one b l ade

S qua re 4 ,L ocu s 1 2 , L eve l3

V I

8 3

T he I ron A ge S e t t lemen ta t' A in D ara

2

3

6

4

7

8

1 0 F igu re 9 0 : M i sce l laneou ss t one o b jec t s .

s ca le .

8 4

5

9

Sma l l f inds _ D e scr ip t ion

N o .

P roven ience

P ha se

1

L T82 -17 ,b a sa l tg r ind ing s t one

S qua re 3 ,L ocu s 1 2 L eve l 1

I r on I

2

L T82 -19 , s t one w e igh tw i th d r i l led s u spen s ion h o le

S qua re 3 ,L ocu s 1 2 L eve l 1

I r on I

3

L T84 -4 ,c a rved s oap s tone f r agmen t

S qua re 4 ,L ocu s2 4 , L eve l 1

X I I I

4

LT84 -59 , s t one c e l t

S qua re 4 ,L ocu s3 2 , L eve l3

XX

5

LT84 -6 1 ,p ecked b a sa l tp e s t le

S qua re 4 ,L ocu s2 4 , L eve l2

XV I I

6

LT82 -23 ,f l a tr e c tangu la rs t one ,p o ss ib ly f o rg r ind ing

S qua re 3 ,L ocu s 1 3 L eve l 1

I r on I

7

LT84 -2 1 ,b a sa l t ma cehead ( ? )f r agmen t

S qua re 4 ,L ocu s2 0 , L eve l4

I X

8

LT84 -4 1 ,f oo to fb a sa l tv e s se l( ? )

S qua re 4 ,L ocu s 1 5 , L eve l3

V I I I

9

LT82 -24 ,f l a ts t one w i th i n c i sed c r o s s -ha tch ing

S u r f ace f i nd , s u rvey s qua r eU 55

-

1 0

LT83 -11 ,b a sa l ts t one b ow lf r agmen t

S qua r e5 ,L ocu s 1 , L eve l 1 ,F ea tu re 3

I

8 5

T he I ron Age S e t t lemen ta t' A in D ara

3

2

7

6

5

4

9

8

F igu re 9 1 : C on i ca lw ho r l so fs t one a nd c l ay . 2 / 3s ca l e .

8 6

1 0

Sma l lf inds

D e scr ip t ion

No .

P roven ience

P hase

1

L T84 -55 , t e r raco t ta , c r acked a nd b l ackened o no u t s ide , c h ipped b a se . F ine b uf fw a re , 1 0YR 8 / 1)

S qua re 5 ,L ocu s2 5 , L eve l 1

XV I

2

L T84 -58 ,s oap s tone ,s omewha tc h ipped o nb a se

S qua re 5 ,L ocu s2 5 , L eve l 1

XV I

3

L T84 -54 ,p a le p ink f me -g ra ined s t one

ocu s3 0 , S qua re 4 ,L L eve l 1 ,F ea tu re 1 8

4

L T84 -7 , s oap s tone , s omewha tc h ipped a tt o pa nd o nb a se

S qua re 5 ,L ocu s 1 8 , L eve l2

5

L T84 -39 ,s oap s tone

S qua re 5 ,L ocu s 1 7 , L eve l2

V I I

6

L T83-44 ,v e ry f i ne b aked c l ay ,c o lo r 1 0YR 7 / 4

S qua re 4 ,L ocu s 1 5 , L eve l2

V I I

7

L T83-4 1 , s oap s tone

S qua re 4 ,L ocu s 1 5 , L eve l2

V I I

8

L T83 -28 ,s oap s tone w i th c oncen t r ic t oo l ing l i ne s

S qua re 5 ,L ocu s 1 4 , L eve l2

9

L T82 15 ,s t one

T rench 2 ,L ocu s 8' L eve l 1

1 0

L T83 -5 , a l aba s te rw i th s e conda ry p e rf o ra t ion

S qua r e5 ,L ocu s 1 , L eve l 1

8 7

X I I I

I X

I V I r on I

s u r f ace

T he I ron Age S e t t lemen ta t' AM D ara

I

4

2

5

8

1

3

6

9

1 2

F igure 9 2 :P e rf o ra ted s herd sa nd c l ay c y l ind e r " bobb in s" . 1 / 2s ca le .

8 8

7

1 0

1 3

Sma l lf ind s N o .

D e scr ip t ion

P hase

1

Med ium w a r e ,g r i tt emp e r ,p a s te c o lo r 1 0YR 7 / 3 , e dge sc h ipped ,c en t ra lh o le d r i l led f r om b o th s i de so fs he rd

X IV

2

Med ium w a re ,g r i tt emp e r ,p a s te c o lo r5 YR 6 / 6 ,e dge sc h ipped ,c en t ra lh o le d r i l led f r om . s i de t ha tw a so nt h ei n te r io ro ft h eo r ig ina lv e s se la nd c h ipped f r om e x te r io r

X IV

3

Med ium w a r e ,g r i tt emp e r ,p a s te c o lo r 1 0YR 8 / 2 ,p a in tc o lo r s2 . 5YR N4 / -a nd 1 OR 5 / 8 , e dges c h ipped ,c en t ra lh o le d r i l led f r om s i de o fs he rd t h a tw a s i n te r io ro fo r ig ina lv e s se l

X IV

4

Med ium w a re ,g r i tt empe r ,e x te r io rp a s te c o lo r7 . 5YR 7 / 4 , i n te r io rp a s te c o lo r 1 0YR 7 / 3 , g r ey c o r e , e dge sc a r ef u l ly c h ipped ,c en t ra lh o le d r i l led f r om b o th s i de so fs he rd

V I I I

5

Med ium w a r e ,g r i tt emp e r ,p a s te c o lo r5 YR 8 / 3 ,t h in e x te r io rs l ip c o lo r7 . 5 YR 6 / 4 , e dge s c h ipped a nd g round ,c en t r a lh o le d r i l led f r om s i de t h a tw a se x t e r io ro fo r ig ina lv e s se l

X IV

6

Med ium w a re ,g r i tt empe r ,p a s te c o lo r5 YR 6 / 4 ,e x te r io rr ough ly b ur n ished ,e dge sc a r ef u l ly c h ipped ,c en t ra lh o le d r i l led f r om s i de t h a tw a si n te r io ro fo r ig ina lv e sse l ,w i th s e cond h o le p a r t ia l ly d r i l led b e s ide i t

X IV

7

Med ium w a re ,g r i tt empe r ,p a s te c o lo r 1 0YR 8 / 3 ,e dge sc h ipped ,c en t ra lh o le d r i l led f r om b o th s i de so fs he rd

8

Med ium w a re ,g r i tt empe r ,p a s te c o lo r 1 0YR 8 / 2 ,e dge sw o rn s moo th

9

U nbaked c l ay w i th g r i tt empe r ,c o lo r 1 0YR 8 / 1

XV I I

1 0

F ine w a r e ,g r i tt empe r ,p a s te c o lo r5 YR 7 / 4 , c o r ec o lo r5 YR 6 / 1 ,e nd sa nd p a r to fs i de s how w ea r

X IV

1

Med ium t oc oa r se w a r e ,s t raw a nd g r i tt empe r ,p a s te c o lo r 1 0YR 8 / 3 , c o re c o lo r7 . 5YR N 3 / , e nd ss how p i t t ing a nd w ea r

1 2

LT83 -8 ,m ed ium b rown c l ay ,p a s te c o lo r7 . 5YR 5 / 6w i th g r ey c o r e( 7 .5YR N /3 ) ,d eep d im p i eo np r e se rved e nd .

1 3

LT83 -32 ,b aked c l ay ,5 YR 5 / 6w i th g r ey c o re .E nd s ,p a r t icu la r ly t h e mo re r ounded o ne , s how s i gn so fw ea r .

8 9

XV I I I X I I

I V

V I I

T he I ron Age S e t t lemen ta t' A in D ara

2

4

3

7 5

F igu re 9 3 : M i sce l laneou sc l ay o b je c t s . 1 / 2s ca le .

6

Sma l lf ind s

N o .

D e scr ip t ion

P roven ience

P hase

1

L T8312 ,o va lb aked c l ay w e igh tp i e rced i nt h em idd le .

S qua r e4 ,L ocu s6 , L eve l3

I

2

LT83 -16 ,b aked c l ay w e igh t i na nu neven D shape ,p i e rced i n t h em idd le

S qua re 4 ,L ocu s 8 , L eve l 1 ,F ea tu re 4

I

3

LT82 11 , l a rge b aked c l ay d i sc w i th t wo s ma l lh o le sn ea ro ne e dge

T rench 3 ,s u rf ace

-

4

L T84 -56 ,c rude l i gh t ly b aked c l ay c up o rp e s t le

S qua re 5 ,L ocu s2 1 , L eve l5

X IV

5

L T82 -27 ,b aked c l ay d i sc , c oncave o no ne s i de ,c onvex o nt h e o the r ; s moo th h a rd a cc r e t ion o nt h ei n te r io ro ft h ec onvex s i de

T r ench 1 ,L ocu s6 , L eve l 5

I r on I ( ? )

6

L T84 14 ,b aked c l ay b o t t le s t opper ,s omewha tc r ude

S qua r e 5 ,L ocu s2 0 , L eve l 1

V I I I

7

Wo rked s he rd ,w i th e dge ss moo thed o f f ,m ed ium w a re ,g r i tt e rn p e r ,p a s te c o lo r 1 0YR 8 / 2

9 1

X I I

T he I ron Age S e t t lemen ta t' A in D ara

1

2

3

4

0 5

9

1 3

6

8

7

1 0

1

1 4

F igure 9 4 :B ead s .

9 2

1 2

1 5

Sma l lf ind s N o .

D e scr ip t ion

P roven ience

1

P ha se

1

L T84 -52 , l i gh tb lue e l onga ted f l-i t

S qua re 4 ,L ocu s2 4 , L eve l 5

XV I

2

L T84 -60 , s ma l lg lobu la rd a rk b lue g l a s s

S qua re 5 ,L ocu s2 5 , L eve l3

XV I

3

LT84 -50 ,s ma l l ,r ound ,s omewha tf l a t tened d a rk b lue g l a s s

S qua re 5 ,L ocu s2 1 , L eve l5

XV I

4

LT84 -35 ,r a the rw o rn ,g l obu la r , wh i te f l-i t

S qua r e4 ,L ocu s2 4 , L eve l 3

XV I

5

L T84 18 ,g l obu la rg r een i sh b lack g l a s sw i th t h r ee c i r c le so fy e l l ow g l a s sa pp l ied

S qua re 4 ,L ocu s 1 7 , L eve l6

X I I I

6

LT84 -48 , l i gh tb lue p a s te ,e l onga ted s hape

S qua re 5 ,L ocu s2 1 , L eve l 5

X I I I _ .

7

LT84 -49 ,w h i te s he l lw i th l a rge h o le ,b roken a to ne e nd

S qua re 5 ,L ocu s2 5 , L eve l 1

X I I

8

LT84 -7 1 , s ma l l ,g l obu la r ,p a le b lue f i t

S qua r e5 ,L ocu s2 5 , L eve l3

X I I

9

LT84 -34 , s ma l l ,o n ion shaped ,b lue g l a s sw i th w h i te f l eck s

S qua re 5 ,L ocu s2 2 , L eve l 1

X

1 0

LT84 -33 , e l onga ted ,b lue g l a s sw i th w h i t e f l eck s

S qua re 5 ,L oucs 2 2 , L eve l 1

X

1

LT84 19 , s ma l l ,g lobu la r ,y e l low g l a s sw i th ab l ack ma rk

S qua re 5 ,L ocu s2 1 , L eve l2

X

1 2

LT84 -20 ,e l onga ted ,d a rk b lue g la s s

S qua re 5 ,L ocu s 1 8 , L eve l2

I X

1 3

LT83 -33 ,d en ta l ium s he l lb ead

S qua re 5 ,L ocu s 1 4 , L eve l 1

I V

1 4

LT83 -40 , s he l l ,h a lved l e ng thw i se a nd p i e r ced ,w i th b roken e dge p o l i shed . T he h o le w a sp robab ly d r i l led f r om t h e i n s ide ,s i nce t h e e x te r io ri ss pa l led

S qua re 5 ,L ocu s 1 4 , L eve l 2 ,F ea tu re 2 5

I V

1 5

LT83 10 , s ma l lg l a s sb ead ,n ow mo s t ly w h i te

S qua r e 5 ,L ocu s 1 , L eve l 1F ea tu re 3

I

9 3

T he I ron Age S e t t lemen ta t ' A in D ara

2

3

4

5

6

7

9 8 F igu re 9 5 : B ronze a nd c opper o b jec t s .

9 4

1 0

Sma l lf ind s _ N o .

D e scr ip t ion

P roven ience

P ha se

1

LT84 -69 ,h ook ,p o in t ed o no ne e nd

S qua r e 5 ,L ocu s2 4 , L eve l 1

XV I I I

2

LT84 -72 ,b en ts hee t ,p i e r ced

S qua r e4 ,L ocu s2 3 , L eve l 5

XV I

3

LT84 -37 ,p in ,b en ti nt wo p la ce sa nd b roken a tb o th e nd s

S qua r e4 ,L ocu s2 3 , L eve l 1

X IV

4

LT84 11 ,t wo f r agmen t so f as hee t ,s l igh t ly c urved

S qua r e4 ,L ocu s2 1 , L eve l 1 ,F ea tu re 2 3

X IV

5

LT84 10 ,p i nw i th d eco ra t ive e nd b roken of

S qua r e 5 ,L ocu s2 1 , L eve l2

X I

6

LT84 -40 , s hee tf r agmen t , s omewha tb en t

S qua r e4 ,L ocu s2 0 , L eve l 3

x

7

LT84 12 ,h ead o fp i n

S qua r e 5 ,L ocu s2 1 , L eve l2

X

8

LT84 -3 ,r i ng

S qua r e4 ,L ocu s 1 5 , L eve l4

V I I I

9

LT84 -8 , s hee tf r agmen t , s omewha tb en t

S qua re 5 ,L ocu s 1 7 , L eve l 1

V I

1 0

LT84 -1 ,p in f r agmen t ,t i pa nd e nd b roken of

S qua r e 5 ,L ocu s 1 7 , L eve l 1

V I

9 5

T he I ron Age S et t lemen ta t' A in D ara

..4.41.1e . e . . g

3 1

5

9

4

2

6

7

8

1 2 1 0

1

F igure 9 6 : I r on o b jec t sf rom e ar l ie rp ha se s . Y 2s ca le .

9 6

Sma l lf inds N o .

D e scr ip t ion

P roven ience

P ha se

1

LT84 -43 ,p ro jec t i le p o in t ,b roken a tb o th e nd s , s l igh t r i dge r unn ing i t sl e ng th

S qua r e4 ,L ocu s2 8 , L eve l6

X IX

2

LT84 -62 ,e nd o fb l ade , c u t t ing e dge a tb o t tom

S qua r e4 ,L ocu s2 4 , L eve l 1

XV I I I

3

LT84 -46 ,r od o rn a i l f r agmen t

S qua r e4 ,L ocu s 1 6 , L eve l9

XV I

4

LT84 -32 ,p a r to fs ma l ls t r ip , o ne e nd b roken

S qua r e4 ,L ocu s2 8 , L eve l 3

XV I

5

LT84 -70 ,c o r roded p o in t

S qua r e5 ,L ocu s2 5 , L eve l3

XV

6

L T84 -45 ,p or t ion o f ar od ,b roken a tb o th e nd s

S qua r e5 ,L ocu s2 1 , L eve l 5

X IV

7

LT84 -64 ,n a i lf r agmen t ,s omewha tf l a t tened

S qua r e 5 ,L ocu s2 8 , L eve l 1

X IV

8

LT84 -42 ,p ro jec t i le p o in t ,w i th s we l l ing b e tween p o in t a nd h af t .

S qua re 5 ,L ocu s2 1 , L eve l5

X IV

9

L T84 -44 ,p ro jec t i le p o in t ,t i pb en t ,w i th s we l l ing b e t ween b l ade a nd h af t

S qua r e5 ,L ocu s2 1 , L eve l5

X IV

1 0

LT84 -31 ,n a i l( ? )f r agmen t ,h ead e nd b roken o f f

S qua r e 5 ,L ocu s2 1 , L eve l2 -5

X IV

1

L T84 -17 ,c urved s i ck le b l ade ,b roken a to ne e nd

S qua r e4 ,L ocu s 1 7 , L eve l6

X I I I

1 2

L T84 -6 ,p i n , b en ta tt h icke s tp a r t , i nt wo p i ece s

S qua re 4 ,L ocu s 1 7 , L eve l5

X I I

9 7

T he I ron Age S e t t lemen ta t' A in D ara

1

4

3

2

—•

5 6

8

7

9

1 2

1 0

1 3

1

F igu re 9 7 :I r on o b jec t s , l a te rp ha se s . / 2s ca le .

9 8

Sma l lf ind s

N o .

D e scr ip t ion

P roven ience

P hase

1

LT84 -9 ,p in ,b roken a to ne e nd

S qua re 4 ,L ocu s 1 7 , L eve l4 ,F ea tu re 1 8

X I

2

LT84 -29 , l ump ,s l igh t ly c up -shaped , h eav i ly c o r roded

S qua re 5 ,L ocu s2 1 , L eve l 1

X

3

LT84 -63 , c u rved b l ade

S qua re 5 ,L ocu s 1 9 , L eve l2

V I I I

4

LT83 -43 , l ump ,b ad ly c o r roded

S qua re 4 ,L ocu s 1 6 , L eve l3

V I I I

5

LT84 -68 , f l a ts hee t ,p i e rced

S qua re 5 ,L ocu s 1 7 , L eve l2

V I I

6

LT83 -30 ,p ro jec t i le p o in t , l e af shaped a nd t h ickened n ea rt h eb a se

S qua re 4 ,L ocu s 1 5 , L eve l 1

V I I

7

LT83 -14 , p ro jec t i le p o in t

S qua re 4 ,L ocu s7 , L eve l 1

V

8

LT83 -42 ,c u rved p i n ,t i pp re se rved ,o the re nd b roken o f f

S qua re 5 ,L ocu s 5 , L eve l2

I I

9

LT83 -19 ,n a i l( ? )f r agmen t ,h ead a nd t i pm i ss ing

S qua re 5 ,L ocu s6 , L eve l 1

I

1 0

L T83 -18 ,h ead o f an a i l

S qua re 5 ,L ocu s2 , L eve l 1 ,F ea tu r e 1 0

I

1

L T83 -26 ,s l igh t ly c u rved c y l ind r ica l o b jec t ,b roken a t o ne e nd

S qua re 5 ,L ocu s 1 5 , L eve l 1 ,F ea tu r e 1 3

I

1 2

L T82 -14 ,f r agmen to fi r on p i n

T rench 1 ,L ocu s3 , L eve l3 ,F ea tu re 6

H e l len i s t ic

1 3

L T82 -8 ,o b long o b jec t

T rench 2 ,L ocu s5 , L eve l 1

H e l len i s t ic

9 9

T he I ron Age S e t t lemen ta t' A in D ara

C a ta log o fR eg is tered Ob jec t s R eg is tra t ion N umber

Ob jec tD e scr ip t ion

F indspo t T rench 1

LT82 1

P ecked s t one w e igh t

L ocu s 1 L eve l 1

LT 8 2 -2

LT 8 2 -3

L T8 2 -4

LT 8 2 -5

LT 8 2 -6

LT 8 2 -7

LT 8 2 -8

D eco ra ted I s lam ic p ipe s t em o f b uf fc l ay ,b ow lb roken of .

