The Imperial house of Japan

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THE IMPERIAL HOUSE OF JAPAN By T h e Late

R.A.B.

P on so nby F a n e ,

LL.D.

Author of “ Studies in Shinto and Shrines ” and “ KYOTO,” The Old Capital of Japan (794-1869)

With a Foreword by Izuru

S h im m u r a ,

D.Litt.

Professor Emeritus in Kyoto University

Published by

THE PONSONBY MEMORIAL SOCIETY Kamikamo, Kyoto, Japan

19 5 9

All rights reserved

Printed by Kenkvusha, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo

T H E AUTHOR AS HE WAS

Dr. Richard Ponsonby Fane In attempting to analyze the character ot Dr. Richard Ponsonby Fane I am conscious of doing something which he would very strongly have objected to. In his principal characteristic was a refined fastidiousness which among other things disliked all invasions of privacy. In that fastidious­ ness there was no element of weakness; no one could take liberties with Ponsonby, and he went his own way serenely, indifferent to, and probably unconscious of, blame or applause. Next to his horror of pushfulness and intrusion, one may rank his pervasive humour and his extreme goodness of heart. The way in which he put his great resources in the quietest and most delicate fashion, at the service of those in whose careers he took an interest, was a lesson in true philanthrophy. There must be not a few of the younger generation in Japan who have cause to regard him as the architect of their fortunes. But his was not a lazy or sentimental philanthrophy. It was a reasonable and thoroughly discriminating virtue. Ponsonby was by no means easy to delude; and his brilliant in­ tellect was a thoroughly practical one. As the writer has said elsewhere, the motive which led him to spend his years in Japan was surely that he found here real religion, real devotion to the ideal, and the ever-present consciousness of the Divine. In a world sunk in “ hear-says ” and agnosticisms, the universal devotion shown in Japan to the Imperial idea and to the Imperial Ancestor drew him like a magnet; and he was happier among the palaces and memories of the Miaco than in the midst of the drifting stir of life in England, where no verity passes unquestioned, no virtue uncontradicted. In Japan, whether one prefers it Old or New, there is still accepted on all hands a Universal Reality. This is not to say that Ponsonby was not a Christian. He was, and an uncompromising High Churchman. How far he accepted the attractive theories according to which Amaterasu-no-Omikami, the Sun Divinity, is identical with the Sun of Righteousness, one does not know; and one would never have ventured to ask. At least, his attitude to the system of Sintau was never condescending or proselytizing. It was enough for him that it was real Religion; sincere Religion, and vivid and unifying Religion. Heartfelt, genuine Sintau, he seems to have felt, was better than a watery and meaningless Christianity whose doctrines rest on the sandy foundation provided by commissions and Archbishops. Yet he never turned to the authoritarianism of the Vatican, but remained settled in the Anglo-Catholic Church. And, lest we should fall into the error of taking this religious, royalist, benevolent student for a weakling, let us recall his vigorous love of another not less English institution-----the game of cricket! Too slow for the bustling, too dangerous for the slack, cricket has something essentially English about it. I think it must have been a grief to our friend that it has never become acclimatized here! Nor did Ponsonby ever tire of the most toilsome journeys in pursuit of material for his Magnum Opus-----the investigation of the history of the Imperial House of Japan. Unlike Dr. Scherer, he did not find in Buddhism the key to all the art and culture of the country. It had its place; but it was in Imperial Sintau that Ponsonby found the open secret of Nihon. No more constant friend, no more high-minded thinker, no more encyclopaedic worker, ever landed on these shores.

Thomas Baty Tokyo:

April, 1938

F-O-R-E-W-O-R-D It w ould be difficult to name in any age or country a scholar com­ parable w ith the late D r. Richard Ponsonby Fane. H is love for Japan w as o f a most profound k in d ; w ith a far stronger b elief than the ordinary Japanese he accepted the truth o f the fundamental character o f the Japanese nation; the Im perial House o f Japan he regarded w ith deep respect and affection; the Shinto Deities o f Japan he held in high esteem. N o t only did he try to find evidence about these subjects in literature and in field investigations, but he also understood them fully and devoted to them years o f detailed examination. W hen he ended his life, at the age o f sixty, it was, as he desired, in his beloved land o f Japan. It came about that he came to live at the east end o f K oyam a, close to my ho u se; and w e continued our mutual visits until, several years later, he m oved to his newly-built house o f purely Japanese style in the clean and quiet village o f K am igam o, where he eventually died in 1937. A fter that he would often come to the Library o f K yo to University in search o f historical docum ents; made frequent visits to many Shinto shrines far and near including those in the F iv e Hom e Provinces (Kitiai) ; investigated the remains o f the old capital o f H e ian ; and had the honour o f being present at the Enthronement Ceremony o f H is Im perial M ajesty the Em peror o f Japan which took place in 1928. Our friend the late D r. Richard Ponsonby Fane had experiences such as no other senior Japanologists o f Europe and Am erica have ever been privileged to enjoy. N ow , at the time when the essential part o f the results o f many years o f his painstaking study o f Japan, is about to be published and offered universally to students o f Japan , native and foreign, the editor, M r. Sato, one o f the ablest disciples o f the late D r. Richard Ponsonby Fane has requested me to w rite a Forew ord to the b o o k ; and so I have

11

FOREW ORD

composed this b rief tribute in the hope that by w riting about how I came to love and respect the late D octor, I may express some part o f m y deep attachment to him. I zuru S him m ura

ioth October, 1959

EDITOR’S PREFACE Last autumn when w e were lingering in our preparations for bringing out “ T H E IM P E R IA L H O U S E O F JA P A N ” as V ol. I l l o f the “ D r. Richard Ponsonby Fane Series,” it was made known public­ ly that the Crown Prince o f Japan had selected M iss M ichi-ko Shoda as his bride and that the m arriage w ould be solemnized in A p ril o f the next year. This announcement at once made us decide to publish the present volum e in the very year o f H is Im perial H ighness’ s wedding, inasmuch as the volum e in question m ight be regarded as the Magnum Opus o f the late D r. Richard Ponsonby Fane w ho made the Im perial Fam ily o f Japan , Shinto and shrines the sole subjects o f his study o f Japan. This book is composed o f seven P A R T S , most o f w hich are papers originally written for the T R A N S A C T IO N S o f the Jap an Society o f London, by whose kind consent they now appear. P A R T O N E , how ­ ever, “ The Imperial Fam ily o f Japan ,” w as published in an independent booklet in 19 15 , the year o f the Coronation o f H is Im perial M ajesty o f Ja p a n ; and the articles (A) and (C) o f P A R T S I X were contributed respectively to “ JA P A N ,” the monthly magazine o f N .Y .K . Line, and to the “ B U L L E T IN ” o f the M eiji Japan Society, T okyo, though the author once told the editor that the form er w as cut to two-thirds o f its original length. T he other sections are P A R T TW O “ T he Em peror Chokei,” P A R T T H R E E “ T h e Story o f the E xiled E m ­ perors,” P A R T F O U R “ Abdication in Jap an ,” P A R T F I V E “ Im perial Consorts in Jap an ,” (B) o f P A R T S I X “ Some Impressions o f the Recent Enthronem ent,” and P A R T S E V E N “ T h e Im perial Mausolea o f Jap an .” A s seen from the above, all the papers or articles m aking up the C O N T E N T S o f this volum e w ere originally written independently o f each other, and the editor is therefore w holly responsible not only for com piling them into a book but for dividing them into chapters and sections, and ascribing titles to them. What should be specially mentioned is that more than sixty illus­

