The Hērbedestān and Nērangestān, Volume I Hērbedestān

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STU DIA IRANICA - CAHIER 10

THE HERBEDESTAN AND NERANGESTAN VOLUME!

IIBRBEDESTAN EDITED AND TRANSLATED BY

F!ROZE M. KOTWAL AND PHILIP G. KREYENBROEK WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY

JAMES R. RUSSELL

ASSOCIATION POUR L'AVANCEMENT DES ETUDES I RANI ENNES

PARIS 1992

sont publie5 par L'ASSOCIATIONPOUR L' AVANCEMENT DES ETIJDES IRANIENNES

Direction des Cahiers de Stadia Iranica

Ph. GIGNOUX et R. GYSELEN

DIFFUSION

E. PEETERS, P.B. 41, B-3000 LEUVEN (BELGIQUE)

La correspondance scientifique doit etre adr� a :

M. Philippe Gignoux, 5 Allee du maconnais. FeTOlles-Auilly,

CONTENTS Abbreviations ............................................................................................. .. 7 Bibliography ............................................................................................... 11 Introduction .............. .. .. . .... ........ ... ............ .... ............ .................. . ... 15 ................. 26 Chapter 1: who shall pursue religious studies ........ . ... 28 Chapter 2: who shall pursue religious studies ctd ................. .......... 32 Chapter 3: religious studies vs. care of property ........ Chapter 4: on permissible periods of study ....................... 36 Chapter 5: male and female candidates ..................................................... 38 Chapter 6: on a female candidate's escort ............. .................................... 40 Chapter 7: on a child's escort ... .. .. .. ............ ... ............... ............ .. ............. .46 Chapter 8: on the permissible distance of travel for a young candidate ..... 48 Chapter 9: on a guardian's responsibilities ...................... ......... 50 Chapter 10: on restoring the child to its home ............................................ 54 ......... 58 Chapter 11: the child of one who is not a good Zoroastrian . 62 Chapter 12: religious studies and personal status ......... . ........... 66 Chapter 13: on learning to recite sacred texts .............. ... 68 Chapter 14: the right teacher and his responsibilities ..... Chapter 15: on a priestly teacher's obligation to teach .............................. 70 Chapter 16: on one who is incapable of reciting properly .......................... 72 . ....... 74 Chapter 17: on valid and invalid reasons for failing to study .... Chapter 18: on a teacher who is not a good Zoroastrian ............................. 76 Chapter 19: on teaching one who is not a good Zoroastrian ........ .............. 78 ........ 82 Chapter 20: on failing to feed one who is not a good Zoroastrian Avestan Glossary ..... 87 . ......... 93 Pahlavi Glossar y ......................

ABBREVIATIONS JOURNALS AND OTHER COMPOSITE WORKS Afr AO BSOAS /[J JA JAOS JCO/ JRAS MSS RHR SBE Stir ZDMG

Acta Jranica Acta Orientalia Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies In.do-Iranian Journal Journal Asiatique Journal of the American Oriental Society Journal of the KR. Cama Oriental Institute Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society MUnchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschafc Revue de l'Histoire des Religions Sacred Books of the East, ed. F. Max Miiller Studia !ranica Zeitschnft der Deutschen Morgenldndischen Gesell­ schaft IRANIAN TEXTS

AWN. Dd. Dk. EM. GBd. Herb. MHD. MX. Ner. Ny. Phi. Vend. Phi. Y. Phi. Yt. Purs. Riv. RivAd.

Arday Wirdz Na.mag Dddestdn i Denfg Denkard Epistles of ManuScihr Greater BundahiSn Herbedestiin Mddaytin i Haziir Dadescdn Mtn6g fXrad Nerangestdn NiyiiyiSn Pahlavi Vendiddd Pahlavi Yasna Pahlavi Yasr Pursifoihd Rivdyac The Pahlavi Rivdyat of A.dur-Farnbdg and Farnbdg­ Sr6S

ABBREVIATIONS

RivDd. RivEA. RivHor. S.Y.

sns.

SupplSnS. Vend. Visp. Y. YH. Yt.

