The History of Alexander the Great 9781463208899

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THE HISTORY OF

ALEXANDER THE

«ÔâAtà 33 *

«OÔ9MÔ9À23

ItsAXSb

Juôxlta»

THE

HISTORY OF

ALEXANDER THE GREAT, BEING THE SYItlAC VERSION OF THE

PSEUDO CALLISTHENES.

EDITED FROM FIVE

MANUSCRIPTS,

WITH AN

ENGLISH TRANSLATION AND NOTES,

BY

ERNEST A. WALLIS BUDGE, M.A., rniiMEiu.Y s i ' H o l a k dl' cnnisrs i>o a i 1 i n

«°>mn » v

" H e r e ends the history of the achievements and wars of A l e x a n d e r the K i n g of the Greeks, the son of P h i l i p : b y the hands

of the wretched priest Y a l d a

[written]

and the priest

Hdmd 1 , brothers, sons of the priest D a n i e l of Alkosh 2 , i n the year two thousand and twenty-one of the blessed Greeks [A.D. 1709], on the third day of the month of the first Teshri, on the fifth day of the week [Thursday].

Everlasting glory b e to H i m

w h o makes times and seasons pass a w a y ;

and m a y the com-

1 Hdmd was a contemporary of the Catholic patriarch, Mar Eliy&, and the Metropolitan Mar Ishfi'yabh (A. Gr. 2024=a.d. 1712). See Hoffmann, Opuscula Nestoriana, pp. iii, iv. 1

Alkosh, (jiiyi!! i is a village of a few hundred houses situated about six

hours ride to the north of Mosul, ¡^¿tyoW . along the road which passes Tell K&f (_.;

7; W ¿ \ p. 4.17; l ^ l ^ P - 5. 12;

IASOMJ p. 6. 9; 001 p. 7. 16; LA-L^J) p. 8. 15;

}¿ÁJT

p. 10. 4; _ A j l p. 10. 11; l A J ^ l p. 10. 20; ^OlAkJ p. 13. 4; AL p. 14. 5; U o j i p p. 16. 3; 1 4 ^ ? P- 16. 11; ^ - « ^ Ü p. 16.12; I f ^ l o j p. 17. 4; oo&oZ] p. 17.10; A l ^ i p Z j o p. 17. P- 1 9 ,

18; lÁl^jCTl p. 18. 20; UtepSp p. 19. 15; ^ n j l l p. 20. 4; p. 23. 7;

p. 21. 6; ^W^/Ll p. 23. 4;

foN^

20

>

¿V)

> iAj p. 24. 15; ¡^jAj p. 25.1; " j Á I ^ p. 25.12; p. 27. 3; o ^ Z l P- 27. 9;

p. 39. 9;

J o d j p. 40. 11; w^LoZl p. 44. 10; lAiJ^ p. 45. 3; - A W ] p. 45. 13; ^ ¿ j ' p . 46. 4;

tes-^?

p. 81.15;

« j a i i l o p. 56. 11; ]ífl p. 59. 18; j

p. 52. 2; P- 61. 12;

^¿CTl5¿l> p. 65. 11; ,Óai]^CLID p. 69. 13; }Ío¡ ñ l"^ p. 72. 10; fSblAj p. 72. 13; ^ j j j p. 73. 17; ^ A L p p. 75. 16; p. 85. 7; A X i ^ j p. 87. 2; UV¡¿>0 p. 87. 17;

A.J.Vvn^r,

p. 90. 1; p ^ a ) p. 94. 3; O ^ U l p. 97. 20; l^ViSIO p. 103. 10; p. 104. 7;

p. 104. 8;

p. 108. 2; UfiOdO p. 113. 4;

p. 107. 2; > W j p. 138. 7 ; q . p. 138. 7 ; i2.a-.i¿ p. 138. 9 ; U n 7 ». p. 140. 2 ; Î A S û & û p. 141. 5; ¿ J l l a J p. 141. 1 2 ;

^ O l l ] p. 148. 1 5 ; ^ ¿ i

U Í j í b p. 155. 1 0 ;

p. 162. 1 3 ; . a m j A J D p. 164. 1 8 ;

oramjASûX p. 165. 2 ; ^ A S o p. 166. 1 8 ; ¿ p l ^ i p. 1 7 0 . 1 5 ; 13;

p. 149. 1 7 ;

p. 1 6 9 . 1 0 ;

¿ V i p. 171. 1 ;

p. 179.

p. 1 8 1 . 5 ; . . 10 . S ¿] p. 183. 6 ; A ^ U p. 186. 1 0 ; p. 190. 10; CT1;V)SV) p. 191. 3 ;

p. 191. 5 ;

^ Á . òfTì I p. 1 9 1 . 1 1 ; ^ o i ^ m o p. 193. 2 ; ]A . ñ ¡ S^n p. 195.18; AqctlII] p. 199. 2 ; ^ ¿ t o p. 200. 1 0 ; ^ > ¿'.Afelio p. 205. 14; 012JJÌJ p. 207. 15 ; l A S n S V i ^ » p. 209. 6 ; I n V r t ô p. 209. 12 ; p 221. 1 5 ; .

^T-ijCii p. 223. 6 ; O l V i N •} p. 223. 1 7 ;

p. 225. 4 ; C L . Ù » Z i O p. 226. 2 ;

Í A L á r i Ó p. 228. 3;

v

.

^

p. 228.16 ; ^ ' » ' i i n p. 229.12;

^ m S o Z l p. 231. 6 ; ¿TA; VA p. 232. 1 4 ; • ^ m i A i p. 239. 10 ; ^OCTiASOmJO p. 245. 11 ; 245. 1 2 ; y 2 ) 0 p . 246. 4 ; 2; - -m . inVn\ « i p . 250. 1 1 ;

p. 227. 9;

1 S 5 ] p. 247. 13;

P-

235

-

11

J

» i m \ ßj p. P-

248

-

• > 1 SnZ") p. 257. 9 ; ArscrLj p.

258. 7 ; r ^ A V n p. 259.19 ; Ì A i i o l p. 262.9;

p. 263.13 ; 62

XX

v

INTRODUCTION.

> O ; n V ) Q p. 264. 2 ;

r

12;

C J i a s a l p. 266. 1 6 ;

12;

^ s J A j o p. 269. 1 4 ;

, P ^ o V ) p. 264. 8 ;

• ..»VnV™ p. 266.

v O S ^ n j » p. 266. 1 8 ; ^ j A j

p. 2 7 1 . 1 1 ;

^ O ^ l A j O p. 269. U^Aj?

p. 2 7 3 . 3 ;

p. 2 7 3 . 18. I n t h i s m a n u s c r i p t A j J k v o is u s u a l l y w r i t t e n zJ-SDpO, w i t h ) above; note 8 ;

other words written with ] above are

7; ^ U » words

p. 3 3 . 2 1 ;

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p. 2 3 0 . 2 ; a n d the

p. 1 6 5 . 5 ;

^ L l & i

p. 239. 1 2 .

end of a line

p. 1 1 ,

In this

are frequently

p. 2 2 7 .

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manuscript

divided;

Alexan-

der's n a m e is g e n e r a l l y w r i t t e n i n full, .CDOijACaa^L, w h i l e i n A it is most frequently contracted.

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INTRODUCTION.

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xxii

INTRODUCTION. aa .ooiUaba ^ o aa ^ ¿ i .Jiiioi» • ^ t ? ? ^e ^uisi aaaa *oit&±• ^ aiaa (p. ax) .¿lb aa •

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1 Aus zwei Briefen des Miss. Hrn. Perkins in Urmia, von 23. Mai und 1 Juni 1850. "Ich habe seit einigen Monaten eine in syrischer Sprache abgefaulte Geschichte Alexander's des Grossen in Händen, von welcher ich in meinen wenigen Mussestunden eine Uebersetzung für die American Oriental Society ausarbeite. Wir fanden die Handschrift bei den Nestorianern, der Inhalt ist ein Gemisch von spät-griechischen und muhammedanischen Erdichtungen." ZD3IG Vol. 4, S. 519. Aus einem Briefe des Mission. J. Perkins an Prof. Fleischer. Orumia, d. 29. März 1851. — "Eine Abschrift der altsyrischen sogenannten Geschichte Alexanders mit meiner nun fertigen Uebersetzung schicke ich an die Amerikanische Morgenländische Gesellschaft. Eine andere Abschrift des Textes für Ihre Gesellschaft will ich den Exemplaren unserer Druckschriften beilegen, welche ich Ihnen statt der, wie es scheint, verloren gegangenen Sendung von J. 1849 zu schicken gedenke." ZDMG Vol. 5, S. 393.

xxvii

INTRODUCTION.

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xxviii

INTRODUCTION.

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X x x v i i i THE EGYPTIAN ORIGIN OF THE ALEXANDER STOltY.

the Story of the Possessed Princess, to decide what should be done for the young woman who was afflicted by a disease which was caused by an unclean spirit. Rex is a name often given to scribes. In the Egyptian papyri which have come down to us we find many specimens of the magical names of demons and of the formulae which arc referred to by Pseudo-Callisthenes as forming the means by which the powers of the Egyptian sages were handed on to mankind. In the 162nd chapter of the Book of the Dead 1 various magical names such as f

1 ^

^

^

1

Ï

H^v ^F® ^ J ) Haqahakahrà are quoted ; and long lists of such names are given both in Egyptian 2 and Greek 3 magical papyri. In the Ethiopie version of the first chapter of Pseudo-Callisthenes it is said that Nectanebus uttered the names of the demons of the earth when he made use of his knowledge of magic ; the " fearful names " there alluded to remind us of the abominable names of Âpepi the enemy of RâA Nectanebus, having acquired the knowledge6 of magic, used it in a remarkable way to preserve his country from invasion by enemies. Whenever they came to make war against him he used to go into his palace and overcome them from there by means of magical practices. If they came by sea he took a basin of water and set it in the middle of his room, and having 1

Lepsius, Das Todlenbuch der Aegypter, pi. LXXVII. Chabas, Le Papyrus Magique Harris, p. 151. 3 Leemans, Papyri Graeci Musei Antiquarii Publici Lugduni-Batavi, t. ii, pp. 123, 127,145, 153. Many of the names of the demons and powers mentioned in the Leyden papyri are found upon Gnostic gems in the British Museum collection. 4 See Brit. Mus. Egyptian papyrus No. 10188, page 16. 9 It is difficult to discover how Nectanebus II., the last Egyptian king of Egypt, obtained his reputation for working magic. There is nothing in Egyptian history which, so far as I know, would explain the fact. Of the end of this king wc know absolutely nothing, but it is certain that at a very early period he was considered to have been one of the most famous magicians. Favre, Mélanges d'Histoire Littéraire, t. ii, p. 15, note 1. For the history of Nectanebus according to the Egyptian monuments see Wiedemann, Aegyptische Geschiclite, p. 716. a

THE EGYPTIAN ORIGIN OF T i l E ALEXANDER STOKY.

xxxix

made models of the soldiers of the enemy and of those of his own army, ho placed them in models of ships which he set upon the water opposite to each other. Ho then took a rod of wood in his hand, and uttered magical formulae and the names of certain demons. Presently the ships would draw near to each other and the wax figures would begin to fight. I f the figures which represented his own soldiers were victorious on the water in the basin his soldiers were victorious on the sea; but if they were beaten and the ships sunk, the same result would happen to his army if they attempted to fight. One day, by this means, Nectanebus discovered that the gods of Egypt had handed over the country to the invader, for his ships were scattered on the basin of water, and were driven hither and thither by those of the enemy; on seeing this he disguised himself and fled away. The custom of performing acts of sorcery by means of wax figures was a very old one among the Egyptians. I f a man burnt a wax figure of a demon in the fire and uttered certain prayers or formulae over it while it was burning, it was supposed to be efficacious in guarding him from the power of that demon. Frequently professional exorcists carried this practice to a farther extent and by substituting the figure of a person, upon which his name had been written, they were thought to be able to do serious bodily harm or even to cause death to the person whose effigy was burnt. This practice was not only very old but also very widespread, and we now know that it was regarded as a crime by the Egyptians themselves. The fragments of a papyrus discussed and partly translated by the late M. Chabas1 tell us that a certain man, who was a superintendent of cattle, obtained a book of magic with which he was able to work dire effects upon his fellow-creatures. The book contained not only the formulae necessary for obtaining these results, but also directions how to proceed. His powers were supposed to be so harmful that finally he was brought before an Egyptian court of law, and accused of working harm to various people of the town. He was charged with having thrown spells 1

(| (j ^ ^ ^

sih, upon men and

Chabas, Le 1'apyrus Mayique Harris, p. 170.

xl

TIIE EGYPTIAN ORIGIN OF THE ALEXANDER STOUT.

women; with having made figures of people in wax

with having generally applied himself to the working of sorcery which Pharaoh did not allow any of his servants to do, and which was " abominated by every god and goddess." It may be asked why this man was prosecuted for carrying on magical practices ? We may perhaps find a satisfactory answer in the 148th chap, of the Book of the Dead, where it is expressly stated that certain rites are not to be seen by anyone except the king and the yer heb, or precentor, and that no priest or servant is to be allowed to see them in going and coming1. The fragmentary nature of the papyrus does not allow us to see what the sentence passed upon the sorcerer was; but it shows us quite clearly that we have in the person of the accused a man of pursuits like unto those of Nectanebus. In addition to his power of working magic by means of wax figures and water this king knew how to cast nativities and to send dreams and visions to men and women. In Book I. chap. 5, we are told that when he wished to send Olympias a dream he went out into the desert, and gathered roots of grass which, after pressing and pounding, he used for sending a dream to her. The Ethiopic version tells us that he made a fire of grasses, that he melted into it a wax figure of Olympias, upon which he had written her name, and that after he had muttered certain incantations the god Ammon came to her in a dream, and worked her will. I have not been able to find in Egyptian papyri any instance of working magic by means of wax or bitumen figures and water

Lepsius, Todtenbuch, pi. LXIX, 1. 3.

THE EGYPTIAN ORIGIN OF TI1E ALEXANDER STORY.

xli

analogous to that given above, but there are several passages where magical effects are promised, if a figure made of wax is burnt in the fire while certain formulae are recited. The following instances from an unpublished hieratic papyrus in the British Museum (No. 10188) will explain the method of procedure in such cases. The greater part of this papyrus is inscribed with a composition entitled " The Book of the overthrowing of Apepi the enemy of Ra," which contains the following chapters:— Chapter of spitting at Apepi. Chapter of defiling Apepi. Chapter of taking a lance to smitp Apepi. Chapter of binding Apepi. Chapter of setting fire to Apepi. Book of overthrowing [Apepi] the enemy of Ra. Book of turning back Apepi. Book of knowing the becomings of Ra. In order to destroy the power of Apepi, the demon of mist and blackness, the enemy of Ra, it was necessary to say a certain chapter of this composition "over an Apepi written upon new papyrus with green paint, and over a wax figure of Apepi with his cursed name engraved and inscribed upon it with green colour. Put it on the fire that the fire may burn the enemy of Ra. Let a man put a figure on the fire at dawn, at noon, and at night when Ra sets in the land of life. Put a figure on the fire at the sixth hour of the night, at the eighth hour of the day, at the arrival of evening until every hour of the day and of the night, by the day of the festival and by day and by month, by the sixth day of the festival, by the sixteenth day of the festival, and likewise every day. If this be done Apepi, the enemy of Ra, will be overthrown in the shower, for Ra will shine and Apepi will be destroyed in very truth. The figure is to be burned in a flame of dried grass, and the remains of it are to be mixed with dung and thrown into the fire. A repetition of this is to be made at the sixth hour of the night, at dawn 011 the eighth day. Apepi is to be put on the fire, and is to be spit upon many, many times at the beginning of

xlii

THE EGYPTIAN ORIGIN OF THE ALEXANDER STORY.

every hour of the day until the shadow comes round. After this must thou put Apepi on the fire, spit upon him, kick him with thy left foot and then the roarings (thunders ?) of the crocodile .whose face is turned behind him will be repulsed. A repetition of this is to be made at dawn 011 the eighth day, for by it will Apepi be slain at the sekti boat. A repetition of this is to be made when tempests boil in the east of the sky, when Ra sets in the land of life, in order that threatening clouds may not be allowed to arise in the east of the sky. A repetition of this is to be made many, many times in order that a shower and a rainstorm may not be allowed to arise in the sky. A repetition of this is to be made many, many times to keep away the shower, so that the sun's disk may shine and Apepi be overthrown in very truth. It is good for a man to do this upon earth, and it is good for him in the underworld. Verily the man who does this shall attain to dignities which are above him, and he shall be delivered from every hateful and evil thing." The following is the text with a literal translation:— (Page 8,1. 6)

• [This chapter is to be said over]

• Apep Apepi

i t • P i f t > k « j . k r^i nauu

Iter

written

upon papyrus

ì I

ua't

hna

© àru

/www & matennu inscribed

nemaut nemaut new new

shuu

name

•

• Àpep

em em with with

fx J!ru em

0 « 8 /www A III menh

in

wax

rei colour

ga ei

-www ^ ren • f

1 her - f

em

1

M rei

cursed his

upon it

with

colour

III

THE EGYPTIAN ORIGIN OF THE ALEXANDER STORY,

ua't green.

ertfit àu shut amm - f xcft Place [it] oil the fire that may burn it the enemy of

tifi f su Let place him it

cm at

masher evening,

tiiau dawn,

em at

xuft lift hetep when Ra sets

- f he

( U ^ o * — " T ^ o f l e I AW / WA £-s O l i l o 1 àu at

unnut hour

vi. cut ijerli àu sixth of the night, at

1

? -i hru er the day, at

xliii

Ila Rà.

alia miitet cm noon, likewise at

em Anxtet in the land of life,

A . 0 " ^ /WWW O ly

"" I'M

— O

unnut hour

viii eighth

cut of

T^Ti^JLlI«-

peh ruhau the arrival of evening

nefer-it

er until

^ ^ 0 * """" ra © ( A~ww l T f = l o t \ © /www o O cs o «=> O o I o unnut nebt ent hru cut qerh em hru enti hour every of the day [and] of the night, by the day of

^SP o heb cm the festival, by

ra

e a. © i -Mi hru em day, by

a. in — e o jw* in q w abctu em vi enti month, by sixth [day] of

*

n Qq o O V37 O in ci w O © I heb xvi enti heb matet hru neb the festival, [by]sixteeuth[day] of the festival, likewise day every.

xliv

THE EGYPTIAN ORIGIN OF THE ALEXANDER STORY. 0

• scxer

•

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the shower,

for

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[Then] will be overthrown Apepi,

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the enemy

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of

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will shine

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ertat

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to

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fire one.

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Is to be done by thee

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the like

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hour

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of

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shet the fire,

I hat the beginning

The words over which a line has been drawn are written in red ink on the papyrus.

THE EGYPTIAN ORIGIN OF THE ALEXANDER STORY,

/ M

O

Q

Q

unnut of hour

Q

nebt every

i n n

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backward

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slain

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by

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[and]

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Below the line, between ® and , are the signs ° . » » I l l

^

nauu

Is to be said chapter this over an Apepi

her shuu upon papyrus

t

neb every.

• »»

her - f sep ftu upon it times four

neb

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xer - k

Is to be said by thee

1 PI ?l = mätgoru

in the fire, "Triumphs

Ks

er

Rä

over

- ek

thee,

THE EGYPTIAN ORIGIN OF THE ALEXANDER STORY,

xlix

PI ^ . l - i T Ä Apep

sop

ftu

mätxeru

Heru

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0 Apepi, times four; triumphs Horns

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four; triumphs

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sen

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life, strength, health ! over _. 7;

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e

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q

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mit death

en

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life, strength,

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mother

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iinx ren en life, the name of

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sen

sen their,

HP 111

their, [and] the name of [their] children

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of

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enemies

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every of

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cr

1

MA

enemy

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.... ;

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f scp ftu his, times four."

e l l sexeti demons male

1

enemies

Pa-iia

im

Ä I »1 2Ü I

-

over

crtat

en

aru

placed in work

1 | ||

em

menh

of

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d

1

THE EGYPTIAN ORIGIN OF THE ALEXANDER STORY.

ertat •

a T t

lier

place [them]

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her-sa

0 ,

am

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and burn

when

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sep

ts

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hehimself (i.e. rises). Repeatestthou

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first,

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lift

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upon the fire by the side of the name of A

Q

en

nu

the land of life,

whilst there is

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light

at

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tu

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of the mountain. Is to be recited by thee this

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earth [and]

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When Ncctanobus wanted to send a dream to Philip he adopted another method: he took a hawk, and having muttered charms over it, sent it away with a small quantity of a drug, and it shewed Philip a dream. Here again I have not been able to find any such custom noted in the Egyptian papyri, but, judging from the minuteness of the description, there can be no doubt this was one of the many practices resorted to by

THE EGYPTIAN ORIGIN OF THE ALEXANDER STORY.

li

the Egyptian sorcercr to shew people dreams. The design engraved on the ring which is described in Bk. I. Chap. vii. was, most probably, something like this;—

Each of these four signs is found engraved on gems and scarabaei. Throughout the work Alexander is always spoken of as the son of Àmen-Ra, and the accuracy of the references to him and to this god is fully borne out by the hieroglyphic inscriptions. His cartouches are ;—

i(BJ]¥ (ZETT3 and read suten net setep Ra meri Amen se Rei, Aleksàntres se Amen, " King of Upper and Lower Egypt, the chosen one of Ra, the beloved of Àmen, son of the Sun, Alexander, son of Àmen." Being the son of the god Amen, who was frequently represented on the sculptures 1 by a ram, it was only natural that the two horns of this animal should be made attributes of Alexander the Great, and that he should be called "two-horned." In the Book of Daniel8, though compared to a goat, he has only one horn; the writer of the book must, however, have been acquainted with the Egyptian notions concerning Alexander. According to Arabic tradition he was called Two-Horned because of his having captured the two horns of the sun, that is, the East and the West 8 . 1 2

an

d

see

Lanzone, Dizionario di Mitologia Egizia, tav. xx—xxv.

Daniel, chap. viii.

Pocock, llist. Vynuxliarum, text p. 96, Latin trans, p. (¡¡¡. See also Kor'àn, Sarah xviii, and Spiegel, Die Alcxandenage, p. 57.

d2

THE VERSIONS OF THE FABULOUS HISTORY OF ALEXANDER. PSEUDO-CALLISTHENES.

THE work upon which all the legendary compositions relating to the history of Alexander are based is that of PseudoCallisthenes, which is thought to have been written in Greek about A.D. 2001. The Greek text of this work is extant in twenty manuscripts which have been enumerated and described by Zacher". In the majority of them the name of no author is given, but some describe the narrative as the work of KaXkur6evrjoU1, or IIpwriwe. 3 The following paragraph does not appear in the Greek, but Miiller gives a Latin version (Pseudo-Call. p. 1C). 8

4

In some placcs the MSS. write «CCoAJ-0 ZUitm, in oilier; »C0oAj_i1

Xiiji'mtm. •7

1

20

n i S T O E Y OF ALEXANDER.

see and look into this matter, and do according to what appears right unto yon." When Philip had read this letter, he wrote a letter to Aristotle, Alexander's teacher [as follows]: " From Philip and Olympias to Aristotle, greeting. Our servant Zintos, whom we have sent for the purpose of educating and training Alexander, has made known to vis by letter that what we send him for expenses is not sufficient for him, because he gives many presents; now ho thus informs us as if blaming and murmuring against thee, and it is of thee he complains." When Aristotle had heard this, he wrote a letter to Philip and to Olympias his wife and made answer [saying]: " In every way it beseems us [to acknowledge] that this giving of presents by Alexander proceeds from us and is the result of our teaching1. Ye also yourselves have examined and seen that he is wise and superior in everything, and in knowledge and understanding he is not at all like [other] youths, but he is well fitted by his wisdom for the business of life; neither does he do anything unseemly or improper, but everything whatsoever ye command him that he does." Then Philip sent this letter to Zint6s the tutor, and he himself wrote to him thus and said: "From Philip and Olympias to our servant Zintos greeting. We wrote and informed Aristotle, Alexander's teacher, concerning his affairs, according to what thou didst write to us, and we desire that the answer which he sent to us should be conveyed to thee. Do thou therefore take it and read it, and do thou what is right and proper." After Aristotle knew that Alexander's father complained of him, he wrote a letter to Alexander, and in it thus informed him: "From me to my son Alexander greeting. Philip thy father and Olympias thy mother have written and informed me, saying, 'That which we sent for expenses is not sufficient for him, because he distributes it all in gifts.' Now I know that thou wilt not do what is not right, and I know not from whom thou hast learned this practice, which thy father and thy mother disapprove of, and I too; but if thou hast done anything which 1 The context seems to require "giving of presents", but the Syriac more literally has " that Alexander's training has been by us, and that he will go forth from our teaching."

HE GOES TO PISA.

