The Fabrica of Andreas Vesalius: A Worldwide Descriptive Census, Ownership, and Annotations of the 1543 and 1555 Editions 9789004336308, 9789004336292, 9004336303

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The Fabrica of Andreas Vesalius

Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy and Science Editors C.H. Lüthy (Radboud University) P.J.J.M. Bakker (Radboud University) Editorial Consultants Joël Biard (University of Tours) Simo Knuuttila (University of Helsinki) Jürgen Renn (Max-Planck-Institute for the History of Science) Theo Verbeek (University of Utrecht)

VOLUME 28

The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/memps

The Fabrica of Andreas Vesalius A Worldwide Descriptive Census, Ownership, and Annotations of the 1543 and 1555 Editions By

Dániel Margócsy Mark Somos Stephen N. Joffe

LEIDEN | BOSTON

Cover illustration: Skeleton man on p. 164. I/67. Koblenz: Bibliothek des Staatlichen Görres-Gymnasiums. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Margócsy, Dániel | Somos, Mark | Joffe, Stephen N. Title: The Fabrica of Andreas Vesalius : a worldwide descriptive census,  ownership, and annotations of the 1543 and 1555 editions / by  Daniel Margocsy, Mark Somos, Stephen N. Joffe. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, [2018] | Series: Medieval and early  modern philosophy and science, ISSN 2468-6808 ; volume 28 | Includes  bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018010831 (print) | LCCN 2018011768 (ebook) | ISBN  9789004336308 (E-book) | ISBN 9789004336292 (hardback : alk. paper) Subjects: | MESH: Vesalius, Andreas, 1514–1564. De humani corporis fabrica. |  Rare Books | Anatomy | Reference Books, Medical | Bibliography, Descriptive Classification: LCC QM21 (ebook) | LCC QM21 (print) | NLM WZ 294 | DDC  611—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018010831

Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 2468-6808 isbn 978-90-04-33629-2 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-33630-8 (e-book) Copyright 2018 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner.

Contents Acknowledgments ix List of Illustrations xii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Historical Background 5 1.2 Research Methods for the Census 8 1.3 Historiographical Intervention 10 2 A Valuable Book 13 2.1 Historical Price Analysis 13 2.2 Showcasing Ownership: Bindings 17 2.3 Decoration and Function: Hand-Colored Copies 20 3 Provenance 30 3.1 The Physician’s Book: Ownership between 1550–1650 32 3.2 The Jesuit Century: Ownership between 1650–1750 37 3.3 The Years of Change: Ownership between 1750–1850 40 3.4 Vesalius in America: Ownership between 1850–1950 46 3.5 The Global Fabrica: Ownership since 1950 51 4 Reading and Annotating the Fabrica: The Sporadic Reader 56 4.1 The Typical Reader: A Case Study from Los Angeles 58 4.2 The Average Reader: A Frequency Analysis 61 4.3 Scribbling at the Front: Fashioning the Reader and the Author 65 4.3.1 The Cult of Vesalius 70 4.4 Image and Text: Learning to See 78 4.4.1 Types of Annotation in Illustrations 80 4.4.2 Choosing Where to Look 86 4.4.3 From Image to Artist: The Woodcuts in the Modern Age 91 4.5 Personal Experience and Bookish Learning 95 4.5.1 What Books to Read with the Fabrica 100 4.5.2 The Trinity of Galen, Aristotle, Hippocrates 100 4.5.3 The Survival of Galen into the Modern Age 103 4.5.4 Reading Vesalius’ Contemporaries 105 4.6 The Body in Parts: Generation and Control 106 4.7 Creating Order: Corrections, Errata, and Search Techniques 114 4.7.1 Navigating the Text 117 5 Censorship: Controlling Reading 121 5.1 Licensed Readers 124 5.2 Soul and Sex 126 6 Conclusion 131 Guide to the Catalogue 133

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CATALOGUE 1543 Editions Australia 137 Austria 137 Belgium 138 Brazil 140 Bulgaria 141 Canada 141 China 143 Czech Republic 143 Denmark 145 Estonia 146 France 146 Germany 158 Hungary 176 Ireland 178 Israel 180 Italy 182 Japan 195 Mexico 197 The Netherlands 198 Norway 202 Poland 202 Portugal 203 Romania 206 Russia 207

Contents

Contents

Slovakia 208 Spain 209 Sweden 213 Switzerland 216 United Kingdom 221 United States 239

1555 Editions Argentina 281 Australia 281 Austria 281 Belgium 284 Canada 288 Czech Republic 290 Denmark 290 Finland 291 France 291 Germany 307 Hungary 331 Ireland 333 Israel 334 Italy 335 Japan 346 Latvia 347 Mexico 347 The Netherlands 347

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New Zealand 353 Norway 353 Poland 355 Portugal 365 Romania 365 Russia 366 Slovenia 368 Spain 369 Sweden 376 Switzerland 381 Ukraine 386 United Kingdom 387 United States 410

Copies Sold at Auctions Since 1990 1543 Editions 455 1555 Editions 462

Private Copies 1543 Editions 471 1555 Editions 474 Appendix 491 Bibliography 492 General Index 501 Index of Owners 505 Index of Places of Ownership 514

Contents

Acknowledgments The production of this volume has been a truly collaborative effort, first and foremost between the three co-authors. A very large number of friends, colleagues, librarians and previously unknown helpers have also come to our aid to complete the project. We are truly grateful for their help. Without them, we would not have been able to gather all the data that we are presenting here. During the process of research and writing, the authors received very helpful advice from a number of friends and colleagues. Lauren Kassell and Monique Kornell closely followed the development of this project, read the complete manuscript, and offered useful advice to improve on the text. Our argument benefitted from conversations with and the support of Monica Azzolini, Mario Biagioli, Maurits Biesbrouck, Ann Blair, Marius Buning, Frederick Clark, Sven Dupré, Caroline Duroselle-Melish, Ioannis Evrigenis, Márton Farkas, Mechthild Fend, Christine Ferdinand, Sietske Fransen, Richard Gaskell, Roelof van Gelder, Gábor Gelléri, Francis van Glabbeek, Christine Göttler, Anne Goldgar, Michael Gordin, Anthony Grafton, Robrecht van Hee, Marieke Hendriksen, Nick Hopwood, Anna Jones, Eric Jorink, Vera Keller, Sachiko Kusukawa, Scott Mandelbrote, José Ramon Marcaida, Hannah Marcus, Alexander Marr, Madeline McMahon, Wijnand Mijnhardt, Hannah Murphy, Barbara Naddeo, Isaac Nakhimovsky, Ilja Nieuwland, Djoeke van Netten, Vivian Nutton, Richard Oosterhoff, Katharine Park, Katalin Pataki, Pasquale Porro, Katherine Reinhart, Arlene Shaner, Lisa O’Sullivan, Evan Ragland, Chitra Ramalingam, Jenny Rampling, Bill Rankin, Dunstan Roberts, Tricia Ross, Irina Savinetskaya, Simon Schaffer, James Secord, Arlene Shaner, Nancy and Nobu Siraisi, Omer Steeno, Michael Stolberg, Jean Strouse, Claudia Swan, Liba Taub, Michael Tworek, Koen Vermeir, Arnoud Visser, Jacqueline Vons, Andrew Wear, Nick Wilding, Joanna Woodall, Alexander Wragge-Morley, Elizabeth Yale, Caroline Yerkes, Gabriella Zuccolin, Huib Zuidervaart, and audiences at a variety of conferences and lectures. We would like to thank Anna Becker in Basel, Felicia Gottmann and James Livesey in Dundee, Christian Weikop in Edinburgh, and the staff of the British School at Rome for their kind support. We also learned much from talking to a variety of rare book sellers and auction houses, including Antiquariat Inlibris, Arader Galleries, Hugues de Latude, H. M. Fletcher, Roger Gaskell, Jonathan Hill, Martayan Lan, Jeremy Norman, Jeschke van Vliet, Rick Watson, Dominic Winter, and staff at Christie’s, the Dorotheum, Sotheby’s, Swann and Bonham’s. Lisa Blaker provided essential administrative

assistance, Gabrielle Fox helped with research, Stephanie Frow gave us a hand with coding and managing our database, Roberta Schiralli at Brill assisted us with securing imaging rights, Rachel Donohue-Doppler and Peter Angelinas helped set up a database at an early stage. At Brill, we are especially grateful to Marti Huetink and Rosanna Woensdregt for shepherding the book through the production process. We want to warmly thank the two reviewers, whose comments were invaluable in shaping the final version of this text. Dániel Margócsy would like to thank Anna Cieslik and Emil and Lily Margócsy for traveling across the world in pursuit of Fabricas, and his parents, Edit and István Margócsy, for support and research help. He is grateful for the support of his colleagues at the Department of History at Hunter College—City University of New York, and, now, at the University of Cambridge’s Department of History and Philosophy of Science. He also wants to acknowledge the support of the PSC-CUNY Research Award (TRADB-47-268), the Franklin Research Grant of the American Philosophical Society, and the publication support of the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Cambridge. A part of this volume was written while Daniel enjoyed the hospitality of the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Studies in Wassenaar. Mark Somos would like to thank his wife, Marketa Klicova, and their children, Philip Hunter and Emma Eva Meike Somos. He is grateful to the British School at Rome, the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, and the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law in Heidelberg for their financial and cognitive support. Stephen Joffe would like to thank his wife Sandra Joffe and his children Craig and Heidi. The authors acknowledge the support of the Joffe Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45243, USA. A special thanks goes to all the collectors, bibliophiles and owners of the Fabrica who have allowed us to study and analyze their exemplars. A number of scholars supported our project by checking for Fabricas wherever they went. We wish to thank especially Katarzyna Cieślik, Gábor Gelléri, Monique Kornell, Sachiko Kusukawa, Hannah Marcus, Florin-Stefan Morar, Vivian Nutton, Irina Savinetskaya, who each checked a large number of exemplars for us. Krzysztof Nierzwicki, who has been working on a Polish census, graciously shared his results with us, and provided essential help in Poland. We are equally thankful to Zlatko Pozeg, who generously shared information on his research on a census of the Fabrica. We would

x also like to emphasize how grateful we are to all the libraries and other repositories that have given us permission to publish images of the Fabricas in their collections. For information on copies in particular libraries, the authors would like to acknowledge the help of the following persons: Mari Agata, Eva Åhren, Ernst Hugo Ahlberg Bjerke, Christian Alberg, Christoph Andreas, Susan Andrews, Monica Maria Angeli, F. Michael Angelo, Astrid Anhalt, Angela Anselmo, Eva-Maria Ansorg, Bernhard Appenzeller, Alessandro Arienzo, Lucy Arnold, Nadia Asheulova, Ivo Asmus, Leah Astbury, Miguel de Asua, Anne Autissier, Rupert Baker, Peggy Balch, Gianmario Baldi, Alla Barabtarlo, Raffaella Barbierato, Ann Barwood, Francesca Baseby, Judit Batiz, Massimo Baucia, Bonny Beaumont, Charlotte Beck, Rosanna de Benedictis, Marion Bernard, Amanda Bernstein, Jürgen Beyer, Mario Biagioli, Katie Birkwood, Ann Blair, Erin Blake, Matthias Bley, Frédéric Blin, Julie Blyth, Elisa Boffa, Ron Bogdan, Kata Bohus, Mirna Bonazza, Francesca Borgo, Daniel Bornemann, Anna Borysiak, Sandrine Boucher, Sarah Bovani, Emily A. Bowden, Guillaume Boyer, Donato Bragatto, Gesine Brakhage, Elisabeth Brander, Alvan Bregman, Markus Breitwieser, Elma Brenner, Riley Bright, Bruno Briquez, Sebastian Buhai, Jill Burke, Dylan Burns, Jose Burucua, Mercedes Cabello, Hugh Cahill, Jane F. Carpenter, H. Carron, Roberto Casazza, Isidoro Castañeda Tordera, Daniel Cavanaugh, Helene Cazes, Sara Centi, Maria Giuseppina Ceresoli, Marina Chernichenko, Alberto Clerici, Robert Clines, Gerald Cloud, Stephanie Coane, Diana Codogni-Łańcucka, Silvio Costa, Daniele Cozzoli, Helen Curry, Susan Dackerman, Jean-Jacques Daniel, Surekha Davies, Hendrik Defoort, Sophie Defrance, Pierre Delsaerdt, Francine Derler, Marietta Dirker, Meghan C. Doherty, I. M. L. Donaldson, Thomas Thibault Döring, Geoff Down, Thomas Drugg, Thierry Dubois, MarieClaude Duran, Caroline Duroselle-Melish, Anna Dysert, Jack Eckert, Matthew D. Eddy, Brad Eden, Toshinori Egami, Meredith Elsik, Heike Endermann, Belinda Engel, Malle Ermel, Paola Errani, Simon Ertz, Dawn Eurich, Lucy Evans, Ioannis Evrigenis, Mechthild Fend, Iulia Feraru, Christine Ferdinand, Hector Alberto Ferreiro, Laurent Ferri, Emmanuele Ferro, Christian Fieseler, Paula Findlen, Gabriel Finkelstein, Lisa Matye Finnie, Anja Fleck, Robert Fleck, Hedvig Montserrat Flores, Hjalmar Fors, Gosia Fort, Vasso Frangeskou, Alastair Fraser, Christopher Frey, Meelis Friedenthal, Yulia Frumer, John Gagné, Renaud Gagné, George Gallwey, Paulo Gama Mota, Marc-Edouard Gautier, Hiroko Gemba, Mathieu Gerbault, Simona de Gese, Kenneth Gibb, Wojciech Giermaziak, Owen Gingerich, Barbara Gismondi, Yoann Givry, Gisela Glaeser,

Acknowledgments

Eugenia Santana Goitia, Anne Goldgar, Emma GómezSenent, Christine Göttler, Anthony Grafton, Myriam Grave, James Green, Robert Greenwood, Roberto Grinzato, Jane Grogan, Oscar Angel Gudiño Montez, Tetiana Grygorieva, Pierre-Emmanuel Guilleray, Veronica Haas, Anette Hagan, Ove Hagelin, Lucile Haguet, Håkan Håkansson, Mika Hakkarainen, Max Hamon, Flavio Häner, Takehiko Hashimoto, Jens von Hattingen, Tom Hayes, Hannah Heipeck, Michael Herkenhoff, Christian Herrmann, Christa Herzog, Christopher Herzberg, Stefan Heßbrüggen, Petra Hesse, Amelie Hettinger, Brandon High, Jenny Higham, Jonathan Hill, Oliver Hochadel, Conny Hödt, Christina Hofmann-Randall, Sophie Hoffmann, Caroline Hogan, Ian Holt, Nick Hopwood, Melissa Hubbard, Sigrid Hubert-Reichling, Gerda C. Huisman, Tim Huisman, Bruce J. Hunt, Dirk Imhof, Rachel Ingold, Maria-Paola Invernizzi, Susan Isaac, Valentina Izmirlieva, Seth James, Hélène Joannelle, Eric Jorink, Kirsten Jungersen, Rui Kajiwara, Jean-Luc Kahn, Cameron Kainerstorfer, Espen Karlsen, Suzanne Karr-Schmidt, Lauren Kassell, Robin Keirstead, Vera Keller, Madeleine T. Kelly, Donald Kerr, Monika Kiegler-Griensteidl, Martin Killeen, Dani Kinney, Annamária Kiss, Peter Klein, Andreas Kleinert, Marketa Klicova, Yukushima Koichi, Katherine Kominis, Geert-Jan Koot, Ulrich Korwitz, Mária Kovács, Mihály Köllő, Ulrich Kraaibeek, Fabian Krämer, Mette Krog, Ramune Kubilius, Sachiko Kusukawa, Sven Kuttner, Beth Lander, Hilary J. Lane, Tazra Lanuza Navarro, Hugues de Latude, Barbara Laufersweiler, Elizabeth Lawrence, Alexandre Leducq, Elisabeth Leedham-Green, Ad Leerintveld, Lauri Leinonen, Petra Lennig, Karin Leonhard, Carla Lestani, Pia Carina Letalick Rinaldi, Urs B. Leu, Daniel Lewis, Ieva Libiete, Alexander Lifshits, Óscar Lilao, Rudolf Lindtpointner, Dagmar Loch, Julie Lochanski, Phil Loring, Bernhard Lübbers, Dawne Lucas, Katalin Luffy, Marie-Christine Lyaet, Tomasz Łysak, Robert MacLean, Alain Maeder, Ashwin Mahendra, Scott Mandelbrote, Roberta Manente, Walter Manica, Maria Gabriella Mansi, Federico Marcucci, Hannah Marcus, István Margócsy, Emily Margolis, Frédérique MarmierPailhes, Paola Martelli, Craig Martin, Marleen Marynissen, Gabriele Matino, Covadonga Matos Eguiluz, A. Matsuki, Patricia Maus, Andrew McAinsh, Dawn McInnis, David McKnight, Kathryn McKee, Kees Meerhoff, Ulrike Mehringer, Fiona Melhuish, Domenico Bertoloni Meli, Ádám Mestyán, Christiane Michaelis, Maria Luisa Migliore, Edit Mikó, Judith K. Miller, Matthias Miller, Yavor Miltenov, Pierfrancesco Minoli, Paz Miranda, François Mireille, Silvia Mirri, Shima Miyahara, Renáta Modráková, Frédéric Mongin, Marisa Moro Pajuelo, Keiichiro Moroi, Sophie Morris, Patrizia Moscatelli, Jay Moschella, Floriane

Acknowledgments

Sophie Muller, Klaus-Peter Müller, Martin Mulsow, ErnstJan Munnik, Alexandru Munteanu, Sabine Muske, R. Arvid Nelsen, Yannick Nexon, Krzysztof Nierzwicki, Nils Erik Moe-Nilssen, Frédéric Mongin, Patricia Moscatelli, Barbara Naddeo, Jun Nakamura, Anatoly Nakhimovsky, Isaac Nakhimovsky, Eve Netchine, Jennifer Nieves, Krzysztof Nierzwicki, Jeremy Norman, Michael North, Stephen E. Novak, Eva Nyström, Kevin O’Brien, Mary O’Doherty, Philip Oldfield, Eva Odzuck, Patrick Olson, Nicola O’Shea, Abena Osseo-Asare, Sylvia OstertagHenning, Lisa O’Sullivan, Joachim Ott, Annelen Otterman, Antonella Panzino, Alberto Octavio Partida Gomez, Jacek Partyka, Pedro Pascoal de Melo, Giovanna Pasini, Martina Pauli, Stacey Peeples, Andre Rodrigues Pereira Silva, Samuel Pérez, Víctor Pérez Álvarez, Raffaella Perini, Stefanie Peters, Corinne Petit, Sam Petty, Holly Phelps, Christopher Phillips, Amy Pickard, Martina Pichler, Maike Piegler, Eva Piirimäe, Jane Pirie, Mario Po, Kacper Pobłocki, Frances Pollard, Luise Poulton, Johannes Pommeranz, JoAnn Pospisil, Leslie Post, Ilona Praetze, Ivo Raband, Oded Rabinovitch, Emile Ramakers, João Rangel de Almeida, Andrea Rasboiu, Nadine Ratz, Yong-Mi Rauch, Darren Rawcliffe, Catherine A. Reid, Bernd Reifenberg, Melissa Rethlefsen, Dominique Ribeyre, Alan Rocke, Sophie Renaudin, Dominique Ribeyre, Michael Richardson, Holger Richter, Melissa L. Rickman, Claudia Righini, Giulia Rigoni Savioli, Georgia Ritter, Gerhard Robold, Kristin Rodgers, André Rodrigues, Ana Cecilia Rodriguez de Romo, Martin Roelen, Cindy Rogers, Tessa Rose, Simona Ross, Gabriele Rossi, Christine Ruggere, Arnd Rummler, Andrew Russo, Tatsuo Sakai, Michael Sappol, Toshihide Sato, Antonella Sattin, Christine Sauer,

xi Irina Savinetskaya, Paolo Savoia, Laura Sbicego, Birgit Schaper, Nelson Schapochnik, Vlasta Scheuflerová, Maria Schirripa, John Schleicher, Éva Schmelczer-Pohánka, Carolin Schmitz, Sabine Schostag, András Schuller, Rick J. Schultz, Emmanuel Schwartz, Michelle Schwarze, Gero Seelig, Frans Sellies, Sergey Shalimov, Arlene Shaner, Dorota Sidorowicz-Mulak, Joel Silver, Julianne Simpson, Liam Sims, Otmar Singer, Maria Lucia Siragusa, Alessandra Sirugo, Jacob van Sluis, Laura Smoller, John Smurthwaite, Thomas Söderqvist, Detlef Sohns, Claudia Sojer, Claudia di Somma, Linda Sörensen, Sébastien Soubiran, Nick Sparks, Kevin Spears, Miran Špelič OFM, Kathi Stanley, Mark Statham, Armin Stephan, Pierre-Etienne Stockland, Krista Stracka, Voytek Streszewski, Akihito Suzuki, Sonya Svoljšak, Péter Szluka, Stephen Tabor, Kathryn Tanaka, Angelina Tarokic, M. Adelaide Tarquini, Derek Tasch, Tess Tavormina, Fiammetta Terlizzi, Jochen Thamm, Peter Thomas, James J. Thweatt, Stewart Tiley, Anders Toftgaard, Carmen Toribio Aguilera, Sarah Toulouse, Robert Tranchida, Florence Travel, Tabitha Tuckett, José-Enrique Ucedo, Silvia Uhlemann, John Underwood, Naomi van Loo, Caroline Vannier, Geert Vanpaemel, Dora Vargha, Lilla Vekerdy, Christophe Vellet, Luisanna Verdoni, Neus Verger, Koen Vermeir, Robert Vietrogoski, Jean-Luc Vives, Matthias von Wachenfeldt, Rick Watson, Sandra Weidmann, Janina Wellmann, Sabine Wenzel, Ashley Werlinich, Christina Wessely, Diana West, Eric White, Melanie White, Rebecca Whiteley, David Whitesell, Gabriella Wietlisbach, Rafał Wojcik, Marc Xifró i Collsamata, Elizabeth Yale, Sandra Yates, Koichi Yukishima, Valentina Zanchin, Shirley Zhao.

List of Illustrations Figures 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

15 16

17

A dead fly on p. 274[374]. I/239. New York, NY: Columbia University Augustus C. Long Health Sciences Library. Call. No.: QM21. V473 1543 .c3 2 Vesalius’ note of donation to Stephanus Lagus on the front pastedown. I/56. Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn. Call No.: Ra 2’ 21/1 Rara 7 Annotation praising the creator on p. 215. I/52. Bamberg: Staatsbibliothek Bamberg. Call No.: Anat.f.2-a 12 Price of the Fabrica on front flyleaf verso. I/4. Antwerp: Erfgoedbibliotheek Hendrick Conscience. Call No.: J 5833 14 A note on the price of the Fabrica and quotes from Boerhaave on the back pastedown. II/27. Besançon: Bibliothèque municipale de Besançon. Call No.: Fonds ancien 11371 15 Contemporary binding by Master David of Kraków for King Sigismund August II. I/132. Wrocław: Ossolineum. Call No.: XVI f. 13820 19 A binding for Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke. I/215. Chicago: Newberry Library. Call No.: Case 6A 156 20 Contemporary binding from 1550 with the monogram “W. L. N.” I/52. Bamberg: Staatsbibliothek Bamberg. Call No.: Anat.f.2–a 21 Hans Guldenmundt. Anatomia oder abconterfeyung eines Weybs Leib. Nuremberg, after 1532. Pasted onto the back pastedown of I/53. Berlin: Deutsches Historisches Museum. Call No.: RB 92/2221 22 Hand-colored frontispiece. I/67. Koblenz: Bibliothek des Staatlichen Görres-Gymnasiums 23 Hand-colored initial on a2r. II/100. Münster: Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Münster. Call No.: RHain B 1 25 Hand-colored initial on p. 1. I/76. Budapest: Semmelweis University Central Library. Call No.: M/V-7 25 Woodcut of the vagina with hand-colored labia and annotations on p. 584. II/P14. Private Collection 26 Hand-colored woodcuts facilitating the identification of internal organs on p. 365[465]. I/78. Dublin: Trinity College Library. Call No.: k.a.21. Credit: The Board of Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin 27 Hand-colored woodcut of the muscles of the penis with identifications of the characters on p. 225. I/83. Fermo: Biblioteca Civica Romolo Spezioli. Call No.: 1 e 7 n. 1582 28 Adolphus Occo Atan’s note of donation to Johannes von Schellenberg of Hüfingen, Stauffen and Randegg on the front flyleaf. II/89. Konstanz: Heinrich-Suso-Gymnasium. Call No.: Jb 32X 31 A copy of Philipp Melanchthon’s poem on the Fabrica on the front flyleaf. I/77. Pécs: University of Pécs, Klimó Library. Call No.: II. I. 16 34

List of Illustrations

18 A Jesuit copy censoring the name of the printer on the frontispiece. II/146. Sassari: Biblioteca universitari di Sassari. Call No.: ANTICO 5 C 89 39 19 A variety of notes of donation by Osler, and correspondence related to it. I/245. New York, NY: New York Academy of Medicine Library. Call No.: Osler Copy 49 20 Annotation marking when the reader studied the section on the hymen on p. 654. II/121. Dublin: Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Mercer Library 58 21 Annotation on hemorrhoidal bleeding on p. 538. I/233. Los Angeles: University of California Los Angeles Library, Biomedical Library, History and Special Collections for the Sciences. Call No.: Biomed BENJ ** WZ 240 V631dh 1543 60 22 Note on Galen’s errors related to the superior maxilla on p. 39. I/104. Rome: Biblioteca Interdipartimentale di Scienze Odontostomatologiche e Organi di Senso—Sapienza Roma. Call No.: PRF 38 63 23 Counting the number of the bones on p. 188. II/76. Göttingen: Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen. Call No.: GR 2 ZOOL XI 4423 RARA 63 24 Annotation on a historia about the spleen on p. 627. Paris: Bibliothèque Mazarine, Call No.: 2° 4472 65 25 Note of donation by Guillaume de Vergeur on front flyleaf. I/43. Reims: Bibliothèque municipale de Reims. Call No.: Rés. GG 27 67 26 An early “et amicorum” note on the frontispiece. I/15. Montreal: McGill University, Osler Library. Call No.: folio V575a 1543 68 27 Note of donation from Henricus Petri on front flyleaf. II/268. London: University College London. Call No.: Strong Room C FOLIO 1555 V27 69 28 Letter on the death of Vesalius by Johannes Metellus to Arnold Birckmann on the front pastedown. II/64. Berlin: Humboldt Universität. Call No.: 2000/C1 1 71 29 Letter on the death of Vesalius by Johannes Metellus to Arnold Birckmann before the frontispiece. II/P14. Private Collection 71 30 The autobiography of Erasmus Nicolai on the colophon. II/229. Västerås: Västerås City Library. Call No.: Stiftsbiblioket, P.O.D. VII 72 31 An osteological poem by Antoine Valet on the front flyleaf. II/28. Bordeaux: Bibliothèque de Mériadeck. Call No.: S 759 74–75 32 Portrait of Vesalius with horoscope and poems by Erasmus Flock on *6v. I/67. Koblenz: Bibliothek des Staatlichen Görres-Gymnasiums 76 33 Annotation on the birth and death of Vesalius on the frontispiece. II/76. Göttingen: Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen. Call No.: GR 2 ZOOL XI 4423 RARA 77 34 Various accounts of Vesalius’ death on the back pastedown. II/16. London, ON: Western University Benson Special Collections. Call No.: QM21.V418 1555 77 35 Annotations on the woodcuts of the skulls on p. 21. II/116. Budapest: ELTE University Library and Archive. Call No.: Ant. 7382 79 36 A moralizing poem next to the skeleton man on p. 163. I/150. Stockholm: National Library of Sweden. Call No.: RAR: 146 C Fol 81

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37 Corrections of characters “N” and “O” on p. 320[420]. I/25. Angers: Bibliothèque municipale d’Angers. Call No.: Rés SA 2570 82 38 Note on the omission of the explanation of characters “F, F” on p. 279. I/79. Jerusalem: National Library of Israel. Call No.: R2=FR954 82 39 Paul Eber adds character “K” to the woodcut on p. 356[456]. I/174. Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. Call No.: Bookstore VES 83 40 Diagrammatic representation of the portal vein on p. 444. II/5. Vienna: Bibliothek der Albertina. Call No.: Cimelien Fach I, 10 84 41 The characters of the woodcut highlighted in color. II/79. Halle: Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt. Call No.: UB 213a 2o 85 42 A hand-drawn illustration of vision on p. 324[424]. I/126. Enkhuizen: Librije Westerkerk Enkhuizen. Call No.: F 160 87 43 An added drawing of the eye on p. 648. I/79. Jerusalem: National Library of Israel. Call No.: R2=FR954 87 44 Annotations identifying the bones of the skeleton man on p. 203. II/267. London: University College London. Call No.: Strong Room C FOLIO 1555 V2 88 45 Identifying a complex system of vessels of the portal vein. II/31. Caen : Université de Caen Basse-Normandie. Call No.: 1639 89 46 Annotations of the woodcut of the spinal column on p. 71. II/105. Rostock: Universitätsbibliothek Rostock. Call No.: Mb-1 90 47 Identification of the fundus of the uterus in Italian on p. 380[480]. I/12. São Paulo: Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas. Call No.: QM21 V575dh 1543 91 48 Annotations to the woodcut of the skull on p. 36. I/223. Galveston, TX: University of Texas Medical Branch. Courtesy of the Truman G. Blocker, Jr. History of Medicine Collections, Moody Medical Library, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston 92 49 Annotation in F. J. Cole’s hand on the kidney on p. 515. I/196. University of Reading Special Collections, Cole Library. Call No.: COLE – 427F 93 50 Annotation on Calcar’s authorship on p. 163. I/65. Jena: Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek. Call No.: 2 Med. XIV, 4 94 51 Annotation on familiarity with people who could move their ears on p. 242. I/135. Coimbra: Universidade de Coimbra Biblioteca Geral. Call No.: 4 A-21-14-1 96 52 Annotation with a personal observation on p. 476. II/59. Strasbourg: Université de Strasbourg Médecine et Odontologie. Call No.: JR 277 [extant] 97 53 Marginal notes next to the passage discussing how to predict the sex of a child on p. 530. I/142. Barcelona: Real Academia de Medicine de Cataluña. Call No.: B-RAM 1–113 97 54 Annotation referring to the reader’s observations in Padova on p. 523. I/248. Philadelphia, PA: The College of Physicians of Philadelphia. Call No.: ZAd 2 98 55 Annotation praising Aristotle on the basis of personal observation in Padova on p. 736. II/P12. Private Collection 99 56 Annotation on Galen’s ignorance on *3v. I/73. Oldenburg: Landesbibliothek Oldenburg. Call No.: NW III 3 A 110 100

List of Illustrations

List of Illustrations

57 Annotations noting the refutation of Galen’s opinions on the penis on p. 650. II/238. Neuchâtel: Bibliothèque publique et universitaire de Neuchâtel. Call No.: ZU 65 101 58 Annotation on Galen’s opinions in De usu partium on p. 729. II/148. Siena: Biblioteca dell’Accademia dei Fisiocritici Onlus. Call No.: AB 031 102 59 Reference to Goethe’s work on the maxilla on p. 53. II/270. London: Wellcome Collection. Call No.: EPB 6562/D/1 104 60 Critical note on Vesalius’ reliance on animal models on p. 674. London: Wellcome Collection. Call No.: EPB 6562/D/1 104 61 Suggestive ink spots added to the woodcut of male genitalia on p. 374[474]. I/135. Coimbra: Universidade de Coimbra, Biblioteca Geral. Call No.: 4 A-21-14-1 107 62 Underlining and note where sexual pleasure deriving from enlarged labia is discussed on p. 537. I/130. Utrecht: Utrecht University Library. Call No.: M fol 92 (Rariora) 108 63 Underlinings and manicule next to a quote from Plato’s Timaeus on the passions on p. 639. II/328. Newark, NJ: Rutgers University 109 64 Annotation “Deo nisus” on the frontispiece. I/72. Münster: Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Münster. Call No.: 2’ Vb 201 110 65 Reference to Deuteronomy 22 on p. 654. II/105. Rostock: Universitätsbibliothek Rostock. Call No.: Mb-1 110 66 Note on the involuntary control of uterine muscles on p. 532. I/161. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Library. Call No.: pi f611 Ves 1 111 67 A copy of Paul Eber’s poem under the portrait of Vesalius on *6v. I/77. Pécs: University of Pécs, Klimó Library. Call No.: II. I. 16 113 68 Notes on corrected typographical errors and corrections of typos in the errata list. I/169. Cambridge: Darwin College 114 69 Xylander’s correction of the errata on p. 153. II/315. Galveston, TX: University of Texas Medical Branch. Courtesy of the Truman G. Blocker, Jr. History of Medicine Collections, Moody Medical Library, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston 115 70 Xylander’s corrections of typos in the errata list. II/315. Galveston, TX: University of Texas Medical Branch. Courtesy of the Truman G. Blocker, Jr. History of Medicine Collections, Moody Medical Library, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston 116 71 Extensive summaries of the contents of the Fabrica’s seven books on *4v. I/21. Prague: National Library of the Czech Republic. Call No.: 65 B 230 118 72 Page numbers corrected for the uterus in the index. II/166. Groningen: University of Groningen Library. Call No.: uklu KW C 569 119 73 Oporinus’ name censored and highlighted on *5r. I/35. Paris: Bibliothèque Mazarine, Call No.: 2° 4471 122 74 Note of censorship by Josep Besora on the frontispiece. II/208. Universitat de Barcelona CRAI Biblioteca de Reserva. Call No.: 07 CM-4133 123 75 Censorship and manicule calling attention to the censorship on p. 538. I/110. Venice: Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana. Call No.: 221 D 20 124 76 License to read from Thomas Orphinus in Rome. I/256. Rochester, MN: Mayo Clinic W. Bruce Fye History of Medicine Library 125

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77 A censored muscle man on p. 218. II/30. Bourges: Bibliothèque des Quatre Piliers. Call No.: B 2338 127 78 Censored muscle man on p. 210. II/116. Budapest: ELTE University Library and Archive. Call No.: Ant. 7382 129 79 Identifications of the soporalis arteria on p. 295. I/23. Copenhagen: Royal Library. Call No.: Med. An. 15000 00058 145 80 Illustration of the arm from Berengario’s Isagoge after p. 48. Angers: Bibliothèque municipale d’Angers. Call No.: Rés SA 2570bis 147 81 A hand-colored historiated initial on p. 3. Montpellier: Médiathèques Montpellier. Call No.: C769 151 82 Hand-colored portrait of Vesalius on *6v. I/43. Reims: Bibliothèque municipale de Reims. Call No.: Rés. GG 27 156 83 Skeleton man on p. 164. I/67. Koblenz: Bibliothek des Staatlichen Görres-Gymnasiums 166 84 Hans Guldenmundt’ Der Bawren Kalender Auff das Jar MDXXXX pasted onto the back pastedown. I/76. Budapest: Semmelweis University Central Library. Call No.: M/V-7 176 85 Travel instructions for Italy on the back pastedown. I/77. Pécs: University of Pécs Klimó Library. Call No.: II. I. 16 177 86 Highlighting and navigating the text in many colors on p. 275[375]. I/78. Dublin: Trinity College Library. Call No.: k.a.21. Credit: The Board of Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin 179 87 A horoscope of Vesalius under the author’s portrait on *6v. I/79. Jerusalem: National Library of Israel. Call No.: R2=FR954 181 88 Hand-colored muscle man with identifications of the characters. I/83. Fermo: Biblioteca Civica Romolo Spezioli. Call No.: 1 e 7 n. 1582 184 89 The possessor’s note of Nicolaes Tulp on the front flyleaf. I/125. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam Library. Call No.: OTM: 974 A 13 198 90 Binder’s waste now preserved separately from the volume. I/126. Enkhuizen: Librije Westerkerk Enkhuizen. Call No.: F 160 200 91 A moralizing poem next to the skeleton man on p. 164. I/150. Stockholm: National Library of Sweden. Call No.: RAR: 146 C Fol 215 92 Hand-colored frontispiece. I/153. Basel: Universitätsbibliothek Basel. Call No.: AN I 15 217 93 Hand-colored historiated initial with floral miniature. I/153. Basel: Universitätsbibliothek Basel. Call No.: AN I 15 218 94 Handwritten facsimile pages 6 and 7 to replace the missing printed text. I/169. Cambridge: Darwin College 224 95 Contemporary binding with portraits of the Reformers. I/174. Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. Call No.: Bookstore VES 227 96 Melanchthon’s poem on the human body. I/204. Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine. Call No.: NLM 2295005. Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine 243 97 Hand-colored frontispiece. I/214. University of North Carolina— Chapel Hill. Call No.: QS 4 V575 1543 249 98 Hand-colored portrait of Vesalius. I/214. University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill. Call No.: QS 4 V575 1543 250

List of Illustrations

List of Illustrations

99 Hand-colored version of the vena cava on p. 268[368]. I/217. Chicago: University of Chicago, Regenstein Library Special Collections. Call No.: alc QM21.V588 c2 252 100 Hand-drawn highlighting of the geometry of bones on p. 87. I/223. Galveston, TX: University of Texas Medical Branch. Courtesy of the Truman G. Blocker, Jr. History of Medicine Collections, Moody Medical Library, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston 255 101 An unbound copy in contemporary parchment wrapping. I/245. New York, NY: New York Academy of Medicine Library. Call No.: Lambert Copy 267 102 License to read on p. 1. I/260. San Antonio, TX: University of Texas Health Science Center P.I. Nixon Medical Historical Library 274 103 Note on Titian next to the skeleton man on p. 205. II/8. Vienna: Universitätsbibliothek der Medizinischen Universität Josephinische Bibliothek. Call No.: JB 855b 283 104 Poems by Antoine Valet on a6v. II/28. Bordeaux: Bibliothèque de Mériadeck. Call No.: S 759 293 105 A censored male torso on p. 572. II/30. Bourges: Bibliothèque des Quatre Piliers. Call No.: B 2338 294 106 Identifying a complex system of arteries on p. 483. II/31. Caen: Université de Caen Basse-Normandie. Call No.: 1639 295 107 Binding of Johann Schöner from 1631. II/64. Bamberg: Staatsbibliothek Bamberg. Call No.: Anat.f.2-d 308 108 Contemporary binding from 1590 incorporating a medieval manuscript. II/85. Jena: Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek. Call No.: 2 Med. XIV, 6 316 109 Portrait of Emperor Charles V on the front cover. II/93. Lüneburg: Ratsbücherei Lüneburg. Call No: Sa 2º 320 110 Armorial ex-dono of the Mainz archbishop-elector Daniel Brendel von Homburg to the Mainz Jesuits. II/ 95. Mainz: Wissenschaftliche Stadtbibliothek Mainz. Call No.: II i/2º / 1128 322 111 Skeleton man with annotation on the radius on p. 203. II/107. Steinfurt: Gymnasium Arnoldinum. Call No.: Med. Fo. G 1 327 112 Censorship of the muscles of the penis on p. 292[392]. II/116. Budapest: ELTE University Library and Archive. Call No.: Ant. 7382 332 113 Sheet from Andreas Vesalius, Tabulae sex. 1538, bound between a6v and p. 1. II/154. Vicenza: Biblioteca Civica Bertoliana. Call No.: H 019 009 001 345 114 Possessor’s notes including those of Rembert Dodoens and Jacques de Gheyn II on the front flyleaf. II/171. Utrecht: Utrecht University Library. Call No.: MAG: M fol 3 352 115 Note of donation by Andreas Morenberg on the front pastedown. II/178. Elbląg: Elbląg Municipal Library. Call No.: Ob.6.IV.98 356 116 Early recipe inserted between pp. 558 and 559. II/182. Kraków: Jagiellonian University Library. Call No.: Mag. ST. Dr. 948101 IV 358

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117 Fore-edge with title painted on it. II/216. Toledo: Biblioteca Capitular de Toledo. Call No.: BCT 78–10 373 118 Contemporary binding with portrait of Melanchthon. II/229. Västerås: Västerås City Library. Call No.: Stiftsbiblioket, P.O.D. VII 380 119 Frontispiece with missing textblock. II/238. Neuchâtel: Bibliothèque publique et universitaire de Neuchâtel. Call No.: ZU 65 385 120 Annotations by William Hunter on extra sheet between pp. 12 and 13. II/253. Glasgow: University of Glasgow Library Special Collections. Call No.: Sp Coll Hunterian Z.1.11 393 121 Annotation adding German terminology on p. 607. II/267. London: University College London. Call No: Strong Room C FOLIO 1555 V2 399 122 Partially hand-colored skull on p. 28. II/268. London: University College London. Call No.: Strong Room C FOLIO 1555 V27 401 123 A variety of notes on Vesalius in French from around 1840 on the front flyleaf. II/270. London: Wellcome Collection. Call No.: EPB 6562/D/1 403 124 A ship drawn on the horizon in the printer’s mark. II/299. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Houghton Library. Call No.: f *FC5. V6305.543dc 416 125 Techniques of identification on p. 197. II/315. Galveston, TX: University of Texas Medical Branch. Courtesy of the Truman G. Blocker, Jr. History of Medicine Collections, Moody Medical Library, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston 425 126 Poem by Paul Eber and notes on Vesalius on the front flyleaf. II/325. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Eskind Biomedical Library. Call No.: Folio c. 1. Shelved by title 429 127 Annotations on the length of the vagina on p. 584. II/328. Newark, NJ: Rutgers University 431 128 Benito Arias Montano’s poem on Vesalius under the portrait of the author on a6v. II/338. Philadelphia, PA: Library Company of Philadelphia. Call No.: *Six Vesa Log 30.F 437 129 A reader highly critical of Vesalius on p. 33. II/P9. Private Collection 477 130 Annotation on Galen’s ignorance of the muscles of the penis on p. 650. II/P12. Private Collection 481 131 Lectures notes by Chytraeus on front flyleaf. II/P14. Private Collection 483 132 Contemporary binding with the portrait of Emperor Maximilian by the Wittenberg bookbinder Hans Schreiber (d. 1570) and the Wittenberg bookbinder Severin Rötter. II/P16. Private Collection 487 Table 1

Exemplars with partial or complete hand-coloring 28

List of Illustrations

Graphs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Professional and institutional distribution of owners in 1600 32 Professional and institutional distribution of owners in 1700 37 Professional and institutional distribution of owners in 1800 44 Professional and institutional distribution of owners in 1900 50 Frequency of annotated copies for each page of the Fabrica. Design by Bill Rankin 62 Frequency of annotated copies for each page, averaged for each book 64 Frequency of different types of annotation 78 Frequency of references to other authors in the Fabrica 99

Maps 1 2 3 4 5

Geographic distribution of the Fabrica around 1600. Map by Bill Rankin 36 Geographic distribution of the Fabrica around 1700. Map by Bill Rankin 41 Geographic distribution of the Fabrica around 1800. Map by Bill Rankin 42 Geographic distribution of the Fabrica around 1900. Map by Bill Rankin 47 Geographic distribution of the Fabrica in 2017. Map by Bill Rankin 52

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Introduction On August 2 or 3, 1543, the twenty-nine-year-old Flemish anatomist and Padova professor Andreas Vesalius got on his horse and rode out of Basel.1 His destination was the court of Emperor Charles V, ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Spanish America, and the Low Countries. His aim was the post of court physician to the emperor. The emperor resided at Speyer at the time, in the midst of a military campaign against France. Vesalius brought a gift, which he hoped would secure the job. It was a handcolored copy of the anatomy atlas whose printing he saw to completion a few days earlier, the De humani corporis fabrica. It was a heavy gift: almost seven hundred pages of densely argued text, with over two hundred exquisitely executed woodcuts, crowned by a celebrated frontispiece. The atlas did the trick. Vesalius received his appointment on the spot, and spent much of the rest of his life in the service of Habsburg emperors. When the anatomist became a count palatine in 1556, Charles V reminisced about his first impressions back in 1543, writing in the charter of ennoblement that the Fabrica was “without question the greatest of all books which have been written about anatomy, and celebrated for its illustrations”, and claimed that “when you presented that same volume to us […] you won us easily by your abilities.”2 As this anecdote illustrates, Vesalius’ De humani corporis fabrica has been associated with Western power structures from the very moment of its gestation. It is the aim of this census to reveal the complex reading history of the Fabrica across the past 475 years, tracing how owners reacted to its complex arguments and fascinating images, and to show how the Fabrica’s close ties to political and economic power inflected the way it was studied. This anatomy atlas was produced to impress the highest echelons of contemporary society, and was priced accordingly from the start. As Katharine Park has shown, its frontispiece was not only a paean to empirical science.3 It pictured the dissection of a female cadaver’s uterus, alluding to the practice of Caesarean section. Named after Julius Caesar, who was supposedly born with this procedure, the reference to the Caesarean section connected the Fabrica to the very origins of the Holy Roman Empire that 1  Wolf-Heidegger, “Über Vesals Aufenthalt in Basel im Jahre 1547.” The reports are conflicting whether he left on August 2 or 3. 2  O’Malley, “Andreas Vesalius, Count Palatine,” 207–208. 3  Park, Secrets of Women.

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2018 | doi 10.1163/9789004336308_002

Charles V ruled over. Ever since its publication, the Fabrica has been a highly valuable book, its price dropping only during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, it occupies pride of place in any library or collection. Copies of the first edition are sold for close to $400,000 on the market today. Our book reconstructs how the Fabrica’s social and financial worth played an important role in shaping ownership patterns over the centuries, and how the text and the illustrations resonated with curious aristocrats and wealthy physicians. This is a book about anatomy and power. Our work is a census. It follows in the footsteps of the earlier researches of Owen Gingerich on Copernicus’ De revolutionibus, the Shakespeare First Folio census of Eric Rasmussen and Anthony James West and a number of other studies.4 Our aim was to reconstruct an unknown segment of the reception history of the Fabrica by surveying all the surviving copies of the 1543 and 1555 editions of Basel that Vesalius himself supervised. In this book, we do not study how Vesalius’ work was transformed as it was pirated, re-edited, and re-published by teams of physicians and printers in the sixteenth and later centuries. Instead, we examine how the mechanically reproduced material objects that emerged from the press of Johannes Oporinus in Basel have circulated across the globe ever since their publication, and we analyze what readers did with these luxurious and heavily illustrated atlases of anatomy. Our focus is narrow because we believe that the material characteristics of the 1543 and 1555 Fabricas matter. The book’s large size, its number of woodcuts, and its elegant typesetting imposed constraints on how the book was read. The 1543 and 1555 editions obviously differ from each other to some degree, and there are minor differences within the printing of even a single edition. As Horowitz and Collins have noted, a number of copies of the 1543 edition are variants, possibly printed at a later stage in preparation for the 1555 edition.5 A few typographic changes distinguish these variant copies from the earlier 4  Gingerich, An Annotated Census of Copernicus’ De Revolutionibus; Rasmussen and West, The Shakespeare First Folios. For the latter, see Westman, “The Reception of Galileo’s Dialogue;” Mayer, “An Interim Report on a Census of Galileo’s Sunspot Letters.” 5  Horowitz and Collins, “A Census of Copies of the First Edition of Andreas Vesalius’ De humani corporis fabrica (1543).”

2

Figure 1

Chapter 1

A dead fly on p. 274[374]. I/239. New York, NY: Columbia University Augustus C. Long Health Sciences Library. Call. No.: QM21. V473 1543 .c3.

edition. In addition, as Jérôme van Wijland and Stéphanie Charreaux have shown, some other 1543 Fabricas contain a typographic error on leaf H3, printing G3 on the signature instead of H3.6 The 1555 edition, similarly, is not a simple reprint of the previous edition, but a thorough reworking of the earlier text. It notably features a newly cut frontispiece that differs in some details from the earlier version, it contains over 160 pages of extra textual information, and it is printed with different fonts. One can notice minor differences even within the 1555 edition. The woodblocks used for printing the illustrations became worn during the process, and, as we have discovered, the woodcut of the omentum on p. 560 is damaged in around 20% of the copies. In the damaged copies, the ribbon just 6  Charreaux and Wijland, “Recensement et description des exemplaires de la première édition du De Fabrica (1543).” This chapter was published too late for our census, and we were unable to document this variation across our corpus.

under character ‘E’ features a white spot. None the less, our census treats the two editions, and their exemplars, as sufficiently similar to be analyzed together. They are both large, folio editions that share almost all illustrations, although the woodcut of the omentum is notably lacking from the 1543 edition. The structure and contents of the two editions are also more or less the same. While new material was added in 1555 especially to the sections on generation (the early modern term for sexual reproduction), the order of the chapters did not undergo major revisions. Finally, Oporinus did not radically change the book’s layout for the second edition. The fact that these are the only two editions that Vesalius himself supervised is another good reason to treat the 1543 and 1555 editions together, separately from pirated and later editions. We consider the Fabrica not simply as immaterial text but as a material object produced in a large number of copies by Vesalius, Oporinus, the illustrator Jan Steven van Calcar, and their co-workers. We focus on who read

Introduction

and handled this object, and how readers reacted to it. We emphasize that a material history of reception is not limited to analyzing practices of reading and annotating the pages. The owners’ decisions concerning binding and hand-coloring the book give us important clues about their views on its value and importance. Their decision to keep the Fabrica bound with other printed works (primarily the Epitome, and anatomical fugitive sheets), and to leave anatomical illustrations, a medical recipe, or pressed plants between the volume’s pages reveals the medical context of their reading. The dead flies and the one dead spider that have been preserved between the pages of several copies suggest that the Fabrica was often kept in less than ideal conditions, and that it could double as a heavy-duty fly-swatter if necessary (I/239, II/92, II/132, II/193, II/211, II/217, II/288, for the spider, see II/224).7 The modern hotel note paper that a reader used as impromptu bookmarks makes us consider the possibility that, even in the twentieth century, private owners could have gone on trips with sixteenth-century books in their suitcase, although it is also possible that they used the hotel paper when already back in their library at home (II/132). As these examples clarify, our book offers a material history of reading and handling a luxurious atlas. It is not a comprehensive reception history of the ideas of Vesalius, or even of his complete oeuvre.8 We do not discuss the intended audience and purpose of the Latin and German Epitomes of 1543 and 1555.9 We do not study how the pirated 1552 edition of Lyon, the posthumous edition of 1568, or any of the later editions transformed the Fabrica, and we do not trace how readers reacted to these transformations.10 Each of the unauthorized editions differs in important ways from Oporinus’ Fabricas. While the 1552 Lyon edition publishes the text, it is printed in a much smaller format, and it contains only four, and not over two hundred, woodcuts.11 The 1568 edition of Venice is larger than the 1552 edition, but it is nowhere near as 7  We refer to exemplars of the 1543 and 1555 Fabricas by their entry number in our catalogue in this volume. 8  For two examples of a comprehensive treatment of reception history, one including a census of manuscripts, see Secord, Victorian Sensation; Palmer. Reading Lucretius in the Renaissance. 9  Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica epitome, for which a second, unchanged edition was planned and may have appeared in 1555, but only two copies survive; Vesalius, Von des menschen Corpers Anatomey. 10   For such a focus on transformations, see Margócsy, “From Vesalius through Ivins to Latour.” For the reuse of the woodblocks in different contexts, see Joffe and Buchanan, “The Andreas Vesalius Woodblocks.” 11  Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica, 1552.

3 glorious as the Basel editions.12 The printers Francisci and Criegher did not work with the original woodblocks, either. They recut the illustrations, and replaced the frontispiece. For similar reasons, we also ignore Juan Valverde de Amusco’s Anatomia del corpo humano, the translations of the Epitome, or Bernhard Siegfried Albinus and Hermann Boerhaave’s republication of 1725.13 Once we had decided to focus only on the first two folio editions, the next steps of our research were straightforward. We identified as many copies as we could find (some 300 for the first edition, and some 400 for the second), we gathered information about their physical state, their provenance, and the handwritten annotations that they contained.14 While some censuses are based on the authors’ personal inspection of every, or almost every, single surviving copy, we combined personal visits with the help of intermediaries.15 Where possible, we visited the libraries in person, and studied around two hundred and fifty exemplars on site. In other cases, we asked librarians, colleagues and research assistants to respond to a lengthy questionnaire and take photographs. The information collected here is therefore the result of a truly collaborative effort of a large number of scholars and librarians. Once our data had been gathered, we built a database that maps the changing ownership of each copy across the centuries and records the annotations that readers left in their books. As we discovered, roughly 80% of the surviving copies contain some information about their history of ownership, either recording at least one previous owner or documenting that the volume has been at the current location for at least 150 years.16 We were able to trace an 12  Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica, 1568. 13  Valverde de Amusco, Anatomia del corpo humano; Vesalius, Opera omnia anatomica & chirurgica. On the complex relationship between Valverde and Vesalius, see Klestinec, “Juan Valverde de (H)Amusco and Print Culture.” 14  For provenance records, we primarily relied on information contained in the volumes in the form of possessors’ notes and exlibries, which we could complement on occasion with further information from catalogue and acquisitions records at libraries. 15   For examples of the former approach, see Gingerich, An Annotated Census; Rasmussen and West, The Shakespeare First Folios; for the latter, see Westman, “The Reception of Galileo’s Dialogue;” or Blair, The Theater of Nature. 16  In our work, our statistics and maps refer only to those copies that survive in publicly accessible libraries, because our information on private copies and copies handled by auction houses is incomplete, and because we are not at liberty to disclose the current location of these exemplars. Because the overwhelming majority of copies survives in public institutions, inclusion of data about private copies, which make up less than 5% of the total sample even in the best case, would not have changed

4

Chapter 1

owner before 1800 for just over half of the surviving exemplars, and we have provenance information from around 1600 for just over a quarter of the copies. Almost 70% of the copies have at least one manuscript annotation that goes beyond a possessor’s note, and over 40% have annotations on more than five pages. Our analyses are therefore based on a rich and robust data set, which permits us to have an intimate view of how readers engaged with the first major illustrated atlas of anatomy ever since its publication. In the rest of the introduction, we offer both quantitative and qualitative analyses to reconstruct what may count as the typical response of the average reader in the early modern period, and also to showcase the scope and diversity of reactions available to early modern and modern readers. We first discuss the historical context of Vesalius’ work, and we review the existing historiography on the Fabrica. After providing information on our research methods, we proceed to establish that the Fabrica has been a highly valuable book ever since its production, and that its price has held steadily high ever since, with the exception of a dip in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. We examine how owners ensured that this valuable book kept its price by binding it in expensive covers, and occasionally by hand-coloring the illustrations. Once the value of the Fabrica has been discussed, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the ownership records from 1543 to 2017. We show that in the past four hundred years the Fabrica has moved from the possession of wealthy private physicians into the collections of public and university libraries, often through the intermediary step of monastic libraries in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The late eighteenth century, with the secularization of monasteries and the revolutionary confiscations of French private libraries, was the decisive moment for the transformation of the Fabrica from a book on the private and church markets into a rare book preserved primarily in public libraries. After tracing the ownership patterns of the Fabrica, we proceed to chart the book’s reception history by analyzing the annotations readers and owners left in their copies. We realize that the study of marginal annotations is an imperfect measure of true reading experience, as many readers never leave a mark in the books they peruse. the statistics in any significant manner. We did data analysis to confirm this claim, and the available data from private copies do not appear to show patterns different from what is discussed above. There is one exception to these findings, the movement of Fabricas in the years between 1800 and 2017, and we will discuss this case at the appropriate place.

Marginalia do offer positive proof that a reader was interested in a certain passage, but the lack of handwritten marks on a page does not mean the reader did not study it carefully. One therefore has to be cautious in taking annotations as direct and easily generalizable evidence for the practice of reading.17 It is therefore with these limitations in mind that we build our argument about how the Fabrica was handled. First, we claim that, as much as we can tell, early modern readers focused somewhat more on the text of the Fabrica than on the illustrations. They were also bookish. They were interested in comparing Vesalius’ achievements to the canonical works of the ancients, and tended to focus less on their own personal observations, or on the writings of other sixteenth-century anatomists. And last, but not least, we argue that for early modern readers the reproductory organs were the most fascinating part of human anatomy, as they offered the opportunity to philosophize about the immortality of the soul, to consider the relationship between male and female anatomy, and to think about ways to maintain social control over gender and sexual relations. For the wealthy physicians and institutions that bought the Fabrica, the study of anatomy offered a tool to think about how to hierarchically order and govern the society they lived in. In our final section before the conclusion, we confirm these claims about the reception of the Fabrica by looking at how it was censored. In catholic lands, the censors of the church agreed with the owners and readers of the Fabrica that medical knowledge was intimately connected to issues of social, political and moral control. We rely on our study of the annotations to nuance and qualify the arguments of historians who focused on the reception of Vesalius by the exceptional figures of Jacobus Sylvius, Gabriele Fallopio, Realdo Colombo or John Caius.18 These pathbreaking physicians engaged with the Fabrica 17  For a helpful summary of these issues, see Visser, “Irreverent Reading: Martin Luther as Annotator of Erasmus,” 93. 18  On Sylvius and Vesalius, see Kusukawa, Picturing the Book of Nature; Houtzager, “Vesalius contra Sylvius;” Houtzager, “Pro en contra Vesalius.” On Vesalius and Fallopius, see Castiglioni. “Fallopius and Vesalius.” For the differing approaches of Vesalius, Colombo, and Fabricius, see Cunningham, The Anatomical Renaissance. On Vesalius and Caius, see O’Malley, “The Relations of John Caius with Andreas Vesalius.” For the disagreement on the pulmonary circuit between Vesalius and Colombo, see Bylebyl, Cardiovascular Physiology in the Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries. For other accounts of Vesalius’ reception, see, for instance, Berriot-Salvadore. “Ambroise Paré lecteur de Vésale;” or Skaarup, Anatomy and Anatomists in Early Modern Spain. For a brief review of the most important physicians’ reactions, see Nutton, “Introduction.”

Introduction

in a truly unique manner, subjecting its claims to extensive criticism by drawing on the wealth of their learning and observational expertise. As far as the study of annotations allows us to say, the overwhelming majority of owners approached the Fabrica differently from the small group of elite physicians who are best remembered today. Moreover, the opinions of Sylvius, Fallopio, or Caius, seem not to have had a wide impact on early modern readers. Just above 5% of the surviving annotated copies bears an annotation referring to Colombo, the favorite of all authors after Antiquity, while Caius is mentioned in exactly one copy in our corpus. We provide the bibliographical data on each surviving copy in the descriptive catalogue, and present our findings and analysis in the following sections of this introduction. The readers of this work should bear in mind that our first and foremost aim is to reconstruct the reading history of the first two folio editions of the Fabrica, and therefore we focus especially on provenance and annotations, which we support with the bibliographic descriptions. 1.1

Historical Background

The Fabrica was produced by a prodigiously young anatomist with excellent connections. Born in Brussels, Vesalius came from a family of well-established medical professionals. His great-grandfather John was the town physician of Brussels and the personal physician of Mary of Burgundy. His grandfather Everard, another physician, attended upon the child Philip the Fair, the father of Charles V. Given the family circumstances, we may well expect that the young Andreas could entertain high hopes of joining the imperial retinue in due course, and that he was well trained for performing well in the courtly world. As it has been recounted by his various biographers, the young Vesalius trained in Paris with the Galenist professors of the Sorbonne, explored every opportunity to practice dissecting cadavers, began to publish both learned commentaries and illustrated pamphlets in the late 1530s, and became professor of medicine at Padova in 1537.19 Thus, by the time he began writing the Fabrica, he was an expert in all the areas that he was expecting to revolutionize. First, thanks to his training with Jacobus Sylvius, his contributions to the Giunta edition of Galen’s work, and, 19   For biographical information, see Roth. Andreas Vesalius Bruxellensis; Cushing. A Bio-Bibliography of Andreas Vesalius; O’Malley, Andreas Vesalius of Brussels; Joffe, Andreas Vesalius. The information in this section comes from the volumes mentioned here.

5 as Vivian Nutton has shown, his revisions of Guinther von Andernach’s Institutiones anatomicae, he became convinced that the major task of sixteenth-century anatomy was to confront and revise the Galenic traditions.20 As a result, the Fabrica is both a major engagement and a deliberate confrontation with the ancient Greek author’s works. Secondly, in addition to his humanist learning, Vesalius spent much of his time in the company of cadavers. He soon became famous for his skill at dissection, which he deemed the foremost task for any serious anatomist. When he was examined and appointed to the faculty in Padova on December 5, 1537, for example, he needed only one day to get started with anatomizing an eighteenyear old male, a task he performed between December 6 and December 20. By 1540, his skills were renowned enough that he was invited to offer a public anatomy in Bologna, and the Swedish Baldasar Heseler’s notes of this event survive to this day.21 Thirdly, he experimented with providing visual representations of the human body, and, in the process, became acquainted with a talented, fellow Flemish artist, Jan Steven van Calcar. Vesalius’ Tabulae anatomicae sex followed in the footsteps of contemporary anatomical broadsheets, which were becoming increasingly popular, and provided exquisite images of the portal vein, the vena cava, the arterious system, and the skeleton, which would clearly influence the Fabrica’s series of skeleton men.22 Importantly, the Tabulae sex were dedicated to the personal physician of Emperor Charles V, and, if we are to believe Vesalius, the Emperor himself much enjoyed studying them at his leisure. It was with such a background that Vesalius began working on his Fabrica in the late 1530s, laying the discipline’s modern foundations. We know fairly little about his working process, except for the very beginning and the very end. The Fabrica emerged from Vesalius’ revisions of his edition of Guinter’s Institutiones, and some of the early versions of the Fabrica’s arguments can still be studied as marginal commentaries and suggestions for revisions in Vesalius’ own copy.23 We know little about how Vesalius wrote his masterpiece. No drafts of the Fabrica survive and we do not have his personal diary about its composition. We can catch a glimpse of the anatomist at work through the correspondence of others, 20  Nutton, “More Vesalian Second Thoughts.” These revisions can now be studied in Guinter and Vesalius, Principles of Anatomy. 21  Heseler, Andreas Vesalius’ First Public Anatomy at Bologna. 22  Vesalius, Tabulae anatomicae sex. At least three complete copies of the Tabulae survive, in Glasgow’s Hunterian Museum, at the Marciana in Venice, and in Cremona’s Biblioteca statale. 23  Nutton. “More Vesalian Second Thoughts.”

6 and, more importantly, we do know quite a lot of detail about the process of printing.24 The illustrations were in all probability designed, at least partly, by Calcar, and the woodblocks were cut in Venice. As Vesalius recounts in the introductory Letter to Oporinus in the Fabrica, the woodblocks were then sent to Basel, the place of publication, on August 24, 1542, together with proof prints of the images to instruct the publisher how to proceed.25 The publisher in Basel was Johannes Oporinus, a professor of Greek. While he had some earlier experience in the field, Oporinus turned to publishing as a full-time career only in 1542.26 He was certainly an entrepreneurial publisher. One of his earliest publications was a Latin translation of the Koran, which created quite a furor in Basel and landed him in prison for a short period of time. The Fabrica was the first large-scale illustrated publication of Oporinus. It is not quite clear why Vesalius turned to him for the purpose of publication, but they may have been acquainted for several years. We know that the two of them were on strong and friendly terms, as an obituary of Oporinus notes, Vesalius “cum Oporino familiarissime diu est versatus.”27 But friendship may not have been the only reason for Vesalius to work with a Swiss printer. Basel was close to the major book fairs, at a central location. Vesalius may have hoped that, unlike Venetian printers, Oporinus would be able to quickly sell a large number of copies the Fabrica in Frankfurt, Leipzig or Strasbourg before other publishers came out with pirated copies. As he complained bitterly, his earlier Tabulae sex had been pirated repeatedly, so this may not have been a baseless fear.28 Vesalius provided extensive instructions for Oporinus on composing the layout of the text and the illustrations. In 1543, he spent several months in Basel with the supervision of the production, probably inserting changes into the text on occasion. Despite Vesalius’ presence, some errors remained. Notably, the pagination is rather erratic throughout the volume, and all the pages between p. 312 and p. 492 have an incorrect page number. The errata list at the end of the volume corrects some, but not all of the 24   See for instance, Caius’ reminiscences about Vesalius in O’Malley, “The Relations of John Caius.” 25  Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica, *5–*6. 26  Steinmann, Johannes Oporinus; Steinmann, “Aus dem Briefwechsel des Basler Druckers Johannes Oporinus.” 27  Iociscus Silesius, Oratio de ortu, vita, et obitu Ioannis Oporini, sig c1. 28  Clark, “Foiling the Pirates.” For Galileo’s concerns about printing the Sidereus nuncius in time to reach the Frankfurt book fair, see Wilding, Galileo’s Idol, 110.

Chapter 1

typographical errors of the Fabrica. For example, on p. 21, Oporinus prints the word “posterior” instead of “anterior”, and this error remains unchanged even in the edition of 1555. Despite minor blemishes, the Fabrica is justly considered a masterpiece of printing, a true tour-de-force of the sixteenth-century book industry. Its seven books discuss, in this order, the bones, the muscular system, the vascular and nervous systems, and then, as Galen would have it, the internal organs, the thoracic cavity with the heart and the lungs, and, finally, the brain. These discussions of human anatomy are interspersed with occasional remarks on how one should dissect the organs of the body. Historians have traditionally argued that Vesalius excels especially in the first two books on the bones and the muscles, which make up more than half of the text, and are peppered with numerous original observations. It was in these two books that Vesalius clearly established the superiority of his observations over Galen. In the second half of the Fabrica, the scholarship tends to agree that he contented himself with a Galenic analysis of the tripartite system of the stomach, the thoracic cavity, and the brain.29 Twenty-first-century readers also tend to focus on the first two volumes, as these contain Vesalius’ glorious series of the skeleton and muscle men. They pay less attention to the fascinating and informative woodcuts of the internal organs in the later books. As our census shows, sixteenth- and seventeenth-century readers had different preferences. They considered Vesalius’ discussion of the internal organs more important, and sometimes more revolutionary, than his treatment of the bones and muscles. To understand how the Fabrica’s reception was shaped by the author’s intentions, it is important to realize that Vesalius did not aim his volume only at Emperor Charles V. The Fabrica’s intended audience also included a large number of well-to-do doctors and scholars. First of all, we can reasonably assume that the Fabrica’s contents, and Vesalius’ previous career, were carefully scrutinized by the physicians and courtly administrators in the employ of Charles V, who then recommended the Flemish anatomist for the post of imperial physician. We know shockingly little about the mundane details of Vesalius’ appointment, but it is reasonable to assume that the Fabrica’s contents were checked and evaluated by the two imperial physicians already appointed. These were Cornelis de Baersdorp, a fellow Flemish student of Sylvius 29  On Vesalius’ disagreements with Galen, see Siraisi, “Introduction to Book Two.”

Introduction

Figure 2

7

Vesalius’ note of donation to Stephanus Lagus on the front pastedown. I/56. Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn. Call No.: Ra 2’ 21/1 Rara.

in Paris, and the Neapolitan Narciso Vertunno.30 Vesalius had already sought the favor of Vertunno before, having dedicated his Tabulae sex to him in 1538. He was also familiar with two other high-ranking officials in the emperor’s administration, who probably also glanced through the Fabrica: Gerard Veltwijck, secretary to Charles V, who is mentioned prominently in Vesalius’ epistle dedicatory in the 1543 edition; and Nicolas Perrenot de Granvelle, whose son had been the anatomist’s classmate in Louvain.31 It is highly likely that each of these figures received a copy of the Fabrica from the author, but we have not been able to identify these. Next to the aristocrats and physicians associated with Charles V, Vesalius also targeted the contemporary community of physicians with his new book. He needed the respect of his professional peers in order to maintain and improve his high social status. We have clear evidence that he used the Fabrica to cultivate such professional networks. He donated his atlas to at least three different physicians: Stephanus Lagus (I/56), Renatus Henerus (II/73), and Achilles Gasser (II/150).32 The price of the Fabrica was also appropriate for such an elite group of wealthy professionals, which promised to bring in substantial income for the publisher. Oporinus produced a luxurious volume, priced it steeply, and probably managed to sell several hundred copies. As we will see later, Oporinus and 30  On Baersdorp, see Meyer, Notice sur Corneille van Baersdorpt. On Vertunno, see Nicolini, “New Light on the Neapolitan Physician Narciso Vertunno.” 31  Lindeboom, “Twee brieven van Vesalius.” 32  On these copies, excluding Gasser’s, see Margócsy, Somos, and Joffe, “Networking with a Book.”

Vesalius gauged the market correctly. Private physicians became the major group of owners for our atlas in the sixteenth century.33 In addition to the Fabrica, Oporinus also produced two companion volumes, a Latin and a German Epitome. These provided summary information and a number of illustrations, for a lower price, to students and scholars who were not ready to digest over 600 pages of anatomical text. The German edition especially shows Oporinus’ optimism about a large, and potentially vernacular, market for anatomy, as he printed only three other volumes in German throughout his career. Today, considerably fewer Epitomes survive than Fabricas. We are aware of some 33 German and over 70 Latin copies.34 This number is low, but the explanation may well be that the Epitome was heavily used in practice. Since its dozen sheets were not necessarily bound together, and because they were not considered as valuable as a big atlas, they could easily get lost or damaged through the centuries. As a result, we cannot be sure whether the Epitome had a lesser print run than the Fabrica. The Fabrica was an immediate success. It was available in Venice within a few months, where the anatomist Niccolo Massa quickly read it and wrote a damning report in January 1544.35 Yet the markets were more favorable 33  Vesalius did not target institutional libraries with the Fabrica, which only became holders of the atlas in the late seventeenth century, cf. Maclean, Learning and the Market Place, 75. 34   Joffe and Buchanan, “The Vesalius Epitome of De Humani Corporis Fabrica of 1543.” 35  For a translation of the letter, see Martin, Medical Humanism. We thank him for sharing it with us.

8

Chapter 1

to Vesalius than Massa, and the book sold out in Leipzig by the end of the year. It is no surprise, then, that a few years later Vesalius began contemplating the production of a new edition. The volume’s design remained fundamentally the same, with some improvements. The inner margins became somewhat larger, a new woodblock was cut for the frontispiece, a few additional woodcuts were added, and some of the friends Vesalius had praised earlier were not mentioned any more. The imperial secretary Gerard Veltwijck was such a casualty. Established as an imperial physician, Vesalius no longer needed the support of Veltwijck to make a career. The praise of Sylvius disappeared, as well, no doubt because Vesalius’ teacher responded furiously to the 1543 Fabrica’s attacks on Galen.36 Most importantly, the Flemish anatomist improved the text on numerous occasions. The chapters on generation underwent the most radical changes, partly because Vesalius had the opportunity to dissect more female cadavers, and partly because, as we will see, there was an active demand for information on especially this part of human anatomy. The revised text was probably ready by 1552 but, for a variety of financial reasons, Oporinus was able to complete the printing only in 1555. This was the last version that Vesalius had supervised. Although he started on a third, revised edition, he died on the Greek island of Zakynthos in 1564 before the new edition could be completed.37 1.2

Research Methods for the Census

It is the reception history of these two editions that our book reconstructs.38 To the extent that it is possible, we follow each copy that left Oporinus’ presses from the place of production in Basel to its current location in 2017. 36  O’Malley claims that Veltwyck was removed because he died in January 1555, but one wonders whether the decision not to mention him would have been made so late in the printing process. O’Malley, Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, 275. 37  For a recent account of Vesalius’ death, see Biesbrouck et al., “Reiner Solenander (1524–1601).” 38  For earlier censuses, see Cushing, A Bio-Bibliography of Andreas Vesalius; Horowitz and Collins. “A census of the copies of the first edition;” Cockx-Indestege, Andreas Vesalius: A Belgian Census; Joffe and Buchanan, “An Updated Census of the Edition of 1555 of Andreas Vesalius’ De Humani Corporis Fabrica in the United States of America;” Joffe and Buchanan, “Updated Census in USA of First Edition of Andreas Vesalius’ ‘De Humani Corporis Fabrica’ of 1543;” Charreaux and Van Wijland, “Recensement.” For a Polish census, see Nierzwicki, “Warszawski egzemplarz De humani corporis fabrica Andreasa Vesaliusa.”

We examine how they were assembled, bound, read and annotated, and how they passed from one owner to another through the centuries. In some cases, the storyline is clear and offers much food for thought. In other cases, it is extremely patchy. Consider the dedication copy that Vesalius brought to Charles V (I/A8). While the Emperor clearly had a high opinion of Vesalius, he did not keep the Fabrica for long. Within a few years, he donated it to the French ambassador Jacques Mesnage, who brought it back to his country. Though we lose sight of the volume after Mesnage’s death in 1556, it probably remained in France, where it emerged in the mid-twentieth century at the bookshop of the famed rare book dealer Thomas Scheler, who sold it to the bibliophile Haskell F. Norman in 1963. Once the volume crossed the Atlantic, it remained there for good. After Norman’s death, it was sold again by Christie’s, and it is now in private possession. The story of the Lorkyn copy of the 1555 edition (II/244), masterfully analyzed by Sachiko Kusukawa, is even more straightforward.39 It was bought by the Cambridge physician Thomas Lorkyn soon after publication, who marked up the book’s pages with copious annotations, then left it to the university upon his death in 1591.40 The book has been at the library ever since. At the same time, other copies yield little information about how they have been used since their publication. For example, we have no idea where the two exemplars at Lund University come from. One of them bears no information on provenance (II/224), while, in the other case, we know only that the volume was donated to the current collection by a certain Nils Nilsson in 1961 (II/225). But we do not know who Nils Nilsson was. His name is not exactly unusual in Sweden, so this story ends with him. While examples such as the Lund copies can be dispiriting, as a whole, the material we collected permits us to tell a complex, but coherent, narrative. If we look at the aggregate story of several hundred exemplars in movement, certain patterns will emerge even when a number of copies disappear from the scene at one point or another during their five-hundred-year history. Our team is aware of around seven hundred exemplars of the two folio editions. Our census documents 308 copies of the 1543 edition, and 422 copies of the 1555 edition. These numbers are necessarily imprecise. First of all, one needs to make somewhat arbitrary decisions as to what counts as a Fabrica. A number of copies, for instance, are hybrid, i.e. they were artificially assembled by dealers in the nineteenth or twentieth century from two damaged 39  Kusukawa, Picturing the Book of Nature. 40  On Lorkyn, see Jones, “Thomas Lorkyn’s Dissections.”

Introduction

copies in order to create a complete and more valuable exemplar. If it is clear that significant numbers of pages survive in the hybrid from both parent copies, as in the case of the Basel (I/154–155) and the Louvain copies (I/10–11), we count the hybrid as two copies. When a copy is almost complete, but one or two sheets are inserted from a different copy, or are supplied in facsimile, we count this as one copy. The Princeton copy (I/253), whose bifolium inserts come from a different volume, is such a sophisticated copy. It is also unclear whether heavily damaged volumes should count as a full copy. We included in our census the 1555 edition at the University of California San Francisco, even though it lacks all pages after p. 108 (II/352). In contrast, we did not count single sheet prints of the frontispiece, or of the Vesalius portrait, as separate copies, as these sheets may have belonged to an incomplete copy that we have recorded elsewhere. Such separated sheets may even be reunited with the parent volume at one point in the future. This has already happened in the case of the frontispiece of the 1555 edition at the Ossolineum in Wrocław (I/132). This sheet was separated from the rest of the volume during World War II when the Ossolineum was first moved from Lwów to Kraków, and then to Wrocław. Once the frontispiece was removed, it traveled on its own to Warsaw, where it was held at the library of the Warsaw Musical Society. Then, in the 1970s, researchers realized that the frontispiece belonged to the incomplete volume of the Ossolineum, and reunited it with the rest of the volume in Wrocław. Following these rules, we recorded 269 copies of the 1543 edition and 361 copies of the 1555 edition in libraries and repositories that are accessible to the reading public. These numbers include exemplars that went missing or were destroyed in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Copies in private collections have posed even more serious problems for our census. We learned about some of these exemplars only from the records of auction houses and book dealers, although we were also able to inspect some copies in the owners’ private libraries. Because we did not always have access to actual copies, we could not ascertain in every case whether the records of different dealers referred to the same exemplar that they all handled at one point in time. Keeping this limitation in mind, we have been able to document 26 copies of the 1543 editions and 26 copies of the 1555 editions sold at auctions or by book dealers since 1990. We also recorded 14 copies of the 1543 editions and 25 copies of the 1555 editions in private collections. Allowing for the possibility that the same copy occurs more than once in these records, we come to an approximate total of over 300 copies of the 1543 edition in public and private libraries, and a total of

9 over 400 copies of the 1555 edition in public and private libraries. Even with the most conservative estimate, this suggests that at least 600 copies were printed for the first edition, and at least 800 copies were printed for the second folio edition of the Fabrica.41 It is notable that the 1555 Fabrica survives in much higher numbers than the first edition. It is reasonable to assume that the first edition was so successful that Oporinus was ready to experiment with a higher print run for the second edition. If these assumptions are true, the print run of the 1555 editions seems to be not much smaller than the average print run of Christoffel Plantin’s publishing house, whose books tended to be printed in 1000–1500 exemplars.42 There must be more copies in existence that we did not succeed in finding. We conducted our research with the help of online resources and by directly contacting librarians, collectors, auction houses, and scholars around the world. To identify copies in libraries, we consulted worldwide catalogues, such as WorldCat, USTC, and the KvK, national union catalogues, and union catalogues for religious libraries. We also checked the online databases of rare book dealers and auction houses, including the Rare Book Hub and the auction database SCIPIO. In addition, we performed a variety of web searches that yielded a surprisingly high number of results that do not appear in online catalogues. Because the Fabrica is particularly valuable, it is often mentioned on a rare book room’s website even when the remaining holdings are not catalogued online. We even found two copies with the help of Facebook. Emails to relevant mailing lists yielded further results. Colleagues, friends, librarians and collectors provided numerous suggestions, as well. Earlier censuses, such as the work of Horowitz and Collins for the Fabrica, were compiled mostly by personally contacting libraries that authors thought could have a copy.43 As a result, their findings reflected the authors’ assumptions of where the Fabrica may have ended up. They looked for them and found them primarily in American and Western European collections, and in major cities with well-known universities and libraries. Some of the research tools we used, including union catalogues, WorldCat, or Google, are not restricted to well-known 41  For estimates of a 50% survival rate of Copernicus’ De revolutionibus, see Gingerich, An Annotated Census. We have little information on book survival rates, especially because, for most early modern books, we do not know how many exemplars survive. 42  Maclean. Learning and the Market Place, 202. 43  Horowitz and Collins, “A Census for the Copies of the First Edition;” Westman, “The Reception of Galileo’s Dialogue.”

10

Chapter 1

libraries. Digitized union catalogues, such as COPAC in the United Kingdom or SUDOC and the CCFR in France, inventory many copies that are held in small-town libraries outside the purview of Horowitz and Collins. Our research through the Internet both confirmed and removed some of Horowitz and Collins’ biases. Most copies survive in North America and Western Europe, as they presumed. Yet a large number of Fabricas survives in less well-known libraries in the West, and a significant minority can be found in countries that earlier authors did not study extensively. While the explosion of available information on the Internet has surely helped the discipline of census research, new, digital biases have also appeared because of the differing levels of web presence and online cataloguing in various national library systems. Thus we expect that there may be further Fabricas in Eastern European, Russian, Middle Eastern, South Asian, and Latin American libraries that have not yet fully digitized their card catalogues.44 There must have been a Fabrica in Istanbul once, for instance, as the early seventeenth-century Ottoman physician Semseddin Itaki copied its illustrations in his Treatise on Anatomy of the Human Body; but we have not yet been able to determine if it is still extant.45 Similarly, it was only by visiting in person the Biblioteka PAN in Gdańsk, Poland, and consulting their card catalogue from before World War II, that we learned about its copies of the 1555 edition (II/179, II/180). The institutional setting of a library also matters. Compared to university libraries, museum libraries and monastic libraries have less robust online catalogues, and we may have underreported holdings in this area. We are also certain to have missed some copies in private possession. These exemplars are obviously not listed in any online catalogue. One can only rely on personal contacts and the goodwill of book dealers and auction houses to learn about them. 1.3

Historiographical Intervention

What is the point of charting book ownership patterns, and what is the impact of books on society? These two questions, which are closely connected, have been 44  Although during our research we became painfully aware that very few online catalogues are complete even in countries where digitization started at an early stage. There are significant gaps in the cataloguing of rare books at major Dutch and British university libraries, for example. 45  Brömer, “Kulturgeschichte der Osmanischen Medizin: Anatomie von Ibn al-Nafīs und Vesal zu Şanizade und Hasan al-’Attār.”

keeping historians of the book busy at least since the 1970s. In France, going back to the pioneering work of Daniel Mornet, there has been a long tradition of assessing literacy levels, and the changing landscape of reading habits, by conducting large-scale, quantitative studies of book ownership across the centuries.46 Yet, in the 1970s and 1980s, cultural and book historians such as Michel de Certeau, Roger Chartier and Robert Darnton began to ask whether cliometric measurements of ownership records could adequately document how books were consumed and interpreted by readers.47 As poststructuralist theorists began to emphasize that the reception of a book was not determined by the author’s intentions, Chartier and many others pointed out that it is highly questionable to assume that historical owners even bothered to open the books they had purchased, or that they understood them in the same manner as twentieth-century historians.48 The list of a library’s contents did not mirror the mind of the reader. In response, historians, such as Anthony Grafton, increasingly turned towards studying the actual material traces of reading in books, notebooks, and commonplace books, examining how marginal annotations, doodles, annotations, and practices of excerpting offer some access to what readers think when they peruse texts.49 The 1970s also saw the appearance of Elizabeth Eisenstein’s magisterial The Printing Press as an Agent of Change, which argued for the profound transformative power of print.50 Within the English-speaking world, this work has shaped most influentially the development of the field of book history, often by critical engagements with its overarching thesis. Echoing and expanding the earlier work of William Ivins, Jr., Eisenstein argued that 46  Mornet, Les Origines intellectuelles de la Révolution française. 47  Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life; Chartier, The Order of Books; Darnton, The Forbidden Best-Sellers of Prerevolutionary France. 48  For a poignant, and famous, example, see Ginzburg, The Cheese and the Worms. 49  See the pioneering work of Jardine and Grafton, “Studied for Action;” and now, Lisa Jardine’s reflection on it: Jardine, “ ‘Studied for Action’ Revisited;” as well as Kiséry, Hamlet’s Moment. See also Sherman, John Dee; Sharpe, Reading Revolutions; Jackson, Marginalia; Blair, The Theater of Nature. For recent work on female readers in a medical context, see Leong, “Herbals she peruseth.” For a general overview of reading, see Cavallo and Chartier, History of Reading in the West; and for a general overview of the historiography, see Colclough, Consuming Texts, chapter 1. See also Arnoud Visser’s Annotated Books Online project, annotatedbooksonline.com, and his numerous publications. 50  Eisenstein, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. For a reflection on Eisenstein’s impact, see Baron, Lindquist, and Shevlin, Agent of Change.

Introduction

the invention of the printing press caused a revolution in early modern Europe by creating a medium that allowed for the transmission of the same information in thousands of identical copies, contributing to the fixity and standardization of knowledge.51 Eisenstein’s thesis was challenged by historians from the beginning, and found its sharpest opponent in Adrian Johns’ The Nature of the Book.52 As Johns argued, the world of print remained highly fluid in the early modern period. Mechanical reproduction, at least in the first few centuries after Gutenberg, was not mechanical at all. As printers pulled sheets off the press, they regularly fiddled with the type to adjust the text, resulting in subtle, but meaningful differences between copies of the same edition. In addition, the competition among publishers contributed to the appearance of pirated or ‘improved’ new editions, fake imprints, or unauthorized reprints of an original work, which all acted against the purported standardizing nature of the medium. Books with the same title and author did not necessarily contain the same text, or information. Contrarily to Eistenstein, Johns therefore claimed that the impact of print was not standardization. Readers across the world did not have access to the same text, and their interpretations were highly individualistic. Johns’ points about the effects of piracy hold absolutely true for the oeuvre of Vesalius. The renowned anatomist’s work was plagiarized and published in many different formats. Vesalius would have bristled at the claim that these unauthorized editions conveyed the same information as the ones he printed with Oporinus. The Fabrica famously begins with an invective against the pirates who copied and bungled the author’s earlier Tabulae Sex. As we have already discussed, the Fabrica itself was printed in a pirated, smaller edition in 1552 in Lyon, lacking the illustrations. It was also epitomized by Thomas Geminus in a work that gained fame as the first English book printed with engravings. As Vesalius complained, it even appeared in an edition sporting Valverde’s name as the author. We do not contest that readers of these editions had highly divergent understandings of what the Fabrica was about. Yet we think that there is a chance that early readers of the two authorized editions shared a common understanding 51  Ivins, Prints and Visual Communication. Ivins himself was fascinated by the Fabrica, as evinced by Ivins, “What about the Fabrica of Vesalius?”. 52  See, for instance, Grafton, “The Importance of Being Printed;” and Johns, The Nature of the Book. Despite the historians’ response, Eisenstein’s book had a large impact on other fields, e.g. on Bruno Latour. See Latour, “Visualisation and Cognition: Drawing Things Together.”

11 of the Fabrica across Europe. We suggest that in the early, humanist years of the scientific revolution in postReformation Europe, readers reacted to the Fabrica in strikingly uniform terms. They developed only a limited number of interpretations of this atlas, and one can detect little regional, national, cultural, or religious variation in the prevalence of these interpretations. If we are right, there are good grounds to argue for a weak version of Eisenstein’s thesis, which claims that, at least within the boundaries of early modern Europe, the folio format, the large-scale woodcuts, and the complex textual arguments of the Fabrica strongly conditioned the response of readers. This is the major claim of our book. Our aim is to test whether, if we hold the edition and material format of the Fabrica constant (i.e., we restrict our attention only to the 1543 and 1555 folio editions), we can find a more or less standardized reader response to the volume. Can we make general claims about the ownership patterns and readerly habits of the Fabrica, bearing in mind that for much of the past five hundred years its price resulted in an audience that was restricted, with a few exceptions, to the wealthy in Europe and Northern America? Such a quantitative study of a large number of copies, combined with the analysis of the marginal annotations and underlinings in every single one of them, may also resolve the tension between Mornet and the cliometricians, on the one hand, and Chartier and Grafton, on the other hand, combining the study of book ownership with the study of marks in the books.53 While one cannot understand a book’s impact by simply counting its prevalence in the libraries of a time period, it may be possible to estimate this impact by counting the different types of marginal annotations readers left in their copies.54 Obviously, the readers’ responses do show considerable variation, especially over time. We can definitely see that modern annotations, and the responses of modern readers after 1800, differ markedly from those of the earlier period. While Philipp Melanchthon read Vesalius to prove the existence of God, historians of medicine in Stalinist Russia were convinced that the famous anatomist was the harbinger of Marx, Engels, and Lenin.55 Yet, by and large, 53  For a similar approach, see Wiggins, “What Did Renaissance Readers Write in their Printed Copies of Chaucer?;” Hackel, Reading Material in Early Modern England; and Zwicker, “Reading the Margins.” 54   For recent large-scale analyses of annotations in multiple copies, see the excellent work of Ada Palmer and Richard Oosterhoff; Palmer, Reading Lucretius in the Renaissance, chapter 2; Oosterhoff, “A Book, a Pen, and the Sphere.” 55  Vezaliy, O stroeniy czelovecheskogo tela v semi knigach.

12

Figure 3

Chapter 1

Underlining praising the creator on p. 215. I/52. Bamberg: Staatsbibliothek Bamberg. Call No.: Anat.f.2-a.

we do find certain general tendencies, always inflected to some degree by the local circumstances, that seem to hold constant for a large number of readers until around 1800. We can make some general claims about how sixteenthand seventeenth-century readers approached our atlas of anatomy, regardless of whether they were Italian Jesuits, Wittenberg theologians, French aristocrats or English natural philosophers. Some of these claims hold even for nineteenth- or twentieth-century audiences. We do not think that such a common response emerged because there was a tightly-connected scholarly community of readers in the early modern period who shared their reading materials and annotations with each other.56 We have found some, but not too much evidence for the existence of such reading communities for the Fabrica. 56  For such excellent studies, see Gingerich and Westman, The Wittich Connection; Grafton and Leu, Henricus Glareanus’s (1488–1563) Chronologia of the Ancient World.

Instead, we argue that readers with no direct connections to each other, sharing only the general cultural and political Zeitgeist of contemporary Europe, showed strikingly similar reactions to Vesalius’ work. Within the political and economic environment of the past 475 years, the Fabrica itself has structured and generated the responses it has received. Its price restricted the audience to a predominantly male elite, its frequent attacks on Galen made readers realize the importance of the ancient Greek author, its magnificent and complex illustrations made readers question their own visual assumptions, and its frontispiece, featuring the uterus, alerted readers that the secrets of generation and women were the most prized topic of the study of anatomy.57

57  On the illustrations, see Kusukawa, Picturing the Book of Nature; on this last topic, see Park, Secrets of Women.

Chapter 2

A Valuable Book 2.1

Historical Price Analysis

In 1543, the Fabrica cost four florins and four and a half batzen, or ten Basel pfund.1 This was clearly not a cheap volume. As Sachiko Kusukawa has shown through an expressive example, the Fabrica and its companion volume, the Epitome, were together worth thirty-four fish meals.2 Yet Vesalius’ atlas was not yet the celebrity of the rare book market that it is today. In 2015, a complete Fabrica in good condition sold for almost 400,000 dollars, the equivalent of at least twenty thousand servings of fish and chips.3 Over the past five centuries, this atlas of anatomy turned from a pricey textbook into a major asset for serious collectors. This comparison between 1543 and 2015 illustrates how the financial value of the Fabrica fluctuated across the ages. As this section reveals, cultural politics, the decline of purely medical interest in the content, developments in printing technologies, and fashions in collecting during these centuries played a key role in influencing the financial value of the Fabrica. Yet, at the same time, Oporinus’ and Vesalius’ decision to produce a high-end book also had a strong impact on the trajectory of its price. Their choice of an illustrated folio edition placed the Fabrica in the class of high-end textbooks for medical practitioners well into the eighteenth century. After a relative loss of value in the nineteenth century, this decision also ensured that the Fabrica became one of the blockbusters of the modern rare book market. Its monetary value has steadily increased since the years around 1900, when the modern art and rare book markets became big business. Had Vesalius and Oporinus opted for a small-scale, illustrated volume, their publication would probably not have undergone a similar, six-hundred-fold price increase (at least as measured in fish meals). For instance, the Zürich publisher Christopher Froschauer’s octavo edition of Rudolph Gwalther’s De syllabarum et carminarum ratione cost 1 pfund in the sixteenth century, and it is worth nowadays 750 dollars (incidentally, it is Gwalther’s own copy of

1  Leu, Keller and Weidmann, Conrad Gessner’s Private Library, 2. One florin was worth 2 pfund or 15 batzen. 2  Kusukawa, Picturing the Book of Nature, 200. 3  Christie’s Sale 12114 Lot 284, London, King Street, price realized USD 384,295.

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2018 | doi 10.1163/9789004336308_003

the Fabrica that bears a price marking of 10 pfund, I/160).4 Given that a pastor earned around 150 pounds a year back then, as Urs Leu claims, the financial value of Gwalther’s work appears to have remained roughly within the same order of magnitude over the past five hundred years.5 For the sixteenth century our data confirms previous research, and shows that the Fabrica sold for around four florins, a price that was certainly high but not incomparable to what other illustrated folios cost. In a copy now preserved in Antwerp (I/4), a manuscript note reveals that the book was worth 4 goldgulden (“constat 4 golt gulden und 1 st ein zu binden”). The Jerusalem 1543 edition, once attributed to Girolamo Cardano (I/79), was priced slightly higher at one point, as it bears a note “constat 6: fl.” The Polish poet Benedykt Koźmińczyk bought his 1555 copy even more expensively, shelling out 8 florins for it and spending an additional 32 groschen on the binding (II/182). This higher price may have reflected the geographical distance of Kraków from Basel, which added the cost of shipping to the price of the book, or the local variations in the exact value of the florin across Central Europe. In later centuries, Vesalius’ atlas remained in the same price range. It was an expensive, but not outlandishly expensive, illustrated folio volume. In 1721, for instance, the Scottish physician Patrick Fyffe paid 40 pounds Scots for the volume (just over three English pounds sterling), which was at the high end for illustrated atlases of anatomy and natural history (I/173). Govard Bidloo’s Anatomia humani corporis from 1685, for example, was also selling for similar prices in the early eighteenth century.6 At a sale in the Netherlands in 1719, the 1543 Fabrica was auctioned off for 20 and a half guilders, while Bidloo’s Anatomia brought in 27 guilders. By 1754, the price of the Fabrica dropped only slightly. When the London collector Richard Mead’s library was sold, the anatomist William Hunter bought his first edition Fabrica for two pounds three shillings (I/175). The prices of the 1543 and 1555 editions did not significantly differ in the years before 1800. The Basel Fabrica 4  Leu, “Textbooks and their Uses,” 237. 5  In the terms of fish meals, however, Gwalther’s work would have undergone a more impressive, 30-fold increase, still negligible compared to the Fabrica’s growth of price. 6  Margócsy, Commercial Visions.

14

Figure 4

Chapter 2

Price of the Fabrica on front flyleaf verso. I/4. Antwerp: Erfgoedbibliotheek Hendrick Conscience. Call No.: J 5833.

was primarily studied for its medical content, and not because it was the editio princeps. Some eighteenth-century sellers claimed that the second folio edition was better because it contained the author’s revisions. At the sale of the library of the Amsterdam physician Johann Sas, for instance, his 1555 Fabrica was touted as the “editio optima.”7 In Germany, copies of the second folio edition circulated for 17 thalers, which was a rather high price, even when compared to similar sales of the first edition. In other countries, the second edition fared similarly well. An eighteenth-century French reader noted in his 1555 copy, now in Besançon (II/27), that copies of this edition were selling for 20 to 30 francs a piece, a price similar to those listed above for first editions. The 1555 copy of JeanBaptiste Colbert (II/253), Louis XIV’s minister of finance, sold in Paris in 1728 for 25 francs and 1 sou, which certainly confirms this estimate. Curiously, when this copy came up again for sale in 1765, William Hunter was able to acquire it for 16 English shillings, which was less than half the price paid thirty years earlier. We have some indications that in the late eighteenth century the Fabrica’s price may have dropped quite significantly. In 1793, at the sale of the library of Johannes Oosterdijk Schacht, a first-edition copy was sold for the price of one guilder; and in 1759, at the sale of the library of the Utrecht professor Evert Jacob van Wachendorff, the 7  Bilderbeck, Catalogus variorum et rarissimorum librorum ex bibliotheca Joh. Sas.

1555 Fabrica was sold for just over three guilders.8 It is difficult to interpret these numbers, but even if Oosterdijk Schacht’s copy was heavily damaged, they seem to suggest that the Fabrica’s price began to decline. The second folio edition of the Antwerp Jesuit domus professa appears to confirm this hypothesis (II/302). Now preserved at the University of Virginia, it is complete except for the printer’s mark and some signs of censorship. In 1780, this exemplar was sold by Joseph Emmens in Brussels for 7 Flemish guilders and five stuivers. This was still around a third of what owners paid for the volume at the beginning of the century, but not as low as the price of Oosterdijk Schacht’s copy. A similar price was recorded in London in 1815, though in a different currency, when John Cuthell offered a Basel edition of Vesalius for 15 shillings.9 Next year, the price of the Fabrica was only slightly higher. In 1816, the 1543 Fabrica was sold for 1 pound 1 shilling at the sale of William Roscoe’s library.10 Similarly low prices were recorded especially in the first half of the nineteenth century. In 1846, Thomas Rodd sold a second edition of the Fabrica for ten shillings and sixpence.11 This was cheaper than what Darwin’s octavo 8  Bibliotheca Oosterdykiana, sive Catalogus librorum quos reliquit J. Oosterdyk Schacht, 66; Bibliotheca Wachendorfiana, 13. 9  Cuthell, A catalogue of books for the year 1815 in various languages, 266. 10  Winstanley, Catalogue of the Genuine and Entire Collection, 167. 11  Rodd, Catalog of books, 140.

A Valuable Book

Figure 5

A note on the price of the Fabrica and quotes from Boerhaave on the back pastedown. II/27. Besançon: Bibliothèque municipale de Besançon. Call No.: Fonds ancien 11371.

15

16 Origin of Species cost upon publication in 1859, which was sold for 15 shillings.12 Looking at the continent in the same time period, Rudolph Weigel reported that a 1555 edition could be purchased for 3 thalers, which was less than the price of Heinrich Palmaz Leveling’s smaller, reprint, edition of the woodcuts from 1783 (3 thalers 16 groschen), or Thomas Geminus’ engraved and abridged edition from 1545 (9 thalers).13 Even in 1860, one could buy a first-edition Fabrica for a paltry 20 francs, as reported by Baillière.14 Graesse’s renowned bibliographical encyclopedia from the 1860s reports similar prices, claiming that one could purchase a first edition for 5 thalers, 6 scudi, 10 francs 5 centimes, or six florins, and a second edition was available for 3 thalers.15 In 1885, the Brussels municipal archives could acquire a slightly imperfect copy for the price of 30 Belgian francs (I/5). How to explain such a dip in the price of a luxurious volume? The changing preferences of cultural politics may have played a strong role in influencing the supply and demand for the Fabrica in the years between 1750 and 1900. One explanation could be that the increasing availability of Fabricas in the late eighteenth century lowered their market value, but there are reasons to doubt that this was indeed the case. As we later show, the secularization of catholic monasteries, and the French revolutionary confiscations of aristocratic libraries, temporarily put a number of copies on the market in this period, though this number is much lower than one would expect. Moreover, the number of available copies dwindled quickly in the nineteenth century, as most exemplars soon ended up in the stacks of public and university libraries. Despite the decrease of supply, prices remained low. More probably, the Fabrica’s price dropped because it was no longer of immediate use for most medical professionals at work. As we explain in a later chapter, interest in the Fabrica first dropped probably because it became unavailable to the reading public during the secularization of monasteries. As libraries were reorganized throughout continental Europe, they had to close their doors for several years (or decades), and their books were kept in storage. Moreover, the years around 1800 signaled a major shift in the development of modern, laboratory- and hospital-based medicine. The discipline of anatomy was also transformed with the advent of histology and comparative anatomy.16 In the 12  Secord, Victorian Sensation, 508. 13  Weigel, Kunstcatalog. I/43–44. 14  Baillière, Bulletin bibliographique des sciences physiques, naturelles et médicales, 123. 15  Graesse, Trésor de livres rares et précieux. VI/2, 289. 16  Cunningham, The Anatomist Anatomis’d.

Chapter 2

field of anatomical atlases, there was an increased emphasis on using color to represent the human body, and the Fabrica’s monochrome woodcuts slowly became the relics of a bygone era.17 The last nail in the coffin of old anatomy may have been the early nineteenth-century introduction of new printing technologies, such as the iron-frame press and the steam printing machine, which drastically reduced the price of printed books and led to a revolution in the business of publishing.18 In a similar manner, the invention of lithography at the turn of the century soon transformed the visual world of books and other printed media; lithographs and chromolithographs first appeared in works of anatomy in the 1820s. The availability of cheap and cheaply illustrated, up-to-date medical works made the older, already outdated works of anatomy completely obsolete. They became part of the history of medicine. And while there was certainly some antiquarian interest in early printed works, the nineteenth-century rare book market tended not to command high prices just yet.19 In 1831, one could buy even luxurious incunables, such as Hartmann Schedel’s Nuremberg Chronicle, for the price of a few guineas.20 Early medical books were not necessarily the favorite of nineteenth-century European collectors. The revival of interest in sixteenth-century anatomy, and especially in Vesalius, came only at the end of the century when rich American physician collectors appeared on the market. The price of the Fabrica began its ascent at that moment, and it has not stopped climbing ever since. In the early twentieth century, our first records reveal a picture strikingly different from the 1800s. Writing in the 1910s, the Vesalian collector Sir William Osler wrote that copies of the 1543 Fabrica turned up on the market quite regularly, and usually sold for £10–£20.21 In 1923, for example, Goldschmidt sold a slightly damaged 1555 edition for £16.22 This was a considerable, though not extraordinary, sum for the period. In 1929, in contrast, the Paris book dealer Kirkor Gumuchian was able to sell a first edition for a whopping 15,000 francs (I/30), signaling that the Fabrica had become a celebrity. Four years later, Goldschmidt was also pricing his copies accordingly, offering his 1543 Fabrica for £150, the rough equivalent of Gumuchian’s 17  Sappol, Dream Anatomy, 46–52. 18  Secord, “Progress in Print.” 19  For the best account of the emergence of this market, with more emphasis on the growth of prices, see Jensen, Revolution and the Antiquarian Book. 20  Chantilly, “Property of a Distinguished Poisoner,” 129. At the same sale, a second edition Hyperotomachia sold for 13 shillings. 21  Osler, Bibliotheca Osleriana, 58. 22   Rare Book Hub, Goldschmidt Catalogue 2–240, 1923.

17

A Valuable Book

price.23 The difference between Goldschmidt’s 1923 and 1933 prices also signals the diverging fates of the 1543 and the 1555 editions. Once the Fabrica became a collectors’ item, there was a marked preference for the first edition, the price of which quickly surpassed that of the second folio edition. In 1949, a first edition cost around £650, while a second edition could be acquired for just £170. As the Yale historian of medicine Lloyd Grenfell Stevenson noted then, the “devaluation of the pound has brought the price [of the 1555 edition] down from £225 to £170” (II/16). After the war, the rise of the Fabrica continued, despite the fluctuations of the pound’s value. In 1956, Schab offered a first edition in contemporary vellum binding for $2500.24 In the same year, Sotheby’s price for the same was £520, but by 1960 it asked £1,800 for the first edition that once belonged to the Carmelites of Paris.25 Five years later, in 1965, a slightly imperfect first edition fetched $4,760 with Sotheby’s; and an incomplete edition cost $2,250 at Parke Bernet’s in 1967.26 In the 1970s, the 1543 Fabrica was estimated to fetch between 2,000 and 3,000 pounds or up to $24,000. The second edition, in contrast, went up to only $7,750. By 1988, the price of the Fabrica doubled to $41,800, and in the same year, the 1555 edition crossed the £10,000 threshold at Sotheby’s.27 By 1996, the first edition was valued at over $100,000, and two years later, the hand-colored dedication copy was sold for $1,652,500.28 In 2000, one 1555 edition fetched the price of $81,250, and the value of this edition has kept on growing since.29 In contrast, the first edition was valued up to $400,000 in the years around 2016, significantly higher than the second folio edition. Importantly, the rising financial value of the Fabrica in the twentieth century is only partly explained by its folio size and its exquisite illustrations. The modern cult of Vesalius as the founder of anatomy ensures that any volume associated with his name commands an impressive price today. Compare the price of the 1543 Fabrica with Adriaan van Spieghel’s De humani corporis fabrica, an illustrated, folio anatomy atlas that shares only its name with Vesalius. One could buy a damaged copy of the 1627 first edition for $1150 in 2003, and a complete copy for

$11,250 in 2007, even though Spieghel and Vesalius commanded similar prices in the seventeenth century.30 The difference between $15,000 and $400,000 is largely due to the fame of one author, and the relative obscurity of the other. The renown of the 1543 Fabrica has had an impact on other editions, as well. The pirated, two-volume Lyon edition of 1552 is circulating for more than $10,000 these days, even though it is small in size and has practically no illustrations. In fact, the difference in price between this edition and a copy of the 1555 Basel edition is not more today than in the sixteenth century. Compare the inflated price of the Lyon edition with the 750 Swiss francs that the little-known Gwalther’s De syllabarum commands today.31 Were it not for the reputation of the author, the Lyon Fabrica would probably be available for less than $1,000 today. To conclude, major changes in the cultural politics of medicine explain how the Fabrica’s price fluctuated from one century to another. At the end of the eighteenth century, the Fabrica lost much of its monetary value when its relevance as a professional textbook of medicine faded. In the early twentieth century, with the emergence of an American rare book market with a strong interest in the history of medicine, and especially Vesalius, the value of the Fabrica recovered and began to grow. Within each time period, however, the relative price of the Fabrica, as compared to other medical works, was strongly conditioned by its material qualities. Vesalius’ and Oporinus’ choice of a luxurious folio edition with woodcuts accounts for the volume’s price up until 1750. It also plays a significant role in explaining why the Fabrica became such an expensive volume in the twentieth century. Yet it is the growing cult of Vesalius, and the collectors’ preference for first edition, that fully explains why the 1543 Fabrica sells for $400,000, and why the 1555 Fabrica sells for roughly $100,000 on the markets today, as opposed to the ten, twenty, or maybe thirty thousand dollars a similar book would fetch without a famous author’s name attached to it.

23   Rare Book Hub, Goldschmidt Catalogue 28–6, 1933. 24   Rare Book Hub, William Schab 22–137, 1956. 25   Rare Book Hub, Sotheby’s, Salmon-68; Rare Book Hub, Sotheby’s Dr. Archibald Gilpin Sale, May 30, 1960, lot 257. 26   Rare Book Hub, Sotheby’s Sale, March 1–3, 1965, lot 564; Rare Book Hub, Parke Bernet, 2524–154, 1967. 27   Rare Book Hub, Christie’s Sale, May 20, 1988. 28  Christie’s New York Sale 8444 Lot 47, 17 May, 1996; Christie’s New York Sale 8854 Lot 213, March 18, 1998. 29   Rare Book Hub.

The previous section focused on how political developments, and the producers’ intentions, affected the average monetary value of the Fabrica across the years. Yet, throughout the years, owners also contributed to shaping the value of their copies, making each exemplar personal

2.2

Showcasing Ownership: Bindings

30  Swann Sale 1979 Lot 262, October 9, 2003; Christie’s Sale 1885 Lot 27, October 5, 2007. 31   E OS Buchantiquariat Benz. Froschauer Drucke Sale Lot 19.

18 and unique. Hand-colored copies of early modern illustrated books, for instance, usually tripled in value; and a good number of owners opted to embellish their copies in this manner.32 The choice of binding offered a similar opportunity to express one’s appreciation of the Fabrica. Since the Fabrica was sold unbound, like all other books of the period, owners could order personalized bindings from their local shop. And practically every one of them decided to bind their copy. All surviving exemplars, bar one at the New York Academy of Medicine (the Lambert copy), are currently bound (I/245).33 Moreover, over 50% of the surviving copies are still in their contemporary or near-contemporary binding, and most binding are in a good condition. The longevity of these bindings reveals the attention and care that sixteenth-century binders paid to the volume. Most of the early bindings are lavishly blindstamped pigskin with elaborate decorations, or stylish contemporary vellum with gold-stamped borders, with a good number of volumes bound in blind-stamped calfskin, as well. There was a marked preference for pigskin amongst those who lived in Central Europe, where around 75% of the copies were bound in this material. We do not have enough data points to make strong statements for other European regions, where there are no such clear preferences for bindings. In Italy, early owners seem to have opted mostly for vellum, while calfskin bindings are well represented in France and England. In a few cases, it is possible to identify the binder of these volumes. We thus know that the 1555 edition in Reading, once owned by the medical historian and zoologist F. J. Cole, was bound by Josias Mechler in Basel in 1557, soon after the volume was printed (II/282).34 This binding may also suggest that, unless the copy was purchased by a local Swiss customer, one could potentially order the Fabrica to be bound by a Basel binder before it was shipped abroad. Most readers, however, probably had the Fabrica bound where they themselves resided. The Nuremberg physician Georg Palma had his volume bound in Tübingen by Samuel Streler in 1565 for the price of one florin, after he had purchased it from Wilhelm Scheffer 32  See, for instance, Nickelsen, “The Challenge of Colour.” 33  The Lambert copy is wrapped in contemporary vellum, but no wooden boards were ever inserted in the wrapping. There is an additional, unbound copy at the Huntington Library, whose sheets have been separated and are heavily damaged because of an earlier, failed, attempt at conservation (I/262), and there is a copy at the Complutense University in Madrid (II/211), which is missing its front cover. 34  Mitchell, “A Mid-Sixteenth Century Binding by Josias Mechler, Basel.”

Chapter 2

(Opilio) for five florins (II/103). Similarly, we know that the Polish king Sigismund August relied on his own bookbinder, the renowned Master David of Krakow, to have the Fabrica bound in blind- and gold-stamped calfskin with floral and arabesque decorations (I/132).35 Based on bindings and provenance records, Wittenberg was an important centre for the distribution of the Fabrica, as we know of several bindings that can be traced to the city in the sixteenth century. Soon after 1543, the Saxon elector Johann Friedrich I had his first edition (I/65) bound in Wittenberg, where he resided, and so did the Swedish Erasmus Nicolai, who received his 1555 copy from his Wittenberg professor Matthias Gunderam in 1560 (II/229). Nicolai turned to Valentin Reich, who bound the volume in blind-stamped pigskin, and, appropriately for a Lutheran minister, decorated it with portraits of allegorical figures, as well as of Philip Melanchthon and Martin Luther. The mysterious “G. F. V.” also had his 1555 edition bound in Wittenberg in 1567, using the services of Frobenius Hempel (II/P10). As in the case of Nicolai, “G. F. V.”, whose monogram is on the front cover, opted for blind-stamped pigskin, and had it decorated with religious allegories, including the figures of “Spes” and “Fides”. Last, but not least, there is one more 1555 edition bound in Wittenberg, this time by a team that consists of the binders Hans Schreiber and Severin Rötter, the second husband of Schreiber’s widow (II/P16). The aim of binding was to provide decorative protection for the pages, and also to showcase the owner’s identity. One can identify the copy of Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke, now preserved at the Newberry Library (I/215), by its personalized, gold-tooled red morocco binding, although the pencil note on the front pastedown (“The Pembroke Copy”) also helps. Similarly, the Lamoignon family’s morocco bindings for their collection became so famous that they have their own name in French today, ‘reliure à Lamoignon’ (II/317). In the majority of cases, personalization meant that the bindings were stamped with the owner’s coat of arms, monograms, or full name. At the Biblioteca Marciana, the coat of arms of the physician Tommaso Rangone, stamped on his Fabrica’s cover, is crucial for identifying the copy (I/110). In many pigskin copies, the early owners had their monograms stamped on the front cover, together with the date of acquisition. These monograms offer tantalizing clues about the erstwhile owner’s identity, but one is usually unable to solve the riddle of identification. We do not know who “G. S. R.” is in the Stanford copy (II/355), or who “W. L. N.” is in a Bamberg copy (I/52). In the case of the copy at 35  Sidorowicz-Mulak and Wagner, „Dzieło Vesaliusa w oprawie Mistrza Dawida.”

A Valuable Book

Figure 6

Contemporary binding by Master David of Kraków for King Sigismund August II. I/132. Wrocław: Ossolineum. Call No.: XVI f. 13820.

19

20

Figure 7

Chapter 2

A binding for Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke. I/215. Chicago: Newberry Library. Call No.: Case 6A 156.

Elbląg (II/178), we are more fortunate, as the monogram „A. M. M.” is clearly Andreas Morenberg, the local patrician whose note of donation to the gymnasium in the city is in the book itself. Even when the owners cannot be identified, the bindings can at least reveal their religious affiliation. For example, six early pigskin bindings feature a series of blind-stamped decorations of the major figures of the reformation: the portraits of Philip Melanchthon and Martin Luther, usually accompanied by Erasmus and Jan Hus (I/52, I/174, II/31, II/91, II/169, II/185, II/229, II/238, II/307). At least in the case of two copies, these decorations can be traced back to Lutheran Wittenberg (I/52, I/174). Yet it remains unclear whether the other copies were also bound and stamped in Wittenberg, or whether rolls with portraits of the reformers circulated more widely in Lutheran lands. On occasion, owners decided to bind the Fabrica with other works of anatomy, especially with the companion volume of the Epitome. Rangone’s copy in the Marciana is still bound with the Epitome; and so is the copy in Toledo, once owned by the Spanish Francisco del Campos, who paid forty reales in 1579 to have the two works bound together (I/110, II/217). The Utrecht 1543 edition was once also bound with the Epitome, but the two works are now preserved separately in the library (I/130). One can also find several little-known anatomical broadsheets between the covers of the Fabrica, including a sheet from

the Tabulae sex (II/154). The Casanatense copy has two of the three sheets of Chrestien Wechel’s Tabulae tres from 1538 (I/102), the Wellcome copy contains the male and female flap anatomies of Jean Ruelle from 1539 (II/270), the Huntington’s disbound volume has two broadsheets by Cornelis Bos (I/262), while the Deutsches Historisches Museum in Berlin includes a hand-colored copy of Hans Guldenmundt’s male and female anatomies (I/53). Interestingly, two exemplars contain works by Volcher Coiter (II/9, II/277). The Fabrica could also be bound with non-medical sheets. Some owners decided to add an extra portrait of Vesalius to their copies (I/248), usually using a print by Philips Galle (I/186, I/261). Others opted for a moralizing print from Johannes Sadeler (II/113), and, in one curious case, the pastedowns were decorated with an outof-date calendar from 1540 by Hans Guldenmundt (I/76). 2.3

Decoration and Function: Hand-Colored Copies

Next to binding, hand-coloring was the other major method to personalize and embellish the Fabrica and raise its value. Vesalius must have arranged to have the dedication copy of Emperor Charles V hand-colored (just as he had prepared a hand-colored dedication copy of the Epitome for Prince Philip), but, for most of the other copies, it was probably the contemporary readers who arranged for the

A Valuable Book

Figure 8

Contemporary binding from 1550 with the monogram “W. L. N.” I/52. Bamberg: Staatsbibliothek Bamberg. Call No.: Anat.f.2-a.

21

22

Chapter 2

Figure 9 Hans Guldenmundt. Anatomia oder abconterfeyung eines Weybs Leib. Nuremberg, after 1532. Pasted onto the back pastedown of I/53. Berlin: Deutsches Historisches Museum. Call No.: RB 92/2221.

A Valuable Book

Figure 10 Hand-colored frontispiece. I/67. Koblenz: Bibliothek des Staatlichen Görres-Gymnasiums.

23

24 illuminations.36 While there are some thirty-four handcolored or partially hand-colored copies, not two of them follow the exact same pattern. Thus the dog at the bottom right of the frontispiece appears to have a mixture of brown and gray hair in the copy at Chapel Hill (I/214) and in Wrocław (II/196), bluish gray hair in Koblenz (I/67), golden hair at the Russian State Library in Moscow (I/138), and white hair in the dedication copy (I/A8). In some of these cases, we can be fairly certain that the handcoloring is contemporary, as in the case of the Koblenz copy, which was once owned by the Lutheran physician Erasmus Flock, or in the case of the Wrocław copy, which bears a hand-colored coat of arms of Joannes Kitzingkus from 1574. In general, however, it is difficult to determine when a copy was illuminated. Coloring could perform a number of functions.37 The majority of exemplars are colored for decorative purposes, significantly enhancing the book’s value. Kitzingkus’ copy features gilt, and carefully painted initials, and the Chapel Hill copy has tastefully illuminated backgrounds for the skeleton men. Yet not all examples of decorative coloring are similarly impressive. The Montpellier 1543 edition (I/32) has only three colored historiated initials, and the 1555 edition in Münster (II/100) only colors the letters of the historiated initials in the first few pages. In Reims (I/43), the background, the coat and the lips of Vesalius are illuminated in his portrait, but the rest of the image, and the rest of the book, are not. Clearly, decorative coloring did not necessarily need to be costly or impressive. The few houses that are colored in in the background of the first muscle men in Oldenburg (I/73) could be the work of any dabbler. One is tempted to make a similar judgment about the Besançon 1555 edition (II/27), where the frontispiece is partly colored, or the copy at the College of Physicians in Philadelphia (I/248), which has one letter hand-colored. 36  Given that Vesalius left within two days of the completion of printing, his team of colorists must have been hard at work coloring the first half while the second half was being printed (fortunately for the colorists, the last book of the Fabrica has relatively fewer images than the previous ones). We thank Vivian Nutton for discussing this point. 37  On coloring early modern prints, see Dackerman, Painted Prints.

Chapter 2

For the Fabrica, coloring could serve other purposes, as well. In some cases, the purpose appears to be sexual. At the University of Wrocław (I/133), someone painted red the labia at the illustration of the vagina, while at Stanford (I/265) red color and pubic hair are added to the penis of the muscle men. In other cases, however, coloring helps readers interpret anatomical illustrations. It is especially useful for understanding the three-dimensional structure of the vascular and nervous systems, which are difficult to visualize on paper in two dimensions. For instance, the copies at Houghton Library (II/298) and at Queen’s College, Oxford (II/280) both partially color in red the illustration of the portal veins, with the intention of visualizing the meandering of specific vessels in the body. The copy at the Regenstein Library in Chicago (I/217) uses two colors, in turn, to do the same with the system of the vena cava. Coloring can also reveal how the liver is connected to other parts of the body, as one can see in the eerily similar colorings present in Georg Palma’s copy in Nuremberg (II/103) and in the Trinity College Dublin copy (I/78). Palma’s copy also uses a complex system of color coding in order to identify parts of the nervous system and the brain. Each part of the illustration is illuminated in a different color, and the same color is used to highlight the corresponding entry in the explanation of characters. While the classification of decorative, identificatory and sexual coloring appears to work well with most Fabricas, the Fermo copy (I/83) is much harder to interpret.38 This exemplar features a large number of illustrations where the flesh is painted in monochromatic red. The aesthetic effect of this coloring is minimal. In the case of the muscle men, for instance, the background is left untouched. Occasionally, the artist used both red and green paint to visualize the spermatic vessels, but the overwhelming majority of images do not use color for identificatory purposes. When it comes to the display of surgical instruments, moreover, the function of red color seems to be jocular. The sharp edges of the instruments are painted red in order to indicate and imitate blood dripping from them. Without further information about production, however, it is difficult to determine the original reason for coloring. 38   On this copy, see Zurlini, “The physician Romolo Spezioli (1642–1723).”

A Valuable Book

Figure 11 Hand-colored initial on a2r. II/100. Münster: Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Münster. Call No.: RHain B 1.

Figure 12 Hand-colored initial on p. 1. I/76. Budapest: Semmelweis University Central Library. Call No.: M/V-7.

25

26

Figure 13 Woodcut of the vagina with hand-colored labia and annotations on p. 584. II/P14. Private Collection.

Chapter 2

A Valuable Book

Figure 14 Hand-colored woodcuts facilitating the identification of internal organs on p. 365[465]. I/78. Dublin: Trinity College Library. Call No.: k.a.21. Credit: The Board of Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin.

27

28

Chapter 2

Figure 15 Hand-colored woodcut of the muscles of the penis with identifications of the characters on p. 225. I/83. Fermo: Biblioteca Civica Romolo Spezioli. Call No.: 1 e 7 n. 1582.

Table 1

Exemplars with partial or complete hand-coloring

Id

Country

City

Library

I/28

France

I/32 I/43 I/44

France France France

Boulognesur-Mer Montpellier Reims Rouen

I/67

Germany

Koblenz

I/73 I/76

Germany Hungary

Oldenburg Budapest

Bibliothèque des Annonciades Médiathèques Montpellier Bibliothèques de Rheims Musée Flaubert et d’Histoire de la médecine Bibliothek des Staatlichen Görres-Gymnasiums Landesbibliothek Oldenburg Semmelweis University

Call No.

C769 RES. GG 27

NW III 3 A 110 M/V-7.

Edition

Extent

Type

1st

significant

identificatory

1st 1st 1st

minor minor significant

decorative decorative decorative

1st

significant

decorative

1st 1st

minor minor

decorative decorative

29

A Valuable Book

Id

Country

City

I/78 I/83

Ireland Italy

Dublin Fermo

I/96

Italy

I/133 I/138 I/152 I/153 I/214

Poland Russia Switzerland Switzerland USA

I/217 I/223

USA USA

I/248

USA

I/265 II/27

USA France

II/100 Germany II/103 II/129 II/133 II/176 II/196 II/227

Germany Italy Italy Norway Poland Sweden

Library

Trinity College Library Biblioteca Civica Romolo Spezioli Padua Biblioteca Universitaria di Padova Wrocław University of Wrocław Moscow Russian State Library Basel Universitätsbibliothek Basel Basel Universitätsbibliothek Basel Chapel Hill, University of North NC Carolina—Chapel Hill Chicago, IL University of Chicago Galveston, TX University of Texas Medical Branch Philadelphia, The College of Physicians of PA Philadelphia Stanford, CA Stanford University Besançon Bibliothèque municipale de Besançon Münster Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Münster Nuremberg Stadtbibliothek Nürnberg Florence Biblioteca Riccardiana Milan Biblioteca Braidense Oslo University of Oslo Wrocław University of Wrocław Uppsala Uppsala University

II/268 UK

London

University College London

II/277 UK II/280 UK II/298 USA

Oxford Oxford Cambridge, MA London Vienna

Bodleian Library Queen’s College Houghton Library

I/A8 I/16 I/P13

Auction Auction USA

Christie’s Dorotheum

Call No.

Edition

Extent

Type

k.a.21. 1 e 7 n. 1582

1st 1st

minor significant

identificatory unknown

A.97.a.6

1st

minor

decorative

2 D 300 3634410

1st 1st 1st 1st 1st

minor significant significant significant significant

sexual decorative decorative decorative decorative

alc QM21.V588 c2.

1st 1st

minor significant

identificatory decorative

ZAd 25 c1

1st

minor

decorative

QM21 .V4 1543F 11371

1st 2nd

minor minor

sexual decorative

RHain B 1

2nd

minor

decorative

Med. 2. 155 SEDE.St.10180 AB.15.0041 Plv Fk 1111 fol 552710 Bibliotheca Walleriana 9901 STRONG ROOM C FOLIO 1555 V27 Douce V subt. 7 Sel.f.72 f Typ 565.55.868 (A)

2nd 2nd 2nd 2nd 2nd 2nd

significant significant minor minor significant minor

identificatory decorative sexual decorative decorative decorative

2nd

minor

identificatory

2nd 2nd 2nd

significant minor minor

identificatory identificatory identificatory

1st 1st 1st

significant significant minor

decorative decorative identificatory

LB I 1 AN I 15 QS 4 V575 1543

Chapter 3

Provenance The Fabrica was and still is a book that one is proud to own. A good number of copies bear possessors’ notes from the 1540s onwards to 2017, which allows us to trace the movement of Fabricas across five centuries. For the period between 1550–1650, we can be fairly certain of the location of 25% of the copies. For the period between 1650 and 1750, this number rises to 40%, and we know the location of over 50% for the years around 1800.1 We used this data set, together with our knowledge of the fate of individual copies, to perform our analysis. Our findings reveal that after the first few years the Fabrica became a fairly static object that tended to stay in the same city for many centuries, and this immobility becomes especially prominent in the years after 1800. The reason for this immobility is the increasing role that state and university libraries have played in the preservation of natural knowledge since 1750, limiting the circulation of Fabrica quite severely. By restricting the movement of copies on the market, these libraries also contributed to the steady price growth of the Fabrica in the twentieth century. Rare books became more rare on the market when many copies were locked up in public libraries. How did copies of Vesalius’ Fabrica travel across the centuries? Initially, once they were printed, they obviously traveled quite fast, as Oporinus was eager to sell as many copies as possible. Packages of the Fabrica were dispatched to the major fairs, and copies were available throughout much of Western and Central Europe from early on, with copies recorded in Spanish America by 1561, and in Russia and Ottoman Turkey in the seventeenth century.2 Once the first excitement about the Fabrica was 1  To determine ownership across the ages, we attempted to determine ownership patterns for copies in publicly accessible institutions in 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, and 2017. If at least one ownership record was available for these points ± 50 years, we selected the ownership record closest to the turn of the century. Provenance records are imprecise, and they usually fail to record both the date of acquisition and the date of disposal. When such information was lacking, we made the assumption that human owners, on average, had the Fabrica in their possession for 30 years before they died, while institutional owners had the Fabrica for 100 years. Because these assumptions introduce a level of uncertainty, our data should be used with extreme caution. They indicate major historical transformations, and should not be taken to be too precise. 2  Skaarup, Anatomy and Anatomists in Early Modern Spain, 277; Brömer, “Kulturgeschichte der Osmanischen Medizin;” Okenfuss,

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2018 | doi 10.1163/9789004336308_004

over, the speed with which copies moved slowed down considerably. Today, roughly 40% of the copies are still in the same city where they were recorded in 1600.3 These include several exemplars that still reside at the same institution that acquired them in the sixteenth or early seventeenth centuries. For example, the English theologian Andrew Perne purchased a copy of the first edition probably soon after publication (I/170), and left it as a bequest to Peterhouse, Cambridge, together with the rest of his library. It is still at Peterhouse today. Similarly, Eton College in Windsor acquired their exemplar before 1622, and have kept it ever since (II/285). In Britain, institutional stability has been quite strong in the field of education, and it is not surprising to see the stable ownership patterns of many Fabricas there. Yet similar examples can also be found in continental Europe. Consider the copy of the Augsburg physician Adolphus Otto Atan, a good friend of Vesalius (II/89).4 Atan donated an exemplar to the German aristocrat Johannes von Schellenberg in 1599, and when Schellenberg died, the volume entered the collection of the Konstanz Jesuit college. After secularization, the Jesuit school became the local high school in Konstanz, but the library was kept intact. You can still find Atan’s Fabrica at the Heinrich Suso Gymnasium today. The exemplar of Georg Palma (II/103) is another example how, soon after they left Basel, the Fabricas became immobile for a long period of time. Palma purchased his second edition from Wilhelm Scheffer (Opilio) in Tübingen in 1565, brought it back to Nuremberg, where he spent the rest of his career as a physician, and it was probably he who annotated it in great detail. Upon his death, he left this copy with the rest of his heavily annotated books to the city, and they are still there in the Stadtbibliothek’s collections.5

The Rise and Fall of Latin Humanism in Early Modern Russia, 65–66. 3  Obviously, we only counted copies for which we have provenance information for 1600. If we include copies in private possession for which we have provenance information, the number is 38%. If we only discuss copies for which we also have provenance information in 1800, the number jumps to 48%. 4  Houtzager, “Andreas Vesalius and the Occo Medals of Augsburg.” 5  On Palma, see Murphy, “Common Places and Private Spaces;” König, Der Nürnberger Stadtarzt Dr. Georg Palma; Beare, Die Bibliothek des

Provenance

Figure 16 Adolphus Occo Atan’s note of donation to Johannes von Schellenberg of Hüfingen, Stauffen and Randegg on the front flyleaf. II/89. Konstanz: Heinrich-Suso-Gymnasium. Call No.: Jb 32X.

31

32

Chapter 3

Graph 1

3.1

Professional and institutional distribution of owners in 1600, shown as a percentage of total copies with known ownership in 1600. When an individual was known in more than one professions, we listed them only in one category. Religious institutions include catholic monasteries and monastic colleges, as well as protestant colleges; religious professionals include priests, monks, and ministers; libraries refer to repositories of books established independently from other institutions.

The Physician’s Book: Ownership between 1550–1650

What social, political and economic forces guided the movement of the Fabrica across the centuries? In the sixteenth century, it was clearly the economic motives of Oporinus and Vesalius, and customer demand across Europe, that set the volume in motion. Even after the first excitement over the appearance of the volume settled down, quite a number of copies kept on circulating, especially within the rough cultural and national boundaries of early modern states. The eighteenth century saw, however, two major and closely connected events that put a number of copies in movement, and, at the same time, ensured that no similar movement would happen for a long time. We are talking about the eighteenth-century secularization of monasteries, monastic educational institutions, and in consequence, monastic libraries, including the banning of the Jesuit and other monastic orders, the Nürnberger Arztes und Humanisten Georg Palma. We thank Hannah Murphy for advice on Palma.

laicisation of the French state during the revolution, and, potentially, similar movements in the protestant lands.6 In the years around 1600, the overwhelming majority of Fabricas (roughly three-quarters) was still in private hands, suggesting that it served primarily the purposes of research and private study. More than half of the copies were in the hands of physicians, surgeons, scientific practitioners, or professors. These medical and scholarly professionals were part of the elite and, in some cases, they were associated with the court. The Polish Sylvius Roguski, for instance, had a highly successful career as a royal physician, and he received his Fabrica from Queen Anna Jagiellonka, as a gift and acknowledgment of his services (I/132). The English Sir Theodor Turquet de Mayerne, whose copy is at the Cambridge University Library (I/165), is very well known to medical historians on both sides of the English Channel because he served as physician 6  For a brief overview of these developments, including a review of the literature, see Garrett, “Klostersturm and Secularization in Central Europe;” for the French revolution, see Jensen, Revolution and the Antiquarian Book.

Provenance

to Henri IV of France, and then to James I and Charles I of England (I/163).7 Compared to physicians, only a few surgeons owned a copy of the Fabrica, despite its potential usefulness for their job, because surgeons were less highly ranked on the social ladder. Yet royal surgeons were obviously an exception to this rule. The copy of Antoine Portail, royal surgeon to Henri III, survives to this day, having passed through the hands of the eighteenthcentury luminaries Richard Mead and William Hunter (I/176). The copy of his predecessor, Nicolas Rassius Deneux, has also survived (II/251). The high social value of the Fabrica is indicated well by the number of aristocrats and sovereigns who owned a copy. Apart from Emperor Charles V, and the Polish Queen, we also know that the Duke of Urbino (I/106), the Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (II/115), the Archbishop-elector of Mainz (II/95), the Elector of Saxony (I/65), and the Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg had this atlas in their libraries (II/86). It is well known that sixteenth- and seventeenthcentury artists had a strong interest in Vesalian anatomy, and the Fabrica frequently shows up in the background of several paintings of the period.8 Our census confirms that the visual world of the Fabrica held a special appeal for artists who contemplated the complexities of picturing the human body. Importantly, five still surviving copies were once in the hands of painters and printmakers. These artists include the Dutch miniaturist Jacques de Gheyn II (II/169), who inherited the copy of the botanist Rembert Dodoens, the French draughtsman and painter Daniel Dumonstier (I/38), the Genuan mannerist painter Luciano Borzone (II/299), and, in all probability, the Florentine artist Alessandro Allori, whose interest in anatomy is well documented (I/108).9 While Rembrandt probably did not own a Fabrica, he may have had access to the copy owned by his patron Nicolaes Tulp (I/122), since a Fabrica is shown in the background of Rembrandt’s famous painting, the Anatomy of Dr. Tulp.10 Vesalius’ atlas was also listed amongst the holdings of Diego Velazquez, 7  Trevor-Roper, Europe’s Physician. 8  Kornell, Artists and the Study of Anatomy in Sixteenth-Century Italy; Damm, Thimann and Zittel, The Artist as Reader. We thank Monique Kornell for discussing these topics with us. 9  We thank Rick Scorza, Monique Kornell, and Lia Markey for discussing Allori with us, and helping us make a tentative identification of the signature, and we thank Claudia Swan for advice on Jacques de Gheyn II. See Margócsy, Somos, and Joffe, “Jacques de Gheyn II and Vesalius.” On Allori and anatomy, see Kornell, Artists and the Study of Anatomy, 91. 10   On Rembrandt and Tulp, see Schupbach, The Paradox of Rembrandt’s Anatomy of Dr. Tulp.

33 and in the library of Peter Paul Rubens’ son, who probably inherited it from his father.11 These copies can no longer be identified today, but their documentation reveals how important Vesalius’s work and Calcar’s woodcuts were for the major artists of the period. Later artists continued to show an interest in the Fabrica, and a copy could also be found in the libraries of the Bolognese painter and wax artist Ercole Lelli (I/89), the British academician Francis Cotes (II/258), or the Danish painter and architect Carl Markus Tuscher (I/22). In his introductory lecture series on anatomy John Warner, one of the three founders of Harvard Medical School, still referred sculptors, painters, and musicians to Vesalius’ Fabrica as the best source for visualizing the human body.12 Learned priests and ministers could also benefit from the natural theological significance of anatomy on both sides of the Reformation. The Lutheran theologian Philipp Melanchthon and the catholic scholar Benito Arias Montano both composed poems inspired by Vesalius and the Fabrica, which were copied out in hand in several exemplars (I/77, I/204, and II/316, II/338).13 Ownership records bear out the importance of the Fabrica for religious professionals. The owners could be protestant ministers, such as Heinrich Bullinger and Rudolf Gwalther in Zürich (I/160) or the Swedish Lutheran bishop Erasmus Nicolai (I/247), or prominent catholic figures, including the Sassari archbishop Andres Bacallar (II/146) and, slightly later, the French cardinal Jules Mazarin (I/35, II/47). The Fabrica was read and owned equally by catholics and protestants. Taking private and institutional owners together, around 45% of the copies was in protestant hands before 1800, including the Church of England, while around 55% was owned by catholics. Since the majority of Europe remained or converted back to catholicism in 11  We thank Monique Kornell and José-Ramon Marcaida for alerting us to the surviving accounts of Velazquez’s library; Gallego y Burín, Varia Velazqueña; homenaje a Velázquez en el III centenario de su muerte, 1660–1960, II/399, no. 555. On Rubens, see Arents, De bibliotheek van Pieter Pauwel Rubens. 12  Somos, “John Warren’s Lectures on Anatomy,” 144. 13  Many physicians doubled as theologians, and vice versa, and, for such owners, we record them as physicians, which means that we probably underestimate ownership by religious professionals. On Melanchthon, Vesalius, and Lutheranism, see Cunningham, The Anatomical Renaissance; Nutton, “Wittenberg Anatomy;” Cunningham, “Protestant Anatomy;” Belt, Philipp Melanchthon’s Observations on the Human Body. For a translation of Melanchthon’s poem, see Cunningham and Hug, Focus on the Frontispiece of the Fabrica of Vesalius. Benito Arias Montano’s poem is from Galle, Virorum doctorum de disciplinis benemerentium effigies.

34

Figure 17 A copy of Philipp Melanchthon’s poem on the Fabrica on the front flyleaf. I/77. Pécs: University of Pécs, Klimó Library. Call No.: II. I. 16.

Chapter 3

Provenance

the early modern period, these numbers suggest a fairly equal distribution between the two Western branches of Christianity. The provenance records remain silent about female owners in this and later periods. It is men who leave their possessor’s marks in the Fabrica. In a few cases, a wife or a daughter records inheriting the Fabrica, and they tend to donate it to a religious institution in memory of the deceased, male, family member, or to their family doctor, as Anna Jagiellonka did. In the Dutch town of Enkhuizen around 1600, when the town physician Petrus Franciscus Maelson died, her widow donated her Fabrica to the Westerkerk. In Flanders, when the physician Petrus Wynants died, her widow similarly gave her Fabrica away, probably to a Jesuit library, “in memory of her spouse” (I/217). The situation did not improve over the centuries. In the years around 1700, when the Florentine Cassandra Capponi inherited the collection of her father, Vincenzo Capponi and opened it up to the public, the library would bear the name of her husband, Francesco Riccardi (II/129). In the twentieth century, women kept on giving away the Fabricas of their deceased family members, but this time to universities, and not to the church. In the northern French city of Caen, for instance, it was Nelly Corbeau who donated the collection of her deceased brother, André Corbeau, to the university just three years after his death (II/31). In a few cases, however, we see the emergence of a family collection that bears the name of both husband and wife, such as the Ruth C. and Robert Horlick Library (II/294) or the Ruth and Lyle Sellers Medical Collection (II/310). Starting our count in 1543, we know of only seventeen copies that were co-owned by women, even for a short period of time. To the best of our knowledge, the first woman to buy a Fabrica on her own did so in Spring 2016. This does not mean that women did not have access to the work of Vesalius, or that they did not study it. We will later discuss a poignant example of women reading the Fabrica in early seventeenth-century Lindau. Yet, by and large, our census does not allow for the recovery of the private reading practices of early modern women. As our discussion of owners around 1600 reveals, the Fabrica circulated between members of a narrow elite then. This does not mean that Vesalius’ anatomical work did not have an effect outside these circles. Yet this impact worked primarily through those editions that Vesalius did not supervise, through translations into the vernacular, and through the incorporation of the anatomist’s work into the publications of others. There was widespread interest in Vesalian anatomy in highly diverse, and not necessarily medical circles, but our narrow focus on the 1543

35 and 1555 editions precludes extensive discussion of how Vesalius’ ideas, Calcar’s images, and Oporinus’ printed work were transformed and adapted into new contexts. Geographically speaking, the Fabrica around 1600 was predominantly in Germanic lands (or, alternatively, Germans were especially willing to sign their ownership in the book). Around one third of the surviving copies are documented within the boundaries of present-day Germany, excluding exemplars in cities such as Strassburg or Breslau, which formed part of the Holy Roman Empire. France and Italy both claim more than ten percent of the share, and so does England on the British Isles (Scotland had one documented copy in Edinburgh at this point). The concentration of the Fabrica appears to follow patterns similar to Copernicus’ De revolutionibus, with most copies located in the southern and western areas of the Holy Roman Empire, the Low Countries, Northern Italy, Rome, Paris, and Oxbridge.14 These common patterns reflect the similarity of the two works. Both were published in Central Europe in 1543, in a folio format, for a learned audience. It may be useful to contrast the concentration of these works with the spread of a work from a different genre, such as the Shakespeare First Folio, which was published in English and was not intended at a scholarly community. Until the late nineteenth century, most First Folios stayed in Britain, when, as it is well known, Folger purchased 82 copies for his library, roughly 30% of all extant volumes, putting the United States on the map of Shakespearean collecting.15 Focusing on the city level, it is important to notice that owners around 1600 were scattered around small towns across Europe, and did not necessarily live in the major hubs of knowledge. Some of the owners clearly did, such as Achilles Gasser of Augsburg (II/150) or Georg Palma of Nuremberg (II/102). Nuremberg, Paris and Oxford could boast of six copies in those days, and Cambridge and Rome had five. Yet the typical owner lived in more moderately sized towns. One could easily find owners such as David Verbec in Speyer, whose volume then ended up with a relative in Laibach (now Ljubljana, Slovenia), and then with the Pauline monastery of Lepoglava (now in Croatia, II/116).16 We find physicians in middling German towns, such as Dillingen (I/59) or Kitzingen (I/214), in French towns such as Forez (II/37) or Bourg-en-Bresse (I/29). 14  Gingerich, An Annotated Census. 15  Rasmussen and West, The Shakespeare First Folios. Chaucer’s Works were also predominantly owned by readers on the British Isles, see Wiggins, “What Did Renaissance Readers.” 16  On the library of Verbec, see Pajorin, “David Verbec könyvtárának töredéke a Semmelweis Orvostörténeti Könyvtárban.”

