The Great Road: The Building of the Baltimore and Ohio, the Nation’s First Railroad, 1828-1853 9781503622234

Citation preview

THE GREAT ROAD

•

....

....

...........

......................... _.... .. ....... . _, __ ~

_.

,,..~-

1141o11'aal. .......

-- --..:=:::; ~-j Ih:'tl ; lDIWID' 253 Brown, George, 35,37£, 45, 70, 92,114,126, 152, 215,349, 398; as B&O Rr. treasurer, 47, 78, 175£; attends Rainhill trials, 88, 90; attends B&O Rr. opening in Wheeling, 382,386£ Brown, James, 37 Brown, John (Alex. Brown & Sons), 37 Brown, John (abolitionist), 423n2 Brown, William, 37, 63, 129, 235 Brown, William & Co., Liverpool, 37 Brown, William & James & Co., Liverpool, s5, 127 £, 235 Brown Brothers & Co., N.Y., 37,307, 356 Brownsville, Pa., 19, 62, 205, 209£, 231, 285 Bruce, John (W&P Rr. official), 188, 191, 200, 206,243 Brunswick, Md., 177, 424n3. See also Berlin, Md. Buchanan, James (Pa. congressman), 125£ Buchanan, James A. (Balto. businessman), 105 Buchanan, John (Md. judge), n6, 230, 238£ Buck-eye Hollow, 37rf, 445n25 Buckeystown, Md., 424n 3 Buckhorn Run, 371 Buffalo, N.Y., 23, 25,53 Buffalo Creek, 385. See also Piles Fork Burr, Theodore (bridge builder), 2o6f Bush Creek, 57£, 145£ Buzzard, Henry (landowner), 254ff, 433-34DI7 CSX Corporation, 437n14 Cahoon, J. & D. (contractor), 146 Calvert County, Md., 300, 308 Camden & Amboy Rr., 252, 304, 416n25 Camden Station, 383, 435n7, 446n 37 Camden Street, 142ff, 376 Camel (locomotives), 305,364-67, 366£, 374, 385,446n31 Cameron, Samuel (right-of-way agent), 314,341 Canals, 14-38 passim, rot, I 13, 154, 228ff Canton (Baltimore), 91, 252 Canton Company, 9rf, 142, 234, 418n16

Index Capitol Limited, 441n47 Carey, Mathew, 26ff, 29 Carr, Roseby (contractor), 255, 363, 372, 379£, 3SS Carroll (locomotive), 23S, 25S Carroll, Charles, Barrister, 140, 417m Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, Sf, 16, 23, 414 7 passim, 59, 66, 70, 74, So, 93, 95, ro6, r26, 225, 3S2; background, lays B&O cornerstone 10-n; sells right-of-way through property, 433n4 Carroll, James, 65, 67, 69, 74, 92, roo, 140££, 418m6 Carroll, James, Jr., 143ff, 275 Carroll's Point, 66, 14of, 41Sn16 Carrollton Viaduct, 74, 79f, 9S, 12Sf, r62 Casselman River, 31££, 52, 6o, 1o2f, 231, 233, 240,262 Catoctin Aqueduct, 190 Catoctin Creek (B&O Rr. bridge), 194£, 219 Catoctin Mountain, 57ff, 6S, II2, 14S, rS6 Caton, Richard, 229 Caton sisters, 225 Cecil County, Md., 225, 300 Central Ohio Rr., 333, 350, 3SS, 392, 396, 444mS, 447n9 (Ch. 25) Chambersburg, Pa., 205, 244 Chapman, John G. (Md.legislator), 43£, 47 Charles, Samuel (Cumberland editor), 267, 278 Charles County, Md., 43, 214 Charles Fenton Mercer (canal packet), II3 Charles Street, 143£, 376 Charleston, S. Carolina, 209 Charleston, W.Va., 56 Charlestown, W.Va., 260 Cheat River, 15, 32, 52, 57, 6o, 231,240,331£, 341ff, 359, 392, 442n6; iron viaducts, 37172, 374, 445n25 Cheat River Valley, 61,359,371, 445n25 Chesapeake (steamboat), 198 Chesapeake & Delaware Canal, 14, 28, r6o, 225, 291 Chesapeake & Ohio Canal, r4ff, 23, 25, roo103 passim, r33f; conventions, 30, 33-34, 101; surveys,31-33,49,6o, 231,342;cha~ ter, 44, 101£, 114, 120; controversy with B&O Rr., 62, 67, 102-21 passim, r 40, r57, 215£, 301-2, 306; stock, 106, 114, 247; riots, 177, 236, 265-67; construction progress, 1Ssf, 203,205, 27S, 2S6, 298, 300, 346; joint construction, Point of

Rocks to Harpers Ferry, 187-193 passim; cooperation with B&O Rr., 202-5, 312; cost of construction, 204, 2n, 309; financing, 205, 212, 214-17, 239,246££,250, 268, 271ff, 312£, 428n5o; Paw Paw Tunnel, 248, 265-66, 267, 272, 435n2; opening to Cumberland, 354-55, 443n32 Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Park, 443n)2 Chesapeake Bay, 13f, 22, 54, 95' I 58, 212, 215' 253, 276, 314 Chicago, 213, 388 Childe,John (civil engineer), 342£ Childs, Ezekiel (locomotive designer), 98 Chillicothe, Ohio, 46, 55, 444m8 Cholera, C&O Canal, 193-94; B&O Rr., 194, 368, 378£, 425n26 Cincinnati, Hillsborough & Parkersburg Rr., 4441118 Cincinnati, Ohio, 46, 55,326, 329, 333, 349f, 377,388,396£ City Bank, ros City Block, 66, 92, 141-44 passim, 169, 183, 252,347,418n16,422n31 City Extension, 144£ City of Wheeling (steamboat), 378 Civil War, 399, 423n2, 436n4o Clark, Meriwether Lewis (civil engineer), 354 Clarksburg, W.Va., 55, 58, 316, 320, 322, 372, 374 Clay, Henry, 33, n9, 125,171,176, 235, 243, 295,329,349 Clear Spring, Md., 231 Clermont (steamboat), 20 Cleveland, Ohio, 388 Clinton, DeWitt, 21£ Coal, so£, 120, 203, 268, 279, 281, 283, 308, }II, 364, 443n32; as commodity on B&O Rr., 40, 59, 291, 298-307 passim, 313, 332, 347, 364, 367, 390-91; tested in B&O locomotives, 257-58, 289; history and development in western Md., 284-90, 300, 307, 312; miners, 2SS-89. See also Cumberland coal Coale, James M. (C&O Canal president), 300, 355 Cobb, Daniel (journalist), 214, 216, 229 Codorus (steamboat), 21, 197 Cohen, Joshua I., Jr. (city councilman, B&O Rr. director), 143 Cohen, Mendes (civil engineer), 379, 446n42

457

Index Coke, 287 Colonnade Bridge, see Pillar Bridge Colossus (bridge), 206, 350 Columbia, Pa., r8, 23, 28f Columbian engine, 82 Columbus, Ohio, 333,350, 388, 396, 447n9 Columbus (car), 148, 150 Conemaugh River, 26, 28 Conestoga wagon, 281 Conewago Falls, 18 Confluence, Pa., 31,33 Connaught men, 133, 266, 346 Connellsville, Pa., 233, 240, 262, 298, 316 Contee, Md., r56 Cook, William (civil engineer), 63 f Cooke, William (B&O Rr. director), 325 Cooper, James Fenimore, 53, 293 Cooper, Peter, 66, 90-98 passim, 198, 282 Cooper Union, 91 Corkonians, 133, 177, 266, 346 Cornell, Ezra, 294-95 Corning, Erastus, 312 Cornish engine, 81 Costill, Stacy (locomotive designer), 99 Cotton, 40, 397 Council Bluffs, Iowa, 53 Covington Manufacturing Co., 310, 312 Coxe, RichardS. (C&O Canal lawyer), II?, II9, 205, 229 Coyle, Terence (laborer), 181 Crab (locomotives), 237f, 257£, 303f Crabtree Creek, }I, 6o, 231,316,333, 345 Craig, Neville B. (P&C Rr. official), 323 Cresap, Thomas, 279 "Crosscut canal," 212, 230, 420n18 Crozet, Claudius (civil engineer), 4o8n5 Cruger, Alfred (civil engineer), ro2f, n8, 188, 210,284,437n14 Cumberland, Md., 15f; National Road, 14, 19, 21f, 62, 282f, 333; C&O Canal, 30, 33f, 52, ro2ff, ro8, n8, 120, 185, 202, 204, 227, 266, 268, 354; B&O Rr., 48, 54£, 57£, 6o, 69, 203, 228, 239£, 259, 267, 277£, 299, 316, 328, 359f, 383 f, 429n n; depot, 278, 384, 391; history and development of, 279-80; coal, 284£, 305 Cumberland Alleganian, 267 Cumberland coal, 290£, 308, 347 Cumberland Coal & Iron Co., 326,390 Cumberland Narrows, 231, 278-83 passim, 298,300