XA. Zadsp. ZWY.

The Pahlavi Rivti.yat Accompanying the Dti.destti.n Denig The Rivayat of £med i A!iwahistan The Riviiyat of Hormaryti.r Framarz Staota Yesniia Sti.yist-ne-Sayist The Supplementary Texts to the Sa:yisr-ne-Sti.yist Vendiddd Vispered Yasna Yasna Hapta11hti.iti YaSr Xorda Avestii Wizidagihii f Zadsparam Zand i Wahman Yasn GENERAL

1

2

3 abl. abst. acc. adj. adv. AirWb Av. comp. compar. conj. dat. dem. denom. du. encl. et al. f.

fin. gen. gloss. Guj. HJ

first person second person third person ablative abstract accusative adjective adverb Altiranisches Wi5rterbuch [= Bartholomae 1904] Avestan compound comparative conjunction dative demonstrative denominative dual enclitic and others feminine finite genitive glossary Gujarati MS. Dastur Dr. Hoshangjee Jamaspjee of Poona

Hum. ibid. id. i.e. imp. impers. ind. inf. inst. interr. Ir. lit. loc. foe. cir.

m. MS(S) n. neg. neut. nom. Notebook NP num. Olnd Olr OP op. cit. P. pan. pass. pers. pron. pf. Phl. pl. pr. n. pr. st. prep. prev. pron. pt. Pth. q.v.

r.

Rumbach 1990 ibidem the same that is imperative impersonal indicative infinitive instrumental interrogative Iranian literally locative loco citato masculine manuscript(s) noun negative neuter nominative E.W. West's Notebook New Persian numeral Old Indian Old Iranian Old Persian opere citato Persian participle passive personal pronoun perfect Pahlavi plural proper noun present stem preposition. preverb pronoun particle Parthian quo vide recto

9

sg. Skt. s.o. s.th. s.v. 1D V. vb. viz.

V. Il.

vs.

singular

Sanskrit someone something sub voce MS. Ervad Tahmuras Dinshahji Anklesaria (1876) verso verb namely

verbal noun

versus

BIBLIOGRAPHY Andreas, F. C. and W. B. Henning (1932, 1933, 1934), "Mitteliranische Manichaica aus Chinesisch Turkestan", 3 pans in: Sitzungsberichte der Preussisschen Akademie der Wissenschaften

Anklesaria, B. T. (1949) Pahlavi Vendidad, Bombay. Anklesaria. B. T . (1956), Zand-Akiisfh: Iranian or Greater Bundahisn, Bombay. Anklesarta, B. T. (1957), Zand-f Vohuman Yasn and Two Pahlavi Fragments, Bombay. Anklesarta, B. T. (1962), Rivdyat-i Hemft-i ASQvahiStan, vol. I: Pahlavi Text, Bombay Anklesaria, B. T. (1964), Vichitakiha-i Zatsparam, Bombay. Anklesaria, B.T. (1969), The Pahlavi Riviiyat of Aturfarnbag and Farnbag-Sr6S, 2 vols, Bombay. Anklesaria, P. K. (1958), A Critical Edition of the Unedited Portion of che Dadestdn-i Dinik, thesis London. Anklesaria, T. D. (n.d.), The Diitistiin-f Dfnfk: pare I, Purs. I-XL, Bombay. Antia, E. K. (1909), Piizand Texts, Bombay. Bailey, H.W. (1943), Zoroastrian Problems in the Ninth-cemury Books, Oxford (repr. 1971). Bartholomae, Chr. (1904), Altiranisches Wiirterbuch, Strassburg (repr. Berlin 1971). Bartholomae, Chr. (1916-25), "Zur Kenntniss der mitteliranischen Mundarten I-VI", Sitzungsberichte der heidelbergischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Benveniste, E. (1935), Les infinitifs avestiques, Paris. Boyce, M. (1964), "Some Middle Persian and Parthian Constructions with Governed Pronouns" in: K.M. JamaspAsa (ed.), Dr. J.M. Unvala Memorial Volume, Bombay, pp. 49-56. Boyce, M. (1968a), "Middl e Persian Literature" in: B. Spuler ed., Handbuch der Orientalistik 1.4.2, Leiden/Cologne. Boyce, M. (1968b), "On the Sacred Fires of the Zoroastrians", BSOAS XXXI, pp. 52-68. Boyce, M. (1970a), "On the Calendar of Zoroastrian Feasts", BSOAS XXXIII, pp. 513-39. Boyce, M. (1975, 1982), A History of Zoroastrianism, 2 vols., Leiden/Cologne [Handbuch der Orientalistik I.viii, 1,2]. Boyce, M. (1977a), A Word-list of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian, Tehran/Liege [Acta lranica 9a]. Boyce, M. (1977b), A Persian Stronghold of Zoroastrianism, Oxford. Boyce, M. ed. and tr. (1984), Textual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism, Manchester.