36

Map 1

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Geographic distribution of the 1543 and 1555 editions of the Fabrica around 1600, showing all copies with known provenance for c. 1600 that are preserved today in public institutions. Nuremberg, Paris, and Oxford each have six copies of the Fabrica. Map by Bill Rankin.

37

Provenance

Graph 2

Professional and institutional distribution of owners in 1700, shown as a percentage of total copies with known ownership in 1700. When an individual was known in more than one professions, we listed them only in one category. Medical professionals are almost all physicians, but also include surgeons and pharmacists; religious institutions include catholic monasteries and monastic colleges, as well as protestant colleges; religious professionals include priests, monks, and ministers; libraries refer to repositories of books established independently from other institutions; professional societies include scientific and art academies, as well as medical colleges and surgical guilds.

While most English copies were already concentrated in London, Cambridge, and Oxford, one could also find copies in Tenterden (II/212) or Braunston (II/257). Few copies were held by institutions of higher education in the first century after publication, possibly because its original audience was the rich individual, or, potentially, because university and higher education libraries were less prevalent, or less interested in collecting medical works in this period than in later centuries. The renowned university of Padova, for instance, had no library until 1628, the closest major library being the Marciana in Venice.17 Possibly the cheaper, 1552 Lyon edition without the illustrations could have fulfilled the educational purpose of the Fabrica; and that may have been the edition held at universities in the period. As for the 1543 and 1555 Fabricas, less than ten percent of the copies in this period were owned by universities, such as the University of 17  We thank Giulia Rigoni Savioli for discussing this point with us.

Tübingen or the University of Franeker, and just above ten percent were owned by church libraries, consisting predominantly of religious schools, such as the Jesuit College of Bourges (II/30), or the Brussels monastery of Discalced Carmelites (II/122). 3.2

The Jesuit Century: Ownership between 1650–1750

The Fabrica’s ownership patterns underwent a drastic change from 1600 to 1700. In the years between 1650 and 1750, the book began to move from private hands to public institutions. Instead of physicians, monastic libraries become the major site for holding Vesalius’ atlas.18 Instead of three-quarters of the copies, less then half are owned by 18  On the importance of ecclesiastical libraries in the early modern period, see Jolly, “Unité et diversité des collections religieuses.”

38 individuals in this period. Only every fifth copy is owned by a physician or surgeon, less than half of what used to be the case a hundred years earlier. In contrast, roughly 25% of the copies are at the libraries of monasteries and other religious institutions. The share of such institutions appears to double, though this number may be slightly exaggerated. On several occasions we were able to determine the monastic provenance of a volume from mid- to lateeighteenth-century secularization records. In such cases, we could safely make the assumption that the Fabrica was at a monastery around 1700. While we did not make the assumption that such copies had already been acquired by the monastery in 1600, this may well have been the case sometimes. Our assumptions, however, probably do not introduce a large error into our statistics. Other institutional libraries also recorded growth in this period. By 1700, roughly 15% of the Fabricas was kept at universities, in contrast to the 10% in 1600. Similarly, while almost no exemplar was held at municipal, national or courtly libraries in 1600, over 10% of the copies are held at such institutions a century later. Municipal libraries emerged in protestant lands in the wake of the Reformation. When monasteries were closed down in England, the Netherlands, and some Germanic lands, their book holdings were often converted into a public town library.19 These libraries came to prominence in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. As their holdings grew, many of them acquired the works of Vesalius. For instance, Amsterdam established its town library in 1578, and the town physician Nicolaes Tulp’s Fabrica was in its collections by 1668 (I/125). Similarly, while we do not know if the Regensburg pastor Christoph Sigismund Donauer himself gave his copy to the city, we can safely assume that it entered the town library soon after his death in 1655 (II/104). Donations offer the best explanation why private copies were transferred to monastic and other institutional libraries in this period. The copy of the sixteenth-century Wittenberg theologian Matthias Gunderam (II/229), for instance, first traveled with his student Erasmus Nicolai to Västerås in Sweden. It stayed in private hands until 1649, when the widow of the Lutheran minister Olaeus Andreas Dalekarlus donated the volume to the town library. It is still there today.20 Similarly, the Olmütz mayor Wenzel Meixner was the proud owner of a Fabrica in the early seventeenth century, which he donated to the 19   On the history of English secularization, see Carley, “The Dispersal of the Monastic Libraries and the Salvaging of the Spoils;” for the German context, see Jochum, Kleine Bibliotheksgeschichte. 20  Sundberg, “En märklig anatomibok.”

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Premonstratensian abbot Benedict Waltenberger in Zábrdovice (II/P10). At one point after 1652, the abbot’s copy became the property of the monastery, where it probably stayed until secularization. It was for pious reasons, and for the hope of salvation, that owners gave their copies away to especially monastic libraries. This is especially clear in the case of the Reims aristocrat Guillaume de Vergeur, who left his book to the Minims of Reims in 1665 with a handwritten note “Orate pro Eo,” “pray for him” (I/43). For the Fabrica, monastic libraries primarily meant Jesuit libraries.21 Historians have offered prodigious evidence about the importance of the Jesuit order for catholic education and learning, and ownership patterns of the Fabrica bear this judgment out.22 We know of 24 Jesuit copies of the Fabrica in the years around 1700. In contrast, there were only four exemplars recorded in the holdings of both Benedictine and Discalced Carmelite monasteries, and three in Capuchin collections. Oratorian, Cistercian, Premonstratensian or Dominican libraries each had two copies, while there was only one copy at the houses of the Minim, Lazarist, Somascan, Augustinian, or Servite orders. While official church doctrine may have discouraged the study of medicine for ecclesiastics, this rule was clearly observed primarily in the breach.23 The case of the Fabrica also illustrates well that catholic institutions did not find it problematic to hold books published by a protestant printer, even when they contained lascivious woodcuts of the genitalia. Monastic librarians certainly censored the Fabrica on occasion, but they also collected and happily accepted it in the years around 1700.24 Explicitly religious institutional ownership was less pronounced in protestant lands in this period. Vesalius’ work was certainly owned by some Calvinist colleges, notably in Sárospatak (II/119) and in Debrecen (II/117) in Hungary, and some protestant church libraries also had a copy of the Fabrica, such as the Church of Mary

21  For France, see Mech, “Les bibliothèques de la Compagnie de Jésus.” 22  For an overview, see O’Malley, Bailey, and Harris, The Jesuits; Feingold, Jesuit Science and the Republic of Letters; Feingold, The New Science and Jesuit Science. 23   Sander, “Medical Topics in the De anima Commentary of Coimbra (1598).” 24   Westman makes a similar observation even for Galileo’s Dialogues, a banned book. It was more prevalent in catholic institutions than in protestant ones, and around 30% of the Dialogues, a number eerily similar to that of the Fabrica, was owned by religious institutions and churchmen. Westman, “The Reception of Galileo’s Dialogue.”

Provenance

39

Figure 18 A Jesuit copy censoring the name of the printer on the frontispiece. II/146. Sassari: Biblioteca universitari di Sassari. Call No.: ANTICO 5 C 89.

Magdalene in Breslau (II/196).25 The true counterpart of catholic monasteries was instead the protestant university. Very few catholic universities recorded holdings of the Fabrica at this time period, but the volume was very popular amongst comparable protestant institutions. Private owners made up just less than half of the total in the years around 1700, both in catholic and in protestant lands. Among these owners, we can clearly see the rise of the aristocratic collector. These were the years

when bibliophilia became an established hobby.26 To some degree, the Fabrica was already turning into a collector’s item, and not just a professional textbook for physicians. In Italy, for example the Fabrica was present in the elegant library of Cassandra Capponi and her husband Francesco Riccardi, which would then become the Biblioteca Riccardiana (II/129). The English aristocrat Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke, president of the Royal Society and dedicatee of Locke’s Essay Concerning

25  Buzás, German Library History, 206.

26  On the rise of the rare book market, see Myers, Harris, and Mandelbrote, Under the Hammer.

40 Human Understanding, probably purchased the volume to complete his impressive library, had it rebound to fit the decorative scheme of the other books, and certainly did not leave any mark in the volume that reveals his personal interest in human anatomy (I/215). We can be fairly certain that Prince Eugene of Savoy, who spent much of his lifetime on the battlefield, did not read every single volume of his fifteen-thousand-volume library in the Stadtpalais in Vienna. While it is well documented that Prince Eugene was an avid reader, especially fond of the ideas of the radical Enlightenment, his collecting passion probably went even beyond what he himself had time to digest (I/255, II/6).27 Yet, despite the growth of such a bibliophilic interest amongst aristocrats, wealthy collectors still owned significantly fewer copies than practicing physicians. The Fabrica remained a book for the study of anatomy, and not just a collectors’ favorite. Even in 1725, it held enough scientific value to be reprinted in Vesalius’ Opera omnia by Boerhaave and Albinus, the two leading anatomists of Leiden University. At the level of geography, the years around 1700 did not see major changes. Instead of every third copy at the beginning of the century, only every fourth exemplar was in Germanic lands by the end of it, potentially because of the ravages of the Thirty Years’ War. In contrast, Italy and the United Kingdom experienced a modest growth. Some of these changes may be the result of random fluctuations, but the growth of British copies potentially signifies a growing interest in anatomical and scientific work after the establishment of the Royal Society. This was the period when the status of natural philosophy and medicine skyrocketed in England, when the country’s economy grew, and when a strong consumer base developed for expensive illustrated atlases. In these years, two presidents of the Royal Society had Fabricas in their libraries: Hans Sloane, collector extraordinaire, acquired copies of both editions (I/178, II./263), and the Earl of Pembroke had a first edition (I/215). Yet other members of the Royal Society did not acquire the atlas of Vesalius, which warns us not to put too much emphasis on the modest growth in England’s share of the Fabricas. The rise of Italy and Britain also meant the rise of their capital cities, where ever more copies were concentrated. Around 1600, Nuremberg, Paris and Oxford held the most copies of the Fabrica: each of them had six. A hundred years later, London and Rome both had nine copies, while Oxford had eight. Cambridge and Paris both held seven copies, with Nuremberg nowhere 27  Margócsy, Commercial Visions; Israel, Radical Enlightenment, 101–102.

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near the top of the list. The leading hub of Renaissance Germany clearly lost its importance by the time of the Enlightenment. 3.3

The Years of Change: Ownership between 1750–1850

The period between 1750 and 1850 is decisive for the history of the Fabrica. As we have seen, the Fabrica was fairly mobile in the years between 1600 and 1800. Around half of the copies recorded in 1600 were in the same city in 1800. If you look at these copies again in 2017, almost threequarters are still where they were in 1800.28 The major reason for this decrease in mobility is the institutionalization of exemplars. Yet, by 1800, the Fabricas no longer move to monastic libraries. Private owners no longer donate their copies to religious institutions to save their souls. Instead, it is the establishment of the modern state with its monopolization of education, knowledge, and cultural heritage, that drives the removal of exemplars from the private market to institutional repositories.29 It is well known that in the course of the eighteenth century European states took increasing control over the education of their citizens, and the production of knowledge at various levels. Both catholic and protestant countries became concerned about the role of the church in educating students, maintaining libraries, and censoring book production, and this concern motivated the establishment of state education, state censorship, and national libraries and museums. Immanuel Kant’s celebrated essay on What is Enlightenment? can also be read as the Prussian philosopher’s joyful acknowledgment of the secularizing and statist efforts of King Frederick the Great. In the Habsburg lands, the major developments included Maria Theresa’s Ratio Educationis of 1777, which established government-controlled public education in the Kingdom of Hungary, the gradual secularization of censorship from 28  These statistics refer to those copies for which there is provenance information available for 1600, 1800 and 2017, i.e. for which we could compute mobility for both the 1600–1800 and 1800–2017 periods. If one computes mobility for the period between 1800 and 2017 for all copies with known provenance in 1800, the number of copies staying in the same city drops from 75% to below 70%, which is still a robust increase of 15% compared to the period of 1600–1800. For these statistics, our calculations also considered private copies, which have been more mobile in recent years than copies held at public libraries today. 29   On the relevance of these developments for libraries, see Marcus, Buildings and Power.

Provenance

Map 2

Geographic distribution of the 1543 and 1555 editions of the Fabrica around 1700, showing all copies with known provenance for c. 1700 that are preserved today in public institutions. Rome and London have nine copies, Oxford has eight. Map by Bill Rankin.

41

42

Map 3

Chapter 3

Geographic distribution of the 1543 and 1555 editions of the Fabrica around 1800, showing all copies with known provenance for c. 1800 that are preserved today in public institutions. Paris, and London each have fifteen copies of the Fabrica. Map by Bill Rankin.

Provenance

the 1760s onwards, and the abolition of the Jesuit order in 1775.30 One can observe similar trends throughout the continent. The establishment of a system of national libraries, and, in some countries, state-owned municipal libraries, was part and parcel of the establishment of state control over education, culture and science.31 In Vienna, the very same people, father and son Gerard and Gottfried van Swieten, were responsible for the establishment of secular censorship, the confiscation of Jesuit libraries, and the reorganization of what would become the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, inventing the modern library card catalogue system in the process.32 In Lombardy, too, Maria Theresa established a system of public libraries, including today’s Biblioteca Universitaria di Pavia (I/96, II/137), and the Biblioteca Teresiana of Mantova (I/88), both holders of Fabricas. She also presided over the establishment of the Bibliotheca di Brera in 1770, ensuring that the people of Milan had access to a second public library to complement the meagre print holdings of the catholic Biblioteca Ambrosiana. Soon after its establishment, the Brera was enriched both by the collections of local Jesuit libraries and the purchase of much of Albrecht von Haller’s library, including two Fabricas (I/89, II/132), when the renowned physician died in 1777.33 In France, the revolution of 1789 played a major role in establishing state libraries and in turning the management of knowledge into an issue of national importance.34 In Paris, the Bibliothèque du Roi did not simply change its name to the Bibliothèque nationale de France. The new national library was also significantly enlarged by the nationalization of aristocratic and religious libraries in France, and by the confiscations of foreign libraries in occupied territories.35 The French municipal library system 30  On Empress Maria Theresa, see Barta, Mária Terézia. 31   On library history, see in general, Jochum, Kleine Bibliotheksgeschichte; for the German context, see Thauer and Vodosek, Geschichte der öffentlichen Bücherei in Deutschland; Garrett, “Klostersturm and Secularization;” Buzás, German Library History. On secularization in Bavaria, see Ruf, Säkularisation und Bayerische Staatsbibliothek. 32  See Krajewski, Paper Machines; on the effect of Van Swieten’s censorship on library holdings, see Donáth, „Van Swieten által cenzúrázott könyvek az Egyetemi Könyvtárban.” 33  The rest of Haller’s library, including a German Epitome, went to Pavia. Monti, Catalogo del Fondo Haller della Biblioteca Nazionale Braidense. 34  For similar developments for museums, collections, and botanic gardens, see Lacour, La République naturaliste; Spary, Utopia’s Garden; Lipkowitz, “Seized Natural-History Collections.” 35  Varry, Histoire des bibliothèques françaises III.

43 also came into existence in these years, complementing the central national institution with a network of local libraries, which incorporated the holdings of local religious colleges amongst their walls. All in all, the revolutionaries seized several millions of books and turned them into national property. As Stéphanie Charreaux and Jérôme van Wijland have shown, these activities had a large impact on the location of Fabricas across France and even beyond. For example, the copy of the Premonstratensian Abbey of Grimbergen in Belgium ended up in the Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal in 1796 (I/36).36 Overall, we know of thirteen exemplars of the Fabrica that entered French municipal libraries because of the confiscations, including the Angers (I/25) and Rennes (II/52) copies, both owned once by the Carmelites, the Metz copy (I/31), once owned by the Abbey of St-Arnould, the Chalons copy (II/33), once owned by the Cistercians, the Reims copy (I/43), once owned by the Minims, the Soissons copy (II/55), once owned by the Premonstratensians, the Bourges copy (II/30), once owned by the Jesuits, the Rouen copy (II/53), once owned by the Capuchins, the Versailles copy (II/62), owned by the Lazaristes of St Cyr, and the copies in Le Mans (II/35), Chaumont (II/34), St Denis (II/34) and Toulouse (II/60). In contrast, not a single Fabrica is recorded in town libraries in nineteenth-century Britain. On the British Isles, the growth of subscription and public libraries was not funded by the state, and monasteries had been abolished since the sixteenth century. As a result, these institutions tended not to become the keepers of cultural heritage to the extent that their continental counterparts did. Our database reflects the increasing role of state-­ controlled institutional libraries in the years around 1800. Public libraries became the major owners of the Fabrica, holding almost 30% of the copies, closely followed by universities, which held over 20%. Religious institutions, including monasteries, still owned a significant number of the copies in the years between 1750 and 1850, at least partly because, for some copies, we only had data for the years around 1750, before the start of secularization. Even then, the share of monastic libraries decreased considerably from the century before, when every fourth copy was held at a religious institution. While public libraries flourished in this period, private ownership of the Fabrica declined. Individuals owned less then one third of the copies, a steep decline as compared to the previous century. Physicians, surgeons, and pharmacists owned less than 15% of the copies of this atlas, 36  Charreaux and Van Wijland, “Recensement et description des exemplaires.”

44

Graph 3

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Professional and institutional distribution of owners in 1800, shown as a percentage of total copies with known ownership in 1800. When an individual was known in more than one professions, we listed them only in one category. Medical professionals include physicians, surgeons and pharmacists; religious institutions include catholic monasteries and monastic colleges, as well as protestant colleges; religious professionals include priests, monks, and ministers; libraries refer to repositories of books established independently from other institutions; professional institutions include scientific and art academies, as well as medical colleges and surgical guilds.

instead of the 20% around 1700; the share of aristocratic owners dropped, probably reflecting the effect of the French revolution; and secularization also had an impact on the number of priests or ministers owning our anatomy atlas. Curiously, sovereigns and heads of state did not lose their interest in the Fabrica. Royal owners in this period include the dukes of Bavaria (II/99), King George III of England (II/255), the Princes of Liechtenstein (I/268), and Girolamo Luigi Durazzo, doge of the short-lived Ligurian Republic in Genova in the years between 1802 and 1805 (II/290). The declining number of individual owners means that the primary effect of secularization was not the growth of a private market for rare books, as some have argued.37 In France, for instance, the revolutionary state worked 37   On this topic, see Hunt, “Private Libraries in the Age of Bibliomania.” For a more nuanced analysis of the concomitant emergence of public and private rare book collections, see Jensen, Revolution and the Antiquarian Book, esp. chapter 2.

actively to keep books in public libraries, and prohibited the sale of scientific or artistic books from the seized libraries of émigré aristocrats.38 The establishment of state libraries and the modest growth of university holdings ensured that the dawn of the nineteenth century saw a larger number of institutional copies than ever before.39 This was true even for copies that did enter the market at the end of the eighteenth century. The copy of the Antwerp Jesuit domus professa, sold by Joseph Emmens in 1780, did not remain in private hands for long (II/302), and entered the collections of the University of Edinburgh soon 38  Varry, “Les confiscations revolutionnaires,” 14. Obviously, such a prohibition is a clear sign that private sales did happen, but the ban ensured that their number was limited. See also Varry, “Sous la main de la nation,” 216. 39  For a similar argument about the shifting balance between university libraries and learned libraries, see Frühsorge, “Zur rolle der Universitätsbibliotheken im Zeitalter der Aufklärung,” 72–73.

Provenance

thereafter. The Enlightenment did not simply remove anatomical knowledge from the control of church libraries, it also locked it up in state-owned libraries. Locking up did not only happen in a metaphorical sense. As libraries grew in size, they no longer kept books on their shelves in the reading room. Closed stacks were developed, which could be accessed only by librarians. Once reading rooms and storage spaces were separated, readers could access books only by making requests with the help of the catalogue.40 The library became a site for state-governed information management. Public access was carefully controlled. The decrease in the mobility of the Fabrica happened at the moment when its price precipitously dropped and it lost its currency as a textbook of anatomy. It could be argued that Vesalius’ work ended up in state-owned libraries because private owners, especially physicians, lost interest in it as it went out of fashion. Yet the exact timeline of the events does not quite support this interpretation. The largest drop in the price of the Fabrica happened in the aftermath of secularization, when many copies of our atlas were already in state-owned libraries, and not before. One wonders, therefore, if it was the process of secularization and the institutionalization of the Fabrica that contributed to its loss of medical and financial value. When monastic orders were abolished, and during the French Revolution, many libraries had to close their doors, at least temporarily, and their re-opening as a public or national institution could take years, or, on occasion, decades. Moreover, while Jesuit and other monastic colleges were educational institutions involved with the training not only of priests, but also of future scholars and physicians, the newly established municipal and public libraries had no direct connections to schools or universities. The Fabrica moved out of the institutions of secondary education, and this development could not be offset by the modest increase in the number of copies available at universities. Potentially, the European medical community lost intellectual and financial interest in the Fabrica, and other sixteenth- and seventeenth-century works of anatomy, because they could only access them with difficulty in the years between 1770 and 1800, while there was no problem with acquiring modern medical works from the booksellers of the day. Consider the troubled history of the ELTE University Library during these years.41 The university was established as a Jesuit institution in Nagyszombat (now Trnava, Slovakia), and became nationalized under the reign of Maria Theresa between 1769 and 40  Marcus, Buildings and Power. 41   Tóth, “Egyetemünk berendezkedése Budán (1777–1784);” Csapodi, Tóth, and Vértesi, Magyar Könyvtártörténet.

45 1774. Its library holdings were catalogued in 1774, when the inspectors found them in great disorder. Yet any attempt at reorganization was in vain because, just two years later, the Empress decided to move the university to the town of Buda. The library was packed up, and transported on waggons to its new home, but some of the books were left behind. While lectures continued without interruption at the new location, it took years to set up the university collections. In 1782, for example, the medical faculty still complained that they did not have access to anatomical books. Then a year later, Emperor Joseph II, together with his educational advisor Gottfried van Swieten, decided to move the university again, this time to Pest, and the library’s holdings had to be packed up again and transported across the Danube. The new building turned out to be inadequate again. Continuing secularization resulted in the influx of over ten thousand books to the university, including a 1555 Fabrica from the Pauline monastery of Lepoglava, which was miscatalogued as a first edition from 1542 (II/116), but there was no space to store these volumes.42 Under such conditions, it is highly likely that a generation of medical professionals grew up in Hungary, and many other similarly affected countries, without easy access to the classics of early modern learning, including the classics of sixteenth-century anatomy. As a result, they lost interest in the writings of Vesalius and his contemporaries, and had little desire to spend large amounts of money on their works. From 1770 to almost 1870, the Fabrica ceased to be a highly sought-after commodity.43 Maybe, just maybe, modern medicine emerged when secularization made older medical works temporarily inaccessible. The institutionalization of the Fabrica, however, did not alter its geographic spread. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, copies traveled primarily within the confines of a country, and the same percentages are reported for all major countries as before. As we approach 1850, one also gets to see a number of copies in the United States. These were concentrated in the intellectual hubs of 42  On the secularization of monasteries under Joseph II, see Velladics, “A szerzetes rendek felszámolása Magyarországon;” the Lepoglava books were listed in Extractus librorum ex Lepoglavensi Paulinorum bibliotheca, ad r. univ. Pestiensem mittendorum. ELTE Egyetemi Könyvtár Kézirattár J 13/4., item 732. I thank Katalin Pataki for alerting me to this source, for discussing these topics, and for sharing with me her. “Pioneers, Quacks, Professionals: Monastery Pharmacists in Eighteenth-Century Hungary,” paper given at the Intertwined Enlightenments? conference at Central European University in 2016. 43  On the rise of the rare book market, see Munby, The History of Bibliography of Science in England.

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Philadelphia and Boston, heralding the late-nineteenthcentury explosion of American medical collecting. At the city level, one does not see much change, either. There was some movement across cities within each country, but there is not much evidence for the centralization of copies in major cities, or for the emergence of new hubs of Fabrica holdings. Most copies of our atlas were still dispersed in smaller towns, with one or two copies recorded in each of them, and the cities with most exemplars remained Paris, London, Rome, and Cambridge. 3.4

Vesalius in America: Ownership between 1850–1950

The Fabrica became a valuable book again, this time as a relic of medical history, in the years around 1900. This transformation was driven by American physicians. The late nineteenth century is marked by the emergence of the United States as the major holder of Fabricas across the world. This was the first time since the sixteenth century that a new country emerged as an important repository for copies of our book. Yet one needs to interpret this development in the proper context. The transatlantic move of some copies happened at a time that was otherwise characterized by the decreased mobility of our atlas of anatomy. Most exemplars remained in Europe, in the very same city, and often in the very same building, during the course of the nineteenth century. In the years around 1900, every fifth Fabrica crossed the Atlantic, but the other 80% tended to remain where it had been before. Most of the American exemplars came from the newly unified Germany and from the United Kingdom, picked up by American physicians studying at German research universities or visiting the hospitals of England. As a result, the share of Germany dropped to around 15%, while the share of the United Kingdom could remain at the same level only because British owners kept on replenishing their stock by importing Fabricas from the continent. A few copies traveled even further than the United States. David Monro, a descendant of the Edinburgh medical dynasty, took the family copy with him when he embarked on his voyage to New Zealand (II/172). The British colonial surgeon George Munn Gray could also not imagine life in Lagos, Nigeria, without a Fabrica in his hands (I/185). As we have seen, up to 1800, major holdings of the Fabrica were in the wealthy parts of central and western Europe, with Britain gaining importance as its political and economic power rose in the course of the seventeenth century. In the nineteenth century, the United States

became one of the most important economic powers of the world, and, as it has been repeated endlessly ever since Henry James, its economic and cultural elite increasingly defined itself by European standards. Collecting European art and culture was one of the passion of the elites of the Gilded Age. Henry Clay Frick, Isabella Stewart Gardner and others purchased Renaissance paintings, Rembrandts and Vermeers in bulk, often relying on the legendary dealer Joseph Duveen, who made a major contribution to the establishment of the art market in Old Masters. In the field of book history, collectors such as Henry E. Huntington and J. P. Morgan played a similarly important role. In the iconic year of 1911, Huntington spent $750,000 on purchasing the library of Elihu Dwight Church, including 12 Shakespeare First Folios, while Morgan spent over $100,000 in cash on manuscripts and incunabula at the sale of Robert Hoe III’s library.44 The demand of these wealthy collectors, and their competitive biddings at auctions, contributed to the exploding popularity and price of rare books. The medical elites of contemporary America participated in these trends, though somewhat more modestly, often turning their attention to the classics of their profession. In the late nineteenth century, many leading American physicians trained in Europe, often at German universities, and, as part of their education, they often picked up a copy of the Fabrica during their European grand tour, usually in Leipzig, London or Rome.45 It was these medical professionals who were responsible for the importation of medical history to America, and not the state. In the years around 1900, more than half of all American copies were in the hands of medical professors, physicians, and surgeons. Many of those physicians who collected Fabricas were connected to the newly established Johns Hopkins Hospital and Medical School, the first medical school in the United States to follow the German research model. An interest in European sytems of medical education had to include a focus on European medical history. In the field of Vesalian research, two Johns Hopkins physicians stood out especially: William Osler and Harvey Cushing. While Cushing’s publications clearly promoted the fame of the Fabrica, he seems to have had less of an obsession for acquiring large numbers of the Fabrica than Osler. As far as we can tell, Cushing owned one copy of each edition, which are now at Yale (I/236, II/327), and he also acquired 44  Dickinson, Henry E. Huntington’s Library of Libraries, 39; Strouse, Morgan: American Financier. 45  On German-American medical exchanges, see Bonner, “German Influences on American Clinical Medicine.”

Provenance

Map 4

47

Geographic distribution of the 1543 and 1555 editions of the Fabrica around 1900, showing all copies with known provenance for c. 1900 that are preserved today in public institutions. London has 29 copies, while Paris has 23. Map by Bill Rankin.

48

the fragmentary 1555 edition now at the University of California San Francisco (II/352). Osler, however, was a more voracious bibliophile. The Canadian William Osler was a major figure in American, Canadian, and British medical life at the turn of the century, one of the founding faculty members of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, and later Regius professor at Oxford, acquiring a baronetcy in the process.46 During his career, he owned seven first-edition Fabricas and two 1555 editions, which he strategically donated to medical libraries, and friends, across the United States and Canada. He was clearly on a mission, as he wrote to Harvey Cushing in 1903 that “Beside the ‘43 edition of the De humani corporis fabrica I have just ordered a third. We cannot have too many copies in America & no medical library is complete without one” (I/236). For physicians like him, it was unimaginable to practice medicine without understanding its historical development. Osler owned one of the 1543 editions now at the Countway Medical Library (I/210), which he donated to the Boston Medical Library in 1904; 46  For a biography, see Bliss, William Osler. For Osler’s collecting habit, see Payne, “Background on the Bibliotheca Osleriana;” and Osler, Bibliotheca Osleriana.

Chapter 3

two 1543 copies that he donated to McGill University in 1909 (I/15, I/16, McGill later also acquired Osler’s 1555 copy, II/17); one 1543 copy that Osler first gave to McGill, exchanged for another one in 1909, and then offered to the New York Academy of Medicine at the time when he donated two other copies to McGill (I/244); the Johns Hopkins 1543 edition, which Osler gave to his student Lewellys F. Barker as a wedding gift (I/203); a 1543 copy at Yale (I/238); a 1555 copy donated to the University of Missouri in 1908 (II/308); and a 1543 copy that Osler donated to the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of the State of Maryland in 1909 (I/P8). In addition, Osler was also responsible for the transfer of other copies. For instance, he was able to convince the Canadian railroad magnate Cornelis John Bermingham to purchase and gift a British copy to Queen’s University in Kingston, ON (II/15). Osler’s mission was complemented by the collecting habits of his colleagues in Baltimore. Apart from Cushing, who did his residency at Johns Hopkins with William Stewart Halsted, one could also mention the embryologist Franklin Paine Mall (II/328), or the gynecologist Howard Atwood Kelly, who left his 1543 copy to Johns Hopkins (I/202), gave one 1555 edition to Cushing (II/327), and also owned another one, which is now at Case Western Reserve

Provenance

Figure 19 A variety of notes of donation by Osler, and correspondence related to it. I/245. New York, NY: New York Academy of Medicine Library. Call No.: Osler Copy.

49

50

Graph 4

Chapter 3

Professional and institutional distribution of owners in 1900, shown as a percentage of total copies with known ownership in 1900. When an individual was known in more than one professions, we listed them only in one category. Medical professionals include physicians, surgeons and pharmacists; religious institutions include catholic monasteries and monastic colleges, as well as protestant colleges; religious professionals include priests, monks, and ministers; libraries refer to repositories of books established independently from other institutions; professional institutions include scientific and art academies, as well as medical colleges and surgical guilds.

University (II/307). The Johns Hopkins student and later Baltimore ophthalmologist Harry Friedenwald also collected both the first and second folio editions, and left these in his bequest to the National Library of Israel (I/79, II/122). Osler’s passion for the Fabrica, though, found a successor only in the next generation when the Berkeley anatomy professor Herbert McLean Evans (1882–1971) acquired eight Fabricas, sometimes exchanging one for another. These copies are now distributed between Austin (I/200), Chicago (I/216), Denver (II/312), Los Angeles (II/353), San Francisco (I/261, II/351), Stanford (I/265) and Kyoto (I/115). Never content to have only one copy of a book, Evans also owned four copies of Copernicus’ De revolutionibus.47 It was these private medical collectors who later turned American universities into a major resource for Vesalian research through their donations. Just as seventeenth-century 47  Gingerich, Census, xxvii.

catholic physicians donated their copies to the local monastic college in hopes of salvation, so did many twentieth-century collectors give their Fabricas to universities in hopes of recognition, remembrance, and, after 1917, a charitable tax deduction. At Brown, the two 1543 editions were donated by the Providence biologist Albert Edgar Lownes (I/254) and the LSU professor George Bray (I/255), while the University of Pennsylvania received its copy from the bibliophile physician John Stockton Hough (II/340). While Harvard had already owned a 1555 edition, part of the gift of Thomas Hollis from 1763, which only survived the fire at the library in 1764 because it had not yet been unpacked (II/299), it received a second copy as a donation from its librarian Philip Hofer in 1936, together with a 1555 edition (I/213, II/298).48 48   For a discussion of Hofer’s anatomical bequests, see David P. Becker’s entry in Harvard College Library, A Catalogue of an Exhibition of the Philip Hofer Bequest, 48–50, no. 24.

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Provenance

If around 1900, roughly one-fifth of the Fabricas were in the United States, and primarily in private hands, the fourfifths that remained in Europe were mostly held at public institutions. By the end of the nineteenth century, the monastic educational and library system had collapsed, and less than 5% of the copies was held in church libraries. Most European Fabricas instead resided in public and university libraries, each holding roughly 30 percent, though there was considerable variation in these numbers across regions. The growth of university rare book collections was primarily driven by the United Kingdom. In the United Kingdom, municipal libraries did not tend to collect rare books, and it fell to the universities to take up this role instead. Around 1900 almost 40% of the British copies were at universities, many of them at Cambridge and Oxford. Individual owners, including physician collectors and aristocrats, also held on to a large number of numerous copies. In contrast, national and municipal libraries played a much more important role in preserving the cultural heritage of France and Italy. In Italy, almost two-thirds of the copies resided in such institutional repositories, while in France, the number was just above 50%. In so far as institutional copies are concerned, American patterns of collecting the Fabrica clearly followed the British example. In the years around 1900, just over 20% of the American copies were located at universities, and roughly 5% at public libraries. The emerging United States had a less robust municipal and state library system than Europe, and, more importantly, many of these libraries did not systematically collect European rare books, with the important exceptions of New York, Boston, and a few other towns mostly in New England. Even in New York City, the New York Public Library decided to stop collecting in the field of medical history, and left the task to the New York Academy of Medicine. Thus, of the municipal, state and federal libraries of America, only the Boston (II/293) and Detroit Public Libraries (I/220), the New York State Library (II/286), and the Virginia Historical Society (II/345) own Fabricas today, together with the Library of Congress (I/268) and the National Library of Medicine (formerly the Army Medical Library, I/204). Nowadays, the Buffalo and Erie Country Public Library also owns a copy of the 1543 Fabrica, which it inherited from the Buffalo Museum of Science, where Chauncey Hamlin established a Milestones of Science collection in 1938 (I/211). The rise of the United States in the years around 1900 reveals how the international circulation of the Fabrica was primarily driven by the private market. Physicians at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere aimed to import European medical practice and medical history to boost the culture of healing in America. In contrast, the domestic circulation of

the Fabrica was driven by the state in Europe. Discounting the 20% that moved to America, there was no significant international trade in rare books across European countries, apart from the importation of a few copies to the United Kingdom. Countries such as Germany were on occasion eager to move rare books from one city to another for reasons of politics. Consider the case of Strasbourg, whose municipal library was destroyed during the city’s siege in 1870. The victorious Germans established a university in the town and replaced the town library with a university library whose collections were built up by donations from other German towns. As a result, the new Universitätsbibliothek Strassburg soon held two Fabricas, one from the Heilbronn Gymnasialbibliothek (II/58), and one from Königsberg (I/47). One should not exaggerate the importance of domestic circulation, however. In Europe, the vast majority of the Fabricas remained in the very same town where they had been a hundred years earlier. The growth of American collections of Vesalius appeared at an age when otherwise there was very little movement in the markets of our anatomy atlas. 3.5

The Global Fabrica: Ownership since 1950

In the twentieth century, the story of the Fabrica is that of further globalization, driven by economics and politics. The institutional situation of American and European libraries did not radically change in the past hundred years, but the geography of rare book collections has expanded considerably, closely following the political economics of the age. Although most copies still remain at the same place where they were in 1800 because Western European power structures have not changed all that much since the Vienna conference of 1815, the mobile Fabricas go where power and money reside. At the political level, the major twentieth-century event for Vesalian history, like for everything else, was World War II. This tragic war was responsible for the destruction of a number of copies, in Strasbourg (I/47, II/58) or in Karlsruhe (II/87), for example, and for the movement of others. The rise of Nazism forced the Jewish gynecologist Erwin Otto Strassman, scion of a notable medical family, to emigrate to the United States, where he became physician at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN. He was fortunate enough to take his father’s Fabrica with him, and donated it to Mayo in 1962 (I/256). Copies in German public libraries were also subject to movement. During the war, German authorities drew up, not always successfully, plans to protect their rare book collections (Americans did the same, moving the Army Medical Library, with its 1543

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Map 5

Chapter 3

Geographic distribution of the Fabrica in 2017, showing all copies in institutions accessible to the public. London has 29 copies, while Paris has 20. Map by Bill Rankin.

Provenance

Fabrica, to Cleveland in case Washington, DC was attacked, I/204).49 Thus, Marburg University Library was evacuated to a mine, where, unfortunately, the Fabrica was damaged quite significantly (I/69), while the Ossolineum Library in Lwów (Lviv, Ukraine), together with the Fabrica of the Polish king Sigismund August II (I/132), was first moved to Kraków, and then, with the approach of the Russian front, to Wrocław. The University Library of Königsberg, led by the antisemitic librarian Carl Diesch, was evacuated in 1944, but the building burned down in a bombing and the collections dispersed. The two Fabricas of the library ended up at the Hosianum in Olsztyn, Poland (II/188), and in a private collection (II/P16). The arrival of the Red Army in Germany also signaled the transportation of several Fabricas to Moscow, where one can still find copies formerly in Halle (Saale) (I/138) and Berlin (II/200). The Soviet Union placed an important emphasis on the role of the Fabrica not only in the field of medical education, as Osler did, but also in the history of the rise of the working class. At the instigation of Ivan Pavlov, the first complete translation of the Fabrica was done into Russian, and 49  Miles, A History of the National Library of Medicine, 296–302.

53

appeared during the last years of the Stalinist regime.50 As the concluding remarks of the editors make it quite clear, the Soviets were convinced that the Fabrica was an important step in the victory of dialectical materialism over the opium of religion. If World War II was responsible for the movement of Fabricas in Europe, in the United States it was the transfer of economic wealth from the East Coast to the industrial heartland of the mid-West, to the oil fields of Texas, and to California. Oftentimes, it was the concomitant growth of business, universities and medicine that were behind the movement of Fabricas towards the west, with physicians such as the Los Angeles urologist Elmer Belt purchasing a copy, and then leaving it to the local university (I/232).51 But in other cases, one can see a direct link to industry, as businessmen increasingly have a significant interest in collecting, e.g. the Pittsburgh businessman Henry Posner Sr., whose copy is held at Carnegie Mellon University (I/251), or the Sears CEO Lessing J. Rosenwald, who kept his impressive collection in Jenkintown, PA before leaving it to 50  Vezaliy, O stroeniy czelovecheskogo tela v semi knigach. 51  On Belt’s collecting habits, see Marmor, “In Obscure Rebellion.”

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Chapter 3

the Library of Congress in his bequest (I/268).52 Similarly, a good number of copies at Texan and other Southern universities and libraries have their origins in oil. The copy at the University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio, TX, for example, was the donation of the oil businessman George Parker and his wife Margarite B. Parker to the Bexar Country Medical Society, whose collections were transferred to the current location in 1970 (I/260); while the 1543 edition at the University of Oklahoma was donated in 1949 by the Dallas petrol geologist Everette Lee DeGolyer (I/247). Importantly, throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, American copies have been undergoing institutionalization, just as European copies did in the years around 1700 and 1800. Many book collectors leave their volumes to universities where they have worked or where they have graduated from. As a result, the number of copies in circulation keeps decreasing, and the price of these copies keeps going up. As more and more copies are held in institutions, the remaining copies are becoming a truly luxurious commodity. Globalization also affects a select number of Fabricas, achieving an impressive, but thinly laid spread across the continents. The major repository of Fabricas outside Europe and North America is Japan, whose economic power and long-standing interest in European, ‘red-hair medicine’ may explain why fifteen copies ended up there in the twentieth century, starting with the transfer of a copy from Göttingen in the 1920s (II/156). The postwar Japanese interest in the rare book market is well documented for other rare books. For instance, Meisei University in Japan is now the second biggest holder of Shakespeare First Folios in the world.53 Just like Shakespeare, Vesalius appears to be a favorite of Japanese book collectors and libraries. The British colonial empire also left a few anatomical atlases in Australia and New Zealand even after the collapse of the empire, and the copy of Leslie Cowlishaw, a Sidney-born physician and collector, is still at the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (II/2). We are less certain of the provenance of Fabricas in Latin America, with the exception of the copy at the Biblioteca Palafoxiana, which has been in Mexico for long centuries (I/123). We did not have access to the copy in Buenos Aires (II/1), and we have no direct information on how the copy of the late nineteenth-century Italian histologist Romeo Fusari ended up in São Paulo, Brazil (I/12). Similarly, we do not know where the private copy in South Africa that

Horowitz and Collins reported on in the early 1980s ended up; it is no longer in that country. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, therefore, we can picture the copies of the Fabrica as partaking of two very different networks, with very different characteristics. There is a core group of immobile Fabricas that have been preserved in European libraries for at least two hundred, but often four hundred years, staying in the same space all the while, increasingly joined by immobile copies preserved at American universities. At the same time, there is an ever smaller number of copies that circulate ever more globally, for highly expensive prices, moving wherever the highest bidder lives. These copies make up only a small fraction of all copies, but because of their global spread, and their unusual locations, they may have an outsize influence on how Vesalius and the Fabrica will be evaluated in the future. As sociologists argue, it is often through weak links that new knowledge is produced and spread, and the new, global world of the Fabricas may facilitate precisely such new constellations of knowledge exchange.54 To conclude, it is important to realize, however, how these two networks of immobile and highly mobile copies have developed in response to developments in Western political economy, and how their balance could shift radically as political and economic constellations change. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, wealthy physicians served as the primary market for the work of Vesalius, and the Fabrica found a market in the richest regions of the age. By 1700, however, religious libraries emerged as the major holders of our atlas, in no small part because pious owners exchanged their copies for the promise of salvation on the markets of the church. Once these libraries became secularized in the late eighteenth century, most Fabricas became a property of public and university libraries for good. For those that remained in private hand, a rare book market developed in the late nineteenth century thanks to the growth of Eurocentric American medicine, and, in recent years, this market has become global. Yet even in the twentieth century, many American private collectors decided to use their Fabricas as donations to universities, gaining honor and tax deductions in the process. In the past 475 years, the economic logic of rare book collecting was thus tempered by the collectors’ desire for fame, salvation and tax breaks, and by the interventions of the state.

52   Vision of a Collector. 53  Rasmussen and West, The Shakespeare First Folios; Rasmussen, The Shakespeare Thefts.

54  Granovetter, “The Strength of Weak Ties;” Lux and Cook, “Closed Circles or Open Networks?”.

Provenance

It is important to emphasize the role of politics in shaping the Fabricas’ circulation. Copies of our atlas did not become immobile around 1800 because they were inherently inert. They stayed in one place because of political will. If this census had been written in 1750, we would have happily reported that Fabricas were becoming ever more immobile in religious institutions, turning into powerful instruments of Christian education. Yet, with the abolition of the Jesuit order, the secularization of education, and the French Revolution, the ownership patterns of the Fabrica underwent a radical shift within the scope of just fifty years. And at the beginning of the

55 twenty-first century we have no guarantee that European states and American universities will remain committed to maintaining a dense network of rare book libraries, and to paying the associated costs. Just as the Royal Institution in London sold its Fabrica in 2015 because of financial constraints (I/A4), so could many other libraries be forced to close their doors in the new world of digital information access. If the Fabrica has appeared immobile for several hundred years, it is only because of the political and financial stability of European and American countries, and their commitment to preserving the past.

Chapter 4

Reading and Annotating the Fabrica: The Sporadic Reader How do you reconstruct the history of reading from a book in which the only annotation is a manicule and some underlinings on p. 538 by an unknown sixteenth- or seventeenth-century reader, highlighting the section that compares menstruation to hemorrhoids, together with an erroneous correction of the misprinted page number on p. 663 (I/98)? Or what do you do with a volume, currently in Chicago, which has a pink pencil note on p. 772, possibly in the hand of the early twentieth-century medical historian Mortimer Frank, a few doodles in the epistle dedicatory, and an emphatic box drawn in ink around the word “hymen” on p. 654 (II/305)? The history of reading as a discipline has exploded in the past thirty years, in the wake of the pathbreaking work of Anthony Grafton and Lisa Jardine.1 Reception history, a once highly theoretical literary discipline, was transformed into the study of what notes actual readers left in the books they have possessed.2 A spate of excellent case studies followed, reconstructing the mental world of John Dee, Gabriel Harvey and others from the endless marginalia that they have left in their volumes.3 The value of these copious annotations for understanding complex texts was recognized already in the sixteenth century. Owen Gingerich and Robert Westman have shown powerfully in their Copernican Census how a community of Eastern European readers studied the De revolutionibus together, and copied each other’s annotations in the closing years of the sixteenth century.4 Common to these studies has been their focus on compulsive annotators who leave marginalia everywhere. Such readers may reinforce our image of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as the age of intensive reading, when most people owned and read only a few books in their careers, but read those few books with a tremendous attention to detail. As Rolf Engelsing argued a generation ago, the extensive reading of numerous books, while 1  Jardine and Grafton, “Studied for Action;” Jardine, “ ‘Studied for Action’ Revisited.” 2  Jauss, Toward an Aesthetic of Reception; Iser, The Implied Reader; Eco, Lector in Fabula. 3  Sherman, John Dee; Sherman, Used Books; Popper, “The English Polydaedali;” Visser, “Erasmus, Luther, and the Margins of Biblical Misunderstanding.” 4  Gingerich and Westman, The Wittich Connection; Grafton and Leu, Henricus Glareanus’s (1488–1563) Chronologia.

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2018 | doi 10.1163/9789004336308_005

paying cursory attention to their contents, became fashionable only in the late eighteenth century.5 Engelsing’s thesis has been challenged on various grounds. For example, many sixteenth-century and even earlier readers, including some compulsive annotators, read large numbers of books. Yet there is still much to learn about the habits of those early modern extensive readers who perused books in a cursory manner. We do not know much about the annotational practices of those who left only a few marks in their copies here and there.6 There are good pragmatic reasons for this: it is very difficult to publish a peer-reviewed article on one underlining in one book. A solution to this problem has recently begun to emerge from the large-scale, quantitative studies of marginalia that Bill Sherman, Heidi Brayman Hackel, Monique Hulvey, Alison Wiggins, Ada Palmer or Richard Oosterhoff have conducted.7 Their surveys reveal that a high proportion of readers left some marginalia in their books in the sixteenth century. Sherman’s survey of early modern books at the Huntington Library has found that 20% of them were annotated, with the number rising to 50% when focusing on books printed before 1600.8 The availability of such large corpora of annotated books has allowed scholars to identify the reading patterns of even those annotators who left only one or two marginalia here and there. Our census of the Fabrica follows in the footsteps of these studies. More than two thirds of the Fabricas bear annotations beyond provenance records, revealing that our atlas, like Copernicus’ De revolutionibus, was a book read and at least sporadically commented upon by a large number of readers. Some 40% of the exemplars bear annotations on more than five pages of the volume. It was not just a coffee-table book to be admired for its images. Curiously,

5  Engelsing, Der Bürger als Leser. 6  For an evaluation of Engelsing, see Blaak, Literacy in Everyday Life. For the practices of early modern extensive readers, see Blair, Too Much to Know. 7  Sherman, “What Did Renaissance Readers Write in their Books,” 122–124; Hackel, Reading Material in Early Modern England; Jackson, Marginalia; Hulvey, “Not So Marginal;” Wiggins, “What Did Renaissance Readers Write in their Printed Copies of Chaucer?;” Zwicker, “Reading the Margins.” See also Palmer, Reading Lucretius in the Renaissance, chapter 2; Oosterhoff, “A Book, a Pen, and the Sphere.” 8  Sherman, “What Did Renaissance Readers Write in their Books,” 122.

Reading and Annotating the Fabrica: The Sporadic Reader

the works of Galileo, whose writing style is much more appealing to twenty-first-century readers, bear markedly less marginalia. Only 15% of his Dialogues are annotated, and less than 10% of the Sunspot Letters, quite possibly because the inquisition scared readers away from marking up these works.9 Importantly, the Fabrica’s owners tended to be sporadic readers. Only a small minority of them annotated the volume throughout. The average reader of the 1543 edition annotated 28 pages of the total of 673, while the average reader of the 1555 edition annotated 38 pages. Most readers consulted this hefty volume for very particular concerns, and ignored the bulk of the text. As Jeroen Blaak has pointed out, a similar technique was called muizen in contemporary Dutch, i.e. to mouse or browse through a text without aiming to read every single line.10 This kind of discontinuous reading was quite frequent before the seventeenth-century rise of the novel, whose narrative structure invited readers to start at the beginning and read the book straight to the end. As Peter Stallybrass has argued, the linear strategy for reading novels did not work for the most popular book of the early modern period, the Bible. Devout protestants and catholic priests were expected to read only the relevant passages week by week, during or in preparation for the service, and they were often supposed to consult both the Old and New Testaments at the same time.11 It was only through the work of long years that one mastered every chapter of the Bible. The Fabrica, in contrast, remained a book that was not only read discontinuously but also in a fragmentary manner. Most readers never finished it. We have good evidence of this from a copy now at the Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland, where a sixteenth-century reader wrote down the date when he completed a chapter of Vesalius (II/121). He first started with the chapter on the liver, on p. 618 in Book V, in November and December 1570, as part of his studies for his licentiate. Once done with the liver, he put away the book for almost seventeen years, opening it next only on July 21, 1587. That day he read part the chapter on the kidneys, and, after a good night’s sleep, proceeded to the read 9  Westman, “The Reception of Galileo’s ‘Dialogue’;” Mayer. “An Interim Report on a Census of Galileo’s Sunspot Letters.” 10  Blaak, Literacy in Everyday Life. 11  Stallybrass, “Books and Scrolls.” There were obviously many readers, such as the Transylvanian princeps György Rákóczi I. and his wife Zsuzsánna Lórántffy, who read the Bible linearly, cover to cover, and did so on several occasions in their lives, but their experiences were not typical of the larger population. See Dienes, “A bibliaolvasás protestáns gyakorlatának példái a 17. században.”

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the rest of the chapter, as well as the epistle dedicatory. On July 23, our reader rested, and then, on July 24, he read the parts on human generation, paying special attention to the issue of enlarged labia and female circumcision in Africa. He drew a manicule next to the word ‘hymen’, and, after 27 pages of intense reading, he stopped on p. 656. There are no annotations in the rest of the volume and, as far as we know, he never again picked up the Fabrica. This reader reveals the two main characteristics of sporadic reading: the ability to jump from one chapter to another in one sitting (from the chapter on the kidney to the epistle dedicatory), with no attention to linear reading, and the ability to ignore 95% of the volume. Sporadic reading meant focused and selective attention, and excellent skills at navigating a volume. Vesalius himself designed his volume to be read nonlinearly. When discussing how to read the chapters on the muscles, he acknowledged that the printed order of the chapters was not necessarily the best for everyone, and suggested that “it would be possible for anyone to turn some pages and read the chapter he believes should take precedence before the others.”12 Our author also continuously exhorted his readers to turn the pages to find relevant passages for the topic at hand, and provided frequent signposts for his readers to jump between the text, the images, and the explanations of the images. While Vesalius correctly diagnosed how his Fabrica would be approached, his solutions to this problem were not necessarily taken up by his readers. Instead, they developed alternative and creative strategies for sporadic reading, and developed novel interpretations of the Fabrica in the process. The rest of this section will first present a case study of an exemplary reader. This anonymous reader serves as the “ideal type” for the early modern period, showcasing many aspects of how the Fabrica was interpreted in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It is important to emphasize that he is not an average reader. His annotations offer evidence for most of the claims we make later. In contrast, each surviving copy of the Fabrica illuminates on average only a few of the aspects that we touch upon in our analysis. It is the aggregate of all the annotations in all the surviving copies that serves as the foundations for our analysis in the second half of this section, which shows how readers interpreted and dealt with the Fabrica in the early modern and later periods.

12  Vesalius, On the Fabric of the Human Body, I/559. See also Siraisi, “Introduction to Book Two.”

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Chapter 4

Figure 20 Annotation marking when the reader studied the section on the hymen on p. 654. II/121. Dublin: Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Mercer Library.

4.1

The Typical Reader: A Case Study from Los Angeles

How did the typical reader consult the Fabrica in the early modern period? Consider the copy now in Los Angeles (I/233). At one point, during the closing years of the sixteenth century, an unknown person sat down with a copy of Vesalius’ Fabrica, and decided to leaf through much of the text, annotating more of it than the average reader. He did not sign his copy, and all we know about his life is that he attended a dissection in Padova in 1574. He was probably an elite, male physician, who had trained at the top medical school of his age. He wrote in Latin, but, on occasion, he also jotted down a Greek word here and there. It is possible that he read through all of the Fabrica from cover to cover, carefully pondering every observation that the author made. We cannot have definite evidence that he did not read certain pages. Nonetheless, the annotations he left in the book suggest that he focused his

attention on particular passages, ignoring and skipping other parts. Our reader did not start at the beginning. Unlike many other contemporary readers, he did not carefully underline the major passages of the epistle dedicatory and the Letter to Oporinus. He did not copy out “triplex medendi ratio” on the very first page, a favorite marginal note for many next to a passage where Vesalius discusses the three reasons for doing medicine. A few pages later, on fol. *3v, he did not write himself a reminder that Vesalius was listing the contents of the Fabrica right there. Instead, he jumped straight to p. 33, and underlined two sentences where Vesalius discussed the role of the temporal muscles in causing convulsions, fever, and insanity. Then he left eighty pages unmarked and only took out his pen on p. 119, where he underlined the Greek name of an ossicle. Our reader wrote down his first word on p. 150, and he wrote it in Greek (ταρσoς). His first full phrase on p. 232 noted in Latin that monkeys do not have fat between the skin

Reading and Annotating the Fabrica: The Sporadic Reader

and the panniculus carnosus. Another phrase appeared on p. 246, about the jaws of the crocodile, which was the only animal that could move its upper jaw. The first systematic group of annotations appeared only on p. 315[415], the prefatory matter to Book III on nerves. Here, our reader systematically underlined Vesalius’ definition and claims as to what nerves really are. Like many others, he focused on the first few pages of this book, which summarized Vesalius’ main claims on the topic, and then ignored the more specific discussions in later chapters about the nerves. For this annotator, and his contemporaries, Book V was the most fascinating part of the Fabrica. This was the part that discussed the internal organs of the stomach, and especially the complex and much debated process of sanguification, and also disclosed the secrets of generation. Starting on p. 386[486], our reader’s breadth of learning began to shine through. He noted that Fallopio disagreed with some of Vesalius’ claims about the peritoneum. He mentioned how he himself observed in Padova that the omentum can reach as far as the pubic bone, despite the Fabrica’s claims to the contrary. And throughout this book, he added references to Galen, to Hippocrates, to Aristotle, and to Plato. In his text, Vesalius refers to these authors only by name. Our reader filled in the missing details in the margins, supplying the title of the book referenced, and the relevant chapter number. He probably had Galen’s De usu partium, Aristotle’s De partibus animalium, and Plato’s Timaeus at his desk, and consulted these carefully while working through the Fabrica. Our reader respected the ancients more than the moderns. Among the moderns, he referred only to Fallopio and to the humanist physician Johannes Baptista Montanus’ Consilii at a crucial point in the text. As our reader noted, Montanus confirmed Vesalius’ claim that hemorrhoidal blood comes from the portal veins. This was important evidence, as it was the first step in the Fabrica’s argument that menstrual blood, the female analogon of hemorrhoids, also originated in the portal veins, and not in the uterus. Our reader studied very carefully these passages on menstruation. Like many of his contemporaries, he annotated and underlined them profusely, and even summarized Vesalius’ claims about male lactation. He seems to have been fascinated by the similarities of male and female bodies, for him, the two sexes may not have been essentially different.13 When he finished Book V, our reader’s attention again sagged. He made a few notes about the use the coronaries. He underlined several passages about the eye, corrected Vesalius’ 13  We will discuss Thomas Laqueur’s thesis, and readers’ attention to the one-sex body later. Laqueur, Making Sex.

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error in writing humor “vitreus” instead of humor “aqueus,” and then shut the covers of the book closed. Throughout the volume, this reader only annotated the text, and left the illustrations untouched. We have no clear evidence that he ever seriously looked at the skeleton or the muscle men, or any of the other woodcuts of Calcar. This unknown reader exhibits many features of how elite and learned owners approached the Fabrica in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. First and foremost, most surviving Fabricas are annotated, but like the UCLA copy, they tend to be annotated sporadically. We know of only one reader who annotated and underlined every single page obsessively, and it is a reader who had attended Vesalius’ dissections in Padova in person (II/189). Second, these readers read the Fabrica in tandem with other books, comparing and contrasting Vesalius with other medical authorities. As their annotations reveal, they were intimately familiar with the writings of the ancients, and paid particular attention to Vesalius’ engagement with Galenic theories. They were much less interested in Vesalius’ immediate predecessors and contemporaries, although quite a few of them held Fallopio’s comments and criticisms on the Fabrica in high regard. They were even less interested in recording their personal observations of human bodies and cadavers, and in comparing such experiences with the Fabrica’s text. While our UCLA reader referred to the works of Galen, Aristotle, Plato, Hippocrates, Fallopio and Montanus, he made a note only on one occasion that he had personally attended a dissection. And most readers followed the UCLA reader’s example. They felt more comfortable turning to the books of a Galen or an Aristotle, which they probably stored next to the Fabrica in their libraries, than recounting what they have learned from the personal observations of human bodies. Vesalius may have exhorted his readers to turn to empirical studies but, in real life, most readers did not leave records of such an interest in their copies of the Fabrica. Last, but not least, our reader’s focus on Book V of the Fabrica, and especially on the chapters on generation, represents well why contemporaries read Vesalius. It is often claimed that Vesalius was most innovative in the first two books of the Fabrica where he discusses the bones and the muscles, and his discussions of the internal organs were less revolutionary.14 Yet even if these chapters were not revolutionary, they happened to elicit the most responses from readers. Underlinings and marginalia abound on these pages in many copies. Readers wanted to know how blood was produced from food, what role the liver and the spleen played in this process, and they were interested in 14  Park, Secrets of Women.

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Figure 21 Annotation on hemorrhoidal bleeding on p. 538. I/233. Los Angeles: University of California Los Angeles Library, Biomedical Library, History and Special Collections for the Sciences. Call No.: Biomed BENJ ** WZ 240 V631dh 1543.

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issues related to generation. The UCLA copy’s marginalia about menstrual flows and male lactation echo similar annotations in exemplars across the world. It is thus particularly apt that, in the twentieth century, this very copy was owned by the urologist and book collector John A. Benjamin, who also studied Book V of the Fabrica with careful attention. Having studied with the gender reassignment surgeon Elmer Belt, Benjamin also maintained an interest in the analogies and differences of male and female bodies, the genetical basis of sex determination, and hermaphroditism. Unlike the anonymous sixteenth-century reader, Benjamin signed his name on the Fabrica’s front flyleaf but, like most modern owners of Vesalius, he left no annotations in his copy. He jotted down his thoughts in notebooks, instead, and then published them in a journal article, which reveals some patterns common to those modern readers who actually write in their copies.15 Benjamin was a sporadic reader, like the early annotator of his copy, focusing his attention on the chapter on the kidney, the topic of his medical specialty. Following in the footsteps of early modern readers, Benjamin also studied a problem that was crucial in the debate on Galen and Vesalius: did the Flemish anatomist use animals as models for his description of human anatomy, despite his condemnation of his ancient predecessor’s practice of doing so? Unlike the early modern readers, however, Benjamin answered this question by relying on illustrations. His grasp of Latin had its limits, but his knowledge of images was excellent. He therefore prepared and photographed human and canine kidneys using a variety of techniques, and compared these to the images in the Fabrica. Other modern readers, as we shall see, also showed a preference for studying the images, sometimes even at the expense of the text. Last, but not least, Benjamin venerated Vesalius.16 His conclusion confirmed that the anatomist did dissect human kidneys, exonerating him from the charge of committing Galen’s mistakes. Other nineteenth- and twentieth-century readers held similar, at points almost cultic, views of the founder of modern anatomy, using the pages of the Fabrica to record their notes of admiration.

15  Benjamin, “A Discussion of the Twenty-First Illustration of the Fifth Book of De humani corporis fabrica (1543).” Benjamin’s manuscripts on Vesalius, which we have not been able to consult, are at the Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library of UCLA. 16  For an even clearer expression of Benjamin’s veneration, see Benjamin, “A Vesalian Treasure is Found.”

4.2

The Average Reader: A Frequency Analysis

How did readers approach the Fabrica and what parts did they consult most frequently? One can answer the question not only through the case study of an exemplary reader, but also with the help of statistics. We have documented over four hundred exemplars with annotations. The annotations tend to come from the pre-1800 era. 85% of the annotated copies bear annotations from this period. Less than 20% of the exemplars have annotations in a modern hand, and these annotations tend to be even more sporadic than the early modern ones. How can one use such a database that contains information on hundreds of annotators? A few years ago, newspapers were abuzz with the concern that e-book providers may carefully track what percentage of readers finishes the book they purchase, and that it is possible to tell at what page these readers stop reading.17 One can perform similar calculations on consumers of the Fabrica, using their annotations as an imperfect proxy for reading activity. By visually tracking how frequently each page of the Fabrica was annotated in our corpus, we are able to see where readers tended to turn their attention, and we can combine this quantitative analysis with a careful consideration of the variety of marginalia that decorate these pages. Because the 1543 and 1555 editions were paginated differently, we present results for these two editions in two graphs. Readers of the Fabrica, like readers of most other books, tended to start underlining and annotating their book at the beginning. Their interest soon petered out, potentially signalling that they realized that linear reading did not work for this atlas of anatomy. The most frequent site for general remarks is the empty sheets of the front flyleaves and pastedown (not shown on the graph), which provided an excellent opportunity for readers to make summary judgments about the Fabrica and its author. Turning to the text, the readers were intensely interested in the epistle dedicatory to Charles V, the Letter to Oporinus, and the introductory chapters of Book I. They wanted to know what the Fabrica was about, and these pages summarized Vesalius’ major ideas about the purpose of medicine, the role of his book in the reformation of anatomy, as well as a table of contents with information on how the Fabrica was structured. There was good reason why one wanted to turn their attention to these pages, beyond the simple excitement of having just started. The interest of readers dipped after reading the first twenty or 17  Francine Prose, “They’re Watching You Read.” New York Review of Books Daily. January 13, 2015. http://www.nybooks.com/ daily/2015/01/13/reading-whos-watching/.

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Graph 5

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Frequency of annotated copies for each page of the Fabrica, showing how many copies annotate each page separately, as a percentage of all annotated copies. Apart from the first few pages, the pages annotated in most copies either contain typographical errors to be corrected, or discuss the organs of generation, the spleen and, in the 1555 edition, the peritoneum. Books II, V, VI, and VI start with a series of illustrations, which are rarely annotated. Pagination for the 1543 edition has been normalized. Design by Bill Rankin.

thirty pages on the structure of the skeletal system. They paid careful attention to the important discussions of the bones of the jaw, where Vesalius launched several attacks on Galen, including a challenge to the ancient physician’s assertion that the lower jaw consisted of two bones. Vesalius claimed controversially that this was only true for animals, but not for humans, whose lower jaw consisted of only one bone. Readers also annotated the discussion of the auditory bones and their number, which was a site of contention with Fallopio, and they annotated the illustration of the spine, marking and visually separating each segment of the vertebral column. Then, around pp. 60–70

in both editions, they stopped paying too much attention. More of them picked up their quills when they reached the end of Book I, though, where Vesalius claimed that there were 304 (or possibly 307) bones in the human body (p. 162 in the 1543 edition, pp. 188–190 in the 1555 edition), a number that was soon challenged by Fallopio. Throughout the book, most illustrations were annotated lightly. The skeleton, and especially the muscle men, did not elicit many comments, either. For the 1543 edition, the large spike of our graph on p. 181 reflects only that the printer erroneously titled the fourth muscle man “Tabula Prima,” which was spotted and corrected by a

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Figure 22 Note on Galen’s errors related to the superior maxilla on p. 39. I/ 104. Rome: Biblioteca Interdipartimentale di Scienze Odontostomatologiche e Organi di Senso—Sapienza Roma. Call No.: PRF 38.

Figure 23 Counting the number of the bones on p. 188. II/76. Göttingen: Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen. Call No.: GR 2 ZOOL XI 4423 RARA.

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Graph 6

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Frequency of annotated copies for each page, showing, for each book, how many exemplars annotate a page on average. Books II, V, VI, and VI start with a series of illustrations, which are rarely annotated, therefore we also show average rates of annotations for just the text of these books. The text of Book V is the most heavily annotated part of the Fabrica even when one includes chapters that do not deal with generation, the spleen, or the peritoneum.

large number of readers across the world. They may well have noticed this error because it was listed in the errata list at the end of the volume, and such a correction does not reveal actual interest in the anatomical details of the woodcut. The 1555 edition corrected the typographical error, and the readers stopped paying special attention to this page. Only five readers left annotations on this muscle man in that edition. It was usually the introductory text of each book that caught the interest of readers. Book II on the muscles starts with the muscle men and a number of other woodcuts, and the text itself only begins after these woodcuts, on p. 215 in the 1543 edition and p. 255 in the 1555 edition. Most annotators picked up their pens on this very page, and carefully summarized the contents of the first few chapters on the muscles and on the skin. In Book III on the vascular system, one notices a similar spike of interest in the first few, introductory chapters on the arteries and the veins, starting at p. 315[415] in the 1543 edition and p. 436 in the 1555 edition. The spike is much more modest in Book IV on the nerves (p. 315[415] for the 1543 edition, and p. 507 for the 1555 edition). The rest of Books II, III, and IV elicited significantly less comment.

Contentwise, Book V on the internal organs was the clear favorite of readers: it is annotated almost twice as much on average as the previous three books. Readers treated the illustrations lightly, but expressed a strong interest in annotating the text. Unlike in the case of the previous books, however, they did not stop after the first chapter or two. They were particularly exercised by the chapters on the liver and the spleen, two chapters where Vesalius severely challenged earlier authorities. Readers paid close attention to the pages where our author attacked those who believed that the liver had five lobes, where he attacked those who claimed that blood was already produced in the veins connecting the intestines to the liver, and where he attacked those who found a direct connection between the melancholy character of people and the size of their spleen. Then the attention of readers turned to the chapters on the secrets of generation. The 1543 edition shows a distinct spike at p. 531 where the involuntary control of uterine muscles is treated, and another, even higher spike where menstruation is discussed. Readers of the 1555 Fabrica read Book V with equal interest. They studied with interest the first page of the discussion of the peritoneum and the discussion of the liver, and

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Reading and Annotating the Fabrica: The Sporadic Reader

Figure 24 Annotation on a historia about the spleen on p. 627. Paris: Bibliothèque Mazarine, Call No.: 2° 4472.

they heavily annotated the chapter on the spleen, which was enriched for this edition with new evidence. In so far as the female genitalia are concerned, the readers of the 1555 edition were excited to study the newly added discussion on the hymen, and still carefully read the whole of the chapter on the uterus, paying attention to the discussion of the fundus of the uterus, the comparison of female and male genitalia, and the passages on menstrual purgations. Compared to Book V, the last two books on the thoracic cavity and the brain were more sparsely annotated. There was a modest amount of interest in the windpipe, the heart, the eyes, the dura membrana, and the brain as the seat of the soul. In the 1543 edition, many readers also corrected a typographical error on p. 649 where Oporinus printed “humor vitreus” instead of “humor aqueus,” but in the 1555 edition, the error was corrected by the printer, and the marginalia are at the same level as on the previous pages. Menstruation, the hymen, the spleen, typographical errors and the first few chapters of the book. The Fabrica appears to have enticed readers because of its discussions of the internal organs, and especially the genitalia. Readers also consulted the books on the bones, the muscles, and the vascular system, but only for the summary information presented at the introductory chapters of each. In contrast, they paid less attention to the books on the nervous system, the thoracic cavity, and the brain. Our frequency analysis also revealed that annotations were a tool

for engaging with the text, and not with the woodcuts. The most frequently annotated woodcut was commented upon because of the typographical error in its title, and not because of the actual image. Blatant errors in the printing could incite many readers to pick up their pens to make a correction. They wanted to keep their Fabrica in good order. Last, but not least, one can observe that many of Vesalius’ readers started the book at the beginning, focusing on the flyleaves, the frontispiece, and the prefatory matter. Our qualitative analysis will start with the examination of these. 4.3

Scribbling at the Front: Fashioning the Reader and the Author

The title pages and the frontmatter of books have usually been perceived as the primary site where the author’s persona is set up, shaping the expectations of readers about the volume too.18 Historians have interpreted the Fabrica in a similar manner, explaining how the frontispiece, with 18  On paratexts, see Genette, Paratexts. On the function of the front matter, see Chartier, The Author’s Hand and the Printer’s Mind, chapter 9; Laufer, “L’espace visuel du livre ancien;” Remmert, Picturing the Scientific Revolution; Hunter, The Image of Restoration Science.

66 the figure of Vesalius pictured in the midst of performing an actual dissection, is a significant authorial statement on the importance of manual work and first-hand observation in the study of anatomy, and also a subtle nod towards Galen’s De usu partium.19 Yet the first few pages of a book are also the stage where the annotators make their entrance, and, in full expectation of future owners looking back at them, set up their own readerly persona.20 It is well known that books in the early modern period offered the opportunity for conversation and social exchanges. A variety of people could come together for the pleasures and educational benefits of studying a text together, either in a university lecture room or in the intimate setting of a family living room.21 Reading was a communal activity, and marginalia could be read and shared amongs friends and family. This happened to the Fabrica on one occasion. The same, rather extensive, set of annotations occurs in the Virginia Historical Society’s 1555 copy (II/345) and in one of the 1555 editions at the Russian State Library (II/204). We do not know who marked up these two exemplars, though the marginalia reveal an intimate knowledge of the streets of Bologna. Yet only one of the books is documented to Italy in this period. The other copy was acquired by the London master surgeon George Baker in 1570, who does not appear to have traveled abroad, and, after this death, his Fabrica did not leave England until the 1920s, either.22 Next to the practices of communal reading and annotating, early owners could also expect that later readers of their books would study and comment upon their marginal notes, maintaining a timeless conversation across decades or even centuries. As a result, a good number of owners also used the title page and the endpapers to fashion their identities for these audiences. Interestingly, they did not present themselves to their colleagues and posterity as the member of a friendly and collegial network of scholars, or as members of an educational community, but as the proud individual owner of an expensive book.

19  Park, Secrets of Women; Kusukawa, Picturing the Book of Nature, 202–204; Siraisi, “Vesalius and the Reading of Galen’s Theology,” 5. 20  On the concept of self-fashioning, see Greenblatt, Renaissance Self-Fashioning; on self-fashioning in science, see Biagioli, Galileo, Courtier. 21  On reading as a social activity, see Grafton and Leu, Henricus Glareanus’s (1488–1563) Chronologia; Palmer, Lucretius in the Renaissance; Gingerich and Westman, The Wittich Connection; Hackel, Reading Material in Early Modern England, 43–52. 22   On Baker’s life, see Ungerer, “George Baker: Translator of Aparicio de Zubia’s Pamphlet on the ‘Oleum Magistrale’.”

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The possessor’s note is the first sign where a reader marks his or her identity. In keeping with the high value of the Fabrica, several early owners went to the expense of having elaborate coats of arms painted on the front flyleafs, or, alternatively, they had their names stamped on the front cover. For example, the Breslau collector Johannes Kitzingkus decorated his hand-colored copy with an impressive coat-of-arms, featuring his motto “HONOR VIRTUTIS PRAEMIUM” (II/196). Posterity was very much on the mind of Kitzingkus when designing his record of ownership. The coat-of-arms is dated 1574, the year when he donated the volume to the local Lutheran church of Mary and Magdalene. It was on the occasion of giving away his Fabrica that he realized that he could receive credit and honor from future readers if he left an impressive note of possession in the book. Similarly, the Elbing patrician Andreas Morenberg had his monogram “A: M: M:” stamped on the front cover only in 1608, the very year he presented his exemplar to the local gymnasium, where it remained until the end of World War II (II/178). Morenberg also decorated another one of his presents, the Polyglot Bible, with a colorful coat-of-arms. The appeal to future readers could also be quite explicit, as in the case of the Reims aristocrat Guillaume de Vergeur, who donated his volume to the Minims of his town in the hopes of prayers and salvation, as his ex-dono specifies, writing “Orate pro Eo” (“pray for him”, I/43). Vergeur recorded his ownership in the Fabrica at the moment when he was about to give it away. Even when less elaborate, the possessor’s note served to signal social status and professional pride. It would be tedious to list the number of owners who felt compelled to put the words “M.D.” next to their signature on the frontispiece: “Horatii Muleij Philosophiae et Medae D.” (I/12), “Tiberius Delphinus parmensis possessor hac nothomie chirurgieq professor” (I/93), “Sum Francisci Petri Maelsonij Enchusani Medici, Emptus Antuerpiae in auctione” (I/126), “Datus est mihi doctori Sylvestro” (I/143), and the list goes on. These owners wanted to ensure that their fellow readers knew that they were educated and respected professionals. The practice of using possessors’ notes to impress friends and posterity survived well into the nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first centuries. The physician collectors of the modern age frequently designed special and highly imaginative ex-libris bookplates for their libraries, which help us identify them even today. The New York rheumatologist Reginald Burbank, for instance, used a satyrical illustration of a gout-inflected foot from Gillray as an ex-libris, a clear reference to his profession (II/354). Choosing a more morbid theme, the Parisian physician and littérateur François Moutier had himself

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Figure 25 Note of donation by Guillaume de Vergeur on front flyleaf. I/43. Reims: Bibliothèque municipale de Reims. Call No.: Rés. GG 27.

pictured in a library, reading a book in an armchair, while a skeleton, symbolizing death, was seated opposite him in another armchair, holding a book in its bony hands (I/A26).23 Ownership marks still offer an opportunity to signal professional identity, witty elegance, and reflections on one’s own mortality, at the same time. In the case of the Fabrica, the respect one could get for owning the Fabrica trumped the desire to express one’s membership in the Republic of Letters.24 As we have seen, communal book use was a prominent feature of early 23  We thank Gary Panter for identifying Gillray as the artist of the ex-libris. 24  For recent summaries of the Republic of Letters, see Lamy, “La République des Lettres et la structuration des savoirs à l’époque moderne;” Miert, “What Was the Republic of Letters?;” for an etymology, see Waquet, “Qu’est-ce que la République des Lettres?.” The literature on the topic is vast, and we only signal two key publications here, Grafton, “A Sketch Map of a Lost Continent;” Goldgar, Impolite Learning.

modern reading practices and, to acknowledge and make explicit their social ties to their colleagues, some readers in this period added the phrase “et amicorum” (and of his friends) to their possessors’ notes.25 In books with such an inscription, the claim to individual ownership was tempered by the reader’s desire to fashion himself as member of a learned community of equals. “Et amicorum” notes can also be found in copies of the Fabrica, but they are rare. We found only three of them, all from the seventeenth century. The Parisian counsel of state Jacques Ribier signed his copy as “Jac. Ribierij & amicorum” (I/15), the Caiazzo bishop Jacopo Villani wrote “Sum Jacobi Villanij, mediol. et amic[orum]” (II/138), and the Ferrara doctor Petrus Leonus noted “Sum Petri Leonij Ferrariensis et amicorum” (I/85). The importance of friendship and professional networks could also be emphasized by using 25  István Monok, “Ex libris Nicolai Bethlen et amicorum;” Hobson, “Et Amicorum;” Coppens, “Et amicorum: Not Just for friends;” Nuovo, “Et amicorum.”

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Figure 26 An early “et amicorum” note on the frontispiece. I/15. Montreal: McGill University, Osler Library. Call No.: folio V575a 1543. Courtesy of the Osler Library of the History of Medicine, McGill University.

the pages of a book as an autograph book or an alba amicorum. Two such copies of the Fabrica survive: the exemplar of the Nuremberg physician and bibliophile Georg Palma, which bears notes of friendship from Prince Christoph Radziwiłł and Christoph Sbororo (II/103), dating to 1565, and the copy of the Swiss aristocrat Baptista von Salis from 1619, whose friends in Geneva wrote notes of friendship and had their coats of arms painted on the front flyleaves (I/206). Yet we need to realize that these five copies are all the examples that we have found in a corpus of over seven hundred. While owners obviously shared their Fabrica with friends, family and colleagues, the overwhelming majority of them considered the book too valuable, both in monetary and social terms, to be used for emphasizing the importance of social networks amongst equals. It was an elegant and expensive volume that individuals wanted to own on their own, although it was nowhere near the cult object it has become since then.26 Social networks mattered for owners of the Fabrica in one context. The Fabrica could become an important tool in gift exchanges.27 Yet it was just as often used for establishing and reinforcing hierarchical relations between donor and recipient as for expressing one’s selfless

26  Curiously, the situation would change slightly in the late twentieth century, when book dealers sometimes find the Fabrica too expensive to handle on their own. As a result, they often buy the Fabrica as part of a consortium. 27  On books as gifts, see Davis, “Beyond the Market;” Scott-Warren, Sir John Harington and the Book as Gift.

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appreciation for one’s social equals.28 Many owners used the Fabrica to gain and distribute social credit, and a good number of copies bear such notes of donation from the period before 1800. In some cases, they reveal the first owner’s desire to be perceived as a generous and powerful friend. In other cases, they reveal the second owner’s desire to showcase their connections to an important person. For example, Count Friedrich von Löwenstein II occupied a much higher social status than the Nuremberg astronomer Nicolaus Gugler, and his note of donation, marking his social position (“Fridericus Comes in Leouestain II / Hunc librum dno Nicolao Gugler dono dedit.”), served to reinforce this hierarchy (II/47). Recipients of the Fabrica could also use their acknowledgments of the gift to highlight their close relationships to their superiors. The court physician Sylwester Roguski carefully recorded that he received his volume from Queen Anna Jagiellonka (I/132); while the Nuremberg physician Stephanus Lagus noted that his copy came directly from the author (“Sum Stephani Lagi ex dono D. Andreae Vesalii”, I/56). On occasion, a social inferior could even use the Fabrica to impress and curry favor with their employer. The court secretary Henricus Petri donated his Fabrica (II/268) to his employer, the “most illustrious and generous” Johann VII, Count of Nassau-Siegen, when the latter established a library for the local school. This does not mean that exchanges of the Fabrica as a gift between social equals were never recorded on the pages of the Fabrica. In the late eighteenth century, Johann Gottlieb Gottstein gave the Fabrica to his beloved brother Nathanael Gottstein as a gift (II/169), and a century before that, the Austrian aristocrat and Cartesian philosopher Johann Ludwig von Wolzogen donated his copy to his social equal, the Polish aristocrat Łukasz Opaliński (II/241). In the modern age, the Fabrica could also be used as a gift in hierarchical relationships. William Osler donated a copy as a wedding gift to his talented student Lewellys S. Barker (I/203), and gave another copy to the University of Missouri where another of his students served as professor of anatomy (II/308). Osler’s colleague Howard Atwood Kelly also used his Fabrica in the same manner. He donated it to the young Harvey Cushing, who joined the faculty of Johns Hopkins some twelve years after Kelly (II/327). In Europe, the Belgian count Jules de Buisseret donated his volume to the painter Leopold de Coen as a reward when the latter won a prize at the Brussels Academy of 28  On hierarchical social networks and gifting in the early modern Republic of Letters, see Goldgar, Impolite Learning.

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Figure 27 Note of donation from Henricus Petri on front flyleaf. II/268. London: University College London. Call No.: Strong Room C FOLIO 1555 V27.

70 Painting in 1854; a half century later, Coen’s son passed on the volume to his physician, Dr. Belvaux, as a token of thanks for curing him (II/122). Throughout the ages, the Fabrica could be used to reward one’s students and social inferiors, and to thank others for the services they had rendered. Since the Fabrica frequently served as a tool for highlighting one’s high status in society, owners of the Fabrica tended not to emphasize the function of their book as the social glue that tied intimate families together. We have no records of families assembled by the fire on a dark winter evening, communally listening to the gripping narrative of the hyoid bone, although some copies bear the possessor’s note “sibi et suis,” suggesting that the owner purchased the copy for familial use (I/76, I/96, I/253, II/103). The only direct evidence for family reading comes from the brothers David and Nathaniel Chytraeus, both professors at Rostock in the late 1500s. The Humboldt University in Berlin now possesses a copy, once owned by Nathaniel Chytraeus, which contains a copy of an early letter by the humanist Johannes Metellus on Vesalius’ death (II/64). Another copy, which contains notes of a lecture of David Chytraeus (either written by himself, or copied out by one of his students), also contains the same letter by Metellus, suggesting that the two brothers, and possibly their students, shared knowledge with each other about the passing of Vesalius (II/P14). Similarly, the Fabrica bears little evidence of autobiographical details or family histories that pepper the front pages of many sixteenth-century or later Bibles. While Bible owners frequently noted major life events inside the covers of their copy, it is highly unusual for owners of the Fabrica to do so. The Wittenberg student Erasmus Nicolai not only wrote down that he received his copy as a gift from his teacher, Dean Gunderam in 1560, but also listed his fellow Swedish students in Wittenberg from 1517 to 1561, remarked that his first son, Israel, was born on October 3, 1563, and noted that his daughter, Anna, died on September 25, 1565, around 4 o’clock in the morning (II/229). The only other person to annotate his copy in a similar manner was the Chemnitz physician Caspar Naevius, who did not only write an autobiography at the book’s front, but also recorded extensive details about his children there (I/A16). In sum, readers of the Fabrica tended to use the front endpapers of the volume to mark their ownership, to signal their professional qualifications, and to establish themselves in a social hierarchy through recording their participation in gift exchanges. They did not frequently use this atlas to emphasize the importance of their family life, friendships, and membership in scholarly networks. They also tended not to use the Fabrica to preserve souvenirs in them, a practice otherwise not unknown in early modern

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Europe. In the Ambrosiana copy, a modern Italian reader left various newspaper slips, sheets from a notebook of the Hotel Aquila d’Oro et Croce in Mantova, and a large plant leaf between the folios (II/132). Plant leaves and seeds, or traces of these, can also be found in copies in Ann Arbor (I/197), Boston (I/207, II/293), Cieszyn (II/177), Galveston (II/315), Naples (II/134), New Haven (I/238), New York (II/331), Toulouse (II/60), and Vicenza (I/112), providing evidence of the botanical interest of some earlier readers. Apart from these few cases, however, the Fabrica was just a bit too expensive for the purpose of recording or preserving one’s memories. Autobiographical elements were included in the Fabrica only when they were medically relevant or socially important. Jan Viringus, the Dutch translator of Vesalius’ Epitome, informed posterity about his daughter only when it was relevant to the Fabrica’s argument.29 In his marginalia, he remarked how, during his wife’s pregnancy, he could confirm the author’s claim that the shape of a pregnant belly could correctly predict the sex of the offspring. Since the right side of his wife’s abdomen was more prominent, Viringus predicted a girl. The prediction was right, and his child would be named Isabelle (I/28). 4.3.1 The Cult of Vesalius Instead of offering autobiographical detail on the reader, the first few leaves of the Fabrica tend to provide information about the author, the artist, and the bibliographical details of the volume. First and foremost, many copies contain short catalogue descriptions, usually cut out from early twentieth-century, often German, auction catalogues, to inform the reader about the essential details of their copy. Such catalogue descriptions, however, do not necessarily refer to the exemplar that one holds in their hand. They offer comparative information for the owner, reveal what other copies are in circulation, and provide estimates of its financial value. Thus, for instance, the Erfgoedbibliotheek Hendrik Conscience in Antwerp (I/4) has a catalogue entry pasted in their copy from the auction catalogue of the Berlin dealer J. A. Stargardt in 1939, which describes the exemplar that now resides at the Deutsches Historisches Museum in Berlin (I/53), and not in Antwerp. Similarly, the Detroit Fabrica (I/220) features on its pastedown an Italian catalogue entry from 1966, and another one from Dawson’s at Pall Mall from 1961, neither of which describe the actual book, which has been in Detroit since the late 1920s.

29  On this copy, see Vons, “Un exemplaire du De humani corporis fabrica (1543) annoté par Jan Wauters van Vieringen.” On Viringus, see Meerhoff, “Avec Lipse dans la tourmente.”

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Figure 28 Letter on the death of Vesalius by Johannes Metellus to Arnold Birckmann on the front pastedown. II/64. Berlin: Humboldt Universität. Call No.: 2000/C1 1.

Figure 29 Letter on the death of Vesalius by Johannes Metellus to Arnold Birckmann before the frontispiece. II/P14. Private Collection.

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Figure 30 The autobiography of Erasmus Nicolai on the colophon. II/229. Västerås: Västerås City Library. Call No.: Stiftsbiblioket, P.O.D. VII.

The flyleaves are also the site where readers recorded their observations on the historical context in which the Fabrica was produced. Not only Vesalius and Oporinus, but the owners of the Fabrica also participated in the fashioning of the author.30 Already in the sixteenth century, many readers remarked on Vesalius’ achievement in hagiographic terms. The Wittenberg professor Esrom Rüdinger, for instance, claimed that no one could surpass or even equal the Flemish master (“nemo eum superare potest, aut ei adhuc comparari”, II/180); while another early reader wrote that the Fabrica was incomparable (“cuique nullum aliud comparatur”, II/293). These cultic 30  On scientific and philosophical cults, see Browne, “Looking at Darwin;” Scholten, “Frans Hemsterhuis’s Memorial to Hermann Boerhaave;” Goodman, “Pigalle’s Voltaire nu.”

accounts focused less on the actual circumstances of producing an atlas of anatomy, and spent more time on perpetuating the classic debates that have plagued Vesalian historiography since the author’s death. Readers seem to have been interested primarily in three questions from the sixteenth century to this day. They wanted to know the source of Vesalius’ talents, they wanted to know how Vesalius died on the island of Zakynthos, and, from the mid-seventeenth century onwards, they wanted to know if Titian may have been responsible for the illustrations of the Fabrica. We discuss annotations on Titian in the section on images below, and focus here only on the biographical interest in Vesalius. Even within his lifetime, Vesalius was treated as a cultic figure, and his fame had to be sung by poets of various talent. The list runs from the Wittenberg theologian

Reading and Annotating the Fabrica: The Sporadic Reader

Paul Eber (I/77, II/325) to the renowned humanist scholar Johannes Sambucus (II/338). The French poet Antoine Valet wrote a lengthy Latin poem on osteology on the flyleaves, starting with a poetic discussion of the number of the bones “tres capitis partes: calvaria continet, ossa, /suturasque octo: frontij simul, occipiitque […]”, and also authored two epigrams in Latin and Greek on Vesalius’ fame, which he copied out under the portrait of the anatomist. The German physician Erasmus Flock used the portrait page to draft an epigram “In praise of Vesalius,” which is barely legible because of his numerous corrections (II/67). Last but not least, the famed theologians Benito Arias Montano and Philipp Melanchthon composed poems inspired by Vesalius, which were copied by readers in several Fabricas. Montano claimed that no one was more learned than Vesalius (II/316, II/338), while Melanchthon focused on the issue of how one could admire God’s creation by studying the human body (I/77, I/204). Once Vesalius’ achievements were sufficiently praised, some readers ventured to provide an explanation for his genius and achievements. At least three readers found that the stars may have played a role in shaping his talents (I/67, I/79, I/96), and wrote elaborate astrological diagrams under the portrait to figure out the exact details.31 One of them was made by Erasmus Flock, the author of a laudatory poem, while the other two horoscopes are variants of Cardano’s printed horoscope of Vesalius, listing which star gave which talents to the Flemish anatomist.32 Given how precise some of the annotations are about Vesalius’ birth, other readers were probably also interested in such astrological interpretations. The anonymous reader of the Göttingen copy, for instance, specified that the anatomist was born at 5.45 in the morning, probably in anticipation of using this information for casting a horoscope (II/77). If Vesalius’ birth happened under auspicious constellations, his death may have signalled the potential overreach of an ambitious genius. News of Vesalius’ death

31  We thank Monica Azzolini for examining and analyzing these three horoscopes for us, and for discussing their significance. 32  Neither appear to be actually written by Cardano himself. We thank Anthony Grafton for discussing this point with us. For an attribution of the Jerusalem copy to Cardano (I/79), see Castiglioni, “The Attack on Franciscus Puteus on Andreas Vesalius and the Defence by Gabriel Cuneus,” 146.

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reached the learned world in the first months of 1565. The Flemish anatomist fell sick while returning from a pilgrimage in Jerusalem, and he passed away on the island of Zakynthos on October 13, 1564.33 No one knew for certain why Vesalius departed on a pilgrimage, and what caused his passing. Four contemporary accounts survive, which contradict each other to some degree. The French diplomat Hubert Languet mentioned Vesalius’ death in a letter to Caspar Peucer on January 1, 1565, claiming that Vesalius had accidentally vivisected one of his patients, and left for Jerusalem in penitence for this act. As already mentioned, Metellus reported the death in several letters in April 1565, with no mention of the vivisection anecdote, while Reiner Solenander wrote up a report in May 1566, claiming that Vesalius did not make it alive to Zakynthos, but died on his ship as it was about to anchor in port. Finally, a printed account appeared in the hand of Petrus Bizarrus in 1568, which claimed that the reason for Vesalius’ voyage was to accept a professorship and return to Padova. Numerous readers expressed an interest in these details (e.g. I/22, II/89). Some of them, including the Chytraeus brothers, simply copied out Metellus’ letter to Birckmann, while others turned to Bizarrus’ account (II/338, II/169). Languet’s letter, sometimes thought to be a fabrication, was also known in the period.34 Two readers copied it out together with Andreas Dudith’s refutation of the anecdote of vivisection (II/P10, II/16, for a copy of the printed letter of 1620, see II/347). Others attempted a summary or used later sources, and mixed up the already uncertain details in the process. Copying a later account by Wolfgang Krüger, Jacobus Angelicus noted in his exemplar with evident delight the contrast that the “famed physician and anatomist, court physician of Charles V”, died in a “poor fishermen’s hut on October 6” (II/31).35 An Italian reader

33   On Vesalius’ death, see Sarton, “The Death and Burial of Vesalius;” O’Malley, “Andreas Vesalius’ Pilgrimage;” for a recent summary and claims about the death, see Biesbrouck, “Andreas Vesalius’ Fatal Voyage to Jerusalem,” Medical Terminology Blog, June 13, 2016, https://clinanat.com/mtd/802–andreas-vesaliuss-fatal-voyage-to-jerusalem-1; and Pavlos Palaios, “Death of Vesalius: More Evidence Points to Scurvy,” Pampalaia Blog, http://pampalaia.blogspot.fr/2013/05/death-of-vesalius-moreevidence-points.html. 34  See also Michael J. North, “The Death of Andreas Vesalius,” Circulating Now Blog, October 15, 2014, https://circulatingnow .nlm.nih.gov/2014/10/15/the-death-of-andreas-vesalius/. 35  Krüger, Catalogus et Historologia Mille Virorum, 27.

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Figure 31 An osteological poem by Antoine Valet on the front flyleaf. II/28. Bordeaux: Bibliothèque de Mériadeck. Call No.: S 759.

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Reading and Annotating the Fabrica: The Sporadic Reader

Figure 31 An osteological poem by Antoine Valet on the front flyleaf. II/28. Bordeaux: Bibliothèque de Mériadeck. Call No.: S 759.

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Figure 32 Portrait of Vesalius with horoscope and poems by Erasmus Flock on *6v. I/67. Koblenz: Bibliothek des Staatlichen Görres-Gymnasiums.

Reading and Annotating the Fabrica: The Sporadic Reader

Figure 33 Annotation on the birth and death of Vesalius on the frontispiece. II/76. Göttingen: Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen. Call No.: GR 2 ZOOL XI 4423 RARA.

Figure 34 Various accounts of Vesalius’ death on the back pastedown. II/16. London, ON: James Alexander and Ellen Rae Benson Special Collections, Western Archives, Western Libraries, Western University, London, Canada. Call No.: QM21.V418 1555.

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Graph 7

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Frequency of different types of early annotation, shown as the percentage of early annotated copies. References to any author include mentions of Galen, corrections of any typographical error include corrections of the errata.

claimed that Vesalius’ death was caused by the shock of realizing that he vivisected a lady (I/22); while another contemporary thought that Vesalius died on the way to Jerusalem, and not back (II/109). These various annotations on Vesalius’ life shed light on how readers across the ages used the first few pages of the Fabrica to fashion an adulatory portrait of the anatomist and his atlas. While early modern readers used their own pen to ponder the sad details of Vesalius’ death, and studied his incomparable talents with the tools of astrology, twentieth-century readers preferred to paste in printed auction catalogue entries of the Fabrica, putting the limelight on the actual book and its listed price, and not on the author himself. 4.4

Image and Text: Learning to See

Nowadays, Vesalius’ Fabrica is justly celebrated for its fabulous woodcuts, which were the first comprehensive attempt to present the human body through the medium

of images. Reprints of the Fabrica that publish only the illustrations abound, and many twenty-first-century readers feel more comfortable looking at and interpreting the famous series of the skeleton and muscle men than going through several hundred dense pages of anatomical investigations. Indeed, there are rumours that even in the late twentieth century some book dealers were happy to rip out the most important woodcuts from their imperfect copies of the 1555 edition and pulp the remainder of the volume, arguing that there was a better market for the individual woodcuts than for a battered copy that also contained the unimportant text. Yet, for contemporary readers of Vesalius, the text of the Fabrica appeared just as interesting as the pictures, and, most importantly, they could only read the images with the help of the text.36 It is especially difficult to gauge

36  For a comprehensive interpretation of Vesalius’ woodcuts, and contemporary reactions to it, which has influenced our interpretation here, see Kusukawa, Picturing the Book of Nature. The

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Figure 35 Annotations on the woodcuts of the skulls on p. 21. II/116. Budapest: ELTE University Library and Archive. Call No.: Ant. 7382.

reader response to images with the help of annotations, and our findings in this area are tentative. Yet, as far as we can tell, the readers turned to the images primarily with the intention to identify the organs pictured, and their annotations sometimes reveal a distinct uncertainty about how one could do this. For the first generation (or, indeed, the first generations) of Vesalian readers, it was not selfevident how one should deal with the information the woodcuts provided.37 The Fabrica was the first major illustrated atlas of anatomy, going far beyond the precedents literature on these images is vast, we only mention here some of the most important, including Harcourt, “Andreas Vesalius and the Anatomy of Antique Sculpture.” 37  For similar arguments about medical illustrations in the sixteenth century, see Lincoln, “Curating the Renaissance Body.”

of Berengario da Carpi, or of anatomical broadsheets, in terms of the number and complexity of images.38 Early readers had received no training to understand the visual evidence Vesalius and his illustrators provided about the human body. They could not rely on the tradition to understand the complex layers and references of each image, and to correctly parse the interplay of image, explanatory characters, and text. The annotations of these readers reveal that they were in the process of learning (and, on occasion, failing to learn) how to read images for anatomical information. In total, just above 40% of the copies annotated before the nineteenth century bear notes related to the 38  Carpi, Commentaria cum amplissimis additionibus super anatomia Mundini.

80 illustrations, which appears a rather high number at first sight. Yet we should keep in mind that, in almost all of these cases, the readers also engaged with the text, and not just the woodcuts. Consider the 1555 copy in Budapest (II/115), for instance, which contains detailed marginalia on only one of the woodcuts, in the hand of David or Johannes Baptista Verbec. This was the illustration of the five natural and non-natural skulls, which highlighted the differences between regular and irregular headshapes. Verbec carefully studied these differences, writing words all around the illustrations, and also drew a box around the four non-natural skulls to visually separate them from the single woodcut of the natural skull. At the same time, he also continuously annotated the first thirty-one pages of text on the bones, remarked upon the failings of Galen related to the venous system, and annotated extensively the sections on the internal organs and the heart. His fledgling interest in the illustration of the skulls was clearly dwarfed by his attention to the text of the Fabrica. Having considered Verbec, we should also remember the almost 60% of readers who provided some evidence of their interest in Vesalius’ writings, but did not leave any visible marks of engagement with the woodcuts. The majority of readers seems to have felt more affinity with the text than with the images. Our emphasis on the annotators’ interest in and potential slight preference for the text does not mean that readers did not pay attention to Calcar’s woodcuts. Users did not always pick up their quill to express their aesthetic appreciation by writing on an image, and did not need to write long comments when contemplating the images to reflect on the fragility and religious significance of the human body. The number of drawings after the muscle and skeleton men, and visual quotations of the Fabrica in Renaissance and Baroque paintings, provide ample evidence for the artistic impact of Calcar’s work in the period.39 Several copies serve as proof that the Fabrica could elicit similar moralizing responses in early readers. On occasion, readers added additional epigrams to the skeleton men woodcuts, often borrowing the couplet from the companion volume of the Epitome (e.g. II/169, II/178). In Wolfenbüttel, for instance, an early reader added the verse from the Epitome to the third skeleton man, as well as two epigrams from Martial and a Greek poem that claimed that “everything is laughter and nothing, and only 39   For discussions of Vesalius’ artistic influence, see Damm, Thimann and Zittel, The Artist as Reader; Kemp, “A Drawing for the Fabrica;” see also Cazort, Kornell and Roberts, The Ingenious Machine of Nature.

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dust will remain” (II/113). In Stockholm, too, an erstwhile reader added a long distych and a short epigram to the woodcuts of the skeleton men, claiming that “death is the medicine of pain” (“mors est medicina doloris”, I/150).40 Possibly, many other readers contemplated these images with similar, morbid thoughts in mind. Comparative evidence nonetheless suggests that readers were more interested in studying the woodcuts as epistemic images that attempted to convey information about the body’s structures. The overwhelming majority of the annotations on the woodcuts focuses on making anatomical sense of them. 4.4.1 Types of Annotation in Illustrations Early modern readers used a limited set of techniques when it came to dealing with the anatomical content of the woodcuts. Each annotated copy of the Fabrica exhibits some variation about its handling of the images, but one can nonetheless identify clear patterns. Readers faced the problem of not knowing how to interpret these novel images of anatomy, and they attempted to follow Vesalius’ instructions for guidance. The anatomist wrote in the Letter to Oporinus that the images served to help readers identify the different body parts with the help of explanatory characters, and he boasted that, thanks to his design, “no identifying character, however hidden in shading, will escape the sharp-eyed and careful readers.”41 Identification was the primary function of annotations for the woodcuts, especially because the readers did not find Vesalius’ characters as easy to locate and understand as the anatomist had hoped. There was the practical issue that Vesalius’ woodcutters introduced a few errors into the images, but most readers failed to notice these mistakes. For instance, only Paul Eber noticed that several explanatory characters were missing in the woodcut of the nervous system on p. 232[432], despite the fact that Vesalius alerted his audience to this problem already in the printed text (I/174).42 Most other readers probably did not study this image and its description carefully enough to notice this detail. Eber also corrected the illustration of the skull on p. 22, where Vesalius’ woodcutters mixed up the characters “X” and “V;” a mistake that neither other readers nor 40  For full transcriptions of the poems, see Eriksson, “Vesaliana.” 41  Vesalius, The Fabric of the Human Body. 42  Since the text was printed after the woodblocks were prepared, it was possible to insert corrections to the text at a stage when the images were already fixed. We thank Monique Kornell for bringing Vesalius’ instructions to our attention, and for discussing her forthcoming, pioneering work on them.

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Figure 36 A moralizing poem next to the skeleton man on p. 163. I/150. Stockholm: National Library of Sweden. Call No.: RAR: 146 C Fol.

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Figure 37 Corrections of characters “N” and “O” on p. 320[420]. I/25. Angers: Bibliothèque municipale d’Angers. Call No.: Rés SA 2570.

Figure 38 Note on the omission of the explanation of characters “F, F” on p. 279. I/79. Jerusalem: National Library of Israel. Call No.: R2=FR954.

the author realized. Yet even Eber did not bother to add the optional characters to the illustration of the vena cava on p. 268[368], as Vesalius suggested. Instead of following Vesalius’ instructions to correct these errors, readers focused on identifying and highlighting those characters that Vesalius had already provided in his woodcuts. The problem was that the characters were small and hard to notice, and that the explanation of the

characters was not right next to the image. The annotators tried to make these characters more visually prominent, and frequently copied out summary phrases from the main text next to or onto the illustration to clarify the connection between image and description. To facilitate identification, one could turn Calcar’s naturalistic illustrations into abstracted diagrams, as in the case of the Albertina copy (II/5). The reader of this copy drew up a

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Figure 39 Paul Eber adds character “K” to the woodcut on p. 356[456]. I/174. Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. Call No.: Bookstore VES.

Ramist table of the portal veins’ vessels on p. 444, summarizing the textual explanation of Vesalius in a branching classificatory scheme.43 Given the visual complexity of the meandering vessels, which crossed over each other, such a diagram could help make sense of the more complex spatial arrangement of the original woodcut. Yet such diagrammatic summaries were rare. Other readers instead decided to copy out a few descriptive phrases next to the illustration, as Verbec did with his 1555 edition (II/115). To

43  On the use of marginal diagrams and images in an educational context of reception, see Raphael, “Teaching through Diagrams.”

clarify which part of the woodcut each summary description referred to, Verbec simply drew a line from the phrase to the relevant segment of the images, e.g. connecting the phrase “posterior eminentia deperdita” to the back of the skull. Such straight lines were the major identificatory tool of early modern readers, and they show up in a large number of copies. They tend to be straight, but were sometimes drawn by an unsteady hand, as in the case of the Ca’ Foscari copy in Venice (I/111). These lines can connect the part of the woodcut to a summary description, they can connect a character within the woodcut to a summary description outside the woodcut, or they can connect a character within the woodcut to an enlarged repetition of

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Figure 40 Diagrammatic representation of the portal vein on p. 444. II/5. Vienna: Bibliothek der Albertina. Call No.: Cimelien Fach I, 10.

the character outside the woodcut. Even the most expert interpreters of Vesalius relied on this technique for dealing with the images. For instance, Johannes Viringus, the Dutch translator of Vesalius’ Epitome, applied this method to correctly interpret the fifth muscle man, highlighting the location of character “X” in the image by writing “X” on the margins and drawing a line to the barely visible character in the image (I/28). The London Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ copy offers another variation on this technique (II/259). The annotator numbered each character separately in the explanation of characters, identified the illustrated body parts by copying out these numbers next to the woodcut, and then drew lines to the characters inside the image. Last, but not least, readers could also decide to identify the characters by copying out all of them next to the original woodcut, preserving their spatial pattern as they were arranged in the original woodcut (II/212). This way, one could

easily find each letter, and then find its original location in the illustration. To highlight Vesalius’ tiny characters, one could also color them brightly so that they stood out in the image. For instance, in the 1555 copy in Halle (II/79), an early reader colored red every single character in all of the woodcuts in the first two hundred pages of the volume. This was a truly Herculean task, and our reader gave up only when he arrived at the sixth muscle man. The reader of the copy at the Regenstein Library in Chicago abandoned his project faster. He colored the characters red in over a dozen of the illustrations, but then stopped at p. 57. One did not need to use only one color to identify characters or body parts in the woodcuts. The copy of Georg Palma in Nuremberg used a color coding scheme in the explanation of characters for the woodcut of the brain on p. 511, underlining each entry in a different color, and then used the same, highly unnaturalistic scheme to illuminate

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Figure 41 The characters of the woodcut highlighted in color. II/79. Halle: Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt. Call No.: UB 213a 2o.

each body part in a different color (II/103).44 The use of color highlights could also be combined with the technique of drawing lines. The Morgan Library copy, once 44  Some of the techniques of the Nuremberg copy, but not the color coding, are also present in the Fabrica of Trinity College Dublin (I/78), whose hand-coloring of the liver, for instance, bears a striking resemblance to Palma’s copy.

owned by Wilfrid Voynich, features characters highlighted in color as well as lines connecting image and explanatory text (I/243). The reader of this copy clearly felt defeated by the complexities of Vesalius’ images. When annotating the thigh muscles of the ninth muscle man, he first drew a line and wrote one character next to it. He then scratched that character off, and wrote another character. He then scratched off that second character, again, and wrote

86 instead the word “dubita” next to the line, expressing his confusion in no uncertain terms. The overwhelming majority of annotated illustrations uses the techniques described above to identify body parts in the images. Only a select number of readers ventured beyond this task to develop more complex ways of visual interpretation. While it was common for annotators to make references to a variety of authors in the text, only a few of them compared the illustrations to other books. The Fabrica preserved in Ferrara (I/86) is one such exception. It contains a reference to Galen next to the woodcut on p. 374[474], noting the ancient author’s claim that the right kidney may be located higher than the left one. The curious Douce copy at the Bodleian library (II/277) contains not only literally hundreds of slips of paper with reprinted fragments of the woodcuts. Its annotator also compared the illustrations with the works of Galen and Fallopio, and, on occasion, with his personal observation of the sutures of the skull in Wittenberg. The Douce copy’s reliance on personal observation is only matched in the copy in Enkhuizen (I/123), in which the reader noted that he had seen the hole in the heart depicted on p. 562. At another point, the Enkhuizen reader also added a drawing of vision. If the Douce and Enkhuizen copies are exceptional in studying the images in tandem with the examination of actual cadavers, the Morgan Library copy may be the only exemplar that actually contains a comparison of Vesalius’ woodcut with an illustration in another book. An early reader remarked in this copy, next to the illustration of the muscles of the male genitalia on p. 225[325], that Geminus’ abridged, English edition of the Fabrica contained an incorrect mirror image of this particular organ (I/243).45 As these examples reveal, early modern readers made only fledgling attempts at comparing the Fabrica’s illustrations with other textual sources, woodcuts, or their examinations of human bodies. They were equally reluctant to draw illustrations next to the Fabrica’s woodcuts. The modern reader of the 1543 Jerusalem edition (I/79), potentially the opthalmologist and medical historian Harry Friedenwald, decided that the nineteen woodcuts printed by Oporinus were not enough to picture the eye, and drew an improved, twentieth version next to the them (he also added another drawing of the eye later in the chapter). The unknown reader of a Countway copy modified the woodcut that pictures crystalline humor, and also drew an illustration next to it (I/207). Others copied out one of the anatomical tools depicted by Calcar (I/33), or the 45  Geminus, Compendiosa totius Anatomiae delineatio aere exarata.

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contours of a hand around the woodcut of the hand’s bones (II/217), while the reader of the Konopka Library copy in Warsaw added a tiny drawing of branching vessels next to the woodcut on p. 494 (II/193). On rare occasions, they could also make drawings inspired by the text. The London physician John Ash, or potentially another reader of his copy, decorated the margins of p. 512 of his exemplar with images of animal spleens, while the Kraków physician Anton Schneeberger left a detailed, and visually arresting, sheet of drawings of the veins and the nerves between the pages of his atlas (II/191).46 Yet, apart from these rare and special occasions, the readers’ response to the Fabrica was overwhelmingly textual. 4.4.2 Choosing Where to Look If Vesalius’ woodcuts were difficult to understand and required extensive work for interpretation, which of them were actually worth the trouble? The Fabrica’s readers expressed a clear preference for annotating the renowned series of the skeleton and the muscle men. They were also fascinated by the image of the spine, and the large-scale illustrations of the systems of the vena cava, the portal vein, or the nerves. Last but not least, they also carefully studied the renowned five woodcuts of the natural and non-natural skulls. We may assume today that owners would be loath to reduce the value of the Fabrica’s fascinating woodcuts by scribbling notes on the side, yet this sensibility probably only developed in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In the earlier periods, when the Fabrica was expensive, but not more expensive than other books of the same size, the owners used the Fabrica primarily for the purposes of medical study, and did not think twice about annotating the most celebrated woodcuts if they thought it was necessary. The reader of the Oldenburg 1543 edition, potentially the physician Leonhard Münsterer, did not hesitate to scribble his notes on the woodcut of the first muscle man, even though it was a partially hand-colored woodcut (I/73). The illumination of the woodcuts did not deter the owner of the copy preserved in Fermo, either (I/81). He put annotations next to the illustrations of the muscle men, which were colored uniformly red, and also annotated the smaller, similarly colored woodcuts, too. In fact, owners tended to annotate large-scale woodcuts more often than some of the smaller illustrations. The early reader of the

46  Nierzwicki, “Warszawski egzemplarz ‘De humani corporis fabrica’ Andreasa Vesaliusa.”

Reading and Annotating the Fabrica: The Sporadic Reader

Figure 42 A hand-drawn illustration of vision on p. 324[424]. I/126. Enkhuizen: Librije Westerkerk Enkhuizen. Call No.: F 160.

Figure 43 An added drawing of the eye on p. 648. I/79. Jerusalem: National Library of Israel. Call No.: R2=FR954.

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Figure 44 Annotations identifying the bones of the skeleton man on p. 203. II/267. London: University College London. Call No.: Strong Room C FOLIO 1555 V2.

copy preserved at the Gymnasium Arnoldinum in Steinfurt (II/107) bears notes exclusively on the three skeleton men, somewhat bafflingly identifying only where the radius was located in these three woodcuts. Apart from the skeleton and muscle men series, the full-page illustrations of the vena cava, the portal vein, and the nerves, were probably annotated most frequently in the Fabrica because they were highly complex images of a system of vessels. These woodcuts in Books III and IV represented and reduced three-dimensional, branching networks into two dimensions, and one could not easily tell how the vessels branched, and what direction they took. In a 1555 edition in Oslo, for instance, an early reader decided to offer extensive identifications of some of the branchings, drew lines to the exact location of the relevant detail in the image, and also added several red ink lines to the woodcut to highlight the path of some of

the vessels (II/175). Similarly, the woodcut of the spine and its vertebrae invited annotations because it lacked visual clarity about where the segments of the spinal column began and ended. Readers relished the opportunity to draw dividing lines between the vertebrae of the neck, the two parts of the back, the os sacrum, and the coccyx, and then proceeded to name these segments in the margins. A partial list of copies that annotate this woodcut includes the 1543 copy in Gent (I/8), and the 1555 editions in Rostock (II/105), Wesel (II/112), Cambridge (II/247), and at the Royal Society in London (II/263). The illustration remains a favorite of annotators in the modern age, too, e. g. for the reader of the Emory copy (I/199). The remaining illustrations of the Fabrica elicited much less attention from readers, with the potential exception of the five woodcuts of natural and non-natural skulls, which get annotated in Budapest (II/116), Fermo (I/83) and

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Figure 45 Identifying a complex system of vessels of the portal vein. II/31. Caen: Université de Caen Basse-Normandie. Call No.: 1639.

Cambridge (II/244).47 The smaller, in-text images are rarely commented upon, as if early modern readers had shared the modern preference for focusing on the blockbuster images. There are a few exceptions, e.g. the Oslo 1555 edition, which carefully notes the location of the ligaments of the liver (II/176). Illustrations of the organs of generation also receive little attention from readers. On occasion, one finds what may look like a pornographic note to twenty-first-century eyes, such as the added dripping semen next to the illustration of the penis in the Coimbra copy (I/135), or the dripping vaginal discharge in the Naples copy, but this is extremely rare (II/134). A handful of readers expressed interest in the renowned illustration of the vagina, which one copy identifies as the

47  On norm and variation in the Fabrica, see Siraisi, “Vesalius and Human Diversity in De humani corporis fabrica.”

“true illustration of a female uterus” (“delineatio uteri faeminae vera,” II/P14), with its constituent parts correctly identified in another copy (II/31), while the anonymous reader of the 1543 São Paulo copy marked in Italian that the illustration on p. 380[480] was “la boca della matrice”, the fundus of the uterus (I/12). The rest of the illustrations were hardly ever noticed by readers. William Ivins famously claimed in the 1950s that printed images were pictorially repeatable statements, and they ushered in the scientific revolution.48 As he argued, the spread of relief and intaglio printmaking techniques in early modern Europe allowed artists and scientific practitioners to disseminate knowledge in a visual format to large audiences, which lowered the costs of communication across large distances. Ivins himself was a devotee 48  Ivins, Prints and Visual Communication.

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Figure 46 Annotations of the woodcut of the spinal column on p. 71. II/105. Rostock: Universitäts­bibliothek Rostock. Call No.: Mb-1.

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4.4.3

peppering with notes even the most exquisite woodcut of the musclemen, modern readers tended to leave these precious woodcuts alone. Instead of annotating the illustrations, they focused on the vexed issue of who authored them. Nineteenth- and twentieth-century readers treated the Fabrica as an artwork, and wanted to learn more about the artist who had created them. While in the case of pre-1800 annotations, over 40% of the annotated copies bear notes on the illustrations, the percentage drops to less than 30% in modern marginalia. Some of these modern annotations followed the old traditions of identification, as in the case of F. J. Cole’s 1543 copy in Reading, who wrote “N os Vesalianum carpi” next to the illustration of the bones of the hand, bearing witness to Vesalius’ observational bravura in noticing this rare anatomical variant in some humans (II/282). Cole also made references to other authors next to his illustrations, writing “cf. Singer & Rabin I/101 XLIII; Saunders & O’Malley 198” next to the woodcut where the highly controversial plexus mirabilis was pictured. Modern institutional owners could also leave their mark on the woodcuts. Because of the rising value of these illustrations, some libraries decided to individually stamp each sheet in their copies. Clearly, they hoped that these stamps would frighten away those readers who come armed with razors to cut out and steal the illustrations of old books. The increasing appreciation of the woodcuts made modern readers especially curious about the artist responsible for the Fabrica’s woodcuts. As it is well known, there is little direct evidence available in the Fabrica about the identity of the illustrator. None of the woodcuts are signed, and Vesalius does not name his artist in his Letter to Oporinus or elsewhere. While the scholarship nowadays accepts that Vesalius worked with Calcar, there have been persistent rumors since 1668 that Titian may have been the designer of these images.50 These rumors were particularly attractive to modern owners of the Fabrica who thought that such an association with a celebrated painter would raise the value of their precious book. In the modern age, more than 30% of the annotators discuss this issue, which is a higher percentage than those who actually annotate the woodcuts. In some cases, the discussion over Titian takes place on the pages with the woodcuts, as in the case of the 1555 edition at the

49  Ivins. “What about the Fabrica of Vesalius?”

50  On these debates, see Simons and Kornell, “Annibal Caro’s AfterDinner Speech (1536) and the Question of Titian as Vesalius’s Illustrator;” for dating the emergence of the Titian myth, see Kornell, “A Dating for Domenico Bonaveri’s Notomie di Titiano;” see also Kusukawa, Picturing the Book of Nature.

Figure 47 Identification of the fundus of the uterus in Italian on p. 380[480]. I/12. São Paulo: Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas. Call No.: QM21 V575dh 1543.

of the Fabrica. He wrote a well-known essay that somewhat exaggerated Calcar’s role in producing the book, and the Fabrica at the Metropolitan Museum of Art was donated to the collection to honor his years at that institution (II/331).49 Yet, as our survey of the annotations of the woodcuts has revealed, many readers of the Fabrica found the illustrations difficult to process. Calcar’s images failed as pictorially repeatable statements because they did not provide a clear, and easily understandable, vehicle for transmitting anatomical knowledge. Yet, ironically, the Fabrica’s readers nonetheless responded to these woodcuts in a relatively uniform and standardized manner. Most of them tended to lavish attention on the largest woodcuts, and they struggled with identifying how the illustrations represented the bodily organs, and which character of the woodcut signified which body part. To solve these problems, they turned to using color highlights and drawing lines from the woodcut to their marginal comments. Vesalius’ and Calcar’s woodcuts did not manage to clearly convey the same message to every reader. Yet they did manage to elicit the same methods of interpretation in a large number of copies across Germanic lands, Italy, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. The invention of the illustrated anatomy atlas resulted in the standardization of manual techniques of identification and annotation that were developed to identify body parts in complex epistemic images. From Image to Artist: The Woodcuts in the Modern Age Twenty-first-century audiences tend to bristle at the idea of annotating images that may serve an aesthetic function. While early modern readers had no compunctions about

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Figure 48 Annotations to the woodcut of the skull on p. 36. I/223. Galveston, TX: University of Texas Medical Branch. Courtesy of the Truman G. Blocker, Jr. History of Medicine Collections, Moody Medical Library, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.

Josephinum in Vienna (II/8), which contains a nineteenthcentury pencil annotation next to the skeleton man, paraphrasing Ludwig Choulant’s groundbreaking Geschichte der anatomischen Abbildung: “soll der trauernder Jünger aus einer Grablegung Christi von Titian sein?”51 As this reader hoped, even if there was no hard documentary evidence, stylistic similarities could still connect the Italian master to the Fabrica. Yet, as we have mentioned before, most readers discussed the question of the artist’s identity on the front flyleaves. The debate on Titian vs Calcar was already raging in the late seventeenth century. Nonetheless, before the nineteenth century, only 8% of the annotators discussed this

51  Choulant, Geschichte und Bibliographie der anatomischen Abbildung.

topic. Yet those who remarked upon the debate tended to carefully study the available literature. For instance, the seventeenth-century reader of the copy at the Seminario vescovile di Padova offered an exhaustive list of references (II/136), and so did the copy at the Museum Boerhaave in Leiden (II/160), whose annotator quoted from Latin, German and Italian sources about Vesalius’ life and on the Fabrica’s artist, including an early report on Titian’s authorship from a 1668 review of Roger de Piles’ Abrégé d’anatomie in the Giornale di Roma, “Il famoso Titiano disegno le Figure Anatomiche del’Opere del Vesalio.” Eighteenth-century readers could also be taken in by the attraction of Titian’s authorship. The London philosopher Thomas Hollis, a major donor of books to Harvard (and other universities), even entertained the idea that Titian could be recognized on the frontispiece, writing that this woodcut “is thought to be after a drawing of Titian’s

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Figure 49 Annotation in F. J. Cole’s hand on the kidney on p. 515. I/196. University of Reading Special Collections, Cole Library. Call No.: COLE – 427F.

himself, who appeared in it, a thin spare man, with a long beard & cap standing near the skeleton within the rails” (II/299). On the other side of the debate, Calcar also had his early supporters, as evinced by the presumably eighteenth-century note in a 1543 copy in Jena, “Joh. De Calchar Pictor Belgicus celeberrimus fecit Venetiis A. 1540” (I/65), and other alternatives were not unheard of, either. In the copy preserved in Versailles (II/66), a reader noted that the images were authored by the seventeenth-century French artist François Tortebat, mistaking de Piles’ post-Vesalian Abrégé d’Anatomie for the original, writing “Tortebat figuras hujus libri fecit.” By 1800, a strong scholarly consensus developed around the authorship of Calcar. The celebrated Belgian bibliophile Charles van Hulthem (I/7), for instance, could refer both to Jacopo Morelli’s Notizia d’opere di disegno and to Johann Dominik Fiorillo’s Geschichte der Zeichnenden Künste to support such an argument.52 Fiorillo was also referenced in a copy nowadays in Kielce (II/179), where a

Polish owner or librarian carefully noted that the images were from Calcar, a student of Titian’s. Most importantly, the English aristocrat and Vesalius aficionado Sir William Stirling Maxwell also concurred with this judgment, though he called the Flemish artist a “successful imitator of his master Titian” (II/344). For Stirling Maxwell, the topic was so important that he discussed Calcar both in his 1543 and his 1555 editions, now preserved at the Getty (I/231) and at Princeton, respectively, and made crossreferences in the 1555 copy to his note in the 1543 edition. Amongst nineteenth-century owners there were still a few supporters of Titian’s authorship, but they were a distinct minority. For example, the engraver J. B. Jackson wrote a letter, pasted into a copy at King’s College London, that stated his belief that Titian not only designed the images, but also drew them on wood (I/180). A later reader of Jackson’s letter noted perceptively on the same page, though, that the woodcuts “were done by John van Kalcker a disciple of Titian”, referring the readers to Jean-Baptiste Descamps’

52  Fiorillo, Geschichte der zeichnenden Künste von ihrer Wiederauflebung bis auf die neuesten Zeiten, II/82–83; Morelli,

Notizia d’opere di disegno nella prima metà del secolo XVI., 232–233.

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Figure 50 Annotation on Calcar’s authorship on p. 163. I/65. Jena: Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek. Call No.: 2 Med. XIV, 4.

Vie des peintres flamands.53 Indeed, at one point, Jackson must have changed his mind, too. In another letter, pasted into a copy once owned by Herbert McLean Evans and now at the Huntington Library (II/353), he claimed that “The cuts […] have been attributed to Titian, but the Abbé Morelli has shown that they were drawn by John Calcar, a Flemish painter who had been one of Titian’s pupils.” Even though Calcar’s authorship became rather difficult to deny, many nineteenth-century authors felt reluctant to reject their precious copy’s potential relationship to a celebrated master such as Titian. One ingenious German reader came up with the compromise that both Calcar and Titian were involved with the Fabrica (II/112). Calcar may have executed the woodcuts, but he followed the design of Titian, or so he claimed. Those who accepted Calcar’s sole authorship decided instead to emphasize the Flemish artist’s connections to Titian. The Fukuoka copy’s reader claimed that Calcar was a “Schüler von Vesal.” (II/155), while one of the University College London copies called him a “disciple de Titian” ([sic], II/267). And if the involvement of a pupil of Titian was not enough for owners who were into celebrity hunting, one could always make a connection to Shakespeare, as well. The Morgan 53  Descamps, La vie des peintres flamands, allemands et hollandois.

Library copy bears a note, probably from Wilfrid Voynich, which claims that some passages in Shakespeare’s Hamlet were inspired either by the original Fabrica or by one of its English editions (I/243). To conclude, the advent of the modern era signaled a relative decline of medical interest in the Fabrica’s woodcuts. While many early modern readers made an effort to highlight Vesalius’ characters in the woodcuts, and to draw lines to identify the body parts, modern annotators tended to keep these images clean. The years after 1800 witness the rising appreciation of the value of these woodcuts, and, consequently, a rising interest in the question of their authorship. Interestingly, this was also the period when a consensus emerged on Calcar as Vesalius’ collaborator, with very few scholars or readers accepting the attribution to Titian. As a result, a rather paradoxical situation emerged. Readers became interested in a debate on authorship after its resolution, fully aware that the consensus had already been achieved. It is as if the celebrity of Titian, and the chance to have some discussion about his potential role, were more important factors to keep the debate alive than the fact that everybody knew its actual outcome. Readers discussed the question of the woodcut’s authorship in the same manner that crime story aficionados reread Agatha Christie’s novels again and again. It is

Reading and Annotating the Fabrica: The Sporadic Reader

still fun to follow the plot even when you know who the murderer is. Such a comparison may well explain why, even today, with all the evidence against Titian’s contributions, we still see public and scholarly discussions considering, and, in most cases, straightforwardly rejecting the Venetian master as the author of the images. The story is too good not to repeat. 4.5

Personal Experience and Bookish Learning

The reception history of the Fabrica has revealed that early modern readers found Vesalius’ woodcuts much less straightforward to interpret than historians have traditionally assumed. A similarly controversial picture emerges when we focus on the role of bookish learning and personal experience in shaping the reception of Vesalius and the development of anatomy. In popular accounts of the Fabrica, we frequently encounter claims that Vesalius revolutionized anatomy by putting a heightened emphasis on the role of personal observation, and by urging readers to discard their reliance on the outdated, and useless, works of Antiquity. While it is true that Vesalius exhorted his readers to adopt a hands-on approach to anatomy, his readers did not necessarily pay attention. Instead, they turned to books. Less than 10% of the annotators mention their own experiences with studying the human body, while more than half include a reference to another book or author. Obviously, the early modern physicians who owned the Fabrica frequently encountered dead bodies and patients struck by disease, although probably only a minority of them performed dissections for the purposes of anatomy.54 The dearth of marginal notes reflecting on the readers’ own experiences nonetheless suggests that there was a disconnect between the practice of reading anatomical texts and making empirical observations. Readers turned the pages of the Fabrica in their libraries, and, at least at the first stage of reading and marking up the text, it was easier for them to pick up another medical book from the shelves than to recall an anatomical observation made in a different context. The Fabrica could not fully break free from the bookish culture it was conceived in. The minority of the readers who relied on their personal experiences to make sense of Vesalius strongly emphasized the importance of these observations. They agreed 54   On the empirical orientation of early modern physicians, inspired by ancient authors, see, for instance, Stolberg, “Empiricism in Sixteenth-Century Medical Practice.”

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with Vesalius that books, on their own, were not enough to understand the structure of the human body. A reader in Toronto’s 1543 edition of the Fabrica (I/17) summarized Vesalius’ argument by claiming that it was impossible “to gain perfect knowledge of the fabric of the human body only from books” (“fabricae humani corporis cognitionem perfectam ex libris solis minime fieri posse”), and also discussed his personal observations related to the variability observable in the hands’ veins. In most copies, such annotations usually start with a phrase such as “vidi ego non semel” or “ego vidi”, as in the Reading 1543 edition (I/196), and the readers frequently mention the year when their observations were made. Unfortunately, a large number of the Fabricas have been trimmed over the years, and, as a result, some of the lengthier annotations are impossible to read today. In a copy once owned by the Valencia physician Miguel Querol (II/219), for instance, we have a fascinating case study of a person who suffered extensive brain damage yet lived for many years, but the details of the text are now almost impossible to reconstruct because of the cropped margins. It was primarily medical practitioners who referred to their personal observations in their works, and recounted short historiae, or case studies, that were relevant to the passage they annotated.55 In a copy now in Strasbourg, but originally in Spilamberto, Italy, we see a reader actively familiar with issues of gynecology (II/59). Next to the passage where Vesalius discussed menstrual flow and the hymen, the reader mentioned having personally seen a certain Isabella, the eight-year-old daughter of Horatius Livius Nani, who suffered from the pale and hot flows. A similar interest in women’s health is present in the copy in Szeged (II/120), which bears annotations, potentially from a northern German reader, related to the umbilical vein, stating that the reader saw Vesalius’ claims confirmed in 1594. Such personal observations were not always based in professional settings, though. Johannes Viringus, for instance, relied on the observation of his own wife. As we have already seen, when she was pregnant with their daughter “Isabellula”, Viringus used the Fabrica to check whether predictions based on the shape of a pregnant belly could accurately determine the baby’s sex (I/28). Those who paid attention to personal observation were not opposed to bookish learning. On the contrary, they were highly erudite and widely read.56 Empirical study necessitated a thorough knowledge of classic and modern authors, and the reading of authors such as Galen 55  On historiae, see Pomata and Siraisi, eds. Historia. 56  Krämer, Ein Zentaur in London.

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Figure 51 Annotation on familiarity with people who could move their ears on p. 242. I/135. Coimbra: Universidade de Coimbra Biblioteca Geral. Call No.: 4 A-21-14-1.

and Vesalius may even have inspired physicians to pursue their own, personal research. For example, the eighteenthcentury London physician John Ash, or possibly another earlier owner of the Leeds copy, carefully compared Vesalius’ work to the more recent books of Caspar Bauhin, Laurent Joubert, Andreas Laurentius and Adriaan van den Spieghel, mentioned his own experiences in dissecting frogs, and even drew two extra illustrations (I/178). Similarly, the erstwhile owner of the copy now in Coimbra (I/135) combined his personal experiences with the reading of the ancients. He noted Vesalius’ references to Galen and Aristotle, discussed Varro in relation to the etymology of the caecum, and then listed two additional examples of people who could move their ears, probably from his personal memory: Guilliermus Rascolonus Rutenus and a certain Christophorus. For many early readers, personal observation served the purpose of evaluating debates between Vesalius and another author. In the Albertina 1555 edition (II/5), a reader carefully noted that Bauhin disagreed with Vesalius on the issue whether the left or the right kidney was positioned

higher, and wrote that, based on his repeated experience, Bauhin was right. Repeated observation was also a key element for evaluating the debate between Galen and Vesalius, at least for the reader of a copy in Venice (I/111), who believed that, in the debate between ancients and moderns, Galen scored a point in discussions about the foramina of the septum, writing that “at ego septi duo tantum foramina non semel […] conspexi.” The University of Padova, the leading medical school of the sixteenth century, clearly played a leading role in emphasizing the role of personal observation for medical study. Even after Vesalius’ departure from his professorship there, professors in Padova continued to rely on dissections and public anatomies to teach students the structure of the body.57 Several readers of the Fabrica mention Padova as the city where they engaged in

57   On the importance of Padovan anatomies, see Klestinec, Theaters of Anatomy; on repeated observations, now see Schickore, About Method.

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Figure 52 Annotation with a personal observation on p. 476. II/59. Strasbourg: Université de Strasbourg Médecine et Odontologie. Joint Documentation Service (BNU Collection on deposit at Unistra). Call No.: JR 277 [extant].

Figure 53 Marginal notes next to the passage discussing how to predict the sex of a child on p. 530. I/142. Barcelona: Real Academia de Medicine de Cataluña. Call No.: B-RAM 1–113.

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Figure 54 Annotation referring to the reader’s observations in Padova on p. 523. I/248. Philadelphia, PA: The College of Physicians of Philadelphia. Call No.: ZAd 2.

anatomical studies, though two readers also mention Leipzig as the university where they had dissected under Matthias Heusler (I/A16, I/237). If Vesalius’ oeuvre spurred a revolution in first-hand anatomical studies, our study of the annotations suggests that this revolution may have happened primarily in the city where he had once taught. For many students at Padova, their educational years in that city offered potentially the only occasion in their lives when they actively participated in anatomical research. One reader of the Fabrica actually witnessed Vesalius’ dissections of the monk’s mistress before the atlas’ publication, and mentioned this fact twice in his exemplar, which is otherwise filled with conventional comments on the errors of Aristotle, Galen, and Celsus (II/189). The learned reader of the UCLA copy (I/233) was in Padova in 1574, during Fabricius’ professorship, when he observed a peculiar specimen of the omentum that reached up to the pubic bone. As we have seen, this UCLA reader combined his personal observations in Padova with an impressive reading list of ancient and modern authors, including the works of Galen, Hippocrates, Aristotle, Plato, Montanus and Fallopio. Another reader was in Padova in 1545 (I/248),

just a few years after Vesalius’ stay there, and noted next to the relevant passage that he observed the vessels of the male testicles on January 15 of that year. Padova was also the site where empirical knowledge was put in the service of proving Aristotelian philosophy right.58 A fourth reader of the Fabrica visited Padova in 1616 (II/P12), where he was taught to follow Aristotle instead of Galen. In his copy of the Fabrica he often noted whenever Galen was criticized, writing, for instance, “merito vituperatus” on p. 646. When it came to the magna arteria, at the end of the volume, this reader reminisced about his experience at the anatomy theater in Padova. When they examined the heart, and noticed Galen’s mistakes in the description, everyone in the audience cried out together, “vivat Aristoteles.”

58  On Aristotle in the Renaissance, see Schmitt, Aristotle and the Renaissance; Martin, Subverting Airstotle. On Aristotle in Padova, see Cunningham, “Fabricius and the ‘Aristotle Project’ in Anatomical Teaching and Research at Padua.”

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Figure 55 Annotation praising Aristotle on the basis of personal observation in Padova on p. 736. II/P12. Private Collection.

Graph 8

Frequency of references to other authors mentioned by annotators in their copies, shown as percentage of all annotated copies.

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Figure 56 Annotation on Galen’s ignorance on *3v. I/73. Oldenburg: Landesbibliothek Oldenburg. Call No.: NW III 3 A 110.

4.5.1. What Books to Read with the Fabrica Outside Padova, most annotators preferred reading the Fabrica in the company of other books to the detriment of reminiscing about their own personal observations. What authors did they most frequently refer to? Given Vesalius’ emphasis on replacing ancient knowledge with modern findings, one may expect references to other early modern authors, both to Vesalius’ predecessors, such as Berengario or Mondino, or to his followers, such as Fallopio or Colombo. Yet the evidence of annotations shows that the Fabrica served primarily as a catalyzer for studying ancient, and especially Galenic, anatomy. Four of the top five authors referenced in the surviving copies wrote in Antiquity, and the top three positions are occupied by the triad of Galen, Aristotle and Hippocrates. In this section, we use the term “reference” to denote any expression of interest in an author, whether it was by offering exact bibliographic reference to the author’s volume, by writing down the author’s name on the margins of the Fabrica, or by other means of calling attention to that author. While the absolute numbers are smaller, the observed patterns also seem to hold for stricter interpretations of “reference” in the sense of actual bibliographic references with page numbers to the cited authors. Every third annotated copy makes a reference to Galen, the undisputed winner of the contest of references. Readers primarily consulted De usu partium, followed by De anatomicis administrandis. Aristotle comes in second, with over 10% of the annotated copies citing him, and Hippocrates is only third, receiving mention in just under 10% of the copies. The world of the Fabrica was the world of the Galenic, and not of the Aristotelian or the Hippocratic Renaissance.59 Even more importantly, 59  On Galen in the Renaissance, see Nutton, “The Fortunes of Galen.” On Vesalius and Galen, see Cunningham, The Anatomical Renaissance. For Galen in later periods, see Jarman, Galen in Early

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the readers of Vesalius appear not to have had much of an interest in modern learning. Only Colombo is mentioned in more than 5% of the annotated copies, with Fallopio, Sylvius and Plato sharing the next spot at 4%. Interest in Vesalius’ predecessors, with the possible exception of Sylvius, or in his lesser-known successors, is practically absent. By framing the Fabrica as the new De usu partium, Vesalius was able to restrict the playing field in anatomy to two figures: Galen and himself. The Fabrica became a massive textbook, which few readers used to compare and contrast with the new ideas of other modern authors. Arguably, the penchant for turning towards ancient authorities, and especially Galen, can be explained as a result of the confluence of two factors. First of all, by framing his volume as a response to Galen, Vesalius ensured that no one could go through the Fabrica without consulting the work it was arguing with. His constant mentions of Galen, and his less frequent discussions of Aristotle and Hippocrates, almost guaranteed that readers would scribble the name of Galen on the margins on occasion, and would get up from their table to open up their battered copy of De usu partium. In their patterns of reference, they followed the instructions of the book. Second, as we have seen, Vesalius’ atlas was owned primarily by high-status physicians in the first century after its publication. As social historians of medicine have shown in detail, sixteenth- and seventeenth-century physicians often strove to ensure their high social status and dominance over surgeons and other healers by emphasizing their humanist training in the ancients, the excellence of their Latin, and their reliance on the wisdom and practical information one could distill from bookish learning. Vesalius’ readers therefore approached the Fabrica in the elitist manner that formed the backbone of their social identity. In their hands, the pages of this anatomy atlas became a tool to showcase and promote their particular approach to the study of medicine. 4.5.2 The Trinity of Galen, Aristotle, Hippocrates While it is no surprise that Galen elicited so much interest amongst Vesalius’ readers, the extent of this interest is remarkable. The physician of Pergamon is referenced almost four times as often as Aristotle, and five times as often as Hippocrates. Galen certainly enjoyed a Renaissance in the sixteenth century, starting one or two decades before the appearance of the Fabrica. The first collected edition of Galen, which included the hitherto unknown last part of De usu partium, appeared with the Aldine Modern English Medicine. On the importance of Hippocrates in the Renaissance, see King, The One-Sex Body on Trial.

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Figure 57 Annotations noting the refutation of Galen’s opinions on the penis on p. 650. II/238. Neuchâtel: Bibliothèque publique et universitaire de Neuchâtel. Call No.: ZU 65.

