The Geography of the Hittite Empire 1912090864, 9781912090860

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THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE HITTITE EMPIRE by

J O H N GARSTANG and 0. R. GURNEY

Published by THE BRITISH INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT ANKARA 56 QUEEN ANNE STREET LONDON, W.l 1959

The imperial archim of the Hittite kings include numemm m r d s of military ad-ture and achievement, of relations with friend and foe, and of recurring periods of danger to the throne and empire. These fascinating records, however, remain for the most part unintelligible, or at least deprived of their essential value, for want of a reliable map whereby the setting and the scale of the episodes described may be appreciated. The late Professor John Garstang was one of the first to realize the importance of this problem, and from the year 1923,when he published, in collaboration with Dr. L. A. Mayer, an annotated Index ofHMte Names, to the end of his life, he devoted many leisure hours to the inmtigation of Hittite geography. From time to time articles from his pen, dealing with particular aspects of the problem, appeared in learned journals; but it was always his intention to crown his research- by a comprehensive treatment of the subject, and that is what is attempted in the present work. The map of Hittite Mi Minor here presented differs in many respectsfrom those published by other scholars; but its main lines have been forehdowtxi in Professor Ganrtang's previous articles and will not, therefore, be entirely unfamiliar to students. At the time of Professor Garstang's death the first dm& of the book was already complete. It has since been thoroughly revised by Dr. 0. R. Gurney, but the ideas which it etnbodiea remain essentially those of Frofeaso~Garseang.

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THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE HITTITE EMPIRE kY

JOHN GARSTANG and 0. R. GURNEY

Published by THE BRITfW3 ZWSTITUT3E OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT ,ANKARA g6 QUEEW BlETNE STREET LONDON, W.I =959

OCCASIONAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE BRITISH I N S T I T U T E O F ARCHAEOLOGY IN ANKARA No. 5

T H E GEOGRAPHY OF T H E H I T T I T E EMPIRE br

JOHN GARSTANG and

0. R. GURNEY

Published by THE BRITISH INSTITUTE O F ARCHAEOLOGY AT ANKARA 56 QUEEN ANNE STREET LONDON, W.l

0 THE BRITISH INSTITUTE

OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT ANKARA 1 9 5 9

MADE AND PRISTED IN GREAT BRITAIN B Y WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES

Foreword, by 0. R. Gurney Preface, by John Garstang Map 1. Hittite Asia Minor

CONTENTS .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . .

.. .. ..

PACE

v vii X

PARTI CHAPTER

I. 11. 111. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII.

The Halys Basin (with Map 2, p. 15). . The North-Eastern Highlands. . .. Isuwa and Eastern States .. .. Kizzuwadna .. .. .. . . The Central Area: the Lower Land . . Sallapa, Milawata, and the Lukka Lands The Arzawa Lands .. .. .. Other Western Countries .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. ..

1 32 40 50 63 75 83 101

KUB. XIV, 3. XUB. XIX, 55. KUB. VI, 45-6.

111 114 116

..

PART11 TRANSLATIONS

1. The Tawagalawas Letter 2. The Milawata Letter 3. Prayer of Muwattallis 4. Treaty of Hattusilis I11 with Tiliura 5. Chronicle of Tudhaliyas IV 6. Title Deed for Sahurunuwas' descendants 7. The Masat Letter

KUB. XXI, 29. 119 KUB. XXIII, 11 , 12, 13, 27, 28. 120 KUB. XXVI, 43 and 50. ABoT. 65.

TRANSLATIONS I N PART I CHAPTER

11. Navigation at Samuha IV. Ismirik Treaty ,, Sunassura Treaty V. Treaty with Ulmi-Teshub VI. Dalawa-Kuwalapassa fragment VII. Treaty with Kupanta-Inaras ,, Treaty with Manapa-Dattas ,, Letter of Manapa-Dattas Voyage to Hapalla ~ i i 1 . Treaty with Alaksandus

...

111

KUB. XXXI, 79. KUB. XXIII, 68. KBo. I, 5. KBo. IV, 10. KUB. XXIII, 83. Friedrich, Vertrage, I. ,, 11. KUB. XIX, 5. KUB. XXXI, 80. Friedrich, Vertrage, I I.

123 125

NOTES ON REFERENCES The major Hittite historical texts are cited in the following way: Mursilis 11, Annals: =A. Gotze, "Die Annalen des MurSiliS" in Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatisch-AegyptischenGesellschaft, Band 38 (1933). " Personal Annals " = KBo. III,E4 (Gotze's " ZehnjahrAnnalen ") ; " Official Annals " = Gotze's "Ausfiihrliche Annalen". Cited by pages in Gotze's edition, or by years. Hattusilis, Narrative of Accession: = the great text of Hattusilis 111, translated by Gotze, " HattuSiliS" in Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatisch-Aegyptischen Gesellschaft, Band 29 (1925)) and " Neue Bruchstiicke zum grossen Text des HattuSiliS", ibid., Band 34 (1930); also by Sturtevant and Bechtel, "The Apology of Hattusilis " in A Hittite Chrestomathj (Philadelphia, 1935). Cited by column and line number. Suppiluliumas, Exploits of: = H . G. Giiterbock: "The Deeds of Suppiluliuma as told by his son Mursili 11" in Journal of Cuneiform Studies, X, pp. 41-68, 75-98, 107-30 (1956). Cited by volume and page of J.C.S. I n references to works by Professor A. Goetze his name is spelt in the form used in the work cited.

FOREWORD As soon as the first translations of Hittite texts reached his hands after the end of the First World War, Professor John Garstang became absorbed by the problem of their geographical background. With the enthusiastic aid of Dr. L. A. Mayer of Jerusalem he compiled and published in 1923 an "Index of Hittite Names" 1 with a full geographical commentary, a work which is still widely quoted. But his preoccupation with excavating and other affairs and his inability to read the increasing number of published texts in the original Hittite language prevented him for many years from following up this first beginning. I n 1936 I first came to his assistance and plans were laid for a comprehensive treatise on Hittite geography based on all the available textual evidence. These plans were rudely interrupted by the Second World War, and while I was occupied abroad on military service, Professor Garstang made what use he could of the evidence which had been gathered up to the outbreak of war. The fruit of this preliminary work is to be seen in a series of articles in learned journals: "Arzawa and the Lugga Lands" (Tiirk Tarih Kurumu, Belleten, 1941) ; " Samuha and Malatia" (Journal of Near Eastern Studies, I, 1942), " Hittite Military Roads in Asia Minor" (AmericanJournal of Archaeology, XLVII, 1943); and "The Hulaya River Land and Dadassas" (Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 111, 1944). Collaboration was resumed in 1946 and resulted in a further pair of articles by the two authors in the Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology, XXVIII (1948). But again Professor Garstang's already failing energies were diverted to the more pressing work of completing the excavations at Mersin and of their subsequent publication, and it was not until 1953 that he was finally free to devote himself wholly to Hittite geography. Unfortunately, however, at that very time he suffered a severe illness, from which he never fully recovered, and although work on this undertaking continued constantly, it became increasingly unproductive. It was not until his sister, Mrs. R. Gurney, offered her help that real progress was made. During 1956 what had already been written was revised, the remaining sections were drafted by her and read over to Professor Garstang for his approval, and by the time of his departure on his last journey in August 1956 the first draft of the whole book was completed. I t was clear that some further revision would be necessary, and Professor Garstang placed the manuscript unreservedly at the disposal of Mrs. Gurney and myself to bring it 1

British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem, Supplementary Papers No. 1, 1923.

v

FOREWORD

up to the standard required for publication.

During the winter 1956-7 it was largely rewritten. However, the general scheme of Hittite geography which it expounds is that worked out by Professor Garstang and represents a labour of love on which he spent nearly half his life. The maps are the work of my wife. The cost of publication has been defrayed by a donation from M r . Francis Neilson, whose long and happy association with Professor Garstang is thus crowned by a final act of generosity. 0. R. GURNEY

PREFACE By JOHN GARSTANG The imperial archives of the Hittite kings include numerous records of military adventure and achievement, of relations with friend and foe, and of recurring periods of danger to the throne and empire. These fascinating records, even when lucidly translated from the Hittite idiom, remain for the most part unintelligible, or at least deprived of their essential value, for want of a reliable map whereby the setting and scale of the episodes described may be appreciated. Materials for drawing such a map may be found, but they do not provide any coherent picture, for the simple reason that few of the numerous geographical names occurring in the Hittite texts can be identified with the sites they occupied; it is only when the scene of operations moves down from the plateau of Asia Minor to the Semitic world of Syria that the states and cities bear names long familiar in the history of the Near East. Some records of Suppiluliumas, the leading builder of the Hittite Empire, not only establish contact with the Hurrian area of Mitanni, with Aleppo, and Carchemish, but introduce names now known from the Amarna letters of Egypt and from documents found in Mari. In this way some indication can be realized of his far-reaching campaigns in that direction. When we can follow his progress on a map and compare this with Egyptian records, the full political significance of his conquests and diplomacy becomes apparent. Most of the records dealing with foreign countries are written in Akkadian, those referring to places in Anatolia are as a rule written in Hittite, but the sites of only three Hittite cities can be placed upon the map by the direct evidence of local monuments or records. This state of affairs deprives wouldbe students of rich new material of the highest interest and historical significance; for the Hittite archives comprise not only records of military achievements, but many lost pages of ancient history that might fill the gap between the story of Syria in the Amarna period and the pre-Homeric legend of the Troad. They date back the materials of this historic land-bridge by a thousand years, and so link the oriental monarchies with nascent Europe. A map that will indicate even tentatively the relative positions of states and kingdoms in Hittite Anatolia is clearly essential, in order that students who are not specialists in this field may make use of this fresh material, and this is what the authors have endeavoured to provide.

vii

NOTE ON PRONUNCIATION O F TURKISH NAMES c as English j $as ,, ch gas ,, sh .When first used some Classical names will be preceded by (Cl.) and some Turkish names by (T.) Well-known English names are occasionally used. The spelling of names in Hittite may vary in different texts. I n words written in the cuneiform script the signs representing P and B are used indiscriminately, so that names containing those signs may have been pronounced either with a hard or soft sound. The same applies to D and T, and to G and K.