Cumberland Phoenix Civilian, and Civilian, 266-67, 268, 435ni2 Cumberland Road, see National Road Cumberland Valley, see Shenandoah Valley Cumberland Valley Rr., 244, 309. See also Franklin Rr. Curtis Creek, 127 Dam no. 5, C&O Canal, 203,210 Dam no. 6, C&O Canal, 248, 278, 298, 300, 355 Dan's Mountain, 283£, 286 Daniels, Md., see Elysville Darsie, George (P&C Rr. official), 321, 323 Davis, Phineas (B&O Rr. locomotive builder), 21, 90, 98f, I 83, 195, 197, 199, 207f, 236, 426n42 Davis & Gartner, 99, 197 de Baader, Chevalier Joseph, 416n25 Deep Creek, 31f, 52, 231 Deep Creek Lake, 231, 405n13 Deep Cut, 69, 7rff, 135, 200, 262 Delaware and Hudson Canal Co., 97, 123, 127, 256 Delaware River, 20, 50, 207, 252 Denmead, A. (Adam) & W., & Sons (foundry), 375, 390 Denny, Harman (P&C Rr. official), 321, 323 Dillahunty, John N. (civil engineer), 52-64 passim Doe Gully Tunnel, see under B&O Rr. Doughoregan Manor, 126, 433n4 Douglas, William 0., 443n32 Draper, Edmund (supplier), 262f Dromedary (car), 195 Duane, William J., 226 Ducatel, Julius Timoleon (Md. geologist), 286 Duel Ridge, 156, 178, 181 Eastern Shore Rr., 212 Eastwick, Andrew M. (locomotive builder), 303 Eastwick & Harrison, 303f, 439n12 Eaton, John H., I20, 187, 202 Eaton, Peggy, 226 Eckhart (locomotive), 301, 365 Eckhart Mines, Md., 284£, 288, 290, 298, 307, 312 Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees, Paris, 162, 350, 4o8ns Edgington, D. M. (Va. legislator), 326£, 332

Index Eight Million bill, 212-17 passim, 224,227, 242,245,24S,3o7,428nso Elephant (locomotive), 305 Elgar, John (machinist), 21, 72, So, 197-9S, 426n40 Elk (locomotive), 305 Elk Branch (Run), 233, 240, 277 Elkridge, Md., s8, 93, I >5' 151, 161, 422n)2 Elkton, Md., 212, 225 Ellet, Charles Jr., 275, 349-54 passim, 361, 442n23, 444n18 Ellicott, Andrew (surveyor), 93, 4o8n5 Ellicott, EvanT. (B&O Rr. director), 173, 182 Ellicott, John, 93 Ellicott, Joseph, 93 Ellicott, Thomas (banker), 41,46£, so, 124, 158, 171-76 passim, 382 Ellicotts Branch, 94 Ellicotts Mills, Md., So, 93ff, 148, 163, 1S9, 3S3, 424n3 Ely, Thomas, Hugh, and Asher (landowners), 2 54 Elysville (Daniels), Md., 253-59 passim, 303, 433nn7, II, I7 Emory, Thomas L. (Md. bond commissioner), 230, 238£ Enterprise (steamboat), 20 Equated distance, 53, 6of, 240, 343, 352ff Erie, Lake, 16, 21f, 25£,32 Erie Canal, r6, 21ff, 25£,33£,37, roof, 103, 132, 234,344 Erie Rr., 296, 348, 350, 362, 366, 388 Etting, Solomon (city councilman, B&O Rr. director), 33, 47, 66, 124, 144£, 406n6 Evans, Hugh W. (B&O Rr. director), 176,307 Evans, Oliver, 82-83, 99 Evitt's Creek, 265, 278 Experiment (steamboat), 198 Fairmont, W.Va., 342ff, 359, 368, 372-75 passim, 384, 445-46n29 Fall line, rsS Falls, Moore N. (stagecoach co. official), 292 Fardowns, 133, 177, 266, 346 Fares, see Passenger fares Faulkner, Charles James (Va. legislator, B&O Rr. right-of-way agent), 260, 314, 434n24 Federal Hill, 95, 19S, 403n2 Fells Point, 8, 66, 91, 341,347 Fessenden, John M. (civil engineer), 6> Fifteen Mile Creek, 232, 266

Fink, Albert, 361-64passim, 371ff, 377, 445n29 Fink truss, 362, 373, 385 Finley, James (bridge designer), 2So Finney, James (labor spy), 266 Fish Creek, 317, 326-35 passim, 341ff, 352ff, 378£ Fishing Creek, 316£, 325f, 32S Fisk, Charles B. (civil engineer), r89f, 205, 2u, 218, 228, 266,310 Fitch, John, 20 Fitzhugh, H. W. (B&O Rr. superintendent), 218 Flatboats, see Lehigh, Potomac, Susquehanna rivers Flour, 40, 149f, 187, 206, 209, 236, 2Sr, 308£, 313,376,397,443n32 Forbes, John Murray, 312 Ford, J. B. (B&O Rr. depot agent), 391-94 Forrest, Benjamin S. (C&O Canal stock agent, State of Md.), u7f Forsythe, J. H. (Wheeling merchant), 386,397 Forsythe & Son, 292,377 Fort Frederick, Md., 434n33 Franklin, Benjamin, 18 Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, 27, 306 Franklin Rr., 244, 275£,309, 316, 323£. See also Cumberland Valley Rr. Frederick, Md., r8, 32, 45, 57f, 93, 140, 145-46, r8sf, 193£, 215, 232, 276, 28rf, 419nr8,424n3 Frederick (car), 148£ Frederick and Harpers Ferry Turnpike Co., r88f Frederick Branch, 145£, 148 Frederick County, Md., 48, 104, 106, 163, 253 Frederick Junction, 3S3 Fredericksburg, Va., 29 Frederick Turnpike, 19, 94, 165 Freight rates: railroad, 41, 149, 292; steamboat, 157; turnpike, 157, 283, 292 French, Daniel (steamboat builder), 20 Friction wheel, 7off, So Fridge, Alexander (B&O Rr. promoter), 406n6 Friend, John, 280 Friendsville, Md., 280, 2S5 Frieze, Simon (contractor), 93 Frostburg, Md., 232, 278-89 passim, 430n23 Fulton, Robert, 19£, 160 Gadsby's Run, 69f, 73, 135

459

Index Gales, Joseph, Jr. (Washington, D.C., politician), n3-14, 414n4o Gallagher, Patrick (laborer), 181 Gallatin, Albert, 14, 18-20, 25 Garrett, HenryS., 332, 399 Garrett, John W., 399, 441n47 Garrett, Robert, 329, 331, 334 Garrett, Robert & Sons, 329 Gartner, Israel (machinist), 98, 197, 208 Gatch, Conduce (B&O Rr. carpenter), 148 Gauge, see under Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, track, construction methods Gauley River, 52 Georges Creek Coal & Iron Co., 286f, 289f, 301,308,312,364 Georges Creek Coalfields, 283, 286ff, 364, 367, 390, 437lll4 Georgetown, Wash., D.C., 14, 23, 28f, 33, 35, 101-7 passim, u4, 133, 184, 299£, 307 George Washington (B&O Rr. locomotive), 184, 379, 427n21 George Washington (Philadelphia & Columbia Rr. locomotive), 238 Germans, ro2, 133£,145, 177f, 181,266, 282, 293 Gettysburg, Pa., r8, 29 Gillingham, Edward, 426n42 Gillingham, George (machinist), 95, 99, 196, 199, 208, 305 Gillingham, John, 198 Gillingham & Winans, 208, 237f, 257£ Gilmor, Robert, Jr., 230, 341 Gittings, JohnS. (banker), 273; 436n28 Glades, the Maryland, 15, 3If, 52, 59ff, 231, 240, 283, 316,333, 34rf, 367 Gladiator (locomotive), 305 Glenn, John (banker), 173, 182f, 331 Glover's Gap, W.Va., 316,378£,381 Gordon, John M. (banker), 172, 182, 274 Gorman, John (contractor), 178, r8r Gowan and Marx (locomotive), 303, 425n16 Grafton, W.Va., 328, 359, 366, 372, 374 Grantsville, Md., 430n23 Grason, William (Md. governor), 25of, 271 Grasshopper (locomotives), 82, 99, 183, 196, 199, 303, 379f, 426n43 Grave Creek, 231, 317, 327£, 332, 34 r ff, 352ff, }60, 378ff, 382 Gray, John (contractor), 135,139,253 Gray, Thomas (British railroad promoter), 39,84

