The Friars and German Society in the Thirteenth Century 091095660X, 9780910956604

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The Mediaeval Academy of America Publication No. 86

The Friars and German S o ciety in the T hirteenth C entury

The Friars and German Society in the Thirteenth Century

John B. Freed Illinois State University

THE MEDIAEVAL ACADEMY OF AMERICA Cambridge, Massachusetts 1977

The publication o f this book was made possible by grants o f funds to the Mediaeval Academy from the Carnegie Corporation o f New York. Copyright © 1977 By The Mediaeval Academy o f America Library o f Congress Catalog Card Number: 75^36480 ISBN 910956-60-:Ï Composition by Man+Tech Services, Inc., Mansfield', Massachusetts Printed in the United States o f America

For My Parents

Contents

List of Maps ix List of Tables xi Acknowledgments xiii Abbreviations xv I n t r o d u c t io n

1

Part I THE FRIARS AND URBANIZATION C h a p t e r 1 : U r b a n iz a t io n t h e M e n d ic a n t O r d e r s

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

E x p a n s io n o f W e s t e r n G e r m a n y 21

and the in

Introduction 21 Franciscan and Dominican Expansion Prior to 1250 26 The Friars’ Ministry in the Major Urban Centers 32 Franciscan and Dominican Expansion after 1250 43 The Friars’ Ministry in the New Towns 48 Conclusion 51

C h a p t e r 2 : G e r m a n i z a t io n a n d t h e E x p a n s io n o f t h e M e n d ic a n t O r d e r s i n E a s t e r n G e r m a n y 55

1. 2. 3. 4.

Introduction 55 The Friars and the East-Elbian Princes 57 Prussia and the Baltic States 65 German-PoHsh Boundary Disputes 69 C h a p t e r 3: T h e F r ia r s in C o l o g n e 79 1. Introduction 79 2. The Foundation of the Convents 81 3. The Friars and the Clergy 88 4. The Friars and Imperial Politics 91 5. The Friars and Urban Politics 93

vii

viii

CONTENTS Part II SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ASPECTS OF THE FRIARS’ MINISTRY C h a p t e r 4: T h e S o c ia l O r ig in s

o f the

F r ia r s

109

1. The Problem 109 2. The Evidence 112 3. Analysis 119 4. The Broader Implications 128 C h a p t e r 5: T h e F r ia r s a n d I m p e r ia l P o l it ic s 135 1. Introduction 135 2. The Friars as the Defenders of Society (1221-1245) 138 3. The Friars as Opponents of the Hohenstaufen (1245-1256) 150 4. The Friars as Kingmakers (1257-1278) 161 C o n c l u s io n

169

Appendix I: Franciscan and Dominican Convents 173 Appendix II: Individual Friars 225 Bibliography 239 Index 265

List o f Maps

1. Franciscan Convents Founded Before 1250 31 2. Dominican Convents Founded Before 1250 33 3. Dominican and Franciscan Convents Founded After 1250 47 A. Southwestern Germany B. Custody of Deventer 4. The Eastern Boundaries of the German Mendicant Provinces 71 5. The Cologne Dominicans 83 6. The Cologne Franciscans 86

List o f Tables

I.

Dominican Convents Founded Per Decade 22

II. III.

Franciscan Convents Founded Per Decade: Preliminary Data 23 Franciscan Convents Founded Per Decade: Corrected Data 24

IV.

Foundation Dates of Cities and of Mendicant Convents Located in Southern Germany 45

V.

Foundation Dates of Cities and of Mendicant Convents Located East of the Elbe 61 VI. The Social Origins of the German Friars 118 VII. Franciscans: Province of Saxony 182 VIII. Franciscans: Province of Cologne 192 IX. Franciscans: Province o f Strasbourg 199 X. Franciscans: Province o f Austria 206 XI. Dominicans: Province of Saxony 210 XII. Dominicans : Province of Teutonia 212 XIII. Dominicans: German Convents in Poland 222 XIV. Individual Friars: Dominicans 225 XV. Individual Friars: Franciscans 233

Acknowledgments

only fitting that I acknowledge the assistance which I have received from various individuals and institutions. First of all, I should like to thank those individuals who have read various drafts of the manuscript of this book: Professors Brian Tierney of Cornell, Robert E. Lerner of Northwestern, Rhiman Rotz of Indiana University Northwest, and my colleagues, Lawrence Walker and David MacDonald. Their criticism was often incisive and always appreciated. I would also like to thank Professors Felix Gilbert of the Insti­ tute for Advanced Study, Gaines Post of Princeton, and Roy Austensen of Illinois State University for their suggestions and encouragement and Mr. Geoffrey Naylor, who edited several of my Latin translations. A word of thanks is also in order to Luke H. Wenger, the Deputy Executive Secretary of the Mediaeval Academy of America, for his assistance in preparing the manu­ script for publication. I deeply regret that Professor Dr. Herbert Grundmann, the president of the Monumento Germaniae histórica, died before I was able to complete my work. He patiently answered my numerous inquiries while I was a graduate student in Munich in 1967-1968 and even placed his own office at my disposal. I am especially indebted to Professor Joseph R. Strayer, It

is

my thesis adviser, who guided my research from its earliest stages until its completion. Only those individuals who have had the good fortune to be numbered among Professor Strayer’s students can fully appreciate his kind­ ness and wisdom. I am deeply grateful to the Woodrow Wilson Foundation and the De­ partment o f History at Princeton, whose generosity financed four years of graduate study in this country and Germany. In addition the Princeton His­ tory Department provided me during the spring of 1972 with a Shelby Cullom Davis Postdoctoral Fellowship, which enabled me to prepare my dis­ sertation for publication. I am also indebted to Illinois State University which gave me several research grants to continue my investigations. Finally, I Xlll

xiv

AC KNOWLEDGMENTS

would like to thank the staffs of the following libraries and archives for their assistance: the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek and the Monumenta Germaniae histórica, both in Munich; Firestone Library, Princeton; Milner Library, Illi­ nois State University; New York Public Library; the Stadtarchiv von Köln; and the Universitätsbibliothek, Düsseldorf. Words cannot express the debt which I owe my parents. Normal, Illinois September 1975

Abbreviations

AbhbayAk

Abhandlungen der historischen Classe der könig­ lichen bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften

AF

Analecta Franciscana

AFA AFH AFP AHR Annales A nnHVNiederrh

Alemania Franciscana antiqua Archivum Franciscanum historicum Archivum fratrum Praedicatorum American Historical Review Annales: Economies, Sociétés, Civilisations Annalen des historischen Vereins für den Niederrhein Bavaria Franciscana antiqua Beiträge zur Geschichte der sächsischen Franzis­ kanerprovinz vom Heiligen Kreuze Bibliothek des literarischen Vereins in Stuttgart

BFA BGSFHK BLVSt DHIHFP

Dissertationes historicae Instituti historici fratrum Praedicatorum

Ergh.

Ergänzungsheft

FS

Franziskanische Studien

GQProvSachs

Geschichtsquellen der Provinz Sachsen

HJb HZ MfJb

Historisches Jahrbuch Historische Zeitschrift Mainfränkisches Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kunst

MGH MGH Epis. saec. XIII

Monumenta Germaniae histórica Monumenta Germaniae historicae, Epistolae saeculi XIII e regestis Pontificum Romanorum Schriften der Monumenta Germaniae histórica

MGH Schriften MGH SRG MGH SS

Monumenta Germaniae histórica, Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum Monumenta Germaniae histórica, Scriptores xv

xvi

ABBREVIATIONS

MIÖG

Mitteilungen des Instituts für österreichische Geschichtsforschung

MOPH

Monumenta ordinis fratrum Praedicatorum

MWdGFk

Mitteilungen der westdeutschen Gesellschaft für Familienkunde

NF PGRhGk

Neue Folge Publikationen der Gesellschaft für rheinische Geschichtskunde Publikationen aus den k. preussischen Staatsarchiven Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Nieder­ sachsens Quellen und Forschungen zur Geschichte des Dominikanerordens in Deutschland

PPrStA QDGNSachs QFGDD

RHE

Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique

UB UBHistVerNSachs WürttGQ

Urkundenbuch Urkundenbuch des historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen Württembergische Geschichtsquellen

WZ

Westdeutsche Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kunst

Z

Zeitschrift

ZGORh ZKiG

Zeitschrift för Geschichte des Oberrheins Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte

Introduction

The troops o f Christ, rearmed at such great cost, were struggling on behind the Holy Standard, fearful, and few, and laggard, and half lost. When the Emperor who reigns eternally o f His own grace and not for their own m erittook thought o f his imperiled soldiery; and, as you have heard say. He sent His bride two champions by whose teachings and example the scattered companies were reunified. D ante, Paradiso, Canto XII, w . 3 7 -4 5 .1 During the Investiture Conflict the church assumed the task of reshaping earthly society according to Christian ideals. Until the Gregorian era the atti­ tude of the western church toward the world had been ambivalent. It had seemed readily apparent in the chaotic early Middle Ages that Christ’s king­ dom and the existing temporal world order were not identical and that the Christian was merely a pilgrim in a foreign land. The Christian ideal, as ex­ emplified by the Benedictine abbey, had been withdrawal from the world; Christian perfection could only be attained within the seclusion of the clois­ ter. Christian ethics consequently had barely affected lay morality. Although the church had left in theory the management o f secular affairs to the laity, many bishops and abbots, most notably in Germany, had been preoccupied with the conduct of earthly government. These warrior prelates had fre­ quently purchased their offices and had disregarded their vows of chastity. The Gregorians wished not only to extirpate such obvious abuses as simony and Nicolaitanism, but also to alter the structure of medieval society. They were convinced that a community of professing Christians should be a replica 1. The Paradiso, trans. John Ciardi (New York, 1970).

1

2

THE FRIARS AND GERMAN SOCIETY

of the Heavenly City; the establishment o f righteousness on earth would facil­ itate the conversion of souls. In a properly ordered Christian society the church would be freed from lay control; the laity, including kings, subordi­ nated to the clergy, the mediators between God and man; and the clergy in turn subjected to the authority o f the pope, the successor of St. Peter. The reformers attacked lay investiture itself as the most conspicuous symbol of the unholy organization o f medieval society. Henceforth the church would no longer withdraw from the world, but would labor within the world for its redemption.2 To arouse popular enthusiasm for its revolutionary program, the Gregori­ an papacy supported the agitation o f ascetic reformers, whose personal aus­ terity had gained them numerous adherents.3 Since the beginning o f the eleventh century there had been a deepening ascetic current in western Eu­ rope, which manifested itself in both orthodox and heretical forms. The halfcentury before the accession o f St. Leo IX (1049-1054), the founder of the reform papacy, had seen the appearance o f a widespread eremitical movement in Italy, associated with Sts. Romuald, John Gualbert, and Peter Damian, and the simultaneous emergence throughout Europe of isolated heretical groups whose ascetic practices, heterodox beliefs, and harsh criticism o f the Catholic Church were often derived from a too literal, and sometimes naive, interpreta­ tion o f the New Testament.4 Drawing upon this ascetic ground swell, the popular reformers created with papal approval a series of mass movements directed against simoniacal and Nicolaitan clerics whose ministrations were to be shunned by the faithful: the Vallombrosan agitation in Florence, the Mil­ anese Patarines, the Hirsau reform movement in Swabia, and the wandering preachers of western France. The ascetic reformers were so successful in diverting popular piety into channels acceptable to the Gregorian papacy that heresy virtually disappeared from western Europe in the second half o f the eleventh century. 2. R .F. Bennett in the introduction to his translation of Gerd Tellenbach’s Church, State and Christian Society at the Time o f the Investiture Contest (Oxford, 1940), pp. v-xvii. 3. Ernst Werner, Pauperes Christi: Studien zu Sozial-religiösen Bewegungen im Zeit­ alter des Reform papsttum s (Leipzig, 1956), pp. 8 9 -1 6 4 . 4. Jeffrey Burton Russell, Dissent and R eform in the Early M iddle Ages (Berkeley, 1965), pp. 18—42. A good collection o f sources on heresy in eleventh-century Eu­ rope may be found in Walter L. Wakefield and Austin P. Evans, Heresies o f the High M iddle A ges, Records o f Civilization: Sources and Studies 81 (New York, 1969), pp. 7 1 -9 3 .