C o r roded i r on n a i l .

R im f r agmen to f ag l a s sv es se l .

C u rved m e ta lf r agmen t ,p e rhap s p a r to f ar i ng .

D eco ra ted I s lam ic p ipe b ow lo f b aked c l ay ,s t em b roken of .

D eco ra ted c e ram ic l amp , c h ipped .

C o r roded i r on b a r .

T r ench 2 L ocu s 1 L eve l 1

C oppe rr i ng .

LT 8 2 12

P e r f o ra ted d i sc ,t wo h o le s p i e rced o no ne e nd .

C o r roded f r agmen to fc op p e r /b ronze .

D iam : 2 . 5 c m .

W id th : 0 . 3 c m .

L eve l 1

H ead : 1 . 8 c m .

T r ench 1

L eng th : 1 . 6c m

L ocu s 1

W id th : 1c m .

L eve l 1

T h ick : 0 . 4c m .

T r ench 1 L ocu s 1 L eve l 1

L eng th : 1 . 6c m . D iam : 0 . 5 c m .

T r ench 3

H e igh t : 3 . 5 c m .

L ocu s 3

E x t . d i am :2 . 5 c m .

L eve l 1

I n t . d i am : 1 . 6c m .

T r ench 3

L eng th : 8 . 5 c m .

L ocu s 1

D iam :4 . 8 c m .

L eve l 1

H e igh t : 3 . 1 c m .

T r ench 2

L eng th : 7 . 0c m .

L ocu s 5

W id th : 1 . 7c m .

L eve l 1

T h ick : 1 . 2c m .

L ocu s 6

L ocu s 1 0 L eve l 1

L T 8 2 11

L eng th : 5 . 3 c m .

L ocu s 1

T r ench 3 Sma l lr i ng , o ne h a lf p re served .

D iam : 4 . 5 c m .

L eng th : 3 . 3 c m .

L eve l2

LT 8 2 10

H e igh t : 3 . 5 c m .

T r ench 2

T r ench 3 LT 8 2 -9

S ize

T r ench

E x t . d i am : 2c m . I n t . d i am : 1 . 3 c m .

E x t . d i am : 1c m . I n t .d i am : 0 . 4 c m .

P ha se o r P er iod

I lu s tra t ion

?

mode rn

?

?

?

I s lam ic

H e l len i s t ic

1 9

H e l len i s t ic

9 7 / 13

.

I r on I

I r on I

D iam : 9c m . 3

S ur f ace T r ench 1 L ocu s4 L eve l 1

1 00

T h ick : 2 . 5 c m .

?

H o le d i am : 0 . 2 c m . L eng th : 3 . 3 c m . W id th : 1 . 3 c m .

M ixed I r on I & H e l len i s t ic

9 3 /3

Sma l lf ind s i R eg i s tra t ion Number

L T 8 2 13

Ob jec tD e scr ip t ion

C oppe r /b ronze f r agmen t .

F indspo t

S i ze

T rench 1

L eng th 0 . 9 c m .

L ocu s3

W id th : 0 . 5 c m .

P ha se o r P er iod

I lus tra t ion

I r on I

L eve l3 T r ench 1 L T 8 2 14

I r on f r agmen t .

L ocu s 3

L eng th : 4c m .

L eve l 3

W id th : 0 . 8c m .

H e l len i s t ic

9 7 / 12

I r on I

9 1/9

F ea tu re 6

L T8 2 15

S tone c on ica ls p ind le w ho r l .

T r ench 2

D iam : 3 . 4c m .

L ocu s 8

H e igh t : 1 . 3 c m .

L eve l 1

H o le d i am : 0 . 4c m .

T r ench 3 L T8 2 -16

G la ss b race le tf r agmen t .

L ocu s 1 L eve l 1

L T8 2 17

L T8 2 18

L T8 2 -19

L T8 2 -20

L T8 2 -2 1

G r ind ing s t one .

P i e rced g round s t one w e igh t ( ? ) —b roken .

B roken p e rf o ra ted d i sc .

C o r roded c oppe r /b ronze f r agm en t .

I r regu la rs t one w i th h em ispher i c a ld ep re s s ion sd r i l led o nb o th s i de s .

L eng th : 2 . 6c m . D iam : 0 . 6c m .

T r ench 3

L eng th : 2 3 c m .

L ocu s 1 2

W id th : 1 3c m .

L eve l 1

H e igh t : 5 . 5 c m .

T r ench 3

L eng th :4 . 5 c m .

L ocu s 1 2

W id th :4 . 5 c m .

L eve l 1

T h ick : 1 . 5 c m .

T rench 3

D iam : 5c m .

L ocus 1 3

T h ick : 0 . 7c m .

L eve l 1

H o le d i am : 0 . 6c m .

T r ench 1

L eng th : 3 . 2 c m .

L ocu s 3

W id th : 3c m .

L eve l3

T h ick : 1 . 5 c m .

T rench 3

L eng th : 1 2c m .

L ocu s 1 3

W id th : 9c m .

L eve l 1

T h ick : 5c m .

M ixed I r on I & H e l len i s t ic

I r on I

9 0 / 1

I r on I

I r on I

9 0 /2

I r on I

.

I r on I

F ea tu re 1 T rench 3 L T8 2 -22

F ragmen to f ag l a s sb r ace le t .

L ocus 1 L eve l 1

L T8 2 -23

L T8 2 -24

F l a tr e c tangu la rg r ind ing s t one .

S t one o b jec tw i th c r o ss -ha tched d eco ra t ion .

L eng th : 7c m . D iam : 0 . 6c m .

T rench 3

L eng th : 1 5c m .

L ocus 1 3

W id th : 8c m .

L eve l 1

T h ick : 1 . 4.

S qua re U5

L eng th : 5c m .

S u rf a ce

W id th : 3 . 8 c m .

1 0 1

M ixed I r on I & H e l len i s t ic

I r on I

?

9 0 /6

T he I ron A ge S e t t lemen ta t' A in D ara R eg i s tra t ion Number

LT 8 2 -25

Ob jec tD e scr ip t ion

B aked c l ay d i sc w i th ar a i sed c en te r .

F indspo t

S ize

T rench 1

D iam : 2 . 9c m .

L ocu s 6

H e igh t : 1 . 1 c m .

L eve l3

LT 8 2 -26

L T8 2 -27

LT 8 3 1

B aked c l ay a n ima lf i gu r ine ,r e a r h a lf ,f r on tl e g sa nd h o rn s( ? ) b roken o f f .

T r ench 1

H e igh t : 5 . 3 c m .

L ocu s6

W id th : 3 . 3 c m .

L eve l5

L eng th : 2 . 8 c m .

B aked c l ay d i sc ,c oncave o no ne s i de , c onvex o nt h eo the r ;

T r ench 1

s moo th h a rd a cc re t ion o nt h e i n t e no ro ft h ec oncave s i de . B aked c l ay I s lam ic c l ay p ipe mou thp iece w i th i n c i sed d eco ra t i on ,c h ipped a tt h e e nd ,b roken a tt h es t em

D iam : 3 . 8c m .

L ocu s 6

T h ick : 1 . 1 c m .

L eve l 5 S qua re 4

P ha se o r P er iod

I lu s tra t ion

I r on I

h on I

I r on I( ? )

3 0

9 3 /5

L eng th : 3c m .

L ocu s 1

D iam : 2 . 8 c m .

L eve l 1

I s lam ic

H o le d i am : 1c m .

F ea tu re 1

B a se l e ng th : 8 . 2 c m .

LT 8 3 -2

B a sa l tb ox l i d( ? )w i th ah and le i nt h es hape o f al i on ,b a se s l igh t ly c oncave .

B a se w id th : 6 . 5 c m .

S qua re 4

B a se h e igh t : 1 . 8 c m .

L ocu s 1 L eve l

H e igh t : 3 . 2 c m .

1

I

8 7 / 1

I

8 8 /6

L ion l e ng th : 4 . 3 c m . L ion w id th : 1 . 5 c m .

LT 8 3 -3

B one p in ,p o l ished w i th poi nt b roken o f f . C a rved h ead .

S qua re 4

L eng th :4 . 5 c m .

L ocu s 1

Max d i am : 0 . 6c m .

L eve l 1

LT 8 3 -4

LT 8 3 -5

B aked c l ay H e l len is t ic p l aque f r agmen ts how ing f e e t , l e g sa nd s k i r t .

S qua r e 5

W id th : 3 . 2 c m .

L ocu s 1

H e igh t : 5 . 7 c m .

L eve l 1

T h ick : 1 . 7 c m .

A laba s te rc on ica l s p ind le who r l , w i th as e conda ry h o le o no ne s i de .

S qua re 5

H e igh t : 1 . 5 c m . Ho le d i am : 0 . 6c m .

LT 8 3 -6

LT 8 3 -7

H e igh t : 2 8 c m .

L eve l 1

S qua re 4 S ca rabo id o fs of t ,c r eam -co lo r ed s t one , s how ing as ph inx o n i t s b a se .

L ocu s 1 L eve l 1 F ea tu re 3

1 02

9 1 / 10

I

6 9

I

8 3

R im d i am : 8 . 5 c m .

L ocu s 1

F ea tu re 3

I

2n d h o le d i am : 0 . 2c m .

S qua re 4 N ea r ly c omp le te o rangewa r e t r ef o i lp o tw i th as i ng le h and le . B roken i na n t iqu i ty .

8 6 /3

D iam : 2 . 5 c m .

L ocu s 1 L eve l 1

H e l len i s t ic? S ame p i ece a s LT83 -9

1

Max d i am : 2 2 c m .

L eng th : 1 . 3 c m . W id th : 1c m . H e igh t : 0 . 9 c m .

.

Sma l lf ind s _ R eg is tra t ion Number

Ob jec tD e scr ip t ion

F indspo t S qua r e4

LT 8 3 -8

B roken b aked c l ay c y l inde rw i th ad imp le o nt h ee nd .

L ocu s 1 L eve l 1 F ea tu re 3

LT 8 3 -9

Uppe rp o r t ion o f ab aked c l ay p laque s how ing ad r aped f ema le b u s t . P robab ly H e l len i s t ic .

LT 8 3 10

n ow

LT 8 3 11

L T8 3 12

L T8 3 13

LT 8 3 14

Ova lb aked c l ay w e igh tp i e r ced i nt h em idd le .

P o l i shed a nd i n c i sed b one s pa t u la ,t i pb roken of .

I r on p o in t ,b u te nd b roken o f f .

L T8 3 15

W id th : 4 . 3 c m . T h ick : 1 . 4 c m .

S ame p i ece a s L T83-4

L eve l 1

L T8 3 17

B aked c l ay w e igh t , i na nu neven D shape ,p i e r ced i nt h em idd le .

O ne t h i rd o f ab a sa l ts t one b ow l al a rge s imp le v e s se lw i th ar i ng b a se .

H e igh t : 0 .6 c m .

L ocu s 1

B a se d i am : 1 5c m .

L eve l 1

H e igh t : 7 . 7c m .

F ea tu re 3

Mean t h ick : 1 . 8 c m .

S qua r e4

D iam : 6 . 7c m .

L ocu s6

H e igh t : 3 . 2 c m .

L eve l3

H o le d i am : 1c m .

S qua re 5

L eng th : 9c m .

L ocu s 1

W id th : 1 . 6c m .

L eve l2

T h ick : 0 . 3 c m .

S qua r e4

L eng th : 6 . 8 c m .

L ocu s 7

T h ick . 0 . 7 c m .

L eve l 1

Max .w id th : 1 . 4c m .

W id th : 1 . 6c m .

L ocu s

W id th : 6 . 8c m .

L eve l 1

H e igh t3 . 8 c m .

F ea tu r e4

H o le d i am : 1 . 6c m .

L ocu s 5 L eve l 1

1 03

I

9 0 / 10

I

9 3 / 1

I

8 8 /3

V

9 7 /7

1

8 8 / 1

I

9 3 /2

B r ead th : 1 . 4 c m . L eng th : 8 . 6c m .

S qua re 5

9 4 / 15

L eng th : 3 . 8 c m .

S qua r e4 8

I

H o ld d i am : 0 . 2 c m . R im d i am : 2 4c m .

L eve l 1

8 6 /2

D iam : 0 . 9c m .

S qua r e 5

L ocu s 8

9 2 / 12

D imp le d i am : 1c m .

L eve l 1

F ea tu re 4

L T8 3 16

I

L ocu s 1

S qua r e4 I vo ry k n if eh and le ,c a rved ,b ro k en of w he r et h ef i r s tr i ve ta t t a ched t h eb l ade .

H e igh t :4 .4 c m .

H e l len is t ic

L ocu s 1

I lu s tra t ion

Max d i am : 4 .6 c m .

L eng th : 3 . 9 c m .

F ea tu r e3 R im to -ba se f r agmen to f ab a s a l tb ow lw i th s ha l low b a se a nd s imp le r im w i th ab road l e dge h and le .

P hase o r P er iod

S qua re 5

S qua r e 5 Sma l lg lobu la rg l a s sb ead , mo s t ly wh i te i nc o lo r .

S ize

R im d i am : 3 2c m . B a se d i am : 1 4c m . H e igh t : 1 0 .6 c m . Mean t h ick : 2 . 4c m .

I I

T he I ron Age S e t t lemen ta t 'Mn D ara R eg is tra t ion Number

Ob jec tD e scr ip t ion

F ind spo t S qua re 5

LT 8 3 18

H ead e nd o fa ni r on n a i l .

L ocu s2 L eve l 1 F ea tu r e 1 0

LT 8 3 19

I r on n a i l( ? )f r agmen t ,h ead a nd t i pm i ss ing .

S qua re 5 L ocu s6 L eve l 1

LT 8 3 -20

U nbaked c l ay v e sse l —ve ry c rude a nd s imp le .

C oppe r /b ronze f r agmen t —pe r h ap sp a r to fj ewe l ry .

LT 8 3 -22

LT 8 3 -23

LT 8 3 -24

B aked c l ay h o r se 's h ead f i gu r i ne ,w i th a pp l iquded e ye sa nd h a rne ss . T he r e s to ft h eb ody i s b roken of . I vo ry p in , c omp le te ,w i th c arved e nd .

LT 8 3 -25

D iam : 1 . 1 c m .

L eve l 1

T h ick : 0 . 7c m .

S qua re 5 L o cu s 1 0 L eve l2 F ea tu r e 1 4

W id th : 0 . 9c m .

I

9 7 /9

I V

V I

L eng th : 8 1 .5 c m . W id th : 6 3 c m . R im t h i ck : 6 . 5 c m .

V I

6 8

V

8 6 /4

I

8 8 /5

B ody t h ick : 4c m . B a se t h ick : 1 2 cm .

L ocu s 1 2

L eng th :4 . 1 c m .

L eve l2

T h ick :2 . 5 c m .

L ocu s 1

9 7 / 10

T h ick : 0 . 2c m .

H e igh t :4 . 6c m .

S qua re 4

I

L eng th : 1 . 8 c m .

S qua r e4

L eve l2 B roken b one s pa tu la ;t i pi sb ro k en o f f ,a si sa l lo ft h eb u te nd .

L eng th : 4 . 6c m .

H e igh t : 4c m .

L eve l2

I lu s tra t ion

H ead d i am : 2 . 3 c m .

L o cu s 1 2

F ea tu r e 1 4 R ed -s l ipped b u rn i shed r e c tangu l a rv e s se lw i th t wo r a i sed b and s o fd eco ra t ion —one a round t h e b a se w i th t humb i mp re ss ion s , o ne b e low t h er im w i th s l a she s .

S haf td i am : 1 . 4c m .

D iam : 3 . 8c m .

L ocu s 1 0

P hase o r P er iod

L eng th : 5 . 9c m .

S qua r e4

S qua r e5 LT 8 3 -21

S i ze

L eng th : 7 . 4 c m . Max d i am : 0 . 5 c m .

S qua r e4

L eng th : 7 . 9c m .

L ocu s 1 2

W id th : 2 . 3 c m .

L eve l3

T h ick : 0 . 2c m .

V I

8 9 / 14

I

9 7 / 11

I I

8 8 /2

S qua r e 5 LT 8 3 -26

S l igh t ly c u rved i r on o b jec t , b ro k en a to ne e nd .

L ocu s

1 5

L eve l 1

L eng th : 9 . 3 c m . Max d i am : 1 . 7c m .

F ea tu r e 1 3 L eng th 1 :3 . 1 c m .

L T8 3 -27

Two f r agmen t so fa n i n c ised b one b ox . T he t wo p i ece sd on o t j o in ; o ne i sp i e r ced .

S qua re

5

L ocu s6 L eve l2

L eng th 2 :4 . 4c m . W id th 1 :2 . 5 c m . W id th 2 :1 . 8c m . T h ick 1 :0 . 5 c m . T h ick 2 :0 . 6c m .

1 04

•

Sma i lf ind s R eg i s tra t ion N umber

L T8 3 -28

Ob jec tD e scr ip t ion

C on ica ls oap s tone s p ind le who r l w i th c oncen t r ic t oo l ing l i ne s .

F ind spo t

S qua re 5 L ocu s 1 4 L eve l2

L T8 3 -29

L T8 3 -30

L T8 3 -31

L T8 3 -32

L T8 3 -33

L T8 3 -34

L T8 3 -35

L T8 3 -36

L T8 3 -37

S q ua r e eng th : 9 . 9 c m .4 B aked c l ay c y l inde r , o ne e ndL r ounded a nd wo rn ,t h eo the r L ocu s 1 5 mo re f l a t tened . L eve l 1

I r on p ro jec t i le p o in t , l e af shaped a nd t h ickened n ea rt h eb a se .

Sma l lb aked c l ay a n ima l f i gu . r me -p robab ly o f as heep .

B aked c l ay c y l inde r ,o ne e nd r ounded a nd wo rn ,t h eo the r mo re s qua red o f f .

D en ta l ium s he l lb ead .

V e s icu la rb a sa l to b jec t ,r ough ly c i r cu la rw i th s ha l low d ep r e s s i on so nt op a nd b o t tom .

S qua re 4 L ocu s 1 5 L eve l 1

S qua re 4 L ocu s 1 5 L eve l 1

T op d i am : 1 . 7c m . H e igh t : 1 . 9c m .

Max . d i am : 4 . 0c m .

W id th : 1 . 5 c m . B a se t h ick : 0 . 7c m .

W id th 1 . 8 c m . B ody h e igh t : 1 . 9 c m .