TABLE OF HITTITE KINGS Name Pitkhanas (of Kussara) Anittas (of Kussara)

Dates

(B.c.)

OLD KINGDOM

Tudhaliyas I Pu-sarrumas Labarnas I Labarnas I1 ( = Hattusilis I) Mursilis I Hantilis I Zidantas I Ammunas Huzziyas I Telipinus Alluwamnas Hantilis I1 ( ?) Zidantas I1 ( ? ) Huzziyas I1 ( ?)

1740-1710 1710-1680 1680-1650 1650-1620 1620- 1590 1590-1 560 1560-1 550 1550-1 530 1530-1525 ? 1525-1500 1500- 1490 1490-1480 ? 1480-1470 ? 1470-1460 ?

EMPIRE

Tudhaliyas I1 ~ r n u w a n d a sI Hattusilis I1 Tudhaliyas 111 Suppiluliumas Arnuwandas I1 Mursilis I1 Muwatallis Urhi-Teshub ( = Mursilis 111) Hattusilis I11 Tudhaliyas IV Arnuwandas 111 Suppiluliumas I1

1460-1440 ? 1440- 1420 1420-1400 1400-1 380 1380-1340 1340-1339 1339-1 306 1306- 1282 1282-1275 1275-1250 1250-1220 1220-1 190 1190- ?

T H E HALYS BASIN The Hittite area with which this chapter deals lies for the most part within the great loop of the river, known in Classical times as the Halys and now as the Kizil Irmak, a Turkish name meaning "Red River" on account of the red sediment brought down from the upper reaches. This river flows in a south-westerly direction, but is turned by a ridge of hills as it approaches a salt lake in the centre of the plateau; there it bends until its course is reversed, and it cuts through the northern hills in a north-easterly direction to enter the Black Sea. Within this great bend the Hittites chose a new capital, Hattusas, for their growing empire. The chief tributary of the Halys, the (Cl.) Cappadox (T.) Delice Irmak, rises also in the eastern mountains and, flowing more gently, makes a similar circuit within the loop of the Halys to the south of Hattusas before emptying its waters into the main river. Its banks for the most part form tracts of fertile corn-land and pasture. The northern hills are broken by the rivers (Cl.) Iris and its tributaries Scylax and Lycus. The Iris flows into the Black Sea to the east of the Halys with the port of (Cl.) Amisus (T.) Samsun about midway between their mouths. Hatti, the name by which the Land of the Hittites was known, comprised during the time of its greatest expansion all the high plateau of Asia Minor, rising three or four thousand feet above sea level. It is limited on the north by coastal ranges of higher land, and on the south by the Taurus Mountains. T o the east the boundary follows the watershed between the Euphrates and the two Cilician rivers (T.) Ceyhan and Seyhan. On the west a physical frontier is less continuous, but it may be traced along the hills stretching from the dominant peak of the (T.) Murad Dag, known in Classical times as Mount Dindymus, to the broken ranges of the Taurus in Pisidia. This was an important frontier for the Hittite states, and formed the watershed of three rivers essential in Hittite geography there flowing in a westerly direction, the (Cl.) Hermus, Maeander, and Caicus. As the sites of few places are known, the names of states and towns mentioned in the annals of Hittite kings must often be located by the physical features, such as the sea-coast, the rivers and mountains in their neighbourhood; for Anatolia is a land of bold hills which not only determine the course of the rivers, but also limit the areas through which routes could be developed for trading and the passage of armies.

2

THE HALYS BASIN

From the earliest times two main trade-routes have traversed the country, the one from the Aegean Sea at Ephesus and Smyrna eastward to the interior of Asia, the other connecting the ports of the Black Sea in the north with Cilicia in the south. These crossed somewhere in the heart of the Hittite home-land ~vithinthe great bend of the Halys river. The lie of the land has determined the position of the north-south route with little variation, and in Classical times the road from both Sinope and Amisus on either side of the Halys passed through Amaseia. From there the most frequented route proves to have turned south-westward, passing near to the site of the Hittite capital a t Hattusas, then eastward to cross the east-west trade route, and southward over a ford of thc Halys to Caesarea (T.) Kayseri, on the way to Cilicia. The east-\$.zest road is more uncertain, as different routes could be used to meet the needs of the various porvers in control of the land through the centuries. The roads of the Roman Empirc, though used by merchants in either direction, \$-ere of a strategic nature for the convenience primarily of armies travelling from Rome. A road through Ankara to the east is marked by milestones,l and passes over the Halys at or near (T.) Kalecik as does the modern Turkish road, but the Roman road led direct to Tavium where it forked, the left branch directed north towards Amaseia, and the right leading forward to Sebasteia (T.) Sivas. The roads of the ~ y z a n t i n eepoch, which are indicated by the extant itineraries and by the campaigns of generals, crossed the Halys a few miles farther up the river at Cesnir-Kopru, and followed a line to the south of the Roman highway. After crossing the north-south trade route this later road must have followed the valley of the (T.) Kanak Su past the Hot Springs at (T.) Terzili Hamam"C1. Basilica Therma), and so forward to Sivas. Parts of these roads would cover the earlier tracks of the Hittites. These Hittite roads, however, radiated from the centre at Hattusas within the great bend of the Halys, while those of the later Empires extended to their capital cities beyond the limits of the Hittite area. T o illustrate this point we see how H e r o d o t u s ~ a i n t a i n sthat Croesus transported his army into Persian territory over this river by bridges which remained there until his own day. At Gesnir Kopru there stands now a mediaeval bridge underneath which, when the river is low, can be seen not only the remains of its Roman predecessor but the roughly hewn blocks of a much earlier bridge. O n a hill commanding the approach to the river on its west bank some ancient ruins were visited recently by R . D. Barnett, and these he found were scattered with Hittite pot-sherds; moreover he observed that, when the river was shrunken by summer drought, the water could be spanned by a bridge of not more than thirty feet in length. I t is therefore clear that the Hittites would have used a chariot way from their capital at Hattusas near Bogaz-Koy to this river crossing. See W. M. Ramsay, Historical Geography of Asia Minor, p. 259; and K . Bittel, Kleinasiatische Studien (Istanbul, 1942). 6-28. SO, according to Ramsay, Historical Geographj) o f Asia Minor, p. 265, etc.; but the modern 1/200,000 map of 1944 gives the name as Tuz Yeli. Herodotus, Book I, Chapter 75.

THE HALYS BASIN

3

Bosa z-Kb) The ruins of Hattusas lie on the northern slope of a steep hill rising abruptly from a river valley. From this scarp two torrents descend and join above the modern village of Bo$az-Koy, then pour their water into the main stream below. About halfway up the hill where the city wall itself had perished, the excavation of Hittite ruins, begun in 1907 by H. Winckler, has been continued since 1931 by K . Bittel. Here the remains of a very early temple have been discovered, and near-by a palace and citadel have been identified. I n these early buildings lay most of the Hittite tablets which as yet have been recovered. The later part of the city, which was built by the real founder of the Hittite Empire, King Suppiluliumas, can be reached by a further climb up the steep path. O n the very summit of the scarp remain the ruins of four temples, and here the city wall built upon a rampart is better preserved. I n the eastern curve by Temple V stands the King's Gate, from which the imposing figure of the Warrior-god1 has now been removed to the Ankara Museum. Leaving the four temples on the summit of the rocky spur, the road and defensive wall descend to much lower ground where stands another entrance now known as the Lion Gate. Through this in Hittite days a chariot way led presumably to the road which, in Classical times, wound through the valley from Amaseia to Tavium. From the older part of the city at the foot of the hill there was another gateway leading across the river to join the north-south trade-route, which there divided, the western branch leading to Tavium towards the south and the eastern to Caesarea, as described above. In Hittite days the route from this gate certainly led in a northerly direction to a city situated at Alaca Huyuk some twenty miles away.