INTRODUCTION

3

Nevertheless, the alliance between the Gregorian papacy and the ascetic reformers was always uneasy. St. Peter Damian, the best known of the Italian ascetics, had already opposed in the first years of the reform papacy the poli­ cies of Cardinal Humbert of Silva-Candida, the theoretician of the extreme Gregorian program, and of Hildebrand, its prime executor.5 Although the Gregorian papacy and the ascetics were united in their desire to raise the moral standards of the clergy, their ultimate goals were divergent. The mem­ bers o f the curia increasingly focused their attention on the development of a carefully, legally defined papal monarchism which was capable of providing the church and Europe with effective leadership. The ascetics yearned, on the other hand, for a return to the spiritual purity of the primitive church and idealized the poor, humble monk as the true Christian. The latent hostility between the ascetics and the curia came into the open in the 1120s and brought about the double papal election of 1130.6 The failure of the Gregorian effort to remake the world, as well as the religious excitement generated by the reform movement, inspired a vigorous renewal of the monastic impulse among the ascetic reformers.7 The last years of the eleventh century and the first decades o f the twelfth saw the rapid pro­ liferation of new orders: the Augustinian canons, Carthusians, Victorines, Grandmontines, Fontevrists, Savignaics, Cistercians, and Premonstratensians. Within monasteries deliberately located in remote places, the monks sought to lead the apostolic life o f poverty, humility, and obedience which they had been unable to impose upon the entire church. As the heirs of the Cluniac and Gregorian reform movements, they rejected the possession of entangling feudal dues and tithes and chose instead to work with their own hands. From his monastic retreat St. Bernard, the voice of the monastic resurgence, de­ nounced the growing papal preoccupation with judicial and administrative business and urged his protégé Eugenius III to assume his rightful place as a holy and austere leader of the contemplative saints.8 The monks thus aban­ doned the Gregorian effort to remake the world and became increasingly ali­ enated from the society in which they lived. 5. Fridolin Dressier, Petrus Damiani: Leben und Werk, Studia Anselmiana 34 (Rome, 1954), pp. 8 6 -1 7 4 . 6. Hayden V. White, “ The Gregorian Ideal and Saint Bernard of Clairvaux,” Journal o f the History o f Ideas 21 (1960), 324-335. 7. Norman F. Cantor, “ The Crisis of Western Monasticism, 1050-1130,” AHR 66 (1960), 6 5 -6 7 ; Herbert Grundmann, Religiöse Bewegungen im Mittelalter, 2nd ed. (Darmstadt, 1961), pp. 48 8 -4 9 3 . 8. White, “ The Gregorian Ideal,” pp. 341-348.

4

THE FRIARS AND GERMAN SOCIETY

Yet the concept o f the apostolic life which the monks sought to imitate within the monasteries had itself been changed during the upheavals o f the Investiture Conflict. For centuries the essence o f the apostolic life had been perceived as communal living in accordance with the description in Acts 4.32 of the common possession o f property in the early church. The monk sought to subject his will to the control o f the community. The sons o f proud war­ riors especially esteemed humility and obedience. The Benedictine Rule was considered to be only the precise formulation o f customs which had been ini­ tiated by the apostles. The revival of the strict observance o f the Benedictine Rule, which characterized the new monastic foundations of the Gregorian epoch, was thus widely viewed as a return to the standards o f the primitive church.9 It is possible to discern in the eleventh century, however, most notably in the writings of St. Peter Damian, a new emphasis upon the humanity of Christ, which manifested itself more concretely in the adoration o f the Vir­ gin and in pilgrimages to the Holy Land which had been sanctifled by His earthly presence.10 Such journeys helped to make men aware that Jesus and the apostles had not lived in wealthy monasteries, but had been poor wander­ ing preachers, actively engaged in propagating the Gospel. There was conse­ quently a growing desire to imitate the life style of Jesus and the disciples, as portrayed in such passages as Luke 10.1-16. The vital essence o f the apos­ tolic life was suddenly perceived to be poverty and preaching rather than communal living and contemplation. The Gospels thus started to replace the Benedictine Rule as the yardstick for measuring the Christian life. The new religious ideal fully emerged for the first time at the turn of the century in the activities o f the French wandering preacher Robert of Arbrissel and his disciples and imitators, Bernard o f Thiron, Vitalis of Savigny, and Norbert o f Xanten.11 The wandering preachers could adhere to a far more radical form o f poverty than the monks. The contemplative, communal life 9. M.-D. Chenu, “Moines, clercs, laics au carrefour de la vie évangélique (XII. s.),” RH E 49 (1954), 5 9 -8 9 ; Tadeusz Manteuffel, Naissance d ’une hérésie: Les A deptes de la pauvreté volontaire au m oyen âge, trans. Anna Posner (Paris, 1970), pp. 1 1 -3 8 ; André Vauchez, “ La Pauvreté volontaire au moyen âge,” Annales 25 (1970), 1 5 6 6 1573. 10. C.N.L. Brooke, “Heresy and Religious Sentiment: 1000-1250,” Bulletin o f the In stitu te o f Historical Research 41 (1968), 125—127. 11. For further information, see Johannes von Walter, Die ersten Wanderprediger Frank­ reichs: Studien zur Geschichte des M önchtums, Theil 1., R obert von Arbrissel, Stu­ dien zur Geschichte der Theologie und der Kirche 9 (Leipzig, 1903); Neue Folge (Leipzig, 1906).

INTRODUCTION

5

of the monks required that the monastery have at least a small endowment to provide for its cloistered inmates’ material needs; the wandering preacher could rely solely, as Jesus had commanded, upon the charity o f his listeners and upon the goodness of God.12 In this redefinition of the apostolic life poverty often replaced humility as the highest virtue and avarice pride as the chief vice.13 The Gregorian program for restructuring earthly society had been subtly changed into a summons to reshape men’s lives in accordance with the example and commands of Christ. While the ecclesiastical authorities could allow, though often with misgiv­ ings, a few ardent monks and clerics to undertake an active public ministry, they could not permit the numerous men and women whom the wandering preachers attracted to copy the example o f their leaders.14 The twelfthcentury church firmly believed that the job o f preaching had been assigned by Christ to bishops and to parish priests and perhaps to a few exceptionally qualified and licensed individuals. A large-scale apostolate undertaken by unauthorized individuals, let alone by lay men and women, entailed in the opinion o f suspicious diocesan officials the complete collapse o f all ecclesias­ tical discipline and the destruction of the divinely ordained constitution of the church. The dividing line between orthodox and heretical wandering preachers thus became their willingness to organize their followers into clois­ tered congregations. St. Norbert never intended, for instance, that the can­ ons o f Prémontré should imitate his own example.15 But the words of Jesus and the example o f the disciples could not be so easily forgotten. Some of the wandering preachers rejected any attempt to substitute ecclesiastical authority or tradition for the seemingly clear dictates of the Gospels.16 Convinced that the Gospels provided the only infallible guide for leading the Christian life, these practitioners of evangelical perfec­ tion continued their distinctive way of life in defiance o f the authorities and regarded themselves as the only true Christians. Henry o f Lausanne, Tanchelm, Peter of Bruys, and Arnold of Brescia, the best known of these earlytwelfth-century exponents of the apostolic life, vigorously criticized the 12. Bernard Bligny, “ Les Premiers Chartreux et la pauvreté,” Le M oyen âge 57 (1951), 5 1 -6 0 , stresses this point in his discussion of the Carthusian concept of poverty. 13. Lester K. Little, “ Social Changes and the Vices in Latin Christendom,” AH R 76 (1971), 1 6 -4 9 . 14. Grundmann, Religiöse Bewegungen, pp. 3 8 -5 0 . 15. Charles Dereine, “Les Origines de Prémontré,” RH E 42 (1947), 37 1 -3 7 7 . 16. Grundmann, Religiöse Bewegungen, pp. 5 1 3 -5 1 9 ; Manteuffel, Naissance, pp. 3 9 -5 6 .

6

THE FRIARS AND GERMAN SOCIETY

personal conduct o f the Catholic clergy and made the moral worthiness of the bishop or priest, rather than his official legal position, the decisive factor in determining the validity of his sacramental acts. The Gregorian campaign tactic in the struggle against simoniacal and Nicolaitan clerics was thus turned against the Catholic Church. On the basis of a literal interpretation of the New Testament, these twelfth-century reformers rejected those Catholic doc­ trines or practices, such as the belief in purgatory, infant baptism, or the veneration of the cross, whose truth could not be readily proven from the Bible. As evangelical Christians they did not deny the basic tenets of the Christian faith, such as the doctrines of the Incarnation and Atonement.17 The outraged ecclesiastical authorities naturally condemned these outspoken, disobedient critics as heretics. After the virtual disappearance of any trace of heterodox belief in western Europe during the second half of the eleventh century, heresy reappeared as the Gregorian reform effort slowly waned. Although these heretics questioned many specific Catholic doctrines, their basic quarrel with the church concerned their life style rather than dogma. Their extreme asceticism provided, however, fertile ground for the reception of Balkan dualist heresies which challenged the basic metaphysical assumptions o f Christianity. Bogomilism, a tenth-century Bulgarian offshoot of the ancient Gnostic tradition, taught a mitigated dualism, which claimed that Satan, the creator o f the evil, material world, was the fallen son of God. The belief in two antagonistic cosmic forces, one spiritual and good and the other material and evil, logically led to the rejection of the Creator-God of the Old Testament, the denial o f the humanity o f Christ and his redemptive death, and the negation o f the material world and all its pleasures. The Bogo­ mil attitude toward the material world, an extreme form o f the traditional Christian rejection o f the world, was thus diametrically opposed to the Gregorian acceptance of earthly society as an appropriate arena for Christian endeavor.18 But the complex theology and cosmogony of the Bogomils had little ap­ peal, at least initially, to western Europeans. They were attracted instead by 17. Russell, D issent, pp. 54—100, provides an introduction to the various early, twelfthcentury heresies. The relevant sources may be found in Wakefield and Evans, Here­ sies, pp. 9 5 -1 5 0 . For further bibliographical information, consult the notes and bibliographies in both books. 18. For further information about the Balkan dualist heresies, see Dmitri Obolensky, The Bogomils: A S tudy in Balkan Neo-Manichaeism (Cambridge, England, 1948); and Henri-Charles Puech and André Vaillant, Le Traité contre les Bogomiles de Cosmas le Prêtre, Travaux publiés par l’Institut d ’études slaves 21 (Paris, 1945).