L eve l 1

M in . d i am :4 . 2c m .

S qua re 5

L eng th : 2 . 6c m .

L ocu s 1 4

D iam : 0 . 6c m .

L eve l 1

H o le d i am : 0 . 3 c m .

S qua re 5

D iam : 1 0 .8 c m .

L ocu s 1 5

H e igh t : 4 . 8c m .

L eve l 1

D ep r es s ion s : 3 . 5 c m .

L ocu s 1 7

Max .w id th : 1 . 4c m .

L eve l2

T h ick : 0 . 8c m .

B roken w o rked s t one f oo tt oa v e s se l( ? )O ff i ne g ra ined g r ey s t one . T he c h i se l ma rk sg ive i t af l u ted a ppea rance .

S qua re 5

L eng th :4 . 4c m .

L ocu s 1 2

Max . d i am : 2 . 0c m .

F ounda t ion

M in . d i am : 1 . 7c m .

S qua re 4

L eng th : 3 . 7c m .

L ocu s 1 5

W id th : 2 . 6c m .

L eve l2

T h ick : 0 . 2c m .

1 05

9 7 /6

V I I

8 6 / 1

V I I

9 2 / 13

I V

9 4 / 13

T o ta lh e igh t : 2 . 9c m .

Max . d i am : 4 . 6c m .

_ F ea tu re 2 5

V I I

L eng th :4 . 7c m .

L ocu s 1 5

L eve l2

V I I

T ip t h ick : 0 . 4c m .

L eng th : 2 . 4c m .

a te ach e nd ,w h ich a r e f l a t .

9 1/8

L eng th : 6 . 1 c m .

L eng th : 7 . 9c m .

L ocu s 1 4

I V

M in . d i am : 3 . 8 c m .

S qua re 4

B aked c l ay c y l inde r , th icke ne d

I lus tra t ion

H o le d iam : 0 . 7 c m .

B roken i r on p o in t ,t i pa nd l a rge p a r to fb a se b roken o f f .

B roken p i ece o fb one i n lay d e c o ra ted w i th f i ve p i e rced c i r c le s .

P ha se o r P er iod

B a se d i am : 3 . 5 c m .

S qua re 4

S qua re 5 L T8 3 -38

S ize

I I

V I I I

V I

V I I

L eng th : 8 . 4c m . Max . d i am : 5c m . M in . d i am : 3 . 6c m .

I V

8 8 /8

T he I ron Age S e t t lemen ta t' A in D ara R eg i s tra t ion Number

LT 8 3 -39

LT 8 3 -40

Ob jec tD e scr ip t ion B one p o in t ,p o l i shed o nt h eu p p e rs u r f a ce ,o n ly t h et i pp re s e rved .

H a lved a nd p i e r ced c ow r ie s he l l . B roken e dge i sp o l i shed . H o le d r i l led f r om i n s ide .

F indspo t

F ind spo tu n k nown

LT 8 3 -4 1

LT 8 3 -42

LT 8 3 -43

LT 8 3 -44

LT 8 4 -1

LT 8 4 -2

LT 8 4 -3

LT 8 4 -4

LT 8 4 -5

LT 8 4 -6

C u rved i r on p in ,t i pp re se rved , e nd b roken o f f .

Max .w id t h : 1 . 3 c m .

L eve l2

W id th : 1 . 3 c m .

S qua r e4

Max . d i am : 3 . 4c m .

L ocus 1 5

H e igh t : 1 . 7c m .

L eve l2

H o le d i am : 0 . 5 c m .

S qua r e 5 L ocu s 5 L eve l2

L eng th : 4 . 3 c m . D iam : 0 . 4c m .

L eve l3

W id th : 1 . 9 c m .

S q ua r e4 iam :4 .0 c m . C on ica lb aked c l ay s p ind leD w ho r l ,h o r izon ta l s moo th ing L ocu s 1 5 l i ne sv i s ib le o nu ppe rs u r f ace . L eve l2

H e igh t : 2 . 3 c m .

B a sa l to b jec t -pe rhaps t h e f oo t o f av e s se l -b roken a tb o th e nd s . B roken f r agmen to f ama r ine s he l l -no i d en t if iab le s i gn o f mod if i ca t ion .

I r on p i n -b en ta ti t st h icke s t p a r t ,b ad ly c o r roded .

I V

9 4 / 14

V I I

9 1/7

I I

9 7 /8

V I I I

9 7 /4

V I I

9 1/6

V I

9 5 / 10

V I

8 9 / 11

T h ick : 0 . 5 c m .

H e igh t : 2 . 3 c m .

C oppe r /b ronze r i ng .

8 9 / 12

S qua re 5 L eng th : 3 . 3 c m . 1 4

L ocu s 1 6

B one p o in t ,t i ps l igh t ly b roken , b u te nd b roken of .

u n s t ra t if i ed

T h ick : 0 . 2 c m .

L eng th : 3 . 8 c m .

C oppe r /b ronze p in f r agmen t , b o th t i pa nd e nd b roken o f f .

I lus tra t ion

L eng th :4 .4 c m .

S qua r e4 I r on l ump ,b ad ly c o r roded .

P ha se o r Per iod

L ocu s

F ea tu r e2 5 C on ica l s oap s tone s p ind le w ho r l .

S i ze

S qua r e 5 L ocu s 1 7 L eve l 1

H o le d i am : 0 . 6c m . L eng th : 2 . 6 c m . D iam : 0 . 2 c m

S qua r e 5

Max .w id th : 1 . 2c m .

L ocu s 1 8

L eng th : 5 . 8 c m .

L eve l 1

T h ick : 0 . 2c m .

S qua r e4

D iam : 2 . 4c m .

L ocu s 1 5

T h ick : 0 . 4 c m .

L eve l4

H o le d i am : 1 . 7c m .

S qua r e4

L eng th : 9c m .

L ocu s 1 5

W id th : 5 . 2 c m .

L eve l3

T h ick : 3 . 9 c m .

S qua re 5

L eng th : 3 . 7 c m .

L ocus 2 1

W id th : 2 . 5 c m .

L eve l 1 S qua r e4 L ocu s 1 7 L eve l 5

1 06

-

V I I I

9 5 /8

V I I I

9 0 /3

X

8 5

X I I

9 6 / 12

T h ick : 0 . 3 -0 . 1 c m . L eng th : 5 . 3 c m . D iam : 0 . 2 -0 .4 c m .

Sma l l f ind s R eg i s tra t ion Number

Ob jec tD e scr ip t ion

LT 8 4 -7

C on ica ls oap s tone s p ind le who r l ,s omewha tc h ipped o nt op a nd b a se ,w i th s c ra tche so nt h e b a se .

LT 8 4 -8

F ragmen to f ac oppe r /b ronze s hee t , s omewha tb en t .

F indspo t

P ha se o r P er iod

S i ze

S qua re 5

D iam : 3 . 9c m .

L ocu s 1 8

H e igh t : 2c m .

L eve l2

H o le d i am : 0 . 7c m .

S qua re 5

L eng th : 2 . 3 c m .

L ocu s 1 7

W id th : 1 . 1 c m .

L eve l 1

T h ick : 0 . 1 c m .

I lus tra t ion r

I X

9 1/4

V I

9 5 /9

X I

9 7 / 1

S qua re 4 LT 8 4 -9

I r on p in ,b roken o nt h ee nd .

L ocu s 1 7

L eng th : 4 . 6c m .

L eve l4

Max . d i am : 0 . 4 c m .

F ea tu re 1 8

LT 8 4 10

C oppe r /b ronz ep i n ;i tp robab ly h ad ac i rcu la rd eco ra t ive e nd wh ich i sn ow b roken of .

S qua re 5 L ocu s2 1 L eve l 2

L eng th : 8 . 5 c m . Max . d i am : 0 . 5

X I

c m .

L eng th 1 :1 . 7 c m .

LT 8 4 11

Two f r agmen t so f ac op p e r /b ronze s hee t ,s l igh t ly c u rved .

S qu are 4

L eng th 2 :0 . 5 c m .

L ocu s2 3

W id th 1 :0 . 3 c m .

L eve l 1

W id th 2 :0 . 3 c m .

F ea tu re 2 3

T h ick 1 :0 . 1 c m .

X IV

9 5 /4

X

9 5 /7

T h ick 2 :0 . 1 c m .

LT 8 4 12

L T8 4 13

H ead o f ac oppe r /b ronze p in . H ead w a so r ig ina l ly f l a tb u ti s n ow b en t , mo s to fr e s to ft he p in i sb roken o f f .

T op h a lf o f as c a rabo id ,s ome w ha tc h ipped a nd b roken a l ong p i e rc ing h o le .

S qua re 5 L ocu s2 1 L eve l2

L T8 4 14

B one p i nw i th af l a ta nd s qua r ed of h ead , p o in tb roken o f f .

L eve l4

P in d i am : 0 . 4 c m .

W id th : 1c m .

-

H e igh t : 2 . 7 c m .

L ocu s2 0

T op d i am :4 . 6c m .

L eve l 1

S toppe rd i am : 2 . 4c m .

L ocu s 1 6 L eve l 6

S qua re 5 P a r to f ad eco ra ted b one s pa tu la , L ocu s 1 8 f i ve p i e rced c i r c le so np re se rved t i p . L eve l2

1 07

X I

8 4

V I I I

9 3 /6

X I I

8 9 /9

V I I I

8 8 /4

H o le d i am : 0 . 2c m .

S qua re 5

F ea tu re 2 2

L T8 4 16

T h ick : 0 . 6c m .

S qua re 4 L eng th : 1 . 6c m . 1 7

S qua re 4 LT 8 4 15

W id th : 1 . 2 c m .

L ocu s

F ea tu re 1 8 B aked c l ay b o t t le s t oppe r , s omewha tc r ude .

L eng th : 1 . 7c m .

L eng th : 8 . 4 c m . T h ick : 0 . 4c m . H ead w id th : 1 . 1 c m . L eng th : 5 . 1 c m . W id th : 1 . 3 c m . T h ick : 0 . 2c m .

T he I ron A ge S e t t lemen ta t' A in D ara R eg i s tra t ion Number

Ob jec tD e scr ip t ion

LT 8 4 17

C u rved i r on s i ck le b l ade ,b roken a to ne e nd .

LT 8 4 18

LT 8 4 19

G lobu la rg r een i sh -b lack g l a s s b ead w i th t h ree c i rc le so fy e l low g l a s sa pp l ied .

Sma l lg l obu la ry e l low g l a ss b ead w i th ab l ack ma rk o ni t .

F indspo t

S ize

S qua r e4

L eng th : 1 2 .8 c m .

L ocu s 1 7

Max .w id th : 2 . 9 c m .

L eve l6

T h ick : 0 . 8 c m .

S qua r e4

H e igh t : 1 . 2 c m .

L ocu s 1 7

D iam : 1 . 5 c m .

L eve l6

H o le d i am : 0 . 5 c m .

S qua r e 5

H e igh t : 0 . 6c m .

L ocu s2 1

D iam : 0 . 8 c m .

L eve l2

H o le d i am : 0 . 2c m .

S qua re 5 LT 8 4 -20

E longa ted d a rk b l ue g l a s sb ead .

L ocu s 1 8 L eve l2

LT 8 4 -21

LT 8 4 -22

LT 8 4 -23

LT 8 4 -24

LT 8 4 -25

LT 8 4 -26

LT 8 4 -27

LT 8 4 -28

B a sa l t ma ce -head ( ? )f r agmen t . P ecked i n to s hape w i th as l igh t d imp le o nt h ee nd .

B one s pa tu la ,b roken a tb o th e nd s .

C omp le t eb one p o in t , c u rve su p w a rd t owa rd st h ep o in t .

B one a w l , w i th t h et i pw or na nd b roken .

B u te nd o f ab one s pa tu la .

T ip e nd o f ab one s pa tu la .

T ip h a lf o f ab one s pa tu la .

Mod if ied s heep /goa ta s t raga lu s . T he t wo s i de sh ave b een f l a t t e ned w i th ad ep r e s s ion c a rved i no ne o ft h em .

I lus tra t ion

X I I I

9 6 / 11

X I I I

9 4 /5

X

9 4 / 11

I X

9 4 / 12

L X

9 0 /7

V I

8 9 / 13

X IV

8 9 /4

X I I I

8 9 /2

X I I I

8 9 /6

X -XV I

8 9 / 10

XV

8 9 /3

X I I

8 8 /7

L eng th : 1 . 3 c m . Max . d i am : 0 . 6c m . M in . d i am : 0 . 4c m . H o ld d i am : 0 . 1 c m .

S qua re 5

H e igh t :4 .7 c m .

L ocu s2 0

W id th : 5c m .

L eve l4

Max .t h ick : 3 . 8 c m .

S qua r e 5

L eng th : 5 . 8c m .

L ocu s 1 3

Max .w id th : 1 . 7 c m .

L eve l 1

T h ick : 0 . 2 c m .

S qua r e4

L eng th : 1 5 .9 c m .

L ocu s 1 9

Max .w id th : 1 . 4 c m .

L eve l 8

T h ick : 0 . 15 c m .

S qua r e 5

L eng th : 1 2 .2 c m .

L o cu s2 1

Max .w id th : 1 . 6 c m .

L eve l 5

T h ick : 0 . 9c m .

S qua re 5

L eng th : 8 . 2 c m .

L o cu s2 1

Max . w id th : 1 . 4 c m .

L eve l 5

T h ick : 0 . 2 c m .

S qua r e 5

L eng th : 7 . 5 c m .

L ocus 2 1

Max .w id th : 1 . 3 c m .

L eve l s2 -5

T h ick : 0 . 2 c m .

S qua r e4

L eng th : 8 . 7 c m .

L ocu s2 8

Max . w id th : 0 . 8 c m

L eve l2

T h ick : 0 . 2c m .

S qua re 5

L eng th : 3 . 1 c m .

L ocu s2 1

W id th : 1 . 6 c m .

L eve l 5

T h ick : 1 . 6 c m .

1 08

P ha se o r P er iod

.

Sma l lf inds R eg i s tra t ion Number

LT 8 4 -29 1

LT 8 4 -30

LT 8 4 -31

LT 8 4 -32

LT 8 4 -33

LT 8 4 -34

LT

8 4 -35

Ob jec tD e scr ip t ion

I r on l ump , s l igh t ly c up shaped , h eav i ly c o r roded .

F ragmen to ft h eb u te nd o fa b one s pa tu la .

I r on n a i l( ? )f r agmen t ,h ead e nd b roken o f f .

F indspo t

S ize

S qua r e5

L eng th : 5 . 9c m .

L o cu s2 1

W id th : 5 . 1 c m .

L eve l 1

T h ick : 1 . 6 c m .

S qua r e 5

L eng th : 2 . 3 c m .

L ocu s 1 7

W id th : 1 . 1 c m .

L eve l2

T h ick : 0 . 2 c m .

S qua r e5

D iam : 1c m .

L eve l2 -5 S qua r e4

L eng th :4 .6 c m .

P a r to f as ma l l i r on s t r ip , o ne e nd b roken o f f .

L ocu s2 8

W id th : 1c m .

L eve l3

T h ick : 0 . 4 c m .

S qua r e4

L eng th : 2c m .

E longa ted b l ue g l a s sb ead ,g la s s h a so cca s iona lw h i te f l eck s .

L ocu s2 2

W id th : 0 . 35 c m .

q u a r e H e igh t :S 0 . 6 c m .5 Sma l lo n ion -shaped b lue g l a s s b ead ,g l a s sh a so cca s iona lw h i te L ocu s2 2 f l eck s . L eve l 1 R a the rw o rn ,g l obu la rw h i te b ead .

f i t

Two f r agmen t so fb lue g l a s s .

D iam : 0 . 6c m .

X

9 7 /2

V I I

8 9 /7

X IV

9 6 / 10

XV I

9 6 /4

X

9 4 / 10

X

9 4 /9

XV

9 4 /4

H o le d i am : 0 . 1 c m .

S qua r e4

H e igh t : 0 . 9c m .

L ocu s2 4

D iam : 1 . 3 c m .

L eve l3

H o le d i am : 0 . 4c m .

L ocu s2 1

I lus tra t ion

H o le d i am : 0 . 1 c m .

L eve l 1

S qua r e 5 LT 8 4 -36

L eng th : 7 . 5 c m .

L ocu s2 1

P ha se o r P er iod

1

T oo s ma l lt om ea su re .

X I I I

L eve l 5

L T8 4 -37

L T8 4 -38

L T8 4 -39

L T8 4 -40

C oppe r /b ronze p i n ,b en ti nt wo p l ace sw i th b o th e nd sb roken .

T he l owe rp o r t ion o f ab aked c l ay p l aque ( ? )s how ing as k ir t t a per ing t owa rd st h ef e e t( ? ) . C on ica ls oap s tone s p ind le w ho r l w i th c oncen t r ic t o o l ing l i ne so n t h eb a se a nd t o p .

C oppe r /b ronze s h ee tf r agmen t , n ow s omewha tb en t .

S qua r e4 L ocu s2 3 L eve l 1

L eng th : 7 . 1 c m . D iam : 0 . 3 c m .

S qua r e4

L eng th : 3 . 4c m .

L ocu s2 4

Max .w id th : 2 . 4c m .

L eve l2

T h ick : 0 . 9 c m .

S qua r e 5

H e igh t : 1 . 8 c m .

L ocu s 1 7

D iam : 3 . 6c m .

L eve l2

H o le d i am : 0 . 6c m .

S qua re 4

L eng th : 1 . 2c m .

L ocu s2 0

W id th : 1 . 1 c m .

L eve l 3

T h ick : 0 . 2 c m .

1 09

X IV

9 5 / 3

X IV

8 6 /5

V I I

9 1 /5

X

9 5 /6

T he I ron Age S et t lemen ta t' A in D ara

R eg i s tra t ion Number

LT 8 4 -41

LT 8 4 -42

L T8 4 -43

LT 8 4 -44

LT 8 4 -45

LT 8 4 -46

L T8 4 -47

LT 8 4 -48

L T8 4 -49

LT 8 4 -50

L T8 4 -51

LT 8 4 -52

Ob jec tD e scr ip t ion B roken p i ece o fc a rved s oap s t one . O r ig ina l ly h ad as ome w ha tr e c tangu la rp rof i le a nd a h o le i ni t-now b roken . H a s r e c tangu la ri nden ta t ion a nd ma rk ing so no ne s i de . I r on p ro jec t i le p o in t ,s wo l len b e tween b l ade a nd h af t .

F indspo t

S qua re 4 L ocu s2 4 L eve l 1

S i ze

L eng th : 5c m . W id th : 3 . 6c m .

L eng th : 6c m .

L ocu s2 1

W id th : 1 . 3 c m .

S qua re 5

L eng th : 5 . 2 c m .

L ocu s2 1

W id th : 1 . 2 c m .

L eve l5

T h ick : 0 . 5 c m

I r on f r agmen t -b roken a nd c o r r oded -p robab ly p a r to f ar od o r n a i l .