IV

e d i t o r ’s p r e f a c e

trations, chiefly consisting o f period photographs o f Em perors, exEm perors, cloistered Em perors, and Im perial Consorts, and reproduc­ tions o f their w ritings and paintings have been added to the original scripts. T h is is chiefly because P A R T O N E “ The Im perial Fam ily o f Japan ” was published without a single illustration. M ost o f the photographs mentioned above w ere taken by Mr. Sato Tatsuzo for the Im perial Academ y o f Japan which was commis­ sioned to compile and publish a collection o f Im perial w ritings and paintings on the occasion o f the 2,600th anniversary o f the foundation o f the Japanese Em pire celebrated in 1940. It should also be noted that by the courtesy o f A sah i Shimbun, O saka, w e have been able to insert two most splendid aerial photographs o f the mausolea o f the Em perors Ojin and Nintoku. The first o f these photographs they were good enough to take specially for this volum e. The editor can hardly escape the charge o f being insensible o f kindness i f he does not mention in this connection the names o f those w ho have been so kind as to confer on him permission to reproduce various photographs. He is in debt to : T he Im perial Household D e­ partment ; the N ational Museum o f K y o t o ; the shrine officer o f K ashihara J i n g u ; M r. Minase Tadam asa, C h ief Priest o f Minase Jin g u ; the late Prof. A . Tokushige, Otani Buddhist C o llege; Prof. T . K im ura, Osaka College o f E co n o m ics; M r. H o rii K enichi, C h ief o f the Social Education Section, the Board o f Education, Sakaide City, K agaw a Prefecture; M r. H inago M otoo, the Cultural Properties Protection Section, the Board o f Education, N ara Prefecture; M r. K iku ch i Seki, Sado Island, N iigata Prefecture; M r. Yam ada Shiko, K y o t o ; Miss Hiyam a Y u k i-ko , K yo to , and M r. Takashim a Y o sh io , Tokyo. Special thanks are due to D r. Shimmura Izuru, w ho has survived the late D octor by more than twenty years, for a Forew ord in w hich he recalls his friendship with the author w ith a touching vivid n ess; and also to M r. Shibata M inoru, Professor o f Japanese H istory at K yo to U niversity fo r his kindness in having found time, am ong so many other duties, to read through the w hole o f the text, to make corrections and to offer advice and invaluable suggestions to the editor, besides placing at his disposal several im portant photographs, some o f w hich he took himself. Finally, a few words must be said with regard to “ D r. Richard

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e d i t o r ’s p r e f a c e

Ponsonby Fane ” by the late D r. Thom as Baty, appearing as it does on the reverse side o f the photograph o f the author w hich w e have used as a frontispiece. T h is w as originally written fo r “ M em oirs o f D r. Richard Ponsonby Fane ” by the late D r. Thom as Baty w ho was the author’ s only intimate E n glish friend in Japan , having been adviser on international public law to the Foreign Office o f Japan for more than thirty years. Let me close this P R E F A C E with thanks to the printer Kenkyusha for the special consideration they have shown in printing this book. Y o s h ijir o Sato October 5, 1959

CONTENTS PART

ONE

TH E IMPERIAL FAMILY OF JAPAN Giving the Lineage o f the Oldest Dynasty in the World PAGE

G E N E R A L P R E F A C E .............................................................................. F O R E W O R D T O G E N E A L O G IC A L T A B L E ............................. FO REW O RD TO T A B L E O F E M P E R O R S’ N A M E S . . . . T A B L E O F E M P E R O R S ’ P E R S O N A L N A M E S ......................... F O R E W O R D T O T H E C H IE F C O N S O R T S ................................. T A B L E O F E M P E R O R S ’ C O N S O R T S ......................................... F O R E W O R D T O IM P E R IA L M O T H E R S ..................................... T A B L E O F E M P E R O R S ’ M O T H E R S ............................................. F O R E W O R D T O N E N G O T A B L E ................................................. T A B L E O F N E N G O .................................................................................. H O KU CH O ( N E N G O ) ............................................................................. T H E R U L E R S O F J A P A N ................................................................. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Jimmu (b . c . 6 6 0 -5 8 5)..................................................................... Suizei (b .c . 5 8 1 - 5 4 9 ) ..................................................................... Annei (b .c . 549-5 i i ) ..................................................................... Itoku (b .c . 5 x 0 - 4 7 7 ) ...................................................................... Kosho (b .c . 4 7 5 - 3 9 3 ) ..................................................................... Koan (b .c . 392-291) Korei (b .c . 2 9 0 - 2 1 5 ) ...................................................................... Kogen (b .c . 2 1 4 - 1 5 8 ) ..................................................................... Kaikwa (b . c . 1 5 8 - 9 8 ) ..................................................................... Sujin (b . c . 97-30) Suinin (b . c . 29-A.D. 7 0 ) ................................................................. Keiko (71-130) Seimu ( 1 3 1 - 1 9 0 ) .............................................................................. Chuai ( 1 9 2 - 2 0 0 ) .............................................................................. Jingu K o g o ......................................................................................

i 5 6 7 11 13 17 18 23 25 27 28 28 29 29 29 30 30 30 30 30 31 32 33 34 34 35

ii

CON TENTS

15. 16. 17. 18. J 920. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 5354.