INTRODUCTION

7

the puritanism of the dualists, who practiced self-denial to escape the bonds of the evil, material world. Catharism, which made its first definite appear­ ance in western Europe in Cologne in 1143, developed from the union of the western ascetic, evangelical tradition and Balkan theology.19 Mission activity by members of the Dragovitsan sect, who taught the complete equality and coeternity of God and Satan, resulted in the conversion o f the French Cathars and many of the Italian heretics to absolute dualism in the 1160s.20 By the end of the century the Cathars were firmly entrenched in northern Italy and above all in Languedoc. At the same time the desire to imitate the apostles’ lives, as portrayed in the Gospels, continued to attract devout individuals. The summons to evangelical perfection struck a responsive chord in the hearts of northern European women, particularly in the Low Countries.21 James of Vitry, a sympathetic observer and patron of the new religious ideal, described the devout women o f Brabant in these words: You have seen (and you have rejoiced) in the gardens of the Lord great crowds of holy women in diverse places who, despising fleshly charms for Christ and likewise scorning the riches of this world for the love of the heavenly kingdom, cleaving in poverty and humility to their divine hus­ band, are seeking by the labor of their hands their meager nourishment although their relatives abound in great wealth. They, nevertheless, for­ getting their people and the home of their father, preferred to endure 19. Russell, Dissent, pp. 215—217; Arno Borst, Die Katharer, MGH Schriften 12 (Stutt­ gart, 1953), pp. 8 8 -9 8 and 2 2 9 -2 3 0 . There has been considerable controversy about the origins of the Cathar heresy in western Europe. Antoine Dondaine con­ tended in “ L’Origine de l’hérésie médiévale,” Rivista di storia della chiesa in Italia 6 (1952), 4 7 -7 8 , that Bogomil teachings had already reached and infected western Europe in the first half of the eleventh century. Raffaelo Morghen in such works as “Problèmes sur l’origine de l’hérésie au moyen âge,” Revue historique 236 (1966), 1 -1 6 , denied that the Bogomils provided any outside stimulus for the development o f dualist beliefs in western Europe, which he saw as primarily moral in character and caused by far-reaching economic changes which took place in Europe in the eleventh century. After carefully examining the evidence, Henri-Charles Puech, “Catharisme médiéval et Bogomilisme,” Oriente ed occidente nel medio evo, Accademia nazionale dei Lincei, Fondazione Alessandrio Volta 12 (Rome, 1957), pp. 5 6 -8 4 ; Russell, Dissent, pp. 1 8 8 -2 2 9 , and “ Interpretations of the Origins of Medi­ eval Heresy,” Mediaeval Studies 25 (1963), 26—53; and R .I. Moore, “The Origins of Medieval Heresy,” History 55 (1970), 21—36, have concluded that while the evi­ dence is far from clear, Bogomilism seems only to have penetrated the existing, western European, ascetic reform tradition in the mid-twelfth century. 20. Antoine Dondaine, “ La Hiérarchie cathare en Italie: Le ‘Tractatus de hereticis’ d ’Anselme d’Alexandrie, O .P ./M F P 20 (1950), 234—277. 21. Grundmann, Religiöse Bewegungen, pp. 170-198.

8

THE FRIARS AND GERMAN SOCIETY indigence and poverty rather than to abound in wealth wrongly acquired or to stay with danger among the proud men of this world.22

A similar impulse inspired the Lyonese merchant Waldes in 1176 to dis­ tribute his money to the poor. An orthodox Catholic deeply disturbed by the spread o f Catharism, Waldes hoped to check its expansion by his own evan­ gelical preaching and example. While Pope Alexander III (1159-1181) was personally moved by Waldes’s piety, the Third Lateran Council and the arch­ bishop o f Lyons were unwilling to authorize his lay apostolate. Waldes’s insis­ tence upon his divinely commanded obligation to preach in defiance of all prohibitions resulted in the excommunication o f his followers, the Poor of Lyons, along with other heretical sects by Pope Lucius III (1181-1185) in 1184 23 The spectacular growth o f heresy in twelfth-century Europe was closely linked to the urbanization which accompanied the commercial revolution of the high Middle Ages. While the first exponents of the apostolic life were often, like St. Norbert, clerics of aristocratic background, and while the ideal always attracted individuals o f rural origin,24 the search for evangelical per­ fection was most eagerly pursued in the most economically advanced and urbanized areas: northern Italy, southern France, Flanders-Brabant, and the lower Rhine Valley.25 As James of Vitry’s description o f the pious women of Brabant and the career o f Waldes suggest, the beneficiaries of the rapid eco­ nomic advance o f the eleventh and twelfth centuries most acutely perceived the contrast between the ideal set forth in the Gospels and their own com­ fortable lives. The alleged words of Waldes as he distributed his wealth to the poor provide an insight into the inner anguish such sensitive individuals en­ dured: No man can serve two masters, God and m am m on... . My friends and fel­ low townsmen! Indeed, I am not, as you think, insane, but I have taken vengeance on my enemies who held me in bondage to them, so that I was always more anxious about money than about God and served the crea22. Vita B. Mariae Ogniacensis (Antwerp, 1717), Acta sanctorum Junii 4:636. The trans­ lation is my own. 23. Antoine Dondaine, “Aux origines du Valdèisme: Une profession de foi de Valdès,” AFP 16 (1946), 1 9 1 -235; Kurt-Victor Selge, Die ersten Waldenser m it E dition des Liber antiheresis des Durandus von Osea, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1967), 1:227-259. 24. See, for instance, Eva Gertrud Neumann, Rheinisches Beginen- und Begardenwesen: Ein mainzer Beitrag zur religiösen Bewegung am R hein, Mainzer Abhandlungen zur mittleren und neueren Geschichte 4 (Meisenheim am Glan, 1960), pp. 6 0 -7 1 . 25. Grundmann, Religiöse Bewegungen, pp. 519-524.

INTRODUCTION

9

ture more than the Creator. I know that a great many find fault with me for having done this publicly. But I did it for myself and also for you: for myself, so that they who may henceforth see me in possession of money may think I am mad; in part also for you, so that you may learn to fix your hope in God and to trust not in riches.26 This psychic tension was inevitably most strongly felt in the cities, the cen­ ters o f the economic revival. Unfortunately, the twelfth-century church neglected the cities. The pre­ lates, who were usually recruited from the ranks o f the feudal aristocracy, were naturally suspicious of the new urban culture. They were not personal­ ly inclined either to adapt Christian theology and morality, which had largely been formulated in opposition to the decadent, urban culture o f the Roman Empire, or to expand the parochial structure, which had been erected during the agrarian early Middle Ages, to meet the spiritual needs o f the towns­ people.27 The church’s long opposition to the charging o f interest, an under­ standable and commendable prohibition in the subsistence economy of earlier centuries, is perhaps the best-known example of the church’s attitude. With the exception of the Augustinian canons, who made a halfhearted effort to minister to the spiritual needs of the burghers,28 the new orders which arose in the twelfth century deliberately located their houses in isolated spots and ignored the towns. The church’s neglect of the cities thus provided the wandering, evangelical preachers and dualist heretics with an appreciative audience among the urban population. The church was destined to face a similar problem in the nineteenth century when industrialization transformed the structure and values o f traditional western society. Innocent III (1198-1216), under whose tutelage the medieval church reached the height of her temporal power, took the first effective measures to resolve the religious crisis. His predecessors had limited their actions to the condemnation of various heretical sects and the formulation of precise legal procedures for the detection and punishment o f heretics. Most notably, in the constitution Ad abolendam in 1184 Lucius III had proscribed the Cathars, the Humiliati, the Poor of Lyons, and other heretical sects, and had promul26. Wakefield and Evans, Heresies, no. 30. 27. C.N.L. Brooke, “The Missionary at Home: The Church in the Towns, 1000-1250,” The Mission o f the Church and the Propagation o f the Faith, ed. G .J. Cuming, Papers Read at the Seventh Summer Meeting and the Eighth Winter Meeting o f the Ecclesiastical History Society (Cambridge, England, 1970), pp. 6 5 -6 7 . 28. Richard William Southern, Western Society and the Church in the M iddle Ages (Harmondsworth, England, 1970), pp. 241—250.

10

THE FRIARS AND GERMAN SOCIETY

gated precise regulations for a systematic episcopal inquisition. Innocent continued and expanded this policy of repression. He urged his episcopal colleagues to proceed against the heretics; he sent Cistercian missions to Languedoc to root out heresy; he elaborated the anti-heretical legislation of his predecessors; he summoned the Fourth Lateran Council to deal with the problem; and he unleashed the Albigensian Crusade. These repressive mea­ sures laid the foundation for the papal inquisition.29 To his credit Innocent recognized that repression alone could not remove the heretical threat. He realized that the search for evangelical perfection represented a legitimate Christian aspiration which could not simply be suppressed; and he was prepared to differentiate between heretics, like the Waldenses and the Humiliati, who had quarreled with the church over disci­ pline rather than dogma, and the Cathars, who adhered to an alien faith. He may also have perceived that fervent Christians like the Waldenses, who were conducting their own campaign against the Cathars,30 might prove valuable allies in the struggle against the dualist heresy. Innocent tried, therefore, to incorporate the new religious ideal of evangelical perfection into the estab­ lished church by approving the statutes of repentant Humiliati and Waldenses, who had submitted to Rome in exchange for a papal approbation of their distinctive life style.31 By 1216 James o f Vitry could report that the recon­ ciled Humiliati had become the church’s staunchest supporters in the hereticridden archdiocese of Milan.32 But the most important result of the new papal policy was the establishment during Innocent’s pontificate of the two great mendicant orders, the Dominicans and the Franciscans. The Franciscans and Dominicans combined the wandering preachers’ desire to imitate the life o f Christ with the Gregorian program o f reshaping earthly society. Whereas the Gregorians had concentrated upon the abolition of such abuses as simony, the liberation of the church from lay control, and 29. Grundmann, Religiöse Bewegungen, pp; 5 0 -6 9 ; Jean Gxni&ud, Histoire de l ’Inquisi­ tion au m oyen âge, 2 vols. (Paris, 1935-1938), 1:365-419 and 2 :4 1 3 -4 3 4 ; Wake­ field and Evans, Heresies, pp. 32—34. 30. For information about the Waldenses’ struggle against the Cathars, see Antoine Dondaine, “Durand de Huesca et la polémique anti-cathare,’M F P 29 (1959), 2 2 8 -2 7 6 ; Selge, Die ersten Waldenser, 1:271-274 and vol. 2, Der Liber antiheiresis des Durandus von Osea; Christine Thouzellier, Catharisme et Valdèisme en Languedoc à la fin d û X lle e t au début du X lIIe siècle, 2nd ed. (Louvain, 1969). 31. Grundmann, Religiöse Bewegungen, pp. 70—127; Selge, Die ersten Waldenser, 1: 1 8 8 -2 2 5 . 32. R.B.C. Huygens, L ettres de Jacques de Vitry (1160/1170-1240) évêque de SaintJean-d’A cre: E dition critique (Leiden, 1960), no. 1, lines 47—61.

INTRODUCTION

11

the establishment of an effective papal government of the church in their effort to remake the world, the friars in their first burst of enthusiasm at­ tempted to impose the ethics of the Sermon of the Mount upon all of man­ kind. During the “Alleluia Year” in 1233 the friars actually succeeded, for instance, in making peace in the strife-tom cities of northern Italy. A world imbued with the spirit o f the Gospel would indeed be a replica of the Heav­ enly City. The friars regarded the towns as the most appropriate arena for Chris­ tian activity. It is very likely that Dominic’s experiences in Languedoc and Francis’s boyhood contacts with heretics in Assisi made the two saints par­ ticularly sensitive to the problems o f the cities and may thus account for the original urban thrust o f their orders. But while the friars initially rejected the commercial ethos o f the towns, they gradually adopted many of the business tactics, oratorical skills, and values o f the merchants, lawyers, and notaries in their own preaching techniques and spirituality. In the end, both through their presence in the cities and their reformulation o f Christian theology and ethics in the universities and in the confessional, they sanctified medieval urban life.33 Humbert o f Romans, St. Bonaventure, and Berthold of Regens­ burg explained why the friars had selected cities as the sites for their con­ vents. The Dominican master general pointed out that the prophets and apostles, as well as Christ himself, had labored most frequently in cities. He contended, furthermore, that the densely populated cities were the natural centers o f civilization which exerted an enormous influence for good or evil on the surrounding countryside; any attempt to save souls had to begin in the towns.34 St. Bonaventure argued that the city was the place where the friars could best perform their pastoral responsibilities because it provided them with the material sustenance they required to pursue their distinctive life style and because it offered greater protection than the countryside for the friars’ books and valuable liturgical vessels and garments.35 While Berthold denounced cities in his “Sermo de civitatibus” as centers of iniquity in which few burghers attained salvation, he reminded his hearers that God would have spared Sodom if he had discovered ten just men living within its walls. The Franciscan preacher counseled anxious townspeople to seek the company of 33. Barbara H. Rosenwein and Lester K. Little, “Social Meaning in the Monastic and Mendicant Spiritualities,” Past and Present 63 (May 1974), 20—32. 34. Cited by Jacques le Goff, “Ordres mendiants et urbanisation dans la France médi­ évale: État de l’enquête,” ., 116-17, 226 Conrad Roth (Nuremberg burgher), 149