C oppe r -b ronze p in -bad ly c o r r oded a nd s omewha tc u rved .

L igh tb lue p a s te b ead e lon g a ted i ns hape .

Wh i te s he l lb ead w i th l a rge h o le -b roken a to ne e nd .

Sma l l ,r ound , s omewha tf l a t t e ned d a rk b l ue g l a s sb ead .

T ip e nd o f ab one p o in t ,s how s s i gn so fr e sha rpen ing .

L igh tb lue e l onga ted f i tb ead .

S qua re 5 L ocu s2 1 L eve l5 S qua re 4 L ocu s 1 6 L eve l9 S qua r e 5 L ocu s2 1 L eve l 5

L eng th : 4 . 2 c m . D iam : 0 . 8c m .

L eng th : 3 . 6c m . D iam : 1 . 1 c m .

L eng th : 7 . 3 c m .

9 6 /8

X IX

9 6 / 1

X IV

9 6 /9 .

X IV

9 6 /6

XV I

9 6 / 3

X IV

D iam : 0 . 2c m . L eng th : 1 . 9c m .

L ocu s2 1

D iam : 0 . 7c m .

L eve l5

H o le d iam : 0 . 2 c m .

S qua r e 5

L eng th : 1 . 4c m .

L ocu s2 5

D iam : 0 . 8c m .

X I I I

9 4 /6

X I I

9 4 /7

XV

9 4 /3

XV I

8 9 /5

XV I

9 4 / 1

H o le d i am : 0 . 4 c m .

S qua re 5

D iam : 0 . 5 c m .

L ocu s2 1

H e igh t : 0 . 2 c m .

L eve l 5

H o le d i am : 0 . 2 c m .

S qua re 5

L eng th :4 . 9 c m .

L ocu s2 5

W id th : 1 . 5 c m .

L eve l 1

T h ick : 0 . 2c m .

S qua re 4

L eng th : 0 . 9 c m .

L ocu s2 4

D iam : 0 . 4c m .

L eve l5

H o le d iam : 0 . 1 c m .

10

X IV

T h ick : 0 . 8c m .

S qua r e 5

L eve l 1

9 0 /8

Max .t h ick : 0 . 8 c m .

W id th : 1 . 3 c m .

Ap o r t ion o fa n i r on r od , br o k e n a tb o th e nd s .

X I I I

H o le d i am : 0 . 1 c m .

S q u a re 4 eng th : 7 c m . I r on p ro jec t i le p o in t ,s l igh t lyL b roken a tb o th e nd sw i th s l igh t L ocu s2 8 r i dge i nt h em idd le . L eve l6 I r on p ro jec t i le p o in t ,t i pb en t , s wo l len b e tween b l ade a nd h af t .

I lu s tra t ion

H e igh t : 4 . 3 c m .

S qua r e 5

L eve l5

P ha se o r P er iod

Sma l lf ind s R eg i s tra t ion N umber

LT 8 4 -53

Ob jec tD e scr ip t ion

C rude b one p in ,t i pb roken of .

F indspo t

S ize

S qua r e4

L eng th : 8 . 3 c m .

L ocu s3 0

W id th : 0 . 7 c m .

L eve l 1

T h ick : 0 . 4 c m .

S qua r e4 L T8 4 -54

C on ica ls p ind le w ho r lo fp ink l ime s tone .

L T8 4 -55

D iam : 2 . 9c m .

L eve l 1

L T8 4 -57

L T8 4 -58

L T8 4 -59

C rude l i gh t ly b aked c l ay c up o r p e s t le .

C or n e ro fb aked c l ay k oh lb ox , c r o s s -ha tched d es ign .

C on ica l s oap s tone s p ind le w ho r l , l ow a nd f l a t ,s omewha t c h ipped o nt h eb a se .

S qua r e 5

H e igh t :2 . 3 c m .

L ocu s2 5

D iam : 3 . 9 c m .

L eve l 1

H o le d i am : 0 . 5 c m .

Sma l lg r een s tone c e l t , s l igh t ly c h ipped o nt h es ha rp e nd .

L T8 4 -6 1

L T8 4 -62

L T8 4 -63

Sma l lg lobu la rd a rk b lue g l a s s b ead .

P ecked b a sa l tp e s t le ,r ough ly c one shaped . B a se s how ss ome s i gn so fw ea r .

E nd o fa n i r on b l ade .

C u rved i r on b l ade .

H o le d i am : 4 . 3 c m .

L eng th : 3c m .

L ocu s2 7

W id th : 2 . 9 c m .

L eve l4

H e igh t : 1 . 2 c m .

S qua r e 5

D iam : 4 . 5 c m .

L ocu s2 5

H e igh t : 1 . 9 c m .

L eve l 1

H o le d i am : 0 . 7c m .

L eve l 3

L ocu s2 5 L eve l3

S qua r e 5 L ocu s2 4 L eve l2

'

9 1/3

XV I

9 1 / 1

X IV

9 3 /4

XV I I I

8 7 /2

XV I

9 1/2

XX

9 0 /4

XV I

9 4 /2

XV I I I

9 0 /5

XV I I I

9 6 /2

V I I I

9 7 /3

L eng th : 4 .9 c m . Max .w id th : 2 . 9 c m . M in .w id th : 2c m . T h ick : 1 . 3 c m . D iam : 0 . 6 c m . H e igh t : 0 . 5 c m . H o le d i am : 0 . 2c m .

D iam : 6 . 3 c m . H e igh t : 9 . 7 c m .

S qua r e4

L eng th : 8 . 4c m .

L ocu s2 4

W id th : 2 . 5 c m .

L eve l 1

T h ick : 1 . 2 c m .

S qua r e 5

L eng th : 5 . 5 c m .

L ocu s 1 9

W id th : 2 . 8c m .

L eve l2

T h ick : 0 . 5 c m .

11

X I I I

H o le d ep th : 1 . 7c m .

S qua re 4

S qua re 5 L T8 4 -60

W id th : 6c m .

L eve l 5

L ocu s3 2

8 9 /8

H e igh t : 4 . 5 c m .

L ocu s2 1

S qua re 4

X I I I

H o le d i am : 0 . 5 c m .

S qua r e 5 L T8 4 -56

I lu s tra t ion

H e igh t : 1 . 6c m .

L ocu s3 0

F ea tu re 1 8 C on ica lb aked c l ay s p ind le who r l , c r acked a nd b l ackened o nt h e o u t s ide , c h ipped o nt h e b a se .

P hase o r P er iod

T he I ron Age S e t t lemen ta t' A in D ara R eg i s tra t ion N umber

L T8 4 -64

L T8 4 -65

Ob jec tD e scr ip t ion

I r on n a i lf r agmen t , s omewha t f l a t tened .

B u te nd o f al o ng b one s pa tu la .

F indspo t

S ize

S qua r e 5

L eng th : 4 . 2 c m .

L ocu s2 8

W id th : 1 . 1 c m .

L eve l 1

T h ick : 0 . 6c m .

S qua r e 5

L eng t h : 1 2 .5 cm .

L ocu s2 5

W id th : 1 . 1 c m .

L eve l2

T h ick : 0 . 2c m .

S qu ar e 5 L T8 4 -66

S he l lp i e rced n ea rt h eh inge .

L ocu s2 9 L eve l3

S qua re 5 L T8 4 -67

P i e rced ma r ine s he l l .

L ocu s2 5 L eve l2

L T8 4 -68

F la tp i ece o fi r on ,p i e rced . I

LT 8 4 -69

LT 8 4 -70

L T8 4 -7 1

LT 8 4 -72

C oppe r -b ronz eh ook ,p o in ted o n o ne e nd .

Sma l l c o r roded i r on p o in t .

Sma l lg lobu la rp a le b lue b ead .

f i t

B en tc oppe r /b ronze s hee t , p i e rced .

W id th : 2 . 5 c m . T h ick : 0 . 9c m .

W id th : 1 . 1 c m . H e igh t : 0 . 8 c m .

XV I I

8 9 / 1

XV I

8 5

XV I I I

8 5

V I I

9 7 /5

XV I I I

9 5 / 1

XV

9 6 /5

X I I

9 4 /8

XV I

9 5 /2

H o le d i am : 0 . 2 cm .

W id th : 1 . 7c m .

L eve l2

H o le d i am : 0 . 2 cm . L eng th : 6 . 8 cm . D iam : 0 . 4c m

S qua re 5

L eng th : 3 . 3 cm .

L ocu s2 5

W id th : 1 . 1 c m .

L eve l 3

T h ick : 0 . 7c m .

S qua r e4 L ocu s 1 6

D iam : 0 . 6c m . H e igh t : 0 . 6 c m .

L eve l6

H o le d i am : 0 . 1 c m .

S qua r e4

L eng th :2 . 3 c m

L ocu s2 3

W id th : 1 . 7c m .

L eve l 5

T h ick : 0 . 1 c m .

12

9 6 /7

L eng th : 1 . 5 cm .

L ocu s 1 7

L eve l 1

X IV

H o le d i am : 0 . 3 c m .

L eng th : 2 . 3 c m .

L ocu s2 4

I lus tra t ion

L eng th : 2 . 6c m .

S qua r e 5

S qua r e 5

P ha se o r P er iod

.

C hap ter 8

B o tan ica lR ema ins b yP a t r ic ia L .C rawf ord T he c a rbon iz ed a nd m ine ra l ized p l an tr ema in s f r om t h e I r on A ge s i te o f' A in D a ra i nS y r ia w e r er e cove red d u r ing t h e 1 983 a nd 1 984 s e a son s o fe xcava t ion f r om d ome s t ic p roven ience s r a ng ing i na g e f r om 100 B .C . t o7 50 B .C . S eed s a nd p l an t p a r t s a r e p r e sen t f r om b o th c u l t iva t ed a nd w i ld p l an t s . T he s t udy o fs u ch p l an tr ema in s c an p o ten t ia l ly p rov ide i n f o rma t i on o nd i e ta nd e conomy ,l a nd u se ,e nv i ronmen t ,a nd o t he ra s p ec t so fc u l tu r a lb ehav io r . P l an t sa r ei n t roduced i n to as i t eb y h uman a nd a n ima la c t iv i ty a sw e l la sb yn a tu r a lp r oce s se sa nd p r e ser va t ion o ft h e ir r ema in s i sp rov ided b y s p ec ia l c i r cum s t ance st h a tl e ad t oc a rbon iza t ion a nd m ine r a l iza t ion . T he re i sm od e rn c u l t iva t ion a l l a r ound t h et h e a nc i en ts e t t le m en tm ound o f' A in D a ra ,w h ich l i e so nt h eb ank o ft h e' Af r in R ive r . A pp rox ima te ly o ne k i lome te rt ot h e e a s t , t h e s i d e s o f t h ev a l ley r i se u pwa rd t owa rd al a rge l i me s tone p l a t eau , f r om w h ich an umbe ro fs p r ing sa r ef e d .L oca l ly ,t h em o s ts ub s tan t i a lo ft h e se i sl o ca ted a t as ma l lv i l lage n ea rt h e mode rn h i gh w ay a nd g i ve s i t sn ame t ob o th v i l lage a nd s i te . I n 1 982 t h i s s p r ing f i l led al a rge ,y ea r round p oo l ,a nd d r a ined t owa rd st h e ' Af r in i n as ma l l s t r eam w h ich f l owed t ot h e s ou th o ft h e m ound . T he r ew a s a l so amuch s ma l le rs p r ing t ob e f ound a t t h eb a se o ft h en o r th s i d eo ft h ec i tad e lm ound o ft h et e l li t s e lf ( F ig . 7 ,u n i tK 60 ) . S ome f i ve k i lome t e r sd own s t r eam i s as t i l l m o re p owe r f u ls p r ing a tB a su ta .B y 1 984 ,h oweve r ,a l b u tt h e s p r ing a tB a su ta w e r el a rge ly d r yd u et o e x ten s ive d eep w a t e r p ump ing f o ri r iga t ion , ap henomenon t h a tw ou ld n o th ave a f f e c ted t h ea r ea i na n t iqu i ty . T he s l ope s o f t h e h i l l s s u r round ing ' A in D a r a , a nd e spec ia l ly t h o se i mmed ia t e ly a c ro s s t h er i ve rt ot h ew e s t , w e re d evo t ed t ot h e p roduc t ion o fo l ive s a nd g r ap e s , b u tt h e a luv ium s u r round ing t h e s i t e w a su s ed f o ra nnua l c r op s , g r own i nr o t a t ion . A t t h e t ime w hen t h es ound ing s i nt h e l owe r s e t t le m en t w e r e

u nder taken , w hea t , s uga r b ee t s a nd s unf lowe r s w e r e a l l p roduced i n t h e a r ea . T he se a nnua l c r op s d om ina ted t h e a luv ium b e tween ' Af r in t ot h en o r th a nd s ou thwa rd a sf a ra s B a su ta ,w he r et h er i ve rb ecome s ag o rge w i th n oa pp r ec iab le a r ab le l a nd . B u tb e tween ' A in D a r aa nd B a su t aa nd a l ong t h e b ank so ft h e' Af r in ,t h el a nd i sg i ven o ve rt oo r cha rd s ,m o s t ly g row ing p omeg ra na te s , a nd v eg e tab le g a rd en s . A l though much o ft h ew a te rt h a tf l owed t h rough t h e se g a rden s d e r ived f r om d i e se lp ump s , s ome c ame f r om t h eB a su ta s p r ing .

Me thod S o i l s amp le sw e r et a ken f r om v a r iou s c on t ex t s i nP ha se s I to XX . F ea t u r e s i n c lude f l oo r s , p i t s , a s h d epo s i t s , a nd at a nou r . T he s amp le sf r om 1 983 w e r ep roce s sed u s ing am anua ls y s tem o ff l o ta t ion ,w h i le t h o se f r om 1 984 w e r ep roce s sed w i th am e c han ica ls y s t em .T he s ma l le s ts i ev em e sh s i z ew a s l e s st h an 1 mm . T he f l oa t f r om b o th t h e l i gh t a nd h eavy f r a c t ion s w a s d r ied a nd p ackaged i nt h e f i e ld . T h ir ty -f ive s amp le s w e re s o r ted i nt h e l a bo ra to ry u s ing ab i nocu la r d i s sec t ing m ic ro s c ope w i th m agn if i ca t ion 1 0x t o 4 0x . B o th c a rbon ized a nd m ine ra l iz ed s e ed sa nd p l an tp a r t sw e r es e pa ra ted f r om t h ef l oa t f r a c t ion s . S eed t y pe sw e r ei d en t if i ed u s ing c ompa ra t ive m a te r i a l , s e ed m anua l s , a nd d e s c r ip t ion s o fa r cha eobo tan ica l r e m a in s . I nt h ef o l low ing d e sc r ip t ion s ,w he re t h r ee d imen s ion s a r eg iv en ,t h ey a r ei nt h eo r de ro fl e ng th ,w id th ( b r ead th ) ,a nd t h ickne s s .

Cu l t iva ted F ood P lan t R ema in s S eve ra l t y pe s o ff o od p l an t s w e r e r e cov e r ed . B a r ley a nd w hea ta r et h et wo t y pe so fc e r ea lp r e sen t .L en t i l sa r ep r e s e n ti n af ew p roven ience sb u ta r ec oncen t r a t ed i n as i ng le s amp le . O the rl e gum inou sp l an t s ,v e t ch a nd p ea ,a r em o s t l i k e ly w i ld f o rm sb u tm ay h av eb een c u l t iva ted a sf odde r f o ra n ima l s .

B r ead o r Hard Whea t -T r i t i cum a e s t ivum/durum

0

T he w hea tf ound a t' A in D a r ai saf r ee t h r e sh ing t y pe .B e c au se i ti sn o t a lway s p o s s ib le t o d i f f e r en t ia t e b e tween b r ead a nd h a rd w hea t , b o th a r e i n d ica ted ( v an Z e i s t a nd B akke rHee re s 1 982 ) .The c a ryop se s( c e r ea lg r a in s )h ave a r ound ed r a the rt h an t a pe r ed a pex . T he a b sence o fr a ch i s

2 . 0m r n

F igu re 9 8 : T r i t i cum a e s t ivum /d u rum 13

T he I ron Age S et t lemen ta t' A in D ara f r agmen t so rn ode s / in t e rnode s make si d en t if i ca t ion o ft h es p e c if i ct y pe d i ff i cu l t .D imen s ion sr a nge f r om 3 . 7 mm x2 . 1 mm x 2 . 0 mm t o4 . 7 mm x3 . 1 mm x2 . 0 mm . Whea ti st h e mo s tc om mon c e r ea l p r e sen ta nd t h e ref o r e a ppa r en t ly t h e mo s ti mpo r t a n tf o od c r op a t' A in D a ra f r om t h ee a r l ie s tt ot h el a te s tl e ve l s . Af ew w hea t i n te rnode s o ccu r i nt h e e a r l ie s t s amp led s t r a ta , P ha se XX , i n d ica t ing t h e p r e sence o fc r op p roce s s ing d eb r i s . T he g ene ra ll a ck o fp r oce s s ing d eb r i so nt h es i t eo ve ra l l ,h ow e ve r ,i n d ica te st h a tt h ec r op w a sc l eaned e l sewhe r ea nd s t o r ed b ef o r eu se .

S ix-R ow B ar ley -Hordeum v u lgare S p ind le shaped c a ryop se so fn aked b a r ley o ccu rf r equen t ly i n P ha se sI It o XX . Mea su r emen t sa v e rage 5 . 7 mm x3 . 2 mm x 2 . 3 mm . R a ch i s f r agmen t s o ccu r i no n ly t wo s amp le s ( 9 56 -4 a nd 3 75 -4 ) , o ne o fw h ich h a sn oc e r ea l sp r e sen t . B a r ley i sa n

a r em ixed i nm any c on t ex t s .B o th c a rbon iz ed a nd m ine ra l iz ed f o rm sa l so o ccu rt o ge the rs ugge s t ing av a r ie ty o fp r e se rva t ion p roce s se s o pe ra t ing i no ne a r cha eo log i ca l c on tex t . F ru i t c o l l e c ted a sf o od f o rh uman so rw ine p roduc t ion i sg en e ra l ly h a r v e s t ed i n t h e m a tu r e s t a te a nd w ou ld b e r e p r e sen ted b y f u l l s iz ed p i p sa sw e l l a ss k in a nd s t em d eb r i s . F r u i t su sed a s a n ima lf odde rn eed n o tb eu n if o rm ly r i pe a nd m ay e xp la in t h e p r e sen ce o fm ixed s t age so fs e ed m a tu r i ty i nc a rbon ized d ung . T he h i gh f r equency o fg r ape i nt h e' A in D a ra s amp le sm ay b e a tr ibu ted t os e ve ra l mode so fp r e ser va t ion ,p i p se xpec to ra ted b yh uman si n to f i re s /hea r th s ,r e f u se f r om w ine p r oduc t ion ,a nd a sr ema in s i na n ima ld ung t h a t w a s c o l lec t ed a nd b u rned a s f u e l .