Great Cacapon, 278 Great Falls (Potomac), 17, n4, 133, 256, 285 Great Lakes, 333,386 Greeley, Horace, 279 Green, Duff, 325, 364 Greenbrier River, 52, 56, 58, 6r Greigsville, Va. (Tunnelton, W.Va.), 346, 370 Guion, Walter B. (civil engineer), 61, 63, 408niO Gunpowder, 137, 256 Gwynn, Walter (civil engineer), 63-68 passim Gwynn, William (Balto. lawyer, editor), 43, 68, 77, 91, 95,104,108, n3f, n6, 125£,216, 425n33 Gwynns Falls, 10, 58, 66-74 passim, 100 Hackworth, Timothy (British locomotive builder), 86, 88, 89 Hagerstown, Md., 53, 57, 205, 215, 227, 23rff, 239f, 244£, 276, 281, 284,324, 431n8 Hagerstown Branch, 427nr2, 431n8 Halethorpe, Md., 422n32 Hall, John H. (Hall's Rifles), r86, 190, 207 Halltown, W.Va., 233 Hampton (Mansion), 126, 290 Hancock, Md., 23rf, 248, 275-78 passim, 297£, 302, 32 3 Hanover, Pa., 18, 29 Harbaugh, Leonard (Potomac Co. superintendent), 17, 256 Harford County, Md., 300 Harman's Gap, 57f, 6o Harper, Robert (Harpers Ferry), 186, r88 Harper, Robert Goodloe (Balto. lawyer), 2_3, r6o Harpers Ferry, W.Va., 57, 62ff, 67£,104, II7I21 passim; 195£, 217£, 228, 233, 240, 259, 262, 277,384, 429nn; history, 185, r86, 423n2; bridges, 220, 428n58; B&O Rr. construction, 267-68, 270, 435n9 Harpers Ferry Narrows, 112, r87, 424n7 Harrisburg, Pa., r8f, 23f, 244 Harrison, Frederick, Jr. (civil engineer), 52, 58, 6of, 63, 231 Harrison, Joseph, Jr. (locomotive designer), 238, 303, 439nr2. See also Eastwick & Harrison Harrison, William G. (B&O Rr. president), 395 Harwood, James (B&O Rr. director), 325,330 Havre de Grace, Md., 14, 18, 23, 252, 269

Index Hawkins, James L. (B&O Rr. promoter), 406n6 Hayes, Samuel J. (B&O Rr. locomotive builder), 446n31 Hazlehurst, Henry R. (civil engineer), 231ff, 25}f, 259, 262, 300, 434n33 Hazzard, R. Edward (civil engineer), 61, 63f, 68 Heath, Upton S. (Md. legislator), 9, 134, 155 Hempfield Rr., 367, 444n18 Hercules (locomotive), 305 Herrman, Augustine, 14, 225, 404n2, 429n5 Hinks, William (contractor), 129, 136f Hitchcock, Humbird & Co. (contractor), 379 Hobus (sail-car), So Hockley Mill, 161 Hoffman, George (B&O Rr. promoter), 47,4o6n6 Hoffman, Samuel (B&O Rr. director), 323, 325' 329f, 334, 339 Hollidaysburg, Pa., 28, 146 Hollins, JohnS. (Balto. & Susquehanna Rr. promoter), 152 Hone, Philip, 9, 224 Hook, James (landowner), 68, 104, III Hoosac Tunnel, 445n22 Hopkins, Johns, 246, 326, 328 House of Morgan, 246 Howard, Benjamin C. (Md. legislator, congressman, B&O Rr. director), 32f, 36, 38, 41, n6ff, 152ff, 398 Howard, Charles, 143, 154, 175 Howard, George (Md. governor), n8, 148 Howard, John Eager, 36 Howard, John Eager, Jr. (Md. legislator), 21, 22f, 28, }6, 228 Howard, William (civil engineer), 23, 27,3036 passim, 52, 54, 57-63 passim, 69, 72, 85, 143, l)}ff, 228 Howard Street, 143££ Howe truss, 362 Hudson River, I?, 19, 2of, 24 Hughes, Jeremiah (Balto. editor), 302, }I}, 439n8 Hunt, Jesse (Balto. mayor), 182 Hunter, Andrew (Va. legislator, B&O Rr. right-of-way agent), 260, 326£ Hunter, Edmund P. (Martinsburg, W.Va., editor), 262 Hutchinson & Weant (stagecoach co. owners), 29rf

Ijamsville, Md., 424n3 Imlay, Richard (railroad car builder), So, 95,148 Immigrants, 293, 359f Inclined planes, 28, 51, 84, 89, 388. See also under B&O Rr. Indian Chief (locomotive), I96-99 passim Industrial revolution, 279, 307 Ingham, Samuel D., ro3 Internal improvements, 16, 22, 212, 214, 225, L)4; conventions, 23, 32, 35, 203, 209, 215 Irish, 132-38 passim, 145,176-81 passim, 194, 2}6,266,345,359£,371 Irish Emigrant Association, 132 Iron bridges, see under B&O Rr. Iron industry, western Maryland, 285-90 passim, 298-301, 305-6, 312, 376; Pittsburgh, 319-20; Wheeling, 389-90 Iron rails, 62, 269£, 287,310, 312, 363f, 379, 391; plan to import, 122-28 passim, 4161125; on Washington Br., 157-58, I83, 207; British H-rails, 252f, 259; British bridge rails, 272, 277; Mount Savage bridge rails, 305-6; T-rails, 347f Iron viaducts, see under B&O Rr. Irving, Washington, 225, 227, 431n5 Isaac McKim (locomotive), 258 Jackson, Andrew, 103, 148, 153, 17of, 184, 223£, 234 Jackson, Stonewall, 423n2, 436n4o Jackson Bridge, 79 Jacobs, John C. (B&O Rr. engineman), 374,)85 James, William T. (locomotive designer), 98f James Madison (locomotive), I84 James River, r6 James River & Kanawha Canal Co., 52, I9I, 208, 314, 317, 319£, 327, 350, 424ni4, 42911II Jefferson, Thomas, I6o, I86, 242 Jennings Run, 284, 287, 289, 312 Jessop, Jonathan (contractor, B&O railroad machinist), I78, I83, 197, 208, 423n21 Jessop, William (British railroad engineer), 39, 84,159 Jessop's Cut, 178, I81, 423n21 Jessup, Md., 423n21, 424n3 John Adams (locomotive), I84 Johnson, George W. (machinist), 92, 95,99

Index Johnson, Reverdy (Balto. lawyer), 108, no, 114f, 172-75 passim, 182£, 214, 230, 335, 428n4I Johnstown, Pa., 28, 146 Jones, Samuel, Jr. (B&O Rr. president protem), 229£, 318, 322£ Jones, Talbot (B&O Rr. director), 38, 46£, 143,4o6n6 Jones, Walter (C&O Canal lawyer), 104-9 passim, u4f, II9 Jones, William Gwynn (Balto. editor), 196, 425n33 Jones Falls, 58, 36o, 427nr8 Joseph W. Patterson (locomotive), 258 Journal bearings, 72, 197 Juniata River, 26, 28 Kanawha County, W.Va., 56 Kanawha River, 52, 56, 58£, 61 Keelboats, see Lehigh, Potomac, Susquehanna nvers Kemp, Joseph F. (Balto. architect), 446n37 Kendall, Amos, 173 Kennedy, John Pendleton, 209, 210, 215, 218, 231, 241-44· 245£, 251, 294, 312£, 318, 328-34 passim, 427n27, 431nnr, 5 Key, Francis Scott, 33, ro1, 108 Keyser, W.Va., 346, 362 King, Patrick (contractor), 164 Kingwood, W.Va., 6o, 347 Kirk, Samuel, ro Knight, Jonathan, 27, 76, 128, 242, 267, 281; C&O Canal surveys, vf; as Penna. legislator, 46, 48; hired by B&O Rr., 61-63, and rehired, 342; B&O Rr. surveys, 64, 4o8nro; to England to study railroads, 69£, 73, 8sff, 90, 127, 147; as B&O Rr. chief engineer, 79, I 19, 130£, 139, 183, 207, 218; on locomotives, 96, 196££, 200, 208, 231; joint canal-rr. surveys, rnff, 118, 136, 187, 228; City Extension, Washington Br. surveys, 142, 152-58 passim; surveys west of Cumberland, 205, 23off, 240, 264, 327, 342£; inspection tour of American railroads, 233, 252£; resigns, 275, 436n33; as Wheeling consultant, 316££,320, 353£, 444nr8 Knobly Mountain, 343 Krebs, William (Maryland Canal Co. president), 229 Kyer's Run, 371,392-95