Press in 1525. The Paris of the 1530s was all abuzz with the easy availability of the Galenic corpus, and Vesalius learned much from his teacher, the strongly Galenist Sylvius during these years. As Mary Erler has pointed out, the decades around the publication of the Fabrica saw more editions of Galen published than either before or afterwards.60 Yet a similar argument could also be made for an Aristotelian or a Hippocratic Renaissance, as well. Ever since Charles B. Schmitt’s classic Aristotle and the Renaissance, it has been well known that the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries saw an efflorescence of editions and commentaries on the Stagirite.61 In the field of medicine, Padovan anatomists, and the Padova-trained William Harvey, were explicitly following an Aristotelian approach to comparative anatomy.62 The same story could also be told about Hippocrates. The Aldine Press followed the edition of Galen with the printing of the Hippocratic corpus just a year later, in 1526. As Helen King has argued, Hippocratic writings were especially influential in 60  Erler, “The First English Printing of Galen.” 61  Schmitt, Aristotle and the Renaissance. 62  Cunningham, “Fabricius and the ‘Aristotle Project’;” Goldberg, “Anatomy as a Science of Teleology.”

gynecology.63 The question therefore remains why Galen, and not these other authors, was the main authority for Vesalius’ early modern readers. Part of the explanation is clearly the size of the Galenic corpus, which makes up around 10% of all surviving writings in ancient Greek today, and was already sizeable in the Renaissance. As Nancy Siraisi has shown, though Renaissance Hippocratism was an influential current in the sixteenth century, it never had the impact that Galen did. In fact, through his commentaries on Hippocratic writings, Galen became an essential source even for those who wanted to learn more about the father of modern medicine.64 But, importantly, part of the reason for the readers’ attention to Galen is Vesalius’ long-standing fascination with him. The Flemish anatomist himself contributed to the Giunta edition of Galen, and, as Vivian Nutton has shown, it was during his revisions of Johann Guinther von Andernach’s Institutiones, a summary of Galenic thought, that he fully realized the extent of the failings 63  King, “Knowing the Body.” 64  Siraisi, History, Medicine, and the Traditions of Renaissance Learning, 74.

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Figure 58 Annotation on Galen’s opinions in De usu partium on p. 729. II/148. Siena: Biblioteca dell’Accademia dei Fisiocritici Onlus. Call No.: AB 031.

of the ancient sage, which provided the inspiration for the Fabrica.65 The Fabrica, as well as the later Letter on the China Root, were filled with invectives against Galen, but they were also deeply indebted to De usu partium and De anatomicis administrandis. While Vesalius’ atlas contained a large number of particular observations contradicting Galen, the book in itself was structured on the model of the tripartite Galenic body, which Vesalius did not explicitly challenge. Moreover, when it came to discussing some of the keystones of Galenic medicine, e.g. humoral theory, Vesalius wrote ambiguously and rarely ever went on a full-blown attack. For example, in his discussion of the spleen, he only implicitly called into question the traditional association between the preponderance of black bile and the melancholy temperament. Instead of making a programmatic statement, he used a case study to argue that an enlarged spleen did not make men more melancholy, a veiled criticism that nonetheless received much attention from contemporary readers. At one point, the Fabrica even admitted that one could not do anatomy without studying Galen, and Vesalius urged

his readers to pay their respects to Greek medicine (“if you are a student of Galen, as surely we all should be”).66 This reverent statement, however, disappeared from the 1555 edition, signaling Vesalius’ rising confidence in rejecting ancient authority. Readers of the Fabrica carefully followed Vesalius’ debates with Galen in the text. For example, they showed such a strong interest in the chapter on the liver because, at this crucial point, Vesalius explicitly attacked Galen’s claim that the portal vein connecting the stomach to the liver plays a role in turning chyle into blood (e.g. I/139 or II/48). As Paul Eber commented succinctly, the Galenic statement was wrong (“non fit sanguis in venis”, I/174). Yet, by and large, the Flemish anatomist’s vehement attacks only achieved calling attention to his foe. Many readers simply wrote the word “Galen” next to where he was mentioned, making a mnemonic note of the divergence of opinions between the two authors. On some occasions, they also specified that Vesalius claimed that Galen was wrong, writing “Galenus reprehendus,” “Galeni error,” or “error Galeni” (e.g. II/306, I/174). A surprisingly

65  Nutton, “More Vesalian Second Thoughts.”

66  Vesalius, The Fabric of the Human Body, I/587.

Reading and Annotating the Fabrica: The Sporadic Reader

large number of authors read the Fabrica with their copy of De usu partium open. Whenever Vesalius made a passing reference to Galen, they looked up the exact book and chapter, and filled in the missing details on the margins. The most systematic such reader, possibly living in colonial Mexico, provided chapter numbers to the relevant passages in De usu partium at the beginning of each chapter in Books V–VII in the Fabrica, also adding occasional references to Colombo, Fallopio, and Valverde (I/123, for a similar case, see also II/215). Other readers consulted Galen more sporadically. In a copy now in New York, an early reader engaged with the ancient physician only on two occasions, writing “Galen I 2o d usu prim cap. §17” on p. 217[317], and noting on p. 510 that the relevant passage in Galen was “in 2o de ipsis non longe a fine” (I/239). Readers were divided about Vesalius’ charges against Galen. Many of them took to heart the Fabrica’s claim that Galen had never dissected a human, and made a nota bene sign or a summary note next to the Vesalius’ claim to this effect (“ex diligenti Galeni lib[…] perlectione apparet Gal. humana corpora nunquam diss[…]”, II/263). They also noted that Galen had never seen a uterus (I/59) or studied the muscular structure of the penis (“[…]lenus penis musculos ignorauit”, II/P12). Yet not every reader took Vesalius’ side in his debates with Galen. The reader of the Tartu copy, for instance, claimed that Galen did not write what Vesalius attributed to him on the spleen (I/24). Similarly, a perceptive reader in Rome defended Galen on several occasions in the Fabrica. He called attention to Vesalius’ error in claiming that the lower maxilla consisted of one bone, writing “Error” in the margins, and also suggested that Vesalius misunderstood Galen on the position of the kidneys (“ergo ruditer intelliget Galenum Vesalius”, I/104). Last, but not least, several readers believed that one could not maintain a simple dichotomy between Vesalius and Galen, partly because Galen could on occasion contradict himself, as he did when it came to the cerebellum (II/271). Others realized that Vesalius’ debate with Galen was exaggerated for rhetorical reasons, and masked, on occasion, how much the two were in agreement. In a copy at the Wellcome Collection, an early reader made a note in the discussion of the caecum that the Flemish author copied Galen almost verbatim, only disagreeing in one tiny detail (I/189). While the debate between Galen and Vesalius was closely followed by many readers, Aristotle and Hippocrates elicited somewhat less interest. The marginalia on Aristotle can vary widely, as did the comments on Galen, but they do appear in fewer copies. Some readers simply wrote the philosopher’s name on the margins where Aristotle was mentioned, as in the case of the

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Coimbra copy, which has the note “Aristot” next to the section where Vesalius rejects the Stagirite’s claim about the passage between the ear and the brain (I/135). Others read the Fabrica in tandem with De partibus animalium and De historia animalium, and added the appropriate chapter numbers to complete the references of Vesalius (I/233).67 A few readers noted that Aristotle was wrong on occasion, for instance in making a mistake in describing sensation in the skin (I/258). It is especially interesting to see how Aristotle was employed in the debate between Galen and Vesalius. Several readers consulted the Fabrica to resolve the ancient debate between Galen and Aristotle. For instance, an early reader came to the conclusion that, in attacking Galen, Vesalius actually followed Aristotle when arguing against the vena cava’s origins in the heart (“tacite vir Vesalius Aristoteli assentiri”, I/7). When it came to Hippocrates, in contrast, most readers only clarified Vesalius’ references to the Greek author, adding references to his De morbis vulgaris or other writings (II/203). It is extremely rare to see an attempt to evaluate how Vesalius’ works qualify our understanding of the Hippocratic writings. One exception is the highly literate owner of the 1555 edition at the Bridwell Library in Dallas, TX. This German reader was familiar with the debates between Sylvius, Vesalius, and Henerus, showed fluency in ancient Greek, and studied closely the teachings of Jean Fernel. Unlike almost all other readers, this person made a remark that Hippocrates was wrong about the liver’s fibres, and wrote “Hippocratis error de fibris iecuris” at the appropriate passage (II/310). 4.5.3 The Survival of Galen into the Modern Age The readers’ interest in Vesalius’ debates with Galen did not completely disappear with the passage of time. At the close of the eighteenth century, the German polymath and writer Johan Wolfgang von Goethe made a major intervention in the debate between Galen and Vesalius on the intermaxillary bone. While Galen asserted the existence of such a bone, Vesalius argued that it only existed in animals, and Galen’s mistake was the result of the ancient physician’s excessive reliance on animal dissections. Even Vesalius’ former teacher, Sylvius agreed with Vesalius that the intermaxillary bone may not be present amongst people of the sixteenth century. Sylvius argued that this bone was a feature of ancient men that had disappeared with the corruption of humankind. It was this debate that Goethe entered with his embryological studies that revealed that, at least at an early stage, the foetus does have 67  On such insertions of chapter numbers, see Blair, The Theater of Nature, ch. 6.

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Figure 59 Reference to Goethe’s work on the maxilla on p. 53. II/270. London: Wellcome Collection. Call No.: EPB 6562/D/1.

Figure 60 Critical note on Vesalius’ reliance on animal models on p. 674. London: Wellcome Collection. Call No.: EPB 6562/D/1.

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Reading and Annotating the Fabrica: The Sporadic Reader

a separate intermaxillary bone, whose sutures then become ossified and imperceptible in children and adults.68 Goethe’s intervention did not go unnoticed in medical circles. A nineteenth-century French reader of the copy now at the Wellcome Collection read the 1837 French translation of this particular work with much interest, noted on the front flyleaf that “Goethe a fait une dissection avec figures […]”, and then commented on the margins of the relevant passages that one needed to consult Goethe on the topic (“c.f. Goethe Oeuvres d’Hist. nat. p. 89.;” “voyez Goethe Ouvres d’Hist. nat. 1837. p. 90.”, II/270). The writings of the French naturalist Georges Cuvier provided further evidence to support Galen for this particular reader. Relying on Cuvier, he could not help but notice that Vesalius, like Galen, occasionally relied on animal dissections for his claims on humans. When it came to the foetus, Vesalius pictured it in the fetal wrappings of a dog!69 Yet, for this reader, Goethe’s and Cuvier’s vindication of Galen did not necessarily mean that the ancients won against the moderns. This was because Vesalius himself may have been the follower of another ancient author, Hippocrates. On the front flyleaf, our French reader also copied out a passage from Brantôme’s Oeuvres complètes, which claimed that our author was a “grand hypocratiste et anatomiste, voire fisionomiste.” Vesalius’ disagreements with Galen may have been the result of the differences between Hippocrates and Galen. Putting the Wellcome copy in context, however, it is important to realize that modern readers expressed much less interest in Galen than readers in early periods. Around 10% of the modern annotators made a reference to Galen, a significant drop compared to the previous centuries. Most modern readers read the Fabrica in tandem with standard works of Vesalian bibliography, e.g. Boerhaave and Albinus’ biography, Choulant’s classic on anatomical illustrations, Jacques-Charles Brunet’s Manuel du libraire or Cushing’s Bio-Bibliography of Vesalius. Consequently, the Wellcome copy does not indicate that Galen’s popularity survived undamaged into the modern age. Rather, it serves as an example to reveal that, even if modern readers are less fascinated with the Greek physician than in earlier centuries, if they do take an interest, they continue to employ the same techniques of comparison between 68  Lewes, The Life and Works of Goethe, 117; Richards, The Romantic Conception of Life, 371–372. 69  “Vésale qui accusait Galien d’avoir créé l’homme à l’image des animaux, a justement mérité à cette occasion le même reproche car il a placé un Embryon humain dans les enveloppes du chien.” II/270, p. 674. The 1555 Fabrica presents a different woodcut based on the observation of humans.

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Vesalius and Galen that their early modern counterparts had relied upon. 4.5.4 Reading Vesalius’ Contemporaries Early modern readers paid much less attention to contemporary authors than to the ancients. The most frequently cited authors were Colombo, Fallopio and Sylvius, who were mentioned much less often than Galen, Aristotle and Hippocrates. Moreover, Fallopio and Sylvius were cited just as often as Plato. At the same time, those readers tended to offer the most complex interpretations of the Fabrica who did cite the works of Colombo, Fallopio, or Syvlius. Our census has not uncovered any copies of the Fabrica that were once owned by the most well-known anatomists in the sixteenth century. We do not know where Fallopio’s, Colombo’s or Sylvius’ exemplars of Vesalius’ atlas may be. Consequently, our results shed light on how contemporary readers reacted to the debates between Vesalius and his colleagues, but do not offer insight into the participants’ development of thought in these debates. If a reader expressed interest in one sixteenth-century author, it was highly likely that he also referenced other modern sources in addition to Galen and Aristotle. Early modern readers found their way to Fallopio and Colombo through prior training in the ancients. For example, the reader of the Palafoxiana copy referenced Colombo, Fallopio and Valverde with quite some regularity, but cited Galen even more frequently (I/123). Similarly, the reader of the 1555 edition in Lyon was primarily interested in Galen and Aristotle, but nonetheless cited Colombo on one occasion (II/38). Modern authors could even be used to prove Galen right. An early Spanish reader, potentially Miguel Querol, pointed out regularly in his copy that Vesalius was wrong in correcting Galen, and used evidence from Valverde and Colombo to set the record right (II/219). On some occasions, however, the modern authors were treated as the equals of Galen. For example, the Wrocław copy’s reader cited both Galen and Colombo in the discussion of yellow bile, without emphasizing the superiority of one source over the other (I/133). Similarly, the detailed annotations in the copy at the Royal Library of Belgium (II/13) may have cited Galen’s De usu partium and De anatomicis administrandis frequently, but balanced these references with a good number of comments on Vesalius’ Letter on the China Root, and on the works of Avicenna, Callimachus, Fernel and Ambroise Paré. For the Fabrica’s readers, modern authors revealed and elucidated the context of some of Vesalius’ most controversial statements. These readers often referenced Fallopio or Colombo when they disagreed with the Flemish author.

106 For example, the reader of the UCLA 1543 edition, who also referenced Galen and Aristotle, wrote on several occasions that Fallopio proved the Fabrica wrong (“Hoc idem falsum esse […] Fallopius” and “Fallopius contra Vesalium”, I/233). In many cases, these debates concentrated on highly specialized topics. Fallopio was referenced with regard to the issue of the uterus’ acetabula in two copies (II/13, II/128); and with regard to the number of auditory bones in the Palafoxiana and the Göttingen 1555 copies (I/123, II/76). The number of the thoracic muscles was also heavily debated, and the University of Manchester copy (I/190), for instance, reveals how a seventeenth-century reader tried to reconcile the different numbers that Vesalius, Laurentius, and Spieghel provided (89, 65, and 44 or 45, respectively). Interestingly, readers showed almost no interest in Vesalius’ connections to his closest predecessors. If Vesalius contributed to the popularity of Galen, he successfully erased from his readers’ memory the fact that other fifteenth- and sixteenth-century anatomists had already made some progress in the discipline. Admittedly, a few readers showed interest in Jacobus Sylvius, Vesalius’ former teacher and later critic. One of them was Renatus Henerus, who received his Fabrica from Vesalius himself, and published a strong defense of the Flemish author against the attacks of Sylvius (II/73). Indeed, some of Henerus’ marginal annotations focus on precisely those passages that were discussed in the published debates with Sylvius.70 Others consulted the Parisian anatomist to compare his nomenclature with that of the Fabrica (II/164), to use him in the debate on the origins of the vena cava between Galen and Vesalius (II/59), or to simply note that he is mentioned in the prefatory matter (e.g. I/P5). The other predecessors of Vesalius receive much shorter shrift. Johannes Baptista Montanus and Mondino de Liuzzi are briefly mentioned in one percent of the annotated copies, while less than one percent cite Berengario. Johannes de Ketham is not mentioned by anyone. The Fabrica succeeded in creating the impression that it ushered in a revolution that had no precedent. In sum, the readers of the Fabrica expressed a strong preference for the writings of the ancients. They preferred consulting Galen, Aristotle, and Hippocrates over confronting the Fabrica with the evidence of other sixteenthcentury authors or their own personal observations. The 70  Henerus, Adversus Jacobi Sylvii depulsionum anatomicarum calumnias. Given that Henerus’ defense appeared in the same year as the 1555 Fabrica that he annotated, it is unlikely that it is the Fabrica he used when composing his defense of Vesalius.

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Fabrica’s average owner used Vesalius to express his appreciation of the traditions of learned, humanist medicine. Only a minority of readers referred to their first-hand experience with dissections, and only a handful of them expressed an interest in the writings of the moderns. Yet those readers who expressed interest in modern authors, or in empirical knowledge, often went further in analyzing the Fabrica’s claims than the average reader. It would require further study to determine whether this small minority, whose members included several Padovatrained physicians, played a more influential role in shaping the development of anatomy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries than the average, more traditionalist readers of the Fabrica. 4.6

The Body in Parts: Generation and Control

How does one square the learned, humanist, and socially conservative attitude of readers with their strong interest in commenting on the genitalia? As we have seen earlier, the chapters on the reproductory organs were the most frequently annotated pages of the Fabrica, together with the atlas’ first few pages and the sections on the spleen and the liver. Over one third of the annotated copies contains at least one underlining or annotation in the chapters dealing with generation. Scholars sometimes emphasize the lack of originality in Vesalius’ treatment of the female reproductory organs, and attribute his failure in innovation to his lack of access to female cadavers. Yet even if Vesalius may fail up to our standards in research today, his explorations in this field were clearly appreciated by his contemporaries. Given the predominantly male readership, some of this attention may appear pornographic to us today (I/135). Yet, as we have seen, we know only of two copies that contain what seem to be explicitly pornographic doodles. We argue that the readers’ interest in the reproductory organs was instead the result of deep-seated concerns about the role of sexual difference, and passionate desire, in structuring relationships in a highly hierarchical society. The years around 1543 saw a general increase of interest in issues related to generation and sexual difference. As Katharine Park has argued, Vesalius’ Fabrica, and the generation of Vesalius, were the culmination of the late medieval explorations of women’s secrets through the practices of dissection.71 The first printed edition of the Trotula, a highly influential collection of medieval 71  Park, Secrets of Women; on the anatomy of women, see also Maclean, The Renaissance Notion of Woman.

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Figure 61 Suggestive ink spots added to the woodcut of male genitalia on p. 374[474]. I/135. Coimbra : Universidade de Coimbra, Biblioteca Geral. Call No.: 4 A-21-14-1.

gynecological writings, appeared in 1544, just a year after our atlas.72 Equally importantly, the early sixteenthcentury publication of the complete De usu partium made available Galen’s long-forgotten and previously unknown work on generation. The publication of Galen, together with the printing of the Hippocratic treatises, opened up the highly complex traditions of ancient medical opinions 72  Green, The Trotula.

on generation to new audiences. Vesalius’ chapters on the genital organs were a product of this age of renewed interest, and they offered an excellent introduction to the topic for curious readers. At first sight, much of Vesalius’ treatment of generation can be taken to be straight-out plagiarism from Galen’s De usu partium. For instance, the Flemish author copied Galen verbatim in arguing that generation serves the purpose of ensuring the immortality of the species.

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Figure 62 Underlining and note where sexual pleasure deriving from enlarged labia is discussed on p. 537. I/130. Utrecht: Utrecht University Library. Call No.: M fol 92 (Rariora).

Both of them argued that, even though the veins, arteries and muscles were perishable materials, a constraint that even God could not overcome, the birth of children provided for the survival of life across the millennia. Similarly, Vesalius followed Galen in establishing the superiority of men over women, which was the result of the colder nature of females. Even more importantly, both authors paid strong, and otherwise unparalleled attention to the role of pleasure in guiding the design of the genitalia. Arguments about pleasure were discussed only briefly in the Hippocratic corpus, and were mostly absent either from the Trotula, or from the anatomies of Mondino or Berengario. Yet, in this aspect, the Fabrica did not simply parrot what Galen had said over a thousand years before. Vesalius’ innovation could be described as the shifting of the emphasis from Galen’s exploration of the role of sexual pleasure to the issue of controlling such pleasure in women.73 While Galen focused primarily on the argument that pleasure dictates the design of the reproductory organs, Vesalius aimed to show that God carefully controlled how much pleasure women may get, and marshalled new empirical evidence for this claim. First of all, Vesalius expressed a strong interest in what has been called the one-sex model. Thomas Laqueur introduced this concept in a controversial argument that claimed that ancient and early modern medical writers 73  On Galen and gender, see Flemming, Medicine and the Making of Roman Women.

conceived of men and women as analogous creatures who were only different in having the same sexual organ either externally or, in the opposite direction, internally.74 There are good reasons to doubt that the one-sex model was the pervasive explanatory mode of sexual difference in the premodern era, and we do not wish to revive Laqueur’s generalizations here. Our more modest aim is to show that Vesalius, and the readers of the Fabrica, expressed some interest in the idea that male and female bodies, and their genitalia, were analogous to each other. Vesalius was ambigous about the merits of this model. He appears to support it at certain locations and the Fabrica’s illustration of the vagina does look like an inverted penis, but the anatomist also offered counter-evidence when claiming that men and women were fundamentally different in certain aspects of anatomy. Vesalius argued, for instance, that male and female pubic bones were unlike each other, and treated the penis’ divine design with much more reverence than the structure of the vagina. Then again, the Fabrica also emphasized that women had testicles, it discussed cases of male lactation, and it argued that menstruation could be construed as the equivalent of hemorrhoidal bleeding in men.75 It was precisely these passages on menstruation that were most heavily 74  Laqueur, Making Sex. For criticisms, see King, The One-Sex Body on Trial; Park, “Cadden, Laqueur, and the ‘One-Sex’ Body;” Stolberg, “A Woman Down to Her Bones.” 75   On these topics, see Pomata, “Menstruating Men;” Read, Menstruation and the Female Body in Early Modern England;

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Figure 63 Underlinings and manicule next to a quote from Plato’s Timaeus on the passions on p. 639. II/328. Newark, NJ: Rutgers University.

underlined and commented upon by early modern readers. Even if Vesalius did not provide a clear-cut answer on the extent and exact nature of sexual differentiation between men and women, his sporadic comments provided enough fodder for the readers’ marginalia. These readers may not have been committed to a one-sex or a two-sex model of the body, but they certainly hoped that their readings of anatomy would eventually provide the answer to decide which one was right. Some of them focused on the question of how menstrual blood passed through the hymen (e.g. I/227), and many focused on the question of the origins of menstrual blood. As an early reader noted, Vesalius’ argument that menstrual blood did not collect in the uterus, but in the veins of the uterus or the vagina, was curious, pleasant and useful (“haec omnia curiosa, jucunda et utilia, ne e memoria excidant, permittes”, I/17), while a reader of the Pavia copy drew a manicule next to this passage and left no other marginalia in the whole volume (I/98). Readers were also eager to discuss whether McClive, Menstruation and Procreation in Early Modern France; Zuccolin and King, “Rethinking Nosebleeds.”

hemorrhoidal blood ultimately came from the vena cava or the portal vein. The UCLA reader, for instance, (I/233) consulted Montanus to confirm that hemorrhoidal blood originated in the portal vein, while a reader of the Amsterdam copy wrote more cautiously that “hemorrhoidal flux comes more probably from the portal vein’s branches than from the vena cava” (I/124). A reader in Valencia, in the end, filled the margins of his copy with an extensive review of the literature, including references to Colombo, Valverde, Jacques Houllier, Hippocrates and others, only to conclude that Vesalius was probably right (II/219). Sexual difference and generation mattered because they were intimately connected to issues of social and divine order. As Vesalius wrote at the beginning of Book V, generation and sexual intercourse were part and parcel of God’s design, as “God the creator made careful provision that he [man] live as long as possible and that his species should never fail but persist immortal.”76 And while he refused to explicitly treat the larger implications of his anatomical findings in this area, partly because of his fear of 76  Vesalius, The Fabric of the Human Body, II/980.

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Figure 64 Annotation “Deo nisus” on the frontispiece. I/72. Münster: Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Münster. Call No.: 2’ Vb 201.

Figure 65 Reference to Deuteronomy 22 on p. 654. II/105. Rostock: Universitätsbibliothek Rostock. Call No.: Mb-1.

censorship, he made it clear that he thought that any perceptive reader could see the connections of his findings to larger issues in society. He argued that “our most sacred religion makes many demands that are peculiar to itself and justly prohibits many things from being called into question;” and that, as a consequence of this and other reasons, he was unable to write a proper treatise on the

relationship between individuals and heredity, the formation of the foetus, and the origins and immortality of the soul. Nonetheless, he was certain that, “if I set aside the controversies of others and began a description of the organs, many things opposed to their views would appear.”77 77  Vesalius, The Fabric of the Human Body, II/1049–1050.

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Figure 66 Note on the involuntary control of uterine muscles on p. 532. I/161. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Library. Call No.: pi f611 Ves 1.

Anatomy provided strong answers, for instance, about the potential issues arising from the unbridled passions of women. Male semen may have been fiery and hot, and it may have contributed more vital spirit to the foetus than the colder, yet nurturing female semen. Yet this did not mean that women’s colder nature made them immune to lustful thoughts. Feminine anatomy both spurred women to seek pleasure and ensured that there were checks on their desires to engage in illicit intercourse. As Vesalius explained, for instance, enlarged labia could excite women to an improper degree, especially when these rubbed together, and therefore female circumcision was applied in certain societies to prevent this from happening. Readers were certainly interested in this argument. The aforementioned Toronto reader (I/17) wrote the note “curiosa huc […]” next to this passage, a reader of the Utrecht copy summarized the topic on the margins by writing “irritamenta libidinis” (I/130), while the reader of the Dublin copy became fascinated by the ethnographic side of Vesalius’ report, writing “Nympha” and “Nationes” on the margins (II/121). If the labia caused pleasure, the hymen’s purpose was to offer potential evidence on premarital chastity, and therefore to provide checks on turning desire into reality. Vesalius decided to include a chapter on the hymen in the 1555 edition of the Fabrica, which soon became a hit with readers. The word “hymen” was boxed, copied out in manuscript, or marked with a manicule in a large number of copies around the world (e.g. II/5, II/13, II/47, II/121, II/130, II/203, II/267, II/305, II/305, II/314). In

previous works of anatomy, the hymen tended not to be discussed extensively, and Vesalius himself noted that in Arabic traditions it was explained away as a patchwork of veins. For our Flemish anatomist, it was clear that this organ was a fleshy membrane, and also that not all virgins had an intact hymen. Nonetheless, the Fabrica still argued that an intact hymen at the time of first coitus provided “no small or rare proof of praiseworthy virginity to some women before marriage.”78 For readers, the moral and religious connections of Vesalius’ argument were obvious. Next to this passage, a reader of the Rostock copy (II/105), potentially Hildebrand Emynga, made a brief reference to Deuteronomy 22, a biblical passage that justified stoning to death women who could not prove their virginity upon marriage. If the hymen could not offer perfect measures to determine the sexual activities of women, other anatomical structures could step in to limit the fulfillment of their desires, and to subject them to men. As Vesalius claimed, for instance, the walls of the vagina lacked circular muscles, which could have increased their enjoyment of intercourse, because such muscles would have provided them with too much control over the penis. A similar and novel argument over control was also present in the chapter over the fundus of the uterus, where Vesalius argued that decent manners could only be maintained in society because God had designed the muscles of the fundus to be involuntary. If women had been able to control these, 78  Vesalius, The Fabric of the Human Body, II/1084.

112 they could have prevented conception by closing off the uterus when the semen was about to enter. Thanks to divine design, however, women were unable to give free rein to their passions as the danger of pregnancy served as a sufficient deterrent to them. At the end of this argument, the Fabrica hammered in its religious moral, writing that “we admire nature’s miracle too feebly and celebrate too little in our hymns the supreme Maker of things.”79 It was this passage on the fundus of the uterus that caught the attention of many owners, including the slightly puzzled reader of the Aberdeen copy who wrote in the margins the phrase “me bone Deus”, “my good Lord” (I/161). Generation, sexual intercourse, and erotic pleasure mattered so much to readers of the Fabrica not simply because of their pornographic potential, but rather because of the threat they may have posed to the established social and divine order. Such concerns were key issues for Vesalius’ main audience: the elite court and town physicians of sixteenth-century Europe, and they also resonated well with the ministers, priests, and monastic libraries who owned Fabricas in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. As historians have argued, urban and court elites were deeply concerned about the maintenance of social control and gender hierarchies in the tumultuous centuries in the wake of the Reformation.80 While the Bible and church writings may have provided a theological argument for the superiority of men over women, the Fabrica offered an anatomical explanation for regulating relationships between the two sexes. Vesalius’ careful meshing of arguments based on personal observation with claims of divine providence was designed to win over precisely those kinds of readers that the Fabrica eventually reached. This may well be the reason why so many copies of the Fabrica were connected to the town of Wittenberg, where Philipp Melanchthon promoted a similar combination of traditional theology with the study of nature.81 As we have seen, several exemplars carry a copy of Melanchthon’s poem on the Fabrica, in which the theologian emphasized that knowledge of the heavens, the Earth, and the human body led one to understand and 79  Vesalius, The Fabric of the Human Body, II/1070. 80  From the vast literature, see, for instance, Rublack, Gender in Early Modern German History; Wiesner, Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe; Roper, The Holy Household. For a contrasting interpretation, see Ozment, When Fathers Ruled. 81   Nutton, “Wittenberg Anatomy.” For an argument about Vesalius’ Lutheran leanings, see also Cunningham, Anatomical Renaissance. It should be noted that similar interests are also documented in catholic circles, however, see Sander, “Medical Topics in the De anima Commentary of Coimbra (1598).”

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praise the greatness of God. Echoing the Fabrica’s argument that God only could control whether sexual intercourse resulted in offspring, Melanchthon claimed that God established the laws of nature and urged his readers to remember not to profane and pollute their bodies, which served as temples for singing the glory of the Lord. Moreover, many copies bear notes of provenance from the hands of professors and students in that Lutheran stronghold. These erstwhile owners include both theologians and physicians: the Wittenberg theologian Paul Eber (I/174) and his physician friend Georg Seifrid (I/214), the Nuremberg physician and astronomer Erasmus Flock (I/67), the Swedish bishop Erasmus Nicolai (II/229), the Wittenberg professor Esrom Rüdinger (II/180), the Frankfurt an der Oder physician Jodocus Willich (I/77), and last, but not least, the Elector of Saxony (I/65, and an another copy connected to Eber is II/325). Through these graduates and professors of Wittenberg, Vesalius’ work traveled far and wide. Yet the readers’ conservative interest in maintaining traditional gender relations was pervasive across Europe, and our statistics reveal a fascination with the chapters on female genitalia throughout the continent. The problem of gender was not limited to any particular locale. While Lutheran Wittenberg was clearly an important city for spreading Vesalius’ fame, a similar emphasis on the religious and social implications of the Fabrica can also be observed in Calvinist and catholic circles. The exorbitantly rich Calvinist physician Nicolaes Tulp may not have annotated the text of the Fabrica, but appropriately summarized its religious message with a note at the front: “the aim of man is to delight in God” (I/125). Vesalius was also clearly relevant for catholics. Not only did catholic monasteries become the major repository for Vesalius’ work in the course of the seventeenth century, but, as we have mentioned before, catholic scholars followed in the footsteps of Melanchthon in composing poems about Vesalius’ success in uncovering the human body’s secrets (cited in II/316, II/338). Let us conclude this section with an anecdote from Lindau that sheds light on the contemporary society in which the Fabrica was owned and studied. In the early seventeenth century, Lindau was a flourishing, Lutheran imperial free city on Lake Constance. It was in those days that the local town physician Calixtus Rietmann, originally born in Sankt Gallen, donated around a hundred of his books, including a 1555 Fabrica, to the town library. Soon afterwards, women started to come in and walk around the library, behaving impertinently with the Fabrica. In all probability, they were looking at the nude males in the

Reading and Annotating the Fabrica: The Sporadic Reader

Figure 67 A copy of Paul Eber’s poem under the portrait of Vesalius on *6v. I/77. Pécs: University of Pécs, Klimó Library. Call No.: II. I. 16.

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Figure 68 Notes on corrected typographical errors and corrections of typos in the errata list. I/169. Cambridge: Darwin College.

book. The local authorities could not tolerate these activities, which clearly confirmed the claims of Vesalius about feminine lust, and quickly drew up regulations to prohibit such behavior.82 This anecdote, the only example of female reading of the Fabrica in the early modern period, reveals how women could read the Fabrica’s woodcuts against the grain, and how such possibilities were immediately shut down by the male town authorities for whom Vesalius’ work was originally intended. 4.7

Creating Order: Corrections, Errata, and Search Techniques

If our analysis of the annotations started with the frontmatter, it finishes with the errata list and the index. This section reveals that Vesalius’ readers did not only seek to maintain order in contemporary society, but also within the text of the Fabrica. Since many of them were sporadic readers, they desperately needed to transform Vesalius’ 82  “Das weiber volck als vil jmer muglich alein nit sollen jres gefallens jn der bibliothech umb her strielen und daselbst fürwitz triben mit des Vesalii Anatomia, wie bisher vil und oft beschehen ist.” Breitwieser, Die Stadtbibliothek Lindau im Bodensee, 142. Thanks to Breitwieser for drawing our attention to this story.

atlas into a clean, orderly and easily navigable text. They deployed a variety of techniques to find their way around this large and disorganized work. There were many such readers. Almost every third copy bears some correction of the typographical errors in the text, and almost twenty percent contains corrections based on the errata list. Despite the considerable attention Vesalius devoted to the process of printing, the Fabrica still remained an imperfect text, riddled with minor errors here and there. Famously, the 1543 edition’s pagination is a complete mess. For example, page 24 is numbered as page 4, page 140 is misnumbered as page 148, and the real page 148 is page 150. Page 312 is followed by page 213, and from then on for a good hundred and eighty pages the pagination is off by 100, jumping back to regularity only after the erroneously paginated page 391, which is followed by the correctly numbered page 492. These errors in pagination suggest that Oporinus worked on this publication with two different printing shops.83 These irregularities could only occur because communication between these two sites was less than perfect, and made immediate corrections impossible. Apart from pagination, the printers of the Fabrica also introduced a number of typographical errors in the text, 83  Joffe, Andreas Vesalius, 123.

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Figure 69 Xylander’s correction of the errata on p. 153. II/315. Galveston, TX: University of Texas Medical Branch. Courtesy of the Truman G. Blocker, Jr. History of Medicine Collections, Moody Medical Library, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.

and, on occasion, left out several lines. Vesalius listed a good number of these in the errata list at the end of both the 1543 and 1555 editions, but he did not aim for perfection or completeness. As he wrote at the end of his list, “the reader will easily notice the remaining [typos].” Despite this warning, even the author missed a few of the printers’ mistakes, including the already mentioned mixup of “anterior” and “posterior,” which is present in both editions.84 For a significant number of readers, the task of the annotator was to recreate the ideal version of the text. In order to make the Fabrica completely legible, these readers attempted to clear up any obvious errors and to 84  On errata lists as a genre, see Blair, “Errata Lists and the Reader as Corrector;” and Lerer, Error and the Academic Self.

organize the text better than Vesalius had. Their attempts show, however, how a desire for the establishment of a perfect, completely legible text almost never succeeded. As far as we can tell, not a single reader managed to correct all the typographic errors that we have listed above. The sporadic readers of the Fabrica also corrected the volume sporadically. As we have seen, most readers of the 1543 edition contented themselves with correcting the blatantly obvious typographical error on the fourth muscle man. Thus, the censored 1543 edition at McGill contains no other annotation or correction, apart from this single word (I/16). This correction is also the only annotation in the Cicognara copy of the Vatican (I/109), and in the 1543 edition now in Hiroshima, but once owned by the Genuan Hieronymus Venerosius (I/114). The reader of the exemplar at the Deutsches Historisches Museum in Berlin

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Figure 70 Xylander’s corrections of typos in the errata list. II/315. Galveston, TX: University of Texas Medical Branch. Courtesy of the Truman G. Blocker, Jr. History of Medicine Collections, Moody Medical Library, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.

(I/53) worked in an even more peculiar manner, making only one typographical correction at another location in the text. He changed the end-of-line division of the word “abortibus” from “a-/bortibus” to “ab-/ortibus” on p. 546. Other readers focused exclusively on correcting the erroneous or missing page numbers of the Fabrica. A reader of the 1555 copy now at the Thomas Jefferson University added a page number to the unpaginated X2 sheet, and left no other note (II/339). Similarly, the sporadic reader of the Copenhagen Royal Library’s 1543 copy added the page number “313” to the m3 sheet, scribbled an illegible note on p. 101, and wrote an account in Italian about Vesalius’ death on the front flyleaf (I/22). Other readers were active on multiple fronts of correcting, but still without a consistent result. A reader of the copy in Houston (I/226) corrected Vesalius’ error in mixing up “anterior” and “posterior”, corrected a typographical

error on p. 647 on the basis of the errata listed, and also the page number on p. 237[235]. Yet even this reader did not bother to correct the other errata, or the other erroneous page numbers. A reader of the 1543 edition in Göttingen corrected a good number of typographical errors of the Fabrica up until p. 181 of the text, but once he had corrected “Prima” to “Quarta” in the muscle men, he abandoned his ambitious project (I/61). Moreover, even in these 180 pages, he corrected less than 20% of the errata that Vesalius had listed. Only rarely did a reader make a sustained effort at corrections. The 1555 edition in Galveston, Texas, takes pride of place, making an effort to correct errata throughout the volume (II/315). The early owner of this volume, the Heidelberg professor Wilhelm Xylander, pasted slips of paper over the erroneous text, writing out the correct version in a neat hand. Xylander’s efforts were quite

Reading and Annotating the Fabrica: The Sporadic Reader

successful, but he also left out a few entries in the errata list.85 The incomplete 1543 edition at Darwin College in Cambridge (I/169) also reveals a conscientious corrector of the errata, who noted his corrections on the page with the errata list (and corrected typographical errors in the errata list). Yet this reader also failed to correct all the errors listed by Vesalius. As far as we can tell, the only complete list of corrections survives in Besançon, in a copy once owned by the local physician Jean-Anatole Prinel (II/27). This copy also has the chapter lines systematically underlined in red, suggesting a reader with a strong drive to establish order. Yet even here, those typographic errors that Vesalius does not list remain unmarked. The Riga 1555 edition does better in this respect (II/160). The reader of this copy corrected “anterior” to “posterior”, noted the erroneous line numbers in the errata list, and fixed almost all the entries of the errata. Even this reader managed to skip some errata entries, though. In the first one hundred pages, the mistakes on pages 72, 81 and 97 were left uncorrected. The aim for clarity and order could also be expressed through means other than corrections. Early modern French readers sometimes decided to decorate the volume by drawing borders around the text, usually in red. Such exemplaires réglés can be found nowadays in Bordeaux (I/27), Reims (I/43), Toulouse (II/60), and Valenciennes (II/61), as well as in the Dartmouth copy that once belonged to the Bibliotheca Lamoniana in Paris (II/318). We have no solid evidence for the provenance of the regulated copies in Edinburgh and at the Wellcome Collection, but these could also have been so treated in France (II/250, II/271). It is hard to explain the reasons for this phenomenon, apart from the presumption that the owners of these volumes aimed to give the impression that their volumes were orderly, pleasantly decorated, and well taken care of. 4.7.1 Navigating the Text The pedantic practices of typographic corrections and exemplaire réglés aimed to establish order by fixing errors and lining up the text. Readers also hoped to find order in the Fabrica in a slightly different sense. They expected to be able to quickly navigate the several hundred pages of text, finding the topics that interested them with relative ease. Since most readers consulted Vesalius’ atlas for particular information, and did not read the work cover to cover, finding aids were crucial for making their way into 85  For examples of this technique used by printers, supplying the correct text printed on a paper slip, see Osborne, “Notes of Errata from Books in the Chapin Library.”

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this work. Vesalius himself provided some help to readers. He listed the contents of the Fabrica’s seven volumes in his epistle dedicatory, though without separating this listing typographically from the rest of the volume. He also authored a comprehensive index that readers could find at the end of the volume. Yet these finding aids did not suffice for many readers. They devised three different techniques to search for information. First, they underlined and highlighted the brief and hard-to-parse table of contents that Vesalius provided. Second, they added key terms to the index to help them with navigation. And third, they added internal references on the margins next to topics that were also discussed on other pages of the Fabrica. Not all readers thought such an intervention necessary. Given the traditional, Galenic organization of the Fabrica’s books, and the clear chapter titles, it was easy to remember that the first half of the volume dealt with the bones and the muscles, followed by two shorter books on the vascular and nervous systems, finishing with three books on the tripartite system of internal organs, the heart and the lungs, and the brain. Roughly 8% of the annotated copies annotates the brief passage that lists the contents of the seven books, a similar percentage has markings in the index, and around 15% contains an internal reference. Most of these annotations tended to be brief. The Neuchâtel 1555 edition’s reader simply wrote “Librorum arg[umen]ta” on the side where the volume’s contents are listed (II/238). The São Paulo copy in Brazil drew a line before each sentence that details the contents of one book (I/12), while the Utrecht 1543 edition’s reader drew a vertical line on the margins (I/130). Other readers decided to write out the number of each book where the contents were discussed, as did for instance the owner of the Krakow copy, potentially the mysterious S. S. from 1573, who wrote “quid in uno quoque libro agat” on the margins, together with the numbers “1”, “2”, “3”, “4”, “5”, “6”, and “7” (II/184). While the annotation of the table of contents reflects only the desire to identify the overall structure of the book, marks in the index reveal what a certain individual was looking for. These marks could include simple underlinings or marginal lines, the correction of erroneous page references, and, in certain cases, the addition of new index terms that the reader found particularly relevant for his research. In the case of the Groningen 1555 edition, for instance, we have very little information available about its early readers before 1800 (II/168). The marginalia consist of only two notes in the index, correcting the page numbers for some of the index terms on the uterus

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Figure 71 Extensive summaries of the contents of the Fabrica’s seven books on *4v. I/21. Prague: National Library of the Czech Republic. Call No.: 65 B 230.

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Figure 72 Page numbers corrected for the uterus in the index. II/166. Groningen: University of Groningen Library. Call No.: uklu KW C 569.

and the urinary tract. From these notes, however, we can deduce the reader’s interest in the genitalia, providing further confirmation that these passages were highly relevant for sixteenth-century readers. Similarly, the Maastricht copy has no annotations except for an extra handwritten index entry “cysteis fellis . 623”, referring to the chapter on the bladder for the yellow bile (II/170). In some cases, one can see that the reader focused on the same topic both in the main text, and in the index. The 1555 edition at Moscow State University contains an underlining on p. 188, where the number of the auditory bones is discussed, and in the index, it has underlinings of the terms “auditorius meatu” and “aurium iecoris situs” (II/201). Otherwise, we know nothing of this reader’s interests. Internal references in the Fabrica go a step further than annotations in the index. They give clues about a reader who has already managed to navigate the volume quite well, and found connections throughout. For instance,

the reader of the Freiburg copy had a keen interest in the practice of dissection, a topic that Vesalius picks up at the end of each book of the Fabrica (II/68). On pp. 680–681, this reader remarked that the same topic was also discussed in several later chapters, and summarized what those chapters were about. The Wesel copy similarly reveals how a certain early reader was interested in both the muscles and the bones of the foot (II/112). He carefully annotated illustrations of the bones of the feet, and then, when he got to the chapter on the foot’s muscles in Book II, referred back to Book I, “fol. 161.”, the location where the chapter on the bones of the feet begins. Sometimes, the same reader combined the use of internal references with the annotations of the index. Thus the copy at the University of Texas—Southwestern Medical Center was annotated by a reader who focused primarily on the vascular system (II/311). This reader made extensive underlinings in Book III’s discussions of the portal vein, the vena cava, and the coronary arteries (noting that

120 coronaria was a term first used by Laurentius). Then, coming to the heart in Book VI, he underlined discussions of the aspera arteria, the vein-like artery, and the vena cava, and made several references back to the relevant chapters in Book III. Finally, when the reader reached the index, he made several notes about the entries on the heart, the veins, and the arteries, revealing his interest in the question whether the veins originate in the heart, or in the liver. Such internal references illustrate how targeted sporadic readers could be in the early modern period. In order to identify the same topic in several books of the Fabrica, the readers must have had excellent search techniques to find the pages they wanted to read. Their focused reading had to depend on the frequent use of the index, or, alternatively, must have involved the act of leafing quickly through a large number of pages before finding those few that actually discussed the topic they were interested in. Importantly, readers who found connections between the different parts of the book also noted some occasional inconsistencies between those parts. In the first edition in Erlangen, once owned by Christoph Jacob Trew (I/60), an early reader repeatedly observed where the same topic was discussed in the book. On p. 309, for instance, he drew an arrow with the note “vide infra 311”, and on page 311, he inserted another arrow to mark the exact location of the earlier reference. Our reader also used such internal references to correct the text. For instance, when he read the

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explanation of characters for the ninth muscle man, he noted that letter “M” did not refer to the fifth muscle moving to the arms, but rather to the seventh such muscle, referring to page 268, “vide fol 268”. Similarly to the correction of typographical errors on the basis of the errata list, internal references could therefore also serve as tools to uncover mistakes, and to create a consistent and orderly text. Arguably, one could interpret the errata lists themselves as internal references planted in the text by Vesalius, guiding the reader from the errata page at the end of the volume to all the pages with the errors of the printers. The techniques developed for navigating a complex text and for correcting typographical errors are consequently eerily similar, and both may serve the purpose of establishing order. This was certainly not an easy task, because Vesalius’ work contained an impressive number of typographic errors and a healthy dose of inconsistent arguments, with only a limited number of finding aids. In response, a good number of these readers began to add their own annotations to make the Fabrica more legible. None of them succeeded in eradicating all the errors in the text, and their solutions all differ from each other in one respect or another. Yet, taken as a whole, these efforts at order reveal a widespread anxiety amongst readers about the chaotic nature of early modern print, and they also amount to a rather standardized set of readerly techniques to limit chaos, at least on the pages that mattered to them.

Chapter 5

Censorship: Controlling Reading In the early modern period, the major agent in postpublication censorship was the catholic church.1 It established the Index prohibitorum librorum in the late 1550s, and brought out regular updates as needed.2 It applied several criteria to determine what good catholics should not read: the writings of heretics, books published by heretic printers, vernacular books discussing debates between catholics and protestants, and works with licentious content. The Fabrica fell victim to two of these criteria. It was published by a protestant printer, Johannes Oporinus, who was explicitly listed on the Index already in 1559, and it contained images and discussions of the sexual organs that could be termed licentious.3 The reading of Vesalius’ book had to be controlled. The Fabrica’s reception history is, in part, an account of how official, catholic censorship policy affected individual readership practices.4 Judging from our census, the Fabrica appears not to have been censored in other contexts, though access to it could certainly be restricted. As we have seen, there is little information available on why Vesalius decided to work with Oporinus, although some authors have argued that Vesalius’ putative Lutheran leanings may have played a role in his turning to the Basel printer. While twenty-first-century historians may rightfully call into question claims about Vesalius’ protestantism, the catholic church certainly found Vesalius’ choice of printer highly problematic. Oporinus’ involvement in the publication raised questions about the Fabrica’s content, too. Why else put a blanket ban on protestant printers in the Index, if not for the fear that such printers would let slip heretical material into the books they print? And there was ample material in the Fabrica that could have raised the eyebrows of a catholic publisher. On several occasions, Vesalius cited protestant or potentially heretic authors, such as Leonhard Fuchs or Erasmus of Rotterdam. In addition, he also recounted an anecdote 1  Fragnito, Church, Censorship, and Culture in Early Modern Italy. On early modern censorship and science, see also Baldini and Spruit, Catholic Church and Modern Science. 2  Bujanda, Index de Rome, 1557, 1559, 1564. 3  In our discussions of censorship, we benefited tremendously from conversations with Hannah Marcus, whose forthcoming book will deal with the practices of censorship, and the censorship of medical works, in much more detail. 4  For similar arguments, see Blair, The Theatre of Nature, 184–185.

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2018 | doi 10.1163/9789004336308_006

about dissecting the deceased mistress of a monk, casting doubt on the chastity of a member of the church. Yet the inclusion of these details and the choice of the printer did not warrant a universal ban and burning of each copy of the Fabrica. Such an outcome was neither desirable nor feasible. In principle, censorship was centrally controlled by the pope. Yet in practice, the pope delegated censorship to various offices, both in Rome and in the provinces, and these offices often worked in quite an erratic manner. As Gigliola Fragnito has put it eloquently, there was a “profound gap between Rome’s tremendously ambitious goals of imposing the most rigid forms of conformism and its meager achievements.”5 When it came to dealing with the Fabrica, catholic censors tended not to ban all readers from consulting this atlas. Instead, they limited readership to a select group of chosen individuals who could gain access to an expurgated copy. The act of expurgation affected only a few problematic passages. It could involve the blacking out, covering up, or cutting out of some phrases and sentences, leaving the overwhelming majority of the text and images intact. The Ferrara copy at the Biblioteca Comunale Ariostea (I/86) offers a good example of the limits of expurgation. It was once in the possession of the Monastery of San Benedetto, and it was presumably censored there. The censor inked over the name of Oporinus on *5r in the Letter to Oporinus, and also blacked out the names of Fuchs and Erasmus on two occasions. The rest of the volume remained intact. Moreover, this Ferrara copy is the only one in the whole world that censored either Fuchs or Erasmus, suggesting that most church authorities were not concerned by references to these protestant authors in a book of anatomy. Other Italian readers certainly consulted Fuchs and did not make a secret of this fact. The early reader of a 1555 Fabrica now at the Marciana (II/152), probably a Venetian himself, even added a reference to the renowned botanist in the margins of his Fabrica, writing “vide Fuchs Lib. 5 Anato. Cap. XI. F. 93 B” on p. 457. The anecdote of the monk was certainly more explosive, but it was also censored only on four occasions: the 1543 Marciana copy (I/110), two exemplars nowadays at the Universidad Complutense (II/210, II/214), and another one 5  Fragnito, “The Expurgatory Policy of the Church and the Works of Gasparo Contarini,” 193. See also Fragnito, “The Central and Peripheral Organization of Censorship.”

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Figure 73 Oporinus’ name censored and highlighted on *5r. I/35. Paris: Bibliothèque Mazarine, Call No.: 2° 4471.

at the Biblioteca Nacional de España in Madrid (I/144). Curiously, this last copy was censored relatively late, only in 1790, and one of the Complutense copies was also censored after 1707. Censors paid more attention to the issue of the protestant publisher. Oporinus’ name was easy to notice. It featured prominently on the frontispiece of the 1555 edition (though not in the 1543 edition), in the Letter to Oporinus at the beginning of the volume, and also in the colophon. In our corpus, 33 copies black out at least some, but not necessarily all references to Oporinus, some 20% of all the catholic copies. One of the copies in Madrid (II/213), for instance, inks over “Oporinus” on the frontispiece, and in the Letter to Oporinus, but not on the colophon. Similarly, the Cesena 1543 edition (I/82) crosses out Oporinus’ name in the Letter to Oporinus, but not on the colophon. In contrast, the 1543 copies at the Bibliothèque nationale de France (I/37) and in Toulouse (I/48) scratch out Oporinus’ name on the colophon, but keep it intact in the Letter to Oporinus. The 1543 copy in Naples makes a

half-hearted effort to remove Oporinus’ name by crossing it out gently enough to leave it perfectly readable (I/93). In other cases, the censor thought that Basel, the place of printing, was heretical on its own. The copy at Ferrara’s Azienda Ospedaliero (I/85) inks over Oporinus on the colophon and the word “Basileae” on the frontispiece, as well. Blacking out was not the only technique available to censors. The Mayo 1543 edition (I/256) has the printed letters of Oporinus’ name altered in such a manner that they are no longer legible. As these examples reveal, while catholic authorities mostly agreed on what the Fabrica’s faults were, censorship did not proceed uniformly in all catholic towns.6 It was erratic throughout Europe, though more pronounced in Spain than elsewhere. The authorities had only a minority of the copies censored, and they were not consistent in their practices, either.

6  For a contrasting view, emphasizing even more the diversity of censorial interventions in a text, see Miglietti, “The Censor as Reader.”

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Figure 74 Note of censorship by Josep Besora on the frontispiece. II/208. Universitat de Barcelona CRAI Biblioteca de Reserva. Call No.: 07 CM-4133.

It is doubtful whether censorship succeeded in achieving its desired effect. Sometimes, one wonders whether blacking out turned readers away from the passages they were not supposed to read, or whether these practices actually made them more interested. It is well known, for instance, that the Index did not only serve as a deterrent for catholic readers. In protestant England, librarians at the Bodleian used it as a helpful catalog for deciding what books to purchase.7 The act of censorship made explicit what one was not supposed to know, and directed the readers’ eyes towards the forbidden bit. In the copy preserved at the Marciana in Venice (I/110), the censor did not only ink over the anecdote of the monk’s mistress. He also placed a manicule at the margin of the same line, calling attention to the act of censorship. Clearly, the manicule served to ensure that readers knew and remembered 7  Balsamo, “How to Doctor a Bibliography.”

what they were not supposed to know. And the story of the monk’s mistress did gain notoriety and fame, despite (or maybe thanks to) the censors’ attention to it. Several readers remarked on this. The anecdote is underlined in the Copenhagen professor Christian Hacquart’s copy in Denmark (II/23), and a copy in Boston calls attention to it by placing a NB (“nota bene”) sign on the margins (II/293). Even in Madrid, a city known for its censored Fabricas, there is a 1555 edition with a pencil marginal line next to the anecdote (II/200). By the end of the nineteenth century, even catholic priests could express open interest in this passage. The Esztergom canon and book collector Károly Somogyi remarked on this passage at the back of his volume, jotting down the phrase and the page number “Barát—Ringyó! 663” (“monk—whore! 663.”). Did censorship contribute to the obliteration of knowledge? Historians have long debated how effective censorship is at suppressing knowledge. As Robert Darnton has

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Figure 75 Censorship and manicule calling attention to the censorship on p. 538. I/110. Venice: Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana. Call No.: 221 D 20.

shown, French censors in the eighteenth century actively participated in Enlightenment intellectual life, the very milieu they were supposed to extirpate, and did not truly succeed at making dangerous knowledge disappear from their jurisdictions.8 In so far as the Fabrica is concerned, our findings are equivocal. In Italy, every fifth copy was censored both in 1600 and in 1700. Spain is a different country and story, however. We have limited knowledge about copies in Spain in 1600, but just over half of the copies there in 1700 were censored at one point. This number is quite high, indicating significant religious oversight of libraries. At least in Spain, readers probably worked under the assumption that the church took an explicit interest in their interpretations of the text. Yet, despite the Spanish case, censorship does not seem to have seriously affected the readers’ penchant for annotation. Censored copies are annotated at almost the same rate as uncensored ones. 40% of both censored and uncensored copies are annotated on more than five pages. 19% of the censored copies are annotated on less than five pages vs. 27% of the uncensored ones. The difference between these two groups is minimal, suggesting that censors did

not stop audiences from engaging with the Fabrica. The reader of the censored Ferrara copy (I/86), for instance, was not deterred by the censorship of Oporinus, Fuchs and Erasmus. He made several annotations about the relationship between hemorrhoidal bleeding and menstruation, referenced Galen on several occasions, and also expressed an interest in Arabic nomenclature.

8  Darnton, The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History.

9  On reading licenses, see Spruit, “Roman Reading Permits for the works of Bruno and Campanella;” Marcus, “Bibliography and Book

5.1

Licensed Readers

Censorship may have had varying degrees of success when it came to blacking out heretical passages, and the effects of blacking out are far from obvious. Yet, on another level, the impact of censorship without doubt reduced and controlled access to the volume. If readers were happy to pepper their copies with marginal annotations, it was because they were a select group. They had been authorized to read. In catholic Italy, one needed to receive a permission to read book on the Index, and a complex system of licensing soon emerged in the mid-sixteenth century.9

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Censorship: Controlling Reading

Figure 76 License to read from Thomas Orphinus in Rome. I/256. Rochester, MN: Mayo Clinic W. Bruce Fye History of Medicine Library. Courtesy of the Mayo Clinic Libraries W. Bruce Fye History of Medicine Library Collection.

In so far as the Fabrica is concerned, three copies still bear such a permissory note from a Roman censor. In 1559, a cautious reader, a certain Petro a Mattis, applied for a license in Rome to read the recently banned volume (I/260). The license was granted by a certain Frater Thomas, possibly the later Foligno bishop Thomas Orphinus, a member of the Inquisition, who specified that some problematic passages had to be removed. Curiously, Frater Thomas did not want to black out the name of Oporinus or protestant authors. The problem with the Fabrica was instead that it engaged with the debates of theologians, and transgressed the limits set out for anatomists.10 Consequently, the censor instructed the licensee to cross out references to the Bureaucracy;” Baldini and Spruit, Catholic Church and Modern Science, vol. 3. 10  For a similar argument about the Galileo affair, and Galileo’s mistake in taking up issues of theology, see McMullin, “Galileo’s Theological Venture.”

medieval theologians Aquinas, Duns Scotus and Albertus Magnus on p. 623 of the Fabrica, together with the word “theologus.” Importantly, these passages of the Fabrica focused on the location and nature of the soul. Vesalius argued that anatomists had an important role in debates surrounding the soul, and went as far as mildly chastising medically inept theologians. This was a mistake, and the censor ensured that his reader would become aware of the errors of anatomists who usurped the authority of the church. One wonders whether these instructions actually led Petro a Mattis to carefully study these passages before blacking them out. In any case, no other censored copy pays attention to this part of the Fabrica. Vesalius’ risky move in carefully positioning the Fabrica above the work of theologians succeeded. With this one exception, no readers or censors found his claims especially problematic. The other two surviving licenses in the Fabrica (I/185, I/252), issued by Orphinus in the 1560s, no longer bother about issues of theology, either. By then, it was only

126 Oporinus’ name that needed to go. Clearly, even within Rome, consistency was not a strength of the church authorities. Apart from the scattered evidence of these licenses, provenance records offer clear evidence for the catholic church’s attempts at controlling the spread of Vesalius’ ideas by restricting access to the book. Around 1700, less than 10% of the copies were owned by ministers or church institutions in protestant lands. In contrast, one third of the catholic copies resided in monasteries, with another 7% in the hands of priests. Monastic libraries successfully removed the Fabrica from public circulation. Such a finding confirms previous research on the role of monastic libraries in storing and controlling access to books on the Index. In his partial census of Galileo’s Dialogues, Robert Westman has shown how, after the condemnations of 1633, monastic libraries became the primary repository for this highly explosive book.11 There, access to the Dialogues was carefully controlled, and could only be studied by those with good credentials. The removal of books on the Index into church collections did not mean that these copies were not read. The Jesuits and other monastic orders probably acquired these volumes because they wanted to supervise access to knowledge, and not because they wanted to remain ignorant. Nonetheless, the annotations of the Fabrica suggest that monastic copies were read less frequently and in less detail than at other locations. If we focus on those copies that were in a monastic library by 1700, only 23% of these are annotated copiously, compared to the 40% of our total corpus. 27% of monastic copies are annotated on less than five pages, a number comparable to the total corpus. While catholic readers overall studied the Fabrica just as frequently as their counterparts, monastic libraries did hamper an intensive engagement with Vesalius’ work. Inconsistent, uncertain, and ambiguous in its results, censorship therefore primarily worked through influencing the location of copies of the Fabrica. It brought a large number of exemplars within the purview of official church libraries, limiting access to those with ecclesiastic connections. In the examples discussed so far, the Fabrica’s content was not significantly affected by the censor’s attention, or by the library’s religious affiliation. The readers’ annotation patterns, and the types of annotations they prefer, do not differ in catholic countries from their protestant counterparts.

11  Westman, “The Reception of Galileo’s Dialogue.”

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5.2

Soul and Sex

In Book VI of the Fabrica, Vesalius announced his decision not to discuss the location of the soul. Did it reside in the heart or in the brain? Vesalius was resolved not to answer this question, and offered an extensive justification for this decision. Discussions of the soul, even from an anatomical perspective, ran the risk of contradicting church doctrine. The Flemish anatomist complained that, were he to discuss such topics, others would think that he was “in doubt about the faith or [had] some uncertainty about the immortality of Souls.”12 One might think that Vesalius’ detailed explanation of why he wanted to remain silent was in itself reason enough to alert religious authorities. Yet as we have seen, apart from one exception (I/260), censors did not intervene where the Fabrica mentioned the question of the soul. Vesalius either succeeded in treating the topic with appropriate reverence, or, alternatively, church authorities did not care about what the Fabrica had to say on this topic. Instead of the soul, censors focused on the genitalia. According to the catholic church, images of the vagina and the penis had to go the way of Oporinus, Erasmus, and Fuchs.13 Over twenty copies of the Fabrica have been treated in such a manner. Most of these copies focus on the muscle men, as well as the famous illustration of the vagina, and, on occasion, the images of the internal organs set in antique torsi. Occasionally, one sees a censored frontispiece or censorship of the muscles of the penis, but such examples are extremely rare. The material technique of censorship differs considerably from copy to copy. Some of the illustrations were covered up. In the exemplar in Angers (I/25), for instance, the illustrations of the genitalia were once covered probably with a piece of paper, but now only the adhesive wax stains remain. Similarly, the Ljubljana copy (II/206), once in Jesuit hands, has remains of glue over the female genitalia, but the illustration is now fully visible, again. Blacking out with ink was an alternative technique. In Salt Lake City (II/350), the offending parts are inked over in two of the muscle men, and in one of the male nudes showing the internal organs. In Bourges (II/30), in a copy once in Jesuit possession, the censor decided to draw what appear like black shorts on the male nudes to cover up the licentious parts. Blacking out had unintended consequences. The chemical contents of writing ink differ from printing ink, and 12  Vesalius, The Fabric of the Human Body, II/1202. 13  On iconoclasm and the censorship of images, see Freedberg, The Power of Images.

Censorship: Controlling Reading

Figure 77 A censored muscle man on p. 218. II/30. Bourges: Bibliothèque municipale de Bourges, Bibliothèque des Quatre Piliers. Call No.: B 2338.

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they can have deleterious effects on paper. Over long centuries, the writing ink’s iron content can create corrosion and burns in the paper, leading to holes over the genitalia, as in the case of the ELTE copy in Budapest (II/116). This 1555 edition features two mucle men and two additional illustrations that lack the penis as if they had been burned out with a cigar stub. A similar, but less spectacular, effect can also be observed with the censored female genitalia in the 1555 edition at the University of Virginia (II/302). Not that censors would necessarily have minded that their activities left a hole in the volume. Some of them actually picked up a knife or a pair of scissors to remove the offending bits. In the Le Mans exemplar, a large number of the male and female genitalia are literally cut out from the larger illustrations (II/35). In some cases, it is difficult to determine whether one is dealing with censorship or heightened interest in the genitalia. In several copies, at the Bibliothèque de Mériadeck in Bordeaux, (I/27), in Leeds (I/177), and at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver (I/18), the illustration of the vagina has been removed. Was this done by a censor for the purposes of protecting the readers? Or, alternatively, was this done by a reader who wanted to privately study the image? In some cases, we have some hints that the first explanation may be correct. We are aware of an American private copy where the colophon with Oporinus’ name and the illustration of the vagina are both excised. The combination of these two missing leaves suggests an act of censorship, as few readers would have derived any private pleasure from studying a colophon. Even more convincingly, the similarly incomplete copies in Valladolid (II/221) and at the Complutense University in Madrid (II/211) contain a note of expurgation on the frontispiece, suggesting that censorship was the main reason for removing the illustration of the vagina. Yet contextual evidence suggests that the excision of certain pages for the purposes of private study was also an established practice in contemporary or near-contemporary anatomy. Helkiah Crooke, the early seventeenth-century author of the post-Vesalian Micro­ cosmographia, for instance, instructed his readers that his book’s sections on generation could be removed and enjoyed as a separate pamphlet.14 Crooke’s decision may have been fueled by the realization that public discussion of the issues of generation could be contentious. The title page of his book was deemed too licentious by the local authorities, because it included a copy of a Vesalian nude, and his publisher had to issue the second edition of the

volume with a less naturalistic nude.15 The 1555 Fabrica at the University of Valencia in Spain (II/220) seems to have been treated in the manner proposed by Crooke. The chapter on the uterus, some seventeen pages, was removed at one point. Whether this was done by a careful reader, or by a scrupulous Spanish censor, remains an open question. In any case, only a thin line separates censorship from the private study of anatomical illustrations. As we have seen, the main effect of censorship for the Fabrica was the restriction of access to copies in monastic libraries. The removal of illustrations of the genitalia for private study, if it ever happened, had the same effect. It limited the larger public’s ability to consult and study this image. The previous chapter revealed the intense interest of early modern readers in the Fabrica’s chapters on generation. Importantly, censorship does not appear to have blocked the medical and philosophical aspects of this interest. Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century readers had a modest preference for studying and annotating the Fabrica’s text, and they appear to have paid somewhat less scholarly attention to the illustrations. The Fabrica’s censors, in contrast, focused on the illustrations, and especially on the genitalia of the muscle men. While the blacking out of these illustrations certainly had an impact on the viewers’ aesthetic experiences, it did not hamper those readers who wanted to learn about the anatomy of the reproductory organs. Practically no censor had any objection to Vesalius’ textual descriptions of generation. Only one copy, now preserved in Kingston, ON (I/14), blacks out a few passages about Vesalius’ account of his dissections of women. Curiously, this exemplar’s known provenance is from late-eighteenth-century England, with no evidence of earlier catholic ownership. All the other surviving copies allow readers to familiarize themselves with Vesalius’ ideas about the secrets of women. Throughout catholic Europe, it was perfectly possible to study and analyze Vesalius’ claims and arguments about the use and function of the reproductory organs, and the generation of children. Once offending images were covered up, one could discuss the theory and practice of generation even in a monastic context. Given the limited availability of copies in public libraries and universities, this should not come as a surprise. The Fabrica was already in a controlled and safe environment. Moreover, as we have seen, the Fabrica’s discussion of the secrets of generation did not bring in a social and cultural revolution in thinking about sex. The author’s arguments about

14  Crooke, Mikrokosmographia; Kassell, “Medical Understandings of the Body.”

15  Linster, “Crooke and Censorship.” http://crookebook.wordpress .com, published on February 19, 2013.

Censorship: Controlling Reading

Figure 78 Censored muscle man on p. 210. II/116. Budapest: ELTE University Library and Archive. Call No.: Ant. 7382.

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130 the divine design of the penis and the vagina, the heightened passions of women, and the available measures for controlling lust, served as justifications for the social order and the public morals of contemporary Europe. If the Fabrica found approval with wealthy physicians and collectors both in protestant and catholic lands, and helped them formulate medically based claims about the superiority of men and the necessary control of the passions, why would the catholic authorities not allow for the dissemination of these ideas? To conclude, catholic censorship did not radically alter the reception history of the Fabrica. Its main effect was to restrict the volume’s availability in catholic areas to monastic colleges, where these copies were somewhat less annotated, leaving only a few copies in princely or university libraries. One should not exaggerate this effect, however. The institutional libraries and universities of protestant early modern Europe also catered to the needs of a select elite, and access to them was similarly restricted. The controls imposed on readers were probably not a purely catholic phenomenon. When it came to the volume’s contents, the censors treated the Fabrica lightly, blacking out information primarily about the protestant printer and

Chapter 5

the licentious nudes. Even on these occasions, it is unclear, however, whether censorship managed to turn the readers’ attention away from these parts, or whether the blacked-out passages and images served as advertisements about the information they (often only partly) concealed. And, more importantly, the overwhelming majority of the Fabrica was not blacked out. The important passages remained available for an eager catholic readership. This should not mean that censorship was innocuous. It was harmful and hugely problematic. But, if one may hazard a hypothesis, its effects manifested themselves primarily at the level of authorship, and not on the level of reception. It was through Vesalius’ self-censorship that the Fabrica’s text was made to conform to church doctrine.16 As we have seen, the Flemish anatomist explicitly mentioned that he could not discuss certain topics in his volume. Since the Fabrica’s text was already filtered through the author’s internal censorial superego, there was no need for extensive expurgations by church authorities afterwards. 16  On the topic of self-censorship, see Haraszti, The Velvet Prison.

Chapter 6

Conclusion Vesalius’ De humani corporis fabrica had an oversize influence over the development of European medicine, culture, and the arts. Its anatomical ideas and visual ideals traveled far and wide, spawning radically new interpretations over the past 475 years. The process is still active. Maurits Biesbrouck’s bibliography of the scholarship on Vesalius contains more than 3,500 entries at the moment, indicative of the wide range of interests that the Fabrica evokes.1 Artists such as Virgil Wong or Jacquelyn Rixon still find inspiration in Calcar’s magnificent woodcuts, which they appropriate, mash up, and reuse in media ranging from metallic prints to menstrual blood. One can even buy artisanal soap inspired by the design of the Fabrica. Our census has not aimed to review the whole gamut of interpretations available on Vesalius’ oeuvre. That would have been a Herculean task. Its main conclusion would have emphasized how, in the hands of pirates, translators, latter-day editors, artists, and others, the Fabrica turned into a malleable object that could be used for many different purposes. This book has focused instead on the narrow reception history of the two folio editions that Vesalius brought out in collaboration with Calcar and Oporinus. We reconstructed the average readers of these editions, and not necessarily the most innovative or interesting cases. Instead of focusing on the interpretation of a Fallopio or a Colombo (whose Fabricas we could not find, anyway), we analyzed how a typical reader would have studied Vesalius’ work. We have shown that one can write a coherent narrative of how these two editions were read from 1543 to 2017. The value and the meaning of the Fabrica did change over time, but within each time period, one can find surprisingly stable interpretive communities.2 These communities spread across some religious and national boundaries, but not across all social strata. The original readers of the Fabrica were primarily the well-educated Christian elites of contemporary Europe.3 This audience could afford to buy an expensive anatomical atlas, and bind it in decorative pigskin or vellum. On occasion, they could also hire a painter to hand-color the illustrations. 1  Maurits Biesbrouck. Vesaliana: An Updated and Annotated Vesalius Bibliography. www.andreasvesalius.be, January 2017. 2  Fish, Is There a Text in This Class? 3  On Jewish ownership of the Fabrica in the sixteenth century, see Miletto, “The Library of Abraham ben David Portaleone.”

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2018 | doi 10.1163/9789004336308_007

These readers operated with a limited set of interpretations, and annotated the Fabrica using strikingly similar sets of techniques, with only minor variations detectable across different regions. When comparing early modern readers in Germany, Italy, France or the British Isles, we did not find any major differences. They referred to Galen with the same frequency, they annotated the illustrations with the same frequency, they discussed topics related to generation with the same frequency. Dividing annotators into catholics and protestants provided the same results, as well. The largest divergence was in their levels of annotating the parts on generation (26% vs 34%), but given the our sample size, this is hardly a meaningful difference. Throughout Europe, readers consulted the Fabrica sporadically, annotating a chapter or two in Latin here and there, while ignoring the rest of the volume that was not relevant for their purposes. Only a minority of them took up the task of reading this monumental atlas from cover to cover, peppering every single page with copious notes and underlinings. Importantly, the interpretations of early modern readers differ in important ways from the preoccupations of twentieth- and twenty-first-century historians, historians of medicine, and art historians. They offer a fresh look at the Fabrica. As we have argued, Vesalius’ early readers eagerly annotated the Fabrica. The high percentage of surviving annotated copies reveals an intense study of Vesalius’ arguments. Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century readers read the Fabrica’s text carefully, and engaged with it just as much as with the images. Indeed, it seems that the early owners of Vesalius’ work found the illustrations difficult to comprehend. Much of their annotations of the woodcuts focused on the issue of identifying the various parts of the body. It is only as an exception that we see comparisons of the images with other illustrations, or with other authors, or explicit comments about the shortcomings of Calcar’s works. This does not necessarily mean that early readers did not appreciate these illustrations. Yet this appreciation may have had to do more with the images’ aesthetic qualities and their moral framing of anatomy, and less with their visualization of anatomical structures. Early modern readers exhibited the full repertoire of scholarly techniques that bookish humanists are known for. They may have studied and dissected cadavers in their everyday practice, but they certainly did not bring the evidence of these observations to bear on the interpretation

132 of the text. Their annotations emphasize the importance of other books for readers who want to make sense of the Fabrica, and do not offer much evidence about how they themselves went about investigating human bodies. Importantly, for sixteenth- and seventeenth-century readers, Vesalius was in conversation with the ancients, and not the moderns. They studied their anatomy atlas together with the works of Galen, Aristotle, and Hippocrates, and rarely opened the books of contemporaries such as Fallopio or Colombo. For these readers, Vesalius became part of the traditional canon, but other modern authors did not. For early modern students of Vesalius, generation was the key question of human anatomy. They annotated the chapters dealing with the reproductory organs in great detail. For these readers, the key problem was how to understand and interpret sexual differences between men and women in a society that aimed to maintain the dominance of men. They examined carefully how the uterine muscles, the hymen, and the labia contributed to tempering or arousing the passions of women, and how the overall structure of the genitalia revealed the divine plan that supported the propagation of the species without disturbing social order. As male members of urban elites, they studied Vesalius to find an anatomical justification for the hierarchical gender relationships of their contemporary societies. These owners’ desire for social order also manifested itself in their treatment of the Fabrica, which they tried to make more orderly than it really was. Many readers attempted to correct the 1543 edition’s faulty pagination, to rectify the typographical errors of both editions, and develop searching strategies to navigate between the volume’s complex and meandering arguments. These early modern interpretations of the Fabrica survived for a long time. Even in the age of Goethe, scholars and readers occasionally expressed interest in evaluating whether Galen or Vesalius was right about a particular point in anatomy. Yet in the years around 1800, the active medical interest in the Fabrica was replaced with antiquarian fascination, possibly as a result of secularization and the establishment of state libraries. Annotators of the Fabrica no longer studied the images for their anatomical content. They instead wanted to figure out whether Titian

Chapter 6

or Calcar designed them. They no longer read the Fabrica in the company of De usu partium, or Aristotle’s Parva animalia. Instead, they studied the biography by Albinus and Boerhaave, Choulant’s History and Bibliography of Anatomical Illustration, and even later, Cushing’s BioBibliography. When, in 1900, the financial value of the Fabrica began to climb again, it was because of its cultic status for American collectors as the foundational work of modern anatomy, and no longer because of its immediate medical relevance. Our census reveals that, by limiting our focus to the first two folio editions of the Fabrica, we were able to detect clear and strong patterns of interpretation amongst its readers. The materiality of the book heavily limited how it would be read. This statement should not imply that social and political factors do not play a role in how readers interpret texts. On the contrary, the large format and illustrations of the Basel editions resulted in a relatively high price, which limited the Fabrica’s readership to the elites of early modern Europe. Our major finding was that, at least when works of anatomy were concerned, the social elites of this period formed a fairly uniform interpretive community. Whether an early modern wealthy physician, aristocrat, or religious professional lived in England, Italy, or Germany, they approached the Fabrica in rather similar ways. There was certainly some regional variation. In Lutheran Wittenberg, Philipp Melanchthon made sure that his colleagues and students paid special attention to the religious implications of a work on human anatomy; in Padova, professors managed to convince their students about the relevance of personal observations; and in monasteries, the Fabrica was read with less intensity than elsewhere. Nonetheless, these regional and institutional differences were relatively minor. Wittenberg reformers, for instance, were fully aware of what was being taught at the medical faculty of Padova, as students regularly traveled from one town to another (I/77).4 The Fabrica brought forward a standardized message in the first few centuries of its reading because of its material format, and because of the uniformity of elite European culture in that age. 4  Margócsy, Somos and Joffe, “A pécsi Fabrica.”

Guide to the Catalogue Our data come from a variety of sources. We have personally examined several hundred copies. In other cases, our friends and colleagues carefully studied copies in towns that we could not visit, and provided extensive photographic documentation. Again in other cases, we received answers to our detailed questionnaire from librarians. In a few cases, we or our colleagues were refused access or the copy was unavailable for study. As a result, it was impossible to acquire complete information on each copy, and our entries reflect this fact. In some cases, we do not have full bibliographic information, and, in other cases, we are not always able to provide full-depth information on the annotations. We ask for the reader’s understanding for being unable to provide the same, standardized data for each entry. We provide information on each volume in order to facilitate the consultation of particular exemplars in the future. Our entries do not aim to replace the physical examination of the copies described, and they provide information on annotations and provenance in order to let readers decide which copies they wish to further explore and study in full detail. We provide descriptions of copies sold by auction houses and in private collections separately, after the entries on Fabricas in collections accessible to the larger public. Our data on individual copies are often scarce in such cases, as we did not always have access to a copy in private hands, and, in the case of copies sold by auction houses, we often had to rely on descriptions in auction catalogues. We are only listing copies of the Fabrica that were sold or offered for auction after 1990. For copies only mentioned in auction catalogues, we are reproducing these descriptions as closely to the original as possible. We find it important to facilitate the identification of these copies if they again turn up on the market, and, as a result, we have decided not to standardize these entries. Because, in most cases, our information is fragmentary and uncertain about privately owned copies, we did not use these exemplars in the production of our statistics and maps. We describe the two editions separately. The Fabricas are listed in alphabetical order, by country and city. We do list copies in the Vatican under Italy for practical purposes. We assigned each copy a unique identifying number and, wherever possible, we also listed the volume’s call number (or shelfmark) in the repository. The descriptions provide summary information on the volume’s physical condition and its completeness. Both editions contain two oversize, bifolium inserts of the vascular and nervous systems, usually bound after pp. 312[412] and 352[452] in

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2018 | doi 10.1163/9789004336308_008

the first edition, and after pp. 504 and 552 in the second edition. These inserts can be bound vertically, in which case the text is parallel to the text of the other pages, but the sheet needs to be either trimmed or folded from both directions to fit. They can also be bound sideways as a double spread (in the middle), in which case they do not need folding, or they can be bound either by the bottom (the foot) or the top (the head), in which case they need to be folded at least once. The inserts are usually bound so that the main illustration is on the recto, but on a few occasions, they are facing forwards to the following leaf. The vascular insert is usually followed by an extra, unpaginated sheet, marked “m3” in the first edition and “X2” in the second folio edition, which contains a number of smaller woodcuts that were designed to be cut up and glued to the vascular insert to form a flap anatomy. In most exemplars, the flap anatomy is not assembled, and the sheet is preserved intact, bound after the vascular insert. The 1543 edition has a variant edition, described in great detail by Horowitz and Collins, and we do list these variants where possible. The 1555 edition contains a woodcut on p. 560 that exists in two states. At some point in the printing process, the woodblock became chipped and was damaged. We do list this information for each copy, as well. We mention if a copy is hand-colored, if it has been regulated with ink lines (a so-called exemplaire réglé), and if it comes with any extra illustrations, seeds, dried plants, dead flies, or other material objects. We do not provide physical measurements of the length and width of each copy, partly for practical reasons and partly because such measurements are often highly imprecise. We did notice that, on occasion, different sources provided significantly different measurements for the same copy. The Fabrica tended to be elegantly bound, primarily in pigskin, vellum or calfskin, although some exemplars are nowadays protected by modern, cardboard or goatskin bindings. Almost all pigskin bindings are alum-tawed, which we do not state separately. We provide summary information on any decorative patterns, but it was beyond the scope of our project to list all the distinctive features of each binding. We do describe when clasps are present, and we also provide information on labels or text on the covers and the spine, which usually refer to the title and the author. We list provenance information on all known previous owners. This information comes primarily in the form of ex-libris and possessors’ notes in the volumes themselves, but is sometimes supplemented by cataloguing

134 information in the current repository. We list previous owners in a list separated by semi-colons, followed by the description of the possessor’s notes, stamps, ex-libris, and other sources of information. Wherever possible, we provide dates of birth and death for each owner. We also list the city were the owner was last or most active, and his or her profession. Our census also describes the annotations in detail. For each exemplar, we provide a brief description that discusses when the annotations were produced and what they focus on. We specifically mark if a reader does not write in ink. We also list each page that contains some type of manuscript note. Our level of description varies, depending on the available information, and also on considerations of space. We do not provide transcriptions of annotations, only quotes of important and necessary passages, and offer summaries of the contents. In heavily annotated copies, we were not always able to provide detailed information on the type of annotation on each page. Apart from underlinings or lines on the margins, most marginal notes are summary notes or phrases, summarizing the content of the relevant passage without providing any further reflection from the author. The marginalia can also contain references to other authors. These references range from highlighting the name of the author mentioned in the text to providing full bibliographical information of an author who also discussed the same

Guide to the Catalogue

topic. Internal references, in turn, mark what other pages or chapters within the Fabrica contain relevant information for the annotated passage. Some annotators also work with numberings, i.e. they write numbers on the margins to better understand the structure of the text, e.g. they write “1, 2, 3, 4” to distinguish between the first, second, third, or fourth different use of a particular organ. On occasion, the readers can also draw a diagram or a picture related, or unrelated, to the text. In a few cases, they also write doodles or squiggles in the margins.Whenever the woodcuts are annotated, the readers tend to focus on identifying either the whole illustration, or the various body parts pictured in the illustration, or the characters of the woodcut. When the readers focus on identifying multiple body parts, or characters, in the same woodcut, they often write explanatory notes next to the woodcut for each part, and draw lines from there to the described part in its original location in the woodcut, and we describe these techniques of identification accordingly. At the end of the entry, we also list three optional fields. If a copy is censored, we describe the censored pages, and whether the censor aimed to remove content that he deemed licentious, or eradicate information about the book’s protestant printer. A bibliography is provided if the exemplar was discussed or listed in any publications, and we provide URLs for exemplars that have been digitized and made available online.

1543 Editions

∵

Australia

Sydney

I/1. University of New South Wales University Library Call No.: MBF 611/4 Physical Description: A complete copy, taken apart and resewn after conservation, with considerable foxing and repaired tears. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Modern calfskin over board, with early or original pieces of thin leather, with blind-tooled decorations, reattached on front and back.

Binding: Unrestored, contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with allegorical figures and floral decorations. Cancelled ink note “XXXVIII a 42” on front. Provenance: A certain Heinrich Pflussl in 1625; Abbot Albert Reichhart (1677–1727) of the Benedictine Monastery of St Paul in Carinthia; enters the current library between 1782 and 1787 when the monastery is dissolved. Possessor’s note of Pflussl on flyleaf, ex-libris of Reichhardt on front pastedown. Old call numbers on front pastedown “III 9302”, “76 c 20”, “XLVII.a.20,” “Medicus XXVI 2.” Annotations: None.

Vienna

Provenance: Probably acquired by the library between 1959 and 1966, when John Wallace Metcalfe was the university librarian. Notes “Dawson”, “OU 919”, “£96” and “Inundinus p. 531” in pencil on front endpaper.

I/3. Österreichische Nationalbibliothek Sammlung von Handschriften und alten Drucken Call No.: *69.B.55

Annotations: A modern pencil annotator, interested in comparing a woodcut with Leveling. On p. 357[457], crossed out note next to the woodcut, “here Leveling p. 239”; marginal crosses on pp. 531, 636, marginal checkmarks or lines on pp. 625, 626, 637, 651, 652, 653.

Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy in excellent condition. Bifolium inserts bound after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], and folded, m3 sheet bound after the vascular insert. Not a variant edition.

Austria

Klagenfurt

I/2. Universitätsbibliothek Klagenfurt Call No.: III FD 9302 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with a tear on p. 313[413], water damage throughout and occasional browning. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically, folded on the right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition.

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2018 | doi 10.1163/9789004336308_009

Binding: Unrestored, contemporary blind-stamped pigskin over wood, with two clasps missing, handwritten title on front cover “ANATOMIAE . ANDREAE . VESALII . LIBRI . VII.” Provenance: M. Iodocus Naß in 1544; the Kremnitz merchant, humanist and traveler Hans Dernschwam (1494– 1568); purchased by the current library upon Dernschwam’s death in 1568–69. Ex-libris of “Ioannes Dernschwam de Hradiczin”; handwritten “HD” written on front cover and fore-edge; handwritten call number “HD 6944” on back pastedown, in the hand of Hugo Blotius (1534–1608), librarian of the Habsburg court library; handwritten note of “M. Iodocus Naß. Anno MDLXIIII” at the end of the book. Annotations: None.

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Belgium1

Antwerp

I/4. Erfgoedbibliotheek Hendrick Conscience Call No.: J 5833 [C2-572A] Physical Description: A complete copy with some foxing and minor water damage, with some repairs. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways and folded, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Restored, contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with one clasp, fore-edge painting “Andreas Vesalius De humani corporis fabrica”. On second front flyleaf verso, manuscript note “constat 4 golt gulden und ein fl ein zu binden”. Provenance: The Antwerp painter Willem Backereel (1570–1626); then the Antwerp town physician D. Lazarus Marcquis (1574–1647), a friend of Rubens; who gave the book to the Antwerp Municipal Library in 1609. Possessors’ notes on frontispiece “Ex libris Dyogenij van Damme”, “Ex libris Guil. Backereel”, “Bibliothecae Anverpianae dono dabat hanc mikrokosmographian D. Lazarus Marcquis Anverpianus in usum philiatroon Ano 1609 sexto idus Ianuarii”. Annotations: Minimal annotations in early ink. On *2r, underlining and manicule where Vesalius discusses how manual work became neglected in medicine; on p. 386[486], the letter “s” is inked over in the printed marginal note “incessus.” On front flyleaf verso, catalog entry of J. A. Stargardt (Katalog 426, auction May 23, 1939) pasted in, referring to the copy currently in the Deutsches Historisches Museum, Berlin (I/53), and not to this copy. Online: http://anet.ua.ac.be/digital/opacehc/ehc/dg:ehc: 615/N

1 For all Belgian copies, we advise readers to consult Cockx-Indestege, Andreas Vesalius: A Belgian Census. We conducted our independent survey, but on occasion relied on this book for contextual information.



Brussels

I/5. Municipal Archives Brussels Call No.: OP 7 (olim 8014) Physical Description: An incomplete copy in good condition with occasional foxing, pp. 302 and 311 are misprinted, and show pp. 170 and 179 instead, the handwritten text of the missing pages is pasted in on separate sheets. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways, m3 sheet present. Not a variant edition. Binding: Nineteenth-century leather with gold-tooled lines and label on the spine, marbled paper pastedown. Provenance: The Antwerp librarian Frederic Verachter (1797–1870), whose library was probably sold in 1872; sold by Bluff in 1885 for 33 francs. At the bottom of frontispiece, note “Frederic Verachter, Antw. 1872”; on front pastedown, note “acheté à la vente Bluff le 6 juillet 85 pour fr. 30 + 10%, 3 = f.33”; stamp of “Archives de la ville de Bruxelles.” Annotations: Random ink marks at the beginning of the volume. On p. 1, potentially random ink marks next to the section on the different bones; on p. 11, ink marks in chapter on the names of the bones; on p. 21, ink marks next to the illustration of skull; on p. 23, ink marks next to the explanation of characters to the illustration; on p. 31, ink marks next to the discussion of the cavity of the temporal bone. Pencil note on pastedown, “Les gravures sont de Calcar, élève du Titien”; pagination corrected throughout. Bibliography: Cockx-Indestege, Andreas Vesalius, p. 56, listing under a different call number. I/6. Royal Library of Belgium Call No.: Müller 4541 C Physical description: A worn, complete copy, frontispiece torn and repaired, vascular insert torn and soiled. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from the right, bottom, and top, m3 sheet present. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped German pigskin with floral decorations and allegorical figures, clasps present.

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Provenance: The Berlin anatomy professor Johannes Peter Müller (1801–1858); upon whose death the book was acquired in 1861 by the current collection. Bookplate of the Belgian Royal Library, “Bibliothèque de Jean Müller, Professeur d’anatomie et de physiologie à Berlin, acquise par la Bibliothèque royale de Bruxelles en 1861. No 4531.” Annotations: Pencil mark on front pastedown “Cushing VI.A-1”. I/7. Royal Library of Belgium Call No.: VH 7.413 C (RP) Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition with some foxing, stain on p. 329[429]. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from right and bottom, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Restored, eighteenth-century spotted calfskin with gold-tooled spine, marbled pastedowns. Provenance: The Ghent bibliophile Charles van Hulthem (1764–1832); whose collection was bought upon his death by the current library in 1836. Ex-libris of Charles van Hulthem. Annotations: Contemporary summary annotations, focusing primarily on the eye, with an important note on Aristotle’s and Vesalius’ opinion on the origins of the vena cava, as well as a note of Van Hulthem describing the Fabrica. On p. 232, summary note “de medio sensationis” where Vesalius says, contra Aristotle, that the skin is capable of sensation; on p. 291, marginal line and summary note in the chapter on the transverse septum, “septi forma et situs”; on p. 277[377], where Vesalius argues against Galen that the vena cava originates in the heart, underlining and marginal note that Vesalius tacitly agrees with Aristotle “tacite vir Vesalius Aristoteli assentiri”; on p. 331[431], annotations identifying the four parts of the system of the nerves originating in the dorsal medulla, with horizontal lines added to the woodcut to separate the four regions; on p. 646, note “aranea” where Vesalius discusses what to call the small, cobweb-like tunic attached to the lens of the eye, and a few dots under the heading “humor vitreus”; on p. 647, underlining and note “retina tunica” where Vesalius claims that the retina has the shape of a net; on p. 649, summary note “cornea tunica” where the cornea is dicussed, and “humor vitreus” is

corrected to “humor aqueous seu albugineus”; underlinings and correction of errata on pp. 181, 629, 631, 647. Note in the hand of Charles van Hulthem on second flyleaf, describing the Fabrica in French, and attributing the illustrations to Calcar, with reference to Morelli’s Notizia d’opere di disegno and to Fiorillo’s Geschichte der Zeichndenden Kunste; pagination corrected in ink.2 Online: http://uurl.kbr.be/1044146 I/8. Ghent University Library Ghent Call No.: BHSL.RES.1950 Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with extensive worming throughout the volume, treated by Prof. Dr. A. J. J. Van de Velde in 1955 with formaldehyde. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from top, bottom and right, m3 sheet present after the vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Restored, contemporary blind-stamped German half pigskin and wood, with grotesque figures, clasps present and restored. Provenance: The Basel physician and alchemist Johannes Jacob Wocker (1528–1586). Possessor’s note “Joannis Joacobi Wockerii sum”; accession notes on front pastedown, “Acc. 9951/ R. 58B3/ R. 1950”. Annotations: An early- to mid-seventeenth-century annotator working in ink, with one note in red pencil. Underlinings and numerous marginal notes throughout the text, summarizing main points of the text, especially related to “usus” and “munus”, structuring it through numberings, and adding references to Galen’s De usu partium, on pp. 1, 3, 10, 17, 19, 34, 49, 50, 54, 57, 118, 120, 122, 123, 126, 132, 150, 149[151], 153, 154, 155, 157, 159, 181, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 221, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 239, 240, 241, 245, 246, 275[273], 278, 283, 285, 292, 293, 288[298], 299, 301, 305, 307, 308, 311, 312, 317, 321, 322, 325, 249[349], 250[350 ], 251[351], 252[352], 253[353], 255[355], 273[373], 2  Johann Dominik Fiorillo, Geschichte der zeichnenden Künste von ihrer Wiederauflebung bis auf die neuesten Zeiten, 5 vols, 1798–1808, II, Göttingen: J. F. Römer 1801, pp. 82–83; Iacopo Morelli, Notizia d’opere di disegno nella prima metà del secolo XVI. esistenti in Padova, Cremona, Milano, Pavia, Bergamo, Crema e Venezia Scritta da un anonimo, Bassano: 1800, pp. 232–33.

140 275[375], 279[379], 280[380], 284[384], 285[385], 286[386], 287[387], 288[388], 315[415], 316[416], 317[417], 330[430], 343[443], 345[445], 359[459], 501, 504, 511, 545, 549, 557, 579, 583, 591, 594, 599, 600, 601, 602, 603, 619, 623, 627, 628, 633, 640, 641, 644, 648, 649, 656. The annotations include, on p. 1, summary note “usus” and underlinings; on p. 3, reference to Berengario da Carpi where the radius’ cartilages are discussed; on p. 19, correction of Pflug’s name to “Pfluegel”; on pp. 49–50, marginal numberings added to structure the discussion of the four foramina of the head, on p. 54, correction of errata; on p. 57, marginal notes next to the illustration of the spine, dividing it and naming its parts; on p. 181, “PRIMA” corrected to “QUARTA”; on p. 220, note “contra Gal.”; on p. 239, reference to Galen’s De loco affectorum; on p. 241, reference to “Schegkius, in tract. De spiritu animali f. 260.” about the dilation of the pupil; on p. 279[379], where the vena cava is discussed; reference to Bauhin added; on p. 285[385], internal reference added; on p. 345[445], internal references added and internal contradiction pointed out; on p. 545, where Vesalius discusses Aristotle and Galen on the position of the breasts, reference added to Bonamicus’ De alimento “Redarguit hoc Bonamicus l. 5 d. Alim. c. 23. f. 694”; on p. 623, red pencil marginal line; on p. 644, Latin and Greek identifying names added to the illustrations of the eye. Early handwritten note pasted on front pastedown and front flyleaf. On front pastedown, note on Vesalius death and his famous encounter with Fuchs copied from Martinus Crusius’ Annales, with reference given; on front flyleaf, further quotes from Piccolomini and Crusius on Vesalius and Galen. Errata crossed out in errata list, many index entries underlined. Page numbers corrected by hand. Bibliography: Ferdinand van der Haeghen and MarieThèrèse Lenger. Bibliotheca belgica: bibliographie générale des Pays-Bas. Brussels: Culture et Civilization, 1964–70, V81; Schatten van de universiteitsbibliotheek te Gent. Ghent: Rijksuniversiteit te Gent Centrale Bibliotheek, 1967, p. 47.

1543 Editions

Provenance: Possibly the Leuven university chancellor Joris van Oostenrijk [d. 1619], who left a Fabrica to the Collegium Trilingue, the predecessor of the current collection, in 1613. Earlier claims that it was a presentation copy to Charles V are probably incorrect. Annotations: Unknown. Bibliography: Steeno and Biesbrouck, “Stolen and Lost Copies of Vesalius’ Fabrica;” and the literature cited therein. I/10–11. KU Leuven University Library Call No: CaaC17 Physical Description: A hybrid, unrestored copy with signs of wear and tear, combined from two defective copies, pp. 173–174, 177–178, 183–212 are probably from a different copy. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded in both directions, m3 sheet present. Binding: Restored eighteenth-century calfskin with ornamental decorations, gilt fleurons and title on spine. Provenance: The Jesuit domus professa in Alès, France after 1704; sold in Nîmes in 1764 when the order was disbanded; sold by the Libreria Antiquaria Mediolanum to the current collection in 1986. Annotations: A 15-line note in Latin describing the Vesalius editions on the last front flyleaf; on *2r, one illegible Latin note. Bibliography: C. Coppens. “Vesalius regained: een Fabrica te Leuven,” Ex officina 3 (1986): 181–186.

Online: https://lib.ugent.be/catalog/rug01%3A000428041/ items/910000004615

Brazil

I/9. Leuven KU Leuven University Library Call No.:



Physical Description: Destroyed on August 26, 1914 when the library was set on fire. Probably not a vellum copy, despite earlier claims to the contrary. Binding: Unknown.

São Paulo

I/12. Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Call No.: QM21 V575dh 1543 Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy with water damage, foxing, and a repaired tear on p. 246[346], frontispiece restored and reinforced. Bifolium inserts and m3 sheet are missing. Not a variant edition.

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Binding: Modern vellum. Provenance: A certain physician Horatius Muleius [?]; the Torino anatomist, neurologist and histologist Romeo Fusari (1857–1919), brother-in-law of Camillo Golgi. Possessor’s note on page with printer’s mark “Horatii [?] Muleij [?] Philosophiae et Medae D.”; ex-libris of “di Romeo Fusari”. Annotations: Sporadic annotations and underlinings. On *2r, heavy underlinings; on *3r and *3v, underlining of the passage describing the structure of the seven books; on *5v, every fifth line is numbered, on p. 1, every fifth line is numbered; on p. 380[480], note next to the woodcut, “la boca della matrice”; highlighted index entries “ossa lapidea”, the four entries on the patella, “tibiam mouentium musculorum administratio,” “uterus muliebris & asinae”, “uterus qualis in non praegnantibus”, “utero leuius gerendo, quomodo prospexerit mulieribus natura”. Online: http://www.obrasrarasvs1.usp.br/obras/000314/

Bulgaria

Sofia

I/13. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Central Library Old Catalog Call No.: C.Gr.298 Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with dampstaining affecting front matter and the first five pages. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle, m3 sheet present after vascular system. Binding: Unrestored, contemporary blind-stamped pigskin over board with frames and floral decorations on front and back. Provenance: A certain “D. Innocentius de W[…] a Weingart[…]”; the personal library of the Bulgarian royal family c. 1900, enters the current collection in 1948. Possessor’s note of Weingart on first flyleaf; old shelfmark “I. N. 1800 Wiest”. Annotations: None.

Canada

Kingston, ON

I/14. Queen’s University W. D. Jordan Special Collections and Music Library Call No.: SMCL 1543 Physical Description: An unrestored, incomplete copy, frontispiece, *1, *6, pp. 65–66, 137–140, 163–166, 169–170, 173–174, 177–178, 181–184, 187–188, 197–200, 203–208, 331– 332[431–432], 547–548, colophon and printer’s mark missing, *2 torn and creased, pp. 311[411]–312[412] torn, q3 torn, 2M8 torn seriously, 2M6–2M8 creased and torn, stains and discoloration throughout. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically, folded parts torn away. Not a variant edition. Binding: Modern paper boards, worn. Provenance: A certain William D. Roberts, 1794, possibly serving on the ship The Favourite Nanny that traveled primarily between Dublin and Southampton; St Mary’s Cathedral Library, Kingston, ON; before the volume enters the current library in 1979. Signatures of Roberts on pp. 631, 635, 659. Annotations: On *4v, a poem: “I am a Doctor tho’ I take small Fees / I am a Doctor tho with ! Degrees / I am (no thanks to Academick Proctor) / The poor man’s and the widow’s fav’rite Doctor. / December 1794, W. D. Roberts, on Board the Favourite Nanny”; on a separate sheet, preserved between pp. 292–293, manuscript poem “To Jessy by Lord Byron”; on p. 625, underlinings and inscription where the dura mater is discussed. Censorship: On p. 538, where Vesalius discusses, related to menstruation, how he had dissected several women during his travels, several words blacked out.

Montreal, QC

I/15. McGill University Osler Library Call No.: folio V575a 1543 Physical Description: A restored, complete copy. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound

142 vertically and folded from top, bottom, and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary pigskin with no decorative elements. Provenance: A certain Jacques Ribier, probably the early seventeenth-century Paris council of state Jacques Ribier; the Johns Hopkins professor and later Oxford Regius professor William Osler, Bart, (1849–1919), who presented this copy to McGill in 1909. Ex-dono notice of Osler and bookplates of McGill on front pastedown, note “Jac. Ribierij & amicorum” on frontispiece. Annotations: Arabic numbers added to pp. 50–52 in pencil; page number is corrected in index for “intestini recti anularis musculi delineatio”. I/16. McGill University Osler Library Call No.: V575a 1543 Physical Description: A restored, complete copy, somewhat worn. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways and folded, m3 sheet present before the vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Rebacked, sixteenth- or seventeenth-century blind-stamped vellum with ornamental centerpiece and borders. Provenance: The early eighteenth-century Redenhall curate Charles Kerrich, from whom the book passes to the Dersingham vicar Samuel Kerrich, who passes it to his son the Cambridge librarian Thomas Kerrich (1748–1828). The Johns Hopkins professor and later Oxford Regius professor William Osler, Bart, (1849–1919), who presented this copy to McGill in 1909. Possessors’ notes of the Kerrichs and bookplate of Osler on front pastedown. Annotations: On p. 181, the phrase “Tabula Prima” is corrected to “Quarta”. Censorship: Name of Oporinus inked over in Letter to Oporinus.

1543 Editions



Toronto, ON

I/17. University of Toronto Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library Call No.: jah f Physical Description: An incomplete copy with worming on pp. 1–104, printer’s mark and colophon missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways and folded, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Rebound in undecorated calfskin on wooden board ca. 1970. Provenance: At the University of Toronto since 1911. Annotations: An early, medically educated annotator who is interested in historiae, digestion, the veins, sexual reproduction, cauterization, and possibly variability amongst humans, making internal references to the Fabrica and to his personal observations. On p. 267[367], where Vesalius discusses how black bile is purged through the branches of the portal vein around the anus, like menstruation, internal reference to a later section of Vesalius where menstruation is discussed, “vide pulchram Hist.am lib. V c. xv, p. 538”; on p. 273[373], double marginal line where Vesalius criticizes how other writers (e.g. Berengario) name the humeral vein; on p. 275[375], extensive underlinings and marginal lines where Vesalius criticizes Galen’s criticism of Aristotle on the origin of the vena cava; on p. 276[376], marginal lines where Vesalius discusses the vena cava and the liver; on p. 288[388], extensive annotation with reference to personal observation and NB sign where Vesalius discusses the variation in the veins; on p. 339[439], letter “N” on the margin where Vesalius criticizes Galen for claiming that there is one dorsal medulla because there is one cerebellum; on p. 383[483], where Vesalius discusses how some midwives predict the number of future children, marginal note on the vanity of midwives “Hic 2x obstetricum uanitas notatus”, and in a different pen, remark that the reader observed with his own eyes the number of nodes in the umbilical vessels when his daughter and son were born; on p. 389[489], marginal lines where Vesalius criticizes those who believe that the esophagus narrows at the bottom, and marginal word “tonsillar” where the tonsils are discussed; on p. 390[490], note “historiae pulchrae” where Vesalius discusses the cases of the person who swallowed

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and excreted a gold ring and the thief who stole a pearl necklace by swallowing the pearls, on p. 391[491], marginal note where Vesalius criticizes those who call the pylorus a muscle, and accuses them of reading only books, “fabricae humani corporis cognitionem perfectam ex libris solis minime fieri posse”; on p. 493, underlining and marginal note “in quod differamus a plantis” where Vesalius discusses how plants do not have a sense of what they are missing; on p. 494, marginal note and line, where Vesalius discusses the two options as to what feeds the stomach, “ex hoc, No est 2 serenus”; on pp. 536–537, faint note “curiosa huc […]” where Vesalius discusses how large labia provoke lust when rubbing against clothing; on p. 538, where Vesalius mentions his discussions with Roelants and Tritonius about the origin of menstruation, note “haec omnia curiosa, jucunda et utilia, ne e memoria excidant, permittes”, as well as internal reference back to p. 267 of the Fabrica; on p. 625, manicule and note where Vesalius warns about accidentally piercing the skull when cautery is administered “cautio promouendis cauterijs”, and summary note that the dura mater is thicker around the cerebellum.

Vancouver, BC

I/18. University of British Columbia Library Call No.: WZ 240 V38 1543 Physical Description: An incomplete copy, pp. 163/164, 381[481]/382[482], bifolium inserts, m3 sheet, colophon and printer’s device missing, all replaced by facsimile; frontispiece trimmed and mounted on paper, tears on pp. 185 and lacuna on 559, some foxing. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary plain vellum, leather label with gold-tooling with author and title. Provenance: The Florence book dealer [?] Lia; who sold this book in 1925 to the San Francisco medical historian and medical researcher Chauncey D. Leake (1896–1978) and his wife Elizabeth Leake, who owned the book between 1925–1964; when it was acquired by the current collection. Ex-libris of “Chauncey and Elizabeth Leake”, pencil shelfmarks “L.5269, 526, c.21, no. 257, ae/40.” Note by Leake on back pastedown: “This incomplete copy of the greatest medical masterpiece was purchased from Lia in Florence 1925. Lacks the leaf bearing the 1st two skeletons—what

vandal did that? (pp. 163–164) and also pp. 381 & 382. Also last leaf bearing printer’s device. [in pencil: “note: added by facsimile in 1964”]. Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564) of Brussels, the reformer of anatomy, was one of the most interesting men who ever lived.” Pencil notes “mancano 2ff and last f., mancano 163/164, 381/8, last leaf bearing a […] the printer’s device”. Stamp of unidentified coat of arms under portrait of Vesalius, with early possessor’s note [?] removed. Annotations: None. Censorship: Possibly, the missing leaf pp. 381[481]/ 382[482] contains the famous illustration of the vagina. Bibliography: UBC Reports, Jan/Feb 1964, p. 4; Tom Shorthouse et al. Scrapbook for a Golden Anniversary. Victoria: Morriss, 1965; History of the Charles Woodward Memorial Room Collection, 2010, http://www.library.ubc .ca/woodward/memoroom/history/pdfs/HistoryOf Collection.pdf

China

Beijing

I/19. National Library of China General Ancient Books Call No.: NLC V QM25 V57 Physical Description: Volume currently unavailable for study.

Czech Republic

Prague

I/20. National Library of the Czech Republic Call No.: XVIII A9 Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition, bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452],

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bound sideways, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition.

[??]”; stamp of current library, stamp of “BIBLIOTHECA LOBKOVICIANA”.

Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin over wood with ornamental and figural decorations, a fragment of medieval manuscript inside the binding, spine overpainted in white oil varnish.

Annotations: An early annotator who focuses on summarizing the text, with a special attention to the practice of dissection, the vascular system and menstrual flows. On *2r, extensive notes including “sectae medicorum”, listing the three sects, “Galeni sedulitas”, etc.; on *2v, summary notes “Medicorum laudes”, “Podalirius”, “Machaon”, and “Veltuuychkus botanicus”; on *3r, listing of all the places and names mentioned on page, incl. “Jacobus Sylvius”, “Lovanium”, “Parisorum Lutetia”, etc.; on *3v, note “Methodus Vesalii”, listing of the seven books, “Libro primo proponit ossium cartilaginumque […]”, “Libro secundo Ligamenta et musculos”, etc.; on *3v, *4r, *4v, exhaustive listings of the chapter titles in each book, taking up much of the pages, e.g. “libro primo de osse eius usu et differentia cum figura, de cartilagine eius usu et differentia, de ossium partibus sedibusque figuris 8”, etc.; on *5r, note “figurarum et characterum in[…]” and “indicans character”; on *5v, listing of privileges, “privilegium a senatu Venetiano, Caesaris privilegium, Regis Galliae”, and listing of the pirates as they are mentioned in the text; on p. 1, listing of the bones on the margin, “ossa aspera / lapidea / levia / triangularia”, etc.; on p. 155, summary note where the cooking of bones is discussed, “coquendi in […]”; on p. 156, summary notes e.g. “capitis sectio serra dividatae et clavo”, “inferioris maxillae liberatio”, etc.; on p. 157, summary notes, e.g. “os sacrum”, “pinguedo”, “coctio per tres horas”; on p. 158, further summary notes on the preparation of the bones, “aneis filis colligare, perforare ossa”, “organa auditus” and long list of the bones “24 vertebrae, 24 costae, duae claviculae, duae scapulae, duo humeri, duae ulnae, duo radii, os sacrum”, etc.; on p. 159, summary words “forcipes” and “axis”; on p. 160, illegible word at the bottom of the page; on p. 161, summary phrase “maxilla inferior”, on p. 162, summary note “praetor Lutetiae biliatris favebat”; on p. 181, “PRIMA” corrected to “QUARTA”; on p. 227[327], summary notes “Bochara in Persia”, “Avicenna”, and “Orobasius”; on p. 260[360], summary notes where the veins and arteries are defined, “mesenterium”, “omentum”, “arterialis vena”, “venalis arteria”; on p. 266[366], summary note “venae”; on p. 267[367], summary notes, heavily trimmed, referring to “Galenus”, and discussing menstrual pain; on p. 390[490], where the stomach’s openings are discussed, underlinings; on p. 508, summary notes “vena porta”, “vena cava”; on p. 538, summary notes “Joachimus Roelants”, “Vitus Tritonius Athesinus”, “Plinius”, “Albertus”; on p. 546, summary note “muliere lactanti ratius menses fluunt”; on p. 548, summary notes “Policleti statua”, “Julius Pollux”, “Georgius

Provenance: The Jesuit College of St. Clement in Prague; enters the current collection in 1773 with the dissolution of monasteries. On frontispiece, ex-libris “Collegij Caesarei S.J.W. medic. no. 20”; on the front flyleaf, shelfmark of National Library “XVIII A 9”; on frontispiece verso, a stamp with two-headed eagle and inscription “REGIAE BIBLIOTH. ACAD. PRAGEN.” Annotations: On p. 163, next to the illustration of the first skeleton man, a short summary note in a sixteenthcentury hand on character “P” (pomegranate cartilage), explaining its location within the skeleton. A seventeenth-century hand on p. 547, where the order of dissection is discussed, with a diagrammatic list of references to the dissection of the three venters according to Galen’s De administratione Anatomicis, referring the reader to the right chapter and page number in Galen for each venter’s dissection; on p. 630, where Vesalius discusses the brain’s convolutions and their role in feeding the cerebral substance, underlining and summary note, rephrasing the text, that Galen often cuts short his discussion where he needs more explanation. I/21. National Library of the Czech Republic Call No.: 65 B 230 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some worming and frequent ink stains, frontispiece, colophon and printer’s mark missing, *6v used as frontispiece, *4 bound before *3, vascular insert missing. Nervous insert present after p. 352, bound vertically and folded from top, bottom, and right, m3 sheet present after p. 312. Not a variant edition. Binding: Late eighteenth-early nineteenth-century half brown leather with marbled paperboards, edges red, goldtooled decorations on spine. Provenance: The Prince Lobkowitz family from the eighteenth century until around 1935, when it enters the current collection. On front cover, old label with shelfmark “65 B 230”; on p. 127, note “M. Falcosi [?] Set: Mbia

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Valla”, “tendo”; on p. 549, summary notes “peritoneum”, “septum transuersum”; on p. 550, summary note “omentum”; on p. 551, note “omentum”; on p. 552, summary note “vena portae”; on p. 553, summary note “14 uln.”; on p. 554, summary note “vena cava”; on p. 557, summary note “vena cava”; on p. 558, summary notes “vena caua, “venalis arteria”; and “arteria magna”; pagination corrected. Online: https://books.google.cz/books?vid=NKP:1002594159

Denmark

Copenhagen

I/22. Royal Library Call No.: Med. An. 15000 00057 Physical Description: A complete copy with some foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the foot and folded, m3 sheet present before vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Restored, contemporary plain vellum. Provenance: The mid-sixteenth-century Pisa professor Andrea Bellavita, acquired in Florence in 1739 by the Copenhagen printmaker and architect Carl Markus Tuscher (1705–1751), the Danish Royal Surgical Academy (in existence between 1785 and 1842); then the current collection. Note of donation to Bellavita on front flyleaf “Singulari humanitati exc.mi Andreae Bellaviti Can.li Pisani

Preceptoris mei, ac Mecenatis,” erased ownership marks on frontispiece, round stamps of “Kongl. Chirurg. Academie”, stamps of “Bibliotheca Universitatis Hauniensis” on frontispiece verso and on colophon, note of acquisition by Tuscher on frontispiece verso “CM Tuscher Florentiae MDCCXXXIX”. Annotation: On front flyleaf, contemporary ink note in Italian about Vesalius’ voyage to Jerusalem, his death on Zakynthos, and his putative vivisection of a lady; on p. 101, early ink note “Julii librij thi [?] flii [?]”. Pagination “313” added to m3 sheet in early ink. I/23. Royal Library Call No.: Med. An. 15000 00058 Physical Description: A complete copy with minor worming. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the foot and folded, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Marbled endpapers. Provenance: A seventeenth-century student from Strasbourg, who donates the book to his college; the Danish Royal Library; the Science and Medical Library of the University of Copenhagen; enters again the Danish Royal Library through merger in 2005. Note “Luculentum hoc munus Collegio Ad Externas Academias abituriens primus reliquit Amoris signum vir iuvenis Praecellens ac Doctissimus […] Argentoratensis A. P. C. H. 1657 Fer. Pasch. Ata.”, barcodes of “Danmarks Natur-og Laegevidenskabelige Bibliotek”, and of “Universitetsbiblioteket 2 Afd”, “BIBLIOTECA UNIUERSITATIS HAUNIENSIS”,

Figure 79 Identifications of the soporalis arteria on p. 295. I/23. Copenhagen: Royal Library. Call No.: Med. An. 15000 00058.

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“OVERFORT fra DET KONGELIGE BIBLIOTEK til UNIVERSITETSBIBIOTEKET”. Annotations: An early sporadic reader, interested in the portal veins, the vascular system, and the spleen. On p. 265[365], underlinings and summary note; on p. 266[366], underlinings and marginal note “porte vene rami in ventriculum et intestina”; on p. 267[367], underlinings and note “vene porte usus”; on p. 268[368], identifications of the characters of the woodcut with lines drawn in; on p. 271[371], marginal words “humeraria” and “axillaris”; on p. 272[372], marginal word “mediana”; on p. 293[393], underlinings and marginal word; on p. 295[395], identifications of the soporalis arteria; on p. 297[397], underlining; on p. 385[485], underlinings; on p. 508, reference to Galen with chapter number added and underlining; on p. 512, underlinings, summary notes, and Greek term copied out; on p. 511[513], underlinings and summary note.

Estonia

Tartu

I/24. Tartu University Library Call No.: Rare Books R V G 46 Physical Description: A complete copy with minor foxing and water damage, fingerprints and mild browning. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle, facing left, m3 sheet present after vascular insert.

title “Vasorum testi materiam deducentium ortus ratio”; on frontispiece, “Anno 1555” in ink, “1543” in pencil.

France

Angers3

I/25. Bibliothèque municipale d’Angers Call No.: Rés SA 2570 Physical Description: A complete copy with some dampstaining, some ink spots and jottings, traces of wax, minor holes, some worming at the end of volume. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle, vascular insert facing left, nervous insert facing right, m3 sheet present after the vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Blind-stamped leather on cardboard with a single frame, gilt label on spine “VESALII /ANATOME”, visible traces of late fifteenth-century medieval manuscript in the lining. Provenance: The Carmelite convent of Angers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; enters the current collection during the revolutionary confiscations in the 1790s. Possessor’s note “Carmes / Dangers” on frontispiece and on p. 353; oval stamp of “Bibliothèque d’Angers” from before 1860; old shelfmark “O.2/1” on pastedown; rectangular stamp of “Bibliothèque de la ville d’Angers” on p. 61 and Mm7v.

Provenance: A certain H. Pirschner [?]; the Leipzig bookseller Johann August Gottlieb Weigel (1773–1846); who sells it to the current institution in 1806. Inscription by Pirschner [?] on front flyleaf; round stamp of “BIBL: ACADEM:.DORPATENS:” on frontispiece; old and new shelfmarks in pencil in cover.

Annotations: An early sporadic reader, interested in referencing Galen and the nomenclature of the muscles, written in a contemporary hand that is similar to another volume, De vera mensurarum ponderumque ratione opus, also preserved at Angers (Res. SA 1117). Correction of erroneous pagination in an old hand. On pp. 238, 240, 242, 244, 246, 247, 248, 249, 251, 254, 258, references added to Galen, primarily to De usu partium, including chapter numbers; on p. 462[262], word “adductor” added; on p. 263,

Annotations: On p. 511, ink note next to the section where Vesalius discusses Galen’s opinion on the spleen’s use and function, “sed ille liber ut […]mus, nihil hujus […] continet”; on p. 525, pencil marginal line next to the section

3  On France, readers are advised to also consult Charreaux and Van Wijland, “Recensement.” We conducted an independent survey of the Fabricas, but on occasion relied on their work for contextual information on provenance.

Binding: Early, partly broken, parchment over pasteboard with blind-tooled centerpiece, remains of clasps.

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reference to Galen incl. chapter number; on p. 264, name of muscle added; on p. 265, names of muscles added; on pp. 274, 276, 277, 281, reference added to Galen, incl. chapter number; on p. 289, reference added and number of intercostal muscles corrected, then crossed out; on p. 309, word added in text; on pp, 310, 311, 312, names of the muscles added on the margin, e.g. “adductor pollicis inf.”; on p. 233[333], word “quintus” added; on p. 264[364], underlining and reference to Galen; on p. 275[375], phrase “in Gal.” added; on p. 281[381], summary note; on p. 320[420], character “N” crossed out and replaced with “O”, and new description for character “N” added; on p. 329[429], numbers added on the margin; on p. 350[450], correction of text; on p. 494, correction of text; on p. 523, underlinings; on p. 622, references added to Galen with chapter numbers; on p. 623, summary note added; on p. 625, note “in Gal.”; on p. 654, reference added to Galen.

Censorship: Suggestive wax stains on the genitalia on pp. 378 and 381, potentially used to cover them up at an earlier period. I/26. Bibliothèque municipale d’Angers Call No.: Rés SA 2570 bis Physical Description: An incomplete copy, m3 sheet missing, frontispiece and portrait of Vesalius may have been supplied from a different copy, with dampstaining, and occasional ink and wax spots. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], torn and worn, bound sideways at the foot, facing right and folded three times. Not a variant edition. On front flyleaf, facsimile of Vesalius’ portrait from the 1555 edition, cut out from an auction catalogue. Between pp. 48–49, interfoliated leaf with an

Figure 80 Illustration of the arm from Berengario’s Isagoge after p. 48. Angers: Bibliothèque municipale d’Angers. Call No.: Rés SA 2570bis.

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illustration of the arm from Berengario’s Isagoge (1520), p. 64. Binding: Nineteenth-century sprinkled paper cardboard with gold-tooled leather spine, label in gold “VESALIUS / ANATOME.” Provenance: Donated by the painter and theater designer René Rabault (1884–1969) in 1937. Old and current shelfmarks on front pastedown, “G.D. 4., 5G I 8, 21630, SA 2570bis”; oval stamp of “Bibliothèque de la Ville d’Angers” on frontispiece and all illustrated pages. Annotations: An early reader with an interest in generation, referencing Berengario da Carpi, Celsus, Galen, and other authors, familiar with the internal structure of the volume, and reliant on personal observation. On p. 34, against Vesalius’ claim of a discovery, note “Jacobus Carpus mentionem facit de his ossiculis in sua anatomia”; on p. 154, “Celsum” referring to Celsus; on p. 323[423], internal reference “li. 7 c. ii.”; on p. 502, summary notes incl. “intestina concoquunt ex cibum”; on p. 524, marginal word “parastata”; on p. 529, summary notes incl. “ceruix collum id” and “Ceruix”; on p. 530, summary notes such as “Ceruix uteri cum collo vesica”; on p. 531, summary notes, incl. “9a Albtus Magni, Michael Scotum”, “Nics Gents. Mund”; on p. 532, summary notes such as “Nymphe” or “Pudendum est os cervicis uteri”; on p. 533, summary notes such as “testes”; on p. 537, summary notes such as “ceruix”; on p. 541, summary note “semen q constet apud Galm” and longer note on the wrappings of the foetus, with reference to the annotator’s own experiences with his wife’s birth; on p. 622, note “contra Galenum”; on p. 623, note “cerebri uirtus”; on p. 625, summary notes such as “contra anatomicos”; on p. 628, note “Li 8. De usu partium cap. 8 et. 9 hec fere omnia scribuntur et de medijs postremo dicta”; on p. 639, note “cap. 4.”; on p. 647, summary note “tunicula”; added term to index “musculi sedis 229”.

Bordeaux

I/27. Bibliothèque de Mériadeck Call No.: S 758 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some worming, staining, and dampstaining, *1–*6 missing, as well as pp. 381[481]/382[482] (illustration of vagina) and pp. 391[491]/392[492]. Bifolium inserts present after

pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from right and bottom, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. An exemplaire réglé. Binding: Modern quarter morocco and cardboard with gilt decorations, label with shelfmark, and title “A. VESALIUS DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA” and note “BIBLI[…] LA VILLE” on spine, front cover detached. Provenance: Unknown. Round stamp “BIBLIOTHEQUE DE LA VILLE DE BORDEAUX” on pp. 3, 9 and colophon. Annotations: A sporadic reader who leaves marks only through underlining and marginal lines. On pp. 221–223, underlinings where Vesalius argues against others that a nerve is not attached to every single muscle, that the nerves supply animal spirit to the muscles, that the muscle is an instrument of voluntary motion, and also discusses variation amongst muscles; on pp. 226–230, underlinings where fibers and tendons are discussed; on p. 508, underlining and marginal line where the bladder for yellow bile is discussed; on pp. 511–512, underlinings where the spleen’s use, function, and vessels are discussed; on pp. 515–516, underlinings where the kidney’s structure is discussed; on p. 518, underlining where the bladder is discussed. Censorship: Illustration of vagina on p. 381[481]/382[482] missing.

Boulogne-sur-Mer

I/28. Bibliothèque des Annonciades Call No.: Physical Description: A complete copy with some dampstaining and tears. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Some of the illustrations partially hand-colored. Binding: Rebacked, blind-stamped early calfskin, with rolls of portraits, traces of clasps. Provenance: Potentially Andreas Vesalius; the Middelburg physician Jan Walter Viringus (1539–1598), translator of the Epitome; the Society of Jesus in Arras; purchased by the current collection in Arras in 1896. Note on front flyleaf

1543 Editions

“Sum Vesalij Gualterij Viringi”, with slightly incorrect Greek motto, note on frontispiece “Ioannes Gualterius me possidet”; “No. 6. Art. 14 G: D: 339”; “Coll. Soc. J. Arras”, blue oval stamp of “BIBLIOTHEQUE PUBLIQUE Boulogne sur mer 32685” on frontispiece and throughout. Annotations: Extensive annotations by Viringus in an oftentimes illegible hand, making references to Colombo, Fallopio, Galen, Aristotle, and Sylvius, making references to personal observations, and showing some interest in the woodcuts. On p. 5, identification of character “Q” in the woodcut, with line drawn in; on p. 7, summary notes sometimes in diagrammatic form and underlinings, on p. 9, summary notes, underlinings and references to Galen and Hippocrates, “De administr. Anato.” and “Hippo de articul.”; on p. 11, underlinings and summary notes on Hippocrates’ understanding of βαθμιδας; on p. 12, marginal word “Aristotelis”, correction of “synarthrosis”, and underlinings; on p. 15, underlinings, “nota” sign, and summary notes incl. “veterum sententia de ginglimo”, “Aristoteles reprehendit” and “3 de Usu part. Gal.”; on p. 17, summary note on the synarthrosis and diarthrosis, references to Galen and Aristotle’s De partibus animalium; on p. 18, the first skull woodcut discolored; on p. 19, summary notes and underlinings, including reference to Fallopio where the fifth, abnormal, skull is discussed, “Carpit Vesalium Fallopius et talem ibi puerum fuisse negat”; on p. 26, summary notes, underlinings, and references to Galen and Aristotle; on p. 30, underlinings, summary notes, e.g. “figura”; on p. 32, underlinings, “nota” sign, summary notes, and reference to Galen’s disagreements; on p. 33, underlinings, marginal note, and addition of asterisk to the woodcut; on p. 34, the asterisk listed and explained “* impedis forma nuper a Philippo […] inuenta”; on p. 35, note “Vesalii modestia”, long note on the ear’s bones, with a small illustration with three characters identifying the bones (e.g. “a. tympani”), signed “Hoc ego Valterius Viringus”; on p. 36, discoloration of the skull; on p. 47, underlining and discoloration of the skull; on p. 55, summary note with Greek term copied out, referencing Herophilus; on p. 60, note next to the woodcut, making internal reference “lib 4. Cap. 15 initio”; on p. 64, underlinings, summary annotations, incl. “merito Gal. reprehenditur […]”; on p. 65, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “ex his posset merito quispiam Galenum […[ dissectuionibus fuisse [?] nimis […]”; on p. 72, underlining, discolored historiated initial, and summary annotation, “1 11 12 vertb. Ab alijs d[…]”; on p. 75, underlinings and summary notes, such as “hominem Vesalius describit non […]”; on p. 92, underlinings and annotation “nunquam os pectoris Vesalius septen[…] visus

149 est”; on p. 93, underlinings and summary note “malum granatum”; on p. 94, note “ipso […] in monasterio para[…] anno 1566 mense augusto prope Louanum e ceruium corde meis manibus os ad superiorem descriptionem renformatur non ementitum sed verum os ac solidum idipsum exserui”; on p. 98, underlinings, reference to “13 de us. partium” and extensive, faint, note on a personal observation made in 1572; on p. 100, underlinings and summary note on Galen’s inconsistency; on p. 102, underlinings and Greek word copied out; on p. 117, underlinings, summary notes and note “Celsi error”; on p. 127, annotation next to the third woodcut; on p. 134, annotations, summary notes and note “Galenus delusus”; on p. 139, reference to Aristotle, on p. 145, underlinings, summary notes, and discussion of Galen’s and Vesalius’ disagreements; on p. 149, reference to Hippocrates; on p. 181, correction of “PRIMA” to “QUARTA”; on p. 184, identification of character “X” on the woodcut, with line drawn to original location; on p. 221, underlinings, summary notes, and discussion of Colombo on muscles and nerves; on p. 247, underlinings, summary notes and references to Colombo, Sylvius, and Galen about the temporal muscles; on p. 248, references to Vesalius’ Epitome, Colombo, and Sylvius p. 173; on p. 249, underlinings, reference to Galen, and long note on Fallopio and the inferior maxilla; on p. 251, long discussion of Colombo, Galen, Fallopio and Sylvius; on p. 252, reference to Fallopio and note on the woodcut; on p. 264, underlinings, summary notes, and long discussion of the Epitome’s relevant sections; on p. 281[381], underlinings, summary notes, and note under the section title “unde uenam pari carentem enasci oportuerit”, “ego id vidi in […]”; on p. 318[418], next to the brain’s woodcut, note “olfactorios processus in quodam puero […] observavimus […] et planos […] 1573 in aprili”; on p. 232[432], some of the veins colored in red to facilitate parsing; on p. 335[435], the woodcut colored in red; on p. 347[447], note at the bottom of page, “habet epitome non infrequenter etiam binos ramos medio et vena annulari […]”; on p. 506, underlinings, summary notes, and note on Theophilus; on p. 516, underlinings, summary notes, reference to Fallopio and personal observation on the kidneys; on p. 529, comparison of Aristotle and Galen about the seminal vessels; on p. 530, where the predictive power of pregnant bellies on the sex of the infant is discussed, note “et ego quoque novi plurmis an 1563 […] uxor mea in Izabellulam nostram gereret”; on p. 531, underlinings, summary notes, and references to Fallopio, Colombo, and Varro; further summary annotations and underlinings on pp. 1, 3, 8, 10, 13, 14, 16, 27, 28, 29, 31, 56, 63, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 81, 91, 96, 99, 103, 105, 106, 112, 113, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 126, 129, 130, 132,

150 135, 138, 140, 142, 146, 150, 153, 216, 217, 219, 222, 223, 224, 225, 227, 228, 230, 237, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 250, 256, 260, 261, 462[262], 263, 264, 265, 266, 271, 175[273], 275, 278, 280, 283, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 292, 295, 296, 297, 299, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 308, 311, 312, 216[316], 217[317], 218[318], 219[319], 220[320], 321[421], 231[331], 233[333], 238[338], 239[339], 240[340], 241[341], 242[342], 249[349], 250[350], 257[357], 266[366], 267[367], 271[371], 272[372], 273[373], 283[383], 285[385], 287[387], 288[388], 289[389], 290[390], 292[392], 293[393],315[415], 337[437], 338[438], 339[439], 341[441], 342[442], 344[444], 346[446], 348[448], 349[449], 350[450], 492, 495, 496, 501, 502, 505, 507, 510, 511, 512, 514, 517, 518, 519, 521, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 540, 541, 542, 547, 548, 549, 571, 572, 576, 587, 613, 622, 623, 624, 625, 628, 629, 630, 631, 632, 633, 634, 635, 636, 637, 638, 646, 647, 649; underlinings on p. 2., 39, 44, 46, 58, 59, 62, 74, 76, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89, 90, 97, 110, 111, 123, 125, 141, 154, 155, 185, 215, 218, 229, 231, 232, 233, 234, 238, 293, 294, 215[315], 229[329], 230[330], 252[352], 258[358], 259[359], 260[360], 261[361], 264[364], 265[365], 275[375], 276[376], 278[378], 279[379], 284[384], 291[391], 299[399], 300[400], 301[401], 304[404], 307[407], 308[408], 309[409], 310[410], 316[416], 322[422], 323[423], 324[424], 325[425], 326[426], 327[427], 328[428], 329[429], 340[440], 345[445], 351[451], 352[452], 384[484], 386[486], 396[488], 389[489], 390[490], 493, 498, 499, 508, 515, 520, 539, 542, 544, 550, 551, 553, 569, 570, 573, 574, 575, 578, 579, 580, 581, 582, 583, 585, 586, 588, 589, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594, 595, 596, 598, 600, 601, 627, 639, 640, 642, 643, 648, 650, 658; underlinings and numberings on p. 162; errata and typographical errors corrected on pp. 15, 131, 168, 503, 522, 584; references to Galen, underlinings and summary notes on pp. 114, 149, 220, 226, 246, 263, 267, 288[298], 307, 309, 310, 213[313], 232[332], 286[386], 500, 511[513], 543, 626, 641; references to Colombo, underlinings and summary notes on pp. 274, 291; references to Fallopio, underlinings and summary notes on pp. 276, 277, 282[382], 391[491]; references to Colombo and Galen on p. 253; extensive comparisons with Colombo and Fallopio on pp. 254, 255, 257; on front flyleaf, note in French on Vesalius’ life, with note “acheté a Arras, Décembre 1896”. Bibliography: Vons, “Un exemplaire du De humani corporis fabrica (1543) annoté par Jan Wauters van Vieringen;” Meerhoff, “Avec Lipse dans la tourmente;” Dániel Margócsy, Mark Somos and Stephen N. Joffe, “Networking with the Fabrica.” Origins of Science as a Visual Pursuit blog, https://picturingscience.wordpress.com/2015/10/27/ networking-with-the-fabrica/, published October 27, 2015.

1543 Editions



Bourg-en-Bresse

I/29. Médiathèque E. & R. Vailland Call No.: FA 6092 Physical Description: A complete copy with some dampstaining, tears on pp. 237[235]/236 and 621/622, ink spot on p. 357. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically, vascular insert folded from top and bottom, nervous insert folded from top, bottom, and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Traces of coloring on frontispiece. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary plain vellum, label with shelfmark on spine. Provenance: Unknown. At current library at least since 1908. Circular stamp of “BIBLIOTHEQUE de la VILLE BOURG” on frontispiece and errata page. Annotations: An eighteenth-century reader, who leaves extensive underlinings in some of the key chapters of the book, as well as one annotation referring to Johannes Oosterdijk Schacht. On p. 511[513], annotation where Vesalius claims that he does not know how the spleen purges black bile to the intestines, with reference to Johannes Oosterdijk Schacht’s Institutiones medicinae from 1753, “vide Schacht Lib I milt. Pag 73.” Underlinings in two colors on pp. 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 231, 232, 233, 234, 281, 283, 257[357], 258[358], 385[485], 386[486], 387[487], 494, 495, 496, 497, 509, 510, 547, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558. Online: http://www.bourgendoc.fr/gsdl/mtrsvesa

Le Havre

I/30. Bibliothèque municipale Armand Salacrou Call No.: R196 Physical Description: An incomplete copy in good condition with signs of foxing, worming and tearing on the first pages, colophon and printer’s mark missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from top, bottom and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition.

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Binding: Modern, nineteenth-century grey cloth with no decorative elements.. Provenance: Sold by the Paris book dealer Kirkor Gumuchian (1887–1949, Catalog XI); acquired by the current collection in 1929. Note “Valeur 15000 fr (catalogue Gumuchian—no. XI—1929)” on flyleaf. Cancelled early possessor’s note on frontispiece. Annotations: None.

Metz

I/31. Bibliothèques - Médiathèques de Metz Call No.: Fonds Ancien A 394 Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy with some dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically, m3 sheet missing. Not a variant edition. Binding: Restored, modern marbled calfskin with goldtooled label “ANDREAE VESALII” on spine. Provenance: The Abbey of St-Arnould, Metz, in 1761; enters the current collection in 1790 with the revolutionary confiscations. On frontispiece, possessor’s note “Regalis abbatia S. Arnulphi Metensis, 1761” and stamp of “Bibliothèque de la ville de Metz”. Annotations: On p. 5, identifications of the woodcut’s parts, adding the names of the bones to the illustration; underlinings on pp. 521, 525, 526, 527 in the chapter on the male organs of generation.

Montpellier

I/32. Médiathèques Montpellier Call No.: C769 Physical Description: A complete copy with some dampstaining and foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the head, and folded, m3 sheet present. Hand-colored historiated initials on a2r and pp. 1 and 3. Not a variant edition.

Figure 81 A hand-colored historiated initial on p. 3. Montpellier: Médiathèques Montpellier. Call No.: C769.

Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with allegorical decorations and clasps, corners reinforced with metal. Top edge painted “ANDREAE VESALII / Bruxellensis Scholas / Medicorum Patauinae / professoris, de Huma- / ni corporis fabrica. / Libri Septem / Basileae / Anno XLIII”, on spine “VESALII / ANATOMIAE / LIBRI VII”, date on front cover “1544”. Provenance: Purchased in 1863 by the Parisian printer and bibliophile Ambroise Firmin Didot (1790–1876) and sold after his death at auction in 1879; the Montpellier pathology professor Caliste Cavalier (1820–1888); enters the current collection after Cavalier’s death. Oval gilt stamp of Didot on front pastedown; round stamp on frontispiece, and throughout the volume, “BIBLIOTHEQUE DE MONTPELLIER, FONDS CAVALIER 1888”. Annotations: Note on flyleaf “Erdl 18,0”. Marginal, potentially insignificant, lines on pp. 158, 306[406], 365[465], 585. Online: https://mediatheques.montpellier3m.fr/viewer_ pdf/viewer/bibnumerique.html?file=/bibliotheque_ numerique/I F D _ F I C J O I N T _ T E X T E _ I M P R I M E _ C0769_1_1.pdf

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Paris

I/33. Bibliothèque de l’Académie nationale de médecine Call No.: D1509 Physical Description: A complete copy with some worming, foxing, and traces of use. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 350[450], bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, m3 sheet flaps assembled, rest of the sheet discarded. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with stamped borders and floral decorations, rolls of portraits and coats of arms, traces of clasps. Provenance: The Montpellier physician Louis Touard (d. 1732), who acquires the volume in Paris for 3 livres; the Paris physician and librarian Charles Daremberg (1817– 1872); enters the collection with the rest of Daremberg’s library in 1873. Ex-libris of Daremberg on front pastedown; note of acquisition by Touard “empt. Paris III L / Ludovicus Touard doct. Med. Monsp.” on front flyleaf; oval stamp of the current collection on frontispiece; round stamp of the current collection on frontispiece and throughout. Annotations: An early ink annotator, interested in summarizing the contents of Book I, and identifying the illustrations, with reference to a personal observation related to the auditory bones, accompanied by a hand-drawn diagram; another hand that copies out the 1555 edition’s revisions on the margins in Book V; and another annotator, copying out a drawing on p. 237[235]. On p. 1, underlinings, summary notes such as “corporis fulcra”, and diagrammatic summary lists; on p. 2, underlinings and summary notes “Ossa solida”, “Ossa crustata”, “spongiosa”, “fungiosa”; on p. 3, underlinings, summary notes and diagrammatic lists; on p. 4, summary notes such as “motus promptitudo in articulorum cartilagine et humiditate”; on p. 5, extensive identifications of the parts of the woodcut, identifying almost every character by name, with lines drawn to the location of the character; on p. 7, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 8, underlinings and summary notes such as “processus appendicis”; on p. 9, underlinings and summary notes such as “multa esse capita absque appendicibus”; on p. 11, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 12, summary notes; on p. 13, underlinings and summary notes such as “circumuersionis motus” and “humerus”; on p. 15, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 16, underlinings and summary note; on p. 17, notes on Galen and the gomphosis, e.g. “Taxat Gal. in collib. quae scripsit de ossibus”;

on p. 18, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 19, underlinings and summary notes such as “cerebellum”; on p. 20, identifications of the skull illustrations, focusing especially on the sutures; on p. 21, extensive identifications of the skull’s parts, with lines drawn to original locations; on p. 22, identifications of the skull’s parts; on p. 4[24], identifications of the sutures in the illustrations; on p. 25, identifications of the woodcut’s parts; on p. 26, underlinings and summary notes such as “Taxat Arist.”; on p. 27, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 30, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 31, underlinings and summary note “ossa auditus organa”; on p. 32, underlinings and summary notes such as “bouum cerebrum inspexit Galenus”; on p. 33, underlinings, summary notes, extensive identifications of the parts of the illustrations, and a longer note with a drawing of a triangle, starting “tertium ossiculum in aure repertum, a Vesalio non descriptum triangulare, cuius inferior basis ampla existit, […]”; on p. 35, underlinings and summary note “auditus ratio”; on p. 36, identifications of parts of the skull, with lines drawn in, and numbers written on skull; on p. 39, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 40, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 43, extensive identifications of the maxilla’s characters, and summary notes; on p. 45, extensive identifications of the teeth, and summary notes; on p. 46, underlinings and summary notes, with reference to Aristotle, “Arist. Falso asseuerasse mulierium plures esse dentes quam in uiris”; on p. 47, underlinings, identifications of the skull’s characters, with lines drawn in, and numbers written on the skull; on p. 48, summary note; on p. 50, identification of the woodcut; on p. 51, summary notes and identification of the woodcut; on p. 52, underlinings and summary notes such as “Quopacto quae hoc libro tractantur ad inspectiones eorum quae in homine sunt conferenda sunt”; on p. 55, extensive identifications of the woodcuts; on p. 57, identifications of the spine’s characters, also marking the different segments of the spine; on p. 58, summary notes; on p. 60, extensive identifications of the parts of all the woodcuts on the page; on p. 62, summary note “asperae arteriae usus”; on p. 63, summary notes; on p. 65, underlining; on p. 66, summary note “Pollux et Caelius dissectionum imperiti”; on p. 67, summary note; on p. 71, summary note and extensive identifications of the characters in the woodcuts; on p. 74, summary note “De articulatione costarum et vertebrarum”; on p. 77, identifications of the woodcuts; on p. 79, identifications of the parts of the os sacrum; on p. 81, summary note “Galeni aliorumque de sacro osse errores”; on p. 83, summary notes; on p. 85, summary notes; on p. 86, identifications of the parts of the ribcage; on p. 87, identifications of the woodcuts; on p. 88, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 89, summary

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notes; on p. 90, summary note; on p. 91, underlinings; on p. 93, underlinings; on p. 94, identifications of the woodcuts “anterior scapulae pars”, “posterior”, “lateralis”; on p. 96, underlinings and summary note; on p. 104, identification of the woodcut “HUMERUS”; on p. 105, underlinings and summary note; on p. 106, summary note; on p. 107, underlinings and summary notes such as “asperitas humeri”; on p. 108, identifications of the woodcuts and their parts; on p. 109, identifications of the woodcuts; on p. 110, underlining and Greek word copied out; on p. 113, underlining and summary note; on p. 115, identifications of the woodcuts and their parts; on p. 116, summary note “summa manus quid”; on p. 117, underlining; on p. 119, summary note and underlining; on p. 120, summary note; on p. 121, underlining; on p. 122, summary note; on p. 124, summary note “furibus cur pollices abscindant”; on p. 125, summary note “Pollex et medius”; on p. 126, summary note; on p. 127, identifications of the woodcuts’ characters with lines drawn in; on p. 128, underlinings; on p. 131, summary note; on p. 133, identifications of the characters “ceruix femoris” and “caput femoris”; on p. 134, summary note; on p. 136, extensive identifications of the bones and their parts; on p. 138, underlinings; on p. 139, underlinings; on p. 141, identifications of the woodcuts; on p. 180, ink mark; on p. 237[235], pencil drawing, copying the wooden tool marked with letter “B” in the woodcut. Errata corrected on p. 125, revisions of the 1555 edition on pp. 355[455], 356[456], 357[457], 358[458], 359[459], 360[460], 361[461], 362[462], 363[463], 364[464], 365[465], 366[466], 367[467], 368[468], 369[469], 371[471], 372[472], 373[473], 374[474], 375[475], 376[476], 377[477], 379[479], 380[480], 381[481], 382[482], 383[483], 384[484], 385[485], 386[486], 387[487], 396[488], 389[489], 390[490], 381[491], 492, 493, 494, 495. Pagination occasionally corrected. I/34. Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de Santé Bibliothèque Medicine Call No.: 302 Physical Description: A complete copy. Bifolium inserts present, bound vertically and folded from top, bottom and right, m3 sheet present. Not a variant edition. Binding: Restored, modern calfskin preserving seventeenth-century original elements including a central lozenge with the coat of the arms of Louis II de Bourbon. Provenance: Louis II de Bourbon, Prince of Condé (1621– 1686); then Henri-Jules de Bourbon, Prince of Condé (1643–1709). “R 16e s” on front pastedown.