Boyce, M. and I. Gershevitch eds. (1970), Henning Memorial Volume, London.

Boyce, M. and F. Grenet (1991), A History of Zoroastrianism III: Zoroastrianism under Roman and Macedonian Rule, Leiden, New York, etc. [Handbuch der Orientalistik I.viii, 1, 2.2J. Boyce, M. and F. Kotwal (1971), "Zoroastrian baj and dr6n", BSOAS XXXIV, pp. 56-73, 298-313. Brunner, Chr. (1977), A Syntax of Western Middle Iranian, New York. Bulsara, S. J. (1915), Aerpatastiin and Nirangastiin, English translation with notes, Bombay. Dannesteter, J. (1892-3), Le Zend-Avesta, 3 vols, Paris (repr. Parisl960). Darmesteter, J. (1895), The Zend-Avesta in: F. Max Millier ed., SEE 4, second edition, New York. Dast oor, H.J. (1907), Vendidad, 2 vols, Bombay. Dehghan, K. (1982), Der Awesta-Text Sros Yost (Yasna 57) mit Pahlavi und Sanskritabersetzung, Munich [MSS Beiheft 11, Neue Folge]. Dhabhar, B. N. (1909), Saddar Nasr and Saddar Bundehesh, Bombay. Dhabhar, B. N. (1913), The P ahlavi Riviiyat accompanying the Dadestiin-f Dfnfk, Bombay. Dhabhar, B. N. (1927), Zand-i Khilrtak Avistiik, Bombay. Dhabhar, B. N. (1932), The Persian Riviiyat of Hormazyiir Framarz, Bombay. Dhabhar, B. N. (1949), Pahlavi Yasna and Vispered, Bombay. Dhabhar, B. N. (1963), Translation of Zand-i Khurtak Avistiik, Bombay. Dhalla, M. N. (1908), The Nyaishes or Zoroastrian Litanies, New York (repr. 1965) [Columbia University lndo-lranian Series VI]. Duchesne-Guillemin, J. er. al., eds. (1988), A Green Leaf: Papers in Honour of Professor Jes P. Asmussen, Leiden [Acta lranica 28: Hommages et Opera Minora, vol. XII]. Gignoux Ph. ed. (1987), Transition Periods in Iranian History, Paris, [Actes du Symposium de Fribourg-en-Brisgau]. Haug, M. (1862), Essays on the Sacred Languages, Writings, and Religion oftheParsees, Bombay (repr. Amsterdam 1971). Heesterman, J. C. et al., eds. (1968), Pratiddnam: Indian, Iranian and Inda-European Studies Presented to Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus Kuiper on his Sixtieth Birthday, The Hague/Paris. Henning, W.B. (1942), "An Asrrononomical Chapter of the Bundahisn", IRAS, pp. 229-248. Henning, W. B. and E.Yarshater eds. (1962), A Locusts Leg: Studies in Honour of S.H. Taqizadeh, London. Hoffmann, K. (1975), Aufsatze zur lndoiranistik, ed. J. Narten, 2 vols., Wiebaden. Hom, P. (1894), Grundrij) der Neupersischen Etymo/ogie, Srrassburg. Rumbach, H. (1990), Erbedestiin: an Avesta-P ahlavi Text, in cooperation with J. Elfenbein, Munich [= MSS, Beiheft 15, Neue Folge]. Indo-Iranica: Melanges presences a Georg Morgenstierne a !'occasion de son soixante-dixitme anniversaire, ed. G. Redard, Wiesbaden. JamaspAsa, K. M. and H. Rumbach (1971), Pursisnihii: A Zoroastrian Catechism, 2 vols, Wiesbaden. JamaspAsa, K. M. and Y. M. Nawabi eds. (1976a), Manuscript T58: Nirangestan, Shiraz.