21

befits not thy skilled knowledge, in thy wisdom correct it, 0 wise and beloved son. Be thou well." When Alexander had read this letter, he immediately made answer to Aristotle: " From thy son Alexander to Aristotle, my master and chief and teacher, greeting. What my father and mother send me for expenses is not sufficient, nor is it adequate for me; and instead of doing that which was right when they heard that the amount was too small for my expenses, that is, to blame themselves, they now complain bitterly [of others]." And Alexander also wrote a letter to Philip his father and Olympias his mother, in which was as follows: "From Alexander to Philip and Olympias greeting. That which ye have sent to me for my expenses by the hands of Zintos is not sufficient, for 1 am Alexander; and, moreover, I have not spent it in an improper manner. I have also seen Aristotle's letter, and I will never blame Aristotle, because from him I have received knowledge and instruction in good things: but I do blame you, because ye have shown such parsimony to me, who am your son, while ye also blame me and cease not, and think nothing good of me." XVIII. So the youth Alexander returned from school, being fifteen years of age, and came home with honour. And when Philip saw him, he embraced him and kissed him. Then Alexander said to his father, " Bid me, 0 my father, to embark in a ship and go to Pisa, for I would enter and see the horse and chariot races." Philip says to him, "Dost thou desire to see the contest ?" Alexander says, "Nay, my father, but I will go thither myself to the contest, and will contend with them with horses and chariots, and I will moreover bring back the crown of victory." When Philip heard these words, he rejoiced, and said to Alexander, "Go, my son, and good luck go with thee. I know, my son, that thou wilt not contend like a king's son, but like a king himself; and I will entreat the gods that thou mayest return with victory, my son. Go now into the stables, and [take] forty colts and sixty wheels and chariots, together with harness and bridles and everything which thou mayest require, that thou mayest not lack horses in the contest. Take too ten thousand darics for thy expenses, and go, my son, and good luck go with t hee; and keep thyself in good training, for this contest is great

22

HISTORY OF ALEXANDER.

and renowned." And Alexander said, "Do thou but give mc the command, and I will go without taking aught; for I have trained horses and exercised colts, which I myself have trained." Then Philip kissed Alexander, and admired him for his will and purpose, and said to him, "My son, everything shall be according to thy wish." And Philip went with him to the harbour, and commanded to bring a ship. Then he commanded to bring the horses, the chariots, and the baggage, and they brought them and placed them in the ship. And Alexander and his friend Hephaestion embarked in the ship. And they loosed the ship and departed from their kinsfolk. And when they had disembarked from the ship, they received many gifts from their friends1; and Alexander commanded his servants to feed the horses regularly and to anoint them with oil; and he and his friend Hephaestion went to the place where the nobles were wont to walk. And while he was walking in this place in the costume of an athlete, Nicolaus the king of Arötä2, who had brought a large retinue to the contest and combat, saw that Alexander was small in stature (now Nicolaus was huge in stature, rich in property, great in strength, and fair in appearance), and he answered and said, "Who is this ? and from what country docs he come ?" And when he had learnt that he was the son of king Philip, and had come on account of the contest, he answered and said to him, "Peace be with thee;" and Alexander answered him, "Peace be with thee; and who art thou?" Nicolaus said, "As whom dost thou greet me ? I am Nicolaus of Halea, and the son of Karyanä3." And Alexander said, "Do not boast of this, and be not insolent (?) on account of such things, and do not be out of thy senses because of thy royalty, because thou knowest not the manner of thy death; for thy fortune and fate, 0 Nicolaus, remain not in one place; for this fickle fortune4 has the habit of 1 J

he. 3

An inaccurate rendering of KOX Xaßtiv £eviav (Müller, p. 18, col. 1). The Greek text has o v'.is'Apeiov (var. 'ApSiov) ßam\ias 'Ajcapvivuv (Müller, cit.). It is possible that

that 11 ij n ? CTl^O 'Ana pvamoi/. 1 Syr. fate of Kewän

may stand for ll^CTIp U±0

jjjp^; .Jö

Aj)

. > g o 6 g )

ocn

.tSj^a

o A

•

¿003, i m-n^x

¡¿o|

.(71^

p

¿f^Ll

]3, i U ^ o * Ijcn

30

HISTORY OF ALEXANDER.

done wrong in that I have called thee father, but although I do not wish to call thee by this name, yet nature acknowledges that which is the truth." And when he had thus spoken, tears were flowing from Philip's eyes. When Alexander saw Philip weeping, ho went to his mother, and said to her, " 0 my mother, be not angry any longer at that wrong which my father has done, for he has not forgotten the offence which thou thyself didst commit against him, and the more so since I am the mediator, whom they call a Macedonian, though I am in truth an Egyptian. Now therefore, 0 my mother, go in and first of all entreat thy husband that he may be reconciled to thee, for it is right that thou shouldest be subservient to thy husband inasmuch as thou art a woman." And when he had spoken these things to his mother, holding her by her hand, he went to his father. Philip was lying on his bed, and had turned his face to the wall. Alexander answered and said to Philip, " 0 my father—for henceforward I will call thee father, and I do not shun what is right,—turn thy face hither, for behold I have brought my mother, and have set her before thee, having implored her with many prayers and much entreaty until she gave her consent. I have moreover persuaded and begged of her to forget the offence which thou didst commit against her and to put it away from her mind. And now do ye embrace one another before me who am your son, and be ye now reconciled, that I too may be happy in reconciling and re-uniting you who begat me, and in urging you to make pcace with one another." By this speech he reconciled his father and mother, and on account of this all who dwelt in Macedonia applauded Alexander, and every one held his wife in honour, and because of the death of Lysias, every one guarded his mouth from speaking calumny. XXIII. Whilst these things were taking place, a certain city called Methone had rebelled against the sovereignty of Philip, and he sent Alexander thither to make an end of the inhabitants by war. When Alexander had gone thither, ho persuaded the people of the city by his words to return to the service of Philip; and the people of that city did so through Alexander's words and admonition, and went back to the service of Philip.

THE PERSIAN AMBASSADORS.

When Alexander had returned from thence and come back, he found men in the garb of foreigners sitting at the gate of Philip. Alexander asked them, " Who are ye ?" They said to him," We arc satraps, servants of Darius the king." Alexander says to them, " For what purpose have ye come ?" They say to him, " To receive the customary tribute from Philip thy father." Alexander said to them, " By whom have ye been sent ?" The satraps say, "We have been sent by Darius the king of the Persians." Alexander said to them, "And for what is the tribute ye receive ?" They say to him, " In lieu of lands and waters." He says to them, " Why docs your master lay tribute upon what God has appointed and given for food ? It is not right for Philip, being a Greek, to give tribute to the Persians. By the good fortune of Zeus, this is a matter of greed and not of royalty; now therefore turn and go, and say to your lord Darius, ' When Philip had no children, his hens used to lay golden eggs, but from the time that his son Alexander has been bom, they have become barren, and do not lay eggs any longer. Now I will go thither in person, and will take the tribute from thee which until now thou hast received from my father.'" And when he had spoken these words to them, they departed from the gate of Philip, and he deigned not to give them a written answer. Now when those ambassadors perceived the pride, the greatness, and the understanding of Alexander, thcy wondered, and when they heard his wisdom and his well trained words, they marvelled. And they hired and brought a very skilful painter, and said to him, "Paint Alexander accurately upon linen just as he is," that they might take it to their own country. And when he had painted him, they took the picture and went to their own land; and Philip rejoiced, when he saw the wittiness of Alexander's speech and the might of his deeds. Again the country of the Armenians was disturbed, and Philip sent Alexander thither with a large army of soldiers, that he might either bring them to peace or contend with them in battle. XXIV. And when Alexander had departed from his father, a ccrtain man named Theosidos1—a small man and slight in 1 The name is evidently corrupt, but cannot be emended with certainty at present. Possibly U'lienrfoxhis, the Greek and Latin texts have Pnusanitis (lliiller, p. 24).

32

HISTORY OF A L E X A N D E R .

body, purseproud and honoured becauso of his money, who had come from the land of the Thessalonians and had a multitude of slaves, and whose mind and heart were inflamed with love for Olympias, and because of his love for her he gave goods and gifts to many people of the city, and communicated his secret to them—this man sought to slay Philip by some means, for he saw that Alexander was not in the country. Now in those days there was in the city an amphitheatre which was called the Olympic, and certain people, partisans of Theosidos, by his instruction and advice, begged Philip with tumult and clamour to go with them and see the contest of the athletes. And Philip, because he was unacquainted with the craft of Theosidos, was persuaded to look on with them. Now in the middle of the spectacle the partisans of Theosidos made a disturbance and an uproar in the theatre by his advice and command. Theosidos himself was outside the theatre, and when he heard the uproar and disturbance, he rejoiced, and together with his partisans armed himself and went into the theatre, and gave people to understand that he had come in to assist Philip. Then he brandished the spear that was in his hand, and pretending that he was going to smite another, cast it and pierced the heart of Philip, whilst feigning to be a helper of the king. Philip straightway foil to the ground, and Theosidos with his companions went out at once from the theatre, because they thought that Philip was already dead, but his life yet remained in him. Then Theosidos went swiftly to the royal palace, and going to Philip's apartment, he seized Olympias unexpectedly and carried her off to another apartment in the palace, for he thought that Philip was dead, and he said to himself, " Alexander is still a boy, and Philip is dead; therefore, if I take Olympias to wife, I myself will become king." Now on that day Alexander, returned with victory from the war with the Armenians, and came to the city of Pella; and when he saw that the whole city was in an uproar, he asked, " What is the reason that the city is thus disturbed ?" And when he had learned what had happened, he was furiously angry, and went on horseback to the palace, and found Theosidos and Olympias there, and at once raising up his whip1, he smote Theo1 The Greek text has \oyxv> 'pear, and the Latin translation Soe Miillor, p. 21, col. 2, at the foot, and p. 2.5, col. 1, iirst line.

jaevlum.

33

DEATH OF THEOSiDOS.

sidos as Heracles smote Arminos (?), because he held Olympias in his embrace, for Theosidos wished to escape and save himself. Now Alexander was very near slaying his mother too. And when Theosidos had fallen, and Olympias saw her son Alexander, she lifted up her voice and wept at the change her fortune and lot had undergone. And when Alexander heard that Philip was still alive, he gave orders to carry Theosidos tied to poles, and he went to his father. And when he saw that Philip was near death, he wept bitterly and bade them raise him up from the couch; and when they had lifted him up, ho put a sword in his hand, and made Theosidos stand before him, while his life was still in him, and he said to Philip, " This is ho that slow thee." And Philip said, " Is this h e ? " And Alexander said to him, " Yea, it is he." Then Philip stabbed Theosidos with the sword and slew him. And he said, " 0 my son Alexander, my soul will not depart in sorrow, since I with my own hands have slain him that slew me. My son, mighty and great shalt thou be, for I call to mind the day of thy conception, when the god Ammon spake to Olympias thy mother, saying, ' Behold in thy womb is one who shall avenge the cause of his father and his mother;' and thus my son has avenged the cause of both of us." And immediately Philip died. And Alexander with his nobles and the princes of the Macedonians buried him honourably, and Olympias too went to the grave on foot. X X V . And when Alexander had returned from the grave, he gave orders to inform the Macedonians that they should assemble on the morrow in the midst of the city by the pedestal of the statue of Philip his father; and he himself came there, and all the Macedonians gathered together unto him. Then Alexander went up and stood by the statue of his father, and lifted up his voice, and said to the Macedonians, " To you I speak, ye inhabitants of the land, Macedonians, Thracians 1 , Greeks, Thessalonians, and peoples of every race; to you too, 0 Amphictyons and the rest of all the peoples of the Greeks, and you Athenians and Corinthians; hear my speech and the counsel with which I counsel you, and trust yourselves to me, and form 1

B. A.

In the Syriac Tarmekilyfi or Thtirmokayfi.

3

34

HISTORY OF ALEXANDER.

a league with ine, that we may go against the barbarians our enemies, and may free ourselves from the bondage of the Persians, and bring them into bondage to us, and subjugate them to ourselves." And when he had said this, many applauded him; and he came down from the statue and gave orders to write letters to every country and city under his rule, as follows: " L e t every one who approves of my advice come to the city of Pella." Then man}7 troops of men came with good and ready will, as if a god were urging them on1. Then Alexander opened the door of his father's treasury, and clothed every man with all kinds of armour. But when he commanded those who had carried arms in the bodyguard of Philip his father to take them up again, they answered and said to him, " 0 good king Alexander, we are greyhaired and aged men, and we have been with thy father Philip in a number of wars during the whole time he was in the world, and we have become wearied and exhausted by many battles, and we speak truly before thee when we say that we have not sufficient strength in our bodies to bear arms; therefore we now ask to be excused from military duty and service." When they had spoken these words, Alexander looked on them with a gloomy face and said to them in anger, " I desire particularly that ye should go with mo to war. I t is true that ye are greyhaired and aged, but all kinds of warfare have been experienced and seen by you more than by these young men, for the aged by their experience and knowledge are stronger than those who are in the vigour of youth. Many a time, therefore, when young men neglect the safety of their lives, and do something which it was not their intention to do, they come into difficulties and distresses thereby; but as for you, ye greyheaded and aged men, I know that ye first of all consider carefully, so that, when ye are about to do something, no mistake or [cause for] repentance may arise thereby. Now therefore go ye with me to the war, and be ye with me as ye were with my father; for I desire that ye go with me in this capacity, not that ye should make war, but go with me as persons of tried knowledge and experience. Ye will bo a shield to the young men, and the 1

Or, an if there were name one »ent from Gotl to uri/e them on.

35

IIIS TROOPS.—GOES TO ITALY.

knowledge of the aged will be thus mingled willingly with the strength of the young; and so we shall obtain a great victory, and the aged shall serve for knowledge to the youth, and shall rescue and deliver [them] from troubles like a shield. And this too I wish you to know, that the victory of the young is the life of the old, while the defeat of the young is affliction and trouble to the old. Therefore, ye veterans, rejoice and exult in the victory, and divide the crowns of victory with them, for by your knowledge and experience and understanding, ye veterans, the young men will become conquerors." With these words then Alexander encouraged Philip's bodyguard, and persuaded them to go to the war; and they consented, and drew near and received arms from Alexander. XXVI. 1 The horsemen also gathered together to Alexander in countless numbers, as did the foot soldiers who served willingly, and the troops of Philip his father, 50,000; Thessalonians, 30,000; Greeks of every tribe, together with the Pokotolanians [Paphlagonians?]2 and Lacedaemonians, 80,000; Skophians [Scythians?]3, (50,000; Corinthians, 70,000 [besides the former 70,000 which he had sent] 4 ; in all 270,000s. He armed these out of the armoury of Philip his father. XXVII. 6 And he made them embark in triremes and in large transport ships, and put to sea, and he made the Macedonians dwell by the sea Dithaos (?) and Thrace, which was under his dominion7. XXVIII. s And [from thence] by Lucania and Sicily he came to Rome8. And as soon as the inhabitants of Rome heard [of his arrival], they sent him six hundred talents of gold by the hands of their chiefs, together with the golden crown of Zeus which 1

Compare Müller, p. 27, col. 2, and the Latin version. See Müller, p. 28, line 6 of the note. 3 See Müller, loc. cit. 4 This clause is incorrect or misplaced. I t is not taken into account in summing up the total. 5 The total ought to be 290,000. 6 Corresponding to ch. xxviii. of the Greek text (see Müller, p. 30). 7 Very unintelligible. But compare the Latin version in Müller, p. 28, at the foot. " The sea Dithaos (?)" seems not to be named in any of our Greek texts. 8 Corresponding to ch. xxix. of the Greek text (Müller, p. 30). 9 See Müller's note 8 on ch, xxix. (p. 30). 2

3—2

36

HISTORY OF AI/EXANDKR.

•was in the Capitol, one hundred pounds of gold [in weight], and they brought it as a gift before Alexander. They also sent one thousand horsemen as auxiliaries to Alexander's army, and the}7 entreated him to take vengeance for them upon the Chalkidonians1, who had rebelled against them. Then Alexander said to them, " I will do you this favour because of this honour which ye have done me; and I will recompense you for this honour by subduing your enemies in war, while the victory in the war I will give to you." X X I X . 2 Then Alexander set out from Italy, and came by sea to Africa, And when the generals of the Africans had heard the fame of him, they came to him and entreated him, saying, " Free our city from the Romans." Then Alexander was angry at this speech, and said to them, " 0 Carthaginians, cither be yourselves brave8, or give tribute to the brave." When they heard this speech, they set their faces to war, and they all went and armed themselves, and they could not bo persuaded to come to Alexander. Then Alexander made war upon them ; and when they fought, they were unable to stand before the army of Alexander. Then they returned and entreated him, saying, "Permit not the Romans to rule over us." Again Alexander said to them, " Ye Carthaginians, I have [already] said to you, ' Either be yourselves brave or give tribute to the brave.' Now therefore go, and whatever tribute is right for you to give, ofthat give justly; for henceforward [the Romans] shall receive tribute from you." When the Carthaginians saw that they had no remedy, they made a statue of brass to Alexander and set it in the midst of the city : and they made a box of wood and fastened it upon a stone in front of the feet of the statue. They then collected the tribute of their country for four years, and placed it in the box; and the Romans waited for four years, and then they came and took that tribute and carried it to Rome. X X X . 4 And Alexander departed from the Carthaginians, 1 i.e. the Karchcrtonians or Carthaginians. X = KaX^Si!»'=Carthage ( n e n n m p , Neapoiis). s Corresponding to cli. xxx. of the Greek text (Müller, p. 31). s Literally pnnih 4 Corresponding to the remainder of cli, xxx, in the Greek text (Müller, p.

31).

AMMON THE GOD OF LIBYA.

37

and made sonic of the troops put to sea in ships and vessels, and commanded them to remain opposite the islands of the Plâthâyô 1 , while he went parallel to them on the land with a few troops to the country of Libya. From thence he dismissed all the troops of the Alômôhdâyê (?)2, because he offered sacrifices there to the god Ainmon, especially because he remembered the words of Olympias his mother, which she spake to him, saying, "Thou wert begotten by Amnion, the god of Libya," And Alexander answered and said to the god, "If the words bo true which my mother Olympias spake to me saying, ' I bore thee to the god Amnion of Libya,' shew it me to-day in a dream." Now when Alexander was asleep, he saw in a dream the god Amnion speaking with him and saying, " Thou art of my race, and thou hast in thee parts of the characteristics of four gods; and if thou dost not believe that it is possible for a mortal and corruptible" man to be born of the race of an immortal and incorruptible god, I tell thee that they are able, as men, to be of the race of the gods, not in respect of the nature of the body, but in respect of wisdom, intelligence and fore-knowledge. Therefore by the union of the race of the gods with men, they are able both to know and to do everything that is marvellous and difficult in the world. Now thou hast in thee somewhat of the race of the serpent, and of Héraclès, and of Dionysus, and of Amnion. Through the serpent thou wilt encircle the whole world like a dragon ; through Héraclès thou wilt be strong like Héraclès, and thou wilt shew forth in thy person the finding of power and might ; through Dionysus thou wilt be continually in pleasure, and merriment, and joy ; and through Ammon who is like myself, thou wilt hold a rich sceptre, and thou wilt be lord of the world in royalty and wealth. As regards these words, have then 110 doubt." When Alexander had seen all these things in his dream, he awoke from his sleep, and commanded that a statue of brass should be made to Ammon in the midst of the temple of Ammon, and he set it up on a pillar, and upon the base

1

I n t h e Greek els rty iaplriSa

[var. nparylSa]

vrjirov.

* There is nothing like this clause in our Greek texts, so that the word remains a puzzle.

38

HISTORY OF ALEXANDER.

of the pillar ho wrote thus: " This statue Alexander his son made to his father Ammon, and set it up in this temple." And again, when he was dreaming, he made supplication to the god Ammon, and said, " 0 my father, shew me the place where to build a great city which shall be named after me, and from which my memory shall not pass away." And again the god Amnion appeared to him in a dream, saying, " Alexander, king 1 in the of the Macedonians, I grant thee to build a city in fields where they plough the furrows, and it shall be famous and renowned, and possessions and wealth shall abound in it, and the supreme god shall dwell therein. Around it shall be the river Nile, and it shall water its fields with abundant moisture, and many shall be nourished by its produce, for this river without any [human] labour will lay the hamlets and arable lands beneath its irrigation, and no damage shall arise therefrom." X X X I . And when he had seen this vision in his dream, and had quitted the land of the Amondikaye (?), a stag came towards him. When he saw that stag, he turned round and said to his nobles, " I f it be granted me to build a city in this land of Egypt, when I command and shoot an arrow at this stag, it shall strike it." And having taken the weapon, he shot an arrow at the stag, but the arrow glanced off the stag in its rapid flight, and having run a long distance it stumbled and fell by reason of the wound, and died on the spot. Then Alexander cried out and said, " 0 thou that didst die without feeling, thou hast shewn mo the place which I require;" therefore to this very day they call the spot upon which the stag died, " He that died without feeling." So Alexander ran and came to that spot, and on this side of the stag a sepulchral monument was built, and they call it, " The tomb of the god Aslis (Osiris) 8 ." In this place too he commanded to offer sacrifices; and from thence he returned and came to the stag 8 , and he found a large mound, and fifteen (twelve) towns lay around it, the names of which were: Stilinios, Pahhara, Imthaos, Aklios, Inokpilas, Pithonos, Lindos, Kiphrin, Espasid, MimistiriL, Philaos, and Hankitos in the centre of the mound, 1 In the Syriac in Alls Walts, which looks somewhat like a corruption of Ileliopolis. 1 Taipiaipis or Taipoalpiov. 3 The Syrian translator confounded ISaaoiVai (var. ftovOca paOovs).

THE TWO TREES OF T H E SUN AND MOON.

105

do they speak ?' And they said to me,' That of the sun in the morning and at midday and towards evening, at these three times it speaks; and that of the moon in the evening and at midnight and towards the dawn.' Then the priests that were in the garden came to mo and said to me, ' Enter, 0 king, purely, and do reverence.' Then I called my friends Phormion [Parmenion], Artaron [Craterus], Gdron (?), Philip, Mikt6n [Machetes], Tarnsargotha [Thrasyleon], Thirtakith [Theodektes], Philea [Diiphilus], and Khadklion [Neokles]; twelve1 men I took, and wo began to enter the temple. The chief priest said unto me, ' 0 king, it is not meet to bring into the temple tools of iron.' Then I bade my friends take their swords and put them outside the enclosure, and I ordered these twelve alone of all my troops to go in with mo without their swords, but I gave orders that they should first go round about the trees, because I thought that they might have brought me there treacherously; but after they had come in and had gone round about, they said to me, 'There is nothing at all here.' Then I took hold of the hand of one of the Indians and went in there, that when the tree spoke, the Indian might interpret for me; and I swore to him by Olympias my mother, and by Ammon, and by the victory of all the gods of the Macedonians,' If I do not hear a voice from this tree as soon as the sun sets, I will slay you all with the sword.' As soon as the sun had set, a voice came from that tree in a barbarous tongue; and when I asked the Indian 'What is this voice from this tree V he was afraid to explain it to me and wished to hide it. Then I straightway understood, and I took hold of the Indian and led him aside and said to him, ' If thou dost not explain this voice to me, I will kill thee with a hard and bitter death.' And the Indian whispered in my ears, 'The explanation of the voice is this: thou wilt shortly perish by thy troops.' Then I and my friends went again into the temple by night, and when I had drawn near to the tree of the moon, and had done reverence to it, and placed my hand upon it, again at that moment from the tree a voice came in the Greek tongue, ' Thou shalt die at Babylon.' And when I together with my friends were marvelling at this wonder, my 1

Only nine naincs arc given in the text.

IOC

HISTOltY OF ALEXANDER.

mind was troubled and sorrowful, and I desired to put the glorious and beautiful crown which was upon my head in that place; but the priest said to me,' Thou canst not do this, unless thou choosest to do it by violence, for laws are not laid down for kings.' Then, as I was in trouble and sorrow because of these things, my friends Parmaon [Parmenion] and Philip tried to persuade me to sleep and to rest myself a little. I did not consent however, but remained awake the whole night. When the dawn was near, I and my friends together with the priest and the Indians again entered the temple; and I and the priest went to the tree, and I laid my hands upon it and questioned it, saying, ' Tell me if the days of my life are come to an end; this too I desire to know, if it will be granted me to go to Macedonia, and to see Olympias my mother, and to ask after her welfare, and to return again.' And as soon as the sun had risen and his rays had fallen upon the top of the tree, a loud and harsh voice came from it, which spake thus, ' The years of thy life are come to an end, and thou wilt not be able to go to Macedonia, but thou wilt perish in Babylon after a short time by the hands of thy kinsfolk, and thy mother too will die a hideous death by the hands of thy kinsfolk, and in the same way thy sister also; but do not ask further concerning this matter, for thou wilt hear nothing more from us.' Then I took counsel with my troops, and we set out again from thence and marched along the road a journey of fifteen days. And when we had gone straight forward on our march, we arrived at the country of Prasiake 1 ,1 Alexander with these Indians and with my troops. The Indians who dwelt in that land brought offerings to us, and they brought offerings to us also from far countries. They brought to us skins of fishes which were like leopard's skins, only they were larger, and there were in them teeth, some of which were one cubit long and some three cubits; the ears (gills) of these fishes were each six cubits long, and the weight of each of them was a hundred pounds; and the teeth of these fishes were some of them two cubits long and others 1 Here ends the epistle of Alexander to Aristotle in Muller's ed., p. 125, col. 2. What follows appears to be no longer extant in the Greek MSS. The narrative continues in the first person, as if this were still part of tho epistle.

SETS OUT FROM P1USIAKK.

ENCOUNTER WITH A DRAGON.

107

three. [They also brought things] like oyster shells, each of which held fifty cups of water, and which were very beautiful in appearance; and thirty purple sponges, and fifty white ones, and various other things. Then we set out from the country of Prasiake, and set our faces straight for the east. And when we had gone a journey of ten days along the road, we came to a high mountain; and some of the people that lived on the mountain said to us,' King Alexander, thou art not able to cross over this mountain, for a great god in the form of a dragon lives in it, who protects this country from enemies.' And I said to them,' In what place is the god ?' They said to me,' He is a journey of three days from here by yon river.' And I said to them,' Does this god change himself into another form ?' And they said to me, ' Enemies never dare to come to this country through fear of him.' Arid I said to them,' Is he able to keep off enemies from all your coasts ?' And they said, 1 No, only on that side where his dwelling is.' And I said to them,' Has this god a temple ? and do ye go to his presence and know him ?' And they said, 'Who can go near unto him that can swallow an elephant by drawing in his breath ?' And I said, ' Whence know ye this, since ye go not near him ?' And they said,' We know that a number of people are swallowed up by him every year, besides two oxen which they give to him regularly every day for food from our land, and he also kills men.' And I said, ' How do ye give him these two oxen to eat ?' They said, ' He that is set apart for the service of the god selects oxen from the land, and takes two of them each day in the morning, when as yet he has not come forth from his temple, and goes down to the bank of the river; and he ties the legs of the oxen, and throws them upon the bank of the river, and he goes up to the top of the mountain; and when the god comes forth from his temple, he crosses over that horrible river, and swallows up those oxen.' And I said to them, 'Has this god one place for crossing, or does he cross wherever he pleases ?' And they said,' He has but one place for crossing.' Then I bethought me that it was not a god but a phantasy of wicked demons. I took some of the people of the land (with me), and set out from thcnce, and came to the bank

108

HISTORY OF ALEXANDER.

of that river. And I commanded them to place the oxen as they were accustomed to do, and I and my troops stood upon the top of the mountain. And we saw when the beast came forth from his den and came to the bank of the river. When I saw the beast, I thought that it was a black cloud which was standing upon the bank of the river, and the smoke which went forth from its mouth was like unto the thick darkness which comes in a fog. And we saw it crossing the river, and when as yet it had not rcached the oxen, it sucked them into its mouth by the drawing in of its breath, as (if cast) by a sling, and swallowed them. When I had seen this, I gave orders next day that they should put two very small calves instead of the two big oxen, that the beast might be the more hungry on the following day. After it had found the two calves, it was obliged to cross over again on that day; and when it had crossed over for the second time, by reason of its hunger, it went wandering from this side to that but found nothing. And when the beast desired to come on towards the mountain, all my troops with one voice raised a shout against i t ; and when it heard the shout, it turned and crossed the river. Then I straightway gave orders to bring two oxen of huge bulk, and to kill them, and to strip off their hides, and to take away their flesh, and to fill their skins with gypsum and pitch and lead and sulphur, and to place them on that spot. When they had done this, the beast according to its wont crossed the river again, and when it came to them, it suddenly drew both of the skins into its mouth by its breath and swallowed them. As soon as the gypsum entered its belly, we saw that its head fell upon the ground, and it opened wide its mouth, and uprooted a number of trees with its tail. And when I saw that it had fallen down, I ordered a smith's bellows to be brought and balls of brass to be heated in the fire and to be thrown into the beast's mouth; and when they had thrown five balls into its mouth, the 'beast shut its mouth, and died. And we set out from thence and came to a region in which was a high mountain, and a river which they call Barsatis (?) went forth from it; and they told us that there was a god in this mountain, and that the whole mountain was of sapphire. Then I and my troops ascended the mountain, and it was full of fountains and

EMBASSY TO TIIE EMPEROR OF CHINA.