Annotations: None. I/35. Bibliothèque Mazarine Call No.: 2° 4471 Physical Description: A restored, incomplete volume, with tear to the frontispiece. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways from the feet and folded, m3 sheet present after vascular insert, colophon and printer’s mark missing. Not a variant edition. Binding: Restored, decorated calfskin from c. 1600 “à la du seuil.” Provenance: Enters the library of Cardinal Jules Mazarin (the current library) between 1643 and 1661. Annotations: Reference to Colombo on p. 293[393], where Vesalius discusses the umbilical vein, “Realdus C. VI animaduertit hunc loc […]cricitque uenam umbilici continuam esse cum vena portae”; on p. 514, underlining where Vesalius explains the relative positions of the left and right kidneys, attacking Galen; index term “intestinorum tunicam interiorem aliquando in aegris putrescere” underlined; addition of index term “uessica fellea uide bilis uessica” after the term “uesicae ceruicis semini”. Censorship: Name of Oporinus crossed out, though clearly visible in Letter to Oporinus, and colophon is missing. I/36. Bibliothèque nationale de France Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal Call No.: Fol S 975 Physical Description: An incomplete copy, *6 and nervous insert missing. Vascular insert present after p. 312, bound sideways facing right, m3 sheet present. Bound with the Epitome. Binding: Modern calfskin. Provenance: The Premonstratensian Abbey of Grimbergen, Belgium; then, as a result of revolutionary confiscations, the current library from c. 1796. Handwritten ex-libris “Bibliothecae Grimbergensis.” Annotations: None.

154 I/37. Bibliothèque nationale de France Site Mitterand Call No.: RES FOL- TA9- 32 Physical Description: A complete volume in good condition, with minor wet stains and discoloration between pp. 121 and 130. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways, m3 sheet present. Binding: Modern blind-stamped morocco with gilt title “AND.VES.ANAT.” Provenance: At the current library at least since 1848. Red round stamps of “Bibliothèque royale,” the name of the Bibliothèque nationale de France before 1849, throughout. Annotations: Handwritten, and incorrect, publication date on bottom of frontispiece “MDXLII.” Censorship: Name of Oporinus scratched off from colophon. I/38. Bibliothèque Sainte Geneviève Call No.: FOL T 1 INV 1 RES Physical Description: An incomplete copy, missing *6, pp. 163–164 with the skeleton men, both bifolium inserts, and parts of pp. 661/653[662] where someone has excised the pig. Not a variant edition. Binding: Restored, contemporary or near-contemporary brown calfskin with gold-tooled geometrical decorations in the manner of Jean Picard. Provenance: The Parisian artist Daniel Dumonstier (1574– 1646); the Abbey of St. Geneviève from 1734 onwards. Inscribed “Ce livre est à Daniel Dumonr.”, inscribed exlibris of the Abbey of St. Geneviève from 1734. Annotations: Pagination partially corrected. I/39. Ecole nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts Service des Collections Call No.: Masson 1630 Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with minimal worming and dampstaining, underwent treatment in 2012. Bifolium inserts bound sideways in the

1543 Editions

middle facing left, m3 sheet present after vascular inert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Twenty-first-century calfskin, rebound in 2007, damaged old half vellum and cardboard binding preserved separately. Provenance: A certain Petrus Petreius; the Amiens and Paris industrialist and collector Jean Masson (1856–1933); who donates his collection to the current library in 1925. On front cover, shelfmark “ΔΔ a 26”; on front pastedown, note “Petri Petrei” and note “Corti Schudi [?]”, as well as shelfmarks “ΔΔ a 26”, “Ea.33” and “Cla.33”; on frontispiece, crossed out note Petri Petrei, illegible possessor’s note and round stamps of Masson and “EBA”. Annotations: On p. 577, marginal annotation; two added terms in index, pagination partially corrected. Bibliography: Philippe Comar. Figures du corps: une leçon d’anatomie à l’Ecole des beaux-arts. Paris, Beauxarts de Paris, 2008, pp. 138–139; Geneviève Bresc-Bautier. Renaissance: révolutions dans les arts en Europe, 1400–1530. Paris: Somogy, 2012, p. 128. I/40. Université René Descartes UFR Biomédicale des Saints-Pères Institut d’Anatomie Call No.: Physical Description: A complete copy. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound horizontally by the foot. Binding: Modern. Provenance: The Paris anatomist and surgeon Didier Dominique Alfred Richet (1816–1891); whose son, the Noble Prize winner physiologist Charles Richet (1850–1935), also of Paris, donates it to the Parisian surgeon Louis Hubert Farabeuf, MD (1841–1910); donated to the current collection on 6 May, 1920. Ex dono inscription: “A mon ami Farabeuf. En souvenir de mon père A. Richet. 30 déc. 1891. Ch. R.” Annotations: On flyleaf, two brief, eighteenth-century notes that compare the editions of 1543 and 1555, and discuss the artist of the Fabrica based on Vasari’s Lives. Bibliography: Patrice le Floch-Prigent. André Vésale: De Humani Corporis Fabrica. Bâle, Oporinus, 1543. L’exemplaire

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reçu par le laboratoire d’anatomie en 1920, documentary film, 23 min., FILMED: 2000. Our information on this copy comes from the census of Charreaux and van Wijland.

dilecto in sui memoriam dedit. Christophorus Aichinger […] Anno 1560 mense […] Ingenui probitas […]”; and various shelfmarks.

I/41. Institut Catholique de Paris Bibliothèque de Fels Call No.: XVI 538

Annotations: None.

Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy with frontispiece and portrait of Vesalius missing, extensive worming, historiated initial cut out from epistle dedicatory, some dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle, vascular insert facing right, nervous insert facing left, m3 sheet present after p. 312.

I/43. Bibliothèque municipale de Reims Call No.: Rés. GG 27

Binding: Contemporary calfskin with blind-stamped double fillets at front, decorated spine, back cover restored with eighteenth-century blind-stamped, speckled sheepskin with decorative borders. Provenance: Enters the current collection in February 1970. Annotations: None. I/42. Muséum national d’histoire naturelle Call No.: Fol Res 115 Physical Description: A complete copy with heavy worming and foxing, with leather tabs to mark the beginning of each book. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the head and folded, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin over wood, with floral decorations, damaged, wood visible at bottom of back cover, paper label “Fol. Res 115” on spine. Provenance: The Schopfheim pastor Christopher Aichinger (a friend of Gwalther); who gives the volume to Paul Riederer in 1560; the Strassburg history professor Johann Heinrich Bockler (1611–1672); the Paris naturalist Georges Cuvier (1769–1832); whose library is purchased and divided after Cuvier’s death, with this volume and works of natural history entering the current collection in 1833. On front pastedown, armorial ex-libris of “Iohannes Boeclerus”; on frontispiece, oval stamps of “G. CUVIER” and “MUSEUM D’HISTOIRE NATURELLE”; note “Doctrina et pietate conspicuo domino Paulo Riderer fratri sui […]



Reims

Physical Description: A complete copy with some tears to the frontispiece. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 350[450], bound sideways in the middle, with head facing left, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Partially hand-colored portrait of Vesalius, an exemplaire réglé. Not a variant edition. Binding: Early brown calfskin from c. 1600 with blindstamped geometrical decorations, label “Andreas Vesalius” and fleurons on spine. Provenance: The Reims aristocrat Guillaume de Vergeur and count of Saint Souplet en Champagne (d. 1665); who donates the book upon his death to the Minims of Reims; enters the current collection with the revolutionary confiscations of the 1790s. Ex-dono on flyleaf “Ex Dono Illustrissimi Domini Domini Guillelmi De Vergeur Comitis De Saint Soupplet. Orate pro Eo. Obijt die 16 Januarij 1665”; note on frontispiece “Ex Bibliotheca Conuentus Remensis Ordinis Minimorum”; oval stamp from the confiscations of “BIBLIOTHECA REMENSIS EDUCUNT FOLIA FRUCTUM” on frontispiece bottom. Annotations: None. Bibliography: Matthieu Gerbault and Etienne Rouziès. La gravure et le livre. Exh. cat. Reims: Bibliothèque mu­ nicipale de Reims, 2007, p. 15.

Rouen

I/44. Musée Flaubert et d’Histoire de la médecine Call No.: Physical Description: Stolen in 1998. Probably completely hand-colored, including the frontispiece, the skeleton and

156

Figure 82 Hand-colored portrait of Vesalius on *6v. I/43. Reims: Bibliothèque municipale de Reims. Call No.: Rés. GG 27.

1543 Editions

157

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muscle men and the historiated initials, but excluding the portrait of Vesalius. Provenance: Probably the abbey of St Victor in St-Victorl’Abbaye in the eighteenth century. Possessor’s note on frontispiece, “Proprietas Monasterij. St. Victoris […]”.

Strasbourg

I/45. Médiathèque Malraux Call No.: C 348. Physical Description: A complete copy with some dampstaining and tears, occasionally affecting the text, fol. *6 (portrait of Vesalius) bound in front of frontispiece. Binding: Unknown. Provenance: Unknown. Stamps of the library on frontispiece and *6v; long, illegible, crossed out note on frontispiece. Annotations: An early annotator working in ink, and another annotator working in pencil, leaving squiggles or illegible notes next to the illustrations and some calculations. On *2r, note “Medicorum tria instrumenta”; on p. 5, pencil note in French; on p. 39, underlinings; on p. 139, pencil marginal line; on p. 145, heavily trimmed note on the margins; on p. 151, illegible handwriting or potentially squiggles next to the illustration; on p. 162, note “Ossa in uniuersum sunt 304”; on p. 170, illegible handwriting or squiggles next to the muscle man; on p. 174, illegible handwriting or squiggles next to the muscle man; on p. 181, “PRIMA” corrected to “Quarta”; on p. 200, illegible handwriting or squiggles next to the muscle man; on p. 207, marginal note “solaeus”; on p. 217, numbers “5235/436/438/3126 // 1736” written on margin; on p. 232[332], some notes next to the illustration; on p. 295[395], illegible handwriting or squiggles next to the illustration; on p. 331[431], calculations next to the illustration; on p. 335[435], illegible handwriting or squiggles; on p. 338[438], Latin note on the margins. I/46. Université de Strasbourg Bibliothèque de médecine et odontologie Call No.: JR 273 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some dampstaining, *5–*6 missing, tears to the frontispiece and

the first part of book, with outer edges of the pages missing and repaired, occasionally affecting textblock, gradually disappearing by p. 120, further tears at the bottom starting around p. 260, occasionally affecting textblock, gradually disappearing by p. 350[450]. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle, vascular insert facing left, nervous insert facing right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Twentieth-century calfskin, preserving most of the earlier, sixteenth-century blind-stamped calfskin covers, with decorative rolls, fillets and central lozenge, modern ties, title “ANATOMIA VESALII” painted on fore-edge. Provenance: The Tübingen physician and historian of medicine Hermann von Vierordt (1853–1943); donated to the current collection to replace the destroyed copy, probably in 1949. Printed ex-libris of Vierordt on front pastedown; round stamp “Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire” on frontispiece, p. 99, and on last page of index. Annotations: On p. 203, the twelfth muscle man, inconsequential ink line; on p. 596, marginal pencil line where the vena cava’s entrance to the heart is described. Pagination corrected throughout. Online: http://docnum.unistra.fr/cdm/ref/collection/coll8/ id/18628 I/47. Université de Strasbourg Call No.: J 278 Physical Description: Destroyed in 1944. Provenance: In Königsberg until 1872, then donated to the current collection.

Toulouse

I/48. Bibliothèque d’Etude et du Patrimoine Call No.: Res A. XVI 7 Physical Description: A complete copy with occasional, minor foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways and folded several times, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition.

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Binding: Restored, eighteenth-century brown morocco with blind-tooled and gold-stamped decorations, title “ANDREAS VESALIUS DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA” in decorative frame in center, label “Vesalii. De Humani corporis fabrica Basilea 1543” on spine, speckled foreedges. Provenance: Unknown. Modern pencil shelfmark on front pastedown; fragment of old pastedown with ink note “Anotomia Andreae Vesalij, Anotomoia, siue hum. Corp. Fab.”; pencil shelfmark and note “coll. complet / 1943” on back pastedown. Annotations: None. Censorship: Name of Oporinus scratched off from colophon.

Tours

I/49. Centre d’Études Supérieures de la Renaissance Call No.: SR 57 C-Bibgen. Res-C. EPD Physical Description: A complete copy. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from right and the bottom, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Extra printed letters in index at “temporum ossis cauitas”, last word “con/stitutens” is printed as “con/stitue/ner”. Binding: Early vellum with title “VESALIUS” on spine, restored in 2015. Provenance: Purchased soon after the establishment of the Centre in 1956. Round stamp of “CES RENAISSANCE TOURS” on flyleaf, first page of epistle dedicatory, p 101, vascular insert, nervous insert, last page of index. Annotations: Sporadic annotations. On p. 195, marginal line where the ninth’s muscle man’s characters are listed; on p. 338[438], probably inconsequential ink line above the explanation of characters for the dorsal medulla’s nerves; pagination partially corrected. Online: http://www.bvh.univ-tours.fr/Consult/index.asp? numfiche=56

Germany

Augsburg

I/50. Staats- und Stadtbibliothek Augsburg Call No.: 2 Med 193 Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition with some worming and a tear on p. 227[327]. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with floral ornamentation, remains of two clasps, bosses or other decorative elements removed from corners and center, rectangular label partly scraped off of front cover, “VESA” still legible, two square labels, presumably with shelf marks, removed from spine. Provenance: Unknown. Augsburg’s coat of arms on front pastedown; round stamp “Eigenthum der Stadt Augsburg” on bottom left corner of frontispiece. Annotations: On flyleaf verso, pencil bibliographic references to Graesse and Brunet on flyleaf verso. On frontispiece, underlined author’s name, title, and place of publication on frontispiece; in the colophon, date of publication underlined. Pagination occassionally corrected. Online: http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/resolve/dis play/bsb11200121.html

Bamberg

I/51. Staatsbibliothek Bamberg Call No.: Anat.f.2 Physical Description: A restored, complete copy. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways and folded, m3 sheet present before the vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary plain pigskin, restored in 1976.

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Provenance: Probably from the former Bamberg Cathedral library; enters the current collection in 1803. Annotations: Sporadic annotations in early ink, summarizing the text. On p. 215, underlining where God is praised; on p. 629, summary note “cerebri situs”; on p. 632, where the corpus callosum is discussed, summary words “color”, “substantia”, “forma”; on pp. 648–649, further annotations. I/52. Staatsbibliothek Bamberg Call No.: Anat.f.2-a Physical Description: An unrestored, incomplete copy with some worming. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways and folded, m3 sheet missing. Not a variant edition. Binding: Unrestored, contemporary blind-tooled pigskin from 1550 with rolls of portraits of Erasmus, Luther, Melanchthon and Hus, religious scenes, incl. “fides”, “peccatum” and “iustificatio”, and floral decorations, metal and leather clasps present, monogram and date “W. L. N. 1550” stamped on front cover, “ANATOME VESALII” handwritten on fore-edge. Provenance: Originally purchased in Wittenberg, possibly in 1550; later probably in the former Bamberg Cathedral library; enters the current collection in 1803. Old shelf number, “L 1.12” on the front cover, repeated on front pastedown; note “Emi Witebergae 5 fl 17 g/s” on front pastedown. Annotations: An early annotator interested in Augustine and Greek terminology. On p. 269[369], summary note repeating the Greek name of the vena coronalis; on front flyleaf, a reference to Augustine’s chastising of anatomists in De civitate dei l. 22. c. 24, summarizing Augustine’s argument, barely legible. Bibliography: Rosemarie Fröbers, “Anatomie: wissenschaftliche Erkenntnis des menschlichen Körpers,” in: Roland Krischke et al., eds. Anatomie. Gotha geht unter die Haut. Exh. cat. Berlin and Münich: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 2010, pp. 21–27.



Berlin

I/53. Deutsches Historisches Museum Call No.: RB 92/2221 Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition with minor foxing on some pages. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Extra-illustrated with a hand-colored copy of Hans Guldenmundt’s Anatomia oder abconterfeyung eines mans leib (Nuremberg, after 1532), with flaps assembled, pasted into the front pasteboard; and with a hand-colored copy of Hans Guldenmundt’s Anatomia oder abconterfeyung eines Weybs Leib (Nuremberg, after 1532), with flaps assembled, pasted into the back pasteboard. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin over wood, with floral decorations, religious illustrations and Biblical quotes in Latin and in Hebrew, and with coats of arms and portraits of various sovereigns, traces of earlier clasps, now missing, ink note of title “Anatomia” and earlier call number on spine. Provenance: Sold by J. A. Stargardt (Katalog 426) at an auction in Berlin on May 23, 1939, for RM. 1800; purchased by current collection in 1988 from Hauswedell & Nolte, Hamburg, Auktion 270, Lot. 480, price: 68,000 DM. Annotations: Early ink annotations and a potentially different set of pencil underlinings. On p. 255, marginal notes relating to the ligaments of the tongue muscles; on p. 546, correction of hyphenation from “a—bortibus” to “ab—ortibus”. On pp. 230[330], 249[349], 251[351], underlinings relating to the muscles of the tibia and the toes; on pp. 496, 517–520, another set of underlinings in pencil about the peritoneum, the kidneys, the urinary tract, and reproduction, with every tenth line numbered on pp. 517– 19; on pp. 644–645, a third set of underlinings in red ink relating to illustrations of the eye, underlining each figure number in the explanation of characters, the explanations relating to the same illustration on p. 646 are not underlined, however; modern pencil cataloging notes on sheet with printer’s mark: “GS ‑ 16 Jh., RB 92/2221, DHM D, DhM 1988/619”.

160 I/54. Humboldt Universität Call No.: 2008 C 60 Rara Physical Description: A complete copy with some tears, browning, and dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle, m3 sheet present before vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary binding. Provenance: Unknown. Stamp “Gesch. D. Med. Berlin”. Annotations: Potentially two different annotators, one working in pencil, the other one in ink, with an interest in the blood vessels. On p. 162, underlining of the number “307” of the bones; on p. 260[360], underlinings related to the number of vessels; on p. 267[367], underlinings throughout; on pp. 272[372], 273[373], 286[386], 288[388], 290[390], 293[393], underlinings and marginal lines throughout, paying attention to Galen, Arabic knowledge, and the hymen; on p. 515, marginal note “Curtius suo tempore”, on p. 541, where the first wrapping of the foetus is discussed, and the ending of the maternal arteries and veins there, marginal note “dubium et forte […]”; on p. 629, every tenth line numbered “10”, “20”, etc.; on p. 630, marginal lines and chapter number added to reference to Galen’s De usu partium; on p. 631, again marginal numberings of every tenth line; extensive pen cross marks in the index, especially in entries related to the veins; page reference corrected for the index term “cuticula quid”; pagination errors corrected throughout; typographical error corrected on p. 322[422]; errata corrected on p. 396[488]. Censorship: In the Letter to Oporinus, name of Oporinus covered with a sheet of paper, glued to the sheet, traces of censorship on the colophon.

1543 Editions

Provenance: A Wittenberg church library in 1691; enters the current collection before 1871. Illegible possessor’s note on frontispiece, note “Eccliae Witt. An. 1691. d. 2. Jul.”, “Ex. Biblioth. Regia Berolinensi” stamp. Annotations: None.

Bonn

I/56. Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn Call No: Ra 2’ 21/1 Rara Physical Description: A complete copy with some worming, restored front flyleaf and repaired frontispiece. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin over wood, traces of clasps. Provenance: Andreas Vesalius; who gifted the Fabrica to the Nuremberg physician Stephanus Lagus [Haas] in 1548 in Esslingen;4 then the library of the Princes StarhembergRiedegg in Schloss Riedegg (probably acquired by Bartholomäus von Starhemberg, 1625–1676); then the Berlin Royal Library in 1889; enters the current collection on April 5, 1893 (Acc. 1893/4 G 551). Possessor’s note on front flyleaf “Sum Stephani Lagi ex dono D. Andreae Vesalii amoris anno 1548 Eslingae”; stamp of UB Bonn on frontispiece verso. On front flyleaf verso, note “Pro Legatura 45 [Stüber?]”. Annotations: A sporadic reader interested in the armpit. On p. 45, internal reference “Pagina 167”; on p. 181, Tabula “QUARTA” corrected; on p. 283, marginal lines related to the veins of the armpit.

I/55. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin—Preussischer Kulturbesitz Call No.: 2” Kt 7620 Physical Description: A complete copy with minor staining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary half leather with manuscript parchment, title “Anatomia Vesalii” painted on fore-edge.

4  A similar ex-dono note of Lagus survives in Avicenna’s Canon Medicinae. Venice: Petrus Maufer, 1486. University of Glasgow Library Sp. Coll. Ferguson Am-z.44.

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Dresden

I/57. Sächsische Landesbibliothek—Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden Call No.: 1.C.206 Physical Description: A complete copy with some warping, worming, and dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the foot and folded, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin by Johannes Weischner with allegorical figures with Latin and Hebrew inscriptions, remains of clasps, title “VESALIUS […]” on spine. Provenance: The Zittauer Rathsbibliothek; acquired by the current collection in 1982. Old paper label on spine “Bibl. Sen. Zittav. Med.”; oval acquisition stamp of “Sachsische Landesbibliothek 13 Juli 1982 Dresden” on frontispiece verso. Annotations: Marginal annotations in Latin and Greek, summarizing keywords from the text on *2–*5, pp. 1–22, 25–59, 61–73, 89, 94, 292–293, 328[428]–239[429], 510, 511[513], 529–540, 569, 580–583, 659–658[662], and first page of index, on p. 19, correction of errata; on p. [511]513, note “Lib. […] Gal. qui e inter spurios, Latinis tamen.” Underlinings on *2–*5, and pp. 1–59, 61–73, 89, 94, 292–293, 329[429], 510, 529–540, 569–570, 580–583, 658–659[663]. I/58. Sächsische Landesbibliothek—Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden Call No.: Anat A.20 Physical Description: A complete copy with some smudges and browning. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound verically and folded from bottom and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Modern green cloth over board by Oscar Kohler in Dresden, with gilt crown on front, covered with paper, label “Vesalii de humani corporis fabrica libri VII”. Stamp of binder on back pastedown, “Osc. Kohler, Buchbinderei, Dresden-N-Gr.Meissner.”

Provenance: The Saxon-Polish Royal Library; then the current library. Stamp of “Sächsisch-polnisches Königshaus” on frontispiece. Annotations: On front flyleaf before frontispiece, long handwritten biographical note copying out Solenander’s letter, “Historia de Obitu Vesalii ex literis Reineri Solenandri ex Comitiis August 66. Mense Maio. Vesalius una cum uxore soluit ex […]” with minor orthographic variations, ­ especially commas missing;5 with additional note from Reusner, “15. October. Reusner. Indic. Chronolog. Andreas Vesalius anno 1564 in mari mortuus et in Zacynthos Sepultus est, in principio mensis Novembris, ut mihi Bononia scripsit Andreas Paulus Brunsvi. 65. Andreas Vesalius anno 1564. mense Aprili in Cyprum prospectus reditum domum parans, fluctibus tempestateque in Zazynthum insulam applicat, ibique decumbere coepit, et paucas posso dies in loco deserto et in miserrimo tuguriolo inter barbaros et agrestes homines, omni humana ope destitutus e vita discessit. Neander. In insula Zacynthi Templo ad B. Virginem. Andreae Vesalii, Bruxellensis Tumulus, qui obiit anno 1564. Id. Octobr: aetatis vero suae LVIII. cum Hierosolymis rediisset”; on front flyleaf verso, additional note, in different hand and ink, “Obs. Litter. Haec Editio omnium est rarissima propter egregias figuras ligno incisas, quae ex Joach. Sandrarti aliorumque judicio a Titiano et Jo. a Calchar, illius discipulo delineatae, et a Coriolano buxeis tabulis excisae sunt. vid. Catal. Biblioth. Christ. T.I. p. 222.” Summary annotations in Greek and Latin, incl. notes on Vesalius’ age and Galen’s errors on *2–*5, and pp. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 63, 219–221, 231–3, 257[357]– 261[261], 279[379], 315[415]–317[417], 493, 511[513], 514, 622. Underlinings on f*2–*5, p.p 1, 4, 7, 8, 89, 219–221, 258[358]– 260[360], 279[379], 316[416], 575, 580, 622.

Eichstätt

I/59. Universitätsbibliothek Eichstätt-Ingolstadt Call No.: 182/1 K 17 Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with dampstaining on bottom corners, lower right corner of frontispiece missing. Bifolium inserts present after

5  On this, see Maurits Biesbrouck et al. “Reiner Solenander (1524– 1601): An Important 16th-century Medical Practitioners and his Original Report of Vesalius’ Death in 1564.” Acta Med Hist Adriat 13 (2015): 265–286.

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pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways and folded, m3 sheet present after vascular insert.

ex-libris of Christoph Jacob Trew (1695–1769); note “AB” on frontispiece.

Binding: Restored, contemporary dark pigskin over wood with blind-tooled floral and arabesque decorations.

Annotations: An early reader, working in ink, interested in muscles and the internal organs, focusing on errors in the text, internal references and inconsistencies, and dissections. Note on front flyleaf “Corpus hoc anatomicum”. On p. 44, summary note where the maxilla is discussed; on p. 179[177], note correcting error in the explanation of δ, changing “femoris” to “tibiae,” explaining “Nam in 3a linea in eadem fig. ipsi e femoris motum ascribit”; on p. 181, correction of “PRIMA” to “QUARTA”; on p. 187, highlighted Greek characters of the hand muscles of the sixth muscle man, and repeated on the side; on p. 193, explanation added “K musculus brachium ad dorsum flectens ordine tertius vide fol. 265.”; on p. 195, correction of “quintus” to “septimus” in the explanation of M “vide fol. 268” and of “brachium to “cubitum” at Q, “vide fol. 217”; on p. 198, lines drawn in text; on p. 201, correction of typographical error “sextus” to “septimus” and internal reference “fol. 268”; on p. 203, Greek letters highlighted (and repeated on the side) in the arms’ muscles; on p. 204, internal reference to p. 219; on p. 207, next to the illustration, diagrammatic summary of “Cubitum extendentium” / b. primus / d. secundus / c. tertius”; on p. 207, note on nomenclatural inconsistency, next to the explanation “S. Thoracem mouentium secundus:” “folio 265. V. 268. vocat musculum brachium mouentium tertius ad dorsum”; on p. 288[298], “inferior” is corrected to “superior”; on p. 309, internal reference with arrow “vide infra 311”; on p. 311, arrow added where internal reference from p. 309 directs, and “decimusnonus” is corrected to “decimusoctauus”; on p. 217[317], correction of errata and further correction on top of page “* R.10.6 Nam 11.9 male ascriptum”, with listing of characters in different illustrations at bottom of page; on p. 233[333], correction of “quintum” to “quintus”; on p. 235[335], characters added on the margins with reference to the illustrations; on p. 236[336], marginal section “secundi” added where missing; on p. 237[337], characters added on margin with reference to the illustrations; on p. 359[459], “inferioris” is corrected to “superioris”; on p. 379[479], underlining; on p. 512, where the spleen’s substance is discussed, summary note on Erasistratus where the spleen’s substance is discussed; on p. 511[513], note “Erasistrati error […]”; on p. 525, summary notes; on p. 531, reference added to Albertus Magnus “Alberti Magni in doctissimus liber de secretis mulierum”; on p. 545, summary note on Aristotle’s opinion on breastmilk; on p. 547, note where dissections are discussed “priuata sectio publica est anteferenda”; on pp. 548–555, summary notes on the body parts where Vesalius discusses their dissection; on p. 558, at the end of Book V, internal reference “Partium respirationi

Provenance: The Dillingen physician Bartholomaeus Moser (fl. 1645); the Episcopal Library, Eichstätt; the Royal Library in Eichstätt; the Staatsbibliothek Eichstätt, which becomes the current library. On frontispiece, crossedout possessor’s note of Bartholomaeus Moser, note “Ad Bibl: Aul: Eystettensem”, round stamp of “KGL: BAYER: BIBLIOTHEK EICHSTATT”. Annotations: A sporadic reader, familiar with Greek, interested in Galen and the foetus, as well as the organs of smelling. On p. 3, Greek term copied out; on p. 8, underlinings and “NOTA” signs; on p. 9, Greek term copied out; on p. 162, underlinings and summary notes on the numbers of the bones of the skull and the auditory bones, e. g. “auditus organi ossa quatuor”; on p. 294[394], underlinings and note “NOTA” next to Vesalius’ criticism of Galen on the foetus; on p. 318[418], clarification of the illustration with notes identifying the olfactory organ with lines drawn in; on p. 322[422], summary note on the nomenclature of nerves; on pp. 538–539, underlinings and marginal line about Vesalius’ account of his dissections of women; on pp. 541–542, summary note on the Greek terms for the foetus’ wrappings and note “ostendit quo in loco urina infantis colligatur”; further underlinings on pp. 2, 58, 505.

Erlangen

I/60. Universitätsbibliothek Erlangen-Nürnberg Call No.: H61/2 TREW.C 223 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy without significant marks of damage. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways, m3 sheet present after the vascular system. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with floral and geometric decorations, as well as allegorical portraits, traces of clasps. Provenance: The Nuremberg physician, medical historian and collector Christoph Jacob Trew (1695–1769); whose library passes on to the University of Altdorf; and then, in 1818, to the current collection. Supralibros “I P 1546”; two

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servientium Anatomen vide infra lib. 6. Cap. 16. Pag. 599”; on p. 599, where the dissection of the heart and the lungs is discussed, internal reference “vide supra lib. 5. cap. 19. pag. 547”. Pagination corrected throughout.

Göttingen

I/61. Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen Handschriften und Seltene Drucke Call No.: 2 ZOOL XI, 4420 RARA Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy with tears on pp. 125, 183, 389, 411, 619 and worming on last seven pages of the index. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways and folded, m3 sheet missing. Not a variant edition. Binding: Restored, blind-stamped eighteenth-century vellum with central arabesque lozenge. Provenance: Unknown. Handwritten “Ex libris” followed by erased name under the frontispiece. Annotations: Early annotations, often correcting the book’s grammar or spelling errors. *4v and p. 17, faint and illegible notes; on p. 201, further information added on the muscle’s exact position to some of the characters explaining the illustrations; on p. 527, internal reference added to the discussion of the penis “pag. 225”; on p. 532, marginal cross next to note that Galen never saw a human uterus; various notes on errata page; pagination corrected throughout; date added on frontispiece. Errata corrected on p. 5, 54, 135, 159, 181 (correction of “PRIMA” to “QUARTA”). Bibliography: Silke Glitsch, Joach Migl, and Helmut Rohlfing. Göttinger Kostbarkeiten: Handschriften, Drucke und Einbände aus zehn Jahrhunderten. Göttingen: SUB Göttingen, 2006, p. 94.

Greifswald

I/62. Universitätsbibliothek Greifswald Call No.: 543/Ua 107 2° Physical Description: Missing since the end of World War II, presumed destroyed.



Halle (Saale)

I/63. Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt Call No.: Ub 213 2o Physical Description: An incomplete copy in good condition, *6 missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, m3 sheet bound after p. 318. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with rolls of portraits and arabesque decorations in frames, clasps present. Provenance: At the current collection at least since the nineteenth century. Oval stamp of “KOEN. BIBL. DER UNIVERS. HALLE” on frontispiece verso; round stamp of “Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek” on frontispiece verso and pp. 99, 100, and on nervous insert; cancelled shelfmark “Xd 5a” on front pastedown; current shelfmark in pencil on frontispiece verso and back pastedown. Annotations: A systematic early reader who focuses on the introductory matter of most books of the Fabrica, with an interest in muscular control and the uterus, referring to the Parma medical authority Alessandro Benedetti (1450?–1512) twice. On *3v, summary note where the contents of the volume are listed; on pp. 1–8, where the bones, epiphyses and processes are discussed, extensive underlinings and summary notes on both margins with occasional Greek terms, e.g. “Alia rurus / ampla / Alia angusta et gracilia / Alia aspera / laeuia / Triangularia / Quadrangularia / […] “ on p. 1.; on p. 18, underlinings where nature’s design in positioning the eyes is discussed; on pp. 19–21, underlinings where natural and non-natural heads are discussed; on p. 26, underlinings where the brain is discussed; on p. 150, underlinings and summary notes where the ear’s cartilages are discussed; on p. 162, the numbers “304” and “307” repeated where the total number of bones is discussed; on p. 167, underlinings and summary note “Cicero” where Cicero and the teeth are discussed; on p. 175, underlinings and summary notes in Latin and Greek where the 2nd muscle men’s characters are explained; on pp. 219–222, where the muscle is discussed, extensive underlinings, summary notes inc. “NB Musculus motus voluntarij Proprum Instrumentum est” and tabular information e.g. “Musculus constat ex { Neruo / Ligamento / Carne / Venis et / Arterijs”; on p. 224, underlinings where the muscle’s shapes are discussed; on p. 276, underlinings where the muscles moving the head are discussed; on pp. 226–228 [326–328], extensive underlinings and

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summary notes where the muscles of the penis, the bladder and the rectum are discussed, with special attention to controlling the excretion of urine; on p. 230[330], underlining and summary note on Galen where the tibia’s muscles are discussed; on pp. 257[357]–259[359], extensive underlinings and summary notes where the vein is discussed, incl. long NB note on p. 258[358], “N.B venae constat ex fibris rectis I. ut attrahunt sanguine II. […]”, on pp. 315[415]– 318[418], extensive underlinings and summary notes on the nerve, also tabulating information, as well as reference on the pairs of nerves to Alexander Benedictus; on pp. 322[422]–331[431], where the pairs of nerves and the olfactory organ are discussed, extensive underlinings and summary notes, incl. tabulations, references to Galen’s De usu partium, Cassius, Vesalius’ disagreements with Galen, and Alexander Benedictus; on pp. 338[438]–340[440], where the dorsal medulla and its nerves are discussed, extensive underlinings and summary notes, incl. tabulations and references to differences between humans and animals; on pp. 356[456]–357[457], underlinings and name added to the explanation of characters; on pp. 366[466]– 367[467], underlinings in the explanation of characters; on pp. 529–531, extensive underlinings and summary notes where the uterus is discussed; on pp. 536–539, extensive underlinings and summary notes where the uterine muscles are discussed, including NB note on the cold and wet nature of female semen; on pp. 568–569, underlinings and naming where the lung is illustrated; on p. 574, underlining where the aspera arteria is discussed; on p. 576, underlining where the interior tunic of the aspera arteria is discussed; on p. 580–581, extensive underlinings and summary notes, partly in tabulated form and with references to Galen where the uvula and the lungs are discussed; on p. 629, underlinings where the cerebellum is discussed; on p. 638, underlinings where Galen’s thoughts on the pineal gland are discussed; on p. 639, underlinings where the cerebellum is discussed. Online: http://digitale.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/vd16/con tent/titleinfo/11998735

Hamburg

I/64. Hamburger Kunsthalle—Bibliothek Call No.: Ill.XVI.Basel1543-2 Physical Description: A complete copy with some creased pages, dampstaining and occasional spotting, and with

metallic tabs. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways and folded, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Nineteenth-century black half leather on paperboards, label “Vesalius” on spine. Provenance: The Imperial Medici-Palatine Library, designed for the Palazzo Pitti library of Francis Stephen of Lorraine when he became Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor in 1745; enters the current collection soon after its establishment in 1863. On *2r, round stamp of “KUNSHALLE ZU HAMBURG”; on frontispiece, oval stamp, only “PALAT” and “BIBL.” legible from “BIBL. CAES. MED. PALAT.” Annotations: None.

Jena

I/65. Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Call No.: 2 Med. XIV, 4 Physical Description: An unrestored copy in good condition, with minor tears on *5r, pp. 69 and 269, with extra print marks on p. 30. Bifolium inserts present after p. 312 and p. 352, bound in landscape position, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin on wood with ornamental borders and allegorical figures, minor repairs, probably bound in Wittenberg between 1543 and 1547, with clasps, title in ink on front cover “Anatomia. Andreae.Vesaly Basileae 1543.” Provenance: The Wittenberg electoral library of Johann Friedrich I, Elector of Saxony, 1543–1547; entered the university library in 1549. Portrait of Elector Johann Friedrich I on front pastedown. Annotations: On p. 56, pencil mark next to Vesalius’ praising mention of “familiaris Renaldus Colombus”; on p. 163, below the first skeleton man, early ink note “Joh. De Calchar Pictor Belgicus celeberrimus fecit Venetiis A. 1540”; on p. 194, below the illustration of the muscle man, the same note on Calcar in the same ink; on p. 598, marginal lines in ink next to the section discussing the heart’s ventricles and the vein-like artery. Pagination corrected from pp. 148 to 140.

1543 Editions

Online: http://archive.thulb.uni-jena.de/hisbest/receive/ HisBest_cbu_00000189 I/66. Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Jena Call No.: 2 Med. XIV, 5 Physical Description: An unrestored copy with no visible signs of damage. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded in both directions, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Contemporary blind-tooled pigskin on wood. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: None.

Koblenz

I/67. Bibliothek des Staatlichen Görres-Gymnasiums Call No.: Physical Description: A complete copy with a few repaired tears. The woodcuts, including the historiated initials, are hand-colored. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], folded from both directions, m3 sheet present before vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with floral decorations and religious scenes, label “A. Vesalius de Humani corporis fabrica Basil. 1534” [sic] on spine, clasps present. Provenance: The Nuremberg physician Erasmus Flock (1514–1568), who acquires it in 1545; donated by a person in Trier to the Koblenz Jesuit College in 1657; which becomes the current high school in 1803. On front pastedown, note “Erasmus Flock Noribergensis possidebat ab anno 1545 […] artium et medicine d. Erasmus Flock Noriberg.”; and shelfmark “VII.N.A.”; on frontispiece, note by Flock, possessor’s note “Collegium Societatis Iesu 1657.”, ex-dono “Collegio Societatis Jesu Confluentino amoris ergo dono dedit Clariss et D. D. Jo[…] Viandae [?] I. U. L. consistorij aulici treuerensis ibidem preses supremus”. Annotations: Contemporary annotations by Erasmus Flock, in a difficult hand, showing interest in Vesalius’ life

165 and horoscope, in issues of generation and the skeleton men, with numerous poems added at various points in the book. On front pastedown, note with NB sign, referring to Phalesius [?], “NB Phalesius in suis cap. de vigilia […]”; on front flyleaf recto, an 18-line poem, addressed to “Clariss. atque […] viris medicinae doctoribus”; on front flyleaf verso, note “Aeternitas est finis omnia rerum E. f. D.”, as well as a draft of a poem “Carmen Aphorysm[…] Medicinae”, with copious corrections throughout; on *2r, short note above the text; on *2v underlining and summary note, on *3v, note “argumenta singulorum librorum”; on *5r, note at the bottom of page, on *6v, a horoscope of Vesalius under the portrait, “Andreas Vesalius natus 1514 30 dec. hora 17”, with diagram and various notes, made on “4 april 66 E. f. D”, as well as a draft of an epigram “in laudem d. And. Wesalij” with frequent corrections; on p. 1., note on top “stylus non […] 14 c6 EfD”; and “cur non potius terra, ex qua sculpta [?] semen, cujus […] ossa, […] ait, hic allegatur a F[…] 66 EfD”; on p. 57, underlining and dated note under the woodcut; on p. 85, underlining where the etymology of the os sacrum is discussed, “[…], ex quali sutor ultra crepidam”; on p. 89, underlinings on sexual differences in the number of ribs, with marginal note “Aristo. 8 costas falsa assignat”; on p. 145, draft of an epigram at the bottom dated to “E.f.D. 66 6 aprilis”, “Epigramma in […] Galeni Risorem / Diutius dolet et magis mihi […] / Quam bonos reprehensioni […] / Tales talia talibus […]”; on p. 163, several notes above and next to the skeleton man, e.g. “sola salus seruire eo, sunt cetera fraudes / cetera sunt fraudes Domino seruire salus salus est Efd febr 57”, or a numbered list of “ossa q modis jungantur”, referring to “Phalesius [?] lib. 7 cap. 46”; on p. 164, several poems next to the skeleton man, such as “Marchio [?] Albert. Br. Mot[…] Anno 1557 / sola salus seruire deo, sunt cetera vana / […] non cupis hunc [?] fidere nullus eris. Die 22 ianuar. 1557 Er. Fl. do.”, “ecquid age, ingenio mortales […] speras! 13 61 E.f.d”, “viuitur in Christo cetera mortis erunt”; on p. 165, a short epigram and a note on the ribs; on p. 191, note at the bottom of page; on p. 215, note starting “Galeni ordo non iste et crassiores partes sunt […]; on p. 233, underlinings and note on the bottom; on p. 272, underlinings, summary notes, such as “Arabes” or “vena nigra” and note on bottom “[…] non ad figuram”; on p. 273, underlinings, marginal line, summary notes such as “saluatella” or “mediana”, a longer note on nomenclature and another note; on p. 308, note “Galenus in 2 usu par[…] reprehenditur” and another summary note; on p. 381[481], note next to the woodcut of the vagina, “[…] martii 1551”; on p. 383[483], underlining, NB sign and summary note on the dissection of women, as well as

166

Figure 83 Skeleton man on p. 164. I/67. Koblenz: Bibliothek des Staatlichen Görres-Gymnasiums.

1543 Editions

167

1543 Editions

a longer note at the bottom; on p. 530, summary note; on p. 531, underlinings and notes, e.g. one starting “Alberti magni libellus […] reprehendit” “michaelis scoti libellus […]”; on p. 532, underlinings and notes “nunquam” and “Galenus non secauit humana corpora”; on p. 533, underlinings and NB signs where Galen, Plato, and the size of the uterus are discussed; on p. 538, underlinings and marginal line where menstrual purgations are discussed; on p. 643, a discussion of the eye at the bottom of page; index terms on Albertus Magnus, Michael Scotus, the eyes, the veins, on “urinam e renibus […]” underlined; NB sign next to terms on menstruation in virgins and “uenarum in intestinis ratio”; on front pastedown, potential notes of friendship, hard to read, two from 1548 and one from 1550.

Lüneburg

I/68. Ratsbücherei Lüneburg Call No.: Sa 86 2o Physical Description: A complete copy with dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle facing left, m3 sheet present after vascular insert, facing forwards, metallic tabs added to the edges of some pages to mark the beginning of each book. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with portraits, floral decorations and religious allegories, with modern endpapers, clasps present, ink label “VESALIUS De humani corporis fabrica” on spine.



Marburg

I/69. Universitätsbibliothek Marburg Call No.: XIb A 54 x Physical Description: An incomplete copy with a few tears and some dampstaining, stain on p. 351[451], pp. 121–216 missing, *5 bound between *2 and *3, damaged during a fire between 1943–1945 when stored at the Heimboldshausen-Heringen Salt Mines, when the former binding was affected and the text suffered water and salt damage. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways and folded, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Modern quarter buckram and black cardboard from 1974. Provenance: A certain David Reich in the late seventeenth-century; a certain F. Gutgesell in the eighteenth century; the Gessellschaft zur Beförderung der gesamten Naturwissenschaften zu Marburg; enters the current collection in 1899. On frontispiece, pencil shelfmark and note “David Reich”; on frontispiece verso, round stamps of “Nat: Ges:” and “KOENIGL. UNIVERSITÄTSBIBLIOTHEK MARBURG” and pencil shelfmark “1899/281”; on *2r, note of “Bibiliotheca Fen Gutgesell” [sic]. Annotations: “Ap. Oporin 1543” written on *2r, but visible when the book is opened to the trimmed frontispiece.

Munich

Provenance: Unknown. On frontispiece verso, round stamp of “Ratsbücherei Lüneburg” and oval unidentified stamp, as well as pencil shelfmark.

I/70. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Call No.: 1 Anat. 81 d

Annotations: A reader interested in correcting typographical errors. On p. 181, “PRIMA” corrected to “QUARTA” in ink; on p. 187, pencil note at the bottom “Tres”; on p. 360[460], note “QUINTA über”; on colophon, modern note “Diese Edition ist nach Meynung des Herrn. D. Wedels der allerbeste”; on front pastedown, tipped-in bookseller’s advertisement of the 1964 reprint edition, with handwritten annotations; pagination corrected in pencil throughout and index paginated in pencil.

Physical Description: Missing. I/71. Universitätsbibliothek der LMU München Call No.: W 2 Med. 580 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some spotting and dirt, occasional tears, m3 sheet and nervous insert missing. Vascular insert present after p. 312, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right. Not a variant edition.

168 Binding: Unrestored, contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with floral decorations and portraits, clasps present, red morocco label on spine. Provenance: The Munich physician Joannes Seehauser [?]; the Augustinian monastery in Au am Inn from 1639 until 1778; enters the current collection in 1802/3. On front pastedown, note of removal from the Augustian monastery in Au am Inn in 1778, and purple round stamp of “Universitäts Bibliothek München”, on frontispiece, note “Monasterij B. M. V. et S. Felicitatis in Au. 1639”, note “Ex libris Joannis Seehauseri […] et med.”, pencil date “1543” added; on frontispiece verson, stamps of “Universitäts Bibliothek München” and “Ad Bibl. Acad. Land.”; Annotations: A systematic mid-seventeenth-century reader, familiar with Fallopio, Colombo, Piccolomini, Bauhin, Laurentius, Fabrizio, Spieghel, Galen, Hippocrates, Schenck, and others, interested in identifying organs in the woodcuts, and in the spleen and hemorrhoids, trying to find typographical errors on the basis of the errata list, sometimes failing. On front flyleaf recto, bibliographic list of works of anatomy, incl. Vesalius’ Chirurgia and books by Fallopio, Piccolomini, Bauhin, Laurentius and Spieghel; on front flyleaf verso, note “Gabriel Cuneus scripsit apologiam pro Vesalio contra puteum”; on *2v, summary notes such as “Reges Indiae” or “Physici”; on *3r, summary notes such as “Syluius, “Patauium”; on *3v, summary notes such as “Guinterus” or “Galenus irreprehensilis”; on *4r, reference to “Epitome” and “libri Anatomici”, as well as summary notes; on *4v, note “Author hic mortuus est ardenti febre in peregrinatione ad christi sepulchrum in Zacyntho cum iam [….] ita Andreas Dudith consiliarius et orator Caesarey Epistol. 3i apud Scholium”, and another note “incidere viuorum corpora et crudele, et superuacantum est: mortuorum corpora discentibus neccessarium. Corn. Celsus. Folio. 24. v. 10.”; on *5r, summary notes such as “index figurarum et characterum”; on p. 1, marginal note; on p. 13, marginal numberings “1” and “2”; on p. 19, errata correction “Christophorus Pfluegel”; on p. 20, identifications of characters in the woodcuts with lines drawn in; on p. 21, summary notes next to the woodcut, such as “ossa maxillae superioris”; on p. 41, marginal note “lib de Ossibus”; on p. 48, identification of characters in the woodcut with lines drawn in; on p. 52, note added; on p. 53, manicule where nature is praised; on p. 55, note next to Vesalius’ reference to chapter 12, “nihil in 12 cap. habetur […] nonnihil cap. 17 et 18 fortassis repertos”; on p. 57, note next to the woodcut, “contextus spinae dorsi, siue ossia hac catena constat triginta quatuor vertebris seu spondylis et octo nodis seu […] quam alba, […] medulla

1543 Editions

simplex, de qua vide Eustachius cap. 12. V. 6 dixisse […] memento creatoris tui […]”; on p. 67, marginal note “Celsus”; on p. 81, reference on the margin “Galeni libri / De usu partium De ossibus De Anatom. Administr.”; on p. 83, reference to Galen; on p. 85, summary note “coccyx”; on p. 89, summary notes; on p. 92, summary note “primum os pectoris” and manicule; on p. 93, Greek word transliterated “xiphoides”; on p. 99, summary notes such as “scapulae dorium” and Greek word copied out; on p. 106, marginal note “Knopfle ueterum tuberculum” and “externum tuberculum”; on p.  107, summary notes “Erasmus” and “Aristoteles”; on p. 108, identifications of the woodcuts, e.g. “radius” and “ulna”; on p. 109, identifications of the woodcuts, e.g. “dextri radii inferior portio”; on p. 115, identifications of the woodcuts “postbrachiale” and “brachiale”; on p. 116, summary words and Greek word copied out; on p. 118, summary phrases such as “patella genum”; on p. 121, the pairs of bones in the woodcut are connected with a semi-circular line; on p. 125, summary note; on p. 126, marginal numberings, and missing letters supplied in ink; on p. 127, identifications of parts of the woodcuts, e.g. “pubis os” or “ilium os”; on p. 130, summary note “dorsum spinae ossis ilium”; on p. 131, NB signs and notes on sexual differences in the pubic bone, with references to Colombo, Fabrizio and Bauhin, “pubis os mulieribus in partu non recluditum idem etiam docet Columb. Lib. i. c. 28 et lib 2 c. 13 Fabritius […] epistol. 45 distincta in puerpera narrat cum bauchino”; on p. 132, summary word; on p. 136, identifications of the woodcuts, such as “dextra tibia”; on p. 159, manicule and summary notes, such as “sceleti compositio”; on p. 166, note “Lazarus”; on p. 167, summary words and Greek word copied out; on p. 168, Greek word copied out and every tenth line numbered; on p. 170, parts of the woodcut identified either with characters or with names and lines drawn in, e.g. “deltoides”; on p. 181, “PRIMA” corrected to “QUARTA”; on p. 190, parts of the woodcut identified, e.g. “foramen venae cauae”; on p. 220, summary notes such as “tendines musculorum” and reference to “Lib. Gal. de Musculorum motu”; on p. 221, note “qui musculi neruis destituti”; on p. 223, numbering of lines to find the word to be deleted, with note on the errata on the margins; on p. 224, every tenth line numbered until the word to be corrected in the errata list; on p. 228, marginal note; on p. 229, summary note “Musculi inuenti a Vesalio” and lines numbered to find the line mentioned in the errata list; on p. 230, marginal word “inscriptio”; on p. 233, summary notes such as “Anatome Galeni” and numbered lines, as well as crossed out note on errata list, the reader realized it was the wrong page; on p. 234, lines numbered to find the place of correction in the errata list; on p. 242, lines numbered to correct the text

1543 Editions

on the basis of the errata list; on p. 243, summary note “masseter” and lines numbered to correct the text; on p. 248, note on Galen and the praise of the Creator, NB sign and summary note next to the story of the Trent performer, with word “Tridentinum” added, showing familiarity with the 1555 edition; on p. 250, lines numbered to correct the text; on p. 260, summary note on “Antoni Zucca”; on p. 264, lines numbered to correct the text; on p. 266, lines numbered to correct the text; on p. 283, lines numbered to correct the text; on p. 291, numberings of the three foramens of the septum; on p. 293, lines numbered to correct the text; on p. 296, every tenth line numbered without any corrections; on p. 299, every tenth line numbered to correct the text; on p. 309, summary note “Bap. Montanus Gal. professor”; on p. 216[316], lines numbered the correct the text; on p. 227[327], summary note on Avicenna; on p. 255[355], marginal note; on p. 262[362], identifications of parts of the woodcut, e.g. “iecoris corpus”; on p. 265[365], internal reference “vena in liene ad ventriculum tendens fol. 512”; on p. 266[366], precise reference added to Galen’s De placitis; on p. 268[368], two identifications added to the illustration of vena cava’s parts, “saphena” and “schiatica”; on p. 273[373], numbering every tenth line to correct the text; on p. 283[383], every tenth line numbered to correct the text; on p. 293[393], summary note “saphena schiatica popletica renalis”; on p. 294[394], lines numbered to find the place to correct the errata; on p. 296[396], summary note “coronalis arteria”; on p. 300[400], every tenth line numbered to find the correct place for the errata; on p. 305[405], characters added to the woodcut with lines drawn in; on p. 308[408], every tenth line numbered to find the correct place for the errata; on p. 323[423], marginal note “nihil omnino”; on p. 331[431], “29” corrected to “24”; on p. 232[432], characters “m” and “l” repeated next to the woodcut with lines drawn to the proper location; on p. 340[440], every tenth line numbered to find the correct place for the errata; on p. 343[443], every tenth line numbered to find the correct place for the errata; on p. 363[463], characters repeated next to the woodcut with lines drawn in; on p. 374[474], parts of the illustration identified, e.g. “vasa seminalia”; on p. 382[482], note at the bottom of page “de formato foetu uide librum aeneis figuris […] Adriani Spiegelij Bruxellensis in 4to Francoforti impressum 1631 […]”; on p. 396[488], every tenth line numbered to find the correct place for the errata; on p. 390[490], manicule; on p. 492, correction of typographical error and note; on p. 507, summary word; on p. 508, longer note on the liver’s vein and the problem of generation; on p. 510, every tenth line numbered to find the correct place for the errata; on p. 511, summary notes on the spleen; on p. 512, reference to Bauhin, Platter, Laurentius and longer quote

169 from Hippocrates, “Casp Bauchinus lib. 1. Anat. C. 43 mollis, rara, spongiosa et laxa eius est consilia, quamuis Platero hepate compactior dicat instar solidioris spongiae: aut leuioris pumicis Laurentio Hippoc. Lib. d carnibus fol 209 […]”, summary notes, such as “historia” and reference to “Schenck lib. obseruat. fol. 467”, internal reference to “fol. 365” and numerous references to Galen and Avicenna; on p. 513, note on Laurentius’ agreement with Galen on the spleen, summary notes such as “Erasistratus”, reference added to De usu partium, manicule, marginal line, and further references on the spleen to “Philippus Hochplatterus [?], Laurentius, Plater, Carolus Piso, Bauhin and others; on p. 514, summary note; on p. 515, every tenth line numbered to find the correct place for the errata; on p. 520, summary notes and every tenth line numbered to find the correct place for the errata; on p. 521, Greek word copied out and summary note; on p. 523, note “prelectores”; on p. 524, manicule; on p. 526, reference to “Gal. de demonstrat.” and every tenth line numbered to find the correct place for the errata; on p. 527, every tenth line numbered to find the correct place for the errata; on p. 528, summary note and marginal line; on p. 537, on genital mutilation, note “Symptoma turpitudinis vocant Mi[…] et Ro[…] a Castro lib i. c. 3. Non ipsum affectum prout Moeschio […]”; on p. 538, summary note “hemorrhoides” and note “De dissectione haemorrhoidalium seu sedalium venae […] agit Realdus Columbus lib. 6. P. 316. et 303. Andr. Laurentius pag. 114 et 195”; on p. 540, note on the foetus, “Vide Adrian Spigelij de formato foetu lib in 4to francofurti 1631 […] tractatui de arthritide coniunctus” and note “Gal. in Aristotelem”; on p. 548, summary note “polycleti statua”; on p. 554, NB sign; on p. 555, NB sign; on p. 580, summary note “Marinus” and manicule; on p. 581, note “pulmones propria membrana mediante […] costis superioribus thoracis et ossibus clauiculae Fallopius caeteris diligenter obseruauit”; on p. 585, every tenth line numbered to find the correct place for the errata; on p. 587, marginal lines; on p. 592, Greek word copied out; on p. 594, every tenth line numbered to find the correct place for the errata; on p. 598, longer note “alij negant et tam de usum diaphragma aliqd sanguinis deferri ex uno ventriculo in alium posse […]”; on p. 608, letter “O” added next to the woodcut, with line drawn in; on p. 610, summary note “testudo”; on p. 611, summary note and characters written next to the woodcut with lines; on p. 613, character “M” next to woodcut; on p. 614, characters next to woodcut with lines drawn in; on p. 615, summary notes; on p. 616, note next to woodcut “Cerebellum”; on p. 617, summary note; on p. 618, note “mamillaris processus”; on p. 619, characters next to the woodcut and note “peluis”; on p. 620, note “peluis”; on p. 621, notes, such as “glans”

170

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and “peluis”; on p. 625, every tenth line numbered to find the correct place for the errata; on p. 628, note next to the chapter title, “fortassis Primi aut Septimi” with “quarti” crossed out; on p. 629, summary note; on p. 630, summary notes, on p. 631, summary notes and every tenth line numbered to find the correct place for the errata; on p. 635, summary notes; on p. 637, note “Itali anatomici”; on p. 639, notes “Albertus Scotus” and “memoria”; on p. 647, every tenth line numbered to find the correct place for the errata; on p. 649, “vitreus” corrected to “aqueus” and note “Epilogus”; on p. 651, summary notes; on p. 652, NB sign; on p. 653, notes partly in Greek; on p. 661, manicule; note in index “Religio” and extra term added on the “uesica bilis”; on colophon, note “et hac impressio fuit prima prout ex catalogo 2do in Galeno uidere est, fuit a [?] opus hoc […] ab auctore recognitum 1554.”; on back pastedown, note “pubis ossa non recludi […] in partu 131 uterus 481”; errata corrected on pp. 129, 135, 156, 223, 224, 225, 229, 234, 236, 242, 243, 244, 250, 257, 264, 265, 266, 283, 286, 293, 288[298], 299, 301, 216[316], 217[317], 223[323], 273[373], 283[383], 294[394], 300[400], 308[408], 340[440], 343[443], 359[459], 396[488], 390[490], 499, 508, 510, 515, 520, 526, 527, 543, 585, 594, 597, 625, 631, 637, 647; underlinings on almost all of the above-mentioned pages, and on *2r and pp. 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 20, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 51, 54, 58, 59, 62, 63, 65, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 75, 78, 84, 8890, 91, 100, 102, 103, 105, 110, 111, 112, 114, 114, 117, 119, 122, 123, 128, 134, 137, 139, 148[140], 142, 145, 147, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 160, 161, 215, 216, 218, 222, 227, 231, 232, 234, 237[235], 237, 238, 239, 244, 246, 247, 249, 253, 254, 255, 261, 292, 231[331], 233[333], 234[334], 236[336], 238[338], 286[386], 307[407], 309[409], 310[410], 320[420], 322[422], 325[425], 327[427], 328[428], 329[429], 339[439], 341[441], 342[442], 344[444], 345[445], 348[448], 383[483], 385[485], 386[486], 389[489]494, 495, 497, 501, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507, 509, 516, 617, 519, 522, 525, 529, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536, 539, 541, 542, 547, 549, 551, 556, 569, 571, 572, 573, 574, 577, 578, 579, 583, 584, 586, 586, 589, 591, 593, 594, 595, 601, 623, 627, 633, 634, 640, 641, 642, 646, 648, 650, 652, 654, 655, 659, 660, 658[662], 659[663], errata list, and index. Pagination corrected throughout.

Münster

I/72. Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Münster Call No.: 2’ Vb 201 Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with some minor tears. Bifolium inserts present after

pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded in both directions, m3 sheet present after insert of vascular system. Not a variant edition. Binding: Modern vellum (1970s–80s), with remnants of the earlier binding glued to it. Stamped central ornament on vellum glued in front and in back, handwritten label glued on spine. Provenance: The Fürstenberg-Stammheim family; on permanent loan from the Fürstenberg-Stammheim family at the current library since 1904; acquired by the library in 1988. Earlier ex-libris lost during rebinding; library stamp of “Königliche Universitätsbibliothek Münster, i.W.” Annotations: On frontispiece, a handwritten note “Deo nisus.”

Oldenburg

I/73. Landesbibliothek Oldenburg Call No.: NW III 3 A 110 Physical Description: An unrestored, incomplete copy with some foxing and worming. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle, m3 sheet missing. Not a variant edition. Handcolored background of the first muscle man. Binding: Unrestored, contemporary pigskin on wood, with blind-stamped decorative biblical illustrations, portraits of the pagan gods and the virtues, with dates “1546” and “1548” and monogram “L. M.”, traces of clasps. Provenance: The Nuremberg reformed physician Leonhard Münsterer (fl. 1530–1550); the Frankfurt am Main physician David Lichtenhant (c. 1628); and a certain A. Heineccius in 1734; enters the current collection in the late 1800s. Possessor’s note on the front endpaper, “Leonardus Münsterer 1548”; under the frontispiece, signature (crossed out) of David Lichtenhant, and of A. Heineccius, with the date “16 Sept. 1734”; stamp of Bibliotheca Oldenburgensis. Annotations: An early reader, quite possibly Münsterer, who annotates primarily in Latin, but also in Greek, focusing especially on the first one hundred pages of the text, with a special interest in illustrations, and in organizing the text by numberings and diagrams. On *3v, notes

171

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“Galeni in anatomia imperitia” and “argumentum singulorum librorum”; on *4r, summary note “aetas Vesalii”; on p. 1, underlining and marginal numberings; on p. 2, notes on teeth and “usus cauitatum et sinuum atque cauernularum in ossibus”; on p. 3, summary note “utrum ussa dolore afficiantur” and marginal numberings; on p. 4, continuation of marginal numberings; on p. 5, Greek and Latin names added to the illustrations of the bones; on p. 6, extensive underlinings, summary notes and diagrammatic summaries, e.g. “tantum 4 membris proprium { brachio / cubitum / foemori / tibia” and “Disputatio quod apendices non semper sint opercula ne effluat medulla ut Galenus statuit”; on p. 8, summary notes on the processes, e.g. “processum differentiae”; on p. 9, summary notes on the head; on p. 12, underlinings, corrections of errata and summary notes in Greek and Latin about the errata; on p. 13, summary notes on the motion of the epiphysis, e.g. “diuersa genera motuum”, “Reflexio et Extensio et in girum circumductio”, and “Extensio et variatio sola”; on p. 15, underlinings and notes, e.g. “Talus hominus non ut talus brutorum forma”; on p. 16, underlinings and summary note; on p. 18, underlinings and lines next to the illustration of the skulls; on p. 19, underlinings about the non-natural heads; on p. 20, Greek names and Latin summary note added to the illustration of the skull; on p. 21, note in the explanation of the characters, “in pictura postremi scheleti”; on p. 23, summary note about the cuneiform bone; on p. 4[24], names added in Greek and Latin under the illustration of the internal part of the skull; on p. 25, names and summary note on the sutures added in Greek and Latin under the illustration; on p. 26, underlinings and summary notes about the sutures; on p. 27, underlinings and summary note about the non-natural heads; on p. 28, summary note and underlinings about the sutures; on pp. 30–31, underlinings; on p. 32, summary notes and underlinings about the cuneiform bone and the processes; on p. 33, underlinings; on p. 34, the names of the two ossicles supplied; on p. 36, marginal note under the illustration “S. Cranium”; on p. 39, two short clarifying notes about the number of the ossicles; on p. 45, underlinings; on pp. 50–51 and 57, underlinings; on p. 58, underlinings and note “Os sacrum maximum ossium dorsi”; on pp. 61 and 64, underlinings; on p. 67, short and illegible note; on pp. 68–69, 71, 74, 82, 84 and 89, underlinings; on p. 96, underlinings and marginal numberings of the uses of the scapula; on p. 98, underlinings, on pp. 116–117, 120, 122–123, 148, underlinings; on p. 167, Greek terms added about the pectoral bones; on p. 170, extensive labeling with lines drawn in the first muscle man; on pp. 189, 231–233, underlinings; on p. 309, marginal line; on p. 268[368], one Greek name added to the illustration of the vena cava; on pp. 396[488], 498,

500, 503–508, 511, 577, 584, 590, 622, 626, underlinings; on p. 627, Greek term added to the discussion of the brain’s membranes, and underlinings; on p. 628, underlining; on p. 646, underlinings and shading added to the marginal woodcut; on p. 647, underlinings.

Rastatt

I/74. Historische Bibliothek der Stadt Rastatt Call No.: N* 43 Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy in poor condition, frontispiece and *2 heavily trimmed and mounted on modern paper, paw marks on some pages, some staining and minor molding. Vascular insert missing, nervous insert present after p. 352, bound vertically and folded from top and left. Not a variant edition. Binding: Unrestored, eighteenth-century calfskin with gilt title “AND. VESALII ANATOM HUMANI CORP” on spine. Provenance: The Mainz physician Georg Jacob Sartorius (d. 1644), professor of medicine and personal physician to the Archbishop-Electors of Mainz; the Eppsteinborn physician Lubert Erbenius (fl. 1640–1650); acquired by the Jesuit College at Baden-Baden in 1723; then the Lyzeum zu Rastatt; enters the current collection in 1808. Possessors’ notes “Lerbenius Dr.”, “Collegij S. J. Badena 1723”, and “Liber Georg Jacob Sartorij” on frontispiece, round stamp of “Lyzeum zu Rastatt” on frontispiece verso. Annotations: Early ink annotations throughout by a German reader, potentially Sartorius or Erbenius, who summarizes the text, focuses on Greek terms, calls attention to Vesalius’ debates with Galen, ocasionally cites Aristotle, and mentions Hippocrates, Erasistratus, Sylvius, Herophilus, Colombo, Erasmus, Montanus and Plato, with frequent notes on the woodcuts, corrections of typographic errors, and numberings, and one internal reference and one note on God. On *2r, trimmed annotation; on *2v, trimmed summary annotations on “Podalyrium et Machaon chirurgi”, on the history of medicine, and on “Veltuuyckus”; on *3r, summary notes and underlinings on “Jacobus Syluius”, on “Anatomici” and numbering of the locations where Vesalius practiced dissections; on *3v, summary notes on Galen and the table of contents, “Galenus nunquam hominem secuit”, “Errores Galeni

172 occurrunt […]”, “universalis consideratio”, “Herophilus, Andrea, Marinus” and “Argumenta librorum”, numbering the books of the Fabrica; on *4r, note “Picturarum necessitas”; on *4v, underlining and summary note “Alexander magnus”; on p. 1, summary notes, e.g. “os quid”, as well as numbering of the differences of the bones by use; on p. 2, numbering of the illustration “1. Solida, 2. Laminosa, 3. Foraminosa seu spongiosa, 4. Sinuosa”; on p. 3, summary notes on “De ossium sensu”, and on the cartilages; on p. 4, numbered summary notes on the use of the cartilages, as well as Greek word copied out on the inner margin; on p. 5, each bone identified on the illustration, e.g. “femora dextra 2”, “maxilla inferior”; on p. 7, numbering of argument, Greek words copied out, summary note “Explicatio uocum Graecarum […]”, and summary notes on the appendix; on p. 8, underlinings, Greek words copied out, and summary note “Rotatores” on top of the page, with line drawn through the text to where the rotators are mentioned; on p. 9, Greek words copied out and underlined, summary note “Abusus uocabuli επιφυσιs […] apud Galenum”; on p. 10, Greek words copied out on the margins; on p. 11, summary note “sinus humerij”, underlinings of Greek words, and numbering where the four “usus structurae ossium” are discussed; on p. 12, reference to Aristotle “Ossa Aristoteli continua […]”; on p. 13, Greek terms copied out and corrected in the text, summary notes on “Articulatio”, “Dearticulatio” and “Coarticulatio” and the uses of these; on p. 14, Greek terms on the margin, and note “Os femoris in quadrupedibus Galenum lusit”; on p. 16, summary notes, “Neruuis quid antiquis significavit”, “Galenus,” numberings, and Greek words underlined; on p. 17, summary notes “Harmonia, Sutura, Gomphosis”, and further summary notes on synsarcosis, reference to “Aristotelis” and to “Vide Gale: lib. 2 Anatomica: administrationum de Commissuris ossium”, “anterior” corrected to “posterior”; on p. 18, the Homeric skull identified “Φοξος caput”, summary notes on the side, and note on the botom “NERVUS”; on p. 19, summary notes including on “De locatione sensuum”, “De figura capitis”, as well as “Christophorus Pflug” and “Ein surkopf [?]”; on p. 20, annotations on the illustrations, e.g. “ossa 2 uerticis”, corrected identification, and summary note; on p. 21, summary note “commonstratur praecipue ossa octo capitis”, as well as numbering of bones in the explanation of characters; on p. 22, names of bones copied out on left with numberings; on p. 23, underlining and summary note “additamenta suturae”; on p. 4[24], summary note on the illustration; on p. 25, summary annotations “foramina duo antra cuneiformis utriusq. foramen”, and on the skull; on p. 26, summary notes, incl. “Admiranda Capitis constructio de architecto nos euidenter et perspicue admonens”, “squammarum in

1543 Editions

cranio usus” and “De suturae numero et natura”, and diagram of the three types of sutures; on p. 27, summary notes and reference to Herodotus; on p. 28, summary notes on the “causae quare sutura a squammosis conglutinationibus differant”; on p. 29, Greek words copied out and summary note “numerus ossium capitis”; on p. 30, summary notes, incl. “2 ossa uerticis duo” and “3 os frontis”; on p. 31, summary notes and numberings of the temporal bones; on p. 32, Greek word copied out; on p. 33, summary notes and numberings, with underlining, incl. “descriptio oissis ugalis”, and Greek term copied out; on p. 35, marginal lines, note “organa auditus in crudo potios quam cocto capite consideranda” and copied out names “Marcus Antonius Genua” “Wolphangus Heruart”; on p. 37, note “Explicatio characterorum schematis canini”; on p. 39, summary notes, incl. on the reason for the number of the bones of the superior maxilla, numbering of bones, and notes on Greek terms; on p. 40, summary note “Explicatio Galenij de ossibus superioris Maxilla” and “Galeni Graecum Exemplar de Ossibus supprimitur” on p. 44, note next to the woodcut “Nota hanc cartilaginem […] articulationij”; on p.45, summary notes on feeling in the teeth; on p. 46, summary note on children’s teeth; on p. 47, Greek term copied out; on p. 49, numberings and summary notes on the foramina; on p. 50, summary notes on the foramina; on p. 51, underlinings and summary note “De eductione pituitae ex capite”; on p. 52, underlining and summary note on Galen’s ignorance; on p. 55, Greek term copied out; on p. 56, reference to “REALDUS COLUMBUS” and summary note “In dorso considerantur 1 processus 2 foramina neruoso 60. 3 appendices uertebrarum 4 cartilagines”; on p. 57, numbered division of the illustration of the spine with identifications, and correction of “descendentes” to “ascendentes”; on p. 58, summary notes; on p. 60, identifications of the illustrations with lines; on p. 61, extensive summary notes on the first and second vertebrae of the neck; on p. 62, underlining and summary notes on the vertebrae of the spine, on bottom of page note “DE COMPAGE VERTEBRARUM PTEM CERVICIS”; on p. 63, reference to and criticism of Galen on the motion of the head, “Galenus in motu capitis explicando aberrauit”, “De motu capitis Vesalij sententia”; on p. 64, underlinings, summary note, and reference to Galen; on p. 65, marginal lines and criticisms of Galen, incl. “Grauis Inuectio in Galenum de duplici motu capitis”; on p. 66, Greek term copied out with reference to Hippocrates; on p. 67, summary note; on p. 68, underlinings, and summary notes on the cervical vertebrae; on p. 69, summary note “7a vertebrae colli”; on p. 70, summary notes on the vertebrae and the nerves; on p. 71, marginal line, underlinings, and summary note on “causa cur naturae in senibus”,

1543 Editions

as well as identification of vertebra in illustration; on p. 73, summary note “Galeni error de articulatione uertebrarum […]”; on p. 76, underlinings, marginal line and summary notes on the thoracic vertebrae and the vertebrae of the back; on p. 78, summary note on the bottom “Error Galeni in processum uno verterbrarum in […]”; on p. 79, correction of typographic error; on p. 80, note under the illustration “canum”; on p. 81, underlinings and comments on Galen, incl. “Os sacrum Galeno non perfecte cognitum”; on p. 82, summary note on Galen’s reliance on monkeys; on p. 83, summary notes and criticism of Galen; on p. 84, summary notes on the os sacrum; on p. 85, summary notes incl. “Vide ratione nominis OS SACRUM”; on p. 89, underlining where Adam’s rib is discussed; on p. 91, underlinings and note “Galenus Os pectoris brutorum descripsit”; on p. 92, Greek words copied out; on p. 93, underlinings; on p. 94, summary notes incl. phrase on top “Os de corde Cerui” and identification of illustration; on p. 96, underlinings, numberings, and summary note on the thorax; on p. 97, summary notes and Greek terms copied out; on p. 98, numberings and note “processus scapulae interioris nomina”; on p. 99, underlinings, Greek terms copied out, and summary notes; on p. 100, underlinings and summary notes on Galen; on p. 101, identifications of the woodcuts; on p. 102, summary notes on Greek terms; on p. 103, summary notes and underlinings on Greek terms; on p. 105, summary notes on the humerus; on p. 106, summary notes on “dissimilitudo” and Greek terms; on p. 107, reference to Erasmus; on p. 108, underlining and identification of woodcuts; on p. 111, Greek terms copied out; on p. 114, Greek term copied out “de processu ulnae”; on p. 115, modern pencil marks circling the bones of the palms in the woodcuts; on p. 117, summary notes on the carpal bone; on p. 122, summary note “DE APTA DIGITORUM FORMA ET STRUCTURA”; on p. 126, underlinings and note “DE OSSICULI SUPERSTITIONE”; on p. 129, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “usus ossium coxa”; on p. 130, underlining and summary notes; on p. 131, underlinings and summary notes on the pubic bones; on p. 134, Greek terms copied out; on p. 135, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “DUCTUS FEMORIS”; on p. 139, underlinings, Greek terms copied out, and criticism of Galen and Aristotle; on p. 140, summary note “spina”, underlinings, and Greek terms copied out; on p. 141, underlinings; on p. 142, underlinings, marginal line, identification of woodcuts, and modern pencil marks circling them; on p. 143, identifications of woodcuts and summary note; on p. 145, underlinings, Greek terms copied out, and note “Reprehensio Arist. Gal. Platonis in Anatomia”; on p. 147, summary note “planta”; on p. 149, note “de unguium usu”; on p. 150, underlinings and summary notes on the cartilages of the eyelids

173 and the ears; on p. 153, diagram of the aspera arteria and summary note “LARYNX”; on p. 154, summary note “Celsus in Anatomicis crebra […]”; on p. 155, summary note “Antiqua ratio amundandi cadauera”; on p. 156, summary notes on dissections; on p. 157, summary note “cacabus aqua implendus”; on p. 158, summary notes on how to cook bones; on p. 159, underlinings and summary notes on cooking the bones; on p. 161, summary notes on Vesalius’ dissections in Leuven; on p. 162, summary note on the number of the bones; on p. 163, pencil circling of the bones of the palm in the first skeleton man; on p. 164, pencil circling of the bones of the palm, and ink line drawn to it with note “Philipus”; on p. 165, pencil circling of the bones of the palm; on p. 167, underlining; on p. 174, ink mark next to the muscle man, “caput excarnum”; on p. 176, summary note; on p. 179[177], pagination corrected; on p. 181, “prima” corrected to “quarta”; on p. 214, summary note “DE LIGAMENTIS MEMBRANIS” and identification of “tendo” in woodcut; on p. 215, summary note on the second book, summary notes on the ligaments, paying attention to “usus”, explanation of woodcut, and underlinings; on p. 216, further numbered notes on “usus” and summary note “Vesalius ligamentarum et membranarum nam eodem in loco explicat”; on p. 217, Greek terms copied out, and further notes on usus; on p. 218, summary note on the ligaments; on p. 219, note next to the woodcut, “fibrae musculorum ob oculos ponuntur”; on p. 220, summary notes and underlinings; on p. 221, summary notes, including “conclusio”, discussing muscles and nerves; on p. 222, summary notes on the muscles; on p. 223, summary notes on the different types of muscles; on p. 224, summary notes and German note “die mauß”; on p. 225, summary notes, numberings and underlinings; on p. 226, underlining; on p. 227, summary notes on the muscles, the fibres, and the parts of the muscles with a diagram; on p. 228, summary notes on muscles and tendons; on p. 229, summary notes on differing views on the muscles and tendons; on p. 230, summary note; on p. 231, reference “Latus musculus de Galeno ex ossa coxandicis […] et deorsum”, and summary notes on skin and numberings on the different types of skin; on p. 232, underlinings, Greek terms copied out, and reference to Aristotle “Aristoteles cuti sensum tactus […[ et carni assignat”; on p. 233, summary note, Greek terms copied out, and underlinings; on p. 234, summary notes; on p. 236, summary note “Organorum Anatomicorum enumeratio”; on p. 248, note on the Padovan performer; on p. 281, summary notes and diagram on the abdomen’s muscles; on p. 282, summary note on the transversal muscles; on p. 283, summary note “Galenus pugnat secum diuersis musculorum abdominis enumerationibus”; on p. 292, underlining and note “usus

174 diaphragmatis”; on p. 309, underlinings and summary note “Johannes Baptista Montanus”; on p. 257[357], summary notes on the vessels; on p. 258[358], underlinings, summary notes on the fibers of the vessels; on p. 259[359], underlinings, identifications of the woodcut, summary notes; on p. 260[360], summary notes “quatuor uenae termina:”, “arteriae duae”; on p. 261[361], underlinings, Greek terms copied out, and summary notes including “quid glandulae”; on p. 262[362], notes on the illustration, and listing of characters; on p. 266[366], summary note on the black bile; on p. 267[367], underlinings and Greek terms copied out; on p. 269[369], summary notes and paws’ marks by a cat; on p. 268[368], paw marks; on p. 269[369], paw marks and summary notes including “coronalis”; on p. 271[371], summary notes on the humerary veins; on p. 283[383], underlinings; on p. 285[385], paw marks and summary note; on p. 294[394], underlinings and summary note “Ramulus de umbilici vena in catulis in centrum mesenterij […]”; on p. 296[396], summary notes on the “aorta” and the “soporalis arteria”, numberings; on p. 297[397], summary notes; on p. 298[398], summary notes; on p. 299[399], summary notes and numberings of the arteries; on p. 300[400], further numberings of the arteries; on p. 301[401], underlinings and marginal line; on p. 315[415], summary notes “Neruus”, “Origo neruorum” and “Refutatio Aristotelis”; on p. 316[416], summary notes and “Refutatio Erasistratij”; on p. 317[417], summary notes on the importance of sensation and the nerves; on p. 318[418], note next to the woodcut on the number of nerves; on p. 319[419], a listing of characters of the woodcut; on p. 322[422], underlinings; on p. 323[423], summary note “ventriculorum cerebri figura”; on p. 324[424], underlinings and summary note where Vesalius recounts his experiences in Padova; on p. 325[425], summary note and underlinings, incl. “decussatio neruorum fiola”; on p. 326[426], marginal lines; on p. 329[429], summary notes; on p. 341[441], underlinings; on p. 342[442], summary notes on the cervical and thoracic nerves; on p. 355[455], summary notes “De organis generationij et nutritioni internalibus” and “Peritoneum”; on p. 356[456], numberings and listings of parts of the organs on the woodcut; on p. 357[457], note next to the woodcut “omentum dilaceratum, vena porta, intestinorum positus”; on p. 358[458], summary notes on the omentum next to the woodcut; comparing it to a fisherman’s net; on p. 359[459], underlinings and summary notes, incl. “Omentum simile perae”; on p. 360[460], note next to the woodcut “hepar ventriculus intestina vesica”; on p. 383[483], underlinings and note “obstetricum fabulae”; on p. 384[484], underlinings and summary notes, incl. a diagrammatic listing of

1543 Editions

“principia generationis humida”; on p. 385[485], summary notes “Nutritionis modus” and “De separatione excrementorum ex hepate”; on p. 386[486], summary notes on the peritoneum; on p.  396[488], summary note “DE STOMACHO”; on p. 389[489], underlinings and summary notes; on p. 390[490], summary note “Historia de Hispano deuorante”; on p. 391[491], underlinings and summary note; on p. 492, summary notes on the fundus and the veins of the stomach; on p. 493, underlinings, marginal line, and note on the nerves; on p. 494, Greek term copied out; on p. 495, underlinings, summary notes and reference to “Responsio ad aphorismi Hippocratis”; on p. 498, underlinings, summary notes, and numberings; with extensive diagrammatic classification of the intestines’ parts with a focus on their uses; on p. 499, summary notes and underlinings; on p. 500, summary notes and Greek term copied out; on p. 502, summary notes on the uses of the intestines; on p. 503, correction of typographical error; on p. 505, diagram of the types of soul; on p. 506, summary notes and comment “Theophilus parus Anatomicus”; underlinings, marginal lines, and summary notes on the liver’s foramina; on p. 508, underlinings and marginal note where Vesalius disagrees with Galen; on p. 509, note “An meatus felleus in ventriculum inseratur”; on p. 511, summary notes including notes on the spleen of dogs and pigs; on p. 512, summary, numbered notes on examples of curious spleens; on p. 511[513], criticism of Erasistratus and Aristotle, note “Liber de usu Respirationis non est Galenij” and underlinings; on p. 515, note “1 Galenius 2 Recentiores medici”; on p. 517, summary note “Renis fascia”; on p. 518, underlinings and extensive comments on urine, as well as reference to Celsus; on p. 519, extensive summary notes on the urinary tract; on p. 520, underlinings, summary notes on semen, and note “Capita de quibus adhuc magna controuersia in generationis consideratione”; on p. 521, underlinings and summary notes on the testicles; on p. 522, underlinings, Greek term copied out, and summary note; on p. 523, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 524, Greek terms copied out; on p. 525, Greek terms copied out, underlinings, note on male and female semen, the role of God, and correction of typographical errors; on p. 526, extensive comments, discussions of the use of the organs, comments on Galen’s errors, and summaries of Galen’s thought; on p. 527, summary note “Argumenta refutatio Galenij”, underlinings, and note “Mira penis constructio”; on p. 528, summary notes; on p. 529, note on the errors of the Arabs, and summary note on the Padovan youth; on p. 530, summary notes on the orifice of the fundus; on p. 531, comments on the errors of others on the uterus, criticism of the scholastics, and note on the

175

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description of the uterus, with numberings; on p. 532, reference to Galen’s use of animals, and notes on the fundus of the uterus; on p. 533, summary notes, including notes on menstrual flows; on p. 534, summary notes on the uterus; on p. 535, summary notes, underlinings, and NB sign on female testicles; on p. 536, underlinings and summary notes on the uterus; on p. 537, underlinings, numberings, and note “utilitas uteri”; on p. 538, extensive notes on menstrual purgations, addition of chapter numbers to reference to Hippocrates, correction of typographical errors, and note “Haemorrhoides”; on p. 539, numberings, summary notes, and diagrams about the acetabula of the uterus; on p. 540, numberings, underlinings, and notes “An mulieris semen ad generationem necessarium”, “contra Galenum”, “Vesalius magis a partib Aristo: q. Galeni”; on p. 541, summary notes and Greek terms copied out; on p. 542, summary notes; on p. 543, underlinings, Greek terms copied out, and internal reference to Book III; on p. 569, underlinings; on p. 572, summary notes and reference to Galen; on p. 573, underlinings and marginal lines; on p. 574, summary note and Greek term copied out; on p. 575, underlinings, marginal line and reference to Galen; on p. 576, underlinings and summary note; on p. 577, underlinings, summary notes incl. “Inspiratio Expiratio Quid”; on p. 578, underlinings, and summary notes on voice and the trachea; on p. 579, summary notes on use and Greek terms copied out; on p. 580, summary notes; on p. 584, marginal lines, Greek terms copied out, summary notes, and diagram; on p. 585, underlining and summary note on use; on p. 586, summary notes on the difference between humans and animals; on p. 587, summary notes on the heart; on p. 589, underlinings and summary note on the heart’s blood vessels; on p. 589, summary note, underlining, marginal line, and discussion of Galen’s opinions; on p. 594, underlinings and summary note; on p. 595, underlinings, and summary note; on p. 596, underlinings, and summary notes on the fibers; on p. 597, underlinings, and summary notes; on p. 623, marginal line; on p. 626, marginal note “usus durae membranae”; on p. 627, underlining, summary note, and Greek term copied out; on p. 628, underlining and summary note; on p. 629, underlining; on p. 636, underlinings and marginal line; on p. 641, underlinings and summary note; on p. 648, underlinings and summary note on eye color; on p. 649, underlining, summary note and correction of “vitreus” to “aqueus”; shelfmark “Natura II. 38.” on front flyleaf. Bibliography: H. Heid. Die Historische Bibliothek der Stadt Rastatt im Ludwig-Wilhelm-Gymnasium. Ein illustrierter Wegweiser. Rastatt, 2003, pp. 120–121.



Wolfenbüttel

I/75. Herzog August Bibliothek Call No.: A: 3 Phys. 2° Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with some foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], vascular insert bound sideways and folded once, nervous insert bound sideways and folded twice, flap anatomy assembled, rest of m3 sheet missing. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin from 1545 with classical figures and clasps. Provenance: Duke August the Younger of BrunswickLüneburg, first recorded in 1626 in his library in Hitzacker; which arrived in Wolfenbüttel in 1644. Annotations: An early annotator working in Latin and Greek, using red and brown ink, providing primarily keyword summaries and identifications of the body parts, also correcting typographic errors and numbering every 10th lines on a page, referring to a wide range of literature. On pp. 222 and 223, notes based on personal observations; on p. 223, references to Colombo, Bauhin and Fallopio; on p. 237, reference to Avicenna; on p. 281, references to Bauhin and Colombo; on p. 291, references to Bauhin and Laurentius; on pp. [294]394, 490, 498, 517, 518, 528, 532, 584, 589, references to Bauhin; on p. 495, reference to Hippocrates’ Aphorisms; on p. 506, reference to Bauhin and Colombo; on p. 508, precise references to Galen and Aristotle; on pp. 513–514, references to Bauhin, Aristotle, and others; on p. 526, references to Erasistratus, Aristotle, and Galen; on p. 571, reference to Colombo; on p. 584, references to Bauhin and Aristotle’s Historiae animalium; on p. 17 correction of “posterior”; on p. 433, some vertebrae coloured red. Further, primarily summary, annotations and/or underlinings on *2r, *2v, *3r, *3v, *4r, pp. 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 17, 19, 20, 25, 26, 27, 31, 32, 33, 38, 40, 44, 46, 47, 49, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 78, 79, 115, 118, 119, 125, 127, 129, 130, 131, 132, 135, 142, 143, 151, 153, 156, 159, 163, 164, 167, 168, 170, 173, 174, 178, 181, 184, 185, 187, 191, 192, 194, 197, 198, 200, 201, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 222, 223, 226, 227, 228, 231, 232, 233, 234, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 250, 252, 253, 257, 264, 265, 266, 281, 283, 291, 297, 298, 299, 304, 305, 306, 308, 309, 312, 213[313], 216[316], 227[327], 231[331], 238[338], 239[339], 245[345], 246[346], 247[347], 248[348], 249[349], 250[350], 251[351], 258[358], 259[359], 261[361], 263[363], 268[368], 270[370],

176 271[371], 272[372], 273[373], 279[379], 283[383], 289[389], 294[394], 300[400], 316[416], 317[417], 319[419], 320[420], 323[423], 325[425], 327[427], 331[431], 332[432], 333[433], 336[436], 338[438], 339[439], 340[440], 341[441], 343[443], 349[449], 359[459], 361[461], 383[483], 385[485], 386[486], 387[487], 396[488], 389[489], 390[490], 391[491], 492, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 503, 508, 509, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 518, 519, 520, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 530, 531, 531, 536, 538, 571, 578, 584, 585, 589, 594, 597, 600, 618, 625, 629, 631, 637, 639, 640, 641, 643, 645, 646, 647, 648, 649, 650; corrections to errata list. Bibliography: Sebastian Pranghofer. “‘It could be Seen more clearly in Unreasonable Animals than in Humans’: The Representation of the Rete Mirabile in Early Modern Anatomy,” Medical History 53 (2009): 561–586; Richard Sugg, Murder after Death: Literature and Anatomy in Early Modern England. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007; Michael Giesecke, Von der Schreibstube des Mittelalters zur Druckerei der Neuzeit. Gutenberg ‑ 550 Jahre Buchdruck in Europa. Exh. cat. Wolfenbüttel: Herzog August Bibliothek, 1990, pp. 9–22.

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Hungary

Budapest

I/76. Semmelweis University Central Library Call No.: M/V-7. Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition, bifolium inserts present. Partially hand-colored historiated initial on p. 1. Not a variant edition. Extra-illustrated with two copies of Hans Guldenmundt’s Der Bawren Kalender Auff das Jar MDXXXX. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with religious scenes, portraits, and floral decorations, clasps present. Provenance: Unknown. Possessor’s note on frontispiece “Wilhelmus Herman a Mangerii sibi et posteris suis comparauit 1607”.

Figure 84 Hans Guldenmundt’ Der Bawren Kalender Auff das Jar MDXXXX pasted onto the back pastedown. I/76. Budapest: Semmelweis University Central Library. Call No.: M/V-7.

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Annotations: On *2r, underlinings, marginal lines, and summary notes, such as “gloriatur Galenus”; on *2v, underlinings, marginal lines, “No” sign, and summary notes such as “ad imperitos in chirurgia”; on *3r, underlinings, marginal lines, summary notes such as “Vesalius de se scribit hic perlongum”; or “Silvius commendat” and “contra Syluium […] in libro de radice china”; on *3v, underlinings, marginal lines, the seven books of the Fabrica numbered, and summary notes incl. another reference to the China Root Letter; on *4r, underlinings, marginal

177 line, “NB” sign and summary notes such as “commendat perlongum anatomia depicta”; on *4v, summary note; on *5v, note, “De Fuchsio”; on p. 1, underlining and summary note on sensation in bones; on p. 273[373], a summary note; on p. 509, marginal line and summary note; on p. 511, underlining, marginal line and summary notes on the duodenum, e. g. “ratio”; on p. 531, underlinings and marginal lines; on p. 625, marginal line and note on the difference between dogs and humans; further notes between pp. 2–31 and on p. 649.

Figure 85 Travel instructions for Italy on the back pastedown. I/77. Pécs: University of Pécs Klimó Library. Call No.: II. I. 16.

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Pécs

I/77. University of Pécs Klimó Library Call No.: II. I. 16 Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle facing right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with rolls of portraits and floral decorations, monogram “W. M. 1548” stamped on front cover, traces of clasps. Provenance: The Frankfurt an der Oder physician and professor Jodocus Willich (1501–1552), a friend of Melanchthon; then the Bratislava Society of Jesus in 1636; then, probably after 1773, the Pécs bishop and bibliophile György Klimó; whose library becomes public in 1774; and later becomes incorporated into the current university library. Armorial ex-libris of Klimó; note “W. M. 1548” on cover; note on frontispiece “Collegij Posoniensis Societatis Jesu 1636”. Annotations: Early ink note by Willich, as well as poems and travel instructions copied out by a student in 1552 (most likely a student of Willich, and possibly written by the student’s mentors), and annotations in the text in a potentially different hand. On *4r, extensive underlinings, marginal lines, and note in Greek; on p. 1, summary annotations and underlinings on the bone; on p. 272[372], where the characters of the illustrations of the vena cava are explained, the veins are named in red ink, with summary information copied out, text marked up to facilitate reading; on p. 389[489], illegible squiggle at the very edge of volume, potentially a binding mark. On front pastedown, extensive, and hard to read, note by Willich on the Hippocratic principle that nature is the healer of disease (“natura ipsa morborum medicatrix est”), also mentioning Galen. On front flyleaf, a copy of Melanchthon’s De consideratione humani corporis, signed “Noribergae Die Conuersionis Pauli Anno 1552”. Under the portrait, laudatory poem by Paul Eber: “Quantum nocte alias stellas cum lumine fratris / Orbem compleuit Vincere Luna solet. / Vessalij tantum reliquis liber anteit unis / Corpora qui qua sint condita ab arte docet. P. Eberus Kytthingensis” (i.e. Paul Eber, whose copy is in Glasgow, I/174). On back pastedown, instructions for travel to Italy for a student, from Torgau in 1552, with instructions on “Dieta Germanorum in Italia, Studia, Res Domestica, and Conversatio,” incl.

advice on learned scholars in Padova, what to drink, what topics not to discuss, and how to avoid catching gonorrhea and syphilis. Bibliography: Dániel Margócsy, Mark Somos and Stephen N. Joffe. “A pécsi Fabrica.” Per aspera ad astra 2018/1, in press.

Ireland

Dublin

I/78. Trinity College Library Call No.: k.a.21. Physical Description: An incomplete copy with minor repaired tears and foxing, *6, printer’s mark and colophon missing, extra-illustrated with a facsimile portrait of Vesalius, donated by Mr. G. M. Fitzgibbon from 1949. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Alum-tawed calfskin from 2013, replacing, rebacked eighteenth-century calfskin binding, preserved separately. Provenance: Enters the current collection c. 1620. Trinity College Library stamp on frontispiece verso and on last page of index. Annotations: A learned early reader who uses different colors to mark up the text, to decorate the historiated initials, and to interpret the woodcuts, with an interest in identifying organs in the illustrations, referring to Fuchs and Galen. On p. 5, annotations of the woodcuts, e.g. “F ob tali” or “pedij ossa”; on p. 7, hand-colored initial, and underlinings; on p. 33, yellow underlinings of the discussion of the temporal muscles, and certain capital letters highlighted in yellow; on p. 131, underlinings in red, marginal line and summary word; on p. 132, red underlinings and capital letter highlighted in red; on p. 154, underlinings, and summary note “quod proprius επιγλοττισ”; on p. 162, underlinings and note “ossium numerus”; on p. 185, underlinings of the explanation of characters “Z” and “m”; on p. 187, note next to the muscle men, correcting the letters “V” and “X”, and letter “Z” added to the woodcut; on

179

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Figure 86 Highlighting and navigating the text in many colors on p. 275[375]. I/78. Dublin: Trinity College Library. Call No.: k.a.21. Credit: The Board of Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin.

p. 188, underlinings and marginal lines in the explanation of characters; on p. 193, underlinings in the explanation of characters; on p. 201, underlinings and notes on characters “F”, “Q” and “Δ”; on p. 287, underlinings and marginal lines, “Nota” sign, as well as summary note “8 musculi thoracem

mouentium”; on p. 289, summary words in Latin and Greek; on p. 290, underlinings in brown, underlinings and marginal line in yellow; on p. 291, underlinings; on p. 292, underlinings, marginal lines, number “81” next to the enumeration of the muscles of the thorax, and note

180 “Abdominibus musculorum […] in thorace comprimendo”; on p. 257[357], underlinings, marginal lines, Greek word copied out, and “NOTA” next to the section where the fibers’ motions are discussed; on p. 258[358], underlinings; on p. 259[359], underlinings where cooking and color are discussed; on p. 263[363], underlinings and highlighting of characters in red, as well as character “o” added to the woodcut, and hand-coloring of some veins; on p. 266[366], underlinings, marginal lines and highlighting of capital letters in red, green and yellow in the sections on the portal vein; on p. 269[369], underlinings in red and brown, highlighted capital letters, summary word and longer marginal note; on p. 272[372], yellow underlinings and capital letters highlighted, and marginal word “Axillaris”; on p. 275[375], hand-colored initital, underlinings in yellow and red, highlighted characters in red and yellow, and note on the origins of the vena cava; on p. 276[376], underlinings and highlighted character in blue; on p. 277[377], underlinings in yellow and blue; on p. 279[379], underlinings in yellow and red, highlighted capital letters in green, marginal lines and summary note; on p. 280[380], underlinings in yellow and summary note on the woodcut; on p. 282[382], underlinings in yellow and brown, “NOTA” sign, summary note, and note “J. d. Italij in […] lib. animal. laborat”; on p. 283[383], underlinings and note “inferior jugularibus”; on p. 285[385], historiated initial hand-colored in different colors, chapter title highlighted in green, underlinings and marginal lines in brown, and marginal note “uena sub lingua”; on p. 287[387], underlinings in brown and yellow, and note “Qua vulgus mediana vocat:~” on p. 288[388], handcolored historiated initial using different colors, chapter title highlighted in blue and yellow, underlinings and marginal lines in brown and yellow, and note on the seminal vein referring to personal observation; on p. 289[389], underlinings; on p. 290[390], underlinings, summary note and Greek characters “Γ” and “Δ” added on the margins; on p. 291[391], underlining, “Nota” sign and summary note; on p. 292[392], underlinings; on p. 293[393], underlinings, marginal lines, and internal reference to later books about the veins’ distribution; on p. 294[394], underlinings, green initial, first word of chapter “ARTERIAE” highlighted in green, and summary note; on p. 305[405], some characters highlighted in blue and red, the explanation and numbers are added to them, the same numbers also added to the woodcut to facilitate identification; on p. 307[407], underlinings and marginal lines in red, as well as “Nota” sign; on p. 309[409], underlinings in red; on p. 311[411], yellow and blue woodcut labels added to “Uena arterialis” and “arteria uenalis”; on p. 324[424], underlinings, highlighted capital letters and initial in green, with “nota” and “historia” on the margins; on p. 361[461], capital letters

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highlighted in green, underlining of characters in the woodcut, and characters “1” “2” and “3” added to woodcut; on p. 365[465], underlinings in green and higlightings in brown, the woodcuts partly hand-colored; on p. 511, underlinings; on p. 516, underlinings and highlighted capital letters in yellow and red, “Nota” sign, and summary note on the differences of canine and human kidneys; on p. 519, underlinings and summary note; on p. 541, underlinings, summary notes in Latin and Greek, and reference to Galen’s De usu partium and Fuchs’s Paradoxorum medicinae related to the umbilical vein; on p. 542, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 543, note “id […] in canibus obseruauimus”; on p. 625, underlinings and notes based on personal observation on the dura membrana; on p. 626, underlinings, marginal line, and summary note; on p. 627, marginal line; on p. 640, underlinings and highlighted capital letters in yellow, trimmed note in Greek, and note on the third ventricle; on p. 643, hand-colored woodcut of the eye, yellow underlining of explanation of character “K”, and internal reference to the next page’s illustrations; on p. 648, underlinings; on p. 649, underlinings and summary word; on p. 650, underlinings and hand-colored initials; on p. 651, underlinings in green, red, yellow and brown, and capital letters highlighted in yellow; on p. 652, underlinings and highlighted capital letters in yellow and brown; on p. 653, underlinings and highlighted capital letters in yellow and brown, marginal line in brown. Bibliography: Elizabethanne Boran, Libraries and learning: the early history of Trinity College, Dublin from 1592 to 1641. Ph.D. dissertation. Dublin: University of Dublin, 1995; K. Theodore Hoppen, The Common Scientist of the Seventeenth Century: A Study of the Dublin Philosophical Society, 1683–1708. London: Routledge, 1970.

Israel

Jerusalem

I/79. National Library of Israel Call No.: R2=FR954 Physical Description: A complete copy with some slight tearing and water damage, paper clip rust on p. 493, worming at the end of the volume starting on p. 609. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle, m3 sheet present after vascular system. Not a variant edition.

1543 Editions

Figure 87 A horoscope of Vesalius under the author’s portrait on *6v. I/79. Jerusalem: National Library of Israel. Call No.: R2=FR954.

181

182 Binding: Contemporary ornamental blind-stamped pigskin with traces of two clasps, with title “Anatomia” and date “1545” stamped in the center. Provenance: The Baltimore professor of medicine, ophthalmologist and historian of medicine Dr. Harry Friedenwald (1864–1950); whose collection, including a large number of manuscripts and books on Jewish medicine, passed to the library in 1950.6 Ex-libris Harry Friedenwald on frontispiece with price marked “constat: 6 : fl” and illegible monogram. Annotations: Pencil notes on flyleaf, probably by Friedenwald, and early annotations in ink that reveal an interest in Vesalius and astrology, the relationship between image and text, and also in the eye. On flyleaf, pencil note, indicating “Hebrew words: pp. 166–168”. In ink, on *6v, a short biography of Vesalius under his portrait, with details of birth and death, claiming that Vesalius had been returning from Cyprus when he died, and an astrological chart with comments indicating Vesalius’ excellence based on the constellation of stars; on p. 181, “quarta”; on p. 279, next to the illustration to Book II Chapter 30, a note that the letters FF on the vertebrae do not have an interpretive key, “Interpretatio literae, F, F, omissa est.”; on p. 324[424], in the chapter on the optical nerve, underlining of the sentence on the nerves’ perforation, and underlining and marginal note “nervorum congressus ratio mira” next to the sentence challenging Galen’s explanation of how the nerves’ perforation prevents double vision when the nerves come together; on p. 325[425], sentence underlined on the case of a man whose optical nerves were kept separate yet had no complaints of double vision; on p. 644, Fig. XV of the eye is copied out in pen; on p. 648, a small drawing of the eye next to the sentence explaining that the uvea is not completely spherical, and underlining of the sentence explaining the many colors of the uvea’s inner surface; on p. 649, the printed marginal note “humor vitreus” is corrected to “humor aquaeus”. Erroneous page numbers are corrected in pen throughout the text. Bibliography: Arturo Castiglioni, “The Attack of Franciscus Puteus on Andreas Vesalius and the Defence 6  Castiglioni, who had seen this copy, claimed that the astrological chart was an early version of Cardano’s, implying that this was Cardano’s copy, but the annotations and the chart appear not to be in the hand of Cardano. We thank Anthony Grafton for discussing this point.

1543 Editions

by Gabriel Cuneus.” Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 16 (1943): 135–148.

Italy

Bergamo

I/80. Biblioteca Civica A. Mai Call No.: Cinq. 7. 777 Physical Description: A complete copy with foxing and dampstaining, tear on pp. 139/148[140], between pp. 232[432] and 333[433], a double cherry stem, without the cherries or the pits. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the foot and folded, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Eighteenth-century plain vellum with gilt title on brown morocco label “VESALII ANATOMIAE”, label of “BIBLIOTECA CIVICA BERGAMO” with shelfmark on spine. Provenance: Unknown. Motto “conspice” and overwritten and illegible possessor’s note on frontispiece “Ex libris […] Frijgeij” [?]”; oval stamp of the library on bottom of frontispiece; on back flyleaf, illegible and overwritten note “Dato a confo[?] parco[?]”. Annotations: An early annotator interested in the tripartite body, familiar with Galen. On p. 150[148], early ink diagrammatic doodle on the bottom; on p. 181, “PRIMA” corrected to “QUARTA”; on p. 292, where the septum is discussed, marginal note “Gal. docet diaphragma in actione comprimere partes […] abdomine sect. 5. De usu partium cap. ii, ii de usu part cap. 5, et de difficul. respirat. Cap. 10”.

Bologna

I/81. Biblioteche scientifiche degli Istituti ortopedici Rizzoli Call No.: Physical Description: An incomplete copy in good condition, *6 and m3 sheet missing. Bifolium inserts present

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after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from bottom and right. Binding: Unknown. Provenance: The Bologna professor of surgery Vittorio Putti (1880–1940); who bequests his library to the current collection. Annotations: An early reader interested in summarizing the first few pages of the book. On p. 1, summary note “ossa carent sensis”; on p. 2, summary note “ossa solida qualia”; on p. 3, summary notes “brachialis ossa dentes et […] digitorum ossa nullum foramen obtinent” and “ossa dolor afficiunt”; on p. 8, trimmed summary notes such as “[…] et ulna unica tantum […] appendicem”. Censorship: On *4v, note to reader inked over.

Cesena

I/82. Biblioteca Malatestiana Call No.: Bufalini C. 217 Physical Description: A complete copy, outer lower edges frayed and torn as a result of dampstaining, affecting especially the first 80 and the last 40 pages, occasional staining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], unbound and removeable, folded in four, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. A variant edition. Binding: Unrestored sixteenth-century parchment over cardboard, manuscript text still partly visible over it, title “Vesalii de hum corp Fabrica” and labels with shelfmark and old shelfmark on spine, “ANATHOMIA VESALII” painted on top edge. Shelfmark “C.217” in pencil on front cover. Provenance: The Cesena physician and Florentine professor of medicine Maurizio Bufalini (1787–1875); enters the current collection in 1875. Oval stamp on frontispiece, not from the Malatestiana. Annotations: None. Censorship: Name of Oporinus crossed over in colophon.



Fermo

I/83. Biblioteca Civica Romolo Spezioli Call No.: 1 e 7 n. 1582 Physical Description: A restored, incomplete edition, frontispiece missing, heavily damaged, especially at the beginning, many pages reinforced, heavy spotting around p. 110. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the foot and folded once, m3 sheet missing. Not a variant edition. A hand-colored copy, with every woodcut crudely hand-colored either in red or yellow, with two colors (red and green) used on pp. 225[325] and 560, vascular insert and historiated initials not colored. On p. 237[235], only red is added to the instruments to indicate blood dripping from them. Binding: Modern vellum with modern endpapers. On front pastedown, note “Il Restauro del presente volume e stato eseguito nell’ anno 2003 dal laboratorio Essera—il Libro di Urbino grazie alla sponsorizzazione di MEDIAMED—EDIZIONI SCIENTIFICHE—MILANO” and restoration report. Provenance: Unknown. Annotation: Early brown ink notes focusing on identifying parts of the illustrations, summarizing contents, and, on one occasion, noting criticism of Galen. On *3v, listing of table of contents, on *4r, marginal summary note on the printing of the images; on p. 17, note at the bottom “De figure V capitis non naturalibus”; on p. 18, notes next to the illustrations, next to first skull “in qua anterior imp[…]”, next to bottom two, “Mali figurate”; on p. 19, note “Dura figura capitis” [?]”; on p. 27, summary note; on p. 169, marginal lines and summary notes on the muscle men, listing how they are organized and what they show “16 Tabularum series …”; on p. 171, summary note; on p. 181, correction of “PRIMA”; on pp. 219–220, extensive summary notes on the muscles; on p. 303, summary note; on p. 374[474], the words “renes” added to the illustrations of all the kidneys; on pp. 505–508, summary notes on the liver; on p. 514, note “reprehendit Galenum” in the discussion of the kidney; on p. 527, summary note at chapter heading “uirilis membri”; on pp. 170, 174, 178, 181, 184, 187, 190, 192, 194, 197, 200, 203, 206, 208, 211, 212, 238, 239, 252, 253, 256, 225[325], 228[328], 355[455], 356[456], 357[457],

184

Figure 88 Hand-colored muscle man with identifications of the characters. I/83. Fermo: Biblioteca Civica Romolo Spezioli. Call No.: 1 e 7 n. 1582.

1543 Editions

185

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358[458], 360[460], 361[461], 362[462], 363[463], 364[464], 365[465], 367[467], 368[468], 369[469], 370[470], 371[471], 372[472], 377[477], 378[478], 380[480], 381[481], 382[482], 605, 616, 619, 620, 643, 644, and on vascular insert, characters added to the woodcuts with lines pointing to the organs depicted; underlinings on 1, 18, 26, 494, 495, 515, pencil foliation throughout. Bibliography: Fabiola Zurlini, “The physician Romolo Spezioli (1642–1723) and his private library in the Public Library of Fermo.” Vesalius 10 (2004): 61–66. I/84. Biblioteca Civica Romolo Spezioli Call No: 1.0.9 9109



Ferrara

I/85. Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Ferrara Call No.: 2247. Physical Description: A restored, complete copy without noticeable damage. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle facing left, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Modern goatskin with gilt title stamped on spine.

Physical Description: An incomplete copy with occasional stains and dirt, repaired minor tear on pp. 573–574. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle, m3 sheet missing. Not a variant edition.

Provenance: A certain Petrus Leonus and his friends, potentially the Ferrara doctor Pietro Leoni Marchioni (fl. 1680s); a certain “Jacobus Andrea Boni”; the library of the Ferrara St. Anna Hospital; enters the current collection in 2000. Inscription on frontispiece “Sum Petri Leonij Ferrariensis et amicorum”, “Jacobi And Boni.”, stamp of the “Arcispedale S. Anna Ferrara Biblioteca”.

Binding: Modern vellum with modern endpapers, with old plain vellum front and back covers pasted on.

Annotations: On p. 303[403], early manicule where the lumbar arteries are discussed.

Provenance: The Fermo physician Romolo Spezioli (1642– 1723), personal physician of Pope Alexander VIII and Queen Christina of Sweden; who donates his collection to the current library between 1705 and 1723. On front flyleaf verso, note “ex libris Romuli Spezioli Firmani”, oval stamp of “EX LIBRIS BIBLIOTECA FIRMI MUNICIPALE” on frontispiece and elsewhere.

Censorship: Names of Basel and Oporinus inked over in colophon, “Basilae” inked over on frontispiece.

Annotations: Early ink notes that peter out, focusing on the teeth and the book’s references to Ancient authors. Faint marginal lines next to the references to Galen’s De usu partium and De ossibus, and Aristotle’s De partibus animalium on pp. 7, 9, 15, 19, 39; on p. 45, marginal line next to the section on the differences of teeth from other bones; on pp. 46–47, marginal line where the teeth of children, and sex differences in the number of teeth are discussed; foliation added in pencil throughout. On frontispiece, above “CUM CAESAREAE”, the words “Latini opera”. Bibliography: Fabiola Zurlini, “The physician Romolo Spezioli (1642–1723) and his private library in the Public Library of Fermo.” Vesalius 10 (2004): 61–66.

Bibliography: De Humani Corporis Fabrica di Andrea Vesalio. CD-ROM. Ferrara: Biblioteca di Scienze della Salute, 2010. I/86. Biblioteca Comunale Ariostea Call No.: 8H 8.1.22 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with dampstaining, foxing, tears, and minor worming. Bifolium inserts and m3 sheet missing, printer’s mark and colophon missing. Not a variant edition. Binding: Eighteenth-century vellum on cardboard, with gilt label “Vesalius De Humani CORP FABRICA”, shelfmark on spine. Provenance: The monastery of St. Benedetto in Ferrara. Stamps of the Benedictine monastery and of the current collection on frontispiece; pink stamp “SCHEDATO” on frontispiece.

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Annotations: Early ink notes, primarily references and notes on hemorrhoids. On p. 219, marginal reference to Galen with page number; on p. 278, manicule and underlining where the fifth and sixth pairs of nerves are discussed; on p. 283, reference to Galen’s De usu partium where the use of the abdominal muscles is discussed; on p. 333[433], reference to Galen where the reverse nerves are discussed; on p. 374[474], next to the illustration of the seminal vessels, note “cur dextra ren. sit superior sinistro, vide Gal. de usu part. Lib. 5. Cap. 6.”; on p. 385[485], note “Arabes” where Arabic nomenclature is discussed; on p. 515, where hemorrhoids and menstruation are discussed, manicule, underlining and reference to Hippocrates; manicules in index, incl. the entries on hemorrhoids; pagination corrected. Censorship: Full text of the note on the printer inked over on *4v, name of Oporinus inked over on *5r, name of Fuchs inked over on 5v, name of Erasmus inked over on p. 140.



Genova

I/88. Biblioteca Civica Berio Fondo Canevari Call No.: C.D. 104 Physical Description: A complete copy, in excellent condition, restored and washed in 2004, bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Nineteenth-century half brown leather over marbled cardboard with modern flyleaves, gold-stamped fleurons on spine, title on spine “VESALII DE HUMANI CORPORIS, restored in 2004 by Alice Ferroni.

Physical Description: An incomplete copy with heavy foxing and some staining, vascular insert and m3 sheet missing. Nervous insert present after p. 352, bound sideways in the middle facing right. Not a variant edition.

Provenance: The Roman papal physician Demetrio Canevari (1559–1625); his heirs in Genova until 1754; the Genovan Jesuits between 1754 and 1777; the Somascan Fathers of Genova from 1777 until 1810; the Genovan foundation Sussidio Canevari Demetrio from 1810 to 1844; the Jesuits of Genova again from 1844 to 1848; the Somascan Fathers of Genova again from 1848 to 1868; the Sussidio Canevari Demetrio from 1868 to 1930; enters the current collection in 1930. Note “Ex-libris Demetrij Canevarij”, stamp “PROPRIETA INALIENABILE SUSSIDIO CANEVARI DEMETRIO GENOVA” on front flyleaf; oval stamp of “CIVICA BIBLIOTECA BERIO”; stamp of “BIBLIOTECA BERIO GENOVA” on frontispiece and last page of index.

Binding: Early quarter vellum with modern sprinkled cardboard, ink label “VESALII DE HUMANI CORPORIS” on spine, label “R. Istit. A S 2 27” on spine, modern endpapers.

Annotations: None. Date “1543” added in ink to frontispiece. Correct pagination added in pen to p. 237[235], in pencil to pp. 659[663] and [664]; folio numbers added to index in pencil.

Provenance: The Convento della Santissima Annunziata in Florence until the late eighteenth century. On front pastedown, label “R. Istit. Belle Arti. A S 2 27”; on frontispiece, shelfmark “D 1”; on *2r, stamps “ACCA DELLE BELLE ARTI DI FIRENZE” and oval stamp “D. S. A.”; oval stamp of “Biblioteca del R. Istituto di Belle Arti FIRENZE” on back flyleaf.

Bibliography: Luigi Marchini and Rossella Piatti, eds. Mostra di manoscritti e libri rari della Biblioteca Berio. Genova: Sagep 1969, pp. 116–117; Rodolfo Savelli. Catalogo del Fondo Canevari della Biblioteca Berio di Genova, Firenze: La Nuova Italia, 1974; Laura Malfatto, ed. Da tesori privati a bene pubblico. Le collezioni antiche della Biblioteca Berio di Genova. Pisa: Pacini, 1998, pp. 97–98; Laura Malfatto, ed. Saperi e meraviglie: tradizione e nuove scienze nella “libraria” del medico genovese Demetrio Canevari. Genova: Sagep, 2004; Isabella Croce, ed. Palazzo Canevari all’isola di Fossello: un dono di cultura e pietas contro l’oblio. Genova: Fondazione Canevari, 2014, pp. 66–73.



Florence

I/87. Biblioteca dell’Accademie di belle arti Call No.: A. S. 2 27

Annotations: On p. 181, “PRIMA” crossed out and corrected in early ink to “QUARTA”. Censorship: On *5r, “OPORINO” inked to read “OOOOOOO”, on colophon, name of printer rendered illegible.

1543 Editions

187

Imola

muscle men, and in correcting typographical errors. On p. 17, “anterior” corrected to “posterior”; on p. 181, “PRIMA” corrected to “QUARTA”, and the letter “x” added to the woodcut with line drawn to its location; on p. 189, the Greek letter “ψ” repeated next to the original character; on p. 194, letter “b” repeated next to the woodcut, with line drawn to the original character; on p. 299[399], marginal note added “decimus quintus et 16s”; on p. 311[411], “externo” corrected to “externum”; on p. 595, where the heart’s location is explained, note “per Gal. nota q. umbilicus e. in medio, si brachijs s. caput extensis medium quaesieris a summo medii digiti manual. apice ad extremum pedis digitorum fine”.



I/89. Biblioteca Comunale di Imola Call No.: 5 F 7 12 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some wear and tear, frontispiece, *6, colophon and printer’s mark missing. Bifolium inserts present, bound sideways, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary plain vellum. Provenance: The Bologna painter Ercole Lelli (1702–1766). On front flyleaf, note “Questo libro è di mè Ercole Lelli”; stamp of “BIBLIOTECA COMUNALE DI IMOLA”. Annotations: Heavily trimmed sporadic notes in ink. On p. 15, underlinings, marginal lines and summary notes; on p. 85, underlinings, marginal line and note “Un’ os sacrum […]”.

Mantova

I/90. Biblioteca Teresiana Call No.: XXIII.E.1 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some dampstaining in front, minor worming, and occasional tears and holes, vascular insert and m3 sheet missing. Between pp. 350[450]–351[451], several seeds between the sheets, on p. 228[328], an old sheet of paper insert with traces of inkmarks. Nervous insert present after p. 352[452], bound vertically and folded from top, bottom and right. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary plain vellum with label “VESALII Anatomia” on spine, traces of ties, on front cover, barely visible handwritten note. Provenance: A certain physician Quirinus Corghi. On front flyleaf, note “Ex libris Quirini Corghi Phys: et Med: Doct: Col:”; on front flyleaf verso, sign “M+C”; round stamp of “I.R. BIBLIOTECA DI MANTOVA” on frontispiece; old shelfmarks on front pastedown. Annotations: A sporadic early annotator with interest in the location of the heart, in identifying characters on the



Milan

I/91. Biblioteca Nazionale Braidense Call No.: AB 15 0039 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some fingerprints and minor dampstaining towards the end, *6 missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the foot, and folded twice, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Modern quarter calfskin over cardboard, goldstamped title “A VESALIO DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA / BASILEA 1543” with shelfmark on spine, spine loose, revealing binder’s waste paper, filled with Italian manuscript notes from March 1794, modern flyleaves. Provenance: The Göttingen professor of medicine, and Bern physician, Albrecht von Haller (1708–1777); whose library is divided between the University of Pavia and the current collection upon his death. Bookplate of Haller “Non tota perit 103600” and shelfmarks on front pastedown; red oval stamp “IRB” on frontispiece bottom; on p. 49, and on last page of index, blue oval stamp “BIBLIOTHECA MEDIOLANENSIS” with portrait of Pallas Athene. Annotations: Pre-1800 annotations in the sections on the bones of the legs, focusing on updating the terminology, and corrections of the errata. Ink notes on p. 132, next to the explanation of letter K, “Gastroenemius internus”; on p. 133, next to letter L, “Gastroenemius externus Plantaris”, next to M, “Tricipitis”, next to N, “bicipitis”, next to O, “Sartorii, gracilis, semitensinosi, semimembranosi,”, next to a, “Pectinalis”, next to c, “Pectinalis”, next to d, “Tricipitis”,

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next to f, “Vastus internus”; on p. 135, updated terminology added “Psoaset Iliacus int.”, “Pectin”, “Marsupialis Gemelli”, “Glutaeus major”, “Glutaeus medius”, “Glutaeus minimus”, “R riformis”, “Vastus externus”, “Vastus internus”, “Triceps”; on p. 140, in two inks, terms added “Tibialis postic.”, “Peronlongus et semifibuleus”, etc.; on p. 141, note “Tibialis postic”; on p. 147, notes “Tibialis postici”, “Peronaeus longus semifibuleus”, “Tibialis anterior”; on p. 149, terms added “Peronaeus longus,” “Semifibuleus”; On p. 181, “PRIMA” corrected to “QUARTA”; on p. 499, underlinings of the section on “Gracilis intestii forma”; on p. 501, underlinings where the “adeps intestinis obnatus” is discussed; on p. 649, “vitreus” is corrected to “aqueus”, errata corrected on pp. 499, 631, 637, 647. Pencil numbering of major woodcuts; catalogue card “277 Mostra storica della scienza italiana” tipped in between front flyleaves. I/92. Università degli studi di Milano Centro Apice Fondo Alfieri Call No.: Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with no visible damage. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, vascular flap anatomy assembled, rest of m3 sheet missing. Not a variant edition. Extra-illustrated with a small illustration of a bone on p. 184, next to the fifth muscle man. Binding: Twentieth-century brown leather; earlier vellum binding preserved separately with gold-stamped title on spine “ANDREAE VESALII”, together with stamp of Alfieri and an earlier shelfmark. Provenance: The Milan gynecology professor and bibliophile Emilio Alfieri (1874–1949); enters the current collection in 1953. Annotations: None.

Naples

I/93. Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli Call No.: S.2.LVI.J.12 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with no visible damage, m3 sheet missing and supplied in modern,

A4-size facsimile, bifolium inserts mounted on modern paper. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the foot and folded twice. Not a variant edition. Binding: Seventeenth- or eighteenth-century sprinkled calfskin with gilt symbol of the Farnese on spine, red morocco label with gilt title “VESALII ANATOMIA” on spine with paper shelfmark, edges sprinkled. Provenance: The Parma surgeon and collector Tiberio Delfino (1520–1602), surgeon to Alessandro Farnese; then the Farnese family’s library in Parma; with the marriage of the last descendant, Elizabeth Farnese to King Philip V of Spain, the library moves to Naples and becomes part of the current collection in 1736. Inscription on p. 1, “Tiberius Delphinus parmensis possessor hac nothomie chirurgieq professor”; inscription on f *5v, “Tiberius Delphinus parmensis possessor”; shelfmark of the Biblioteca Farnese “H 69” on spine; shelfmarks on front pastedown. Annotations: An early sporadic reader interested in identifying illustrations, especially the fifth muscle moving the arm, the errors of Galen, and pregnancy. On p. 27, summary note on luxation; on p. 179, identificatory notes next to the explanation, e.g. “F. 2. labrum monens”; on p. 181, “PRIMA” corrected to “QUARTA”; on p. 189, squiggle in top right corner of page; on p. 191, underlinings of the fifth and sixth muscles moving the arms, and corrections to “septimus” and “[…]untus”; on p. 198, the fifth muscle is underlined and corrected to “septimus”; on p. 201, the fifth muscle is underlined and corrected to “septimus”; on p. 209, note next to characters “F, G”, “praesentes musculi in figura dilitus [?]”; on p. 239, the characters copied out next to the illustrations, e. g. “I 4usdeorsum agit”; on p. 293, ink squiggles affecting textblock; on p. 287[387], note “nona galeni […]”; on p. 299[399], note “Pietas maxima Vesalij in Gal.”; on p. 312[412], note “Galeni error”; on p. 389[489], note “falso taxas Galni […]”; on p. 530, underlining of “uteri cervix illis” and note “cur mulieres pregnantes videantur habere angustiores […]”; on p. 649, “vitreus” is corrected to “aqueus”; pagination corrected. Censorship: Name of Oporinus cancelled on colophon and *5r. Bibliography: M. G. Mansi, “Medicina e magia naturale.” in: Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli. De humani corporis fabrica. Testi e immagini di medicina dal VI al XVIII secolo. Napoli: Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli, 2015, pp. 26–27.

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Padova

I/94. Biblioteca antica V. Pinali Call No.: STM.DUCC.IV.F.16 : PINALI 12652 EX 10871 Physical Description: An incomplete copy, frontispiece and frontmatter up to p. 5 damaged and reinforced, last few pages of index heavily damaged, with modern paper replacing a significant part of the pages, some foxing and occasional tearing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle facing right, m3 sheet missing. Not a variant edition. Binding: Seventeenth-century calfskin with decorative leather straps and blind-tooled lines, with fold to cover fore-edge, label “VESALIUS” on front cover, modern endpapers. Provenance: The Jesuits of the Collegio Romano in Rome; then the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale Vittorio Emanuele II in Rome; then the Padova physiologist Virgilio Ducceschi (1871–1952); who leaves his collection to the current collection at his death. Ex-libris “Ex Bibliotheca majori Coll. Rom. Societ. Jesu.” on flyleaf; stamp of “BIBLIOTECA PINALI UNIVERSITA DI PADOVA” on frontispiece; shelfmark on pastedown; stamp of “DUPLUM BIBLIOTHECAE V. E.” on *2r. Annotations: None. Censorship: On *5r, name of Oporinus crossed out. I/95. Biblioteca antica V. Pinali Call No: STM. DUCC.IV.F.17.(VA): PINALI 8424 EX 7952 Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with dampstaining, traces left by metallic clips on pp. 236 and 237. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the head, vascular insert folded once, nervous insert folded twice, vascular insert assembled on both sides, rest of m3 sheet pasted onto page with colophon. Not a variant edition. Binding: Modern vellum binding with folding flap to cover fore-edge, in imitation of the binding of the other 1543 copy at the library, leather strap decorations, binding broken between pp. 170 and 171. On front flyleaf, note “Libro restaurato dai Padri Benedettini di Praglia (Padova) nel 1955.”

Provenance: The Padova professor of surgery Tito Vanzetti (1809–1888); who donates his collection to the current library upon his death. Stamp of “BIBLIOTECA VANZETTI” on frontispiece; stamp of “UNIVERSITA DI PADOVA” on frontispiece. Annotations: An early reader interested in correcting an error in the text, and a modern reader interested in the bones, and the secrets of women. On p. 181, early ink correction of “PRIMA” to “QUARTA”. Pencil annotations in gray and in pink: on p. 43, pencil boxing of the chapter title and the illustration of the inferior maxilla; on p. 155, pink marginal pencil line through first section on the maceration of the bones, and underlining of “suis locis affatim prosequemur”; on p. 156, marginal note “tutti” in pink pencil; on pp. 158 and 159, pink marginal lines; on p. 290[390], marginal line next to the section on the vein from which it is believed that the menstrual blood of virgins emanates; on p. 535, lines next to the section on the female testicles and their wrappings; on p. 547, marginal line at the beginning of the section on dissecting the internal organs; on pp. 548–549, pink marginal lines where the dissection of various internal organs is discussed; pagination corrected in pencil throughout, early ink stars next to the erroneous page numbers from p. 213[313] onwards. I/96. Biblioteca Universitaria di Padova Call No.: A.97.a.6 Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy with tearing, foxing, and occasional stains, vascular insert, m3 sheet, colophon and printer’s mark missing. Nervous insert present after p. 352[452], bound vertically and folded in both directions. Not a variant edition. Binding: Twentieth-century vellum, incorporating earlier, contemporary blind-stamped pigskin front and back covers with religious scenes and floral decorations. Provenance: A certain Daniel Fabricius in the seventeenth century, possibly the German student Daniel Fabricius Dantiscanus, who gains his degree at Padova in 1616; enters the current collection before the end of the eighteenth century. Possessor’s note by Fabricius on frontispiece, “Fabritius sibi et suis […]”; stamp of the university library from the Venetian period on *2r; old shelfmark on front flyleaf. Annotations: On front flyleaf, quote from Cicero’s De officiis, “Cicero Officiorum libro secundo in fine. Sed valetudo

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sustentatur notitia sui corporis et observatione, quae res aut prodesse soleant aut obesse, et continentia omni in victu omni atque cultu corporis tuendi causa praetermittendis voluptatibus”; on p. 12, underlinings and notes “diarthrosij” and “synarthrosi”; on p. 20, identifications of the woodcuts’ parts, with special attention to the sutures; on p. 21, numbered summary note next to the woodcut; on p. 22, identifications of the woodcut’s parts; on p. 67, underlinings and reference to Galen; on p. 169, part of the sentence starting “Deinde omnes” crossed out, marginal note “tabularum respondentia simulachra”, and partial coloring of the historiated initial in black; on p. 170, identifications of the muscle men’s characters by repeating the characters next to the woodcut and copying out its descriptions; on p. 175, summary notes; on p. 181, correction of “PRIMA” to “Quarta”, and very extensive identifications of the woodcut’s characters, by repeating on the side almost every character, and providing a description for each, with lines drawn to original locations, and an additional drawing added; on p. 184, identification of one character in the muscle man; on p. 215, summary notes; on p. 242, partial hand-coloring of the historiated initial, inking the letter “L” in red; on p. 612, identifications of the woodcut of the brain, partly by repeating the character, and partly by identification, with lines drawn to original location; on back flyleaf, handwritten note copying out the text of the colophon.

Palermo

I/97. Biblioteca centrale della Regione siciliana Alberto Bombace Call No.: 4 37.H.24 Physical Description: An unrestored, incomplete copy with some wear, *5 and m3 sheet missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the foot and folded. Binding: Unrestored, contemporary vellum with gilt decorations and gilt title “VESALIUS DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA”. Provenance: The Oratorian Library of Palermo; enters the current collection with the suppression of the religious order in 1866. Inscription of “Ex Bibl. Congr.nis Oratorij Pan.”; stamps of the Oratorians. Annotations: None.

Censorship: Name of Oporinus blacked out and illegible on colophon, inscription “Impressor […]natus”, *5 missing.

Pavia

I/98. Biblioteca Universitaria di Pavia Call No.: Rari G 4 Physical Description: A complete copy with occasional tears, becoming more numerous at the end, skilfully repaired. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the foot and folded, vascular insert facing forwards to pp. 315[415], nervous insert facing back to p. 352[452], m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Restored modern brown plain leather with title “ANDREAE VESALII HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA BASILEAE 1543” on spine, label with shelfmark on spine, modern pastedowns, edges speckled in blue. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: On p. 538, early ink manicule and underlinings in the section where Vesalius argues that menstrual blood accumulates in the veins, and not in the uterus, as it is shown by male patients with hemorrhoids; in pencil, on p. 659[663], pagination corrected erroneously to “662”.

Piacenza

I/99. Biblioteca Comunale Passerini Landi Call No.: (L) P/3.11.011 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some wear, strong worming at the beginning of the volume. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle facing left, m3 sheet missing. On p. 315, part of binder’s waste visible from a printed sheet unrelated to the Fabrica; a small leaf preserved in the index, leaving a trace on the paper. Not a variant edition. Binding: Unrestored, sixteenth-century plain vellum over cardboard, title on spine “Anotomia Andreae Vesalii”, author’s name painted on bottom edge.

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Provenance: The Piacenza writer, literary scholar, mathematician and bibliophile Ferdinando Landi (1778–1853); whose library enters the current collection in 1872. Note “Tiberii Uesi” on p. 1; former shelfmark on front pastedown “P3 Xi. 11.” Annotations: On p. 25, modern pencil squiggles next to the illustration of the bone; chapter numbers added to the header with some regularity, especially after p. 221. Bibliography: Marinella Pigozzi, ed. Il corpo in scena: i trattati di anatomia della Biblioteca comunale PasseriniLandi. Piacenza: Tip.Le.Co, 2005.

and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle, m3 sheet present. Binding: Brown leather, title on spine “A. VESALI FABRICA CORPOR.”, restored by Studio P. Crisostomi in 2007. Provenance: The library of the monastery of San Silvestro al Quirinale in Rome; from which it enters the current collection probably between 1701 and 1704. Stamps “Sancti Sylvestri”; “Biblioteca S. Silvestri”; “Bibliotheca Angelica”. Annotations: None.

I/100. Biblioteca Sala Colonne—Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto Call No.: S A 136

I/102. Biblioteca Casanatense Call No.: O I 2

Physical description: An incomplete copy with some repaired tears and worming towards the end, ink spots affecting the eye, nose and mouth of Vesalius in the portrait on *6v; pp. 163–164 (the first two skeleton men) missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from right and bottom, m3 sheet present before vascular insert. Not a variant edition.

Physical Description: A restored complete copy with some foxing, browning, and smudges, extra-illustrated with Tables I and II of Chrestien Wechel’s Tabulae tres de anatomia venarum et arterium from 1538, *6 bound before *2. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 348[448], bound sideways, vascular insert by the foot and folded, nervous insert by the head and folded, m3 sheet present after vascular insert.

Binding: Contemporary plain vellum with shelfmark “A136” and title “And. Vesalii. Anatome.” on spine, name of “Vesalius” painted on bottom edge. Provenance: The Somascan Fathers of San Maiolo in Pavia; then the Piacenza physician Alberico Montanari (fl. 1810); who donates the volume to the current collection after 1821. On frontispiece, notes “ex libri Collegi Congri Sr. Maiol: Conri Somni Pauiae”, “Joh. Bapt. Parfx [??] F. d.” Annotations: On p. 1, early ink squiggles; ink note “P.35” on back pastedown. Censorship: The name of Oporinus crossed out in the colophon.

Rome

I/101. Biblioteca Angelica Call No.: SS. 14.5 Physical Description: A complete copy with minor browning. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412]

Binding: Early quarter vellum with modern cardboard, label “ANDREAE VESALII Anatomia” written on spine. Provenance: Unknown. On frontispiece, oval “H C C” stamp. Annotations: On p. 7, hand-drawn box; on p. 27, note “6:no:47”; on p. 533, note “La Torre 1901” where the substance of the fundus of the uterus is discussed; on p. 534, “X” next to the printed marginalia; handwritten reference to Galen on Table I of Wechel. On back pastedown, tipped-in restoration report from 2004. Censorship: On *5r and in colophon, “IOANNI OPORINO” and “IOANNIS OPORINI” crossed out in ink and covered in red. I/103. Biblioteca dell’Accademie Nazionale dei Lincei Call No.: 1543 Lincei 144.G.4. Physical Description: A complete copy with minor worming and minimal mold, ink spots on some of the muscle men.

192 Binding: Eighteenth- or nineteenth-century plain brown leather, with gilt motifs on spine and label “VESALII DE HUM. COR. FABRICA”, fore-edge speckled red, marbled endpapers. Provenance: At the current library at least since 1784. On frontispiece, stamp “BIBLIOTH: CORSINIA VETUS” and stamp “BIBLIOTHECA” with wolf; various illegible possessors’ notes. Annotations: Sporadic notes not necessarily related to the text, and a modern note on Calcar and Vasari. On *2r, the number “125” written next to the word “simias”; on p. 211, ink squiggles around the woodcut. On front flyleaf verso, crossed-out shelfmarks and note “Le tavole di questo libro furono intagliare da Giovanni di Calcar Scolare di Tiziano e furono vintagliare in rame dal Valvedere. Vedi il Vasari tom. II. cart. 429. Lo scesso Vasari tom. III. cart. 394. delle ediziona del 1760 dice, che anche I disegni di queste Anatomie sono dello stresso [?] Calcar. Forse per questo alcuni ascrivono i disegni al suo maestro. Vedi la nota ai detti luoghi del Vasari.” I/104. Biblioteca Interdipartimentale di Scienze Odontostomatologiche e Organi di Senso—Sapienza Roma Call No.: PRF 38 Physical Description An incomplete copy with some worming at the end of the volume, inserts heavily torn and repaired, printer’s mark missing, colophon removed and pasted onto last page of index. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from top, bottom and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Extra-illustrated between pp. 28–29 with a sheet of the Vesalian skeleton man from Bonaveri’s edition of the Notomie di Tiziano, with printed inscription “Ticianus inventor et delineav.” Binding: Early calfskin with gold-tooled frame on covers and gold-tooled decorated spine and label “ANDREAE VESALII DE HUMANI CORPORE BASILE 1543.”