Alaca Hi.@iik This mound lies near the village of Imat and about nine miles from the market town of Alaca. Excavations carried out by the Turkish Historical Society between 1935 and 1941 proved that the Hittites built on this site an important military and religious centre."he city was surrounded by walls, and admittance was gained by two gates, the main gate being adorned with two large monolithic sphinxes. Near this gate lay the remains of an elaborate building, so extensive that it must have been used as an administrative centre with an-attached temple. One cuneiform tablet was discovered, but it gave no information by which the Hittite name of the city could be identified. The main route south-eastwards from Alaca led to a crossing of the Halys river a t (T.) Kayseri, near which lies the vast ruin-field known to-day as Kul-Tepe " Mound of ashes". 1

This figure has now been identified by Vieyra with the god Sarruma: see M. Vieyra, Hittite Art (1955),

p. 63. 2 The excavations are reported in three volumeq: (I) Remzi Oguz Arik, Les fouilles dlAlaca Hiyiik (Ankara, 1937) ; (11) HBmit Ziibeyr Kogay, Ausgrabungen Don Alaca Huyiik (Ankara, 1944) ; (111) Himit Ziibeyr Kogay, LPS fouilles d'Alaca Hiiyiik (Ankara, 1951) (Publications of the Turkish Historical Soc., Serirs V. nos. 1, 2a, and 5). See also Illustrated London X e w , July 21, 1945, where the results are summarized by Dr. HBmit K o p y .

4

THE HALYS BASIN

Kul- Tepe This is one of the few sites of which the Hittite name is known. Excavations were begun in 1950 by the Turkish Historical Society, attention having been called to the site because the villagers near-by had for years been selling cuneiform tablets, which they had dug up from a field near the foot of the mound. I t was found that these tablets were written in the Assyrian language, and that they were the business documents of colonies of Assyrian traders, who before 1800 B.C. occupied many of the towns in the area for purposes of commerce. The town was called Kanes, and the central offices and headquarters of the Assyrian commercial organization were situated just outside its walls. The traders maintained an active correspondence on business matters and the excavators found a room which seemed to have been used as a post office. Caravans would travel from Assur to Kanes by way of the Euphrates crossing at Malatya. There were many other colonies, including one at Hattusas itself; one of the most frequently mentioned is that of Turhumit, the Hittite Durmitta. Kanes seems to have lost much of its importance under the Hittite Empire; but its name occurs in a list of towns raided by the Kaskans in the reign of Hattusilis 111. I t is from this reference that we know the Hittite name, Marassantiya, for the river Halys flowing to the north of the city.' We have seen that the road from Hattusas to Kanes must have crossed the route, later used by the Byzantine travellers, from the Halys bridge at Cegnir Koprii to the east. O n the eastern side of this road junction lay a Hittite city, the site of which is called Aligar Hiiyiik. This mound lies about fifty miles to the south-east of Bogaz-Kijy, in the neighbourhood of the hot springs at Terzili Hamam in the valley of the Kanak Su. Indeed there are so many streams bringing fertility to this area that it became one of the most populated districts of the Hittite home-lands.

Alifar Huyuk The mound at Aliaar was excavated between 1927-32 by the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.2 It had been occupied by the Hittites in the time of the Old Kingdom, and also by another settlement of Assyrian traders. Many cuneiform tablets were found both in the rooms and upon the floor of a terrace outside the main buildings. These belonged to the last phase of the colony which had ceased on the death of Shamsi-Adad of Assyria at the beginning of the reign of Hammurabi of Babylon. If this city had been occupied after that time,we must assume that the Kaskan raiders and torrential rains of the plateau had later obliterated all traces of the few buildings which might have been erected before the close of the Hittite period, as the excavators found no ruins above the layer of destruction. No name of the city was found, but those of Kanes and Ankuwa appear on many of the tablets, suggesting that Ankuwa too was in that area. Frequent mention of this city is made at the end of reports in Hittite about kings' campaigns, as it was used by them as a winter resort in preference to the bleak See below, Section VII.

WH. H. von der Osten, The Alishar-Hiiyuk (Chicago, 1937).

THE HALYS BASIN

5

heights of the capital.' I t probably lay in some sheltered valley by one of the many streams. H. H. von der Osten in a survey of Hittite sitesqescribes his exploration of this district where he found more ancient mounds than in any other part of the Hittite home-lands. I d e a l l ~ ~ e a cHittite h town should be equated with an existing mound, but this cannot be done without further excavation and the discovery of more tablets providing the means of identification. The Hittite track to the city at Aligar Huyuk would have formed a link between the natural routes which later became the Roman road continuing eastward from Tavium and the Byzantine road passing the hot springs at Basilica Therma, as both these routes seem to have been used during the Hittite Imperial period. There must have been many subsidiary tracks branching off these main chariot ways and linking together the many towns in this thickly populated area between Hattusas, Kanes, and the hot springs in the valley of the Kanak Su. With some points fixed, such as Ankuwa near the city found at Aligar Huyiik and Durmitta within easy reach of Kanes, it should have been possible to determine without difficulty the towns through which the kings passed from the capital along the routes described in their campaigns to distant places such as Kadesh, Aleppo, and Carchemish, but such is not the case. It is true that annals of the kings record many journeys from Hattusas, but invariably they omit the first part of a military campaign to any distant country, as the king was in the habit ofjoining his armies only when they reached the frontier of his kingdom. Such accounts, therefore, though of importance for identifying enemy lands and towns connected with them, are of little use as evidence for the immediate neighbourhood of the capital itself. The following lists have been chosen as the most useful in this respect from among the Hittite texts at present available.3 These lists of towns cannot be used as evidence of their position on a route unless their geographical arrangement is made clear either by the nature of the text or by the same sequence of names appearing in two or more lists. I n this way, as Professor Goetze has shown,* we may use the "Sacrifice List'' to supplement "Herald's List III", and infer that it contains a complete list of places along that particular route. We may also assume that when a traveller passes on a royal journey from one town to a given destination, as in the Ceremony List (p. 7), the intervening places must lie on the direct route connecting them; but this is less clear when the traveller is said to reach each town for some religious purpose, as in the Festival Itinerary (p. 10). I n this case other supporting evidence is useful. From these lists we select in the first place those cities which occur more than once, and can then for the most part be placed at road junctions; also we try to find the position of towns which for historical reasons appear to be of importance. 1 2

Annals of Mursilis 11, end of years 2, 9, 11, 19 (?). H. H. von der Osten, Explorations in Hittite Asia Mino,, 1927-8 (Oriental Institute Communications No. 6,

Chicago, 1929). 3 To facilitate reference, earh list has been given a title indicating the nature of the text from which it is derived. 4 Revue hittite et asianique, I , pp. 20-2.

THE HALYS BASIN

HATTUSILIS'COMMAND Lists of towns extracted from Hattusilis : " Narrative of accession" and the parallel text KBo. VI, 29. LIST 11. Hatt. iii, 32-3 LIST III. KBo. VI, 29, i, 26-8 LIST I. Hatt. ii, 57-60 Ishupitta Marista Hissashapa Katapa

Hakpis Istahara Hanhana

Hanhana Tarahna Hattena

Hattena

Durmitta

. . . zip . . . (tablet broken) Durmitta

Hakpis 1stahara Tarahna Hattena Hanhana Kurustama 2

Pala Tummanna Kassiya Sappa River Hulana

The fact that places are listed in the same sequence, even though in List I1 the order may be reversed, suggests that they were situated -on a strategic road, or at least that the sequence was determined by geographical considerations. EXTRACT FROM FRAGMENT OF ARNUWANDAS I

KUB. XVII, 21, ii, 20; XXIII, 115 KUB. XVII, 2 1, ii, 20 ff. :3 I n the land of Nerik, in the city Hursarna, in the land of Kastama, in the land of Serisa, in the land of Himmuwa, in the land of Taggasta, in the land of Kammama, in the land of Zalpuwa, in the land of Katahha, in the land of Hurna, in the land of Dankusna, in the land of Tapapanuwa, in the land of Kazzapa, in the land of Tarugga, in the land of Ilaluha, in the land of Zihhana, in the land of Sipidduwa, in the land of Washaya, in the land of Parituya, the temples which ye, 0 gods, possessed in these lands, the Kaska-folk sacked them and smashed your images, 0 gods. 1 The first and second lists are taken from the main text (see above, p. iv). The names in List I1 have been inverted to make comparison easier, they stand in the text as a return journey from Durmitta to Hakpis. List I11 is from a parallel text, KBo. VI, 29 (Gotze, Hattun'lis, 44-51), and apparently contains a scribal error in placing Hanhana after Hattena. The correct order seems to be: Hakpis Istahara Hanhana Tarahna Hattena. 2 In the text of List I11 Kurustama is described as the "boundary" of the district under the command of Hattusilis. a Translation by Goetze up. Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts, p. 399.