Ojin ( 2 0 1 - 3 1 0 ) .................................................................................. Nintoku ( 3 1 3 - 3 9 6 ) .......................................................................... Richu ( 4 0 0 -4 0 5 ).............................................................................. Hanzei (4 0 6 -4 10 ).............................................................................. Ingyo ( 4 1 2 - 4 5 3 ) .............................................................................. Anko ( 4 5 4 - 4 5 6 ) .............................................................................. Yuryaku (4 5 7 -4 7 9 )......................................................................... Seinei (4 8 0 -4 8 4 ).............................................................................. Kenzo (4 8 5 -4 8 7 ).............................................................................. Ninken (488-498) ......................................................... ... . . . Buretsu (498-506) Keitai ( 5 0 7 - 5 3 1 ) .............................................................................. Ankan (5 34- 535) .............................................................................. Senkwa (5 35-5 39) Kimmei ( 5 3 9 - 5 7 1 ) .......................................................................... Bidatsu (572-585) YSmei (5 8 5 -5 8 7 ).............................................................................. Sushun (587-592) Suiko ( 5 9 2 - 6 2 8 ) .............................................................................. Jomei ( 6 2 9 - 6 4 1) .............................................................................. Kwogyoku (6 4 2-6 4 5)...................................................................... Kotoku ( 6 4 5 - 6 5 4 ) .......................................................................... Saimei ( 6 5 5 - 6 6 1) .............................................................................. Tenji (661-671) Kobun (6 7 1-6 7 2 ).............................................................................. Temmu (672-686) Jito (6 8 6 -6 9 7 ).................................................................................. Mommu (6 9 7 -7 0 7 ).......................................................................... Gemmei ( 7 0 7 - 7 1 5 ) .......................................................................... Gensho (715-723) ShSmu (724-748) Koken (7 4 9 -7 58 ).............................................................................. Junnin (7 5 8 -7 6 5 ).............................................................................. Shotoku ( 7 6 5 - 7 6 9 ).......................................................................... Kwonin ( 7 7 0 - 7 8 1 ) .......................................................................... Kwammu (781-806) Heizei (8 0 6 -8 0 9 ).............................................................................. Saga (8 0 9 -8 23).................................................................................. Junna ( 8 2 3 - 8 3 3 ) ............................................................................ Nimmyo (8 3 3 -8 5 0 )........................................................................

36 36 38 38 39 40 40 41 42 42 43 43 44 45 45 46 46 47 48 48 49 50 51 52 53 53 54 55 56 56 57 58 59 59 60 61 62 63 64 64

CON TENTS

55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94-

Montoku (8 50-8 58 ).......................................................................... Seiwa ( 8 5 8 - 8 7 6 ) ............................................................................. Yozei ( 8 7 6 - 8 8 4 ) .............................................................................. Kwoko (884-887) Uda (8 8 8 -8 9 7 ).................................................................................. Daigo (8 9 7 -9 3 0 ).............................................................................. Suzaku (931-946) Murakami ( 9 4 6 - 9 6 7 ) ..................................................................... Reizei (9 6 7 -9 6 9 )............................................................................. Yenyu (969-984).............................................................................. Kwazan (9 8 4 -9 8 6 )......................................................................... Ichijo ( 9 8 6 - 1 0 11) .............................................................................. Sanjo (10 11-10 16 ) Golchijo ( 1 0 1 6 - 1 0 3 6 ) ...................................................................... GoSuzaku ( 1 0 3 6 - 1 0 4 5 ) ................................................................. GoReizei (10 4 5 -10 6 8 )........................................ GoSanjo ( 10 6 8 -10 7 2 ) ..................................................................... Shirakawa ( 1 0 7 2 - 1 0 8 6 ) ................................................................. Horikawa (1086-1107) Toba (110 7 -112 3) Sutoku (112 3 - 114 1) Konoye ( 1 1 4 1 - 1 1 5 5 ) ...................................................................... GoShirakawa ( 1 1 5 6 - 1 1 5 8 ) ............................................................. Nijo ( 1 1 5 8 - 1 1 6 5 ) .............................................................................. Rokujo (116 5-116 8 ) Takakura ( n 68-1180) Antoku (118 0 -118 5) GoToba ( 1 1 8 4 - 1 1 9 8 ) ...................................................................... Tsuchimikado (1198 -1210) Juntoku ( 1 2 1 0 - 1 2 2 1 ) ...................................................................... Chukyo (12 2 1-12 2 1) GoHorikawa ( 1 2 2 1 - 1 2 3 2 ) .............................................................. Shijo (1232-1242) GoSaga ( 1 2 4 2 - 1 2 4 6 ) ...................................................................... GoFukakusa ( 1 2 4 6 - 1 2 5 9 ) ............................................................. Kameyama ( 1 2 5 9 - 12 7 4 ) ................................................................. GoUda (1274-1287) Fushimi (1287—1 2 9 8 ) ...................................................................... GoFushimi ( 1 2 9 8 - 1 3 0 1 ) ................................................................. GoNijo (1301-1308)

iii

65 66 66 67 67 68 69 7° 71 71 72 73 74 74 75 76 76 77 78 79 80 80 81 82 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 89 90 91 91 92 93 94 94

lv

CON TENTS

95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. iox. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. no. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 12 1. 122. 124.

Hanazono ( 1 3 0 8 - 1 3 1 8 ) ................................................................. 95 GoDaigo (1318-1339) .................................................................. 95 GoMurakami ( 13 3 9 - 13 6 8 ) ............................................................. ..... GoKameyama (1368-1392) ......................................................... ..... GoKomatsu (1392-1412) ............................................................. ..... Shokwo ( 1 4 1 2 - 1 4 2 8 ) ........................................................................... GoHanazono (14 2 8 - 14 6 4 )............................................................. ..... GoTsuchimikado ( 1 4 6 4 - 15 0 0 ) ..................................................... ..... GoKashiwabara (15 0 0 -15 2 6 ).............................................................. xo9 GoNara ( 1 5 2 6 - 1 5 5 7 ) ..................................................... 109 Ogimachi (1557-1586) ................................................................. ..... GoYozei ( 1 5 8 6 - 1 6 1 1 ) ............................................................................ GoMizunoo (1611-1629 ) 113 Meisho (1629-1643) xi^ G oK w 5myo ( 1 6 4 3 - 1 6 5 4 ) ............................................................. GoSai ( 1 6 5 4 - 16 6 3 ) ............................................................................... Reigen (16 6 3 -16 8 7 ).............................................................................. I17 Higashiyama ( 1 6 8 7 - 1 7 0 9 ) ............................................................. Nakamikado ( 1 7 0 9 - 1 7 3 5 ) ................................................................. 1x8 Sakuramachi ( 1 7 3 5 - 1 7 4 7 ) .................................................................. u 9 Momozono ( 17 4 7 -17 6 2 )................................................................. ..... GoSakuramachi ( 1 7 6 2 - 17 7 0 ) ..............................................................I20 GoMomozono ( 1 7 7 0 - 1 7 7 9 ) ......................................................... ..... KwSkaku (1779-1817) ................................................................. ..... Ninko ( 1 8 1 7 - 1 8 4 6 ) ......................................................................... ...... Komei (18 4 6 -18 6 7 )..................................................................... x Meiji (1867-1912) ..................................................................... j Taisho ( 19 12 - 19 2 6 ) ...................................................................... I2g Seijo Heika (Reigning) (1926) I27

T H E P R IN C E L Y H O U S E S .................................................................... Fushimi no Miya, 128. Fligashi Fushimi no Miya, 129. Kwacho no Miya, 129. Kuni no Miya, 129. Takeda no Miya, 129. Asaka no Miya, 129. Iwakura no Miya, 130. Itsutsuji no Miya, 130. Kidera no Miya, 130. Yamashina no Miya, 130. Nashimoto no Miya, 130. Kitashirakawa no Miya, 130. Katsura no Miya, 13 1. Arisugawa no Miya, 13 1. Kan’in no Miya, 13 1. Rokujo no Miya, 13 1. Yotsutsuji no Miya, 13 1. Kaya no Miya, 13 1. Higashi Kuni no Miya, 132.