Lacock, Abner (C&O Canal promoter), 29, 33£ Lafayette (locomotive), 237-38 Lamb & Lukens (contractor), 2 I 9 Lancaster, Pa., 18, 281 Lancaster Turnpike, 19 Languedoc Canal, 19, 25 Large, Daniel (steam engine builder), 198 Latrobe, Benjamin Henry, 8, 18££, 27, 82, 151, 159-60,I7I,180,261,281,295,434n26 Latrobe, Benjamin H., Jr., 124,184,199, 205, 213,215, 252f, 293, 313f, 318; begins B&O Rr. career, 94, 129; Balto. & Pt. Deposit Rr., 418m6; Washington Br. surveys, 154, 156, 158, 183; Thomas Viaduct, 159-69 passim; health, 169, 421n3o; witnesses riots, 174, 177, 179, 182; surveys between Point of Rocks and Harpers Ferry, 187-96 passim; Potomac Viaduct, 206-7, 218-2o; surveys west of Harpers Ferry, 23rff, 239; Old Main Line resurvey and reconstruction, 253££, 257£, 303, 310; surveys and construction, Harpers Ferry to Cumberland, 259-67 passim; becomes chief engineer, 275, 436n33; surveys west of Cumberland, 316,327, 341; Wheeling route controversy, 320,332, 352££; later career, 371, 441n47, 445n22; supervises construction between Cumberland and Wheeling, 342, 346ff, 358££, 364-80 passim, 385-88 passim, 395, 398; role in iron bridges, 360-63 passim Latrobe, Ellen Hazlehurst, r68, 189, 218 Latrobe, Henry, 159 Latrobe, John H. B., 91, u9f, 137, r84, 202, 219£, 237, 243f, 282, 305, 335, 386f; early role in B&O Rr., 8, 10, 45; as B&O lawyer, 68, 72; on Peter Cooper's engine, 93 f; controversy with C&O Canal, 103-10 passim; on Daniel Webster, 114ff; background, r6of; role in Thomas Viaduct, 162, 164, 170; in the "bank war," 172ff, 176; aids Eight Million bill, 211-12, 215; on Louis McLane, 223f; sale of Maryland bonds, 230, 344; on Samuel F. B. Morse, 293; as Baring Bros. lobbyist, 302, 306-13, 336; Russian railroads, 439m2; Wheeling route controversy, 352, 354 Latrobe, Julia, r6o Latrobe, Lydia, 20, 159 Laurel, Md., 156, 158, 177££ Lawrence Manufacturing Co., 391

Index Lee, Josiah & Co. (banker), 367f Leesburg, Va., 341 Lehigh Canal, 51, 226f Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co., so, q6 Lehigh River, 26, so Lemmon, Gorman, and Clark & McMahon (contractors), 346 Lewis and Clark expedition, 53, 186 Little Cacapon, 278 Little Catoctin Creek, 239 Little Falls (Potomac), 100 Littlejohn, John (contractor), 139, 194-95, 219 Little Kanawha River, 45, s6ff, 61, 314 Little Patuxent River, 178, 360 Littleton, W.Va., 378ff Little Youghiogheny River, 362 Liverpool, England, 37, 88, 246 Liverpool & Manchester Railway, 45,84££, 89f, 96f,123,128,131,162,198 Livestock, 397 Livingston, Robert R., 20 Lloyd, James (contractor), 73 f, 76, 79 Lobbyists, 302, )13, 324-25,336 Locke, Joseph (British railroad engineer), 85,87 Locomotion (locomotive), 26, 84, 86, 95f Locomotives, 27, 39, Sr, 83, 85, 97, 291. See also under B&O Rr. Locust Point, 332, 347, 367 Locust Point Branch, 347, 376, 383 Lonaconing, Md., 284, 286, 287, 290, 437nr5 London, City of, 246, 249, 432nr6 London, England, 39, 159, 223, 248, 348 Long, Robert Cary, So, 93 Long, Stephen H., 27, 57f, 63 f, 67f, 71, 126, 128,141, r46f; leads U.S. government expedition to the West, 52-53, 398; engineering theories, 54, 61, 65; controversy with Wever, 70, 73, 74-80 passim; later career, 197, 238 Longfords, 133, 266 Long's Peak, Colorado, 53 Lorman, William (B&O Rr. director), 33, 41, 47,152 Loudoun Heights, Va., 190 Louisville, Ky., 20, 396 Louisville & Nashville Rr., 445029 Lowe, Enoch Louis (Md. governor), 383, 385, 386, 447n7 (Ch.25) "Low grade" (B&O Rr.), 435n33 Lucas, Fielding, Jr. (B&O Rr. director), 244

Lumbering in western Md., 283 Lyon, Truxton (contractor), 137ff Magnetic Telegraph Co., 297 Magruder, Alexander C. (C&O Canal lawyer), 114f Mahan, Dennis Hart, 353 Manning, Charles P. (civil engineer), 379, 446n42 Mannington, W.Va., 316,327,385, 446n42 Mansfield, Jared, 4o8n5 Marietta, Ohio, 46, 47, 367, 444n18 Marietta & Cincinnati Rr., 4441118 Marriottsville, Md., 148, 213 Marshall, Alexander]. (Va. political operative), 324-27 passim, 335f, 352 Martin, William Bond (Md. judge), usf Martinsburg, W.Va., 52, 232f, 240, 243, 259, 260n24, 262,265,278,384, 431ni; B&O Rr.opensto,276,277,436n36 Martinsburg Gazette, 263, 276 Maryland, State of: charters B&O Rr., 42-45 passim, 315; financing of B&O Rr., 47-48, r 75 f, 208, 2IIf, 216, 22 7 f, 230,2 35 ,2 45 - 51 passim, 270-71, 274, 312f, 334,344,355-57, 386, 428nso, 44rn5; partner in Washington Branch, 153f, 156, 172; financing of C&O Canal, 202, 205,212, 216, 235, 271-74 passim, 301, 306f, 312f, 443n32; financing of Baltimore & Susquehanna Rr., 205, 235, 274; financing of internal improvements, 234-35,250,273,299f,3o6,432n33;property tax, interest payment suspension, 27172, 306; Geological Survey, 286, 4371114; resumption of interest payments, 302, 307, 3I2,3I3 Maryland & New York Coal & Iron Co., 286, 289f, 300£, 305 ff, 3II Maryland Canal Co., 35,212, 228f, 239 Maryland Court of Appeals, 43, rrsf Maryland Gazette, 134 Maryland Heights (Harpers Ferry), 186, 424n7,429ns8 Maryland High Court of Chancery, 104, 108, 110,114,414nn41,42 Maryland Institute, 94 Maryland Mining Co., 285, 288££, 298, 3oof, 307f, 3IIf, 342,365,390 Maryland Savings Institution, 174 Mattawan Co., N.Y., 147,149

Index Mauch Chunk, Pa., 26, 28, so, 133, 226£ Mauch Chunk Rr., 51, 61, 146, I96 Mayer, Charles F. (Balto. lawyer, Md. legislator), II9, 156, 229 Mayger & Washington, 95 Mazeppa (locomotive), 258 McAdam system, 281 Macauley, Patrick (B&O Rr. director), 47, 153 McCartney, John (contractor), 73-78 passim, I32, 136£, I39, I44f, 148, I59, 162-68 passim, 422n31 McCulloch v. Maryland, 105, 170 McCulloh, James W. (Md. political operative), 9, 43-47 passim, 104, ro6, I20, 170, 209, 2II,229,243,428nso McDonald, Alexander (B&O Rr. promoter), 4o6n6 McDuffie, George (congressman), 125 McFarland, James E. (Va.legislator), 56 McGowan, William (contractor), 376 McHenry, John (landowner), 231 McHenry, Md., 23I McKaig, Thomas Jefferson (B&O Rr.lawyer), 260,34I McKaig, William Wallace (Cumberland mayor), 260 McKim, Isaac (B&O Rr. director), 27, 33, 41, 46£,124 McKim, Isaac, Jr., 2I5 McKim, John, Jr. (B&O Rr. promoter), 161, 406n6 McLane, Louis: background and early career, 105, I?I, 224-27 passim; as B&O Rr. president, 223, 233, 236£, 252, 269, 276, 278, 292£,300,339, 34I; Md. bonds and mission to London, 238£, 245-51 passim, 264, 270, 272, 335; Va. route, 241-44 passim; B&O Rr. scrip, 268, 273, 275; coal trade, 298-302, 306, 3II; Pittsburgh vs. Wheeling controversy, 314, 3I6f, 323-36 passim; minister to England on Oregon question, 3I8, 322; resigns, 340, 398 McLane, Robert, 224, 309, 330, 335 McLure, Dunlavy & Co., 377 McLure, John (Wheeling businessman), 244, 377,386,396 McLure House (Wheeling), 382£,385£ McMahon, John V. L., 38, 42, 45, 47£, 68£, 104, 107ff, II4, 428n4I McNeill, Anna, 86