THE HALYS BASIN

KUB. XXIII, 115, 7 ff.: [Now. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .] lands the innocent one ( ?) [we will] proclaim: [the city. .I-putama, the city Taggasta, the city Seris, the city [. . . . . . ] [the city] Tastarissa, the city Takkupsa, the city Kam[mama. . ] [the city] Zalpuwa, the city Nerikka [ 1 [Nlow we Arnuwanta the Great King [of Hatti] [and] Asmunikal the Great Queen, to you 0 gods [. . . . . . ] are presenting ourselves, and to you [ . . . . . . . . . .] we . . . . . . . . . . (Rest missing) PRAYER LIST OF MUWATTALLIS

This list has been taken f r o m ~VI, ~ 45-6. ~ . Seep. 116. Muwattallis arranged his list according to the sanctity of each shrine beginning with Arinna. Here the towns in which he invoked the same divinity have been grouped together. Arinna and Urauna: the Sun-goddess of Arinna, Queen of the Land of Hatti, Queen of Heaven and earth, Mistress of the kings and queens of the Land of Hatti, directing the government of the king and queen of Hatti. Also the Sun-god of Heaven, the Weather-god of Arinna, the gods and goddesses of the mountains and rivers of Arinna. Hattusas. In addition to the local pantheon of Storm- or Weather-gods, Sun-god, Throne-god, Protective Genius, the capital city possesses shrines of Ea the Watergod of Babylon and of Ishtar the goddess of Nineveh, and other divinities. Samuha, Hurma, Pittiyariga, and Uda: the Mother-goddess Hebat and the Weather-god of Halap (Aleppo). See Chapter 11. Hissashapa, Kuliwisna, and a place described by an Accadian ideogram meaning "Palace of my Sun": the Weather-god of the two cities and the male and female deities of this Palace. JVerik, Kastama, Hatenzuwa, Takupsa: the Weather- or Storm-god of Nerik, gods and goddesses of Nerik, Kastama, Takupsa, Protective Genius of Hatenzuwa, and Mount Haharwa. Landa, Hattena :Be1 or Lord of Landa, mountains and rivers of Landa, gods, goddesses, mountains and rivers of Hattena. (See the Mattiwaza Treaty, KBo. I, 1, where the BGlat of Landa is a goddess witnessing the treaty.) Wasutuwanda: Hebat of Wasutuwanda, Ishtar of Innuwita. Ishtar is also invoked at Arinna, Hattusas, Hattarina, Ankuwa. Ankuwa: Hatahha, Storm-god of rain, Ishtar of the country, of Ankuwa, gods, goddesses, mountains, and rivers of Ankuwa. Samuha. Storm-god Pihassassis, Hebat of Samuha, gods and goddesses, mountains and rivers of Samuha. Storm-god of Halap, Hebat of Halap, Ishtar of Samuha, Belat-aiakki, Aparas of Samuha, gods, goddesses, mountains and rivers of Samuha. KUB. XXV, 28 Some one, presumably the king, makes a journey

CEREMONY LIST.

The first few lines are broken. to Ankuwa for a ceremony. Three days are taken: Night 1 sleeps at Imralla ,, 2 sleeps at Hubigassa ,, 3 arrives at Ankuwa. 2-O.H.E.

THE HALYS BASIN SACRIFICE LIST,

KBo. IV, 13, I

Tawiniya Zalpa Hanhana Ankuwa Durmitta Tuhuppiya Zisparna Takkupsa Kastama Alisa Sanahwita Hagmis (Hakpis) Taptina Kabburnanta Istahara Tapika Katapa Tapsanuwanta Hurna Zapishuna Malaziya Taggasta Iskahhizna Kalasrni tta Uhhiwa Hurma Sallahhasuwa Sugziy a Karahna

ORACLE TEXT. KUB. V, 1 (i, 16, 19, 50, 53, ii, 29, 34) Nerik Hanhana Hurna Tasmaha The king "strikes" Pikainaressa Taptina Hursama and goes back to Hakpis Tal~naliya

The towns in the Sacrifice List are given in the same order as Herald List I11 with the addition of some intermediate names such as Ankuwa and Durmitta. See Gotze in Revue hittite et asianique, I, pp. 20-3.

VBoT. 68 (Louvre A 0 9608) I n 1893 the archaeologist E. Chantre brought back from his travels through THE HERALD'S LISTS

Turkey a cuneiform tablet bearing three lists of geographical names. The second and third columns refer to journeys to or from Hattusas when a herald summons officials to prepare for the king's visit. Unless the same order is found in some other list or lists, there is no proof that the towns were visited in the sequence given, but only that they were near enough to be connected by roads in the given direction.

List I The introductory formula of this list is lost together with parts of a few names, and four towns in the middle are missing. As the place from which the king sets out is not known, and his destination is also missing, it is difficult at present to use this text. The second name, Matilla, in line 9 occurs again in the preamble to List I11 as the city

9

THE HALYS BASIN

to which the king is travelling from Hattusas but its position is not given. If the name Halapiya in List I refers to Halap (Aleppo) it is a form which has not so far been found in any other text, and here it follows Matilla. The town of Zitakpissia in line 13 may refer to Zidakapisas in the Land of Arinna as given in the Title Deed for the descendants of Sahurunuwa (p. 123). 2 [ . . . . . . .]kiya 3 [. .... .]kuliya 4 The one from [ . .Ihaspuna 5 ,, ,, ,, Taskuriya 6 9, ,, ,, Hippuriya 7 ,, ,, ,, Kismitta 8 ,, ,, ,, Kurustama 9 ,, ,, ,, Hu[. . . ] h a 10 ,, ,, ,, Matiksa 11 ,, ,, ,, Tintuniya 12 ,, ,, ,, Zarkabduna 13 ,, ,, ,, Zitakpissia 14 ,, ,, ,, Gaitharza

the one from

...... ......

Taggapu C . .I Hazzumi [ya] Harasta Matilla Halapiya Zarassaniya Hammuhiya Talgamussi

List 11 The second column reads: "When the king goes from Arinna to Hattusas, the Herald calls out the telipuri- officials." It is not known exactly what office was held by the telipuri men, in another passage where the word occurs they appear to be civil or religious administrators placed in the larger towns. As most of the lists begin with Hattusas we have here inverted the order of the names to make comparison easier, assuming a scribal error: Tawiniya must be the town nearest to the Tawinian Gate of Hattusas. It will be seen below that Tuhuppiya is not far from Hattena, Alisa is near Arinna, and Zipishuna is mentioned in the Sacrifice List as Zapishuna. Hattusas Tawiniya Tuhuppiya Alisa Zipishuna Ammuna Hattena Arinna

List 111 I n this list the abarakku officials are called out by the herald "when the king goes from Hattusas to Matilla". In other texts these men are described as administrators of Crown possessions and responsible for the king and his attendants while they travel through their district. This list corresponds for the most part with the Sacrifice List (p. 8) and in KUB. XX, 21, a brief reference is made to an autumn festival celebrated in Matilla, but owing to the fragmentary state of the tablet there is no indication of the position of Matilla.

THE HALYS BASIN

Leaving from

Hattusas Zalpuwa Tuhuppiya Zisparna Kastama Alisa Sanahwita Haggamis (Hakpis) Tapikkiya (Tapika) Istahara Malazziya Karasmitta Uhhiwa

Arriving at

Matilla

THE FESTIVAL LIST

This Festival List is constructed from fragmentary tablets XUB. IX, 16 ; X, 48 ; XX, 80 ; K B o . 111. 25. I t is an itinerary undertaken for a festival known as " The Festival of the road of Nerik" ending in a temple in Hattusas,' or as the Jvuntariynshas F e s t i ~ a l ,a~ name probably meaning " Festival of Speed ". Leaving from Hattusas3 Day 1 Katapa ,, 2 Katapa ,, 3 The god Zithariyas goes to Hakmara and Tatasuna ,, 4 Tahurpa ,, 5 Arinna ,, 6 Tatisga

,, ,,

7 Tablet broken 8 Tablet broken 9 Tastarissa, Kastama4 10 Tablets broken 11 Tablets broken

,, ,, ,, ,, 12

,,

13

,,

15

, 14

,, 16 1 2

Proceed to Hurrana Religious dance Zippalanda Katapa Sacrifice to god of Nerik Tahurpa Tippuwa road to Hattusas for temple festival

KUB. X, 48, ii, 22-3. KUB. I X , 16, colophon, etc.

3 This seems evident from the colophons, which state that the festival was celebrated when the king returned to Hattusas from a campaign. See Goetze, Kleinasien (2nd ed.), p. 165. 4 From XUB. XX, 80.

THE HALYS BASIN

SECTION I TAWINIYA

We may take first Herald's List I1 and the Festival Itinerary (pp. 9, lo), both of which describe journeys from Hattusas to Arinna. Herald I1 Hattusas Tawiniya Tuhuppiya Alisa Zipishuna Ammuna Hattena Arinna

Festival Hattusas Katapa Hakmara ~ahur~a Arinna

Since there is not a place in common between the two lists, we may assume that from the beginning the routes diverged, probably leaving the city of Hattusas by different gates to reach Tawiniya and Katapa respectively. We know that there were three main gateways in the walls of Hattusas (above, p. 3), two, the King's Gate and the Lion Gate, in the upper city to the south, and one at the foot of the hill to the north. The configuration of the country is such that if the king on one occasion had left by the northern gate and on another itinerary had used one of the southern gates to reach the same objective, he would have had to make a long and unnecessary detour on one of the journeys. For this reason we exclude the northern gate from our consideration, and conclude that the two routes to Arinna were those leading out of Hattusas by way of the two southern gates. One of these will be that known as the Tawinian Gate, about which we hear in a fragmentary text describing part of a religious ceremony : "In the morning a decorated carriage stands ready in front of the temple; three ribbons, one red, one white, one blue, are tied to it. They harness the chariot and bring out the god from the temple and seat him in the carriage." Various women go in front holding lighted torches . . . "and the god comes behind, and they take the god down through the Tawinian Gate to the ~ o o d .1~ ' As we have seen, the Tawinian Gate cannot have been the gate at the north of the city because of the lie of the land, and in addition it would not lead to a wood but to the stream and the much frequented north-south traderoute; we must therefore conclude that the temple from which the procession went "down" to this gate was one of those in the upper city, and it is only the Lion Gate to which a procession would be said to go "down" ; for the King's Gate is roughly on the same level as the temples. There is therefore much probability that the Tawinian Gate is to be identified with the Lion Gate of Hattusas, and Tawiniya with the first town on the road which led out through the gate. Because of the ravine which drops down to the stream facing this 1 KUB.