�r

eds.

J;rnaspAsa, K. M. �nd Y. N�wabi (1976b); Manuscript-D90. Yasna with its Pahlavi Translation, 2 vols., Shiraz. Justi, F. (1895), lranisches Namenbuch, Marburg. Kapadia, D. D. (1953), Glossary of Pahlavi Vendidad, Bombay. Kellens, J. (1974), Les noms-racines de /'1'..vesta, Wiesbaden. Klingenschmitt, G. (1968), Farhang-i Oim: Edition und Kommentar (Teildruck), Unpublished Thesis, Erlangen/Ntirnberg. Kotwal, F. M. (1969), The Supplementary Texts to the Sayist ne-Sayist, Copenhagen. Kotwal, F. M. (1988), "Initiation into the Zoroasrrian Priesthood: Present Parsi Practice and an Old Pahlavi Text" in: Duchesne-Guillemin ed., pp. 299-307 Kotwal, F. M. and J.W. Boyd (1977), "The Zoroastrian paragna Ritual", Journal of Mithraic Studies II, pp. 18:52 Kotwal, F. M. and J.W. Boyd (1980), Erbadistiin ud Nirangistiin: Facsimile Edition of the Manuscript TD, Cambridge, Mass./ London. Kreyenbroek, G. (1985), SraoSa in the Zoroastrian Tradition, Leiden. Kreyenbroek, G. (1987a), "The Zoroastrian Priesthood after the Fall of the Sasanian Empire" in: Gignoux ed., pp. 151-166. Kreyenbroek, G. (1987b), "The Diidestiin i Denig on Priests", lll 30, pp. 185-208. Kreyenbroek, G. (forthcoming), "On the Concept of Spiritual Authority in Zoroastrianism", to appear in Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam. Macuch, M. (1981), Das sasanidische Rechtsbuch Mat akdan i Hazar Dartstan (Tei/ ll), Wiesbaden [Abhandlungen fur die Kunde des Morgen/andes XLV. l]. MacKenzie, D.N. (1964), "The 'Indirect Affectee' in Pahlavi", in: K.M. JamaspAsa ed., Dr. J.M. Unvala Memorial Volume, Bombay, pp. 45-48. MacKenzie, D. N. (1971), A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary, London. Madan, D. M. (1911), The Complete Text of the Pahlavi Dinkard, 2 vols, Bombay. Menasce, J.-P. de (1964), Feux et fondations pieuses dans le droil sassanide, Paris. Menasce, J.-P. de (1973), Le troisieme livre du Denkart, Paris. Modi, J. J. (1922), The Religious Ceremonies and Customs of the Parsees, Bombay, repr. 1937, 1986. Modi, J. J. (1924), The Persian Farziiit-Niimeh and Kholiiseh-i Din of Dastilr Diirab Pahlan, Bombay. Monumenrum H.S. Nyberg (1975), 3 vols, Tehran/Liege [Alr4, 5, 6]. Reichelt, H. (1900). "Der Farhang i Oim", Vienna Oriental Journal (Wiener Zeitschrift for die Kunde des Morgenlandes) XIV, pp. 177213. Reichelt, H. (1909), Awestisches Elementarbuch, Heidelberg, repr. 1967. Sanjana, D.P. (1894), Nirangistan: a Photozincographed Facsimile, Bombay. Sanjana, D. P. (1895), The Dina i Mainil i Khrat, Bombay.