L en t i l -L ens c u l inar i s S eed so ft h es ma l ls e eded v a r i 2 . 0 mm e t y ( a ve rage d i ame t e r = 4 . 0 mm ) o ft h i s l e gume ( v a r . m i F igu re 1 01 :L en sc u l ina r i s . c ro spe rma )a r en o tc ommon a t ' A in D a ra b u to ccu ri nq uan t i ty ( n =4 5 )i no ne c on tex ti nP ha se XV .L en t i l sg row w e l li nl i gh t , s andy , l ow -mo i s tu r es o i l sa nd d on o tr e qu i r ei r r iga t ion . S i nce t h i sp u l se i sam a jo rf o od p l an ta nd ag ood s ou r ce o fv ege tab le p ro t e in , i ti ss u rp r i s ing t h a ti ti sn o tb e t te rr e p r e sen t ed .

N on -Cu l t iva ted F ood P lan t s 0

2 .0 mm

F igu re 9 9 :H o rd eum v u lga re .

i mpo r tan tc e r ea l c on sumed b yb o th h uman s a nd a n ima l s . A l t h ough b a r ley o ccu r si nf ewe rp roven ience st h an w hea t , i to c c u r s i ng r ea te r n umb e r s , p o s s ib ly b ecau se i tw a s p r e sen t i n d ung u sed a s f u e l . B a r ley t o le ra te s l e s s t h an i d ea l , e ven s a l i ne , s o i l c ond i t ion s a nd i s ac r op e s pe c i a l ly s u i tab le f o r d ry f a rm ing .

Grape -V i t i s v i n if era T he s e ed s , s k in s , a nd s t ems o f t h i s f r u i t o ccu r t h rough o u t P ha se s I I t o XX .A l though m any o ft h e s e ed s a r e f u l l s i ze ( w id th 4 . 5 mm t o 5 . 0 mm ) , s e ed s f r om b o th m a tu r e a nd i mma tu r e f r u i t s

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W i ld a sw e l la sc u l t iva t ed s pec ie so fp l a in sa l so h ave f ood u se s f o r b o th h uman s a nd a n ima l s . F ru i t b ea r ing w i ld t r ee s o r s h rub s a r e t h e mo s t c ommon ly e xp lo i t ed , b u tw eedy s p ec ie s s uch a sl e gume sa r ea l so u t i l ized ,e spec ia l ly a sf o dde r .

V e tch /W i ld P ea -V ic ia s p . IP i sum s p . T he s e ed so ft h e se l e gume sf ound a t' A in D a ra a r eg ene ra l ly d amaged w i th t h e h i lum f e a tu r e m i s s ing . C la s s if i ca t ion i s b a sed o n m o rpho logy —v e tch i s a ngu la r , a nd p ea mo r e r ounded . V e t ch m ay b e c u l t iva ted a s af o dde r o rf o und a sa w eed o f c e rea l c r op s . I t s p r e sence i nt h e ' A in D a r a s amp le s m ay r e su l t f r om t h e c l ean ing o f c e r ea l g r a in s .B ecau se o fi t su s ea s a na n ima lf o dd e rv e t ch m ay b e a l so b e i n t rodu ced i n to 2 .0 mm t h e r e co rd t h rough t h e b u rn ing o fd ung . T he g en F igure 1 02 : V i c ia /P i sum e r a l ly s ma l l s i z e o f t h e s e ed s ( d iame te r =2 . 0 mm t o3 . 5 mm ) s ugge s t st h e se v e tche s a r e aw i ld c on tam inan to f c r op s o r f o r aged p l an t s . P ea i sa l so r e p r e sen ted b y as ma l l f o rm ( d iame t e r — c e • , 4

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C hap ter 9

Mamma lR ema ins b yC aro lJ .F rey a nd C u r t i s W . Marean I s sue s o fr e sou rce e xp lo i ta t ion a nd c hanne l s o fr ed i s t r ibu t ion a r ec en t ra lt ot h el a rge rp rob lem so ft h eB ronze A ge I ron A ge t r an s i t ion t h a t t h e e xcava t ion s ough t t o e xp lo re a nd f auna l a na ly s i sh a s much t oc on t r ibu te t ot h e i ri nves t iga t ion .T he a n i ma lr ema in sf r om ' AM D a ra p rov ide a no ppo r tun i ty t og a in i n s i gh t i n to t r an sf o rma t ion s o fh ou seho ld e conom ie s o ve rt ime a nd t oe va lua t e h ow t h e g ene ra l p opu la t ion e xpe r ienced t h e b roade r s o c ia l a nd e conom ic c hang e s t ha t t ook p l ace i nt h e e a r ly I r on A ge .T h i sr epo r tp re sen t sd a ta o ns pec ie sa nd s ke le t a le l emen ta bundance i nt h es amp led p o rt ion o ft h es i te a sw e l l a sa na s se s smen to ft h ec u l l ing s t ra t egy s ugge s ted b yd i sca rded c ap r id r ema in s . P rev iou ss t ud ie sa nd o b se rva t ion si n d ica te t h a tt h e Af i-i nV a l l e y a nd i t sh i n te r land sw ou ld h ave i n c luded an umbe ro fw i ld u ngu la t e sa nd t h e i rp r eda to r s , i n c lud ing w i ld g oa t s( Cap ra a e g ag ru s ) ( Ha r r i son 1 968 :336 -39 ) , i b ex ( Cap ra i b ex ) ( i b id . , 3 30 -336 ) , t h e S y r ian b rown b ea r ( U r su s a rc to s ) ( i b id . , 2 20 -224 ) , a nd A s ia t ic j acka l ( Can i s a u reu s ) ( Ru s se l l 1 794 :183 ) i nt h e moun ta in s , a sw e l la st h e mo r ew ide ly r ang i n gs t r iped h yena ( H yena h yena )( Ha r r i son 1 968 :2 74 -78 ;R u s s e l l 1 794 : 1 86 -87 ) ) a nd r ed f ox ( V u lpe s v u lpe s ) ( Ha r r i son 1 968 :206 -2 12 ) . S eve ra l s pec ie so fg aze l le i n hab i t( o rr e cen t ly i n hab i t ed ) v a r iou s s t eppe a nd d e se r t r eg ion s , i n c lud ing G a z e l la g a ze l la , Gaze l la d o rca sa nd G a ze l la s ubgu t turo sa ( Ha r r i s on 1 968 : 3 49 , 3 56 , 3 59 -364 ) . T he S y r ian o nage r , E quu s h em ionu s , a l so i nhab i ted t h ese r eg ion s ( Uerpmann 1 987 :19 ) . W i ld p i g ,S u ss crof a , may s t i l lh ave b een e x tan ti nl i m i ted d e s e r t t e r r i to r ie s ( Ha r r i son 1 968 :372 -75 ) . D ome s t ic c ame ls ( Came lu sd romeda r iu s )w ou ld h ave b een p re sen tt h i sf a rn or th i nt h e e a r ly I r on A ge , b u t p robab ly w e re n o t c ommon i nt h e a r ea ( Ue rpmann 1 987 :48 -52 ) .D ome s t ic s heep a nd g oa t st oday r ange o ve rt h ee n t i re a r ea , a st h ey h ave f o rm i l lenn ia . A rcha eo log ica l d ocumen ta t ion o ft h e v a r iou s s pec ie s l i s ted a bove i sp a tchy .F o r ac omp rehen s ive r ev iew o fa r chaeo log ica l f auna sa nd s i tes i nt h eM idd le E a s t ,s e eU e rpmann ( 1987 ) .C a p reo lu s c ap reo lu s i sd ocumen ted f r om B ronze A ge l e ve l s a t T e l lH ad id i( C la son a nd B u i tenhu i s 1 978a ,b ;B u i tenhu i s 1 979 ) a nd T e l l S weyha t ( Bu i tenhu i s c i t ed i nU e rpmann 1 987 ) , a s w e l la sf r om L a te N eo l i th ic l e ve l sa tH ago sh r im ( Duco s 1 968 ) . S pec ie s leve li d en t if ica t ion o fd ee rc an b ep rob lema t ic .C er vu s e l aphu s i sc ommon ly f ound i nt h i s a r ea ; d ocumen ted o ccu r -

r ence si n c lude T e l lL abweh ( Bokony i 1 978 ) ,B ronz e Age T e l l H ad id i ( C la son a nd B u i tenhu i s 1 978a ,b ; B u i tenhu i s 1 979 ) , S ham s e d -D in T ann i ra ( Ue rpmann 1 982 ) , N eo l i th ic ` Amuq ( S ta rnpf l i 1 983) a nd B ronze a nd I r on A ge l e ve l s a tT e l l A f i s (W i lken s 1 992 ) . Dama m e sopo tam ica s e em s t ob e p re sen t a t H ago sh r im ( Duco s 1 968 ) , T e l l L abweh ( Bokony i 1 978 ) , S ham s e d -D in T ann i ra ( Ue rpmann 1 982 ) , a nd B ronze Age T e l l S weyha t( Bu i tenhu i s c i ted i nU e rpmann 1 987 ) . R ema in s u nce r ta in ly a t t r ibu ted t o Dama m e sopo tam ica w e re f ound a t B ronz e A ge T e l l H ad id i ( C la son a nd B u i tenhu i s 1 978a ,b ; B u i t enhu i s 1 979 ) , N eo l i th ic B e i samoun ( Dav i s 1 978 ) a nd N eo l i th ic ` Amuq ( S tamp f l i 1 983 c f . U e rpmann 1 987 :58 -63 ) . G aze l le s pec ie s , e ven mo re d if i cu l tt os epa ra te t h an d ee r , a r e g ene ra l ly r epo r ted a sG a ze l la s p . ,b u ta r ep r e sen ta te ve ry s i t e l i s ted a bove .U e rpmann ( 1982 )a s c r ibed g aze l le r ema in sf r om L a te N eo l i th ic S ham se d -D in T ann i ra t oG .s ubgu t tu ro sa .E v i d ence f o rt h ea nc ien tb i o -geog raphy o fe qu id sa nd c ame l si si n c omp le te . E quu s h em ionu s i sd ocumen ted a tS ham s e d -D in T ann i ra ( Ue rpmann 1 982 ) .B ronze A ge a nd I r on A ge l e ve l sa t T e l lA f i s (W i lken s 1 992 )c on ta ined E .h em ionu s ,E .a s inu sa nd E .c aba l /u s . As ma l le qu id a tT e l lA pamee may b eE .a s inus o r E . h em ionu s ( Gau t ie r 1 977 b u t s e e U e rpmann 1 982 ) . S u s s c rof ai se x t reme ly c ommon i nt h i sb road r eg ion ,p r e sen ta ta l l t h e s i te s l i s ted a bove , w i th t h e t wo e xcep t ion s o fT e l l H ad id i ( C la son a nd B u i tenhu i s 1 978a ,b ; B u i tenhu i s 1 979 ) , a nd T e l l S weyha t ( Bu i tenhu i s c i ted i nU e rpmann 1 987 ) . B ronze a nd I r on A ge l e ve l sa tT e l l Af i s (W i lken s 1 992 )c on ta ined r ema in s o fS u ss c rof ad ome s t icu s .

Me thodo logy S tra t igraphy a nd A na ly t ic U n i t s f o r Ana ly s i s T he f a una l ma te r ia l st r ea ted h e r ew e re a na lyzed i nt h eZ ooa r c haeo logy L abo ra to ry o ft h e S t a t eU n ive r s i ty o fN ew Y o rk a t S tony B rook mo re t h an ad ecad e a f te rt h ey w e r e e xcava ted . ' C ompa ra t ive c o l lec t ion sb e long ing t o Ma r ean a nd t h e Ame r i c an Mu seum o f N a tu ra l H i s to ry Mammo logy D epa r tmen t w e r e u sed t o make t h e i d en t if i ca t ion s . T h is a na ly s i s i n c lude s o n ly b one s f r om l o t s d e te rm ined b y t h e e xcava to r s t ob e u n m ixed a nd i ng ood c on t ex t . A c omp r ehen s ive t a phonom ic a nd z ooa rchaeo log ica l s t udy a ppea r ed t ob e t h e b e s tm ean s o fp rov id ing af u l l a na ly s i s o f

1 .J e nn if e rM a cCo rma ck c onduc t ed t h ei n i t ia lp r oc e s s ing o ft h eb on e su nd e rt h es u pe rv i s ion o fC u r t i sM a r ean a sa nu nd e rg radua t ep r o jec tp r io r t oh e rg r ad ua t ion i n1 9 93 . F r ey c on t inu ed a nd c omp le t ed t h es p e c imen i d en t i f ica t ion ,c ompu t e re n t ry ,a nd a n a ly s i s . 1 23

T he I ron Age S e t t lemen ta t' AM D ara S t ra t igra p hi cP ha se

A na ly t ic U n i t

I

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3

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2a n ima l s ; j uven i le s heep a nd g oa t a r e t y p ica l ly C la s s 1 . Wheneve rp o s s ib le ,u ngu la te s pec ie si d en t if ica t ion sw e re v e r i f i ed b ym ea su r emen t st a k en o np rox ima la nd d i s ta le p iphy se s . R ef e r ence m ea su r emen t sc ame f r om v on d en D r ie sch ( 1976 ) , P e te r s ( 1 986 ) a nd Wa lke r( 1 985 ) . D i s t inc t ion b e tween s heep a nd g oa t w a s m ad e f o rp o s tc ran ia o n t h e b a s i s o fc r i te r ia s e t f o r th b y B oe s sneck ( 197 1) a nd u npub l i shed m o rpho log ica l c r i te r ia d e f ined a nd g ene rou s ly mad ea va i lab le b y Me l inda Z e d e r ,f o rw h ich w ea r ee x t r eme ly g ra t ef u l . We a l so u s ed P ayne 's d en ta lc r i t e r ia a sa na l te rna t ive me thod o fd i s t ingu i sh ing s heep f r om g oa t( Payne 1 985 ) .

1

T ab le 3 :C o r re spond ence o fs t ra t ig raph i cp ha se sw i th g roup s u s ed i nf auna la na l y s i s . h ow t h ei n hab i tan t so fI r on A ge ' A in D a ra p ro cu r ed a nd u s ed l a rge m amma l s . A na ly s i s o ft h e f a una i ne ach o ft h e e xcava t o r s ' t wen ty p ha se s i n d iv idua l ly w ou ld h ave r e duced s amp le s i z e st ot h ep o in tw he r ei tw ou ld h ave b een i mpo s s ib le t og a in a ny s t a t i s t ica l ly u sef u li n f o rma t ion .T he p ha se sw e re t h e r ef o r e g rouped i n to f ou r b roade r a na ly t ic g roup s ( Ana ly t ic G roup s 1 4 )o nt h eb a s i so ft h e mo s ts ub s tan t ia la r ch i tec tu ra lc hange s . T he l e ng th o fo ccupa t ion r e p re sen t ed b y e ach o ft h e se u n i t s v a r ie s s i gn if ican t ly , b u to u ri n ten tw a st os t udy t h ef a una l r e m a in s i nc u l tu ra l ly m ean ingf u l g roup s r a the r t h an a r b i t ra ry t empo ra lu n i t s .T ab le 3s how sw h ich o ft h eP ha se sd e f ined b y S t one a nd Z iman sky b e long t oe ach A na ly t ic G roup . A na ly t ic G roup 1 c on ta in s t h e s t ra t ig raph ic P ha se s X I I I t h rough XX .T he se p ha se sd a te t ot h eI r on I / I It r an s i t ion .T hey a r e d om ina t ed b y t h e c ou r tya rd o f al a rge b u i ld ing . A l so i n c l uded a r el a rge a r ea so fb l ue t inged a s hw h ich p robab ly r e p r e s en t s s ome t y pe o fm anuf a c tu r ing a c t iv i ty . I np ha se s XV a nd X IV ,t h eq ua l i ty o ft h ea r ch i tec tu r ei smuch l owe r , a nd P ha se X I I Ii sd evo id o fa r ch i tec tu r e .P ha se sV It h rough X I Ic omp r i se A na ly t ic G roup 2 .T he se l e ve l sa r ed om ina ted b ya nI r on Id o m e s t ic b u i ld ing . E xpo sed r o om s i n c lude t wo k i t chen s , l i v ing r ooms a nd c ou r tya rd a r ea s .P ha se s It h rough V ,a l so d a t ing t o I r on I , i n c lude a no the r w e l l -con s t ruc ted d ome s t ic b u i ld ing , w i th t h e l a rge c ou r tya rd d om ina t ing t h e e xcava ted a r ea . F i n a l ly , A na ly t ic G roup 4c o r r e spond st ot h e f i r s t s t ra t ig raph ic p ha se .T h i sp ha se d a t e st ot h eL a te I r on I ,a nd i sc ompr i sed o f p i t sd ug f r om w i th in t h em od er np l ow z one . A n a t temp t w a s m ade t oi d en t if y t h e e l emen t a nd s p ec ie s o f e ve ry s p ec imen , i n c lud ing a l s haf tf r agmen t s .A s i n mo s ta s s emb lage s , s h af tf r agmen t sa r et h e mo s ta bundan ts p ec imen s . M id shaf t f r agmen t s , b y d ef in i t ion , h owev e r , d o n o t c on ta in a ny t r a ce s o f e nd o r n ea r e nd mo rpho logy ( B lumen sch ine 1 988 :488 )a nd i ti sg ene r a l ly i mpo s s ib le t od e t e rm ine t h ep r e c i se s p ec ie st ow h ich t h ey b e long .T oa me l io ra t et h i sp rob lem , a l s p ec imen sw e r ea s s igned t ob ody s i ze c a tego r ie sa sd e f ined b y B ra in ( 1 98 1 :275 ) : a n ima l s w e igh ing b e tween a pp rox i m a te ly 4a nd 2 0 k i log ram s f a l l i n to C la s s 1 ;b e tween 2 0 a nd 1 00 k i log ram s ,C la s s2 ;b e twe en 1 00 a nd 3 00 k i log ram s ,C la s s 3 ;a nd a ny th ing o ve r3 00 k i log ram sf a l l si n to C la s s4 .T he i n c l u s ion o fm id shaf tm a te r ia l c l a s s if i ed a tl e a s t b y b ody s i ze e n su r e s t h a t t h e s amp le r ema in s l a rge e nough t o e xam ine s k e le ta l e l emen t a bundance , e ven w hen mo r e s p ec if i c t a xo n om ic i n f o rma t ion i su nknown .A du l ts h eep a nd g oa ta r eC la s s