X,91, ii, 2-12.

12

THE HALYS BASIN

gate, the chariot-way must have bent southwards for a short distance to join the route later used by the Romans from Amaseia to Tavium on the way to Ancyra. Tavium is securely located at (T.) Biiyiik Kefez Koy, some twelve miles to the south-west of Bogaz-Kay,' and thus there seems to be little doubt that this is the site of Tawiniya. The names are not by any means identical, but the differences are hardly so great that we should consider such a development impossible.

SECTION 11 KATAPA, TIPPUWA, HISSASHAPA, HANHANA

Herald List II"

Festival List:{

Hattusas

(Hattusas) Katapa

Tawiniya m

.

.

.

.

.

,

.

Arinna

......

Tahurpa River-way to Arinna

........

Hattusilis' Cbmmand List 1 4 Marista Hissashapa Katapa Hanhana

....,.,, Durmitta

Katapa Tahurpa ~ i ~ ~ road u w a Hattusas In the above extract from Herald List I1 the first town to be reached from Hattusas is Tawiniya, and above we have placed Tawiniya some twelve miles to the south-west of Hattusas at the site of Roman Tavium. I n the Festival List the first place given is Katapa, which also we have seen to lie on a road leading southward to Arinna.: This route starts at the eastern King's Gate, and towards the end of the Festival itinerary the king visits Katapa for the second time, goes again to Tahurpa and returns to Hattusas by the Tippuwa road. In 1928 H . H. von der Osteno travelled from his camp near Aligar Hiiyiik along a track on the east side of the (T.) Kerkenes Dag to Kohnc, and from there the road he followed seems to agree in the reverse direction with the route we are attempting to locate. Kohne lies near the junction of the road from A l i ~ a rHiiyiik with the old Roman west-east trade route passing through Tavium. Following this Roman road westward towards (T.) Yozgat the explorer stopped to examine a large hiiyuk to the north of Kiiqiik Kohne. This mound has much the same form as the Aligar Hiiyiik, and a ruined gateway built of large stone

'

The identification has for long been generally accepted, but was finally confirmed by K. Bittel, Kleinasiatische Studien, 6 and 28 ff. 2 p. 9 . 3 p. 10. 4 p. 6. 5 p . 11. H. H. von der Osten, Explorations in Hittite Asia Minor, 1927-8, p p . 37-9.

THE HALYS BASIN

13

blocks may be seen on the lower terrace. This large huyuk had already been visited by E. Forrer in September 1926.1 O n reaching Yozgat von der Osten turned north-westward along an old road following the southern slopes of the Toprak Tepe. After crossing the water-shed from the Kanak Su basin to that of a tributary, trees and shrubs were seen upon the hill sides, wheat fields and meadows clothed the valleys. Two small huyuks were standing not far from the Turkish village Derbent Koy. Then the valley narrowed into a deep rocky gorge, ending abruptly in a fertile plain. Next a rock wall was reached, capped by the east wall of Hattusas itself, and above them the explorers could plainly see the King's Gate against the sunset sky. The chariot way from the King's Gate must have passed by or even between the two small mounds near Derbent Koy; for they were found to contain Hittite sherds when explored two years previously by A. Goetze." Here then we place Tippuwa, a village giving its name to the road by which the king returned to Hattusas at the end of the Festival of the road to Nerik. The mounds probably stood at the junction of four roads, to Hattusas, to the Hittite city at Alaca Huyuk, to Katapa, and to a track leading up a torrent bed towards the south-west. The first mound of any size to be reached by a traveller leaving Hattusas by the King's Gate and proceeding to the south-east would be the large mound resembling Aligar Huyuk north of Kuquk Kohne, described by von der Osten. This mound we would therefore identify with Katapa, an important city mentioned frequently in the Hittite archives and evidently possessing a famous shrine where the king was scheduled to spend no less than three days during his first visit for the "Festival of the Road to Nerik ", and another day on the homewar4 journey when he offered a sacrifice to the god of Nerik. The road from Katapa through Tippuwa continued northward to the Hittite city at Alaca Huyuk, near which it joined the other branch of the northern trade-route coming from Tavium, and after this junction the road in Classical times wound through the hills to Amaseia. ' I t is on this road that we would place the towns of Hattusilis' Command List I (above). The direction in which this list runs is given by the fact that Durmitta, as we have seen, is associated with Kanes, to the south-east. Marista and Hissashapa would therefore lie somewhere to the north of Hattusas in the direction of Alaca Huyuk and Amasya. We place Marista tentatively at (T.) qorum.3 Hanhana, which follows Katapa in the list, must have been situated a short distance along the road to the east from K u ~ u kKohne, and we shall see that there is reason to place it at Kohne itself, where the road from the south via Aligar Huyuk joins the main west-east road used by the Romans. Forrer, Mitteilungen dm Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft, no. 65, p. 33. Archiv fur Orientforschung, IV, p. 24; K. Bittel et al., BoJazk8y-Hattusa (Stuttgart, 1952), p. 165. 3 SOalready Garstang, Hittite Military Roads, p. 54.

1 2

THE HALYS BASIN

SECTION I11 HANHANA, TARAHNA, HATTENA, DURMITTA, KURUSTAMA, GAZIURA

Hattwilis, Hakpis Command:

I

II

111

Hissashapa Katapa Hanhana Tarahna Hattena Durmitta

Hakpis Istahara Hanhana Hattena . . .ZlP.. . Durmitta

Hakpis Istahara Hanhana Tarahna Hattena Kurustama

The comparison of these three lists shows clearly that road junctions must have been situated at Hanhana and Hattena. For the stretch Hanhana(Tarahna)-Hattena, which is common to all three lists, is approached either from Hissashapa and Katapa or from Hakpis and Istahara, and after Hattena alternative routes led either to Durmitta or to Kurustama. I t is for this reason that, with Katapa located at the mound near Kiiqiik Kohne, we place Hanhana at the nearest road junction to the east, namely at Kohne, where the north-south trade route branches off to the south.' Continuing to the east, the next road junction is at (Cl.) Sebastopolis (T.) Sulu Saray, where a road diverged northward to (Cl.) Zela and Amaseia. Here we would locate Hattena, with Tarahna roughly at the point where the road from Hanhana to Hattena crossed the river (Cl.) Scylax. Durmitta, which evidently lay on the continuation of the main road eastwards, will be discussed in the next section, where reasons will be given for placing it at (T.)Yenihan (Yildizeli) (Cl.) Siara. The intervening town with the broken name . . .zip. . . 2 would then have to be identified with (T.)Bolus (Cl.) Verisa, another road junction from which an important road led northward to (Cl.) Dazimon (T.) Tokat. Kurustama, which appears in the third list of Hattusilis' Command, is closely associated with Gaziura in a passage of Hattusilis' "Narrative of Accession" describing the raids of the Kaska tribesmen: "The towns of H a . . . . . . , Kurustama, and Gaziura revolted and began to attack the ruined cities of Hatti."3 The identity of Gaziura with the Classical city of the same name can hardly be doubted,4 and the accurate details given by Strabo5 serve to locate 1 On the great importance of Kohne (Gone) as a road junction in Roman times see Ramsay, Historical Geography, 248 and 261. It is the site of the Roman city of Euagina. We cannot restore this name as Zippalanda, on account of the conflicting evidence from the Festival List: see Section VI. 3 Hatt. ii, 8-9. So Gotze in Revue hittite et asianique, I (1930), 25-6. 6 Strabo, 547 (Pontus, 5 15).

16

'THE HALYS BASIN

this city at ( T . ) Turhal by the river (T.) I'e~il Irmak (C:l.) Iris. This river, he explains, flows westward through the Pontic city of Comana to a fertile plain; there it turns to the north beside Gaziura, an ancient seat of the kings, but now deserted. The river turns cast of north after its junction with the Scylax and takes in the Lycus beside Amaseia. The highroad from Amaseia east~varddivided beyond Gaziura near a ford of the Iris at (Cl.) Dazimon, one branch leading on to the north-east and the other turning abruptly southwards to meet the Roman route from Tavium a t Verisa and continuing on to Sebasteia. I n the Narrative of Accession Hattusilis tells how at the time of the Kaskan rebellions his brother Muwatallis "came and fortified Anziliya and Tapikka . . . but he did not go to Durmitta and Kurustama".' This suggests that Kurustama may have been somewhere near, or at least connected with, Durmitta. We therefore tentatively locate Kurustama at ( T . ) Tokat (Cl.) Dazimon, where it would protect the Iris ford and would be directly connected by road with Durmitta via (T.) Bolus (Cl.) Verisa. From Hattena it bvould be possible to reach- Kurustama either by way of Zela and Gaziura or by proceeding along the main road as far as Verisa and then turning northwards.