1543 Editions

callout in text and trimmed marginal note “Error …” where Vesalius criticizes Galen on the superior maxilla; on p. 44, summary note where Vesalius claims, against Galen, that the inferior maxilla consists of one bone, and not two; on pp. 62–63, summary notes and passage crossed over, disagreeing with Vesalius’ claim that humans have necks because of their lungs, arguing that, instead, it is because of the larynx; on p. 225, crossed out passage and reference to Galen’s and Hippocrates’ opinions on the foramina of the septum; on p. 348[448], where Vesalius attacks Galen about the relationship between sensation and muscular control in the nerves, extensive comment summarizing their differences; on p. 378[478], summary note next to the illustration of the female reproductory organs; on pp. 514– 515, extensive comment and underlinings, explaining Galen’s reasons for his claims on the kidneys’ position, concluding “ergo ruditer intelliget Galenum Vesalius”; on pp. 516–517, further underlinings and short, trimmed note; on p. 518, underlining next to the passage on foetal urine; on p. 521, underlining where the testicles’ wrappings are discussed; on pp. 580 and 587, further underlinings; extensive underlinings in index of the terms “arteriae tunicae peculiaris”, “arteriae cur pluribus tunicis”, “in arteriarum ac venarum serie”, “cordis caro cuiusmodi”, “cordis neruulus”, “cordis pulsus”, “renis fascia quid”, “renum tunicarum..”, “uirginalis dicta uena”, “uteri fundus […] ”; illegible word on the margin next to the entry “uteri muliebris cornua.” I/105. Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma Call No.: 55.10.I.6 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some worming, browning and minor dampstaining, *5–*6 and vascular insert missing. Nervous insert present after p. 352[452], bound sideways by the head and folded, m3 sheet present after p. 312[412]. Binding: Seventeenth-century vellum, with label on spine “Vesalij de Human: Corpori Fabrica”.

Provenance: Unknown. Enters the current collection in the early twentieth century.

Provenance: Unknown. Stamps of the Biblioteca Nazional Centrale on frontispiece and throughout, incl. all the muscle men.

Annotations: Contemporary ink annotations focusing on differences between Galen and Vesalius, often defending Galen. On p. 1, summary annotations and underlinings, focusing especially on feeling in the teeth; on p. 39,

Annotations: An early, primarily ink-using annotator interested in reproduction, sexual differences, Galen’s errors and other topics. On *3v, underlining where Vesalius mentions Galen’s errors; on p. 26, underlining where

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Aristotle’s views on sexual difference in the skull’s sutures are discussed; on p. 71, underlining of “gibbosi vertebris” where old age and the spine are discussed; on p. 511, underlining and marginal line where Vesalius discusses the connections of the spleen and the stomach; on p. 531, reference is added where Albertus Magnus’ views on the chambers of the uterus are discussed, “Alberti magni repressio de uteri cellulis”, and note further down “unica uteri est cauitas”, and marginal line and highlights where Vesalius discusses how the connection between the vessel carrying female semen and the uterus is not visible in women who do not suffer from involuntary flow of semen; on p. 536, underlining where the veins and arteries of the uterus are discussed; on p. 537, underlining where Vesalius claims that women’s semen is damper and colder than men’s and therefore women have less lust; on p. 580, underlining of “Gallicus morbus”; on p. 589, underlinings, partly in red pencil, where Vesalius discusses if the heart’s septum is perforated; on pp. 634 and 635, underlinings where the brain’s ventricles are discussed; underlining of index term “hermaphroditorum species, cur non etiam recenseantur”; pagination corrected from 592 to 529.



Terni

I/107. Biblioteca Comunale di Terni Call No.: 86022 Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with some dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Late twentieth-century plain calfskin. Provenance: Enters the current collection in 1885. Inscription “Jo. L.[…] v. Cratij” on frontispiece; partially torn stamp “VS [?]”; oval stamp of the Biblioteca Comunale di Terni from 1928; old inventory stamp. Annotations: None. Bibliography: Maria Chiara Leonori, Tra i gioielli dell’Umbria : le cinquecentine della Biblioteca comunale di Terni. Manziana: Vecchiarelli, 1994.

Censorship: Name of Oporinus crossed out and inked over on colophon, *5–*6 missing.



I/106. Biblioteca Universitaria Alessandrina Call No.: Rari 303

I/108. Biblioteca civica Attilio Hortis Call No.: S.C. 4-261

Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some browning and dampstaining, m3 sheet missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the foot and folded.

Physical Description: A restored, complete copy, frontispiece, vascular insert and colophon mounted on modern paper. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically, vascular insert folded from the top and right, nervous insert folded from bottom and the right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition.

Binding: Modern vellum, rebound by “Legatoria, R. Salvarezza, Via Valp[…] 55, Tel 825.823. ROMA”, as stated by note on back pastedown. Provenance: Francesco Maria II della Rovere (1549–1631), the last duke of Urbino; whose collection becomes the founding element of the Biblioteca Alessandrina in 1666. Annotations: Sporadic early ink and pencil notes. On *3v, marginal lines and underlinings where Galen is criticized and where Vesalius explains why dissections are beneficial; on *4r, underlinings where the illustrations are discussed; errata corrected on p. 54.

Trieste

Binding: Restored, plain eighteenth-century vellum. Provenance: A certain Alessandro Allori, probably the Florentine painter Alessandro Allori (1535–1607);7 enters the current collection in the second half of the nineteenth century. Erased note of ownership on frontispiece; on last page of index, note “D’ Alles: Allori”; nineteenth-century

7  We thank Monique Kornell, Lia Markey and Rick Scorza for discussing Allori’s ownership.

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library stamp of “Biblioteca civica di Trieste” on frontispiece, *1 and p. 101. Annotations: On p. 17, at the head of chapter V on the skull, summary note in Latin and Italian “seu caluariae instar oblongae sphaerae cioè in guisa d’uno […]onato extuberans gonfiore”.

Vatican

I/109. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana Call No.: Cicognara.VIII.366 Physical Description: A complete copy with minor dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the foot, and folded twice, m3 sheet present. Binding: Early blind-stamped brown morocco with floral decorations. Provenance: The Venetian aristocrat, art writer, and president of the Accademia delle Belle Arti Count Leopoldo Cicognara (1767–1834); acquired by the current collection in 1824; Vatican stamps throughout incl. all the muscle men. Annotations: On p. 181, “PRIMA MUSCULORUM TABULA” is corrected to “QUARTA”. Bibliography: The Digital Cicognara Library. https://cicognara.org/catalog/366

Venice

I/110. Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana Call No.: 221 D 20 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with some worming and tearing, occasional spotting, and foxing in the last few pages. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle facing left, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Bound with the Epitome. A variant edition. Binding: Contemporary gold- and blind-stamped calfskin with some patches, with gilt inscription “AND.

VESALII ANATOME” on top of front cover, “THOMAS” on bottom front cover, “AND. VESALII EPITOME” on top of back cover, “RAVENAS” on bottom back cover, Rangone’s coat of arms with eagle with spread wings on top of a helmet, letters “T” and “R” at the side, title “Vesalii De Humani Corpor. Fabric.” on spine, label with shelfmark on spine. Provenance: The Venice physician and earlier Padova professor Tommaso Rangone (1493–1577); the Capuchins of Venice, enters the current collection before 1860. Eighteenth-century inscription on frontispiece “Venetiarum Capuccinorum” and “Capuccinorum Venetiarum”; oval stamp “BIBLIOTECA NAZIONALE D. S. MARCO VENEZIA”; old shelfmarks “Ant 24947”, “Old 78124”, “24947” and “XXXII.6” on front pastedown. Annotations: On p. 538, early brown ink manicule calling attention to the censored text of the monk’s mistress, underlining the censored sentence. Censorship: On p. 538, the anecdote of the monk’s mistress censored, “diuo Antonio hic” crossed out but still legible, rest of the sentence underlined; modern pencil squiggle on back pastedown. I/111. Università Ca’ Foscari Fondo Storico di Ateneo Call No.: Antichi 11.A.19 Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy, vascular insert missing, with some spotting, dampstaining and wear. Nervous insert present after p. 352[452], m3 sheet present after p. 312[412]. Binding: Somewhat worn seventeenth-century full vellum on board, gilt title on spine “Vesalius DE HUM. CORP. FABRICA” and old shelfmark “5881”. Provenance: Acquired in 1868. Stamp of the library of the “R. Scuola Superiore di Commercio” (the predecessor of the current university); shelfmark on frontispiece “Scaf.8.g”; old shelfmark “5881” and label of current university on spine. Annotations: An early ink annotator interested in differences with Galen, the muscles, and with personal observations made during dissections. On p. 7, summary notes; on p. 9, note “impugnatio dictor. Gal.”; on p. 27, summary

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note on the epiphysis in children; on p. 163, names added to the hand bones of the skeleton man; on p. 181, “PRIMA” corrected to “Quarta”; on p. 191, numbering the dorsal muscles in the explanation of the muscle man’s characters, “dorsi I” “dorsi II”; on p. 193, note again “dorsi I”; on p. 206, naming of several muscles in the leg in the illustration of the muscle man with lines drawn towards the exact place; on p. 212, naming of several muscles with lines drawn towards the exact place in the illustration of the leg’s muscles; on p. 263, note “contra” where Vesalius attacks Galen; on p. 269, note “contra” where Galen is attacked; on p. 272, underlinings and names on the side, and summary note in the chapter on the muscles moving the scapula; on p. 291, note on personal observation confirming Galen that “at ego septi duo tantum foramina non semel ex[…] anatome conspexi”; on p. 299, repetition of the numbers on the margin of the muscles discussed; on p. 238[338], summary note; on p. 552, summary note; on p. 644, identificatory notes added with lines drawn in in the illustrations of the eye; underlinings or marginal lines on pp. 302–303, 309, 247[347], 281[381], 551.

Vicenza

I/112. Biblioteca Civica Bertoliana Call No.: 156729 Physical Description: A complete copy with minor foxing, browning, and dampstaining affecting the last pages, tears on pp. 83–84, 215–216; a seed between pp. 128–129. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the foot and folded twice, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Modern cardboard, binding coming apart between pp. 168 and 169. Provenance: The Vicenza lawyer and bibliophile Giovanni Maria Bertolo (1631–1707); whose bequest becomes the foundational core of the current collection in 1708. Pencil shelfmark and raised stamp of “BIBLIOTECA BERTOLIANA COMUNALE DI VICENZA” on frontispiece; old shelfmarks on front flyleaf. Annotations: On p. 324[424], early ink note “Nerui visorij sunt perforati sententia Galeni in 4 de locis affectis cap. 2. G.”

Japan

Higashi-Osaka

I/113. Kindai University Physical Description: A heavily damaged copy with restricted access.

Hiroshima

I/114. Hiroshima University of Economics Library Call No.: Natural Science 25, A Genealogy of Knowledge Physical Description: A restored copy with some foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways, m3 sheet present. Not a variant edition. Binding: Restored, plain vellum. Provenance: The early seventeenth-century Genua physician Hieronymus Venerosius; entered the current collection in 1994. Faded possessor’s note on frontispiece, “Hieronymus Venerosius”. Annotations: On p. 181, “Prima Musculorum Tabula” is corrected to “Quarta”.

Kyoto

I/115. International Research Center for Japanese Studies Library Call No.: Physical Description: A complete copy. On p. 534, the printed marginal notes are torn and glued back onto the page. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways, vascular insert by the foot, nervous insert by the head, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary plain vellum with ties, label “Vesalius” on spine.

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Provenance: The Berkeley professor of anatomy Herbert McLean Evans (1882–1971); sold to the Denver Medical Society in Denver, CO, in 1930; auctioned off by the New York dealer Swann in 1975; and acquired by the Japanese dealer Yushodo in Tokyo; sold to Kodansha soon afterwards; and stored at the Nihon Ko-igaku Shiryo Senta; acquired by the Noma Research Archives for Science and Medicine; transferred to the current collection in 2003. Annotations: On p. 87, pencil note in English next to the seventh figure of the pectoral bones, “This me.”; Errata corrected on p. 54. Bibliography: Tatsuo Sakai, Explanatory Note for Andreas Vesalius, Fabrica, and Epitome.

Nara

I/116. Tenri University Call No.: 491-12. Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with minor worming. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways and folded. Binding: Rebacked, contemporary brown calfskin over wood, gilt label on spine “VESALIUS DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA”. Provenance: The Los Angeles cardiologist Myron Prinzmetal (1908–1987); the Tokyo bookstore Maruzen; which sells it to the current collection in 1999. Stamp of Tenri Central Library; ex-libris of Prinzmetal. Annotations: None. Bibliography: K. Segawa, “Vesalius’ De humani corporis fabrica.” Biblia: Bulletin of Tenri Central Library 115. Tenri: Tenri Central Library, 2001, pp. 132–141.

Niigata

I/117. Nippon Dental University Call No.: Physical Description: A confirmed copy, no further information available.



Tokyo

I/118. Keio University Call No.: 142X@62@1 Physical Description: A repaired copy with some wear and tear. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: A rebound volume, edges painted red. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: A few handwritten annotations, a longer annotation on p. 493, several pages with manicules. I/119. Meiji University Library Call No.: 091.3/622//H Physical Description: A complete copy with minor tears and foxing, the illustration of the tenth muscle man is damaged. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from right and bottom. Not a variant edition. Binding: Modern brown calfskin. Provenance: Unknown. Note on last page of index, “ex libris Nicolai Debleucourt”; Japanese stamp on back cover. Annotations: Extensive annotations in the beginning and then restarting on p. 495, updating the volume with the text of the 1555 folio edition. On p. 36, note “comme p. 47”, referring to the same woodcut on p. 47; on p. 47, note “comme p. 36”, referring to the same woodcut on p. 36; on p. 520, marginal line and note at the beginning of chapter, “haec omnia suppressa 2a editio”; updates of the 1555 text on pp. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 18, 19, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 507, 509, 511, 512, 511[513], 515, 516, 518, 519, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 543, 544, 545, 546, 547, 550, 551, 553, 554, 555, 557, 558, 570, 571, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576, 577, 578, 579, 580, 581, 583, 584, 585, 586, 587, 588, 589, 590, 591, 592, 593, 595, 598, 599, 601, 603, 622, 623, 624, 625, 626, 628, 629, 632, 633, 634, 635, 636, 637.

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I/120. Tokyo Medical and Dental University On loan to Kyushu National Museum Call No.: 469 H 9046 6

Mexico

Physical Description: A complete copy with some worming in front. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle facing right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition.

I/122. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Facultad de Medicina Biblioteca Dr. Nicolás León Call No.: V-V-5 611.09 VES A. 1826

Binding: Worn leather.

Physical Description: Present in the library in 1996, currently missing.

Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: An early reader who corrects a number of little-known typographic errors, familiar with Greek. On p. 1, phrase added about the teeth; on p. 181, “PRIMA” corrected to “Quarta”; on p. 272, summary note “saluatella”; on p. 367[467], decimae “quintae” corrected to “quartae” and decimae “sextae” corrected to “quintae”; on p. 385[485], Greek words transliterated in the section on the peritoneum, e. g. “protoniom”; on p. 494, typographical error corrected; on p. 522, where the testicles are discussed, every tenth line numbered on the page “10”, “20”, etc.; on p. 579, Greek word copied out in singular; term “saluatella 273” added to index, pagination corrected. Online: https://www01s.ufinity.jp/tmdu/?page_id=633 I/121. Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences Call No.: 2F 特別書庫保管 Physical Description: A complete copy with occasional spots, worming and dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], vascular insert folded from top, bottom, and right; nervous insert folded to the verso from top, bottom, and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Modern leather. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: On p. 570, marginal line next to the first three lines. Online: http://libnews.bus.toyaku.ac.jp/kikobon/anatomy/ jintai.htm



Mexico City

Bibliography: Ana Cecilia Rodriguez de Romo, Arnulfo Irigoyen Coria, and Ma. Teresa Hernández Sánchez, Tesoris de la Biblioteca Histórica Doctor Nicolás León. Mexico City: UNAM Facultad de la Medicina, 1996, cat. no. 316.

Puebla

I/123. Biblioteca Palafoxiana Call No.: 41391 Physical Description: A complete copy with some water damage and foxing, tears on pp. 206 and p. 345[445]. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and cropped, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Unknown. Provenance: The library Colegio de San Juan in Puebla, established in 1646; which becomes the Biblioteca Palafoxiana. Possessor’s note on *2r, “L del Colegio de San Juan de la Ciudad de Los Angeles”. Annotations: Extensive marginal annotations and underlinings in a sixteenth-century hand, probably by a medical professional or a student of medicine, some of which are only partially legible because the book was later trimmed. All annotations serve to provide cross-references to relevant sections in the works of Galen, Colombo (only in Books I–II), Fallopio (only in Books I–II) and Valverde de Amusco. These references become systematical in Books V–VII, where they offer references at the beginning of practically every chapter to the relevant passages in Galen’s De usu partium and in Valverde. Especially interesting are

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the annotations on p. 12, where the reader of the diagram of bone types directs us to “lege tabulam Realdi Columbi Cremonensis li. P.[?] de ossibus c. 3.”; on p. 34, where reference is made to Fallopio’s correction of Vesalius relating to the number of auditory bones “Falo. fo. 39 usq. 49.”; the underlining on p. 149, highlighting Vesalius’ disagreement with Galen; and the extensive underlinings on pp. 305–321 in the chapter on the muscles of the fingers. Marginalia on pp. 1, 12, 18–19, 30–32, 34, 219, 231, 258, 280, 307, 215[315], 315[415], 385[485], 396[488]–389[489], 494, 498, 504–505, 509, 511, 514, 517, 519–520, 523, 527, 529, 537, 539–540, 543, 569–570, 572, 574–75, 578, 583, 585–86, 588, 591, 593–95, 622, 624, 627–628, 632–633, 636–640, 642–643, 646, 649– 650; underlinings and marginal lines on pp. 26, 58, 83, 149, 305–312, 215[315], 258[358], 318[418], 322[422]–326[426], 396[488]–494, 510, 512, 584, 625, 632–633, 636–637, 642–643. Online: http://en.palafoxiana.com/digital_docs/

The Netherlands

Amsterdam

I/124. University of Amsterdam Library Call No: OTM: 1391 A12 Physical Description: A complete copy with some foxing and water damage throughout, repaired tear on p. 168. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], vascular insert bound vertically and folded in three directions, nervous system bound, m3 sheet present.

Binding: Modern leather with gilt frames and goldstamped decorations on spine, label on spine with title and author in green and red. Provenance: A certain Simon Panthof; the Nederlands Maatschappij ter Bevordering der Geneeskunst, which is established in 1849; and becomes part of the Amsterdam City Library in 1855; which becomes the current library in 1877. Ex-libris Simon Panthof on frontispiece; illegible possessor’s note at the bottom of frontispiece; rectangular stamp of Nederlands Maatschappij ter Bevordering der Geneeskunst at the verso of frontispiece. Annotations: An early reader with some interest in hemorrhoids and Galen. On *3r, repetition of the word “imperitissimis” where Vesalius discusses his education in Paris; on *3v, underlining and note “Gale. non dissecuit humanum” where Vesalius discusses the topic, and marginal line where Vesalius mentions the book will be of use even to those who cannot participate in dissections; on *5r, illegible marginal note next to first sentence on Stopius; on p. 1, several words added to sentence on teeth, such as “iste” and “Separimet”, underlining and marginalia where the sensitivity of bones is discussed, e.g. “ossa affici videatur dolore”, “periostea”, “annij ex parte”, and note “repleta” over the word “oppleta” at the beginning of the next chapter; on p. 4, numerous underlinings and brief marginalia, e.g. “modo” over the word “neutiquam” where the cartilage’s material is discussed, “inquies substantia, sunt cartilagine”; on p. 44, note “hoc falsus” where Vesalius claims that the maxilla is made of one bone, contra Galen; on p. 196, note “index: medius mediens et cunicularis” on page next to sixth muscle man; on p. 238, note “tarsus cartilago palpebrae dicitur” where the eyelid’s muscles are discussed; on p. 235[335] where the ninth muscle

Figure 89 The possessor’s note of Nicolaes Tulp on the front flyleaf. I/125. Amsterdam: Special Collections, University of Amsterdam Library. Call No.: OTM: 974 A 13.

1543 Editions

moving the tibia is discussed (contra Galen), note “nota”; on p. 266[366] where the portal vein’s distribution is discussed, underlining and note “venae portae ramus […] ventriculum”; on p. 289[389], note “Haemorrhoides e cava ortae”; on p. 347[447] where the fifth nerve is discussed, note “series id est ordo”; on p. 495, in chapter on omentum, underlinings and annotations “De mulieribus obesis” and “peritonij ortus”; on p. 538, where menstruation is discussed, note “historia”, extensive underlinings and note “fluxus haemorrhoidum e ramis venae portae fieri potius quam venae cauae”. I/125. University of Amsterdam Library Call No: OTM: 974 A 13 Physical Description: An incomplete copy in excellent condition, repaired tear on p. 292, Vascular sysem missing. Nervous system insert present after p. 352[452], bound sideways by the foot, and folded in the middle, m3 sheet present after p. 312[412]. Binding: Early twentieth-century marbled calfskin with author and title in gilt letters on red on spine, note “D. Rühl boekbinder Amsterdam” on modern pastedown. Provenance: A certain Theodor Sernal [?]; the Amsterdam physician Nicolaes Tulp (1593–1674); then the Bibliotheca Amstelodamensis, before 1668; which becomes the current library in 1877. Listed in the Catalogus Biblioth. Amstelodamensis in 1668, stamp of “Bibliotheca Amstelodamensis” and possessor’s note of “Theodorus Sernal [?]” on frontispiece, *6r, and on last page of index; note “Nicolai Tulpii” on front flyleaf. Annotations: On front flyleaf, in early ink, “finis hominis Deo frui”; on *5r, double pencil marginal line where Vesalius discusses the importance of illustrations; on p. 511[513], pencil cross where Vesalius discusses what the spleen injects into the stomach; on p. 658, pencil line where Vesalius discusses the pulse.

Enkhuizen

I/126. Librije Westerkerk Enkhuizen Call No.: F 160 Physical Description: A complete copy. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312 and 353, bound sideways by the foot,

199 and folded, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Restored, contemporary calfskin with blindtooled portraits on the covers, missing clasps, medieval parchment manuscript binder’s waste preserved, identified as a fragment of an 11th-century Italian copy of Gregorius Magnus’ Homiliae in Ezechielem, I, Homilia X. Provenance: Bought at auction in Antwerp by the Enkhuizen town physician and politician Petrus Franciscus Maelson (1638–1602[?]); the widow of Petrus Franciscus Maelson; who donates the volume to the current collection in the early 1600s. Inscription on front flyleaf, “Sum Francisci Petri Maelsonij Enchusani Medici, Emptus Antuerpiae in auctione”; inscriptions on frontispiece “Sum Francisci Petri Maelsonij Enchusani Medici, nec muto Dominum”, “Ex donatione viduae D. Petri Francisci Maelsonij”. Annotations: Early annotations and underlinings, probably not in the hand of Maelson, structuring the text by underlining several passages on the same page, and connecting these underlined passages with ink lines crossing through the rest of the text, with a strong interest in Galen, and reference to personal observation. Note on front flyleaf in Maelson’s hand, quoting from “Matthiolus lib. Primo. Cap. Xci. Commentariorum in Diosc.”: “Nec desunt praeterea hoc tempore, qui radicem illam, quam alij Cinam, alij Chinam vocant, Guaiaco praeferant, etsi Vesalius admirabilis humani corporis fabricae profesor oppositum senserit”; note by Maelson on frontispiece “Dum vita, spes est”. On p. 240, structured underlining and note on vision; on p. 299[399], summary note; on p. 317[417], a comparison of Galen’s and Vesalius’ views on sensation and muscular control in the nerves; on p. 324[424], summary of Galen’s views on the nerves for vision with a diagrammatic picture of a geometrical object, a pair of eyes, and the brains, with the nerves crossing over, drawn in hand; on p. 348[448], where Vesalius attacks Galen on sensation and muscular control in the nerves, long summary note contrasting Galen’s opinions in his different works; on p. 507, summary note on how blood is made; on p. 510, comment on where the bile enters the intestines; on pp. 546–547, comment where Vesalius claims that menstruating women cannot lactate; on p. 562, next to the illustration of the heart, comment with line connecting it to one of the holes of the heart, “obseruaui hac parte, qua iungitur aortae descendenti vena haec, meatus in arterias, quas arteriae substantia, longitudine, transuersi pollicis”; on p. 601, comment on the arteria magna;

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Figure 90 Binder’s waste now preserved separately from the volume. I/126. Enkhuizen: Librije Westerkerk Enkhuizen. Call No.: F 160.

further structured underlinings on pp. 290, 323[423], 504, 521, 522, 641. Bibliography: A. Brinkerink, Catalogus van de Boekerij in de Westerkerk te Enkhuizen (“Bibliotheca Enchusana”). Enkhuizen, 1909, p. 160; Index variorum insignium librorum, tam historicorum, medicorum, juridicorum, quam theologicorum, qui servantur in bibliotheca Enchusana. Enchusae: typis Johannis a Giessen, 1761; R. P. Zijp, De Librije van Enkhuizen. Exh. cat. Enkhuizen: Vereniging Oud Enkhuizen, 1991, pp. 45–47.

Leeuwarden

I/127. Tresoar Call No.: 442 Ntk fol. Physical Description: An unrestored, incomplete volume with some dampstaining, pp. 347[447]–356[456] missing.

Vascular insert present after p. 312[412], bound vertically and folded, nervous insert and m3 sheet are missing. Not a variant edition. Binding: Unrestored, seventeenth-century blind-tooled vellum, with central arabesque lozenge and tooled borders, remains of clasp. Provenance: Entered the collection of the University of Franeker to replace the 1555 copy stolen in 1644, first mentioned in the catalog of 1691; and present there until 1843; entered the collection of the Provincial Library of Friesland in 1852, renamed in 2002 as Tresoar. Possessor’s note “H. B.” Annotations: None. Bibliography: L. S. Wierda, Armamentarium totius sapientiae. Een arsenaal van alle wetenschap. De Franeker academiebibliotheek in the zeventiende eeuw. Leeuwarden: Ljouwert, 2005, p. 248; Steeno and Biesbrouck, “Stolen and Lost Copies of Vesalius’s Fabrica.”

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Leiden

I/128. Leiden University Library Bibliotheca Thysiana Call No.: Thysia 1622 Physical Description: A complete copy, tear on pp. 185/186. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from top, bottom and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped vellum with central lozenge, frames and fleurs-de-lys in corner of frames, with green ties, shelfmarks pasted on spine. Provenance: The Leiden lawyer Johannes Thysius (1622– 1653); whose bequest becomes the current collection in 1653. Inscription on frontispiece “Sum. Joan. Thysij.”; oval stamp of “BIBLIOTHECA THIJSIANA” on frontispiece recto and verso. Annotations: None. I/129. Leiden University Library Special Collections Call No: 1042 C 10

piece of paper inserted; in index, modern piece of paper laid in where Galen is listed.

Utrecht

I/130. Utrecht University Library Call No.: M fol 92 (Rariora) Physical Description: An incomplete copy with occasional foxing, *6 missing, facsimile pages of Cushing’s Bio-bibliography (pp. 79–81) inserted between *5 and p. 1, offset ink on p. 163 next to skeleton man, stain on p. 328 [428]. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically, folded from bottom and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Once bound together with the Epitome, also preserved in Utrecht under separate shelfmark M fol 92 Lk (Rariora), as indicated by the spine and the size of the now straightened folds in the trimmed Epitome. Binding: Modern mottled paper on cardboard with modern endpapers, gilt floral decorations, gilt title on spine “AND: VESAL: DE FABR: H: C: ET EPITOM”. Provenance: Enters the library collections between 1608 and 1670. Round stamp of “Academia Rheno-Traiectina” on frontispiece.

Provenance: Stamp of Leiden University Library on frontispiece and fore-edge “ACAD LUGD”.

Annotations: An early sporadic reader interested in the secrets of women. On *3v, pencil marginal line where the book’s contents are discussed; on p. 383[483], underlining where the nodes of the umbilical vessels are discussed, from which midwives predict the number of future children; on p. 531, ink underlining and marginal note where white menstruation is discussed, “alba menses”; on pp. 536–537, underlining and marginal note “irritamenta libidinis” where the excitation of enlarged labia is discussed, and further underlinings where the reasons for the vagina and the seminal vessels are discussed; on p. 538, underlinings where Vesalius discusses where menstrual blood flows from, and his dissection of a prostitute in Paris.

Annotations: None. On p. 287, modern fragment of a sheet inserted with ink writing “dilatantes Tertius qui.”; on p. 239, where the femur’s muscles are discussed, modern

Online: http://objects.library.uu.nl/reader/index.php?obj =1874-210647&lan=en#page//11/79/79/117979830911457282 094503935763844514092.jpg/mode/1up

Physical Description: An incomplete copy in excellent condition, with repaired tears on frontispiece and pp. 63/64. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the foot and folded twice, m3 sheet missing. Not a variant edition. Traces of extra printed text from another sheet on p. 55. Binding: Mildly restored, blind-stamped seventeenthcentury vellum, with a central lozenge and frames, rebacked, title “A. VESALIUS, De humani corporis FABRICA” on spine, with shelfmarks.

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Norway

Oslo

I/131. University of Oslo Medical Library Call No.: UMED SmagGSHana Barcode: 02qc00026 Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Early, worn, gold-stamped calfskin. Provenance: The Dutch Johannes Demostenes ab Ens, fl. c. 1600, who acquires it in Rome; acquired by the current collection on June 6, 1883. Oval stamp “Univ. Anat Samling Christiania 6 Jun 83” on frontispiece; label “A.308” on frontispiece, old shelfmarks in pencil on front pastedown; name “Johannes Demostenes Ab Ens Em[…] Romae” on frontispiece. Annotations: A not too early annotator, working in pencil and in ink, who is interested in issues of nomenclature, especially related to the bones and the muscles, as well as in the heart’s workings and the brain. Pencil notes on *2r, long marginal line; on *2v, *3r, *3v, *4r, numerous marginal lines and underlinings; on p. 26, numerous marginal lines where the skull and the sutures are discussed; on p. 30, marginal mark where the softest part of the skull is discussed; on p. 56, question mark where Colombo is mentioned; on p. 83, underlining and marginal line where Pliny is cited; on p. 85, underlining and marginal line where the naming of the coccyx and the sacrum is discussed; on p. 103, marginal line in the discussion of the clavicle; on pp. 105–106, underlining and marginal lines where the inferior part of the humerus is discussed; on p. 107, marginal line where Aristotle is criticized; on p. 110, underlining where the ulna and the radius are defined; on p. 126, marginal line where the albadaran ossicle is discussed from which humans will be resurrected during the last judgment; on p. 128, underlining where the Greek names of the ilium and other bones are discussed; on p. 150, underlining where the nomenclature for the feet’s parts is discussed; on p. 595, marginal line where the reason for the heart’s position is discussed; on p. 596, underlinings and marginal lines where the heart’s veins

and arteries are discussed; on p. 597, marginal lines where systole and diastole are discussed; on p. 598, underlinings where the ventricles are discussed; on p. 599 marginal line where Plato is mentioned; on p. 622, underlinings where the vital spirit is discussed; on p. 623, marginal lines where the vital spirit, the brain’s ventricles and imagination are discussed; on p. 628, underlining and marginal line where the brain’s parts are listed; on p. 629, underlining where the cerebrum and the cerebellum are discussed; on p. 630, marginal lines where the brain’s dissection is discussed; on p. 635, underlining where the fourth ventricle is discussed; ink notes on p. 21, where the sutures are illustrated, added Latin names “rhambdoidea sutura”, “sagittalis sutura”, “squamosa sutura”; on pp. 171–173, where the characters of the first muscle men are explained, longer note on the flexor and modern terms are added, e.g. “Myloyoideus”, “Sternoyoideus”, “Coracoyoideus”, “Cucullaris, Trapezius”, etc.; on pp. 176–177, 179–180, 182–183, 185, modern terms added to the explanation of the muscle men’s characters; on p. 181, “PRIMA” is corrected to “QUARTA.” Pencil note on front pastedown, “Mit vielen Holzschn.” Censorship: “Basilaeae” struck out on frontispiece and in colophon, “Ioannis Oporini” struck out in colophon.

Poland

Wrocław

I/132. Ossolineum Call No. XVI f. 13820. Physical Description: A complete copy with some dampstaining, especially at the end of volume, and some repaired tears, major tears in front matter. Bifolium inserts repaired and present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically, and folded from top, right and bottom, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary blind- and gold-stamped calfskin by the Kraków bookbinder Master David, from probably between 1543 and 1547, with name “ANDR[…] VESALIUS” on front, with floral and arabesque decorations, top and middle right of front cover missing and supplied in modern leather during restoration in 1972, with modern endpapers.

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Provenance: The Polish king Sigismund August II (1520– 1572), who probably acquires it before 1547; the Polish queen Anna Jagiellonka (1523–1596); who gives this volume in 1586 to her physician Sylwester Roguski (d. 1602, active in Warsaw in his later years); the Stanisławowo librarian and politician Wincent Smagłowski (1806–1883); who donates the volume to the Ossolineum in Lemberg in 1873; which then moves to Wrocław, through Kraków, during WWII. Note on frontispiece “Datus est mihi doctori Sylvestro […] Reginam Polonia[e] Annam 1586.”; note at the back “Staraniem Wincentego Nowińczyka Smaglowskiego, Biblioteki Dyrektora i Archiwisty, miasta królewskiego Stanisławowa, wydobyte i przesłane Zakładowi Narod. im. Ossolińskich a Orędownictwa J. Oś. X. Lubomirskich we Lwowie, dnia 19 czerw. 1873.”; round stamp of “BIBLIOT. OSSOLIN” on last page of index; oval stamp of “BIBL Z. N. IM. OSSOLINSKICH” on *2r and printer’s mark; marks of earlier ownership pasted onto modern flyleaf, mostly illegible, as well as printed note “v. Sebenitz”; stamp 64.611 on frontispiece; Polish pencil note on frontispiece verso, noting that the frontispiece was preserved separately at the Biblioteka Warszawkiego Towarzystwa Muzycznego, and then presented to the Ossolineum when it was realized it belonged to the same place (the two were separated probably in the twentieth century). Annotations: Date “1543” written in ink on frontispiece. Bibliography: Sidorowicz-Mulak and Wagner, “Dzieło Vesaliusa w oprawie Mistrza Dawida.” I/133. University of Wrocław Call No.: 2 D 300 Physical description: A complete copy with extensive liquid damage coming from the spine, affecting the whole book, but especially the first half, with some old repairs, heavily torn along old repairs. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically, vascular insert folded from bottom and twice from the right, nervous insert folded from bottom and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Some filaments stuck to page on p. 300, the labia of the vagina are hand-colored on p. 381[481]. Binding: Early blind-stamped calfskin with arabesque decorations and central lozenge, old shelfmarks on spine. Provenance: The von Rhedigersche Stadtbibliothek of Wrocław before 1865; which becomes integrated in the

Stadtbibliothek in 1865 and then in the current collection. Shelfmark “2d300” on front pastedown; round stamp of “v. Rhedigersche Stadt-Bibliothek zu Breslau.” on frontispiece verso; round stamp of “BIBL. UNIV. WRATISL.” on frontispiece verso and printer’s mark; round stamp of “BIBL UNIW WROCLAW” on last page of index; shelfmark “l. i. 363447” on frontispiece verso. Annotations: A reader interested in the sexual organs, as well as the bladder for yellow bile, and the brain. On p. 31, ink note, written after volume had been damaged, adding the missing printed marginalia from the inner margin; on p. 511, early brown ink note in chapter on the bladder for the yellow bile with reference to Galen and Colombo at line 6, “Sic Columbus et alia qdam aĩanti[…] vesicula carent. Gal. de atra bile”; on p. 532, underlining of sentence “Galenum ne per somnium quidem muliebrem uterum unquam inspexisse”, on p. 622, underlining of sentence on brain “uiscera per dedicatos sibi canales omnibus”, and at bottom “vitalis autem spiritus”; on p. 623, underlining of “animalis portio tertio.” Trimmed early ink note on frontispiece, ending “… spes est cognitionis.”

Portugal

The Autonomous Region of the Azores

Ponta Delgada I/134. Instituto Cultural de Ponta Delgada Call No.: Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with minor water damage, marginal tears and worming. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from right, vascular insert missing the half after the fold, m3 sheet bound after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Early mottled calf, gilt covers and spine richly decorated. Provenance: The Azorean historian and politician Francisco de Ataíde Machado de Faria e Maia (1876–1956); who donates it to the current collection in 1945; presumably in his family library at least since the beginning of the nineteenth century. The characters “β ξ ϕ” handwritten under the frontispiece.

204 Annotations: Extensive sixteenth-century annotations that show probably the closest and most innovative engagement with the text in the whole census, by a student of the Granada surgeon Rodrigo de Molina (fl. 1550s), with references to personal observations of dissections of humans and monkeys, extensive discussions of Molina’s preference for Galen over Vesalius on particular points, and paying special attention to the comparative anatomy of apes and humans, referring to a variety of sources. On p. 2, summary notes and longer note on the defense of Galen; on p. 7, summary notes and internal reference, “has scapulae appendices lege xxi. cap. hu[…] liber”; on p. 8, extensive notes on the processes, with the reader taking Galen’s side; on p. 9, notes on Galen’s defense with notes on Molina’s take on the Vesalius-Galen debate; on p. 11, note of differences with Aristotle, with reference to Aristotle; on p. 12, corrections; on p. 13, summary notes, and comment on Vesalius’ inconsistency about voluntary motion, with internal references to Book II chapter 43; on p. 15, marginal lines, summary notes, and comment “Galeno magis credendum est libro de ossibus ex ueterum sententia longe […] gynglimon vertebrarum explicante”; on p. 17, “anterior” corrected to “posterior”, marginal lines, and summary notes; on p. 26, underlinings, and note “non video qua ratione pericranio occurreret […] qui inter pericranio et os media repperitur membrana periostion”; on p. 27, underlinings, summary notes and internal references to the relevant figures; on p. 28, marginal lines, summary notes, and note of disagreement with Vesalius; on p. 29, underlinings, summary notes, reference to Sylvius, and note “et ita galeni descriptio […]”; on p. 32, marginal lines and extensive notes on the cuneiform bone, noting differences with Galen, and references to Molina; on p. 33, underlinings, summary notes, and addition of handdrawn illustration to the woodcuts; on p. 35, long, trimmed critical note on Vesalius; on p. 42, underlinings, summary notes, and reference to Galen; on p. 52, marginal line and note “Aristoteles taxatur”; on p. 53, underlinings, marginal line, and note “foraminis 6 notati meminit galenus de […] sectione, er[…] Rufus ephesius horum me inquit”; on p. 63, note “miror cur hoc Vesalius […]” where Vesalius discusses Galen, and further notes and underlinings; on p. 70, underlinings, marginal lines, and reference “pare inquit Galenus libro de ossibus”; on p. 73, underlinings, marginal lines, summary notes and reference to Galen; on p. 81, underlinings, marginal lines, correction of typographical error and reference to Galen; on p. 83, underlinings, marginal lines, summary notes and note “vellem […] legisset Sylvius”; on p. 88, underlinings, marginal lines, summary notes and note “Aristotelis error”; on p. 89, underlinings,

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marginal lines, summary notes and note “Aristotelis error”; on p. 93, reference to Celsus on the pectoral bone, and heavily trimmed note on Rodrigo de Molina, and his opinions of Galen and Vesalius; on p. 94, marginal notes, marginal lines, and a long, trimmed reference to Molina; on p. 107, underlinings, marginal lines, summary notes, and next to Vesalius’ discussion of Galen, trimmed note “Rodericus granatensis defendebat […]”; on p. 118, reference to Galen; on p. 121, underlinings, marginal line, and long note next to the discussion of the bones of the fingers, “Deffenditur Galeni sententia […] de usu partium a Roderico capite […] sui libri, quod galenus nunquam dixerit ossa digitorum medullae […] esse […]”; on p. 123, underlinings, marginal lines, summary notes and summary of Molina’s opinions; on p. 145, summary note and reference to Galen’s discussion of the same topic, “huius similitudinis […] Galeni 3 de usu partium”; on p 147, marginal lines and note “huius rei ratione reddit galenus 3 l de partium usu”; on p. 150, long marginal note on Galen; on p. 184, note next to the muscle man; on p. 192, character sigma copied out on the side and identified; on p. 209, note next to characters “F” and “G”, “in figura he due littere non depinguntur [..] sub tertio […]”; on p. 221, underlinings, marginal lines, and notes on the nerves and the muscles, reproaching Vesalius and his inconsistencies, such as “Certe erras immo intendine, illud […]” and “Rodericus tamen granatensis conten[…] accusat Vesalium, quod qua […] libro capite 14 dixerit ex quin […] brachium subeunte […]”; on p. 222, further long notes on Molina, such as the one starting “mihi non placet sententia Vesalij, quod […] neruis in substantia in musculi non […] sed ratio Roderici hac in parte […] mihi persuadet […]”; on p. 232, underlinings, summary notes, and references to Galen and Aristotle; on p. 233, underlinings, marginal lines, summary notes and reference “de placitis Hypptis et Platonis”; on p. 238, extensive note on the palpebra, filling up much of the page, discussing Galen’s and Vesalius’ differences, and Molina’s take on these; on p. 243, marginal lines, reference to Galen, and summary notes; on p. 250, marginal lines, summary notes, and note “nec possunt mea sententia ossis hyoidis tertius et quartus recte administrari qui hi musculi maxillam inferiorem moventes prius administrentur”; on p. 253, marginal line and reference to Avicenna; on p. 255, marginal lines, underlinings, summary notes, manicule, and long discussion of Molina; on p. 265, marginal lines and references to Galen; on p. 266, marginal lines, summary notes and reference to Galen; on p. 283, underlinings, marginal line, long note on Molina, as well as note “pugnatus galenij con.”; on p. 285, underlinings, marginal lines, summary notes, and note on how the

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reader performs dissections “ita ego solitus sum exercere ut ex utroque administrandi modo […]”; on p. 290, underlinings, marginal lines, summary notes, and long, trimmed note; on p. 291, marginal lines, summary notes, and reference to Galen; on p. 292, marginal lines, summary notes, and reference to Galen; on p. 296, underlinings, marginal lines, summary notes, and note on the fifth muscle, noticing that the woodcut does not correspond to the description; on p. 302, underlinings, marginal lines, summary notes, and, at the beginning of the chapter, note, “Immo musculo Rodericus prebat [?] usum ut recta flecteret brachiale ignorant sectione musculi”; on p. 303, underlinings, marginal lines, marginal notes, and note of personal observation, “profecto pluries vidi hic […] deesse non raro […] tendinem a brachial […]”; on p. 309, underlinings, marginal lines, summary notes, and reference to Montanus; on p. 218[318], marginal line, long note on the opinions of Molina, and reference to Galen; on p. 231[331], underlinings, marginal lines, summary notes, note on Galen and on Molina’s opinions; on p. 238[338], long note on Molina’s opinions, “Rodericus reprehendit Vesalium […]”; on p. 239[339], manicule, reference to Galen, and summary notes; on p. 243[343], underlinings, marginal lines, summary notes, and note “quamobrem mea sententia ante qu[…] octauus est secandus et ad[…]”; on p. 281[381], underlinings and note starting “in xonodoctuo [?] Valentino anno 1556 vigesima tertia die octobris […] secare simiam […] inueni ex vena caua prius […] dextram auriculam alt[…] ramum oriri qui supra arteriam venalem […]”; on p. 284[384], note on Molina, and his opinions on Vesalius and Galen; on p. 307[407], note on Molina, and his opinions on Vesalius and Galen; on p. 316[416], long note on Molina, and his opinions on Vesalius; on p. 318[418], note next to the brain’s woodcut, “hec figura nimis deseruit his que quarto capite libri vii pertractantur”; on p. 323[423], long note on Molina; on p. 494, underlinings, marginal lines, summary notes, reference to Galen, and note of personal observation, starting “anno 1557 serui simiam feminam cuius ommentum eundem, quem Vesalius illi […]”; on p. 503, long note on Galen and Vesalius and Molina’s opinions; on p. 507, underlinings, marginal lines, summary notes, and reference to Fuchs, “ridiculus sane hac in parte est leonartus fuchsius re de causis morborum capite penultimo”; on p. 523, reference to personal observation during a dissection in 1556; on p. 582, reference to personal observation during dissection, “anno 1559 suspensum hominem secui, cuius pulmo toti interne thoracis cauitati et […] connascebatur praedictis partibus media membrana succingente vehementissimi connexus […]”; further, shorter summary and evaluative notes,

corrections of typographical errors, underlinings, and/or marginal lines, often expressing disagreement with and suggesting corrections to Vesalius on pp. 1, 3, 4, 5, 10, 14, 16, 19, 30, 31, 39, 40, 41, 43, 51, 54, 56, 59, 65, 69, 71, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 82, 84, 90, 91, 92, 97, 103, 105, 106, 111, 113, 114, 117, 120, 125, 126, 135, 141, 149, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159, 161, 199, 205, 207, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 234, 237, 239, 240, 241, 242, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 251, 252, 254, 259, 260, 261, 462[262], 263, 264, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 274, 275, 276, 277, 279, 281, 282, 286, 287, 288, 289, 294, 295, 287[297], 288[298], 299, 300, 301, 305, 307, 308, 310, 311, 312, 213[313], 219[319], 220[320], 221[321], 222[322], 223[323], 227[327], 228[328], 232[332], 233[333], 234[334], 235[335], 236[336], 237[337], 240[340], 241[341], 242[342], 244[344], 245[345], 246[346], 247[347], 248[348], 249[349], 250[350], 251[351], 255[355], 256[356], 257[357], 259[359], 261[361], 264[364], 265[365], 267[367], 272[372], 276[376], 277[377], 279[379], 283[383], 285[385], 287[387], 289[389], 294[394], 303[403], 309[409], 310[410], 320[420], 322[422], 326[426], 339[439], 342[442], 344[444], 345[445], 348[448], 349[449], 383[483], 384[484], 385[485], 386[486], 396[488], 389[489], 390[490], 495, 496, 497, 499, 500, 504, 505, 508, 509, 510, 511, 511[513], 514, 515, 516, 517, 518, 519, 525, 526, 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 535, 536, 538, 541, 542, 544, 546, 547, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558, 569, 571, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576, 577, 578, 579, 580, 581, 583, 584, 585, 586, 587, 588, 589, 590, 592, 593, 595, 597, 598, 599, 600, 601, 610, 615, 622, 623, 624, 625, 627, 628, 629, 631, 632, 633, 634, 635, 636, 637, 639, 640, 641, 647, 648, 649, 653, 654, 656, 657, 660, 659[663]; further references to Aristotle, with underlinings, marginal lines, and other notes on pp. 545, 591; further references to Galen, with underlinings, marginal lines, and other notes on pp. 306, 230[330], 387[487], 391[491], 502, 527, 626, 630; further corrections of typographical errors on pp. 257, 258.

Coimbra

I/135. Universidade de Coimbra Biblioteca Geral Call No.: 4 A-21-14-1 Physical Description: A restored, and incomplete copy, frontispiece, *2, *6, colophon and printer’s mark missing, *5 bound before *2, with some moulding, dampstaining, worming, and foxing, repaired tear on pp. 85/86. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the foot, vascular insert bound facing forwards to

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p. 315[415], m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Seventeenth- or eighteenth-century sprinkled calfskin, gold-stamped spine with floral decorations and label “ANDREAE VESALII”, paper label with shelfmark on front cover. Provenance: Unknown. Stamp of “BIBLIOTECA UNIVERSITATIS CONIMBRIG” on *3r, on bifolium inserts, m3 sheet, and on last page of index. Annotations: A learned reader with an interest in Ancient authors, who is familiar with Varro’s relevant works, can rely on personal observation, and also exhibits a certain licentiousness. On p. 52, marginal annotation “Aristot.”, where Vesalius contradicts Aristotle’s claim that there is no passage from the ear to the brain; on p. 94, marginal line where Vesalius castigates physicians and apothecaries who sell fake bones from a stag’s heart to cure heart diseases; on p. 162, the chapter number “LX” is corrected to “XL”; on p. 242, annotation where Vesalius mentions people who can move their ears, addition “Guilliermus Rascolonus Rutenus genis liberali, & Christophorus […]”; on p. 261[361], inconsequential squiggle; on p. 317[417], underlining and marginal dots where Vesalius mentions the three purposes of nature with the nerves; on p. 374[474], ink spot at the top of the penis, as if it was representing emanating sperm; on p. 500, where Vesalius attacks Galen’s description of the caecum, and its Greek name, quote from Varro’s relevant discussion on its name in De lingua latina, “fundulum a fundo, [quod non] ut reliquas partes ex sola apertum, ab hoc τυϕλον εντερον [apella]sse”; on p. 511[513], correction of page number, and summary notes “Arist.” and “Gal.” where Vesalius discusses their opinions on the spleen’s use and function; on p. 549, underlinings where Vesalius discusses how the eight muscles of the abdomen should be dissected, as if to emphasize the correct order; on p. 534, marginal line where Vesalius mentions that he is not going to discuss the multiple errors of Galen about the brain’s ventricles.

Porto

I/136. Municipal Library of Porto Call No.: Fundo Primitivo X-13-3 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with some dampstaining and foxing, worming on spine, tear

on frontispiece. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], vascular system bound sideways in the middle, nervous system bound vertically and folded, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Unrestored, eighteenth-century Portuguese sprinkled calfskin with gold-tooled spine. Provenance: The Oratorian Monastery of Porto until 1834; enters the Real Biblioteca Pública da Cidade do Porto after 1834. Possessor’s note on frontispiece “Congregação do Oratório do Porto”; oval stamp of “REAL BIBLIOTECA DO PORTO” on last page of index; ex-libris of “Bibliotheca Portuensis” on front pastedown. Annotations: Illegible phrase on page with printer’s mark.

Romania

Cluj

I/137. Lucian Blaga Central University Library Call No.: Physical Description: An incomplete copy with heavy dampstaining, frontispiece, *2–*5 missing, top half of vascular insert missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], the remaining half of the vascular insert bound sideways by the foot, and does not need to be folded, nervous insert bound sideways in the middle facing right; m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with floral decorations and religious figures and scenes, such as “FIDES” or “ECCE VIRGO CONCIPIET”, binding partly broken. Provenance: The Innsbruck medical professor Franz Holler (fl. 1700); the German anatomist Carl Gegenbaur (1826–1903), who acquired the volume during his Jena professorship between 1858 and 1873; then the Transylvanian National Museum’s Zoological Cabinet in Cluj; then the current collection. On front pastedown, note “Francisci Holer Med. Doctoris”, “Kob. Vienna via [?] Augustin[…]”, ex-libris of “Professor Carl Gegenbaur JENA”; on *6v,

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stamp of “AZ ERDÉLYI NEMZETI MÚZEUM ÁLLATTÁRA KOLOZSVÁRT”; blacked-out possessor’s note on printer’s mark. Annotations: An early reader who is interested in the explanation of characters of the woodcuts, and makes internal references between these explanations and the longer discussions of the organs in the main text, referencing Galen, Aristotle, and Mundinus. On p. 26, summary notes and note “contra Aristotelem”; on p. 32, summary notes with reference to Galen; on p. 43, extensive summary notes on the inferior maxilla; on p. 44, summary notes, such as “Galenus falso dixit maxillam inferiorem non unicum esse os”; on p. 46, extensive summary notes on the teeth, with reference to Aristotle; on pp. 50–54, extensive summary notes on the skull’s foramina; on p. 57, summary notes and correction of typographical error; on p. 106, reference to Aristotle, summary notes, and underlinings; on p. 145, extensive summary notes, and references to Galen’s and Aristotle’s false opinions on the feet’s bones; on pp. 175–176, extensive summary notes in the explanation of characters, with internal references to the pages where each organ is described in more detail; on p. 181, “PRIMA” corrected to “QUARTA”; on p. 198, summary notes in the explanation of characters, with internal references to the pages where each organ is described in more detail; on p. 207, summary note in the explanation of characters, with internal reference; on p. 233, summary notes and reference to Mundinus; on p. 462[262], internal reference to p. 170; on p. 264, internal references back to pp. 170 and 174; on p. 287, summary notes, underlinings, and internal reference; on p. 302, internal reference back to p. 170; on pp. 304–305, extensive summary notes on the muscles of the hand, with internal reference back to p. 170; on pp. 214[314]–219[319], summary notes and internal references to pp. 170, 174, 190 and 197, often referencing the character in the illustration; on p. 224[324], summary notes and internal references; on p. 257[357], summary notes with reference to the Epitome; on p. 281[381], summary note on venesection; summary notes and underlinings on pp. 2, 3, 6, 7, 12, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 28, 29, 36, 37, 38, 45, 47, 48, 49, 56, 58, 95, 96, 99, 103, 104, 105, 106, 146, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 179, 185, 232, 234, 238, 243, 244, 248, 249, 266, 267, 277, 278, 281, 289, 312, 221[321], 222[322], 223[323], 261[361], 264[364], 265[365], 266[366], 267[367], 269[369], 270[370], 271[371], 279[379], 317[417], 339[439], 355[455], 356[456], 357[457], 359[459], 371[471], 375[475], 376[476], 386[486], 493, 494, 496, 497. 504, 506, 507, 508, 510, 511, 512, 511[513], 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 569, 585, 605, 606, 607, 608, 609, 610, 611, 612, 613, 614, 615, 616, 617, 618, 619, 620, 621, 649.

Russia

Moscow

I/138. Russian State Library Museum of the Book Physical Description: An incomplete copy missing the colophon and the printer’s mark, some words blurred, potentially as a result of a printing error, on p. 592. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], folded from top, bottom and right, m3 sheet present. Handcolored frontispiece with black borders, hand-colored initial on *2r and on last page of index, partially colored illustrations of the dorsal medulla on p. 232[332], the vena cava on p. 268[468], the bifolium inserts and the m3 sheet. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with multiple frames, floral and allegorical decorations, name of “PETER VON HAUSEN / CHIRURGUS” on front cover, traces of clasps. Provenance: A certain surgeon Peter von Hausen; then a member of the Nuremberg Besler family, possibly Basilius Besler; the Leopoldina in Halle; after 1945, the Lenin Library in Moscow, the predecessor of the current library. Name of von Hausen on binding; ex-libris “Insignia Besleriana” with coat of arms on flyleaf; Leopoldina call no. in pencil on flyleaf; rectangular stamp of the Lenin Library; canceled oval stamp of “Leop. Carol. Deutsche Akademie d. Naturforcher” on *2r. Annotation: A sporadic reader interested in the illustrations. On p. 268[368], characters pencilled in the illustration of vena cava, with lines pointing out their location in the image; on p. 273[373], pencil underlining where the characters in the illustration of the vena cava are explained “sinistri trunci magnae illius super os sacrum bipartitionis”. I/139. Russian State Library Museum of the Book Call No.: Physical description: An incomplete copy with some water damage, pp. 1–2 missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically, folded

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from right and bottom, m3 sheet present. Not a variant edition. Binding: Modern leather on board, worn, without decorations. Provenance: Unknown. On frontispiece, stamp of overlaid letters “S, I, X”; stamp of Lenin Library on p. 41 and on back flyleaf. Annotations: A sporadic reader interested in bones, especially the skull, as well as the liver, annotating the vascular insert, as well. On p. 3, underlinings where the bones’ foramens, their sensitivity and other characters are discussed, covering much of the page; on p. 18, extensive underlinings where Vesalius discusses the skull, and the five illustrations of the skull, correcting the reference to Galen from Lib. 7 to 8, and adding “cap. 5”, as well as a summary annotation; on p. 19, extensive underlinings where the illustrations of the skulls are discussed; on vascular insert, pasted-in paper to replace damaged paper and text with handwritten “μ Varicosum corpus, ipsaq: adeo uena arteriae uaria et admirabilis implicatio”; on p. 508, several underlinings where the sanguificatory power of the liver is discussed. On front pastedown, basic cataloguing information, and in Cyrillic, mention of Calcar and Stopius; date “1543” added in pencil on frontispiece.

St Petersburg

I/140. National Library of Russia Call No.: NLR 4.19.1.1 Physical Description: A complete copy with some dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped calfskin, torn, and with parts missing, with floral decorations and portraits, traces of clasps. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: On p. 383[483], underlining where Vesalius discusses how midwives predict the number of future children with the help of the umbilical vessels; on p. 505, underlining where Vesalius discusses how the liver is hidden

in the middle of the body. Pencil mark “70” in upper corner of m3 sheet.

Slovakia

Dolny Kubin

I/141. Bibliotéka Čaplovičiana Call No.: X / 166. Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy in good condition with some dampstaining affecting the first thirty and last twenty pages of the volume, minor tear affecting the bottom of folios *1–*6. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the foot, facing right and folded three times, flap anatomy assembled from m3 sheet, rest of m3 sheet inserted at the colophon, colophon severely trimmed and pasted onto the cut-out part of the m3 sheet. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped half calfskin with geometrical decorations and modern cardboard, visible fragments of medieval parchment manuscript used to reinforce spine. Shelfmarks “D” “Z” painted over spine, label with title “De humani corporis fabrica” and shelfmark pasted on spine. Provenance: The Pharmacy Library of the Society of Jesus in Bratislava (abolished in 1773), purchased by the Bratislava collector and archivist Vavrinec Čaploviċ (1778–1853), probably before 1824; and donated by him to the current collection in 1839. Possessor’s note “Ex Libris Bibliothecae Apothec. Societ. Jesu Posonij” on frontispiece. Annotations: An early reader interested in contemporary anatomy and the muscles. Early ink underlinings on pp. 263–266, 282–289, 305–214[314], 317[417], 385– 387[485–487], and marginal annotations in the same ink, frequently illegible. On p. 265, marginal numbering of the four muscles moving the arms, and summary annotation on muscular differences between monkeys and humans; on p. 282, long summary note on the rectal muscles in monkeys and humans; on p. 287, numberings of the muscles moving the thorax; on pp. 305–214[314], numberings and summary notes of the muscles moving the fingers, on p. 307[407], marginal summary note on the use

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of the muscles; on p. 317[417], reference to Hippocrates where the nerves’ role in tactile feeling is discussed; on pp. 386[486]–387[487], extensive notes on the peritoneum, its use, and Galen’s treatment of this topic. Bibliography: Ján Smetana and Jozef Telgársky. Katalóg tlaċí 16. storoċia v Čaploviċovej Knižnici v Dolnom Kubine. Martin: Matica Slovenská, 1981, pp. 256–257, entry 1323.

Spain

Barcelona

I/142. Real Academia de Medicina de Cataluña Call No.: B-RAM 1–113 Physical Description: A complete copy with dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle facing right, m3 sheet present before vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Leather. Provenance: The Barcelona physician and historian of medicine Luis Comenge y Ferrer (1854–1916), a member of the Real Academia de Medicina; who donates the volume to the current collection. Stamp “donativo de Dr Comenge”. Annotations: An early reader working in ink, interested in venesection and generation, familiar with Hippocrates, Galen, and Fuchs, notes heavily trimmed. On p. 89, underlining and marginal line where sexual difference in the number of ribs is discussed; on p. 257[357], underlining and marginal note with reference to Fuchs, “sit naturalis spiritus […], nec dum conuenit […] at lege fuchsi […] medicina li[…] cap. 2. qui […] at opiniones”; on p. 267[367], marginal note “in laterali morbo de[…] venam brachii […] referre, existima […] huius sententia: qual […] satis […]”; on p. 278[378], underlining where Galen is mentioned; on p. 283[381], reference “nihil interesse exis[…] cap. 5 libri huius in […] litteris venam […]”; on p. 514, underlining and reference added to the Venesection Letter, “de vena secanda […] quod iam lib. 3. prius […]”; on p. 521, heavily trimmed summary note on the testicles; on p. 530, note on the shape of pregnant abdomen, with reference to Galen

and Hippocrates, starting “dextra uteri parte […] in sinistra […] Hipp. Aphoris […] aphorismas in […] rationes […]”; on p. 531, summary note “vulgaris error”; on p. 532, note “non ex pluribus […] duntaxat concubitu […]”; on p. 533, underlining and marginal line where the size of the uterus is discussed; on p. 538, underlining, marginal line and “nota” sign where menstrual flows are discussed; on p. 545, note “de virorum mamill[…]”. I/143. Universitat de Barcelona CRAI Biblioteca de Reserva Call No.: 07 XVI-3901 Physical Description: An unrestored, incomplete copy with some worming and dampstaining, frontispiece missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded vertically, m3 sheet missing. Not a variant copy. Binding: Unrestored, sixteenth- or seventeenth-century vellum. Provenance: The Dominican convent of Santa Caterina of Barcelona; enters the current collection in 1835. Brand of the convent of Santa Caterina of Barcelona on fore-edge. Annotations: None.

Madrid

I/144. Biblioteca Nacional de España Call No.: R/34024 Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition with a hole on p. 162, ink stains on pp. 286[386], 327[427] and 537. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the foot and folded, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Twentieth-century cloth with shelfmark “R 34024” on spine, marbled pastedowns. Provenance: Unknown. Two stamps of the Royal Library on frontispiece, pp. 1 and 77; old pencil shelfmarks on front flyleafs. Annotations: A sporadic reader interested in semen and the internal organs. On p. 97, marginal line where Vesalius

210 compares the pectoral bone to a sword; on p. 385[485], underlining of “ex ore itaque per stomachum cibus” and marginal line where Vesalius discusses what he will explain in that book; on p. 493, underlining of “Porro ventriculus” and marginal line next to the discussion on the function of the stomach; on p. 528, marginal line where Vesalius discusses how the involuntary flow of semen causes ulcerations; on p. 529, marginal line where Vesalius discusses the history of a friend with two passages at the tip of his penis. Censorship: Note on frontispiece, “Expurgado con arreglo al Indice expurgatorio de 1790”; on p. 538, the anecdote of the monk’s mistress is blacked out. Online: http://bdh-rd.bne.es/viewer.vm?id=0000011661& page=1 I/145. Universidad Complutense Biblioteca Histórica Call No.: BH FG 1126 Physical Description: A complete, heavily trimmed copy with some dampstaining, repaired tear on *2, heavy inkspots on p. 109, but otherwise in good condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from top, bottom and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary plain vellum with label “A. VESA­ LIUS DE HUMANI CORPORIS BASILAE 1543” on spine. Provenance: A certain physician Carolus Cantonus. Note “ex libris Caroli Cantoni” on frontispiece; “Ex. Lib. Caroli Cantoni MD” under printer’s mark. Annotations: A reader interested in Aristotle, variation in the bones, the practice of dissections, and the uterus. On p. 1, erased annotation; on p. 26, several underlinings where Vesalius discusses the skull’s sutures, and criticizes Aristotle; on p. 27, underlinings and note where Vesalius discusses age-related variation in bones, “notat. de luxatione in p[…]”; on p. 284[384]; note related to the illustration of the distribution of the external jugular vein, writing “AMUS” next to the printed “PRI”; on p. 385[485], summary note where the peritoneum’s names are discussed, “syphac Arab.”; on p. 550, marginal line where the shape of the uterus is discussed; on p. 547, underlinings where Vesalius discusses private and public dissections;

1543 Editions

pp. 549–550, underlinings where Vesalius discusses how to dissect the abdomen’s muscles; on p. 552, underlinings where Vesalius discusses what to observe when the liver is dissected. Pagination corrected in pencil on p. 237[235].

Salamanca

I/146. Universidad de Salamanca Biblioteca General Histórica Call No.: BG/12545 Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with some dampstaining and foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways and folded from left to right, m3 sheet present before the vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Modern vellum on board from 1998. Provenance: Unknown. Trimmed possessor’s note of “Soy de Lorenço Lo[…]”; old shelfmark “Num. 33 Caj. 5 numº 1”; ex-libris of the current collection with shelfmark “33-5-3”. Annotations: A sporadic reader interested in Galen and venesection. On p. 181, “PRIMA” is corrected to “QUARTA”; on p. 233, reference to the Galen passage that Vesalius disagrees with, “contra Gal. 4 de anat […]”; on p. 267[367], references to Galen, with a note on melancholy; on p. 283[383], notes on venesection, “obserua axilarem secandam in […] reimis ceruicis affectibus. Qu[…] ex humeraria quidam insignis […] huc fuit?”, and “obserua in pectoris quam plur […] tibus secandam humerariam […] omoplatae”.

Valencia

I/147. Real Colegio Seminario de Corpus Christi Call No.: SJR(A)/45 Physical Description: A complete copy with some worming, frontispiece and vascular insert heavily worn, repair on p. 625. Bifolium inserts present, bound sideways and folded, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Restored early vellum.

1543 Editions

Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: On p. 30, cryptical marginal note, “cor.lis sarture / inventio ex ma- / nu”. Censorship: On the colophon, the printer’s name is inked out, then covered with a piece on paper.

Zaragoza

I/148. Universidad de Zaragoza Fondo Antiguo Call No.: 77-1 Physical Description: A complete copy with spotting, *6 bound before *2. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from top, bottom, and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Provenance: Unknown. Note “Agueada” and shelfmarks “R/294” “/80BS” “1209” on frontispiece; oval stamp of “UNIVERSIDAD BIBLIOTECA ZARAGOZA” on frontispiece, p. 253[353], and last page of index. Binding: Unknown. Annotations: A systematic early reader working in Latin and Spanish, also familiar with Greek, interested in identifying the illustrations, making references to Hippocrates and Galen, and using internal references. On *6v, under Vesalius’ portrait, text copied out “ocyus iucunde et tuto” as well as a list of synonyms “figura / imago/ delineatio / icon / similitudo / stampas / debuyo / forma / pittura / tabula / typus / […]”; on *2r, “fastidiosam” is written above “morosam”, parentheses added at several locations, summary notes in Greek and Latin on the importance of “victus / medicamenta and chirurgia”, and Greek note over the phrase “Medici munere”; on *2v, underlinings of names and locations, parentheses added; on *3r, underlinings of names and locations, parentheses added; on *3v, underlinings of locations, of discussion of Galen’s never having dissected humans, marginal note “perpendenda in qq particula” where Vesalius discusses the particularities of the human body, and marginal numberings where the seven books of the Fabrica are listed, parentheses added throughout; on *4r, underlinings throughout, Greek annotations “Epitome” and “autopsia” where the Epitome and the importance of autopsy are discussed, parentheses

211 added throughout; on *5r, underlining of “sculptore”; on *5v, underlinings of geographical locations; on p. 2, underlining of “brachii” in the caption to the bones of the arm, and underlinings of lists; on p. 3, note “fol. 40” where Vesalius discusses sensation in the bones, underlinings and parentheses throughout; on p. 4, underlining; on p. 7, underlinings where the teeth and the femur are discussed; on p. 9, underlinings, and summary addition of Greek term on margin, as well as note “brachii luxatione”; on p. 11, word written in text; on p. 12., word “jungunt” added next to the table; on p. 13, underlinings and marginal note “circ. vis. motus”; on p. 15, marginal word “femur” added; on p. 16, summary word “dentes”; on p. 17, underlining and “anterior” corrected to “posterior”; on p. 19, summary word “sonus”; on p. 20, note next to the woodcut “tabulae laminae squame diploa”, underlinings, and note on Galen; on p. 21 note next to the woodcut referring to the superior maxilla; on p. 25, underlining of the word “cuneiforma” and “cribri instar”, and summary words next to the woodcut “cuneiforme” and “cribriforme”; on pp. 26–27, underlinings; on p. 28, marginal lines; on p. 29, underlinings and marginal word “concha”; on p. 30, underlinings and summary note “cauterium coronalis”; on p. 31, lines separating words, and summary note “jugale os”; on p. 32, underlinings, marginal line and summary phrase; on p. 33, underlinings and summary note; on p. 35, underlinings; on p. 36, identification of the woodcut; on p. 39, marginal lines; on p. 41, underlinings and marginal lines; on p. 45, underlinings, marginal lines, and internal reference “fol 3” where sensation in teeth is discussed; on p. 46, phrase added to the text and underlinings; on p. 47, underlinings, and identifications of the skull such as “anterior caluarie pars” or “canis captis superior maxilla”; on p. 48, identifications of the woodcuts, e.g. “basis calvariae inferij externa” and summary note on nomenclature; on p. 49, identification of the woodcut, phrase added to text, and internal reference to “fo 21” and “fo 23”; on p. 50, trimmed note and numberings on side; on p. 51, continued numberings on the side, and summary note “gallico morbo”; on p. 52, underlinings, trimmed note and continued numberings; on p. 53, continued numberings; on p. 54, continued numberings and underlinings; on p. 55, underlinings; on pp. 57– 59, underlinings; on p. 60, identifications of the woodcut, e.g. “occiput” or “prima uertebra”; on p. 61, underlinings and marginal lines; on p. 62, underlinings and summary notes such as “collum”; on p. 63, underlinings and note “colla longitudo”; on p. 64, underlinings and phrase added to text; on pp. 65–69, underlinings; on p. 71, underlinings and identifications of the woodcuts, e.g. “vertebra thoracis”; on p. 73, underlining; on p. 76, marginal note “os sacrum”; on p. 80, underlinings, summary notes, and

212 identifications of the woodcuts “sacro” and “coccix”; on p. 81, summary note and underlinings; on p. 82, summary note “nerui”; on p. 83, underlinings, summary notes and internal reference “fo. 76”; on p. 84, underlinings; on p. 85, underlinings, phrase written in text, Greek word copied out, summary note “Galenus in simijs exercitus” and reference to Hippocrates; on p. 86, identifications of the woodcuts, e.g. “torax” and internal reference added to the skeleton men “fo 163”; on p. 87, identifications of the woodcuts; on p. 91, underlinings and summary word in Greek; on pp. 92–93, underlinings; on p. 94, identifications of the woodcuts; on p. 95, underlinings, added clarification “in secunda” to specify which woodcut’s characters are explained, and letters “m” on the margins; on p. 96, underlinings, identifications of woodcuts, and summary notes, such as “motores scapule”; on p. 97, underlinings; on p. 98, marginal lines and word added to text; on p. 101, identifications of the woodcuts; on p. 102, underlining; on p. 104, identifications of the woodcuts and underlinings; on p. 105, underlinings and marginal word “sinus” repeated several times; on p. 106, underlinings and summary words such as “sinus”; on p. 107, underlinings and summary word “contradictio”; on p. 108, identification of the woodcut “huesos del codo derecho” and underlinings; on p. 109, underlinings; on pp. 111–113, underlinings; on p. 114, word added to text; on p. 115, underlinings and identification of the woodcuts, “huesos dela mano”; on p. 117, underlinings; on p. 118, “tertium” corrected to “secundum”; on p. 119, “voluerit” corrected to “noluerit” and underlinings; on p. 121, underlinings and identifications of the woodcuts, with a character highlighted; on p. 127, underlinings and identification of the woodcut “hueso sacro derecho”; on p. 128, word added to the text; on p. 129, marginal cross; on p. 130, marginal cross, underlinings, marginal word “partus” and word “setta” written next to “sedes”; on p. 132, underlinings; on p. 134, marginal lines; on p. 135, underlinings and marginal lines; on p. 139, marginal lines; on p. 141, underlinings; on pp. 145–147, underlinings; on p. 149, underlinings and marginal numbers “27” “26”; on p. 151, identification of the woodcut “arteria aspera”; on p. 152, identification of the woodcut; on p. 155, word written in text; on pp. 157–158, underlinings; on p. 159, marginal lines, word written in text, and summary note “pes”; on p. 162, underlinings and numbers of the bones “20” and “ccciiii”; on p. 163, internal reference next to the woodcut “fo. 192”; on p. 170, notes next to the woodcut “glandule” and “16 figure”; on p. 171, underlinings and summary note; on p. 181, “PRIMA” corrected to “Quarta”; on p. 190, identification of the organ in the woodcut; on p. 191, underlinings; on p. 198, note next to the explanation of character “R”, “in ii figura L”; on p. 199, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 201,

1543 Editions

note next to the explanation of character L “in xiii figura”; on p. 203, note next to the muscle man “musculorum inspectio”; on p. 208, note next to the woodcut “musculos poster.”; on p. 217, underlining; on p. 219, identifications of the woodcut; on p. 237[235], note, next to “serra”, “denterir [?]”; on p. 236, underlinings and word added to text; on p. 237, underlinings; on p. 239, identification of the woodcut “musc. de los oios”; on pp. 242–245, underlinings; on p. 251, “septimum” corrected to “quintum”, summary note “4 incisio.” and references to Galen “ii de usu”, “13 de usu”; on p. 252, numbers written to the woodcut, e. g. “tres” “dos”, etc; on p. 253, summary words added “motus”, “impetus”; on p. 255, underlinings; on p. 257, numbers “1” “2” added on the margin; on pp. 258–259, underlinings; on pp. 261–262, underlinings; on p. 265, underlining; on p. 266[268], phrase added to text “usus falsus” and underlinings; on pp. 269–270, underlinings; on p. 175[273], marginal lines; on p. 275, underlinings; on p. 276, underlinings and summary note; on p. 278–279, marginal lines and underlinings; on p. 281, summary notes, such as “thoracis motor magnus”; on p. 283, underlinings; on p. 286, underlining; on p. 289, marginal line; on p. 291, marginal lines; on p. 296, identification of the woodcut; on p. 297, underlining; on p. 300, note “ligamentum de los vertebras”; on p. 304, word written above “tubercula”; on p. 306, underlinings; on p. 308, underlining; on p. 309, marginal line, and reference to Galen “errores litere galeni in numero”; on p. 311, underlining and marginal line; on p. 216[316], underlinings; on p. 218[318], marginal lines and word written in the text; on p. 219[319], underlining; on p. 225[325], marginal line and note next to the woodcut “musco. del pene”; on pp.  226[326]–227[327], underlinings; on p. 231[331], marginal lines; on p. 233[333], marginal lines and summary note; on p. 249[349], marginal line and number “3”; on p. 252[352], underlinings; on p. 257[357], underlinings and summary notes such as “Retentio”; on p. 259[359], word written in text and note next to woodcut “arta magna y sus tunica”; on pp. 260[360]–261[361], underlinings; on p. 262[362], identification of the woodcut “vena porta”; on p.  265[365], marginal lines; on pp.  266[366]–267[367], underlinings; on p.  268[368], identification of woodcut and internal reference “uide fo. 258”; on p. 269[369], underlinings; on pp. 275[375]– 276[376], underlinings; on p. 277[377], marginal lines, summary word “coitus” and identifications of the woodcuts, e.g. “vena cava”; on pp. 278[378]–279[379], marginal lines; on p. 280[380], identification of the woodcut “vena”; on p. 281[381], underlinings, word written above “phlebotomia” “axillare”, and reference to “Hipptes Acut. 2.11.”; on p. 283[383], underlinings and summary word; on pp.  284[384]–286[386], underlinings; on p.  289[389],

213

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underlinings and identification of the woodcut “cava descendens”; on pp. 290[390]–292[392], underlinings; on p. 293[393], underlinings and identification of the woodcut “vena umbilical.”; on p. 295[395], identification of the woodcut “Arteria magna con todas sus ramificac[…] y anastomoses”; on p.  297[397], identification of the woodcut; on pp. 300[400]–304[404], underlinings; on p. 305[405], identification of the woodcut, and of the branches of the vessels, with numbers and words, such as “oculis”, “naso”, “jugular interna”; on p. 308[408], underlining and summary phrase; on p. 311[411], identifications of the woodcuts “Vena arterial” and “arteria venal”; on p. 312[412], underlinings; identifications on the vascular insert and m3 sheet; on p. 318[418], identification of the woodcut and its parts, such as “cerebro y cerebello”, “opticus”; on p. 319[419], identification of the woodcut; on p. 323[423], underlinings; on p. 325[425], underlinings; on p. 327[427], underlinings; on p. 328[428], identification of the woodcut; on p. 329[429]–330[430], underlinings; on p. 331[431], underlinings and identification of the woodcut and its parts, e.g. “dorsalis medulla”; on p. 332[432], identification of the woodcut “huesos / figura por delante”; on p. 333[433], underlinings and identification of the woodcut; on pp. 334[434]–336[436], underlinings; on p. 342[442], underlinings; on pp. 344[444]–348[448], underlinings; on p. 351[451], internal reference “fo. 199” added; on p. 352[452], internal reference “vide fo. 199” added; on nervous insert, identification of the woodcut; on p. 356[456], identification of the woodcut “peritoneo”; on p. 358[458], identification of the woodcut “omento”; on p. 361[461], identifications of the woodcuts, e.g. “ciego, colon y recto”; on p. 362[462], identification of the woodcut; on p. 363[463], identification of the woodcut; on p. 364[464], identification of the woodcut “mesenterio”; on p.  365[465], identification of the woodcut; on p.  367[467], identifications of the woodcuts; on p.  368[468], identification of the woodcut “piloro”; on p. 369[469], identifications of the woodcuts; on p. 370[470], identification of the woodcut “intestina”; on p. 371[471], identification of the woodcut; on p. 372[472], underlinings, marginal lines, summary notes, and identification of the woodcut and its parts; on p. 374[474], identification of the woodcut and its parts, e.g. “org. generat.”, “testes”, “penes”; on p. 377[477], identification of the woodcut “peritoneo”; on p. 378[478], identification of the woodcut “mamila mulieris” and note on characters “Y” and “Z”; on p. 380[480], identification of the woodcut; on p. 381[481], identification of the woodcut “uterum mulieris a corpore extractum” and note “vesica urinaria L” ; on p. 382[482], identifications of the woodcuts; on p. 385[485], Greek note on the margins; on p. 390[490], word in text

and another word on the margin; on p. 493, underlining; on p. 495, reference to Hippocrates, “Aph”; on p. 499, underlinings; on p. 511[513], underlinings; on p. 515, underlinings, summary notes such as “operationes” and words written in the text; on p. 516, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 519, marginal lines; on p. 559, identification of the woodcut; on p. 560, identification of the woodcut; on p. 561, identification of the woodcut; on p. 562, identification of the woodcut “corazon”; on p. 563, identification of the woodcut “pulmones”; on p. 564, identification of the woodcut; on p. 565, identification of the woodcut; on p. 568, identification of the woodcut “pulmon.”; on p. 582, marginal line; on p. 590, marginal line; on p. 607, identification of the woodcut “cerebro”; on p. 620, identification of the woodcut; on p. 621, identifications of the woodcuts, e.g. “plexus cerbical”; on p. 623, marginal line; on p. 625, underlining and word written in text; on p. 626, internal reference added “fol 307”; on p. 641, underlinings; on p. 643, identification of the woodcut “ojo”; on p. 644, identification of the woodcut; on p. 649, underlining and correction of “vitreus” to “aqueus”; notes and additional page numbers added to index; pagination partially corrected, not always correctly, throughout the text; on many pages, vertical lines, similar to brackets, mark the separation space between words. Censorship: Note on frontispiece verso: “Esta corrigido conforma al expurgatorio, y con facultad dada a mi por la Suprema [Merced?] de Madrid, y Marco 8. De 1678. Fr. Pantaleon Garcia Froncons [?].”; on p. 538, the anecdote of the monk’s mistress blacked out. Online: http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/745?ln=es

Sweden

Stockholm

I/149. Hagströmer Library Call No.: Folio Physical Description: An incomplete copy, *6 missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312 and 352, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Vascular insert mounted on linen. Not a variant edition.

214 Binding: Contemporary pigskin over board, blindstamped with four double bands, traces of clasps. Provenance: The Heilbronn physician Balthasar Gottfried Schwartz; who donates the volume in 1662 to Georg Friedrich Stoffel (1628–1681), physician to the Duke of Wurttemberg in Neuenstadt am Kocher; enters the library of the Zürich collector Jacob Ziegler zum Adlerberg in the nineteenth century; the Karolinska Institute Library; whose collections entered the Hagströmer Library in 1997. Inscription of Schwartz’s donation and bookplate of Ziegler zum Adlerberg on first flyleaf verso. Annotations: A sporadic reader interested in identifying some bones. On *2r, underlining and summary marginal notes “tres medicorum sectae” and “Triplex medendi ratio”; on *2v, summary notes on the children of Aesculapius; on *3v, marginal numbers from “I” to “VII” next to the table of contents; on pp. 115, marginal annotations listing the names of the hand’s bones numbered 1 to 8 in Figure A; on p. 142, marginal annotations listing the names of the feet’s bones based on the explanation of characters; on the verso of the nervous insert, pencil squiggles; on p. 608, note next to the character O in the explanation of characters for the brain, note “Plexus Choroideus”. Bibliography: Ove Hagelin, Rare and Important Medical Books in the Library of the Karolinska Institute Library. Stockholm: Karolinska Institutets Bibliotek, 1992; Ove Hagelin, Iconographia Anatomica. Stockholm: Kungliga Biblioteket, 1991; Anna Lantz and Krister Östlund, eds. Vesalius, anatomins mästere. Stockholm: Fri Tanke, 2015. I/150. National Library of Sweden Call No.: RAR: 146 C Fol. Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy with some tearing and foxing, dampstaining along the edges, extensive worming in the index, nervous insert missing. Vascular insert present after p. 312[412], bound sideways by the foot, facing forwards to the m3 sheet, and folded, m3 sheet present after the vascular insert. Not a variant edition. A torn, bound sheet between pp. 318[418] and 319[419], possibly the inner edge of another bound page. Binding: Modern plain calfskin preserving parts of the spine and the blind-tooled, early brown calfskin covers with portraits of the nine muses, the evangelists, Jesus as Salvator, and other religious scenes, modern endpapers.

1543 Editions

Provenance: Probably taken as war booty from Poland by the Swedish king Karl X Gustav; enters the current collection in the mid-seventeenth-century. Noted in the 1695 catalog as “Medici in fol.,” no. 93.; listed in the inventory by Johannes Jacobus Jachesius among the books saved from the fire of 1697, as no. 108. Ex-libris of “KUNGLIGA BIBLIOTEKET RARITETS-KAMMAREN”. Annotations: A seventeenth-century reader who writes two moralizing poems around the skeleton men. On p. 163, Latin elegy on Vesalius next to the skeleton man; on p. 164, a Latin distich next to the skeleton man, both transcribed by Eriksson. Bibliography: Sten G. Lindberg, “Chrestien Wechel and Vesalius: Twelve unique medical broadsides from the sixteenth century.” Lychnos 1953: 50–74; Ruben Eriksson, “Vesaliana.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 13:4 (1958): 526–527; Sten G. Lindberg, “Kungliga bibliotekets medicin—barock läkekonst Artikel : strövtåg bland medicin, Ardernes kirurgi, Vesalius anatomi och Cartesii läkemekanik.” Nordisk medicinhistorisk årsbok 1970: 128–143.

Uppsala

I/151. Uppsala University Call No.: Bibliotheca Walleriana 9899 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with heavy worming, first few pages damaged and repaired, *6 bound before frontispiece, m3 sheet missing, printer’s mark cut out and pasted on modern flyleaf. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded, nervous insert heavily damaged and reinforced with paper, missing text added in handwritten text imitating the printed text. Not a variant edition. Binding: Early plain vellum. Provenance: The Lidköping surgeon and book collector Erik Waller (1875–1955); who bequests his library to the current collection. Annotations: An early reader who is interested in Fallopio, and in Vesalius’ and Galen’s differences, and also annotates woodcuts in the beginning of the volume. On p. 5, identifications of the woodcuts, and their parts; on p. 56, summary note “spina dorsi”; on p. 57, markings of

1543 Editions

Figure 91 A moralizing poem next to the skeleton man on p. 164. I/150. Stockholm: National Library of Sweden. Call No.: RAR: 146 C Fol.

215

216

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the different parts of the spine, identifying each by name; on p. 60, identifications of the woodcuts and their parts; on p. 63, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 64, underlinings and summary note on Vesalius’ and Galen’s differences in explaining the rotational motion of the head; on p. 65, underlinings and summary notes and reference to Pollux; on p. 67, underlinings and summary note; on p. 68, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 69, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 70, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 72, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 136, identification of each woodcut; on p. 163, identifications of characters “λ” and “μ” of the skeleton man; on p. 165, identification of “collum” on skeleton man; on p. 167, underlinings and summary notes on the spine and the neck in the explanation of characters for the skeleton men; on p. 223, numberings on the margin; on p. 233, summary notes on fat; on p. 282, quotes on the rectal muscles from Fallopio, with red monogram on the bottom “G.F.”; on p. 283, note “error recentiores de musculis abdominis”; on p. 284, note on the margin, “Hoc falsum esse diligenti sectione manifeste deprehenditur GF”; pencil marginal line on p. 361[461]; on p. 387[487], another quote from Fallopio at the end of the chapter on the peritoneum; on p. 389[489], summary note “medium corporis”; on p. 496, where the omentum’s veins are discussed, note that Galen should be consulted on this topic; on p. 503, “musculorum” corrected to “intestinorum”; on p. 511[513], reference to “Galen 4 de usu partium 15” where the spleen is discussed, underlinings and marginal line; on p. 522, summary note; underlinings on pp. 1, 26, 83, 84, 85, 137, 498, 500, 518; marginal lines on pp. 292, 511, 585; underlinings and marginal lines on pp. 523, 524.

Switzerland

Basel

right. Leather tabs attached to the edges of those pages that start a new book. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with decorations of religious portraits and scenes, one clasp present, traces of other clasp, label “Andreas Vesalius Humani corporis fabrica Editio princeps // Basileae Joh. Oporinum 1543” on spine. Provenance: A certain Christian Beyer; purchased probably in 1661 by the Basel university rector and collector Remigius Faesch (1595–1667); then the Basel town library; and then the current collection. On frontispiece, note “Rem Feschi I. C. A. S. MDCLXI” and note “Sum Christiani Beijeri MD.”; on front pastedown, note “Emptus A. 1661 a bibliopego […]igio 5 ½ Imperialib.”, on frontispiece, round stamp of “Universitäts Bibliothek Basel”; on frontispiece verso, oval stamps of “Museum Rem. Faesch. Basil.” and “BIBL: PUBL: BASILEENSIS.” Annotations: Sporadic modern pencil annotations correcting the text, and earlier red underlinings. On p. 12, note next to “synchondrosis”, referring to “II, I, p. 217 12 v. n.”; on p. 162, chapter number corrected; on p. 181, “PRIMA” corrected to “Quarta”; on p. 381[481], character “D” corrected to “C” in the explanation; on p. 389[489], numberings in red ink the text, with underlinings; on p. 580, character “F” in the subtitle is corrected to “A”. Underlinings in red on *2r, *3r, *4r, pp. 32, 285[385], 320[420], 387[487], 389[489], and in index next to “uenae, que incidantur”; underlinings and marginal line on pp. 287[387], 531. Corrections of errata in pencil on pp. 125, 135, 156, 159, 167, 264, 266, 273[373], 294[394], 343[443], 348[448], 585, 594, 631, 637, incl. note on p. 585 “ris? Solis valoris Index Mm4r”, some pagination corrected in pencil, with note on p. 320 “richtig”. On front pastedown, note and pencil shelfmark and note “von der Schlussvignette ist ein 9/12 Negativ vorh. 16.8.41”, repeated on printer’s mark.

I/152. Universitätsbibliothek Basel Call No.: LB I 1

I/153. Universitätsbibliothek Basel Call No.: AN I 15

Physical Description: An incomplete copy with minor foxing, m3 sheet missing. Woodcuts hand-colored on pp. 2, 142, 143, 262[362], 263[363], 268[368], 275[375], 284[384], partially hand-colored on pp. 163–165, 258[358], 277[377], 280[380], 289[389], 293[393], 365[465], 367[467], 370[470]. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from bottom and

Physical Description: A complete copy, portrait of Vesalius excised from original page and pasted on to modern paper, major tear on leaf with pp. 255/256, missing part replaced with blank paper, damaged woodcut on p. 618. A partially hand-colored copy with floral miniatures on every pages, and all woodcuts colored, incl. the historiated initials, up to p. 113, and then again on pp. 115–183, p. 228,

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Figure 92 Hand-colored frontispiece. I/153. Basel: Universitätsbibliothek Basel. Call No.: AN I 15.

the nervous insert, pp. 565–574, 576–624, 627–634, 637– 640, 642–659[663], index, colophon and printer’s mark; partial handcoloring on pp. 184, 215, 219, 223. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle facing left, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. On p. 565, the last digit of the page number is printed lower than the rest of the number “565”. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with floral decorations, traces of clasps. Provenance: A certain Andreas Ehrhard; possibly the Messen minister David Seelmatter in 1638 (1594–1669). On frontispiece, notes “Andreae Ehrhardi, 3 rd” and “Davidis Seelmatteri BIMS 1638. 10 Sept.”; old shelfmarks

on pastedown; round stamp of “Universitäts Bibliothek Basel” on frontispiece verso. Annotations: An early sporadic reader who focuses on the first few pages, and is mostly interested in correcting errors. On *2r, summary notes “Medicorum sectae tres”, Medicina qd.” and “Triplex medendi ratio”; on p. 4, marginal note “Glidwasser”; on p. 22, underlining of letters V and X, with note “Hac in parte corrige caluariã perperã notatã litteris”; on p. 162, the chapter number “LX” is corrected to “XL”; on p. 181, “PRIMA” is corrected to “QUARTA”; on p. 352[452], note at the bottom of page “Nervorum vide figuram, circa medium indicis, in fine libri vel operis hujus p. 4.”; pagination corrected on pp. 658[662] and 659[663]. Online: http://www.e-rara.ch/doi/10.3931/e-rara-20094

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Figure 93 Hand-colored historiated initial with floral miniature. I/153. Basel: Universitätsbibliothek Basel. Call No.: AN I 15.

I/154. Universitätsbibliothek Basel Call No.: AN I 17 Physical Description: An incomplete copy consisting of fugitive sheets of the following pages: *6, pp. 35–36, 163– 166, 169–170, 173–174, 177–178, 181–184, 187–194, 197–200, 203–208, 355–366, 369–372, 377–378, 559–560, 609–610, withsome water damage ; the rest of the volume is not present; also present a proof leaf, showing p. 231 on the recto and p. 238 on the verso, for the 1555 edition. Binding: In modern box.

Provenance: The Celle gynecologist W. Küncke, who purchases it in 1870; acquired by the Basel pathologist and Vesalius scholar Moritz Roth (1839–1914) in 1886; who bequests it to the university hospital. Annotations: Modern pencil marks, making attempts at identifying the loose sheets. On p. 34, pencil underlinings, marginal lines and marginal word; on p. 165, missing letters “OS[SA]” added in ink; on p. 166, pencil underlinings; on p. 169, pencil underlinings and marginal notes; on p. 181, “PRIMA” corrected to “IV”; on p. 182, pencil note “Tafel 8 (Fab 1543 Lib II. Tab IV)”; on p. 183, note “[Kopf] XIII asu Vesals Tafelerklärung”; on p. 194,

1543 Editions

internal references added to other figures and to the Letter to Oporinus; on p. 198, note “[p. 7 und 8 eventuell!]” and “Anhang Tafel 14 (Fab 1543 Lib II Tab X)”; on p. 199, note “XII Aus Vesals Tafelerklärung”; on p. 200, pencil notes. I/154–155. Universitätsbibliothek Basel Call No.: AN I 17a Physical Description: A hybrid, incomplete copy with heavy dampstaining towards the end, of which the following sheets are kept separately, under the shelfmark AN I 17, *6, pp. 35/36, 163/164, 165/166, 169/170, 173/174, 177/178, 181/182, 183/184, 187/188, 189/190, 191/192, 193/194, 197/198, 199/200, 203/204, 205/206, 207/208, 355[455]/356[456], 357[457]/358[358], 359[459]/360[460], 363[463]/364[464], 365[465]/366[466], 369[469]/370[470], 371[471]/372[472], 377[477]/378[478], 559/560, 609/610. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], vascular insert bound sideways, nervous insert bound sideways by the foot and folded, flap anatomy partially assembled, rest of m3 sheet discarded. Not a variant edition. Binding: Modern plain pigskin with label “VESALII DE HUM. CORPORIS FABRICA” and modern shelfmark on spine, with modern endpapers. Provenance: The Celle gynecologist W. Küncke, who purchases it in 1870; acquired by the Basel pathologist and Vesalius scholar Moritz Roth (1839–1914) in 1886; who bequests it to the university hospital. Ex-dono of Roth on front pastedown; on front flyleaf, possessor’s notes “W Küncke Celle, d. 24. Jan. 180”, “Roth 1886”, “A. B. Scheller.” Annotations: On front flyleaf verso, note on the excision and mounting of the plates that are now separately preserved. Extensive annotations in an early hand, and in the hand of Roth. Roth’s annotations tend to make comparisons with the 1555 edition, they contain internal references to establish where the same topics are discussed, references to the relevant works of Galen and Pliny and also occasionally examine the woodcuts. On *4r, extensive notes and references to Galen and Sylvius; on *4v, reference to Pliny and underlinings; on *5r, underlinings, faint notes, and references; on *5v, notes on the frontispiece and the pirated editions; on p. 1, internal reference to p. 3; on p. 3, underlinings, marginal lines and note “periost?”; on p. 38, a careful study of the skull woodcut, and comparison with other

219 woodcuts; on p. 48, a careful study of the skull woodcut, and comparison with other woodcuts; on p. 81, underlinings, notes, and comment “Galeni nachfolger”; on p. 85, references to Sylvius and Galen, and comparisons with the 1555 edition; on p. 90, reference to Aristotle’s Historia animalium; on p. 107, underlinings, marginal lines and reference to Aristotle; on p. 108, internal reference to the Letter to Oporinus next to the woodcut, and other internal references; on p. 126, references to Pollux and Pliny; on p. 139, reference to Aristotle; on p. 154, reference to Berengario; on p. 162, note “fehlen Seiten 163–166”; on p. 171, notes such as “cf Leonardo” and “homo quadratus!”, comparisons with the 1555 edition, remark on missing pages, and underlinings; on p. 176, remark on the missing pages, underlinings, and comparisons with the 1555 edition; on p. 180, underlinings, notes, and note on the missing pages, on p. 186, note on the missing pages; on p. 195, various notes, internal references, and comment “Optik”; on p. 196, note on the missing pages; on p. 201, note on the missing pages; on p. 319[419], reference back to the Letter to Oporinus, and other notes next to the woodcut; on p. 360[460], note on the missing page; on p. 362[462], note on the missing page; on p. 376[476], note on the missing page and marginal lines; on p. 589, reference to Galen. The early reader is primarily interested in Galen’s errors and Aristotle, makes one reference to Fallopio, and mentions personal observations of a person who could move his ears. On p. 2, underlinings and references to Galen; on p. 4, underlining and note “Gal: menda:”; on p. 5, correction of “friagilis” to “friabilis”; on p. 7, underlinings, note on top of page “Ca: III”, and long discussion of Galen; on p. 19, underlinings, marginal notes, incl. note on Homer; on p. 28, underlinings and summary note on the cuneiform bone; on p. 29, summary note on the number of head bones; on p. 46, summary note on Vesalius’ criticism of Aristotle; on p. 64, note “error Gali”; on p. 154, summary note; on p. 215, marginal note, “precipuus primariusque usus ligamenti”; on p. 216, summary note; on p. 232, reference to Aristotle with chapter number added; on p. 242, note on personal observation of a person who could move their ears; on p. 227[327], note on Orobasius; on p. 323, note “Phallopius dixit hos esse perforatos”; on p. 389[489], reference to Galen with chapter numbers added; on p. 504, reference to Galen’s De admin. dissectio corrected, “forte dicere voluit Lib 4. de usu par. circa fine […]”; on p. 511[513], reference to Galen on the spleen. Further underlinings, notes, internal references, and/or comparisons with the 1555 edition, almost all in all probability in Roth’s hand, on *2r, *2v, *3r, *3v and pp. 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 26, 27, 32, 33, 34, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 63, 66, 68, 83, 84, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 105, 113, 114, 117, 131, 134,

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145, 155, 159, 160, 161, 167, 172, 176, 179, 185, 209, 212, 214, 215, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 237[235], 236, 237, 245, 247, 257, 258, 261, 266, 269, 276, 279, 282, 287, 288, 290, 291, 292, 302, 305, 306, 309, 222[322], 231[331], 243[343], 257[357], 258[358], 259[359], 267[367], 270[370], 272[372], 277[377], 278[378], 279[379], 280[380], 281[381], 282[382], 315[415], 316[416], 322[422], 323[423], 324[424], 335[435], 336[436], 338[438], 339[439], 344[444], 373[473], 374[474], 382[482], 384[484], 389[489], 493, 494, 499, 500, 506, 507, 510, 511, 512, 511[513], 514, 515, 518, 520, 523, 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536, 538, 539, 540, 541, 547, 548, 549, 550, 556, 570, 573, 575, 576, 578, 587, 588, 589, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594, 599, 600, 602, 603, 604, 613, 621, 631, 636, 637, 641, 642, 643, 646, 650, 651, 653, 654, 655, 656, 657, 658, 659, 660, 661, 659[663], index terms added, pagination corrected, and pagination added to index.

Bern

I/156. Universitätsbibliothek Bern Call No.: MUE Rar alt fol 682 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some dampstaining and spotting, printer’s mark missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from top, bottom and right, m3 sheet present before vascular insert, colophon pasted on last page of index. Restored in 2016, with note on back pastedown “Trockengereinigt Risse geschlossen Konservierung 2016”. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with floral decorations, metallic corners and centerpiece, traces of clasps, label “Vesali 2299” and shelfmarks on spine. Provenance: The Bern notary David Sybold (1689–1749); then the Medizinische Communbibliothek; then the Bern Stadt- und Hochschulbibliothek, then the current collection. Unknown armorial ex-libris on front pastedown, with ex-libris of “Medizinische Communbibliothek” pasted over it; old shelfmark “Med: Fol; 125” on front flyleaf; Date “1554” and monogram “BW [?]”, note “David Sijbold: junioris:” and shelfmarks “Med. Fol. 125” and “Rar alt fol 682”, stamp “Stadt- und Hochschul-Bibliothek BERN” on frontispiece. Annotations: On pp. 308–310, random lines across the text.



Cologny

I/157. Fondation Martin Bodmer Bibliotheca Bodmeriana Call No.: Physical Description: A complete copy with some foxing and worming from p. 551 to the end. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Restored twentieth-century half vellum and speckled cardboard. Provenance: A certain Bar de Volmar (born Bar de Bach); who gives the book to the surgeon and MD Joseph Köferle in 1796; the Swiss collector Martin Bodmer; who establishes the current library in 1971. Note of donation from Volmar on front flyleaf. Annotations: None. Bibliography: Gérald d’Andiran, La médecine ancienne, du corps aux étoiles. Cologny: Fondation Martin Bodmer, 2010; Charles Méla, Légendes des siècles. Parcours d’une collection mythique. Paris: Editions Cercle, 2004.

Luzern

I/158. Zentral- und Hochschulbibliothek Luzern Call No.: M.93.gr.fol. Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with no significant damage. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle, m3 sheet present after the vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped leather over wood, customized around 1717–25, with two metal clasps and supralibros of the Abbey of Saint Urban. Provenance: The Cistercian Abbey of Saint Urban in Luzern; enters the current collection after the monastery’s dissolution in 1848. Note “Sancti urbani bibliothecae” handwritten on frontispiece. Annotations: None.

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Solothurn

I/159. Zentralbibliothek Solothurn Call No.: ZBSO 0 II 5 Physical Description: An unrestored, incomplete copy in poor condition, frontispiece missing. Bifolium inserts present, bound vertically, folded from top, bottom, and right, m3 sheet present before the vascular insert. Binding: Unrestored and worn, contemporary blindstamped pigskin on wooden boards, with rolls including a motif of five fools and a stork, identified as the work of the P.R. workshop (EBDB r003679). Provenance: The Solothurn physician Christopher Zurmatten (1606–1650); the Solothurn professor of theology Josef Eggenschwiler (1836–1908); enters the current collection in 1886. Ex-libris of Zurmatten; ex-dono of Eggenschwiler. Annotations: None.

Zürich

I/160. Zentralbibliothek Zürich, Abteilung Alte Drucke und Rara Call No.: Md P 2: a | F Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some water damage, printer’s mark missing. Bifolium inserts present, bound sideways and folded. Not a variant edition. Binding: Unrestored, contemporary pigskin. Provenance: The Zürich theologian and reformer, Heinrich Bullinger (1504–1575); and his successor, Rudolf Gwalther (1519–1586); enters the current collection in 1629. Handwritten possessor’s note on the frontispiece by the latter: “Sum Rodolphi Gualtheri Tigurini: # 1543.” and the price: “10 lb”. Annotations: None. Bibliography: Urs Bernhard Leu, Heinrich Bullingers Privatbibliothek. Zürich: Theologischer Verlag, 2004.

United Kingdom

Aberdeen

I/161. Aberdeen University Library Call No.: pi f611 Ves 1 Physical Description: A restored, complete volume with worming throughout. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded in both directions, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Restored, nineteenth-century plain calfskin over pasteboards, rebacked in 1947. Provenance: Purchased by Aberdeen University with Compensation Grant after 1837, possibly in the mid-twentieth century. Bookplate of Aberdeen University Library. Annotations: On p. 532, underlining and a partly illegible, trimmed annotation relating to muscular control over the opening of the uterus, with the exclamation “me bone Deus!”.

Birmingham

I/162. University of Birmingham Call No.: f 15.V43 Physical Description: A complete copy with some foxing, minor tears to p. 2, frontispiece repaired. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways and folded, m3 sheet present before vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Modern vellum with gilt label “VESALIUS / DE HUMANI / CORPORIS / FABRICA” on spine. Provenance: Enters the current collection in the early twentieth century. Annotations: An early sporadic reader focusing on the first few pages. On p. 2, underlinings, marginal lines, “E. G.” sign, summary notes in two inks, e.g. “processus, appendix, caput, spercilium, sinus, tuberculus”, and

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numbered listing of the various differences of bones; on p. 3, underlinings, marginal lines and summary note; on p. 4, underlinings, marginal lines, and “E.G.” sign; on p. 11, underlinings; on p. 12, reference to Aristotle “Er Ar.” and notes “diarthrosis”, “synarthrosis”; on p. 13, underlining.

Bristol

I/163. University of Bristol Call No.: Restricted Folio QM21 VES Physical Description: A complete copy with minor worming at the end, occasional discoloration, and marginal tear at p. 243, frontispiece misbound after p. 48. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Twentieth-century leather. Provenance: The Genootschap ter Bevordering der Geneesen Heelkunde in Amsterdam; the Leipzig bookseller Oswald Weigel in 1899; the Bristol Medico-Chirurgical Society’s Library (housed at the University of Bristol), which acquires it from Weigel in 1899; donated to the current collection in 1925. Ex-libris of the University of Bristol; on front flyleaf, stamp of “Oswald Weigel Antiquariat und Auktions-Institut Leipzig Königstr. 1” and ex-libris of the Bristol Medico-Chirurgical Society; on frontispiece, octagonal stamp of the “Genootschap ter Bevordering der Genees- en Heelkunde”, cancelled with “DOUBLET” stamp. Annotations: On p. 1, underlinings and note “dentium usus”; on p. 2, underlinings; on front flyleaf, German notes of collation on front flyleaf, probably by Weigel.

Cambridge

I/164. Cambridge University Library Rare Books Call No.: Keynes.P.7.20 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with minor foxing and dampstaining, ink stain on p. 175. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle, facing right,

m3 sheet present after the vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Restored, seventeenth- or early eighteenth-century full calf with gilt spine. Provenance: The Cambridge surgeon and bibliophile Sir Geoffrey Keynes (1887–1982); whose library was acquired by the current institution upon his death. Inscribed “GLKeynes” on front flyleaf. Annotations: None. Pagination corrected in pencil throughout. I/165. Cambridge University Library Rare Books Call No.: K.7.3 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete volume with light foxing, inserts torn. The text on pp. 575/576 is printed irregularly because of a crease in the sheet. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from the top, bottom, and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Restored, seventeenth-century full calf with gilt double fillet and centerpiece, gilt edges, repaired in 1910, front cover detached. Provenance: The royal physician Sir Theodore Turquet de Mayerne (1573–1654); then the bibliophile and cleric John Moore, bishop of Ely (1616–1714); whose library was purchased upon his death by George I of England (1660–1727) for the purpose of donating it to the current institution in 1715. Possessor’s note by Mayerne; bookplate of the Royal Library; shelfmark on flyleaf. Annotations: None. I/166. Cambridge University Library Rare Books Call No.: CCA46.69 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete volume with worming on spine, repaired tear on pp. 103/104. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from the top, bottom, and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition.

223

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Binding: Restored, eighteenth-century half calfskin and paper over board with gilt spine, label “AND. VESALIJ DE HUMANI CORPOR. FABR. BASIL. 1543. AP. JO. OPORIN” on spine, edges green with number “12” painted on fore-edge. Provenance: The Venetian merchant Amadeus Svajer (1727–1791); whose library was partially acquired by the Marciana in 1794; purchased in Venice by the Cambridge physician Sir Hugh Kerr Anderson, FRS (1865–1928) and Master of Gonville and Caius College; donated by Anderson to the Cambridge professor of anatomy Alexander Macalister (1844–1919); the Cambridge University Anatomy Department; from which it was transferred to the current collection. Note on front flyleaf, “This copy has been collated with that classed N*I.2 (A), and agrees leaf by leaf. 22 August 1922.”; inscription “This volume was purchased in Venice by Sir Hugh Anderson M. D. […] and by him given to Prof. Macalister. I heard this from Anderson by word of mouth. W.L.H.D.”; old shelfmarks and bookplates of Macalister and Svajer. Annotations: On p. 4, pencil “x” where the maxilla’s cartilages are discussed; on p. 127, characters highlighted in the illustration, boundaries marked with dots, and inscription “Ilium os.”; on p. 181, “PRIMA” corrected to “4TA”; on p. 621, “bonum” is corrected to “bouum”. Pagination occasionally corrected in pencil. I/167. Cambridge University Library Rare Books Call No.: N*1.2(A) Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with some worming between pp. 200–240, repaired tear on p. 613. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from the bottom and the right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Early seventeenth-century plain leather with blind fillets to both boards. Provenance: Enters the current collection probably in the early seventeenth-century, and definitely before 1715, based on the classification of the shelfmark. Shelfmark in volume in seventeenth-century hand; inscription “H re” on frontispiece. Annotations: None.

I/168. Clare College Call No.: Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy in good condition with wide margins with some dampstaining in the first 30 pages, occasional worming, and tiny holes on pp. 123/4, 171/172 and 239/240[339/340]. Repaired bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], folded sideways and bound by the foot facing left and folded three times, m3 sheet missing. Not a variant edition. Binding: Rebacked and repaired contemporary calfskin on wood with blind-stamped fillets, one clasp intact, modern spine, modern pastedowns and flyleaves, original parchment pastedowns with manuscript text sewn in. Old shelfmark on fore-edge, old shelfmark on parchment sheet “F-1-4.” Provenance: A certain Thomas Robard; who donates it to a certain Matthaeus Rickius; enters the collections of Clare College in 1701. Ex-libris “D. Matthaei Rickij ex dono Thomae Robardi” on frontispiece; monogram “TR” in top right corner of frontispiece; ex-libris of Clare College “Collegium sive Domus sive Aula de Clare in Universitate Cantabrigiensi: 1701” on frontispiece verso. Annotations: Marginal pencil line on p. 145, where Vesalius criticizes Aristotle’s views on the similitude of the footbones of humans and quadrupeds. I/169. Darwin College Call No.: Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some worming, *6 bound after p. 12, pp. 6–7 missing and supplied in a handwriting that imitates the printed text, but with line breaks inserted at different points in the text, the other side of both of these sheets is printed normally, pp. 97–98, 107–108, 181–182, 185–188, 191–192, 357–358, 367– 368, vascular insert and m3 sheet missing and supplied in modern facsimile, nervous insert replaced by empty sheet. Facsimile vascular insert present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the head and folded, facsimile m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Modern quarter calfskin with marbled cardboard, marbled pastedowns. Gilt title “ANDREAE VESALII / BRUXELLENSIS / DE HUMANI / CORPORIS FABRICA / BASILEAE 1543” and gold-stamped fleurons on spine.

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Figure 94 Handwritten facsimile pages 6 and 7 to replace the missing printed text. I/169. Cambridge: Darwin College.

Provenance: A certain W.A., and a certain “M”. Ex-libris of “W.A.” on front pastedown, note “M” on frontispiece. Annotations: Early ink underlinings in brown and red, with, on p. 506, a reference to “Ruffum Ephesium de […] ium Humani corporis […]llationibus Lib i. cap. 28”; corrections of errata on pp. 12, 19, 54, 135, 156, 266, 283, 293, 223[323], 343[443], 359[459], 506, 585, 625, 629, 631, 637, 647, errata page underlined, line numbers added and corrected, and note added “correxi via”. Extensive underlinings, often focusing on references to Galen and divine design on pp. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89, 90, 91, 94, 105, 114, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 144, 145, 150[148], 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 166, 167,

168, 215, 218, 219, 223, 224, 225, 229, 232, 233, 236, 242, 248, 250, 264, 265, 266, 283, 286, 290, 293, 294, 287[297], 300, 301, 302, 303, 308, 309, 215[315], 216[316], 218[318], 219[319], 227[327], 235[335], 236[336], 239[339], 241[341], 242[342], 243[343], 244[344], 272[372], 273[373], 280[380], 281[381], 289[389], 290[390], 319[419], 324[424], 325[425], 339[439], 340[440], 350[450], 381[481], 390[490], 391[491], 495, 500, 506, 507, 515, 516, 520, 521, 524, 525, 526, 527, 529, 531, 532, 535, 537, 538, 539, 549, 546, 547, 548, 569, 577, 580, 585, 594, 595, 596, 599, 602, 605, 606, 607, 608, 609, 610, 611, 612, 613, 614, 615, 616, 617, 618, 619, 620, 621, 622, 623, 624, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 630, 631, 632, 633, 634, 635, 636, 637, 638, 638, 640, 641, 642, 643, 646, 647, 648, 649, 650, 651, 652, 653, 654, 655, 656, 657, 658, 659, 660, 661, 658[662], 659[663], and throughout index; NB. signs added on the margins of pp. 612, 614, 620, 621, 623, 649, 658[662], pagination corrected regularly.

1543 Editions

225

I/170. Peterhouse Perne Library Call No.: O.1.18

Provenance: The Advocates Library Edinburgh; which becomes the current collection in 1925. Inscription: “Ex libris Bibliothecae Facultatis Juridica Edinburgi.”

Physical Description: An incomplete copy in good condition, *6 missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], vascular insert bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, nervous insert bound horizontally and folded from right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Rebound in calfskin c. 1700 with blind-tooled fillets forming a central panel with floral corner pieces, gilt roll to edges of boards, rebacked c. 1980, new endpapers. Provenance: The Cambridge vice-chancellor and prelate Andrew Perne (c. 1519–1589); whose library entered Peterhouse around 1589. Printed ex-dono of Perne from 1592–3 and shelfmarks of Peterhouse on frontispiece. Annotations: A sporadic reader interested in the internal organs, and familiar with Greek. On p. 507, underlinings at lines 11 and 13, about the liver; on p. 511[513], marginal mark next to the passage where Vesalius writes “Galeno falso”; on p. 647, “μ” added in the margins to correct the Greek text. A loose sheet, currently tipped in at p. 157, discussing the difference between cartilage and ligament, from the early eighteenth century, “A Cartilage is a smooth and solid body, softer then a bone but harder than a Ligament, it is not sensible, it has a natural resort or Elasticity. A Ligament is a whole white body softer than a Cartilage but harder than a Membrane, without Cavities or sense.”

Edinburgh

I/171. National Library of Scotland Call No.: Am.1.23 Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with worming from p. 653 to the end. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways and folded, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Twentieth-century plain buckram.

Annotations: None. I/172. Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh Sibbald Library Call No.: SS 2.1 Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy with extensive worming, frontispiece, *5 and *6 missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically, vascular insert folded from top, bottom and right, nervous insert folded from bottom and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Unrestored, contemporary blind-stamped pigskin over wood with three rolls with initials PM, two clasps, one of which is still working. Painting on fore-edge “Opera anatomica Andreae Vesaly”. Provenance: A certain Daniel Bryce; a certain James Ross in 1784; the Edinburgh graduate, Bengal, and later Dundee physician Thomas Alexander Wise (1802–1889), FRCPE, who acquires the volume in 1820; acquired by the current collection after 1898. Ex-libris of Ross (“Ex libris Jacobi Ross 1784”) and Wise (“Thos. A. Wise 1820”) on *2r. Annotations: Calligraphic handwritten title and note on first flyleaf on Vesalius’ death, “Vesalius De Humani corporis fabrica // naufragio ad Zanthen insulam desertam Hierosolymis quo poenitentiae ergo erat, redeuns pergit noster Andreas Vesalius / Daniel Bryce scripsit”; later pencil note of “1543” on same leaf. I/173. University of Edinburgh Call No.: Df.152 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some wear and tear, vascular insert missing. Nervous insert present after p. 352[452], bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, torn; m3 sheet present after p. 312[412]. Not a variant edition. Binding: Rebacked, early blind-stamped vellum with ornamental centerpiece and blind-tooled frames.

226 Provenance: The Dublin scientist and educator Gilbert Austin (1753–1837); who donates the volume to the Dublin surgeon Sir Philip Crampton, F.R.S. (1777–1858) in 1817; the Dublin surgeon William Thomson (1843–1909); who donates it to the Edinburgh anatomist Daniel John Cunningham, F.R.S., F.R.S.E (1850–1909) in 1889, when Cunningham resided in Dublin; enters the University’s Anatomical Library as part of the Cunningham bequest; then transferred from the Anatomical Library to the current collection. On front pastedown, ex-libris of “UNIVERSITY LIBRARY EDINBURGH”; note “Ex Libris Aith Podmore”; on front flyleaf verso, Latin ex-dono of Austin to Gilbert, and possessor’s note by Cunningham; ex-dono of William Thomson to Cunningham; faded round stamp on frontispiece. Annotations: An early sporadic reader, interested in Vesalius’ opinion on Galen, familiar also with Pliny, Aristotle, Fernel, and having a fascination with nosebleed. On *2r, summary notes and explanatory note on who the Goths are; on p. 12, reference “Galenus […] libro de ossibus T po. Fol. 162 +”; on p. 15, note “Aristotelem, reprehendit” and “G. R.”; on p. 17, notes “Aristoteles Galeno melius tradit […]” and “Gal. R.”; on p. 21, underlinings; identifications of the woodcuts and internal reference to the discussion of the suture on p. 26; on p. 34, note “Galeni negligentiam tacite taxat”; on p. 44, manicule and summary note; on p. 46, manicule and note on the teeth, “Aristotelis et Plinij uerba sunt haec […]”; on p. 52, references to Galen and Aristotle; on p. 57, the woodcut of the spine divided and each part named separately; on p. 89, notes “de numero costarum vulgi opin[…] falsa, sumpta ab […] creatio[…] Genesis c.2.” and “taxat Ari.”; on p. 96, reference to Pliny with chapter number; on p. 162, summary note on the number of the bones; on p. 174, note next to the muscle man on nosebleed, with internal reference to pp. 368 and 181; on p. 181, note next to character “z”, claiming that “certum est” that that is the vein responsible for nosebleed; on p. 194, identifications of the muscles, possibly in a later hand, e.g. “musc. Trapezius seu cucullaris”; on p. 195, note on the biceps; on p. 257, short note on the hyoid bone; on p. 227[327], short note on Avicenna; on p. 268[368], identification of part of the woodcut, reference to a true experiment in Louvain in 1543 about nosebleed, with internal references back to pp. 174 and 181; on p. 311[411], note on bottom “figura m3”; on p. 504, underlinings and internal reference; on p. 511[513], reference to Fernel; on p. 590, where the veinlike artery is mentioned, references back to pp. 411 and 412; further summary notes, often with underlinings on pp. 1, 3, 10, 19, 28, 29, 35, 45, 47, 53, 58, 61, 262[362], 264[364], 278[378], 521, 525, 526; identifications

1543 Editions

of the woodcuts’ parts on pp. 2, 20, 21, 33, 60, 367[467], 644; manicules on pp. 11, 26, 46; summary note and reference to Galen on pp. 39, 63, 64; notes “Galenum Reprehendit” or “G. R.” on pp. 7, 9, 85, 91, 93; errors corrected on p. 27; underlinings on pp. 4, 131, 151, 153, 279[379], 280[380], 281[381], 282[382], 283[383], 284[384], 285[385], 312[412], 315[415], 316[416], 317[417], 318[418], 322[422], 498, 502, 505, 514, 538, 569, 573, 589, 622, 646, 647, and index, with correction of page numbers in index.

Glasgow

I/174. Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow Call No.: Bookstore VES Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with occasional tearing, foxing and worming, and evidence of previous water damage around page edges, frontispiece and prefatory leaves repaired, tears and wormholes patched with Japanese tissue. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways and folded, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Restored, contemporary blind-stamped pigskin on wood, restored with and now pasted over Niger goatskin, with floral decorations, basic patterns and small portraits, incl. portraits of Erasmus, Melanchthon, Luther and Hus, as well as Lucretia, Justitia, Venus and Prudence, remains of brass clasps on back cover, restoration probably done in the 1960s. Provenance: The Wittenberg professor of theology Paul Eber (1511–1569); a certain Johann Jacob Schäfer, possibly the Bockenheim physician Johann Jacob Schäfer, MD Strasbourg, fl. 1775; enters the current collection between 1885 and 1896. Bookplate of the Library of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow on front pastedown; initials “P E” blind-stamped on front cover (handwriting of annotations identified by Daniel Gehrt at Erfurt); inscription at foot of the frontispiece “M. Joh. Jacob”. Annotations: Eber is highly interested in Greek terminology, referring to Pollux, and also in the correction and highlighting of illustrations, the contrast between Galenic and Vesalian understandings of breathing, blood production, the Galenic tripartite body, and he is also familiar with Caius. Extensive underlinings throughout on practically every page, on *3v, marginal summary of the books

1543 Editions

Figure 95 Contemporary binding with portraits of the Reformers. I/174. Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. Call No.: Bookstore VES.

227

228 contents; on p. 1, extensive underlinings throughout the page about the bones, and reference to Galen’s De usu partium lib. 16.; on p. 12, underlinings, line and Greek term helping to understand the diagram and differentiation of bones, underlining “diarthrosis”, “synarthrosis”, “synsarcosin” and “synchondrosis”; on p. 22, where the skull is illustrated, substitution of letters X and V with each other; on p. 36, numbering added to the illustration of the skull to facilitate studying the image; on p. 38, numbering added to the illustration of the skull to facilitate studying the image; on p. 39, where the skull, the maxilla and the eye’s location are discussed, extensive underlinings, marginal lines and note “oculi sedes VI ossibus composita”; on p. 72, where the thoracic vertebrae are illustrated, Greek terms added from Julius “Pollux De processibus vertebrarum” to letters “G”, “H”, “M”, “X”, “Y” and at the top of the page; on p. 152, where characters of the illustration of the cartilages of the windpipe are explained, Greek and Latin terms added to divide these cartilages into five groups; on p. 153, where the larynx’s cartilages are discussed, several underlinings and correction of Greek term; on p. 181, table “prima” is corrected to “quarta” and numberings added to the illustrations of the muscle man; on p. 206, numbering added to the illustration of the tenth muscle man; on p. 215, where the ligaments are discussed, underlinings of Greek terms, and repetition of Greek term with Latin equivalent “annularia” added; on p. 220, where the role of the veins and arteries in the muscles is discussed, underlinings and self-reminder that “hactenus aliorum opinione de constructione musculi narrauit”; on p. 221, where the nerves and the muscles are discussed, and that tendons are like the ligaments, underlinings and marginal note “neruus” especially where Galen is criticized; on p. 251, underlinings and note “error Galeni” where Vesalius discusses Galen’s error in identifying the fourth pair of muscles of the hyoid bone as belonging to the scapular muscles; on p. 281, where the abdomen’s muscles are discussed, extensive underlinings, summary notes within the text and the word “ilia” written on the margin; on p. 283, underlinings and numbering “1./2./3.” where the uses of the abdomen’s muscles are discussed; on p. 286, underlinings and addition of Greek term where the muscles moving the thorax are discussed; on p.  287, extensive underlinings and annotations where Vesalius discusses how the 89 muscles moving the thorax aid breathing, summarizing “vi vacui pulmo dilatatur / LXXXIX musculi”, and references to Galen; on p. 288, underlinings, correction of referential characters and callouts on margin “dilatationi seruit”, “arrestatione seruit” where the role of muscles in dilation and tightening is discussed; on p. 289, underlinings and callouts on margin “dilatationi seruit”,

1543 Editions

“arrestatione seruit” where the role of muscles in dilation and tightening is discussed; on p. 290, where the thorax’s other muscles and the septum are discussed, several underlinings and oversize Greek word “διαϕραγμα”; on p. 291, extensive underlinings related to the role of the septum, and summary note below “officium septi motus obscurus”; on p. 292, extensive underlinings where the motion of the septum is discussed, marginal numbering of “motum septi proprium ad superiora fieri”, and number “LXXXI” where the number of the muscles moving the thorax is mentioned”; on p. 305[405], naming and numbering of the illustration of the veins and arteries of the brain; on p. 306[406], where the brains’ vessels are discussed, marginal note “α tres arteriae”; on p. 316, where the nerves’ parts are discussed, underlinings and summary note “tres partes omnis nervij”; on p. 317[417], where the nerves’ triple function is discussed, extensive underlinings and summary notes; on p. 318[418], where the brain is illustrated, numbering is added; on p. 319[419], where the brain and the nerves are illustrated, numbering added as well as “dexter” and “sinister” to distinguish between the nerves; on p. 323[423], where the senses are discussed, extensive underlinings, words “anterior pars” and “posterior pars” added to the illustration of the brain’s ventricle, as well as summary notes; on p. 327[427], where the sixth pair of nerves is discussed, repetition of the names of muscles and other organs on the margin; on p. 328[428] where the right nerve of the sixth pair of nerves is discussed, summary note; on p. 329[429], where Vesalius criticizes Book VII of Galen, underlinings, Greek words and discussion that part of Book VII was only printed by Caius, and not earlier, “in illa parte quae in Aldino exemplarij et Germanico deficiens, postea a Caio […] excusea [?] est […]”, and numbering of where the sixth pair goes; on p. 330[430], continuation of the numberings of where the sixth pair of nerves goes; on p. 331[431], underlining, correction, and numbering of the illustration of the dorsal medulla; on p. 232[432], where the nerves originating in the dorsal medulla are illustrated, numberings and note; on p. 356[456], addition of characters to the illustration of the nude with the internal organs; on p. 357[457], where the characters of the male nude with the internal organs are shown, critical note “V omissum”, indicating that the character V is not explained; on p. 368[468], character “k” corrected to “i” in illustration; on p. 378[478], characters highlighted in female nude with internal organs; on p. 389[489], where the position of the stomach is discussed, extensive underlinings and note “medium hominis”; on p. 391[491], where the stomach’s substance is discussed, underlinings and summary note “fibrae triplices”; on p. 498, where the intestines are discussed,

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extensive underlinings and correction of “peritonaeo” to “mesenterio”; on p. 499, extensive underlinings, marginal note “fibrae” where the intestines’ substance is discussed, and correction of “peritonaei” to “mesenterii” with lines leading to the correction on p. 498; on p. 500, where the caecum is discussed, extensive underlinings, corrections, and Greek equivalent “τυϕλον” added on margin; on p. 501, where the large intestines are discussed, extensive underlinings, and note “fibrae”; on p. 502, where the reason for the intestines’ construction is discussed, extensive underlinings and summary notes; on p. 503, where the intestines’ various aspects are discussed, extensive underlinings and summary notes; on p. 504, where the mesentery is discussed, correction of internal reference on inner margin; on pp. 505–507, where the liver is discussed, extensive underlinings and marginal words in Greek and Latin; on p. 508, where the purpose of the liver is discussed, note “non fit sanguis in venis […]”; on p. 510, letter “t” is added to “condidesse” on p. 513, where the spleen’s use and function are discussed, extensive underlinings, questioning why Vesalius calls into doubt Galen’s authorship of De usu respirationis, and reference to Greek terms and page number in this work; on p. 515, letter “c” above “insignis”; on p. 516, where the kidneys are discussed, extensive underlinings and marginal phrases “Authoris sententia”, “Caninus ren” and “duo sinus”; on p. 518, underlinings and marginal note “Fibrae triplices ut in ventriculo”; on p. 522, Greek terms next to the discussion of the testicles’ wrappings; on p. 524, Greek terms where the vessel carrying semen is discussed; on p. 526, marginal note “sanguis in arterijs seminalibus”; on p. 528, marginal comment on the position of the penis in humans and apes; on p. 541, underlinings, marginal comments and Greek words where the foetus’ wrappings are discussed; on p. 570, extensive marginal notes on respiration and the pulse, as well as corrections of the text; on p. 571, underlinings, structuring of the text by marginal lines and Greek terms added; on p. 573, underlinings, structuring of the text by marginal lines and corrections; on p. 581, underlinings and note on the similarity of the lungs in various animals; on p. 582, underlinings and Greek term added; on p. 583, underlinings and Greek term added; on p. 586, underlinings and marginal note “situs cordis humani”; on p. 587, underlinings and correction of text; on p. 588, underlinings and correction of typos; on p. 591, underlinings, correction of text, and number “XI” added to the printed marginal header “membranarum numerus”; on p. 592, a list of Greek terms added, underlinings and correction of typo; on p. 625, structuring of the text by numbers, underlinings and marginal comments; on p. 627, underlinings, structuring the text by marginal numbers and Greek text; on

p. 628, underlinings and summary notes on the membrane; on p. 632, underlinings, Greek terms and summary notes on the corpus callosum; on p. 635, underlinings and summary note on the “cerebelli cauitas”; on p. 636, underlinings and summary note “Vesalij pietas”; on p. 640, underlinings, Greek terms added and note “Contra opinionem e reticulari plexu”; on p. 646, Greek names of the eyes’ humors added on the margins and underlinings; on p. 647, Greek terms added, typos corrected, and underlinings; on p. 648, Greek terms added and underlinings; on p. 649, Greek terms added; correction of errata on p. 359; correction of pagination on pp. 388, 513. Bibliography: A. Duncan, Memorials of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow 1599–1850. Glasgow: James Maclehose and Sons, 1896, p. 214; J. Beaton, “The Source Book of Renaissance Anatomy.” in: J. Beaton et al. Treasures of the College. Glasgow: Carnyx Group, 1998, pp. 59–61; Andrew McAinsh, “Identification of Paul Eber as an Owner and Reader of Vesalius’s De humani corporis fabrica”, The Library 17 (2016): 446–450. I/175. University of Glasgow Library Call No.: Sp Coll Bi6-a.5 Physical Description: A complete copy with repaired tears on pp. 11, 315 and 363, and restored outer edges of some of the leaves, printer’s mark bound before *6. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways and folded twice horizontally, m3 sheet bound sideways before the vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Twentieth-century brown buckram library binding with modern endpapers. Provenance: The physician Claude Nicole (fl. 1530– 1544), probably from Bourg-en-Bresse; the seventeenthcentury Bourg-en-Bresse surgeon Paul Arbellot; the seventeenth-century Bourg-en-Bresse royal physician Jean Gallet; by inheritance the seventeenth-century Bourgen-Bresse physician Louis Gallet; Patrick Fyffe (fl. 1721); the University of Glasgow probably at one point after 1791. Inscription and motto on printer’s mark, “Claudius Nicolaus medicus 1544 Deus adjutor meus”; inscription of Arbellot on p. 18, “Ce liure appartient a Paul Arbellot Mtr. Chirurgien de la ville de bourg en bresse”; inscription of “Ioannes Gallet Medicus Regius” on frontispiece, obliterated, and also at the head of *2r; ex-libris of Louis Gallet “Ex libris Lud. Gallet Med. nepos Joannis” on frontispiece;

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dated note of Fyffe “Patrick Fyffe 1721 £40.0.0” on p. 1; additional illegible ownership note on printer’s mark. The Fabrica is not included in the 1791 catalogue of the current library.

Museum bookplate on front pastedown, with former shelfmark “Be.3.3.”

Annotations: Skeleton man on p. 163 annotated in early ink “sic transit gloria mundi.” Faint, illegible note on printer’s mark.

Bibliography: Cushing, A Bio-Bibliography of Andreas Vesalius, p. 80, who measures it as 43.2cm × 28.5 cm, vs the current measurement of 42.8 cm × 28.3 cm.

Bibliography: Robert MacLean, “Vesalius’ 1543 Fabrica: Who Owned It and How Was It Used?”. University of Glasgow Library Blog, July 31, 2015. Accessed on May 5, 2016 at https://universityofglasgowlibrary.wordpress .com/2015/07/31/vesalius-1543-fabrica-who-owned-it-and -how-was-it-used/. I/176. University of Glasgow Library Call No.: Sp Coll Hunterian Z.1.8 Physical Description: A large, complete copy with some foxing, particularly near the leaf edges, restored by Douglas Cockerell & Son in 1962, *6 bound after *1. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], vascular insert bound sideways in the middle, nervous insert bound vertically and folded from top, bottom and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Restored, seventeenth-century gold-tooled brown morocco, with gold-tooled central lozenge and panel, and gold-tooled spine decoration. Provenance: The Parisian surgeon Antoine Portail (c. 1520–1608), surgeon ordinary to Kings Charles IX and Henri III; by descendance his son, the Parisian conseiller au Parlement Paul Portail (c. 1560–1643?); the London physician and collector Richard Mead (1673–1754); sold for £2-3-0 at the Bibliotheca Mediana sale (December 5, 1754, lot 492, p. 66); possibly purchased then by the London and later (after 1770) Glaswegian anatomist William Hunter (1713–1783); enters the current collection as part of the Hunterian bequest in 1807. On front pastedown, manuscript note “Ex dono Antonij Portail patriae protochirurgi regiae et secretarij regiae domus et coronae Franciae qui vixit 1520–1608”; inscription on front flyleaf, “Paulus Portail […] senator regia qui vixit 1561 senator 1586–1614”; deleted ownership inscription of Paul Portail at the foot of titlepage; Mead’s shelfmark in ink “NN,10,1” on front flyleaf; pencil mark “Dr Mead 1543 2-3-0”, corresponding to the price marked in the Mead sale catalogue; Hunterian

Annotations: None.



Leeds

I/177. University of Leeds Library Health Sciences Historical Collection Call No.: SC 4 Physical Description: An incomplete copy, missing pp. 377[477]/378[478] and 381[481]/382[482] (female nude with internal organs and vagina), with some worming. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Goatskin. Provenance: The Oxford MD Robert Barnes (d. 1604), fellow of Merton College; upon whose death the volume enters Merton College in Oxford; the Birmingham and, after 1786, London physician John Ash, MD, FRCP (1743–1793). Armorial bookplate of Ash, and note on p. 3 “Opera Vesalij de humani corporis fabrica collegii Mertouensis ex dono Roberti Barnes Medici, qui [….] animam deus omnipotens perdurat ad vitam aeternam”. Annotations: An expert reader, potentially Ash, who refers to Bauhin, Bartholin and Laurentius, and his own observations, updating Vesalius with information on the veins’ valves, and also supplies two illustrations of the spleen, with underlinings throughout. On p. 3, possessor’s note with prayer to God; on p. 494 where Vesalius discusses the front of the stomach, annotation based on personal experience, “in dissectione ranis vidi num infimum prio […] perturbatio et agitatio dicti ventriculi a latero ad latus vomituriebat in rane, in nobis nunquam”; on p. 508, extensive discussion of the sanguificatory and colorificatory role of the vena cava; on p. 512, two pen drawings of bovine and frog spleen, with description of the illustrations, referring to personal experience; on p. 511[513], a rebuttal of Vesalius’ claims about the portal veins and the spleen, claiming that the valves preclude the carrying of blood to the spleen; on

1543 Editions

p. 514, comment on the position of the kidneys, explaining that they are differently positioned in animals, which was the reason for Galen’s errors; on p. 515, comment on the valves to correct Vesalius on the role of the veins in the functioning of the kidneys; on p. 517, references to Laurentius and Joubert’s Paradoxes; on p. 521, quote from Bauhin about male and female testicles; on p. 523, another comment on the veins’ valves; on p. 541, agreement with Vesalius that the foetal wrapping does not produce blood, and crossed out note “optima … descriptio”; on p. 542, note on the difference between Bartholin and Vesalius about foetal urine; on p. 543, reference to and discussion of Spieghel related to the foetus’ wrappings; on pp. 597– 598, disagreements with Vesalius’ description of the heart, signed “DH”. Censorship: Potentially censored, pp.  377[477]/378 [478] and 381[481]/382[482] (female nude and vagina) missing.

London

I/178. British Library Call No.: C.54.k.12 Physical Description: A complete copy with some tearing and foxing, with crude repairs to some folios. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312 and 352, bound sideways, vascular insert trimmed and pasted to back of sheet, nervous insert folded towards the inner margin, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Modern, British Museum buckram binding with no decorations, dating from 1935. Provenance: The London physician Hans Sloane (1660– 1753); whose collection becomes the current library in 1753. Inscribed “Bibliothecae Sloanianae”; Sloane number “A.182” on frontispiece. Annotations: Contemporary ink annotations by a reader whose primary focus is to update the 1543 edition with the revisions of the 1555 edition, as well as making editorial comments that are not present in the 1555 edition, focusing on a select number of pages. On p. 3, manicule and underlining where the bones’ foramina are discussed; on p. 4, short stylistic changes to text that are not present in the 1555 edition, incl. specification that the vitulus is “marinus”; on p. 386[486], revisions of text based on the 1555

231 edition, marking a deleted passage with underlining; on p. 387[487], underlining of passage that will be rewritten in 1555, adding a passage on the margin that will be present in 1555, underlining text that will be deleted in 1555, and rewriting “aptior” as “accommodus”, as in the 1555 edition; on p. 396[488], correction of text reflecting the 1555 edition, and boxing of text that will be deleted; on p. 389[489], the addition “(ne scilicet plus aequo extendantur)” is partly added, “ne scilicet”, “uncta” corrected to “obsuncta” (“obuncta” in 1555), and further correction and deletions noted further below; on p. 390[490], correction of text, marking of deletions, and minor correction that is different in 1555 edition; on p. 391[491], corrections made reflecting the 1555 edition; on p. 553, partial correction of revisions, only adding “ex mesenterii” where several sentences are completely rewritten; on p. 600, underlining and marginal mark at a section that is not deleted in the 1555 edition; on p. 647, underlining and manicule at a section where the text is not altered. Bibliography: Sloane Printed Books Catalog, www.bl.uk/ catalogues/sloane. I/179. King’s College Foyle Special Collections Library Call No.: Fol. QM21 VES (St Thomas’s Historical Collection) Physical Description: A complete copy with some foxing, and black marks on fore-edge, ink mark on p. 647. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the foot, vascular insert folded twice, nervous insert folded three times, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Eighteenth-century speckled calfskin with goldtooled rectangular panels on front board with decorative fleurons on corners, title in gilt tooling on morocco panel on spine, edges green. Provenance: The London politician and army officer Sir Arthur Howard (1896–1971), KBE, CVO; St Thomas’ Hospital in London (until 2002); enters the current collection in 2002. Shelfmarks of St Thomas’s Hospital in volume; information on Howard from St Thomas’s card catalogue. Annotations: On p. 647, ink squiggles on the margins; pagination often corrected in pencil.

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I/180. King’s College Foyle Special Collections Library Call No.: FOL. QM21 VES (Rare Books Collection)

I/181. King’s College Foyle Special Collections Library Call No.: FOL. QM21 VES (Rare Books Collection)

Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy, *5 missing, with some foxing and dampstaining, tearing on pp. 184/185. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the foot, folded twice, vascular insert facing forwards to p. a315[415], nervous insert facing forward to p. 355[455], m3 sheet present before vascular insert.

Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with some foxing, with several leaves misbound, p. 292 followed by pp. 303, 304, 309, 310, 287[297], 288[298], 299, 300, 301, 302, 293, 294, 305, 306, 307, 308, 295, 296, 311. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 318[418] and 352[452], bound sideways by the foot and folded twice, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition.

Binding: Restored, eighteenth-century speckled calfskin with gilt-tooled panels and gilt tooling on edges of boards, title “VESALII ANATOMIA” in gilt lettering on red morocco panel on spine, edges red.

Binding: Twentieth-century plain cloth with modern endpapers.

Provenance: Probably the landowner William Windham (1717–1761), or his son, the Whig politician William Windham (1750–1810); an anonymous twentieth-century fellow of King’s College London; who bequeathes the copy to the current collection in 1959. Armorial bookplate of William Windham and bookplate of King’s College London on front pastedown, noting the date of bequest. Annotations: A letter by the London woodcutter J. B. Jackson (1801–1848), written from Venice, tipped in in front of frontispiece, in which Jackson claims that he does not know the woodcutter of the Fabrica, but suspects that Titian himself designed the illustrations, which are the best quality, surpassing even Dürer, and drew them directly on the woodblocks, with note underneath identifying the artist as Calcar on the basis of Descamps’ Vie des peintres, dating it to 1746, differing significantly from Jackson’s letter in the Huntington Library copy (II/353). Early ink annotation on p. 163, next to the skeleton man, “Soluitur omne decus laeto, niueosque, per arctus, // it stigius color et formae populatur honores”; copying the epigram gracing the Epitome’s skeleton man; underlinings about the livers on pp. 505, 507, 508. Censorship: On frontispiece, the word “BASILAE” crossed out lightly, with number “1000” written next to it, *5 with Letter to Oporinus missing.