1 24

T ee th a r ea ni mpo r tan tc omponen to fs k e le ta le l emen tp rof i le s , b u tt h e i rs i z ed oe sn o tc hange w i th g r ow th o ft h ea n ima l .S ome p e rmanen tt e e th o fj uven i le c ap r id sw i l lh ave c ome i n to w ea r b ef o re t h ey r e a ch t wen ty k i log rams . Max i l la ry a nd m and ibu la r s p ec imen sc on ta in ing b o th d ec iduou sa nd p e rmanen td en t i t ion w e r e a s s igned t os i ze c a tego r ie s i nt h e f o l low ing m anne r : a s p ec imen w i th a f ou r th d ec iduou s p r emo la r ( dP4 ) a nd a n e r up ted f i r s tm o la r( M 1) w a s c l a ss if i ed a sC la s s2 ,u n le s st h e M I w a s n o ty e t i nw ea r , i nw h ich c a se t h e s pec imen w a sr e c o rded a sC la s s 1 .I s o la ted M l 's w e r eo n ly r e co rded a sC la s s2 i ft h ey w e r ei n av e ry l a t es t age o fw ea r .T he se c l a s s if ica t ion s w e r eb a sed o nb ody w e igh tg row th r a te so f Ma sa ig oa t s (W i l s on e ta l . 1 98 1) a nd N ea rE a s ter ng oa t s ( H i r sch 1 9 33 ; A ske r a nd E l -Kha l i s i 1 965 )c ompa r ed t oe r up t ion s equence so fA n g o ra g oa t s( Den iz a nd P ayne 1 982 ) . A l though a l lf o u rs i ze c a tego r ie sw e r er e co rd ed s e pa ra t e ly ,t h e p r e sence o fj uven i le a n ima l s a nd i n he r en t c ha r a c t e r i s t ic s o f d ome s t ica te so f t en made d i sc r im ina t ion b e tween t h et wo c a te g o r ie s e x t r eme ly d if i cu l t . B one s o fw i ld m amma l sg ene ra l ly s e pa ra t eo u ti n to d i sc r e te s i z ec a tego r ie sb ecau se e a ch s p ec ie s i n hab i t s ad if e r en te con iche , b u td ome s t ic a n ima l s a r e much mo r ep l a s t ic a nd d i sp lay aw ide r ange o fs i z e sf o re a ch s p ec ie s , b l u r r ing t h ed i s t inc t ion b e tween s i ze c a t ego r ie s . A dd i t iona l ly , j uven i le a n ima l st h a tw i l lg r ow i n to C la s s 2a du l t sm ay b ea ny s i ze b e tween t i ny n eona te a nd n ea r ly f u l l -g rown a du l t .A na s s emb lage w i th as i gn if ican t f r equency o fj uven i le s p ec imen s w i l lt h en b ee ven mo r ed if i cu l tt os e pa ra t ew i th a ny d eg r ee o f c onf idence . T he r ef o r e , a l though s ma l le r u ngu la t e s w e r e r e c o rded a sC la s s 1a nd C la s s2 ,w ew e r en o te n t i r e ly c onf iden t o ft h e se d i s t inc t ion sa nd i ns ome c a se st r ea t ed t h et wo c a tego r i e st og e the ri no u ra na ly s i s . A s n o ted a bove , m id shaf t f r agmen t s o fl o ng b one s a r e t h e mo s td i ff icu l ta nd t i me c on sum ing s pec imen st oi d en t if y .T hey d o ,h oweve r ,h ave p a r t icu la rs hape sa nd m o rpho log ie ss u ch a s mu sc le a t tachmen t s i te s , w h ich a r e e l emen t spec if i c e . g . i n d i ca t ive o fw h e the r ab one i s at i b ia o r ar a d iu s . Many f r ag m en t sw i thou te nd o rn ea re nd mo rpho logy c an b ei d en t if ied t o e l emen to nt h eb a s i so ft h e se ' l andma rk s S pec imen sw i thou t l a ndma rk s , o rw i th l a ndma rk s t o o o b scu r ed f o rc l a s s if i ca t ion t oa na tom ica l e l emen t , w e r e c on s ide r ed n on iden t if iab le . A l t h ough n on id en t if iab le s p ec imen s a r e n o t w i thou t v a lue i n f a una la na ly s i s ,t h ey a r en o tr e levan tt ot h ea na ly se sc a r r ied o u t i nt h i sr e po r t .T he r ef o r es u ch f r agmen t sa r en o tf u r the rc on s id e r ed h e r e .

Mamma lR ema in s A s p a r t ic ipan t s i n af o cu sed , f ood -p rodu c ing e conomy o fa c omp lex s o c ie ty ,i ta ppea r st h a t mo s ti n hab i tan t so f' A in D a ra h ad r e gu la rc on tac t o n ly w i th r e g iona l b r eed s o fe s t ab l i shed d ome s t i ca t e s ,w he the rf o rf o od ,t r a c t ion o ro t he rp u rpo se s .T he e conom i c i n s ign i f icance o fh un t ing a c t iv i t ie s i ss ugge s ted b y r ema in so ff ewe rs pec ie so fc ome s t ib le w i ld m amma l st h an a t p a leo l i th i co re a r ly a g r icu l tu r a ls i t e s . T he o p t ion sf o rc l a s s if i c a t ion a r e t h e ref o r e c i r cum sc r ibed a nd e ven i fo ne c anno t m ake a s p ec ie s i d en t if i ca t ion i ti so f t en p o s s ib le t o a s s ign s haf t sa tl e a s tt og ene ra f o re qu id s ,c a rn ivo re sa nd s u id s .A dd i t i ona l ly ,a lo ft h e se a r em o rpho log ica l ly d i s t inc tf r om b ov ida e ( i nc lud ing b o th c a t t le a nd o v i -cap r id s ) , t h e d om inan t f a una l g roup a t' A in D a ra .T ee th a r en ea r ly a lway si d en t if iab le t os p e c i e s , e xcep tf o r i s o la ted b ov id m o la rf r agmen t s a nd i n c i so r s , a nd t h ed i s t in c t ion b e tween s h eep a nd g oa t . Mea sure so fT axon a nd S ke le ta lE lemen tA bundance T he m ea su r e so fs k e le ta le l emen ta bundance u s ed h e r ea r en o t t r ad i t iona lf o rz ooa r cha eo log ica la na ly se so fs i te sb e long ing t o c omp lex s o c ie t ie s . T he r e h a s b een m uch d eba te i ns c ien t if i c l i t e ra tu r eo nf a una la na ly s i sa st ot h em o s ta pp rop r ia te u n i t sf o r m ea su r ing s k e le ta l e l emen t a bundance . 2 Many r e sea r che r s m ea su r er e la t ive a bundance a c co rd ing t ot h en umbe ro fi d en t i f i ab le f r agmen t s ,o rN ISP ( K le in a nd C ruz -U r ibe 1 984 :24 -25 ) . N ISP i sas t r a igh tc oun to fa l i d en t if i ed s p ec imen s ,w h ich c an t h en b eg r ouped a cco rd ing t ow he th e rt h er e sea r che ri sq uan t i f y ing s k e le ta le l emen t so rc omp le t ea n ima l s . 3T he s t r eng t ho f t h i sm ea su r ei st h a ti ti sar aw ,r a the rt h an d e r ived ,f r equency , a nd t h e r ef o r e v a r ie s l i t t le b e twe en r e sea r che r s ( G ray son 1 984 :16 -26 ) .H oweve r ,t h i sc oun ti se x t r eme ly s e n s i t ive t od i f f e r ence s i nt h e d eg r ee t ow h ich b one s f r agmen t , e s pec ia l ly s i nce N ISP c oun t s a r e u sua l ly b a sed o nt h e l e s s d en se b one s a nd l o ng b one e nd p o r t ion sa l on e( G r ay son 1 984 :16 -26 ) . I ti s p o s s ib le t h a t i n t h e a gg r ega te , v a r ia t ion s i nr e cove ry r a t e s m igh tb es of l ex ib le a st oe ven o u tt h ec hance so fe a ch t y pe o f b one s u r v iv ing a nd m ake t h e n umbe r r e p r e sen ta t ive o fa n i m a l s ,b u tt h e r ei sn oc ompe l l ing r e a son t oa s sume t h a ta nc ien t p eop le sw ou ld h ave p r oce s sed d i f f e r en ta n ima l so re l emen t si n i d en t ica lw ay s ,o rt h a tp o s t -depo s i t iona l d e s t ruc t ion w ou ld b e u n if o rm b e tween s pa t ia lu n i t s . A no the ri n d ex o fa bundance i st h em in imum n umb e ro fi n d i v i dua la n ima l s( MI N I )r e p r e sen t ed b ya l lo ft h eb one si n ag i ven a na ly t ica l u n i t . F o r i n s tan ce , o ne r i gh t a nd o ne l e f th ume ru s c ou ld b e long t ot h e s ame a n ima l ; t wo l e f t s mu s td e r ive f r om t wo d if e r en to ne s ,a nd t h u st h ec oun t sw ou ld b eo ne a nd t wo , r e spec t iv e ly . B ecau se MN I 's r e p r e sen t w ho le a n ima l s , t h ey a r ec a lcu la t ed a sw ho le n umbe r s . T he f i na l MN Ic oun ti sp a r t i cu la r ly s e n s i t ive t oh ow t h e r e sea r che rd i v id e s t h e s i te i n to s pa t ia l a nd t empo ra l u n i t s . I ti sa l so s ub jec t ive i nt h a tj udg m en t sh ave t ob em ade a st oh ow m u ch v a r ia t ion ( s ex ,s i z e ,a g e d i s t inc t ion ) c an b e d i s t ingu i shed i n a n i n d iv idua l a n ima l

2 . S e ee sp ec ia l ly G rayson 1 984 a nd L yman 1 994 . 3 . S ee d i scu s s ion i nL yman 1 994 :97 102 . 4 . S ee d i s cu s s ion i nB inf o rd 1 978 :7 1 .

1 25

( G ray son 1 984 :27 -34 ) . When o ne i si n te r e s ted i nc oun t s o f w ho le a n ima l s , M IN I i s au sef u lm ea su r e o fa bundance , b u ti f p eop le c on sume p o r t ion so fa n ima l s ,n o tw ho le o ne s , MI N Ib e c ome s am i s lead ing i n d ica to ro fd i e t( B inf o rd 1 9 8 1 :8 1-86 ) . T he s y s tem e mp loyed h e r e , w h ich w a s c r ea t ed b y Ma rean , s e ek s t oa dd r e s s s ome o ft h e d r awba ck s o ft h e se m e thodo lo g i e sb yc oun t ing n e i the ri n d iv idua lb one s p ec imen sn o rw ho le a n ima l s .I ti n vo lve so b se rva t ion a nd r e co rd ing o fs p ec if i ca na t om ica ll a ndma rk so ft h et y pe n o t ed a bove a sc r i te r ia f o ri d en t i f i ca t ion o f e a ch b one . F o r e xamp le , t h e r e a r e f i f t een l a ndma rk so n ah ume ru s ,o ne o fw h ich i st h ed e l to id t u be ro s i t y .T he d a taba se i ss e tu pw i th e a ch r ow c on ta in ing t h er e co rd f o r as i ng le s p ec imen a nd e a ch c o lumn r e co rd ing t h ep e r cen t a ge o ft h el a ndma rk p r e sen t . I fa pp rox ima t e ly o ne t h i rd o ft h e d e l to id t u be ro s i ty w e r e p r e se rved , " 0 .3" w ou ld b e e n t e r ed i n t h ea pp rop r ia te c o lumn o ft h ed a taba se ,a nd s oo nf o rt h ep e r c en tag eo fe a ch o ft h eo t he rl a ndma rk so nt h es p ec imen . Mo s t a na tom ica le l emen t sh ave a r ound t e nl a ndma rk s ,s i x teen b e ing t h em ax imum ,a nd t h ey s amp le a l r e g ion so ft h eb one . When t h el a ndma rk p e r cen tage s ,a sd ec ima l s ,a r es ummed f o rt h ea s s emb lage b e ing a na lyzed , t h e m o s t f r equen t l a ndma rk f r om e a ch e l emen tc on s t i tu te st h em in imum n umbe ro fb one so ft h a t p a r t icu la rt y pe t h a tc an a ccoun tf o ra lt h ef r agmen t sp e r ta in ing t ot h a te l emen t ,a ni n dex d e s igna t ed m in imum n umbe ro fe l e m en t s ,o r MI NE ( B inf o rd 1 98 1 :8 1-86 ,2 56 -270 ) . T h i sm e thod s y s tema t iz e st h e i d en t if i ca t ion c r i t e r ia a nd k eep s a l e l emen t s e qua l ly i d en t if iab le b ecau se e ve ry b one h a s an umb e ro fl a nd ma rk su n ique t oi t st y pe . A dd i t iona l ly , t h e l a ndma rk s s amp le a r ea s o fv a ry ing d en s i ty o ne a ch b one ( Lyman 1 984 ) ,i n c lud ing t h ed en se m idd le s haf t w h ich i s mo s t l i ke ly t os u rv ive i nt h e a r cha eo log ica l r e co rd . T h i s e nab le s o ne t og e t mo re r e l iab le c oun t s t h an i fo ne d e p end s u pon e p iphy se s , w h ich a r e l e s s l i k e ly t os u rv ive i nt h e a r chaeo log ica lr e co rd ( B ra in 1 98 1 ; Ma rean a nd S pence r1 99 1 ; Ma r ean e ta l . 1 992 ; Ma r ean a nd F r ey 1 997 ) . T he MI NE f o re a ch e l emen tc an b e d i v ided b yt h e n umbe ro f t ime s i to ccu r s i nt h e s ke le ton t od e r ive a no the r m ea su r e o f a bundance u sed i no t he rc on tex t s , m in imum a n ima l u n i t s , o r MAU ( B inf o rd 1 978 :452 -498 , 1 984 :50 -51) . MAU d i f f e r s f r om t h e MN I i nt h a t MAU q uan t if i e s u n i t s o fa n ima l m a s s , r a the rt h an t h en umbe ro fi n d iv idua l a n ima l sr e p r e sen ted a ta s i te .T he s p ec if i ed u n i t sm ay b ee l emen t s ,l i mb so re n t i r ea n i ma l s ,a c co rd ing t ot h eg oa l so ft h er e sea r ch . MNE 's a nd MAU 's a r e a dd i t iv e b ecau se t h ey a r e f r a c t iona l v a lu e s .T he r ef o r e ,t h ef r equenc ie sa r en o ta f ec t ed b yh ow t h e a na ly s t d i v ide s u p t h e s i te s p a t ia l ly o r s t ra t ig raph ica l ly , a s MN I ' sa r e ,a nd t h ey a r el e s ss e n s i t ive t ov a r ia t ion si nt h ei n ten s i ty o ff r agmen ta t ion t h an N ISP 's . 4 MNE a nd i t sd e r iva t ive , MAU , a r e mo r e u sef u l m ea su r e s w heneve r t h e r e sea rche r i s

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T he I ron Age S e t t lemen ta t' A in D ara m ea su r ing t h er e la t ive a bundance o fs p ec if i ce l emen t so rs e t s o fe l emen t s .

S pec ie s Abundance a t ' A in D ara T he f a una la s semb lage f r om ' A in D a ra i sm a in ly c omp r i sed o f s h eep ( Ov i s a r ie s ) , g oa t ( Cap ra h i r cu s ) , a nd c ap r ine s p ec i m en st h a tc anno tb es epa ra ted b e tween s heep o rg oa t( Tab l e s4 a nd 5 ) . Among t h es epa rab le s p ec imen s ,p o s t c ran ia ls h eep r e m a in so u tnumbe rg oa t i nA na ly t ic G roup s 2a nd 3 .H oweve r , MN I 's b a sed o nm and ibu la rs p ec imen sa r eh i ghe rf o rg oa tt h an f o rs h eep i nG roup s 1a nd 3 .O ve ra l l ,t h e MN I 's a r es im i la rf o r b o th s p ec ie s . T he d ome s t ic p i g , S u s s c rof a , a l so c omp r i se s a s i gn if i can tc omponen to ft h ea s semb lage . L a rg ea n ima l ss u ch a sB o stau ru sa nd e qu id s p ec ie sa r er a re i nt h es amp led p o r t ion o ft h es i t e . Wh i le t h ee qu id sh ave n o tb een s e cu r e ly i d en t if i ed t o s p ec ie s , t h ey a r e a lmo s t c e r ta in ly d ome s t ic . D ome s t ic h o r se sw e r en o tu ncommon i nt h er e g ion a nd t h es t eppe z one s w i ld h o r se s m igh t i n hab i t a r e n o t n ea rby ( Ue rpmann 1 982 :13 17 ) . A p rox ima l m e tapod ia l i n A na ly t ic G roup 4 p r obab ly r e p r e sen t st h eo n ly t r ace o fd ome s t ic c ame l ,C ame /u s d romeda r iu s ,a tt h es i te .I ti si mpo r tan tt on o te t h a tc an id s p ec i m en s ,p r obab ly d ome s t ic d og s ,a r ep r e sen ta t' A in D a ra ,r e p r e s e n ted i na l A na ly i tc G roup s b u tt h e l a s t . S eve ra l m in ima l ly i d en t if iab le c a rn ivo r e s pec imen s a r e a l so p r e sen t i nt h e f i r s t , s e cond a nd f o u r th u n i t s .N ow i ld a n ima ls a r ee v iden ti nt h ea s s emb lag e , a nd a l though t h ey may b e p r e sen t a s m in ima l ly i d en t if iab le f r agmen t s , t h ey c e r ta in ly d i dn o tf i l l as i gn if i can t p a r to ft h ed i e to ft h e se p a r t icu la ri n hab i tan t so f' A in D a ra . I n g ene ra l , t h e r e la t ive r ep r e sen ta t ion o fs pec ie s d i dn o tc hange s i gn if i can t ly t h rough t ime .T he mode o fa cqu i s i t ion a nd s o c io e conom ic s t a tu so f ag roup w i l la f f ec tw ha ta n ima l sa nd w ha t p a r t so fa n ima l st ow h ich t h a tg roup h a s a c ce s s . R edd ing ( 1 98 1) p r ed ic ted h e rd managemen t d ec i s ion s b a sed o nv a r iou sp r io r i t ie ss uch a sh e rd g row th a nd s e cu r i ty a nd e n e r gy m ax im iza t ion . Z ede r ( 1 99 1) u sed R edd ing 's m ode l s t o p r ed ic th ow d i f f e r en tf o rm so fr e d i s t r ibu t ion s hou ld a f ec th e rd m anag emen tp r io r i t ie s .T he se d ec i s ion sa f f ec tt h ec ompo s i t ion o fz ooa r cha eo log ica l a s semb lage sw i th r e spec tt os p ec ie sa nd b ody p a r ts e lec t ion ,a sw e l la sa ge a nd s ex -ba sed c u l l ing s t r a t e g i e s( Zed e r1 99 1 :25 -44 ) .T op a raph ra se t h e i ra r gumen t s ,w hen r e d i s t r ibu t ion i sm anaged i n d i rec t ly ,t h rough ac en t ra l iz ed a d m in i s t ra t ive b ody o ro t he ri n t e rven ing a gen t ,a n ima ls e lec t ion d ec i s ion sw i l lb ed i c ta ted b yc once rn so fe ff i c iency a nd e ne rgy m ax im iza t ion . T hu s , m ea t y i e ld i s ap r ime c on s ide ra t ion i n s p ec ie s s e lec t ion ( R edd ing 1 98 1 :234 -310 ) . C a t t le s hou ld b e f a vo r ed o ve r t h e s ma l le r b ov id s ( F lanne ry a nd C o rnwa l l 1 969 ) ,w i th s h eep f a vo r ed o ve rg oa t( R edd ing 1 98 1 :137 165 ) . P i g s ,w h ich p rov id ee xce l len te ne rgy r e tu rn ,a r en o t ef i c ien t ly r a i sed i nl a rge h e rd s( Zede r 1 99 1 :30 1) . T hey a r e mo r e l i k e ly t ob e r e a r ed a ss upp lemen ta ry m ea t w i th in i n d iv idua l h ou se h o ld s ( Zed e r 1 99 1 :37 -40 ) . T he e nd r e su l t o f ef i c iency c on c e rn s i sl ow d i ve r s i ty o fs p ec ie s , o fa ge a nd s e x o fa n ima l s r e ce ived ( Zede r1 99 1 :37 -4 1) .T he re i smo r el i ke ly t ob ep r ef e r e n t ia ls e lec t ion o fb ody p a r t s ,w i th d i f f e ren tc u t sg o ing t ot h e v a r iou sc on s t i tu en tg roup s .