SECTION IV ZALPA, ANKUWA, DURMITTA

Sacrijice List? Tawiniya Zalpa Hanhana Ankuwa Durmitta

C'eremoriy L is1 8 Hattusas Iinralla Hubigassa Ankuwa

Hdtusilis' List,* Hissashapa Katapa Hanhana Tarahna Hattena Durmitta

Having now located T a ~ j i n i y aand Hanllana ~ v ecan safely place Zalpa between them on the west-east route later used by the Romans..' In one of the tablets found at Hattusas,G although it is in a fragmentary condition, enough can be read to show that in the Old Kingdom Zalpa was a town of considerable importance with a king of the city having dealings with the Hittite king at Hattusas. The inhabitants M-erealso in touch with Tawiniya, and as no other town is mentioned in the extant fragment, we can place Zalpa at the junction of the west-east trade route with the road finding its way in a north-westerly direction to Tippuwa and Hattusas, that is, near the present site of Yozgat. Disputes arose between the killg of Zalpa and the Labarnas in Hattusas. Eventually the town lost its king and sank into a position of small importance 1 Hatt. ii, 48-54. 6 Katapa, which

List. 6

2Bo.TU. 13.

2 p. 8. 3 p. 7. 4 p: 6. we should expect to find mentioned at this point, is unaccountably d~splacedin the Sacrifice

THE HALYS BASIN

17

in the new kingdom. This would account for its absence from the later itineraries, though it is mentioned in Herald List 111. Ankuwa. We have seen that Ankuwa must be situated in a sheltered valley near one of the many streams in the neighbourhood of the Hittite city at Aligar Huyuk; for it is mentioned in tablets from there and in other Hittite texts as a winter resort for the kings.' I n the Sacrifice List it is placed between Hanhana and Durmitta, but in Hattusilis List I, Ankuwa is not mentioned on the way from Hanhana to Durmitta. We therefore conclude that there was a route to Durmitta from Hanhana through Ankuwa distinct from that leading through Hattena. This second road would branch off the west-east trade-route near Hanhana and lead southwards in the direction of the city of Aligar Hiiyiik, passing on the way Ankuwa which we place at an ancient mound seen by von der Osten near a tributary of the Kanak Su. The Ceremony List contains different names on that particular road from those of the Sacrifice List, probably because villages were mentioned where the king could stay the night on the journey through Imralla and Hubigassa which is estimated at three days. One day's journey in that period seems to have been a t the least about twelve miles as judged by the distance from Hattusas to Tawiniya, so that the position we have indicated for Ankuwa would satisfy the requirements. Of course with changes of horses at various places much greater distances in a day would have been possible. Durmitta. H. H. von der Osten in his exploration of Asia Minor,2 describes how he travelled southward down the road from (T.) Tokat hoping to reach his camp at Aligar Huyuk that night. Along many zigzags he climbed the slope of the qamli Bel. . . . The descent towards Yenihan was very steep, and to the east of the road was seen a large huyuk on a rocky elevation in the broad valley surrounding that important town. There the caravan routes from Yozgat, Sivas, and Kayseri meet, as it is the starting point of the oldest roads to the Black Sea coast. After turning westward towards the Ak Dag heights the road became worse and worse, and only with the greatest difficulty did he reach the summit of the pass. The descent was still worse. The large huyuk on the rock above Yenihan would be the ideal site for the Hittite city of Durmitta; there the defenders of the ancient cross-roads could keep watch for the advance of hostile Kaskan raiders, and so prevent the enemy from attacking the thickly populated and fertile country of the Kanak Su valley. We know that the later Byzantine road from the west through the Kanak Su district led to a junction with the route we are discussing by Yenihan, and in Hittite times where it turned towards the north near (T.) Akdag Madeni it would also have made a junction with the track from Ankuwa. 1 2

See above, p. 4. Von der Osten, Explorations in Hittite Asia Minor, 1927-8, 132-4.

18

THE HALYS BASIN

SECTION V HAKPIS, Sacrijice List ISTAHARA,

Tawiniya Zalpa Hanhana Ankuwa Durmitta Tuhuppiya Zisparna Takkupsa Kastama Alisa Sanahwita Hakpis (Ha-ag-mi?) Taptina

.. , . . . . .

KASTAMA, ALISA, Herald's List III

'TUHUPPIYA,

SANAHWITA, TAPIKA

Zalpa

Tuhuppiya Zisparna Kastama Alisa Sanahwita Hakpis (HaggavziS) Tapika (Tapikkiya) Istahara

Hattusilis' Command Hakpis Istahara Hanhana Festival List 9th day: Tastarissa and Kastama

Extract )om Arnuwandas I Tastarissa and Takkupsa

Istahara Tapika I n these lists of towns the order in the Sacrifice List is supported by that of the Herald's List I11 and we can therefore conclude that they are placed on a definite route. I t has already been shown in Section I11 that Hanhana stands at the point where the main west-east highway, on which we have placed Zalpa, Katapa, Hanhana, Tarahna and Hattena, is joined by a road leading southwards to Istahara and Hakpis. This is the road along which H. H. von der Osten travelled northwards from his excavations at Alisar Huyuk as far as the junction at Kohne, where he turned westwards towards Yozgat and Bogazkoy.1 We therefore place Istahara about a day's journey for the Hittites along the road southwards from Hanhana, a short distance to the east of the great Iron Age fortress of Kerkenes Dag. The important city of Hakpis, of which Hattusilis became king before he ascended the throne of Hattusas, would then lie beyond Istahara on the same road, which leads on by way of the ford of the river Marassantiya to Kanes and the south. I n the Narrative of Accession Hattusilis explains how the Kaskan enemies had invaded the Land of Hatti: "And the enemy from the Land of Durmitta began to attack the land of Tuhuppiya . . . and only the cities of [Hakpis] and Istahara escaped. But in the districts that had been cut off they did not plant seed for ten years."2 This statement is clear evidence that between the Istahara-Hakpis road and Durmitta lay the town of Tuhuppiya, and this is confirmed by the Sacrifice List, from which we see that the route from 1 See 2

above, p. 13.

Hatt. ii, 10-14.

THE HALYS BASIN

19

Durmitta to Hakpis passed through Tuhuppiya, Zisparna, Takkupsa, Kastama, Alisa, and Sanahwita. Since Hattena and Hanhana are not mentioned, we conclude that this route is identical for at least part of the distance with that from Durmitta to Ankuwa. Tuhuppiya may be placed at the point where this track diverges from the road leading from Durmitta to . the valley of the Kanak Su (the later Byzantine highway). The towns of Takkupsa and Kastama form a group with Tastarissa, which is mentioned together with Kastama in the Festival List and with Takkupsa in the fragment of Arnuwandas I. These places would be a short distance to the south of Ankuwa. Continuing westward towards Hakpis, the road would pass through A h a and Sanahwita, which can both be readily identified with mounds observed by von der Osten in his survey of this area. Thereafter the Sacrifice List and Herald's List I11 disagree, for in the Sacrifice route Tapika is placed after Istahara, and in the Herald I11 List it stands before Istahara. Since the two lists before this point have followed the same course, we conclude that Tapika could be reached either from Hakpis or Istahara. We place it therefore to the east of these important centres to act as a buffer against the raiding Kaskans. From the Narrative of his Accession we know that Hattusilis was made King of Hakpis by Muwatallis, and that only Hakpis and Istahara escaped the Kaskan raids. Then Muwatallis came back and fortified Tapika; so Hattusilis gained a respite, gathered fresh local troops and reconquered Durmitta and Kurustama. The position we have assigned to Tapika between Tuhuppiya and the unconquered towns of Hakpis and Istahara thus appears to provide the necessary strategic base. SECTION VI TAHURPA, ARINNA, NERIK, KASTAMA, HURNA, ZIPPALANDA

The Festival Itinerary 1 Return journey to Hattusas Outwardjourneyfrom Hattusas Day 9 Tastarissa (Kastama) Day 1 Katapa 10 Tablet broken 2 Katapa 11 Tablet broken 3 (Hakmara, Tatasuna) 12 Hurrana, religious dance 4 Tahurpa 13 Zippalanda 5 Arinna 14 Katapa, sacrifice to god of 6 Tatisga Nerik 7 Tablet broken 15 Tahurpa 8 Tablet broken 16 Tippuwa road to Hattusas We have now placed Katapa ahd Tippuwa to the south-east of Hattusas, and if we combine the itineraries of the outward and return journeys of the Festival List, we see that Katapa can be reached on a direct road from Hattusas, and that from Tahurpa there was a route to Hattusas via Tippuwa 1

Places not visited by the king in person are in parenthesis.