CON TENTS

PART

V

TW O

CHOKEI TENNO TH E EM PERO R CH O KEI T he System o f Alternate Succession by T w o Branches . . . . 135 Insignia o f Sovereignty in J a p a n ......................................................... 136 Historical Details regarding Chokei Tenno ..........................................137 Different Opinions on Chokei ..................................................................141 Prof. Y ash iro ’s Conclusions ...................................................................... 148 Prof. N . N akam ura’s Indication .............................................................. 157 W hy Chokei a b d ic a t e d .................................................................................. 138 Chokei’ s Place o f Residence ...................................................................... 159 His M ajesty’ s M is a s a g i.................................................................................. 159 Appendix I .......................................................................................................160 Appendix I I .......................................................................................................160

PART TH REE

HAITEI MONOGATARI TH E STO R Y OF T H E E X IL E D EM PERO RS I N T R O D U C T I O N ...........................................................................................163 Three Main F a c t s .......................................................................................... 165 My Way o f T reatm en t.................................................................................. 169 Illu stration s.......................................................................................................170 C A S E S O F E X I L E A N D D E P O S IT IO N The The The The The The The The

..........................................171

Exile of Junnin Tenno (a .d . 7 6 4 ) ................................................. 171 Deposition of Yozei Tenno (a .d . 8 8 4 ) .........................................175 Exile of Sutoku-In (a .d . 1 1 5 6 ) .......................................................... 178 Exile of GoToba Hod (a .d . 1221) 185 Exile of Tsuchimikado Joko (a .d . 1 2 2 1 ) ..........................................192 Exile of Juntoku joko (a.d . 1221) 196 Deposition o f Chukyo Tenno (a .d . 1 2 2 1 ) ......................................200 Exile o f GoDaigo Tenno (a .d . 1 3 3 1 } ..............................................203

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CON TENTS

The Genealogical T a b l e s .......................................................................... Table A ., 221. Table B., 222. Table C., 223. Table D., 224. Table E ., 224. Table F., 225.

221

PART FOUR

ABDICATION IN JAPAN ( Dajo Tenno oyobi H oo :

IN T R O D U C T IO N .................................................................. ... . . .

229

Plates and Illu stration s.............................................................................. The Term ex-Emperor and Various Cases in European History . Origin of the Titles of Dajo Tenno A L A i l and Hod gt-gt . . . . Instances in C h in a ......................................................................................

229 230 232

G E N E R A L R E F L E C T IO N S ON T H E S U B J E C T ....................

237

The Origin and Motives o f the P ra c tic e ................................. Buddhism and Confucianism, 237; Njudo A Hi, 238; Custom of Retirement, 238; Jot, Joshoku, Njfido, Inkyo, 238-9.

237

IN ST A N C E S O F A B D IC A T IO N IN JA P A N

234

............................

239

Before Nara P e r io d ...................................................................................... The First Instance, 239; The Second Instance, 240; Reascension USfe, 240 ; Empress Consort Jito, 2 4 1; Dajo Tenno A -h A H found First in Japan, 242. Nara P e r io d .................................................................................................. Gensho, 243 ; Shomu, 243 ; Koken and Awaji Haitei, 244; Shotoku, 244; Kwonin, 245. Heian P e r i o d .............................................................................................. Prince Sawara, 246 ; Heizei, 246 ; Saga and Junna, 247-8 ; Seiwa, 248-9 ; Joi, Ju^en, 249; Yozei, 249-50; Uda, 2 5 0 -1; Daigo, 251-2 ; Suzaku, 252; Yenyu, 253; Kwazan, 253-4; Case of Sanjo, 2545 ; Golchijo, an Interesting Case, 255-6; GoSanjo, the InseiFounder 256-7; Shirakawa, the Reinstitutor o f Inset, 257 ; Change in the Form o f Government, 257-8; Insen 258-9; Toba’s Abdication, 259; Case o f Sutoku, 259; Hogen no ran, 260; GoShirakawa and H eiji no ran, 260-1 ; Takakura’s Abdication, 2 6 1; Antoku’s Case, 261-2.

239

243

246

C O N TE N TS

Kamakura P e r i o d ......................................................................................262 GoToba and Jokju no ran, 262-3; Juntoku, 263 ; Kujo Haitei, 263-4; GoHorikawa, 264; GoSaga and GoFukakusa, 264-6; Kameyama’s Abdication, 267-8; GoUda’s Abdication, 267. Nambokucho P e r io d ..................................................................................267 Daikakuji-ha and Jimjoin-ha, 267-8; Alternate Succession, 268; Ichi-In — Chii-In and Shin-In 268-9; GoDaigo’s Pro­ gramme, 269 ; Plot to depose GoDaigo, 269-7 ; GoDaigo’s Greatest Difficulties, 270; Great Pressure on GoDaigo, 2 7 0 -1; GoDaigo, the Legitimate Sovereign, 2 7 1; Imperial Princes with False Shinki, 2 7 1- 2 ; Kwogon-Tei, a Hokucho Sovereign, 272 ; Principal Events, 272- 3 ; Again Pressure on GoDaigo, 273; GoMurakami, 273-4; Hokucho Sovereign, GoKwogon, 274; Chokei’s Abdication, 2745 ; Northern Sovereign, GoYenyu, 273. Muromachi P e r io d .......................................................................................... 276 Dajo Tenno on GoKameyama, 276; An Astounding Proposal, 2767 ; GoKomatsu’s Abdication, 277; No ex-Emperor and N o Inset, 277- 8 ; Case o f GoHanazono, 278; GoHanazono became Hod, 278- 9 ; Revival o f Inset, 279; Abdication after 130 Years, 279. Azuchi-Momoyama P e r i o d .......................................................................... 279 Ogimachi, 279-80; Dajo Tenno on Dead Son, 280; GoYozei’s Abdication, 2 8 0 -1; Sento-gosho flllSpEff, 281. Edo P e r i o d ...................................................................................................... 281 Abdication o f GoMizunoo H tJcH, 2 8 1-2 ; Relations between Court and Hakstfu, 282-3 ; GoMizunoo Hoo, 283 ; Meisho’s Abdi­ cation, 283 ; “ Abdication ” o f GoSai 283-4; Reigen’s Case, 284-5; Kwokaku’s Case, 285-6 ; Songo Incident 286-7 ; Abolition of Abdication, 287. A P P E N D IX I List of Abdicating E m p e r o r s ............................................................. 287 A P P E N D IX II Administrations from the In c h u ......................................................... 289 A P P E N D IX III Tide o f Dajo-Tenno held by Princes who were never Emperor . 290

v iii

CON TENTS

PART FIVE

IMPERIAL CONSORTS IN JAPAN (K

IN T R O D U C T IO N

O H I :

fe te )