McNeill, William Gibbs: C&O Canal surveys, vf, 61, 102f, 109; B&O Rr. surveys, 52, 54£, 57-60 passim, 64, 68£; hired by B&O Rr., 63; to England to study railroads, 70, 8sff, 90, 96, 127; controversy with Wever, 73-79 passim; resigns, III, 414n33; on inclined planes, I47; surveys rr. to Washington for State of Md., I53ff; Canton Viaduct, Boston & Providence Rr., 420n5 (Ch.12); C&O Canal Co. president, 299£ McRae, John (civil engineer), 354 Meadow Mountain, 283 Mechanics Bank, 36, 45, 47, 66, 78,126, 157, I75 Memnon (locomotive), 444m2 Mercer, Charles Fenton: C&O Canal conventions, 22, 30, 32££; background, 29-30; as C&O Canal president, I00-103 passim, II3, II7ff, 133,193, 205; negotiations with B&O Rr. on Potomac route, 104, 106, IIrf; as congressman, IO?; as C&O Canal lawyer in route controversy, 108£, II4; replaced as C&O Canal president, 12of, 187, 215£; on C&O Canal construction costs, 204, 21of, 215 Mercer, William, 178, 181 Merchants Exchange (Baltimore), 8, 37, 70, 120,176,182,215,2I7 Mercury (locomotive), 196, 198 Merrick, Joseph I. (Md. political operative), 428nso Merrick, William D. (Md. legislator), II9, 212, 214££ Merrill's Ridge, 156, 178, 181 Merrill's Tavern, 179£ Middle Branch, Patapsco River, 66, 14I Middletown, Pa., 18, 22, 26, 28£, 35 Middletown Valley, 58, I45, 233 Mildmay, Humphrey St. John (Baring Brothers & Co.), 249, 272 Miller, E. L. (South Carolina Rr.), 88 Miller, Peter (landowner), 104, III, 193 Miller's Narrows, 68, II?, 187, 190, 193 Millholland, James (machinist), 95, 99 Mills, Robert, 8o Minor, D. K. (railroad journal editor), 305 Minot, Charles (Erie Rr. official), 296 Mississippi River, 13, 20, 350 Missouri River, 13, 40, 53 Mohawk River, I?

Index Mohawk Valley, 15, 19 Monocacy River, 4S, 57f, So, 145-50 passim, 155, 207 Monocacy Valley, 145, 1S6 Monongahela River, 15, 19, 31, 6of, 205,207, 231, 233, 240, 279, 342, 344, 359; floods, 368, 372; bridge at Fairmont, 372-73, 374£, 445n29 Monroe,James,3o Monster, the (locomotive), 304 Monumental Foundry, 375 Moore, Thomas (civil engineer), 22, 30 Morgantown, W.Va., 55,370,374 Morris, Gouverneur, 21 Morris, John B. (B&O Rr. director), 10, 47, 68, 143, 152, 175, 182f, 205, 406n6 Morris, Oliver C. (civil engineer), 232£ Morris Canal & Banking Co., 223£, 226-27, 235,24S,429n9 Morse, Jedediah, 293 Morse, Samuel F. B., 293-96 Moundsville, W.Va., 327, 378, 3So Mount Airy, Md., 433n17 Mt. Clare: depot, 93, 98, 13S, qrf, 144, 200, 376, 383, 418nn2,16; shops, 183, 198, 208,305,363£,371, 373; labor force, 270, 274, 391 Mount Clare (mansion), 66, 74, 92, 14of, 144 Mount Savage, Md., 287, 289£, 29S, 3oof, 305 ff, voff Mount Savage (locomotive), 365 Mount Savage Iron Co., 312 Mount Savage Rr., 343 Mountaineer (locomotive), 301, 365 Mud-digger (locomotives), 305,364-65 Muddy Creek, 233 Murphy, Owen (laborer), 181 Murphy, Thomas (Balto. editor), 9 Murray, James (B&O Rr. superintendent), 253, 255,270, 298f,304f Murray & Hazlehurst, 375 National Road: early history and development, stage companies, 14-21 passim, 55, 280-83; trade, 23,244, 333; B&O Rr. to parallel, 41, 54, 319; training ground for B&O Rr. engineers, contractors, 62£, 76, 178; laborers, 132; at Frederick, 14 5; at Brownsville, Pa., 205; "Shades of Death," 430n23; as B&O Rr. competitor, 275, 309; at Hancock, 276;

at Cumberland, 278; at Frostburg, 2S4, 2S7; at Wheeling, 349,389 National Road Stage Company, 282, 292 Neff, John (B&O Rr. engineman), 200 Negroes, 133, 138 Negro Mountain, 2S3 Neilson, James Crawford (Balto. architect), 375, 435n7 Neponset River, Mass., 26, 52, 421n5 Newcastle, England, 83-86 passim New Castle Manufacturing Co., 303£, 365, 444lll 2 New Jersey Rr., 294 New Market, Md., 138 New Martinsville, W.Va., 316£,325, 4411147 New Orleans, La., 20, 38,160,203,235,281, 4291111 New Orleans (steamboat), 20 New Orleans & Nashville Rr., 208 New River, 52, 56 New York, N.Y., 13f, 19-26 passim, 37f, 56, 97, 132, 193, 209, 224, 235£,300, 333 New York (locomotive), 301 New York & Erie Rr., see Erie Rr. Niagara River, 351 Nicholas, John Spear (B&O Rr. director), 241ff, 330 Niernsee, John R. (civil engineer, Balto. architect), 149, 267, 375, 435n7 Niernsee & Neilson, 375,376£, 446nn37,3S Niles, Hezekiah (Balto. editor), 9, 70, 95, 99, 143, 282; on B&O Rr., II, 46,72-73, 7475,132,134,148,151,183-84,192,205, 208,213£, 224; on C&O Canal, uS; on importing iron rails, 124; background and career, 124-25, 415n9, 439n8; on Baltimore bank failures, '75, 181 Niles, William Ogden, 439n8 Niles Weekly Register, 9, u, 125,302, 312f, 410n5,415n9,439n8 Norfolk, Va., 193 Norris, Richard, 430n41 Norris, Septimus, 430n41 Norris, William, 197, 237, 238, 257£, 303£, 430n41 Norris & Brother, 304 Norris Locomotive Works, 430n41 North American Review, 13 Northampton (Furnace), 127 Northern Central Rr., 4181116, 446n:p

Index North Mountain, 232, 240, 262, 270, 277, 348,384 Northwestern Turnpike, 191, 283,319, 331f, 345>359,}72 Northwestern Virginia Rr., 366-67, 396, 441n47,444n17,445n29 Novelty (locomotive), 88ff Oakland, Md., 362, 367, 374 O'Donnell, Columbus (B&O Rr. director), 91, 325, 330 Ohio & Pennsylvania Rr. Co., 352 Ohio Company, 279 Ohio River, r6, 20, 276, 319-20, 344, 354, 379; bridges, 349,392, 447n9 (Ch. 25) Ohio River & Maryland Turnpike Road, 380 Ohio Valley, 349 Old Main Line, see under B&O Rr. Oldtown, Md., 232,278 Oliver, Robert, 9, 41£, 46f, 77£,91, 93, ro6, 168 Oliver Viaduct, 93, 129 "One-armed Billy" (locomotives), 238, 258, 302, 434n18 Opequon Creek, 265, 277 Orleans, Md., 232 Oruktor Amphibolos (Amphibious Digger), 82 Outside bearing, 72 Paca Street, 143 f Paddytown, Va. (Keyser, W.Va.), 346, 362 Palmer, Timothy (bridge builder), 206 Panic of 1837, 227, 234££, 263, 288 Parker, William, 345,347,361, 391,394,396 Parkersburg, W.Va.: B&O Rr. destination, 45, 56, 1J7, 314-31 passim, 366, 441n47; Northwestern Turnpike destination, 191, 283, 332; B&O Rr. bridge, 392, 447n9 (Ch. 25) Parkersburg Branch, 283, 444n17, 445n29 Parker Vein Co., 390 Parrs Spring, 23, 57-60 passim Parrs Spring Ridge: B&O Rr. surveys, 57, 64; inclined planes, 146ff, 198, 227, 236; canal surveys, rss, 228; locomotives cross, 196, 213, 366; realignment, 232, 252-58 passim, 433lli7 Passenger fares: B&O Rr., 156, 157, 291-93, 420n2o; stagecoach, 152, 283, 291-92; steamboat, 152 Patapsco Bridge & Iron Works, 443n6