Provenance: Unknown. Oval stamp of “KING’S COLLEGE LONDON” on frontispiece verso and *2r and throughout. Annotations: An early, learned reader with an interest in dissections, writing “administratio” on the margin on several occasions, familiar with Greek, regularly referencing Colombo and Galen, and also referring to Aristotle, other Ancient authors, and the Epitome. Notes summarizing the page’s contents on practically every odd page of the volume, not listed here. On frontispiece, incorrect date of “1543” added in ink; on *2r–*4v, underlinings, marginal lines, extensive summary annotations, copying out the name of every author mentioned, listing and numbering the book’s contents; on *5r, underlinings and note “Nicolaus Stopius”; on *5v, names of authors copied out; on p. 1, summary notes, Greek words copied out; on p. 2, Galen mentioned; on p. 3, on top of page, reference to Colombo; “Quid Cartilago, et […] cartilaginis usus Col. 183”; on p. 51, next to the woodcut, internal reference to the later discussions of the pituitary gland “Vesal 621 D 649 C”; on p. 148, note, “Error Erasmi et aliorum de talo”; on p. 181, “PRIMA” corrected to “4”; on p. 191, internal reference to pp. 290, 294, 291, and 658, as well as to Colombo pp. 255 and 479; on p. 220, note “contra Gal.”; on p. 221, note next to the discussion of muscles and nerves “Hoc de quadrato musculo Col. strenue inficiat li. 5 cap. I at de caeteris virissim […] quos ille Vesal nervis deficere prop certo asseuerauit”; on p. 237, internal reference “Ves. 178 A ad A [?]”; on p. 246, summary note on top of page, internal reference and reference to Colombo; on p. 281, extensive summary notes and calculations of the number of muscles, with reference to Colombo; on p. 256[356], underlinings, summary notes and reference to the Epitome; on p. 312[412], underlinings, summary notes and reference “Tabula Epitomis”; on p. 325[425], reference to

233

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“Contra Cassium et Alios”; on p. 387[487], summary notes and references to Galen, and Colombo; further summary notes on pp. 3, 4, 6, 18, 20, 21, 26, 34, 36, 43,45, 55, 72, 73, 78, 88, 141, 153, 154, 156, 159, 160, 162, 163, 168, 182, 188, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 224, 225, 226, 228, 229, 233, 234, 235, 238, 240, 241, 242, 250, 253, 255, 256, 258, 260, 462[262], 266, 272, 275, 276, 279, 280, 282, 284, 285, 287, 303, 304, 300, 293, 294, 213[314], 216[316]220[320], 221[321], 227[327], 230[330], 236[336], 238[338], 239[339], 242[342], 252[352], 254[354], 258[358], 259[359], 260[360], 261[361], 262[362], 264[364], 267[367], 272[372], 282[382], 283[383], 285[385], 287[387], 289[389], 290[390], 291[391], 293[393], 298[398], 300[400], 301[401], 303[403], 304[404], 305[405], 306[406], 317[417], 318[418], 320[420], 321[421], 323[423], 324[424], 326[426], 327[427], 330[430], 232[432], 333[433], 338[438], 340[440], 341[441], 342[442], 343[443], 344[444], 350[450], 352[452], 356[456], 358[458], 360[460], 362[462], 364[464], 365[465], 366[466], 367[467], 368[468], 369[469], 370[470], 372[472]376[476], 378[478], 380[480], 382[482], 3784[484], 385[485], 386[486], 296[488], 389[489], 390[490], 391[491], 492, 493, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 505, 506, 507, 521, 522, 523, 528, 529, 530, 531, 533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538, 539, 542, 543, 544, 546, 548, 549, 551, 552, 553, 554, 555, 557, 560, 562, 566, 568, 571, 572, 580, 585, 605, 606, 608. 610, 612, 615, 616, 618, 620, 623, 628, 629, 6310, 631, 633, 634, 635, 636, 637, 638, 640, 641, 644, 646, 647, 648, 649, 650, 651, 652, 653, 654, 655, 656, 658, 659, 660, 661, and in index; further underlinings and/or marginal lines on pp. 227, 289, 292, 243[343], 248[348], 309[409], 328[428], 348[448], 512, 518, 520, 602, 603, references to Galen with summary notes on pp. 7, 8, 48, 63, 64, 157, 158, 283, 286, 290, 309, 310, 287[297], 299, 228[328], 229[329], 286[386], 310[410], 322[422], 329[429], 339[439], 349[449], 524, 541, 639, 642; internal references on pp. 269[369], 288[388], 527, 601, 658[662], references to Herophilus with underlinings and/or summary notes on pp. 525, 532; references to Galen and Hippocrates with underlinings and/or summary notes on pp. 9, 19, 39; references to Gemma and Galen with underlinings and/ or summary notes on p. 161; references to Aristotle with underlinings and/or summary notes on pp. 12, 15, 315[415]; references to Erasistratus with underlinings and/or summary notes on pp. 316[416], 511[513]; references to Galen, Cicero and Avicenna and Hippocrates with underlinings and/or summary notes on p. 167; references to Hippocrates with underlinings and/or summary notes on pp. 11, 13, 27, 29; references to Aristotle and Galen with underlinings and/or summary notes on pp. 15, 17, 540, 545, 547; references to Galen, Aristotle, Pollux with underlinings and summary notes on p. 65; reference to Celsus on p. 44; references to Cicero and Aristotle and summary note on

p. 46; references to Galen, Gaza and summary notes on p. 155; internal references and references to Colombo on pp. 497, 511, 517; references to Colombo, summary notes and/or underlinings on pp. 47, 57, 71, 96, 145, 147, 151, 252, 226[326], 494, 564; references to Colombo, usually on the top of the page, on pp. 9, 33, 39, 43, 45, 46, 60, 61, 79, 81, 85, 94, 101, 102, 103, 105, 108, 115, 117, 119, 121, 125, 127, 133, 134, 136, 139, 141, 142, 150[148], 149, 150, 163, 223 245, 509, 565, 573, 586, 591, 594, 595, 599, 600. I/182. Lambeth Palace Call No.: VM21.V3 Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy with minor tearing and water damage, frontispiece and nervous insert missing. Vascular insert present after p. 312, bound vertically and folded in both directions. Binding: Near contemporary leather over wooden boards with no decorative elements. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: None. I/183. National Art Library Call No.: RC LL. 8 Physical Description: An incomplete copy, frontispiece and *6 missing. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with floral decorations by the monogrammist E.K., label on front cover “Cirurgia Andree Vesalii”, label on spine “Vesalius de Humani Corporis Fabrica”, clasps intact. On inner covers, the wooden board is visible, endpapers from a medieval parchment manuscript from which the initials have been excised. Label on front pastedown “BOOKBINDING: German, circa 1550. Andreae Vesalii de humani corporis fabrica librorum epitome. Basel 1543. The initials of the binder repeated in the central border: E. K. Pigskin. Bought, 20.vi. 1870.”; on back pastedown, price marking “£1:15:0”. Provenance: Purchased by the current collection in 1870. Stamp of National Art Library on front flyleaf. Annotations: None.

234 I/184. Royal College of Physicians Call No.: D1/29-f-17 Physical Description: A complete copy with minor foxing and a tear. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, m3 sheet present before vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Twentieth-century brown goatskin with blindtooled decorations, gilt title “VESALIUS DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA” on spine. Provenance: The London physician Thomas Crow (1671– 1751), FRCP; who bequests his library to the current collection. On front flyleaf, note “Thomas Crowe MD” and armorial ex-libris of “COLL. REG. MED. LOND”; on frontispiece “Costo 12 Rls” and red round stamp of “COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS”. Annotations: An early sporadic reader. On p. 259, underlinings and marginal line at the end of Chapter I; on nervous insert, characters repeated next to the woodcut with lines drawn to the original location; on p. 505, underlinings; on p. 538, underlining where menstrual blood is discussed; marginal lines in index. I/185. Royal College of Surgeons Library Call No.: Box 19 Physical Description: A heavily trimmed, complete copy, edges reinforced with modern paper, especially at the front and on the leaves with the muscle men, with some dampstaining and browning. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Modern speckled calfskin, worn, with title “ANDREAE VESALII ANATOMIA” on spine, marbled endpapers. Provenance: A certain Marco Lazzari; then a certain Dr. A. Banchi in Florence; the Lagos, Nigeria surgeon George Munn Gray (1878–1950), F.R.C.S.; who presents it to the Royal College of Surgeons Library in 1934. On front paste­ down, ex-libris of Royal College of Surgeons of England; “EX-LIBRIS DR A BANCHI FIRENZE E SEMPRE FRUGA”; card of “George M. Gray M.D. F.R.C.S. Royal Societies Club St James Street, S.W., Lagos Nigeria.”; on frontispiece,

1543 Editions

armorial seal of “MARCO LAZZARI.”; pencil shelfmark on front flyleaf verso “CP Fol VES 99259-1001 Box 19.”; round red stamp of “ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLAND LIBRARY”, acquisition stamp of library at the end of the volume. Annotations: On p. 86, ink note “universus corporis truncus” next to the woodcut; on p. 181, “Prima” is corrected to “Quarta”; on pp. 358[458] and 363[463], identification of the illustration added to woodcut; pagination corrected occasionally. Censorship: Name of Oporinus scratched out on *5r, bottom of *4v missing, name of Oporinus scratched out on colophon, license of Thomas Orphinus, who also censors another copy (I/256), on colophon “Visa purgatione e deletione facta iuxta formam decreti Sme Inquisitionis, licentia conced[…] detinendi et utendi. Thomas Orphinus Smae Inqnis Commisss”. I/186. Royal College of Surgeons Library Call No.: Box 20 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some spotting, heavily trimmed, *6 (portrait of Vesalius) missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, m3 sheet present before vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Extra-illustrated on flyleaf, facing frontispiece, with portrait of Vesalius from Philips Galle’s Virorum doctorum effigies of 1572, with handwritten note “This portrait inserted to replace the missing 1542 Calcar woodcut is from Philipp Galle Virorum doctorum effigies, Antwerp, 1572, in the third state. Spielmann Iconography of Vesalius 1925 page 145 Chapter 4 Engravings II, 4c. WRLeJanu [?] 1934”. Binding: Modern quarter goatskin and cloth, modern endpapers, gilt title “DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA / VESALIUS / 1543” on spine. Provenance: Sir Anthony Carlisle (1768–1840), FRCS and FRS, curator of the Hunterian Museum; who sells his library of over 650 items, including this item, to the current collection in 1821 for £190 10s. Annotations: A variety of hands that leave sporadic annotations, including an early annotator interested in at least one woodcut. On p. 262[362], several characters in the woodcut highlighted in brown ink; on p. 624, underlining; on p. 627, underlining in ink; on p. 631, underlining

1543 Editions

in pencil; on p. 649, “uitreus” is corrected to “aqueus”; on front flyleaf recto, note “This is the first edition it has a different frontispiece from the later editions and several other deviations AC.”; on front flyleaf verso, pencil bibliographic notes referring to Cushing, and identifying “AC” on the recto as “Sir Anthony Carlisle” (1768–1840), FRCS and FRS, curator of the Hunterian Museum”; on frontispiece verso, French pencil note “premiere […] grauée du Titian”; pagination corrected throughout. I/187. Royal Society of Medicine Call No.: Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some dampstaining and foxing, hole on p. 299, frontispiece missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the foot and folded, vascular insert repaired, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Unrestored, contemporary blind-stamped calfskin, title “VESALIUS / DE HUMANI / CORPORIS / FABRICA” “BASILEAE / 1535 / EDITION” on spine, label with shelfmark on spine. Provenance: The Royal Medical Chirurgical Society (est. 1805); which becomes in 1907–1909 through merger the current Royal Society of Medicine. Shelfmark “Can B 4 12” on front pastedown; round stamps of “Royal Medical Chirurgical Society” on *2r, last page of index and page with printer’s mark. Annotations: Modern annotations not related to the text. On front pastedown, pencil note “alter Versalius to Vesalius”; pencil description of volume on front flyleaf verso, claiming that “The Anatomical Plates were published by him previously in 1538 of which hardly a copy is known to exist. […]”; on p. 35, pen doodle on top of page, “AD2 [?]”; on p. 217, pencil sketch of a bearded man’s profile portrait. I/188. Science Museum Library and Archives Call No.: F. O. B. VES Vesalius Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with repaired tears to the first three pages. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from the bottom and the right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition.

235 Binding: Contemporary vellum with embossed decorations without clasps. Provenance: The Nashville, TN, cardiologist and bibliophile Crawford W. Adams (1915–2003); who sells part of his library at Sotheby’s NY, Sale 4857, May 5, 1982; purchased by the Science Museum. Bookplate of Adams; bookplate of Science Museum Library; red round acquisition stamp of Science Museum Library on frontispiece; illegible inscription on back pastedown “H von [?] H Hyford [?] 1858”; price mark in pencil “KHZ $10,000”, various shelfmarks and/or numbers. Annotations: An early reader, working in ink, focusing on criticisms of Galen, and also studying the illustrations, with a clear interest in the skull, the spleen, and the kidneys. On *3v, annotation “de Galo” where Vesalius criticizes Galen’s self-contradictions and note “[…] libris pertractetur” where the Fabrica’s contents are listed; on *4v, summary note “picture usus”; on p. 1, underlinings and note “dentes” where the teeth and their sensitivity are discussed; on p. 2, marginal line and summary note where the bone’s substance is discussed, “que plane solida sunt”; on p. 3, where teeth are discussed, underlinings and marginal notes “dentes sensu” and “dentes”; on p. 7, where the ephiphyses and marrow are discussed, note “In Gal.m 3.” and marginal line where Vesalius claims that not only large bones have epiphyses; on p. 9, where the differences of epiphyses and processes are discussed, underlining and note “In Galm 5.”; on p. 9, where Galen’s De ossibus and the kondyle are discussed, marginal letterings, note “condylos” and “In Galm”; on p. 19, where Vesalius discusses how there is a boy in Venice with a headshape that Galen judged impossible, note “In Galm”, as well as later note “christophorus pflug” where Pflug is mentioned; on p. 27, where the skull’s sutures are discussed, note “not.”; on p. 29, where the head’s bones are counted, summary note “ossa capiti octo”; on p. 31, where the softest part of the skull is discussed, note “[…]anteria not.”; on p. 32, where the cuneiform bone is mentioned, note “Galm 9”; on p. 33, where the jugal bone is discussed, note “zigoma”, underlinings and summary note on how the temporal muscle is hidden “temporis musculi male affect[…] grania symptota inferunt / nerui duo a Vessal inventi”; on p. 34, where the auditory bones are illustrated, note “Galm 10”; on p. 39, where the superior maxilla is discussed, note “Galm 10” and “superior maxilla”; on p. 42, where the sixth maxillary bone is discussed, note “Galm 11”; on p. 43, where the inferior maxilla is illustrated, note next to the explanation of letter A “1.2. adest in p. et 2. Figura seu posteriore in […]”, and note next to the explanation of D “2 adest in posteriore figura”;

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on p. 44, where the inferior maxilla is discussed, note “In Galm 12 in 4o de ossib. c. 6.”; on p. 46, where the teeth are discussed, underlining, and notes “Not.” and “Arist.” where Aristotle is mentioned; on p. 63, where the head’s motions are discussed, notes “not.” and “not. in Galm”; on p. 67, underlining where Vesalius discusses Pollux’s nomenclature for the vertebrae; on p. 512, where Vesalius discusses the vessels and nerves of the spleen, underlining and marginal line; on p. 511[513], extensive annotations where Vesalius discusses the use and function of the spleen, and its bile, note “Lieni cursorib. […]”, reference to Aristotle, “Aris. de usu lienis” and “3 de par. animalium c. […]”, reference to Avicenna and Rhazes, “q. Auic. et eius seq […] et Razes pu ad Alman[…] Cap 22.”; on p. 514, reference “lux. Aphr. X65. 19” at the end of the chapter on the spleen, and summary notes where the kidney is discussed, e.g. “en sinister non raro altior dextro” or “Gal.”; on p. 515, where the kidney’s substance is discussed, summary note “renum substantia fibrarum et […]”; on p. 527, where Vesalius claims that Galen had never seen a penis, note “In Galm”; on p. 538, where Vesalius discusses the origins of menstrual flows, note “[…] hemorrhoidalem a aorte ramis promanare”; on p. 582, where the lungs are discussed, note “[…]onum color […]arius”.

the caecum, “iisdem fere uerbis describit Gal. caecum intestinum idque propterea solum de labi in scrotum affirmat comm. 2. p. 4. l. 6. ep. 8.”; on p. 622, modern underlining and pencil note on the function of the brain; on p. 623, modern pencil note “Galen’s 3 hypotheses” where the tripartite body is discussed.

I/189. Wellcome Collection Call No.: EPB 6560/D

Provenance: A certain William Lloyd, MD; the library of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; the Manchester gynecological surgeon and bibliophile David Lloyd Roberts, FRCP, FRS Edin (1835–1920); who bequeathes the Fabrica to the John Rylands Library upon his death; which becomes incorporated in the University of Manchester Library in 1972. Possessor’s note “William Lloyd M. D.” on frontispiece; ink stamp of “LIBRARY ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS IN IRELAND” on frontispiece and O4r; round ink stamp of John Rylands Library on frontispiece verso; washed out MS inscription at the bottom of frontispiece “olim Io De[…] epi[scopi] T[…] Ioanis Bernardi[?] […]”; shelfmark on front pastedown.

Physical Description: A complete copy with some browning, staining, tears, and fingermarks, vascular insert repaired. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from the bottom and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. An exemplaire réglé. Binding: Twentieth-century gold-stamped leather, with gilt borders and title “FABRICA CORPORIS HUMANI / VESALIUS / BASLE 1543” on spine, marbled endpapers, edges gilt. Provenance: Unknown, probably acquired by the current collection in 1911. “Payne 12/7/[19[11]/ lot 706” written on front pastedown. Annotations: An early annotator interested in the male reproductory organs, and Vesalius’ relationship to Galen, and a modern annotator interested in the Galenic body. On p. 181, “PRIMA” is corrected to “QUARTA”; on p. 374[474], extra lettering added to the illustration of the male reproductory organs; on p. 500, underlining and note on the similarity between Galen’s and Vesalius’ opinions about



Manchester

I/190. University of Manchester Library Call No.: R51228 Physical Description A restored, complete copy with occasional dampstaining and tears. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the foot and folded once towards the fore-edge, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Sixteenth-century plain vellum, holes of ties visible on both boards, spine rebacked and corners recovered with brown leather, title on spine “De humani / corporis / fabrica / Vesalius / Basilae / 1543”.

Annotations: A contemporary reader with a clear interest in the processes of dissection, and the number of the thorax’s muscles. On *6v, summary notes for students on what Vesalius’ main teachings are, with references to the relevant, and annotated, sections “Hic Vesalius ut optime et facile discas quod spectat ad modum faciendi omnes functiones anatomicas. Primum docet, et proponit cuncta instrumenta qui sunt necessaria ad anatomen faciendam, et hoc pagina 235, 2u docet modum componendi sceleton vel […] et hoc pag. 155. 3u docet modum preparandi omnia qui spectant ad viscera internalia in ventri inferiori pag. 547; 4u docet modum comparandi omnia qui spectant ad toracem et hoc pag. 599; 5. docet

237

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modum comparandi omnia qui spectant ad caput et hoc pag. 650, 6. docet modum comparandi omnes musculos incipiendo a cap. 12 lib. secundi pag. 241, et pergredit toto libro”; on p. 157, where Vesalius discusses the boiling of bones, underlinings and summary notes “Quantum temporum debeant ossa buliri pro sceleto componendo” and “admonitio”; on p. 241, underlinings and several summary notes on the dissection of the eye’s muscles, e.g. “euulso oculo qd agendum” or “cautio”, as well as a note that the 7th muscle only exists in animals, “nota hunc 7um musculum qui datur in bobus non in hominibus”; on p. 245, extensive underlinings, numberings and summary notes to reconstruct the steps of dissecting the muscles moving the cheeks, lips and nose; on p. 269, where the dissection of the muscles moving the arms is discussed, extensive underlinings and summary annotations, incl. “nota huc cucullaris” and “cautio de buxeo cultello”; on pp. 287 and 288, where the muscles moving the thorax are discussed, underlinings and summary notes, as well as reference to Spieghel, “89. Spigellius 45 canes et simii habent, 4 musculos toracis plusque homo”; on p. 292, where the muscles moving the thorax are discussed, summary notes, and numerical table of the number of the muscles “musculi moventes thoraci 89 Vesalio […],” contrasting to Laurentius, who only finds 65, and Spieghel, who only finds 45 or 44; on vascular insert, the characters of the vascular insert are strengthened and enlarged in ink to increase their visibility; on pp. 549 and 550, where the dissection of the internal organs is discussed, several underlinings, numberings and summary notes on the various modes of dissection, making internal references to the relevant pages of the Fabrica, and paying special attention to dissecting the seminal vessels; on p. 655, extensive underlinings, numberings and summary notes on how to dissect the eyes; bibliographical note on frontispiece, “This is the first edition, see Haller Bibl Anat. T. 1. P. 185”. Price marking on back flyleaf “10/6 very scarce.” Oxford

middle, m3 sheet bound after p. 340[440]. Not a variant edition. Provenance: At All Souls since the sixteenth century. On *2r, old note in ink, “Liber Collegij Omnium Animarum fidelium defunctorum de Oxon”; stamp of college on p. 69; old shelfmark “VV.2.12”, which implies that the book was once on the now no longer extant old library’s ground floor, probably chained to shelf 2, as book 12. Binding: Rebacked, sixteenth-century Oxford calfskin with blind rolls and fillets (roll n. VIII, orns. 25–27; see N. R. Ker, Fragments of medieval manuscripts used as pastedowns in Oxford bindings. Oxford: Oxford Bibliographical Society, 1954), and traces of clasps, holes for chain-plate on upper board, title “VESALII ANATOMIA” on spine. Annotations: Incoherent early ink annotation on p. 170, next to the 1st muscle man, “vf fooso [?] ded [?] man”. I/192. Oxford University Bodleian Library Call No.: B1.16 Med. Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy, with m3 sheet missing and supplied in facsimile from the copy at Magdalen College, inserted in 1984, with some dampstaining and minor worming, some leaves fragile at edge. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded in both directions, flap anatomy of vascular insert may once have been assembled, marks of glue still present on image, and one flap preserved on p. 312[412]. Not a variant edition. Binding: Late eighteenth- or early nineteenth-century blind-tooled brown sheepskin over the original wood board, with new endleaves, upper board off.

I/191. All Souls College Codrington Library Oxford University Call No.: 2:SR.58.c.8

Provenance: Sold by the Leipzig bookseller Otto ­Harrassowitz (1845–1920) to the current collection in 1912. ­Bodleian purchase stamp on frontispiece verso from November 4, 1912; letter from Harrasowitz in English, attached to front flyleaf, claiming that “the preface, by an error, is bound after the first sheet of text”, which is not true for the present volume; Bodleian Library stamps throughout.

Physical Description: An incomplete copy with frontispiece torn and repaired, slight repaired tear on pp. 17–22, repaired tear on pp. 559–60, tears on pp. 361–362[461– 462] and pp. 557–558. Vascular insert missing, nervous insert present after p. 352, bound sideways in the

Annotations: On p. 181, correction of the table number “prima” to “quarta”; on p. 233 where fat is discussed, internal reference to p. 367; on p. 257[357], the first page of the book on the vascular system, underlining; on p. 267[367], annotation where the portal vein and the vena cava are



238 discussed, with reference back to p. 233; on p. 277[377], where the vena cava is discussed, underlinings and NB signs; on p. 390[490], where the stomach is discussed, illegible annotation on “Hispania” and underlining; on p. 529, summary note “musculi” added at the top; on p. 547, summary note; on p. 639, note “Galeni lapsus”; pagination corrected throughout. Bibliography: Stephen Hebron. Marks of Genius. Oxford: Bodleian Library Publishing, 2015. I/193. Magdalen College Oxford University Call No.: r.16.2 Physical Description: A complete copy, with occasional minor tearing, repaired with Japanese paper, pp. 45, 46, 47, 277[377], 341[441], 607, 613–616, 619–622 smudged with ink. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways and folded in half, m3 sheet on recto of 1st leaf of vascular bifolium. Not a variant edition. Binding: Rebacked, mid-sixteenth-century leather retaining original spine covering, nail holes for clasps, clasps missing. Provenance: With the current collection since 1545. Inscription on frontispiece “Liber Colegij Be. Mariae Magdalenae emptus anno domi. 1545.”

1543 Editions

Armorial bookplate of Merton College with old shelfmarks; inscription on colophon “D. Doctor Andreas Vesalius. medicus. 1563. An[n]o suae aetatis 48. Robertus Duvval. 1o. Aprilis. 1563.” Annotations: On p. 95, underlining and Greek term added to the explanation of characters for the illustration of the scapula in early ink. I/195. New College Library Oxford University Call No.: Bt3.253.5 Physical Description: A complete copy with repaired tears on frontispiece, minor worming towards the end. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the foot and folded, m3 sheet present before vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Rebacked, seventeenth-century calfskin with 3 concentric frames, inner and outer are lightly sprinkled, small tool at exterier corners of middle frame; horizontal fillets, small tools, and brown leather label on spine. Provenance: Unknown. New College bookplate no. 8 and old New College shelfmarks. Annotations: None. Reading

Annotations: None.



I/194. Merton College Oxford University Call No.: 31.C.4

I/196. University of Reading Special Collections Cole Library Call No.: COLE ‑ 427F

Physical Description: A complete copy with some dampstaining, stains and tears, some of which are repaired, p. 139 misbound after p. 318, followed by pp. 148, 141, 142–147, 150, 149, 150, 151, 176, 179, 178, 179 and returning to p. 319. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], reinforced with paper, bound sideways by the foot and folded, m3 sheet present. Not a variant edition.

Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy with some tearing, foxing and worming, repaired with Japanese paper, bifolium inserts are present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically, folded from top, bottom and right, m3 sheet is missing, and is supplied in facsimile. Not a variant edition.

Binding: Nineteenth-century quarter calfskin with marbled paper, gilt title “VESALIUS DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA” on red panel on spine.

Binding: Quarter pigskin and wooden boards, rebound in the University Library Bindery in 1987–88, notes and vellum backstrip of previous binding are cased with the volume.

Provenance: The Chartres canon and alchemist Robert Duval (1490–1567), who acquires the volume in 1563.

Provenance: Professor F. J. Cole (1872–1959), F.R.S., Professor of Zoology at Reading, who acquired the volume

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probably around 1930; then the University of Reading Library, 1964. Stamp of Reading University Library. Annotations: Pencil notes, probably by Cole, some of which probably relate to his History of Comparative Anatomy. On p. 54, the note “naso-palatine duct? 2nd ed. p. 67”; on p. 115, next to the figure with the bones of the hand “N = os Vesalianum carpi”; calling attention to Vesalius’ discovery of a bone that is present in 0.1% of the population; on p. 213[313], note that the pagination is erroneous; on p. 282[382], pencil note “Thymus”; on p. 381[481], next to the famous illustration of the vagina, note “For this fig. cf. Meyer & Wirt 327, p. 674, Saunders & O’Malley, p. 170”; on p. 382 [482], in chapter on uterus, marginal note “dog”, then “Uterus of cow, cf. Sisson [Septimus Sisson’s Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy] 606”; on p. 515, in the chapter on kidneys, next to the illustration “kidney of dog not man […] But Eustachius knew this”, with reference to Singer and others; on p. 621, next to an illustration of Galen’s plexus, references to Singer & Rabin, Saunders & O’Malley; on p. 622, next to initial to chapter on brain, reference to Singer; on p. 650, near the section on how to observe the brain, again reference to Singer; on p. 654, again reference to Singer. Contemporary ink notes on p. 181, correcting “Prima Musculorum Tabula” to “Quarta”; on p. 219, next to the section on what a muscle is, marginal note “Gal. 12 De usu. Ca 2.” on p. 238, longer note, querying on the number of muscles moving the eyelid; on p. 244, another query about nose muscles; on p. 282[382], next to vena superiora costarum interualla petens, note that the reader himself observed these branches, “vidi ego non semel ramulos hosce …”; on p. 571, on the tunica costa, again “ego non semel vidi …”; in the index, next to index entry “venarum quae inter pollicem,” illegible note; correction of page numbers. Another type of faded and illegible ink note on p. 511, in the chapter on spleen, where Vesalius challenges the claim that the black bile goes to the intestines, with references to works disagreeing with Vesalius, including Schenck’s Observationes.

United States

Ann Arbor, MI

I/197. University of Michigan Ann Arbor Call No.: Pilcher QM 21 V52

Physical Description: An incomplete copy with dampstaining, fingerprints, and frequent spotting, occasionally damaging the text, text restored in ink, colophon and printer’s mark missing, traces left by a plant on errata list. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from top and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Nineteenth-century calfskin with red morocco label “VESALIUS HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA”. Provenance: A certain Doctor Michel in 1845; the Prague industrialist Karl Adalbert Lanna (1805–1866); the Prague painter Josef Hellich (1810–1880); the Brooklyn surgeon Lewis Stephen Pilcher (1845–1934); who donates his library to his alma mater between 1929 and 1933. On front pastedown, ex-libris of “A: LANNA IX A. 10”, ex-libris and ex-­dono of Lewis Stephen Pilcher, and note “Aus dem Nachlasse des Historienmalers Jos. Hellich, Prager[…] 1880”, with reference to Nagel’s Monogrammisten; on front flyleaf, stamp of “Pilcher Collection” with shelfmark; on second front flyleaf, note “M Doctor Michel 6 July 1845”; faint Greek words on frontispiece; pencil note on end flyleaf “leaf Mm8 lacknig [sic], colophon on recto, device on verso. Basileae, Ex officina J. Oporini, MDXLIII”. Annotations: A sporadic reader. On p. 531, ink note “scholasticorum Theologorum et Monachorum curiositas!”; on p. 532, underlining and note “torpor noster”; pagination corrected in pencil. I/198. University of Michigan Ann Arbor Call No.: QM 21 V52 Physical Description: A worn, incomplete copy with major tears and dampstaining, frontispiece torn and repaired, with dog and kneeling figures drawn in pencil, *6 missing and supplied in facsimile, m3 sheet missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from bottom and right. Not a variant edition. Binding: Rebacked calfskin with blind-tooled lines, red morocco label with gilt title “VESALIUS FABRICA” on spine, title “ANDR. VESAL ANATOMIA” painted on foreedge, modern endpapers. Provenance: The New York professor of surgery George E. Wantz (1923–2000); who donates his collection to the current library. On front pastedown, ex-libris of the

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University of Michigan Wantz Collection; on frontispiece, note “Bibliotheca […]”. Annotations: A sporadic modern reader interested in the illustrations of the foetus. On p. 377[477], word “anterior” written on bottom of page; on p. 382[482], words next to the woodcuts, e.g. “Royal, here abridgment”, “before” and “N = vain artery”. Loose sheet tipped in, with note “Vesalius. 1. Antiquity = 1543—Printer = Johannes Oporinus. 2. It is reported that the celebrated painter— Titian—was the artist who illustrated this book; but this is not an authenticated statement. The real illustrator would seem to have been a pupil of Titian’s—Calcar— called also—Giovanni Fiammingo. [Cf. = History of Wood Engraving]”; with further pencil internal references to where the Fabrica’s books begin. Censorship: On p. 178, marks over the penis of the third muscle man.

Atlanta, GA

I/199. Emory University Rose Library Call No.: QM21.V47 1543 FOLIO Physical Description: A complete copy with foxing and browning, repaired tear on p. 165, *6, potentially from another copy, bound before *2. Bifolium inserts, potentially from another copy, present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle, vascular insert facing right, nervous insert facing left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Modern quarter pigskin with brown cloth, blindstamped title “A. VESALIUS DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA 1543” on spine. Provenance: Acquired abroad for the current collection in 1930 by James F. Ballard, director of the Boston Medical Library, for $500; originally kept at the Calhoun Medical Library of Emory; stored at the special collections since 1979; officially transferred to special collections in 2008. On front pastedown, bookplate of Rober W. Woodruff Library; pencil note “Heath [sic] Sciences Center Library Special Collections Emory University” with shelfmark on front flyleaf. Annotations: A modern annotator interested in illustrations of the skeletal system. On p. 57, modern red pencil

marks marking the dividing lines of the spine, numbering the vertebras starting at character “P”, “1” to “8” and then “11”; on p. 163, the first skeleton man, red faint contour lines of the upper body drawn in pencil; on p. 181, in early ink, “PRIMA” corrected to “QA”; pagination corrected on pp. 237[235] and 173[275].

Austin, TX

I/200. The University of Texas at Austin Harry Ransom Center Call No.: -f- QM 21 V418 1543 COPY 1 Physical Description: A complete copy with some wear. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways, m3 sheet attached to vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary blind-tooled pigskin over wooden boards, rebacked, with clasps. Provenance: The Strasbourg minister and professor Samuel Schallesius (1585–1638); the Strasbourg physician Georg Christoph Kast (fl. 1710–1720); the Dublin physician Thomas Sibthorpe (b. 1798); the Balrath aristocrat, physician and collector Gilbert de Poulton Nicholson, who acquires the volume in Dublin in 1858 (1835–1899); the Berkeley professor of anatomy Herbert McLean Evans (1882–1971); enters the current collection after 1971. On front pastedown, ex-libris of Herbert McLean Evans; inscriptions of “Tho. Sibthorpe”; “Samuel Schallesius”; “Georg Christoph Kast 1709”; “Gilbert de P. Nicholson M.D., Dublin 1858”. Annotations: An early German reader with a difficult handwriting, familiar with Colombo. On front first flyleaf, note in French by Sibthorpe “Vesalius—Basileae 1543 Premiere et tres belle edit de cet ouvrage celebre elle est ornee de bonnes gravures en bois faites sur les desseins de Jean de Calcar, eleue du Titian—Brunet”; early modern Latin diagrammatic map of the book’s contents on the second flyleaf; on *2r–*4r, extensive summary notes and underlinings, including on the use of the teeth and on Galen; on *5r, underlinings and summary note where the characters of the illustrations are discussed; on *5v, a long quote copied out from the Letter to the Reader from Colombo’s De Re anatomica libri XV, starting “De Vesalio vero hoc primum praefabor […]”; on p. 58, underlinings, marginal line and note; on p. 63, underlining and note “Galenus reprehenditur”; on p. 65, underlinings and summary notes such as “Galenus hic notatur”; on p. 84, underlinings and note

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at the inner margin, hard to read because of the binding, ending “a nobis 1543”; on p. 85, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 89, underlinings and summary note whether men and women have the same number of ribs; on p. 90, underlinings, marginal lines and summary note; on p. 93, underlining and summary notes next to marginal section “costarum ductus” and “et facies”; on p. 94, underlinings and summary note “de ossa cordis […] error”; on p. 110, underlinings and note “quid” next to the marginal section “ulna radius”; on p. 126, underlinings, marginal line, and summary note on the albadaran; on p. 129, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 131, underlinings and note on German nomenclature, “vulgo Glidwasser”, as well as summary notes on the pubic bones and sexual difference, with manicule and note “qua figura corporis […] facilius pariunt uel difficilius”; on p. 135, underlinings and summary note “forma ceruicis femoris obliqua”; on p. 147, underlinings and summary note; on p. 151, internal reference next to woodcut “uide lib. 2. cap. 21”; on p. 159, underlinings, manicule, and summary notes such as “in exigendo sceleto”; on p. 162, underlinings, summary note, and “304”, the number of bones, copied out on inner margin; on p. 229, line drawn through the first four lines of the new chapter, potentially by accident; on p. 230, summary notes at the bottom of page; on p. 237[235], note next to character E in the explanation “vide infra paginam 661 item literam Q pag. 384”; on p. 237, illegible note on the inner margin next to Chapter IX; on p. 241, at the end of the chapter, note “Idem Galenus lib. 10 de usu par.”; on p. 245, note in the text; on p. 246, note in the text; on p. 175[273], underlining, marginal line and summary note; on p. 290, underlinings and marginal note “diaphragmatis descriptio”; on p. 292, underlinings and summary notes on both margins on the septum; on p. 298, underlining, longer note and word “superior” in inner margin; on p. 299, note in inner margin, and at bottom of page, note “Noni et 10. sup […] 38”; on p. 302, summary note “administratio […] cap. 48. p. 222 31 infra”; on p. 304, summary notes on the fingers; on p. 308, illegible note on inner margin; on p. 309, note on inner margin, underlining, and summary note on the praise of Montanus; on p. 214[314], summary notes on the muscles of the arm; on p. 218[318], illegible note on inner margin; on p. 219[319], summary note; on p. 222[322], internal reference and summary note; on p. 227[327], underlining and illegible note on inner margin; on p. 231[331], illegible note on the inner margin; on p. 244[344], longer note on the differences between humans and apes; on p. 262[362], identification of a body part on the woodcut; on p. 275[375], underlining and note on Vesalius’ opinion on the vena cava’s origins; on p. 312[412], summary note at the end of chapter; on p. 356[456], note on personal observation

with several illustrations drawn; on p. 383[483], summary note; on p. 384[484], internal reference; on p. 495, summary note; on p. 512, underlining, marginal line and summary note on the spleen; on p. 548, underlinings and summary note; on p. 549, underlining, marginal line and summary note; on p. 594, underlinings and summary note; on p. 624, underlinings and summary note; on p. 640, summary word; on p. 642, illegible note on inner margin; on p. 649, illegible note on inner margin; on p. 661, underlining and summary note; added page number to index term; further underlinings on pp. 1, 4, 64, 73, 92, 105, 127, 130, 134, 142, 160, 215, 217, 218, 224, 226, 244, 254, 275, 291, 293, 301, 237[337], 267[367], 272[372], 294[394], 531, 538, 547, 595; underlinings and marginal lines on pp. 59, 276[376], 515. I/201. The University of Texas at Austin, Harry Ransom Center Call No.: -f- QM 21 V418 1543 COPY 2 Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle facing left, vascular insert folded back on the right, m3 sheet tipped onto left side of vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Modern plain vellum. Provenance: Unknown. Round stamp on front pastedown “Dr Friedrich Rheine [?]”. Annotations: None.

Baltimore, MD

I/202. Johns Hopkins University Welch Medical Library Call No.: V575d 1543d c1 Physical Description: A complete copy with some foxing and dampstaining, frontispiece reinforced and potentially not original. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways, vascular insert bound in the middle, nervous insert bound by the foot and folded once, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary blind-tooled vellum over board with central lozenge and frames, title “VESALIUS DE FABRICA 1543” on spine, ties present.

242 Provenance: The Berlin physician Johan Carl Wilhelm Moehsen (1722–1795), personal physician to King Friedrich II; the Baltimore gynecologist and Johns Hopkins professor Howard Atwood Kelly (1858–1943); who donates the volume to the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Two ex-libris of Kelly; one ex-dono of Kelly; label of the Library of the Johns Hopkins University; note by “KJW Moehsen MDr. Berol. 1770” on frontispiece. Annotations: Modern pencil marks around the illustrations on pp. 79, 115, 143, and pencil line on p. 596, potentially indicating requests for photocopy. Pagination corrected in pencil on last page. I/203. Johns Hopkins University Welch Medical Library Call No.: V575d 1543d c2 Physical Description: A complete copy with oil stain on pp. 378[478]/379[479], and traces of metal clips on pp. 194/195. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle, facing left, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Restored, modern alum-tawed, blind-stamped pigskin with portraits, floral decorations, and traces of clasps, imitating sixteenth-century bindings. Provenance: The Johns Hopkins professor and later Oxford Regius professor William Osler, Bart, (1849–1919); who presented this copy to his student, the Baltimore physician and Johns Hopkins professor Lewellys F. Barker (1867–1943) on the occasion of his wedding in 1903. Note of donation by Osler; bookplate of the Library of Johns Hopkins University. Annotations: An early reader who updates the 1543 volume with the revisions of the 1555 edition, and also adds summary comments. On *2r–*5v, extensive underlinings, revisions of the text, and summary notes on Vesalius’ studies in Paris with Sylvius, on the contents of the books (“argumenta librorum”), on the Epitome, “Epitome iste index horum […] dedicatur Philip[…]”, on Vesalius’ age, etc., with marginal numberings on occasion; on p. 1, revisions, extensive summary comments, on top of page, “Argumentum primij libri ex praefatione authoris. […]”, with numbering on side listing the topics discussed about the bone, and reference to later parts of the volume; on p. 2, revisions, underlinings and summary comments, e.g. “Cauernularum et sinus, quae in ossib. praestant, usus […]

1543 Editions

rationes”; on pp. 3–6, further revisions, underlinings, and occasional summary comments, including frequent note “Desyderat” on p. 6. where the 1555 edition deletes certain phrases; on p. 11, revision of last sentence of chapter III; on p. 199, underlining and note “NB Author promittit Medicum quoddam scriptum”; on pp. 549–558, extensive underlinings, NB signs, and brief summary notes about the dissection of the internal organs.

Bethesda, MD

I/204. National Library of Medicine Call No.: NLM 2295005 Physical Description: A restored, complete copy in good condition, with a burn-hole on pp. 355[455] and 366[466]. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from the top and the right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Modern maroon morocco, rebound by the Army Medical Library around 1943, with traces of clasps, and black single-rule border on covers. Provenance: A certain Matthias [?], who acquires the volume in Leipzig in 1554; the Nuremberg physician Isaac Schaller (d. 1586); the Cieszyn imperial administrator and poet laureate Samuel Radeschinsky von Radessowitz (c. 1570–1609); the Leipzig professor Christian Erhard Kapp (1739–1824); the Merseburg physician Johann Wilhelm Schlegel (1774–1812);8 the Bonn botany professor Ludolph Christian Treviranus (1770–1864); acquired by the Army Medical Library, the predecessor of the current library, in 1873. On front flyleaf, earlier possessor’s notes and ex-libris of Treviranus, Kapp and Schlegel; on frontispiece, note of Schaller and Radeschinsky. Annotations: Early annotations focusing on Greek terminology, and correcting the errata, as well as one modern note, and a potential annotation by Melanchthon. On front flyleaf, note by Treviranus in German on the acquisition, and on Calcar as the artist of the woodcuts, referencing Didot, as well as a printed copy of Melanchthon’s poem; on a separate sheet, a copy of Melanchthon’s poem on the Fabrica, potentially in Melanchthon’s hand. On *3v, 8  Schlegel and Kapp also owned a 1555 edition (II/90), whose provenance records reveal that Kapp owned the volume before Schlegel.

1543 Editions

Figure 96 Melanchthon’s poem on the human body. I/204. Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine. Call No.: NLM 2295005. Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine.

243

244

Figure 96 Melanchthon’s poem on the human body. I/204. Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine. Call No.: NLM 2295005. Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine.

1543 Editions

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marginal note “Librorum ordo & tractatio”; on *4r, note on the importance of autopsy and Vesalius’ age “Conscripsit hoc op […] anno aetatis s[…] XXVIII”; on p. 5, the characters of the illustration repeated next to illustration, with line drawn to show location; on p. 6, marginal letter “H”; on p. 63, underlinings where the reason for the neck is discussed and Galen is criticized; on p. 67, Greek names added where Pollux’s terminology is discussed; on p. 94, summary marginal note, “os cordis cerui”; on p. 102, Greek terms repeated on the margins; on p. 227[327], marginal note “Bochara Persiae ciuitas patria Auicennae”; on p. 504, summary note on the mesentery; on p. 546, note “Aristotelis problema notatum”; on p. 591, modern pencil note, underlining the word “membranas”, and adding equivalent term; on pp. 646–649, Greek terms and underlinings where the eye is discussed; correction of errata on pp. 5, 12, 19, 135, 159, 234, 264, 266, 288[298], 216[316], 217[317], 227[327], 399[499], 594, 637, 647; pagination corrected on occasion. Bibliography: Belt, Philipp Melanchthon’s Observations on the Human Body; Michael North and Laura Hartman, “NLM’s Unique De Fabrica.” Circulating Now Blog, December 16, 2104. http://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/12/16/nlmsunique-de-fabrica, consulted on September 1, 2017.

Birmingham, AL

I/205. University of Alabama at Birmingham Reynolds-Finley Historical Library Call No.: Shelf 2D18 Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with light foxing, minor tears, and worming affecting cover and endpapers, restored in 2013. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary pigskin with remnants of ties, title handwritten on fore-edge and spine. Provenance: The Detroit, MI, radiologist Lawrence Reynolds (1889–1961, born in Ozark, AL); who establishes the Reynolds Historical Library at the University of Alabama in Birmingham in 1958. Annotations: Modern pencil bibliographic information in German on back pastedown.

Bibliography: Rare Books and Collections of the Reynolds Historical Library: A Bibliography in 2 Volumes. Birmingham: University of Alabama Press, 1968–1994, Vol. I, entry 4191.

Bloomington, IN

I/206. Indiana University Lilly Library Call No.: QM25.V5 143 Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with floral decorations, clasps intact. Provenance: The Swiss nobleman Johann Baptista von Salis (1570–1638); the Uster minister Johann Felix Balber (1594–1664); who donates the volume to the Zürich Town Library in 1630. Note on front flyleaf, “Illustrae Bibliothecae Tigurinae Fabricam hanc dd Joh. Felix Balberus Eccl. Uster. Pastor. 1630.” Annotations: An early sporadic annotator. On front flyleaf, four album amicorum inscriptions with painted coats of arms, from various friends to Baptista von Salis in 1619. On *3v, note “Ordo totius operis”; on p. 512, underlining and note “NOTA” next to the anecdote of criminal hanged in Montisseli; on p. 514, underlining and marginal note “Epistola”; on p. 550, marginal note “umbilicus.”

Boston, MA

I/207. Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine Call No.: ff QM21.V63 copy 1 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with worming, dampstaining, heavy foxing, and repaired tear on pp. 23–24. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the head, vascular insert folded twice, nervous insert folded once, m3 sheet missing. Dried plant remains preserved between pp. 88–89.

246 Binding: Contemporary plain vellum, edges worn, title “VESALI DE HUMANI CORPORI” on spine, fore-edge speckled red. Provenance: Enters the current collection in 1929. Illegible possessor’s note with hand-drawn decoration, possibly coat of arms, overwritten, on frontispiece; acquisition stamp of Warren library from 1929. Annotations: An early ink hand making a few notes sporadically, focusing primarily on the internal organs. On p. 254, text supplied in handwritten ink where page is torn and repaired; on p. 391[491], summary note; on p. 498, reference to Galen added with chapter and page number; on p. 514, extensive underlinings and summary notes on the kidney’s position, each starting “quare”; on p. 538, extensive underlinings and summary notes in the section on where menstrual blood comes from, referring to hemorrhoids; on p. 574, summary notes on the aspera arteria; on p. 575, the printed marginal note “Connexus aspera arteria” completed with “cum esophago”; on p. 646, extra drawing added and one of the illustrations slightly modified where the crystalline humor is discussed; on p. 649, summary numbered list of the humors and tunics of the eye; underlinings and marginal lines on pp. 153, 348[448], 499, 503, 514, 538, 544, 574, 649; in the index, pagination corrected for an entry on the larynx. Two old auction catalogue descriptions of the Fabrica, in English and in French, pasted in on back flyleaf. I/208. Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine Call No.: ff QM21.V63 copy 2 Physical Description: A complete copy with some worming in the first few pages. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from top and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert, facing forward to p. 315[415]. Binding: Contemporary blind-tooled pigskin with floral decorations, incomplete leather clasps, title “Andreas Vesalius de humani corporis Fabrica” written on both front and back, and label “Andreas Vesalius de humani corporis fabrica libri septem”. Provenance: An Austrian monastic library until 1938; purchased by an Austrian dealer, and bought by J. I. Davis and G. M. Orioli of London in 1938; selling it in the same year to the Boston cardiologist Paul Dudley White (1886–1973); who donates the volume to the current collection. Ex-libris

1543 Editions

of Paul Dudley White, MD and his ex-dono to the Harvard Medical School Library; letter from the booksellers J. I. Davis & G. M. Orioli in London to White at Massachusetts General Hospital, dated February 18, 1938, stating that they purchased this copy “from a colleague in Vienna who had just received it together with a number of other books similarly bound from an Austrian monastic library”; with pencil note from 1951 that the current price then was 650 GBP or 1,820 USD. Annotations: Contemporary ink annotations focusing on the internal organs and the eyes, including an Arabic term. On p. 168, Arabic term added to the explanation of letters of the skeleton man, with note “caput seu initium manus. raseioa.”; on p. 364[464], reference to Theodorus Gaza’s translation of Aristotle, “Mesenterium in quo venae mesenteriacae quod Theodorus Gaza in Aristotele lactem est interpretatus. Barbari mesenteriacas venas adpillant.”; underlinings and emphases on *2r, *2v, *3r, *3v, *4r, *4v, *5r, *5v, and on pp. 162, 166, 267, 494–7, 527, 643, 644. Censorship: Name of Oporinus excised from frontispiece. I/209. The Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine Call No.: Countway ff QM21.V63 copy 3 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with worming and dampstaining, pp. 605–606 missing, extensive paper repairs to corners, edges, and margins, on almost every page up to p. 493, less frequent thereafter, leaving textblock unaffected, small strips pasted inline on pp. 288, 290–292, printer’s mark and colophon pasted onto modern paper. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle, m3 sheet missing. A variant edition. Binding: Half vellum and modern decorated paper over board, gilt label “VESALI ANDREAE HUM. CORP. FA. BASILEAE 15”, with end of label missing, edges speckled red. Provenance: The Boston cardiologist Howard Burnham Sprague (1896–1970); then the current collection. Ex-libris of Sprague; ex-libris of Countway Library. Annotations: None. I/210. Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine Call No.: ff QM21.V63 copy 4

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Physical Description: A complete copy with some spotting, repaired tear on p. 382. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle facing left, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with floral decorations and religious scenes, ties present, “N1” handwritten on cover, “N4” handwritten on front pastedown, label on spine, edges painted red. Provenance: A certain Franciscus Kunztat [?]; the Johns Hopkins professor and later Oxford Regius professor William Osler, Bart, (1849–1919); who presented this copy to the Boston Medical Library in 1904; which later becomes part of the current collection. “Ex Libris Francisci Kunztat” in pencil on top of *2r; ex-dono of Boston Medical Library; handwritten note of donation from Osler with the date of March 12, 1904; acquisition stamp of Boston Medical Library from 1904. Annotations: None.

Buffalo, NY

I/211. Buffalo & Erie County Public Library, Rare Book Room Call No.: RBR Milestone of Science 192 Physical Description: A copy with no significant tearing, foxing or worming. Occasional hairline tear and small stains. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle. Not a variant edition. Binding: Modern full tan morocco rebound in 2011, old calfskin spine with gilt fleurons and red label “VESALII HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA” preserved separately. Provenance: The Buffalo Museum of Science from ca. 1938 until 1996; when it enters the current collection; part of the Milestones of Science Collection brought together by Chauncey Hamlin. Annotations: An early reader focusing on the beginning of the volume. On *2r, marginal line and note “Medendi ratio triplex”; on *3r, underlining next to the name of Sylvius; on *3v, marginal note next to the name of Herophilus; on p. 21, Greek term added to the explanation of characters.



Cambridge, MA

I/212. Harvard Art Museums Somerville Research Facility Call No.: G406B Physical Description: A complete copy with occasional smudges, repaired tears in the margins between pp.  373–384[473–484]. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped calfskin over board with decorative central panel and two rolls of portraits of saints, church fathers, and allegorical figures, “HSMS” stamped on top, between the two rolls, “1550” stamped in the same space on the bottom. Two brass clasps, probably repaired, edge wear on both outer corners, illegible writing on top of label, handwritten old shelfmark “5839 V63”. Provenance: The Bremen physician Dr. Melchior Hermann Segelken (1814–1885); the Leipzig dealer Karl. W. Hiersemann; who sells it to Sylvester Rosa Koehler of the Harvard Art Museums in 1895. Donation plate on front pastedown showing that the volume was purchased by Harvard with the Gray Collection Engravings Fund; previous shelfmarks on front pastedown: “406.B” and “M.I.3”; round stamp of Gray Collection on front pastedown and throughout. Annotations: A modern pencil annotator focusing primarily on the heart. On p. 181, “PRIMA” corrected to “4”; on p. 308[408], a third triangle is drawn next to the other triangles; on p. 318[418], marginal “x” and arrow drawn next to the chapter on the fifth pair of nerves; on p. 595, marginal lines where the heart is discussed; on p. 596, marginal word and lines; on p. 597, marginal note “auricula post cor viveret”; on p. 598, marginal note “Cur ventriculus sinister crassior?” and marginal line. Note in German on front flyleaf by Segelken, discussing the book’s illustrations and printing history, focusing on the question of the artist, referring to Boerhaave & Albinus, the Journal zur Kunstgeschichte und zur allgemeinen Literatur II.133, edited by Christoph Gottlieb von Murr, and Choulant. Pagination corrected in pencil throughout.

248 I/213. Harvard University Houghton Library Call No.: pf Typ 565.43.868 Physical Description: A complete copy with minimal dampstaining and worming. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the foot, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with floral and geometric decorations, clasps present. Provenance: The Harvard librarian and book collector Philip Hofer (1898–1984); who donates this volume to Harvard in 1942 in memory of Summer Mead Roberts (1898–1939). On front pastedown, ex-libris and ex-dono of Hofer; note of accession at Houghton “6 Jan, 1942”. Annotations: An early reader who is interested in definitions of the muscle and the tendons, and in menstrual flows, with a good knowledge of Galen. On p. 154, correction of internal reference from “quinto libro” to “sexto libro”, with chapter number added on margins; on p. 219, note on a self-contradiction by Vesalius about the definition of muscles, “in fine capitis aliter definit”; on p. 220, note “Non musculi tendinis compositio haec est, et eam tradit Gal I. de motu muscul. quam ob rem vehementer miror, quid in mentem venerit Vesalio”, and another note on the nature of tendons; on p. 222, another note on Vesalius’ self-contradictions, “Initio primi cap. huius libri ligamentum omnis ferme sensus expers dixit: et in hoc quoque capite et Gal 1 de motu muscul.”; on p. 224, clarifying note next to the phrase “corporis partibus”, “in femoribus, uel si manis, poplitibus”; on p. 503, correction of “musculorum” to “intestinorum”; on p. 538, note next to the discussion of the origins of menstrual flows, “Non raro fit ut concretus sanguis emittatur, sed ab iis tantum, quibus ultra tempus consuetum retinetur vt etiam ab illis, quae profluvio laborantes aliquandiu fluxum continuerunt.”; on p. 543, note at the end of the chapter on foetal wrappings, “observatione digna”; on p. 590, correction of Latin; on p. 595, reference added to Galen’s De usu partium; on p. 648, correction of typographical error, on p. 649, correction of “humor vitreus” to “humor aqueus”. Underlinings on pp. 167, 219, 220, 221, 222, 224, 246, 248, 259, 538, and throughout index, index terms added: “ani, suae sedis, rectique intestini musculi 228” and “pupilla 648”.

1543 Editions



Chapel Hill, NC

I/214. University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill Call No.: QS 4 V575 1543 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with minor worming in the index at back of the book and some staining, vascular insert missing, the portrait has been cut out from *6 (which is missing) and mounted on frontispiece verso, colophon and printer’s device removed from Mm8 (which is missing) and mounted on first end leaf. Nervous insert present after p. 352[452], and bound sideways with head facing right, m3 sheet present after p. 312[412]. Not a variant edition. A partially hand-colored copy, frontispiece, portrait, printer’s mark, pp. 2, 3, 5, 14, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 33, 36, 38, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 55, 57, 60, 66, 67, 71, 77, 79, 80, 163, 164, 165, 238, 374[474] are colored. Binding: Nineteenth-century leather bound over early binding boards, evidence of rebinding on spine, leather is scarred and worn, spine is torn at tail and head. Provenance: The sixteenth-century Kitzingen physician and schoolmaster Georg Seifrid (an acquaintance of Paul Eber, whose copy is in Glasgow, I/174), who acquires the volume in 1554; the Munich physician, health reformer, and bibliophile Simon von Haeberl (1772–1831). Handwritten inscription “ex libris Georgii Seifridi Kitthingensis” on frontispiece; round red stamp “Ex Libris Dr. S. Haeberl” on frontispiece; on frontispiece verso, with the portrait of Vesalius, the date “1554” and “GSK” written in hand. Annotations: A learned reader, potentially Seifrid, who is conversant in Greek and is strongly interested in Greek and Latin equivalent terms, in processes of dissection, and in the functions of certain internal organs, underlining usually in red and writing in brown ink, annotations heavily trimmed. On portrait, “Simbolum Vesalii / Ocyus, iucunde et tuto / Viva Imago / Anno aetatis XXVIII Anno Christi M. D. XLII. / Vincit Prudentia ferrum”; on *2v, several capital letters highlighted with hash marks, and marginal line where Vesalius laments the state of surgery in medicine; on *3v, extensive underlinings, several capital letters highlighted with hash marks, and partially erased summary annotations; on *4r, extensive underlining, several capital letters highlighted with hash marks, and marginal notes “28” where Vesalius’ age is mentioned and “Andreae Vesalii pater” where his father is mentioned; on *4v, underlining where Vesalius discusses how Alexander

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Figure 97 Hand-colored frontispiece. I/214. University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill. Call No.: QS 4 V575 1543.

the Great allowed himself to be pictured only by the best artists; on *5v, underlining where Ryff’s plagiarism is discussed; on p. 1, where the nature of the bones is discussed, extensive underlinings, and annotations noting equivalencies between Greek and Latin terms for bones and other organs, including Greek terms not in Vesalius; on p. 2, extensive underlinings where Vesalius discusses the bones’ structures, and heavily trimmed Latin word; on p. 3, where the natures of the bones and the cartilages are discussed, extensive underlinings, including the passage on the sensitivity of teeth, and the marginal note “larynx” written in Greek and “guttur” in Latin; on p. 4, where the cartilage is discussed, extensive underlinings, and marginal note on a Greek term and its Latin equivalent; on p. 7, where the limbs and the epiphysis are discussed, extensive underlinings and summary note; on p. 8, where processes and epiphyses are discussed, extensive underlinings, and

marginal note repeating the two Greek words for appendix and epiphysis; on p. 9, extensive underlinings in red where the vertebrae and the head are discussed, with marginal notes repeating the Greek words of the text with Latin translations, and summary note on the shape and differences of the head; on p. 10, where the kondyle, the cervix, etc., are discussed, extensive underlinings, and summary notes, mentioning Galen, on the equivalencies of Greek and Latin words, going beyond what the text supplies; on p. 11, where the joints and the structural relationships of bones are discussed, extensive underlinings and explanations of Greek terms; on p. 12, with the table of the types of connections joining bones, underlinings and heavily trimmed summary annotations; on p. 13, where joints are discussed; underlinings and marginal repetition of Greek terms; on p. 14, underlinings where the arthrodia and the ginglymus are discussed; on p. 15, where sutures and other

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flows, marginal note “himen”; on p. 356[456], underlining in brown ink where the position of the omentum during dissection is discussed; on p. 390[490], underlining, marginal line and summary note in brown ink, where Vesalius recounts Galen’s anecdote of the gold ring that someone swallowed and then excreted; on p. 502, underlinings and marginal note (“1 / 2 / 3”) in brown ink where Vesalius lists the three functions of the intestines; on p. 503, where the intestines’ substance is discussed, the word “musculorum” is corrected to “intestinorum”; on p. 548, where Vesalius discusses how dissections should be organized, several underlinings and summary note; on p. 580, where the uvula is discussed, underlinings and heavily trimmed marginal notes on the use of the uvula; on p. 582, underlining where the lungs’ use is discussed; on p. 583, underlining in brown ink where Vesalius discusses the function of the lung; on p. 587, trimmed summary note where Vesalius discusses the heart’s fibers’ function.

Figure 98 Hand-colored portrait of Vesalius. I/214. University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill. Call No.: QS 4 V575 1543.

joinings of the bones are discussed, extensive underlinings; on p. 16, where the bones’ joinings are discussed, underlinings and marginal note where Greek terms are mentioned; on p. 17, extensive underlinings and marginal notes where Vesalius’ disagreements with Galen are discussed; on p. 18, extensive underlinings in red where the skull’s shapes, and especially the privileged place of the eyes, are discussed; on p. 19, where non-natural skulls are discussed, extensive underlinings in red, several capital letters highlighted with hash marks, marginal explanation in Latin of the Homeric term Φοξος, with hand-drawn illustration of a misshaped head in brown ink; on p. 20, where the eight bones of the skulls are illustrated, underlinings and heavily trimmed summary marginal notes; on p. 27, where the sutures of the skull are discussed, several capital letters highlighted with hash marks; on p. 32, where the cuneiform bone is dicussed, several capital letters highlighted with hash marks; on p. 159, where Vesalius discusses how cooked bones should be joined for making an erect skeleton, underlining and summary note “modus coniugandi […]”; on p. 161, marginal note and underlining “Historia de rapto […]” where Vesalius discusses how he stole a burned criminal’s body in Louvain; on p. 290[390] where Vesalius discusses the vein from which virgins’ menstrual blood

Bibliography: Julie V. Hansen and Suzanne Porter, The Physician’s Art: Representations of Art and Medicine. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999; mentioned in Christie’s description of the Haskell F. Norman copy; De humani corporis fabrica in Color, http://dc.lib.unc.edu/ cdm/landingpage/collection/vesalius.

Chicago

I/215. Newberry Library Call No.: Case 6A 156 Physical Description: A complete copy with minor dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Eighteenth-century gold-tooled red morocco with gilt label “VESAL: HUMANI CORPORIS”, gold-tooled borders on covers and fleurons on spine, edges painted gold. Provenance: The English aristocrat, statesman, and president of the Royal Society, Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke (1656–1733); whose library at Wilton House remained with the family; and was sold by Sotheby’s in the twentieth century in several sales; purchased by the Chicago lawyer Louis H. Silver (1902–1963); whose

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collection was bought after his death by the Newberry Library in 1964. Ex-libris of Silver; and pencil note on front paste­down “The Pembroke Copy”.

pencil note “la planche double qui précède devrait être ici placée.”; erroneous page numbers corrected in ink throughout.

Annotations: On p. 223[323], illegible notes; pagination corrected on p. 299.

Censorship: Name of Oporinus covered in brown ink in Letter to Oporinus; censorship of Oporinus in colophon, washed off.

I/216. University of Chicago Regenstein Library Special Collections Call No.: alc QM21.V588 c1 Physical Description: A complete copy with some foxing, brown liquid mark on p. 171, on pp. 192–193, mark left by metal clips used to hold down the two sheets, potentially during an exhibition. Bifolium inserts present after p. 312[412] and 350[450], bound sideways in the middle, m3 sheet present. Binding: Worn, early vellum in protective cloth, with label “Vesalij Anatomia” on spine. Provenance: The Berkeley professor of anatomy Herbert McLean Evans (1882–1971); then the current collection. Ex-libris of Herbert McLean Evans; bookplate of the Dr. Morris Fishbein Collection at the University of Chicago Libraries; former possessor’s note washed off on frontispiece; call number in pencil on verso of frontispiece. Annotations: An early reader focusing primarily on Aristotle. On p. 3, underlinings; on p. 12, underlinings; on p. 21, correction of “anterior” to “posterior”; on p. 26, where Aristotle is discussed, underlinings; on pp. 88–89, underlinings where Aristotle is discussed; on p. 107, underlinings where Aristotle is discussed; on p. 139, underlinings where Aristotle is discussed; on p. 222, underlinings; on p. 232, underlinings where Aristotle is discussed; on p. 242, underlinings; on p. 259[359], underlinings; on p. 267[367], underlinings; on p. 315[415], underlinings where the nerves and Aristotle are discussed; on p. 317[417], underlinings where the nerves are discussed; on p. 324[424], underlinings; on p. 389[489], underlinings; on p. 511, underlinings; on p. 511[513], underlinings about Aristotle and the spleen; on p. 514, underlinings where Aristotle is discussed; on p. 584, underlinings; on p. 590, underlinings where Aristotle is discussed; on p. 648, underlinings; on p. 649, underlinings about the vitreous humor in the eye; marginal lines on pp. 15, 124, 126, 329[429], 511[513], 584, 594; on p. 170, vertical pencil line (first muscle man) throughout the page; on p. 312[412],

I/217. University of Chicago Regenstein Library Special Collections Call No.: alc QM21.V588 c2. Physical Description: An incomplete copy with minor foxing and dampstaining, pp. 311[411]/312[412] missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 310 and 352, bound sideways in the middle, facing right, m3 sheet missing. Not a variant edition. The illustration on p. 268[368] hand-colored. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with floral decorations, and date “MDXLVII” on front cover, clasps intact, edges painted red. Provenance: The Flemish physician Petrus Wynants in 1581; his widow, who donates the volume to an unknown library; the Society of Jesus in Brussels; the Chicago physician Joseph A. Capps (1872–1964); who gifts the volume to his son, the Chicago liver specialist and Rush professor Dr. Richard B. Capps (1906–1976) on Christmas Day 1941; then the current collection. Note on front flyleaf, “Dec. 25, 1941. Affectionately presented to Dr. Richard B. Capps by his father Joseph A. Capps, MD.”; note “Petrus Wijnants medicus 1581 20 aprilis, wijn liever water, an vino veritas?”; additional squiggles by Wijnants and price “14 Carolinis”; cancelled and illegible possessor’s note on front flyleaf; note “Vidua D. Petri Wijnants Medicinae Doctoris ad mariti memoriam Huic Bibliotheca dono dedit”; partly illegible note “Andreas W. dono dabat” on frontispiece, possessor’s note “Collegii Societatis Jesu Brux” on frontispiece. Annotations: A learned reader or readers, one of them possibly from the eighteenth century, updating the terminology, structuring the text through marginal numberings, underlining extensively and highlighting characters in the illustrations in red in the first 100 pages, with an interest in the Galenic tripartite body and the soul. Annotations on p. 1 with marginal numbering; on p. 2, marginal numbering; on p. 50, marginal numbering; on p. 129, marginal

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Figure 99 Hand-colored version of the vena cava on p. 268[368]. I/217. Chicago: University of Chicago, Regenstein Library Special Collections. Call No.: alc QM21.V588 c2.

numbering; on p. 263[363], updated terminology added to the vessels; on p. 269[369], updated nomenclature added; on p. 273[373], updated terminology added; on p. 299[399], correction of typographical error; on p. 387[487], note “Galenus notatus”; on p. 499, internal reference “supra 362 fol.”; on p. 515, summary note; on p. 531, summary note on the issue of generation as discussed by medical professionals and theologians, “scholasticorum theologicorum studium”; on p. 622, summary notes on the tripartite body “IECUR / COR / CEREBRUM” and “Spiritus vitalis” with marginal numberings; on p. 623, marginal numberings and summary notes on the ventricles of the brain; on p. 624, summary note on the comparative anatomy of the brain; on p. 648, correction of typographical error; on p. 649, correction of “vitreus” to “aqueus”; underlinings in red and brown ink on pp. 1–17, 20–21, 23, 25–35, 37, 39, 48–60, 62–65, 69, 73, 81, 83, 85, 97, 102, 103, 126 (theology and soul), 128, 153, 162, 171, 215, 218–220, 232, 235, 236, 247, 260[360], 299[399]–301[401], 384[484]–387[487], 396[488]–389[489], 493, 497, 499–501, 504, 515–517, 531, 561–562, 574–575, 622–623, 633, 647–649, 660, and terms related to the vertebrae in the index. Handcoloring of venous system on p. 268[368] to facilitate parsing the image; highlighting of characters in illustrations on pp. 2, 5, 14, 20, 21, 22, 23, 4[24], 25, 36, 38, 43, 45, 48–49,

51, 52, 53, 55, 57; errata corrected on pp. 5, 12, 181 (“quarta”); two pages of typescript bibliographic description of the Fabrica on front pastedown and front flyleaf from the midtwentieth century.

Cleveland, OH

I/218. Case Western Reserve University Kelvin Smith Library Call No.: QM21.V47 1543 Physical Description: A complete copy with mild foxing, a few tears, and minor worming, repaired, frontispiece repaired. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, m3 sheet present before vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Restored, blind-stamped contemporary vellum. Provenance: A certain “Museolum Mongellianum”; then the Roman physician Giorgio Bonelli (1724–1804); enters

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Detroit, MI

the current collection in 1899 with financial support from the gift of Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Mather to Adelbert College, now part of Case Western Reserve University. Note of Bonelli on frontispiece “Olim Ex Museolo Mongelliano in Rom. Atheneo Classis Meda / Nunc Georgii Bonelli Monregalensis P. R. Decani, ex Archiat: Coll. Et Soc.”



Annotations: An early ink annotator who has a special manner of visualizing characters in the illustrations, and otherwise focuses on correcting typographical errors. On p. 265, “inferioris” corrected to “superioris”; on p. 503, summary note “intestinorum” added on side, correcting “musculorum”; on p. 564, characters of illustration copied out next to the illustration, in the same position as in the illustration; on p. 565, characters of illustration copied out next to the illustration, in the same position as in the illustration; on p. 566, characters of illustration copied out next to the illustration, in the same position as in the illustration; on p. 567, characters of illustration copied out next to the illustration, in the same position as in the illustration; on p. 568, characters of illustration copied out next to the illustration, in the same position as in the illustration; on p. 611, “x” added to the illustration of the brain; on p. 640, summary note “cerebri”; on p. 649, “vitreus” corrected to “aqueus”; washed-out and illegible marginalia throughout index, incl. one legible note adding page number to the term; correction of errata on p. 647; underlinings on p. 581.

Physical Description: A complete copy with staining affecting the first 78 pages and small tears at the beginning. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically, and folded, m3 sheet present before the vascular insert.



Denver, CO

I/219. University of Colorado–Denver Call No.: WZ 240 V575d 1543 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some dampstaining, colophon and printer’s mark cut out from original page, with damage to printer’s mark, and mounted on modern paper. Binding: Modern cardboard with edges speckled with red. Provenance: The Colorado professor of medicine James J. Waring (1883–1962); who donates the volume to the current collection. Ex-dono of James J. Waring on front pastedown; on front flyleaf, oval stamp of “University of Colorado Medical Center Library Denver”. Annotations: Pagination corrected in pencil.

I/220. Detroit Public Library Burton Historical Collection Call No.: XR 093 V63d

Binding: Late nineteenth-century calfskin over wood, with gilt border on front and back covers. Provenance: The Boston Medical Library; enters the Detroit Public Library on July 6, 1927. Unrelated catalogue entries pasted in, about an exemplar sold in Bologna in 1966 with some annotations, and about another exemplar sold by Dawson’s of Pall Mall in 1961 with a stamp of the Paris Carmelites. Annotations: Only underlinings and marginal lines, with no text or images added. Underlinings and marginal lines on a2r, on p. 2, at the top of the page, on p. 153, where the aspera arteria is mentioned; on p. 212, where muscles are defined; on p. 215, where the ligament’s substance is discussed; on p. 216, where the ligament’s use is discussed; on p. 282, where rectal muscles are discussed; on p. 286, where Arabic views on the testicles are discussed; on p. 291, where the transverse septum is discussed; on p. 396[488], where the ninth thoracic vertebra is mentioned; on p. 389[489] where the stomach is discussed; on p. 390[490], where the stomach’s orifices are discussed; on p. 391[491], where the intestines of obese people are discussed; on p. 492, where the stomach’s tunics are discussed; on p. 494, where the omentum is discussed; on p. 496, where the omentum’s veins are discussed; on p. 497, where the fat is discussed; on p. 499 where the duodenum is discussed; on p. 504, where Galen is discussed on the mesentery’s veins; on p. 505, where the liver’s location is discussed; on p. 506, where human and animal livers are discussed; on p. 517, where the bladder’s shape is discussed; on p. 521, where the testicle’s substance is discussed; on p. 523, where the testicle’s arteries are discussed; on p. 525, where the glandulous body is mentioned; on p. 526, where the vas deferens is discussed; on p. 550, where the umbilical cord is discussed; on pp. 574–575, where the aspera arteria is mentioned; on p. 584, where Galen is criticized; on p. 585,

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where the tumescence after hanging is discussed; on p. 587, where the heart’s dilation is discussed; on p. 623, where animal spirits and the brain’s ventricle are discussed; on p. 625, where the brain’s membranes are discussed.

Duluth, MN

I/221. University of Minnesota Duluth Kathryn A. Martin Library Archives and Special Collections Call No.: Uncatalogued. Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy with minimal tearing, worming up to p. 60, and foxing throughout, inserts, colophon, printer’s device, and index missing and supplied in facsimile, first 36 leaves possibly supplied from another copy. Bifolium inserts provided in facsimile, bound sideways by the foot and folded once, m3 sheet present after the vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Restored, plain vellum. Provenance: St. Peter’s Abbey in Salzburg, Austria; sold by Sotheby’s in 1969 for $336; the Rolling Hills, CA physician and radiologist Howard H. Higholt; who donates it to the current collection in June 2010. Possessor’s note on frontispiece “Conuentus S. Petrij Salisburgi”; and note “Ex Bibliotheca Conuentus Monasterij. S. Petri Salisburge”. Annotations: None. Censorship: Frontispiece trimmed to woodcut, and the text “BASILEAE” missing, added later in pencil, colophon missing.

Durham, NC

I/222. Duke University David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library History of Medicine Collections Call No.: QM21.V418 1543 Folio c.1 Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with minor, repaired tears. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically, then folded

from bottom and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Stamped calfskin over board, spine rebacked in leather, traces of clasps. Provenance: The Gdańsk astronomer Johannes Hecker [?] (1625–1675); the New York book dealer Henry Schuman (1899–1962); who sold it to the Duke physician and collector Josiah Charles Trent (1914–1948) probably in 1948; after Trent’s death, his widow, the philanthropist and tobacco heiress Mary Duke Biddle Trent Semans (1920–2012); who donated the book to the current library in 1956. Colored bookplate of Josiah Charles Trent, M. D. on front pastedown; bookplate of Duke University Medical Center Library Trent Collection on front paste­ down; possessor’s note “Ioannis Heckeri” at the bottom of frontispiece. Annotations: Early, undated price note in unknown currency on first flyleaf recto, “constat 16.40 A.”

Galveston, TX

I/223. University of Texas Medical Branch Call No.: Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, m3 sheet present before vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with floral decorations and tooled frames, one clasp intact, traces of other clasp. Provenance: Unknown. On frontispiece, note “sum DRuckeri”. Annotations: A German systematic reader who is interested in the illustrations, and uses hand-coloring to make sense of them, familiar with Galen. On frontispiece, note “213 fol. […] facit sui Epitomei” and another, illegible note about “fol. 580”; on *6v, various quotes from Vesalius’ China letter and comment on Vesalius’ motto; on p. 11, reference to Galen; on p. 19, correction of errata. on p. 36, in

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Figure 100

Hand-drawn highlighting of the geometry of bones on p. 87. I/223. Galveston, TX: University of Texas Medical Branch. Courtesy of the Truman G. Blocker, Jr. History of Medicine Collections, Moody Medical Library, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.

the woodcut some of the sutures of the skull highlighted in red ink, characters highlighted in red, and numbers added; on p. 47, the character “G” of the skull woodcut repeated on the side, with line drawn to original location; on p. 48, area around letter “N” hand-colored in red on the top skull, character “G” repeated on the side of the bottom skull, with line drawn to original location; on p. 51, page number added to reference to Galen’s De usu partium; on p. 60, red highlighting in the fifth woodcut; on p. 67, underlinings and trimmed note at the bottom of page; on p. 86, numberings added to the ribs on the left side of the

woodcut; on p. 87, numberings on the woodcut, and triangle drawn around it; on p. 96, reference to Galen, “Haec desumta sunt ex Gal lib. 13. part. usus. cap. 10.”; on p. 115, numberings and notes next to the woodcuts; on p. 136, identifications of the woodcuts; on p. 142, note, “XII ossium […] sesami”; on p. 162, underlinings, numberings, and summary notes, such as “26 ossa pedij” and “304 summa”; on p. 165, underlinings and summary note “Raseta ex hebreo venit”; on p. 171, faint hand-coloring, and identifications of the feet’s tendons, with numbers added to various characters in the muscle man, underlinings and

256 note “axioma”; on p. 174, numbers added to the muscles; on p. 179, numbers added to the muscle man, note of identification, and partial hand-coloring for identification; on p. 181, “PRIMA” corrected to “QUARTA”, note “abdominis musc. obliq. […]”, numbers added and red lines added to separate the muscles from each other; on p. 184, numbers added to the muscle man; on p. 187, numbers added to the muscle man and note; on p. 192, numbers added to characters “g”, “h” and “i”; on p. 194, numbers added to the characters of the woodcut; on p. 197, characters repeated next to the woodcut, with line drawn to original location, and hand-coloring added to identify certain muscles; on p. 206, numbers added to the muscle man’s characters; on p. 211, numbers added to the woodcut’s characters; on p. 212, underlinings and numbers added to the woodcut’s characters; on p. 231, internal reference “folio 370 & 378”; on p. 256, internal reference to p. 154; on p. 287, summary notes such as “89 mus: tho:”; on p. 290, internal reference, summary note, and underlinings; on p. 294, internal reference to “sup. 290”; on p. 268[368], identification of characters and hand-coloring of a vessel in the hand to facilitate identification; on p. 305[405], extensive identifications of the woodcut’s characters, with textual and numeric identifications on the side, drawing lines to the original location in the woodcut; on p. 310[410], “NB” sign and summary notes; on p. 311[411], identifications of the woodcuts, e.g. “arteria venosa”; on p. 317[417], reference to “De usu radicis chinae 187 fol”; on p. 318[418], identifications of characters “c” and “D” and numberings of other characters in the woodcut; on p. 319[419], identifications of characters in the woodcut, numberings, and hand-colorings of certain nerves, as well as underlinings in the text; on p. 325[425], underlinings, summary notes, and internal references; on p. 356[456], letter “G” in the woodcut colored in red, word “iecur” next to “H”, and hand-coloring to separate the organs; on p. 358[458], Latin identifications of the woodcut, and German note about the omentum in cattle; on p. 360[460], line drawn through the woodcut to show the direction of the intestines; on p. 361[461], identification of woodcut “colon”; on p. 362[462], identification of “caecum intesti” in the woodcut; on p. 365[465], identification of character “R” in the woodcut; on p. 377[477], identification of character in the woodcut; on p. 378[478], internal reference to fol. 539 next to the woodcut; on p. 504, reference with folio number to De usu partium; on p. 560, partial handcoloring of the woodcut to facilitate identification; on p. 563, characters “A” and “D” repeated on the side, with lines drawn to original location; on p. 564, vessel handcolored to facilitate identification; on p. 610, characters

1543 Editions

of the woodcut repeated to facilitate identification; on p. 613, letter “K” in the woodcut faintly hand-colored; on p. 643, extensive efforts to identify each part of the eye in the woodcut; on p. 644, identifications of the woodcuts; underlinings on pp. 5, 20, 26, 27, 28, 42, 49, 50, 51, 92, 93, 94, 95, 99, 118, 126, 128, 129, 132, 135, 144, 151, 155, 157, 167, 179, 199, 215, 216, 234, 261, 291, 292, 302, 227[327], 248[348], 249[349], 250[350], 259[359], 266[366], 267[367], 269[369], 270[370], 277[377], 279[379], 281[381], 285[385], 291[391], 295[395], 312[412], 321[421], 322[422], 328[428], 329[429], 351[451], 359[459], 385[485], 496, 509, 510, 511, 512, 519, 521, 524, 529, 538, 552, 569, 623, 641, 646, 648, 659, 659[663]; underlinings and summary notes on pp. 65, 70, 90, 91, 122, 124, 134, 149, 153, 154, 160, 161, 233, 259, 286, 289, 287[387], 288[388], 306[406], 307[407], 308[408], 309[409], 315[415], 316[416], 323[423], 326[426], 327[427], 386[486], 389[489], 390[490], 492, 493, 494, 495, 497, 503, 505, 507, 511[513], 518, 526, 527, 539, 541, 542, 543, 550, 580, 581, 582, 583, 647; numberings on pp. 4, 89, 275[375], 384[484], 499, 500, 501, 502, 649; numberings and summary notes on pp. 159, 324[424], 387[487], 391[491]; index terms added.

Hanover, NH

I/224. Dartmouth College Rauner Library Call No.: QM25.V4 Physical Description: A complete copy with minor dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present, bound vertically, torn, and folded from bottom and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped calfskin with brass corners and broken clasps, with an eroded image of Samson carrying gates, and text “Samson casae portae fores Portavit in verticem montis. Iud. i.” on the front cover, probably a depiction and adapted text of Judges 16:3. Provenance: The Salzburg physician Melchior Fleckh (MD Ingolstadt, 1568), who acquires the volume in 1582; the Cincinnati, OH, anatomy professor Phineas S. Conner (1839–1909); whose library is acquired by Dartmouth in 1909. On front pastedown, old shelfmark and bookplate of Conner Memorial Library at Dartmouth; uninked, embossed seal of “Dr. P. S. Conner, Cincinnati, OH” on

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p. 23; possessor’s note on top of back pastedown “Ex libris Medici celeberrimi Melchior Fleckh 9 Septemb: Ao 82.” Annotations: On the front pastedown, nineteenth-century German pencil note, probably by the dealer, praising Calcar’s illustrations. I/225. Dartmouth College Rauner Library Call No.: QM25.V4 c.2 Physical Description: An incomplete copy, pp. 170 and 179 blank with first muscle man and the relevant text not printed on sheet; repaired hole on a2r, with missing text supplied in ink with a few mistakes, comma missing between “hicens” and “sic”, and “proceres” for “autores”, on p. 382, the last woodcut of the uterus with the foetus excised. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from top, bottom and right, vascular insert facing forwards to m3 sheet, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Modern binding. Provenance: Potentially the Paris art historian and collector Frédéric Villot (1809–1875). Handwritten note above frontispiece, perhaps “F. Villot, 06 Xb [?]/ […]”. Annotations: An early reader interested in summarizing each page’s contents on the top, with an interest in the spleen and hemorrhoids. On p. 1, underlinings and summary note on top of the page, “ossium usus et differentia”; on p. 2, underlinings and summary note on top of the page, “ossium differentia”; on p. 3, underlinings and summary note on top of the page, “Cartilaginis / Natura / Usus / Differentia”; on p. 4, underlinings and summary note on top of the page, Cartilaginis Usus / Differentia”; on p. 7, summary note on top of the page, “κωλομ / επιφψσις”; on p. 8, underlinings and summary note on top of the page; on p. 9, underlinings and summary note on top of the page; on p. 10, underlinings, and summary note on top of the page, “Ossium / Glyne Collum Acetabulum et sinuum capitum / Usus Differentiae”; on p. 11, summary note on top of the page; on p. 12, summary note on top of the page, “commissura ossa ingredientes”; on p. 14, underlining and summary note on top of the page, “Arthrodia”; on p. 127, letters in the woodcut highlighted; on p. 281, underlinings and summary note on top, “Abdominis musculi”; on

p. 282, underlinings and summary note on top, “Abdominis musculi”; on p. 511, summary note on top, “Lien”; on p. 512, underlinings, and note “Historia”; on p. 511[513], underlinings and summary notes “Li. De respirationis usu falso Gal. asscribitur”, “Usus lienis”; on p. 514, summary note “lien risus author”; on p. 538, underlining and summary note “Haemorrhoidum sanguis ex ramis venae portae”; on p. 577, underlinings and summary notes “inspiratio”, “expiratio”; further underlinings on *3v and pp. 35, 128, 384[484], 521, 578.

Houston, TX

I/226. Texas Medical Center Library Call No.: McGovern Unclassified Physical Description: A complete copy with minimal wear. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound horizontally and folded, m3 sheet present before vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Unrestored, seventeenth-century stamped calfskin. Provenance: The Houston surgeon Hampton C. Robinson (1914–1988) and his wife, Louise Fenton Robinson (d. 2006); who donated the volume to the current collection in the 1970s. Round library stamp “TxHMC Aug. 1990”; ex-libris of the Texas Medical Center Library (not attached to volume). Annotations: Early note on frontispiece, “Ut ad Historie fidem Geographia, sic ad rem Medicam corporis humani descriptio pernoscenda”.

Iowa City, IA

I/227. University of Iowa Physical Description: An incomplete copy with heavy staining and moulding, *6 missing and supplied in facsimile, frontispiece and *2 torn and mounted on modern paper. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from the bottom and the right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition.

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Binding: Modern alum-tawed pigskin with geometrical decorations, blind-stamped title “ANDREAE VESALII DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA” on spine, done by Anthony and Associates (1980–1989), the firm of the University of Iowa conservator William Anthony (1926–1989).

cur crebrius in cruris parte, sura dicta fiant. 292”; “vivos secavit Vessalius 495”.

Provenance: Unknown. Pencil shelfmark on page with Letter to Oporinus.

I/228. Cornell University Library Kroch Library, Division of Rare Books and Manuscripts Call No.: Hist. Sci. QM21.V57++

Annotations: A student of Vesalius and Fallopio with an interest in nomenclature, the muscles, and menstruation. On *3v, marginal numbering of the table of contents; on p. 3, underlining where Vesalius discusses that the dental bones have sentience; on p. 7, underlining and marginal summary notes, “quatuor membra grec[…]” and “Uaria appendicis nom.”; on p. 8, summary notes about the names of the processes; on p. 9, summary note on the name of the kondyle; on p. 11, summary notes; on p. 13, summary note “motus femoris et brachii”; on p. 162, underlining and number “307” on the margin where the number of the human bones is discussed; on p. 181, “PRIMA” corrected to “QUARTA”; on p. 231, summary notes on the skin; on p. 232, marginal note on the perceptibility of the foramina of the skin, with reference to personal observation; on p. 233, summary notes on the adeps; on p. 282, note “Meus preceptor discipulus Vesalij Falloppique vult […] et diuersorum musculorum […]”, and another summary note; on p. 283, summary note and correction of “dextra” to “sinistra”; on p. 287, manicule and summary notes “primi lumborum musculi enarratio”, “musculus lumborum 2. describitur”; on p. 299, numbering of muscles on the margin; on p. 254[354], pencil squiggles and the drawing of an eye; on p. 268[368], pencil drawing; on p. 273[373], summary note; on p. 290[390], underlining where menstruation is discussed, and note “[…] ab hymeneo puellarum”; on p. 291[391], very long annotations, starting “hec uena est fons, origo, et ipsissim[…] truncus omnium pedis uenaru sed […] tibiae. I. 293”, with internal references, and references to Galen; on p. 292[392], further notes on the vena cava; on p. 293[393], references to Galen and summary notes; on p. 535, manicule next to the discussion of the vessels of the uterus; on p. 538, marginal lines and manicule in the discussion of menstrual blood; on p. 547, marginal line and manicule where pregnancy and menstruation are discussed; on p. 574, correction of typographical error. Underlinings and marginal lines on pp. 3, 18, 281[381], pagination corrected in pencil at the end of the volume. Addition to index “clysteris, usq, ad graciliam intestinam colicosque cruciatus, non attingere. 502”; “uarices



Ithaca, NY

Physical Description: A restored, complete copy, bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways and folded, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Nineteenth-century plain vellum over cardboard. Provenance: Unknown. Enters the current collection probably after 1889; not in the 1889 Catalogue of the Historical Library of Andrew Dickson White, first president of Cornell University. Annotations: None.

Kansas City, KS

I/229. University of Kansas Medical Center Clendening History of Medicine Library Call No.: WZ 240 V585h 1543 Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with tears to fore-edge, also affecting some other pages, worming between pp. 61–202, and minimal foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways and folded, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Modern plain tan leather, gilt title on spine “VESALIUS”, probably from 1976, with note on endpapers “DOVER HAND-MADE” and “GB 1976”. Provenance: The Kansas City, KS, physician and medical writer Logan Clendening (1884–1945), who purchases it in the 1930s; and whose collection is donated to the current library upon his death in 1945. Bookplates of Logan Clendening and the current collection on front pastedown.

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Annotations: Early ink sporadic underlinings with an interest in the maxilla. On p. 7, underlining of “puerorum dentes”; on p. 19, underlining of “Hippocrate”; on p. 40, underlining where the third maxillary bone is discussed; on p. 44, underlinings where Vesalius argues that the inferor maxilla has one bone only.

Kansas City, MO

I/230. Linda Hall Library Call No.: QM21. V395 1543

are discussed, underlinings, and longer note, starting “ubi autem Vesalius digitorum musculi illi q. repositi sunt inter ossa postbrachialijs, et inter[…] quod […] in primum os digitorum, dicebat preceptor meus hoc uerum non esse. […]”; on p. 309, marginal numberings “1. 2. 3.” and correction of “imo” to “primo”; on p. 249[349], marginal “3” added where the third muscle is discussed; on p. 11, “decimae figurae” corrected to “none figurae” and “secunda” to “3a”; further underlinings on *2r, *3v, and pp. 7, 8, 26, 27, 45, 215, 233, 284, 266[366], 267[367], 270[370], 272[372], 273[373], 274[374], 282[382], 293[393], 511[513]; marginal line on p. 276[376]; underlining and marginal line on p. 290[390]; pagination corrected.

Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some browning and foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from top, bottom, and right, m3 sheet missing. Not a variant edition.

Online: http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/compound object/collection/nat_hist/id/33346

Binding: Brown calfskin binding with arabesque decoration, red morocco label on spine, modern endpapers.

I/231. Getty Research Institute Call No.: ID 84-B27611

Provenance: The Florentine physician Jacopo Marchesetti, member of the Accademia del Disegno in 1569; the Prato physician Giuseppe M. Zarini (c. 1820). On front pastedown, ex-libris “Ad usum Joseph M. Zarini Civis Pratensis Philos. Ac Medicinae Doctori” and ex-libris of Linda Hall Library; on frontispiece, note “Δdi 5 dono divolo”; and “Jacobi Marchesetti florentini και των φιλων”. Annotations: A reader reflecting on his lecturer’s teachings, and occasionally disagreeing with Vesalius as a result, also correcting the text’s typographical errors. On *3r, underlinings, and listing of the seven volumes of the Fabrica; on *6v, under the portrait, note “In itinere redux ab Hierosolymis, ingurente tempestate in insula Zacynthus ejectus morbo irreptus, in misero tuguriolo, omni ope destitutus inter barbaros obijt anno 1564 annum agens 50 die XIII Octobris. Ex varijs, et certis Commentarij haec excerpsi Joseph M. Zarini […]”; on p. 17, long note on the ginglymus, starting “Verificat hoc quod dicit Vesalius de ginglimo in cardinibus antiquarum portarum et non in his quibus hodie utimur. […]”; on p. 51, extended note; on p. 162, underlinings and number on the margin “304”, reflecting the number of the bones in the human body; on p. 260, marginal number “5.6.”; on p. 299, marginal numbers “15 et 16.” where the fifteenth and sixteenth vertebrae are mentioned; on p. 308, where the tendons of the fingers



Los Angeles, CA

Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle facing left, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Nineteenth-century plain brown sheepskin with blind-stamped coat of arms of Stirling Maxwell on front and back cover, marbled endpapers, gold-tooled title on spine “VESALII DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA”, edges red. Provenance: The Keir politician, art historian and aristocrat Sir William Stirling Maxwell (1818–1878), who acquires it probably after 1860, not listed in his 1860 catalogue. Bookplate of Stirling Maxwell on front pastedown, book label incorporating the words “Arts of design” centered on back pastedown. Annotations: An early reader, using brown ink, who is conversant with Greek. On p. 170, note “L pectoral” next to the first muscle man; on p. 197, characters “A” and “B” identified on the right; Greek term parakerkides added to index. Long note on Calcar and Oporinus at the front, by Stirling Maxwell, discussing Vesalius’ portrait, the differences between the editions, and the historiated

260 initials, quoting Brunet, Vasari, and Brulliot’s Dictionnaire des monogrammes. This letter is referenced in Stirling Maxwell’s brief comments on Calcar in his copy of the 1555 edition, now at Princeton University (II/344). Pagination corrected throughout in pencil. I/232. University of California Los Angeles Charles E. Young Research Library Special Collections Call No.: **Belt QM21.V428 1543 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some dampstaining, worming and foxing, bifolium inserts missing, m3 present after p. 312[412]. Binding: Rebacked, eighteenth- or nineteenth-century dark blind-stamped calfskin over cardboard, fillets on cover, gilt title “VESALIUS DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA” on spine. Provenance: The Los Angeles urologist and surgeon Elmer Belt (1893–1980); enters the current collection in 1961. Exlibris of Belt. Annotations: Sporadic modern pencil crosses on the margins in Book I by the historiated initials at the start of several chapters on pp. 3, 7, 18, 33, 39, 43, 45, 55, 57, 62, 72, 78, 93, 110, 121. On p. 43. pencil note under Belt’s ex-libris, mentioning the lacking inserts; pencil note on colophon “1543”. Censorship: On frontispiece, “BASILEAE” eradicated, on colophon, “BASILEAE” once covered or inked over, now cleaned but showing damage. I/233. University of California Los Angeles Library Biomedical Library History and Special Collections for the Sciences Call No.: Biomed BENJ ** WZ 240 V631dh 1543 Physical Description: A complete copy with some dampstaining, frontispiece torn and repaired. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically, vascular insert folded from bottom and right, nervous insert facing forward to p. 355 and folded from top and left, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Modern half leather.

1543 Editions

Provenance: The Los Angeles urologist John A. Benjamin (1906–1992) and his wife, Mae McElman Benjamin; who donated the volume to the current collection in 1962, in honor of Bennet M. Allen and Boris Krichesky. Ex-dono plate of UCLA; possessor’s note in biro by Benjamin on front flyleaf. Annotations: A contemporary reader working in black and red ink, conversant with Greek, recording personal observations in Padova in 1574, with an interest in the internal organs and generation, referring to Montanus and Fallopio, as well as the Ancients. On p. 33, underlinings where the temporal muscles are discussed; on p. 119, underlining; on p. 150, underlinings and marginal Greek word “tarsos” added; on p. 162, last sentence of chapter 59 underlined with marginal word “NOTA”; on p. 215, underlinings and marginal word “ligamentum sensi”; on p. 231, underlining where the skin’s substance is discussed; on p. 233, underlinings and marginal note “simijs nullo adeps inter cutem et panniculum carnosum”; on p. 246, underlinings and marginal note “Crocodilus solus superiorem maxillam moret”; on p. 247, underlinings; on p. 248, longer notes and underlinings where the temporal muscles and the strength of bites are discussed; on p. 249, underlining; on p. 276[376], underlining and marginal line where the liver is discussed; on p. 278[378], underlining; on p. 315[415], underlinings; on p. 316[416], underlinings, on p. 317[417], underlinings; on p. 324[424], underlining; on p. 325[425], note “Quorundam nugae”; on p. 383[483], underlining; on p. 386[486], underlining and heavily trimmed note, “Fallopius contra Vesalium” where the peritoneum is discussed; on p. 387[487], note “Hoc idem falsum esse […] Fallopius”; on p. 492, underlining; on p. 494, underlining and personal observation recorded where the omentum’s location is discussed, correcting Vesalius, “Illi quem vidi Patavuij. Ao. 74 ad pubis usque os perstringebat. Erat […] robustissimus”; on p. 495, underlinings and reference added to Hippocrates; on p. 507, underlinings; on p. 509, underlining and reference added to Galen; on p. 510, underlining; on p. 511, reference added with chapter number to Aristotle, and underlining about Aristotle and Pliny’s report of people without gall bladders; on p. 511[513], reference added with chapter number to Aristotle’s “Lib: 3 de part: animalium cap: VII” and underlinings about the spleen’s use and function; on p. 514, underlinings; on p. 531, underlinings and marginal phrase “Albertus Magnus”; on p. 533, where the size of the uterus is discussed, reference added where Plato is mentioned “in Timaeo”; on p. 535, underlinings where the uterus is discussed; on p. 537, underlinings and marginal Greek word where female genital mutilation is discussed;

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on p. 538, where menstrual flows are discussed, underlinings, marginal lines, and note with reference to Johannes Baptista Montanus, “Haemorrhoidum fluxus sit a venis porta Montanus in Consilij idem sentit”; on p. 540, underlinings; on p. 541, underlining, marginal section marked “secundinum” where the foetus’ wrappings are discussed; on p. 544, underlinings and chapter number added to the reference to Aristotle’s Historiae de animalibus; on p. 545, underlinings and summary note where male lactation is discussed; on p. 589, underlinings; on p. 595, note next to the section on the use of the coronaries, “Cordis nutrimentum”; on p. 630, underlinings where the brain’s foldings are discussed; on p. 631, underlining; on p. 632, underlinings; on p. 642, underlinings; p. 646, underlinings of Greek terms; on p. 647, underlinings; on p. 648, addition of marginal term “cornea”; on p. 649, underlinings, correction of “vitreus” to “aqueus”, addition of Greek term “epipephykos” and summary phrase.

Madison, WI

I/234. University of Wisconsin Madison Ebling Library Call No.: Flatshelving R 128.6 V415 Physical Description: A complete copy with some browning and spotting, frontispiece torn. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from right and bottom, m3 sheet assembled and incorrectly pasted onto vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Early blind-tooled vellum with double borders, heavily worn and spine partly missing, fragments of medieval manuscript binder’s waste. Provenance: The Madison, WI professor of anatomy William Snow Miller (1858–1939); then the current collection. Ex-libris of Miller. Annotations: On *2r, faint underlining, on front flyleaf, note “f 50”.

Minneapolis, MN

I/235. University of Minnesota Wangensteen Historical Library of Medicine and Biology Call No.: Folio 611 V63 1543

Physical Description: A complete copy with light foxing and minimal worming. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways and folded twice, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Nineteenth-century leather with modern endpapers, title “DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA VESALIUS 1543” on spine. Provenance: The mid-twentieth-century Parisian book dealer Georges Heilbrun; who sells it to the New York book dealers Philip C. Duschnes and John Crawford; sold in 1974 by the Novato, CA book dealer Jeremy Norman to the current collection. Annotations: An early reader who is familiar with Giovanni da Vigo. On p. 3, illegible note; on p. 45, summary note “dolor dentium unde”; on p. 46, where the teeth are discussed, summary note “error medicorum”; on p. 47, note “cautela”; on pp. 131–132, underlinings, marginal asterisks and marginal note “A” where sex differences between the bones of the sacrum are discussed; on p. 167, note “vernalia Vigoni”; on p. 311, “nonus” crossed over; on p. 270[370], where the exterior jugular vein is listed, underlining of Arabic terms and note “Guidegi ap. Vigonem”; on p. 519, underlinings, further notes on pp. 264, 297, 299 and 335[435].

New Haven, CT

I/236. Yale University Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library Call No.: IV.A-1 ++, Copy 1 Physical Description: A restored, incomplete and composite copy with minimal worming, and light browning, m3 sheet supplied in modern facsimile, printer’s mark supplied from another copy. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the foot and folded, vascular insert facing forwards to the m3 sheet. Not a variant edition. Binding: Modern cloth with red label with gilt label “HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA VESALII”, marbled endpapers. Provenance: The Yale neurosurgeon Harvey Cushing (1869–1939), who acquires this copy while in Baltimore. Cushing’s bookplate on front pastedown, with quotation

262 from William Osler; label with accession number from Yale; ex-libris of Cushing and Yale on front flyleaf. Annotations: Modern annotations by Cushing, and a few, sporadic notes by an early reader. On pp. 41–42, every tenth line numbered; on p. 162, pencil note “wrongly numbered for Chapter XL?”; on p. 181, pencil circling of “PRIMA” and note “4/?”; on p. 185, pencil note “Explains the abnormal muscle X […] cf. T pg. 188”; on p. 188, note next to character “T”, “Explains the abnormal muscle”; on p. 263[363], manicule and underlining of “recti intestini finem amplexantes”; on p. 268[368], attempts to identify some characters by drawing in lines and repeating the Greek letters; on p. 277[377], early ink underlining and marginal note “venae cauae et portae consensus”; on vascular insert, note, “This leaf 313 is wanting in the Schumann copy but m3 is present”; on pp. 495 and 647, underlinings; check marks for index items “reticularis plexus falso”, “reticularis plexus Galeni”, “reticularem plexum”, pink pencil marks in index next to some entries on Galen; pagination occasionally corrected. Typewritten note pasted to front flyleaf, with bibliographic notes, identifying the illustrator as “Jan Stephan, called van Kalkar”; with quote from Osler on the Fabrica; another typewritten note, mainly focusing on the frontispiece, pasted onto front flyleaf; handwritten note by Cushing from a 25 July, 1903 letter from Osler: “Beside the ‘43 edition of the De Humani Corporis Fabrica I have just ordered a third. We cannot have too many copies in America & no medical library is complete without one […]”; under this, Cushing’s note: “In the summer of 1903 W. G. MacCallum picked up a cheap and somewhat defective copy in Germany and brought it here for me. So it came about that one evening the next autumn we had 4 copies spread out for comparison on the Oslers’ dining table one evening. The best copy he gave […] to L. J. Barker for a wedding present. This the next best was turned over to me and the other two have gone to libraries”, as well as collation, with note of the typographic error “Chapter LX [Chapter XL]”, a note on the pagination errors, and notes on the two editions. Photocopy from Cushing’s book on this copy glued to back pastedown. I/237. Yale University, Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library Call No.: IV.A-1 ++, Copy 2 Physical Description: A complete copy. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and foled from right and top, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition.

1543 Editions

Binding: Eighteenth-century half calfskin, probably rebound by Harrer, gilt label “VESALII HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA”, marbled endpapers, fore-edge speckled red. Provenance: The Halberstadt and Halle physician Johann Macholt (d. 1605); the Frankfurt an der Oder mayor Michael Bolfras (1507–1577); the Regensburg physician Johann Christoph Harrer (1744–1789); the Yale surgery professor Joseph Marshall Flint (1872–1944); who donates it to Yale. On frontispiece, note “Iohannes Macholt Anno 1550” with another line crossed out, as well as note “Michaelis Bolfrasii Liber”; on frontispiece verso, Harrer’s signature with note “Goett.” “1766”; armorial bookplate of Harrer and ex-dono of Flint on front pastedown; letter dated 2 January, 1943 laid in from J. F. Fulton, M.D. at the Yale Medical Library to Henry Schuman in New York, describing the copy as owned by Harrer and Macholt, with annotations by Macholt. Annotations: Early annotations in red and black ink by Macholt, mentioning observations of dissections in Leipzig under Sebastian Roth (not unlike those recorded in I/A16), referencing Galen, Vesalius’ China Root Letter, and the Bible, with frequent German translations of anatomical terms and an interest in Greek nomenclature, also identifying some characters in the illustrations; as well as annotation on flyleaf by Harrer. On front flyleaf, note by Harrer, “Recenset Hallerus Methodo studii med. p. 502 et p. 3271 ubi editionem Basliensem de Ao 1555 huic priori a Boerhaavio laudatae praefert. Quam sententiam etiam tuetur Moehsen in s. Verzeichniß einen Sammlung von Bildnissen Berühmter Aerzte p. 80.”; on *2r, underlinings and annotations by Macholt, e.g. “Quando chirurgia ad Tonsores peruenerit”; on *3v, note “ARGUMENTA LIBRORUM OMNIUM” with Roman numerals added for each book on the margins; on *4r, notes “Haec Galenus libro secundo de Anatomicis administrat:” and “Andreas pater Vesalii”; on *4v, underlining, marginal line and note “Ioannem Dryandrum intelligit, ut apparet in Epistola de china radice, folio 178.”; on p. 1, numberings, underlinings, and note “Inde dolor est cum digiti summa pars introrsum flectit”; on p. 2, underlinings, marginal numberings, and note “sinuum et cauernularum usus”, as well as characters of the illustration highlighted; on p. 4, underlinings, manicule and copied out word “Luhach”; on p. 5, identifications of the characters with lines drawn in, in Latin and Greek; on p. 9, underlinings, manicule, and marginal notes, incl. “cuid Hippo: et Gal: αρθρον vocetur” as well as “Würtel”; on p. 12, numberings added to the tables, first letters of the sections of the table highlighted in red, “synarthrosis” is

1543 Editions

corrected to “synneurosis”, and summary notes, incl. reference to Aristotle; on p. 13, underlinings, marginal note “VARIETAS MOTUS”, and some letters highlighted; on p. 17, “anterior” is corrected to “posterior”; on p. 19, underlining; on p. 21, underlinings of “sectantium” and crossed out word “spectantium”; on p. 25, underlining and marginal word “caluaria”; on p. 27, underlinings, marginal line, manicule and note “chirurgica”; on p. 30, underlinings and marginal line; on p. 33, underlinings, marginal line, manicule, Greek word copied on side, and notes incl. “morbis musculi temporum male affecti”; on p. 42, underlinings and note on Galen; on p. 46, underlinings, marginal words in Latin and German; on p. 51, underlinings and marginal word “canis”; on p. 52, underlinings, marginal line and marginal word; on p. 57, “descendentes” corrected to “ascendentes”, divisions of the spine drawn into illustration, incl. notes such as “os sacrum” or “coccyx”; on p. 65, underlining; on p. 82, underlinings and marginal lines; on p. 85, marginal lines, underlinings, Greek word copied out, and note “Error”; on p. 86, the lower five ribs are numbered, with note “Hae quinque inferioris dicuntur […] quod […] ossi non articulantur”; on p. 89, trimmed note on top, underlinings, summary notes and translation “TESTUDO Schildkröte”; on p. 96, underlining; on p. 98, underlining; on p. 145, underlining; on p. 147, underlining; on p. 150, marginal word “CILIA”; on p. 156, underlining and manicule; on p. 157, underlinings, marginal line, and note “Pinguedo Humana”; on p. 167, underlinings and marginal line; on p. 168, underlinings and German translations added, e.g. “die Röte”; on p. 234, underlinings and marginal line; on p. 243, underlinings, manicule, notes, incl. “discimus et in Spasmo cynico seu paralysi labrorum”; on p. 245, underlinings and note “Strumae uel Scrophulae Kröppe”; on p. 292, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 219[319], underlining and note “Has cremauit cum alijs scriptis utiliss de chyna fol: 196”; on p. 227[327], underlinings, translations and note on Bochara; on p. 267[367], underlinings and marginal notes “Cap: 14 damnandi” and “Epistola Vesalij”; on p. 301[401], Greek word copied out; on p. 311[411], “dextrum” corrected to “sinistrum”; on p. 312[412], underlinings and note “DE VENAE SECTIONE”; on p. 315[415], underlinings, marginal line and summary note; on p. 316[416], underlinings and summary note; on p. 319[419], characters identified with lines drawn in, words “Pulmo” and ““hinc nerulus cordis principium ducit”; on p. 320[420], underlining and note “neruus Vesalio repertus”; on p. 325[425], underlinings and reference to Cassius “Cassii nugae”, as well as note on Galen, “Error”; on p. 335[435], underlinings and note “thorax”; on p. 341[441], underlinings and note “AXIOMA

263 ANATOMIC[…]”; on p. 342[442], underlining and marginal line; on p. 348[448], underlinings and marginal line; on p. 369[469], note in illustration “soboles in septum”; on p. 371[471], underlinings and note “emulgentes”; on p. 373[473], underlinings and note “venula seminalis”; on p. 347[474], notes on the identificatory characters; on p. 376[476], underlinings and note “pinguetudo muliebris”; on p. 377[477], underlinings and notes “ubi colon desinat” and “uteri connexus”; on p. 385[485], underlinings, numberings, marginal lines and notes “De quatuor in humano corpore coctionibus” and “al articul[…] Arabum”; on p. 386[486], underlining and reference to Avicenna; on p. 387[487], underlining, marginal numberings and summary notes, with Greek word copied out; on p. 396[488], underlinings, manicules, and trimmed notes; on p. 389[489], underlinings, numberings, and notes, incl. “Anatomicorum errores”; on p. 391[491], underlining and note “omassum Klobdarm”; on p. 492, underlining and NB sign; on p. 493, underlinings, manicule, and notes on Galen, incl. “Approbat hoc Galenus de diff: sympt cap. V.”; on p. 494, German term added to translations of the omentum; on p. 500, underlinings and trimmed notes; on p. 504, underlinings; on p. 510, references added to Galen with chapter numbers; on p. 511, underlinings, summary notes, and reference to Pliny “lib: XI cap: 37”; on p. 511[513], underlinings and note added “Lackey”; on p. 514, underlinings, marginal lines, and summary notes; on p. 525, underlinings, marginal lines and note “substantia testium seminis procreat[…]”; on p. 526, underlinings; on p. 531, underlinings and note “NOTA” where menstrual flows are discussed; on p. 533, underlining and note “Quid substantia neruosa”; on p. 535, underlining; on p. 538, note “ex ramis portae sanguis melancholicus promanat”; on p. 543, underlinings; on p. 547, underlinings and note “Lac mensibus Germanum”; on p. 574, underlining; on p. 575, underlining; on p. 577, underlinings, manicule, and Greek term copied out on the margin; on p. 578, underlining; on p. 579, summary note; on p. 581, underlinings and note “comparatio pulcherrima”; on p. 585, reference added to Bible “Ioan: 19 cap:”; on p. 644, underlining; on p. 645, underlinings and Greek term added; on p. 648, underlinings, marginal lines and summary notes; on p. 651, underlinings, marginal note “Propositum Vesalij”; on printer’s mark, long notes of observations of disease and autopsies, “tragenariae ex chronico morbo defunctus Lipsiae, in qua animaduersum et […] vitium in liene, dextero rene fundente […] notabiliss:, aut in pulmone inter quem et magna erat atri liquoris copia, ex apostematae quotam, ut opinabantur, pulmo[…]. Huic perfecit D. Sebastianus Rota medicinae decanus; adsunt autem D. Wolfgangus Meurerus, D. D[…]

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kbeck et alijs artis medicae studiosis”; “Paulo ante inicio eiusdem Anni, allatus est uterus muliebris, in lectione D. Rotae qui erat vi euulsus ab obstetrice in partu cuiusdam feminae […] errore, magno, putante se secundinas […]. Quapropter etiam a Magistratum Lipsensi post relegata est. Is uterus magnus erat, quia iuuenculae, et sectus a D. Rota.”; as well as “Anno 1552 primo die Maij vesperi hora quinta dissectus est Maternus Badehorn Quaestor in arce, Fr. D: Leonharti Badehornus a M. Heuslero praesentibus Doctorib: Seb. Rota Meurero et primum apparuit omentum prorsus putridum, deinde conspeximus […] tellis plenissimam lapillis similibus fabis inuersis et […] angulosis, […]”; correction of errata on pp. 79, 585. I/238. Yale University Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library Call No.: IV.A-1 ++, Copy 3 Physical Description: An incomplete, worn copy with extensive dampstaining, some worming, and torn pages with major holes that impact the textblock, m3 sheet and colophon supplied in facsimile, imprints of plants laid in on p. 245. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways, vascular insert bound by the foot and folded forwards, nervous insert bound by the foot and folded. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary vellum, with label “VESALIUS” written twice on spine. Provenance: The Johns Hopkins professor and later Oxford Regius professor William Osler, Bart. (1849–1919); the Yale physiology professor John Farquhar Fulton (1899– 1960); and then the current collection. Pencil note on William Osler buying this copy in Rome, with date April 1924; ex-libris John Farquhar Fulton. Annotations: Contemporary annotations, blacked out and illegible, on pp. 280, 281, 289, incl. underlining and note “sine dubio” on p. 281.

New York, NY

I/239. Columbia University Augustus C. Long Health Sciences Library Call. No.: QM21.V473 1543 .c3

Physical description: An incomplete copy, *5, colophon and printer’s mark missing, some worming, minor tear repaired on frontispiece, some soiling and red spots, pressed dead fly on p. 274[374]. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Modern half brown leather, modern endpapers, label with author and date on spine. Provenance: A certain Joseph Ticinius or Ficinius [?], who buys it in 1633; John Green Curtis (1844–1913), professor of physiology at Columbia; acquired by current collection in 1914 with the rest of Curtis’ library. Note on frontispiece, “[…] Joseph. Ficinij die 6 p […] 1633”; pencil shelfmark on frontispiece verso. Annotations: An annotator, potentially Ticinius, who works in Italian and Latin, interested in Galen and in summarizing Vesalius on occasion. On p. 181, “prima musculorum tabula” corrected to “quarta”; on p. 212, tipped in early annotation in Italian where the muscles of the leg are illustrated, “segdo musculo della gamba alla littera Δ, il suo nascimento alla littera N”; on p. 257, where the larynx’s muscles are illustrated, “cartinlaginis” is corrected to “cartilagine”; on p. 217[317], marginal reference to Galen’s De usu partium, “impugnat Gal. I 2o d usu prim cap. 17”; on p. 233[333], where the muscles moving the tibia are discussed, extensive underlinings and annotations, and, at the bottom of page, underlining and short summary note “Quinti Musculi tibia mouentis Vesalius descriptio”; on p. 234[334], ink blob next to “Sextus musculus”, underlining and marginal note “secundi” where the second of the muscles moving the “new tibia” are discussed; on p. 244[344] summary note where the tendons of the foot, and their differences between animals and humans, are discussed; on p. 384[484] underlining and summary note where “instrumentorum triplicium nutritionis subseruientium necessitas” is discussed; on p. 386[486], summary notes where the peritoneum is discussed; on p. 389[489], manicule in section on the glands of the stomach; on p. 498, summary note and underlining where the intestines’ length is discussed; on p. 510, reference to Galen “in 2o de ipsis non longe a fine”; on p. 541, summary note and underlining where the veins and arteries going from the uterus to the foetus are discussed. Censorship: Letter to Oporinus and colophon missing.

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I/240. Columbia University Augustus C. Long Health Sciences Library Call. No.: QM21. V474 1543 Q Physical Description: A sophisticated copy with frontispiece, front matter and portrait inserted from a 1555 edition, with some spotting. Bifolium inserts present at pp. 312 and 352, bound sideways facing left, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition.

muscles are discussed; on p. 243, summary annotation where the lateral muscle is discussed; on p. 244, numbering and names given on margins where the face’s muscles are enumerated; on p. 296, numbering where the dorsal muscles are enumerated; on p. 297, numbering where the dorsal muscles are enumerated; on p. 298, numbering where the dorsal muscles are enumerated; on p. 299, numbering with “decimus quintus et 16” added where the fifteenth and sixteenth dorsal muscles are discussed.

Binding: Rebacked, early full brown leather with goldstamped borders and center medallion, title author and date on spine.

I/242. Columbia University Augustus C. Long Health Sciences Library Call. No.: QM21. V471 1543 Q

Provenance: John Green Curtis (1844–1913), professor of physiology at Columbia, acquired by current collection in 1914 with Curtis’ library. Current shelfmark in pencil at back of frontispiece.

Physical Description: A clean, incomplete copy. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways at the foot, and folded, m3 sheet missing. Not a variant edition.

Annotations: None.

Binding: Contemporary vellum with blind-stamped ornamental centerpiece in protective box, title “VESALII ANATOME 1543” on spine, modern endpapers, conservation from 1998.

I/241. Columbia University Augustus C. Long Health Sciences Library Call. No.: QM21 V472 1543 Q Physical Description: An incomplete copy with frontispiece, portrait, colophon and printer’s mark in facsimile, some worming and occasional foxing, water damage on bottom at the beginning of the book, tear on p. 161, soiling on pp. 268/269. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically, folded from bottom and right, vascular insert reinforced, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Twentieth-century half green leather with marbled cardboard title and author and date on spine. Provenance: George S. Huntington (1861–1927), professor of anatomy at Columbia; whose library is purchased by the current collection in 1930. Ex-libris of George Sumner Huntington; bookplate of Columbia University; note “ex dono […] Bevan” on *2r. Annotations: A possibly modern annotator interested in muscles, and how to identify them. Identification of muscles with modern names on pp. 171 and 172, where the first muscle man’s characters are explained; on p. 181, “prima musculorum tabula” is corrected to “quarta”; on p. 242, summary annotation where the lips and the cheek’s

Provenance: The British peer Charles, Viscount Bruce of Ampthill (1682–1747); George S. Huntington (1861–1927), professor of anatomy at Columbia; whose library is purchased by the current collection in 1930. Early possessor’s note pasted over on frontispiece; bookplate of Ampthill. Annotations: None. Conservation report from 1998 in protective box. I/243. The Morgan Library and Museum Call No: E2 45A. Physical Description: A complete copy with some worming. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with framed arabesque decorations, clasps missing, title “Anatomica Wesalij” on fore-edge, “ANDR: VESALIUS DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA” on spine. Provenance: Sold by the auction house C. G. Boerner of Leipzig in 1913; probably to the New York antiquarian and

266 Polish revolutionary Wilfrid M. Voynich (1865–1930). On front pastedown, note “Erste Ausgabe, Gekaufft auf der Auktion Börner, Leipzig 1913.”, as well as old shelfmarks; on front flyleaf, pasted-in letter from Wilfrid M. Voynich in New York from 1927, with a promise of donating this volume to the Morgan Library; eradicated oval stamp on frontispiece verso, “HERZOGSCHER … BIBLIOTHEK”. Annotations: An early reader working in ink, potentially familiar with Geminus. Characters added around the illustrations, with lines drawn to their exact location in the image, with occasional self-corrections, on pp. 163, 164, 165, 170, 174, 178, 181, 184, 187, 190, 194, 197, 200, 201, 203, 206, 208, 211, 212, 214, 219, 252, 253, 256, 224[325], 305[405], 318[418]. 319[419], 605, 606, 607, 608, 609, 610, 611, 613, 614, 615, 617, 618. Early ink annotations, on p. 225[325], next to the illustration of the penis, “In anglice sunt qtraria posita grammata et ipsa [///] figura”, potentially referring to Geminus, who copies the same illustration in mirror image; on p. 319[419], note next to the illustration, relating to the sixth pair of nerves, incl. clarification of characters related to directions “δ propago in dextram mesenterij regionem, κ in sinistram mesenterij regionem”. Bibliographic data in English pencil on front pastedown; more extensive bibliographic description in German on back pastedown; the letter of Voynich also discusses the volume’s number of pages, the m3 sheet, the artist working on this volume, the landscape of the muscle men, as well as Shakespeare and Vesalius. I/244. New York Academy of Medicine Library Call No.: Osler Copy Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some liquid damage, foxing and spotting, frontispiece repaired and mounted and some additional repairs, *6, printer’s mark and colophon missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle facing left, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Modern quarter calfskin probably done by Peter Frank, binder’s mark at bottom on back pastedown, title “VESALIUS / DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA / 1543” on spine, modern endpapers, with one older flyleaf preserved. Provenance: A certain Milan physician Jacobus Sampugnanus; deposited by the Johns Hopkins, McGill and later Oxford Regius professor Sir William Osler, Bart,

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(1849–1919) at McGill University’s Library of the Faculty of Medicine in 1903; and donated by Osler to the current collection in 1909. “Jacobi Sampugnani medici Mediolanensis” on Mm7v; ex-libris of The New York Academy of Medicine, noting the donation of Sir William Osler in 1907 [sic]; exlibris of McGill University, noting the donation in 1903; handwritten note of donation by Osler to McGill, with note on the Fabrica; letters by Osler related to the donation to the New York Academy of Medicine pasted onto flyleaves. In the box holding the volume, there is also a copy of a letter by Dr. W. G. MacCallum from 1939, not necessarily true, claiming that he acquired this copy in Rome in 1903, then gave it to Harvey Cushing, who exchanged the volume with Osler. Annotations: Page number added to the m3 sheet in pencil “314”; pagination partially corrected, not always correctly. I/245. New York Academy of Medicine Library Call No.: Lambert Copy Physical Description: A restored, complete copy in good condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle facing right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary parchment wrapping, never properly bound. “ANATOM * VESALII” painted on foreedge, “VESALII ANATHOMIA” on spine, earlier shelfmark note removed from bottom of spine. Provenance: The New York physican and NYAM physician Samuel W. Lambert (1859–1942). Ex-libris of Lambert on front inner cover; basic collation in German on front inner cover; round stamp with unidentified coat of arms on frontispiece. Annotations: None. I/246. New York Academy of Medicine Library Call No.: Streeter Copy Physical Description: A complete copy with some dampstaining and minor worming, frontispiece repaired and mounted. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the foot and folded twice, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition.

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Figure 101

An unbound copy in contemporary parchment wrapping. I/245. New York, NY: New York Academy of Medicine Library. Call No.: Lambert Copy.

267

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Binding: Early blind-stamped pigskin on board, with floral decorations, fleurs-de-lys and geometrical centerpiece, clasps intact, old shelfmark pasted onto spine, modern flyleaves. Small oval stamp of “NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE”; restored by Jeffrey M. Rigby NYC & Stockport 1985, note on back pastedown. Provenance: A certain Joh. Finster in 1786; the Harvard medical historian Edward Clark Streeter (1874–1947); whose collection is sold in 1928; when this volume is purchased by the current collection. Inscription “Joh. Finsteri 1786” on front pastedown; ex-libris of Edward Clark Streeter on front pastedown; note of purchase by the “Friends and Fellows of the New York Academy of Medicine 1928”. Annotations: None.

Norman, OK

I/247. University of Oklahoma Call No.: Physical Description: A complete copy with some staining and foxing, heavy dampstaining on the last fifty pages. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle, vascular insert facing right, nervous insert facing left, m3 sheet present before vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Modern calfskin on cardboard with original blind-stamped calfskin covers with arabesque borders and central lozenge. Provenance: The Dallas petrol geologist and businessman Everette Lee DeGolyer (1886–1956); whose collection enters the current collection in 1949. On frontispiece, note “Hier. [?] Gavalei [?] M. D.”, pencil note “DeGolyer” on *2r. Annotations: An early ink-using annotator, probably a student taking noting on a professor’s lecture using the muscle men, with additional manicules. On p. 17, typographical error corrected; on p. 169, summary notes on the illustrations, “Relictis duabus primis, ex alijs tabulis duos senarios numeros facit, quoque […] a tertia inchoata usque ad octaua anteriore corporis effigiem, reliquus ante posteriorem exprimit”, “Modus precipuus quo[…] in tabularum inspectione excruas”, “Authoris consilium in

musculis singulis ostendendis per integras tabulas”; on p. 171, typographical error corrected, and summary notes on how the muscles are pictured; on p. 172, summary notes, including note on how the characters of the illustrations work, “ita percurrit obiter, de rectis abdominis musculis id per longum perreptantibus” and “caracterum duplicitatis ratio”; on p. 175, long note “etsi hanc secundam et primam in gratiam pictor[…] tabulam se descripsisse dixerit Vesalius nec tamen ideo a nobis negligendae fuerint, praesertim cum in hac quidam musculorum partes manifesti in latere ostendant”; on p. 179, cancelled and still extant summary notes, incl. “tertiam hanc tabulam musculorum ratione altius repetere significat. Hinc itaque serio musculorum doctrinam inchoat Vesalius”; on p. 180, extensive note next to characters “X” and “Y”, “Hucusque grandioribus hisce literis notata ad uentris inferioris dissectiones per[…] non videntur omittenda, ut res seriatim agatur. Cum ad intestinorum peri[…]que inspectione subinde sint abscindenda”; on p. 181, “Quarta” corrected to “Prima”; on p. 182, summary note at bottom, “Ad abdominis sectiones pertinentia”; on p. 207, correction of explanation at character “S”, “Brachium mouentium 3a”, adding “T” to “Thoracem mouentium secundus”; on p. 267, manicule where Vesalius refers to his Bloodletting Letter; on p. 317, manicule where Vesalius discusses whether there are two types of nerves for sensation and controlling motion; on p. 322, manicule where the nerves’ origins are discussed. On front pastedown, pencil note “Ranschburg 10-17-50”.

Philadelphia, PA

I/248. The College of Physicians of Philadelphia Call No.: ZAd 25 Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with minimal browning and some dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert and facing p. 515. Not a variant edition. Extra-illustrated with a facsimile portrait of Vesalius from the 1555 edition, as well as a French lithograph portrait of Vesalius. Partial red coloring (or blot) on the historiated initial of *2v. Binding: Modern black half goatskin and speckled cardboard, with “VESALIUS DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA 1543” on spine.

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Provenance: The Philadelphia historian Henry Charles Lea (1825–1909); who donates this volume to the Philadelphia physician Charles Delucena Meigs (1792–1869) in 1863; who presents the volume to the current collection. Letter of Lea to Meigs tipped in on p. 659[663]; ex-dono plate of Meigs on front pastedown. Annotations: Contemporary ink notes focusing on the internal organs, reflecting personal observations in Padova. On p. 511[513], underlining and marginal note, “lien adulterarum iecur”; on p. 523, where the testicular veins and arteries are discussed, note of personal observation in Padova in 1545, “quod ego Anno D. 1545 [ia]nuari die 15 Patauij uidi”; p. 649, “humor vitreus” is corrected to “humor aqueus”; underlinings on pp. 126, 305, 306. On front flyleaf, nineteenth-century handwritten sentences in English and French, citing Ebert, De Bure and Brunet on the Fabrica, focusing on the artist.

pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the foot and folded twice, facing forwards to p. 315, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Modern quarter calfskin with marbled cardboard, gilt title “VESALII HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA / BASILEA 1543” on spine. Provenance: Unknown. Oval stamp of “Libreria Arch. S Jacobi” and illegible canceled stamp on frontispiece; bookplate of “Library of the Wistar Institute”. Annotations: Modern pencil shelfmarks on front paste­ down and front flyleaf, illegible and faint note on back flyleaf, pagination corrected in pencil on p. 213[313].

Pittsburgh, PA

I/249. Thomas Jefferson University Archives & Special Collections Call No.: 611 V575 1543 Folio

I/251. Carnegie Mellon University Posner Family Collection Call No.: QM21.V418

Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with minor worming at the beginning of volume, repaired tears on pp. 27–30 and 169–214. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition.

Physical Description: A complete copy with minor spotting. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], vascular insert bound sideways at the edge, and folded twice, nervous insert bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition.

Binding: Restored, decorated modern calfskin from around 1900, edges gilt.

Binding: Modern blind- and gold-stamped leather, with gilt borders and arabesque decorations, title “ANDREA VESALII SCHOLA BASILEA JOH. OPORINI 1543”.

Provenance: The Greensboro, NC neurosurgeon Robert L. Phillips (1925–2004); who donates the volume to the current collection, his former alma mater, in 1977. Washed out possessor’s note on frontispiece, “Branthal [??] doct. Med. 1638”. Annotations: Highly sporadic early ink annotations. On p. 538, manicule next to the section, “menstruae purgationes unde fluant”, term added to index, washed out. I/250. Wistar Institute Call No.: Vault 611 fV63 Physical Description: A complete copy with some foxing, staining, and fingerprints, bifolium inserts present after

Provenance: The Freising physician Sixtus Kepser (fl. 1631); the library of the University of Munich before 1826; the Prince Arenberg family; sold by the New York dealer H. P. Kraus to Henry Posner in 1956; the Pittsburgh businessman and collector Henry Posner Sr. (d. 1976); held at the current collection for the Posner family since 1977. Note of Sixtus on frontispiece, “Sixtus Kepser Artium et Medicinae doctor”; round stamp of “Ad Bibl. Acad. Land.” on frontispiece verso; ex-libris of the Posner family on front pastedown. Annotations: On p. 162, underlining and note “ossa humani corporis sunt 307”; on p. 248, modern pencil cross at bottom of page.

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I/252. University of Pittsburgh Falk Library of the Health Sciences Call No.:

Provenance: Enters Princeton’s collections in 2011. Bookplate of “Princeton University Library” on modern front pastedown; illegible possessor’s note on bottom of frontispiece “S. R. […] sibi et suis […]”.

Physical Description: A complete copy with very heavy worming on index pages and minimal foxing, frontispiece loose. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the foot and folded twice, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition.

Annotations: An early sporadic reader, interested in Galen’s errors. On *2r, underlining where Vesalius claims that medicine is the addition of what is lacking and the removal of what is superfluous; on *2v, marginal annotation on side “Gerhardus Wuldbik secretarius” where Vuildbek is mentioned; on *3r where Sylvius is mentioned, marginal note “Jacob. Sylvius”; on *3v, correction of typographical error and note where Galen’s errors are discussed, “Galenum multa fugisse in anatomicis”; on p. 108, doodled jottings; on p. 390[490], manicule where the anecdote of the man who swallowed and excreted a ring is told. Pencil underlinings and marginal line on p. 108, where the bones attached to the sides of the sacrum are discussed; on p. 131, pencil underlining and marginal note where the sex difference in bones attached to the sacrum are discussed. Erroneous pagination corrected in pencil, pencil shelfmark and item number on back flyleaf.

Binding: Contemporary blind-tooled pigskin, decorated with a panel design with a triple fillet and a medallion stamp in the center panel. Leather label with author’s name and abbreviated title in gold on spine, remnants of pigskin straps, marbled endpapers, edges stained red. Provenance: The Leipzig firm Wilhelm Engelmann; who sells the copy to the Pittsburgh physician James D. Heard (1870–1967) in 1914; who donates it to the Falk Library around 1955. Tipped-in letter from Hans Imhof to Heard confirming the purchase in 1914. Annotations: A contemporary reader adding brief notes, primarily to identify body parts, to the illustrations. Notes on the illustrations on pp. 184, 256, 319[419], 331[431], 643, 644, longer note on p. 319[419] about the illustration of the nerves.

Princeton, NJ

I/253. Princeton University Libraries Firestone Library Call No.: EX Oversize QM21.V418 1543f. Physical Description: A complete, sophisticated copy with bifolium inserts from a different copy, with extensive worming, repaired tears in the epistle dedicatory, a minor hole on p. 278, and unrepaired tear on p. 576. Bifolium inserts (from another copy) present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the foot, folded several times, m3 sheet cutouts assembled on vascular insert, and another m3 sheet (uncut) present before the vascular insert. Not a variant copy. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped calfskin with floral and allegorical motives, traces of clasps.



Providence, RI

I/254. Brown University John Hay Library Call No.: RARE 2-S QM21.V37 c. 1 Physical Description: An incomplete copy in good condition with minimal dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], vascular insert bound sideways and folded once, nervous insert bound vertically, folded from top, bottom and right, m3 sheet missing. Binding: Bound in early twentieth-century brown sheepskin, spine tooled in brown, with dark red morocco label “Vesalius Fabrica 1543”. Provenance: The Providence biologist and collector Albert Edgar Lownes (1899–1978); whose collection enters the current library in 1978. Ex-libris of Lownes on front pastedown. Annotations: An early reader focusing primarily on the muscles and the blood vessels, and a modern French reader interested primarily in generation primarily. On

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*3v, underlinings and summary notes on the book’s contents, and on what Vesalius will discuss about each organ; on *4r, multiple references to Galen’s De anatomicis administrationibus; on p. 1, underlining and reference to Galen’s De anatomicis administrationibus where the bone’s use is discussed; on p. 3, underlinings; on p. 4, underlinings; on p. 257[357], underlinings and summary notes on attraction; on p. 258[358], extensive underlinings; on p. 259[359], summary note on the arteries’ tunics; on p. 260[360], extensive underlinings and “nota” sign; on p. 261[361], extensive underlinings and summary note on the glands; on p. 264[364], faint underlinings; on p. 265[365], addition of word “orificium” to text; on p. 266[366], underlinings and “NOTA” sign where the portal vein’s distribution is discussed; on p. 267[367], underlinings and “NOTA” signs where the portal vein’s role in blood production is discussed; on p. 275[375], underlining and marginal note “NOTA” where the vena cava’s origin is discussed. Extensive modern pencil underlinings on pp. 519, 535, 641, modern pencil cross on p. 229, where the penis is discussed, modern pencil note on p. 227 in French “Il etait important, en effet, que X” at the bottom of the page, referring to the section on “Virilis uesicae musculus”. I/255. Brown University John Hay Library Call No.: RARE 2-S QM21.V37 c. 2 Physical Description: A complete copy, in fair condition, with worming up to p. 150 and on the last 100 pages, vascular insert repaired. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Leaf 2M7 probably supplied from another copy, colophon consists of a skilfully onlaid slip, ca. 3 × 14 cm, from a split leaf, but with no sign of printer’s mark; the supporting leaf has set-off text from text and wormholes not matching the rest of the book. Binding: Early blind-tooled vellum over pasteboard, covers with outer border of double fillets, double-fillet frame with acorn tool at the corners enclosing a floriated strapwork arabesque; rebacked at some point with tight-back stiff vellum with turned caps. Provenance: Sold by the New York, NY book dealer Bruce J. Ramer in 1989 (Catalog 6, item 138) to the Baton Rouge physician and LSU professor George Bray (b. 1931); who donates the volume to the current collection. Removed bookplate on front pastedown.

Annotations: Underlinings on *2v, pp. 89, 167, 168, 267[367], 356[456], 387[487], 495, 496, 497, 499, 500, 556, and for index terms “motus naturales”, “musculus quid sit”, “musculi nomen”, “musculi qualiter”, “musculorum omnium”, manicule next to “musculorum differentiae”. On front pastedown, bibliographical reference in an eighteenth- or nineteenth-century Fraktur hand, “vonLeveling, H[einrich]. P[almaz]. anatomische Erklärung der Original-Figuren von A. Vesal. […] Augsburg b. Joachim 1783 […]”; the verso of supplied leaf 2M7 includes the handwritten “Tabula partium omnium corporis differentiam ostendens per Jacobum Grevinum”; a diagrammatic representation of all the body parts classified by their differences, probably from the Anatomes totius, aere inscculpta delineatio of Jacques Grévin (c. 1539–1570). Bibliography: Cushing, A Bio-Bibliography of Andreas Vesalius, VI.A.-15.

Rochester, MN

I/256. Mayo Clinic W. Bruce Fye History of Medicine Library Call No.: Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy with some foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways and folded from the right, m3 sheet missing. A variant edition. Binding: Restored early vellum without decorative elements. Provenance: In Italy in the sixteenth century, probably Rome; the Berlin professor and obstetrician Dr. Paul Strassmann (1866–1938), who acquires the book in 1900; upon his death the book passes to his son and Mayo Clinic physician Dr. Erwin Strassmann; who donates it to the current collection in 1962. Signature of P. Strassmann with date of acquisition; stamp of P. Strassmann; bookplate of E. Strassmann; Mayo Library bookplate with signature of E. Strassmann. Annotations: Illegible German phrase in pencil on front pastedown. Censorship: Mid-sixteenth-century (pre-1568) license from the Roman church official and later Foligno bishop Thomas Orphinus (d. 1573): “visa nobis Typographi deletione iuxta forma decreti sacri officij Smae Inqnis liceentiam

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concedimus venendi legendi et utendi. Thomas Orphinus Smae Inqnis Comiss:”; name of Oporinus transformed, crossed out, and inked over both in the Letter to Oporinus and in the colophon. Bibliography: Horowitz and Collins, “A Census.”

Rochester, NY

I/257. University of Rochester Medical Center Edward G. Miner Library Call No.: Physical Description: A complete copy with no visible marks of deterioration. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 318 and 352, bound sideways in the middle, m3 sheet present before vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Restored contemporary vellum. Provenance: Purchased from the Libreria Detken & Rocholl in Naples, Italy in 1929. Pencil note of acquisition on *2r. Annotations: Extensive early annotations and underlinings, often focusing on the use of organs, referring to Galen, and, on one occasion, to Laurentius. On *3v, marginal note on the contents of the volume; on p. 7, underlinings, addition of chapter number where Vesalius refers to Galen’s De usu partium, and marginal note “qd sit appendix”; on p. 8, underlining and note “qd sit processus”; on p. 9, underlinings and note “condylus qd”; on p. 27, underlining and summary note where the appendix of children is discussed; on p. 29, note “ossa capitis”; on p. 39, addition of chapter number where Vesalius refers to Galen’s De usu partium; on p. 50, underlinings and summary identifications with numberings of the different foramens; on p. 51, underlinings and summary notes on the foramens; on p. 63, reference to Galen, and summary note “lib. De Anotomicis adm[…] fuerunt posterius glo. scripti”; on p. 64, underlinings and summary note; on p. 65, underlinings, marginal numberings and summary notes on the vertebrae; on p. 67, summary note and underlining; on p. 70, underlinings and summary note on the foramina; on p. 145, summary note and underlining; on p. 163, summary note; on p. 215, summary note on the use of the ligaments, and underlinings; on p. 216, underlinings and marginal note on the origins of the membranes and the

bones; on p. 221, underlinings and marginal notes on the difference between tendons and ligaments; on p. 279[379], summary note and underlinings; on p. 281[381], underlinings and summary phrase; on p. 504, summary phrase “mesenter[…]” and underlinings; on p. 507, underlinings and summary note “ii p. vena port[…] consurgat”; on p. 575, underlinings, “N” signs, and summary note on the aspera arteria; on p. 576, underlinings, summary phrase, “N” sign, and note “de asper. art.ae tunicae usu”; on p. 577, underlinings, “N” signs, and illegible longer summary note on the aspera arteria; on p. 583, underlinings and note “usus”; on p. 641, underlinings and longer note on the olfactory organ with reference to Laurentius; on p.  644, reference added to Galen; underlinings and “N” notes on *2r, *2v, *3r, and pp. 4, 10, 17, 30, 68, 69, 89, 90, 92, 93, 99, 122, 153, 219, 220, 222, 275[375], 276[376], 277[377], 278[378], 279[379], 280[380], 282[382], 283[383], 288[388], 289[389], 386[486], 387[487], 388[488], 389[489], 390[490], 391[491], 492, 493, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 505, 506, 509, 571, 573, 574, 581, 582, 633, 635, 647, 662, 663.