Conrad Rufus (Franciscan), 8 8 ,1 0 4 , 236 Conrad o f Rustebérg {Franciscan), 234 Conrad Tacprot (Dominican), 227 Conrad o f Winden (Franciscan), 234 Conradin, duke of Swabia, 162 Conservators o f the friars’ privileges, 37—38n.39 Constance: diocese of, 49; Dominicans in, 45, 2 1 4 ,2 2 6 ,2 2 8 ; Franciscans in, 4 5 ,2 0 3 ,2 3 7 ; Poor Clares in, 156 Constitutions of Narbonne, 126-27 Continuatio Saxonica, 175 Cottbus: Franciscans, 1 8 7 ,191n.i Cracow: Dominicans 56; Franciscans, 56 Crossen (Krosno Odrzanskie): Dominicans, 64, 222; Franciscans, 62,188 Culm (Chefmno): Dominicans, 6 0 ,6 4 , 222; Franciscans, 6 3 ,6 9 ,1 9 0 Cum dilectifilii (1218), 12,35 Danneberg. See Eilbert of Danneberg Danube, custody of, 20? Danzig (Gdansk): Dominicans, 5 8 ,6 0 ,6 4 , 67,222 Dassel. See Berthold of Dassel David of Augsburg (Franciscan), 109, 111, 119,145 Deggenhausen. See Conrad of Deggenhausen Dellmensingen. See Ulrich of Dellmensingen Deventer: custody of, 4 8 ,1 9 6 -9 7 ; Franciscans in, 48,197 Dieburg: Franciscans, 4 5 ,1 9 9 Diessenhofen (Dominican nunnery), 156, 158 Diest: Franciscans, 2 9 ,1 7 7 ,1 9 7 Dietrich, bishop o f Schwerin, 37n.39 Dietrich (Franciscan), bishop o f Wierland,

68 Dietrich (Dominican), son o f Volmar and Odilia, 231 Dietrich (Dominican), uncle o f Albert of Flankenberg, 226 Dietrich o f Apolda (Dominican), 229 Dietrich of Apolda (Franciscan), 234 Dietrich o f Boizenburg (Dominican), 229 Dietrich Golin (Franciscan), 235 Dietrich o f Hekelingen (Dominican), 230

INDEX Dietrich o f Kirchberg (Dominican), 227 Dietrich o f Limburg (Cologne burgher), 9 8 -9 9 n .l0 7 Dietrich o f Regenstein (Dominican), 225 Dietrich of Salza (Dominican), 227 Dietrich of Sparrewald (Franciscan), 235 Dillingen, counts of, 156—58 Dirschau (Tczew): Dominicans, 5 8 ,6 4 ,

222 Dobislaw (Franciscan), 233 Dobroslawa (wife of advocate of Salzwedel), 58 Domburg. See Peter of Domburg Dominic, St., 1 1 ,3 2 ,6 7 Dominican nuns, 4 9 ,1 5 8 . See also individual houses Dominicans: acquisition of privileges, 37; as arbiters and witnesses, 114-17; assumption of cura monialium, 4 9 -5 0 ; boundary revisions, 1 5 ,7 0 -7 4 ; burghers, membership in, 1 1 8 ,1 2 7 -2 8 ,2 3 1 -3 2 ; care of Beguines, 50, 87, 95; as confes­ sors, 57, 159; convent as status symbol, 46 ; correlation between urbanization and expansion of, 2 5 -2 6 , 3 0 - 3 2 ,4 4 4 8 ,5 2 - 5 3 ,6 0 ,6 3 - 6 4 ; crusade preach­ ing, 6 5 - 6 7 ,1 2 8 ,1 4 7 ,1 5 0 -5 1 , 1 5 3 -5 4 ; determination o f foundation dates, 2 2 ,1 7 8 -8 1 ; education, 1 2 4 -2 5 , 127; expansion of, 3 0 - 3 2 ,4 4 - 4 6 ,4 8 , 5 6 ,6 0 ,6 3 - 6 4 ; friar-bishops, 6 7 -6 8 , 131— 34; historiography, 12—1 3 ,1 3 6 — 3 7 ,1 7 9 —80; incorporation of nunner­ ies, 1 5 8 ;as inquisitors, 1 2 ,1 2 8 ,1 4 2 -4 5 ; involvement in communal movements, 3 8 - 4 1 ,9 9 —105; involvement in dispute over Ottmachau-Neisse area, 76; involve­ ment in Germanization and Christiani­ zation, 5 7 ,6 0 ,6 5 - 6 9 ,7 6 ; Joachimism among, 151; knights, membership in, 118,122, 2 2 9 -3 0 ; lay brothers, 1 2 6 27 ; license to preach, 4 1 ,1 6 4 ; ministerialage, membership in, 4 9 ,1 1 8 ,1 2 2 -2 4 , 132— 3 4 ,2 2 7 —29; necrologies, 112—13; nobility, membership in, 1 1 0 ,1 1 2 ,1 1 8 , 1 2 0 -2 2 ,1 3 1 -3 2 ,2 2 5 -2 7 ; opposition to Frederick II, 1 2 2 7 -1 2 3 0 ,9 1 ,1 4 0 41; opposition to Frederick II, 1239— 1 2 4 5 ,9 1 - 9 2 ,1 4 8 -4 9 ;opposition to

269

Hohenstaufen after 1 2 4 5 ,1 5 0 -6 0 ; patriciate, membership in, 4 9 ,1 1 8 ,1 2 2 2 4 ,2 3 0 -3 1 ; prelates, membership in, 1 1 8 ,1 2 1 ,2 3 2 —33; provincial priors, 123; relations with burghers, 3 2 -3 5 , 3 8 - 4 3 ,4 8 - 5 1 ,6 8 - 6 9 ,9 5 - 9 8 ,1 4 7 ; relations with clergy, 32, 3 5 - 3 7 ,8 2 8 5 ,8 8 - 9 1 ,1 6 3 - 6 4 ;relations with episcopate, 3 7 - 3 8 ,4 0 - 4 1 ,8 8 ,9 0 , 139—4 1 ,1 6 3 —64; restrictions imposed upon by municipal authorities, 4 1 -4 3 ; secular use of convent buildings, 5 0 -5 1 ; settlement in episcopal sees, 32; size of convents, 1 1 9 -2 0 ; social origins, leader­ ship group, 1 2 0 -2 4 ; social origins, rankand-file membership, 124—28; social origins, theories about, 109-12; statis­ tics on expansion of, 2 1 -2 2 , 30, 32, 5 1 - 5 2 ,1 1 9 - 2 0 ,1 6 0 ,221n.e; suspected as heretics, 35, 8 8 -8 9 ; urban mission of, 11—12. See also General Chapter (Dominican) Dordrecht: Franciscans, 153,197 Dorpat (Tartu): Dominicans, 6 3 ,6 9 ,2 1 1 Dortmund: Franciscans, 196 Dramburg (Drawsko): Franciscans, 61, 187, 191n.j Drawsko. See Dramburg Dresden: Franciscans, 187 Dürnkrut, Battle of, 167 Dürnstein: Franciscans, 207 Duisburg: Franciscans, 195 Eberhard II, archbishop of Salzburg, 141, 149 Eberhard, bishop of Constance, 38n.45 Eberhard, bishop of Worms, 40 Eberhard, marshal of Strasbourg, 41 Eberhard of Leiningen (Dominican), 38, 1 2 1 ,141n.29,225 Edmund (Dominican), prior of Cologne, 104 Edmund (Dominican), provincial prior, 125,163 Egeno V, count of Urach, 3 4 ,1 5 6 -5 8 Eger. See Cheb Eichstätt: Dominicans, 4 5 ,1 5 9 , 217 Eilbert of Danneberg (Franciscan), 233

270

INDEX

Eisenach: Dominicans, 210,226; Franciscans, 27,182 Elbing (Elblqg): Dominicans, 6 0 ,6 4 ,6 8 ,

222 Elbing. See Elbing Elger o f Hohnstein (Dominican), 226 Elias (Franciscan), minister general, 26, 1 2 3 ,1 2 6 ,1 4 6 Elizabeth of Bavaria (queen o f Germany), 154,159 Elizabeth of Hungary, St., I l 0 n .5 ,152 Embrach. See Rudolph of Embrach Emmundus o f Sigen (Franciscan), 237 Engelbert of Berg (archbishop of Cologne), 8 8 -8 9 ,1 4 0 Engelbert o f Falkenburg (archbishop of Cologne), 101-104 Enns: custody of, 206; Franciscans in, 2 0 6 ,209n.b Episcopus. See Herman Episcopus Epitome Lipsiensis, 175 Erbstösser, Martin, 16,109-11 Erfurt: Dominicans, 3 0 ,1 7 9 , 210, 2 2 7 30; Franciscans, 27, 3 4 ,12 2 n .4 3 ,182, 234,236 Ernst (Dominican), bishop o f Pomesania,

68 Errebolt, Mabilia (Cologne burgher), 96 Esbeke. See Frederick of Esbeke Eschbach. See Burchard o f Eschbach Esslingen: Dominicans, 3 6 ,4 6 ,1 4 3 ,2 1 4 , 2 2 7 -2 8 ,2 3 2 ; Franciscans, 3 6 ,4 6 ,2 0 2 Etsianimarum (1254), 36,164 Fahner. See Herman Fahner Falkenstein. See Henry of Falkenstein Feist. See Werner Feist Feldsberg. See Valtice Fink. See Henry Fink Flankenberg. See Albert o f Flankenberg Flemincs (Cologne burgher family), 98 Florikinus (Cologne cleric), 90n.48 Francis (Franciscan), 155 Francis o f Assisi, St., 1 1 ,2 6 ,1 1 0 ,1 3 4 , 136 Franciscans: acquisition o f privileges, 37; alleged foundation dates, 2 3 ,1 7 8 ; as arbiters and witnesses, 114-17; assump­ tion o f cura monialium, 4 9 -5 0 ; bound­

ary revisions, 1 5 ,2 8 n .l3 ,7 4 - 7 7 ,1 6 4 65; burghers, membership in, 1 1 8 ,1 2 7 2 8 ,2 3 6 -3 7 ; care of Beguines, 50; as confessors, 5 9 ,1 3 3 ,1 5 2 ,1 5 5 ; correla­ tion between urbanization and expan­ sion of, 2 5 - 2 6 ,2 9 - 3 0 ,4 4 - 4 8 ,5 2 - 5 3 , 60—63; crusade preaching, 6 6 -6 7 ,9 2 , 1 2 8 ,1 5 0 -5 1 ,1 5 3 ; custodies, 27 ; deter­ mination o f foundation dates, 22—23, 174-78 ; education, 126-27 ; expansion of, 4 4 - 4 6 ,4 8 ,5 6 - 5 7 ,6 0 - 6 3 ; friarbishops, 6 7 -6 8 ,1 3 1 -3 4 ; historiogra­ phy, 1 2 -13, 1 3 6 -3 7 ; 1 7 4 -7 8 ; as inquisitors, 128,145; involvement in communal movements, 38—4 1 ,1 0 2 — 104; involvement in dispute over Ottmachau-Neisse area, 7 6 -7 7 ; involvement in Germanization and Christianization, 5 7 ,6 0 ,6 6 - 6 9 ,7 6 - 7 7 ; knights, mem­ bership in, 118,122,235 ; lay brothers, 1 2 6 -2 7 ; license to preach, 4 1 ,1 6 4 ; ministerialage, membership in, 4 9 ,1 1 8 , 1 2 2 -2 4 ,1 3 2 -3 4 ,2 3 4 -3 5 ; necrologies, 112-13; nobility, membership m, 118, 120- 2 2 ,1 3 1 - 3 2 ,2 3 3 - 3 4 ;opposition to Frederick II, 122 7 -1 2 3 0 ,1 4 0 —41; opposition to Frederick II, 1239-1245, 9 1 -9 2 ,1 4 8 -4 9 ; opposition to Hohen­ staufen after 1 2 4 5 ,9 2 -9 3 ,1 5 0 -6 1 ; patriciate, membership in, 4 9 ,1 1 8 , 1 2 2 -2 4 ,2 3 6 ; prelates, membership in, 1 1 8 ,1 2 1 ,2 3 7 ; provincial ministers, 1 2 2 -2 3 ; relations with burghers, 3 2 35,38 - 4 2 ,4 8 - 5 1 ,6 8 - 6 9 ,9 5 - 9 8 ; rela­ tions with clergy, 32, 3 5 - 3 7 ,8 9 - 9 0 , 1 6 3 -6 4 ; relations with episcopate, 3 7 3 8 ,4 0 - 4 1 ,9 0 ,1 3 9 - 4 1 ,1 6 3 - 6 4 ; restrictions imposed upon by municipal authorities, 4 1 -4 3 ; secular use o f con­ vent buildings, 5 0 -5 1 ; settlement in episcopal sees, 2 8 -2 9 ; size o f convents, 119— 20; social origins, leadership group, 1 2 0 - 24 ; social origins, rank-and-file membership, 1 2 4 -2 8 ; social origins, theories about, 1 6 -1 7 ,1 0 9 -1 2 ; statis­ tics on expansion of, 2 1 -2 4 , 2 8 -3 0 , 5 1 -5 2 ,1 1 9 -2 0 ,1 6 0 -6 1 ,1 7 3 ; sus­ pected as heretics, 26, 35 ; 1217 mission of, 26; 1221 mission of, 26—2 8 ,1 2 6 ;