Patapsco River, 23, 64f, 148; bridges, 70,73£, 75, 128, r6rf, r8o, 253, 255; forks, 76, 137ff Patapsco Valley, 57£, 66, 69, 93, 130, 383 Patterson, Edward, 123, 339, 426n42 Patterson, Joseph W., 33, 38, 123f, 230, 328f, 426n42; elected president pro-tem, B&O Rr., 217; resigns, 224 Patterson, William, 9, 38, 41, 46f, 77£,91, ro6, 123,144,152,168,243 Patterson Creek, 265, 278, 343 Patterson Viaduct, 75, 79, 128, r62, 169 Patuxent Ridge, rs6, I78, r8r, T83 Patuxent River, 156 Paw Paw Ridge, 248, 278 Paw Paw Tunnel, see under C&O Canal Peabody, George, 230, 234f, 239, 243-50 passim, 307, 344, 432n3o; background, 246-47,432nnr6,r8 Peabody, George & Co., 246 Peabody, Riggs & Co., 247 Peabody Institute, Baltimore, 246£ Pendleton, William (Va. judge, B&O Rr. rightof-way agent), 26o Penn-Central Rr., 422n31 Pennsylvania, State of, see under B&O Rr. Pennsylvania Canal, 22, 26, 35, 38, 42,103, 204n6,209 Pennsylvania Main Line of Internal Improvements, r6, 22, 24, 28, 35, 46, 204, 269, 319f, 379,426n6 Pennsylvania Rr., 422n3r; formation, financing, and construction, 32rf, 324, 333, 348, 388, 445n22; B&O Rr. competitor, 329, 345,354,396,444n18 Pennsylvania Society for promoting the improvement of roads and inland navigation, 17, 22; Society for the Promotion of Internal Improvements, 26f, 39 Perkins, Thatcher (B&O Rr. locomotive builder) 365, 444nr4, 446n 31 Permanent Bridge (Philadelphia), r62 Perronet, Jean-Rodolphe, 162, 421n8 Philadelphia, Pa., n, 13, 18, 23, 25, 28, 82, nsf, 159; trade and railroad rivalry with Baltimore, 14, 29, 35, 37f, 244,315,319, 328-29, 444t118; bridges, 207-8, 350 Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Rr., 418nr6, 421n31 Philadelphia & Columbia Rr., 28, r62, 238, 426n6

Index Philadelphia & Reading Rr., 191,303, 425nr6 Phineas Davis (locomotive), 237 Phoenix (steamboat), 20 Piedmont, Md., 2S7, 364-67, 374 Piedmont plateau, r5S, 252 Pike, Zebulon, expedition, 53 Piles Fork of Buffalo Creek, }!6, 327, 341 Pillar (Colonnade) Bridge, 277, 436n4o Pioneer (railroad car), 71, So Pioneer (steamboat), 21 Pipe Creek, 5S Pittsburgh, Pa., 23, 2S, r6o, 207, 319f; as C&O Canal destination, 30-33 passim, 41, 6o, ro2; as B&O Rr. destination, 46, 4S, ssf, 202, 205, 240, 244, 441n47; route controversy with Wheeling, 315f, 31S, 326, 32S-33 passim, 336, 339, 344f, 349, 353 Pittsburgh & Connellsville Rr., 321-32 passim, 334,})6,367,44In47,444n1S Pittsburgh Seam, 2S6ff, 437m4 Pleasant Valley, 5S, 205, 2 32 Point of Rocks, Md.: surveys and land acquisition, 57f, 62, 64, 68-69; B&O Rr. route, 6o, u4, uS; court suits with C&O Canal, 67, 70, 102, 104, 109f, II?; controversy and compromise, 103, ro6f, urf, n6, II9; B&O Rr. opening, rso; early town, 1S7, 193, 424n3 Point Pleasant, W.Va., 59 Police, railroad, see under B&O Rr. Polk, James K., 296, 306, 318 Pollock, William (civil engineer), 136f Poole & Hunt (foundry), 375 Poor, Henry Varnum, 344 Poppleton, Thomas (surveyor), i42 Pork,397 Port Deposit, Md., 24, 29, 74 Potomac bends, 278 Potomac Company, r7f, 20, 22, 30, 44, 104, IIO, II4, 2S5 Potomac River, early surveys, 15f; route to the West, r6, 38, 280; fevers, 17, 31, 237. See also cholera; improvements, 17f, 133; trade, 28-29, 2S4-S5; C&O Canal surveys, 3off; B&O Rr. surveys, 6o, I02, 316, 333, 342f; B&O Rr. route, 67f, 117ff, 121, 140, 262, 346, 384, 429nn, 434n33; C&O Canal route, 67f, 109, n3; bridges, 185, 350; at Harpers Ferry, r85f, 267; South Branch, 259,278;floods,424n2

Potomac Valley, 54, 59f, n8ff, r8S, 193, 212, 227, 230, 253 Potomac Viaduct, see under B&O Rr., bridges, Harpers Ferry Poultney, Evan, 173f, 1S3 Pratt, Enoch, 246 Pratt, Thomas G. (Md. governor), 214, 2r6f, 307, 309, }I2f Pratt Street, 67, 8o, 128, 141-46 passim, 376, 41Sn16 President Street Station, 4 r8nr6, 422n3r Preston County, W.Va., 346 Price, William (Cumberland lawyer), ro4, 300, 354, 428nso Prince Georges County, Md., 179, 214, 307 "Proceedings of Sundry Citizens ... ," 3842,319 Proxy fight, 330, 333 Putney, Riddle & McMurphy (contractors), 255 Putney & Woods (contractors), r68 Quigg, James (contractor), 345 Quincy, Mass., 26, 50, 52 Quincy Rr., 39, 51-52, 6r, 148 Quinn, James D., 194 Railroads, 19, 23f, 26-35 passim, 38-39, 5152, II}, 154, 170, 252, 276; Russian, 303, 439m2; trunk lines, 344, 366; Trunk Line Assn, 445n29 Rails, see Iron rails Raily, Samuel (laborer), rSr Rainhill, England, 81, 84,88-89,90,97 Randolph, James L. (civil engineer), 341 Rastrick, John U. (British locomotive designer), 85, SS, 97 Rates, see Freight rates Reading Rr., 95, 446n31 Ready, John (contractor), 130, 132, 142 Rebates, 206 Reeder, Charles (locomotive designer), 95, 197-200 passim, 426n48 Reeder, Charles, Jr., 426n4S Reeder, Charles and Sons, 4261148 Reeside, James (stagecoach company owner), 282, 291 Reily, Hugh (laborer), 138 Relay, Md., 93f, r29ff, 139, 161, 163f, r68, 170, 253,269

Index Relay House, 294 Report of the Engineers on the Reconnaissance and Surveys, 59 Revere House (Cumberland), 29I Richmond, Va., s6, 69, II9, 209, 242f, 245, 280, 285, 3I4-I9 passim, 339,346 Richmond & Potomac Rr., 425nr6 Richmond Enquirer, 326f Richmond Times, 327 Ridgely, Charles, of Hampton, 41, 46, 92, I25, I26,290,4I6ni7 Ridgely, Charles S., I77 Riggs, G. (undercover agent), I79 Riots, see B&O Rr., C&O Canal Robbins Gap, 262, 277 Roberts, Nathan S. (civil engineer), 102f, III ff, I87, 284, 437lll4 Robinson, Moncure (civil engineer), I46f, I9I-92,256,303,3I4,425ni6,439ni2 Robinson, William, Jr. (P&C Rr. official), 32I, 323f, 329 Rock Creek, IOI Rocket (locomotive), 88ff, 95 Rocky Mountain National Park, Colo., 53 Rocky Mountains, 40, 53 Roebling, John A., 350-5I, 442n23, 445n22 Roebling, Washington, 424n2, 442n23 Roosevelt, Nicholas J., 20 Roseby's Rock, W.Va., 380, 447n47 Round Top, 278 Route I, ISI, I58, 420n5 (Ch. rr) Route so, I9I, 283 Route 250 (W.Va.), 380 Rowles, Thomas (civil engineer), 34I, 442n6 Rowlesburg, W.Va., 374, 392, 442n6 Rumsey, James, I7, 20, 133, 256 Russell, Charles W. (Wheeling lawyer), 343, 352,354 Saint John's College, Annapolis, 114, 250, 437lll2 Saint Louis, Mo., 28, 315, 326, 349f, 377, 396ff, 44Ill47 Salmon, John (contractor), 134 Salt Lick Run, 61, 23I Sam's Creek, 58 Sand Patch, Pa., 232, 240, 262 Sandy Hook, Md., rr2, 424n7 Sankey Viaduct, England, 86, 162 Sans Pareil (locomotive), 88f