109

springs of water; and the people of that country said to me, 'Do not march confidently in this mountain, for its gods are mighty.' Then I ordered sacrifices to be offered to that place, and suddenly from the mountain there came a multitude of kinds and sounds of singing. When I heard this, I again did reverence; and I heard a voice from the mountain which spake to me thus in the Greek tongue, 'King Alexander, go back, and advance no farther; for from here onwards the country belongs to men who by their knowledge and power have conquered and subdued a number of armies.' And I answered and said,' Since it has pleased you thus [to speak], inform me whether, if I go by myself, I shall return alive from thence.' And the gods answered and said to m e , ' Go thyself, for it is given to thee to see something beautiful.' I answered again and said, ' What is the beautiful thing which I shall see ?' And the gods said to me,' Thou shalt see a king, a son of the gods, from whose country an honoured priest goes to a number of countries, and thou shalt learn how from something small something so noble may arise.' When I had heard this, I commanded a city to be built by that mountain, and a brazen statue to be erected upon it, and [I ordered] it to be named ' Alexandria, the queen of the mountains.' And I commanded my troops to remain in that place, and I with twenty of my friends arose and arrived at a place which they call Raton'; and we stayed where we were three days, and we set out from thence and marched a journey of ten days through mountainous roads and watery lands. And again we marched a journey of fifteen days through a desert and arrived at the confines of Sin (China). When we arrived in China, I gave myself the name of Pithaos 8 the ambassador of king Alexander. WThen we approached the gate of the king of China®, they went in and informed him of my arrival, and he gave orders to question me outside. Then Gundaph&r4, the chief of his army, questioned me concerning my coming to China, and I 1

Perhaps Cathay, in Arabic U i s a l l . IluWas or IK01OS ? 3 That is, the royal palace. 4 On the name of Gundaphar, or Gundaphor, i.e. Gondophares, see in particular the articlc by Professor A. von Gutschrnid in the Museum fiir I'hilologie, n. F. xix., pp. 161—170. 2

110

HISTORY OF ALEXANDER.

said to him, ' I am an ambassador of king Alexander.' And Gundaphar said to me,' Why hast thou come hither ?' And I said,' I have been sent to the king of China; my message is to him; and it is not right for me to utter the message which I bring from my master before thee.' Then Gundaphar went in to the king of China and informed him, and the king ordered the palace to be decorated, and silk curtains to be hung up, and a golden couch to be prepared; and he bade them call me. When I entered his presence, I did not make obeisance to him, and he questioned me, and said to me,' Whence comest thou ?' I answered and said,' I am the ambassador of king Alexander.' And he said to me, ' Who is Alexander ?' I said, ' He is a Macedonian, the lord of the world, and the bearer [of the sovereignty] of the Persians and Indians.' And he said to me, 'Where is the land of Macedonia?' I said, ' I n the western quarter of the world, at the place where the sun sets.' And he said to me,' Where didst thou leave this [Alexander] ?' And I said,' He is near, and not far off; lo, he is by the river Birsatos (?).' And he said to me, ' Why has he sent thee ?' And I said, ' My lord Alexander has been set by the gods as lord over the kings of the world, and I am come to bring thee to him, and my message is this: Thus saith Alexander, I have been established over .ill the kings of the world by the will and decree of the heavenly gods, and over all rulers will I be chief and commander; whosoever accepts willingly this my sovereignty, his whole territory shall remain his and he shall continue in his dominion; but whosoever receives me not, his country and his dominion are no longer his. And if thou dost not believe me that it is so, ask and learn what greatness and renown Darius the king of Asia had in the world, for he was a warrior and a conqueror, and yet afterwards, because of his obstinacy, to what a place was he abased and degraded ' Porus too, the king of the Indians, who was so great and mighty, and fertile in artifices and stratagems, and versatile and rich in every craft, and so thought that he was not onty lord of men but also chief and lord of the gods, learn what an end befell him through his obstinacy. Now I have heard concerning thee that thou hast good and great knowledge and understanding, and I thought that I would not come against thee with camps and troops as

EMBASSY TO THE EMPEROR OF CHIXA.

Ill

against an enemy, but I have sent an ambassador to thee as to a friend, that thou mayest come to me of thine own free will, and that I may see and taste of the treasure of thy knowledge by the fruit of thy words from the gates of thy mouth; and if there is anything worthy of being seen in thy land, bring it with thee that I may see it.' Then he questioned me and said to me, 'Is King Alexander mighty in body?' And I said to him, 'No; on the contrary, he is very small.' And he said to me, ' To-day thou must make merry with me after the manner of ambassadors, and to-morrow thou shalt receive the answer to thy message.' When the hour of the banquet was come, the king of China commanded, and they made me sit in the banquetting hall among the lower seats. When the banquet was finished, he ordered them to prepare a sleeping apartment in the royal palace, and bade me sleep there; and in the morning, while it was yet dark, he ordered me to be brought in before him. When I entered, I did reverence to him. When he saw that I made obeisance to him, he was perplexed concerning me, and ordered mo to be questioned again. When I had repeated my message afresh before him, he said to me,' Thy message is that of yesterday, but thy deeds are not those of yesterday; yesterday thou wast one thing, and to-day thou art another.' I said to him, 'Thou hast spoken rightly, O king, for yesterday I myself by the words of my message was clothed in the person of Alexander; in me, 0 king, thou didst see Alexander, and in the speech of my lips thou didst hear that of Alexander; but to-day [I am] Pitlmos the ambassador.' Then he commanded and they brought a cloak, and he said to me, 'Shew me how Alexander is formed in stature.' And I said > 'In stature Alexander resembles me.' And he said to me, 'Is not the king taller than thou ?' And I said, 'No.' Then ho gave orders to measure my height and breadth and to cut the cloak according to my measure. And when they had cut it, he ordered it to be rolled up and sealed, and he said to me, 'Pithaos, go and carry this answer from me to king Alexander, and say to him: I have heard thy message which thou hast sent to me, and of thy fortune, thy bravery, and thy exaltation. Thy victory then over Darius, and thy might, and thy victory over Porus, and thy subjection too of a number of nations—I do not think

112

HISTORY OF ALEXANDER.

that such exaltation as this is caused by thy good fortune alone, but I imagine that it arises from their bad luck, and particularly because everything that comes to pass is given by fortune. Now to thee fortune and luck have been given by fate, and such elevation as this, which was not granted to Darius and Porus who were before thee. Therefore it is meet for thee to know that thou shouldst have no confidence in fortune, and that thou shouldst not weary thyself more, and that thy hands should not become the executioners of those who have drawn nigh to and reached the end of the days of their life, for the name of executioner is a disgraceful one. And as regards thy message to me concerning my coming to thee, behold, by the words of my mouth I stand before thee, and I speak with thee by the tongue of Pithaos. Be not angry then because my body comes not to thee, and do not come to our country with warfare, for we have never at any time surrendered. I do not speak these things for thy sake, as if we were stronger than thou art, but I say this on my own account; for shouldst thou come against us, and our luck let go its hold of us, as it did of Darius and of king Porus, thou wilt slay us all, and thy hands will be our executioners, for none of us will accept bondage in his lifetime. And let this also be in thy mind, that, if thy luck turn somehow against thee, this great name of thine and might of thine will perish by fate, for this lying fortune does not remain constantly in one place. We men then who thus work and plan, and by a great deal of expense and toil and executioner's work slay a number of men of our kind and race, and seize a number of countries, afterwards, whether we will or no, everything leaves us and departs, and of the number of countries which we seize, and the numerous regions which we subdue, a piece of land the size of this cloak comes to us.' Then he straightway gave the cloak into my hands, and a crown of gold studded with 1 pearls and jacinths, and a thousand talents; ten thousand pieces of undved silks, and five thousand brocaded 3ilks; two hundred figures of cane, and one hundred painted (?) skins, and one thousand Indian swords; five wild horses, and one thousand skins of musk, and ten snakes' horns (?), each of which was a 1

I do not know tlic meaning of the words InO**1 «-.i.V>.

RETURNS FROM CHINA.

SEBAZAZ.

SOOD.

11-S

cubit long: and he said to me, 'Carry this offering from me to Alexander.' Now I was minded not to accept them, but I thought afterwards, 'If I do not take them, peradventure he may have doubts of me and may find out that I am Alexander.' So I and my friends returned from thence and came to the body of my troops; and I commanded them to set out from thence, and we came through mountains and a difficult country to a plain and a desert region. And from thence we marched a journey of twelve days through the desert. And in that desert we saw numbers of wild animals which were like our gazelles, btit their heads and their teeth were different, and they were like foxes. And [we saw] the animals from whose navels they take the musk. On the thirteenth day we arrived at a camping place of savage barbarians, who were very well furnished with horses and arms. When those savages saw us, they came against our encampment with arms and war; and when we saw that they had come for war, I commanded my troops to make ready, and when they had come near, my troops shouted and we joined in battle together. Now when we had closed with one another in fight, by good luck it so happened that I slew the chief of those thieves with the sword; and when they saw that their chief was slain, and that many were killed on both sides, they turned their backs and fled from us. And I commanded my troops that the wives and children of these savages should be slain and their possessions pillaged. And we set out from thence and came to a country which they call Sebaz&z (?). All the people of that land, together with the priests of their gods, came to us with offerings and spices, and we remained in that country ten days, and I commanded all the priests of that land to offer sacrifices. And we set out from thence, and came to a country which they call S6d [Sogd]1, and the country was very populous. I saw there a large river going forth on the south-west quarter, and that river was difficult to cross; indeed there was no means of crossing it whatever. I was greatly troubled and supplicated all the gods that are in Macedonia and Ammon the c £ 1

B. A.

That is, the Sughd of Samarkand,

o tf or J j t d l . 8

114

HISTORY OF ALEXANDER.

god of Lybia, and I vowed that if they would aid me to cross this river with my troops, I would build a city on the other side and set up a temple of the gods in it. When the people that were in that country heard [of our coming], they sent to me saying, 'Do not pass over into our territory, for we will not allow thee to come into our territory.' And when I heard this message, I ordered those ambassadors to be bound and guarded; and I asked them,' Where is he that is ruler and chief in this land ? and in what town does he dwell ? and how many of the nobles of the land has he with him ?' The ambassadors said, 'Swear to us by the gods that thou wilt do us no harm, and we will carry thee and shew thee the spot, for all the nobles of this country are in that place.' Then I sware to them by all the gods, saying, 'If ye shew me rightly, I will not kill you; but if ye say ought otherwise, I will kill you together with the others that arc in the towns.' And as the gods willed, I gave orders to take each of those eight ambassadors by himself and to question him, and when we got the statements of all of them, [we found that] they agreed. I ordered my troops to get ready and Kokaros (?), the chief of the host, to question one of the ambassadors who was bound; and with fifty horsemen I set out early in the night to go and spy out the road and to observe the town, because it was night and we did not know the custom of the country, and owing to this I was afraid. Then a kundakor 1 went and explored the way; he returned and came to me and said to me, 'The road is easy and the town is not large.' Then I and my troops went to the town, and I commanded the horns to be sounded and the troops to encircle the town; and I ordered much wood to be brought and fire to be kindled around the whole of the town, and the troops to stand outside the fire; and I commanded them also to kill every one who should flee from the town. When the people that were in the town heard the sound of the horns, they came forth from the houses and saw the lire round about the town, and some of them wished to flee; and as they fled from the town, they died by the hands of my troops. Then their chief and the nobles that were in the town came forth from the town and 1 This word is glossed in one of the MSS. (B) by the Persian word nardar " chief, commander."

BUILDS SAMARKAND.

CROSSES THE BARTESITOS.

11.")

said with a loud voice, 'King Alexander, let thy wrath turn to favour, and do not order thy servants to be slain.' Then I commanded them to come to me; and when they came, I gave orders to guard them vigilantly. And we came to the country of the Sundikäye 1 ; and when I saw that the whole country yielded to me, I commanded a city to be built there and to be called Samarkand. I ordered a temple to be built therein to the goddess Rhea, whom they call Näni 2 , and when they had built it, I ordered it to be painted with gold and with the choicest paints, and a Greek inscription to be written thereon; and I commanded that all the Sundikiiye should come to that place and should make a feast to Rhea and offer sacrifices to her. When the Sundikäye had done this in their country, they were firmly reconciled to Alexander in friendship and love. And again we set out from thence and went to the river Bartesitös (?), the interpretation of which is 'crystal.' When the king' saw that the river was large and difficult to cross, he ordered all the carpenters and artificers that were in S6d to bo brought, and bade much wood to be given to them; and he commanded Espistähändos (?) to build a thousand Alexandrian boats. And he ordered the bows of the boats to be very sharp (?), and he bade two cables to be made of the bark of trees, each of them fifty cubits in thickness, and ordered men to cross over to the other side of the river in boats and to construct a kind of tower there. When they had made it, I gave orders to measure the breadth of the river, and to bring all those boats to the bank thereof, and to fasten them all to the one rope, and to one another with planks of wood; and to the other rope they fastened thousands of bags of ox-hide filled with air; and [I commanded] them to take the rope across and to fasten the end of it to the tower. When they had'fastened 1

That is, the inhabitants of the Sughd. See Hoffmann's Auszüge aus syrischen Akten persischer Märtyrer, p. 130 sqq. and p. 295; Lagarde, Gesammelte Abhandlungen, pp. 16, 143; Armenische Studien, p. 110. In Cureton's Spicil. Syr., p. OIO, 1. 8, read « i 1 1 N for >»>•1 \ and also in ZDMG. xxix., p. I l l , 1. 7, for n » V 3 The translator departs from the direct narrative more than once in the course of this description. 2

8—2

116

HISTORY OF ALEXANDER.

the rope, he ordered a strong rope to be tied to the boats from the one side to the other, and a number of men to pull with ropes from that side. And when the head of the boats reached the middle of the river, the boats went on and were stretched out by the force of the current (?), and the bridge became straight. And he commanded a number of men to pull on this side and on that, and in the middle, with the rope which was fastened on the bank of the river, lest the boats, with the rope by which they wore tied, should knock upon the stones and be broken. And when the bridge reached the rope, the ships at first struck the skins with violence, but the shock was broken and lightened by the skins. Thus he constructed the bridge by his skill and craft, and ho ordered the troops to pass over. When we had crossed the river and had gone a journey of two days, I saw a river that was copious and abundant in its flow, and towns with numerous hamlets and country houses were round about it, and the people of that country were simple in mind, and the country was rich in crops, and there was plenty of corn and fruit therein. I commanded the phalanx to halt in that place, and we remained where we were for five months. I ordered a large city to be built there; and on account of the beauty and desirability of the country, I commanded that it should be named afresh, and to the city I gave the name 'a part of Cush,' which is called in Persian Behlil. And I ordered two temples to be built in the city, the one to Zeus, and the other to Rhea; and I commanded them to be constructed with lime and stone and at much outlay; and I commanded a statue to be made in brass of myself and another of my friend tdmalos (?), and to be set up in those temples. And by reason of the fairness and beauty of the country, some of the Greek troops that were with me desired to stay there; and I gave oYders that five hundred men should remain and dwell there, more particularly for the honour of those temples; and I commanded sacrifices (to be offered) and a great feast to be made. And from thence we set out and came to a river, on the bank of which I commanded the phalanx to encamp, and we rested 1

There seems to be something radically wrong in this sentence, but the MSS. agree.

DEFEATS AND SLAYS PARYOG.

BUILDS MABO OK J1EKV. 1 1 7

where we were for five days. And when I gave orders to set out from thence by night, Paryog the and his band came against us. My soldiers had let loose their horses and cattle to graze quietly along the bank of the river, and Pary6g and his band seized all the horses and cattle, and went into a wood, and led them away from the bank of the river. When I heard these things, I took a band of foot-soldiers and some Macedonian troops, and we pursued after Paryog that day along the river by means of the prints of the horses' hoofs which had been imprinted on the b a n k ; ' and we went after him a journey of one day, but we did not overtake him. Then I made a vow to the god Ammon and made supplication to him, saying, 'If we overtake ParyOg and his band, in the place where I overtake him I will build a city to thy name, 0 Ammon, and will set up in it a temple to thee.' When I had gone five miles along the road, the earth was covered with water, and the hoof marks of the horses were no longer seen. I ordered the foot-prints of the horses to be sought for around the water and the wood; and when they had looked for the foot-prints but did not find them, I knew that the god Ammon would come to our assistance. And I ordered them to set fire to the skirts of the wood all round, so that Pary6g and his troop were not able to bear the flame of the fire. Then they all came out from the wood, and my conquering troops fought with Pary6g and slew him, and he died. And of Paryog's band some died by the fire, two hundred and seventy men, and a thousand and three hundred others perished by the hands of my troops; and we got our horses and our cattle. We made the whole camp rest there, and I commanded earth to be brought for all the waters which were detained there, and the place where all the waters were to be filled up, and a city to be built upon it, and a temple to be made therein to the god Ammon. And we were in that spot four months, and when the city and the temple were finished, I commanded men to be brought from various places to dwell therein, and I called its name MargiOs (Mapyiav^), that is Maro (Merv), and I offered sacrifices to the god Ammon there. VIII. When then we were ready to go from the country of Margiana to the land of the Persians, I desired also to go quickly 1 1

Here begins eh. xviii. of the Greek text (Miiller, p. 125, col. 2).

118

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ALEXANDER.

and without delay to the country of the Samräye 1 and to see their kingdom, for the kingdom of the Samräye was renowned among the Athenians and in the land of Hellas, and they were wont to say of it that all the walls of the city were of whole stones, the length of each being three stadia, which make a mile. It has one hundred and twenty gates, and the gates are all bound with iron and brass outside, for iron is abundant iu their country; and all the houses that are built in that city are of hewn stone from their foundations to their roofs. Over their country a woman reigned, who in her appearance was very beautiful; she was of middle age, and was a widow; and she had three sons, and her name was Kundäkä [Candace], the lady of the Samräye. To this lady Alexander composed a letter and wrote to her thus: "From king Alexander to queen Candace greeting; and to the generals of the country of the Samräye greeting. "When I went to Egypt, I saw there your graves and dwelling-places; and when I asked the priests of that country, they told me that ye dwelt in Egypt a long time, and that the god Amnion was with you as a helper. And after some time, by the oracle of Amnion, the god of his own accord sent to our border, [saying,] that I should go to your bonier and should sacrifice to him. If it pleases you, do ye also come to the border with the images, that we may hold a festival together." Then Candace, when she had read this letter, made answer to him thus: " From Candace, the queen of the Samräye, and from all the generals of the Samräye, to king Alexander greeting. When of old we went to the land of Egypt, we went by the command of the oracle of Ammon, and he himself was with our army. Now too he has commanded us, saying, ' Beware lest ye move me from my place; neither shall ye go to another spot; but if any man shall come to your country, fight with him as with an enemy.' Thou wilt not catch us with this impudent speech of thine, for we are inspirited with the same spirit as thyself, even more than the illustrious and renowned who are in thy army2. I have troops to the number of eight 1

I n the Greek (Müller, loc. cit.) eirijye ra o-TpaTeö/tara ¿tri rijs Xe/upifiewt ßairfXeta, Lat. ad Samiramidos regiam. • The Greek text is very different (Müller, p. 126, col. 1): MTJ Karayi/ys Si

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hundred thousand, who are ready and prepared to fight with the evil one. Thou therefore hast done well, since thou hast proposed this in honour of the god Ammon; but if thou desirest to offer sacrifices to the god Ammon, do thou come by thyself, and let not an army come with thee. Farewell." And my ambassadors brought from her one hundred solid missiles1 of gold; five hundred ass-goats2, which they call in Persian khar-boz; of different kinds of the bird which is called pdipd (parrot) two hundred; two hundred apes; a crown of gold set with emeralds and pearls for the god Ammon who is within the border of Egypt; twenty unpierced pearls; thirty unpierced emeralds; and eighty small boxes of ivory. And she sent to us of different kinds of beasts three hundred and fifty elephants; three hundred leopards; eighty animals which are called rhinoceros, and in Persian markedad or bargedad; four thousand hunting bears and leopards; three thousand dogs that eat men; three thousand buffaloes for killing; three hundred leopardskins and one thousand three hundred teak rods: and she said thus, " Do thou take these things, and inform me in writing if thou art lord over the whole world." IX. Then Alexander accepted these things and sent to her Kdimion [Kleomenes] the Egyptian as an ambassador with a letter to the queen. And when Candace heard from Alexander how he had taken different countries and captured cities and overcome and subdued mighty kings, she bade a certain painter of hers, a Greek, arise and go to the place where Alexander was, and paint for her his face and figure accurately, without the king's being aware of it, and bring it to her. And when the painter had gone and painted the portrait of Alexander and brought it to her, Candace took the likeness and hid it in a certain place. Then it fell out that a son of Candace, whose name was Kandaros [Candaules], with his wife and a few horsemen, came to the country of the Amazons to perform the mysteries of the gods; and it came to pass that the chief of the Marnikaye8 slew his horsemen and took his wife, and Candaules TOV xpu/iaros -qfj.Civ' ia/iiv yip XcvK&repoi Kal \apLTrpbrepot rats tpvxcus rQv trap Vflujn \tVKOT&TWV. 1 The Greek has ir\h>6ovs, Lat. laterculos. - The Greek says Aiffioirat a v f f i o v s , Lat. JEthiopas impubes quingentos. In the (jic.ek o rvpavvos tmk licftpvKiiip (Miiller, p. 127, col. 1). Of the

120

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escaped with a few horsemen, and came to the camp of Alexander. Then the guards of Alexander's camp took him and brought him before Ptolemy, the second in the kingdom, Alexander being asleep. Then Ptolemy questioned him, " Who art thou ?" Candaules said," I am the son of queen Candace." He said to him, " What art thou doing here ?" Candaules said, " I and my wife, with a few horsemen, came to the country of the Amazons, as is our wont every year, to perform the mysteries of the gods; this time, however, the chief of the Marnikáyé saw my wife, and came against me with a large troop, and wrested my wife from me, and slew a number of the horsemen that were with me; and now I am come back that I might fetch a number of troops and do battle with him." And when Ptolemy heard this, he arose and went in to the king and awoke him, and related these things which he had heard before him. When Alexander heard this, he rose up early in the morning, and gave his crown to Ptolemy, and arrayed him in his purple robe, and said to him, " Go before me, as if thou wert king, and call me Antógnáyá [Antigonus], the chief of the host." And when they had gone out, Alexander spake before Ptolemy these words which ho had heard. So Ptolemy went forth and looked upon the troops; and the troops thought that it was Alexander, and grief and trouble fell upon their hearts, and they said one to another, " What else pray is this Alexander who is rich in plans meditating?" When Candaules saw this, fear took hold of him, for he thought, " Peradventure they will slay me." And Ptolemy gave orders and questioned Alexander after the manner of kings, saying, " Antigonus, who is this man ?" Antigonus said, "This is Candaules, the son of queen Candace, from whom, while he was journeying along the way, the chief of the Marnikáyfi carried off his wife by force; what, O king, dost thou counsel and command me to do ?" The king said, " I counsel and command thee that thou shouldst take my troops, and go and fight with the Marónikáyé, and deliver his wife from thence. On account of the dignity and wisdom of Candace his mother, thou shalt rescue his wife, and give her back to him." different readings U n a j y k j , 1. pi i loySo, ] . n • jjolo, ^XUiOSO, the second is perhaps the best, and may mean the people of Máró or Merv.