INDEX urban mission of, 11-12. See also Gen­ eral Chapter (Franciscan); Poor Clares Franconia, custody of, 2 7 ,122n.43 Frankfurt am Main, 48 ; Dominicans, 36, 4 5 ,1 6 2 , 215, 230; Franciscans,4 5 ,1 6 1 , 177,199 Frankfurt an der Oder: Franciscans, 62, 188 Frederick, abbot of Garsten, 209n.b Frederick (Dominican), abbot of Zwiefal­ ten, 232 Frederick, bishop of Halberstadt, 179n.22 Frederick II, emperor, 92, 1 3 5 -3 7 ,1 4 3 , 1 4 5 -4 7 . 1 5 0 -5 1 ,1 5 8 -5 9 Frederick of Esbeke (Dominican), 226 Frederick of Haguenau (Dominican), 1 1 3 n .l3 ,228 Frederick of Nordenberg (Dominican), 229 Frederick of Olvenstede (Dominican), 230 Frederick of Parsberg (Dominican), 230 Frederick of Winnistede (Dominican), 227 Free-Spirit heresy, 145 Freiberg: Dominicans, 56, 210; Francis­ cans, 186 Freiburg im Breisgau, 48; Dominicans, 34, 4 5 ,1 4 5 ,1 5 6 , 214, 227 ; Franciscans, 45,201 Fribourg: Franciscans, 30, 3 4 ,4 5 , 201 Friedberg: Franciscans, 45,199 Friesach: Dominicans, 3 2 ,1 4 2 ,1 4 8 , 212, 226 Fritzlar: Franciscans, 193 Fulda: Franciscans, 2 8 n .l3 ,35, 193-94 Frisia, 29,48 Galgennen. See Henry of Galgennan Gdansk. See Danzig Gelnhausen: Franciscans, 4 5 ,1 9 9 General Chapter (Dominican), 35, 178; 1 2 2 1 ,3 2 ,3 5 ,5 6 ,8 1 ;1 2 4 1 ,1 4 9 ;1 2 4 6 48,151 ; 1 2 6 4,72;1267, 7 2 ;1 2 7 9 -8 2 , 73; 1 3 0 3 ,14n.46 General Chapter (Franciscan): 1217, 26; 1221,26; 1230,28; 1239, 123n.45, 175n.4; 1242,126; 1247, 28; 1260, 1 2 6 -2 7 ;1 2 6 3 ,7 4 ,1 6 5 ;1 2 6 6 , 7 4,165; 1 2 6 9 ,7 4 ;1 2 7 2 ,7 4 ;1 2 8 5 ,7 7

271

Gerhard, archbishop of Bremen, 37n.39, 1 1 6 -1 7 ,1 4 5 -4 6 Gerhard (Dominican), canon of Ratzeburg, 232 Gerhard (Franciscan), 236 Gerhard, parish priest of Vienna, 163 Gerhard of Gispersleben (Dominican), 230 Gerhard o f Hirzberg (assistant Land­ meister of Prussia), 6 8 -6 9 Gerhard of Huldenberg (Dominican), 46 Gerhard Lutzelkolb (Franciscan), 144, 235 Gerhard of Zudendorp (Cologne burgher), 95 Gerlach, parish priest of St. Christopher’s, Cologne, 90n.48 Germanization, 5 5 - 5 7 ,6 0 ,6 5 - 6 9 , 7 5 77 Gertrude, duchess of Austria, 148,155 Gertrude Grove (Cologne burgher), 99n.l07 Gertrude Wisebolle (Cologne burgher), 99n.l07 Ghent: Dominicans, 22n.b, 32 Gierlichoven. See Henry of Gierlichoven Gilbert Anglicus (Dominican), 231 Girs (Cologne burghers), 8 4 ,9 7 —98 Gispersleben. See Gerhard of Gispersleben Glassberger, Nicholas, 176 Glogau (Glogów): Dominicans, 60, 223n.a Glogów. See Glogau Gnifting of Raderach. See Herman Gnifting o f Raderach Görlitz: Franciscans,5 8 ,6 2 ,1 8 8 ,191n.i Göttingen: Dominicans, 211; Franciscans, 194 Goldberg (Zfotoryja): custody of, 6 2 ,7 4 , 188—89; Franciscans in, 6 2 ,1 8 8 ,191n.k Golin. See Dietrich Golin Gonzaga, Francesco, 176 Goslar: Franciscans, 2 7 ,1 7 6 ,1 8 2 Goswin of Acu (Franciscan), 237 Gotha: Franciscans, 2 7 ,1 8 2 ,190n.b Gotstu (Cologne burgher), 98n.l07 Gottschalk (Dominican), canon of Utrecht, 232 Gransee: Franciscans, 62,188 Graz: Franciscans, 30,207

272

INDEX

Gregorian reform movement, 1—6 ,1 0 -1 1 Gregory IX (pope), 3 8 ,6 5 - 6 8 ,1 4 0 ,1 4 2 4 4 ,1 4 6 -4 8 ,1 5 0 ,1 5 2 Gregory X (pope), 163,166 Greiderer, Vigilius, 176 Greifenberg (Gryfice): Franciscans, 61, 187 Greifswald: Dominicans, 60, 64, 70, 7 2 73 ,2 2 3 ; Franciscans, 5 8 ,6 0 ,6 1 ,1 8 4 , 233 Grein: Franciscans, 173rt.2,2 0 7 ,209n.e Grins (Cologne patricians), 95 Groningen: Franciscans, 4 8 ,1 9 6 Gross-Faldern (Emden): Franciscans, 48, 197 Grünberg: Franciscans, 194 Grundmann, Herbert, 1 3 ,1 6 ,1 1 0 -1 2 , 136 Gryfice. See Greifenberg Guebwiller: Dominicans, 46, 220 Günther of Kevernburg (Franciscan), 233 Günther o f Wiegeleben (Dominican), 230 Güsse. See Albert Güsse Gundelfingen. See Manigold of Gurtdelfingen Gutta o f Habsburg (countess of Oettingen), 173n.3,209 Gykow (Franciscans), 235 H. of Winterthur (Dominican), 228 Haarlem, 91n.49; Dominicans, 211 Hagen, Gotfrid (Cologne chronicler), 79n.l Haguenau. See Frederick o f Haguenau Haguenau: Dominicans,4 5 ,2 1 9 ; Francis­ cans, 4 5 ,1 7 7 -7 8 ,2 0 0 Hainburg: Franciscans, 30,206, 209n.b Halberstadt: custody of, 1 8 2 -8 3 ; Domin­ icans in, 179n.22, 2 1 0 ,2 2 5 ,2 2 7 , 230; Franciscans in, 2 7 ,1 7 6 ,1 8 2 Halle: Dominicans, 210; Franciscans, 184 Hamburg: Dominicans, 3 6 ,119n.36,210, 2 2 9 ;Franciscans, 1 8 3 ,190n.c, 2 3 3 -3 5 Hamme. See John of Hamme Hanover: Franciscans, 183 Harderwijk: Franciscans, 4 8 ,1 9 6 Hardevust, Bruno (Cologne patrician), 97

Hartmann (Franciscan), 128,236 Hartmann IV, count o f Dillingen, 156-58 Hartmann IV, count o f Kyburg, 116, 156-58 Hartmann V, count o f Kyburg, 116,157 Hartmann of Dillingen (bishop o f Augs­ burg), 1 5 7 ,158n.l00 Hartmod (Franciscan), 122n.43 Hartung o f Zässingen (Franciscan), 235 Hedwig of Silesia, St., 59—60n.27,191n.k Hegelbert (Dominican), 231 Heidelberg: Franciscans, 3 0 ,4 6 ,1 6 0 ,1 9 9 Heidenreich (Dominican), bishop o f Culm,

68 Heilbronn: Franciscans, 4 6 ,2 0 2 Heilwig of Kyburg (countess óf Habsburg), 1 5 7 -5 8 ,1 6 5 Heisterbach (Cistercian abbey), 90n.48 Hekelingen. See Dietrich of Hekelingen Helerus Bulle (Franciscan), 237 Helewigis, sister of parish priest of St. Christopher’s, Cologne, 90n.48 Helger (Dominican), prior o f Friesach, 226 Henry, archbishop o f Cologne, 37n,39 Henry (Dominican), bishop among the Jadzwings, 68 Henry (Dominican), bishop o f Oesel-Wiek,

68 Henry, bishop of Strasbourg, 39 Henry, bishop of Worms, 3 8 ,1 2 1 , 141n.29 Henry, count of Sayn, 8 5 -8 6 ,1 4 4 -4 5 Henry XIII, duke of Bavaria 159n.l07 Henry I, duke of Brabant, 143 Henry II, duke o f Silesia, 59 Henry III, duke o f Silesia-Breslau, 59 Henry IV, duke o f Silesia.-Breslau, 7 5 -7 7 Henry (Dominican), envoy o f Bishop Rüdiger of Passau, 155 Henry (VII), king o f Germany, 1 4 0 -4 4 Henry (Dominican), prior o f Cologne, 82, 123n.46,232 Henry (Dominican, brother o f Albertus Magnus), prior of Würzburg, 4 0 ,2 2 7 Henry (Dominican), provost o f Oster­ hofen, 232 Henry Acco (Franciscan), 236^ Henry of Alsleben (Franciscan), 235