BTBUOGRAPH'r

Sanjana, P.B. and D.P. ed. and tr. (1874-1928), Dinkard, 19 vols, Bombay. Shaked, Sh. (1969), "Esoteric Trends in Zoroasttianism", Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, pp. 175-221. Shaked, Sh. tr. (1979), The Wisdom of the Sasanian Sages (Denkard VI), by Arurpat-i Emetan, Boulder, Colorado. Shaked, Sh. (1987), "Payman: An Iranian Idea in Contact with Greek Thought and Islam", in Gignoux (ed.), pp. 217-240. Tavaclia, J. C. (1930), Sayest-ne-friyest, Hamburg. Unvala, J.M. (1921), The Pahlavi Text "King Husraw and his Boy", Paris. Unvala Festschrift (1964), Dr. J.M. Unvala Memorial Volume , Bombay. Utas, B. (1988), Frahang i Pahlavik: Edited with Trans/iteration,

Transcription and Commentary from the Posthumous Papers of Henrik Samuel Nyberg, Wiesbaden. Vahman, F. (1986), Arda Wiraz Namag: the Iranian 'Divina Com.media', London/NlalmO [= Scandinavian Inst. of Asian Studies Monograph Series no. 53]. Waag A. (1941), Nirangistan: Der Awestarraktat Uber die rituellen Vorschriften, Leipzig [lranische Forschungen, Band 2]. Westergaard, N. L. (1852-4), Zendavesta or the Religious Books of the Zoroastrians I, Copenhagen. Williams, A.V. (1990), The Pahlavi Rivayat Accompanying the Diidestdn f Dinfg, 2 vols, Copenhagen [= Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selsk ab, Historisk-filosofiske M eddelelser 60:1,2] Zaehner, R.C. (1955), Zurvan: a Zoroastrian Dilemma, Oxford.

INTRODUCTION The Hirbedestdn is mentioned in the Zoroastrian Tradition as part of the Huspdram Nask (see below). Although it is a separate text, setting out the proper procedure in matters relating to religious studies whi le the NerangestG.n deals chiefly with matters of ritual, the Herbedestti.n is often regarded as part of the Nirangestti.n because it precedes that text in the manuscripts, and because of similarities in style. Both texts consist of an ancient Avestan text, followed by its Pahlavi Zand, i.e. a more or less verbarim Phl. translation followed by, and interspersed with, further comments and explanations. Unlike most other extant Avestan texts, the Hirbedestdn and Nerangestdn belong exclusively to the learned tradition of Zoroastrianism, and are never recited either as prayers or as parts of the liturgy. The word herbedestdn is variously translated by scholars. To name only a few, Dhabhar (1949: gloss. 57) translates: "course of priestly studies, priestly duties, priestly college, theological seminary"; MacKenzie (1971: 43): "priestly school"; Shaked (1979: 330): "house of learning"; Hurnbach (1990, passim): "religious studies". The fundamental question here is whether the word was used exclusively for «advanced priestly studies" qualifying a man of priestly family for hetbedhood, or for a more general course of "religious studies" offered by a herbed and open to all who sought it. It has been shown elsewhere that, until the word lost its original meaning owing to the erosion of the Zoroastrian learned tradition, PhL herbed referred to a priestly teacher who, in addition to memorising X Avestan texts, had concentrated on the study of the Zand and was authorised to instruct his "disciples" (hti.wiSt) in the meaning of the sacred texts (Kreyenbroek 1987a,b). The evidence of the 9th century Dadestan i Dinfg shows that the study of the Zand was a necessary qualification for herbedih (Kreyenbroek 1987b). The evidence of Herb. 2.5, 12.6, and of the Denkard passage cited on pp. 16-17 shows that the concept of herbedesran was also associated with the study of the Zand, and thus with )( exegesis and with the exposition of the teachings of the faith. While this could be taken to mean that Phl. herbedestdn was used exclusively to denote "advanced priestly studies", as a number of scholars have done, it is equally possible that only the priestly teacher (herbed) himself needed to have direct knowledge of the learned tradition, and that the word could refer to a course of ''religious studies" dealing with questions of meaning and interpretation in which the laity could participate.