Savage, Md., I56, I58, 178, 36o-6I, 443n6 Savage (locomotive), 30I Savage Factory, I68, I78f, 207 Savage Mountain, see Backbone Mountain Savage River, 31, 52, 6o, 23I, 233, 240, 284, 306,3I6,333,342f,346 Schuylkill River, 22, I62, 207, 350 Scott, Thomas Parkin (B&O Rr. director), 328f, 334f Scrip ("Shinplasters"), 235f, 250, 265-75 passim, 299 Seaton, William W. (Washington, D.C. politician), II3, 4I4n4o Seneca Creek, 104, II3, 229 Seneca Falls, 17 "Shades of Death," 430n23 Shenandoah River, II?, I85f, I88, 190, 2I8, 267 Shenandoah Valley, 53-6I passim, II?, I86, I9I, 423nr, 429nn. See also Valley of Virginia Shepherdstown, W.Va., 20, I94 Shreve, Henry M. (steamboat builder), 20, 389 Shriver, James (civil engineer), 3If, 231, 280 Shriver, Thomas (Cumberland mayor), 278, 282,291,438n23 Shriver & Dixon (Cumberland merchants), 292 Sideling Hill, 232, 278 Sideling Hill Creek, 259 Silliman, Benjamin, Jr., and Sr., 288ff, 293 Simpson, Howard E. (B&O Rr. president), 44Ill5 Sinon, John (landowner), 183,254 Sistersville, W.Va., 55 Slater, William (contractor), 256f, 434nr7 Slaves, 133f Sleepy Creek, 278 Small, Jacob, Jr. (Balta. mayor, architect, B&O Rr. official), 8, 46, I37, 143, 148 Small, John, Jr. (civil engineer), 233, 259 Small, William F. (Balta. architect), 9, So Smith, Dennis A. (landowner), I8o Smith, F. 0. J. "Fog," 294-95 Smith, Rebecca (landowner), I61 Smith, Samuel, 8, Io5, 123,182, 2I5, 225, 28o Smith, Walter (C&O Canal official), I33 Smith, William Prescott (B&O Rr. official), 395-97 Smith & Buchanan (Balta. merchants), I05 Smith & Temperly (contractors), I29, 137, 139

Index "Snakeheads," 269 Snouffer, George (landowner), 104, 106 Snowden's Ridge, 156, 177 Snowy Creek, 61, 231 Somerset County, Md., 212, 300 South Carolina Railroad, 88, 97, 123, 127 South Mountain, 57ff, 68, II2, 148, 233 Sparks, Jared, 13 Sprigg, Samuel (B&O Rr. stock agent, State of Md.),334 Stabler, James P. (B&O Rr. official), 136-39 passim, 261 Stagecoaches and stagecoach companies, 151£, r86, 238, 276-82 passim, 291-92,396 Starbuck, C. C. (B&O Rr. right-of-way agent), 245,260 Stationary engines, 28, 83-87 passim, 146, 149, 205, 214, 388 Steamboats: early development, 20; Ohio and Mississippi rivers, 20, 276, 319f, 349, 351, 377-78, 389, 396-97; Susquehanna River, 2t, 197; Chesapeake Bay, 95, 152, 197f, 314, 425n16, 426n48; fuel consumption, 291 Steele, John D. (civil engineer), 129, 231££, 253, 259,262,264,322 Stephenson, George, 26, 39, 72, 81-89 passim, 96,129,131, 147,307,)15 Stephenson, Robert, 26, 8r, 84f, 87££,307 Steuart, William (B&O Rr. director, Baltimore mayor), 47, 67, 143, q8, 154, 209, 406n6 Stevens, John, 20, 97, 128n25 Stevens, Robert L., 416n25 Stewart, Andrew (congressman, C&O Canal promoter), 15f, 34· 209, 331,334 Stimpson, James, 95, 41 8n8 Stockton, Lucius W. (stagecoach proprietor), 276, 282, 2.91 f Stockton & Darlington Railway, 26, 36, 72, 84££,95£ Stockton & Falls (stagecoach company), 29If Stockton & Stokes (stagecoach company), 90, 94, 157, 238, 282. Stourbridge Lion (locomotive), 97, 123 Strickland, William, 26, 39, 171 Strikes, see under B&O Rr. Susquehanna (steamboat), 2r Susquehanna & Tidewater Canal, 269, 274, 32.4,404n26 Susquehanna River, q-28 passim 32, 35, )8, 42.,50,152,I6o, 2.69; trade,28f

Swann, Thomas, 327££, 334£, 339-341, 352f, 390-91; speeches, public statements, 343 f, 348£, 381, 386f, 398; on rr. financing, 344, 348, 355££, 36?-68 Swann, William P. (civil engineer), 232, 445n2o Swanton, Md., 345 Swartwout, Samuel, 289£ Sweat, Enoch & Co. (contractor), 136, 139 Sweeney, T. & Sons, 378, 389 Sweeney, Thomas (Wheeling merchant), 377, 386,395 Sykesville, Md., 136, 138, 148, 201, 424n3 Taney, Roger Brooke: as B&O Rr.lawyer, 65, 68; C&O Canal court case, 104,108, no, II4, u6; as attorney general in the "bank war," 170.,--76 passim; on McLane, 226; as judge and Chief Justice, Supreme Court, 335' 351 Tariff, 125,285,305,310, 312; of Abominations, 12.3, 12.7, 416n2o Tarpean Rock, 94 Taylor County, W.Va., 328, 366 Taylor, W. W., 406n6 Telegraph, 293-96, 384, 391 Ten Mile Creek, 233 Tenant, Thomas (B&O Rr. promoter), 406n6 Theodolite, 2.61, 262, 434n26 Thomas, Evan, 36, 38, 46, So, 85, 90,183,382, 426n38 Thomas, Francis (congressman, C&O Canal president, Md. governor), 247ff, 267£, 299-300,301,306,438n4 Thomas, Philip E.: B&O Rr. groundbreaking, 10, n; conceives and organizes B&O Rr., 35, 37f; background, 32f, 36,45£, 174; as B&O president, 47, 50, 56, 70£, 76-79 passim, 141,201, 2.17, 223,291, 428n5o, 42.9n II; iron controversy, 62, 122-28 passim; relations with C&O Canal, 62, 104-21 passim, r87, 190, 2o2ff; on locomotives, 93, 96, 99, 142; on labor force, 135, 177, r8o; City Extension, Frederick Branch, 143-49 passim; Washington Branch, 152-59 passim, 184; at Harpers Ferry, 189, 191, 196, 2o6f; resigns, 217,398 Thomas Jefferson (locomotive), 184, 217 Thomas Swann (steamboat), 378, 386 Thomas Viaduct, 159-63 passim, 168, 184, 421n}1

Index Thompson, Benjamin (British railroad engineer), 8sf, 147 Thompson, William B. (civil engineer), 63,86 Thompson & Forman, London, 272,348 Three Fork Creek, 328, 366, 372 Thurmont, Md., 57 Tidewater Canal, see Susquehanna and Tidewater Canal Tiernan, Luke (B&O Rr. promoter), 406n6 Tiers, northern and southern, 333 Tilghman, Tench (B&O Rr. stock agent, State of Md.), 334 Tobacco,209,281,376,397 Tom Thumb (locomotive), 94 Town, lthiel (bridge builder), 191, 425n15 Town Hill, 231, 278 Track, construction methods, 5If, 252. See also under B&O Rr. Transit, 261, 434n26 Traveller (locomotive), 164, 197, 199, 426n39 Tray Run, 371; viaducts, 371-72, 445nn25, 29 Trevithick, Richard, 82-83, 97 Trimble, Isaac Ridgeway (civil engineer), 5364 passim, 68,102, 283,342,385, 413n5, 434n21 Tunnels, 26, 28, 103. See also under B&O Rr. Turkeyfoot (Confluence), Pa., 31,231,233, 240,328 Turnpikes, 18-22 passim, 53-54, 156, 281 Turntables, 142 Tuscarora Creek (Run), 233, 240, 277 Tygart Valley River, 61, 328,345,359, 374f Tyson, Henry J. (B&O Rr. locomotive designer), 446n 3r Tyson, JohnS. (Md. legislator), 44f Tyson, Philip T. (Md. State official), 286, 437n14 Union Bank of Maryland, 158, 171-76 passim, 182, 239, 243, 274 Union Canal, 22, 26, 28 Union Factory, n, 148 Union Line of Steamboats, 377, 389, 396 Uniontown, Pa., 21, 282 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 63,75 U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers, 31,49,63,I02,162 U.S. Bank, 105, 152f, 155, 170, 172f, 175, 203, 236,248 U.S. Board of Engineers for Internal Improve-