1 28

I nc on t ra s t ,w hen o ccupan t sr a i se t h e i ro wn s t ock o ro b ta in a n i m a l sd i rec t ly f r om h e rde r s ,t h ep r ime c on s id e ra t ion sa c co rd ing t ot h e mod e l so fR edd ing ( 1 981 )a nd Z ed e r( 1 99 1) ,a r eh e rd s e c u r i ty a nd g r ow th .G oa t s ,a st h eh a rd ie s th e rd a n ima l s ,s hou ld b ef a vo red o ve rs h eep ( R edd ing 1 98 1 :79 -80 )w h ich s hou ld ,i n t u rn b ef a vo r ed o ve rc a t t le ( Zede r 1 99 1 :37 ) .C u l l ing d ec i s ion s w i l lv a ry w i th h e rd d emog raph ic s . T h i sw i l lr e su l ti nh i gh d i v e r s i ty o fa ge sa nd s e xe sp rocu r ed ( Zed e r 1 991 :40 -4 1) .O ccu p an t s a r e mo r e l i ke ly t o r e ce ive w ho le a n ima l s r a the r t h an s e lec ted p a r t s ,p rov id ing a ne ven b ody p a r td i s t r ibu t ion ( Zede r 1 99 1 :4 1-43 ) . W i ld a n ima l sm ay s upp lem en tt h ed i e tu nde re i t h e rr e g ime ( Zed e r 1 99 1 :38 ) .A sn o t ed a bov e ,s heep a nd g oa t s a r eb yf a rt h em o s ta bundan t ly r e p r e sen t ed s p ec ie si nt h ee xca v a t ed m a t e r ia l s . G oa t sa r eh a rd ie ra n ima l st h an s h eep , a b le t o f e ed o fp oo r e rq ua l i ty b row se a nd t e nd ing t or e p roduce m o r e q u ick ly ,b u ts h eep p rov ide w oo li na dd i t ion t om i lk a nd m ea t . A l though Z ed e r( 1 99 1 :37 -40 ) m ad e p r ed ic t ion s a bou tt h e e f f e c t s o f t h e m ode o f d i s t r ibu t ion o n s p ec ie s s e lec t ion ( s ee a bove ) ,t h ey a r en o ta pp l icab le t ot h e ' A in D a ra d a ta s e t . B e c au se o n ly t wo r e s idence s w e r e s amp led , t h e a s semb lage r e f l ec t sw ha tr e sou r ce st h ei n hab i tan t sh ad a c ce s st o ,r a th e rt h an r e f lec t ing u ngu la t em anag emen tt h roughou tt h eu rban s y s t em .

Mor tal i ty T he i mp l ica t ion s o fv a r iou s k i l l -of fp a t t er n s h a s b een e x t en s i ve ly d i scu s sed i nt h el i t e ra tu r eo ff a una la na ly s i s( e .g .P ayne 1 973 ; R edd ing 1 98 1 :310 -364 ; Z ede r 1 99 1 :25 -44 ) . T he r e la t i ve v a lue a t t r ibu ted t od i f f e r en tc ap r id p r oduc t s ( mea t , w oo l , m i lk )a nd v a ry ing e nv i ronmen ta lc ond i t ion sw i l li nf luence t h e c u l l ing s t ra tegy p r a c t iced b y ah e rde r . T h e r a t io s o fs h eep t o g oa t s ,m a le st of ema le s , a nd j uven i le st oa du l t sa r ea l s i gn if i c an tv a r iab le s . Am ea t -ba sed s t ra t egy r e qu i r e sc u l l ing o fm o s t m a le c ap r id s a nd ap ropo r t ion o ff ema le s b y t wen ty -f ou r t o t h ir ty s ix mon th s ,a st h ea n ima l sr e a ch t h e i rm ax imum w e igh t g a in b y t h e a ge o f t h r ee y ea r s a t t h e l a te s t ( Payne 1 973 :28 1-282 ) .A l though t h ev a lue o fm ea tf l uc tua t e sw i th t h e a ge o ft h ea n ima l , a nd s e a sona l a nd e nv i ronmen ta lc ond i t ion s m igh ta f f ec tc u l l ing s t ra t eg ie s ,o n ly t h o se a n ima l sn ece s sa ry t o m a in ta in h e rd s e cu r i ty w ou ld g ene ra l ly b e k ep t a l ive l o nge r . C hang e s i nt h e v a lue o fm ea tw i l l a f f ec tc u l l ing s t ra t eg ie s . A m i lk -ba sed s t ra t egy r e su l t s i nc u l l ing o f al a rge p r opo r t ion o f i n f an t sb ef o r et h ey r e a ch t we lve mon th so fa g e , a s su r ing h e rd s e cu r i ty w i thou td r a in ing m i lk r e sou r ce sm o r et h an n ece s sa ry . I n aw oo l -ba sed s t ra t egy ,t h e m a jo r i ty o ft h e c ap r id h e rd w i l l b e l e f ta l ive f o r s e ve ra l y ea r s , a sl o ng a st h ey a r e p r odu c ing q ua l i ty w oo l .R edd ing a nd Z ede rp r ed ic ti n d i r ec tm anagemen t o fr e d i s t r ibu t ion t or e su l t i nh i gh ly f o cu sed c u l l ing p a t t er n s , w i th m a le sb e tween t wen ty -f ou ra nd t h i r ty s ix mon th so fa ge mo s tc ommon ly r e p r e sen t ed .D i r ec tp r ocu r emen ts hou ld r e su l t i n am o r e e ven a ge d i s t r ibu t ion , b u t m a le s b e tween s i x a nd t wen ty -f ou r m on th s s hou ld d om ina te t h e a s semb lage . S u id s a r e t y p ica l ly c u l led m uch e a r l ie r , s i nce t h ey p rov id e av e ry h i gh m ea ty i e ld b u tn ob y -p roduc t s . Ay oung a g ea td ea th i se s p ec ia l ly l i k e ly w hen a n ima l sa r er a i sed w i th in t h eh ou seho ld , a se xpec ted w i th p i g s .R ema in so fp i g sr a i sed a s as upp lemen t a ry m ea ts ou r ce s hou ld t h en p rov ide am o r ee ven a g ed i s t r ibu t i on ,w i th am a jo r i ty o fy ounge rs p ec imen s .

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F igu re 1 20 : ( A ) i l u s t ra t e si n ten s i ty o fk i l l -of fa sm ea sured w i th m and ibu la rw ea rs t ag e s( Payne 1 973 ) . ( B ) i l u s t ra t e st h es u rv i v o r sh ip c ur ve f o ro v i -cap r id sc ompu ted o nt h eb a s i so fl o ng -bone f u s ion f requenc ie s( t aken f rom S i l ve r1 970 ) . T he b rok en l i ne i nd i ca t e st h ea ve rag ed en s i ty f o re p iphy se s u sed a si nd i ca to r so fe a ch a ge g roup . K i l l -of fp a t ter n s a t' A in D a ra w e r e e xam ined u s ing t wo d a ta s e t s : l o ng b one f u s ion f r equency ( c ap r id : S i lve r 1 970 ; s u id : B u l l a nd P ayne 1 982 ) a nd d en ta l w ea rs t ag e s ( c ap r id : P ayne 1 973 ; s u id : B u l l a nd P ayne 1 9 82 ) . Z ed e r ( 1 99 1 :92 -94 ) a nd R edd ing ( 1 98 1 :317 -319 ) h ave d i s cu s sed t h e r e la t ive a dvan t a g es a nd d i sadvan tage s o fb o th a g ing s c heme s . Wh i le d en ta l w ea rd i s t r ibu t ion su t i l iz ea l lm and ib le sf r om t h es t udy a s sem b l age ,f u s ion d i s t r ibu t ion sa r el i m i t ed t ot h es ub se to fe l emen t s p e r ta in ing t oe ach s t ag e o fg r ow th ( Zede r 1 99 1 :92 -94 ) . L ong b one f u s ion a l so e nd sa tf o r ty two m on th s ,l i m i t ing t h es pan o f y e a r s w h ich c an b e e xam ined . H oweve r , f u s ion d i s t r ibu t ion s a r eb a sed o ns eve ra le l emen t s ,e n la rg ing t h es t udy s amp le a nd l i m i t ing a ny e f ec t so fc u l tu ra ls e lec t ion f o ra ny t y pe o fb one . E co log ica lc ond i t ion sa nd s ho r t t e rm c l ima t ic f l uc tua t ion sw i l l a l so a f ec tt h er a t eo ft o o th w ea r .T he r ef o r e ,b o th d a ta s e t sa r e

1 29

e xam ined s e pa ra t e ly , w i th f u s ion r e p r e sen t ed b y as u rv ivo r s h ip c u rve a nd d en ta lw ea rs t age f r equen cy i l u s tr a t ing i n t en s i ty o fk i l l -of fw i th in e a ch a ge c l a s s . N ISP s a r e b a sed o n m ax imum N ISP p e rc oho r tw i th in u nf u sed e p iphy se sa nd u n f u sed s haf t s . T he s amp le o fe l emen t s ( b o th b ony a nd d en t a l ) s e pa rab le i n to C ap ra h i rcu so rO v i sa r ie sw a st o os ma l lt ow a r r a n ts epa ra t ea na ly s i s ,t h u s , a l l c ap r id r ema in sw e r eg rouped . T h i sc omp rom i se i sl e s st h an i d ea l . S heep a nd g oa t sm ay w e l l b eh e rd ed s e pa ra t e ly a nd b es ub jec tt od i f f e r en tc u l l ing s t ra t e g i e s . P rov id ing as i ng le , c ompo s i te mo r ta l i ty p rof i le m ake si t i mpo ss ib le t od e te c tt h e se d if e r ence sa nd c ou ld e ven l e dt oa p r of i le w h ich i sn o tr e p r e sen ta t ive o fe i the r s p e c ie s . I na dd i t i on , s h eep a nd g oa t sm ay b e f e do f fd i f f e r en tq ua l i ty b r ow se ( R edd ing 1 98 1 :44 ) a nd t h i s m ay man if e s t i nd if e r en t t o o th w ea rr a te s . U nf o r tuna te ly , t h e r e i sn o s a t i sf a c to ry s o lu t ion t o

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8 10 y ea r s

2

t h e se p rob lem si nt h ea b sence o f al a rge c o rpu so fs p e c if i ca l ly i d en t if iab le s p ec imen s . P o ten t ia l b i a s i nw ea rs t age d a ta w i l l h opef u l ly b e c oun te r ed b y f u s ion d a ta . T he a ve rag ing a f ec t s o ft r ea t ing b o th s p ec ie st o ge the rs hou ld b eb or n ei nm ind w hen e xam in ing b o th f o rm so f mo r ta l i ty p rof i l e . T he a g ed i s t r ibu t ion c r ea ted b ya na ly s i so fc ap r id d en ta lw ea r s t ag e s ( Tab le 6a nd F igu r e 1 20a ) d i sp lay s a n o ve rwhe lm ing m a jo r i ty o fl a t ea ge k i l l sb e tween t h r ee a nd f ou ry ea r so fa ge . T he r ei sn og r adua ld rop o f ft oe i the rs i de o ft h i sr a ng e .F u s ion d a ta a g r ee s( Tab le 7a nd F igu re 1 20b ) , s how ing as i gn if i can t d ec l ine i na n ima l ss u rv iv ing b eyond t h i r ty t ot h ir ty s ix m on th s o fa ge . Wh i le t h e f u s ion s t udy s e ems t oi n d ica te c ap r id sb e ing c u l led a t as l igh t ly e a r l ie ra ge t h an t h ed en ta lw e a re v idence ,t h e r ea r e t wo f a c to r st h a tm ay b er e spon s ib le f o rt h e d i sc r epancy .F i r s t , t h ea ge a tf u s ion d a ta i sb a sed o nS i lve r 's ( 1 970 )s t udy o fm od e r n ,s em i -w i ld E u ropean s h eep .F u s ion a g es m ay w e l lv a ry b e t ween t h e se s p ec imen s a nd a nc ien t , d ome s t ica t ed , N ea r E a s t er ns heep o rg oa t s .S econd ,t h es k e le t a le l emen tp r of i le i n d i ca t e st h a td i f f e r en t ia l s e lec t ion o fe l em en t s i sl i k e ly t ob ea f a c to ra f f ec t ing t h ef u s ion d a ta .

T ab le 6 :C apr ine a t t r i t ion d a ta b a sed o nd en ta lw ea rs t ag e s i nP ayne 1 973 .

N ISP

N umber F u sed

% F used

S urv ivor sh ip w i th in A ge C la s s

D i s ta lH ume ru s

2 4

2 3

9 6

0 . 97

P rox ima l R ad iu s

1 7

1 7

1 00

F i r s tP ha lanx

1 0

9

9 0

S econd P ha lanx

3

3

1 00

3 2

3 1

9 7

0 . 97

3

3

1 00

1 . 00

P rox ima lF emu r

4

3

7 5

0 . 88

D i s ta lR ad iu s( 3 6 mon th s )

4

4

1 00

P rox ima lH ume ru s

1

0

0

D i s ta lF emu r

2

0

0

P rox ima lT ib ia

5

5

1 00

A ge a nd C r i ter ia

6 10 m on th s

1 3 -34 mon th s

1 8 -24 m on th s D i s ta lT ib ia 1 8 -28 m on ths D i s ta l Me ta ca rpa l

0 . 92

3 0 -36 mon ths

3 6 -42 mon ths 0 . 63 _

T ab l e 7 :L ong -bone f u s ion f requenc i e so fc ap r ine sa t' A in D a ra ( s i ze c l a s se s Ia nd 2c omb ined ) . F u s ion s t age s t a k en f rom S i lve r , 1 970 . 1 30

Mamma lR ema in s I ti sn o tl i k e ly t h a tt h eh e rde r sa t' A in D a ra p r a c t iced as i ng le f o cu s s t r a tegy , w he r ed emand f o ro ne p roduc t( mea t , m i lk o r w oo l ) d e te rm ine s c u l l ing s t ra teg ie s . T he r e la t ive ly a dvan ced a ge o fm o s ts p ec imen si n d ica t e st h a tw oo lw a sp r obab ly a ni m p o r tan tc ap r id p roduc tf o rt h ei n hab i tan t so ft h i sp a r to ft h es i t e , b u tm i lk a nd m ea tp roduc t ion p robab ly a l so a f ec ted t h ec u l l i n gs t r a tegy ,e s pec ia l ly c on s ide r ing t h ed ea r th o fc a t t le w h ich w ou ld h av e p rov id ed b o th m ea t a nd m i lk i nl a rge r c a lo r ic p a ck ag e s . T h i sp a t ter ni ss im i la rt ot h ec ap r id c u l l ing p a t te rn f r om n ea rby T e l l Af i s( W i lken s 1 992 :206 -7 ) .

e a ch a ge c oho r t .T h i ss ugge s t st h a tt h e r em ay h ave b een mo re u nf u sed b one si ne a ch c oho r t ,a nd t h e se m ay h ave b een d e le t ed b yd e s t ru c t iv ep roce s se sa si sc l ea ri nt h e MNE g raph o fb one p o r t ion s( F igu r e 1 24 ) . B ra in ( 1 98 1 :19 -2 1) f o und t h a tu nf u sed b one sw e re d e s t roy ed b yd og sa tm uch h i gh e rr a t e st h an f u sed b one s a nd t h a t e a r l ie r f u s ing e l emen t s a r e m o r e d en se t h an t h o se w h ich f u se l a t e ri nl i f e .T h i sc an b es e en i nF igu r e 1 20b , w he r ed en s i ty v a lu e sa r es c a led a nd c ompa r ed t oa ge o ff u s ion . D en s i ty v a lue s h e r e a r e f r om L yman ( 1 984 ) . I n g ene r a l , i t s e em st h a tt h ee a r l ie ra ne l emen tf u se s ,t h em o r ed en se i ti sa nd t h e mo r el i ke ly t os u r v iv e i nt h ea r cha eo log ica lr e co rd ( B ra in 1 98 1 :19 -2 1) . T h i s c ou ld h ave t h e e f f ec t o fs k ew ing p opu la t i on st ol o ok o l d e ra td ea th t h an t h ey w e r e . Wapn i sh a nd H e s se ( 1 99 1 :23 )m en t ioned t h ep o s s ib i l i ty t h a tt a phonom ic p roce s se s a f ec ted s ome o ft h e i r mo r ta l i ty d a ta f r om t h eT e l lD an f a una . I fd ec iduou st e e th a r ee qua li nd en s i ty t op e rmanen tt e e th ,t h en d en ta lw ea rs t age d a ta s hou ld p rov ide ag ood c heck a ga in s tt h i s c on t ingency .U nf o r tuna te ly ,t h e r ea r e ,a sy e t ,n od a ta o nd if e r -

Z ed e r ( 1 99 1 :25 -44 ) p r ed ic t s g r ea te ru n if o rm i ty i nt h e a g e o f a n ima l sw hen r e d i s t r ibu t ion i si n d i r e c tt h an w hen i ti sd i r ec t . T he d en ta lw ea rs t udy t h u ss ugge s t st h a ts h eep a nd g oa ti nt h i s p a r to f' A in D a ra m ay n o th ave b een c on sumed b yt h ep eop le w ho h e rded t h em .H oweve r , i ts hou ld b en o t ed t h a t mo r ta l i ty d a ta a r el i k e ly t ob es ub jec tt ot h es ame t a phonom ic c oncer n s a ss k e l e ta le l emen tp ro f i le s .T he r ea r e af ew u nf u sed b one si n

1 4

( a )

1 2 — 1 0 —

C l )

8— 6— 4— 2—

c i

6

Wear S tage A ge A ss ignmen t 1 00

( b )

9 0 —

A bundance

8 0 — 7 0 4 6 0 — 5 0 — 4 0 — 3 0 — 2 0 —

c o 6 v . /

n -

C V

8

2 4 -30 mo .s

1 0 —

c 9 )

A ge F ig u re 1 21 :S u id m o r ta l i ty b a sed o nd en ta lw ea rs t age s ( a )a nd l o ng -bone f u s ion ( b ) . F u s ion a g e sa nd w ea rs t ag ed a ta f rom B u l la nd P ayne 1 982 .