INDEX Henry of Alswilre (Dominican), 230 Henry o f Angersberg (Franciscan), 1 5 4 55 Henry of Basel (Dominican), 115,230 Henry o f Bigenburg (Dominican), 229 Henry of Brene (Franciscan), 132, 234 Henry Buclore (Cologne burgher), 98n.l07 Henry of Falkenstein (Franciscan), 235 Henry Fink (Franciscan), 235 Henry o f Galgennen (Dominican), 228 Henry o f Gierlichoven (Franciscan), 235 Henry of Guelders (bishop o f Liège), 9 2 93 Henry o f Herten (Dominican), 229 Henry of Hoya (Dominican), 227 Henry the Illustrious (margrave o f Meis­ sen), 59 Henry of Jerichow (Dominican), 229 Henry Knoderer (Franciscan, bishop of Basel and archbishop of Mainz), 104, 1 3 3 ,1 6 6 -6 7 ,2 3 7 Henry of Luxembourg (Franciscan, bish­ op o f Zemgale, Kurland, and Chiemsee), 6 8 ,1 3 1 -3 2 ,2 3 3 Henry o f Marsberg (Dominican), 229 Henry Minnike (provost o f Neuwerk, Gos­ lar), 139 Henry of Montfort (Dominican, bishop of Chur), 1 3 1 ,1 5 4 ,1 5 8 ,2 2 6 Henry of Nawe (Franciscan), 234 Henry Rape (canon in Mariengraden, Cologne), 90n.48 Henry Raspe (landgrave of Thuringia), 1 4 3 -4 4 n .3 8 ,151-52 Henry of Rosepe (Franciscan), 234 Henry of Rotowe (Franciscan), 234 Henry of Stahleck (bishop o f Strasbourg), 36, 3 8 n .4 5 ,228 Henry o f Stekbaron (Dominican), 228 Henry o f Swabia (Franciscan), 27 Henry of Velturns (Dominican), 228 Henry of Vetzzenburg (Dominican), 230 Henry of Weida (Dominican), 228 Henry o f Wengen (Franciscan), 233 Henry of Westhofen (Dominican), 123n.46,227 Henry o f Zeitz (Franciscan), 237

273

Herbord (Franciscan), bishop o f Lavant, 59,133 Heretics, 2 ,5 - 1 0 ,1 2 - 1 3 ; friars mistaken for, 2 6 ,3 5 ,8 8 - 8 9 ;in Germany, 138, 1 4 2-46. See also Waldenses Herford; Franciscans, 196 Hergheim. See John of Hergheim Herman, bishop of Würzburg, 37n.39 Herman (Franciscan), lector in Breslau, 76 Herman, margrave o f Baden, 155 Hermann Balk (Landmeister of Prussia),

68 Herman Episcopus (Franciscan), 236 Hermann Fahner (Dominican), 228 Herman Gnifting of Raderach (Francis­ can), 234 Herman o f the Kornpforte (Cologne patrician), 8 5 - 8 7 ,9 5 - 9 6 Herman o f Petra (Dominican), 231 Herman o f Pottenbrunn (Franciscan), 154-55 Herman of Solmise (Franciscan), 233 Herten. See Henry o f Herten Hersfeld: Franciscans, 194 Hesse, custody of, 19 3 -9 4 Hetzel of Zässingen (Franciscan), 235 Hildebrand Merz (Dominican), 231 Hildegard of Bingen, St., 8 8 -8 9 Hildesheim: Dominicans, 140, 210, 226; Franciscans, 2 7 ,1 4 0 ,1 8 2 , 233—36 Hindenburg. See John of Hindenburg Hinnebusch, William A., 110,112 Höxter: Franciscans, 195 Hof: Franciscans, 186 Hofgeismar: Franciscans, 194 Hohenburg. See Conrad o f Hohenburg Hohnstein. See Eiger o f Hohnstein Holland, custody of, 197 Honorius III (pope), 12 Honorius IV (pope), 76 Hoya. See Henry o f Hoya; Otto of Hoya Hugh, bishop o f Liège, 141 Hugh o f Saint-Cher (Dominican Cardinal), 99 Hugo o f Lindenberg (Franciscan), 234 Hugo Ripelin (Dominican), 1 1 5 ,123n.46, 230 Huldenberg. See Gerhard o f Huldenberg

274

INDEX

Humbert of Romans, Bl. (master general),

11 Humiliati, 9 -1 0 ,1 6 ,1 1 0 -1 1 Hyacinth, St. (Dominican), 32,56 Ida of the Lintgasse (Cologne patrician), 97 Ingolstadt: Franciscans,4 6 ,2 0 4 Innocent III (pope), 9 -1 0 Innocent IV (pope), 6 6 ,9 2 -9 3 ,1 3 1 , 1 4 5 ,1 5 0 -5 5 ,1 5 8 Inquisition, 142-45 Interregnum, 2 4 - 2 5 ,1 6 0 -6 2 Iring, bishop o f Würzburg, 40 Jaezo, advocate of Salzwedel, 58 James, archbishop o f Gnesen, 5 5 ,7 6 -7 7 James of Riggisberg (Fribourg burgher), 34 James o f Treviso (Franciscan), 122n.43 James o f Vitry (bishop of Acre), 7 - 8 ,

10 Jena: Dominicans, 210 Jerichow. See Henry o f Jerichow Johannes Teutonicus (master general), 1 2 3 ,1 4 6 -4 7 ,1 4 9 John, bishop o f Liège, 141 John, cardinal o f Tusculum, 42—43 John (Cologne burgher), 98n.l07 John I, margrave o f Brandenburg, 5 8 -5 9 , 7 0 -7 2 John II, margrave o f Brandenburg, 5 9 ,7 2 John, prince o f Mecklenburg, 57 John o f Austria (Dominican), 102 John o f Berka (Franciscan), 237 John o f Diest (Franciscan, bishop of Sambia and Lübeck), 4 2 ,6 8 ,1 3 2 33, 153,233 John o f Hamme (Franciscan), 234 John o f Hergheim (Dominican), 228 John o f Hindenburg (Franciscan), 235 John o f Löwenthal (Dominican), 228 John o f Metrich (Dominican), 230 John Parenti (minister general), 126 John o f Penna (Franciscan), 26 John o f Piancarpino (Franciscan), 122n.43; member o f 1 2 2 1 mission, 26— 2 7 ,8 5 ,1 2 7 ,2 3 5 ; as minister o f Saxony, 2 8 n .l3 , 3 5 ,5 6 -5 7 ,1 5 2

John of Ravensburg (Dominican), 228 John o f Reading (Franciscan), 122n,44 John Sapiens (Dominican), 230 John of Sumolswalt (Franciscan), 116, 235 John of Vercelli (master general), 72,166 Jonghe, Bernaert de, 180 Jordan (Lübeck burgher), 35 Jordan of Giano (Franciscan), 21, 2 7 -2 8 , 3 4 ,1 2 6 ,1 2 8 ,1 3 9 ,1 5 9 ; Chronica of, 174 ; summary o f career, 174-75n.4 Jordan of Saxony (master general), 82, 1 2 3 -2 5 ,1 3 6 ,2 2 7 Joseph o f Treviso (Franciscan), 27 Judenburg: Franciscans, 207 Judes (Cologne patrician family), 9 6 -9 7 Jutta o f Saxony (margravine of Branden­ burg), 58 Kaiserslautern: Franciscans, 3 0 ,4 6 ,1 9 9 Karnien Pomorski. See Cammin Kämpen: Franciscans, 4 8 ,1 9 6 Kevernburg. See Günther o f Kevernburg Kiel: Franciscans, 1 8 3 ,190n.d, 237 Kirchberg. See Dietrich of Kirchberg Klingen tal (Dominican nunnery), 230 Klo ton. See William Kloton Koblenz: Dominicans, 214, 230; Francis­ cans, 192 Konigsfelden: Franciscans, 3 0 ,5 2 , 203 Knights, 1 1 7 -1 8 ,1 2 2 * 2 2 9 -3 0 , 235 Krems: Dominicans, 155,214 Krosno Odrzanskie. See Crossen Kunigunde, queen of Bohemia, 75,164 Kuno (Dominican), provost of Reichersberg, 232 Kyburgs, counts o f 1 5 6 -5 8 ,1 6 5 Kyritz: Franciscans, 62,188 Laa: Franciscans, 207 Laibach. See Ljubljana Laidolph. See Ülrich Laidolph Lake Constance, custody of, 203 Landshut: Dominicans,4 5 ,2 1 8 ; Francis­ cans, 45, 204 Lauban (Luban): Franciscans, 6 2 ,1 8 9 Leeuwarden: Dominicans, 4 8 ,2 1 0 Legnica. See Liegnitz Le Goff, Jacques, 15,52

INDEX Leiningen. See Eberhard of Leiningen Leipzig: custody of, 1 8 5 -8 6 ; Dominicans in, 3 2 ,5 6 , 210; Franciscans, 1 8 5 ,191n.f Leiterberg. See Burchard of Leiterberg Lembach. See Colo of Lembach Leo, bishop of Regensburg, 38n.39 Leoben: Dominicans, 217 Leopold Caupone (Franciscan), 233 Lepardes (Cologne burghers), 85—87,97 Liège: diocese of, 49; Dominicans in, 141 Liegnitz (Legnica): Dominicans, 6 0 ,6 4 , 223; Franciscans, 62,189 Lienz (Dominican nunnery), 149, 158n.l02 Limburg an der Lahn: Franciscans, 192 Lindau: Franciscans, 46, 2 0 3 ,205n.c Lindenberg. See Hugo of Lindenberg Linz: Franciscans, 30, 36, 206 Ljubljana (Laibach): Franciscans, 30, 208 Löbau: Franciscans, 62,189 Löwenberg (Lwówek Slaski): Franciscans, 6 2 ,1 8 9 Löwenthal. See John of Löwenthal Loschart (Cologne Beguines), 99n.l07 Louis (Franciscan), cathedral canon of Mainz, 237 Louis II, duke of Bavaria, 154,159 Louis of Berge (Dominican), 230 Louvain: Dominicans, 3 2 ,1 5 3 ,2 1 3 , 229; Franciscans, 2 9 ,1 6 1 ,1 9 8 Lubañ. See Lauban Lucerne: Franciscans,4 5 ,2 0 3 Luckau: Dominicans, 210 Lübeck, 79; custody of, 6 1 ,6 9 ,1 8 3 -8 4 ; Dominicans in, 32, 3 4 -3 5 ,4 1 -4 2 ,5 6 , 6 3 ,2 1 0 , 23 1 -32; Franciscans in, 3 4 3 5 ,4 2 ,6 1 ,1 8 3 Lüneburg: Franciscans, 183 Lusatia, 58, 74 Lutold of Regensberg, 226 Lutzelkolb. See Gerhard Lutzelkolb Luxembourg: Dominicans, 219; Franciscans, 193 Lyons: First Council of, 150,159; Second Council of, 1 4 ,1 6 3 —64 Lwówek Slaski. See Löwenberg Maaseik. See William of Maaseik

275

Maastricht: Dominicans, 216; Franciscans, 29,198 Magdeburg: custody of, 1 8 4 -8 5 ,2 3 4 ; Dominicans in, 3 2 ,1 2 6 ,1 3 9 ,179n.22, 210, 226, 2 2 9 -3 0 , 232; Franciscans in, 2 7 ,2 9 ,6 7 ,1 2 6 ,1 7 6 ,1 8 4 Mainz: archdiocese of, 4 9 ,1 4 4 ; Dominicans in, 45,215 ; Franciscans in, 27, 2 9 ,4 5 ,1 2 6 ,1 7 4 n .4 ,199,237 Malines. See Mechelen Maness. See Otto Maness Manigold of Gundelfingen (Dominican), 227 Marburg an der Lahn: Dominicans, 210; Franciscans, 193 Marburg, Yugoslavia. See Maribor Maribor (Marburg): Franciscans, 30, 208 Mark o f Milan (Franciscan), 122n.43 Marquard of Nordenberg (Dominican), 229 Marsberg. See Henry of Marsberg Martin IV (pope), 4 1 ,7 6 ,1 3 2 Mechelen (Malines): Franciscans, 29, 36, 197-98 Mecklenburg, 57 Medingen (Dominican nunnery), 156,158 Meiningen: Franciscans, 182 Meissen: custody of, 1 8 6 -8 7 ; Franciscans in, 186,234 Meissenburg. See Walter of Meissenburg Mergentheim: Dominicans, 4 6 ,2 1 9 Merl an der Mosel: Franciscans, 193 Merz. See Hildebrand Merz Metrich. See John of Metrich Metz: Dominicans, 139 Meyer, Johannes (Dominican), 180 Middelburg: Franciscans, 153,197, 234 Minden: Dominicans, 210, 2 2 6 -2 7 , 230 Ministerialage: 4 9 ,1 1 7 -1 8 ,1 2 2 -2 4 , 1 2 8 -3 4 ,2 2 7 -2 9 ,2 3 4 -3 5 Moravia, custody of 74,165 Msciwoj II, duke o f Pomerelia, 58 Mühlhausen: Dominicans, 210; Franciscans, 28, 3 6 ,1 2 6 ,1 4 3 ,1 8 2 , 23 4 -3 5 Müller, Berard (Franciscan), 176 Münster: Franciscans, 196