470

ment, 32, 40£, 101, 103, 211,342 U.S. Capitol, 160, 183, 295 U.S. Military Academy, West Point, 63, 64, 16o,4o8n5 Vail, Alfred, 294-95 Valley of Virginia (Great Valley), 53,185, 203, 208, 232, 240, 244. See also Shenandoah Valley Van Buren, Martin, 171, 225£, 235 Vansville, Md., 177 Vesta (locomotive), 303 Vinegar Hill, 73, 129, 132, 135, 253 Virginia, State of, see under B&O Rr. in Virgmia Virginia Board of Public Works, 22, 29 Virginius Island, 186, 207, 424n2 Wager, Gerard Bond (landowner), 188-92 passim, 206, 218 Wager, Laura, 186 Wager's Bridge, 188-92 passim, 207 Wages, see under B&O Rr., labor force Walker, James (British railroad engineer), 85,87 Ward, Minus (Balto. railroad advocate), 416n25 Ward, Thomas Wren (Baring Brothers & Co. American agent), 277, 302, 306, 308, 344, 355f Warfield, Charles (landowner), 135, 139, 253 Warner, George (B&O Rr. promoter), 406n6 Washington, George, rsff, 29ff, 6o, r86, 212,280 Washington, George C. (C&O Canal Co. president), 188, 202, 204, 2u, 215£, 245, 247 Washington, D.C., C&O Canal, 14,22£, 25, 29£, 32, 4of, roof£, 107, II4-12o passim; B&O Rr. Washington Branch, 140, 156; locomotives within city limits, r83, 307; cholera, 193 Washington (steamboat), 20, 389 Washington & Baltimore Railroad Co., 152, 154 Washington & Baltimore Turnpike Road Co., ISI' 154, 282 Washington Branch, B&O Rr., 151-59 passim, 165,168,171£, r8r, 184; passenger fares, freight rates, 156,314, 420n2o; route,

Index right-of-way, 183, 229, 254, 421n31; financing, 171-72, 175, 390; riots, 177-81, 203; locomotives and cars, 183-84, 207, 258, 427n2r; iron rails, 207; telegraph, 293, 295, 297, 438n36; bridges, iron, 36o-6If. See also Thomas Viaduct Washington County, Md., 44, 48, 104, no, II6, 193£, 227 Washington Monument, Baltimore, 36, 67, So, 141, 262 Washington National Intelligencer, roo, II4, 268 Washington Turnpike, 69, 129, 135 Waterloo, Md., 151, 177-81 passim Watson, John (B&O Rr. manager), 178ff, r83 Watson, John C. (B&O Rr. police captain), 360 Watson's Cut, 423n22 Watt, James, 82, 307 Webster, Daniel, 105' nsf, 171, 176, 308f, 352f Wernwag, Lewis, So, 148, r62, 192, 206-7, 218, 255,350,427ni8 Wernwag, Lewis, Jr., 207 Wernwag, William, 207 Western Engineer (steamboat), 53 Western Maryland Rr., 58 Westernport, Md., 233, 284, 286f, 333, 364 Western Rr., 304 Western Telegraph Co., 297 Western Union Telegraph Co., 294 West Fork River, 374 Westminster, Md., 23, 55, 57, 59, 109 West Point Foundry, N.Y., 97, 307 Weston, W.Va., 322 Wever, Caspar W., 148; National Road, 54, 28 r; hired by B&O Rr., 62-63; bd. of engineers controversy, 70-79 passim, rn, 135; surveys, 91, 232; as bridge designer, 93, 162f, 219, 361; C&O Canal controversy, u7, u9, r87f, 190, 194; laborers, 136££, 179, 195; resigns from B&O Rr., 217£ Weverton, Md. (Wever's Mill), III, n2, 205, 2!8, 232, 383 Wharton, James E. (Wheeling editor), 327 Wheat, 236, 309, 376 Wheate, James S. (Va. legislator, Wheeling official), 317, 325, 352,377,386, 396 Wheeling, W.Va., National Road, 14, 19, 21, 54£, 62; steamboats, 20, 377; B&O Rr., 23, 40, 46£, 59, 205, 217, 240; hist. & devel.,

186, 389-90; controversy with Pittsburgh and B&O Rr. over route, 314-34 passim, 342f, 346, 352ff; 367, 4411147, 4441118; suspension bridge, 349-52, 388n9; subscription to B&O RR., 368, 373; depot and station building, 376-77, 446n38; official opening, B&O Rr., 380-88 passim Wheeling & Belmont Bridge Co., 351 Wheeling Creek, 231, 233, 239, 259, ;r6, 318, 328, 376f, 380, 383 Wheeling Gazette, 217 Wheeling Intelligencer, 379, 381 Wheeling Suspension Bridge, 349-52,361, 383, 389, 447n9 (Ch. 25) Wheeling Times, 203, 327,349 Whiskey, prohibition of, 74, I 36, 345, 422n31; as commodity, 28r, 397 Whistler, George Washington (civil engineer), 55, 69, 73, 76, 78, s5ff, 90, 96, 127 £, r 3o, 147,303, 43911I2 Whistler, James McNeill, 86 White, John (B&O Rr. director), 245, 250, 273 Wilkinson, John, 307 Williams, Amos A. (B&O Rr. director), 177, 179, 207, 244 Williamsport, Md., 53, 57£, 6o, 64, 68f, 109, n7, 177, r88, 194, 202-5 passim, 209£,309 Wills Creek, 31, 33, 52, 6o, 102f, 231£, 239£, 259,262,279,2.8o,284,287, 289,298 Wills Creek Viaduct, see under B&O Rr., bridges, Cumberland Viaduct Wills Mountain, 28of Wilson, Charles (contractor), 79, 218££ Wilson, James (B&O Rr. promoter), 406n6 Wilson, John T. (B&O Rr. manager), 445n22 Wilson, Robert (B&O Rr. manager), 76, 79, 162,167,219 Winans, Ross: background, friction wheel, 7off; Rainhill trials, 87-90 passim; early work on engines and cars, 95, 99, 147£, 183, 196,199, 426n39; as B&O Rr.locomotive and car builder, 208, 237, 301, 304£; Russian railroads, 303, 439n12; Camel engine, 364£, 374-75, 446n3I Winans, Thomas De Kay, 303, 439n12 Winans, William, 303, 439m2 Winans car, 70ff, 88, 129 Winchester, George (Balto. & Susquehanna Rr. promoter), 22£ Winchester, Va., 52, 55£, 58, I90f, 217, 243, 283 Winchester (car), 195

471

Index Winchester & Potomac Rr., 19off, 200, 217ff, 233, 243£, 260, 267f, 314, 3I7f, 429nii Wirt, William (Balto.lawyer), 105-15 passim, 341,43Ifi5 Wood, Nicholas (British railroad engineer and author), 39,85£, 88 Woodside, WilliamS. (B&O Rr. official), 270 Worcester County, Md., 212, 300, 308 Worthington, W.Va., 372 Wright, Benjamin (C&O Canal chief engineer), 103 Wrightsville, Pa., 269 Wylam tramway, 83

472

York, Pa., 14, r8, 21, 29, 152, 197, 198, 204f, 269 York (locomotive), 98£, 197 York Haven, Pa., 21ff, 28, 35 Youghiogheny Iron Works, 285 Youghiogheny River, 15£, 31, 33, 52, 231, 233, 240, 263, 32rf, 362 Young, William (foundryman), 289, 3oof, 305,307 Young, William J. (transit inventor), 261£ Zanesville, Ohio, 388

I.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dilts, James D., 1936The great road : the building of the Baltimore and Ohio, the nation's first railroad, 1828-1853 I James D. Dilts p. em. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN o-8047-2235-8 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company-History. I. Title. TF25.B2D55 1993 385'.o6 574-dc2o 93-17074 CIP @This book is printed on acid-free paper.