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When Candaules heard this, he was glad. Antigonus said, " Since it is pleasing to thee, O king, I will go and carry out this matter; only do thou give orders that they supply me with troops." X. Then Ptolemy in the guise of Alexander commanded troops to go with Antigonus. Antigonus came to that place while it was yet day, and said to Candaules: " Come, let us hide ourselves on one side until it is the night, for if the Mürikayé see us, they will speedily tell their chief, and he in his anger will slay the woman before the fight, and what joy will there be in our victory when thy wife is dead ? Let us tarry now, and enter the city at night; and we will set fire to it, and in the midst of the crush in the city, they shall bring thy wife to thee, for our fight is not with the country, neither is it for the government of the city, but for the sake of bringing back one woman." When Antigonus had spoken these words, Candaules fell upon his face and made obeisance to him, saying, " How admirable is this wisdom and knowledge of thine, Antigonus! It were right that thou thyself shouldst be Alexander, and not merely the chief of the host." When it was night, they went to the city; and when the people of the city were awakened out of their sleep and asked concerning the cause of the conflagration, Alexander commanded his troops to shout with a loud voice, " It is Candaules the king with his vast army, and he commands you, saying,' Either restore my wife to me, or I will burn your whole city with fire.'" Then the people by reason of their fear went in a great crowd to the palace of their chief, and carried off the woman from his bed, and brought her and gave her to Candaules. Then he made obeisance to Antigonus, and praised his counsel, and thanked him, and they returned together to the camp of Alexander. And Candaules embraced Antigonus, and said to him, " O my lord, trust thyself to me and come with me to my mother that I may give thee gifts." Then Antigonus rejoicing at this speech said to him, " Ask permission for me from the king, for I myself am desirous to come and see the city." Then he sent to the king saying, " Send Antigonus as an ambassador to my mother." Ptolemy called Candaules and said to him, "Do thou, O Candaules, salute thy mother in writing, and receive Antigonus my general

122

HISTORY OF ALEXANDER.

as ambassador, and send him back to me too in health, for he restored thee along with thy wife, and will carry thee to thy mother." And Candaules said, " 0 king, I accept this man from thee on these conditions, as if he were Alexander, and I will send him back to thy kingdom to thee in health with gifts." XI. Then Alexander took with him one division of the army, with cattle and chariots, and went. And as they were marching along the road, they saw a mountain of beryls, which in its height reached the clouds, and it was thickly crowded with lofty trees and fruits, but its trees were not like the trees which are in the country of the Greeks. The apples for example which we saw were as large as the citrons which are in the country of the Greeks; the clusters of grapes were like the clusters of dates in our country; and the nuts were as big as melons. Snakes were coiled round the greater number of the trees, and each of them was as big as a ferret with us; the apes upon the trees were larger than bears with us; and there were a number of animals of different kinds; and the mountains were the caves and paths of ibexes. Then Candaules said to me, " Antigonus, this place is the temple and dwellingplace of the gods, and many times they appear in these spots. Now then, if thou pleasest, when thou art on the way back, offer up a sacrifice to them that they may reveal themselves to thee." When Candaules had said this, we journeyed on and arrived at the royal palace. And when wo drew near, his mother and brethren came to meet us; and when they wished to embrace Candaules, he said to them, " First of all salute the saviour and deliverer of myself and wife, Antigonus, the ambassador of Alexander king of peace." And when he went on to tell them severally of the carrying away of his wife and of the assistance which came from Alexander's army and of the knowledge and wisdom of Antigonus, his mother and brethren embraced and kissed Antigonus, and prepared a great and splendid feast for him, and they ate. XII. On the following day Candace put on the royal apparel, and set the crown upon her head, and was so ornamented that, when Alexander saw her, he thought that he was looking upon Olympias his mother. The whole roof of the house in which she sat was painted with gold, and its walls

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were all set with precious stones and gems, and the cushions which were in the house were all woven with silk and fine gold; the legs of the couches were of magnificent beryls, and the tables in the house were of ivory, and the pillars of the house, their bases and their capitals, were made of precious beryl stones; statues of Corinthian brass stood upon the tops of the pillars, and the pillars were of purple stone, and representations of chariots and of men were engraved upon them; and these carvings were so marvellous that every one who saw them thought that the horses were going to run. Some of the stones •were wrought in the form of elephants, which were standing in battle and holding enemies in their trunks. Statues of all the gods of the nations stood round the whole house, and others were standing on pillars; and the roof of their house appeared from the inside as if all the plane-trees and cedars of the earth were growing there; and there was the representation of a lake round about it, so that the whole house was reflected by the waters that were painted in it. When Antigonus (that is to say Alexander) saw this, he marvelled and wonder laid hold on him. And Candaules entreated his mother that gifts and offerings should be given to this ambassador as befitted the greatness of his knowledge. Then on the following day Candace took Alexander by the hand, and led him into a chamber. The whole chamber was inlaid with white marble like the heavens, and by reason of the splendour of the marble every one who saw it thought that the sun was shining in i t ; and the beams of the roof were of a wood which they call obmion1, which wood no woodworm attacks, neither does it burn in fire. The foundations of the house were not laid upon the ground, but upon square beams which were very thick; and beneath it, at its four corners, were chariot wheels, and elephants were drawing them; and whithersoever the queen went to war, she dwelt in it and lived in it. Then Alexander said to Candace, " 0 queen, all these things would be worthy of admiration, if they were in the country of the Greeks, but here they are not very marvellous, for there are many mountains like these here, in which are to be found beryl stones 1 Perhaps a corruption of the Greek word a/jiiavTos, as the text (Müller, p. 132, col. 1) has the words a/uarrw

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of divers colours and variegated in many ways." Candace answered with indignation and said to him, " Thou hast spoken rightly, Alexander." When Alexander heard that Candace called him by his own name, he was troubled and he turned his face backward. Candace said to him, " Wherefore dost thou turn thy face backwards because I called thee by thy name Alexander ?" Alexander said, " My lady, Antigonus is my name, and Alexander is the king who sent me hither." Candace said, "I know that Alexander is the king, and thou thyself art Alexander, and now I recognise thee from the look of thy picture ;" and straightway she took him by the hand and led him into another chamber, and shewed him the likeness, and said to him, " See if thou canst recognise the face in this painting." When Alexander saw the painting of himself, his mind was perturbed, and he began to gnash his teeth. Candace said to him, " Why art thou troubled, and why dost thou gnash thy teeth at mo, 0 bearer (of the sovereignty) of the Persians and Indians, who hast gained the victory over the Persians, and triumphed over the Parthians ? Without war and without an army bast thou now fallen into the hands of queen Candace. Know then, Alexander, that it is not right for a man to glorify himself in his mind as though all wisdom and knowledge belonged to him alone, for though his wisdom be very great, one may be found who is wiser than he." When Alexander heard this, he stood up in a rage and gnashed his teeth, and Candace spake thus to him: "Why art thou angry ? and for what reason dost thou gnash thy teeth, 0 thou who art so great a king ?" Alexander replied: " I am a wretched man, inasmuch as I have no sword." Candace said to him: "Suppose thou hadst a sword, what wouldst thou be .able to do ?" Alexander said: " If I had a sword, I would either slay thee, that thou mightest no longer be in the world, or I would stab myself, because I of my own freewill have exposed myself to ridicule." Candace said to him: "Thoil hast spoken those words also valiantly and royally; but now weary not thyself, neither let thy mind nor thy will be perturbed, for as thou hast rescued my son and my daughter-in-law, and hast brought them in safety to me, so also will I protect thee from the barbarians, and will send thee away from here under the name of Antigonus. For if the barbarians

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125

should hear that thou art Alexander, they will slay thee, because thou didst slay Porus the king of the Indians, for my daughter-in-law is a daughter of Porus. Henceforward let thy name be called Antigonus, and I will keep this secret." XIII. And when she had spoken these words to him, they both went out; and she called her son and daughter-in-law and said to them, "Son Candaules, and thou too, my daughter Málápsá1, had ye not obtained the help of Alexander's troops, we should never have seen one another, neither you me, nor I you. Now therefore it is right that thou shouldst send this ambassador of Alexander's away from here with honour and glory." Then her other son Kerátór 2 said: "My mother, Alexander has delivered my brother and his wife; but my wife is angry and says,' Alexander slew my father Porus, and I now desire that thou wilt slay this ambassador of Alexander to avenge my father'." Candace said : M y son, what profit wilt thou gain by this, that this ambassador be slain here ? for though thou shouldst slay this ambassador here, Alexander will not be grieved." Candaules said: " I will not allow him to die, because he delivered myself and my wife, and it is right that I should send him away (safe) from hence to Alexander." Then Kérátór said, "If thou send this man away from here, there will be war between thee and me." Candaules said, " I do not desire this; but if thou seekest war, I too am ready." Now Candace was in great trouble and affliction because of this matter, for she thought that peradventure her sons would fight with one another 011 this account, so she called Alexander privily and said to him: " O Alexander, thou hast been on every occasion astute and abundant in knowledge and fertile in expedients and skilled in contrivances; and now art thou able to do nothing to prevent these my sons fighting with one another for thy sake?" Then Alexander answered and said: " Hear ye, Kerátór and Candaules; if ye slay me here, do not imagine that Alexander will be distressed on my account, or that he will sorrow for me, (though it is not right to 1 The Gr. Codex A has ¡uarépaa, the others &fnru Knos, p. 104,1. 1. Knos, Chrestomathia Syr., p. 70.

2

3

This name is spelt , o . i n ra in Knos, Chrestomathia, p. 71. X

4

Twelve thousand, ibid. p. 71,1. 5. 5 According to Jacob of Scrfigh Alexander made his way towards India where he landed after four months. See Knos, p. 71,11.16, 17.

10—2

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A CHRISTIAN LEGEND CONCERNING ALEXANDER.

them, and the king commanded them and said, " Go ye to the shore of the foetid sea, and hammer in stakes that ships may be tied thereto, and prepare everything needful for a force about to cross the sea." And the men went, and came to the shore of the sea. Now Alexander thought within himself, " If it be true as they say, that everyone who comes near the foetid sea dies, it is better that these who are guilty of death should die," and when they had gone, and had arrived at the shore of the sea, they died instantly. And Alexander and his troops were looking at them when they died, for he and his nobles had ridden to see what would happen to them, and they saw that they died the moment that they reached the sea. And king Alexander was afraid and retired, and he knew that it was impossible for them to cross over to the place , where were the ends of the heavens. So the whole camp mounted, and Alexander and his troops went up between the foetid sea and the bright sea to the place where the sun enters the window of heaven; for the sun is the servant of the Lord, and neither by night nor by day does he ccaso from his travelling. The place of his rising is over the sea, and the people who dwell there, when he is about to rise, flee away and hide themselves in the sea, that they be not burnt by his rays; and he passes through the midst of the heavens to the place where he enters the window of heaven; and wherever he passes there are terrible mountains, and those who dwell there have caves hollowed out in the rocks, and as soon as they see the sun passing [over them], men and birds flee away from before him and hide in the caves, for rocks are rent by his blazing heat and fall down, and whether they be men or beasts, as soon as the stones touch them they are consumed. And when the sun enters the window of heaven, he straightway bows down and makes obeisance before God his Creator; and he travels and descends the whole night through the heavens, until at length he finds himself where he rises. And Alexander looked towards the west, and he found a mountain that descends, and its name was " the great Milsas 1 "; and [the troops] descended it and came out upon Mount J£laudisi, 1

")5o£ .m IroV)(Knos, p. 72) "Milsis, a high mountain."

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149

and ate broad there. Then they went down to the source of the Euphrates, and they found that it came forth from a cave; and they came to Haliiras1, where the Tigris goes forth like the stream which turns a mill, and they ate bread in Haliiras. And they departed from thence and went to the river Kallath 2 ; and they ascended the mountain which is called Ramath, where there is a watch-tower. And Alexander and his troops stood upon the top of the mountain and saw the four quarters of the heavens. And Alexander said, " Let us go forth by the way to the north "; and they came to the confines of the north, and entered Armenia and Adarbaijan and Inner Armenia. And they crossed over the country of Turnagios, and BethParcM, and Beth-Tekil, and Beth-Drilbil, and Beth-Katarmen, and Beth-Gebdl, and Beth-Zamrat. Alexander passed through all these places; and he went and passed mount Musas and entered a plain which is Bahi-Lebta, and he went and encamped by the gate of the great mountain. Now there was a road across it by which great merchants entered the inner countries, and by it did Alexander encamp. And he sent heralds of peace on horseback, and they rode about and proclaimed through the whole country: "The king of the Greeks is come to this country, neither slaying, nor burning, nor destroying; let every man dwell in peace. Let three hundred men advanced in years be chosen, and let them enter my presence, says king Alexander, that I may learn what I require, and let every man dwell in peace." When the people of the country heard what the heralds of peace were proclaiming, they were not afraid, and they chose three hundred aged* men, who went into Alexander's presence as soon as he had encamped in the country; and he himself commanded the people not to flee before him. And when the aged men, natives of that land, had come into his presence, he asked them, " Who are ye ? and to whom do ye give tribute ? and what king rules in this land ?" The old men answered and said to the king, " This land belongs to Tftbarlak the king of the Persians4, who is of the race of the 1 2 3 4

-ra . i o \ r n Knos, p. 79,1. 6. See Wright, Chronicle of Joshua the Stylite, p. 57. Knos, Chrestomathia, p. 73. Tubarlika is called by Jacob of Scrftgh " Great King of the territory of

the Persians and of the Am6r&yS" ( ] _ , j q ! d ) ) , Knos, p. 79,1.

150

A CHRISTIAN LEGEND CONCERNING ALEXANDER.

house of Ahshorah1, and to him do we give tribute." Alexander said to them, "How far does this mountain descend in this direction ?" They answered him, " This mountain extends without a break, passing by the sea of Beth-Katraye, and goes on and comes to an end in outer Persia near India; and from this road and upwards the mountain goes to a great river on this side of the sea. And there are narrow paths there which a man is unable to pass through unless he be on horseback. And people who pass through the mountain are unable to do so without bells that ring, for animals come up from the sea and from the rivers and descend from the mountains and crouch in the path, and if men go to pass through it without bells that ring, they perish immediately." Alexander said, " This mountain is higher and more terrible than all the mountains which I have seen." The old men, the natives of the country, said to the king: "Yea, by your majesty, my lord the king, neither we nor our fathers have been able to march one step in it, and men do not ascend it either on that side or on this, for it is the boundary which God has set between us and the nations within it." Alexander said, "Who are the nations within this mountain upon which we are looking ? " The natives of the land said, " They are the Huns." He said to them, " Who are their kings ?" The old men said: " Gog8 and Magog and Nawal the kings of the sons of Japhet; and Gig and Teamron, and Tiyamron, and Beth-Ganili and Yapho'bar, and Shfimardak, and Glusika, and 'Ekshaphar, and Salgaddo, and Nislik, and Amarphil, and Ka'oza, these are the kings of the Huns3." Alexander said, " What is their appearance, and their clothing, and their languages ?" The old men answered and said to the king: " Some of them have blue eyes, and their 1

«-K»3n • > >1 probably means Xerxes, like Akasuerus (for ^"I'liJ'nfc? is a

corruption of B ' T t i T l N i i.e. tJ^l^iJTl, as the name is written in the stele of Sakk&rah, Khshiyarsli). 2 In Knòs (p. 80) this word is spelt 3

The names of the twenty-two kingdoms which were imprisoned within the northern gate by Alexander are, according to the Book of the Bee (ed. Budge, p. 128), as follows:—Gog, Magfig, Nawal, Eshkenaz, Denaphar, PaktayS, Wcl6t&yS, HumnayS, Parzayo, Dakl&yS, Thaubelaye, DarmctayS, Kawkeb&yfe, Dog-men (Cynocepliali), Emderatha, GarmiJo', Cannibals, Therkilye, Alanay6, Ksil6n, DenkuyS, and Saltraye.

DESCRIPTION OF THE HUNS.

151

women have but one breast apiece; and the women fight more than the men, for they wound a man with knives. They hang knives upon their thighs and arms and necks, so that, if one of them should get into a fight, wherever she stretches out her hand she can lay hold of a knife. They wear dressed skins; and they eat the raw flesh of everything which dies of theirs; and they drink the blood of men and of animals1. They do not besiege or fight against cities and fortresses, but they run to the paths and gates of fortresses and cities, and they surround the men who come out to meet them outside. They are swifter than the wind that blows, and ere the rumour of their going forth to battle is heard, they outstrip the whole world; for they are sorcerers, and they run between heaven and earth, and their chariots and swords and spears flash like fearful lightnings. They carry maces in their hands, and each has two or three horses; between fifty and sixty men, and they go before and after him, and the noise of each one's outcry is more terrible than the voice of a lion; for it is the will of God that delivers the nations into each other's hands, and the terror of the Huns is fearful upon all creatures that see them, for they are no lovers of mankind. When they go forth to war, they fetch a pregnant woman, and pile up a fire, and bind her in front of the fire, and cook her child within her, and her belly bursts open and the child comes forth roasted. Then they lay it in a trough and throw water upon its body, and its body melts away in this water; and they take their swords and bows and arrows and spears, and dip them in this water. And to every one whom this water touches, it appears as if there were a hundred thousand horsemen with him; and by the side of every hundred men there seem to stand one hundred thousand bands of demons, for their sorceries are greater than those of all kingdoms. And of this too, my lord, we inform thy majesty," said the old men to Alexander, "The Huns go not forth to spoil except where the anger of God goes up that He may slay the fathers and the children and that the Lord may smite the earth in His anger, for they are fiercer than all the 1

Comedent carnes hominum et bibent sanguinem bestiarum sicut aquam. See Methodius (ed. Brant). Adventus Gog et Magog.

152

A CHRISTIAN LEGEND CONCERNING ALEXANDER.

kings in their wars1." Alexander said to the natives of that country," Have they come forth to spoil in your days ?" The old men answered and said to the king: " May God establish thy kingdom and thy crown, my lord the king! These fortresses which have been overturned in our lands and in the lands of the Romans, have been overthrown by them; by them have these towers been uprooted; when they go forth to spoil, they ravage the land of the Romans and of the Persians, and then they enter their own territory." Alexander said to them, " Who are the nations that live beyond these ?" The old men replied, " Those of Beth-Amardath and the Dog-men; and beyond the Dog-men is the nation of the MSnine; and beyond the nation of the M6nine there are no human beings but only terrible mountains and hills and valleys and plains and horrible caves, in which are serpents and adders and vipers, so that men cannot go thither without being immediately devoured by the serpents, for the lands are waste, and there is nothing there save desolation. Within all these mountains the Paradise of God appears afar off. Now Paradise is neither near heaven nor earth; like a fair and strong city, so it appears between heaven and earth; and the clouds and darkness which surround it are visible afar off, and the horn" of the north wind rests upon it." And Alexander said to them: "How do the four rivers go forth?" The old men replied: " My lord, we will inform thy majesty. God made four rivers to go forth from the Paradise of Eden. Because God knew that men would dare to seize the rivers, and would go by means of them to enter Paradise, He drew the rivers within the earth, and brought them through valleys and mountains and plains, and brought them through a number of mountains, and made them issue forth from the mountains, and there is one which He made to flow from a cave. And He surrounded Paradise with seas and rivers and the Ocean, the foetid sea; and men are unable to draw near to Paradise, neither can they see where the rivers go forth, but they see that they go forth either from the mountains or from the valleys." 1 ^OCTllSo pKt

0 0 1 ^ k k j A I d ^ I s o ) U I j O A j ,_Lo "Each one

of them stands six or seven cubits high." Knos, p. 80,1. 15. 2 It is the point or quarter from which the north wind blows.

BUILDS A DOOR TO SHUT IN GOG AND MAGOG.

153

When Alexander had heard what the old men said, he marvelled greatly at the great sea which surrounded all creation; and Alexander said to his troops, "Do ye desire that we should do something wonderful in this land ?" They said to him, "As thy majesty commands we will do." The king said, " Let us make a gate of brass and close up this breach." His troops said, " As thy majesty commands we will do." And Alexander commanded and fetched three thousand smiths, workers in iron, and three thousand men, workers in brass. And they put down brass and iron, and kneaded it as a man kneads when he works clay. Then they brought it and made a gate, the length of which was twelve cubits and its breadth eight cubits1. And he made a lower threshold from mountain to mountain, the length of which was twelve cubits; and he hammered it into the rocks of the mountains, and it was fixed in with brass and iron. The height of the lower threshold was three cubits. And he made an upper threshold from mountain to mountain, twelve cubits in length; and he hammered it into the rocks of the mountain, and fixed in it two bolts of iron, each bolt being twelve cubits [long]; and the bolts went into the rock two cubits; and he made two bolts of iron from rock to rock behind the gate, and fixed the heads of the bolts into the rocks. He fixed the gate and the bolts, and he placed nails of iron and beat them down one by the other, so that if the Huns came and dug out the rock which was under the threshold of iron, even if footmen were able to pass through, a horse with its rider would be unable to pass, so long as the gate that was hammered down with bolts stood. And he brought and hammered down a lower threshold and hinge for the gate, and he cast therein bolts of iron, and made it swing round on one side like the gates of Shushan the fortress. And the men brought and kneaded iron and brass and covered therewith the gate and its posts one by one, like a man when he moulds clay. And he made a bolt of iron in the rocks, and hammered out an iron key twelve cubits long, and made locks of brass turn therewith. And behold the gate was hung and stood8. 1 See Miiller, p. 143, col. 1, 1. 20; Bar-Hebraei Ckron. Syr. ed. Brans, i. p. 39; and Knos, Chrestomathia Syriaca, p. 87. 9 According to Marco Polo the defile in the mountains where Alexander

154

A CHRISTIAN LEGEND CONCERNING ALEXANDER.

And king Alexander fetched [an engraver] and inscribed upon the gate: "The Huns shall go forth and conquer the countries of the Romans and of the Persians, and shall cast arrows with , and shall return and enter their own land. Also I have written that, at the conclusion of eight hundred and twenty-six years, the Huns shall go forth by the narrow way which goes forth opposite Haloras, whence the Tigris goes forth like the stream which turns a mill, and they shall take captive the nations, and shall cut off the roads, and shall make the earth tremble by their going forth. And again I have written and made known and prophesied that it shall come to pass, at the conclusion of nine hundred and forty years another king, when the world shall come to an end by the command of God the ruler of creation. Created things shall anger God, and sin shall increase, and wrath shall reign1, and the sins of mankind shall mount up and shall cover the heavens, and the Lord will stir up in His anger the kingdoms that lie within this gate; for when the Lord seeks to slay men, he sends men against men, and they destroy one another. And the Lord will gather together the kings and their hosts which are within this mountain, and they shall all be assembled at His bcck, and shall come with their spears and swords, and shall stand behind the gate, and shall look up to the heavens, and shall call upon the name of the Lord, saying, ' 0 Lord, open to us this gate.' And the Lord shall send His sign from heaven and a voice shall call on this gate, and it shall be destroyed and fall at the beck of the Lord, and it shall not be opened by the key which I have made for it. And a troop shall go through this gate which I have made, and a full span shall be worn away from the lower threshold* by the hoofs of the horses which with bailt the Iron Gate extended four leagues. The pass referred to is probably the Pass of Derbend, " apparently the Sarmatic Gates of Ptolemy, and Claustra Caspiorum of Tacitus, known to the Arab geographers as the Gate of Gates but which is still called in Turkish Demir-Kapi or the Iron Gate, and to the ancient Wall that runs from the castle of Derbend along the ridges of Caucasus, called in the East Sadd-i-Iskandar, the Rampart of Alexander," Col. Yule, The Book of Ser Marco Polo the Venetian, I. p. 55, note 3. J Knos, p. 92. s Ibid. p. 95.

PROPHESIES DESTRUCTION OF THE HUNS.

155

their riders shall go forth to destroy the land by the command of the Lord; and a span shall be worn away from the upper threshold by the points of the spears of those that shall run over it and go forth. And when the Huns have gone forth, as God has commanded, the kingdoms of the Huns and the Persians and the Arabs, the twenty-four kingdoms that are written in this book, shall come from the ends of the heavens and shall fall upon one another, and the earth shall melt through the blood and dung of men. Then the kingdom of the Greeks shall move itself, and shall come and take a hammer of iron in its right hand, and a hammer of brass in its left, and the kingdom of Greece shall smite the hammers one upon the other, and as iron which is melted by fire, and as brass which boils in the flame, so shall the power of the kingdoms melt away before the might of the kingdom of the Greeks which is that of the Romans. And the kingdoms of the Huns and of the Persians shall be desolated the one by the other; only a few of them shall escape who shall flee to their country; and what remains of them the kingdom of the Romans shall destroy. And my kingdom, which is called that of the house of Alexander the son of Philip the Macedonian, shall go forth and destroy the earth and the ends of the heavens; and there shall not be found any among the nations and tongues who dwell in the world that shall stand before the kingdom of the Romans. Lo, I Alexander have written and made known [these things] in my own handwriting, and verily I have not lied in what I have written; but perhaps the nations and the world will not believe that what I have written will come to pass; but if ye will not receive my word, receive [that of] Jeremiah the prophet who long ago pointed out that kingdom in his prophecy, and spake thus in his book1, 'Evil shall be opened from the north upon all the inhabitants of the land.1 And behold I have a sign, which is wrought by God: on the rock which is within the gate on the one side, * and as it rises from the rock it is narrow; and on the other side there hangs a sponge full of blood, and the blood descends upon the 1 Jerem. i. 14. The land of the north shall be opened on the day of the end of the world. Knos, p. 92, 1. 2. 2 Some words seem to have been omitted here.

156

A CHRISTIAN LEGEND CONCERNING ALEXANDER.

rock, and the Huns come and smear their heads with it, and return. And this testimony is set there by God that men may see and fear; for as that blood descends from that sponge, so shall the blood of man be shed upon the mountains and the hills." So Alexander and his troops marvelled at the gate which they had made. Then the people of that country went down and said to Tubarlak1 the king of the Persians, " Alexander the son of Philip the Macedonian, the king of the Greeks, is come hither and has made a gate of iron in the face of the Huns; but arise, take thy army, and come and slay him, and take whatever he has." And TilMrlak arose and sent to MSshazbSri, the king of Inner India, and to Bar-Sidak, the king of Kadesh, and to Hilrazdan, the king of Javan; and he sent to Armenia, and to all the countries that were obedient to him, and hired and brought eighty-two8 kings and their armies, one million one hundred and thirty thousand men. And they took counsel together before TuMrlak and before all the kings and their hosts, and decided to come. Now it was the time of summer, and Alexander's whole camp was lying down and at rest. And the king himself had scarcely lain down, when lo, the Lord came to Alexander and found him asleep, and He called him and said to him, "Rise up from there." And the king arose and knelt down and did reverence to the Lord; and the Lord said to him, " Behold, I have magnified thee above all kingdoms, and I have made horns of iron to grow on thy head that thou mayest thrust down the kingdoms of the earth with them: and upon me thou didst rely when thou wentest forth to war and to see the countries. But lo, a multitude of kings and their armies are coming against thee to slay thee; call upon me that I may come to aid thee, for I am the Lord, and I help all those that call upon me." And the Lord departed from Alexander. And the king aroused his troops and said to them, " Behold, the spoilers are coming against us. Let now the watchmen go up to the top of the mountain, and spy and see, for the Lord has appeared to me in this hour." And the watchmen went up and saw the troops and their kings, a host without end. And 1 2

] n I N^aoZ Knos, p. 82, 1. 9. Sixty-two, Knos, p. 83, 1. 3.

VANQUISHES SIXTY-TWO KINGS.

157

they ran and said to the king, " 0 king, we perish; but God, who knows their number, will slay them." And king Alexander straightway commanded the army to be numbered, [to see] how many were dead and how many were alive. And the camp was numbered, and there were found therein three hundred and sixteen thousand, and four thousand had died; for when they went forth from Alexandria, there were three hundred and twenty thousand men. And Alexander commanded every man of his troops over whom he had power, saying, " Let every man who is here offer an incense offering upon sherds or upon stones to the Lord, for the Lord will surely come to our assistance, and He will come and find the odour of the camp pleasant with the incense of spices." Then Alexander took his crown and his purple robes and laid them before the Lord, and said, " Thou, O Lord, hast power over my life and my kingdom, and to thee belongs dominion. Do thou deliver thy servant and his camp from his enemies." And while Alexander was praying, the kings and their armies surrounded them. And Alexander answered and said, "Victory is the Lord's"; and the camp cried out and said, " 0 God, come to our aid." And Alexander said, " 0 Lord, who didst appear to me in this land, help us." Then the Lord appeared, coming upon the chariot of the Seraphim, and the watchers and the angels came before Him with praises. And He led His host upon the camp of Alexander, and the Lord appeared standing on the west. And the whole of Alexander's camp looked towards the Lord, and the Lord became a helper to the camp, and the people were strengthened, for the Lord had come for their deliverance. Then a terrible fight arose, the people crying out, "This battle is the Lord's, who has come down and stood in it." And the Lord again appeared to Alexander and said to him, " Fear neither the kings nor their troops, for behold I am with thee." And the voice of the Lord went along thundering among them, until the kings and their armies trembled before the camp of God. And Alexander and his troops slew sixty kings and their hosts, and those that fled, fled, and those that were scattered, were scattered; and he took Tubarlak the king of Persia, but slew him not. Then Alexander and his troops stood up, and Ttibarlak the king of Persia, being bound1, and the nobles of all Persia; and 1

Knos, p. 86,1. 4.

158

A CHRISTIAN LEGEND CONCERNING ALEXANDER.

TuMrl&k brought forth gold and silver and beryls and pearls and precious stones of sapphire, and gave them to king Alexander. And Alexander subdued all Persia upon the sea of Darkness. And ho was going to slay Tubarlak; and Tubarlak said to him, " What wilt thou gain, if thou slayest me ? Take the gold that I have, and I will pledge Persia to thee that she shall give thee tribute fifteen years; and then, after the fifteen years, Babylon and Assyria shall be " And Tubarlak and Alexander sat down, and took counsel together and said that six thousand men of the Romans, and six thousand men of the Persians, should go and guard that gate of iron and brass which is in the north, and that every man should eat and drink at the expense of the king who sent him. And Tubarlak the king of Persia brought sorcerers and enchanters, and the signs of the zodiac, and fire and water, and all his gods, and made divination by them; and they told him that at the final consummation of the world the kingdom of the Romans would go forth and subdue all the kings of the earth; and that whatever king was found in Persia would be slain, and that Babylon and Assyria would be laid waste by the command of God. Thus did king Tub&rlak make divination, and he gave [it] in his own handwriting to king Alexander. And he put down in writing with Alexander what should befall Persia, that the king and his nobles prophesied that Persia should be laid waste by the hand of the Romans, and all the kingdoms be laid waste, but that that power should stand and rule to the end of time, and should deUver the kingdom of the earth to the Messiah who is to come. And Alexander and his troops arose and went forth from Persia, and they went up by the wilderness, and he came and encamped ia the mount of the Romans. And Alexander brought the smiths whom he had fetched from Egypt, and gave them Beth DSma and BSth-Doshar to cultivate and live in, and they were not to give tribute to the king. And Alexander went up and worshipped in Jerusalem, and put ships to sea and went to Alexandria, and when he died, he gave his royal throne of silver to be in Jerusalem. Here ends the history of the Achievements and Wars of Alexander the son of Philip, the king of the Greeks.