...................................................................................... 295

Titles in C h i n a .............................................................................................. 296 Various Designations of Imperial Consorts in Japan ........................297 Kisaki fa o r Mime #2, 297-8 ; Kokubo, 298 ; Jumbo, 298-9 ; Nyoin and Moriin, 299 ; Chugii, 299-300 ; Kogo and Chugii, 300-1 ; Number of Kogo or Chiigu and Kokubo, 301-2 ; Hi, Njogo, etc., 303 ; Rikko ±Lfa> 303 ; Status of Misasagi, 303-4.

P E R SO N A L N A R R A T I V E S ........................

304

The Age o f the G o d s .................................................................................. 304 Konohana Sakuya Hime yfcJkPOT®, 304; Toyotama Hime J | 3£ ® , 3° 4-5 ; Tamayori Hime 5 f t ® , 305Ancient Times (b.c . 66o- a .d . 4 0 0 ) ..............................................................305 Jimmu’s Chief Consort, 305-6; Saho Hime $ ? H ® , 306-7; An­ other Suinin’s Consort, 307-8 ; Keiko’s Consort; 308-9 ; Okinaga Tarashi Hime, i.e., Jingu Kogo ; 309 -10; Nakatsu Hime, 3 1 0 - 1 1 ; Iwa no Hime and Yata-no-Hime Miko, 3 1 1 - 2 ; Kusaka-no-Hatahi no Hime Miko, 312. Asuka Period (592-710) 312 Consorts of Keitai and Kimmei, 312-3 ; Bidatsu’s Consorts, 3134 ; Tenji’s Consorts, 314-5 ; Temmu’s Consort; 3 1 5 ; Mommu’s Consort, 315. Nara Period ( 7 1 0 - 7 8 4 ) .................................................................................. 316 Kwomyo Kogo, 3 16 ; Inoue Naishinno and Takanu-no-Niikasa, 316-7. Heian Period ( 7 9 4 - 1 1 8 3 ) .............................................................................. 317 Kwammu’s Consort, 3 17 -8 ; Fujiwara no Kusu-ko, 3 18 ; Tachibana no Kachi-ko, 3 18 -9 ; Somedono-no-Kisaki, Montoku’s Consort, 319 -20 ; Seiwa’s Consort, 3 2 0 -1; Fujiwara no Aki-ko, Jo t5 Mon’in, 3 2 1-2 ; Aki-ko’s Three Sisters, 322; Yomei Mon’in &§W i K , 322 -3; Gion-no-Nyogo, 323; Bifuku Mon’in P 323- 4; Nidai-no-Kisaki, 324-5; Kenrei Mon’in and Kogono-Tsubone, 325-7.

CON TENTS

IX

Kamakura Period (118 3-1318 ) ......................................................... Shomei Mon’in, 327-8; Shumei Mon’in, 328-9; Omiya-In 329 ! YQgi Mon’in, 329-40. Nambokucho Period ( 1 3 1 8 - 1 3 9 2 ) ......................................................... ...... Shin Taiken Mon’in, 330; Kaki Mon’in, U S T I K , 330-1 ; Suken Mon’in, 331. Momoyama Period ( 1 5 8 2 - 1 6 1 5 ) ..................................................................331 Chuwa Mon’in, 331-2. Edo Period ( 1 6 1 5 - 1 8 6 7 ) .............................................................................. 332 Tofuku Mon’in 332-3 ; Seikwa Mon’in and Shin SeiwaIn, 333-4 ; Eisho Kotaiko, 334-5. Meiji Period ( 1 8 6 8 - 19 12 ) .............................................................................. 335 Shoken Kotaiko, 335-6. Taisho Period ( 1 9 1 2 - 1 9 2 6 ) .......................................................................... 337 Teimei K ogo, 337-8,

PART SIX

ENTHRONEMENT CEREMONIES (A)

PALACES AN D CASTLES OF KYO TO

............................ 34i

Scene of the Impressive Enthronement Ceremonies, 341.

(B)

SHOW A N O T A IR E I-S H IK I (Hfl

349

Some Impressions o f the Recent Enthronement, 349. (C)

E N T H R O N E M E N T C E R E M O N I E S ..........................................359 My Reflections of the Recent Enthronement, 359.

PART SEVEN

MISASAGI: T H E IM P E R IA L M A U SO LEA O F JA P A N I N T R O D U C T IO N ....................................................................................... 369 First Period (585-215 b. c. ) .................................................. From Jimmu (1) to Korei (7). The most ancient period, for which there are no data.

373

X

CON TENTS

Second Period (215 b. c .- a .d . 5 8 5 ) ..............................................................374 From K 5gen (8) to Bidatsu (30). Pure Japanese period—^empo-koyen shape. Third Period (587-686).................................................................................. 379 From Yomei (31) to Temmu (40). Transition Period. Fourth Period ( 7 0 3 - 8 5 8 ) .............................................................................. 384 From Jito (41) to Montoku (55). Cremation and Buddhist Influence. Fifth Period (881-1424) 390 From Seiwa (56) to GoKameyama (98). Extreme simplicity. Decay of tnisasagi system. Sixth Period ( 1 4 3 3 - 1 6 1 7 ) ..............................................................................4QI From GoKomatsu (99) to GoYozei (106). Senyu-ji and Fukakusa hokke-dd. Seventh Period (16 5 4 -18 4 6 )..........................................................................4°5 From GoMizunoo (107) to Ninko (119). Abolition o f Cremation, but retention of ceremonies. Eighth Period ( 1 8 6 7 - 1 9 1 2 ) ..........................................................................410 Komei (120) and Meiji (121). Reversion to ancient practices. A P P E N D I X ................................................................................................ 418 Table of Misasagi A. Kekidai no M isasagi......................................................................... 418 B. Hokucho M isasa gi................... 424 C. Misasagi of certain Empresses and P r in c e s ...............................424 Glossary of Topographical Elements in the Names quoted in the P a p e r ................................................................................................ 425 Characters for certain Japanese Names and Terms quoted in the P a p e r ............................................................................. 425