276

INDEX

Münsterberg (Ziçbice): Franciscans, 63, 1 9 0 ,191n.m Mulhouse, 44; Franciscans, 3 0 ,4 6 ,2 0 1 Munich: Franciscans, 4 5 ,2 0 4 Myslibórz. See Soldin Namslau (Namyslów): Franciscans, 63, 189 Namyslów. See Namslau Nawe. See Henry o f Nawe Neisse (Nisa): Franciscans, 63 ,1 8 9 Neubrandenburg: Franciscans, 61,187 Neuenburg: Franciscans, 46, 201 Neuenburg (Nowe): Franciscans, 5 8 ,6 3 , 190 Neumark, 72 Neumarkt (ároda álqska): Franciscans, 6 3 ,1 9 0 ,191n.m Neuruppin: Dominicans, 5 6 ,6 3 ,1 6 0 ,2 1 0 Neuss, 9 9 ,1 0 2 ; Franciscans in, 194 Nicholas, bishop o f Riga, 69 Nicholas (Dominican), scholastic of Lübeck, 232 Nicholas o f Reno (Franciscan), 122n.43 Nicholas of Werle (prince o f Mecklenburg), 57 Nijmegen: Dominicans, 211 Nisa. See Neisse Nobility, 1 1 7 -1 8 ,1 2 0 -2 2 ,1 3 1 -3 2 , 2 2 5 -2 7 ,2 3 3 -3 4 Nördlingen: Franciscans, 4 6 ,2 0 4 Norden: Dominicans, 48, 210 Nordenberg. See Frederick of Nordenberg; Marquard of Nordenberg Nordhausen: Dominicans, 210; Franciscans, 2 8 ,1 2 6 ,1 8 2 ,2 3 5 Nowe. See Neuenburg Nuremberg: Dominican nuns, 159; Dominicans, 4 5 ,1 6 6 ,2 1 7 ,2 3 0 ; Franciscans, 4 5 ,1 4 9 ,1 6 0 , 204 Oberwesel: Franciscans, 192 Oels (Olesnica): Dominicans, 64,223 Oerlikon. See Rudolf of Oerlikon Oetenbach (Dominican nunnery), 231 Offenburg: Franciscans, 30, 34n.21 j4 6 ,

200 Olesnica. See Oels Olvenstede. See Frederick of Olvenstede

Opole. See Oppeln Oppeln (Opole): custody of, 77; Dominicans in, 223n.a Oppenheim: Franciscans, 4 6 ,2 0 0 Oppermann, O tto, 137,141 Oschatz: Franciscans, 1 8 6 ,191n.f Osnabrück: Dominicans, 211; Franciscans, 196 Ottmachau-Neisse (Otmuchów-Nisa), dispute over, 75—77 O tto, bishop o f Brandenburg, 38n.45 Otto (Dominican), bishop o f Minden, 1 3 2 ,2 2 6 ,2 3 0 Otto II, duke o f Bavaria, 1 4 3 ,1 4 8 ,1 5 4 , 159 O tto III, margrave o f Brandenburg, 58—59, 7 0 ,7 4 Otto IV, margrave o f Brandenburg, 59 Otto V, margrave of Brandenburg, 59 Otto o f Friesach (Dominican), 148 Otto o f Hoya (Dominican), 226 Otto of Lombardy (Franciscan), 122n.43 O tto Maness (Dominican), 231 Otto o f Regenstein (Franciscan), 234 Ottokar II, king of Bohemia, 7 5 ,1 5 5 -5 6 , 162-67 Overstolzes (Cologne patricians), 93—98, 102-105 Overvecht. See Albert of Overvecht Paderborn: Franciscans, 195 Parchim : Franciscans, 6 1 ,1 8 4 Parsberg. See Frederick o f Parsberg Pasewalk: Dominicans, 6 4 ,7 2 -7 3 ,2 2 3 Passau, 5 2 ,1 6 0 Patriciate, 4 9 ,9 3 - 9 4 n .6 7 ,117-18, 1 2 2 -2 4 ,1 3 0 ,2 3 0 -3 1 ,2 3 6 Peter of Domburg (Franciscan), 234 Petra. See Herman of Petra Pettau. See Ptuj Pettendorf (Dominican nunnery), 159 Pforzheim: Dominicans, 4 6 ,2 1 7 ,221n.e; Franciscans, 4 6 ,2 0 2 Piasts, 5 9 - 6 0 ,7 4 —75 Pirna: Dominicans *211 Plauen: Dominicans, 210 Poland (Dominican province), 56; boundary disputes, 7 0 -7 4 ; German convents in, 6 4 ,1 8 1 ,2 2 2 -2 3

INDEX Pomerania, 57—58 Poor Clares, 49. See also individual houses Poppenburg. See Bernhard of Poppenburg Pottenbrunn. See Herman o f Pottenbrunn Prague: Dominicans, 56; Poor Clares, 59 Prato. See Conrad of Prato Prelates, 1 1 8 ,1 2 1 ,2 3 2 -3 3 ,2 3 7 Premyslids, 5 9 ,7 4 -7 5 Prenzlau: Dominicans, 5 8 ,6 3 ,7 0 - 7 3 , 210; Franciscans, 5 0 ,6 1 ,1 8 7 ,2 3 5 Prussia: 6 5 -6 9 ; custody of, 6 3 ,7 4 ,1 9 0 Ptuj (Pettau): Dominicans, 3 2 ,141, 213; Franciscans, 30,208 Pulkau: Franciscans, 206 Pyritz (Pyrzyce): Franciscans, 61,187 Pyrzyce. See Pyritz Quartermarts (Cologne patricians), 8 5 ,9 7 Quedlinburg: Franciscans, 182 Quoniam abundavit iniquitas ( 1 2 2 0 ), 1 2 Racibórz. See Ratibor Ratibor (Racibórz): Dominicans, 223n.a Ratzes (Cologne patricians), 96 Ravensburg. See John of Ravensburg Regensberg. See Lutold o f Regensberg Regensburg: Dominicans, 3 2 ,4 5 ,1 4 1 —42, 213; Franciscans, 2 7 ,4 5 ,1 3 9 ,1 4 3 ,2 0 4 Regenstein. See Dietrich o f Regenstein; Otto of Regenstein; Ulrich of Regenstein Religionum diversitatem (1274), 14 Retz (Dominicans), 220 Reutlingen. See Walter of Reutlingen Reutlingen: Franciscans, 46, 202 Reval (Tallin): Dominicans, 69 Rheinfelden. See Rudolph of Rheinfelden Rhine: custody of, 1 9 9 -2 0 0 ; Franciscan province of, 2 8 ,122n.44 Richard, earl of Cornwall, 161-62 Richard o f Daun (bishop of Worms), 158 Richard o f San Germano (Sicilian chronicler), 136 Richwin Clypelschit (Franciscan), 236 Riga: Dominicans, 22n.b, 6 3 ,6 9 , 210; Franciscans, 61, 69,184 Ripelin. See Hugo Ripelin

277

Robert, bishop o f Liège, 8 5 ,9 2 Röbel: Dominicans, 6 3 ,2 1 0 Roermond: Franciscans, 195 Rorich of Wernersberg (Franciscan), 233 Rosepe. See H enryof Rosepe Rostock: Dominicans, 6 3 ,1 6 0 , 210; Franciscans, 61,184 Roth. See Conrad Roth Rothenburg: Franciscans, 30, 34n.21, 4 5 ,2 0 2 Roto we. See Henry o f Roto we Rottweil: Dominicans,4 6 ,1 6 2 ,2 1 6 Rouffach, 44 ; Franciscans, 4 5 ,2 0 0 Rudolph of Aftholderberg (Franciscan), 235 Rudolph of Embrach (Dominican), 50 Rudolph o f Habsburg (king of Germany), 1 5 7 ,1 6 2 ,1 6 5 -6 7 Rudolph of Oerlikon (Dominican), 231 Rudolph of Rheinfelden (Dominican), 231 Rudolph of Vegersheim (Dominican), 231 Rüdiger, bishop of Passau, 155,160 Rüdiger (Franciscan), guardian of Halberstadt, 122n.43 Rufus. See Conrad Rufus Rusteburg. See Conrad of Rusteburg Saalfeld: Franciscans, 182 Sagan (Zagan): Franciscans, 62,189 Saint-Trond. See Sint-Truiden Salimbene (Franciscan), 5 1 -5 2 ,1 6 2 -6 3 Salza. See Dietrich of Salza Salzburg, 27, 2 9 ,5 2 Salzwedel: Franciscans, 62,188 Sandomierz: Dominicans, 56 Sapiens. See John Sapiens Sarrebourg: Franciscans, 201 Saxony, custody of, 2 7 ,122n.43 Saxony (Dominican province), 14n.46, 2 2 ,4 9 ,1 7 9 ,2 1 0 -1 1 Saxony (Franciscan province) : boundary revisions, 7 4 -7 7 ,1 6 4 ; complaints against Elias, 174—75n.4; convents in, 182-191 ; foundation of, 28, 30; ministers of, 12 2 n .4 4 ,1 2 3 n .4 5 ,175, 234; statistics on expansion in, 2 3 -2 4 Schaffhausen: Franciscans,4 6 ,2 0 3 ,2 3 4 — 35; Poor Clares, 156,159 Schalle, Albert (Dominican), 9 7 n .9 9 ,232

278

INDEX

Schalle, Hedwig (Cologne patrician), 97 Scherfgins (Cologne patricians), 97 Schlager, Patricius, 109 Schönstatt (Augustinian nunnery), 90n.4S Schwäbisch Gmünd: Dominicans, 4 5 ,2 1 9 ; Franciscans, 4 5 ,1 7 7 ,2 0 2 Schwäbisch Hall: Franciscans, 4 5 ,1 5 9 ,

202 Schwalenburg (unnamed Franciscan count), 233 Schweidnitz (áwidnica): Dominicans, 64, 223; Franciscans, 6 0 ,6 3 ,1 8 9 Schwerin: Franciscans,5 7 ,6 1 ,1 8 4 ,2 3 7 Seefeld. See Albert of Seefeld Seehausen: Dominicans, 5 8 ,1 6 0 , 210 Sélestat, 44; Dominicans, 4 6 ,2 2 0 ,2 2 1 n i‘; Franciscans, 46,201 Seligenthal: Franciscans, 195 Seusslitz: Franciscans, 187; Poor Clares, 59 ’s-Hertogenbosch: Dominicans, 220, 221n.g; Franciscans, 197 Siegfried, archbishop o f Mainz, 38n.45, 9 2 ,1 3 1 -3 2 Siegfried, bishop o f Regensburg, 141 Siegfried o f Westerburg (archbishop of Cologne), 104 Sigen. See Emmundus o f Sigen Silesia, 5 9 - 6 0 ,7 4 -7 7 Simon o f England (Franciscan), 122n.44, 126 Simon of Hune (Cologne burgher), 85 Sint-Truiden (Saint-Trond): Franciscans, 2 9 ,3 6 ,1 9 8 Sfupsk. See Stolp Söfflingen (Poor Clares), 158 Soest: Dominicans, 210,231 ; Franciscans, 2 8 n .l3 ,195 Soldin (Myslibórz): Dominicans, 6 0 ,6 3 , 7 2 -7 3 ,2 1 0 Solmise. See Herman o f Solmise Solomon (Dominican), canon o f Würzburg, 233 Solomon o f Aarhus (Dominican), 32,81 Solothurn: Franciscans, 30,201 Sophia o f Bavaria (countess o f Hirschberg), 159 Sophia o f Denmark (margravine of Brandenburg), 58