In the Zoroastrian Tradition, passages are found which appear to support either view. A number of Pahlavi texts show that links were felt to exist between hirbedestdn and priesthood, e.g.:

... if one has the choice, one should not accept the hirbedestdn, which includes Avesta and Zand, and other (types of) e�ucation _ for e�ch profession, from evil men; for he who acceprs the herbed�sran, which includes Avesta and Zand, and other (types of) educanon for each profession from those who are evil, his education will be worse and he himself will have a more corrupt soul

Y.10.15 asr6 [ke hi!rbedestdn Icard] The priest [who has followed hi!rbedestdn]

One could, of course, take the latter passage to refer to hirbedestdn as just one type of training, viz. that for the priesthood. However, a text from Xusraw ud Redag, where the speaker does not appear to belong to the priesthood, shows tha t religious studies could form a part of lay education:

J?k. VI (cf. Shaked_1979: 176, no, D2): g6wi!nd ku hi!rbed mard, i!k Adur-Narse ud ik Adur-Mihr ntlm bild, harw do kard-herbedestdn ud abzdr6mand. They say that (there wer haca nmanatz31 aea d a , h o1J> < -7,_ - · v1saJ naera m (*hafa) zantaOJ aeam dar[haOt_239 *Ew *yujyast240 az man-e [*ffiehan241], ed.On wis24z_e• *Cw hasar az zand ;,;c;uon ,l az deh. 8.4) yaea d§iti18 spasaniia, a 1h•'�' pasban [Sosans had guft kii bim nest· Kay-Adur-bozed gu f�h d.U. p a1rrext-tan2'14 ested,J 8.5) y-aea para *vist6 24 5 nmanamca visamca za.n tauSca dar[hauSca,246 u-s ed�n az 6y PJ.U wann b e kunem ud be ne dawem:130 x�a.1�: ) 13.4 ROS � gy.ft ��den *�ny b�wed ka pad winahgarlh43t dawid432ested· _ taka_-s pad �mahganh daw1d ested [[ay ka-s harnag'"]l n padix e say be k; h arnag'34 abaz kunect. 435 wizartS Had winah *eel kU: n en i hfln and zaman cand-is _ ft ?,� ud be �e _da,:vict h e. H�ii.g'" [(ka hamag'" dwazdah-homast ka ]] !l;'a, he 4 s aJgah 1uh _ ½ard 39 he. Ka tis-iz ne kard he u-S ajgah8.llih d6ganag ne k ard , ay aJ�gahamh paymanag handraxt.

----.rr3 ID : daraJai1e1t1 416 MSS: vlra0l5ai1eiti 417 M SS: ymyk. 41B ID--n-a0ro nuucarnam; HJ: haere,m nuuciamzm 419 ID: aera 420 ID om 421 MSS: �aenaea 422 TD: haerahe 423 MSS: naemca 424 ID: vln5i ; l51 HJ· vlrOaBa1 425 HJ adds BYN 426 MS 'p' lnynY S: m. 427 ID: wn'yk'lyh ; HJ: wn'hk'lyh 428 MSS: dwt. 429 MSS: wn' hyh. 43o MSS: dwsym. 431 TD: wn'yk'lyh; HJ: wn' hk'ly h 432 MSS: dwt'. 433 MSS: hm'y. 434 MSS: hm . 'y 435 MSS: MNW . 436 MSS: hm'y. 437 MSS· hm'y 438 Mss: 'PI. 439 MSS: '!lYDWNS n'.

CHAPTER 13: ON LEARNING TO RECITE SACRED TEXTS

13.1) If inside that (period)'" he recites"' (correctly), and (then) regresses and omits (parts of the text),

If inside that [period] he recites [i.e. he commits to memory] and then regresses [i.e. misrecites], 13.2) then 154 at that time he slwuld seek out another priestly teacher,

and then he should seek out a third, and likewise he should seek out a fourth. then even at that time let him attend a second one, thus let him attend a third and similarly let him attend a fourth. [There is one who says: "thus let him attend a fourth".] 13.3) If he knows thai (text), and realises155 that within (the period of) a haera156 he will recite (correctly}, and afterwards he will not omit (part

oftext), ___ 1s1

If he knows thus: "if I see [that priestly teacher], I shall recite [I shall memorise] inside that period, and afterwards I shall not offend 158" [i.e. I shall not misrecite. That is, if he has sinfully misrecited, if (he) still sinfully (misrecites) the fourth time, at that time it is permissible for him to attend (a) new (teacher) if he knows that he will memorise it and not misrecite (in future).