20

THE HALYS BASIN

without passing through Katapa.1 The natural conclusion is that Hattusas, Katapa, and Tahurpa stand at the apices of a triangle. I n studying the complete itinerary we see that the king may not have travelled to Hakmara and Tatasuna with the god Zithariyas, and so these places may not have been on the route between Katapa a n d ' ~ a h u r ~but a ; on the return journey the king ~vouldprobably take the road through ruined Zalpa along the Tippuwa road to the King's Gate.' Therefore Tahurpa can be placed on a road leading southward fiom the west-east trade route opposite Zalpa towards the (T.) Kanak Su. Before the king's arrival at Tahurpa there took place a religious ceremony of some kind by a river, and this fact must be taken into account in determining the position of Tahurpa. There are, however, many streams in the area, and the situation in which it is placed in map 2 (p. 15) can be only approximate. If once more we take the outward journey we see that on the 5th day the king went on from Tahurpa to Arinna. S o w von der Osten during his survey of the Kizil Irmak basin3 found that the district is divided by nature into a few distinctive sections, and that the greatest number of ancient mounds can be seen in the valley of the Kanak Su. At least two hill-tops near Aligar Hiiyiik are still considered to be sacred places ~vhereworshippers assemble.4 A steep spur of the Ak Dag forms the eastern limit of the valley; to the south of this the Kanak Su rises in a narrow7 rocky defile, and to the north from a similar chasm flows one of the tributaries. The banks are covered with dark green trees and the plains or slopes with wheat fields. Pre-classical mounds can be seen on eveiy side near-and along the old road, which there runs beside the Kanak Su and leads past the hot springs known in classical times as Basilica Therma, and to-day as Terzili Hamam." The word "Arinna" means a spring, and no more fitting location than this could be found for the revered shrine dedicated to the Great Goddess of the Hittites. Near-by have been found traces of an ancient city wall about three metres wide, now almost stripped of building stones.6 This position for Arinna at Terzili Hamam is confirmed by the proximity of the sites for Kastama and Tastarissa,' to which the king and his son proceed on the 9th day of the Festival, and so fulfils the conditions described in the Hittite text. For although tantalizing gaps, due to breaks in all the tablets relating to this journey, prevent us from knowing where the royal party spent the days 7, 8, 10, and 11, n*ehave a full account for Day 98: in the morning the prince meets the king in Tastarissa and the king sends him on to Kastama. As he draws near, the kazgara women go out to meet him and scatter small loaves at his feet; the priests, the "anointed" priests, and the T h e road from Tippuwa leads to the King's Gate ; see p. 13. P. 16. 3 Von der Osten, Explorations in Hittite Asia Minor, 1927-8, p. 18. 4 O n e of these night have been Mount Haharwa, which was venerated at Nerik (KCB. V, I, i, 1 ff.; VI, 45, i, 71 ; XXI, 9, rev. I, etc). 6 Actually T u z Yeli, according to the modern 1,'200,000 m a p of 1944. See above, p. 2. 8 Von der Osten, Explorations in Hittite Asia Minor, 1927-8? p. 31. 7 See above Section V, p. 19. 8 XUB. XX, 80. 1 2

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21

"mothers of god" also meet him and bow before him. The prince then enters the city, and clothes himself in a sipaki garment, he is then led forward by a procession of priests bearing a shield, sceptres, and bowls of wine, with the "Protective Genius" of Kastama borne before him. We have placed Kastama to the south of Ankuwa, and in the Prayer of Muwatallis Takkupsa, Kastama, Hatenzuwa, are bracketed with Nerik as possessing shrines dedicated to the Weather-god of Nerik whose festival we are considering.' Therefore presumably days 7 and 8, at the conclusion of the outward journey, would be spent at Nerik, for the whole festival was celebrated in honour of the Road to Nerik. There are many pointers to show that Nerik was in this neighbourhood. When Muwatallis bestowed the title "King of Hakpis" upon his brother Hattusilis, he made him also priest of the Weather-god of Nerik. In the fragment of Arnuwandas I we read: " I n the Land of Nerik, in the city Hursama, in the Land of Kastama, . . . in these lands the temples which ye, 0 gods, possessed, the Kaska folk sacked them and smashed your images, 0 gods." Nerik apparently still lay in ruins two hundred years later, for in the Narrative of his Accession2 Hattusilis wrote: "Since Nerik had been in ruins since the days of Hantilis, I took and rebuilt it." Then again in a tablet of the vow belonging to the regular song of N e r i k W e find: "This is now a new tablet. When during the years ofwar they took to celebrating the festival of Nerik at Hakmis (Hakpis), the priest of the Weather-god (and) the 'anointed' priest came from Nerik, and they prepared this vow for them. I t is not in accordance with the ancient vows." Hantilis was a king of the Old Kingdom about 1560 B.C. and Arnuwandas wrote about 1440 B.c.; Hattusilis reigned from about 1275 B.C. and so during that time Nerik lay in ruins, and for sotne years priests had been brought from Nerik to Hakpis for the festival of the Weather-god. The site of Nerik, when discovered, should therefore show a gap in occupation of about 300 years, between the 17th and 13th centuries, and the remains dating from the period of Hattusilis (13th century) might be slight, on account of denudation. The mound of Alishar Hiiyiik was found to have been abandoned at the end of the period of the Old Kingdom, and the position would satisfy the requirements of that for Nerik except for the evidence provided by the festival itinerary which we are now considering. O n leaving Arinna the king proceeded on the 6th day to Tatisga, an otherwise unknown place, which may be identified with the mound observed by von der Osten just to the north of Terzili, and if days 7 and 8 were indeed devoted to the festivals at Nerik itself, the site of this important shrine must be sought between this mound and Tastarissa on a road eastward towards Hurna. Unfortunately no archaeological survey of this area has been published, but a possible site for Tastarissa would be Hilal Hiiyiik, marked on the map as lying on a tributary of the Kanak Su; from this position a visit by the prince to Kastama on the road 1 KUB. VI, 4 5 4 . Also in Campaign Oracles, XUB. V, 1, Xerik is again grouped with Hakmis (Hakpis) and its neighbour Taptina, and with Hurna and its neighbour Tasmaha. For Taptina, see p. 29, and Hurna, p. 27. 2 Col. iii, 1. 46. 3 KUB. XXVIII, 80, iv, 1-1 1. Cf. Laroche in Revue d'Asyiologie, XLI, 71.

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between Hakpis and Durmitta (p. 19)) as described in the text, would present no difficulty. I t is impossible therefore to suggest the precise location of Nerik, but one of the hills in the vicinity we have indicated could well have been the Mount Haharwa which was venerated there.' After two days, for which the text is missing, the king proceeds on the 12th day to Hurrana, which u7eregard with G o e t z e h s an alternative spelling of Hurna. We place Hurna at or near the modern town of Akdag Madeni, for reasons discussed below in Section V I I I . This would be the most easterly point of the journey and Hurna contained an important shrine of the Weathergod, which was doubtless the reason for its inclusion in the king's itinerary for this festival (see below p. 28). O n leaving Hurrana the king visits Zippalanda and then returns directly to Katapa in one day. His natural route would be roughly along the line of the modern highway, on which we have placed Takkupsa and Kastama. Since Zippalanda does not occur in the Sacrifice List, which we have taken as following the main direction of this road, we would suggest that Zippalanda was situated between Hurrana and the point where the king would join the main road. The distance from the junction to Katapa would be at least 30 miles, a considerable stretch for a single day's journey, but not impossible. From Katapa he returns via Tahurpa to Hattusas, where he celebrates the " Festival of the road to Kerik ". SECTION V I I TAGGASTA, KATTITIMUWA, ISTALUPPA, HIGH MOUNTAIN, RIVER KUMMESMAHA, RED RIVER, MARISTA, TILIURA, PISHURUS, ISHUPITTA, ANZILIYA, LANDA, HAHHA(S) ?

I n the Narrative of his accession (ii, 3 ff.) Hattusilis describes the occupation of cities by the northern Kaskan enemies during the absence of his brother King Muwattallis: "During his absence all the land of Kaska, the land of Pishurus, the land of Ishupitta, (and) the land of Daistipassa revolted. And they took away the land of La[nda] ( ?) and the land of Marista, and the fortified cities. And the enemy crossed the Marassantiya and began to attack. . . the land of Kanes, and . . . Kurustama and Gaziura revolted, and they began to attack the ruined cities of Hatti. . . . The enemy from Pishurus, however, came (and) made an incursion, and Karahna (and) Marista were in the midst of the enemy; and on that side Taggasta was his boundary, and on this side Talmaliya was his boundary. Then also my Lady Ishtar marched before me; and then also with my own resources I conquered the enemy. But I set up a trophy ( ? ) in Wistawanda. And then also the favour of My Lady Ishtar was mine. The weapon, moreover, which I carried on that occasion I caused to be encrusted (with precious metal), and I set it up before the goddess, My Lady. 1

XUB. V, 1, i, 1 ff.; VI, 45, i, 71 (above, p. 7); XXI, 9, rev. 1, Goetze in Revue hittite et asianique, XV/61, p. 95.

etc.