Salt Lake City, UT

I/258. University of Utah Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library Call No.: WZ 240 V575a 1543 Physical Description: An incomplete copy, frontispiece, *6, 183–184, 203–206, 353–356[453–456], 649-[660], colophon, nervous insert supplied in facsimile, with some foxing, staining, and minor tears. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], partly in facsimile, bound vertically, folded from top and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Restored, early plain vellum. Provenance: Donated by the Salt Lake City plastic surgeon and Utah professor Clifford Snyder (1916–2007) and his wife, as well as by the Salt Lake City businessman George Winder (1902–1995) and his wife Lorna Bagley (1934–1995); who probably purchased this copy jointly for the library between 1975–1979. Annotations: An early sporadic reader. On p. 232, underlining and note on Aristotle’s error, “Error Aristotelis cutem sensu carens”; on p. 233, underlinings and note on

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fat; on pp. 610, 611, 613, 614, 615, identifications of the organs by repeating characters and adding names next to the illustrations. Censorship: Genitalia inked over on pp.  170, 178, 357[457].

San Antonio, TX

I/259. Trinity University Call No.: Physical Description: A restored, complete and washed copy in good condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Early eighteenth-century morocco with goldtooled borders and central coat of arms of Prince Eugen of Savoy, label “VESALII ANATOMIA Ia EDITIO” on spine, marbled endpapers. Provenance: The Vienna aristocrat and military leader Prince Eugene of Savoy (1663–1736); acquired by the Austrian National Library in 1738; stolen from the collection in the 1950s; acquired by the Lyon-Geneva book collector Henri Burton at a certain point; recently acquired by Trinity University. Pencil shelfmark “B.E.V.E.5.” on front flyleaf; pencil notes “S430” and “Y.LB.2802” on front flyleaf verso; round stamp of “Kaiserliche Koenigliche Hofbibliothek” on frontispiece verso and printer’s mark; round purple stamp without text on p. 20; at the end of index, round stamp “Wien Nationalbibliothek”. Annotations: Faint annotations and underlinings, probably washed at one point, mostly illegible, by an early reader who was familiar with Galen, Plato, Platter and Fallopio. On *3v, “N” note where use and function are discussed, and underlinings throughout; on p. 7, faint note next to printed reference to De usu partium, “vide Cap. […] anatomii”; on p. 121, where the bones of the fingers are discussed, reference to Galen; on p. 162, underlinings and summary note on the number of bones; on p. 171, underlinings and phrase “nota de motu musculorum”; on p. 291, the text is damaged and a few letters are supplied in ink; on p. 275[375], note “contra Galenum”; on p. 329[429], underlinings and summary note “Galenus nervorum recurrentium prius inventus [?]”; on pp. 386[486]–387[487], faint

and illegible summary notes and numberings on the peritoneum; on p. 389[489], summary notes; on p. 390[490], summary and extended notes, e.g. “cur rotundus”; on p. 492, underlinings, summary notes and numberings “ventriculi vena I” “II” “III” “IV”; on p. 493, summary notes; on p. 494, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 495, underlinings and NB note where Dryander is mentioned; on p. 497, long note on the omentum; on p. 498, extended notes and reference to Plato “Plato dicit Pylorus […]”; on p. 499, summary words and underlinings; on p. 505, underlinings and note on the glands, with reference to Fallopio; on p. 506, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 509, underlinings and summary note; on p. 511, underlining and summary note; on p. 512, underlinings and extensive note at the bottom of page; on p. 511[513], extended, trimmed and faint note about blood, with reference to Platter, “Platerius in sua anatomi p. 105 […] sanguinem sine dubio tam venarum […] arteriarum […]”; on p. 514, “N” on the margin and underlinings; on p. 586, underlinings and NB signs where the vertebrae and the ribs are discussed; on p. 650, the section title “CEREBRI, OMNIUMQUE QUAE PRAESENTI LIBRO TRADUNTUR” is partly inked over to read “OMNIUM QUAE PRAESENTI LIBRO TRADUNTUR”, and underlinings; further underlinings on *3v, *4r, *4v, *5r, and pp. 2, 3, 4, 155, 156, 157, 272[372], 273[373], 355[455] 359[459], 384[484], 385[485], 388[488], 391[491], 501, 502, 503, 504, 507, 508, 510, 517, 521, 561, 643, 644, 645, 660, 661, 658[662], 659[663], and in index. On front flyleaf, pencil note “diff. in titulo ab ex. X69.B.55”. I/260. University of Texas Health Science Center P.I. Nixon Medical Historical Library Call No.: Physical Description: A complete copy with torn edges on the first few pages. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways and folded in half, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Unrestored, contemporary vellum with no decorative elements. Provenance: In Rome in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries; the Yale Medical Library; the Yale physiology professor John Farquhar Fulton (1899–1960); the San Antonio, TX, oil businessman George Parker and his wife Margarite B. Parker; who donate the volume to the Bexar County Medical Society in 1943; which, in turn, donates its library to the current collection in 1970. Ex-libris

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Figure 102

License to read on p. 1. I/260. San Antonio, TX: University of Texas Health Science Center P. I. Nixon Medical Historical Library.

of Fulton and the Yale Medical Library; ex-dono of the Parkers and of the Bexar County Medical Society. Annotations: On p. 1, early ink marginal note ‘iugalia.”; and concessions from Catholic authorities with permission to read. Censorship: License, possibly from the Foligno bishop Thomas Orphinus (d. 1573) to Petrus a Mattis to read the book on Feb. 14, 1559: “Concessa est […] Petro a mattis legendi hunc librum in forma […] deletis delendis F. Thomas Commiss. […] Inqnis”; and another permission, probably from Nicolas Rodulpho (d. 1650), “Concessa est licentia omnibus […] legendi hanc librum est cum […] deletis delendis et hac a RR Mag. Sacri Palatii F. Nicolas Rodulpho, R. P. Sancti Gallicani Rectori S. Marii”; on p. 623, in the discussion of the brain and the soul, the references to Aquinas, Duns Scotus and Albertus Magnus, and the word “theologus” repeatedly expunged in black ink, partly burning through the page.

San Francisco, CA

I/261. University Of California San Francisco Call No.:

Physical Description: A complete copy with minor tearing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], vascular insert bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, nervous insert bound sideways by the foot, facing forwards, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Extra-illustrated with portrait of Vesalius from Galle’s Virorum doctorum effigies of 1572. Binding: Restored, eighteenth- or nineteenth-century speckled calfskin, edges red, gilt floral decorations and title “ANATOMIA VESALII” on spine, marbled pastedowns. Provenance: The Berkeley professor of anatomy Herbert McLean Evans (1882–1971); who exchanges this copy in 1931 for another copy at UCSF. Ex-libris of “UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA MEDICAL CENTER LIBRARY SAN FRANCISCO”. Annotations: On p. 181, “PRIMA” corrected to “QUARTA”. Pencil collation on front flyleaf, early price marking “16-0”; on back flyleaf, condition report and restoration procedure tipped in; at back, collation and note “Edition fort rare et très estimée”; as well as note by Chauncey D. Leake, which explains that the 1543 and 1555 copies at UCSF come from Herbert M. Evans, who exchanged them in 1931 for another copy of the 1555 edition that the UCSF acquired that year from Hertzberger (II/312).

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San Marino, CA

I/262. Huntington Library Call No.: 333000 Physical Description: A copy in poor condition, excessive leather treatment caused the oil to seep into the volume and make the pages brittle. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], vascular insert detached and laid in, nervous system bound sideways by the foot and folded. Extra-illustrated with two mid-sixteenth-century broadsheets by Cornelis Bos. “Anathomia oft delyinghe een Wviifs Iiif, also si binne ghestelt is”, and “Anathomia oft deylinghe een Mans Iiif, also hi bine ghestelt is”, c. 1539– 1540. Binding: Disbound for preservation purposes, black leather binding preserved separately, “Andrew Vesalius” painted on fore-edge. Provenance: Illegible name under frontispiece. Annotations: None.

St. Louis, MO

I/263. Washington University School of Medicine, Bernard Becker Medical Library The James Moores Ball Collection Call No.: TYLER QS 17 V575d 1543 Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy in good condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways and folded, m3 sheet missing. Not a variant edition.

I/264. Washington University School of Medicine, Bernard Becker Medical Library The James Moores Ball Collection Call No.: BALL V575d 1543 Physical Description: An unrestored, incomplete copy. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways and folded once, m3 sheet missing. Not a variant edition. Binding: Modern full calfskin in red cloth-covered clamshell box, restored by Marnie Cobbs, N.H., in 1990, by the generosity of Bernard Becker, M.D. Provenance: The Würzburg physician Emmanuel Mylius (b. 1601), who acquires the volume in 1631; the Würzburg physician Johann Bartholomäus Kuhn (fl. 1709); a certain Varnhagen, probably the Düsseldorf physician Johann Jacob Varnhagen (1756–1799); a certain Bodenheim; who gifts the volume to a certain J. C. Jennings; the Mercantile Library of St. Louis (est. 1846); which donates the volume to the St. Louis Medical Society Library or the St. Louis physician James Moores Ball (1862–1929); whose collection enters the St. Louis Medical Society Library in 1928; on deposit at the Becker Library since 1989. Ex-dono bookplates of both Ball and the Mercantile Library to the St. Louis Medical Society; plate commemorating restoration from the gift of Bernard Becker, MD; stamps of the St. Louis Medical Society Library; inscription on front flyleaf verso, “Andenken von mein Freund, I. (or B.) Bodenheim zu Doctor J. C. Jennings”; inscriptions of front flyleaf recto, “Ex libris Varnhagen”; incorrect modern pencil note “Bib. Emanuelis Mylius. D. Med. Prof. Herbipolis (Koenigsberg) M. Novemb. 1631”, copying the partly illegible note on the frontispiece; inscriptions under the frontispiece: “Ex libris Johannis Bartholomaei Kuhn”, “Bibliotheca Em[…]is Milii D. M. […]”.

Binding: Contemporary plain vellum with modern leather ties.

Annotations: None.

Provenance: The Boston neurologist, Brigham Women’s Hospital professor Richard Tyler (1927–2016); who donates his collection to his former alma mater in 2012. Bookplate of Tyler.



Annotations: On p. 163, faint and illegible notes, biographical information in English and French on Vesalius on front pastedown.

Stanford, CA

I/265. Stanford University Cecil H. Green Library Barchas Collection Call No.: QM21.V4 1543F

276 Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition, major stain on p. 170. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways, vascular insert bound by the foot, nervous insert bound by the head, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Modern blind-stamped calfskin, modern endpapers, gilt edges, with label “De HUMAN[…] CORPORIS FABRIC[…] VESALIU[…]” on spine. Provenance: The New York oncologist William Bradley Coley (1862–1936); then his son, the New York oncologist Bradley Lancaster Coley (1892–1961); the Berkeley professor of anatomy Herbert McLean Evans (1882–1971). On front pastedown, ex-libris Herbert McLean Evans, ex-libris William Bradley Coley, and ex-libris Bradley Lancaster Coley; on front flyleaf, signature of “WB Coley”; on front flyleaf verso, ex-libris of the Barchas collection at Stanford. Annotations: An early annotator with a preference for manicules, focusing on the muscles and the internal organs, potentially the same annotator, interested in decorating illustrations of the penis, a modern annotator with a single note on the heart’s ventricles. On *4r, “N” marginal sign; on p. 170, red coloring and pencil pubic hair added to the penis of the first muscle man; on p. 178, red coloring and pencil pubic hair added to the penis of the third muscle man; on p. 219, manicule and underlining of the first sentence of the definition of the muscle; on p. 233, manicule and underlining; on p. 290, where the intercostal muscles are discussed, note “Roder 228” and manicule where the transverse septum is discussed; on p. 291, manicule and underlining where the septum is discussed; on p. 292, manicule where the number of the muscles is discussed; on p. 267[367], note “NOTA” where the melancholic humor is discussed; on p. 269[369], marginal line where the vena cava’s origin is discussed in the illustration’s explanation of characters; on pp. 498–499, manicules where the intestines are discussed; on p. 504, manicule where Galen on the mesentery is discussed; on p. 506, manicule where the liver is discussed; on p. 509, manicule where the bladder for the yellow bile, and its connections, are discussed; on p. 511, manicule where Erasistratus is mentioned; on p. 515, manicule where the kidneys are discussed; on p. 519, manicule where foetal urine is discussed; on p. 522, manicule where the testicles are discussed; on p. 525, manicule; on pp. 526–527, manicules where Galen is discussed; on p. 589, pencil cross where the heart’s ventricles are discussed.

1543 Editions

I/266. Stanford University Lane Medical Library Call No.: E21H.V57F1 1543 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some dampstaining and minor worming, occasional repaired tears, frontispiece missing and supplied in facsimile. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from top and right, flap anatomy assembled, though erroneously, rest of m3 sheet pasted on back pastedown. Not a variant edition. Binding: Contemporary blind-tooled pigskin, with floral decorations, date 1544 on front cover, traces of clasps, name “VESALIUS” and label with shelfmark on spine. Provenance: The Leipzig Institut für Geschichte der Medizin until 1922. Label of “LANE MEDICAL LIBRARY” and old shelfmarks on front pastedown; round stamp of the “Institut für Geschichte der Medizin Leipzig” with ink note “getilgt / 22.XI.21 Sudhoff”, perforated stamp of “LANE LIBRARY” throughout. Annotations: An early reader interested primarily in correcting the text and adding internal references for the illustrations, as well as Sudhoff commenting on the m3 sheet. On *2r, number “2080” written on the margin; on *2v, *3r, *3v, *4r, *4v, *5r, underlinings and marginal lines in two different inks, noting personal names, geometrical locations, the contents of each book, the role of pictures, Vesalius’ age, and the Epitome, among other topics; on p. 3, underlinings related to feeling in the teeth, on p. 162, chapter number corrected; on p. 181, “PRIMA” is corrected to “QUARTA”; on p. 198, “sextus” is corrected to “primus”; on p. 204, “sextus” is corrected to “primus”; on p. 226[326], clarification next to “oculo ad perinaeum”, “intercapato [?] inter anum et pudendum” and correction of “scorto” to “scroto”, and page numbers added to the marginal references to the illustrations; on p. 227[327], page numbers added to the marginal and in-text references to the illustrations, as well as underlinings, and note “orbicularis” next to the label “Virilis uesicae musculus”; on p. 228[328], page numbers added to references to illustrations and underlining; on p. 505, page numbers added to the references to illustrations; on p. 527, page numbers added to the references to the illustrations; on p. 528, page numbers added to the references to the illustrations and underlining; on p. 529, page numbers added to the references to the illustrations, and underlining of

277

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the anecdote of Vesalius’ friend with two openings in the glans; on p. 530, underlinings where the uterus is discussed; on p. 531, underlining of the passage on Albertus Magnus; on p. 649, “vitreus” is corrected to “aqueus”. German pencil note on front pastedown “Collationirt”, German ink note by Sudhoff on back pastedown next to the m3 sheet, “Die hier fehlenden Bilder sind von einem vorbesitzer ausgeschnitten und wach der Weisung des Vesalius auf das Blatt (der Epitome) zwischen Blatt 412 u. 415 aufgeklebt. S”; pagination corrected in pencil throughout.

Urbana, IL

I/267. University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign The Rare Book & Manuscript Library Call No.: Q. 611 V63d Physical Description: A complete copy with some worming on binding and the first few leaves, bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded, m3 sheet present after vascular system. Not a variant edition. Binding: Unrestored, contemporary plain vellum. Provenance: The Bohemian and Austrian princely family of Colloredo; purchased by the current collection from the Los Angeles book dealer Jacob Israel Zeitlin in 1956. Colloredo stamp. Annotations: None.

Washington, DC

I/268. Library of Congress Call No.: QM21.V418 Rosenwald Coll Physical Description: A complete copy with some worming and dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the foot, vascular insert bound facing forwards to p. 315 and folded twice, nervous insert folded once, m3 sheet present after

vascular insert, bound sideways, facing forwards to p. 315, and folded in half. A variant edition. Binding: Early plain vellum “VESALII ANATOM. 1543” handwritten on spine, author’s name painted on fore-edge Provenance: The Princely House of Liechtenstein; the Jenkintown, PA collector and Sears CEO Lessing J. Rosenwald (1891–1979); whose collection enters the current library in 1979. Bookplate “Ex libris Liechtensteinianis” of the Princely House of Liechtenstein. Annotations: On front matter, modern pencil bibliographic information, referring to “Robinson last big catalogue No. 74 frontispiece cut […] and charta parvas lacking. $2600”. Bibliography: Horowitz and Collins, “A Census.” I/269. Smithsonian Institute Library Special Collections Call No.: f QM21.V57d Physical Description: A complete copy with some mould and a few tears, damage to p. 559. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically, from top, bottom, and right, vascular insert facing forwards to p. 315, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Nineteenth-century speckled cardboard with blind-tooled fillets, title “VESALIUS DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA” on spine, edges gilt. Provenance: The Brooklyn engineer Bern Dibner (1897–1988); who donates part of his collection to the Smithsonian in 1974. Annotations: A sporadic early reader working in ink. On p. 117, marginal note and underlining “8. […]” where the eight bones are discussed; on p. 167, faint reference to Pollux in the explanation of the muscle men’s characters; on p. 268[368], faint notes identifying the veins, especially of the arms, in the illustration of the system of the vena cava; pagination corrected in pencil and in earlier ink.

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∵

Argentina

Buenos Aires

II/1. Biblioteca de la Facultad de Medicina Call No.: Physical Description: A confirmed copy that is not available for consultation.

Australia

East Melbourne

II/2. Royal Australasian College of Surgeons Call No.: CF 49 Physical Description: A complete copy with some wear and tear. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from both directions, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Nineteenth-century linen and paper boards. Provenance: The Lindfield, Australia, physician and collector Dr. Leslie Cowlishaw (1877–1943); enters the current collection in 1943. Annotations: Handwritten note on frontispiece. Bibliography: K. F. Russell, Catalogue of the Historical Books in the Library of the Royal Australiasian College of Surgeons. Carlton: 1979, 141.

Austria

Innsbruck

II/3. Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Tirol Call No.: Sig. 99. 214

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2018 | doi 10.1163/9789004336308_010

Physical Description: Missing since 1981.

Linz

II/4. Oberösterreichische Landesbibliothek Call No.: III-60642 Physical Description: An unrestored complete copy with extensive worming. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, folded from the top and then from the right, X2 sheet present. Binding: Unrestored leather binding with decorative elements. Provenance: Unknown, probably the Jesuit monastery of Linz; enters the current collection in 1774, soon after the Jesuit order is dissolved in Austria. Annotations: None.

Vienna

II/5. Bibliothek der Albertina Call No.: Cimelien Fach I, 10 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with tears on the frontispiece and the inserts, foxing throughout and worming from front to p. 21. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Woodcut damaged on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, early nineteenth-century halfleather with gold-stamped decorative elements on spine, including the interlaced monogram “AS” of Prince Albert Casimir August of Saxony. Provenance: Prince Albert Casimir August of Saxony (1738–1822), Duke of Teschen and founder of the Albertina, c. 1800; enters the current collection as part of his bequest. Annotations: A learned annotator who is interested in Vesalius’ death, in medical histories, in clarifying references

282 and illustrations, and also in Galen, Avicenna, and Bauhin, occasionally criticizing Vesalius and using his own observations, with a special focus on the spleen, the kidneys, and the uterus. On a6v, notes on Vesalius’ death, claiming “mortuus est Vesalius anno etiam 1564 die 13. Octob. anno aetatis 50 circa Zacyntham insulam, repento morbo correptus, cum in Palaestinam proficisci decreuisset”; on p. 10, note “cap. 3.”; on p. 21, “anterior” is corrected to “posterior”; on p. 167 “exterior” is corrected to “interior”; on p. 295, underlining and note “Historia memorabilis de histrione” where Vesalius discusses stories of how performers use the strong muscles in their lower maxilla; on p. 444, a complex diagram of the portal vein, with characters corresponding to the illustration; on p. 452, internal reference “fol 494.” is added where text refers to an illustration in a later chapter, underlinings where Vesalius suggests certain characters can be written on the illustration, and “nota bene” mark where Vesalius mentions that he erred in the previous edition because he trusted Galen more than his own eyes; on p. 453, underlinings and annotations highlighting and repeating the names of the veins, and completing reference to Avicenna; on p. 454, annotation highlighting and repeating the names of the veins, as well as underlining where Vesalius suggests bloodletting should occur; on p. 511, notes next to the illustration of the brain, listing the names of the nerves; on p. 518, underlinings and annotations “historia” about anecdotes related to the joining of the optical nerves, and whether this is needed to prevent double vision; on p. 519, underlinings where branches of the nerve are listed one after the other, and annotation “contra Galenum” where Galen is criticized; on p. 569, correction of the reference to the right illustrations; on pp. 626–630, underlinings and annotations throughout the chapter on spleen, summarizing the content, and filling in references to Aristotle and Hippocrates; on pp. 630–632, underlinings and summary notes in the chapter on kidneys, with reference to Caspar Bauhin and the author’s own observations where the positions of the left and right kidneys are discussed; on p. 633, summary note where Vesalius suggests that dog kidneys show the filtering of urine best; on p. 652, underlinings and annotation, criticizing Vesalius’ assertion that the bulging of the pregnant belly determines the sex of the baby; on p. 653, summary notes and underlinings where the orifice of the uterus is discussed; on p. 654, underlinings related to the hymen and note “Arabum de hymene opinio”; on p. 657, underlinings and summary notes where Vesalius discusses the fundus of the uterus; on p. 663, summary note and underlinings where Vesalius discusses the analogy between menstruation and hemorrhoids; on p. 677, underlining

1555 Editions

where Aristotle is criticized; correction of errata on a2v and p. 9. II/6. Österreichische Nationalbibliothek Sammlung von Handschriften und alten Drucken Call No.: BE.5.E6 Physical Description: A complete copy with no noted damage. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, eighteenth-century morocco with gilt edges and supralibros of Prince Eugene of Savoy, marbled endpapers. Provenance: From the library of the Viennese aristocrat and military leader Prince Eugene of Savoy (1663–1736), acquired by the current library in 1738. Supralibros of Prince Eugene of Savoy on front and back cover. Annotations: None. II/7. Universitätsbibliothek der Medizinischen Universität Josephinische Bibliothek Call No.: JB 855a Physical Description: An incomplete copy with foxing and heavy dampstaining up until p. 430, frontispiece, a6 and printer’s mark missing, with an ersatz typed frontispiece with the text “Andreas Vesalius DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA LIBRI VII Basilae Oporinus 1555”, half of a2 and p. 1. missing. All historiated initials cut out from the page, leaving the rest of the text intact, but occasionally damaging the rest of the sheet, up until p. 436, historiated initials also missing on pp. 507, 708 and 772. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways facing left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern half calfskin with cardboard with gilt title on spine “VESALIUS DE CORPORIS HUMANI FABRICA”, modern pastedowns and flyleaves. Provenance: Unknown. Note “Institut für Geschichte der Medizin Wien JB 855 b” on front cover, round purple stamp of “Institut für Geschichte der Medizin Wien” throughout.

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283

Figure 103 Note on Titian next to the skeleton man on p. 205. II/8. Vienna: Universitätsbibliothek der Medizinischen Universität Josephinische Bibliothek. Call No.: JB 855b.

Annotations: Pencil mark “1413” on p. 225 facing the fifth skeleton man. II/8. Universitätsbibliothek der Medizinischen Universität Josephinische Bibliothek Call No.: JB 855b Physical Description: A restored, complete copy in good condition, with occasional foxing and worming, frontispiece repaired, repaired tear on a2r. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways facing left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Printer’s mark pasted onto page with colophon, intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern goatskin with gilt fleurons and title “VESALII DE CORPORIS HUMANI FABRICA” on spine, fore-edge painted red, modern endpapers. Provenance: Unknown. On frontispiece, stamp of Josephinum and partially legible handwritten note “M. S. C. […]s”; on frontispiece verso, pencil mark “JB 855 b”; blue round stamp of the “Institut für Geschichte der Medizin Wien” on frontispiece verso and throughout. Annotations: Occasional pencil marks in German from the late nineteenth-early twentieth century, mostly illegible, showing an interest in racial characteristics, Titian’s authorship, and the vital spirit of the heart. On p. 4, illegible pencil mark with two questions marks next to the section on the nature of cartilage; on p. 21, the word “anterior”

is corrected to “posterior”; on p. 23, double marginal lines where the different head shapes of different nations are discussed; on p. 89, pencil note “Iniciatio” above the initial; on p. 205, pencil note next to skeleton man, a quote paraphrased from Choulant, “soll der trauernder Jünger aus einer Grablegung Christi von Titian sein?”; on p. 709, underlinings and illegible word where the heart’s production of vital spirits is discussed. Unpaginated pages numbered in pencil. II/9. Universitätsbibliothek der Medizinischen Universität Obersteiner Bibliothek Call No.: HOB-A-00002 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with minor staining, offsetting text on p. 361. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet missing. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Bound with Volcher Coiter’s De ossibus et cartilaginibus tabulae from 1566. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with rolls of allegorical portraits, incl. “spes”, “fortitudo”, “prudenca”, “cognicio”, “neid”, “geitz”, “hoffart”, and “traghait”, floral decorations, metallic corners and traces of clasps. On front pastedown, potential price marking for binding “6 st.” Provenance: The Viennese neurologist Heinrich Obersteiner (1847–1922), who acquires the volume in 1874; and donates his library to the Neurologisches Institut in

284 Vienna in 1905; whose collections become part of the university library in 1986. Autograph of “HObersteiner 1874” on front pastedown. Annotations: An early ink-using annotator, familiar with Eustachius and the Greek language, who focuses on the internal organs, reproduction, and sound formation. On p. 63, summary note “supercilia” and marginal line; on p. 494, identifications of the characters on the woodcut with lines drawn in; on p. 593, numberings where the nerves of the peritoneum are discussed, summary note “situs”, and Greek term copied out where the stomach is discussed; on p. 594, further summary notes; on p. 595, summary note “tonsilla”; on p. 605, marginal lines; on p. 607, underlining of the word “continuum”; on p. 608, correction of typographical error and summary notes; on p. 609, summary note on the substance of the intestine and correction of typographical error; on p. 610, summary note on the glands of the intestines; on p. 615, marginal line where the mesentery is discussed; on p. 616, summary words and marginal lines; on p. 620, numberings at top of the page, summary note “magnitudo” and marginal line; on p. 627, marginal line where the spleen is discussed; on p. 629, marginal numberings; on p. 630, marginal line and correction of typographical error; on p. 631, marginal notes “situs”, “color”, and “Hoc […] Eustachius fol. 52”; on p. 631, underlining of the word “humilioribus”; on p. 634, underlinings about the kidney; on p. 639, marginal word on the testicles and crosses in the text; on p. 641, crosses in the text and Greek term on the margin; on p. 645, cross in the text; on p. 646, underlining; on p. 647, marginal line; on p. 656, summary note on the motion of the uterus; on p. 657, squiggle and summary note; on p. 660, marginal word “musculi”; on p. 661, where the fundus of the uterus is discussed, note “vide examen fol. 150”; on p. 663, note “Historia”; on p. 671, summary note and marginal cross; on p. 672, marginal notes “Embryonis formatio” and “vena et arteria umbilicalis”; on p. 673, marginal line; on p. 674, marginal note “nutritio foetus”; on p. 675, summary note; on p. 679, marginal line; on p. 717, marginal line, on p. 718, marginal line, underlining and note “vox”; on p. 719, underlining and Greek term; on p. 720, marginal word “vox”; on p. 775, underlining; on p. 778, line above the text. On front flyleaf, note “fol. 190”, and note “Ed. prima […] apud Oporinum Basil. MDXXXXIII / Prodiit etiam huius Operis editio, rarius, ut videtur, obuia Venetiis apud Francisorum Franciscium, et Joannem Criegher Germanum MDLXVIII in folio minori. H. K.”, note on frontispiece “Ed. II. MDLV”.

1555 Editions

Belgium

Antwerp

II/10. Plantin-Moretus Museum Call No.: R 38.2 Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition, bifolium inserts present after p. 504 and before p. 507, bound vertically and folded in both directions, X2 sheet present between the inserts. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Restored, sixteenth-century decorated leather, with two, blind-tooled frames, gold-tooled lilies in corners, and gold-tooled ornament in center. Provenance: The Moretus family, acquired before 1675; which became the current museum in 1876. Annotations: None. Bibliography: De Geneeskunde in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden (1475–1600). Exh. cat. Antwerp: Plantin-Moretus Museum, 1990, 128–129.

Brussels

II/11. Royal Library of Belgium Call No.: LP 9.504 C Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition with some water damage at the front. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from right and bottom. Flap anatomy assembled, remainder of X2 sheet missing. Binding: Nineteenth-century spotted leather and marbled paper, title and label with shelfmark on spine, title “And. Vesal. De human. corp. fabrica” on fore-edge. Provenance: The Bibliothèque de l’Observatoire Royal de Bruxelles, acquired between 1833 and 1847, then deposited with the Royal Library of Belgium. Listed in the 1847 catalogue, pencil mark “observatoire” on front pastedown, illegible circular stamp and old shelfmark “3j” on first page of epistle dedicatory.

1555 Editions

Annotations: None. Bibliography: Catalogue des livres de la Bibliothèque de l’Observatoire Royal de Bruxelles. Bruxelles: M Hayez, 1847. II/12. Royal Library of Belgium Call No.: VB 4. 482 C RP Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition, bifolium inserts present after pp. 505 and 552, bound vertically and folded from right and bottom, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Restored, eighteenth-century Siena leather with gold-tooled frame and gold-tooled text of donation in center, marbled paper pastedowns, edges painted red. Provenance: The Mechelen archbishop and cardinal Thomas Philippus d’Alsace-Boussu (1679–1759); who donates the volume to the University of Louvain in 1750; then the current library. Text on front cover, “Eminentissimus et Reverendissimus Princeps Thomas Philippus sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Presbyter Cardinalis De Alsatia Archiepiscopus Mechliniensis Belgicae Primas etc. etc. Universitatis Lovaniensis Potentissimus Patronus huic Bibliothecae ao 1750 dono dedit”. Annotations: Correction of errata, some of them trimmed, on a2v and pp. 9, 23; 32; 33 ,37, 63, 64, 65, 72, 90, 97, 105, 123, 147 and 129. Old shelfmark and Cushing number on front flyleaf. II/13. Royal Library of Belgium Call No.: VH 7414 C LP Physical Description: A complete copy in excellent condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top, bottom, and right, X2 sheet present. Binding: Restored, eighteenth-century mottled calf with gold-tooled spine and label. Provenance: The Ghent bibliophile Charles van Hulthem (1764–1832); whose collection was bought upon death by the current library in 1836. Ex-libris of Van Hulthem. Annotations: Numerous references to Galen, with page numbers, oftentimes adding a very brief summary of the

285 content, which is difficult to decipher because of trimming, usually, but not always, taking the side of Galen, with references to Callimachus, Fallopio, Fernel, Jacchini, Paré, Vesalius’ China Root Letter, and internal references within the Fabrica, occasional annotations on the illustrations. On a4v numbering on the side to identify the books of the Fabrica; on p. 10, page reference to Galen’s De anatomicis administrationibus; on p. 33, trimmed comment on Vesalius’ description of the illustrations of abnormal skulls and reference to Galen’s De usu partium; on p. 42, underlining and reference to De usu partium; on p. 57, comment “scilicet sinus” where Vesalius discusses “Qui dentes masculis” and reference to De usu partium; on p. 57, reference to De usu partium; on p. 72, reference to De usu partium; on p. 73, underlining and reference to Galen where Vesalius discusses the dorsal medulla; on p. 77, underlining and reference to Galen in the section “homo pulmonis occasione collo donatur”; on p. 82, page number added to printed marginal reference to Galen under “processium numerus”; on p. 84, underlining and references to Galen where Vesalius writes “Qua hoc Capite Galeni scriptis parum conuenerunt” and “Galeni de capite”; on p. 85, reference to Galen and underlining in the section “Caput supra primam uertebram”; on p. 86, underlining and reference to De anatomicis administrationibus in the section “Non semel in libro”; on p. 94, underlining and reference to De usu partium in the section “thoracis vertebrarum”; on p. 99, reference to Callimachus’ Hymns added to the discussion over Ilium’s poets; on p. 132, comment under the illustration “interior pars figurae ad A cum brachiali ad manum cohaeret, superior pars ad B cum ulna, cum brachio.”; on p. 135, annotation referencing the illustrations in the section “ulnae ad humerum articulatio”; on p. 156, correction of “illi” to “lega ilii”; on p. 159, extensive annotation about sex differences with references to illustrations in this work, and to Fernel, Ambroise Paré and Galen’s De usu partium, as well as summary note “non fieri discessione ossium in partu”; on p. 160, underlining where Vesalius mentions that the seminal vessels do not travel through the foramen of the pubic bone; on p. 187, annotation where Vesalius names the second laryngeal cartilage a ring, “sic vocata a Ga[leno De] usu part. pa. 540”, revealing that Vesalius is not original here; on p. 219, where the characters of the third muscle men are explained, reference to p. 289’s more extensive discussion of the same; on p. 264, underlining where Vesalius claims that all nerve endings have feeling regardless of location; on p. 283, where the eyelid’s make-up is discussed, reference to Galen’s De usu partium and to Fallopio; on p. 284, where Vesalius discusses the motion of the eyelids, note “omnia transtulit huc ex lib.10 de usu par….”, accusing Vesalius of

286 copying Galen, and another reference to De usu partium further below; on p. 285, reference to Galen’s De usu partium, who claims that there are four, and not three motions of the eyes; on p. 286, reference to Galen’s De usu partium where Vesalius discusses the fourth and seventh muscles moving the eye; on p. 288, reference to Galen’s De anatomicis administrationibus, where the muscles of the cheek are discussed; on p. 289, reference to Galen where the movement of the ears is discussed, and underlining and reference to Galen where Vesalius discusses the muscles on the other side; on p. 290, reference to Galen’s De usu partium, where the lips’ eight muscles are discussed; on p. 293, multiple references to Galen’s De usu partium and to De anatomicis administrationibus; on p. 294, multiple references to Galen’s De usu partium, where the maxilla’s muscles are discussed; on p. 301, where Vesalius discusses that the tongue’s size is just right, reference that this segment is taken from Galen’s De usu partium; on p. 303, reference to Galen’s De usu partium where the tongue’s attachment to the throat is discussed; on p. 306, reference to Galen’s De usu partium where the larynx’s muscles are discussed; on p. 323, reference to Galen’s De anatomicis administrationibus where the second muscle moving the scapula is discussed; on p. 324, reference to Galen’s De anatomicis administrationibus, still discussing the scapula’s muscles; on p. 325, reference to Galen’s De anatomicis administrationibus, where the muscles found in apes are discussed; on p. 333, reference to Galen’s De usus partium, where the ligaments connecting the vertebrae to the head are discussed; on p. 388, reference to Galen’s De anatomicis administrationibus, where the arm’s dissection is discussed; on p. 398, page number added to the long quote from Galen’s De usu partium regarding the muscles moving the lower leg; on p. 408, reference to Galen’s De anatomicis administrationibus, where the m. poplitae is discussed; on p. 410, underlining and reference added to Galen’s De usu partium, where the motions of the thigh are discussed; on p. 411, reference added to Galen’s De usu partium, where the second, third and fourth muscles moving the femur are discussed; on p. 412, reference added to Galen’s De usu partium, where the function of fifth muscle (and the other muscles) moving the femur is discussed; on p. 429, underlining and reference to Galen’s De usu partium, where the fifth muscle of the foot is discussed; on p. 430, underlining and reference to Galen’s De anatomicis administrationibus, where the ligaments of the knee joint are discussed; on p. 431, underlining and reference to Galen where the ligament connecting the tibia to the fibula is discussed; on p. 474, underlining and references to Galen’s De usu partium, where the differences of

1555 Editions

the seminal veins between men and women are discussed; on p. 435, underlining and notes, naming the “hemorrhoides vena” and noting “medicorum error”; on p. 476, reference to the teachings of Jacchinus where the uterine vein is discussed; on p. 477, underlining and reference to Galen’s De usu partium and to Fernel where the veins going to the labia are discussed; on p. 485, reference to Galen’s De usu partium, where the arteria magna is discussed; on p. 486, references to Galen’s De usu partium, where the forking of the stem of the artery is discussed; on p. 488, references to Galen’s De usu partium, where nature hiding the arteries and the left carotid artery are discussed; on p. 491, reference to Galen’s De usu partium, where the kidney’s arteries are discussed; on p. 509, underlining and reference to Galen’s De usu partium, where God’s design in differentiating the nerves is discussed; on p. 514, reference to illustrations where characters of the nervous system illustration are explained, and reference to Galen’s De usu partium, where the distinctions of the brain and its parts are discussed; on p. 517, underlining and references to Galen’s De usu partium, where the first pair of nerves is discussed; on p. 518, underlining and reference to Galen’s De usu partium, where the coming together of the visory nerves is discussed, with extensive annotation acknowledging that “fortasse lapsus est Galenus”; on p. 520, reference to Galen’s De usu partium, where Vesalius discusses the fourth pair of nerves coming from the brain; on p. 521, underlinings and references to Galen’s De usu partium, where the fifth pair of nerves is discussed; on p. 524, underlinings and references to Galen’s De usu partium, where the recurrent nerves and the sixth pair of the thoracic cavity is discussed; on p. 525, reference to Galen’s De usu partium, where the seventh pair of nerves is discussed; on p. 534, reference to Galen’s De usu partium, where the seven pairs of nerves coming from the cervical vertebrae are discussed; on p. 535, reference to Galen’s De usu partium, where the second pair of nerves is discussed; on p. 588, extensive note next to the illustration of the bovine foetus, discussing critically Fallopio, “eminentie BBB insignite videtur esse cotylidones seu acetabula, quae cornutis tantum animalibus data esse contendit Falopius, mulieribus autem eorum vice supplere carneam substantiam, qua videre licet figura 30a tabella, 1a literis EEE insignita …”; on p. 591, reference to Galen’s De usu partium, where the name of the peritoneum is discussed, underlining, and critical reference where the piercing of the peritoneum is discussed, “sententiam explosit … [trimmed] pag. 40”; on p. 594, reference to Galen’s De usu partium, where the entry to the stomach is discussed; on p. 595, underlining where the esophagus is discussed; on p. 640,

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note where the individual wrappings of each testicle are discussed, summarizing that the wrapping is part of the peritoneum, various notes related to the innermost wrapping of the testicle, criticizing Vesalius’ claim that the Ancients called this wrapping the epididymis, writing “hic bonus dormitat Homerus” and providing references to Galen’s De usu partium that the epididymis refers to something else; and then writing again “foedus error eluitur” and correcting Vesalius, showing that not the Arabs but Galen claimed that the epididymis was a vessel; on p. 642, reference to Galen’s De usu partium where the route of vessels to the testicle is discussed; on p. 644, underlinings and reference to Galen’s De usu partium where the vessel carrying semen from the testicle to the bladder’s neck is discussed; on p. 645, underlinings and reference to Galen’s De usu partium, where the glandular body is discussed, as well as extensive, and heavily trimmed, comment as to how semen causes pleasure, and reference to Galen’s De usu partium where the vas deferens is discussed; on p. 647, underlining where the Padovan man with involuntary flow of semen is discussed, and reference to Galen’s De usu partium; on p. 648 multiple references to Galen’s De usu partium, where the penis is discussed; on p. 649, underlinings and multiple references to Galen’s De usu partium, where the veins, arteries and nerves of the penis are discussed; on p. 650, reference to Avicenna’s Canon, where the Arabs are criticized for inventing three passages in the penis; on p. 651, manicule and underlining where Claude Simion’s two passages at the tip of his glans are discussed; on p. 653, underlining and manicule where white menstruations, the hymen, and cliterodectomy are discussed, trimmed annotation where Aristotle is approvingly cited on the hymen’s ability to transmit menstrual blood; on p. 655, underlining and manicule where it is discussed that some Jewish boys are born circumcised and how the uterus receives semen; on p. 657, reference to Galen’s De usu partium, where women’s testicles are discussed; on p. 658, reference to Galen’s De usu partium, where the size of the female testicles is compared to male testicles, where the reason of the uterus is discussed, underlining and reference to Galen’s De usu partium, where the damp and cold nature of the female semen is discussed; on p. 671, where the wrappings covering the foetus are discussed, reference to Galen’s De usu partium, and some criticism of Vesalius’ understanding of Ancient Greek nomenclature; on p. 672, reference to De usu partium, where the wrappings of the uterus are discussed; on p. 673, reference to Galen’s De usu partium, where the fleshy substance attached to the outer wrappings of the foetus is discussed, and extensive discussion of etymology and Galen; on

p. 674, several underlinings and references to Galen’s De usu partium and extensive discussion of Galen’s naming of the parts of the receptacle of foetal urine; on p. 675, underlining and reference to Galen’s De usu partium, where the exit of urine, sweat and wrappings at birth is discussed; on p. 676, underlining and note where Vesalius mentions how wrong Galen is on fetal wrappings, referring the reader to the Letter on the China Root; on p. 679, underlining where the construction of the papilla is discussed; on p. 680, underlining and reference to Galen’s De usu partium and to Fallopio where Vesalius discusses the potential relationship between the production of milk and menstrual purgations, and, where Vesalius discusses how to perform an anatomy of the genitalia, reference to Fernel; on p. 697, reference to Galen’s De usu partium, where the acetabulum is discussed; on p. 732, where the dilation of the heart is discussed, reference to Galen’s De usu partium; on p. 733, where the shape of the right ventricle is discussed, annotation on Galen’s naming of it, with reference to De usu partium; on p. 734, where the left ventricle is discussed, underlining and annotations on Galen’s naming of it; on p. 735, reference to Galen’s De usu partium where the vena cava is disscussed; on p. 736, reference to page number is added where Galen’s De usu partium is evoked by Vesalius in the discussion of the magna arteria; on p. 789, reference to Galen’s De usu partium, where the cerebral body compared by anatomists to a tortoise shell is discussed; on p. 793, reference to Galen’s De usu partium where the function of the sutures is explained; on p. 795, underlinings and references to Galen’s De usu partium where the straining and purging of the phlegm is discussed; on p. 797, where the reticular plexus is discussed, reference to Galen’s De usu partium; on pp. 798 and 799, Greek names are added to the explanation of the characters in the illustration of the eye; on p. 802, where the retina is discussed, page number is added to the reference to Galen’s De usu partium; on p. 813, page reference is added to the earlier section of the Fabrica where the eye’s dissection is discussed; Cushing reference and shelfmark on front pastedown.

Ghent

II/14 University Library Ghent Call No.: BIB.ACC.009953 Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy with tearing on the first ten pages, printer’s mark missing.

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Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

Bibliography: Barbara Teatero, “More about that Vesalius volume.” Queen’s Alumni Review 2009/4.

Binding: Rebacked, contemporary Siena calf on wood, restored by Restauratieatelier Universiteitsbibliothek Gent in 1982.



Provenance: Crossed out name on frontispiece, red stamp of “B G” [Bibliotheca Gandavensis] on frontispiece bottom. Annotations: None. Date “1555” supplied in ink on frontispiece. Bibliography: Ferdinand van der Haeghen and MarieThèrèse Lenger, Bibliotheca belgica: bibliographie générale des Pays-Bas. Brussels: Culture et Civilization, 1964–70, V 83; Cockx-Indestege, Andreas Vesalius, p. 62.

Canada

Kingston, ON

II/15. Queen’s University W. D. Jordan Special Collections and Music Library Call No.: Dated 1555 .V5 folio Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy in good condition, printer’s mark missing. Woodcut on p. 560 intact. Binding: Restored, stamped vellum over board. Provenance: A certain Caspar Vorberg; a certain G. T.; the book dealer William Brown of Edinburgh, purchased at the instigation of Sir William Osler, Bart, by the Kingston, ON, railroad magnate Cornelius John Bermingham (b. 1852) as a gift to Queen’s University in 1912. Note in William Osler [?]’s hand, “Given to the Medical Library Queens College by Mr. C. Birmingham of Kingston, Ont.”; bookplate of G. T.; ex-dono bookplate of Queen’s University; note “Casparis Vorberghii” on frontispiece. Annotations: Sporadic annotations. On p. 222, where the characters of the muscle men are explained, marginal note “coracto hyoides”; on p. 308, where the larynx’s muscles are discussed, notes “hyothyroidus” and “sternothyroidus.”

London, ON

II/16. Western University Western Libraries Benson Special Collections Call No.: QM21.V418 1555 Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with minimal foxing and a few small tears. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Restored, contemporary pigskin over wood. Provenance: The Altdorf law professor Johannes Busereuth (1548–1610), who acquired the volume in Strasbourg in 1574; purchased for the current university by Dr. Lloyd Grenfell Stevenson (1918–1988), a former graduate and later Yale historian of medicine, in England in 1949, for the price of 170 GBP (“devaluation of the pound has brought the price down from 225GBP to 170GBP”),1 upon the recommendation of Geoffrey Keynes. On front paste­ down, possessor’s note with Greek motto by Busereuth, marking date of acquisition in Strasbourg; the number “45614” stamped on frontispiece verso. Annotations: On p. 789, note with reference to Cuneus’ defence of Vesalius where Vesalius discusses the function of the ventricles, and how they are similar in humans and animals, despite the animals’ faculty of reasoning, and how Galen is inconsistent about which ventricle is which, “Quomodo haec emendata vidit Cuneus, vidi apud ipsum Apologia f. 120.”; under the colophon, eighteenth-century [post-1731] bilingual English and German note, “this edition was revised and corrected by Vesalius himself and had his last hand. Bibilioth. Literae. Lond. No. 11. p. 46, Siehe Stollens Medicinische Gelahrheit, p. 419”. On back pastedown, a collection of early accounts of Vesalius’ death in an early hand, referring to and copying Zwinger’s Theatrum, Languet’s letter to Peucer, Dudith’s letter to Crato, Naraeus [?], and Crusius, with incomprehensible characters at the very bottom. 1  “U. W. O. Library gets 1555 Book.” Newspaper clipping from 1949, mentioning that in 1949 a 1543 edition was worth c. GBP 650.

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Montreal, QC

II/17. McGill University Osler Library Call No.: V575h 1555 Physical Description: A complete copy with, bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways and folded, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Restored pigskin on wood with no decorative elements. Provenance: Probably the book dealer William Brown of Edinburgh; then the Johns Hopkins professor and later Oxford Regius professor William Osler, Bart, (1849–1919), who purchased it possibly in 1912; acquired from Osler by McGill at a later date. Catalogue listing from Osler’s Catalog and note on Osler’s ownership on back pastedown, registering a sale by William Brown of Edinburgh to William Osler for 210 pounds in 1912. Annotations: Pen line on p. 266 where the varieties of muscles by insertion are discussed.

Toronto, ON

II/18. University of Toronto Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library Call No.: jah f 00941 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some damage, pp. 669–672 missing, errata list, index, printer’s mark and colophon also missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle facing left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern vellum and endpapers. Provenance: Owned by Andreas Vesalius, who annotated the volume. Sold in 2007 in Hamburg by a German owner, currently on deposit at the University of Toronto from a private owner. Annotations: Handwritten annotations by Vesalius for a planned third edition, and some annotations by another owner, potentially writing on p. 23, “De ossibus” where

Hippocrates is mentioned; and on p. 283, where the annotator is probably referring to the Lyon edition of the Fabrica. For a description of these annotations, and partial transcriptions and translations, see Vivian Nutton, “Vesalius Revised; His Annotations to the 1555 Fabrica.” Medical History (56) 2012, 415–443, as well as the Karger translation.

Vancouver, BC

II/19. University of British Columbia Library Call No.: WZ 240 V38 1555 Physical Description: A worn, incomplete copy with some foxing, tearing, staining and worming, pp. 231/2 and 237/8 missing and supplied in facsimile, repaired damage affecting the first 200 pages at the front, and the first 100 pages at the top. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, vascular insert missing bottom half and folded from the right, nervous insert folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert, printer’s device applied to new sheet. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Restored, contemporary half vellum with boards replaced with twentieth-century paper covered boards, with vellum bound corners. Provenance: A certain P. Boccafogli; the Vancouver physician and translator Dr. Iser Steiman (1898–1981); enters the current collection by donation from Steiman between 1964 and 1981. Note of ownership by Steiman on a1r; bookplates of Steiman, UBC and the Woodward Biomedical Library; note of Boccafogli on frontispiece, round stamp with letters “P. C.” with double cross on frontispiece. Annotations: None. Bibliography: History of the Charles Woodward Memorial Room Collection, 2010, http://www.library.ubc.ca/wood ward/memoroom/history/pdfs/HistoryOfCollection.pdf.

Victoria, BC

II/20. University of Victoria Special Collections Call No.: QM21 V4 1555 Physical Description: A slightly burned copy.

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Binding: Modern binding from 1976.

Annotations: None.

Provenance: The Victoria, BC physician Dr. William C. Gibson (1913–2009), chancellor of the University of Victoria; who donated the copy to the current collection in 1976.



Annotations: None.

Czech Republic

Prague

II/21. Capuchin Provincial Library Call No.: Physical condition: An incomplete copy in good condition, bifolium inserts and X2 sheet missing. Binding: Eighteenth-century vellum with floral decorative pattern. Provenance: In the current collection since the seventeenth century. Possessor’s note “Loci Capucinorum Pragae in Ratschin.” Annotations: None.

Denmark

Aarhus

II/22. Aarhus University Library Call No.: Boghist RE 5-00187 Physical Description: A complete copy with minor worming in excellent condition. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-tooled pigskin with floral and allegorical decorations and two clasps, name of author painted on fore-edge “VESAL”. Provenance: The Danish Royal Library, Copenhagen; which donates the book to the current library, probably in 1902.

Copenhagen

II/23. Royal Library Call No.: Fol. Med. An. 15000 00059 Physical Description: A complete copy. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, vascular insert folded from top, bottom and right, nervous insert folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Slightly damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary pigskin with blind-stamped floral and arabesque decorations, with central portrait of Emperor Maximilian on front cover and another portrait on the back, clasps present. Provenance: The Copenhagen physician and professor Christian Hacquart (1668–1715); then probably the current university, which also owns other volumes by Hacquart.2 Note on frontispiece “Christianus Hacquart Ph: Med: Doctor 169[…]”; black round stamp of “B. U. H.” on frontispiece; red stamp “Biblioteca Universitatis Hauniensis” throughout. Annotations: An annotator marking up the text by striking through it, as well as using underlinings. On p. 57, underlinings where types of teeth are listed; on p. 58, underlining where Vesalius discusses the growth of his own wisdom teeth, and pencil strike-throughs of much of the text; on p. 195, pencil lines striking through the text; on p. 594, underlinings and strike-through where the stomach’s path of entry is discussed; on p. 597, underlinings and strike-through where the swallowing and excretion of gems are discussed; on pp. 603–604, pencil lines striking through the text; on p. 617, underlinings and strike-through where large spleens are discussed; on p. 633, marginal line where the kidneys are discussed; on p. 651, underlining and strike-through where the cervix is mentioned; on p. 663, strike-through where the monk’s mistress is discussed; on pp. 665–666, underlining and strike-throughs where the fundus of the uterus and Plato’s Timaeus are discussed; on p. 773, underlining in red where Vesalius claims that the animal brain does not differ from human brains; on p. 803, pencil lines striking through the text. Errata corrected on a2v. 2  Kirsten Jungersen, “Reception of Uroscopy in Scandinavia.” Journal of Nephrology 22 (2009): 50–54.

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II/24. University of Copenhagen Panum Institute Call No.: Physical Description: A confirmed copy not available for consultation.

Finland

Helsinki

II/25. National Library of Finland Collection of Foreign Literature Printed 1500–1599 Call No.: H MD.F. 57–9. Physical Description: A restored, complete copy in good condition with one tear, bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Woodcut intact on p. 560. Binding: Nineteenth-century paper on paperboards, with leather spine and corners, spine broken. Provenance: The Brandenburg court councillor Christian Distelmeyer (c. 1552–1612); enters the National Library of Finland in 1957. Possessor’s note “Ex libris Christiani Distelme—” on a1r; stamp of the Library of the University of Helsinki “1957/869” on front pastedown. Annotations: None.

France

Aix-en-Provence

II/26. Bibliothèque Méjanes Call No.: G. 0007 Physical Description: A complete copy. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

Binding: Eighteenth-century morocco with gold-tooled arabesque decorations and title “VESALIUS DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA 1553” on spine, marbled endpapers. Provenance: At one point, a certain William Ludford. On last page of index and colophon, oval blue stamp “BIBLIOTHEQUE VILLE D’AIX MEJANES”; on frontispiece, note “William Ludford ex libris”. Annotations: A sporadic early reader who summarizes the prefatory matter, makes a few notes on the processes, and corrects the errata. On a2r, summary notes on surgery, its history, Hippocrates and Galen; on a2v, summary notes on the history and parts of medicine and surgery; on a3r, summary notes on surgery and instruments; on a3v, summary notes on Vesalius and Galen; on a4r, summary notes incl. “Galenus nunquam mortuum humanum corpus resecuit. Vesalij Iudicio sed simijs deceptus erat”, “Oculis magis in Anatome, qua authoritati credendum”, “Ratio hujus operis scribendi”; on a4v, note “veterum consuetudo de educandis pueris in pictura et anatome”; on a5r, notes on Vesalius’ age and “Anatomes excellentia”; on p. 10, manicules and underlinings and note “Cap. 3” where the processes are discussed. Errata corrected on pp. 63, 65, 105, 123, 129, 147, 151, 153, 190, 263, 340, X2. On front pastedown, pasted-in postcard of the Haskell F. Norman sale, addressed to the library, with pencil notes on the Fabrica.

Besançon

II/27. Bibliothèque municipale de Besançon Call No.: Fonds ancien 11371 Physical Description: A complete copy with some foxing and dampstaining. Some fragmentary attempts at handcoloring the frontispiece, text on frontispiece underlined in red. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top, bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Eighteenth-century unrestored speckled calfskin with gilt fleurons on spine. Provenance: The early seventeenth-century Besançon physician Jean-Anatole Prinel; the Besançon physician P. C. Marchant (d. 1842); then the current collection. Note of Prinel “Joan. Anatolii Prinaei Vesuntini” on frontispiece; ex-libris of Marchant on flyleaf; nineteenth-century stamp of the current library.

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Annotations: Sporadic annotations at the beginning, with an interest in histories, and information on prices for the eighteenth century. On a3v, underlining where Vesalius laments the loss of the writings of Ancient authors; on a4r–a4v, underlining where Vesalius lists the contents of the book and discusses the criticism that students should observe cadavers and not read illustrated books; on p. 1, note “usus […]” where Vesalius differentiates bones by their uses; on p. 23, underlining and marginal line where Vesalius discusses particular people with strange headshapes; on pp. 24–25, underlining where Vesalius notes that he will later tell histories that are suitable for the knowledge of disease; on p. 620, underlinings where Vesalius discusses the names of the liver’s lobes and the Hippocratic five-lobed liver; on p. 651, underlining where Vesalius discusses a man with two passages at the tip of his glans and notes that he will not discuss praeternatural cases; on p. 663, underlinings where Vesalius discusses which women he was able to dissect; on flyleaf, eighteenth-century bibliographic note “Cette Edition, qui est très belle, est recherchée par les curieux: Les Exemplaires en sont très rares. Ils vendent communément de 20 à 30 fr. […]” with extensive quotes from Boerhaave’s discussion of this volume. All the errata are corrected, some of them trimmed, indicating a pre-1800 origin for these corrections. Chapter titles underlined in red.

Bordeaux

II/28. Bibliothèque de Mériadeck Call No.: S 759 Physical Description: A complete copy with occasional spotting. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 512 and 552, bound sideways by the foot and folded, vascular insert facing forward to X2 sheet, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Slightly damaged woodcut on p. 560. An exemplaire réglé. Binding: Nineteenth-century cardboard with gilt spine and title “VESALIUS DE H. CORPORIS FABRICA”, label with shelfmark on spine. Provenance: The Sorbonne theologian Jacques Hugonis (d. 1574 [?]); who gives the volume to the Bordeaux physician Antoine Valet (1530/40–1607); then the Bordeaux Académie des Sciences; and the current collection. On frontispiece, note in two different inks “Ex musaeo Antoinj Valetij Iumanensis, Medici Parisiensis. Hunc dono dedit obseruandissimus in Christo Pater F. Jacobus Hugo,

Doctor Theologus Parisiensis Regius Ecclesiastes, et mihi Mecenas beneficentissimus.”; round stamp of “BIBLIOTH PUBL DE L’ACAD ROY DES SCIEN DE BORD” on frontispiece and colophon; round stamp of “BIBLIOTHEQUE DE LA VILLE DE BORDEAUX” on printer’s mark. Annotations: Manuscript poem by Antoine Valet on front flyleaf “ΟΣΤΕΟΛΟΓΙΑ SEU OSSIUM HUMANI CORPORIS DESCRIPTIO, Antonio Valetio, Medico Parisiensi Autore.”, starting “Tres capitis partes: caluaria continet, ossa, / Suturasque octo: frontij simul, occipiitque, / Singula: syncipiti duo sunt, duo temporibusque: / Unum quod cuneum, cribrumque quod exprimit donum / […] “;3 Latin and Greek epigrams by Valet on page with Vesalius’ portrait, incl. “Si mens, ut corpus, depingi posset, imago / Unica Naturae, Vessalijque foret. Anto. Valetij.” The number “15” written in early hand on a2r. Censorship: Illustration of vagina on pp. 381/2 missing. II/29. Université de Bordeaux Segalen Call No.: CM 5 Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy in good condition, with some worming, foxing and dampstaining, frontispiece damaged and mounted on modern paper, trimmed with original size revealed in imperfectly cut leaf on pp. 391/2. Vascular insert missing, nervous insert present after p. 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, with right fold facing towards the back; X2 sheet present after p. 504. Damaged woodcut on p. 560, with repaired hole next to the ribbon. Binding: Rebound in modern calfskin, old calfskin covers preserved with gold-stamped centerpiece, modern flyleaves. Title “VESALII DE HUMANI CORPORIS” on spine. Provenance: Unknown. Old shelfmarks on front flyleaf verso; round stamp of “BIBLIOTHEQUE FACULTE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE BORDEAUX” on a2r and p. 104; note “François Mongrunundus mide [?]” on a5v.

3  The same poem was probably also inscribed in a copy of David Chabodie’s Osteologia corporis humani (Bordeaux, 1591), copy sold in 1887 at the Bosvieux sale. See Emile Picot, Les français italianisants au XVIe siècle. Paris : Honoré Champion, 1906, vol. II, p. 84.

1555 Editions

293

Figure 104 Poems by Antoine Valet on a6v. II/28. Bordeaux: Bibliothèque de Mériadeck. Call No.: S 759.

294 Annotations: Sporadic marginal lines and manicules in pencil, with a few ink notes unrelated to the text. On a3r, pencil manicule and marginal line where dissection is mentioned; on a3v, a4r and a4v, marginal lines; on a5r, marginal lines, pencil note “28 ans”, and manicule where Vesalius’ father is mentioned; on a5v and a6r, pencil marginal lines and manicules where the characters of the book and the various editions of the Tabulae sex are mentioned; on a5v, ink signature of “François Mongrunundus mide [?]”; on a6v, various illegible lines in ink; on p. 23, marginal pencil line where the non-natural skulls are discussed; on p. 72, marginal line where the bones of the back are discussed; on p. 193, a listing of the alphabet “& a b c d e […]” and squiggles in ink; on p. 487, marginal cross and line in pencil; on p. 512, horizontal pencil line with dividers drawn across the middle of the illustration of the nerves; on p. 516, the illustration of the ventricle boxed in

1555 Editions

pencil; on p. 794, various ink squiggles; on p. 795, pencil line where Galen is criticized about the pituitary gland; on p. 807, pencil marginal line where touch is discussed; on back flyleaf, old ink writing “pit […] bonne édition rare:”.

Bourges

II/30. Bibliothèque des Quatre Piliers Call No.: B 2338 Physical Description: A complete copy with some foxing and minor dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, bottom of vascular insert torn, bottom of

Figure 105 A censored male torso on p. 572. II/30. Bourges: Bibliothèque municipale de Bourges, Bibliothèque des Quatre Piliers. Call No.: B 2338.

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Figure 106

Identifying a complex system of arteries on p. 483. II/31. Caen: Université de Caen Basse-Normandie. Call No.: 1639.

nervous insert torn and partly missing, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Contemporary decorated vellum, rather worn, with coat of arms. Provenance: The Bourges archbishop Antoine Vialart (1524–1576); who donates it to the Jesuit College of Bourges after 1572; enters the current collection as part of the revolutionary confiscations in the 1790s. Ex-dono of “Ex dono D. Archiepi. Bit[…]cis Coll. Biturg. Soc. Jesu”; round red stamp of “VILLE DE BOURGES / BIBLIOTHEQUE PUBLIQUE / CHER”; name of Vialart on cover. Annotations: Note on frontispiece “edition pretieuse”. Censorship: The male sexual organs and their surroundings covered up in black ink, as if wearing a towel, on pp. 210, 218 556, 561, 564, 572, 579.



Caen

II/31. Université de Caen Basse-Normandie Call No.: 1639 Physical Description: A complete copy with some browning, spotting, minor worming, and dampstaining on the edges at the front of the volume, tear on pp. 451/2, stain and hole on p. 129. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Vascular insert torn and repaired, nervous insert torn and partially repaired, intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary pigskin with traces of clasps, blind-tooled rolls of biblical scenes, and portraits of Virgil, Ovid, Cicero and Julius Caesar, as well as of Martin Luther, Philip Melanchthon, Erasmus of Rotterdam and

296 “IOHAN” Hus [?], with monogram and date “I M W” “1568” on front. Provenance: Probably the Clèves physician and demonologist Johann Maria Weyer (1515–1588); a certain M. Jacobus Angelicus; a certain Georgius Kekellius; the Parisian surgeon Henri Hartmann (1860–1952); the Caen collector Nelly Corbeau; who donates it to the current collection in the second half of the twentieth century. Bookplate of Henri Hartmann on front pastedown; ownership note of “M. Jacobus Angelicus MEA […] Immanuei” on frontispiece; stamps of “BIBLIOTHEQUE DE L’UNIVERSITE CAEN” throughout; note “Georgius Kekelio” on nervous insert verso. Annotations: Extensive annotations, probably in three hands, primarily focusing on the illustrations, identifying the body parts, and referring to other works. On front flyleaf verso, biographical notes on Vesalius in Angelicus’ hand, quoting from Wolfgang Krüger’s Catalogus et Historologia Mille Virorum (1616), p. 27: “Andreas Vesalius. Ein berühmter Medicus und Anatomicus, Keysers Caroli 5. Leib Medicus, von Brüssel bürtig, stirbt auff der Reise zum heiligen Lande, in der Insel Zazintho, dahin er aus der Insul Cypern durch Ungewitter war verschlagen worden, in einem armen Fischershüttlein im 50. Jahr seines Alters den 6. Octob. Anno. 1564.”, also quoting Dieter (Part I. fol. 898), and Zwinger’s Theatr. Vitae humanae (“Libri I I. fol 11” and “Libr 3, fol. 325”). On p. 627, early underlining, marginal line and “NB” sign, where the Augsburg woman is mentioned, whose uterus contained much serous liquid. Extensive eighteenth-century annotations in red and, occasionally correcting the red, in black, on the illustrations of the bones, the muscles, the vascular system, and the internal organs, probably in the hand of Kekellius, with lines drawn from the illustration and the characters to the extensive notes on the side. On p. 7, where the illustrations of the cartilages are explained, note next to the processus of the inferior maxilla, referring to Colombo and Galen, “quem Galenus coronam quoque appellauit […] Columb. ca. 2.”; on p. 203, on the first skeleton man, identifications of the pubic bone, the os ilium, etc., primarily copying Vesalius’s text; on pp. 210, 214, 218, 221, 224, 228, 230 (the first seven muscle men), detailed identifications of the characters in the illustration; on pp. 211, 212, 213, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 222, 223, 225, 226, 227, 229, 231, 233, 235, 236, 237, 241, 242, 243, 245, 247, 249, 250, where the characters of the muscle men are explained, marginal notes offering alternative nomenclature for Vesalius, e.g.

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“mylohyoides”, “sternohyoides”, “coracohyoides”, “mastoides”, “scalenus”, “deltoides”, “pectoralis maior”, etc., “poplitaeus”; on p. 213, reference to Philip Verheyen (1648–1710) “Solaeus, Verheyeno Suralis internus”; on p. 251, identifications where the arm’s muscles characters are explained, “lumbricales”, “perforatus”, “perforans”; on p. 392, where the muscles of the penis are pictured, note and reference to Laurentius next to character G, “victus Vesalij nil aliud est quam Cram [?] Laurentius fol. 239 vesicae collum productius”, on p. 444, extensive annotations on the illustration of the portal venous system, identifying the parts and referring the reader to Bauhin, e.g. “NB. Vena intestinalis (I) tua mesentericae dextra, (bb) ad intestina mittuntur […], quae a arteria ad intestina mittuntur, vide Bauh. fol. 66”; on p. 445, extensive annotations next to the system of the portal vein, identifying the characters; on p. 450, extensive annotations on the illustration of the system of the vena cava, identifying the characters; on p. 451, alternative nomenclature next to the explanation of the characters, e.g. “coronaria” and “azygos”; on p. 483, extensive annotations on the illustration of the arterial system, identifying the characters; on p. 494, extensive annotations on the illustration of the brain’s vessels, identifying the characters; on p. 504, where the vascular insert’s characters are explained, various corrections of the text, e.g. “O lienis caua sedes recte pag. 4 vide quartam figuram”; on the vascular insert, extensive identifications of characters, and internal references to other, better illustrations; on X2 sheet, note next to letter O “caua lienis sedes”; on p. 555, extensive annotations of the illustration of the stomach’s muscles, identifying the characters; on p. 556, extensive annotations of the illustration, referring the reader to Laurentius and Bauhin, and, next to letter Q, self-correction of annotator “Q Omentum describitur” “seu Lau. Epiploon seu reticulum […]”; on p. 558, extensive annotations of the illustration of the internal organs, identifying the characters; on p. 559, extensive annotations of the illustration of the omentum, identifying the characters; on p. 560, extensive annotations of the illustration of the internal organs, identifying the characters; on p. 561, annotations next to the illustration of the internal organs, identifying the characters; on p. 562, next to the illustration of the intestines and the rectum, extensive annotations identifying the characters, referring to Bauhin and Hippocrates, and correcting Vesalius’ errors about the end of the intestines, referring to Bauhin; on p. 563, where the intestinal vein is pictured, extensive annotations, internal reference to the illustration on p. 444, and reference to Bauhin, partly repeating the annotations on

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p. 444; on p. 564, where the mesentery is pictured, extensive identifications of the characters with reference to Bauhin; on p. 565, where the mesentery is pictured, extensive identifications of the characters, with reference to Bauhin; on p. 566, where the liver is pictured, extensive identifications of the characters; on p. 567, note “vesiculae bilis meatus” next to the illustration; on p. 568, next to the illustration of the stomach, identification of organ; on p. 570, where the stomach’s tunics are illustrated, identification of characters; on p. 572, extensive annotations of the characters, with reference to Galen and Bauhin; on p. 575, extensive identifications of the characters; on p. 577, where the male reproductory organs are pictured, extensive identifications of the characters; on p. 579, where the female reproductory system is pictured, extensive identifications of the characters; on p. 581, where the female reproductory organs are pictured, extensive identifications of the characters; on p. 583, where the fundus of the uterus is pictured, extensive identifications of the characters; on p. 584, where the vagina is pictured, extensive identifications of the characters; on p. 586, identification of characters where the foetus is pictured. Correction of errors in running heads on pp. 451 and 543. Modern, typed note on a slip next to p. 528, “POUR CET ARTISTE CHINOIS, LE CHEVAL EST L’OCCASION D’UN JEU DE FORMES ADOSSEES.”

Carpentras

Annotations: None. Old shelfmarks on pastedown (“E 1894”, “1246”).

Chalon-sur-Saône

II/33. Bibliothèque municipale de Chalon-sur-Saône Call No.: Fonds ancien RES.in-2 258 Physical Description: A complete copy with some repaired tears, foxing and minor worming. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from right and the top, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, probably seventeenth-century goldtooled calfskin with red edges. Provenance: A certain Jean Manuel d’Estieux [?]; purchased in 1642 by the seventeenth-century conseiller JeanBaptiste Fleutelot of the Dijon parlement; whose library was bought before 1700 by Claude Petit, the Cistercian abbot of La Ferté-sur-Grosne; and enters the current library during the revolutionary confiscations of the 1790s. Possessor’s notes by Destieux on frontispiece; partly overwritten by the ownership note of Fleutelot; round stamps of “BIBLIOTHEQUE PUBLIQUE CHALON S/S” on frontispiece verso and a2r.

II/32. Bibliothèque Inguimbertine Collection d’Inguimbert Call No.: Res. D. 130

Annotations: Underlining on p. 545 where the fifth nerve’s entry to the arm is discussed, and the third nerve’s branches into the palm.

Physical Description: A complete copy with worn frontispiece and dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert.



Chaumont

Binding: Restored, seventeenth-century calfskin with gilt central decoration of a laurel crown.

II/34. Ville de Chaumont Les Silos Maison du livre et de l’affiche Call No.: FA 3-F-6 e

Provenance: Joseph Mignard, who acquires the volume in 1665; the Carpentras bishop and collector Malachie d’Inguimbert (1683–1757); who leaves his collection to the town of Carpentras in 1757. Ex-libris of “Mignard, 1665” on frontispiece.

Physical Description: A complete, unrestored copy with some water damage on the top of the first few and last few pages. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle facing left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

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Binding: Unrestored, sixteenth- or seventeenth-century leather on wood with no decorative elements.

Binding: Restored, modern buckram, incorporating earlier leather binding, gilt fore-edges.

Provenance: Enters the current collection with the revolutionary confiscations in the 1790s. Possessor’s note “Puinequin [?]” on printer’s mark.

Provenance: Unknown. Illegible notes on front flyleaf “Dubus” [?] and “SansSoucy” [?]; on frontispiece, oval stamp “Bibliothèque : Lille : Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie”, circular stamp “BU Lille”, and call number “22 177”; embossed stamp of BU Lille on p. 99, stamps of the library on colophon and printer’s mark.

Annotations: None.

Le Mans

II/35. Médiathèque Louis Aragon Call No.: SA F* 2211 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with some worming, foxing and dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded vertically and from the side, X2 sheet present after the vascular insert. Binding: Unrestored, seventeenth-century sheepskin with gold-stamped fleurons on spine. Provenance: Confiscated during the French revolution; stamp of the “Département de la Sarthe no. 71” (brumaire an VIII). Illegible possessor’s note on frontispiece “Jos. […]”. Annotations: None. Censorship: The male and female sexual organs are mutilated in the illustrations on pp. 218, 556, 558, 572, 579, 581, 584 and 585.

Lille

II/36. Bibliothèque Universitaire Centrale de Lille–3 Call No.: Réserve patrimoniale 177 Physical description: A restored, complete copy with extensive water damage, minor foxing, tear on p. 267, tears repaired on p. 371, 475, 552, 587, 639, 671. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and p. 552, bound vertically and folded from right and bottom, X2 vascular flaps assembled and attached to the vascular insert, the unpaired vein attached to the back of the page, remainder of X2 sheet missing. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

Annotations: On first front flyleaf recto, a handwritten note attesting to Calcar’s fame: “Les figures anatomiques de ce livre ont été dessinées par Jean de Calcar dans la maniere du Titien, voyez Moreri Verb. Calcar”; on p. 347, light pencil marks referring to the septum transversum and the seven foramina in the chapter on the muscles moving the thorax; on p. 585, faint marginal line next to “uteri fundi sinus”, the page facing the illustration of the vagina; in index, marginal line next to “arteriae uenalis pulmoni inserti delineatio”.

Lyon

II/37. Bibliothèque municipale de Lyon Call No.: Rés 22780. Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition, ink spots on frontispiece. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, folded from top, bottom, and right. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Restored parchment with gilt fillets, quarter fleurons and the gilt arms of Pancrace Marcellin, c. 1590–1600. Provenance: The late sixteenth-century Forez physician Giovanni Francesco Gambaldi; then his son-inlaw and Forez physician Pancrace Marcellin (d. 1642); enters the current collection before 1850. Possessor’s note by Gambaldi on frontispiece, “Ex libris Joannis Frci Gambaldimedici”; stamped shelfmarks, and several circular stamps of “BIBLIOTHEQUE DE LA VILLE LYON” on frontispiece and in epistle dedicatory. Annotations: On p. 390, ink spot in the chapter on the movements of the hand and arm muscles; on p. 581, ink marks around the word “spoliauimus” under the illustration of the female internal organs; on p. 585, ink marks next to the description of characters “I, I, I” for the famous image of the vagina.

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II/38. Bibliothèque Universitaire Lyon 1 Call No.: 815 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, X2 sheet missing. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern half leather and marbled paper, gilt label on spine. Provenance: At Lyon since the establishment of the Lyon Faculty of Medicine in 1877. Present in the first catalogue; stamp of “Bibliothèque Universitaire de Lyon” on frontispiece bottom. Annotations: A learned annotator with an interest in identifying relevant illustrations, with some knowledge of Greek and the work of Colombo, a strong interest in the internal organs and the nervous system, focusing on Galen and Aristotle in the index. On p. 337, where Vesalius discusses the dissection of the abdomen’s muscles, internal reference to “fol. 214 et 218” where these muscles are illustrated; on p. 349, where the role of the septum is discussed in expiration, summary note as well as reference to “Columbus contra et […]”; on p. 444, next to the illustration of the portal vein, note “lienis venae”; on p. 450, identification of the characters of the vena cava’s illustration by repetition of the letters on the side with line leading to the correct parts; on p. 457, marginal line where Vesalius discusses the portal vein’s origin; on p. 467, marginal line where Vesalius discusses the external jugular vein; on p. 509, marginal line where Vesalius discusses why some nerves are soft and others are hard; on p. 524, marginal note where Vesalius discusses the sixth pair of nerves, “nerui cord”, referring to the heart’s nerves; on p. 525, marginal note “linguae nerui” where the tongue’s nerves are discussed; on p. 591, where the peritoneum’s names are discussed, marginal note “m f”; on p. 597, multiple marginal lines where the lower orifice of the stomach is discussed; on p. 601, marginal line where the rare possibility of the gallbladder opening into the stomach is discussed; on p. 636, errata corrected; on p. 637, insertion of word “non” where Vesalius discusses that the urinary tract leaves from the kidney’s second sinus; on p. 683, internal reference to the illustrations on “Fol. 337” and “Fol. 591” where the abdomen’s and the peritoneum’s muscles are discussed; on p. 688, where the method of examining the intestine’s tunics is discussed, marginal note; on p. 786, where Vesalius discusses the right and left ventricle, marginal notes “olf” and “olf”, potentially referring

to the olfactory nerves; on p. 804, marginal comment and underlining referring to the corpus ciliare “Cum humorem vitreum ab aequeo interstinguit”; on p. 805, summary note about corneal epithelial scraping, and criticism of Vesalius’ Greek, where the aqueous humor is discussed, “Theophilus Graecus Medicus […] agnoscit”; extensive annotations in index where Aristotle and Galen and related terms are listed; correction of “per” to “post” where “Lac nonnullis viris” is listed.

Montbéliard

II/39. Médiathèque de Montbéliard Call No.: Q 67 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy in excellent condition with minimal worming and light discoloration. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Unrestored, contemporary pigskin over cardboard, with multiple blind-tooled frames, traces of clasps. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: None.

Montpellier

II/40. Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de Montpellier Call No.: Eb 87 in-fol Physical Description: A complete copy with occasional, minor water damage, bottom parts of p. 504 and vascular insert missing and reinforced with modern paper. Bifolium inserts present, bound vertically, vascular insert folded from the right, nervous insert folded from right and bottom. X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern plain calfskin with modern endpapers, edges red. Provenance: Probably a member of the Gaultier family, which gave a number of physicians to Montpellier in the eighteenth century; the Montpellier professor

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and Paris physician Paul Joseph Barthez (1734–1806); who donates the volume to the Montpellier high school in 1806. Bookplate pasted onto flyleaf, “Ex libris quos Archi-gymnasio medico Monspeliensi legavit Professor Illustrissimus Paulus-Josephus de BARTHEZ, potentissimi et invictissimi Gallorum IMPERATORIS Medicus a consultis, Instituti Nationalis ac fere omnium hujus aevi Academiarum sodalis, Legionis Honoarariae miles. M. DCCVI.”; note on frontispiece “Gaultier”; shelfmark on back pastedown “Eb 87 F”. Annotations: None.

Nancy

II/41. Bibliothèque Stanislas Call No.: Fonds ancien Rés. 607. Physical Description: A complete copy with some foxing and worming at the beginning and at the end. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top, bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Restored, contemporary brown calfskin on wood, worn, with cold-stamped geometric decorations, traces of clasps, and metallic corners. Provenance: The Montpellier MD J. G. Pané; the Domèvresur-Vezouze abbot Pierre Collin (1659–1722) in 1707; then the Domèvre-sur-Vezouze monastery in 1722. Possessor’s note by Pané on front flyleaf and on frontispiece (the latter erased); ex-libris of P. Collin in 1707 (erased); ex-libris of the Domèvre-sur-Vezouze monastery from 1722. Annotations: None.

Paris

II/42. Bibliothèque de l’Académie nationale de Médecine Call No.: D 1 510 Physical Description: A complete copy with tear on p. 552, repaired tear on p. 576, and red stain on p. 623. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle, vascular insert facing left, nervous insert

facing right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemportary Bohemian blind-stamped pigskin over wood by Sixt Stanhauer, with blind-tooled floral and geometric decorations and allegorical figures, date “1559” and initials “M G A S” on front cover, traces of clasps. Provenance: The Paris physician and librarian Charles Daremberg (1817–1872); enters the collection with the rest of Daremberg’s library in 1873. Blue ex-libris “BIBLIOTHEQUE de CH. DAREMBERG Professeur à la Faculté de médecine de Paris” on back pastedown. Annotations: A contemporary reader with a clear interest in dissection methods, the workings of the voice, the position of the uterus, the relationship between nerves and voluntary motion, and the structuring of information by numbering. On p. 191, annotation “II modus” where Vesalius discusses two methods of boiling the bones; on p. 193, marginal note “coquendi & […] ratio”, underlining where it is discussed how long the bones of children need to be boiled, and note “NOTA” with underlining where Vesalius emphasizes how much one can learn from stripping bones from muscles; on p. 509, underlining of the sentence on how the large nerves lead to the organs of sensation; on p. 510, underlining of the word “motus” where Vesalius discusses how nerves are responsible for directing voluntary motion, and of the section heading “all nerves have a sense of touch”; on p. 515, numbering each different opinion Vesalius presents about how the organ of smell works; on p. 516, underlining and marginal line with number “5” where Vesalius gives his own take on how the organ of smell works; on p. 580, underlining where Vesalius claims that Fig. 24 of Book V was designed to show the position of the uterus and bladder; on p. 717, underlining; on p. 718, underlining and marginal note “vox”, where Vesalius explains why the trachea needs to contain cartilage in order to be an organ of voice; on p. 719, underlinings and marginal lines where Vesalius discusses how voice is generated; on p. 720, underlining where Vesalius discusses why fat and glandules are necessary to keep the larynx wet even when one talks too much, as well as summary annotation “tunicarum asp. […] & usu” where Vesalius explains why the tunics of the trachea protect the cartilage; on p. 725, extensive underlinings and annotations where Vesalius discusses the surface of the lungs, the substance of the lungs, numbering the discussion of its three vessels, and note “corpus pulmonis” at the end of the section; on p. 726, note “vocis materia” where Vesalius

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discusses the air returning from the lung, underlining and marginal notes “venalis arteria” and “arterialis vena” where these are discussed; on p. 801, several underlinings where Vesalius discusses the crystalline humor of the eye; on p. 818, marginal note on bottom “vivorum sectio”, and underlining of “ossibus” and “cartilagines” where Vesalius discusses how the use of these organs can be seen during vivisection; addition to index on bottom of last page “uteri structura 584”. II/43. Bibliothèque des Arts Décoratifs Call No.: Réserve A 28 A Physical Description: A complete copy with stains at pp. 441–444 and 461–466. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways with vascular insert heading right and nervous insert heading left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern calfskin with gilt double frame, with author’s name, title, and label on spine. Back cover damaged. Provenance: The late eighteenth-century Paris physician Jacques-Joseph Audirac; the Parisian collector Jules Maciet (1846–1911); who donates this volume to the current library in 1904. Ex-libris of Audirac on front flyleaf, stamp “Don de Mr. J. Maciet 1904 Enreg. ‑ No. 10921”. Annotations: None. II/44. Bibliothèque des Arts Décoratifs Call No.: Réserve A 28 B Physical Description: An incomplete copy, X2 sheet missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways with vascular insert heading right and nervous insert heading left. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Blind-stamped contemporary pigskin with traces of clasps. Provenance: M. Carolus [?]; The Parisian collector and interior architect Emile Peyre (1824–1904), who donated his whole collection to the current library upon his death. On front pastedown, note “Sum M. Carolj” and stamp “Fonds PEYRE 1905 / Enreg-No.: 12066”. Annotations: None.

II/45. Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de Santé Bibliothèque Médicine Call No.: 302A Physical Description: An incomplete copy in good condition, with a tiny hole on pp. 111/112, and a tear on p. 735. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and the right, X2 sheet missing. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Provenance: Unknown. Binding: Unknown. Annotations: Sporadic annotations. On a3r, marginal line; on p. 21 “anterior” is corrected to “posterior”; on p. 656, “x” next to sentence where Plato’s Timaeus is quoted. Online: http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/histmed/ medica/cote?00302a II/46. Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de Santé Bibliothèque Pharmacie Call No.: 416. Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with occasional foxing and tear repaired on p. 587, printing marks from another sheet on p. 133. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, vascular insert folded from the right and the top, nervous insert folded from bottom, top and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert, vascular insert cut at the bottom, leaving the foot intact. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Early nineteenth-century half leather with sprinkled paper sides, with gilt title “VESALII ANATOM C. H.” and call number on spine, fore-edge colored red. Provenance: The pharmacist Charles-Henri Fialon (1846– 1933); enters current collection on March 8, 1918. On front pastedown, note of donation by Charles-Henri Fialon, founder of the Museum of Pharmacy in Paris, “DON DE HENRI FIALON 8 Mars 1918”; circular stamp of current library on frontispiece. Annotations: Numerous underlinings up until p. 12 of the text. On a2r, a2v, and a3r, underlinings related to passages about the decline of medicine, Homer’s praise of

302 medicine, the importance of manual work, and the sad state of anatomy; on p. 4, underlining where Vesalius defines the cartilage and compares it to a fulcrum; on p. 5, underlining relating to the third cartilage in certain joints, and cartilage as glue; on p. 8, underlining related to the definition of the epiphysis and the softness of the bone; on p. 9, underlining related to small bones, and to the process; on p. 10, underlinings throughout the page; on p. 11, underlinings throughout the page with annotation “quid sint κονδυλοι”; on p. 12, underlining related to the Latin translation of the kondyle. On front flyleaf, reference to Hermann Conring’s Introductio in universam artem medicam (1654), ch. 4., p. 161, claiming that “Ex omnibus Editionibus hujus operis hanc esse optimam”. Catalog description on front flyleaf, typed, mentioning price of “250 Fr”; date 1555 added to frontispiece central cartouche, as well as some numbers and letters on bottom. II/47. Bibliothèque Mazarine Call No.: 2° 4472 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with some worming. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways, vascular insert bound in the middle facing right, nervous insert bound by the foot facing right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Unrestored, contemporary pigskin on wood with blind-stamped geometric and floral decorations. Provenance: Count Friedrich von Löwenstein II; who donates the volume to the Nuremberg astronomer and physician Nicolaus Gugler (1521–1577); enters the library of Cardinal Jules Mazarin (the current collection) between 1643 and 1661. Name of Gugler on front cover; ex-dono notice on flyleaf “Fridericus Comes in Leouestain II / Hunc librum dno Nicolao Gugler dono dedit”. Annotations: An early reader, possibly Gugler, with an interest in Vesalius’ uncertainty about the senses, sexual differences, menstruation, and updating the index. On p. 45, underlining in red pencil and annotation in ink where Vesalius acknowledges his ignorance about how hearing works, with internal references, in accordance with the text, to similar discussions on the eye on “f. 515 & 806”; on p. 159, extensive underlinings in ink where male and female differences between the pelvic bones are discussed, with marginal reference to “Gallenij [?] p. L. I. fol. 112”; on

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p. 203, Greek annotation in ink next to the first skeleton man, identifying it as a skeleton; on p. 209, addition of page number “209”; on p. 505, addition of page number “505”; on X2, addition of page number “506”; on p. 602, underlining and marginal note in red pencil “Zerbus” where Vesalius mentions that the Arabs call the omentum “Zirbus”; on p. 603, extensive underlinings in red and black pencil with summary annotatios in ink, “ramex utterina”, “herniarum ratio”, and correction of “scortum” to “scrotum” in text; on p. 627, red and black underlining where Vesalius discusses an Augsburg weaver woman whose uterus was filled with copious amounts of serous liquid, and summary marginal note “No: Augustana […] Mensura f[…] utterij”; on p. 663, extensive underlinings in red where Vesalius discusses the origins of menstrual blood, with note “haemoridum sanguinis unde perfluat?”, as well as a marginal numbering of all the women Vesalius has dissected “Prima Mulier q[…] ab authore secta …”, “2”, “3”, “4”, and “ultima”; on p. 664, extensive underlinings in red where Vesalius challenges Galen and claims that menstrual blood comes from the uterus, and not the vagina, with marginal annotations on “uteri procidentia” and “hymen”; on p. 806, underlinings in red and annotation “5.45” where Vesalius discusses his ignorance of how vision works; additions to index, adding additional terms, before “maxilla”, “matrix qua uterus”; and before “scoptus”, “skeleton p. 203”. II/48. Bibliothèque nationale de France Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal Call No.: Fol-S-977 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with occasional stains and foxing, esp. on p. 451. Vascular insert missing, nervous insert present after p. 552, bound vertically and folded from right and bottom, X2 sheet present after p. 504. Woodcut on p. 560 intact. Binding: Twentieth-century leather with gilt spine, title and label, edges red, modern flyleaves. Provenance: Pierre de Maupas, abbot of Loudun; who gifted the book to Jean de la Foche, physician of the king of Navarre, probably in the sixteenth century; Bibliothèque du Tribunat (1799–c. 1807); at one point the Bibliothèque de Sorbonne; then the current library. Stamp of Arsenal and Sorbonne on frontispiece; stamp of Tribunat and catalog number on frontispiece verso; ex-dono notice on bottom of a6r, “Liber Johannis de la Foche medici regis

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Nauarrae Ex dono dni Petri de Maupas Abbatis Sancti Johannis Laudunen..” Annotations: An early annotator with clear focus on the achievements of Galen and earlier anatomists, as well as an interest in dissection and the internal organs. On p. 611, underlining where Vesalius claims that, if we are to believe Galen, we would have to believe that the people of Antiquity were different; on p. 615, underlining where it is claimed the juices in the intestines do not contribute to nutrition, printed marginal note “neruorum ratio” scratched out and copied out in hand seven lines below; on p. 621, several manicules and underlinings where the liver’s ligaments and nerves are discussed, noting Vesalius’ new discoveries, and noting Vesalius’ disagreement with Galen that the portal vein prepares blood already before entering the liver; on p. 624, underlining where Vesalius mentions that the dissection of the lower membrane of the omentum is most difficult; on p. 625, underlining where Vesalius mentions that yellow bile does not get injected into the stomach; pencil cataloguing numbers on front pastedown. II/49. Bibliothèque nationale de France Site Mitterand Call No.: FOL- TA9- 32 (B) Physical Description: A complete copy in excellent condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from right and bottom, X2 sheet present. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern goatskin with call number on spine. Provenance: At the current library at least since 1848. Red round stamp of “Bibliothèque royale”, the name of the BnF before 1849, at several locations. Annotations: None. II/50. Muséum national d’histoire naturelle Call No.: FOL RES 208 1555 Physical Description: A complete copy with some foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 502 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

Binding: Eighteenth-century calfskin with gilt title “VESALII ANATOMIA” on spine, several gilt seals superimposed on each other on back cover, incl. that of the “conventus Parisiensis Minimorum”. Provenance: The Parisian botanist and Minim monk Charles Plumier (1646–1704); the Minims of Paris; enters the current collection at an unknown date. Note “Ex bibliotheca minimorum parisiensi” on frontispiece; note “Fr. Carolus Plumier Minimus B. R.” on frontispiece; seal of “MUSEUM DHISTre NATle” on frontispiece. Annotations: A sporadic reader interested in nomenclature, writing in French and noticing similarities to Galen. On p. 362, pencil note “flexor sublimis”; on p. 366, pencil note “flexor profundus”; on p. 367, pencil note “flexor pollicis”; on p. 372, pencil note “extens: eorum”; on p. 373, pencil note “Extens. Auricul. Il reprend (page suiv) Galien de lui avoir attribué un tendon pour l’annulaire, mais ne dit pas que cela […] dans les singes.”, and another similar note; on p. 417, underlining and pencil notes “le plantaire grèle” and “bene”; on p. 424, pencil notes “long flect.” and “court flect”; on p. 426, marginal pencil line and note “inexact”; shelfmarks “1 D32” “X2 5” on front pastedown, shelfmarks “Fol. Res. 208” and “11.460” on frontispiece. II/51. Muséum national d’histoire naturelle Call No.: FOL RES BN 50 1555 Physical Description: A complete copy with foxing, and heavy dampstaining on p. 168, with missing text supplied in manuscript. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle, vascular insert facing left, nervous insert facing right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert facing forwards. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary vellum with worming, title “VESALII Humani Corporis Fabrica 155 Basileae” on spine. Provenance: Unknown. Oval stamp of “BIBLIOTHEQUE CH. L. BONAPARTE MUSEUM D’HIST. NAT.” on frontispiece, earlier possessor’s note inked over on frontispiece. Annotations: Current shelfmark in pencil on front flyleaf.

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Rennes

II/52. Bibliothèque de Rennes Métropole Call No.: 4174 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with dampstaining and some mold. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded in both directions, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Restored contemporary calfskin with gilded fleurons on the covers, heavily damaged. Provenance: The Carmelite convent of Rennes in the seventeenth century; enters the current collection with the revolutionary confiscations in 1792. Ex-libris “Carmes de Rennes” on frontispiece; and another erased and illegible possessor’s note. Annotations: None.

Rouen

II/53. Bibliothèque municipale de Rouen Call No.: I 191 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with first quire detached, and some foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped calfskin on wood, with eighteenth-century decorative elements on spine, traces of missing clasps. Provenance: The Rouen Capuchins in 1716; enters the current collection during the revolutionary confiscations. Initials “OG” on three edges of the text block; ex-libris “Ex bibliotheca PP. Capucinorum rotomagensium an. 1716” on frontispiece; illegible, crossed-out possessor’s notes on frontispiece, printer’s mark and colophon; former shelf mark, “I.180” inscribed on front pastedown, together with “I63”; oval stamp of the current collection. Annotations: “1542” inscribed on the frontispiece. Under­ linings on pp. 45, 712, 713, 719; “20” inscribed on back pastedown.



Saint-Denis

II/54. Médiathèque centre-ville Saint-Denis Plaine Commune Call No.: Hj 1 Physical Description: A complete copy with some foxing, dampstaining and worming. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle, vascular insert facing right, nervous insert facing left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Most recently restored in 2005. Binding: Restored, contemporary brown calfskin with blind-tooled geometrical decorations and gold-stamped decorative centerpiece, paper label on spine, no clasps. Provenance: The Abbey of Saint-Denis in Saint-Denis from 1688 onwards; then the current collection after 1798 as a result of revolutionary confiscations. On frontispiece, note “Mon. in Sti Donysii in Francia Catalogo inscriptum 1688”, handwritten call number “H J. 1.”, round stamp of “BIBLIOTHEQUE DE LA VILLE DE ST. DENYS SEINE”; the same round stamp on a2r, as well as stamp “BIBL. S. DION. IN FRANCIA”. Annotations: Manuscript title “Anatomia Vesalii” on flyleaf, old call number (V.43) on front pastedown.

Soissons

II/55. Bibliothèque municipale de Soissons Call No.: 90arm3 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with some spots. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded in both directions, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, probably contemporary pigskin with blind-stamped floral decorations, portraits and biblical scenes. Provenance: The Premonstratensian Abbey of Soissons; enters the current collection during the revolutionary confiscations between 1791 and 1795. Stamps of the Premonstratensian Abbey and of the current library on

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flyleaf, frontispiece (canceled) and a2r; old shelfmarks on flyleaf. Annotations: None, date “1555’ added in ink at the bottom of frontispiece.

Strasbourg

II/56. Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire de Strasbourg Call No.: R133 Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy with some molding, bifolium inserts and X2 sheet missing. Damaged woodcut on p. 560.

II/58. Université de Strasbourg Médecine et Odontologie Call No.: JR 277 [destroyed] Physical Description: Destroyed in World War II. Binding: Unknown. Provenance: The Heilbronn Gymnasial-Bibliothek, enters the current collection through exchange in 1878, destroyed in November 1944 at the Barr Town Hall with other volumes of the library. Annotations: Unknown.

Binding: Restored, sixteenth-century blind-stamped pigskin with religious portraits, floral decorations and centerpiece.

II/59. Université de Strasbourg Médecine et Odontologie Call No.: JR 277 [extant]

Provenance: The Surgical College of Celle; the Collegium Medicum of Hannover; enters the current collection on February 22, 1879. Stamp of “Collegium chirurgicum cellensis”; stamp of “Kaiserliche Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek zu Strassburg”.

Physical Description: A complete copy with some worming, frontispiece cut and repaired, now lacking an earlier possessor’s note. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert.

Annotations: None.

Binding: Eighteenth-century vellum with label “VESALII / FABRICA HUMANI CORPOR” on spine.

II/57. Institut d’Anatomie Normale de Strasbourg Call No.: Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from both directions. Binding: Restored, blind-stamped pigskin over wood with clasps from 1587, with central religious scenes of the day of judgment and Jacob’s ladder, and date on cover. Provenance: The German anatomist Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz (1836–1921), professor in Strasbourg between 1872 and 1883; who donates the volume to the Strasbourg Anatomy Institute in 1883. Note on pastedown “Der Strassburger Anatomischen Anstatt, zu Erinnerung an die Jahre 1872–1883 von Dr. Wilhelm Waldeyer”. Annotations: None.

Provenance: A medical professional in Spilamberto; then the Modena professor of anatomy Paolo Gaddi (1806– 1871), who acquires it in 1841; the Kansas City, KS, pathology professor and historian of medicine Ralph Hermon Major (1884–1970); sold by the Los Angeles booksellers Zeitlin & Ver Brugge to the current collection in 1958; catalogued under the shelfmark JR 277, which was previously used to catalog a different exemplar, listed above. Ex-libris of Major on front pastedown; manuscript note by Gaddi; ex-libris of Zeitlin & Ver Brugge on back pastedown; typewritten German sheet pasted in on Gaddi’s life; and two catalog entries from the “Old Hickory Bookshop” and “Oscar Rothacker Berlin” claiming that the 1555 edition surpasses the 1543 edition; note by Gaddi about a previous owner called “Carlo [?] Medico Gregoi [?] da Spilamberto”. Annotations: Contemporary ink notes, with a special focus on Galen, personal observation, and some modern authors, showing an interest in menstrual flows and circulation. On p. 446, where the left trunk of the portal vein

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is dicussed, note “Hoc semper igitur ad os ventri superius dimandatur humor melancolicus immo si Vesalio creditur nunquam for[…] ut inferius hoc capiti atq in dra[…] Anatomi vide Syluij Di […] surculi […] venarum et arteriarum demandant a lieni ad […]culum et aliqu (tu ego obseruaui) ad os […]”; on p. 448, manicule; on p. 449, reference to Galen and to Altimarus; on p. 459, reference to Sylvius where Vesalius voices his concerns about Galen’s opinion on the origins of the vena cava; on p. 475, reference to Galen and a long discussion of the hemorrhoidal vein; on p. 476, note of personal observation related to menstrual flows, “Vidi ego Isabellam filiam Mci viri D. Horatij Liui Nani Mulinensis et […] Bagtti qui erat puella biliosa donata anno octo patienti fluxus rubi pallidi coloris ac caliditati integri”, as well as marginal lines; on p. 589, where nutrition is discussed, note “ex Gal. omni a 4o. et vi. de Usu Partiu […] hic sunt”, as well as underlinings and summary notes; on p. 590, reference to Galen; on p. 595, marginal note, “tonsilli qui”; on p. 597, summary note; on p. 612, summary notes on the fibers and tunics of the colon and the rectum; on p. 640, manicule and summary note on the motion of the testicular wrappings during coitus; on p. 641, critical note about Vesalius on the Ancients’ knowledge of the epididymis; on p. 643, summary note; on p. 657, summary note “fibra uteri”; on p. 662, critical note of Vesalius, with reference to Galen, about the menstrual flow; on p. 663, summary note; on p. 742, where the heart’s position is discussed, note “Per arteriam venalem et sanguinem spirituosum transmitti ipsis pulmonibus quod et infra confirmat bis.”; on p. 743, summary note “qualis sit sanguis qui ex uena[…] arteria ad pulmones di[…]”; on p. 745, underlinings, notes, and reference to Fernel where the left ventricle of the heart is discussed.

Toulouse

II/60. Bibliothèque d’Etude et du Patrimoine Call No.: Physical Description: An incomplete, worn copy, staining on p. 33. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 502 and 552, bound sideways, X2 sheet and printer’s mark missing. Wheat seeds between pp. 120 and 121, now preserved separately. Intact woodcut on p. 560. An exemplaire réglé. Binding: Eighteenth- or nineteenth-century brown calfskin with gold-stamped frames, fleurons and ornamental

centerpiece, label “Vesalij Anatomia” and shelfmark pasted on spine, gilt fore-edge. Provenance: The Toulouse abbot Benoît d’Héliot (1695– 1779); who donates his library to the Bibliothèque du Clergé de Toulouse; which becomes the current library after the revolutionary confiscations. Printed ex-dono of d’Héliot with ink mark “D. M. D. T. P. 1784”, stamped shelfmark on frontispiece “16081”. Annotations: Pencil shelfmarks on front pastedowns, illegible annotation on first flyleaf “[…] le 9 may 1592”.

Valenciennes

II/61. Bibliothèque de Valenciennes Call No.: H 1-23 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with minor occasional repairs, with occasional water damage and foxing, pp. 209–210 misbound between pp. 218 and 219, pp. 211–12 misbound between pp. 226 and 227, pp. 581–6 missing. Bifolium inserts present, torn and repaired, after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from right and bottom, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Minor tears on pp. 117, 277 335, 423, 489, 497 587, 662, 704; a dried and flattened twig inserted between pp. 258 and 259. An exemplaire réglé. Binding: Unrestored, contemporary vellum on board, with gold-stamped ornamental arabesque lozenge at the center. Provenance: A certain Lambertus; then the Jesuit College of Valenciennes; then the current collection. On top of frontispiece, possessor’s note “Lamberti” and “Collegii So:tis Jesu Vallencensis”; round stamp on bottom of frontispiece “Bibliothèque publique Valenciennes”; stamp of the library on p. 51, on colophon and on printer’s mark. Annotations: None. Censorship: The letters “OP” are scratched from the publisher Oporinus’ name on the frontispiece, indicating potential censorship.

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Versailles

II/62. Bibliothèque municipale de Versailles Call No.: Rés. in-fol A 111 h Physical Description: A restored, complete copy in good condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways and facing right, X2 sheet present. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Restored seventeenth-century calfskin with gold-tooled decorative centerpiece. Provenance: Congregation of the Lazaristes of SaintCyr; enters the current library as a result of the revolutionary confiscations in the 1790s. Ex-libris “Ex libris congregationis missionis domus sancti Cyrici” on top of frontispiece; oval and round stamps of “Bibliotheque De Versailles” on bottom of frontispiece; crossed out earlier possessor’s note on top, potentially referring to the Premonstratensians in 1616.

former Jesuit library is incorporated in the current library in 1810. Note on frontispiece “Societatis Jesu Augusta”, round stamp on bottom of frontispiece “Eigenthum kathol. Studien[…] in Augsburg”. Annotations: Early shelfmarks in pencil on front paste­ down and back. Censorship: Frontispiece bottom line with identification of Oporinus covered in ink. On p. 584, paper worn around the illustration of the vagina, potentially suggestive of earlier censorship. Online: http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/resolve/ display/bsb11200123.html

Bamberg

II/64. Staatsbibliothek Bamberg Call No.: Anat.f.2-d

Annotations: Date “1555” added in pencil at bottom of frontispiece, as well as note on the artist “Tortebat figuras hujus libri fecit”.

Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with some worming. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after the vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

Germany

Binding: Early unrestored, blind-tooled pigskin from 1631. Author’s name, book title, publication date and place on label. Current shelf number pasted over “L [illegible] 13.”



Augsburg

II/63. Staats- und Stadtbibliothek Augsburg Call No.: 2 Med 195 Physical Description: A complete copy with extensive water damage at the top of the volume throughout. Bifolium inserts bound after pp. 504 and 552, folded sideways facing left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary pigskin with blind-stamped allegorical and religious decorations and clasps, early shelfmark and contemporary note “Vesalius de corp. fabrica” on spine. Provenance: The Jesuit Monastery in Augsburg (disbanded in 1776), remains in Catholic possession until the

Provenance: Johann Schöner (1568–1651), suffragan bishop of Bamberg; who gave his library to Bamberg Cathedral in 1642; enters the current collection in 1803. Supralibros on front cover, “IOAN(nes) SCHONERVS S(acrae) T(heologiae) DOCTOR, EPISCOPUS NATURENSIS”. Annotations: None.

Berlin

II/65. Humboldt Universität Call No.: 2000/C1 1. Physical Description: A complete copy. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle, X2 sheet present after vascular insert.

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Binding of Johann Schöner from 1631. II/64. Bamberg: Staatsbibliothek Bamberg. Call No.: Anat.f.2-d.

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Binding: Contemporary pigskin with title “VESALII ANATOMIA” on fore-edge.

whose death the book entered the Bonn library in 1819. Ex-libris of Rougemont; and stamp of library ULB Bonn.

Provenance: A certain Joannes in 1556; the Rostock, then Bremen professor and poet Nathan Chytraeus (1543– 1598); the Berlin professor of medicine Ernst von Leyden (1832–1910), royal physician to czar Alexander III. Stamp of “Prof. Dr. E. Leyden” on frontispiece, as well as note “Ex Bibliotheca Joan. […]li I. D. An. 1556”, note on a2r, “Ad Bibliothecam “HWL. C P”.

Annotations: In early ink, “M.D.XLIII” written on frontispiece, struck through and corrected to “1555”; on a4r, underlining of the sentence introducing the contents of Book 1 in the passage over the contents of the Fabrica.

Annotations: On front pastedown, probably in the hand of Nathan Chytraeus, a contemporary copy of Metellus’ letter to Arnold Birckmann on the death of Vesalius “De morte D. Andreae Wesalii Ao MDLCV”, as well as the poem “In Hospitali S. Mariae De Consolatione Sceletos Viatori: // Carnibus orba suis cur sint haec forte requiris, // Iuncta tamen iusto corporis ossa situ. // Sic mandata dedi iuues Antonia quondam. // Et moriens eadem iussa suprema dedi.// Ut sceletos fierem: Medici, quo, discere possent, // Quanta forent, quot, quo quaelibet ossa loco. // Quod iussi fecit Gisbertus, gratia magna // Huic maneat, satis est. Lux mihi perpetua. // Quod hoc uides, Amice, corpus, sine corpore, ne stupeas, aut damnes quisquis es. Testamento sic ipsa caui, ut hoc, quod cernis, fierem. Philosophis ac Medicis sacrum. Horum si es de numero, sacro Legato utitor: sin Prophanus, indoctus, hinc ocyus abscedito. // Cum supra dicto Gijsberto Horstio Amsterdamo, Medico primario dicti Hospitalis S. Marii di Consolatione, mihi Romae Anno MDXXXVI cum Roma, urbis […] initi Antiquitatem […], gratia agen[…], magna fuit familiaritas. De qua vide plura in nostris observationibus Italicis”.

Bonn

II/66. Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn Call No.: Ra 2’ 21 Rara Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with some worming. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Late nineteenth-century plain leather on board, with marbled paper pastedowns. Provenance: The Haiti-born courtly physician and Bonn professor Joseph Claude Rougemont (1756–1818); upon

II/67. Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn Call No.: T 2’ 67/7 Rara Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy with some worming and water damage, printer’s mark missing, pp. 217–218 replaced with a facsimile copy. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top and right, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Restored pigskin over board from 1574, with rich ornamental decorations, with stamp “L. R. 1574.” Provenance: The Lille physician Georg Torra (fl. 1625, author of a treatise on epilepsy) in 1627; then the Frankfurtam-Main physician and professor Johann Friedrich Ochs (d. 1742, with dissertation on dragons’ blood); then Antiquariat H. Th. Wenner in Osnabrück; enters the current collection in 1949 (Acc. 1948.5702). Possessor’s note on frontispiece “Ex libris Georgii Torraei insulensis Belgae M. D. 1627, olim, nunc vero sui juris fecit Johannes Fridericus Ochs, Med. Doct. Pr. Ord. et Antiquarius MolnoFrancofurtenis”; stamp of library ULB Bonn; on front flyleaf a note “H. Th. Wenner Buchhandlung u. Antiquariat Osnabrück”. Annotations: Handwritten note on frontispiece “Basileae per Joannem Oporinum”.

Breisgau

II/68. Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg (im Breisgau) Call No.: T3235 Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy with minor tears on the first few pages and minor damage to the frontispiece and flyleaf, repaired with paper, pp. 203– 206 (the three skeleton men) and nervous insert missing. Vascular insert present after p. 504, bound vertically

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and folded twice, X2 sheet present. Intact woodcut on p. 560.



Dresden

Binding: Unrestored, contemporary blind-stamped pigskin on wood with blind-tooled fillets and fleurons, from 1600, with monogram “M S S 1600” on front cover.

II/70. Sächsische Landesbibliothek—Staats- und Universitäts­ bibliothek Dresden Call No.: Anat. A. 21.

Provenance: Enters the current collection between 1809 and 1887. Illegible ex-libris with name erased and replaced by “1555” on frontispiece; library stamp of the University Library Freiburg, dated between 1809 and 1887; smaller red library stamp for rare or valuable books from the twentieth century.

Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition with occasional tears and repaired tear on pp 677/678. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle, vascular insert facing right, nervous insert facing left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

Annotations: Occasional marginal words and underlinings in Latin about the organization of the volume and the reproductory organs. On a3r, marginal word “anatomia”; on a4v, note on what each book contains next to the list of contents; on p. 662, note “quaestio de menstruis” and underlining next to passage on menstruation; on p. 662, underlining about the dissection of a woman in Paris; on pp. 680–681 in the chapter on the best way to perform dissections, cross-references twice to other discussions on pp. 747 and 807, e.g. “caput 19 libri 5tij, caput ultimum libri septi et caput penultimum septimi libri docetur secandi ratio”.

Binding: Eighteenth-century brown calfskin on board with gold-tooled coat of arms of Heinrich von Brühl, label on spine “VESALIUS DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA”, ornamental stains on fore-edge, marbled endpapers.



Cologne

II/69. Universitätsbibliothek Köln Medizinische Abteilung Call No.: WE 88 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy in good condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded in both directions, X2 sheet present. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored wood with traces of worming, with ornamental decorations and traces of clasps. Provenance: The Cologne professor and art collector Ferdinand Franz Wallraf (1748–1824); whose library enters the current collection upon his death. Possessor’s note on frontispiece “Ferd. Wallraf Prof Coloniae Agrippinae”; on frontispiece verso, stamp of library “Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Abteilung 3 Köln”. Annotations: Pencil mark under title cartouche “2. Ausg”.

Provenance: The Polish-Saxon statesman, aristocrat, and collector Heinrich von Brühl (1700–1763); then the current collection. Shelfmark of Brühl on flyleaf “Medicin. 1097 1098”, further shelfmarks “252. Medic.”, “Anat. A.G:”, stamp of “Sächsisch-polnisches Königshaus” on frontispiece. Annotations: Early summary annotations with reference to Pliny (on p. 188, “Plinius Lib. Natu. Hist. 11. Cap 37”) on a2–a5 and pp. 1–5, 8–10, 12, 15, 22–24, 32, 36, 43, 61–67, 188, 212, 255, 436–441, 449, 455–456, 459–463, 485–486, 507–511, 514–515, 517, 519–522, 593, 599, 709, 711, 713–715, 718–720, 722, 773, 775–777; underlinings on pp. 1–6, 8–16, 18–20, 22–25, 31–34, 36–37, 42–46, 49, 52–55, 57–58, 61, 63, 72, 255–259, 436–441, 445–449, 451–477, 480, 507–511, 515, 519, 589–603, 630, 708–730, 732–733, 773–775, 777. On a2r, four-line quote from “Sermonem instituere de re aliquam”, starting “Clementia in bonam partem semper accipitur”. II/71. Sächsische Landesbibliothek—Staats- und Universitäts­ bibliothek Dresden Call No.: Anat. A. 21.b Physical Description: A complete copy with minor dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-tooled pigskin by Johannes Weischner with allegorical figures with Hebrew and Latin

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labels, central portrait of the young Luther, remains of clasps, brass cornerpieces.

Annotations: None.

Provenance: The Göttingen professor, philologist and librarian Johann Matthias Gesner (1691–1761); who donates the volume to the Dresden court physician Carl Philipp Gesner (1719–1780) in 1739; then the Collegium Sanitatis in Dresden; and the current collection. Fullpage inscription of donation on front flyleaf verso “Viro Iuueni, ingenio, literis, doctrina, virtute, moribus florentissimo, Carolo Philippo, Io. Mathiae filio, Gesnero, Medic. Candidato, ad exornandam rem medicam vniuersam, imprimis Anatomicam, et ad Gesneriani nominis gloriam sustinendam atque amplificandam strenue contendenti, hunc Librum, strenae loco, Munus, tali indole ac studio, et mutua ambrorum amicitia dignum, quo sui cultus testatior ac perpetua sit memoria, L.M.Z[?]. D.D.D. aemulus bonarum Artium et Medicinae, obseruantissimus Gesneriani nominis cultor Georgius Matthias, Cimber, p.t. Custos Bibliothecae Academicae Bulouianae, Gottingae, ineunte anno cbbccxxxix.”; Ex-libris of “Ex Bibliotheca Collegii Sanitatis Saxonici Electoralis” and oval stamp of “SACHSISCHE LANDESBIBLIOTHEK DRESDEN” on frontispiece verso.



Annotations: Annotations in pencil on pp. 173–174, assigning a few letters to parts of the illustrations, and on p. 193, underlinings on pp. 129–132, 135–138, 140, 152–153, 162–170, 176–181. Shelfmarks on front pastedown “SZZ” “IX” and “51_a”.

Erlangen

II/72. Universitätsbibliothek Erlangen-Nürnberg Call No.: H61/2 TREW.C 224 Physical Description: A complete copy with occasional spotting. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, contemporary vellum binding from 1560, clasps missing, with supralibros: “A W H 1560”. Provenance: The Rotterdam theologian Daniel de Superville (1657–1728); enters the current collection c. 1746. Handwritten note, “ex Libris Johannis Eunden [?], 1652”; ex-libris of Superville; stamps from two different periods of the Erlangen university library.

Frankfurt am Main

II/73. Städel Museum Call No.: Tresor 2/390 Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition with minor dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with ornamental decorations and clasps, title and shelfmark on paper pasted onto spine “Andr. Vesalii / Humani Corporis / Fabrica” “F 390”. Provenance: Andreas Vesalius; who donates the volume in 1557 to the Lindau physician Renatus Henerus (fl. 1551); by descendance his son, the Lindau physician Petrus Henerus (fl. 1580s) by 1589. Possessor’s note on frontispiece “Petreij Henerij”; on front pastedown, a paste-in sheet with a description of the volume with German translation of possessors’ notes; on first flyleaf, note “ex dono et liberalitate summi et excellentissimi Anatomici, D. And. Vesalij Medici Imperatorij, Operis huius praestantissimi Autoris, sum Renati Heneri L. Medici. Anno. MDLVII Mense Iunio Nonas 4.”; and note “Vesalius Anatomicus fuit, ut habetur in praefatione, Parissijs, Louanij, Pataiuj, ubi et chirurgiae professor: item Bononiae et Pisis. Cum opus hoc conscripsisset, ac typis mandasset Vesalius nondum annum vigesimum octavum excessit, ut habetur in praefatione ad Carol V. Hunc cum Syluius Medicus Parisiensis, arrroderet, ac gloriae eius inuideret, parceo scripto, parens p. m. meus ad scriptum maledicum pro Vesal: respondit”. Annotations: Extensive annotations, probably by members of the Henerus family, referring to the debate on Sylvius, and mentioning the reader as “ego”, also focusing on differences with Galen and the illustrations. On a2r, summary notes in Greek and Latin; on a2v, correction of errata and summary notes on students of surgery and on Homer; on a3r underlinings and notes on surgery’s history including rabbis and Hippocrates; on a3v–a4r, notes on Vesalius’ life and summaries of text, possibly in preparation for Petrus Henerus’ summary at the beginning; on a4v, notes on the contents of volume, listing volume by volume, and underlinings; on a5r, summary notes; on p. 21, “anterior” is corrected to “posterior”; on pp. 23 and

312 p. 24, underlinings on Vesalius’ dissections in various towns, and note on Vesalius’ promise of a future work; on p. 37, underlinings; on p. 40, note identifying anonymously mentioned scholars, “Sylvius” and “Fuchsius et ego”; on pp. 44–46, on the auditory bones, note and underlining identifying the four foramina and the membrane, and the ossiculum; on p. 49, underlining about Galen’s opinion on the superior maxilla; on p. 53, underlinings on Galen’s opinions; on p. 55, underlining related to the difference between canine and human maxilla; on p. 58, underlining and marginal line related to the real teeth; on p. 63, underlinings and marginal line related to syphilis; on p. 65, underlining related to the rete mirabile and the foramen of the artery; on p. 66, underlining related to Aristotle’s opinion; on p. 68, underlining; on p. 69, underlining related to the laryngeal bones and Galen’s understanding of a pig; on p. 107, where Vesalius discusses the criticisms of his adversaries, handwritten note “Sylvius”; on pp. 203– 208, extensive annotations on the three skeleton men and the explanations of the characters, identifying the bones by name; on pp. 443–444, underlinings and annotations on the illustration of the portal vein, identifying organs; on p. 450, annotations of parts on illustration of the vena cava; on p. 452, note on the debate between Vesalius and Colombo; on pp. 453–454, identifications of the names of veins and “NB” note; on p. 461, underlining and note; on p. 508, note and underlining related to the parts of the nerves; on p. 609, underlining related to the ileum; on p. 610, underlining of text on the glands of the duodenum; on pp. 613–614 and 617, underlinings on the intestines; on pp. 723–726, extensive underlinings and marginal notes on the lungs with sections written out in capital letters, incl. reference to Galen; on p. 759, underlining related to caption to brain illustration; on p. 777, note on the dura membrana with underlining; on p. 785, underlining and marginal summary of the four brain ventricles; on p. 787, note on the medulla; on p. 788, note on the use of the ventricles; on pp. 798–799, notes on the illustration of the eyes and its explanation of characters; on pp. 801–803, notes and underlinings on the eye. On front flyleaf verso, note citing Conring on what the best edition is. II/74. Zentralbibliothek der Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg Call No.: 2 R.175.622 Physical Description: A complete copy with minimal worming after p. 580, and minimal foxing. Bifolium inserts

1555 Editions

present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with floral decorations, clasps present, medieval manuscript binder’s waste partly visible. Provenance: The Frankfurt physician, historian, and collector Georg Franz Burkhard Kloss (1787–1854). Ex-libris of Kloss; stamp of the library; stamps on back endpaper: “23 Jan 1925”, “26 Mrz 1931”, “23 AUG 1939”, and “29 SEP 192[?]”. Annotations: None.

Gotha

II/75. Universität Erfurt Forschungsbibliothek Gotha Call No.: Druck 2° 00194 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with some worming. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Unrestored, contemporary pigskin over board with blind-stamped decorations. Provenance: The library of the Ernestinum Gymnasium of Gotha; enters the current collection after 1945. Stamp of library. Annotations: None.

Göttingen

II/76. Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen Call No.: GR 2 ZOOL XI 4423 RARA Physical Description: A restored, complete copy in good condition with some water damage and a tear on pp. 601/2. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways and folded, X2 sheet bound after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

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Binding: Restored, contemporary pigskin over wood with filigree relief embossing, with fleurons, with two metallic clasps.

present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

Provenance: Purchased by the current library in Hannover at an auction on January 15, 1742. Library stamp “ex Bibliotheca Acad. Georgiae Augustae.”

Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin, with one clasp intact, edges red.

Annotations: Extensive annotations and underlinings from a post-1566, probably sixteenth-century hand who is familiar with the contemporary medical literature, with a clear interest in the number of bones, blood vessels and nerves, in the size of various body organs, making occasional comparisons to Galen, Hippocrates, and Fallopio, and annotating the illustrations. Annotation on frontispiece, “natalis Andreae Vesalii medici praestantis et anatomes illustratoris, editi 45. Minutis post quintam matutinam horam. 1514” (after P. Eber, Calendar. Histor. Witeb., 1550, p. 50.),4 and note of wrong death date “mortuti anno Christi 1559. aetatis 45”; on pp. 137 and 139–140, notes on the ulna and the radius, summarizing and commenting on passages relating to their use and utility, and on comparisons with Galen; on pp. 188–189, summary notes on the number of bones, with a note that Fallopio discovered new bones in the auditory organs; on p. 397, short note on the ‘magnitudo’ of the rectal muscle; on pp. 440–441, marginal summaries numbering the veins on the side; on pp. 527–528, annotations to illustrations of nerves, copying the captions from the subsequent pages to the image to facilitate parsing; on p. 529, marginal summaries on the number of the vertebrae, noting that the coccyx is not pictured; on p. 546, marginal summary on the number of branching nerves; on p. 651–652, notes on the ‘magnitudo’ of the uterus, on its location, and adding exact citation to Vesalius’ reference to Hippocrates’ Aphorisms. Underlinings on pp. 57, 136–140, 143, 188–189, 262, 376, 397, 440–441, 502, 527, 529–530, 546, 651–652.

Halle (Saale)

Provenance: Unknown. Partial Alvensleben stamp (“Lehnsbücherei in Erxleben”). Annotations: Brief modern pencil note on front endpaper in German on Vesalius, the founder of anatomy, and Calcar the artist. II/78. Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina Call No.: Ma 2: 2075. b Physical Description: An unrestored copy. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded in both directions, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored leather. Provenance: The Perugia physician, botanist, and poet Annibale Mariotti (1738–1801); who donates the volume to the current collection between 1773 and 1801; removed from the current collection at the end of World War II, and recently returned from Russia. On front flyleaf, note of dedication “CELEBERRIMAE CAESAREAE LEOPOLDINO=CAROLINAE NATURAE CURIOSORUM ACADEMIAE HANNIBAL MARIOTTI M. D. PERUSINUS EJUSDEM ACADEMIAE SODALIS D. D.”; stamp of current library. Annotations: Sporadic early annotations in the prefatory matter. On a4r, underlining and note “Galm. nunquam nuper mortuum […]pus resecuisse”; on a5r, note “Vesalius aetatis 28 Anno[…] hos libros conscripsit”.

II/77. Alvensleben’sche Bibliothek Hundisburg Call No.: Alv. Nc 58 2°

II/79. Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt Call No.: UB 213a 2o

Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with some worming and dampstaining. Bifolium inserts

Physical Description: A complete copy with some worming, tearing to vascular insert, and minor dampstaining affecting the index. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, folded from right and bottom, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

4  As cited by Roth, Andreas Vesalius, p. 58.

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Binding: Contemporary vellum with blind-stamped frames. Provenance: The Halle law professor and prorector Samuel Stryk (1640–1710); who donates the volume to the current university in 1695, soon after its foundation. Note on frontispiece “Bibliotheca publica in Academia Fridericiana hunc librum donat Samuel Strykius Acad. Prorector […] Aug. 1695.”; rectangular stamp “KOEN PR. FR. UNIVERS. ZU HALLE” on frontispiece verso. Annotations: An early reader who begins to highlight all characters in all illustrations, but stops on p. 224, and makes one correction in the text; as well as a modern reader making a few marginal lines in pencil. On front flyleaf, pencil note “Boden”; on a3r, pencil underlining and marginal line; on a3v, underlining and marginal line where Vesalius recounts his personal experiences; on pp. 198, 657, 658, marginal lines in pencil; on p. 569, correction of “decimaquartae” to “decimaquintae” in early ink; on pp. 6, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 43, 46, 48, 54, 56, 59, 60, 61, 64, 65, 66, 69, 71, 74. 75, 80, 87, 88, 94, 95, 98, 99, 107, 108, 109, 117, 118, 124, 125, 128, 132, 133, 141, 148, 152, 154, 161, 165, 166, 171, 173, 174, 181, 184, 185, 203, 204, 205, 210, 214, 218, 221, 224, the characters in the illustration highlighted in red. Online: http://digitale.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/vd16/content/ titleinfo/11998740 II/80. Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt Call No.: AB 92755 Physical Description: Item currently missing.

Hamburg

II/81. Ärztekammer Hamburg—Bibliothek des Ärztlichen Vereins5 Call No.: Folio 0221 Physical Description: A complete copy with worming and foxing, frontispiece repaired. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from

5  In 2017, the rare book collection of the Ärztekammer was transferred to the Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg as the library was permanently closed.

bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary quarter blind-tooled pigskin with medieval parchment manuscript covers, with the biblical text of 1 Chronicles, traces of missing clasps or ribbons. Provenance: A certain W. Haber, MD, in 1729; and probably the Kassel lawyer Richard Harnier (1820–1885) in 1843. Possessor’s note of Harnier with date, and of Haber, on front flyleaf. Annotations: Early ink inscription on front pastedown, noting Vesalius’ age “anno aetatis suae vigesimo sexto scripsisse se hoc opus ipsemet asserit p. 58”. II/82. Ärztekammer Hamburg—Bibliothek des Ärztlichen Vereins6 Call No.: None Physical Description: An unrestored complete copy with wormholes and foxing, with water damage. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways, X2 sheet present after vascular insert and trimmed. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Restored, blind-stamped pigskin over board, embossed, with metallic clasps, repairs on back from recycled pigskin. Provenance: The Bern physician Martinus Bogdanus (1631–1682) in 1664; Samuel Steck in 1727; the library of the physician Richard Schwarz in Stuttgart in 1903; the collection of the Swiss physician and medical historian Charles Lichtenthaeler (1915–1993), professor in Hamburg; upon whose death the book enters the current collection in 1993–4. Ex-libris of “Bockenheim”, ex-libris of Schwarz, struck-through possessor’s notes by Bogdanus “Martinus Bogdany Dresna Marchicq [?] Anno 1664”; “S. Steck Samuelis filiq Mr [?] 1727”. Some illegible possessor’s notes on frontispiece. Annotations: None.

6  In 2017, the rare book collection of the Ärztekammer was transferred to the Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg as the library was permanently closed.

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Hannover

II/83. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Bibliothek Niedersächsische Landesbibliothek Call No.: CIM 3/6320 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle, X2 sheet present. Binding: Restored, early blind-stamped pigskin over wood with floral decorations, clasps not preserved. Provenance: A certain “Christian Car[…]” in 1558; the Lutheran theologian and Loccum abbot Gerhard Molanus (1633–1722); enters the current collection in 1728. Library stamp “Niedersächsische Landesbibliothek” on front and back pastedown; ink note “Gerardus Abbas Luccensis” on front flyleaf; note on frontispiece “Ex donatione Christiani Car[…] Francofurti 1558”; library stamp “Bibliotheca Regia Hannoverana” on frontispiece; library stamp on frontispiece verso. Annotations: Ink note on front pastedown “-25,4” and “LIV figurae majores et mediocres cum multis minoribus.” II/84. Stadtbibliothek Hannover Sammlung Ratsbibliothek Call No.: Ratsbibl. 2° Nr. 56. Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle facing right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, contemporary blind-stamped pigskin over board with traces of clasps. A formerly chained copy, chain now missing. Provenance: Part of the original Ratsbibliothek in Hannover, at the current collection for several hundred years. Stamp of “Stadtbibliothek Hannover”. Annotations: Pencil note on front pastedown “Bahnbrechend für Anatomie des Menschen mit Vesals Bildniß”.



Jena

II/85. Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Jena Call No.: 2 Med. XIV, 6 Physical Description: A restored copy. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 414, bound sideways in the middle, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Restored, contemporary blind-stamped half pigskin and parchment, preserving early printed text in German, from 1590. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: Extensive pencil underlinings on pp. 774, 775, 781, 782, 783, 784, 785, 786, 787, 788, 790, 791, 792, 823. II/86. Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Jena Call No.: 2 Med. XIV, 6bis Physical Description: An unrestored, incomplete copy in excellent condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded in both directions, X2 sheet and printer’s mark missing. Binding: Unrestored calfskin on wood from 1560; monogram “P.A.D.” and “1560” on front cover, golden stamp “F” on front and gold-stamped coat of arms of Friedrich I on back cover. Provenance: A certain “P.A.D.” from 1560; then Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1646–1691); the Herzogliche Bibliothek Altenburg; then the Thüringische Landesbibliothek Altenburg, which existed until 1951; enters current collection in 1951. Annotations: None.

Karlsruhe

II/87. Badische Landesbibliothek Karlsruhe Call No.: GB 132 Physical Description: Destroyed with the whole library in 1942.

316

Figure 108

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Contemporary binding from 1590 incorporating a medieval manuscript. II/85. Jena: Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek. Call No.: 2 Med. XIV, 6.

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Kiel

II/88. Universitätsbibliothek Kiel Call No.: Arch2 136 Physical Description: A complete copy with occasional dampstaining, major repaired tear on p. 99/100, minor tear on p. 131. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways by the head and folded once, flap anatomy assembled, rest of X2 sheet missing. Woodcut intact on p. 560. Provenance: Unknown. Note of restoration, supported by Dr. Hans-Ullrich Hecker, on front pastedown; old shelfmarks on front pastedown in pencil; oval stamp of “Kieler Universitaetsbibliothek” on frontispiece verso. Binding: Restored, early vellum with blind-tooled lines and blind-stamped ornamental centerpiece. Annotations: “1555” written in pencil on bottom of frontispiece and frontispiece verso. Online: http://dibiki.ub.uni-kiel.de/viewer/resolver?urn= urn:nbn:de:gbv:8:2-1519058

Konstanz

II/89. Heinrich-Suso-Gymnasium Call No.: Jb 32X Physical Description: A complete copy with occasional spotting, worming and tearing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary pigskin. Provenance: The Augsburg physician Adolphus Occo Atan (1524–1606), a close friend of Vesalius; who donates the volume in 1599 to Johannes von Schellenberg of Hüfingen, Stauffen and Randegg; the Jesuits of Konstanz, whose college, established in 1604, is the predecessor of the current collection.7 Extensive note of donation by 7  On Occo’s relationship to Vesalius, and the Occo medals, which copied images from the Fabrica, see H. L. Houtzager. “Andreas Vesalius

Occo to Schellenberg with partly torn poem on front flyleaf; possessor’s note “Soctis Jesu Constantiae”; oval stamp “Bibliothek des Lyceums Konstanz” on frontispiece. Annotations: Note on Vesalius’ death on front pastedown, “ZAKYNTHI in templo Mariae Andreae Vesalij […]”, recording that he was 58 in 1564, and was returning from Jerusalem; pencil page number “506” added to X2 sheet, chapter numbers of the Fabrica added on the top of pp. 17–23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 69, and on every odd page until p. 207.

Leipzig

II/90. Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig Call No.: Anat. 66. Physical Description: A complete copy with minimal water damage, occasional worming, and tears on pp. 243/244 and 567/568. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle facing right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Woodcut slightly damaged on p. 560. Binding: Early, worn and crudely repaired, plain vellum with title “VESALIUS” and label “Anatom. u. Physiol. 66” on spine. Provenance: The Dresden jurist Anthon Günther Böschen (1612–1673); acquired in 1760 for 3 thaler by the Leipzig professor Christian Erhard Kapp (1739–1824); then the Merseburg physician Johann Wilhelm Schlegel (1774– 1812).8 Ex-libris of C. E. Kapp pasted on front flyleaf; exlibris of J-W. Schlegel pasted on top of the ex-libris of Kapp; oval stamp of “BIBL. UNIVERS. LIPS.” on frontispiece; exlibris of “Liber Antonij Güntheri Böschenii Frisii” on frontispiece; shelfmark “Anat & Phys 66.” on pastedown; note on back pastedown “C. E. Kapp 1760. 3 thalers”. Annotations: A not too early reader who is primarily interested in consistently updating Vesalius’ nomenclature of the muscles, highlighting the characters in the woodcuts of the internal organs, and occasionally making typographical corrections and internal references, and adding and the Occo Medals of Augsburg: Evidence of a Professional Friendship.” Vesalius 6 (2000): 20–31. 8  Schlegel and Kapp were also the owners of a 1543 edition now at the National Library of Medicine (I/200).

318 references to the index. On p. 2, underlinings and internal reference “fol. 173”; on p. 48, internal reference next to the woodcut “vide fol. 28. 60”; on p. 207, correction of Hebrew spelling; on p. 208, underlinings; on pp. 211–213, 215–217, 219–220, 222–223, 225–227, 229, 231, 233 (the muscle men’s explanations of characters) red underlinings and consistent updated terminology added to the muscles, e.g. “Parotis”, “Myloyoideus”, “Sternoyoideus”; on p. 213, “dextro” corrected to “sinistro”; on p. 217, internal reference added “Frontalis L. II. c. 7”; on p. 236–237, 239, 241–243, 245, 247, 249–253, red underlinings and consistent updated terminology added to the explanation of characters with characters repeated on the margins in red; on p. 271, underlinings and updated nomenclature added; on p. 283, updated terminology “orbicularis palpebrarum” added to the eye muscles’ description; on pp. 285–286, updated nomenclature added to the muscles of the eye with underlining; on p. 288–290, updated nomenclature added; on p. 295, updated nomenclature added; on pp. 298–299 and 301, updated nomenclature added to the muscles with red underlinings; on p. 306, updated nomenclature added and loose slip of paper with note “11 man // 37 8 18 17 17 _ 333 _ 6”, with a flower drawn; on pp. 307–308, updated nomenclature added to the muscles; on p. 311, 313–315, updated nomenclature added to the muscles; on pp. 318, updated nomenclature added to the muscles, e.g. “subscapularis”; on p. 323, updated nomenclature added to the muscles, e.g. “pectoralis minor”; on p. 326, updated nomenclature added to the muscles; on pp. 328–331, updated nomenclature added to the muscles, e.g. “splenius capitis et colli”; on p. 335, underlinings and term “pyramidales”; on p. 336, “NB” sign; on p. 340, updated nomenclature added to the muscles of the male testicles, “cremaster”; on pp. 342–345, updated nomenclature added; on p. 353, underlinings and updated nomenclature added; on pp. 354–358, updated nomenclature added to the muscles of the back; on p. 362, updated nomenclature added “planto palmaris longus”; on pp. 365–367, updated nomenclature added to the muscles moving the finger, e.g. “subtilis”; on p. 371, updated nomenclature added; on pp. 372–374, updated nomenclature added; on pp. 375–376, underlinings and updated nomenclature; on pp. 378–384, updated nomenclature added to the muscles of the arm, e.g. “ulnaris internus” or “radialis internus”; on pp. 393–394, updated nomenclature added to the penile muscles; on pp. 396–406, updated nomenclature added to the rectal muscles, e.g. “leuator ani” and “sphincter externus ani”; on pp. 409–410 and 412–413, updated nomenclature added to each of the muscles moving the femur, e.g. “gluteus magnus”; on p. 414, marginal note, “gemini”; on pp. 452–454, underlinings; on p. 474, underlining; on p. 562, characters written out next to woodcut

1555 Editions

with lines drawn to location; on p. 564, characters reinforced in pen in woodcut; on p. 565, character “m” next to woodcut with line drawn to location, note next to explanation of character “P”, remarking that it could not be found in the woodcut; on p. 566, characters reinforced in pen in woodcut, and character “c” written next to woodcut with line drawn to location; on p. 569, characters reinforced in pen in woodcut and note on the bottom next to “Q2”, “figura 13 insignitur”; on p. 572, characters reinforced in pen in woodcut; on p. 576, identificatory notes in Latin and Greek next to the explanatory characters, incl. “u x uasa seminaria”; on p. 577, characters reinforced in pen in woodcut; on p. 579, marginal line; on pp. 600–601, marginal lines; on p. 612, underlining next to the marginal section heading “intestinorum munus”; on p. 622, summary note where the production of the blood in the liver is discussed; on p. 633, underlinings and marginal line; on p. 651, underlinings where the anecdote of the Padovan youth is discussed; on p. 657, underlinings where the cervix is discussed; on p. 663, underlinings where the monk’s mistress is discussed; in index, underlinings and additional page numbers added to a number of terms, including a reference to the two urinary holes of the Padovan youth. II/91. Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig Call No.: VI 5005 Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition, some dirt on p. 589. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with central portraits of Luther and Melanchthon on front and back covers, and rolls of smaller portraits of Melanchthon and Luther, as well as religious scenes, e.g. “apparuit mihi” and “data est mihi”, label “VESALIUS de human cp. fab. Y T. 2. 1555” in ink and paper label with current shelfmark on spine, clasps intact. Provenance: The Basel scholar Johann Jakob Stupanus (1651–1694) in 1672; his son, the Basel scholar Johann Rudolf Stupanus (fl. 1743) in 1739; the Basel town library; possibly sold by H. Tiedemann in the twentieth century; the Institut für Geschichte der Medizin Leipzig; then the current collection. On front pastedown, book order of “H. TIEDEMANN BUCH- UND KUNST-ANTIQUARIAT Berlin W8 Unter den Linden 59” with a proper description

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in German and English, not necessarily of this exemplar of the Fabrica, which was offered for “Mark 1850”, and note “A work which marks an epoch in breaking with the past & throwing overboard Galenical tradition. Its pictures are at once scientifically & artistically beautiful […]”; on front flyleaf, note “Ex Bibliotheca J. J. Stupari 1672”, corrected to “J. R. Stupari 1739”; on frontispiece, round stamp of “Institut für Geschichte der Medizin Leipzig”; on frontispiece verso, oval stamp of “BIBL. PUBLI. BASILEENSIS”. Annotations: An early ink annotator, familiar with Galen and others, focusing primarily on the internal organs, the beginnings of each book, and the septum in the heart. On a2r, summary notes, such as “Hipp. scripta chirurgica”; on a2v, summary notes; on a3v, summary note “chirurgiae professor Vesalij”; on a5v, underlining of “Nicolao Stopio”; on p. 1, marginal numbering of the differences; on p. 5, underlining, marginal line and note “humor in articulis”; on p. 14, note “cur pluribus ossis constet caluaria”; on p. 15, summary note; on p. 17, summary notes partly in Greek; on p. 18, underlining and reference added to Hippocrates “textus 19”; on p. 135, pencil cross on top of the page; on p. 188, marginal note “caluariae ossa”; on p. 189, underlinings and the number of the bones copied out “307” and “313”; on p. 256, summary phrase partly in Greek; on p. 260, underlining; on p. 261, extensive summary notes on the muscle and especially the role of nerves in the muscles, with reference to Galen; on p. 264, underlining; on p. 265, underlining; on p. 266, underlining; on p. 273, summary notes on the tendons, e. g. “alii tendini differentiae”; on p. 301, reference to Galen “Galeni libri de Administrandis sectionibus pars omissa”; on p. 332, pencil marginal cross on top of the page; on p. 408, pencil marginal line, on p. 409, pencil marginal cross at chapter heading; on p. 437, summary notes such as “qui motus naturales fibris perficiunt?”; on p. 452, pencil underlinings; on p. 458, marginal note “ortus venae cauae”; on p. 496, pencil underlining; on p. 497, underlinings and note “primus sinus”; on p. 498, marginal line; on p. 507, summary note “differentiae nervorum”; on p. 536, summary note; on p. 546, underlining and summary note; on p. 601, summary notes such as “de nutritione ventriculi”; on p. 602, underlinings; on p. 607, summary note; on p. 613, underlinings, reference to Galen’s De usu partium, and summary notes such as “aliud concoctionis aliud digestionis instrumenta”; on p. 626, marginal line and note “forma”; on p. 627, underlinings and summary notes such as “substantia lienis”; on p. 628, summary note; on p. 629, underlinings, summary notes and references to Erasistratus, Hippocrates, Aristotle and Galen, such as “Erasistratus cf lb 4 de Usu partium cap. 15”

and “Arist.”; on p. 630, underlinings and summary notes, such as “lien risus causa quomodo intelligenda”; on p. 631, summary notes on the kidney and reference to Galen; on p. 632, summary notes; on p. 633, summary note on urine; on p. 634, underlining and marginal note “initio urethrae”; on p. 635, marginal note “fibrae”; on p. 637, summary note; on p. 638, underlining and summary note on God and human mortality; on p. 639, underlinings and marginal notes “Plato in Timaeo” and “amor prolix in omni animante”; on p. 641, underlinings and summary notes, such as “insertio vasorum seminalium in testes”; on p. 643, Greek term added; on p. 651, underlinings and summary notes, such as “uteri extensio situs quod”; on p. 654, summary note on the hymen; on p. 661, underlining and summary note “tunica uteri unica et crassa”; on p. 663, marginal note “de hemorrhoidibus”; on p. 665, summary note on the tunic of the fundus of the uterus; on p. 667, marginal line and note “videri vaccini uteri esse descriptionem in cap. 5 de uteri sectione”; on p. 672, summary notes; on p. 673, summary notes; on p. 674, summary note; on p. 675, underlinings, NB sign and summary notes; on p. 680, underlining and summary note “communio uteri cum mammis […]”; on p. 693, underlining; on p. 725, underlinings, marginal lines and summary note; on p. 726, summary note “arteriae venalis, et venae arteriosae munus”; on p. 727, summary note; on p. 730, marginal line; on p. 734, summary notes such as “septum ventriculorum cordis”; on p. 746, summary note “magnae arteriae membranula”; on p. 789, pencil marginal cross at chapter heading; on p. 791, pencil marginal cross at chapter heading; on p. 805, ink reinforcement of book number in header; on p. 807, correction of book number in header; on p. 819, summary notes such as “de motu musculorum”; on p. 821, summary note; on p. 822, summary notes; underlining and marginal lines in index, as well as page number “187” added to term “musculorum oculi administratio”; various pencil numbers on front pastedown; on back pastedown, stamp “BESTRAHLT GEREINIGT: 2006”.