A BRIEF LIFE OF ALEXANDER. The Life, or history, in brief terms, of Alexander, king of the Macedonians1. King Alexander was the son by adultery of Nectanebus, the last king of Egypt, and of Olympias, the wife of Philip, king of the Macedonians. According to the deception by which his father deceived his mother when he committed adultery with her, the son was attributed to Ammon, the god of Thebes, who was the forefather of all the Egyptian kings. This [youth] was victorious in many contests before he became king, and also in divers wars against hostile nations, who were constantly rebelling against Philip and against the Macedonians. He became king over the Macedonians after Philip, when he was twenty years old. First of all he persuaded all the nations of the Greeks and their kings and chiefs to receive him as king, and that he should reign over them. As he subdued many of them merely by words, he was only compelled to reduce some few by arms and war. Afterwards, however, when he went to Italy and entered Rome, being received with great honours and with crowns by the inhabitants of Rome, he subdued for them the Africans, who were in rebellion against them. When he had come from thence to Egypt, and had recognised the statue and. image of his father, and learned the augury about Nectanebus, and made known to the Egyptians concerning himself and concerning his descent from their king, he persuaded them to be subject to him. And when he had come from thence to the regions of Palestine and Judaea and Phoenicia and Syria and Arabia, and had subdued and conquered them, he made war with Darius, the king of the Persians, in Cilicia, who at that time was master of these countries. And when he had overcome him, he subdued 1

Translated from the Syriac text in Prof. P. de Lagarde's Analecta

pp. 205-208.

Syriaca,

160

LIFE OF ALEXANDER.

the countries which were under him, I mean Cilicia and Cappadocia and Galatia and Asia and all the earth as far as Pontus. And he immediately spread with a sudden onslaught over all the territory of the Persians, and fought a second battle with King Darius and overcame him. And when Darius had been slain by treachery by enemies who were under his rule, he punished those who had slain him; and either by kindness or by force he brought all the nations that were subject to the kingdom of the Persians to be subject to him. And ho took Roxana, the daughter of King Darius, to wife. When he had set out from thence to the northern regions, and had gone to Media, and from thence to the gates of Kaspia, and had passed through all the countries of the Scythian nations that were in the north, he made a sudden onslaught with the Macedonians and Persians upon Porus the king of the Indians. When Porus had gathered together a large army against him, in the first battle he was overcome and subdued by him. In the second battle however, after Porus had rebelled against him, when he fought in single combat with Alexander, he was conquered by him and slain. Afterwards, when Alexander had sot out from thence he went to the country of the Brahmans, the naked sages. And when he had discussed many things with them, he departed from thence, going round about all the territories of the Indians. And he saw divers placcs, and terrible and destructive beasts and deadly reptiles; and he passed through numerous and divers nations of barbarians, and underwent many toils. After these things he went also to the king of the SinayS (Chinese): and from thence he went against all the northern nations. He also 1 passed by the Serici who [live] in And when they had received him and become subject to him, he built a city there and named it Samirkir (Samarkand). From thence he came to the country of the Soghdians, and there too he built a city and named it Kush. From thence likewise he came to Merg (Merv), and there too he built a city and called its name Margianos. After all these things, when he had returned to the land of the Persians, he went from thence to see the kingdom of the country of Sheba, over which a woman reigned whose name was Candace. And when he had gone and had been received nobly, he 1

hrr\i-)

161

LIST OF CITIES FOUNDED BY HIM.

approached also from thonce to the realm of the Amazon women. And when he had accepted many gifts from them, he returned to the city of Babylon in the land of the Chaldeans. While he was there, Cassander, the son of Antipater, one of his generals, arrived from Macedonia, and administered a deadly poison to him while drinking, and killed him. All the days of his life were thirty-two years and seven months, and of these he reigned twelve years and seven months. He built thirteen cities and named them after his own name. The first, Alexandria Bucephalus; the second Alexandria the fortified; the third Alexandria which is in the land of the Persians; the fourth that which is in the country of king Porus; the fifth that which is in the land of GA.lik6s; the sixth, that which is in the land of the Scythians; the seventh, that which is upon the shore of the great sea; the eighth, that which is near Babylon; the ninth, Alexandria which is in the land of Serici, which is called Samirkir (Samarkand); the tenth, Alexandria which is in the land of the Soghdians, which is called Kush and Babel; the eleventh, Alexandria which is called Margianos (Merv); the twelfth, that which is upon the bank of the rivers 011 the road to the Indians; the thirteenth, the great Alexandria which is in Egypt. Now when he was about to die in Babylon, he made a testament and commanded and distributed his dominions among twelve of his servants. He gave to Kartados (Craterus) Macedonia; to Ptolemy all Egypt; and to Priscus (Perdiccas) Asia. Ho appointed Lysimachus over Thrace; Doran over the Hellespont; Antigonus over Pamphylia and Lycia; Andreas over Great Phrygia; Piros over Cilicia: Python and his wife over Syria and as far as Mesopotamia; Adoinnos (Eumenes) over Paphlagonia and Cappadocia; and Seleucus over Babylon. He commanded that Manpath (Meleager) should rule over Phoenicia and Coelesyria; and he made his wife Roxane mistress over all the country of the Assyrians and Media and Parthia, and he commanded that she should be given in marriage to Priscus (Perdiccas). And after he was dead, his captains brought his body to the great Alexandria which is in Egypt, as they had been commanded by him, and they buried him there. B. A.

11

P-CG A DISCOURSE COMPOSED BY MÂR JACOB1 UPON ALEXANDER, THE BELIEVING KING, AND UPON THE GATE WHICH HE MADE AGAINST ÀGÔG AND MÂGÔG*. 5 Through Thee, O splendour of the Father, I begin to speak, By Whose victory the righteous have been victorious in their wars3. In love, 0 Lord, give me speech from Thy doctrine4, That the speech of wonder may run among the listeners®. 1 I.e., Jacob of Scrûgli. He was born at Kurtam, a village on the river Euphrates, in the year 451, and he died at Batnûn, the chief town of SBrûgh, on the 29th of November 521, aged seventy years. l 1 _}So

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45 And after he had subdued Macedonia which had rebelled 1 against him, He went down and dwelt* in the chief town of all 3 Egypt, And he bound on the crown, and he became greater and stronger 4 than all kings. When the question went forth from him to the chiefs5, They said to him, " Master, the terrible seas which surround 6 the world 50 Will not allow7 thee to go over and see the land." The king marvelled at what he had heard from his subjects (lit. dominion), And he began to speak to his hosts like 8 a wise man. The king said, "Have ye been and seen the seas9 Which, according to what ye say, surround the whole earth?" 55 They say to him, "Master, within these terrible seas Is the foetid sea, which, of a truth, is full of quaking. And unless men decree death to their lives with great wrath They never come to the foetid sea." The king said, " L e t us go and see if, of a truth 10 , CO The terrible seas and the foetid sea [are] as we have heard." p. 70 They say to him, " Master, thy wisdom hath well commanded; Let us gather together" the hosts and go and see the countries." The command went forth 18 from the king speedily, And he assembled13 straightway the hosts in great multitude. 65 He gathered together" riders, and captains of thousands, and lofty seats, And ready soldiers, and mighty men14 dressed in armour, 2

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174

DISCOURSE OF JACOB OF SERtiGH.

Finally ho came to a fountain in which was the water of life, And he drew near to wash the fish in the water, and it came to life and escaped. The faulty one feared lest the king would require at his hand That he should return to him the fish which came to life without impediment1, 190 And he leaped down into the water to catch" it, but he was not able. And he went up from the fountain to tell 3 the king that he had found the [fountain of life]. He cried out 4 and they heard him not, he went to the mountain and then they heard him5. Then the king rejoiced that he had heard of the fountain, And he went back to bathe in it as he had asked. 195 He went to the mountain in the darkness but he did not stand upon it, P- 78 And it was not granted to him by the Lord that he should live [for ever], And he was grieved about this even unto death6. » Add. 14024 U-2U?

jrAiO M^Aj lisQ^J? ]A .

2

Add. 14C24 ^ £ 0 ) 0 ^

3

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vjCtiojI^ ctiX loan l ^ i b po

p

.ooai ^ o i n sVi • p

.^.0 looi 6

Add. 14624 Vj J Ajl^fSd

oiX ¿001 Lt-po

•>

¡vrn ]]j .1)01

U ¿001 A j ^ O

i sr^"U^nuj looi .»»n»")

CTLiAi, -mnCT. \ . Pi ^

>CDo3|)

mn\]3

175

ALEXANDER'S GRIEF.

And when the old man saw that he was afflicted with grief, [he said], " The Lord hath not turned His face away from thee, 0 king." 200 The old man said, " Let us turn our beasts and let us go forth from here; For the Lord docs not wish thee to bathe in the fountain' and live for ever." They turned2 the beasts and they whipped them and they went out to their young ones. The king turned being grieved that he had not accomplished the matter. And the nobles came and comforted him by reason of [his] grief [saying]3, 205 " Master, be not afflicted on account of this, and let it not be grievous unto thee. Look, master, and observe the early and middle generations, That to each one of them has come its end and it has passed away and gone." And Alexander in his wisdom began to ask questions, [saying,] " What are these nations who are beyond you ? 210 Has any king obtained4 sovereignty in this land 5 ?" .n . \LL]i

IZQSQX •

•°

\r ol

Uo

1

Bead 11 i S«">

2

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U o i o l fcsOA

•;• looi uojZASo Ui-i'r^ lAJluAso

1

IJCTI

po

¿i^LL 3

ADD. 1 4 6 2 4 I P G L L ; ^

^SO L^ICOO ADD. 1 4 6 2 4 ^ J O - »

5

ADD. 1 4 6 2 4 ADDS . ^ Q H L S O

p

h\vA

loCTl

OJ_^CDO ODJJD ^ O J I I O

4

. o i l -> ^SO

>

U-»]O

V . » N ^ A X ^ Z UO U ^ C U

V^LO^

^ ¿ O

LA^SO

»OAJ

01^

170

p. 79

215

220

225

DISCOURSE OF JACOB OK SJCKUGH.

The wise men 1 looked upon this king full of wisdom [and saw] How joyful he was at the advice of the old men and nobles of the country. The old men say, " This is the dominion of Tubarlika 8 The great king of the house of the Persians and of the Amorayel Within it are the peoples of the house of Japhet and of the house of Magog, A cunning nation, a flayed nation, an uprooted nation4." The king said, "Have we a mountain from here onwards 5 ?" The old men say, " As far as the river Kallath" and [as far as] Haloris7 [are] Fearful, savage and lofty mountains with great terror, And beyond them terrible mountains, a great boundary" Which God hath set between us and them from all eternity." The old men say, " I t is altogether a difficult land In which there are dragons and wild beasts and serpents9, And unless men pass the sentence of death upon their lives They are not able to dwell with dragons and snakes10."

i Beading witli Add. 11624

Uk5

jjTLO

Oj_m

2 Add. 14024 . n ^ j a o Z j 3

Add. 14204

}: •

U-^r2? jALO

Beading with Add. 14024

6 Add. 14624 6

7

4

See Wright, Chronicle

A-.] ]5o4 fc-.]]

of Joshua the Stylite,

p. 56.

Add. 14024 «EOOJQ^Cn^O Haloros or Haloris is a place near the source

of the Tigris, a journey of two days and a half from Amid (Diarbckir) ¿J See ^ ¡ ¡ 1 s Add. 14624 reads 8

ed. Jujnboll, t. iii. p. l o p ^ Q ^JQ^ vOCTLliD Q-^^O

u Heading with Add. 14624 ]ZoQ_k.O "jloj-K. ^ 0 0 )j_LjZ jo J" Heading with Add. 14624 UocLwO

J>Qi ^ ¿ D i

]]

DESCRIPTION OF THE PEOPLES OF GOG AN]) MAGOG.

p. 80 230

235

240

245

177

Then the great king Alexander answered In his wisdom, "How can we pass through1 the mountains?" He commanded and they brought armour2, and he made every beast to carry [some of it]. The horses rattled the bells and the armour, and they passed through the land3. The old men say, " Look4, my lord the king, and see a wonder, This mountain which God has set as a great boundary." King Alexander the son of Philip said, " How far is the extent of this mountain5 ?" The old men say, " Beyond India it extends in its appearance." The king said,."How far does this side coine?" The old men say, " U n t o all the ends of the earth." And wonder seized the great king at the counsel0 of the old men, And he began to ask questions to learn more about everything. The king said, " Who are these kings And the terrible peoples which are beyond this mountain ?" The old men say, " Listen 7 , 0 Master and king; and we will tell thee. Behold, the family of Agog and the family of Magog are beyond us, Terrible of aspect, hateful of form, of all heights, The stature of each one of them is from six to seven cubits; Their noses are flat" and their foreheads hateful. ' Add. 14G24

—.CT1Q-.; »"1S1 ^ > 1 ?

Vfion A ^ O OOlX 3

« Bead ljL>1

Add. 14024 reads CTlSnO « O D ^ J O—> i ¿> CTl\ »

giA-.; »V) j r o • - r,ir, on •:•

,-2010 1}. s ^ o i \ n n ^QSO 4

Bead U i O * K. A.

* Add. 14C24

]oCTI

nVo

.]jUjO ]£lflJO

Add. 14624 ¿ O a j

] j a i "|5q_£j CTllOQjjZ Vftib 7

I001

.}j_i

JlVlS 8

Add. 14624 ] s l . ] J

« Add. 14624 .»P

3

Add. 14624 ¡¿ojjj

^JL-Ji^D ¡¿J

the order of this and the following line is inverted. 6

Add. 14624 o j ^ l j IVi'm*"»

1 Add. 14624 reads O • yOO . u p 2>QJJ]0 "(¿JQ-1XQO

iOOnj ol 5

In Knos

Read

5Aoo .]_»oAoZjC> CTl^D

^EO^QJ J j j i "|ai jd^DO 1

ALEXANDER DEFEATS TC'BARLAK AND HIS ALLIES.

p. 85 315

320

325

330 p. 86

335

181

For behold Tubarliki the king of Persia has gathered to himself a host, And has also hired sixty-two other kings, And behold they are all gathered together like one man with their hosts, That they may come against us and wipe out our name and our kingdom. Stand up then to war like men and warriors, And receive triumph and a fair renown for evermore." He made ready and furnished the hosts, the children of Hum' With armour and breastplates that they might not be terrorstricken in the fight. The wise king encouraged his hosts That they should neither be terror-stricken nor moved by the enemies' hosts, [saying,] " I have hope in God, Whom I serve, That He will make us victorious and triumphant in [our] wars with them2." When Alexander had finished speaking And encouraging his hosts for the battle, His hosts stood up and put on [their] armour and breastplates, And were ready to fight like 3 men. Then the king4 of Persia looked from5 the top of the mountain, And these sixty-two kings with their hosts Descended and came against the camp of Alexander, And he made there a great slaughter among their ranks, And the believing king Alexander prevailed, And slew sixty-two kings and a multitude of the host, Tubarliki the king of Persia he captured alive, And he fettered him with heavy iron fetters and bound him prisoner near to him. .¡..•O , n \ ; n o Z Ions l ^ n i JXLDO The passage in Knos is utterly 1

corrupt. The Paris JUS. has }(T) i jj-O Greeks. See Wright, Chronicle

of Joshua

the Slylite,

- Add. 14G24 adds 01£3 ^ \ »V)3; JjCTI |ra ; :i

Reading >«1 with Add. 14621.

Read

I.e., the Byzantine

p. 1. ^Vnv io)jbo s Add. MR24 Add. 11024 ^OOQJ

5

Bead vJiQnj^JJ

.lL_wj

Add. 11G21 ^jojjxd

• Add. 11024 fcc] ^-.j'Zo ^-.ym S Uoj^u-..?

»nvn

ALEXANDER BUILDS A GATE OF BRASS AND IRON.

183

Thoy made it of great height (i. e. thickness) and breadth, four cubits1, 355 Its length and extent [was] twelve cubits of a strong man. On each side of the mountain he sunk the head of the threshold, On both sides two cubits of a strong man3. He made a lintel (lit. threshold) over the door over all the And sunk it in the mountains 011 both sides for the whole [width of the] door3. 300 He made [it] six cubits wide and six cubits high with skill, Of iron and brass, a marvellous work, the like of which there is not. The hosts erected and fixed the door there In all the threshold, above and below4, as in clay (sic). p. 88 He put bolts into5 the threshold and into" the door, 3G5 And sunk them in so that no man knew where they fitted together. For all the lintel7 over the door against the wind The king made strong posts" of brass and iron. On this side of these he made bolts of great strength, Twelve cubits was its length and two cubits its breadth, 1

Reading with Add. 14624 ,-ISd] ^Oj'l

•coaaj l i a ^ j

I0A30 ]iC05CTl^OpCL^

^ s d l ^ r n ^ o ¡mso ^ ¿ s L ctujASdo l i ^ n ^ s ^ZiZ ]Scl

2

"iAaaaroi

Add. 14024 adds Walk) fcVo ,£11 ]iCOI

t£>1

olk>Z\LOO ¡.m^o ^LiL

I0A2 c n f o i 3

4

Add. 14624 AjjA^JO

7

Add. 14624

,-io

Add. 14624 omits this line.

* Add. 24624 V»jo5 • »

0 s

Add. 14624 ^nDO

i c . lAan^rnl

» Reading with Add. 14624 ]oCTl jCH l o i IJCTIAG ILDQIO j x i l ,-jAai

U^-m? ]Vl'i D l^X

184

DISCOURSE OF JACOB OF SKROGH.

370 A cubit and a half was the thickness' of the bolt with cunning work, And it held fast the wood (posts)2 and the bolts and the door and the two sides of the mountain that they might not bo unloosed". The king fixed (lit. threw) doors and beams and bolts in the two sides of the mountain, And another bolt of brass and iron, in his wisdom. He fixed (lit. threw) the door, and wonder and quietness and rest and silence 375 [Came] over the peoples of the house of Magog who had not perceived the building. King Alexander made haste and made the door Against the north, and against the spoilers and the children of Magog. In the sixth month he finished the building of the whole door. And the king and all his army marvelled and their hearts re1>. 89 joiced, 380 That the whole work of the royal building had been built, A work of which wisdom and intelligence had laid [the foundations]. Ambassadors went forth into the countries and lands and proclaimed The great work of the terrible door which the king had made4. After these things the king, the son of Philip said, 385 " It is meet that we make a great feast to the Lord5 in this land, For He caine to help us and destroyed our enemies, And He has helped6 us and straightway completed this building. i Bead

CTISOL

2 Add. 14624

U>>2.o Uooio laiAks ]]o li'a^o y (aJAis corrupt.

h\V)

»-O ]loaSoo

a Add. 14624 reads > ^¿a

|1 > > >> and omits the two lines which come after

in Knos which I have translated here, but which seem to be J Lines 37:i—3N2 are omitted by Add. 14024.

•"' Heading with Add. 14024 U j V A

« Head >A

ALEXANDER'S FEAST.

390

395

p. 90 400

405

AN ANGEL APPEAHS TO HIM.

185

It is He that hath restrained and silenced the children of Magog That they shall not go forth through this pass during the whole length of the time." The king said, " Let us take incense, and let all the people Burn it here for a sweet smell to the Lord among their assemblies." The king and the nobles and the hosts that were with him Carried fire and sweet incense upon stones and sherds, They burnt pure incense among the ranks and the thousands and the assemblies, On the new festival upon which was built the great work. The king said, "If the Lord come into our camp, And find it of sweet odour, peradventure He will dwell therein." And after [they had burnt] incense king Alexander commanded That all the people of the palace should rejoice and be glad. The king set in order rich foods for all his hosts 1 And gave to the captains of thousands that they 1 might The king commanded that there should bo set forth meat for the assembly of his hosts, And that they should make glad at the table according to their ranks. He made a feast for the old men and the nobles and the captains of thousands, And they made glad at the table in a loving manner. The king rejoiced in that building full of cunning works, Because he had become triumphant through the victory which God had given him.

And having thus rejoiced at the table, At midday, at the time of noon, the king rested, 410 On a couch (?) of gold, in perfect love and belief. Then the Lord answered him in a vision, with great wonder, And He sent a watcher of fire to him® beyond all expectation. The king saw that fiery being in a dream, and feared, 1

The words )To » unci jO WV>J> do not make good sense here.

-' Bead »-»CXIOjj^

DISCOURSE OF JACOB OF SERUGII.

186

p. 91 And he spake with him all hidden and terrible things. 415 The watcher said, "The Lord sent me that I might come to thee, And inform thee what it is meet for thee to do with Tubarliki. Rise up and make peace with Tubarliki, the king of Persia, And take away from him the land of Egypt1 and the land of Jabus. Take from him the land of Palestine1 and the Hebrews' country 420 And the whole land of Syria and Mesopotamia. Take from him Phoenicia and Cilicia, Cappadocia, Galatia and Phrygia, Also Asia and the territory of the Greeks and Seleucia, Take his dominion until thou comest to Kalkidia, 425 Take his dominion and set the river Kallath as a boundary for yourselves3. And let not one of you pass over the boundary which ye set for him." The Lord spake by the hand of the angel, [saying] "I will magnify thee More than all the kings and governors in all the world, p. 92 This great gate which thou hast made4 in this land 430 Shall be closed until the end of times cometh. Jeremiah5 also prophesied concerning it and the earth hath heard, ' The gate of the north shall be opened on the day of the end of the world, And on that day shall evil go forth on the wicked. 1 3

2

Read ,->3 ^O?

Read

Add. 1-1024 has as the equivalent of lines 388—421 lZ"|o ]*~l\V) ]001 ylDi

ctl^ A. -> ]voojw>Z ^n»m locruj a i ^ i a o S ¿ ¿ i i J 1, i N n O o X ZLi^DJO

CnjlDf^

]vn\n .

¡sOjXD | A O i m ° l ' 1

]]? U q X a j j o )ViVis

• «-»¿i lijXDO "j^ V)q 2

ASa-i_ol>

.] • m

Add. 14624

& IZOJZUo '.'• ]j01 l i J A a

» After this lino Add. 14624 (fol. 30 a. 2) adds ^ . . « t u l D 1 : teUso ^io

.^JOI IL-jjo I ^ U j o

looi ^Vi» 1Kb

v

. ^.oi

ojAaAj l ^ o j o u ^ l

Lq2£),£>

.UsJ l l - v j ^ 3

.JCQj.imn.^

iV) Uj ti-Lw? ) •

aruio

THE EVILS WROUGHT BY GOO AND MAGOG.

510

p. 97 515

520

191

Concerning that day Isaiah 1 cried and the earth heard, ' They shall not be eager for2 gold and silver and pearls, Nor riches'' nor fine raiment nor possessions. They shall dash weaned children on the stones without sparing, And they shall rip up women with child and cast them down with their offspring.' The rivers of the whole world shall be accounted nothing by them, And rough mountains and valleys and gorges shall not restrain them. They shall rise up and go forth and fill the earth with their assemblies, and with War and captivity and strife and blood and great slaughter. When the anger of the Lord waxes hot against the wicked, He will send over the earth the people of Agog and the people of Magog. Before the end of the world shall they go forth to destroy, The earth will bo drunk with the tumult of men and the mountains shall tremble. He4 will come to Persia and will strip it and destroy it, •|jai

] n V f ) v nng|i U s - * ^ ? ^

-k»

•;• ]_iuj]o Ijl2> v cl»o,j

fcjAs

i^oi ^ooauo

I&OJ ^JACTUD ."jAj-^3 ¿^LL

• »no

^asuo

• . no

.^lil AsV)»o 11 s CTl^TJJ

14624 v » n

lAannml

IZcfLiioZo |£i ¿o k^lia^o

.^ocru^jV^D ]3otido j i V n y - »• < IJQA

Aj.SJO -vj^-yjl • •

• jjO ] i 3 l

ll-yjp'O

v CTL^d I^OXLO U-'l

Un\'.' m U j ] ]

K 9 t o i obi ^

l^Q

Add.

4

I. e. the nation of Agog and Magog.

» Read

. ^ ••VD l^Yin ^ocru-^w S>ai

,-SO ¿ L l OlASOOU ]o>>

2

v

1

Isaiah xiii.

1 >2.012

17, 18.

192

DISCOURSE OF JACOB OF SEKUGIJ.

He Ho He 525 He

will come to India and will cut it in pieces and destroy it, will overthrow Syria and pass over and terrify it, will destroy and lay waste and overthrow Cilicia, will make an end of Cappadocia and will slay [the people thereof] with terror. And tremblings shall fall upon countries and upon their inhabitants, And the earth shall be a desolation and a captivity and a whistling. They shall cover1 the earth with arms and spears and polished swords2, And kings and governors shall not be able to stand before 530 Those who from God have received power over creation. The voice of each one of them is stronger than that of a lion, p. 98 And one shall pursue a thousand, and two of them ten thousand. Hateful and terrible, cruel and bitter and warlike [are] The hosts of the children of Ag6g and of the people of Magog3, 535 Tumultuous, evil, sinful, excitable, proud, unclean, Filthy, haughty and full of woe and great judgment. They rend and devour the flesh of men and of beasts, They all wash in blood which has flowed from mankind 4 ." And when all these things had been spoken by the angel 540 To the wise king Alexander, the son of Philip, The angel5, in the spirit of the revelation of prophecy, told him To write down these things and teach the world that these things would happen. And when all these things had been said by the angel, The Spirit of the Lord rested upon" the king as upon Jeremiah, i Bead

v

2

i VyOO

Add. 14624 adds "jAji-OO J f » ll-yjOJO 3

4

mVnv

jvnVv \ijjo V

bVn

After this line Add. 14021 reads

OlX fio)

v

Add. 141)24 omits this line.

siol - ¡ S o

- An ]tr> i j ]. . Q \ .¿DojjJ-COnlL

i ] ^ a o A a j j . I Z a » n i? ] V • \ ^ o o o ^ o

^-»OCTIJ

¿5•»

3

Read with Add. 14624

THE DESTRUCTION WROUGHT BY GOO AND MAGOG.

590

595

600 p. 102

G05

195

And great woe [shall be] upon those who are with child and those who give suck, And mourning and pain upon young men and maidens, Weeping for the children being slain through the cutting off of hope, And for the youths also being cut off by the baleful ones. The heavens and the earth will put on pain1 and sadness, And the assemblies of celestial beings will be astonished in those days2. Quaking will fall upon the living and the dead at that time, Through the slaughter and blood of the children of Magog before the end. A renowned people will stir up strife in the lands, And cast tumult among cities and towns, An ugly people, a people flayed and uprooted 3 and full of blemishes, Of the children of Agog and of the house of Magog with their fellows. In abundance will they come to Palestine madly, They will uproot and destroy its cities and slay [its] people. The race of men, nation after nation, will roar and cry out4, Joy and gladness shall cease and woe will reign, Weeping and spoiling and wickedness and all sadness shall increase. They will uproot walls and towers and streets and towns, And they shall become mounds, and stupor shall fall upon all creation. Come, 0 Jeremiah, the prophet of the Spirit and of revelation, And take up bitter cries of lamentation concerning that day. The prophet says, 'Woe to thee, 0 land, for a mighty nation Is sent against thee ; with arms and . captivity shall he destroy thy children5.' 1

Add. 14624

' Read 1; t O S O

6

V n

Jeremiah v. 15—17.