A PPEN D IX I .................................................................................................... 427 C H RO N O LO G IC A L T A B L E ..................................................................427

APPENDIX I I ................................................................................................ 431 IN D E X

........................................................................................................ 431

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Facing or on PAGE

The author as he w a s ..................................................................... Frontispiece A Sword enchased with Gold and Silver as well as bedecked with Jewels 56 Writing by the Emperor Shomu finished on Tempyo 3.9.8 (731) . . . 57 The Emperor S a g a ......................................................................................... 62 Writing by the Emperor Saga ................................................................. 63 The Emperor M o n to k u ................................................................................. 66 The Emperor U d a .......................................................................................... 67 The Emperor D a i g o ..................................................................................... 68 Writing by the Emperor Daigo with a Postscript by the Emperor Fus h im i.................................................................................................................. 69 The Emperor I c h i j o ..................................................................................... yj The Emperor T o b a ..................................................................................... yp The Emperor Takakura ............................................................................. g^ The Emperor G o T o b a ................................................................................. The Emperor Tsuchimikado ..................................................................... §6 The Emperor J u n t o k u .................................................................................. gy The Emperor Shijo ...................................................................................... Kasuga Mandala painted by the Emperor K a m e y a m a ......................... 91 Writing by the Emperor F u s h im i............................................................. 93 Written Petition to the Ise Daijingu by the Emperor GoFushimi . . 94 The Emperor Hanazono as H o d ................................................................. 95 The Emperor G o D a ig o ................................................................................. ...... Written Petition by the Emperor G o D a ig o ................................................... The Emperor G oM u rakam i......................................................................... ...... A Letter written by the Emperor GoMurakami notifying the Presenta­ tion of a Copy o f the Sutra M Y O H O R E N G E K Y O .........................101 Postscript to “ The Origin of Kwanshin-ji ” by the Emperor GoKameyama 104 “ Soliciting Contributions ” by the Emperor GoKomatsu ................ 104 A Letter by the Emperor G o H a n a z o n o ...................................................... 106 Writing by the Emperor G oK ash iw abara...................................................... 106 The Emperor Ogimachi ...................................................................................n o Writing by the Emperor O g i m a c h i ......................................................... .......... The Emperor G o Y o z e i................................................................................. ...... A Picture of a Hawk by the Emperor G o Y o z e i .................................113 Writing in Large Characters by GoYozei T e n n o .................................113 The Emperor GoMizunoo as H d o ...................................................................114 A waka Poem as a Legend over his own Portrait .............................114

x ii

L IS T O F IL L U ST R A T IO N S

Kivaishi bearing a tvaka Poem by the Empress Regnant Meisho . . 115 The Emperor G o K w o m y o ...............................................................................116 A Picture of Bamboo by GoKwomyo T e n n o .........................................116 The Emperor G o S a i ...........................................................................................117 The Emperor Reigen as H o o ......................................................................... 116 A Picture of Miyako-Dori (an Oyster-Catcher) by Reigen Tenno . . 11 7 The Emperor N a k a m ik a d o .............................................................................. 118 Kivaishi bearing a lvaka Poem by Nakamikado T e n n o .........................118 The Emperor S ak u ram a ch i...............................................................................119 A Picture o f R aicho (a Snow Grouse) by the Emperor Sakuramachi . 119 The Emperor M om ozon o................................................................................. 120 The Emperor G o M o m o z o n o ..........................................................................120 The Emperor K w o k a k u ..................................................................................12 1 A Draft Poem by the Emperor Kwokaku, (1), ( 2 ) .................................122 The Emperor N i n k o .......................................................................................... 123 The Emperor K o m e i.......................................................................................... 124 Kivaishi bearing a Tanka in’aka Poem) by the Emperor Komei . . . 124 The Emperor Meiji ...........................................................................................125 A Fair Copy o f a Handwriting in Large Characters by Meiji Tenno written when Ten Years O l d ...................................................................... 125 Tangaku bearing ivaka Poems by Meiji T e n n o ......................................... 126 Writing in Large Characters by Taisho T e n n o .....................................127 Site of the Kwanshin-ji A n g ii.......................................................................... 136 The Hon-do o f the K w an sh in -ji...................................................................... 136 Written Petition by the Emperor C h o k e i...................................................... 137 Views at the Kongo-ji Angii, (A), (B), ( C ) ............................................. 156 Amano-den, the Principal Hall o f the Temporary Headquarters of the Southern C o u r t ...............................................................................................157 Kwangestu-do of the K o n g o - j i .......................................................................157 The Emperor Sutoku .......................................................................................180 Memorial Stone of the Kumoi-no- G o s h o ................................................. 181 The Inscription of the Memorial Stone ................................................. 181 The Site o f the Kinom aru-dono...................................................................... 182 The Well o f the K in o m a ru -d o n o .................................................................. 182 The Temporary Resting-Place o f theBody o f S u t o k u ................................. 183 The Emperor Sutoku’s Tomb known as theShiramine Goryo . . . . 183 The Emperor GoToba as Hoo ...................................................................... 187 The Emperor GoToba as Tenshi .................................................................. 187 The Hai-den o f the Mano-gu (shrine) .......................................................... 198 The Torii o f the Mano-g it...................................................................................198 Entrance to Juntoku’s Place o f Cremation at Mano, S a d o .................199