1 31

T he I ron Age S e t t lemen ta t' A in D ara

C apr ine

S u id

s u rp r i s ing ,c on s ide r ing t h a tt e e th a r et h em o s td u ra b l e s ke le ta l e l emen t s a nd g ene r a l ly s u rv ive w e l l i n t h e a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd ( K le in a nd C r uz -U r ibe 1 984 :7 1) . A l though t h e r e i sn o r e a son w hy l owe r t e e th s hou ld p r e s e rve b e t te r t h an u ppe r t e e th , i ti s n o t ewo r thy t h a tm ax i l la ry d en t i t ion i ss l igh t ly l e s s c ommon t h an m and ibu la r , a nd a l so l e s s c ommon t h an h ume r i . I no t he rw o rd s , t h e r e s iden t s o ft h e se h ou se sd i sca rd ed ( a nd p robab ly r e ce ived )t h eu ppe r p a r t s o fh ead s l e s s o f ten t h an m and ib le s . N o t et h a t b ov id a nd c e rv id m and ib le s h ave am edu l la ry c av i t y ,w h ich m ay b eb rok en f o rm a r row .N o te a l so t h a t t h ec r an ium c on ta in st h eb ra in ,a nd s h eep b r a in sa r e p r iz ed i nt h eN ea rE a s tt oday . P e rhap s c r an ia w e r e d e l ibe ra te ly s e pa r a t ed f o rc on sump t ion b y ad if e r e n ts e to ft h ep opu la t ion .

S ku l l Mand ib le A t las /Ax is C e r v ica l T ho rac ic L umba r S capu la H ume rus R ad ius /U lna C a rpa ls Me taca rpa l P e lv is /Sac rum F emu r T ib ia T a rsa ls M e ta ta rsa l P ha langes 0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

0

5

MAU

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5

MAU

A x i s v er teb rae a r e t h e mo s t c ommon v e r t eb ra l b one s , b u t v e r t eb ra e a r e v e ry r a r e a t' A in D a ra i n g ene ra l .T h i si sp r obab ly d ue t ot h el ow d en s i ty a nd h i gh g r ea se c on t en to fv e r teb ra le l emen t s ,w h ich a r e s e ldom r e cove r ed f r om a r cha eo log ica l s i t e s . T he a bundance o fv e r t eb rae c an r a r e ly b e c ompa r ed t o t h e f r equency o fl o ng b one s u s ef u l ly ( Ma r ean a nd F r ey 1 997 ) .

F igu re 1 22 : C ap r ine a nd s u id MA U ' sl i s t ed b ys ke le ta le l emen tg roup s .

i n gd en s i t ie s b e tween t e e th . W i th t h e d a ta w eh ave , i ti so n ly p o s s ib le t oo b serve t h a tt h ef u s ion d a ta a nd w ea rs t age d a t ad o s e em t oa g r ee o n al a te a ge o fd ea th a nd f o cu sed c u l l ing s t ra t e gy ,b u tn o te t h a tt h i si n te rp r e ta t ion mu s tb ev i ewed w i th c au t i on . Ad i f f e r en t mo r ta l i ty p a t te rn i se v iden tf o rs u id sa t' A in D a ra ( Tab le s8 , 9a nd F igu re 1 2 1) . I fp i g sa r eb e ing r a i sed b yf am i l i e sw i th in t h eh ou seho ld ,o ne e xpec t st os e e amuch e a r l ie ra g e o fd ea th .T ha td oe ss e em t ob ep r ec i se ly t h ec a se .H e r e ,f u s ion a nd d en ta ld a ta d on o ta g r ee a sc l o se ly a sw i th t h ec ap r id p ro f i l e s , b u t t h e re i s ad ef in i te p r edom inan ce o fi mma tu r e a n i m a l s , e s pec ia l ly a r ound ay ea r a nd ah a lf o fa ge . P i g s r e a ch m ax imum l i ve w e igh tg a in a ta bou t ay ea r , s ot h i s i sn o s u r p r i se . T he d en ta l d a ta d o i n d ica te ag r ea t e rd i ve r s i ty o fa ge s t h an w a ss e en i nt h ec ap r ine d a ta .T he g ene ra ly ounge rc u l l ing a ge a nd g r ea te r d i ve r s i ty o fa ge s i sc on s i s ten t w i th e xpec ta t i on s f o ra n a n ima l w h ich i sb e ing r e a r ed i n -hou se . U nf o r tu n a t e ly ,n od en s i ty v a lu e sy e te x i s tf o rs u id b one s . T h i sw ou ld c l a r if y h ow m uch i nf luence d en s i ty m ed ia t ed d e s t ruc t ion m igh th ave o nt h ec on s t ru c t ion o f mo r ta l i ty p r of i le s .

S ke le ta lE lemen tA bundance F igu re 1 22 i l u s t ra te st h e MAU o fC la s s 1a nd 2s heep /goa ta nd s u id sf o ra l p e r iod sa gg r ega t ed . T he d a ta a r ep rov ided i nT a b l e s 5a nd 1 0 .T h i sg r aph e s tab l i she sa no ve ra l lp a t ter na ga in s t w h ich d ev ia t ion sc an b e m ea su r ed . L owe rt e e th c omp r i se t h e mo s ta bundan ts k e le ta lp o r t ion t h roughou tt h es i te .T h i si sn o t

1 32

Among t h e v a r iou s b one s o ft h e l i mb s , t h e r e a r e s ome c on sp icuou sa nd s i gn if i can tv a r ia t ion si ne l e m en t a bundance . F o r b o th s p ec ie s , h ume r i a r e t h e mo s ta bundan tl o ng -bone si nt h ee n t i r es i t e ,w i th r a d i ia nd t i b i a eo n ly s l igh t ly l e s sc ommon .F emo ra ,o nt h eo t he rh and ,a r e v e ry s c a r ce . F o rC la s s 1a nd 2b ov id s ,f emo r aa r er e p r e sen t ed b ya n MNE o fo n ly 2 9 .4 ,c on t ra s t ing w i th t h eh ume ra l MNE o f 6 3 .T he MNE f o rs u id h ume r ii s1 3 .5 ,w i th o n ly 2MNE b a sed o n f emo ra . T ib ia e a r e mo r ep r eva len t , a pp ea r ing w i th a lmo s t t h e s ame f r equency a s r a d i i . F o r b o th f o r e a nd h i nd l i mb s , m e tapod ia l s a r e s l igh t ly l e s s c ommon t h an r a A ge A s s ignmen t d i io rt i b iae . N ISP ( i n mon ths ) P ha lange s a r e e x t r eme ly r a r e f o r t h e s ma l le r d ome s t ica t e s , w h i le B o s p ha l a ng e s a r e t h e s e cond m o s t c ommon e l e m en t . C a rpa l s a nd t a r sa l s a r e a l so r a re i n t h e s ma l l u ngu la te s , p o s s ib ly d u e t o t h e l a ck o f s c re en ing . I th a s b een d emon s t ra t ed t h a t n on -

3 5

8

T ab l e8 :S u id a t t r i t ion d a ta b a sed o n w ea rs t ag e si nB u l la nd P ayne 1 982

Mamma lR ema in s

A ge a nd C r i ter ia

N ISP

N umber F used

% F used

P e lv i s ,A ce tabu lum

3

2

6 6 .7

S capu la

7

7

1 00

P rox ima lR ad iu s

5

5

1 00

P rox ima lS econd P ha lanx

2

1

5 0

D i s ta lH ume ru s

1

6

5 4 .5

P rox ima lF i r s tP ha lanx

2

1

5 0

D i s ta lT ib ia

1

3

2 7 .3

D i s ta l Me tapo ld ia l s

2 7

6

2 .2

D i s ta lF i bu la

0

0

-

T ube rC a lcane i

4

1

2 5

P rox ima lH ume ru s

3

0

0

P rox ima la nd D i s ta lU lna

6

1

1 6 .7

S urv ivor sh ip w i th in A ge C la s s

A pp rox ima te l y 1y ea r

0 . 75

A pp rox ima t e ly 2y ea r s 0 . 25

2 2 .5 y ear s 0 . 25

3 3 .5 y ear s

D i s ta lR ad iu s

4

1

2 5

P rox ima la nd D i s ta lF emu r

3

1

3 .3

P rox ima lT ib ia

4

4

1 00

P rox ima lF ibu la

0

0

-

0 . 35

T ab l e9 :L ong -bone f u s ion f r equenc i e so fs u id sa t ' A in Da ra ( s i ze c l a s se s Ia nd 2c omb ined ) . F u s ion s t age st a ken f rom B u l la nd P ayne 1 982 .

l o ng b one sg ene ra l ly a r en o tl i k e ly t ob er e cove r ed i nn umbe r s t h a t r e f l ec t t h e f r equency w i th w h ich t h ey w e r e d i sca rd ed ( Ma r ean e ta l . 1 992 ; Ma r ean a nd F r ey 1 997 ) w i th a ny a c cu r a cy . S caveng ing b y d og s , t r amp l ing b y p eop le a nd a n ima l s , a nd s o i lc ompa c t ion a l s ub t r a c tl e s s d en se e l emen t sf r om t h e a r cha eo log ica lr e co rd .5

T aphonomy B r a in ( 1 98 1) w a sp e rhap st h ef i r s tt os y s tema t ica l ly r e co rd a nd q uan t if yh ow t a phonom ic p roce s se s a f f ec tz ooa r chaeo log ica l a s s emb lag e s .H eo b se rved t h a tb one sw i th l owe rs pec if i cg r av i t y w e r e l e s s c ommon ly r e cove r ed i na r chaeo log ica l a s sem b l ag e s ( B ra in 1 98 1 :19 -2 1) . I n a dd i t ion , h e n o t iced t h a t l o ng -bon ee p iphy sea le nd s ,w h ich a r el owe ri ns pec if i cg r av i ty

5 .

F o r as umma r yd i s cu s s ion s e eL yma n 1 9 94 . 1 33

t h an t h e m idd le s haf tp o r t ion s , a r e l e s s c ommon ly r e cove r ed t h an m id shaf ts p ec imen s .E p iphy se sa r er i ch i ng r ea se a nd a r e o f t en d e s t royed b y c a rn ivo r e g naw ing , w he the r b y h yena s ( Ma r ean a nd S pence r 1 99 1) o r b y d ome s t ic d og s ( B inf o rd 1 981 :3 6 -37 ;H ayne s1 983 ) .E ven e p iphy se sw h ich a r ei n t ac ta t t h et i me o fb u r ia la r el i k e ly t ob ed e s t royed b ys o i lc ompa c t ion . T he e f ec t s o ft h e p henomena o n o v i -cap r id i n t ra -bone s u r v i va l a t' A in D a ra a r e i l u s t ra t ed i nF igu r e 1 23 . M idd le s haf t p o r t ion sa r e mo r ea bundan tt h an e nd sa nd n ea re nd sf o re ve ry m ea t b ea r ing l o ng b one a t' A in D a ra . P rox ima l m e tapod ia l s a r e b e t te r r e p r e sen ted b ecau se t h e p rox ima l e nd i sn o t a n e p iphy s i s a nd i st h e r ef o r e m o r e d en se . T he a f ec t s o fd en s i ty m ed ia ted d e s t ruc t ion o nd if e r en tp o r t ion si sc l ea r ly af a c to ra t ' A in D a ra . T aphonom ic a t t r i t ion b e tween d i f f e r en t b one s i s d ocumen t ed f o rt h e' A in D a ra a s semb lage e l sewhe r e( Ma r ea n

T he I ron Age S e t t lemen ta t' A in D ara a nd F r ey 1 997 )a nd i so n ly p a r t ia l ly r e p roduced h e re . L yman ( 1984 ) a nd L am e ta l . ( 1 998 )u sed t e chn ique s mo r e s oph i s t i c a ted t h an t h o se a va i lab le t oB ra in t op r ov id ei n t e r -a nd i n t r a b one d en s i ty v a lue sf o rs e ve ra lm amma ls p ec ie s .L ogged r e la t i ve d en s i ty v a lue s o fL am e ta l . ( 1 998 )w e r e p l o t t ed a ga in s t r e la t ive a bundance o fo v i -cap r id l o ng -bone p o r t ion si nF i gu r e 1 24 . T he r ea r en op ub l i shed d en s i ty v a lu e sf o rs u id b one s , s o t h i s a na ly s i sc ou ld n o tb er e p ea t ed f o rt h a ts amp le .N on long b one sa r en o ti n c lud ed ,s i nce w ed emon s t ra t ed t h el ow s u rv iva l

o ft h e se e l emen t si n Ma r ean a nd F r ey ( 1 997 ;a l so s e e Ma r ean e ta l . 1 992 ) .E nd sa nd m id shaf t sw e r ep l o t t ed s epa ra te ly i no r d e rt os how t h a tl o ng b one s u rv iva li sa l so d e te rm ined b yd en s i ty u n le s sm idd le s haf tp o r t ion s a r e i n c luded i nt h e a na ly s i s ( r = .58 ;d f= 1 ;P = .05 ) . When m idd le s haf tp o r t ion sa r ea dded t o t h e s amp le , t h e c o r r e la t ion w i th d en s i ty d i sappea r s . I no t he r w o rd s ,o n ly b yi n c lud ing l o ng b on em idd l es h af t si si tp o s s ib le t og a in s ome i n d ica t ion o fh ow d i f f e r en tu n i t s o fm ea t w e r e d i sca rded . I nf a c t ,t h em ea tb ea r ing l i mb -bone s , h ume ru s ,r a -

H umerus

F emur

P rox ima l E nd

P rox ima l E nd

P rox ima l S ha f t

P rox ima l S haf t

M idd le S haf t

M idd le S ha f t

D i s ta l S haf t

D i s ta l S haf t

D i s ta l E nd

D i s ta l E nd 0

5 0

1 00

8

3 0 1 1 5 0

0

P rox ima l E nd

P rox ima l E nd

P rox ima l S ha f t

P rox ima l S ha f t M idd le S haf t

5 2

D i s ta l S haf t

D i s ta l S ha f t

D i s ta l E nd

D i s ta l E nd 0

5 0

0

1 00

P rox ima l E nd

P rox ima l E nd

P rox ima l S ha f t

P rox ima l S ha f t

M idd le S haf t

M idd le S haf t

D i s ta l S ha f t

D i s ta l S haf t

D i s ta l E nd

D i s ta l E nd 5 0

5 0

1 00

Me ta tarsa l

Me tacarpa l

0

1 00

T ib ia

R ad ius

M idd le S haf t

2 6

0

1 00

5 0

1 00

F igu re 1 23 :I n t ra -bone s ur v ivo r sh ip f o ra l lb ov id s . T he n umbe r sw i th in e ach b a ri nd i ca te r aw MNE v a lue s .

1 34

Mamma lR ema in s

0 . 2

( a )

0—

t d e

m e

h de

A

0 .2 —

2

m cpe

r p e f de

0 .4 —

f P e

0 .6 —

t p e

0 .8 —

1—

A

mcde

A

m tde

r de h pe

1 .2 06

0 .4

0 .2

0

D ens i ty

0 . 05

( b )

0— H ume rus

0 .05 — R ad ius

0 .1 — T ib ia

0 .15 — 0 .2 — 0 J

0 .25 — 0 .3 — _ A Metacarpa l

_ 0 .35

0 . 02

A

A Metatarsal

0 .4 — 0 .45

F emur

0 . 04

0 . 06

0 . 08

0 . 1

0 . 12

D ens i ty F igu r e1 24 : R e la t ion sh ip b e tween l o gd en s i ty a nd l o ga bundance o fl o ng -bone p o r t ion sa t ' A in Da ra . F o r( a ) : r= 58 ;d f =1 ; P=0 . 05 . F o r( b ) r= 0 . 2 ; d f =1 ; P =0 . 97 .A bbrev ia t ion si n d i ca te e l emen t sa nd p rox ima lo rd i s ta le nd ( e .g . :t p e = t i b ia ,p rox ima le nd ) . d i u s , t i b ia a nd f emu r , a c tua l ly a r e n ega t ive ly c o r r e la ted w i th d en s i ty . T h i sn ega t ive c o r r e la t ion s ugge s t sd e l ibe ra t es e lec t ion o fs ome e l emen t s , ap ropo s i t ion s uppo r ted b yt h er e la t ion sh ip b e tween a bundance a nd u t i l i ty .S t ud ie sq uan t if y ing t h ea moun to fm ea t , g r ea s e a nd ma r row a s soc ia ted w i th d if e r en t b ony e l emen t s h ave b e en u sed t o c on s t ruc t i n d ice s o f t h e r e la t ive c a lo r ic v a lue .M e tca lf ea nd J one s( 1 988 )c r ea ted as imp l if i ed v e r s ion o ft h eo r ig ina lu t i l i ty i n d ice sd eve loped b yB inf o rd ( 1 978 ) . I n g ene r a l ,d en s i ty a nd u t i l i ty a r ei n ve r se ly c o r r e la ted ; l e s sd en se e l emen t s a r e h i gh e r i n f ood u t i l i ty ( G ray son 1 989 ; L yman 1 992 ) .I nF igu r e 1 2 5 ,t h el o g %MAU o fo v i -cap r id l o ng -bone s i sp l o t t ed a ga in s ts t anda rd iz ed F ood U t i l i ty I n dex v a lue st a ken 1 35

f r om Me t ca lf ea nd J one s( 1 988 ) .F o rm o s tu ngu la te s ,t h eu ppe r h i nd l i mb i st h e h i ghe s t u t i l i ty e l emen t , m o s t ly d ue t ot h e a moun to fm u sc le a t ta ched t ot h i sb one . I ng ene ra l , l i mb b one s a r eh i ghe ru t i l i ty t h an a x ia l o rc r an ia l e l emen t s . T he mo s td i s ta l l i mb b one s , i n c lud ing m e tapod ia l s , c a rpa l s a nd t a r sa l s a nd p ha lange s , a r e a l so v e ry l ow u t i l i ty . F i gu r e 1 26 s how st h e r ei s aw eak p o s i t ive c o r r e la t ion ,s ot h a t t h e b e t te r q ua l i ty e l emen t s a r e s l igh t ly m o r e c ommon , b u t f emo r a a ga in f a l l f a r o u t o ft h e p a t te rn . W i thou t t h e se u ppe r h i nd l i mb b one s , t h e p o s i t ive c o r r e la t ion b ecome s m uch s t rong e r . N o t e t h a tt h e f emu r i st h e h i ghe s tu t i l i ty l o ng b one a nd h a s t h u s f a rc on s i s t en t ly b een r emoved f r om t h e g ene ra l t r end o ft h er e s to ft h e e l emen t s . T he b e s tc u to fm ea t i sv e ry

The I ron Age S e t t lemen ta t ' A in Dara

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P red ic ted L oca t ion o fF emu r

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