2

Read 1&Q_>

4

Add. 14624 adds

Add. 14624 reads l l i l *-i

v

» N&J3&Q0

wjO !»••"> 1 }Spl

13—2

DISCOURSE OF JACOB OF SËUÛGII.

19G

610 The prophet says, 'Thus shall all creation be For a great astonishment and for a treading down, for slaughter and disgrace. All creation shall kneel and fall down before that nation And the earth shall be destroyed of its inhabitants with great slaughter. The priests and their flocks shall seize a place of respite 615 And take up tears and lamentation bitterly1. Flocks and herds and cows and oxen shall dwell in mourning.' p. 103 The prophet says ' Woe to thee, 0 earth, what is this nation Harsh of speech which slays and destroys without sparing ? The keepers of vineyards shall weep over the vineyards® through sorrow, 620 And all the dwellings of the shepherds shall dwell in mourning.' The earth shall say, ' Woe is me, for I have seen all revolutions With evil quakings and disturbed horrible things full of misery.' For to them will the Lord cry in anger at the end of times8, And as with a broom will the Lord sweep and purge it, 625 And He will overturn it and rend it and destroy it. Gloomy and sorry and full of darkness shall be the days and months, Before the coming of the sinful people of the children of Mâgôg. In these days the living will ascribe happiness to the dead, By reason of the disturbance and quaking and slaughter and blood. 630 They shall not, however, enter into Jerusalem, the city of the Lord. ^JXJ

I^Î-MO U - . f û

.jjAjtSo . . n . \ s

laiSoA^ U51 chXan ¿oai U s a i 1

Add. 14624 reads 1 »ffîO»» A « p O U j ' l ^ O

.¡_®0 ISO'P ^

.CTiXd IVlNs? l^O'P ] ¿î_k».£2 U'U

197

THE APPROACHING END OF THE WORLD.

p. 104 035

640

645

For the sign (ie., the Cross) of the Lord shall drive them away from it, and they shall not enter it. All the saints shall fly away from them to mount Sanir 1 , All faithful true ones and the good and all the wise, They shall not be able to approach mount Sinai, for it is the dwelling place of the Lord, Nor to the high mountains of Sinai" with their shame3. By Jerusalem shall fall by the sword the hosts Of the children of Agdg and of the house of Magog with great slaughter. After these things shall the days full of trouble decrease4, And evil shall come and stand in the world with great trembling. And the earth shall be drunk with the blood and slaughter of their ranks, For the sword of a man shall fall upon his fellow with great amazement. And if it were possible for the mountains and the earth and the stones And the sea and the dry land to weep, they would weep for the whole world. 0 how much more bitter than the slaughter of the sword and the blood of the spear, Is the affliction of the cursed children of the great family of Japhet! For 5 they shall lead away captive and subdue the earth and all people. 2

* Add. 14624 u . 1 » CO • - < ' fft; ]iO)

Reading with Add. 14624 li'o&X |k>l

3 . 105 And after these things the earth shall be desolated of mankind, Villages shall be destroyed and all towns and cities ; The scattered ones only remain in the earth as a remnant. Then shall Antichrist rise upon the whole earth, 655 Through that gate shall go forth and come that rebel ; That lying one shall Christ overthrow as is promised2. There shall stand up before him demons and spirits and wicked devils, And they shall gather together all creation to their cursed master. The earth shall cry out, ' I entreat Thee, 0 Lord, in Thy mercy to spare me, 660 For, behold, I am sick and persecuted with all wounds.' These things which I have spoken shall come to pass before the end of the world, And let him that hath an ear of love listen to them." These beautiful things did king Alexander interpret, That they should all take place before that day at the end. 665 " And after these things the heavens and the earth will put on pain®, And times and days and months in their courses will cease, p. 106 And will not again return to the earth from whence they came. When the assemblies of the thousands of the children of Àgóg and of the house of Màgóg, i Read

U l ^ ?

' Add. 14624 0CTU3 CT1S J Q ^ i ^ è j - j l

.«—iQio | g | i C f i i ]»» i «Vi 3

Add. 14624

I» V ) »

o ® > 1 8 1 -

12; 218. 16; 233. 5. *NOui03O2 A kind of wood which " no woodworm attacks," p. 219.17. The word is perhaps a corruption of the Greek word ^ i n V y i i H V y O l power, rule, p. 103. 20.

o/uaVTOS.

The text actually has

y \ 3 J C i o l see >OM>I1o2 wKtavos, sea, ocean, p. 20. 5; -256. 12 ; 266. 17.

204

GLOSSARY.

Xm2.

for 2

¿ U f plur. ¿ I 3 f articles of sale, p. 75. 14. »' m

bell, plur.

p. 262. 14, 16.

glass, p. 138. 17, 19. Jj3f.

Adv. 4 S * j i l 3 f rightly,

30)9.

Ethpa"al 3

p. 137. 1 5 ; 151. 5.

3C77392 to guard, care for, p. 32. 9.

'¿IO3»0)9 care, p. 183. 14. carefully, p. 131. 10. light, p. 132. 1.

fro)) "¿CUOf corner,

plur. ^ U O f p. 2 1 9 . 20.

Ivyôv, a suit, 3im

¡XCO^ one suit of

Persian

clothes, p. 147.13; ¡V^Of )30m ¿XOûÀ a suit of white clothes, p. 147. 16.

SOf to grasp, to hold tightly, p. 101. 12. ;£o9

fist.

' ¿ U S O M f scarlet, >Cpy^O innocent,

p. 6. 8.

¿jSO&feAOil&M parsimony, p . 38. 1. E t h p S ' e l uShfi>«*is2 to 6e weaned, p. 23. 4.

heavily, mightily, violently, p. 5 1 . 1 7 ; 94. 9 ; 159.

^Om. 11.

to be strong, bear bravely, p. 2 0 . 2 ; 21. 9.

Pam'el

j j u ) M > t t M b 9 bravely, p. 22. 1.

MXm.

9uJQ»m, J&^&m needy, poor, p. 12. 9 ; 136. 13. need, lack, p. 12. 1 0 ; 28. 12.

fr-^-^rm

diligently, earnestly, p. 11. 13; 78. 4. one

^m.

¿ & 0 * , Ar. p. 88. 12.

who incites or urges on to anything, p. 61. 4. Heb. j S H ,

fist.

£¿0

^aw^M

21G

GLOSSARY.

t^^M,

A f el part. •^•fljgrn^T to act audaciously ¿»g?,

impudent,

fem.

or daringly, p. 1 9 1 . 1 .

p. 80. 2 ; 11G. 1 ; 1 1 9 . 1 1 ; plur.

m impudent things, p. 211. 1. audaciously, p. 150. 1.

m

°

Ar.

•

crocodile, plur.

*

1

p. 176. 1. '

JtaawM to wag the tail, p. 33. 7. ¿¡^liSaiL. cruelly, p. 30. 4. ¿uX».

astute, p. 76. 11. pungent, sharp, p. 93. 1 5 ; 95. 2 ; plur. p. 88. 1 6 ; 94. 18.

sagacity, p. 79. 17. ¿NoSuXm sharpness of speech, p. 57. 2 ; intentness, p. 7. 10.

sharply.

^J^uSm

he was fwriously

angry, p. 59. 1. JS3im sorcerers, p. 7. 6.

A name given by the Greeks to

the Signs of the Zodiac.

plur.

trinkets, p. 141. 2.

polis/ied, p. 2. 7. Sdw. ¿Sm.

y*iSi* purse-proud, p. 57. 8. « 4

f

NJfewJSM exactly, p. 27. 1; accurately, p. 56. 1 9 ; 212, 1 2 ; 232. 20; 238. 1 3 ; intently, p. 131. 8 ; in good order, p. 93. 10; promptly, p. 5. 11. r

t

*

*

earnestness, p. 7. 9.

GLOSSARY.

217

EthpS'el a g b q t t o be reported, p. 29. 1.

90010^

19

^¡oSfol^

^ B O J O ^ 3 S kinsman,

son of tite divine

p. 81. 4 ;

race, p. 104.

}socrie\ p. 13. 9; 66. 12;

5;

'¿CCTO\

p. 83. 8. ¿ X ^

enclosure, p. 185. 1 9 ; 186. 4.

{¿p'iiiVy p. 259. 1.

The meaning of this word is unknown to me.

overshadowing,

Af'el part. 12;

¡

^

p. 15. 8 ;

^ E ^ w f p. 172.

p. 172. 23.

^

huts, p. 1G4. 10.

, K . S \ i s roof, p. 138. 1 5 ; 2 1 8 . 1 0 ; 2 1 9 . 6 ; plur. p. 209. 11.

talent, p. 74. 1 0 ; plur.

p. 63. 2 3 ; 74. 1 0 ; 115.

20; 116.16; 200.19; j y i A y 63. 1 3 ; ^

^

74.18;

200. 8 ;

115. 1 0 ; 116. 2.

E t h p a " a l j B B p ^ f ^ to be obstructed, choked, filled up, p. 69. 1 6 ; Pa"el Infin. ^autoVy solid, p. 233. 1 0 ; fern.

ft^-V^y

211. 8.

P- 208. 14. plur. muse.

233. 7 ;

218

GLOSSARY. Pfi'al part. pass.

excited,

TpoycaSos, singer,

Ar. Jo

p. 2 4 1 . 12.

plur. { S o V j i ^

rock, plur.

p. 7 8 . 11.

p. 178. 5.

Tpurictkfc, tripod, p. 8. 9 ; 106. 8 ;

^XttpAy,

p. 98. 2 3 ;

p. 9 8 . 1 9 ; 9 9 . 3.

X,,

J x J to yield to anyone, p. 204. 5 ; Ja*2 ¿13* /¿a» given him the hand, i. e., fortune is his

•30J*

slave, p. 124, 18;

J x j t l J9*2 A b 2 he went on

to tdl severally, p. 218. 3. }tSOis2 w&j» knowers of signs, p. 7. 5. »«A

'

tiuae honourably,

^jt*.

Eshtaf'al ^ ¿ O i O i l

p. 6 0 . 5. to increase,

p. 2 3 . 4.

iSOiix.

256

-

GLOSSARY.

219

$

¿JtS*.

¡aiSQifl seat used by women in childbirth, p. 19. 13. i #

iS*.

Ethpa'al

biS*.

to become an orphan, p. 244. 8. superiority, p. 20. 5.

«^iSOÙS useful, p. 3. 13. s

•sO^a,

Assyrian ka-ai-ma-nu, Ar.

Hcb.

15 ; 20. 4 ; 27. 12 ;

Saturn, p. 19.

¡Jt&m fate of Saturn, i. e., ill

luck, p. 40. 11. ija.

to disgrace, p. 91. 10. disgrace, reproach, shame, p. 93. 5 ; 105. 7; 139. 13; 229. 3.

# * a a a sulphur, p. 193. 3.

lying, falsehood, p. 6. 16. to yoke, p. 46. 1 4 ; Pc'îl part. pass. plur.

p. 49. 1 6 ;

143. 4. ¡ 3 3 0 Û eagle, plur. ¿ 9 9 0 A p. 176. 3.

ÎOÛ,

Ar. £

window, p. 260. 3 ; JJSOû p. 260. 7.

jikOS ingots, p. 171. 7. i ¡.joû furnace,

j+ùtip

}30û

smith's furnace, p. 161. 8.

^ Ç Û shame, p. 89. 2. iSva.

jS3uâ handwriting,

p. 270. 15 ; 275. 7.

^

Brit.

Mus. M S . Rich 7203, fol. 61 b, col. 1.

jaa tooth, jaa I* fee«/»,p . 190. 3, 5. &OÛÛ

Chald. x n ^ ^ " ) ^ ! ferret, Asiatique,

p. 217. 9.

M. D u v a l ( J o u r n a l

8icme Série, t. xiii, p. 351, note 1) translates this

220

GLOSSARY. word by ichneumon.

These animals were eaten b y tin;

ancients in times of famine. • ' A?

. i

03A

Compare

¡VftA

^

¡uStXQSAO Bedjan, Ilistoire de Mar-Alaha,

p. 177. 7.

^ ¿ U A , plur. Ar. , tongs, p. 161. 11. augur, soothsayer, p. 78. 2; plur. p. 75. 9, 11, 18 ; ^ o B o the augur, p. 78. 2 ; Egyptian soothsayers, p. 75. 9. ^ S f l u a X a oMgriwy, divination,

p. 19. 8 ; 76. 1 7 ; 98. 19 ; 99. 3 ; 110.

3 ; 114. 1 ; 210. 7, 14.

¿fiteuaXflA

iS*0* /¡L a woman unworthy of the office of

divination, p. 113. 13. A f ' e l infin. "»»•V v r *S

to divine, p.r 109. 7.

U6>*boXa chlamys, cloak, p. 224. 14. iboa.

Ethpg'el XOAisl

to be sad, p. 94. 6.

gloominess, p. 246. 6;

$¿2 gloomy face,

p. 61. 13. ? V f " ^ Jiriest, plur. } ' a a y > p. 147. 18.

•

1

priestess, p. 113. 5 , 1 0 , 1 2 ; 114. 2, 12, 13; 122. 10.

^hoa&OOA office of priestess, p. 114. 1, 12. JEIA iiitrans. to be assembled, p. 43. 5 ; 60. 1 0 ; 62. 19.

small boxes, p. 211.12. Glossed in B by

¿3&0& asphalt, bitumen, p. 2. 10; 4. 11. SA.

Pers.

ass, p. 211. 8.

. part. pass, mean, little, ¿3A ^IbOOltlS in stature small, p. 163. 6.

GLOSSARY. t

221

'

Afêl

to be grieved, p. 94. 7.

PfSA ploughed lands, p. 68. 1. PS'il part. plur.

surrounding,

encircling,

p. 69. 6 ;

70. 5.

to roll

Ethpë'êl p. 18. 11, 1 2 ; 19.1,7;

n

•

66. 1 8 ;

76.13;

oaaaisaA

of a n egg, 171. 5 ;

to go round, to encircle, 187. 1 0 ; p a r t ,

179. 7 ;

fatS»

p. 101. 1 1 ;

infin.

183. 4.

Afêl to surround with, to bind, p. 268. 8, 11. a bend or turning,

p. 146. 1 3 ; ¿«¿Sm^S } < 3 0 U

the

farthest point of a chariot course, p. 46. 16, 17.

TlSa. ¿àîââ

ÂlflA^oiâ

impatience, p. 117. 18.

legs of a couch or table,

p. 218. 13.

green, plur. Πa f a  p. 43. 14.

¿X3 to pile up, p. 264. 15. Î13.

excellently, properly, p. 3. 15. linen, p. 5. 3 ; plur. J l i s s j p. 15. 4, 17 ; 56. 20.

dtfjO.

Ethpa'al

part.

JCjSa&SO

striving, contending,

importunate with voice,

¿«¿tee

p.

13.

2.

= crvptcr/xov ir«/x-

irtav. '¡AOXflSS worry, strife, p. 81. 16.

JqÀ.

fritJ'TliiTiS

courageously,

jflS.

P a r t , pc'il ¿ » ¿ A frozen,

iffS.

P a r t , pg'îl 1 9 . 1 4 ; 33. 6.

p. 3. 16. p. 134. 8.

( t r a n s i t i v e ) , to hold, (like 9*m2 p. 2 1 . 1 0 ) ;

222

GLOSSARY.

¡auA. Pa"el part.

fitting,

fitted,

p. 101. 11; 138. 18.

iTnnS to mutter charms, p. 14. 12. sharp, pointed, p. 205. 2. tip, point (of a spear), p. 42. 5 ; 100. 14. p. 224. 13.

The meaning of this word is unknown to me.

kiixijv, harbour, p. 39. 9. XeKavt], bowl, basin, p. 2. 9, 11, 14, 15; 4. 10; 29. 1; plur. p.

%\cbO

190. 6.

pus, p. 256. 16.

fiayeipoq cook, p. 51. 15. •/ ¡Sttip Ar. Ethiopic earth, p. 208. 13. X & s a p a ( j t e b o f s p p. 59. 20) whip, p. 15. 7 ; 16. 2, 3 ; 59. 3. The Egyptian

\ u is here referred to.

moneta, money, p. 145. 17; 146. 1. Ar.

musk skins, p. 200. 11.

Ethpa'al part. ^fSSiSSI to be mixed, p. 138. 13. Xw60. EthpS'el

to be weary, p. 162. 13.

Xm^D reluctant 1 p. 129. 10.

This word is probably corrupt,

^fft**!-*** the name of a tree, p. 186. 7. the name. of a tree, p. 186. 6. pote^Ot

fiiraia, silk, p. 218. 12.

J o a uM p. 200. 8. Xvt

The meaning of this word is unknown to me.

¡(¿¿SbOBiO exactly, fully, p. 90. 1.

GLOSSARY.

223

t ^ i i a X a p royally, p. 221. 1G. tVv

JSCSM , plur.

signs of ihe Zodiac, p. 5. 4 ; 8. 8 ;

20. 2 ; 26. 7 ; 27. 15; 29. 4 ; 30. 11; 275. 3. JlSD.

^¡¡30 counter of stars, astrologer, p. 7. 8 ; p. 7. 6.

plur.

A name given to the Signs of the

Zodiac by the Greeks, ¿tt0, string of a harp, plur. ¿Up p. 237. 16. WB>O9u&0 p. 101. 5. fofliVVfl = iVig^ft

Pa'el jlSi^p

The meaning of this word is unknown to mc. = /Mj\oir6roves (?), melons, p. 217. 7.

v

^

to put in the middle, p. 48. 3.

mediator, p. 58. 4.

tllin^SOfl ¿l2 I am in

the midst, i. e., I am mediator, p. 54. 6. 3£0.

$1300 gall, p. 48. 11.

¿Na£ojis2 010^3 Ol&a&O his gall

was stirred tip in him, p. 41. 11. ¿ 3 » , ¿O&O, plur. ^SO'aM satraps, lords, p. 55. 16; 56. 3.

This

word is glossed in B by ^ U j ^ v j nobility, p. 55. 21. A^afiS -;

to glance o f f , turn aside, p. 68. 8.

Ji»aSO>

jar, p. 130. 8.

dbaao to knead, p. 268. 10. SatiSaO rhinoceros, p. 211. 15. • II r < 7

y»na.

1

l~XOSO age, class (of men), p. 103. 5. name of some large amphibious animal, p. 175. 9.

w»tS&0. EtlipS'el wMtS^O«S2 to straighten oneself out, p. 17. 10. ^¡•K Nebo, p. 21. 9 ; 27. 14. 21. 20; 27. 21.

Glossed in B by

Mercury, p.

224

aOl.

GLOSSARY.

to start forth, p. 43.18. OUA may be ^ corruption of O U i or OSOX

JE3CU.

Ethpalp. J & u £ s 2

to be on fire, to burn,

p. 6. 1 0 ;

part-

¿ s a o i i S » blazing, p. 131. 19. \\l.

scythe, plur. J ^ »

star, luminary, p. 182. 1; plur. 81. 5.

90)1. I&l06*0fi

uaU.

p. 134. 11 j 135. 6.

brightness, p. 119. 4.

^OmmA gentleness, quiet, p. 22. 3. quietly, p. 32. 15.

¿jibOU*

ass-goats, p. 211. 8.

^Clttf^t ring, p. 15. 5, 19. thigh, plur. ^CVM^i p. 263. 14. Ethpa'al to be arranged or wrapped in, p. 255. 7. Afèl ¡¿St XAd.

to make to retwrn, to come back, p. 216, 14. mist, p. 183. 16; 184. 1; 225. 18.

^Ralin vengeance, p. 10. 11 ; 12. 2; 15. 1; 52. 6,10 ; 60. 2 ; 80. 11; 138. 1 ; 142. 1; 224. 5. Ethpa'al W v f t , ? to enter, p. 29. 13. Afèl i ^ i to bring in, p. 32. 15.

^ i .

Fa"él part pass. wSòà» exalted, p. 136. 10; plur. p. 99. 14. Ethpa'al to go up from a ship, p. 39. 13. greatness, excellence, p. 86. 3; 142. 17.

^Ai.

elevation, HuXx p. 83. 6. inexperienced, p. 120. 14.

wdW

locks, p. 268. 12.

aaaAn. to set (of the sun), p. 187. 16 ; 195. 19. ^aoihi.

to shroud, p. 94. 6 ; 246. 6. Afèl ^O^t'l

to make dark, p. 119. 4.

dense, dark, p. 183.15; plur.

I>. 185. 17.

230

GLOSSARY.

f°9>

blackness

> P-

183

- 1 7 > 1 9 2 - 7; 225.4;

233. 14;

234. 15; 235. 7.

çboà».

Pa"61 gait

to close the eyes, p. 144. 2.

VfrV

F a " c l part.

making to dwell, p. 22. 2 ;

p.

191. 3.

hay, p. 140. 15. JXOSi.

JÛJOSé p. 66. 15 ; yOtoL

difficult, p. 2 0 0 . 1 7 ; plur.

VûJÔii

p. 247. 4.

iCiCjOtoii

difficulty, p. 184. 8.

P a " ê l infin. OuàsâO to bury, p. 138. 7.

.

Ethpa'al ¿ Î & & 2 to be buried, p. 164. 8.

wOâàtf.

Pa"êl part. JOâiiû

embracing, p. 11. 1 8 ; là^SfH»

p. 17.

11. ¿^à» to restrain, p. 20. 3. to press, bruise, p. 11. 14. Abb*.

Ethpa'al ahLisl

tobe insolent (?) p. 40. 8.

P a " ê l part. plur. ^Qiflyiff

plur. • JSXtl^i,

4

Ar.

"""

crafty, p. 126. 17.

perverse, crafty, p. 160. 14.

Heb. l ^ l p ^ scorpion,

plur.

„ .

p. 174.

4, 14. cold, p. 160. 11.

¿¿¿-¡J'»

Brit. Mus. MS. Rich

7203, fol. 132 b, col. 2.

aàân.

¿aàÂi trough, 265. 1.

JSSO^i.

Ar. i _ j \ j i • Heb.

p. 176. 19.

raven, j A ^

night

ravens,

231

GLOSSARY. 33A*.

p l u r . J s ' i i n p. 1 8 0 . 1.

mushroom,

jlc.> B r i t . M u s .

M S . R i c h 7 2 0 3 , p. 1 3 2 b, col. 2. ass, p l u r .

i i ^ i i .

pain.

p. 1 8 0 . 1 0 .

adv. f S i j S i j p k i i naked,

jMa^x,

a rough place,

in'zSu bed,

Etlipa'al •

22;

^

darkness, blackness,

^Lisl m

Af'el ^

lio'lSt

p. 2 4 7 . 4 .

D has

¿JBSoa

Heb. S a ^ y

ubShii.

plur.

childbed, p. 19. 11; 21. 12.

InsX

ii'iitS

p. 21. 6 ; 39. 5.

'

to be afflicted,

p. 1 9 2 . 7 ; plur. 2 5 6 . 1. p. 1 7 3 . 7.

to make to flee away,

v/fftV men with

p. 1 1 8 . 3 .

twisted legs = i/iavToiroSes,

p.

174.

177. 16.

to be strong, p. 93. 6. Pa"el

p a r t . p l u r . fern,

ffiyw

p. 2 3 . 1 1 .

^Xit strong, mighty, p. 84. 9 ; p. 9 0 . 5 ;

plur.

p. 59. 19; 231. 7;

^Utfr

p. 1 7 6 . 3 ;

])lur.

?,\.tV

p. 2 5 2 . 1 7 .

strength, p. 32. 12; 159. 6.

ictai*xii

power, strength, p. 76. 14. jjsi,

Pa"el

aisiy

OSdsibaS

to make ready, to prepare,

p. 2 0 1 . 9 ;

p a r t . pass.

3X^30

90. 2 ; 2 0 1 . 7 ; fem. « ^ ¡ s i b O Etlipa'al 3 i s i « \ 2

226. 14; 233. 4 ;

to be ready,

p. 8 3 .

81. 6 ;

12;

intin.

p. 3 . 1 8 ;

plur.

2 1 1 . 3.

95. 7 ; 164. 8 ; 2 0 9 . 1 ;

aisi»is2 lie, obtained the victory,

p. 5 0 . 1 ; p a r t . plur. ^ S ^ j S M

p. 2. 4 ;

3. ;>.

232

GLOSSARY.

readily, p. 42. 9 ; 175. 11 j 177. 14; 182. 18. to be rich,* Fe'al infin. A f ' e l to make

t

to be rich,' p. 34. 9. 1

It

rich, part. 9 j S > M p. 34. 11.

rich, p. 4 0 . 1 ; 8 4 . 1 0 ; 196. 1 6 ;

^auJsiy 160. 2 ; &

¡ ¡ s L j s i well watered, 177. 3.

riches, p. 10. 14; 34. 10; 67. 4.

faisabt J^S.

67. 3 ; plur.

beautiful, p. 6. 7. tfeouj^ beauty, p. 24. 11; 138. 9 ; 206. 10. ^ d l e , p. 32. 1 5 ;

33. 5, 8 ;

48. 1 3 ;

plur.

p. 3 8 . 1 7 ; 43. 1 7 ; 48. 8.

p. 36.13 ;

iratSayioyos teacher, tutor, guardian,

p. 23, 1 3 ; 35. 9 ; plur.

p. 89. 7.

A

? A \ \

H

—

obi u ^ p

JA*

r ^

.OI c j j y o M 3a

0

B r i t . Mus. M S . Or. 2 4 4 1 , fol. 2 8 2 b, col. 2. j V / i V ^ ^j^jJui, fol. 1 3 4

Brit

-

Mlls-

MS.

Rich

=

7203,

b, col. 2.

education, p. 35. 23. TTifif,*^ to be like unto, p. 121. 3 ; 184. 17. like, p. 86. 9 ; 1 0 3 . 1 8 : 138. 9 ; J t o ^ O in

son with, p. 88. 5 ; 0pOUn& U

compari-

counterpart, p. 170. 4.

to finish a meal, p. 242. 1. Af'el to separate, OjisduQ) scorn, p. 41. 1 8 ; part.

he parted p. 80. 6.

his lips in

233

GLOSSARY.

untanned, p. 172. 5. footsoldiers,

p. 63. 1; 95. 3 ; 98. 1; 101. 4 ; 108. 3 ; 135. 5 ;

172. 4 ; 173. 9 ; 207. 10. ^il

Assyrian pi-ru. niss, p. 517, 1. 6.

See Strassmaier, A Iphabetisches Verzeich/ c i

Ar. J j

J

J

(plur. J\jj\ ? J ^ j j ) elephant,

170.13; 175. 9 ; 1 9 1 . 6 ; plur.

1 5 9 . 5 ; 160.17; 174.

11; 211. 13; 219. 3 ; 220. 1; ¿ L d w30jS ox-elephants, p. 174. 14. cloak, p. 198. 3, 7; 200. 5, 6. the Greek infin. irtiaai, persuade, Syriacised

persuasion.