L IS T O F IL L U ST R A T IO N S

X lii

The Emperor GoDaigo ..................................................................................204 The Hori House at Anafu, Y a m a t o ......................................................... 205 The Emperor Uda as H o o ..............................................................................250 The Emperor GoShirakawa as H o o ............................................................. 260 The Emperor GoShirakawa as H o o ............................................................. 261 Progress o f the Emperor GoToba to Oharano Jinja .........................262 Imprint o f the Hands o f GoToba H o o ..................................................... 263 Sword-Blade forged by GoToba Hoo in O k i ......................................... 263 The Emperor Kameyama as H o d ................................................................. 266 The Chashitsu (Tea Room) at Minase Jingu ......................................... 267 The Emperor GoUda .......................................................................................268 The Emperor Hanazono as H o o ..............................................................269 The Northern Sovereign G o Y e n y u ......................................................275 The Emperor GoMizunoo as H o o ..........................................................282 Shugakuin R ik y ii...................................................................................................283 The Emperor Reigen as H o o ..................................................................284 The Emperor N a k a m ik a d o ...................................................................... 285 The Emperor H ig ash iy am a...................................................................... 283 Her Imperial Majesty the Empress o f Japan in EnthronementRobes . 298 Hachijo-In Ju m b o ...................................................................................................299 Okinaga Tarashi Hime no Mikoto (Jingu Kogo), Consort o f the Em­ peror Chuai (192-200) (a), ( b ) ...................................................................... 309 Juichimen K w a n n o n .......................................................................................... 316 Writing by Kwomyo Kogo, Consort of the Emperor Shomu (724-748) 317 Somedono, Consort o f the Emperor Montoku (8 5 1-8 5 8 )..........................320 Kenrei Mon’in, Consort of the Emperor T a k a k u r a ..................................326 K o g o -n o -T su b o n e ...............................................................................................327 The Emperor Takakura .................................................................................. 327 Suken Mon’in, Consort of the Northern Sovereign GoKwogon (1352I 37I) • • ........................................................................................................... 33i Tofuku Mon’in, Consort o f the Emperor GoMizunoo (1612-1629) . 332 Eisho Kotaiko, Consort o f the Emperor Komei (1847-1867) . . . . 334 Funeral Cortege o f Eisho Kotaiko in Kyoto, 1 8 9 7 .............................335 Shoken Kotaiko, Consort of the Emperor Meiji (1868-1912) . . . . 336 Teimei Kogo, Consort of the Emperor Taisho (1912-1926) . . . . 337 The Enthronement Ceremony in the S h ish in -d en ......................................352 His Imperial Majesty the Emperor o f Japan in EnthronementRobes 353 Her Imperial Majesty the Empress o f Japan in EnthronementRobes . 353 The Unebi-yama Misasagi o f Jimmu T e n n o .......................................... 374 The Misasagi o f Ojin Tenno viewed from the A ir ................................. 376 An Aerial View o f the Emperor Nintoku’s M a u so le u m ..........................377

x iv

The The The The

L IS T O F ILL U STR A TIO N S

Awaji Misasagi o f Junnin T e n n o ..................................................... 388 Anrakuju-in Misasagi o f Konoye T e n n o .........................................398 Momoyama Misasagi o f Meiji Tenno ............................................. ^ampaku,x or C hief Officer o f State. (See genealogical table B ., p. 222). A s H is M ajesty grew up, he showed a w ild disposition, delighting only in ferocious amusements. One day when M ototsune came to the palace he found the young Em peror forcing people to climb trees and spearing them as they descended. Greatly shocked, he pointed out to H is M ajesty that this was a most unseemly pastime and suggested horse­ racing instead. T he Em peror was much pleased w ith the idea and enquired when there would be horse-racing, to which Mototsune re­ plied that he w ould w ait on H is M ajesty the next day but one and accom­ pany him. He was convinced, however, that the Em peror’s mind was alienated and decided on the extreme measure o f deposing him. On the appointed day, the 2nd o f the 4th month o f Genlcei 8 (A pril 30, 884), the Em peror attended b y Mototsune set out, but the latter, instead o f conducting H is M ajesty to the races, caused his carriage to turn in at the N ijo-in and thus addressed h im : “ O w ing to Y o u r M ajesty’ s illness you even kill people. It is necessary for the welfare o f the country that you should be deposed.” T h e Em peror replied, “ A grievous th in g ! ” and burst into tears.123

The same day an edict was issued bestowing the honorific title o f Dajo-Tenno3 on the deposed Sovereign, who was henceforward known as

Nijo-In.4 I can find no mention o f whether Mototsune left the ex-Emperor at the Nijo-in or what steps were taken to control him, but the Dainihonshi records that his behaviour became very violent. “ Accompanied by ten or fifteen young attendants armed with bow and spear, he would go hunting in the mountains. Sometimes he would go incognito into the villages, take the horses out o f their stables and beat their masters. On one occasion he went to the villa o f the Sadaijin, Minamoto no Torn, and 1. Originally called cuktukari-mosu. Mototsune was the first to hold this important office. —Editor, J.S., London. 2. Some authorities report this incident as taking place in the Yozei-in (the two palaces were next door to one another). The Nij6-in must not be confused with the present Nijono-R ikyii, which was not built till 1602. 3. Commonly accorded to abdicated monarchs. 4. Written with the same characters as those for the palace. The practice of naming a person after his (or her) residence or place of business has long been common in Japan, extending to all classes o f society.—Editor, J.S., London.

T H E E X IL E D EM PERO RS

*77

having broken down all the fences, he departed. A gain , having caught a girl and bound her w ith a koto (harp) string, he threw her into a pond and laughed at her struggles. In these ways he caused much suffering to the people.” From the above it w ould appear that he was not kept under restraint. F o r sixty-three years he lived at the Reizei-in This palace, w hich was a little to the north-east o f the present Nijo-no-R.z/|y#, had been built by the Em peror Saga (52) in the K o n in era (810-823) and had been occupied by the Em peror Seiwa (56) after his abdication. The exEm peror also had a temporary palace at U ji, on the site o f the present Byodo-in, but at w hat period in his life he occupied it I have been unable to ascertain. H is M ajesty had seven consorts, two o f whom , Fum i-ko and Yasu-ko were the daughters o f his successor. Both these ladies had received the patronym ic o f M inam oto1, but were subsequently raised to the rank of Naishinno (Imperial Princess). B y neither o f these marriages, which took place subsequent to the Em peror’ s deposition, were there any children. Ane-ko N yoo, however, bore him two sons and two daughters, who received the rank o f Shinno, and by a Fujiw ara consort, a daughter of Tonom o-no-kam i Tonaga, he had two more sons o f similar rank. He had three other children, w ho received the surname o f Minamoto. In the 9th month o f Tenryaku 3 (September-October, 949) he fell ill and became a priest, but died on the last day o f the month (October 23) at the age o f eighty-two. He was temporarily interred at the Yengakuji, and buried on the 3rd o f the 10th month (October 26) to the north­ east o f K aguragaoka. I have been unable to discover any further details o f H is M ajesty’s long life, but it w ould appear that he was treated in all respects as an abdicated monarch. That a subject should under any circumstances presume to dethrone his lawful sovereign is in m y eyes a crime, but in this case M ototsune’ s m otives seem to have been quite pure. H e had, as far as can be seen, nothing to gain personally by the deposition, as he already occupied the highest position open to a subject and appeared to be in no danger o f losing it. M oreover, he did not, as was afterwards so frequently the case, 1. And were thus “ degraded ” out o f the Imperial Family.—Editor, J.S., London.

i

78

T H E IM P E R IA L HOUSE O F JA P A N

raise a minor to the throne. On the contrary, he had first offered the Crown to Tsunesada Shinno, w ho declined it (see genealogical table B., p. 222). Tsunesada had been Crown Prince to N im m yo (54), but was dispossessed by Fujiw ara no Yoshifusa, uncle and adoptive father o f Mototsune, on the ground o f a conspiracy, but in reality because he was not o f Fujiw ara birth. Mototsune next offered the Crown to Tokiyasu Shinno, N im m yo’ s third son. It is true that this prince’ s mother (Fujiwara no Sawa-ko) and Mototsune’ s mother were sisters, and that Mototsune had married his n iece; but the prince was a man o f tried ability, and his selection met w ith the universal approval o f princes and ministers. A fter con­ siderable pressure had been brought to bear, he consented. H e was the great-uncle o f the deposed Sovereign and is known as the Em peror K w o k o (58). Y o zei’ s case is exceptional and m ight perhaps be considered as merely one o f abdication, several subsequent instances being scarcely less in­ voluntary. T h e E x il e o f S u t o k u -In

(a .d .