13.4) ROSn said: "it makes a difference whether he has rnisrecited sinfully (or not): if he has misrecited sinfully [[that is (if h e has misrecited) the whole (text)]], then he is obliged to repeat th e whole (text)." Therefore (in determining the question of) sinfulness, it h as to be decided whether that time (Le. the time he has been reciting incorrectly), is as long as the time he has recited p roperly and not misrecited. If it is total [[if it is the entire Dwazdah-homastJJ, then he has committed (an act of) negligence. If it was not irnportant159 and he does not repeat his ( act of) negligence, then the (act of) negligence counts as 160 (having been) committed under oppression. ---r52Hum. 94 adds(*haerahe) here, cf. below, §13.3. 153 For the different stages in the process of learning to recite, see Y.19.6: yasea me aetahm1 aI/,huu6 Yat astuuair;.ti sp1tama zaraeu5tra oanm ahunahe vair11ehe mar8.J fr8.. va maro drer.1Jai18.f rra va drar;.Ja1iO sr8.uua11at rra. va srauuai10 jaza1te.. "And who(ever) in this material existence, Spitama Zarathustra, shall study the Ahuna Vairiia section, and (after) sludying it shall recite it (quieLl.y), and (after) reciting it (quietly) shall recite it formally, and (afler) reciting it formally shall pray it as part of the liturgy.....". 154 The emendation follows AirWb 20, s.v. aeera-patay-. 155 For this emendation and interpretation see Hum. 96-97. !56 Cf. above, §13.1. Note that the word hif8rahe is not translated m the Phi. version. 157 The text seems to demand a main clause which is not attested in the MSS. 158Toe MSS have 'p' lynym; cf. Phl.Y.19.1, where Dhabhar (1949: 97) has 'p' lwkynyt' (with a Variant 'plwyny1), which is glossed kit be *ti.awed. l59 Lit. "'if he has not even done a thing". 160 Lit. "is defined as".

TRANSLATION

En kii 5iy6n hawed ka-S pad awin ahih440 dawid44J est"'� ? IA.I.. ,442 a-sp l:}d en kii_ c1yo n b�wed ka-S pad dawid444dari.Sn? _ ��dmard guft had harw tis-e fraz ne ayed a-s pad dawid""' d - --s Edon ham-dadestan-tar bfid446 hCnd � ,? _ kii ka-S 3 bar ab-ag fraz gow ed ud bar 1 caharorn dane -d guft an a-sp _ • a d warm dar:i.Sil.)

CHAP1ERl4

[1D I5v.3-!6r.2; HJ 2Ir.3-2Iv.5]

· - s 14.I) kam '*ae-m aat>447 a e-0rapaitim44 4 upai1a,t? apan6tamanf49 da hmam , 5o Kadar edon herbed abar rawad? Oy i abar -tom dahm [i kardar-tom]. s 14.2) yasa4 � ta.t *apwuataite wan � guftan ud ne g6wed a-z-is drayaris12.J·oyiSnih ku nisn. _ . . Ka harw 2 k- - tu�a- I: guf , 18� aa{s1Jyazama1de g6wed ayab514 a am voh115's g6w� � s- a$aD?_-� § e tu�an �ud guftan �d_ne_g6wed, ed6n Winahgar bawed ci 6n k�- hama tu�an bud g_!lftan u-s �k-1z ne guft. R6Sn guft a.ct ens* n l� we d ka-z x gs16 tu�an kardan ud ne � kunectsn ta.sis ka-S xogs19 ne � tyuwan k ardan· han and JUttar ba -d a- s- - -- ·-� � _ ��