Hence A M LOidj he persuaded, p. 5. 9 ; 54. 16; 55. 11; 188. 17; part. act. ifftirtfiff 66. 11; part. pass. plur. ^O&iO 242. 10. Ettaf'al UBHyfl^isI be persuaded, p. 6. 11; 58. 2 ; 224. 6 ; 116. 10; part. jinvttfta

123. 1.

permission, p. 91. 18. obstinacy, disobedience., 82. 13; 196. 13.

^ t\t'• 238. 1.

GLOSSARY.

237

X ) Ó Ì à > ¿ A S O & , plur. ^ à f i S A d , J a i o à from the Greek jrópos,

way, means, device, schema, stratagem,

14.

7; 36.6;

48. 2 ; 5 7 . 1 3 ; 65. 8 ; 140. 6 ; 159. 7 ; 1 7 3 .

7;

192. 1 3 ;

202. 7 ;

fertile

in expedients,

Ethpa'al part. wAaà '

p . 2. 7, 1 4 ;

223. 9 ;

241. 5 ;

p. 223. 8.

i

famed,

¿ÙtìÓ

Hence the verb in

JSH&tfiB contriver

Ethpa'al part. ¡ A i é i s »

}jQ»9oà

of i n v e n t i o n s , p . 2 2 3 . 9. p. 2. 1.

hoof, plur. % I t o ' i à p. 48. 12. p. 35. 1 8 ; see

làó^àà

^pó3 SftCJ ¿3AS

to fall

headlong,

p. 44. 7 ; 49. 10.

mM rams' heads, i.e., battering ranis, p. 101. 7, 8.

GLOSSARY.

¿33.

243

I i - * « ^ fosterer, guardian, plur.

p. 228. 8.

î i a a ù a square, p. 219. 19. ^33.

strain, force of a current, p. 205. 13. I n f i n . PS'al

to desire, p. 158. 15.

Ethpalpal

to desire, p. 6. 4 ; 107. 3 ; 206. 18.

desirability, p. 206. 10. runner, plur. ^ Q ^ S

ravine,

p. 268. 5.

plur. ^ o S s J s p. 134. 19.

river, torrent, plur. ^ a ^ X J Î P- 155. 7. iV,3.

A f ' ê l to make perceive, p. 1 6 2 . 1 6 ; 243. 1 ; part. act. p. 86. 6.

jttxK^!) feeling, perception, p. 68. 11, 13. }33.

¿SOaSa, ^ R f t O ? learning,

p. 56. 1 7 ; ^ I C u S S %

ignorance

p. 89. 3. OOP.

Saf'êl p a r t . plur.

p. 3. 11.

E s t a f a ' a l k3OJ30sJ0i2 to hasten,

p. 11. 1 3 ; 102. 1 2 ; 243. 4.

iS*>L3(713JQ3ÙO hastily, p. 132. 2.

hastily, quickly, p. 182. 9; 209. 2. ¿â&çOlà p»?Tû>p orator, p. 117. 1 , 1 1 ; plur.

P- 115. 1 3 ; 116.

7 ; 121. 5 ; 125. 7 ; 126. 3.

003.

J a o a tumults, p. 57. 17.

^03,

E t h p a ' a l mmSIM to be gratified,

p. 33. 4.

JUmS mill, p. 261. 1; 268. 18. tÛfà.

J d f â sprinkling, JLJ

spattering,

p. 41. 14 ; 51. 2.

.çwàij',

R i c h 7203, fol. 169 6, col. 1. 16-2

244

GLOSSARY.

i a ^ t i i , Chald. NnSriN, Ar. ¿ . M hammer, p. 270. 4, 5 ; * ' t : : ^JJ plur. JJs^f'32 p. 270. 6.

Sec Duval, Lexicon

Syriacum

auctore Hassano bar Bahlule, p. 286, col. 2. '¿U3 jSbOMS homeloving, p. 20. 11. lovingly, p. 30. 3. kft^&M&S0 kindly, p. 246. 10. to grumble, p. 36. 3. Af'el part. act. AS.

complaining, p. 36. 4.

Pa"el part. act. i ^ f o f t to compose a song, p. 107. 10; ¡V*ff 3 & & 0 words strung together, p. 107. 11. )3ai3 riders, p. 44. 7. J a a O S composition, p. 96. 5. Af'el part. act.

^332 to make to bow, p. 151. 16.

^UUA&SbO placable, p. 103. 13. horses, p. 24. 9. J&93.

Af'el to throw, p. 52. 4 ; 118. 1;

&*&032 it laid an

egg, p. 18. 9 ; Infin. yiifrtVflS p. 111. 2. |aob. to make a sign, p. 48. 1. ¿003 hint, p. 88. 1; 196. 6. herd of horses, plur. JaaS3 p. 24. 8. ¿13,

anxious thought, p. 118. 4 ; 162. 9 ; plur. ^ n l i M p. 126. 4. reconciliation, p. 204. 2. jiaL03 122. 9.

anger, indignation, p. 220. 7 ; plur. JioLo'd p.

GLOSSARY.

245

Af'el to leave, forsake, p. 4. 16; 90. 16; 101. 12; 108. 17; 168. 8; 169. 12; 195. 19; 202. 12; 207. 8; 244. 5; J^Mp &

^0 to divorce, p. 10. 4 ;

J d t t p to let

go hold, p. 199. 13. sluggishly, p. 83. 13. Ujj.

dancers, p. 181. 14. mourning, p. 21. 3; 251. 17.

tVt)3.

rag, p. 41. 16;

hiij

See Duval, Lexi-

con Si/riacum, p. 94, col. 2. to glide, crawl, creep, p. 13. 1; 17. 7. "¿13.

admonition, p. 55. 12.

mm¡S3.

^UtiSaaM abounding, p. 75. 13. »

silken curtains, p. 195. 11; 200. 8.

jif

JoJ*

llich

7203, fol. 174 a, col. 1. JaUS.

captors, p. 164. 1.

J3bUC to leave, 194. 16; to let go a battering ram, p. 101. 8 ; to set fire, p. 175. 4 ; to divorce, p. 53. 10; }JA*StX divorced, p. 50. 9. EthpS'el JSatf&l to be forgiven, p. 248. 14. ItioOX branch, p. 93. 12; plur. lil&3X vine branches, p. 78. 12. i

¿tiOOX p. 238. 2. In Rich 7203, fol. 175 b, col. 1,

jisX3Jf is explained by ^ J^X,

Ar.

^ t .

P » ^ ' * " » various,

^

AijC'jJ!

plane, teakwood, p. 2. 12; 4. 12; 212. 3. p. 171. 1.

¿ j A ^ i b O = i _ j L \ k U c i n Bicli

7203, fol. 88 a, col. 2. SXC. Etlipa'al SSisXl to be sent, p. 79. 16.

246

¡0p(.

GLOSSARY.

Ethpa'al *0]isXl to be diminished, p. 206. 2. wilderness, p. 168. 2.

¿OX.

P a " e l infin.

to lay, to prepare,

p. 195. 1 2 ;

part.

pass. ]*aiiO laid, p. 182. 4. a OX.

£ i a x ¿brought, p. 72. 18.

«^OX.

despised, p. 86. 6. contempt, p. 149. 9. inoiS^*Xisisao

ridicule, p. 221. 15.

^IfluOX equality, p. 146. 12. ts*%,03. together, equally, p. 27.16 ; 46.15,17 ; 137. 7; 175. 4 ; 203. 5.

^CUOOX blows, p. 178. 15. TSmX. tSfJ^mX vmX.

stupidly, p. 106. 3.

Af'el part. act. ^wVW making warm, p. 86. 5.

JOtuS. EthpS'cl to be vexed, p. 28. 8. vexation, ¡SmX.

• r-V^«

^«X.

js¿O

plur. JjBmX p. 146. 15.

i

^ e ^CUfivnX barley meal, p. 75. 5.

" j n i r r ^ * level, p. 100. 17; 233. 17.

Pa"el ^¡X to make peace, p. 57. 4 ; part act. y** p. 54. 19; plur. ^ir*

pacify,

docile, gentle, p. 251. 9.

^ElOidXaO peace, p. 140. 6. A.*

p a " 6 1 infin.

fl^tt»^

to rub, p. 33. 3 ; part. act.

A*Xb»

p. 33. 6. y*3Ji.

^CUOiX) plur. ^CLmAX inventions,

discoveries,

p. 2. 1.

GLOSSARY.

247

4ieu**3Jt invention, p. 67. 1. aos.

¿X&X bad, foul, p. 199. 6; ^M-AX p. 128. 2. foulness, p. 107. 14. Pa "el iufin. ^hV^HtN to quiet, p. 46. 1. peacefully, silently, p. 33. 8; 122. 15- 225. 6.

iSf^Si

to rule, p. 65. 3; ^ I Q I ^ U dominion, p. 151. 17. ^ p y X-t rule, p. 113. 11. ^Ax.

tittoXaoXx, plur.

perfect, p. 209. 6.

betrayal, p. 29. 2. .wVt

roasted, p. 264. 16. 375 b, col. 1, -

In Brit. Mus. Or. 2441, fol. j G ^

Ox

¿BUXx is explained by j^L**, ¿ j J ^ , epax.

Pa"el o p p x to call, to name, p. 16. 13; 109. 1; Part. CptifltiO name, p. 53. 2; )OJ£OCO0 renowned, famous, p. 39. 4; 142.17; 225. 15; plur. 1;

p. 211. 2; 247.

p. 67. 16 ; 75. 13; 226. 7.

iiioojiaiao M

196.12.

Ethpa'al O^OisXl to be famed, p. 72. 16. Aaax. ^X.

to be obedient, p. 2. 3; 230.19; ^Soi^XSO obedient, p. 174. 8.

Jux

rock, p. 271. 6; plur. ^Clllx mountains, p. 260. 8; 267. 11, 14, 15, 16; 268. 2, 10; 269. 17.

JjX. Jjb,X.

^nOtU madness, p. 89. 3. Ethpa'al J^NXZ to play, p. 81. 11; 89. 11; »*»isx2 to be told, narrated, p. 18. 17. %ix

game, sport, plur. ^tttX p. 57. 15, 17; 75. 4; 2&X child's play, p. 41. 13.

248

GLOSSARY.

^ROAJC yellme, p. 43. 15. %±OX fist, hand, p. 83. 17. to be timid, weak, p. 129. 9. Ethpa'al

to be abased, brought low, p. 196. 14.

mean, p. 144. 1. ^fao^Aiji

disgrace, p. 91. 4, 6.

A j A * liberal, p. 35. 7. •j overjlomngs of the Nile, p. 124. 5. Xax.

Af'el X t l x i to move on, decamp, p. 97.1, 4; 113. 2; 192. 1; 193.12; 194.18; 201.16; 202. 3; 207. 3; 232. 5; infin. oN>HTn\ p. 183. 9 ;

part. act.

ft*""*«

marching, p.

172. 1. Ethpa'al X b j s X i to prevail, p. 118. 17. arrogance, greatness, p. 86. 3 ; 143. 12; 151. 17; 198. 1 4 ; 199. 1. fr^&ty»

proudly, p. 143. 19.

tax, p. 164. 4 ; £jiiX

p. 124.13;

p. 146. 18.

\jOX3 carefully, p. 23. 2 ; 49. 1. SX.

j S * 2 s k b 9 surely, p. 23. 2. ¡bill*VX, truly, certainly, p. 6. 15; 11. 17; 15. 14; 53. 16; 61. 11. } 3 0 X navel, p. 163. 1 5 ; plur. ¿SOX p. 201. 5.

JM!.

Af'el infin. QufrftoS to break up a company, p. 207. 4. EthpS'el

-to be dismissed, p. 114. 15.

Ethpa'al u j i S X l to be finis/ted (of a feast), p. 197. 10.

GLOSSARY.

249

ik feast, p. 85. 2 ; 129. 16; 197. 10. breastplate, p. 224. 13. Jj^oSx cypresses, p. 186. 3. htìàg. jaam.

Pa"èl part. act. dtìajQO hissing, p. 17. 7. grains of sesame (Ar. ^...-p..) p. 82. 6 ; 83. 16 ; 88. 1, 13; 92. 8, 13, 14; 93. 13, 16; 94. 13. Shaf'èl part pass. ¿ ^ O & O joined with, p. 62. 8.

ItàQXOX ant, plur. ftolQX p. 92. 3. OCDM, ub>2&X, w b i s j x .

¿Molti*. = 6>X foundation,

wall, p. 209. 10; plur. J & f c d i p. 74. 8 ; 101. 5. ¿jSX.

Eshtafal i^kofcCttp to be united with, p. 11. 7; 20. 9. union, p. 29. 7.

¿àiSOtt associate, p. 34. 16. v Ó à ^ l ^ Oéarpov, theatre, p. 58. 3, 4 ; 110. 13. to seek vengeance, p. 10. 12; 12. 1; 15. 1; 52. 6, 10; 60. 2; 127. 10; 138. 2; 142. 1; 143. 7; 224. 5. ^n^CljS vengeance, p. 64. 4. frfe.

b o l O k delay, p. 117. 2 ; 249. 9.

¿0&. Ethpg'èl uOtStS2 to repmt, p. 82. 11. repentance, p. 62. 3. Jjififri, to be humbled, p. 17. 18. J s q ^ despicable, wretched, p. 100. 14. ÌSmÌS.

Ethpa'al uaNMiSis2 to descend, be brougltt down, p. 128. 11; 196. 14.

GLOSSARY.

250 aaiS.

sore, grievous,

plur. ^ A r u a j S p. 251. 17.

¿ i S a o i S confidence, trust, p. Gl. 1 8 ; 199. 3.

^toAaisiSap

trust, p. 21. 7.

confidently, p. 193. 18. uAiS.

Etlipa'al part. plur. fem. ^ ¿ ^ ¿ S t S t t torn, rent, p. 2G0. 1 1 .

opods.

to wonder, p. 32. 1 2 ; C^OiS wonderful, p. 2. 3 ; 66. 1 5 ; p. 1 7 2 . 8 ; 183. 1 0 ;

^ o p p o i s I>- 130. 6 ;

4 ; 219. 1 ; ¿¿juttfis p. 105. 1 3 ;

Jojjiois I

131.

wonder,

p. 12. 1 1 .

Jopsftt wonder, p. 12. 3.

breastplates, p. 172. 4. = wKTaXioTrqKes, nightfoxes, p. 175. 17. Stream, plur. \ttiS.

Etlipe'ol

p. 70. 4.

See

p. 201. 1 ; 268. 7.

to be upset, p. 44. 9, 1 2 ; 45. 9 ; 49. 9 ;

68. 9.

'fcSjdOis ^BiS.

a stumbling, p. 52. 2. to set straight, correct, p. 37. 7 ; Infin.

Af'el

to set up, p. 146. 1 3 ; part. act. ^tHsap p. 224. 1 4 ;

plur.

P- 226. 7 ; pass. p. 1 7 1 . 8 ;

182. 7 ;

200. 1 ; 238. 3 ; fem. ¿ B i S S p p. 8. 14. Chald. K ^ T I '

hen, p. 18. 7 ; plur.

¿¿¿'¿is

p. 56. 1 1 . uJED3

Ethpa'al part. plur. ^ n ' S i S N t t

to be fed upon, p. 169. 6.

food, p. 75. 7, 1 5 ; 98. 7 ; 121. 1 7 ; 122. 2 ; 140. 15.

GLOSSARY.

251

l>A>30jS3 3m2 to feed, p. 39. 14. plur. fy'i'&S gates, p. 43. 7; curtains, 195. 11. to become straight (of a bridge), p. 205. 14; to march straight p. 190. 10; to make a way straight, p. 189. 15.

forward,

what is right, straightness, p. 54. 14; 83. 5 ; 140. 10; plur.

truths, p. 83. 12.

iS*2^ii3jS correctly, exactly, -precisely, p. 7. 2, 17; 9. 11; 5 0 . 1 4 ; 95. 1; 121. 7; 122. 7; 178. 1; 197. 19; 203. 1 ; 220. 8 ; 239. 8.

252

NOTE TO PAGE

xxxiv.

THROUGH the kindness of the Rev. Canon Maclean, M.A., the head of the Archbishop of Canterbury's Mission to the Nestorians at Urmia, I have obtained another MS. of the Syriac version of Pseudo-Callisthenes, which he caused to have copied for me during the present year. I t measures 8 | in. by 7 in., and consists of 217 leaves. The quires, unsigned, are 22 in number. Each page contains 16 lines. This manuscript is written in a fine, bold, modern Nestorian hand, with numerous vowel points, etc., and is dated A. Gr. 2200 = A.D. 1889. The faulty readings in it agree generally with those in D ; occasionally however its readings are peculiar to itself, e. g.,

> Q t t 3 A ^ S ¿ « s o j s o for collation of the difficult passages in ABCD manuscript has neither helped to amend the away any of the difficulties which exist in it. the colophon:— Ja-¿a

h ¿wsa JsusA&s

• 1889 * s ^ l

pi ¿> a

*

¿¿¿o

•> few»N

* Mxa p J i a JjioA

aaL £ oajo .¿¿fa frviVnS

Jaaa MMSMO ;'a»aa wJa» JJNaLaa Jaao ^

\ctx

pi ^ a s ?

¿tiuAofctt v o ^ b a x -aJso

r

a

icSA*

aiol

J'aoa^o

.¿&op2a aop*

253

NOTE TO PAGE XXXÌV. MOT&MM wmÒÌSÌC£

litsâk

Ï S ^ ' V

l i j j o ^

^Ni'iâ

X«ad\

uiso

î^-â?

uo)oLSoif ^p? ^3

J^yVyB \aûO . ^ v - ? liUO

Jdàso

oi^euXaaô

axât

^3 â i â ¿ V *

JJ,oi

¿laa

.wofettaoi

OfUlç

•

^P

}UUO

(sic)

- V - ?

e ^

.^IO»

£O3

} l i \ 3 0 â o Jaxiso ;?o2 JAO)

ofàax *ôf±éO

Jaioa

apax «Oui

£¿10^X3

Jôx

A.SOÛO 2 » 3 G I

¿ & 0 J&âoo*

02

:

vor

)m03Ô

JâJÎfO

^â^o.3

.ajâSlp

KOS^O

î*oiti £ 2 02

î?oâ

.^ittto

^OUÂXÔS

Jçpsé

>S\ir>

Mia

JàJSJs

* ^23

,%'oìsìo

î*LtiÛ 8)I^Ó2

UQ>0uAo2

96,2

UBXÀÀÓ2

97,17

v.y,reo2

70,2

9

j j l o i x i o l

181, 1

242, n o t e 1 0

• 9

& S à 9 Ì x 2 I

£ o i 2 69,2

181, note 1

10;

•

2

ItiSkiaÓl,

2 ^ 0 0 2

29,16 taó2ex»2

J O ¿08*32

'

115,5

19

123,11 ua>n\,n\J 30, 2

i B O s I f i O j

}3u.3ÓttÓ2

69, 2

u e & À t i < u . 2

74, 13

UQjAàua03u2 9

7

69, 1 1

9

9

J B Ó & S é l

95, 8

2*3*2

49, 17

t O Ó & A l

95, 1 4 ; 96, 1

J 3 > ó \ ^ ì

'

9

18—2

9

»

9

276

INDEX OF SYRIAC FORMS 3,' 10 l' i X#» NOmI *I §

#•

44,>3 ;>(47,15 \ J a o o A, l ) /S f l ut l l tA l f

3 , 9 ^ 0 l 4 a 2

48,4 ; 49,5

^ 47 1 SOUjtiL^i ' ' '

107, i ^ p j K i a a l , ^ o x i s a 2 « 104,8 i m b f r l 6G, 1 ^ S m Q M o S I 110,4 6, 3, 5, 9, 10, 13, 15 ;

-VS l ^ H o S l

7 , 1 ; 9 , 9 ; 10,13; 1 1 , 4 ; 1 2 , 3 ; 1 3 , 6 ; 1 5 , 5 ; 1 6 , 7 ; 1 7 , 1 ; 19, 10; 23, 6 ; 26, 9 ; 29, 7 ; 30, 5 ; 35,10; 36,5; 37,1; 41,12; 49, 7; 50, 2 ; 50, 9 ; 51,18; 57, 10; 5 9 , 3 ; 60, 1; 6 6 , 3 ; 8 1 , 9 : 8 5 , 1 8 ; 92, 16; 9 3 , 1 8 ; 9 4 , 1 ; 97, 2 ; 125, 15; 145, 4 ; 147, 2 ; 149, 1; 152,2; 153, 8 ; 187,13; 189, 5; 218,9; 232,18; 238, 7 ; 240, 12 ; 244,18 ; 247, 18; 249, U ;

106,1

231'1

34

>17;67-14;

7 2 >»s

96, 10; 9 7 , 9 ; 1 1 3 , 5 ; 180, 1 7 ; 182,15; 1 8 5 , 5 ; 190,12; 194, 3; 225,9 , 2 ; 3 2 , 1 ; 49, J B Q 3 a j J B 3 i ^ 2 * . . ">13i

^ = 2 5 2 ' 1 2 ' 2 5 3 ' 1 ' 258' * 275, 18 253, 2 U t t o S A h C P ¿ ¿ 9 U B O ^ 2 'V ' V ^ ^ 149, 15 « ^ 6

253, 4 W&O&OS

¡¿piOnSl

. ^¿Ax&'l

57, 15 ( ¡ ¿ « ¿ l )

3 7 127' 6

4 4 , 1 1 3 ^ 2 105,17 4 > 0 3 & 2 xxxiv, 1 • .. 3« 9 wAAStiwa ' ' ' 95,14; 127,8 1 0 ^ 2 i . & . v v (je3u^e&eujk2) k O U O 67,14

'

43

'2

^

^

12,7; 22,4; 60,1; 66,2; n O » 2 67, 3 ; 70, 5 ; 210, 7 •• / ^ i 68,4 , iJO^iiosel '' '' , , 133,3 ua»oa«fto2 212,16; 213,7 (ua>i»Sp2) U O u f » 2

* As this name occurs on almost every page of the Syriae text I have- not thought it necessary to give many references to it.

277

OF PROPER NAMES. 226,15 ; 227,1; 2 3 0 , 1 3 ;

J®Cu|&02

231, 4 ; 232, 3 ; 233, 1 8 ; 234, 1 120,16 «

á

^

0

» f t ó ^ ^ f t ^

2

^ ¿ ^ â y a i ,

91) 13

122, 13

^ ¿ t A ^ l

134) 5

263,9

5 1 , 2 1 ; 8 9 , 3 ; 115,7 ; 2 3 2 , 1 9 ;

141,9; 142,4;

0)i?i»2

149,5

235, 10; 248, 15

20,22 ¿ i a ¿ & A l 2

(uaoòyodoi) 76,

249, 19 J g > 0 2 ä ä l 2 '' 9,5 ^

Ó

^

7 4 , 1 2

'

213,15; £ « ¿ ^ » 2 ,

)IaÍ

y

üQ>Ó^j&áüJ»2

7

76,2 ,

68, is

í

,

, - , ' 204, 17 U B 3 0 M 0 f V & * S u 8 > 2

2 1 4 , 6 ; 215, 1; 2 1 6 , 5 ; 2 1 7 , 1 2 ; 218, 2 ; 2 1 9 , 9 ; 220, 12 ; 2 2 2 , 1 ;

.

= ubAa2

"

^

'

204, note 13

249,18 WSn\; V

2

.

i

69,3 s+aSuoi, U^AJDj

121>23 n

119, 8 ; 120, 15 ^ á A . V y l i .. * . 240, 13 ; 241, 1 Ä O a ^ S u ! ^ ;

n 1 1 8

109,11 U Q > Ó Ú * ¿ U 2

>

G

1

1

43, i

1

,

'5;

127>15 96

UQ>ÓU »á » á•i

1

U 23) 1 5

78, 2 ; 98, 1 5 ; 99, 11 109,7

^ 0 ^ 2 ,

4)032

278

INDEX OF SYRIAC FORMS 98, 14

fcrt

y

m

247, 17; 249, 4

J b & â i

271,3

«V2,

125, 13

¿ J & â ,

5 9' , 4 38,8

4>ÓA>$2

106.2

Ji^aáái

JjafâÔ2, r '

^032

3 , 6 ; 57,3; 58,19

69, 2 U6>éúXtt2 ' 0 * xxxiv, 6 i b i a i

106,2 43, 19

Ä f V ^

JÍSMÍ r }&4!832

JOÓ)\XOÌl

23,17; 3 4 , 5 ; 3 5 , 2 ; ift>S»S^S^ft)32

üBu3»Ítí2 9• » '

94,2

^aoií

261, 6

UôÔ^làiSÏO^

98,13 UöA^Mbtii,

u a ó w0m á»i

261,6

Î-ÂÂÔ2

127.3 '

£»32

4 3 , 3 WAÓÁwáeáí

64, 10, 22 ¿ t C L ' i â , 43,1

U&Ójikááí

36,5;

37,9;

42,14;

74,14;

117, 5 ; 168, 14; 232, 5

0 2

34, 21; 74, 22

.« A'i

^332

UfoA^Óy,ft>3l

• ''"'-'i 3, 19 ¿ > 9 3 2 24, 1 ; 106, 9 74,6

< 0 0 1 .» 3»3•2*

43, 2 43, 19

iflA.yái

107, 1; 230, 4 ü B W o V ^ á í

;

i i fcaao*s2,

Jo2

» i ». ¡ tsao9*3l

39, 17

S^maí

23, 17 ^ Ó ú O * á t ó 3 2

»» 5

XjS10S2

106,7 ( } á 2 o i )

\tnA

4 7 , 1 7 ) 47, 2

k/0*fislÔzï

m »

144, 6

jb»Ó.*V V ^ r a ó i )

^ . 3 2

i •i 187,1

^03^32

xxxiv, 5 275,6

SÓÍSÍ

126, 20; 127, 22 )lyJS2 50, 11

jbA&Í

74, 6 4 > Ó } & 2

2 3 0 , 4 ¿1ÍS2 117, 15; 121, 3 ; 250, 12 JÜOAÍsÍ

O, 2 ; 21, 2 ; 27, 12; 124, 6 Ü&Ó2 '

46, -1; 60, 14; 96, ¿ ¿ ' 2 j S 2 , £&ÍS2 t* i

279

OF PROPER NAMES. 9;

113,2;

114,18;

116,16;

1 1 7 , 2 ; 1 1 9 , 9 ; 120, 1; 125, 1; 126, 10; 127, 11; 209, 4

261, 8 S t S o i l

26i,9 J ^ a t a ^ &®) as

78,11;

158, 1; 182, 17; 240, 7

¿jit*çV,

263,6

xxxi, 2 f i u f

JbÓuOOdU»

79, 2 ; 104, 7 ; 105, 6 ; 106, 11;

187,1 ^ Ó á Ó V .

«xi, i

125, 12 13,5; 14,2; 22,3;

ueeutttt^aóa

120,1; 121,19; 122,

iXM&BìÓa

12; 1 2 3 , 3 ; 125, 1; 127, 16 120,' 20 JOfeltKAfefcA t 0 •

253, 6

j B n r t Á \

251, 3

123,* l O t i t e A O»» 18

w e /a a i s a f e & •a 118, 4 L f e t O ä i b ' 7 / • xxxi, 4

122,' 17

) A 0 uf t t • MM 9 ilS

75,19

.oÓfcltíS»

130,1

¿^Ó?