1156)

K IH IT O S h i n n o was the eldest son o f the Em peror Toba (74) by his Em press (Chugii) Fujiw ara no Tam a-ko, later know n as Taiken M on’in. Fie was born in 1 1 1 9 , and on the voluntary abdication o f his father in 1 1 2 4 he ascended the throne at the age o f five, becoming the Em peror posthumously known as Sutoku (75). Affairs o f state, however, remained in the hands o f his great-grandfather, the retired Em peror Shirakawa (72), until 11 29, when they passed to his father. (See genealogical table C ., p. 223). Shortly after his abdication, T oba married Fujiw ara no Toku-ko, best known under her later name o f Bifu ku M on’in, and in 11 3 9 she gave birth to a son, N arihito. T h is lady was the ex-Em peror’ s favourite consort and had great influence over h im ; consequently, when N arihito was six months old, he was proclaimed Crow n Prince, contrary to the wishes o f the Em peror, w ho had already a son o f his own, Shigehito. Bifuku M on’in, however, was still not satisfied and would not rest until she saw her son on the throne. Great pressure was, therefore, brought to bear on the Em peror, and in 1 1 4 1 , at the age o f twenty-two, he most

T H E E X IL E D EM PERO RS

*79

reluctantly consented to abdicate. N arihito ascended the throne as the Em peror known by the posthumous name o f K on oye (76), and the custo­ mary honorific title o f Dajd-Tenno was bestowed on the new ex-Em peror, w ho henceforward was know n as the Shin-ln, in contradistinction to his father Toba, the Hon-In. T he Shin-In took up his residence at the Sanjo Nishi-in, together w ith his mother Taiken M on’in. In 1 1 5 5 , however, the Em peror died, at the age o f seventeen, and his mother Bifuku M on’in at once attacked the Shin-In., w ho, she alleged, had brought about his death by a curse and incantation. She strongly urged the Hon-In to put one o f their daughters on the throne, but this was so unfavourably regarded by ministers that M asahito, a full younger brother o f the Shin-In, was selected and became the 77th Em peror (GoShirakawa). N o r was this all, for the new Em peror’ s son M orihito (afterwards the 78th Em peror, N ijo) was proclaimed Crown Prince, the claims o f Sutoku’ s son Shigehito being thus doubly ignored. This the Shin-In felt acutely, but for the time he submitted. On the 2nd day o f the 7th month o f the follow in g year, H ogen 1 (Ju ly 20, 1156), the Hon-In died at Toba no Anrakuju-in. T h e Shin-In, w ho, in spite o f the treatment accorded to him seems to have had a real affection for his father, immediately repaired thither, but was met by Fujiw ara no Korekata, w ho refused him admittance to the palace, alleg­ in g that the Hon-In had expressly left w ord that he was not to be per­ mitted to enter. T h is was undoubtedly the w ork o f Bifuku M on’in, w ho bore the Shin-In an implacable hatred. D eeply resenting this treatment, H is Majesty, now sole ex-Em peror, returned to the Sanjo N ishi-in and determined to resort to force either to make his son E m ­ peror or to reascend the throne himself. Then ensued w hat is known in history as Hogen no ran (“ the disorders o f the H ogen era ” ). Full details o f this emeute are to be found in Mr. E . R . K ello g g ’s paper in V ol. X L V ., Part I., o f the Transactions o f the Asiatic Society o f Japan, and I w ill, therefore, confine m yself to the movements o f the Joko (ex-Emperor). On the evening o f the 10th o f the same month (Ju ly 28) he removed to the Shirakawa-dono, where he was joined by the Sadaijin Fujiwara no Yorin aga f g H ; but on the follow ing evening, the palace being in flames, they were obliged to flee w ith only a few attendants. Horses were in readiness and in order to protect their persons, M urakami Kurando Nobuzane mounted

l8 o

T H E IM P E R IA L HOUSE O F JA P A N

behind the Joko and Shosho Narikata behind the Sadaijin. Nevertheless, a chance arrow struck Y orin aga in the neck, and he fell m ortally wound­ ed. H is M ajesty w ith a few follow ers attempted to make for Nyoi-zan on Higashiyama. T h e path was very rough, and the horses had to be left behind. H is M ajesty, unaccustomed to the exercise, soon became tired and urged his follow ers to leave him and save themselves. H ino no Iehiro and Hino no M itsuhiro, however, concealed him till nightfall, when, taking him on their backs, they brought him to T oko-ji where they managed to hire a palanquin. H is M ajesty had expressed a wish to renounce the w orld, and they sought admittance at various temples, but were refused. Finally they came to the small temple o f Chisoku-in and here they were received, and the Joko shaved his head. A fter a few days he decided to rem ove to the Om uro N inna-ji, where his half-brother K akusho Hoshinno was living. Here he took up his abode, not in the guest-rooms, but in the chief priest’ s apartments. A s soon as his whereabouts w ere discovered, Sado Shikibutayu Minamoto no Shigenari was sent to guard him. T h e severest punishments were meted out to all w ho had taken part in the rebellion, and on the 22nd (August 9) K urando Sukenaga was sent to Ninna-ji to inform the ex-Em peror that he was banished to Sanuki and that he w ould have to leave the next day. Shigehito, w ho does not appear to have been w ith his father, took the tonsure. H is ultimate fate is uncertain, but according to the history Imakagami he became a disciple o f his great-uncle, the priest K w an gyo at the N inna-ji, and showed remarkable promise, but unfortunately died o f beriberi (kakke) when twenty-two or twenty-three. Local tradition, however, says that being very devoted to his august father he came to Sanuki, and his grave is said to be in the temple o f Iozan Y akuo-ji at M iyaw aki 'g '0 j near Takamatsu, the capital o f the island-province. The country people worship him as the god o f headache (Dzutsu-no-Kami). Officers o f the Board o f Mausolea (Sanryo-rjo) have visited the tomb, but have not come to any definite decision; they incline, however, to the belief that the Prince was buried in K yo to . On the 23rd (August 10), before it was daylight, the Joko left N inna-ji in a carriage w ith three court ladies, o f w hom the highest in rank was Hyoyenosuke-no-Tsubone the mother o f Shigehito. Uye-

TH E EMPEROR SUTOKU (In possession of Rokuhara Mitsu-Ji, Kyoto)

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