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"And after me my brother Muwattallis came and fortified Anziliya and Tapika. " Of these towns we know the position of Kanes beyond the river Marassantiya and south of Hakpis on the north-south trade-route from Hattusas. Kurustama and Gaziura are located on the north-east corner of a road bending southward to Durmitta, which can be reached from Kanes and Hakpis, Kurustama protects a ford of the (Cl.) Iris and is the frontier on the east of the domain of Hattusilis. The fortified town of Tapika has been placed to the east of Istahara and Hakpis on a route to Durmitta. This leaves to be discussed the important names at the head of this section. Taggasta. For the location of Taggasta we must turn to the Annals of Mursilis I I, year 15 : "In the Autumn, I found myself with only a small number of retainers at my disposal, but with these and auxiliary troops I marched to the districts of Taggasta." Their advanced troops had seized the land of Saddupa and occupied the districts of Karahna and Marista.1 The occupation forces heard of the king's approach and warned Taggasta, so Mursilis marched during the night. By the morning he was in Kattitimuwa which was at peace with him, so he marched through it to Taggasta, burned down the town and camped beside it. The next day he marched through the land of Istaluppa into Takkuwahina and heard that all the Kaska-folk were mobilizing, and they came and took up a position near Kappuppuwa in front of high mountain facing him. Nevertheless he went there and burned down the lands of Takkuwahina and Tahantatipa. "And because as yet", he writes, "no Hittite king has set out to these districts, I stayed up there some time, and the army foraged around for booty, and fetched corn and wine. And as soon as the enemy from the land of the river Kummesmaha heard about it, he hastened to the assistance of the people of Takkuwahina . . . and they came and fell at my feet. But I, the Sun, came home to the Land of Hatti and spent the winter in Ankuwa." Later on Mursilis was obliged to return to this area to subdue the Kaskan revolts,2 and although the year of the Annals is uncertain, much information is given about the position of Taggasta and the river Kummesmaha; for we are told that he joined his army near the Red River, the Turkish "Kizil Irmak". He continues to explainwhowhe despatched his general first to the river Kummesmaha, and then to the Land of Mira and the Seha River Land, after which he himself crossed over to the town Marista and came home to Hattusas, and wintered in the town Marassantiya. From these extracts we may conclude that Taggasta was on one side of the Red River and Marista on the other, and further, that Marista must have been on the same side of the river as Hattusas. Taggasta was therefore to be reached across the ford on the lower reaches of the Marassantiya, and from the Kummesmaha the Hittite army could travel down to the Land of Mira

a-

See Annals of Mursilis (Gotze, pp. 146-7) ; cf. Narrative of Accession by Hattusilis, i, 19 and 32. Undated Annals of Mursilis (Gotze, pp. 182-9), supplemented by Otten, Mitteilungcn des Instituts fur Orimtforschung, 111, 172-5. 1 2

3-G.H.E.

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and the Seha River Land. Below in Chapter VII we shall see that these countries are situated in the western half of Anatolia beyond the circuit of the Marassantiya, so that these facts support each other. Kattitimuwa must have been the town nearest the west bank of the ford, since the king marched through it to reach Taggasta. O n the other side of Taggasta lay Istaluppa on the way to Kappuppuwa by a high mountain facing him. Beyond the mountain he found the river Kummesmaha. This description of the country suggests that the high mountain was in the mass of the (T.) Kug Dag group, and that the river Kummesmaha was the tributary of the Marassantiya, now known as the Devrez. The chief town of the Kummesmaha district was Tiliura, probably situated near (T.) Karaca Viran on the river itself. It can be reached by a track through a pass in the mountains, and Mursilis was mistaken in thinking that no Hittite king had previously visited the area; for later when Hattusilis made a treaty with Tiliura and the surrounding lands (p. 119) he refers to the fact that Hantilis in the time of the Old Kingdom settled a boundary there for the Kaskans who were not allowed to cross the river Kummesmaha. After the time of Hantilis the place remained deserted until Mursilis built it up again and resettled it with the labour force he had conquered. On the other hand Hattusilis brought back the Hittite population with whom he made a treaty that the leading men should govern the city with the advice of a Hittite representative of the king. No Kaskan of any kind must enter the city, a necessary prohibition if it was situated north of the river in Kaskan country. While exploring northern Anatolia for pre-Classical sites the ancient city at "Salman Hiiyuk" was found by C. A. Burney to date from the Middle and Late Bronze Age.1 This mound is on the north bank of the river Devrez where we place Tiliura. There are other Late Bronze Age mounds at Semercitepe (Eflani) and "Tagkopru Yolu Huyuk" (Kastamonu), which no doubt were inhabited by the Kaskans north of the river Kummesmaha. These Kaskan raids were so frequent that they appear as attempts to recover land once held by them, and lost only when the Hittites first settled round Hattusas. Suppiluliumas may well have thought that he had conquered the Kaskans for ever, but in the Annals of Mursilis (Gotze, pp. 42-5) we read: "I marched out against Palhuissa" (which had revolted),Z "and behind Palhuissa the enemy of Pishurus arrayed himself in battle against me",3 and with the help of the gods he vanquished him and marched to Anziliya.4 We have seen in the passage quoted at the head of this section how Hattusilis found the Kaskans of Pishurus driving a wedge into Hittite territory, with Taggasta as their boundary on the west and Talmaliya on the east of the newly invaded territory, so that "Karahna and Marista were in the midst of the enemy". Then the king Muwattallis came and fortified Anziliya to hold them back where Hattusilis had driven them. 1 Anatolian Studies, VI (1956), pp. 192-203. The town of Karaca Viran is at the head of a valley with a good road following the valley of the Devrez between wooded hills. 2 Official Annals, ii, 9. 3 Personal Annals, ii, 2. 4 Official Annals, ii, 20.

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25

Pishurus was obviously in the north, probably just to the east of the lower Halys, from which the Kaskan territory extended to the north of Tiliura where they were strong. From Pishurus they could follow a tributary of the Iris to Marista and the crossing of the Red River. This ford lay on the route from Gaziura westward to Ankara and the Hittite rock carvings at GAvur Kalesi. The gap in the mountains leading from the north to the site of later Amaseia would enable the Kaskans to pour down and occupy Ishupitta near the meeting of the river Lycus with the Iris. Karahna would probably lie between Ishupitta and Marista, which we have placed at Gorum (p. 13). The revolt or capture of all these cities was then followed by the Kaskan occupation of Landa. Hattusilis always gave honour for his victories to his patron goddess Ishtar, and when he had conquered the Kaskans he set up a trophy in Wistawanda and dedicated to her the weapon he had used.1 This town of Wistawanda can be identified with Wasutuwanda where, according to the Prayer of Muwattallis, there was a shrine dedicated to the goddess Ishtar (p. 118), as in Hattusas, Hattarina, Ankuwa, and Arinna. I n the Mattiwaza Treaty2 the Belat or Chief-goddess of the district of Landa is one of the divine witnesses. I n the prayer of Muwattallis the towns of Landa and Hattena possess shrines of the same divinities and are bracketed together. Landa therefore must be near Hattena in the district where Ishtar was worshipped around Ankuwa. Shrines tend to become traditional, and even now in this district time-honoured Holy Places are still the resort of worshippers at sacrificial ceremonies.3 Is it not possible that the shrine of BClat, the Great Goddess of the district at Landa, became in Persian times the shrine of the goddess Anaitis? Anaitis was worshipped at Zela (T.) Zile, to the south-west of Gaziura, and Strabo describes Zela as a holy city built upon the mound of Semiramis.4 A few miles away at Magat a school-teacher picked up a Hittite tablet on the mound known as Huyuk Tepe.6 I t was probably written while Hattusilis was king in Hakpis, his nephew being on the throne in Hattusas, but no name was given of the place where the recipient lived. In the neighbourhood are many caves showing signs of use in ancient times. With Landa and Hattena thus connected, Wasutuwanda probably was in the same district. The fortification of the town of Ansiliya by Muwattallis was certainly to protect this northern line of Hittite cities between Tiliura and Kurustama from the Kaskan raiders, and we place it near to Pishurus, as Mursilis vanquished that city before marching to Anziliya. Hahhas When Hattusilis was left with only the cities of Istahara and Hakpis free from the Kaskan incursions, he wrote in the Narrative of his Accession that the enemy had occupied cities from Taggasta to Pittiyariga far away to the 1 Hatt.

ii, 44. KBo. I , 1. See Weidner, Politische Dokumente aus Kleinasien, p. 30, 1. 50. a H. H. von der Osten, Explorations in Hittite Asia Minor, 1927-8, p. 51. 4 Strabo, 559 (Pontus, 5 37). 6 The Magat Letter (p. 125) is one of the very few Hittite texts to have been found outside Bogaz-Koy.

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north-east, and that they were holding even Hattusas. "Now I took with me troops of the country in small numbers," he declares, "and I marched and cut the enemy off in Hahhas, and I gave him battle. Then my Lady Ishtar marched before me, and I defeated him. And I set up a trophy. And Hattusas which he was holding I recaptured and settled it all again. Moreover, I took (his) allies and delivered them to my brother. And this was my first manly deed; my Lady Ishtar in this campaign for the first time proclaimed my name." 1 The name Hahhas has sometimes been identified with Hahhum in the Euphrates area,2 but would Hattusilis feel himself able to leave the fertile lands around Hakpis and campaign by the Euphrates, while the Kaskans were in Marista, Ishupitta, Kurustama, and had even taken possession of Hattusas? Hakpis and Istahara were in danger and only a bold move in their vicinity seems likely to have saved them, and a victory by the Euphrates would have had little effect in this most important central area. Could not Hahhas be the lost name of the Hittite city at Alaca-Huyuk? A victory there would cut off the Kaskan supplies and reinforcements from their northern strongholds, and, with Hittite communications restored, the capital at Hattusas could be freed and the population re-settled there. More important still in his own eyes, he could honour the shrine of his own patron-goddess Ishtar within the capital itself. SECTION VIII HURNA, MT. TEHSINA, TIMMUHALA, MT. ELLURIYA (OR ILLURIYA)

Hattusilis' Command List I Ishupitta Marista Hissashapa Katapa Hanhana Tarahna Hattena

Durmitta

PALA,

TUMMANNA, ALTANNA, RIVER DAHARA,

Campaign of Suppiluliumas3 Palhuissa Kammama Istahara Hattena Tessitaya Tahpilissa Zitparha [ . . . .]mitta4

Hatt, ii, 22-9. For translation of line 26 see Bittel-Giiterbock, BogadQ (1935), p. 15. Lewy,