Sorau (Zary): Franciscans, 6 2 , 173n.2, 1 8 9 ,191n.m Sparrewald. See Dietrich of Sparrewald Speyer: diocese of, 49; Dominicans in, 4 5 ,2 1 5 -1 6 ; Franciscans i n ,2 7 ,4 5 , 1 2 6 ,1 7 4 n .4 ,199 ároda ál^ska. See Neumarkt Stade: Franciscans, 183, 233,237 Staufen. See Albert of Staufen; Bernhard o f Staufen Stedinger Crusade, 146-47 Stein: Franciscans, 30,207 Steinach (Dominican nunnery), 158n.l02 Stekbaron. See Henry of Stekbaron Stendal: Franciscans, 5 8 ,6 2 ,1 8 8 Stettin (Szczecin): custody of, 6 1 ,1 8 7 ; Franciscans in, 60—6 1 ,1 8 7 , 235 Stolicheri or S to lid . See Cologne (Dominican convent) Stolp (Shipsk): Dominicans, 5 8 ,6 4 ,2 2 3 Stralsund: Dominicans, 6 3 ,7 2 ,1 6 0 ,2 1 0 ; Franciscans, 6 1 ,1 8 4 Strasbourg (city), 30, 3 9 ,4 2 ^ 4 4 ,7 9 ,1 3 0 Strasbourg (Dominican convent): founda­ tion of, 3 2 ,4 5 ,2 1 2 ; relations with burghers, 3 9 ,4 2 -4 3 ,1 6 0 ; relations with clergy, 36; service as inquisitors, 142n.31; social origins o f friars, 124, 2 2 8 ,2 3 1 -3 2 Strasbourg (Dominican nunneries), 36, 4 2 - 4 3 ,4 9 - 5 0 ,158n.l02 Strasbourg (Franciscan convent): founda­ tion of, 2 7 ,4 5 ,2 0 0 ,205n.b; relations with burghers, 3 9 ,4 2 -4 3 ; relations with clergy, 36; social origins of friars, 124 Strasbourg (Franciscan province): chron­ icle about, 175; convents in, 19 9 -2 0 5 ; foundation of, 2 8 -3 0 ; ministers of, 237; statistics on expansion in, 2 3 -2 4 , 161 K Strasbourg (Poor Clares), 41—42 Strausberg: Dominicans, 5 8 - 5 9 ,6 3 ,7 0 , 1 6 0 ,2 1 0 ,2 2 8 Strehlen (Strzelin): Franciscans, 6 3 ,1 9 0 , 191n.m Strzelin. See Strehlen Styria, custody of, 163,207 Sumolswalt. See John o f Sumolswalt

INDEX Swabia, 4 4 ,1 4 5 ,1 5 4 ; custody of,

201-202 Swartzes (Cologne burghers), 96 áwidnica. See Schweidnitz àw içtopelk, duke o f Pomerelia, 5 8 ,6 7 Szczecin. See Stettin Tacprot. See Conrad Tacprot Tartu. See Dorpat Tczew. See Dirschau Teschen (Tësin, Cieszyn): Dominicans, 223n.a -TSJin. See Teschen Teutonia (Dominican province, 13th cen­ tury), 96; boundary revisions, 7 3 -7 4 ; division of, 14n.46; expansion in, 3 0 -3 2 ,5 6 ,6 3 ,1 6 0 ; reception of Prenzlau, 7 0 -7 3 ; reception of Riga, 69; statistics on expansion in, 22,160 Teutonia (Dominican province, 14th cen­ tury), 1 4 n .4 6,2 2 ,4 9 ,1 7 9 -8 1 ,2 1 2 -2 1 Teutonia (Franciscan province): 26—28,

122 Teutonic Knights, 6 5 -6 9 ,7 4 ,1 3 0 Thann: Franciscans, 3 0 ,4 6 , 201 Thomas II, bishop of Breslau, 75-77 Thomas of Cantimpré (Dominican), 229 Thomas of Celano (Franciscan), 26 Thorn (Toruñ): Dominicans, 6 4 ,2 2 3 ; Franciscans, 6 0 ,6 3 , 6 9 ,1 9 0 Thuringia, 2 7 -2 8 ; custody of, 174n.4, 182 Tienen (Tirlemont): Franciscans, 29,198 Tirlemont. See Tienen Töss (Dominican nunnery), 156,158, 165,229 Torgau: Franciscans, 186 Toruñ. See Thorn Trauchberg. See Walter of Trauchberg Treysa: Dominicans, 210 Trier: custody of, 1 9 2 -9 3 ; Dominicans in, 3 2 ,1 8 0 , 212, 220n.b, 226,230; Franciscans in, 2 9 ,1 9 2 ,2 3 3 Tschan, Victor, 176 Tübingen: Franciscans, 45, 202 Tulin: Dominican nunnery, 167; Dominicans, 218; Franciscans, 30,207, 209n.d

279

Uckermark, 70-73 Udelindis o f the Erenporcen (Cologne patrician), 96 Ueberlingen: Franciscans,4 5 ,2 0 3 Ulm, 48 ; Dominicans, 4 5 ,2 1 8 ; Franciscans, 4 5 ,2 0 2 ,2 3 4 -3 5 ; Poor Clares, 149 Ulrich (Franciscan), canon o f Schwerin, 237 Ulrich, count of Württemberg, 154 Ulrich of Dellmensingen (Dominican), 1 1 3 n .l3 ,232 Ulrich Engelbert (Dominican), 125,166 Ulrich Laidolph (Franciscan), 235 Ulrich of Regenstein (Dominican), 225 Urachs, counts of, 156-58 Urban IV (pope), 101 Urbanization: correlation between distri­ bution of nunneries and, 4 9 -5 0 ; cor­ relation between expansion of mendicant orders and, 2 5 -2 6 , 2 9 - 3 2 ,4 4 - 4 8 , 5 2 - 5 3 ,6 0 - 6 4 ; friars’ response to, 1 1 - 1 2 ; indicators o f, 2 4 ,4 4 ,5 2 -5 3, 60; pattern of, 2 4 ,4 3 -4 6 ,4 8 ; problems created by, 8 - 9 ,4 8 - 4 9 ; statistics on, 24,53 Utrecht: Dominicans, 9 1 n .4 9 ,210,230; Franciscans, 9 In.4 9 ,1 9 7 ,2 3 5 Valtice (Feldsberg): Franciscans, 206 Vegersheim. See Rudolph of Vegersheim Velascus (Franciscan), 155 Velturns. See Henry o f Velturns Veringen. See Wolf o f Veringen Vetzzenburg. See Henry o f Vetzzenburg Vienna: custody of, 206; Dominicans in, 3 2 ,1 4 8 ,1 5 5 ,1 8 0 , 2 1 2 ,220n.c; Franciscans in, 3 0 ,1 6 1 ,1 6 3 ,2 0 6 ,2 3 4 Villach: custody of, 208; Franciscans in, 30,208 Villingen: Franciscans, 30, 34n.21,46, 203 Vogelo (Cologne burgher), 99n.l07 Wadding, Luke, 176 Waldenses, 8 -1 0 ,1 6 ,1 1 0 -1 1 ,1 3 8 ,1 4 5 Walram IV, duke o f Limburg, 93 Walter (Dominican), envoy of Bishop Rüdiger, 155

280

INDEX

Walter, Schultheiss o f Strasbourg, 41 Walter o f Geroldseck (bishop of Strasbourg), 39,41 Walter of Meissenburg (Dominican), 116, 226 Walter o f Reutlingen (Franciscan), 237 Walter o f Trauchberg (Dominican), 226 Warburg: Dominicans, 179il22, 210 Warcislaw III, duke o f PomeraniaDemmin, 57—58 Wedekind (Dominican), 232 Weida. See Henry of Weida Weida: Franciscans, 1 8 6 ,191n.h Weises (Cologne patricians), 9 3 - 9 5 ,1 0 1 104 Weissénfels: Franciscans, 185 Weis: Franciscans, 206 Wengen. See Henry o f Wengen Werner, canon in Mariengraden, Cologne, 90n.48 W erner (Dominican), canon o f St. Maurice’s, Zofingen, 232 Werner (Dominican), confidant o f Henry Raspe, 152 Werner of Bolanden (imperial steward), 92 Werner Feist (Dominican), 230 Werner, Ernst* 1 6 ,1 0 9 -1 1 Wernersberg. See Rorich of Wernersberg Wesel: Dominicans, 210 Westhofen. See Henry o f Westhofen Westphalia, custody of, 2 8 n .l3 ,19 5 -9 6 Wetzlar, 192 Wiegeleben. See Günther o f Wiegeleben Wiener-Neustadt: Dominicans, 217; Fran­ ciscans, 206 Wiesensteig. See Berthold o f Wiesensteig Wilbrand, archbishop o f Magdeburg, 37n.39 William, bishop o f Modena, 4 1 - 4 2 ,6 8 - 6 9 William, count of Holland, 9 2 -9 3 ,1 5 1 — 54 William IV, count o f Jülich, 9 9 ,1 0 2 —104 William, scholastic o f St. Andrew’s, Co­ logne, 90 William of Alblais (Dominican), 230 William Brosma (Dominican), 231 William Kloton (Dominican), 231 William of Maaseik (Dominican) , 153 Wimpfen: Dominicans, 4 6 ,1 5 9 ,2 1 6 Winden. See Conrad of Winden

Windrudis of Poylheim (Cologne patri­ cian), 95 Winkelmann, Eduard, 1 0 9 -1 0 ,1 3 6 Winnistede. See Frederick o f Winnistede Winsum: Dominicans,48*210 Winterthur. See H. o f Winterthur Wipperfürth, Richmudis (Cologne patri­ cian), 95 Wismar: Dominicans, 6 3 ,2 1 0 ; Francis­ cans, 5 7 ,6 1 , 184 Wissembourg: Dominicans, 4 5 ,2 1 9 ; Fran­ ciscans, 4 5 , 2 0 0 Wittelsbachs, 4 4 ,1 5 4 -5 5 ,1 5 9 Wittenberg: Franciscans, 184-85 W tadyslaw o f Silesia (archbishop o f Salz­ burg), 59, 133 Wolf o f Veringen (Dominican), 227 Wolfsberg: Franciscans, 30,207 Worms, 3 9 ,1 3 0 ,1 5 8 ; diocese of, 49; Dominicans in, 32, 3 6 ,3 8 -4 0 ,4 5 , 141n.29,1 5 8 ,1 8 0 ,2 1 3 ,2 2 5 ; Fran­ ciscans in, 2 7 ,3 6 ,3 9 - 4 0 ,4 5 ,1 2 6 ,1 5 8 , 199 Wroclaw. See Breslau Würzburg, 4 0 ,4 8 ; Domincan nuns, 159; Dominicans, 3 2 ,3 6 ,4 0 ,4 5 ,1 5 9 ,2 1 2 , 227,229; Franciscans, 2 7 ,3 6 ,4 5 ,1 5 9 ,

201 Zähringen inheritance dispute, 158 Zässingen. See Hartung o f Zässingen; Hetzel of Zässingen ¿agari. See Sagan ¿ary. See Sorau Zeitz. See Henry o f Zeitz Zeitz: Franciscans, 1 7 3 n .2 ,186 Zerbst: Franciscans, 184 Ziçbice. See Münsterberg Zierikzee: Dominicans, 210: Franciscans, 197

Zistersdorf: Franciscans, 1 7 3 n .2 ,206, 209n.c Zittau: Franciscans, 6 2 ,1 8 9 Zlotoryja. See Goldberg Zofingen: Dominicans, 5 2 ,2 1 9 Zürich: Dominicans, 3 2 ,3 6 ,4 5 ,1 6 0 ,2 1 3 , 2 2 6 -3 1 ; Franciscans, 3 6 ,4 5 ,2 0 3 ,2 3 3 34,236 Zutphen: Dominicans, 4 8 ,2 1 0 Zwickau: Franciscans, 37,185