55,7 ; 5 6 , 3 ; 77,11; 79,15 ; ¿ C O O ? 8 0 , 2 ; 81,1; 8 3 , 3 ; 8 4 , 4 ; 8 5 , 5 ; 88,7;

89,18; 9 0 , 9 ;

91,14;

92,12; 93,1; 9 4 , 2 ;

97,12;

104, 9 ; 128, 4 ; 129, 9 ; 130, 5 ;

22,4 251,5

«• «

131, 9 ; 132,17; 133,1; 134, 2 ; ^AÓ?

135, 2 ; 136, 7; 137,11; 138, 1;

OF PROPER NAMES. 139,17; 141,5; 142,5; 144,13;

281

11; 183,5; 184,12; 187,11;

145,1; 149,2; 150,9; 151,16;

189,17; 196,15; 221,1; 222,3;

152,7 ; 153,12 ; 155,2 ; 157,15 ;

227,3; 231,12; 251,1; 253,13

158,4; 159,2; 171,5; 180,18; 196, 11; 199, 1; 227,2 ; 244,8

272,2

N?*>OC!

>iaft?

i g f , J B Ó Vy.HlOl

69,3 39,11,15, 21 ; 169,14 ^ ¿ J ^ o à a l 123,1 ^ A â ç f l

96,5 (voóáaoóoi) J&oiäo ocrj 255,3 ; 263,4;

¿*¿007, I* f

£jOO] »*

268, 4 ; 270, 1; 271, 8 á á t t f ó o j > ( a a M f ó o i ) 3*soàooi

iBXfy\\\hbóì 242,7 > Q < > v \ v \ l l á o i , 13,3; 14,1; 29,6;

59,4; 66,16; 99,1; 104,8; 105, 5; 107, 6; 233, 5; 240, 9

9,14 ÁaMfÓO)

95, 13 àô&çtfçri

152, 10 ?9¿03Ó0! xxxiii, 29

sfuásáóoi 40, 7

JoSjOSof

tfiOt

130,2 3992o,

r

42,11 J&OI

9,2

146,9; 158,3; 159,15; üBbAof 209, 4

paoió

140,12 á ^ o ^ ó á u o

260,18 ; 261, 2 J O Û ç & Ô l 136, 14 J o A o f

9990

130, 3 21, 13; 27,21 ÜQM# 130,1

u^lXO

146, 21; 158, 18; 159, 22 J ü S o i 21,6

^ a - V * ^ 262,10 Ó3AO) ' m ti

272, 1 ifettO^ Ó3ACT 139,18; 140,1; 155,1; ?*O9A01 167,10; 159,13; 160,2; 162, 1; 163, 1; 164, 1; 169, 1; 171,

130, 2 3 0 P 0 3 f ,

ÀfOpapì

41, 11; 50, 3; 64, 1; 70, 8;

kOÓf

100,11; 104, 6; 106, 5; 137, 5; 152, 13; 229, 1; 241, 4; 237, 5 56,8 JBaOf fi

69, 11; 206, 13 ; 228, 3 « O Ó *

ÍNDEX OF SYKIAC FORMS

282

109

35, 9; 36, 13; 37, 17 tOÓfefe*

>

11

'^'."V*1^

xxxi, 2 xxxi

105,17 JEDÓ«S*9

>

3

272 3

109,7 J0>éhAf

'

50

118, 21; 126, 19 ^jSi'Ohtíf

>

*s®»

3

7,6; 60, 13; 63,2; 115,17; ¿ 4 0 ¿ t*

187,3 ^ ó X t í X Í .

119,5; 123,4; 124, 8; 125,16 135,1; 136,11; 139,1; 156,1

xxxi, 3 157, 4; 159,10; 160,1; 206,18 217,4; 220,4; 236,3 ; 237, 13 248,6; 275, 20 255,10; 261,14; 270,5 * * xxvm, 1 >¿Q* ~ 69,18 b l*to o k

3, 9 ; »¡ , t W v > \« , •. i . 78,2; 7!), 1 ; 88,18; í)0, 12 7

7

3,5; 78, 2; 118,14; 121,11 261,7 ¡ » ¿ ¿ ¿ i o ! * , , J D ^ i o V

9,4

79, 12 106,8 u a x a á ^ ,

^ ¿ ^

263, 6 tsflu 150, 10; Í S a O U S » , • 151, 14; 153, 12 19,

fS^ÓjIiú • " '

20, 4; 27, 12 ^ ¿ J » 4 0

29,16 u o a ó í á i e b o A í ^ ,

187, 2 ¿ ¡ s o V ^ ó l á ^

^

263,7

127, 19 UCMéUGtioáu^

43,2

.^wv!

j

270, 1 '.V « ' 44, 3; 47,3 JBíOiéÓbbi^ . . 90,17

70> x

119

'u

>2; 120>16; 121'8; 123, 4; 132, 16; 136, 9; 138, 8; 158,9; 235,11; 236,4 ; 237,13 138, 17; 146, 20 206, n ; 253,10 s e a

OF PROPER NAMES. 3,9; 7,5;

18,15; 75,9;

239, 7

e

9

9

, ;oiaAa

70,3 64, ( j j J k o y p S j r i )

}

283 ,

3

51,5; 53,7; 55,5

üB>fluA>0^

122,16

üOfluOU

242, 6 ; 244, 14

AfluOQ^

'

í*ioi*tíXá

4 ; 65, 4 261, >

facS

»

I

249, 15 U6>éújflúJ6>e^

2

*

xxxi, 4

I

»

¡JÛÇ&

249) 18

20, i s v a i a

63)

n

241, 4 ; 243, 13 43, i o u e é u í o ú t o a 42,13

69,17

Utoouaooa

43,8

19,22

UBÓàytóa

23, 15

4 2 , 1 2 ; 44, 6

23,22

44,19

>JQañyo>">

74, 13

_

63,3 98,11 U Q > 0 3 h t ) & ,

l y ^ t o i á S

^

}*ÍÓú99üttS UQ9Ó2ÓÌÌ3À

23, 14 t A Á t t i I S J j Á

xxxiii, 31 20, 7

4>ÓnA

>

\

21

tOÓ^IttA

X X X£iI , 2

242, 10 UB»033uJQ»a , 49, («JO

UOÓU¿A

69,2

44, 2 ; 46, 5 UBM>\,»ft>f%

JaaA

JOÓáÓ^

2, 1 4 ; 10, 15; 16, 5 ; 65, J B f c J a S

263> 6

\ ° V "

17; 6 6 , 4

3,7 43, 2

3,8 '

261,11

¿»aáo &U3Û0

'.i •

• «

,

xxii, 1; xxvii, 2 3 ; xxviii, ittíSMObO 43,3

2

284

INDEX OF SYRIAC FORMS 95, 11; 261, 10 UB>OflÒ9

¿ * û Ô e â O , I J L 1 3 0 Ù 9 , ¿»tta'àçùo

14; 5 , 1 , 7 , 9 , 1 5 ; 1 5 , 1 7 ;

22,

2 1 ; 2 8 , 1 9 ; 2 9 , 2 ; 30, 17; 6 8 , 6 ; 76,1; 7 6 , 3 ; 123,16;

124,8;

2 1 0 , 3 ; 2 3 7 , 5 ; 248,10 ; 249,1; 214, 8 ; 215, 3 ¿btiU&e3ò9

253, 14; 258, 11; 259, 2

55,7 ¿Il^CÒS 227,16 wa»ftrttif.ao, uaaótiUi^ap xxx, 5 (86, 5 ; 128, I l

XiC^o)

6, 1; 2 3 , 3 ; 3 1 , 9 ; 41,

*

1,2,12; 5,3,11; 23,3;

81, 19; 86, 20

r

4 ; 92, 1 ; 93, 9 ; 97, 1; 126,11; 1 2 8 , 6 ; 1 3 1 , 6 ; 156,21; 157, 2 ; 189, 5 ; 202, 10 ; 243, 13 ; 250, 15 ¿¿Ó&0»

31, 11; 42, 1 4 ; 49, 14; 6 0 , 4 ; 186,7

loéjao

6 7 , 4 ; 8 3 , 3 ; 8 8 , 4 ; 89, 10; 94, 4 ; 9 8 , 1 0 ; 102,11; 1 0 3 , 4 ; 105,

186,6

^«Vyrt

187,2

^ôtsa^bs

9 ; 126,7; 1 2 9 , 8 ; 133,11; 134,

staÓXaH^O

5 ; 144, 4 ; 148, 7 ; 156, 7 ; 157,

8 ; 1 0 8 , 7 ; 1 1 8 , 2 ; 121,17; 124, 9 ; 135, 3 ; 139, 3 ; 141,15; 142,

24,1

249,13 J B f t r t À . » , U B û t i Û u h » '

9

1

9

{

9

69, 3 ^ . S ^ i m . i r v a o 1 1 9' , 8 i / o»« a0 > . t o9' . a 241, 13;

5;

161,1;

187,14;

249, 1; 250, 10 ; 251, 9 208,17; 209, 1 * A > Ó u \ Ì ! 0 253, 11 j B « > H . > \ Ì M

«^ÓàjS*»

242, 1

253,12 Ó 3 M 222, 8 76,6

21, 2 0 ; 27, 21 jààaap

2 4 2 , 8 *JQ>ÓS3»l!a0 • I 7

19, 15 ; 20,^8 ^ C l L Ó » 251, 18 £ â ù p 1,4; 5,4,8; 75,9; 76,3;

¿ p ç »

77, 2 ; 124,3 1, 9 ;

2, 2 ;

207,11;

245, 4 ; 246, 2 ; 247, 7 ; 248, 6 ;

3, 2, 12; 4,

^Ógtt

J-ttÄ»,

îyfiLMM

212, 17 ; 213, 8 21, 16; 2 7 , 2 0 UQMÛ» 242,6

«aaiÀâae

9, 3 ; 21, 9 ; 27, 14 OÇU 97, 16

285

OF PROP Ell NAMES.

70,3 43,20

263,6

Àol

22,4

JÏO&

VVyS^ftl

90, i l

â j j ^ o j A , 89, 18

202,4 ¡ 204,16 ; 2 5 1 , 1 ; 253,9

kOOÚOÓtíÓ»

204,5

1 , 6 ; 15,3; 67,17; 124,4

'

0

t

44, 2 ; 48, 1 7 ; 49, 4 '

'

'

'

'

127,7 J t ^ J M 0

ttoéùOSbttà*

'

t%m

47,1 ( > j a o á a > C U \ )

¿ tt 3 L*&

uaóáaJi.i uaiéhaLttài

43,3

>

3 9 , 1 6 ; 4 0 , 1 0 ; 4 4 , 4 ; 45,

41,3;

43,8;

ï&JbLi

47,2;

249,19;

}OflUQ>

250, 3 181,13 69, i

vAÓáÓ^Al

>jaóyn\>y,r»

74,5 74, 7

^ittiyJB» ü a . y v á i J B

225,11; 226,1 ; 252,2 h A a t f e f e * » ifluiMirtifttft, '^-"r^^tff&nrrr 70, 14

42,2;

44,22;

81,18;

ü&u^ktíao

0

1; 47, 8 ; 48, 7 ; 49, 1 40,6;

77,18;

JjLaÄflJQ»

t

43,1 11 UB>CÚ0ÓtiLl $ 2 5 0' , 2

49,19;

50, 4 ; 242, 7

71, 12

UBÓsátLfiue» 0

76,5 48, 1 á á f c & L *

UbÓÓA^ttí

21; 5 , 7 , 9 , 1 6 ;

6,1,6,16;

7,

3 , 8 ; 9 , 9 ; 1 0 , 4 ; 1 1 , 4 ; 12, 4¿ 13,6;

14,3;

19,11;

25,14;

26, 2 ; 27, 2 ; 28, 1; 29, 15; 30, 7 ; 76, 16; 77, 4 1, 15; 7, 20

ttoéaU^tiUi

0

üOÓtUfiUS) i

0

173, 16 V p f t f t i v r o o i f t »

204, 7 u U . 1, 9 ; 3, 4, 14; 4, 9,

3 0 0

95, 14 u ì ^ Ó f l »

xxxiii, 28

263, 9 Ü C A o j I ,

i¿\ó%Q

*

I t

xxi, 17; xxvii, 18 jáuJBa 235, 10 263,8 250,1 '

^¿áüÓ

Ó'a^JB

jBftücXlB II 32,2 20,20

^ifi)

28(J

INDEX OF SYRIAC FORMS {ittVft

1!), 14 ?9X£bi»

209, 3 ; 210, 1 ¿ & S J B I

263,8 á á t f l t V *

G3, 11

204, 7 ; 251, 1; 253, 10 XXXIV.

228,4

•

3, 8

Mh3ÍM>

43,3

*••

i

JoóauSÓá • $ '

, Jaaóy^fr» 3 1 ', 5 43,2

l&Atrt

63,4

lÁÓñtO

j o a át A ó f t

95, 14

l o A ó á

250,3

¿taueá „

126, 7 ; 253, 7 ¡ ¿ O * » xxi, 19 ; xxvii, 20

•

20, 4 258, 16; 259, 2

'

118 3

?i\>m

38,8 UB>JJ¿od

«OÓüliÓ

170, 16

69,18 j¡>\á'yxo

63,3

78,7 9 tO3uááüQ» • # ' 78,1 21

J Bt •a »^ i i •P

71,6

^xááüQ)

71, 1 ^ Ó u a u á á Á 70, 16; 71, 14; 72, 10;

yl/WlfP

73, 5 ; 225, 19; 226, 2 ; 252, 6 71, 16 '

pAtäuXO) \» • $

^ÜLOO^

USü^ÓJóte

106, 10

JOÓbÓá

118,20 31, 12

jjíoft

UOóSAtiOÁ

1 3 9 , 1 7 ; 155,1; 157,10; 158,

SÓd

7 ; 1 5 9 , 1 ; 160,16; 1 6 1 , 1 ; 162, 8; 163,1; 164, 7 ; 180,19; 196, 14; 199, 2 ; 222, 3, 1 3 ; 224, 5 ; 253, 5

t

187, 1

19, 21; 20, 14; 27, 19 « ^ Á t A

*jÓiá93Óá 69,1

266, 11

213, 11 ; 214, 5 ;

xxxiv, 5

¿Àâ»

xxii, 1 ; xxvii, 23

^^V.

216, 12; 244, 1 4 ; 249, 2 ; 251, 9; 252, 11 249,19 S f l u à

OF PROPER NAMES.

287

16 ; 251, 2 ; 255, 1 ; 270, 12 ;

2 4 ^ à a i ^ ô ,

271, 14; 275, 20

17 251,3

187,1; 7 * 188,16 7

t o A â â ^ i à

250, 17

61,2 187,2

¿ÍSmS

246,7

r>0, 7 ; 95, 9

jift'V.Si^

118,18

31, 11

UBÓjSkjttLS 42, 14

l & J à

38, 19

58, 19

Jbé^Lâ

dO^Aàà

234, 13 «.OuSuJ&iä

o a ô î s ^ d

44, 4 ; 48, 18

'

\

0 • *

45, 15; 46, 3

'

»

0

Jltt-ä 95, 19

47, 1 169, 15; 170, 2

g

42, 12

29,3

49,19

g

lÂtâ

0

«^Â-ô

31,8;

48,1;

109,9;

195, 2; 198, 2 ; 199, 8 5,1

kOÄxd

187,21

^OJÀmÂ

-

18,18; 3 1 , 9 ; 33,12; 51, 65,16

7 ; 52,14; 105, 9 1,2, 11; 6, 4 ; 10, 2 ;

121, 13

^âu^MÂ

23, 14

A Ó j i d

^ A â ,

14,3; 15, 1; 16,7; 17,1; 18, 3 ; 22,10; 2 3 , 6 ; 2 4 , 8 ; 2 5 , 3 ; 26, 7 ; 2 9 , 8 ; 3 0 , 5 ; 3 1 , 4 ; 33, 17; 35,3; 36,5; 37,1; 38, 6 ; 40,3 ; 41,3; 42,14; 47,10; 49,7; 50, 9 ; 5 1 , 3 ; 5 2 , 3 ; 54,1;

56,1;

»*

137,4

JOÓ&aLÁ

jà

I1

Uoöte, J-cM, 141, 5 109, U B O t i U l X d , 11 77,22

^

A

à

57, 1; 58, 1; 60, 3 ; 62, 16; 63, 1; 80, 13; 82, 17; 84, 10; 85, 18; 89,2; 115, 16; 117,5; 123, 12;

125,15;

144,5;

127,8;

242,8;

122, 16

125,8 W Q M ^ S â ,

t

131,7;

246,10 ; 249,

137,8

^fluJSboAâ

288

I N D E X OF SYRIAC

FORMS

249,18

71,5 181, 13

^à

77,16 250,2

169, 1 8 ; 170, 22

^ i A i i á

îà í 9 ; 1 5 2 , 1 7 ; 250, 6 ; 251, 3 ; 274, 11; 275, 2 262, 10 l i s t o á

138, 1 4 ; 235, 11

95,12

ytttftáfl

9 4 , 1 0 ; 1 2 8 , 6 ; 1 4 5 , 3 ; 146,

250, 19

52,7

«nôÂuâoià

àóttà

U6»é5ák*^*ttd

t O i à

5 6 , 3 ; 60, 1 7 ; 8 2 , 3 ; 86,

¿»¿¡¡à

2 ; 8 8 , 5 ; 8 9 , 8 ; 91, 1 0 ; 9 4 , 4 ; 1 1 7 , 1 7 ; 118, 2 ; 1 1 9 , 4 ; 123, 5 ; 1 2 4 , 1 ; 1 2 8 , 9 ; 131, 3 ; 134, 1 0 ;

£tíoáá,

135,17; 137,4; 249, 18

138,12;

144,

4 ; 145, 1; 1 4 7 , 6 ; 1 4 8 , 7 ; 149, 4 ; 150, 6 ; 151, 3 ; 153, 1 ; 154, 116,6

üBXAÓáá

14;

156,7;

157,16;

161,1;

stoioiâ

1 6 2 , 4 ; 1 9 5 , 1 7 ; 209, 2 ; 2 2 1 , 1 ;

43,' 4

i J Qt M» a á *á

274, 21

34, 15

^ ¿ U ^ á á

130,3

2 3 7 , 6 ; 2 6 2 , 6 ; 2 7 0 , 1 ; 271, 1 3 ;

169,2

^ûatfià

207,8; 208,6

\ Ó u i á

130,4

113,2

, JOÓXkisíá 221,2 69,2

Itbtsiâ

kOÓ&Ófcà

fÔuââ 201,17

242,6

ffëç

^ Ó i ^ á á 79,7

183, 7 ; 184, 1 1 ; 189,

}JXJ¡¿Íá

¿t'áóg

195, 3

15 ; 190, 9 ; 231, 13

^

1 9 0 , 2 0 ¿ktiÜQfc&á 2 4 2 , 5 ; 2 4 5 , 9 ; 247,

«»áüAfcáá

1 6 ; 249, 2 ; 250, 8 255, 7 188, 16

194,17 212,6

JHÓJÙhÌÈ »^Ójáiá

^Ófcjüá

«.Óiba*9bti \

120,21

•

"

itOlgtb

272,2

3&JÛ II«

OF PHOPKl , NAMES. ii9,8

áójjaaaa

'

•

7 ; 220,3 ; 221, 3 ; 222,15 ; 223, 4 ; 224, 7 209, 14 ; 210, 2

I

si, 7 ï±\so*a

289

212,15; 213,1; 214,3; WDOSaAtl

97, 16 . « f t V ^ ^ ^ M 74,7 v \ S . H ó a

215,2; 216,4; 217,12; 219,10;

203,6 UBÓáuUátt

130,2 àitfJUtt ' * 0

«

xxxiv, 6

JbOÜtSftä

43, i

üOsóÁaá'atí

110, 4 ; 113,1

un\n

OQlÓ^é^Xa

106,2 a a I j A* ö . 7 ' 250,5

» o *^ a l ^ a

52,5 ( ^ O S O V J ö ) 4 7 , 6 (M>Óúfedtí) 44, u a s o ^ à t o ^ ,

toójláto*ti

io 44,12

^ f l á i Ú

ubólMa&jtt

69, 3 ^ À A b , 50, 10

^ààtfja

xxii, 2 ; xxviii, 1 34, i 3

h

120,15

V# » l •M »h

212, 8 ; 213,4; 214, 7; 218, ¿ » M A

B. A.

jftltth

^átÍóia

43,4

43,9

jp>\vvÓub9*3»tí

XXX, 23

JaaX ,1

* 0

43,4

joóitkàMJà

*

3,8(3,igJJlioint)¿¿teoäax

4 7 , 3 U8>ÓÓA^ÍO*3btí 40, 7 ; 42, 11

,

263,8 tflâdb

236, 1 2 ; 268, 8

96, 9 U B S t t f e j t o Ô d b

xxi, 4 ; xxvii, 7 ; xxx, 22

^ÓíílX

120,15 U B > Q Q ¿ j S u á j t t

XXX, 6 ¿ L ^ O S

yÓlÍOLt

244, 13 ; 245, 15

tftáBfltÍB

74,6 ^ á i u k t í 99,3 249,1 3 Ú í S 2 k ü ,

110,10

lats

1 0 2 , 1 4 ; 1 0 8 , 8 ; 103,1; 104, & 3 2 J S

i

2;

9¿&2¿sáütt f f

105, 10; 107, 14; 109, 3 ;

115,5; 118,15; 121,22;

248,

14 2 1 , 1 2 ; 204, 7 ; 2 0 6 , 1 4 j l i , 130,' 4

$ #

22

C7> 7 ;

r,8>

»5

59 > 2

xxxiii, 3 2 ; 63, 11 J ì p Ó Ó p 1,3,12; 64,12; 65,3;

?¿éÓf¿

270, 11; 274, 21; 275, 5 2 4 9 , 1 4 UEDÓ303 253,4 l A Ó d Ó S . t 8 0 , 3 ; 1 4 4 , 7 ; 1 5 1 , 1 ; 152, Ä X O S » 11; 153,10; 154,3; 243,17;

>1; 1°8,

103>8

!

242,6 U b Ó i & i J j á

104

»^OMBÎ^

'95

^

^

« J 110, 1 ; 225, 20

108,22; 110,23; 112,2 2 7 1 , 1 3 ; 2 7 2 , 1 ; 274, 11 ; 275, 2

244, 4 ; 2 4 9 , 9 ; 250, 7 5 2 , 5 (^OÄSyä) ^ Ó é u Ó i

í

263,7 100

1

Jbtialäs JoS'yaO^,

. XXX, 4

. peeiwA

203, 7 ^ Ó i S O j L i s ]87,2

¿S^biSa-fc 251,3 xxxiii, 1 f S a o N

OF PROPER NAMES. 67, 9; CO, 13; 63, 2 ;

291

ft»

23, 18 ¿ B s f c

249 15 106,3 j i U M f t , 60, 12 ¿ ¿ b u f c

23, 3 ; 249,15 63

'

10

!

242

'

8

^

275 jbmd ^ e aú patio *

^ '

«

ubàâa « »

^ í e

aa

^

* o ' À 1 á'aáaoa |i i •

u o*S á *á to b Js3 JJkoia

¿L^xís ¿sb&x ¡a\»

274

J*âû0 J.0P10 .JUââS

^

.sMftfàflâÀ

^ i f i s è^ao ^

^ÎMO

u0|06m2 ¿>ááo? Jaâjtt ¿ici? Jbafc ¿ida sa

feiib

;atìo

áúp2o j o ó á y j o a ^ ^ ^áús y^ísl aoiso • o p pJò ¿wi? ^ s i Jci? ^éoitsoLiO îaXâi ^p i L s ^ ofcfe

.^óoiAoo

^

sa ¿óú» o)iä ;ooi À9I0

oi&jâou1» ^.tp séoiisoALo ? ,rv.\ »

\ y Ho .^ÓOI^OlS^mO

.¿3 X- JàOJ&O

Ji!^

crp&a2o

C^XO

¿Lf&S JfcÀfi»

1

;*3ù\ 'tt&O wtiàaj?

JaaV^ 5^2

¿¿»aà?

JEttiO

»'i*

^iooi soflàia

¿boa

.¿i-iisA 2 inalbo

.3 ¿MOM ^¿ó*? J^-aiS

Nomio

; ' à a \ v2

¿¿tuo uàu2o .joid „Haano uoaJ&s ^ o p Jaao

olitolo

J'Saoo

^op

¿X»

IÌ^OSJOI

208

•

'

.Jióis obi \Sé *tj*o

foVrr

;*32^ «sÓ3MO .^o'iàse ^000733 &03ÌS2 isaéo» soft» ?W\H A r t t i

^óoi^N^ ^cXiao

^Ottài ^¿x isso raj&Xo

.&«3o2

mv, yft aaao

w-V»?

ìs-X3o2o ¿S-àfc-a aoiso • ^ o f e o à a a ' Read itìUO 4

D OSÀ D

2

E JÌsX^O

* Read ^»2 1

3

* For

Read

? brook 1

267

kOoSaooa^l?

oiaplp ääe2o

p»»

• ^ia

Hol

¿

« o s m a ^ I

^

^äas

.^OaSäO

: Jab ^

feti&S

.^iMts

Awn ^

J ^ o opotS

.0&

öjuaoüQjuio

«¿33U30iS2 ^ O

'aao

.JaC] )3is}9

.^is

3 ^

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.OjiS&M*

^ 2

-¡s*2o

; a o \ 5^2 J'ioxkaX

s

¡ S b * ou3oü>2o . j a u * ^ s o k

ojaso2

oiAiiab s t b e

Ik&OLAJofc

¿OJdO

1

•> 6 ^ 2 J * » * . er^isSo . ^ » 2

e^eea

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CD

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J ^ f f & s o ¿ t ^ v i >Vi y p

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^3fis 9 a * » o

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.¿^ao2 ^¡s2 s } M i i i S 3 & e

^ap

4

oao&>o ouftu2o

Ib&oQJb],7 aa&iO

^ap

10

•

.;3a\3

* ^o2

.^»2

JiMiitS^

*

;'iaofi> eXiiO

9

ABDE 9

A

Callisth., p. 143, col. 1, line 20.

frits, frbol. 6

3

Read g o * * 1

Compare Müller, Pseudo-

C omits

¿130 ¿S O^jS^O

7

D osaio

9

Read ^¿02, as is written with lead pencil on the margin of B.

10

D

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vOO^ 3

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¡li^o ¿«oss

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. ^ a

^ ¿ 1 2 *is*2o

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lib

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• bcde;W.;e probably corrupt.

{se^ao ktt&2o %iS*2o

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265

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Compare the list in Miiller, p. 151, note 1 on ch. xxxv.

Also

the Arabic lists given by Yakut in the Mu'jam al-Buld&n, ed. Wiistenfeld, t. i, p. Toe, or in the Mushtarik, ed. Wiistenfeld, p. vv. 2

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The Greek text has

(Müller, p. 148, col. 2, line 27).

Read ^

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three words are, in my opinion, superfluous.' 1

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