Lindau

II/92. Ehemals Reichsstädtische Bibliothek Lindau Call No.: Ma I 30. Physical Description: A complete copy with some dampstaining, smudges, stains, foxing, and dirt. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways by the head and folded once, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. A slip of paper between

320 pp. 726 and 727 with early German handwriting, dead fly on p. 755. Binding: Modern brown goatskin with gold-stamped centerpiece “B L”, and four corner fleurons. Provenance: The Lindau physician Calixtus Rietmann (d. 1623), who donates the volume to the current library. On frontispiece, shelfmarks, such as “M a 130”, note “Calistus Rietmannus D.” and “Calixti Rietmanni D.” Annotations: An early sporadic reader interested in the eye, and in correcting the text. On p. 27, “sinistra” corrected to “dextra”, and “dextra” corrected to “sinistra”, and phrase added “et cuneiformi ossi”; on p. 60, ink mark at the end

1555 Editions

of the second woodcut’s title; on p. 801, underlining and summary note “oculi fabrica optime cum ouo et mundo conferri potest”; errata corrected on p. 255. On front flyleaf verso, price marking “constat 6 flor.”; on vascular insert, pencil mark “552”.

Lüneburg

II/93. Ratsbücherei Lüneburg Call No.: Sa 2º 87 Physical Description: A complete copy with extensive worming towards the end. Bifolium inserts present after

Figure 109 Portrait of Emperor Charles V on the front cover. II/93. Lüneburg: Ratsbücherei Lüneburg. Call No.: Sa 2º.

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pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Rebacked, contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with floral decorations and central portrait of Emperor Charles V, with initials and date “I. I. B.” and “1584”, spine bound in modern goatskin with shelfmark label “Sa 2o 87”. Provenance: A certain I. I. B. in 1584; the Helmstedt professor of medicine and scholar Hermann Conring (1606–1681), who acquires the volume in 1645. On front pastedown, cancelled shelfmarks; on front flyleaf, note “Hermannus Conringus D. MDCXLV”; on frontispiece verso, round stamp of “Ratsbücherei Lüneburg” and shelfmarks. Annotations: None.

Mainz

II/94. Martinus-Bibliothek Institut für Geschichte, Theorie und Ethik der Medizin Call No.: Physical Description: A complete copy with some tearing and foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, and torn, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern blind-tooled leather, with old covers preserved and pasted on new binding, with clasps, restored in 1999 by Buchbinderei Fiederling, Mainz. Binder’s waste from original binding preserved separately, containing medieval parchment sheets, including sheet music. Provenance: The Mainz professor of medicine Caspar Schweickardt (d. 1678); the Mainz professor of medicine and physician Johann Kraffto Hiegel (1658–1736); who donates it to the Oestrich minister Quirinus Kunckel (1692– 1758); the Dominican monastery of Mainz, from which it enters the current collection of the Martinus-Bibliothek, on deposit at the Institut für Geschichte, Theorie und Ethik der Medizin. Notes on frontispiece by Schweickardt, Higel, and Kunckel, “Ex liberali […] clariss. et expertissimi D. Ioannis Crafftensis Hiegel Medicinae Doctoris et

professoris publiciurbis Moguntinae physicis possidet Quirinus Kunckel”. Annotations: A sporadic early reader who is interested in the prefatory matter, especially in Vesalius’ life. On a2r, underlinings and notes “tres sectae medicorum” and “triplici auxiliorum instrumento utebantur”; on a2v–a3r, underlinings where the history of anatomy is discussed; on a3v, underlinings and marginal notes about Vesalius’ life “Parisijs”, Louanij” and “Patauij”; on a4v, marginal numberings of the contents of the seven books; on a5r, underlinings about Vesalius’ life. II/95. Wissenschaftliche Stadtbibliothek Mainz Call No.: II i/2º / 1128 Physical Description: An unrestored, incomplete copy with worming at the beginning, vascular insert missing. Nervous insert present after p. 552, bound vertically, folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after p. 504. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, contemporary blind-stamped half pigskin on wood from the workshop of the “Meister des Urkundenkopiars” (EBDB w007321). Provenance: The Mainz archbishop-elector Daniel Brendel von Homburg (1522–1582); who donates the volumes to the Mainz Jesuits; enters the old university library of Mainz after 1773; whose collections later become the current collection. Printed ex-dono of Brendel; handwritten note of “Liber Collegii Moguntini Societatis Jesu” on frontispiece and colophon. Annotations: On front flyleaf, annotations recording events in the 1560s, rendered illegible at a later point by writing over it. Censorship: Name of Oporinus altered on colophon.

Marburg

II/96. Universitätsbibliothek Marburg Call No.: Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with a few tears and wormholes, occasional dampstaining at

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Figure 110 Armorial ex-dono of the Mainz archbishopelector Daniel Brendel von Homburg to the Mainz Jesuits. II/ 95. Mainz: Wissenschaftliche Stadtbibliothek Mainz. Call No.: II i/2º / 1128.

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the edges. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, folded from both directions, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

Binding: Restored, contemporary pigskin with ornamental decorations and allegorical figures, modern paste­ downs with earlier material preserved pasted onto them.

Binding: Late seventeenth-century blind-stamped sprinkled calfskin with gold-tooled spine and label, marbled endpapers, edges sprinkled in blue.

Provenance: The electoral library of the Bavarian dukes; which becomes the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in 1919. Ex-libris of the Electoral Library of the Bavarian dukes; old and modern shelfmarks in pen and pencil on front pastedown; rectangular stamp of “BIBLIOTECA REGIA MINACENSIS” on frontispiece verso; rectangular stamp of “Bayerische Staatsbibliothek MUNCHEN” on pp. 1, 97, 824 and last page of index.

Provenance: Enters the current collection between 1770 and 1810. Old library stamp of “Bibliotheca Marburgensis”. Annotations: A sporadic annotator. On p. 662, underlining; on p. 664, underlining of “nonnunquam semen” and marginal lines; on p. 667, marginal line; on p. 677, marginal line; on p. 774, underlining; on p. 819, marginal lines; on p. 820, marginal lines; on p. 821, marginal line; on p. 822, marginal lines; on p. 824, underlining, marginal line and asterisk where the pulse is discussed.

Munich

Annotations: Brief biographical data of Vesalius on front pastedown, “1555” added on bottom of frontispiece. Pencil pagination “7” added to p. 1, and further pencil pagination added to index. Inconsequential lines on pp. 278, 280, 342, 392. Online: http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0008/ bsb00084500/images/

II/97. Akademie der Bildenden Künste München Call No.: RARA

II/99. Universitätsbibliothek der LMU München Call No.: W 2 Med. 582

Physical Description: A restored copy.

Physical Description: An unrestored, incomplete copy with no significant damage, vascular insert missing. Nervous insert present after p. 552, bound sideways and folded, X2 sheet present after p. 504.

Binding: Nineteenth-century pigskin, author’s name and book title printed on spine. Provenance: One of the Bavarian aristocrats Franz Anton von Unertl in the eighteenth century, uncertain which member of the family; enters the current collection between 1822 and 1887. Stamp of the Academy under the frontispiece; ex-libris of Franciscus Antonius de Unertl; and traces of another ex-libris, torn out.

Binding: Unrestored, seventeenth-century pigskin over cardboard with decorative elements.

Annotations: None.

Annotations: None.

II/98. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Call No.: Rar. 2252



Physical Description: A repaired, complete copy with some dampstaining and tearing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle facing left. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Note of restoration on back pastedown.

Provenance: The Konstanz provost Christophorus Otto von und zu Schallenberg (1665–1733); enters the current collection in 1802/03. Ex-libris of Schallenberg.

Münster

II/100. Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Münster Call No.: RHain B 1 Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with damage to p. 669 from unknown substance, worming

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affecting binding, front of book up to p. 64, and end of book from p. 648. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded in both directions, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Slightly damaged woodcut on p. 560. Hand-colored historiated initials in the prefatory matter and in Book I Chapter 1. Binding: Modern leather on wood with clasps and blind embossing from between 1990 and 2011, remains of old leather binding used for new binding. Provenance: The future Werden abbot Heinrich Duden (d. 1601); who donates the copy to the Benedictine Abbey of Werden in 1566; where it remains probably until its dissolution in 1803; then the neurologist, collector, Jewish reformer, and medical historian Alexander Haindorf (1784– 1862), the first Jewish private lecturer in Heidelberg; through family descendance to Jacob Loeb; Walter Boehme (1923– 2008); and Helga Boehme, who transfers the collection to the University Library in 2011. Donation note on frontispiece, “F hinrichus duden Cett, pro ornatu nre Bibliothece me comparabat Anno 1566”; ex-libris “Alexander Haindorf Sammlung Loeb Böhme”; ULB MS library stamp. Annotations: On a5r, pencil underlining of date M.D.XLII, with note “Achtung”; on a6v, pencil underlining of “Venetijs, nono Calendas Septembres”.

Neuburg an der Donau

II/101. Staatliche Bibliothek Neuburg an der Donau Call No.: S73/2 Med. 69 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with some foxing and worming. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded in both directions, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, early pigskin with decorative rolls. Provenance: The Munich physician Georg Grembs (1582–1644), court physician to the Duke of Bavaria; the Cistercian Monastery of Kaisheim; enters the current collection in 1804. Notes on frontispiece: “ad Bibl. Kaisersh.”, “Georgii Grembs Medici Regii & Ducali”, and stamp of the “K. B. Provinzial-Bibliothek Neuburg o. D.” Annotations: None.



Nuremberg

II/102. Germanisches Nationalmuseum Call No.: gr.2° Nw. 280 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with minimal worming on the last pages. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways and folded, X2 sheet present after the vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern, unrestored plain leather with label “Nw. 280” on spine. Provenance: The antiquarian Baron Hans von und zu Aufseß (1801–1872), founder of the Germanisches Nationalmuseum; enters the current collection in 1853. Annotations: On colophon, note “this Edition was revised and corrected by Vesalius himself and had by last Hand. Biblioth. literae. Lond.1722 No ll: p.46.”, and reference “Siehe Hallerus medicinische gelehrheit p. 419.” II/103. Stadtbibliothek Nürnberg Call No.: Med. 2. 155 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy in excellent condition. Bifolium inserts present after p. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with floral decorations and portraits, and traces of clasps, dated to 1565, produced in Tübingen by the binder “S T Marke Presse” using tools of the binder Samuel Strelers (EBDB w002982), paper label “Med 155 22” on spine. Provenance: Wilhelm Scheffer (Opilio) from Windsheim; then the Nuremberg physician and book collector Georg Palma (1543–1591), who bought it in Tübingen before January 1565; then enters the current collection with the rest of Palma’s library. On back pastedown, notes by Georg Palma that he bought the book from Opilio in Tübingen for 5 fl. [?] and had it bound for 1 fl. [?]; on front pastedown, ex-libris of Georg Palma; initials of Georg Palma and note “Georgius Palma Noribergensis sibi et suis Tubingae comparauit”, and round stamp of “BIB. NOR.”; on frontispiece, stamp of “BIB. NOR.” and of the “NURNBERGER STADTBIBLIOTHEK”.

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Annotations: An early annotator, probably Palma, who focuses on the identifications of the illustrations, using hand-coloring to identify parts of the organs, incl. occasional color coding, familiar with Greek and interested in Aristotle on occasion. On p. 6, identifications of the woodcuts in Greek and Latin, such as “calx” or “talus”, and partial hand-coloring of the bones; on p. 11, underlinings, marginal line and summary notes in Greek and Latin, such as “capita prominentia” or “capita depressa”; on p. 17, note next to the woodcut “γιγλιμοσ”; on p. 19, underlinings, marginal lines and note on Fallopio’s disagreement with Vesalius on symphysis; on p. 21, “anterior” is corrected to “posterior”; on p. 24, underlinings, marginal lines, the Greek term for hydrocephalos copied out, and notes such as “Aqua Puellae in capite collecta”; on p. 26, partial handcoloring of the skull, Greek and Latin identifications in and next to the illustration, and characters added; on p. 31, note “quamobrem caluaria non uno constat osse sed pluribus”; on p. 32, underlinings and summary notes such as “Aristotelis error”; on p. 41, underlinings and Greek terms copied out; on p. 54, Greek identification of the illustration; on p. 58, underlinings, marginal lines and summary note “Quot annos habuerit Vesalius hinc scribens”; on p. 63, underlinings and Greek term on the margin; on p. 71, hand-coloring to show the separate parts of the spine, with identifications of the parts, e.g. “colli vertebrae”; on p. 74, identifications and notes on the illustrations, e.g. “vertebra T”; on p. 75, numberings and Latin and Greek identifications of the vertebrae’s parts; on p. 107, partial hand-coloring and Greek and Latin identifications of the woodcut of the ribs; on p. 109, hand-coloring and identification of the top of the woodcuts, e.g. “jugulum”; on p. 111, underlinings and Greek word copied out; on p. 117, identification of the bone in Greek; on p. 124, identification of the illustration in Greek; on p. 124, identification of the illustration “Appendices”; on p. 132, identifications of the images in Greek and Latin, e.g. “radius” and “cubitus”; on p. 133, identification of “Appendix” on the illustration; on p. 141, partial hand-colorings to identify the parts of the illustrations, with Greek and Latin identifications of the parts; on p. 154, identifications of the images’ parts; on p. 161, hand-drawn lines in the woodcuts; on p. 203, identifications added to the skeleton man, e. g. “ilium os”; on p. 205, identifications added to the skeleton man, e.g. “ulna”; on p. 349, underlinings and note “expiratio duplex”; on p. 450, identifications written on the veins, e.g. “saluatella seu salubris”; on p. 511, the parts of the illustration hand-colored to facilitate identification; on pp. 513–514, the characters are color-coded in the explanation of characters to explain the coloring scheme on p. 511; on p. 561, the liver hand-colored in the woodcut

to facilitate identification; on p. 562, the woodcut handcolored partially and Greek identification added; on p. 566, the woodcut partially hand-colored to facilitate identification; on p. 567, the woodcut partially hand-colored; on p. 571, the woodcuts partially hand-colored; on p. 572, the woodcut partially hand-colored; on p. 577, the woodcuts partially hand-colored and identifications added in Greek and Latin, e.g. “vasa seminaria”; on p. 581, the woodcut partially hand-colored; on p. 759, the “corpus callosum” identified in the woodcut; on p. 766, partial hand-coloring of the woodcut and Latin identifications; further underlinings on pp. 3, 8, 9,10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 23, 33, 38, 42, 44, 45, 57, 61, 72, 73, 77, 83, 84, 86, 87, 100, 102, 159, 263, 342, 595, 644, 646, 647, 652, 796; on front pastedown, two autograph entries of friendship, dated January 10, 1565, by Nicolaus Christoph Radziwiłł and Christoph Sbororo, fellow students of Georg Palma. Bibliography: Klaus Georg König, Der Nürnberger Stadtarzt Dr. Georg Palma (1543–1591) (Medizin in Geschichte und Kultur 1). Stuttgart, 1961, p. 11; Werner Wilhelm Schnabel, Die Stammbücher und Stammbuchfragmente der Stadtbibliothek Nürnberg (Die Handschriften der Stadtbibliothek, Sonderband). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1995, Kat. 11.

Regensburg

II/104. Staatliche Bibliothek Regensburg Call No.: IM /2Med.1 Physical Description: A complete copy with no significant damage. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin over wood with religious illustrations. Provenance: The Regensburg pastor Christoph Sigismund Donauer (1593–1655), who acquires the volume in 1621; then his son; whose collection is acquired by the old Regensburg town library in 1685, which holds it until 1810; at the current collection since 1816. Supralibros blindstamped onto front cover “C.[?] S. K. / 1585.”; round stamp of “Kreisbibliothek Regensburg” on frontispiece; possessor’s note by Donauer on frontispiece. Annotations: None.

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Rostock

II/105. Universitätsbibliothek Rostock Call No.: Mb-1 Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy with some foxing and worming, restored in 1997, printer’s mark missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, vascular insert bound vertically, folded from right and bottom, nervous insert bound sideways, flap anatomy assembled with remaining text of the X2 sheet preserved separately. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern pigskin on pasteboard from 1997, replacing an earlier pasteboard binding from c. 1880. Provenance: The Schleswig Domschule rector Hildebrand Emynga (1547–1598); then the Rostock University Library, first mentioned in the “Catalogus Bibliothecase Academiae Rostochiensis” after 1700. Possessor’s note on frontispiece: “Hildebrandus Emynga” and “Medicis clarissimis Inclytae Academiae […]. Annotations: An early reader, possibly Emynga, interested in understanding illustrations, the vena axillaris, and the female reproductory organs. On p. 4, summary note on the teeth, repeated twice in two different hands, “Solos dentes sensu perditos esse”, as well as underlinings where the cartilage is defined; on p. 5, further underlinings where the cartilages are discussed; on p. 11, reference to “Hipp. De locis fol. 72” where the vertebrae are discussed; on p. 14, underlinings and manicule where the skull’s composition from different bones is discussed; on p. 18, underlinings where sutures are discussed with correction of section title from “sutura” to “sutura quid”; on p. 22, underlinings where the brain’s location is discussed, with marginal listings of the five senses; on p. 24, underlinings, marginal lines and large manicule throughout the page; on p. 71, numberings of the vertebrae added in hand, marking the different sections of the spine; on p. 450, extensive annotations of the vena cava, identifying the different parts by character, name, and description; on p. 452, marginal comment on the vena axillaris with internal reference to p. 454; on p. 453, underlinings and marginal comments, primarily on the vena axillaris, with repeated references to Hippocrates; on p. 454, further comments on the vena axillaris and some other veins; on p. 458, summary comment on the names of the vena cava; on p. 620, underlinings and manicule where the liver and the vena cava’s origins are

discussed; on p. 627, underlinings and marginal summary on the shape of the spleen; on p. 654, where the hymen is discussed, reference to Deuteronomy 22; on p. 663, underlinings, marginal line and comment “haemorrhoidum uitio laborans”; on p. 664, manicule where the origins of menstrual purgations are discussed; on p. 774, reference “vid. Fernelius lib. 5. Cap. 10.”

Rothenburg ob der Tauber

II/106. Stadtarchiv Rothenburg Call No.: H655 Physical Description: An unrestored, incomplete copy with worming, foxing and water damage, with repairs to bifolium inserts. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded in both directions, X2 sheet missing. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with fleurons and Biblical scenes, centerpiece with image of original sin and the redemption of Christ, comparing the Old and the New Testaments, monogram “C. W. F.” and date “1568” on front cover, clasps and metal corners present. Provenance: Acquired in 1652 by the Rothenburg physician and composer Josaphat Weinlein (1601–1662). Possessor’s note: “in locum D. Andreae Libavij Alchymici substituit cum consensu eorum, quorum interest, hanc Anatomicam fabricam Andreae Vesalij Josaphat Weinlein, die 5 Martij anno 1652.”; library stamp “Rats- und Konsistorialbibliothek”. Annotations: An early reader who is interested in the illustrations, is conversant with Ancient Greek, and also studies the eye. On p. 203, repetition of the characters of the leg’s bones in the skeleton man; on p. 204, repetition of the character at the elbow of the skeleton man with line to original location; on p. 450, characters of the illustration of the venous system written out at the sides, with lines drawn to the original locations, note on top after the printed “uenae cauae delineatio”: “Arteriarum item”, as well as identification of the “humeraria”; on pp. 453–454, extensive notes on the “Nomina venarum brachij, cubiti, et manu secundum […]”, noting down “Axilaris m. v.”, “Axilaris in dex. Brach.”, etc., as well as “Arabum nomina”, with some underlinings, diagrammatic classifications and two longer notes on nomenclature at the bottom;

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on pp. 472–473, marginal lines at the section “Venarum seriem crebro uariare”; on p. 721, underlinings of Greek terms, internal reference “vide tab. 223”, and Greek quote from Galen; on p. 801–803 and 805–806, underlinings.

folded from right and bottom, X2 sheet present before vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

Bibliography: Günter Heischmann, Die Bibliothek der Freien Reichsstadt Rothenburg ob der Tauber. Frankfurt am Main 1975.

Provenance: Unknown.



Steinfurt

II/107. Gymnasium Arnoldinum Call No.: Med. Fo. G 1. Physical Description: An incomplete copy, frontispiece missing and supplied in facsimile after the Bonn copy [II/67], printer’s mark missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, vascular insert bound sideways in the middle facing left, nervous insert bound vertically and

Binding: Restored, contemporary plain vellum.

Annotations: On p. 58, marginal line where wisdom teeth are discussed; on p. 203, identification of “radius” on the skeleton man; on p. 204, identification of “radius” on the skeleton man; on p. 205, identification of “radius” on the skeleton man.

Stralsund

II/108. Archivbibliothek Stralsund Physical Description: Item currently undergoing conservation for mold, and unavailable for research.

Figure 111 Skeleton man with annotation on the radius on p. 203. II/107. Steinfurt: Gymnasium Arnoldinum. Call No.: Med. Fo. G 1.

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Stuttgart



Ulm

II/109. Württembergische Landesbibliothek Call No.: Ra 16 Ves 1

II/111. Stadtbibliothek Ulm Call No.: Schad 13 218 2°

Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy in good condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded in both directions, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Damaged woodcut on p. 560.

Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with minimal worming. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 542, bound vertically, and folded from the bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

Binding: Unrestored, contemporary blind-tooled pigskin with decorations..

Binding: Unrestored, contemporary blind-tooled pigskin, with stamped portrait of Christoph, Duke of Württemberg (1515–1568), and his coat of arms on the back cover, from c. 1560–1565.

Provenance: The Reutlingen town physician Johann Rudolph Camerarius (1578–1635); who received it from his father; enters the current collection after 1803. Handwritten note by Camerarius on frontispiece, “Joannis Rudolphi Camerari sum qui me possidet ex dono patrij”; round stamp of “BIBLIOTH. PUBL. REG. STUTTG” on frontispiece. Annotations: Contemporary ink note on front pastedown about Vesalius’ death, “Morbo […] obijt Vesalius, cum Palaestinam […] vellet, circa Zakynthum insulam, annos natus 50, Anno Domini 1564 mensa Octobri.”

Tübingen

II/110. Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen Call No.: Jb I 10 a.2 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with minimal dampstaining and light foxing on the frontispiece. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded in both directions, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary leather over wood with blindtooled decorations, clasps present. Provenance: The Strasbourg lawyer Ludwig Gremp von Freudenstein (1509–1583); whose library enters the current collection in his bequest on January 3, 1586. Round stamp of “Univ. Bibl. Tubingen” on frontispiece verso, armorial plate of “L. G. V. F. D.” Annotations: Underlinings on a3r, a3v, a4r, a5r.

Provenance: The Ulm physician Georg Geier (1550–1584); the Ulm jurist and book collector Erhard von Schad (1604– 1681); enters the current collection in 1826, together with the rest of von Schad’s library. On front flyleaf, handwritten note, “Sum Georgij Geigeri Ulmensis Doctoris Medicij”, crossed out; round stamp of “Stadtbibliothek Ulm”; possessor’s note “Herardi Schad Suevus” on frontispiece; on front pastedown, incomplete armorial bookplate. Annotations: On front pastedown, handwritten motto, “Quum volvatur homo, volvi est humana necesse”.

Wesel

II/112. Stadtarchiv Wesel Call No.: X8/3 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with occasional dampstaining and staining, a3v and a3r heavily soiled. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 505 and 552, bound vertically and folded from right and the bottom, X2 sheet present. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, half calfskin and speckled cardboard without decorations from 1751, edges painted red. Title “ANDREAE VESALII DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA LIBRI VII” on spine. Provenance: A certain “Jordan” c. 1750; enters the current collection in 1992; purchased from Zisska & Kistner in Munich.

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Annotations: A comprehensive annotator who makes extensive references to a variety of authors, with an interest in most books excepting the book on the heart and the lungs, focusing on criticisms of Galen and the illustrations. On front flyleaf, note in German on the artist of the illustrations, identifying him as Calcar, noting that some of the designs are by Titian. On p. 22, chapter number added to the reference to Galen’s De usu partium and underlinings where the nerves are defined as the vehicles of spirit, and where the skulls are discussed; on p. 23, summary reference to Hippocrates and marginal identifications of the nations whose skulls Vesalius discusses, as well as note “figura naturalis”, with underlinings; on p. 24, marginal summary notes, incl. “biennis puella Augustana” and “Glandulosae carnis librae duae in sinistro cordis uentriculo reperta”; on p. 25, underlinings and note “in prudentib. saepe non naturalis figura capitis”; on p. 32, underlinings where the sutures of natural heads are discussed; on p. 33, underlinings and summary marginal note “in senum calvariae”; on pp. 34–36, further underlinings about the sutures; on p. 37, underlinings and marginal note “squama oculi sedem respiciens”; on p. 38, underlining about the temporal bone; on p. 39, underlining about the cuneiform bone; on p. 49, underlinings where the maxilla’s bones are enumerated; on pp. 50–52, underlinings where the maxilla’s bones are discussed; on p. 58, underlining where Vesalius’ wisdom teeth are discussed; on p. 71, divisions and notes on dividing the vertebrae into its different sections, and, at vertebra no. 22, note “ab hac uertebra oriuntur nerui mouentes crura. Montanus in 9l. fol. 76”; on pp. 72–74, extensive notes and underlinings on the dorsal medulla; on p. 75, note next to the illustration “foramen primae uertebrae ampliss.”; on p. 77, extensive summary notes on the reasons why humans have a neck; on p. 78, underlinings and marginal numberings, as well as note “Galenus reprehendit”; on p. 90, underlinings; on p. 92, underlinings; on p. 110, underlining of the first sentence on the thorax; on p. 111, underlinings where the number of ribs in men and women is discussed; on p. 112, underlining where Galen is criticized; on p. 113, underlining where the ribs and the vertebrae are discussed; on p. 114, underlining where the second pectoral bone is discussed; on p. 115, underlining where the third pectoral bone is discussed; on p. 116, underlining where the cartilage is discussed; on p. 119, marginal numbering of the uses of the scapula; on p. 165, identifications are added next to the illustrations of the bones; on p. 170, note “tali luxatio”; on p. 173, identifications added next to the illustrations of the bones of the feet; on p. 189, underlining where the number of the bones is discussed, with marginal note “307”; on p. 204, “coll. cer.” written next to the skeleton man; on p. 205, “col.

329 cer.” written next to the skeleton man; on p. 214, identifications of the muscles of the legs next to the muscle man; on p. 224, identifications of the muscles throughout the illustration; on p. 228, identification of the transversal abdominal muscle next to the illustration of the muscle man; on p. 240, identification of the muscles of the leg on the muscle man; on p. 256, underlining and marginal note “Figura”; on p. 257, marginal numberings; on p. 259, letter “M” is highlighted in the illustration of the arm; on p. 277, ink blotch covering part of a word; on p. 281, underlining of the word “hamulo”; on p. 283, underlining and marginal repetition of the word “tarsus”; on p. 284, underlinings; on p. 285, numberings and extensive comments on the illustration; on p. 287, underlinings; on p. 288, underlinings where the muscles moving the lips are discussed; on p. 289, underlinings and marginal comment “usus primorum quorum musculorum”; on p. 293, underlining; on p. 294, underlining where Galen’s nomenclature of the maxillar muscles is discussed; on p. 295, underlinings and summary note “masseterum musculorum usus”; on p. 296, marginal summary note “usus septimi os octaui musculorum”; on p. 297, underlinings; on p. 299, underlinings; on p. 301, underlinings; on p. 302, underlinings; on p. 306, underlinings where the number of the laryngeal cartilages is discussed; on p. 370, marginal numberings to structure the text; on p. 373, underlinings; on p. 399, underlinings; on p. 400, underlinings; on p. 401, underlinings; on p. 402, underlining where the fifth muscle moving the tibia is mentioned; on p. 417, underlining; on p. 418, internal reference added to “fol. 161” where the first muscle moving the foot is discussed; on p. 420, underlining and stains; on p. 436, underlining where the vein is defined; on p. 437, underlinings and summary note on the fibers; on p. 438, underlinings where the uses of the veins are discussed; on p. 442, underlinings; on p. 445, underlinings and marginal notes identifying where the different branches of the vessels go; on p. 455, extensive underlinings; on p. 456, marginal numbering; on p. 457, underlinings; on p. 507, underlinings where the nerves’ origin in the brain is discussed; on p. 511, identifications and highlightings in the image of the brain; on p. 512, highlighting of character in the illustration; on p. 517, underlinings; on p. 538, underlinings; on p. 539, underlinings; on p. 555, note on illustration, “peritonaei sedes anterior”; on p. 571, identifications of the ligaments in the illustration; on p. 591, correction of “nullis” to “nonnullis” and underlinings; on p. 592, marginal notes “Peritoneum sensu praeditum” and “Usus peritonaei”; on p. 593, marginal numberings; on p. 594, underlinings; on p. 595, underlinings; on p. 597, underlinings and marginal line; on p. 598, underlining; on p. 599, marginal word “Fibrae”; on p. 603, underlinings; on p. 607, underlinings;

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on p. 608, underlinings; on p. 610, summary note on the comparative anatomy of the caecum; on p. 611, underlinings; on p. 615, underlining; on p. 618, underlinings about the liver; on p. 619, extensive underlinings and note about the liver, “ventriculum quinque fibras amplecti, manus apprehendentis modo”; on p. 620, extensive annotations incl. “Librum Hippocratis de naturae ossium multa habere absurda” and “Hippocratem in anatome nunquam lapsum, Galeni iudicio”; on p. 621, underlinings; on p. 626, extensive underlinings and summary notes on the spleen; on pp. 627–628, summary notes on the various histories of people with unusual spleens; on p. 629, summary notes and naming of authorities related to the spleen, incl. “Erasistratus”; on p. 630, summary notes “nihil eructare Vesalij sententia” and “cur lien risus author habeatur” and “Lienem cor non refrigerare”; on p. 632, note “reprehendit Gal. et alios”; on p. 633, underlinings; on p. 637, underlining where Celsus is discussed; on p. 641, underlinings and marginal Greek word added; on p. 650, underlinings; on p. 665, underlining; on p. 772, underlining where the animal spirit is discussed; on p. 773, underlinings and marginal note “Animali materiam suppeditare spiritum uitalem, et aerem”; on p. 775, underlinings; on p. 781, underlinings; on p. 782, underlinings, on p. 783, underlinings and marginal lines; on p. 795, underlinings; on p. 801, marginal comments and underlinings, incl. notes “primum corpus oculi constructione”, “secundum corpus oculi constructione”, etc.; on p. 802, underlinings and note “quartum corpus in oculi constructione”; on p. 803, underlinings and note “quintum corpus in oculi constructione”; on p. 805, marginal lines; on p. 818, underlinings. Bibliography: Humanismus als Reform am Niederrhein. Konrad Heresbach 1496–1576. (Schriften der HeresbachStiftung Kalkar 4). Exh. cat. Bielefeld, 1996, B 40, p. 184.

Wolfenbüttel

II/113. Herzog August Bibliothek Call No.: M: Mb 2° 42 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some foxing, X2 sheet missing, extra-illustrated with Johannes Sadeler (I), Memento mori memorare novissima (engraving, c. 1580–1600). Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with floral decorations and religious portraits, monogram and date “AES”

“1557” on front cover, remains of clasps, ink label “VESALII ANATOMIA” on spine with paper label of shelfmark. Provenance: Ludwig Rudolf, Duke of BrunswickWolfenbüttel (1671–1735), and then the current library. Early possessor’s note on front pastedown scratched out; on front pastedown, bookplate: “Ex Bibliotheca L R Ducis Brunsvicensis et Luneburgensis”; on frontispiece verso, oval stamp of the library; on frontispiece verso and last page of index, oval stamp of “BIBLIOTHECA COLLEG. ANATOM. CHIRUGIC. BRUNSVICENSIS”. Annotations: A sporadic annotator, familiar with Greek and Latin, and interested in poetry. On p. 204, under the epigram, additional poem from Silius Italicus 12.243–244 “Sillius Itali: Libro 12 Belli Pu: solvitur omne decus leto niveosque per artus/ it Stygius color et formae populatur honores”, the epigram from the Epitome; “Ambrosiae cecidere comae, violataque cervix / Marmoreum in jugulum collo labente recumbit. Martial lib 2 Epigram”; and another poem from Martial “Pange thoros, pete vina, rosas cape tinegre nardo/ Ipse iubet mortis te meminisse Deus.”; on p. 205, a reference to Stobaeus citing Aristobulus, and an opinion attributed to Aristotle, cited in Greek and translated into Latin: “Quid nam est homo? imbecillitatis exemplum temporis spolium, fortunae lusus, inconstantiae imago, invidiae et calamitatis trutina: reliquum vero pituita & bilis”, corresponding to Philipp Camerarius, Operae Horarum Subcisivarum (1st ed. Nuremberg, 1591), Greek epigram between the skeleton’s legs, meaning “Everything is laughter and nothing, and only their dust will remain, since everything comes from the absurd”; and a third inscription with two passages from the epigrammatic poet Palladas in Greek, and their Latin translations; on p. 444, note next to the woodcut “ad duodenum”; on p. 625, summary note “bilis in intestina deportatio utilis et necessaria.”; underlinings on a2r, p. 802, and in the index. Censorship: On p. 564, brown spot around the penis, suggestive of earlier censorship. II/114. Herzog August Bibliothek Call No.: Schulenb. N 2o 63 Physical Description: A complete copy with minimal worming. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top, bottom, and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Unrestored, contemporary gold-tooled calfskin from 1560, with ties, and gold-stamped spine.

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Provenance: The collection of the Counts Schulenburg, founded by Count Matthias Johann von der Schulenburg (1661–747), and enlarged throughout the centuries, acquired by the current collection in 1993. Stamps of the HAB; and Schulenburg ex-libris. Annotations: None.

Zweibrücken

II/115. Landesbibliothekszentrum Bibliotheca Bipontina Call No.: 06332/16403 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy in excellent condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary plain vellum. Provenance: Count Palatine Karl I of ZweibrückenBirkenfeld (1560–1600); whose library was incorporated in the public library of the Zweibrücken Gymnasium in 1816; which then became the Bibliotheca Bipontina in 1988; and the Landesbibliothekszentrum in 2004. Possessor’s note on frontispiece “Caroli palatini ad Rhenum, 1582”; stamp of Bibliotheca Bipontina. Annotations: None.

Hungary

Budapest

II/116. Eötvös Loránd University University Library Call No.: Ant. 7382 Physical Description: A complete copy with major staining on pp. 450–451, and around p. 670–671. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded, X2 sheet present. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with floral decorations, traces of clasps.

331 Provenance: The Speyer physician David Verbec (1577 or 1578–1643), who acquires the volume in 1616; then his son or grandson, the Ljubljana physician Johannes Baptista Verbec, who acquires it in 1656; then the Pauline monastery of Lepoglava in 1716; enters the current collection with the dissolution of the order in 1786. Note on frontispiece, “Ex bibliotheca David Verbezii Carnolubeani. Phil. et. Medic. D. Illmi 1. Octobr. Anno 1616”, and “Nunc vero Joannis Baptista Verbezij Carnolubeani S. M. C. Anno Nati Redemptoris pridie cal: Septembr. supra Mille sexcentos quinque sexto”; old shelfmark of the current collection “Ant. 7382 Metszetszoba 340/a” on frontispiece; note on a2r, “Bibliotheca monasterii lepoglauensis”. Annotations: Extensive annotations in two hands, potentially by Verbec and someone else, focusing on Galen’s errors, and on Galen and other Ancient authors. On a2r, summary notes, with a Greek name thrown in, and note at the bottom “Galenus chirurgus”; on a2v–a4r, summary notes and underlinings, on a5v, note “Nicolaus Stopius”, summary notes and underlinings; on a6r, summary notes on the pirated editions of the Tabulae sex, “Sculptos augustanos”, “Coloniensis”, “Editio Parisiensis mutila”, etc.; on pp. 1–31, underlinings throughout as well as summary marginal notes in these sections on bones and cartilages, incl. on p. 3, notes “ossa solida, ossa non solida, ossa sinuata”, as well as “Error Gal.”, on p. 8., translation of Greek terms into Latin, on p. 11, marginal terms in Greek, on p. 25, careful annotations of the illustrations of the normal and non-normal skulls, writing “figura 4 preternaturales respectu naturalis”, “anterior eminentia deperdita”, “posterior eminentia deperdita”, etc.; on pp. 190–191, annotations and underlinings on how to study bones and cartilages; on pp. 436–442, annotations and underlinings; on pp. 446–464, further annotations and underlinings where the veins are discussed, focusing on the names of the veins and the glands, and Galen’s failings, e.g. on p. 447, “Galenus venas simiae magis dissecuit”; on p. 452, underlining where Vesalius acknowledges his earlier error because of trusting Galen too much; on pp. 503–511, summary annotations focusing especially on the nerves; on pp. 589–593, annotations and underlinings in the chapters on nutrition and the peritoneum; on pp. 606–607, summary annotations on the omentum and the pancreas; on pp. 630–638, summary annotations on the kidneys, and on the spleen; on pp. 741–742, underlinings where the heart is discussed, focusing on the doctrines of the Ancients; on pp. 818–819 and 822–823, underlinings where vivisection is discussed, with marginal numberings to structure the text; underlinings in index incl. addition of term “uena alba f. 637”.

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Figure 112

Censorship of the muscles of the penis on p. 292[392]. II/116. Budapest: ELTE University Library and Archive. Call No.: Ant. 7382.

Censorship: The penis inked over, and then, through corrosion, burnt through, on pp. 210, 218, 392, and 556.

Debrecen

II/117. The College Library of the Transtibiscan Church District and Library of Theology Call No.: Q6 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with dampstaining on pp. 89–90, some of the faint printed letters reinscribed in ink. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top and bottom, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Restored, early eighteenth-century brown calfskin with decorative centerpiece on front and back, with gold-stamped letters “ANDREAS VESALIUS” on spine.

Provenance: Probably the Debrecen pharmacist Sámuel Kazay, whose library is purchased in 1796 by the current collection. Present in the library catalog of 1797 (Budai Ésaiás katalógusa VI-96); catalog number “Q6” on frontispiece. Annotations: None. Bibliography: Béla Tóth, “Debrecen könyvtári kultúrája a XVIII. században.” Magyar Könyvszemle 97 (1981): 66–80, p. 76.

Kalocsa

II/118. Library of the Archdiocese of Kalocsa Call No.: Physical Description: A complete copy with some red stains and spots on several pages. Bifolium inserts present

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after p. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present before vascular insert. Binding: Early blind-stamped pigskin with floral decorations and central lozenge, gilt title on spine with several labels. Provenance: Johann Albert Joseph von Oedt (1656–1707), canon of Passau and abbot of Sremska Mitrovica; enters the current library before 1800. Engraved, full-page ex-libris of von Oedt on front pastedown with oval stamp of current library. Annotations: None.

Sárospatak

II/119. Reformed Church College of Sárospatak Main Library of the Scientific Collections Call No.: Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with occasional fingerprints and minor water damage, frontispiece reinforced and trimmed, fore-edge blackened in part. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top and bottom, vascular insert torn, nervous insert torn and paper around foot trimmed to size, unbound X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Unrestored, contemporary pigskin on board with blind-stamped frames, floral decorations and allegorical figures, blackened gold-painted letters on front cover of “F. B. C.”, coat of arms, and date of 1557, one clasp present, other clasp missing. Provenance: At the current collection at least since 1628. Present in the 1628 catalogue of the library. Note on frontispiece “Liber Ill. Scholae S.Patak 1739”; stamp and pencil cataloguing info under printer’s mark; name of earlier possessor trimmed from frontispiece. Annotations: On back pastedown, cryptic, early note “Vitez ember”, i.e. “valiant man”.

Szeged

II/120. Somogyi Károly Municipal and County Library Call No.: D.A. 12

Physical Description: An incomplete copy in good condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded, X2 sheet present after vascular insert, printer’s mark missing. Binding: Worn, contemporary pigskin, with number 1543 in the middle. Provenance: The Rostock University Library; which donates this copy to the Rostock medical professor and rector Johann Bacmeister (1624–1686) in 1685; the Szeged canon and academician Károly Somogyi (1811–1888); who donates the volume to the current collection. On front flyleaf full-page note of donation to Bacmeister. Annotations: An early reader familiar with Galen, Colombo, and referring to his personal observations, as well as a later note by Somogyi. On p. 1, note “ossa sesamoi­ dea, Gal. lib. 4. cap. 12”; on p. 3, note “Sesamoidea, sup pag. 1”; on p. 16, note “vide columb. pag. 16–17”; on pp. 188–189, note “ossium num 20, 4, 32, 12, 57”; on p. 230, note on illustration, “Descriptio pag. 346”; on p. 461, note “αζυγος”; on p. 481, at the bottom of the page, note “haec in catelia anno 1594 observavimus sic se habere”; on p. 607, note “Gal. lib. 4. cap. 9”; on p. 675, “NB” sign next to the passage “Foetus habet involucra”; on pp. 681–682, numberings from “1” to “12”; on p. 682, “NB” sign; on p. 734, note “num sanguis exudet”; underlinings on pp. 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 348, 481, 602, 603, 604, 606, 607, 610, 611, 624, 625, 674, 675, 681, 682, 683, 733, 734, 758, 759, 760, 761, 763 and in index. On front pastedown, pencil bibliographic description in German, with reference to “Choulant, p. 48”; on back pastedown, pencil marks by Somogyi, commenting on the strangeness of the sixteenth century with page references to the Fabrica,”Vivisectio emberen is! 603 Szép régi idők,” i.e. “vivisection also on humans, 603, the good old times!”, and “Barát ‑ Ringyó! 663”, “monk ‑ whore! 663”.

Ireland

Dublin

II/121. Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Mercer Library Call No.: Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with minimal dampstaining on top, frontispiece trimmed and

334 repaired, restorations done in 1992. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle facing left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern half calfskin with marble paper, rebound in the nineteenth century, title “VESALII OPERA ANATOMICA” on spine. Repaired in 1992 by Sarah McCartan, with conservation report laid in. Provenance: The Lisheens physician John Herbert Orpen (1805–1862), who acquires it in 1859; then a certain William Blain of Waterford; whose niece, Miss Hutchinson, donated the volume to the Waterford physician and ornithologist Robert Burkitt (1807–1893); then by descendance the Larkfield Lt. Col. C. E. Wilson (who marries a Burkitt); who sells it to the current collection in 1955. On front paste­ down, ex-libris of Blain, removed from the front flyleaf, with note from Miss Hutchinson; on front flyleaf, note by Orpen, once covered by the ex-libris of Blain, and note of donation to Burkitt; note by Prof. J. D. H. Widdess (1906– 1982), medical historian and librarian at the RCSI, laid in, explaining some of the provenance. Annotations: An early ink-using annotator active in 1570 and 1587, annotating the chapter on the liver in 1570, as shown by pp. 620 and 622, reading through the prefatory matter in 1587, as shown by note “NB 22 Julij 1587” on a3v, and proceeding to the other chapters on the internal organs between July 21 and July 24, 1587, as noted on p. 639, leaving the rest of the volume untouched, having an especially strong interest in generation, and some knowledge and interest in Greek. On a2r–a6r, extensive annotations, occasional underlinings, and manicules in the prefatory matter, including summary notes on “triplex auxiliuorum instrumento”, marginal references, where the text warrants, to “Hipp” and “Gal”, date with maniculae “NB 22 Julij 1587” added on a3v, summary note on a4r criticizing Galen, repeating the claim that Galen never dissected humans and “Gal saepe errauit”; table of contents copied out and numberings on a4r-v, and longer note on the age and birth of Charles V, and the birth and life of Vesalius on a5r, and summary note on “ratio literarum et numerarum” on a5v; on pp. 618–622, extensive annotations, underlinings, and NB notes in the chapter on the liver, including, on p. 618, note on personal studies in 1570 when the reader was working on his licentiate “9bris 1570 9otempore […] eparis […] med. mihi assig. his phy: pro Licent[…]”, on p. 619, summary note “epar sanguificationis officina”, on p. 620, reference to “Theophilus non bonus anatomicus” and to Hippocrates, as well as note “timidis et gulosis maius epar. cur?”, on p. 621, reference to

1555 Editions

Erasistratus with Greek term added, and concluding note on p. 622 “4o Xbris ipsa die S. And. 70 […].”; on pp. 630–661, extensive and continuous summary notes, occasionally in Greek, underlinings and marginal marks in the chapters on the kidney, the bladder, on generation, on the male organs of generation, on the penis, incl. on p. 631, NB note on reading the chapter on the kidney on July 21, 1587; on p. 632, note “NB 22 Julij 87”; on p. 635, at the end of the chapter on the kidney, note “22 Julij 87”; on p. 636, diagrammatic summary note on the types of fibers, on p. 639, note “NB 24 Julij 87”; on p. 644, internal reference to p. 647; on p. 646, internal reference to p. 655; on p. 647, internal reference back to p. 644; on p. 651, note “NB […] 24 Julij 87”; on p. 653, long marginal line and note “nympha” and “nationes” where the labia of Ethiopian women are discussed; on p. 654, manicule next to the hymen, as well as sign “NB 24 Julij 87” and extensive summary notes; on p. 655, internal reference back to p. 646, long lines in the text where voluntary control over the uterine muscles is discussed, and extensive summary notes; on p. 656, summary words on Plato’s Timaeus; publication date “A. D. 1555” inscribed on frontispiece.

Israel

Jerusalem

II/122. National Library of Israel Call No.: R2=FR955 Physical Description: A copy with slight tearing and minor water damage, stain on p. 784. Bifolium inserts present after p. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded, X2 sheet present after vascular system and marked in pencil “505b”. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary, gold-tooled vellum with triple fillets and corner fleurons, with central arabesque ornamental pattern. Provenance: The Brussels convent of the discalced Carmelites (founded in 1607); Comte Jules de Buisseret; who donated the volume to the Belgian painter Leopold de Coen on March 14, 1854, as a gift for his success at the competitions of the Brussels Painting Academy “pour le guider pour la pureté des contours dans ses ouvrages futurs”; then by descendance to Victor de Coen; who donated the book to a certain Dr. Belvaux in 1908 for curing him;

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the Baltimore professor of medicine, ophthalmologist and historian of medicine Dr. Harry Friedenwald (1864–1950); whose collection, including a large number of manuscripts and books on Jewish medicine, passed to the current library in 1950. Note on frontispiece “Conuent. Bruxell. Carmelitar. Discalceat:”; ex-libris Harry Friedenwald, notes of donation from Buisseret, from Victor de Coen, and from Friedenwald. Annotations: Modern note on front flyleaf with major dates in Vesalius’ life recorded in English, with a note “He went to Paris 1533 (Servetus?)”, raising the question if Vesalius had known Michael Servetus; on X2 sheet, page number 505b added in pencil; on p. 575, pencil line next to the illustration; on p. 636, accidental pencil line, relating to the vessels of the veins, arteries and nerves; pencil page numbers added to errata list and index, pencil notes in English on collation on backleaf.

Binding: Eighteenth-century vellum with gilt central lozenge of Marsigli on front cover, gilt label of author and title on spine. Provenance: The Bologna polymath and traveler Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli (1658–1730); who donates his library in 1712 to the Istituto delle Scienze; whose library later merges into the university library. Gold stamp of Marsigli on center of front cover, with inscription “Aloysi Ferdinandi Marsiyly”; stamp of “Pontificia Biblioteca di Bologna” on frontispiece. Annotations: Note on back pastedown about sex differences in the pubic bone in the hand of “Prof GB Fabbri”, i.e. the Bologna professor of surgery and obstetrics Giovan Battista Fabbri (1806–1874), “Pag 159 si notano le differenze tra l’osso innominato della donna e quello dell’uomo.”

Italy

Arezzo

II/123. Biblioteca Città di Arezzo Call No.: Physical Description: An incomplete copy, frontispiece and a2–a5 missing, otherwise with little damage. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically. Binding: Contemporary brown leather with blindstamped decorations on covers and spine, author and title in gilt letters on spine. Provenance: The Fraternita dei Laici of Arezzo; enters the current collection in 1952. Annotations: None.

Bologna

II/124. Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna Call No.: A.IV.E.I.13 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete volume with some worming, bifolium inserts present.

Cremona

II/125. Biblioteca Statale di Cremona Fondo Antico Call No.: FA. 3.9.7 Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy with minor worming, browning and foxing, printer’s mark missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 518 and 552, vascular insert bound sideways by the foot, facing forward to p. 519, and folded twice, nervous insert bound sideways by the foot and folded twice, X2 sheet present after p. 504. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern vellum from c. 1970 with author and title “Vesalius De Humani Corporis Fabrica” in black on spine, modern endpapers, stamp of “Legatoria ‘La Moderna’ ” of Cremona on front pastedown. Provenance: Probably the library of the Jesuit Monastery of Cremona; which becomes the current collection after the suppression of the order in 1785. The name of a certain “Isidorus” on frontispiece, partially illegible by trimming of page; oval stamp of “BIBLIOTECA GOVERNATIVA CREMONA” on frontispiece verso and throughout. Annotations: Early brown ink annotations referencing Aristotle, modern ink marginal line. On p. 278, where the fleshy membrane is discussed, correction to printed note “Lib 2. De Anima, cap II”, “Lib 3 de Animal. Hist. cap. II”; on p. 279, marginal note “3 d hist. an. cap. XI”; modern blue

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ink line on p. 734, next to the references to the figures at the end of the chapter on the stomach.

Fermo

II/126. Biblioteca Civica Romolo Spezioli Call No: 1 0 9 9110 Physical Description: A complete copy with some dampstaining along the edges, extensive browning, occasional ink spots, tears on pp. 71–72, 11–112, 662–666, repaired tear on pp. 207–208, edges frayed at the end of the volume. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle facing left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Early blind- and gold-stamped calfskin over cardboard with central lozenge, frames and corner fleurons, heavily damaged, spine missing. Provenance: The Fermo physician Romolo Spezioli (1642–1723), personal physician of Pope Alexander VIII and Queen Christina of Sweden; who donates his collection to the current library between 1705 and 1723. On front pastedown, note “ex libris Romuli Spezioli Firmani” and ink shelfmark; on frontispiece, oval stamp of “EX LIBRIS BIBLIOTHECA FIRMI MUNICIPALIS” and earlier stamped coat of arms with fleur-de-lis. Annotations: Early ink corrections of errata on pp. 44, 101, 123.

Ferrara

DE Humani Corporis Fabrica” on spine, edges painted marbled red. Provenance: Unknown. Stamp of library on frontispiece. Annotations: Sporadic early ink notes. On p. 261, faint marginal line next to section “venae et arteriae in musculo necessitas”; on p. 264, marginal line and underlining where the veins of the muscles are discussed.

Florence

II/128. Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze Call No.: MAGL.2._.62 Physical Description: A complete copy with some staining and fingermarks. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, folded from bottom and the right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern plain brown leather. Provenance: Probably the Florentine ducal librarian and scholar Antonio Magliabecchi (1633–1714); whose bequest forms the basis of the current collection. Illegible stamp on frontispiece. Annotations: Early brown ink annotations referencing Galen and Fallopio. On p. 18, where the suture is discussed, note “unicam suturam scribit Galenus; tribus, plurib. que exemplis cum explicans, quae sutura serrata est, et dicitur lib. IX de usu partium c. 1. to: I. 171.f. g.”; on p. 669, where Vesalius discusses what the acetabula of the uterus are, reference to Fallopio “v. Falop. Obs. Anal. Pag. 199.b”.

II/127. Biblioteca Comunale Ariostea Call No.: H.8.1.19

II/129. Biblioteca Riccardiana Call No.: SEDE.St.10180

Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with heavy dampstaining and foxing, frontispiece and front flyleaves torn. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top, right and bottom, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with minor foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. A volume handcolored throughout.

Binding: Eighteenth-century brown calfskin on cardboard with gold-stamped floral decorations and label “VESALII

Binding: Unrestored, gold-stamped calfskin on wood, with gilt frames and floral decorations.

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Provenance: The Florentine aristocrat, academician and scholar Vincenzo Capponi (1605–1688), inherited by his daughter Cassandra Capponi and her husband, the Florentine aristocrat, diplomat and collector Francesco Riccardi (1648–1719); whose library opens to the public in 1715.

“humor aqueus” is discussed; marginal lines in index next to the entries on the spleen, and underlining of the entry “Musculi nomen”, “Musculi uesicae ceruicis”, and other entries related to the muscles. Pages 229–30, 281–84, and vascular insert supplied in an early hand.

Annotations: On front flyleaf, inscriptions “79–9”, “9=77”, “Vesalij Anatomia Figuris Illuminata”.





Livorno

II/130. Biblioteca Labronica Call No: 094 F 11 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with extensive dampstaining, some worming at the end, and tears on pp. 569/570, 641/642, 650/651, and 676/677; pp. 227–228, 231–238, 483–484, 757–758 (muscle men, arterial system and brain) are trimmed to text and woodblock, and mounted on modern paper matching the size of the volume, suggesting that they were removed earlier and are possibly supplied from another copy; pp. 229–230, including the seventh muscle man, pp. 281–284, and p. 505 (vascular insert) supplied in manuscript in an early hand. Vascular insert present after p. 504, bound vertically, supplied in manuscript, and folded from right and top, X2 sheet present after vascular insert, nervous insert present after p. 504, after X2 sheet, bound vertically, mounted on modern paper and folded from top and right, historiated initial removed on p. 292. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern quarter cloth and cardboard, label with title “Vesali” on spine, label with shelfmark on spine. Provenance: The Accademia Labronica, founded in 1816; whose library becomes the public Biblioteca Labronica in 1852. Modern oval stamp of “ACCADEMIA LABRONICA” on frontispiece and p. 824. Annotations: Sporadic early ink notes in black, showing an interest in the hymen. On p. 223, where the characters of the fifth table of muscles are explained, ink marginal line next to characters E and F; on p. 597, in the chapter on the stomach, next to the anecdote of the Spaniard, illegible marginal word and manicule; on p. 654, underlining of catchword “hymen”; on p. 805, marginal lines where the

Lucca

II/131. Biblioteca Statale di Lucca Call No.: SMN.139.1 Physical Description: An unrestored, incomplete copy with foxing and dampstaining, and minor tears, bifolium inserts heavily affected by worming and repaired, Ee4– Ee6 (last pages of index, colophon and printer’s mark) missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Restored, seventeenth-century vellum with traces of ties, title “DE Hum: Corp: Fabrica” on spine, label with shelfmark “139 1” on spine, traces of medieval manuscript visible in binding. Provenance: The Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca; enters the current collection in 1866. Inscription on frontispiece “Biblioth. S. Mariae Curtis Orlandingorum.”; purple oval stamp of “BIBL. STATALE LUCCA” on frontispiece and throughout; label with shelfmark on front pastedown; round stamps of “R. BIBLIOTECA PUB. DI LUCCA” and “BIBLIOT. S. M. CORT. O.” on frontispiece verso and a2v. Annotations: Sporadic early ink annotations focusing on the breast and the foetus, with a special interest in Aristotle’s Historiae de animalibus. On p. 651, marginal cross where the position of the uterus is discussed; on pp. 671–673, double marginal lines where the wrappings of the foetus are discussed; on p. 677, where Vesalius discusses the breasts of pregnant women, chapter number “cap: II” added to the reference to Aristotle’s Historiae de Animalibus; on p. 678, chapter numbers added to the references to Aristotle in the chapter on breasts “Cap: X. non longe a medio uersus finem” and “po. De hist: ãlium cap: 12 in prince fine”; on p. 719, pencil underlining where the larynx’s operculum is discussed.

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Milan

II/132. Biblioteca Ambrosiana Call No.: L.P. 2379 Physical Description: A complete copy with some dampstaining, dirt, fingerprints, foxing, and minor worming intensifying towards the end. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 502 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top, bottom, and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Dead fly on p. 283, large round plant leaf (diameter c. 15 cm) between pp. 456–457; early twentieth-century paper slip inserted between pp. 218 and 219, from a notebook of the “Hotel Aquila d’Oro et Croce” in Mantova; between pp. 234 and 235, Italian newspaper slip; between pp. 240 and 241, another newspaper slip; between pp. 252 and 253, slip of “ERCOLE DRACCHI PROPRIETARIO MANTOVA” from the notebook of the Hotel Aquila d’Oro et Croce; between pp. 580 and 581 (female nude), newspaper slip; paper slip between pp. 766 and 767. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Worn plain vellum over cardboard, title “ANDREAE VESALII II” on spine, on bottom edge label “ANOTOMIA VESALII”. Provenance: The Milan professor Ferdinandus Innocentius Cavalerius in 1681; the Milan painter Lodovico Pogliaghi (1857–1950); then the current collection. On front pastedown, ex-libris “OTIIS COMITIS FONTANELLATI […]”; on front flyleaf recto, “Ex libris selectis Ferdinandi Innocentij Caualerij Patricij mediolanensis, J U. D. et Naturalis Philosophiae Professoris Et. An. 20 Anno sal 1681.”, round blue stamp of “AMBROSINA MILANO”, stamp “EX LIBRIS LUDOVICI POGLIACCHI, 7-1-1857–30-6-1950 Biblioteca Ambrosiana 1969, NR. 2379”, at bottom “140 […] emitti a De Fere”; shelfmark in ink on frontispiece, round blue stamps throughout. Annotations: Early ink annotations correcting the errata, petering out. Errata corrected on a2v, pp. 9, 23, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 44, 52, 62, 63, 65, 66, 72, 76, 81, 86, 90, 97, 101, 105, 106, 114, 123, 125, 127, 129, 134, 142, 147, 149, 151, 153. II/133. Biblioteca nazionale Braidense Call No.: AB.15.0041 Physical Description: A complete copy with worming, major spotting on p. 43, major tear on p. 165, minor dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and

552, bound sideways by the foot and folded, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. On p. 224, the background and the stump of the penis hand-colored. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin, with religious figures, e.g. “Ecce Virgo Concipies” or “Ipse Peccata” and monogram “M. S. C. 1555”, shelfmarks on spine and front cover, traces of clasps and straps. Provenance: The Göttingen professor of medicine, and Bern physician, Albrecht von Haller (1708–1777); whose library is divided between the University of Pavia and the current collection upon his death. Ex-libris of Haller; stamp of “BIBLIOTHECA MEDIOLANENSIS” on frontispiece, p. 49 and last page of index. Annotations: Collation in pencil from 1998 on front paste­ down in Italian; table of contents on front flyleaf in eighteenth-century hand, potentially by Haller, referring to Boerhaave “L. I. tot. LII […] L. III. 1–4 L IV sed […] necess. Reppetitus ab […] L V. tot. L. VI tot. L. VII c. 1–12 tot. ad Boerh. T.1 varia”. Underlinings, often appearing as if the text was crossed out, on pp. 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 13, 44, 45, 72, 73, 74, 77, 81, 83, 89, 95, 96, 99, 100, 115, 119, 123, 176, 177, 187, 277, 278, 279, 283, 284, 301, 303, 340, 347, 436, 437, 442, 534, 591, 609, 611, 616, 617, 623, 624, 625, 629, 630, 631, 631, 633, 634, 635, 637, 638, 639, 640, 641, 642, 643, 644, 645, 646, 647, 655, 657, 659, 660, 661, 662, 663, 667, 669, 670, 672, 673, 674, 677, 678, 679, 680, 724, 725, 726, 727, 730, 731, 732, 733, 734, 735, 736, 737, 738, 739, 740, 776, 777.

Naples

II/134. Biblioteca Universitaria di Napoli Call No.: Z.D.0259 Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy with extensive damage, frontispiece torn with large parts missing, and mounted on paper, pp. 1–16 missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Extra-illustrated with an engraved portrait of Filippo Neri, founder of the Oratorians, after the frontispiece, plant remains on pp. 406/407, 408/409; 428/429, 616/617, 636/637, and 696/697. Binding: Modern plain leather from 1980–1990, title “DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA LIBRI” on spine, stamp

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“A. PANDIMIGLIO RESTAURO DI LIBRI—ROMA” on back pastedown. Provenance: The Naples botanist, collector, and professor of medicine Nicola Cirillo (1671–1735), who acquires the volume in 1698. Various illegible inscriptions, scratched out or partly torn, on frontispiece, incl. “Merusi” and round stamp of “BIBLIOTECA UNIVERSITARIA DI NAPOLI”; inscription “Nicolai Cirilli libris” on a6v; inscription “Nicolai Cirilli Libris 1698” under printer’s mark; stamps of the current library throughout. Annotations: An early reader interested in drawing pictures, adding vulgar details to the illustration of the vagina, and marking up the chapter titles throughout the volume, occasionally correcting errors in the text. On p. 17, the first letter “q” enlarged in ink, with a face drawn in its middle, as if to imitate a historiated initial; on p. 70, line next to chapter title; on p. 98, asterisk next to chapter title; on p. 184, the bottom woodcuts identified as “pa” or “2a”; on p. 200, the chapter title is marked with an asterisk; on p. 206, marginal line at top of the page; on p. 296, asterisk next to chapter title; on p. 436, marginal line next to chapter title; on p. 439, marginal line next to chapter title; on p. 440, marginal line next to chapter title; on p. 441, marginal line next to chapter title; on p. 443, text corrected; on p. 455, asterisk next to chapter title; on p. 459, marginal line next to chapter title; on p. 464, underlining; on p. 469, asterisk next to chapter title; on p. 473, asterisk next to chapter title; on p. 567, an ink sketch next to the woodcut; on p. 584, an ink drawing of vaginal discharge right beneath the labia, with the character “A” written twice next to the drawing; on p. 585, at bottom of the page, handwritten addition to the explanation of characters “A La Fessa A”; on p. 589, marginal line next to the chapter title; on p. 593, marginal line next to the chapter title; on p. 599, marginal line; on p. 600, marginal lines and addition of word “partem”; on p. 601, underlining; on p. 602, marginal line next to chapter title, on p. 603, marginal line; on p. 607, marginal line next to chapter title; on p. 615, asterisk next to chapter title; on p. 617, underlining and correction of text; on p. 622, underlining; on p. 623, asterisk next to chapter title; on p. 626, asterisk next to chapter title; on p. 629, underlining; on p. 630, asterisk next to chapter title; on p. 638, asterisk next to chapter title; on p. 639, asterisk next to chapter title; on p. 642, correction of text; on p. 648, asterisk next to chapter title; on p. 649, marginal line; on p. 651, marginal line next to chapter title; on p. 655, underlinings; on p. 657, underlining; on p. 658, extensive marginal lines about the testicles; on p. 664, marginal mark; on p. 669, asterisk next to chapter title; on p. 671, asterisk next to chapter title; on p. 703, a drawing of

a pot with a handle; on p. 708, asterisk next to chapter title; on p. 709, asterisk next to chapter title; on p. 711, asterisk next to chapter title; on p. 714, asterisk next to chapter title; on p. 716, marginal line; on colophon, a sketch of a drawing.

Padova

II/135. Biblioteca Universitaria di Padova Call No.: A.133.a.19 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with worming at the front, staining throughout and repaired tear on the nervous insert. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top, bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, seventeenth-century vellum with author and title on red panel on spine. Provenance: The Benedictine Abbey of Santa Giustina in Padova; enters the current collection after 1805 when religious orders are suppressed. Inscription on front pastedown “Biblioteca dell’Abbazia di Santa Giustina di Padova: L.n.6 5”; earlier shelfmark “SN.4993”, and bookplate of “BIBLIOTECA UNIVERSITARIA PADOVA”; round stamp of the university on frontispiece verso from the Austrian period of Padova (1814–1866). Annotations: Marginal line in early ink on p. 591 where the peritoneum’s origins are discussed. II/136. Biblioteca del Seminario vescovile di Padova Call No.: 500.ROSSA.SUP.G.1.-22 Physical Description: A restored, complete copy without any visible damage. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Early plain vellum. Provenance: Unknown. Stamp of “Bib. Sem. Pat.” Annotations: On back pastedown, seventeenth-century notes about the author of the illustrations of the Fabrica, referring to a variety of authors.

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Palermo

II/137. Biblioteca centrale della Regione siciliana Alberto Bombace Call No.: 4 11.N.1 Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy with some wear, bifolium inserts present after pp. 502 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top, bottom and right, X2 sheet missing. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

DI PAVIA” with shelfmark on pastedown, with pencil note on price in 1960, “Kraus N. V. 1960 $2250 v.7.”; round stamp of “BIBLIOTECA UNIVERSITARIA DI PAVIA” on frontispiece and throughout. Annotations: In index, late twentieth-century sheet inserted with pen note “← INDICE BUCCA”, with xeroxed fragment of an earlier, unrelated, letter to Professor Plinio Fraccaro at Pavia from a scholar at Johns Hopkins University. Ravenna

Binding: Twentieth-century brown leather.



Provenance: A certain “Girolamo […]”; who donates the volume to the Palermo College of the Jesuits; whose library becomes part the royal library in 1782; which becomes the Biblioteca Nazionale di Palermo in 1860; and adopts its current name in 1978. Inscription on frontispiece “Collegij panorm. Soc. Jesu Biblioth. Ex Dono Hieronymi […]”; stamp “H.S.A.M.D.SP.IF.”

II/139. Biblioteca Classense Fondi Antichi Call No.: F.A. 048 032 G

Annotations: Early marginal notes in the prefatory matter. On a2r, summary note “sectae medicorum tres” and “tria instrumenta usi”; on a3r, notes “rationem medici a chirurgia abstineant” and “ex commentario nautam”; on a4r, summary note criticizing Galen, “Galeni corpora humana non secavisse”; correction of errata on a2v.

Pavia

II/138. Biblioteca Universitaria di Pavia MiBACT Call No.: 50 L 20 Physical Description: A complete copy with some foxing, browning, and minor tears, frontispiece repaired. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top, bottom, and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Restored, contemporary blind-stamped vellum with geometrically arranged rolls of grotesque animals and flowers, label “VESALII ANATOMI[…]” and label with shelfmark on spine, modern pastedowns, title “Anatom. Vesalii” painted on bottom edge. Provenance: The Caiazzo bishop Jacopo Villani (1605– 1690). Inscription on frontispiece “Sum Jacobi Villanij, mediol. et amic[orum]”; label of “BIBLIOTECA NAZIONALE

Physical Description: A restored, complete copy, repaired tear on frontispiece, worming from p. 469 to p. 514. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Sixteenth-century plain pigskin. Provenance: A certain Roberto Zonghi [or Longhi]; a certain surgeon Francesco Critici [?]; probably from the library of the Camaldolese monastery of Classe; which becomes the current library in 1803. On frontispiece, inscriptions of “Roberto Zonghi”, “Francesco Critici”, and two cancelled possessor’s notes. Annotations: None. Bibliography: Stefano Arieti, Donatino Domini and Claudia Giuliani, eds. Vita brevis ars longa: il sapere medico a Ravenna attraverso i libri antichi della Biblioteca Classense (1400–1700). Bologna: Bononia University Press, 2010.

Rome

II/140. Biblioteca Angelica Call No.: SS. 14.6 Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with some browning and dampstaining in the index. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top and right, X2 sheet present. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

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Binding: Modern leather on cardboard, gilt label on spine with author and title. Provenance: Probably the library of the Augustinians of Rome; enters the current collection upon its foundation in 1604. Inscription on frontispiece “Bibliotheca Angelica”, “Augustini de Urbe”; stamp on back pastedown “3 Ott. 1960”. Annotations: None. II/141. Biblioteca Casanatense Call No.: *O IX 36 Physical Description: A complete copy with occasional tears, foxing, and staining, major ink stain on p. 653. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact wooduct on p. 560.

Provenance: A certain “Maltus”; the Rome physician Dr. Gregorio Fedeli (1820–1892); then the Biblioteca dell’Universita di Pavia until 1928; enters current collection in 1928. On front flyleaf, stamped ex-libris of “Libreria Dr. Gregorio Fedeli” and ancient shelfmark “1.G.1”; oval stamp of “ACCADEMIA MEDICA / BIBLIOTECA / ROMA” and possessor’s note “Maltus” on frontispiece. Annotations: None. Censorship: Name of Oporinus crossed out on frontispiece. II/143. Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma Call No.: 55.10.I.15

Binding: Modern half vellum and black cardboard.

Physical Description: A complete copy with some worming, browning, and dampstaining in index. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top, bottom, and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

Provenance: Unknown. Tipped-in shelfmark and early ink shelfmark “ZA.IX.36” on front pastedown.

Binding: Eighteenth-century vellum with title “VESALII DE CORP HUM FABRICA” on spine.

Annotations: An early annotator, working in ink, who is interested in the nomenclature of the venous system. On p. 147, marginal line where the postbrachial bone is discussed; on pp. 445–449, the names of the portal vein’s branches added on the side, “gastricus”, “splenicus”, etc.; on p. 461, the names of the vena cava’s branches added on the side, “coronaria”, “azygos”; on p. 464, “intercostalis” added on the margin; on p. 465, further names added, e.g. “mammaria”, “ceruicalis”; on p. 466, further names of the veins added, with short descriptions if necessary; on p. 626, underlining where Vesalius criticizes other anatomists for their opinions on the bladder and the yellow bile.

Provenance: The convent of Santa Maria Maddalena in Rome; probably enters the current collection in the late nineteenth century. Stamps of the current collection throughout; possessor’s note of the convent on frontispiece.

II/142. Biblioteca Medica Statale Call No.: 26.H.1

Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition, with occasional browning, minor repaired tears.

Physical Description: A complete copy with foxing and some worming, with minor restoration. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded vertically, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, early vellum with decorative label in red leather on cover with name of author and title in gold.

Annotations: On p. 392, red ink lines on page; on p. 413, illegible, and crossed-out, correction; on p. 734, underlinings. II/144. Biblioteca Vallicelliana Call No.: S. Borr. Q. VII.51

Binding: Twentieth-century brown leather preserving parts of earlier front cover. Provenance: The Societa romana di storia patria; whose rare books are preserved at the current collection. Stamps of the Societa romana and the Biblioteca Vallicelliana. Annotations: An early author who is familiar with the 1552 Lyon edition. On p. 3, correction of errata with note “hic appingenda erat praecedentis pag. figura”, on p. 21,

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“deperditur” crossed out and phrase “plurimum extuberat” added; on p. 159, where sex differences between the bones of the sacrum are discussed, notes “Aetium inter plebeios censet, qui retr. 4. ser. 4. cap. 222. huic opinioni ansam fortassis prebuit lege Gal. 15. De us. part. cap. 7.” and “lege quae hic desiderantur in tomo i. pag. 368. 369. in parvis voluminibus Lugduni excussis an. 1552”; on p. 730, reference to Galen’s De usu partium; on p. 790, correction of Greek terms on the margins; on p. 824, marginal note “Num cordis”. Underlinings on pp. 39, 40, 41, 103 168, 282, 308, 346, 347, 348, 404, 599, 607, 608, 609, 610, 611, 647, 723, 726, 728, 732.

Rovereto

II/145. Biblioteca Civica “Girolamo Tartarotti” Call No.: Physical Description: An unrestored, incomplete copy, leaves a2–a5 missing, some foxing and tearing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways and folded back, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, eighteenth-century plain half pigskin. Provenance: Unknown; enters the current collection probably in the nineteenth century. Old shelfmark “dd.10” inside back cover. Annotations: None.

Sassari

II/146. Biblioteca universitaria di Sassari Call No.: ANTICO 5 C 89 Physical Description: An unrestored, incomplete copy with some foxing, printer’s mark missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded in both directions, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Contemporary vellum with gilt frames and images of eagles at the center and in the corners, remains of alumed skin laces.

Provenance: The Sassari archbishop Andres Bacallar (1515–1612); the Jesuit domus professa of Sassari from 1612 to 1782; enters the current collection in 1782. Inscription on front flyleaf “Andr. Baccallar”; inscription on frontispiece “Domus Professa Sass. Soc. Jesu.” Annotations: None. Censorship: Names of Basel and Oporinus crossed over in ink and covered with a strip of paper on frontispiece, printer’s mark missing. Bibliography: Maria Rosa Pinna, “Dalle biblioteche gesuitiche alla universitaria di Sassari.” Il bibliotecario. Rivista semestrale di studi bibliografici. Nuova serie 2 (1998): 249–390, esp. p. 316; Maria Rosa Pinna, Catalogo del fondo librario gesuitico della Biblioteca universitaria di Sassari. Sassari, Editrice democratica sarda, 2010, vol. II. p. 1030.

Siena

II/147. Biblioteca Comunale degli Intronati Call No.: Andreini 2716 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with some worming in the back. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, nineteenth-century plain half vellum and marbled paper, name of author in black ink on spine and on bottom edge. Provenance: The Florentine engineer Carlo Andreini (d. 1946); who bequeathes his library to the current collection, which it enters in 1951. Black inkstamp on frontispiece verso “Donazione Andreini”; inscription on flyleaf “Bernardino”. Annotations: None. II/148. Biblioteca dell’Accademia dei Fisiocritici Onlus Call No.: AB 031 Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy in good condition, printer’s mark missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

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Binding: Modern, gold-stamped light leather with title on spine from 1958. Provenance: Enters the current collection in 1971. Illegible, cancelled provenance note on frontispiece. Annotations: A highly educated contemporary reader with an interest in issues of generation. On p. 10, reference where the use of the processes is discussed, “vid. Eustachium ossium exam. p. 165”; on p. 34, internal reference to the illustration of the second muscle man; on p. 449, note on the portal vein, “vena porte quoque appellatam esse a Galo venam magnam et quoque manum et gr: alij eam ut 5o de usu par: c. alij uero quoque mo[…] quoque lacteam appel[…]” and note “hemorrhoidas venas, qui[…] et […]gnis colligit ab hepate et a[…] et foras expurgatur, ortu […]cipue ducere a ramo uene […] te satis magno, nonnihil […] uena caua passum tu: infra fo: 663 a”; on p. 610, reference to Arcolani’s edition of Rhazes; on p. 612, reference to unidentified source; on p. 622, reference to Galen’s De usu partium; on pp. 644–645, summary notes on the trajectory of the vas deferens and repeated note “parastates”; on p. 663, note on menstruation and the hemorrhoids, incl. “hemorrhoidas uenas euac[…] sanguinem crassum ab hepate […] ramo uene porte, precipu […] a caua aut uena minimum uide hanc doctrinam clari[…] enucleatam Syluius fo. 449.”; on pp. 728–729, reference to Galen’s De usu partium, mentioning that Galen, unlike Vesalius, “nullam facit mentionem de aqua”; on p. 777, note on the brain’s membranes, “inter os cranij et cuti due extant membrane […]”; in index, added additional term on the uterus. Bibliography: Journal of the Siena Academy of Sciences 4 (2012), supplement on “Libri rari e curiosi.”

Urbino

II/149. Biblioteca Universitaria di Urbino Call No.: E XIV 25 Physical Description: An unrestored, incomplete copy with occasional dampstaining, X2 sheet missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways and folded. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, slightly damaged contemporary plain vellum.

Provenance: Possibly through the Roman papal physician Giovanni Maria Lancisi (1654–1720); who creates a major library for the Monastery of St. Francis of Urbino at the behest of Pope Clement XI; which collection becomes part of the current library in 1862. Annotations: None. Bibliography: Luigi Moranti, Le cinquecentine della Biblioteca universitaria di Urbino. Florence: L. S. Olschki, 1977, no. 3563, III/1429.

Vatican

II/150. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana Call No.: Stamp.Pal.S.51 Physical Description: A complete copy with extensive browning. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle, facing left. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Early, worn, blind-stamped brown morocco. Provenance: Andreas Vesalius; who donates the volume to the Augsburg physician and astrologer Achilles Gasser (1505–1577), erstwhile student of Melanchthon in Wittenberg; then the Biblioteca Palatina in Heidelberg in 1581; which library is taken as war booty in 1622; and is donated to the current collection in 1623. Vesalius’ note of donation on frontispiece; old shelfmarks on front pastedown. Annotations: Underlinings or notes on pp. 450, 483, 524, 527, 607, index, printer’s mark. II/151. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana Call No.: Stamp.Barb.M.X.57 Physical Description: A complete copy with browning, foxing, and dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present, bound sideways and folded. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary, worn, plain vellum, title “And Vesalii ANATOMIA” on spine, “ANDR. VESAL. LIBR. DE FABR. CORP. HUMAN. EDIT. SEC.” on cover.

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Provenance: The Milan physician Zacharias Caimus (d. 1606); the Barberini Library in 1837; which library is acquired by the current collection in 1902. Stamp of the Barberini Library; note “Est Zachariae Caimi.” Annotations: On p. 441, marginal cross and word “praeter” added on margin.

Venice

II/152. Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana Call No.: 221.D.8 Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy, missing a6, pp. 537–538 and printer’s mark. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, vascular insert folded from top, bottom and right, nervous insert folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Woodcut intact on p. 560. Binding: Modern brown calfskin over boards with geometric decorations, done by “Leg. Rest. Casolari Modena.”, label with current shelfmark on spine. Provenance: Enters the current collection in 1722. Exlibris of the Marciana from 1722. Annotations: An early ink-using annotator with an interest in Fuchs, comparative anatomy, and the nerves. On p. 457, where Vesalius discusses the origins of the vena cava, underlining and reference “Vide Fuchs Lib. 5 Anato. Cap. XI. F. 93 B”, and internal reference further down “vide infra fol. 375”; on p. 735, where the vena cava is discussed again, note pointing back to p. 457. Underlinings or marginal lines on a4r, a4v, where the book’s contents are listed; on p. 19, where the nomenclature of the muscle is discussed; on pp. 32–33, where Aristotle is criticized; on pp. 116 where the comparative anatomy of cartilages is discussed; on p. 176, where the comparative anatomy of the foot is discussed; on p. 264, where Vesalius claims that the muscle is the instrument of voluntary motion; on p. 517– 518, where the first part of cerebral nerves is discussed, and on pp. 821–822. II/153. Scuola Grande di San Marco Call No.: G 500/48

Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy, frontispiece missing. Edges frayed and reinforced, especially at the front and at the back, minor worming, repaired, and minor dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from right and bottom, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern plain goatskin with modern endpapers, shelfmark label on spine, restored by the “Laboratorio Restauro Del Libro e Legatoria Abbazia S. Giustina” in Padova, label of binder on back pastedown. Provenance: The Venetian surgeon, medical historian and fascist politician Davide Giordano (1864–1964); and then the current collection. Ex-libris “D. Giordano” on front pastedown; label with shelfmark on front pastedown; purple oval stamp of “BIBLIOTECA Ospedali Civili Riuniti VENEZIA” on a2r and throughout; pencil mark “40578/c” on a2r; ink shelfmark “8049” on errata page. Annotations: Modern pencil notes focusing primarily on recreating the biography of Vesalius. On a4r, marginal note “Bologna Pisa” where Vesalius mentions these cities; on a5r, note “1542 28 anno” and “Tavolas anatomicas Andreas padre farmacista”; on a6r, note “Veneto sculptor” and marginal lines; on p. 234, two illegible words next to the muscle man; on p. 745, marginal line where the right ventricle of the heart is discussed.

Vicenza

II/154. Biblioteca Civica Bertoliana Call No.: H 019 009 001 Physical Description: A complete copy with some foxing, browning, dampstaining and repaired tear to vascular insert. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, vascular insert folded from right and bottom, nervous insert folded from top, bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Bound with the first sheet of the Tabulae anatomicae sex, before p. 1., after portrait. Binding: Modern cardboard. Bottom edge painted “Andre Vasal”.

1555 Editions

Figure 113 Sheet from Andreas Vesalius. Tabulae sex. 1538, bound between a6v and p. 1. II/154. Vicenza: Biblioteca Civica Bertoliana. Call No.: H 019 009 001.

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Provenance: The Vicenza professor of medicine Domenico Thiene (1767–1844); enters the current collection in 1845– 1846. Pencil shelfmark on frontispiece, raised stamp of “BIBLIOTECA BERTOLIANA COMUNALE DI VICENZA”.

Physical Description: A complete copy with some tearing, worming, and foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways, X2 sheet present after vascular insert.

Annotations: None.

Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin on wood, clasps present.

Censorship: Name of Oporinus inked over on frontispiece, and supplied underneath in pencil with date “Oporino 1555”, also erased on colophon.

Japan

Fukuoka

II/155. Kyushu University Rare Book Room Call No.: WZ 240/V Physical Description: A complete copy with some tearing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, nineteenth-century quarter leather with marbled paperboard, gilt title “VESALIUS / ANATOMIA / 1555” and paper shelfmark label on spine. Provenance: The Helmstedt physician Johann Albertus Sapke (d. 1678); the Braunschweig anatomy professor Georg Friedrich Hildebrandt (1764–1816) in 1787; the Gießen physician Bernhard Lachmann (fl. 1880); the Imperial Kyushu University, acquired in 1931. Ex-libris of Lachmannn on front pastedown; note of “Johann Albertus Sapke” on frontispiece; possessor’s note by “Georg Friederic Hildebrandt D. Prof. Anat. Brunsvic. / emi a. d. 15 April 1787.” Annotations: On front flyleaf, pencil bibliographic data, and note on Calcar’s woodcuts, with references to Choulant, in German.

Kurashiki

II/156. Kurashiki Central Hospital Call No.:

Provenance: The Stolzenau superintendent Barthold Georg Hölscher (d. 1759); who donates the volume in 1736 to the Hannover physician and poet Paul Gottlieb Werlhof, British royal physician, as a token of his thanks for a cure; the University of Göttingen; donated to the Kurashiki Institute for Science of Labour in 1922; after World War II, the National Diet Library in 1950; returned to the Institute for Science of Labour in 1954; the Kurashiki Central Hospital in 1999. Note of donation from Hölscher to Werlhof on frontispiece verso. Annotations: A fully annotated copy, with annotations on pp. 1, 3–6, 8–18, 20–24, 31–46, 49–59, 61–74, 77–87, 89–97, 99–105, 107, 110–117, 119–127, 129–132, 135–140, 142–160, 162– 164, 167–173, 175–191, 195–197, 201–202, 255–299, 301–304, 306–359, 361–363, 365–391, 393–443, 445–449, 455–482, 485–494, 496–501, 503, 507–511, 514–521, 523–525, 533–551, 589–697, 708–754, 772–798, 801–824, and in the index.

Kyoto

II/157. International Research Center for Japanese Studies Library Call No.: Physical Description: A complete copy. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top, bottom, and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Slightly damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Early blind- and gold-stamped calfskin. Provenance: The Noma Research Archives for Science and Medicine, transferred to the current collection in 2003. Annotations: An eighteenth-century reader interested in updating muscular nomenclature. On p. 211, updated terminology added to the muscles, e.g. “Myloyoïdeus”, “Sternoyoïdeus”, “Cucullaris, Trapezius”; on p. 212, updated terminology added to the muscles, e. g. “Flexor Carpi radialis” or “Flexor Carpi ulnaris”; on p. 213, updated terminology added to the muscles, e.g. “Bicepitis”.

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Niigata

II/158. Nippon Dental University Call No.: Physical Description: A confirmed copy, no further information available.

33, 34, 35, 37, 44, 52, 62, 63, 65, 76, 86, 90, 101, 105, 114, 123, 125, 129, 142, 147, 149, 153, 169, 176, 186, 190, 192, 193, 194, 199, 200, 206, 207, 213, 231, 250, 255, 259, 262, 263, 271, 274, 277, 288, 295, 318, 331, 337, 340, 342, 362, 370, 375, 379, 383, 384, 385, 386, 393, 396, 406, 407, 410, 418, 431, 435, 443, 452, 462, 467, 469, 481, 491, 493, 499, 548, 580, 591, 592, 617, 622, 627, 628, 631, 636, 639, 642, 653, 660, 669, 673, 677, 686, 689, 709, 722, 752, 759, 772, 775, 777, 778, 779, 790, 791, 799; on errata page, underlinings and correction of erroneous line numbers for errata.

Latvia

Riga

Mexico

II/159. Gesellschaft Praktischer Ärzte zu Riga Call No.: N/A

II/161. Biblioteca Nacional de Mexico Call No.:

Physical Description: Lost. The Stradins copy in Riga has a “dublette” stamp from the period it belonged to the Gesellschaft Praktischer Ärzte, indicating that another copy was also present there.

Physical Description: An incomplete copy in perfect condition, printer’s mark missing. Bifolium inserts present after p. 504 and 552.

II/160. Paul Stradins Museum of History of Medicine Call No.: N/A Physical Description: An incomplete copy with leaf a6, X2 sheet and printer’s mark missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Parchment with gilt title “VESALIUS 1555” on spine. Provenance: A certain D. Bruckner; the Bibliotheca Rigensis in 1771; the Gesellschaft Praktischer Ärzte zu Riga (founded in 1822 and dissolved in 1940); the Riga oncologist, hospital director and professor Paul Stradins (1896–1958); who donates his collection (now the museum) to the state in 1957. Stamp of “Sect. Med. Ex Biblioth: Rigens” on frontispiece with date 1771; stamp of “Biblioth. D. Gesellsch. Prakt. Arzte Zu Riga” and “DUBLETTE” on frontispiece and on front pastedown; stamp of Stradins Museum on frontispiece and frontispiece verso; old shelfmarks on endpaper. Annotations: On p. 21, “anterior” is corrected to “posterior.” Corrections of errata on a2v, pp. 3, 9, 20, 23, 24, 32,

Binding: Unknown. Provenance: The Academia Nacional de Bellas Artes in Mexico City; and then the current collection. Stamps of the Academia and the current library throughout; illegible possessor’s note on frontispiece. Annotations: Price marking on pastedown.

The Netherlands

Amsterdam

II/162. Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kunsten Call No.: 743.VES.1555 Physical Description: A complete copy with some dampstaining and minor tears, frontispiece and the first few pages repaired, printer’s mark pasted on modern flyleaf. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top, bottom, and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

348 Binding: Early blind-stamped bevelled calfskin with floral decorations, clasps present, edges red, label “VESALII Anatomia” on spine. Provenance: A certain van Balen Blanken, potentially the Benningbroek physician G. C. van Balen Blanken (1827– 1903) or, more probably, his son, the Spanbroek physician G. C. van Balen Blanken (1852–1939). On front flyleaf, note “Balen Blankens. 13/11”; on front pastedown, round purple stamp “BIBLIOTHEEK DER RIJKSAKADEMIE VAN Beeldende Kunsten”. Annotations: Correction of errata in early ink on a2v and pp. 3, 9, 32, 33, 37, 44, 63, 65, 66, 81, Price mark “11–16” on front flyleaf, note “acg ach” on printer’s mark. II/163. Rijksmuseum Research Library Call No.: GF 382 A 1 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with a little browning and foxing, some worm holes in endpapers, heavily trimmed, frontispiece trimmed on the right affecting woodcut. Bifolium inserts bound vertically after pp. 504 and 552, and folded from top and right, nervous insert facing towards p. 555, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Eighteenth-century plain vellum, endpapers possibly contemporary with binding, title “ANDR: VESALII ANATOMIA LIBRI VII” on spine, possibly commissioned by Schweinitz. Provenance: The physician Johann Ferdinand Schweinitz, who acquires this volume in 1730; then the Dietrichstein Library in Mikulov (Nikolsburg), which acquires Schweinitz’s volumes later, and is still preserved partly today at the Palace Library of Mikulov (Nikolsburg), the Czech Republic, as well as in Sankt Gallen; acquired by the Rijksmuseum in 1936 from Erasmus Antiquarian Bookshop, Amsterdam.9 Possessor’s note “ex libris Ferdinandi Joannis Francisci Schweinitz, Anno 1730” on front pastedown; note “Ditterichst.” on frontispiece; various shelfmarks on pastedown, front flyleaf and frontispiece; pencil note “Erasmus 28.I.36 inv. 1936:119” on front flyleaf; stamp of “RijksMUS” on frontispiece verso.

9  Petr Masek, Handbuch Deutscher Historischer Buchbestände in Europa. Vol 2. Tschechische Republik, Schloßbibliotheken unter der Verwaltung des Nationalmuseums in Prag. Hildesheim: OlmsWeidmann, 1997, p. 136.

1555 Editions

Annotations: On p. 755, pencil “X” next to the illustration of the brain. II/164. University of Amsterdam Library Call No.: KF 62-2594 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with printer’s mark missing and some worming, frontispiece rebacked. Bifolium inserts present after p. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, vascular insert torn, X2 sheet present. Binding: Modern vellum with title “Andr. Vesalius. Basileae. 1555.” on spine. Provenance: The Nederlands Maatschappij ter Bev­ order­ing der Geneeskunst; whose collections enter the Amsterdam City Library in 1855; which then becomes the current library in 1877. Call numbers in pencil with stamp “wordt niet uitgeleend”; purple rectangular stamp of “Nederl. Maatschappij ter Bevordering der Geneeskunst”. Annotations: Three sets of annotations, one set referring the reader to Sylvius’ naming and discussion of the portal vein and the vena cava; a single gray pencil scratchmark; and systematic underlinings in red pencil of the printed headings at the margins and the corresponding sentence in the text, with occasional subdivisions underlined, in order to facilitate digesting the text, in the following sections: the general discussion of the bones and the skull, skipping the rest of the bones; the discussion of the ulna, excerpts in the chapter on the bones of the foot, the nails, the cartilages of the rough artery, the preparation of the bones and cartilages, the number of the bones, the general discussion of muscles and skin, skipping individual muscles, the discussion of the muscles moving the arm, then the muscles of the abdomen, the uterus, the testes, and the thorax, then the beginning of the chapter on muscles moving the fingers, the chapters on the muscles moving the foot and toes, then the general discussion of the veins up until chapter 5 of that book, then the discussion of the medulla, and the nerve pairs, the intestines, the beginning of the chapter on spleen, and the organs serving generation, skipping the books on the heart and the brain. Underlinings on pp. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 135, 136, 175, 176, 181, 182, 183, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 255, 256, 257, 258, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 269, 280, 271, 272, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 334, 335, 336,

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337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 365, 366, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 436, 437, 438, 438, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 533, 534, 534, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 607, 608, 609, 610, 611, 612, 626, 639, 640, 641, 642, 643, 645, 646, 647, 651, 652, 653, 654, 655. Gray pencil scratches on p. 151. A separate set of ink notes on pp. 445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 460, 461, 464, 465, where Vesalius discusses the portal veins and the vena cava, the reader makes references to Jacques Dubois’ Isagoge from 1555, matching Vesalius discussion with the names of the veins in Dubois (p. 25–30), e.g. “Syl: Cysticae gemellae” and “Syl: Gastrica” on p. 445, and page and line references to the Isagoge on p. 447, with the reader correcting himself on p. 465 “SylIntercostales Mammariae”. II/165. University of Amsterdam Library Call No.: KF 62-1339

Binding: Twentieth-century blind-tooled leather. Provenance: A certain surgical student Anschütz; who gifts the volume in Berlin in 1829 to the Marburg professor of obstetrics Eduard Caspar Jacobus von Siebold (1801–1861); then the Parisian ophthalmologist Arthur Sichel (fl. 1840– 1880), author of Traité élémentaire d’ophthalmologie (1879); the N. V. Noord-Nederlandsche Boekhandel in Groningen; from which it is purchased by Professor Willem van Wijhe for the Anatomisch-embryologisch Laboratorium at the Rijksuniversiteit Groningen in 1926 for the sum of 395 guilders; transferred to the central University Library in 1991. Inscription on back pastedown “Ad Bibliothecam Ed. Casp. Jac. De Siebold. Med. Dr. Berol. 3 Oct. 1829, donum amic. Anschütz, chir. cand.”; round library stamp of “Bibliotheque de Sichel” on several folios; several stamps of the Anatomisch-embryologisch Laboratorium, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen; tipped in receipt of Van Wijhe.

Physical Description: A copy in excellent condition, bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert.

Annotations: Early ink corrections of the page numbers for the index terms “uesicae situs” and “uterus qualis” in the index.

Binding: Restored, contemporary vellum with decorative centerpiece, modern pastedowns with earlier ex-libris pasted on.



Provenance: The Dutch Cornelius Henricus à Roy (1751–c. 1830), royal physician to King Louis Napoleon Bonaparte of Holland; sold at sale by the dealer Lodewijk van Es in 1830; then the Amsterdam physician Franz Wilhelm Rive (1804–1872); then the Amsterdam City Library; which becomes the current library in 1877. Pencil call number on front pastedown; ex-libris “F. W. Rive” and “Corn: Henr: a Roy Medicinae Doctor”; round stamp of “Biblioth. Amstelaed.” on frontispiece. Annotations: None.

Haarlem

II/167. Teylers Museum Call No.: 135h 80 Physical Description: A complete copy with some brown liquid stains and minor worming at the end of the volume. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top, bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern marbled half calskin with mottled paper.

II/166. University of Groningen Library Call No.: uklu KW C 569

Provenance: A certain Martinus Depies [?], royal surgeon; the Leiden zoology professor Johannes van der Hoeven (1802–1868), who acquires the volume in 1831. Inscription of Van der Hoeven on front flyleaf; shelfmarks on front flyleaf and pastedown; inscription of “Martinus Depies [??], pr. m: chirurg. reg.”; oval stamp on a2r, “BIBLIOTHEQUE HARLEM MUSEE TEYLER”.

Physical Description: A complete copy with a tear in leaf a4 and pp. 199/200. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways by the foot and folded, X2 sheet present after the vascular insert. Damaged woodcut on p. 560.

Annotations: A modern annotator working in pencil, probably Van der Hoeven, who was renowned for his study of skulls, focusing on errors in the text relating to the skull, writing in Dutch, and potentially the same annotator,



Groningen

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working in ink in French, Latin and Greek, finding equivalents in other languages for the Latin terms. On p. 27, correction of errors in pencil in the explanation of the characters of the skulls, underlinings and marginal notes switching “sinistra” and “dextra” in the text, “moet wel dextra zijn” “- sinistra ‑”, and similarly, next to characters “X” and “V”, “moet wel V zijn” “—X ‑”, on p. 29, correction next to “sinistri temporis os”, “dextri?”; on p. 443, ink annotation with Greek term where the portal vein’s system’s characters are explained, note next to letter “C” “Cysticques” and next to “D” “gastrique”; on p. 451, ink annotation of French equivalents, where the characters for the vena cava’s systems are explained, “vocatur cervicale”; “vocatur mammalle”, etc. Correction of errata in pencil on a2v, p. 9.

Leiden

II/168. Leiden University Library Special Collections Call No: PLANO 15 D 2 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with mild foxing and brown stain on p. 709. Bifolium inserts present after p. 504 and p. 552, bound sideways in the middle, facing left, X2 sheet bound after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, seventeenth-century blind-stamped vellum with central lozenge, frames and corner decorations on front and cover, part of spine missing, gilt label “A: VESALII HUM: CORPORIS FABRICA ED. PRINCEPSII. 1555” and shelfmarks on spine. Provenance: The Anatomisch Kabinet in Leiden. Library stamps of Leiden University Library, and of the earlier owner “Anatomisch Kabinet, Leiden”, on frontispiece verso. Annotations: Date “A. 1555” added in early ink on frontispiece. II/169. Museum Boerhaave Call No.: Boerh z 12312 Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy with tear on p. 193, some foxing and dampstaining, printer’s mark missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and

552, bound sideways in the middle facing left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary pigskin with blind-stamped decorations, including the portraits of Erasmus, Luther, Melanchthon and Hus, initials and date “C. G. C.” “1568” on front cover, title “Vesalius Anatomia” on spine, clasps present. Provenance: Johan Gottlieb Gottstein in Poznań; who donates it to his brother, the Toruń town physician Nathanael Friedrich Gottstein (b. 1724) in 1767; a certain “Chr. Dan. Jung, Med et I. D.” in Berlin in 1825; the Dutch bookseller B. M. Israel in 1983; who sells it to the Museum Boerhaave. Note on front flyleaf, “Zum Bücher Vorraht meines geliebten Bruders N. Fr. Gottsteins M. D. & P. in Thorn geschenket Posen d. 9 Nov: 1767. Joh: Gotth: Gottstein”; pencil note of acquisition by B. M. Israel from 1983 on front flyleaf; ex-libris of Jung, “C. D. Jung Berolini, 1825” on frontispiece. Annotations: Early ink note on Vesalius’ life in German and Latin on front pastedown, with details on his travel to Jerusalem and his death on Zakynthos, “Andreas Vesal. Nat Ao MDXIIII 30 decemb […]”, another ink note in a different hand on front pastedown on the thorax and the vertebrae, on the front flyleaf, various Latin and German accounts, in a variety of hands, on the life of Vesalius, the Fabrica, and the artist of the Fabrica, quoting from Petrus Bizarus, Johann Schenck, Valentin Beyer, Guglielmo Fabrizio, Caspar Hofmann, the Giornal di Roma, Hermann Conring, and Moehsen. In the text, sporadic notes in German and Latin, potentially from two different readers, interested in internal references, Joubert, and terminology in various languages. On a5v, note next to date, “confer ultim: huius volum paginam.”; on p. 64, note next to the illustration “infundibulum seu cribrum pituitae”; on p. 70, above the chapter title “DORSO”, note “ruckyraer [?]”; on p. 204, German epigram next to the skeleton man, on the pillar, about death; on p. 418, where Vesalius discusses the vein’s use, reference to Joubert’s diverging opinion, “Contra hunc Vesalij locum disputat L. Joub. Decad. I. par. 4 p. 131.”; on p. 449, underlining and note where Vesalius claims that the portal vein does not produce blood, “nam turpiter se Vesalius alioque doctissimus hoc argumento […]”; on p. 501, internal reference to “vid. Lib 7. C. 2.”; on p. 565, identification of the illustration in German; on p. 602, the Greek and Arabic names of the omentum noted on the margin; on p. 603, summary notes, Greek name and reference to Hippocrates where the omentum is discussed.

1555 Editions

Underlinings on pp. 508, 510, 515, 675. Price “9 fl.” on back pastedown.

Maastricht

II/170. Centre Céramique Call No.: SB 6007 A 2 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with some wormholes in the first part, tears to the bifolium inserts. Bifolium inserts present after p. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded in both directions, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, contemporary leather on wood, traces of clasps. Provenance: Johannes de la Saulx (probably early seventeenth century, a Johannes de la Saulx, Perwetanus, was registered at the University of Leuven in 1616 as “minorensis”); a certain Philippe Gordinne; the Stadsbibliotheek Maastricht, probably after 1894, not in earlier printed catalogue. Possessor’s notes from “Jois de la Saulx, artium et medicinae doctoris Leodiensis” on frontispiece; and “Jois de la Saulx, art & med. Doctoris” on a2r; “A Philippe Gordinne” on frontispiece; stamp of Stadsbibliotheek Maastricht from around 1900 on frontleaf. Annotations: A small piece of paper (3 × 7 cm) between pages 646 and 647 (which contains the sections on the vas deferens and the glandular body attached to the neck of the bladder in the chapter on male reproduction), with a fragment of sixteenth-century handwriting; handwritten index entry between Ciceroni and cilia, “cysteis fellis . 623”, a reference to the chapter on the bladder for yellow bile. Bibliography: Jos Stijs, Limburgs boekjuweel. Maastricht, 2005, pp. 27–29.

Utrecht

II/171. Utrecht University Library Call No.: MAG: M fol 3 Physical Description: A complete copy with traces of water damage and a tear at p. 757, restored in 1976,

351 bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 556, bound vertically and folded from the bottom and the right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary pigskin with traces of missing clasps, restored in 1976, with blind-tooled panels of floral decorations. Provenance: The renowned Leiden botanist Rembertus Dodonaeus (1517–1585); who donated the volume a few days before his death to Johannes Arnold Exalto in 1585; and then the Leiden painter Jacques de Gheyn II (c. 1565– 1629), who acquires it in 1599; according to contemporary catalogues, the books must have entered the Utrecht University Library’s collection between 1670 and 1718. Possessors’ notes “sum Remb Dodonei”; “ex dono D. Remb. Dodonei die 7 Martij, qui obijt 10 eius mensis, et sepultus a D. Professorib. S. et Studiosis, magna celebritate 12 eiusdem mens. In templo Diui Petri, Lugd. Batavos, sum Johan Arnoldi”; and another, partly illegible note on the donation from Arnoldus; note “IDGheyn, 1599”; round stamp of “ACADEMIA RHENO TRAIECTINA” on frontispiece, with shelfmark “No. 176.g”. Annotations: Annotations in the hand of Dodonaeus, correcting errata and expressing interest in the spleen, the ovaries and the heart. On a2r, extensive underlinings in letter to the Emperor, on a5v, underlinings in the Letter to Oporinus about the characters of the illustrations; on p. 9, marginal lines related to the discussion of Galen and the appendages of small bone; on p. 279, marginal lines and underlining related to the panniculus carnosus and Galen; on p. 280, underlinings relating to the amount of fat in various animals; on p. 552, illegible annotation at the end of Book IV; on nervous insert, printer’s or binder’s handwritten note on the misbound nervous insert, indicating that the sheet should be inserted at p. 552; on p. 627, manicule and two notes relating to case studies of malfunctioning spleen (one illegible, the other “mola aqua”); on pp. 627–628, underlinings relating to case studies of malfunctioning spleen; on p. 629, underlinings relating to debates about the spleen’s role in the production of melancholic humor and its connection to the stomach; on p. 630, underlinings where Vesalius refuses to take sides about how the spleen and the stomach are connected; on p. 637, underlining where the bladder is discussed; on p. 658, marginal lines, correction of typographical error, and underlinings relating to the humor the sinuses of the female testicles (ovaries) produce; on p. 730, underlinings about the location of the heart; on p. 742, marginal line

352

Figure 114

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Possessor’s notes including those of Rembert Dodoens and Jacques de Gheyn II on the front flyleaf. II/171. Utrecht: Utrecht University Library. Call No.: MAG: M fol 3.

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and underlining where Vesalius discusses the reason for the changing shape of the heart during dilation and contract; on errata page, marginal lines; partial correction of errata on a2v and pp. 32, 34, 35, 37, 153, 190, 263, 385, 386, 627, 636, 653. Bibliography: Dániel Margócsy, Mark Somos, and Stephen N. Joffe, “De Gheyn and Vesalius.” Print Quarterly 33 (2016), 293–295.

Bibliography: The Monro Collection. Presented by Lady Hector. Wellington, 1916; Douglass W. Taylor, The Monro Collection in the Medical Library of the University of Otago. Dunedin, 1979; Special Collections University of Otago Library brochure (2009); Monro Online Exhibition 4 Sept to 1 Dec 2006: www.otago.ac.nz/library/exhibitions/ monro/index.html.

Norway New Zealand

Dunedin

II/172. University of Otago Monro Collection Call No.: M306 Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy with some dampstaining and foxing, with a3 and a4 missing and supplied in manuscript, printed text from “uertant…. qua” missing, nervous insert and colophon missing, first three leaves, including the frontispiece, detached. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Late nineteenth-century half calf over board, covers detached. Provenance: The Edinburgh physicians Alexander Monro primus, founder of the Edinburgh Medical School (1697–1767); Alexander Monro secundus (1733–1817); and Alexander Monro tertius (1773–1859); Sir David Monro (1813–1877), speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives (1861–70) and the first Monro to leave Edinburgh for New Zealand, in 1871; Sir James Hector (1834–1907), also an Edinburgh-trained physician, geologist, member of the Palliser Expedition and son-in-law to Sir David Monro, in 1877; Dr Charles Monro Hector (1871– 1935) in 1903; the General Assembly Library in Wellington in 1916, with the donor misidentified as Lady Hector, wife of Sir James Hector; the University of Otago Medical Library in 1929; enters the current collection in 2013. Annotations: A loosely tipped in note in modern hand on p. 255, “Note humorous illustration of initial letter of each chapter, showing cherubs busy with anatomy”.



Bergen

II/173. University of Bergen Library Manuscripts and Rare Books Collection Call No.: UBBSPES Librar f6 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with minor tears pp. 1–3 and 203, and some foxing. Vascular insert present after p. 504, bound sideways in the middle, nervous insert missing, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, contemporary plain pigskin, label “Vesalij de Fabrica Humani corporis” on spine. Provenance: Unknown. Donated to the library on October 7, 1954. Library stamp “Universitsbiblioteket i Bergen”; pencil shelfmark on frontispiece “Lib.rar.f6”; old accession number in pencil on front flyleaf. Annotations: None.

Oslo

II/174. National Library of Norway Call No.: fLib.rar.736 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with some dampstaining, foxing on the last 15 pages and the first flyleaf. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded vertically, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

354 Binding: Unrestored, contemporary blind-tooled pigskin with religious allegorical figures, e.g. of “FIDES” or “IUSTIFICATIO”, with Latin inscriptions, traces of clasps, name “VESAL” on spine. Date of 1557 stamped on the binding. Provenance: Unknown, probably enters the current collection’s predecessor, the university library, in the nineteenth century; enters the current collection between 1999 and 2005. Rectangular library stamp of “UB. Oslo Lib rar. 736”; oval stamp of “Nasjonalbiblioteket”; monogram “HR” on back flyleaf. Annotations: On front pastedown, reference to Lazarus de Frigeis’s contribution, “Opera Lazarij de Frigeis hebrei usus est Vesalius in legendo Auicenna fol: 206.”; on front flyleaf, reference to Vesalius’ death by copying out Michael Neander’s Orbis terrae explicatio, “Michael Neander in Orbis terrae explicatione p. 53, de Vesalio haec habet: Bruxella patria Vesalij, celebratissimi Anatomici, cujus exstant de humani corporis fabrica lib. is dum mense Aprili, Ao MDLXIV in Cyprum profertus reditum domum erat, et fluctibus tempestateque in Zazynthum insulam applicat, ibi decumbere cepit, et paucos post dies in loco deserto, et in miserrimo tuguriolo inter Barbaros et agrestes homines omni humanitatis ope destitutus e vita discessit. Haec ille.”; on p. 348, summary note repeating the text “Galeno quid peculiare”; on p. 639, where the spleen is mentioned, underlining of “Erasistratus”; on p. 775, underlining where the “dura membrana” is discussed. Date “1555” added in pencil to frontispiece. II/175. University of Oslo Library Medisinsk Bibliotek, SmagUMED Call No.: UMED SmaGSHana (barcode 02qc00529) Physical Description: A complete copy, frontispiece trimmed at the bottom to text. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle, facing right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Worn, nineteenth-century brown leather with marbled endpapers, gold-stamped decorations, title “VESALII DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA LIB VII”, and label with old shelfmark on spine. Provenance: A certain Dr. Z. Vogel; the Oslo medical professor Michael Skjelderup (1769–1852); who donates the volume to the current collection upon his death. Pencil note of donation on front flyleaf from Professor Skjelderup

1555 Editions

to the university library on October 6, 1852; ink note of ownership “Dr. Z. Vogel” on frontispiece; shelfmark “A: 210” on frontispiece. Annotations: Extensive annotations in early ink, focusing on the clarification of the illustrations, referring to Celsus, Galen, Rufus of Ephesus, and especially to Fallopio’s critique, and showing an interest in the hemorrhoidal vein. On a2v, underlining; on a6v, next to the portrait, note on Vesalius’ trip to Palestine, his death on Zakynthos and his burial place “in templo Canobij, cui nomen Maria de Gratia”, with reference to “Nobil: viri […]irarij Itinerarium, p. 2.”, claiming that Vesalius was 48 upon his death; on p. 12, underlinings and summary note “de digitorum luxatione”; on p.13, underlining where the ulna’s processes are discussed; on p. 14, underlining where the multiplicity of bones is discussed; on p. 16, underlining and marginal line where nature’s design of the cartilages for moving the bones is discussed; on p. 31, underlining and marginal note on sutures in the body, with reference to Celsus and Fallopio; on p. 49, extensive underlinings and summary note where the superior maxilla is discussed; on p. 58, underlinings where dental cavities are discussed; on p. 110, where the thorax is discussed, reference to Rufus; on p. 186, underlinings where the laryngeal cartilages are discussed; on p. 187, extensive underlinings, manicule where Vesalius claims that the third laryngeal cartilage consists in fact of two cartilages, and marginal note next to the operculum referring to Galen, on p. 188, underlinings where the vocal chord is discussed; on p. 337, underlining where the dissection of abdominal muscles is discussed; on p. 444, extensive annotations to the illustration of the portal vein, identifying parts by writing characters and descriptions on the side and drawing lines to the illustration, and also highlighting certain parts in the illustration that are difficult to see, as well as internal reference to the discussion of the “vena hemorroidalis vide Vesal. fol. 663”; on p. 450, addition of a few characters and names to the illustration of the system of the vena cava; on p. 458, identification added to illustration; on p. 483, identificatory note of the “hemorroidalis vena” added to the illustration; on p. 511, identification of nerves by character and number next to the illustration; on p. 512, identification of nerves next to the illustration; on p. 527, identification of nerves by number and name; on p. 571, identification of ligaments in the illustration of the stomach; on p. 591, where Vesalius claims that the peritoneum’s membrane does not consist of fibers, reference to Fallopio “Hoc impugnat Fallopius […]”, and further reference to Fallopio later on the page; on pp. 592–593, further annotations on the peritoneum, including references to Fallopio; on p. 594, reference to Fallopio’s disagreement where the stomach’s substance is

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discussed; on p. 599, reference to Fallopio’s disagreement where the stomach’s exterior tunic is discussed; on p. 611, extensive references from Fallopio where the lower intestines are discussed; on p. 613, underlining and marginal repetition of the word “anfractus”; on p. 623, where the bladder for yellow bile is discussed, reference to Fallopio; on p. 624, underlinings and long references to Fallopio; on p. 629, underlining of reference to Aristotle where the spleen’s use and function are discussed; on p. 631, extensive underlinings about the kidney, on p. 661, extensive underlinings about the fundus of the uterus; on p. 671, underlinings where the foetus’ wrappings are discussed; on pp. 682–685, where the dissection of various organs is discussed; on p. 707, identification of the vessels in the illustration “venalis arteria”, “arteria venalis”; on p. 743, underlining where the arterial vein is discussed; on p. 746, marginal line; on p. 783, underlining and Greek term added on the margin where the brain’s substance is discussed; on p. 787, underlining where the brain’s ventricles are discussed; on p. 797, underlining.

flaue adern” and alchemical symbols above the illustration of the nerves; on p. 595, underlinings where Galen is mentioned; on p. 596, underlining where the variability of the stomach’s shape is mentioned; on p. 597, underlinings where Galen is mentioned and marginal note “exemplum”; on p. 598, underlinings; on p. 599, underlinings; on p. 600, underlinings where the spleen and the stomach are discussed; on p. 601, underlining where the nerves of the stomach are discussed; on p. 602, underlining where other anatomists are criticized; on p. 619, underlining where others are criticized for their views on the liver; on p. 620, extensive underlinings on the liver; on p. 621, extensive underlinings on the liver’s nerves and Galen; on p. 622, extensive underlinings about the reasons for the liver’s structure; on pp. 623–624, extensive underlinings on the bladder for the yellow bile; on pp. 625–626, underlinings about the connections of the bladder for the yellow bile and the intestines; on p. 627, translation of “arquato” given as “Gälsucht” and correction of errata; on p. 630, underlinings on the spleen’s use.

II/176. University of Oslo Library Medisinsk Bibliotek, SmagUMED Call No.: UMED SmagUMED Plv Fk 1111 fol (barcode 01qc05847)

Poland

Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, vascular insert bound sideways by the foot and folded, facing forwards to p. 507, nervous insert present after p. 552, bound sideways by the foot and folded twice, X2 sheet trimmed and present after vascular insert. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Partial hand-coloring of the instruments on p. 200, partial hand-coloring of the veins on p. 444. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with religious portraits, title “ANDREAS VESALIUS DE Corporis Humani Fabrica” and label “Fk 111” on spine, edges red, traces of clasps. Provenance: Unknown, enters the current collection between 1889 and 1960. Old shelfmarks on pastedown. Annotations: An early German annotator with some interest in alchemy, needing some help with Latin, focusing on the internal organs and the vascular and nervous systems. On p. 450, note “Blut Adern” and alchemical symbols next to the vena cava’s illustration; on pp. 457–458, underlining where the vena cava’s distribution is discussed; on p. 483, note “Geist Adern” and alchemical symbols where the arterial system is illustrated; on p. 527, note “Bain oder



Cieszyn

II/177. Cieszyn Library Call No.: SZ K I 01 Physical Description: A complete copy with dampstaining, foxing, and marginal tears. The skulls of the skeleton men on pp. 203/204 excised. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle, X2 sheet present after vascular inserts. Imprint or parts of plants preserved on pp. 8–9, 16–17, 20–21, 26–27, 36–37, 44–45, 260–261, 332–333, and colophon. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped calfskin over wood, heavily worn, calfskin cover torn with boards and medieval manuscript binder’s waste visible, wooden boards broken, remains of clasps, handwritten label with author’s name and book title. Provenance: The Greifswald physician and university rector Ezechias Reich (1532–1580s?); a certain person from Speyer; the Cieszyn Jesuit Leopold Jan Szersznik, S.J. (1747–1814) in 1802, whose collection became the core of this library. Former and current shelf marks, “SZ 2494” and “SZ KI01” inscribed in pencil on verso of front flyleaf; old

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Elbląg

shelf mark “KF1” handwritten on paper affixed to back cover; inscription on front flyleaf, “[…]or Camer: Imp. Spirens”; on frontispiece, handwritten date of 1802 and signature of Leopold Jan Szersznik; on lower right corner of frontispiece, inscription of Reich.



Annotations: Sporadic annotations in an early hand. On a2r, underlinings and summary notes; on a2v, underlinings and summary notes; on a4r-a4v, numbered listing of the contents of the volume; on p. 1, underlinings, numbering for the differences of bones and diagram of the differences of bones; on p. 704, summary note; on p. 705, summary note; underlinings and marginal lines in brown and red ink on a3v and pp. 2, 3, 4, 24, 114, 156, 457, 459, 591, 592, 597, 603, 627, 629, 631, 633, 646, 678. Card with author and publication details in Polish glued to bottom of mutilated front flyleaf. On p. 457, a loose slip of paper with an early medical recipe containing sarsaparilla.

Physical Description: An incomplete copy in good condition, with occasional liquid damage, foxing and worming on end flyleaves, p. 59 torn. Missing frontispiece and leaves a2–a5. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

Figure 115

II/178. Elbląg Municipal Library Call No.: Ob.6.IV.98

Binding: Seventeenth-century gold-stamped pigskin with monogram “A. M. M. 1608” on front cover, with rolls of religious allegorical and floral decorations, title on spine, traces of clasps.

Note of donation by Andreas Morenberg on the front pastedown. II/178. Elbląg: Elbląg Municipal Library. Call No.: Ob.6.IV.98.

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Provenance: The Elbląg patrician Andreas Morenberg; who donates the copy to the local gymnasium in 1608 (also donating a Polyglot Bible at another occasion); which then becomes the current library; after 1945, on deposit at the Toruń University Library; until it returns to Elbląg in the 2000s. Handwritten ex-libris of Morenberg (“ANDREAS MORENBERG ANDR. Fil. Donavit Anno 1608”) on front pastedown, with modern gray pencil note on Morenberg in Polish; cancelled oval stamp of Toruń and circular stamp of the “Biblioteka Elbląska” on a6v and a6r. Annotations: None. Bibliography: E. Chlebus, “Dwie oprawy Tomasza Krügera z księgozbioru elbląskiego patricjusza Andrzeja Morenberga.” in: Iwona Imańska and Arkadiusz Wagner, eds. Dawnych ksiąg niesyty. Tom studi.w dedykowanych profesorowi Januszowi Tondelowi na siedemdziesięciolecie urodzin. Toruń: UMK, 2016, 205–207.

Gdańsk

II/ 179. Gdańsk Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences Call No.: XIX. Fol. 138. Physical Description: Catalogue entry from before WWII, currently missing. II/180. Gdańsk Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences Call No.: XIX. f. a. 43 Physical Description: A complete copy in excellent condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 542, bound sideways and folded twice from the right. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Repaired, contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with traces of clasps; monogram “W. M. V.” on front cover, religious centerpieces on front and back, and allegorical figures around them, motto “hodie mihi cras tibi” on front and back, name of author and label on spine. Provenance: Purchased probably in 1564 by the Wittenberg professor Esrom Rüdinger (1523–1591); then the Gdańsk town library. Note of Rüdinger on front paste­ down; current catalogue number on pencil on first flyleaf; note on frontispiece “Vitebergae Ao. 64. Empt: R7”, and

circular stamp of “Bibliothek zur Danziger Stadt”; ex-libris of “Bibliotheca Senatus Gedanensis” on frontispiece verso. Annotations: On p. 142, underlining where the characters of the bones of the hand are explained, “tria pollicis ossa”; on p. 655, underlining and marginal line where the cervix and the size of the vagina are discussed, and why women have no control over the muscles of the mouth of the uterus; on front pastedown, note on Vesalius, “Esromi Rüdingeri Pabespergensis / Extant Vesalij scripta, qui et veteres omnes de quibus nos scire possumus, diligentia sua vit, et nemo nostrorum hominum cum assequitur, nedum superat: Itaque perfecisse hoc studium videtur, siquidem nemo eum superare potest, aut ei adhuc comparari, […], secundum Homerum. Sed hic tamen, quem nemo alius, se vicit, secunda hac editione operis sui, quae sunt […], ex qua nonnulla loca primi operis restituit et correxit”.

Kielce

II/181. Kielce Voivodeship Library Call No: XVI w. Inw. 2100 Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition, with hole on p. 23/24, front flyleaves uncut. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Nineteenth-century red morocco binding with gold-tooled borders on covers, and decorations on spine, title “ANDREAE VESALII DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA” on spine, marbled endpapers, part of binder’s waste visible with fragments of a French medieval manuscript, probably from Paris. Provenance: Unknown. Pencil shelfmarks on front flyleaf. Annotations: Modern pencil note in Polish on front flyleaf with information on the artist of the illustrations, identifying him as Calcar, a student of Titian, with reference to Blumenbach and Fiorillo.10

10  Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, Geschichte und Beschreibung der Knochen des menschlichen Körpers, Göttingen: Heinrich Dieterich, 1807, pp. xiii–xiv.

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Figure 116 Early recipe inserted between pp. 558 and 559. II/182. Kraków: Jagiellonian University Library. Call No.: Mag. ST. Dr. 948101 IV.



Kraków

II/182. Jagiellonian University Library Call No.: Med. 6720a Physical Description: A complete copy in excellent condition, with minor tears on pp. 203/204, 233/234, 367/368, 719/720, and on vascular insert, printed marginalia faded on p. 147. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound in vertically, vascular insert facing forwards to X2 sheet and folded from bottom and left, nervous insert folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

frontispiece verso, and colophon; “Anathomia Vesalij” on front pastedown with further shelfmarks. Annotations: On front flyleaf, modern German pencil text noting the authorship of the illustrations by Calcar; on back pastedown, early ink price marking : “Constat / Anatomia … 8 fls / Colligatio … 32 gs.” II/183. Jagiellonian University Library Call No.: Med. 6720b

Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin over wood with borders and decorative elements, partly damaged central coat of arms, and text on front cover “VESSALII ANATOMIA” and “EX FUNDATIONE D. BENEDICTI A KOSZMIN”, traces of clasps, shelfmark pasted on front cover and on spine.

Physical Description: A complete copy, worn, with occasional staining, major staining on pp. 158–162. some worming, repaired tears on pp. 29/30, 31/32, 63/64, 83/84, 291/292, 297/298, 411/412, 543/544, 645/646, 653/654, tears on pp. 42/43, 385/386, 767/768 and vascular and nervous inserts. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Frontispiece trimmed at bottom. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

Provenance: The Polish poet and Sandomierz deacon Benedykt Koźmińczyk (1497–1599); who donates the volume to the current collection upon his death. “Liber Bibliothecae Majori Collegi” on frontispiece bottom; purple stamp of Jagellionian library on frontispiece recto,

Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with framed decorative elements, incl. scenes of “ISAAC”, “SCALA IACOB” , “PRO LEGIS” and “IDOLATRIA”, on front cover, central religious scene, as well as title “ANDREAS VESALIUS”, “1556”, traces of ties, modern endpapers.

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Provenance: Unknown. Stamp of “BIBLIOTHECA CRACOVIENSIS” on frontispiece verso with pencil shelfmark; stamp of “BIBLIOTHECA CRACOVIENSIS” on a6r, bifolium inserts verso, colophon and printer’s mark. Annotations: None. II/184. Jagiellonian University Library Call No.: Mag. St. Dr. 948101 IV Physical Description: A worn, complete copy with some dampstaining and worming, tear on pp. 229/230, repaired tear on nervous insert. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped calfskin from 1573 with central arabesque lozenge, tooled lines, and text “ANATOMIA ANDREAE VESALII” on front cover, spine partly detached, old shelfmarks pasted on front cover and spine, central coat of arms of “S. S” with date “1573” on back cover, traces of clasps. Provenance: Unknown. Ex-libris of current collection on front pastedown “U B J C” with pencil reference to other exemplars in this library; stamp and shelfmarks on frontispiece verso; further stamps on colophon and printer’s mark. Annotations: An early sporadic reader with interest in Charles V, the liver and the spleen, and another reader who left a medical recipe in the volume. In early brown ink, on a4r, note “Quid in uno quoque libro agat”, with marginal numberings of books going onto a4v; on a5r, note “Carolus Quintus Mathematicarum scientiarumque peritissimus”; on p. 629, underlining and summary note “Iecur et Lien concoctione iuvat”. Small piece of paper inserted between pp. 558 and 559, with early ink medical recipe. Date 1555 added in pencil in frontispiece.

Olsztyn

II/185. The “Hosianum” Library of the Higher Theological Seminary of the Warmian Archdiocese in Olsztyn Call No.: Sd 670. Physical Description: A complete copy with some dampstaining and moulding throughout, worming on last pages

of index, and tears on pp. 9/10, 13/14, 325–341, 369/370, 625/626, and to nervous insert. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin on wood, with portraits of Eramus, Luther, Melanchthon and Hus, on front and back, as well as arabesques and floral decorations between borders, traces of clasps, title “VESSALII ANAT N. 41” on front., on back old shelfmark “S 82 III.” Provenance: Possibly the Brasov physician and rector Johannes Zelius (d. 1602); and his son; the Königsberg Library Bibliotheca Regiomontana; and then the Königsberg University Library; which is destroyed and dispersed in 1944; enters the current collection in the second half of the twentieth century. Old shelfmark “EA 30a Fol” on front pastedown; on frontispiece stamp “Zur Universitats Bibl.”, on frontispiece note “Joannes Zaelius” and “Nunc filij”; on frontispiece verso oval blue stamp “BIBLIOTHECA REGIOMONTANA” and oval purple stamp of “Bibliotheca Seminarii Varmiensis Olstini”; pasted in cataloguing note from current collection and watermark on back pastedown. Annotations: None. Bibliography: Bp. Julian Wojtkowski, Katalog druków XVI wieku Biblioteki Wyższego Seminarium Duchownego Metropolii Warmińskiej “Hosianum” w Olsztynie. Lublin: Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL, 2012, 685. II/186. The “Hosianum” Library of the Higher Theological Seminary of the Warmian Archdiocese in Olsztyn Call No.: Sd 923. Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some dampstaining and a tear on pp. 617/618, frontispiece missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, vascular insert bound sideways in the middle, nervous insert bound vertically and folded in half from bottom and then from the right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped half pigskin with nineteenth-century leather, monogram “F. D. T.” and date “[…] 7. 8.” on front cover, with religious portraits between borders, incl. Jesus Pantocrator, Virgin Mary, St. Paul and St. John the Baptist with Biblical quotes “DATA EST

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MIHI OMNIS”, “DEI MATER SANCTISSIMA”, “APPARUIT BENIGNITAS”, and “ECCE AGNUS DEI QUI TOLLIT”, modern shelfmark on spine and cataloguing note on back cover. Provenance: Unknown. Oval purple stamp of “Bibliotheca Seminarii Varmiensis Olstini” on front flyleaf verso. Annotations: An early annotator working in ink, interested in the nature of muscles, nerves and fibers, as well as Galen’s opinion on seminal flow and the heart’s blood vessels. On p. 262, underlinings where the relationship between muscles and nerves is discussed; on p. 264, underlinings where it is discussed what a muscle really is; on p. 267, where the varying shapes of the muscle are discussed, underlining and crossed out marginal summary note; on p. 437, underlinings where the three types of fibers of the veins are discussed; on p. 646, marginal lines where Galen’s opinion on the seminal vessels, itch, and pleasure are discussed; on p. 733, underlining and NB note where the coronary veins and arteries are discussed; on p. 735, underlining where the veins of the heart are discussed. On front pastedown, pencil note “constat una cum Epitome 3 fl.” Bibliography: Bp. Julian Wojtkowski, Katalog druków XVI wieku Biblioteki Wyższego Seminarium Duchownego Metropolii Warmińskiej “Hosianum” w Olsztynie. Lublin: Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL., 2012, p. 685.

Poznań

II/187. Poznań University Library Call No: Physical Description: Item currently missing. II/188. Poznań University Library Call No: Physical Description: Item currently missing. II/189. Poznań University Library Call No: SD 2362 IV Physical Description: A complete copy with minor dampstaining and worming. Bifolium inserts present after

pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top and bottom, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with floral decorations, traces of clasps. Provenance: The Kiel University Library in the nineteenth century; then the Landesbibliothek Posen; the Historische Gesellschaft für die Provinz Posen; and the Kaiser Wilhelm Bibliothek Posen. On frontispiece, doublette stamp of “Königl. Universität Bibliothek Kiel” and of the “Historische Gesellschaft für die Provinz Posen”; stamps of the other previous owners. Annotations: An early reader who saw Vesalius’ dissections in Padova. On frontispiece, note “ipso suas anatomias ab ipso ita celebrari, Patauij vidi, [….] ita fortunatus. U. M. 42 & 44 q[…] anno Patauij et Vesalij, et ego, […] die decebrij […] ego eo ad[…] 41 Anno.” Underlinings on every single page of the volume, and summary annotations throughout, with references to personal observations of Vesalius’ Padovan dissections, and to Galen, Aristotle, Celsus, Plato, Hippocrates, Pelops. Most summary annotations offer brief phrases summarizing the text, and only a sampling is described here. On a4r-a4v, TOC and note “Anatomie Epitome”; on p. 1, numbering of the different uses of bones; on p. 3, underlinings and summary note “Dentes”; on p. 24, summary note “Historia hydrocephaliae puellae Augustanae”; on p. 32, summary note “capitis suturae”; on p. 37, summary note “cauteria”; on p. 40, summary notes, such as “de cerebri excrementorum purgatione”; on p.43, summary note on the hardest bone in the body; on p. 44, numbering and summary note on the four foramina of the temporal bone; on p. 45, NB sign and summary note “musica instrumenta origines duxerunt?”; on p. 49, note “Galeni error”; on p. 50, note “maxillae ossa”; on p. 53, summary notes such as “suturae”; on p. 55, note on top of the page, “maxilla inferior”; on p. 57, summary notes on the number of teeth, and other topics, with asterisk; on p. 58, summary notes and note “Aristotelis error”; on p. 63, summary note “odoratus foramen”; on p. 64, reference to Galen; on p. 65, summary notes, incl. “Galeni error”; on p. 66, summary notes, such as “Aristotelis error”; on p. 68, summary note on top of the page; on p. 72, summary notes; on p. 73, summary note, “os sacrum”; on p. 74, summary note on top of the page; on p. 78, summary note on top of the page; on p. 79, summary note, “musculi cervicis”; on p. 82, summary note “XI processus”; on p. 81, summary note “vertebrae” on top of the page; on p. 83, summary notes, such as “libros ad administrat: anatomi: gal: admodum senex

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scripsit”; on p. 85, summary notes, numberings, on top of page, note “De motu capitis Galeni placita”; on p. 89, summary note “thoracis vertebrae 12”; on p. 92, summary note “thoracis vertebrae”; on p. 95, summary note on lumbar vertebra; on p. 96, summary notes; on p. 99, summary note on the os sacrum; on p. 1111, note “Aristotelis error” and “figura thoracis”; on p. 116, note next to the discussion of the magna arteria and the arterial vein, “qd?”; on p. 135, summary notes, such as “qd?”; on p. 137, summary notes such as “radius” and “ulna”; on p. 139, summary notes and comment “Galeni errores”; on p. 159, summary notes such as “mulieres parturientes”; on p. 188, extensive notes such as “Celsi error”; on p. 189, summary note on the number of bones; on p. 278, note on “Aristotelis error”; on p. 284, note “Gal:”; on p. 298, note “Galeni error”; on p. 329, note “Galeni error”; on p. 337, “medicorum detestandus error”; on p. 340, note, “Arabum error”; on p. 348, references to Plato, Aristotle, Galen; on p. 364, note “Arabum error”; on p. 375, note “simiae”; on p. 383, notes such as “Galenus inconstans”; on p. 409, note “error Galeni”; on p. 422, note that Galen dissected monkeys, and not humans; on p. 463, summary notes such as “origo venae sui pari?”; on p. 467, notes “Aristotelis error” and “humerariae venae origo”; on p. 470, several notes on Galen’s errors; on p. 475, summary note on where the menstrual blood of virgins comes from; on p. 476, notes on the hymen; on p. 485, summary notes such as “Pelopis error”; on p. 486, note “Aristotelis error”; on p. 540, next to the woodcut, where Vesalius mentions that he made the observation in Padova, note “cui ego […] anno 43”; on p. 620, notes such as “Hippocratis errores”; on p. 621, summary notes such as “axioma”; on p. 624, summary notes on the stomach and yellow bile; on p. 627, notes such as “historiae variae” and on personal observation; on p. 628, summary notes and reference to Belloarmatus; on p. 630, summary note on the spleen and the stomach; on p. 633, note “Vesalii sententia”; on p. 650, notes such as “penis fabrica”, “Galeni error”, “Arabum error”; on p. 651, note, “nota miraculum duo penis meatus”; on p. 654, summary notes such as “hymen” or “menstrua virginib: unde fluant?”; on p. 658, summary notes such as “uteri strangulatio”; on p. 663, notes “menstrua ubi colligantur et unde effluant?”, “haemorrhoidalis vir”, “vena porta”, “mulieres ab Vesalio dissectae”, and, next to the anecdote of the monk’s mistress, “hanc quoque vidi Anno 43”; on p. 667, references to Albertus Magnus, Mundinus and Galen; on p. 679, summary notes and reference to Aristotle’s Problemata; on p. 595, summary notes such as “si grauida erit administranda?”; on p. 722, notes, incl. reference “Marini Anatomici libri 20 periere”; on p. 735, notes such as “Gale: Aristotelem falso reprehendit?”; on p. 751, note “Hippocrates defenditur”; on p. 771, note next to woodcut, “Galeni reticularis plexus”; on p. 806, notes such as

“Vesalius qd ignoret?”; further references to Galen on pp. 103, 151, 415, 456, 459, 610, 632, 647, 664, 666, 680, 728, 735, 795, 796, 797; further summary notes on pp. 101, 102, 104, 110, 112, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 126, 129, 131, 133, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 153, 160, 163, 164, 167, 169, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 187, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198, 199, 201, 202, 206, 207, 208, 212, 216, 229, 231, 236, 237, 255, 257, 258, 260, 261, 263, 264, 267, 270, 272, 273, 279, 280, 282, 288, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 301, 302, 303, 308, 310, 312, 313, 315, 317, 320, 324, 325, 326, 330, 336, 339, 342, 343, 345, 346, 347, 349, 351, 353, 355, 357, 361, 367, 368, 369, 371, 372, 377, 381, 386, 387, 394, 395, 399, 401, 403, 405, 407, 411, 412, 413, 418, 419, 420, 421, 423, 425, 426, 427, 428, 431, 432, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 442, 445, 447, 448, 449, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 457, 458, 462, 464, 466, 468, 469, 471, 472, 473, 474, 477, 479, 480, 481, 482, 483, 487, 488, 491, 494, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 507, 508, 509, 510, 512, 514, 516, 520, 525, 534, 546, 548, 550, 567, 568, 569, 571, 572, 574, 579, 584, 585, 586, 587, 589, 590, 592, 593, 594, 595, 596, 597, 598, 599, 600, 601, 602, 603, 605, 606, 607, 608, 609, 611, 612, 613, 616, 617, 618, 619, 622, 623, 625, 631, 635, 636, 637, 638, 639, 640, 641, 642, 644, 645, 646, 648, 649, 652, 653, 657, 659, 660, 661, 662, 665, 668, 669, 670, 671, 672, 673, 674, 675, 676, 677, 678, 681, 682, 683, 684, 685, 686, 687, 688, 689, 690, 691, 692, 693, 694, 696, 708, 709, 710, 711, 712, 713, 714, 715, 716, 717, 718, 719, 720, 721, 723, 724, 725, 726, 727, 729, 730, 731, 732, 733, 734, 736, 737, 738, 740, 741, 742, 743, 744, 745, 746, 747, 749, 750, 753, 754, 772, 773, 774, 775, 777, 780, 781, 783, 785, 787, 788, 789, 799, 800, 801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 807, 808, 811, 812, 813, 814, 815, 816, 817, 818, 819, 820, 821, 822, 823, 824, underlinings and notes in index.

Toruń

II/190. Nicolaus Copernicus University Library Call No.: Ob.6.IV.117 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with extensive dampstaining on the first and final few pages, sporadic minor dampstaining throughout, nervous insert torn and repaired, pp. 147/148 torn out and missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped calfskin on wood, with tooled rolls, portraits, and central design of knight on horseback slaying dragon on front cover, and central panel with four figures on back cover, clasps present, author’s name and title on front cover.

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Provenance: The Chełmno lawyer Martin Georg Gajecki; who donates the volume to the Chełmno mayor Johann Georg Weber in 1693; then the Grudziądz Jesuits in 1739; then the Chełmno gymnasium after the suppression of the Jesuits in 1773; from which it enters the current collection. Round stamp and “Collegi Graudentini Soc. J. an. 1739” inscribed on title panel in frontispiece; under frontispiece, notes “S.J.G.”, “Possidet me Sp[ecta]b[i]l[i] s Joannes Georgius Weber Consul et Iudex Suburbanus Culm. Donatus sum ei a spbli Dno Martino Georgio Gajecki affine suo charissimo die 12 Mensis Octobris Ao. Dni. 1693.”; and, in a different hand, “Tandem hic liber solutus nam ultra quindecem imperiales in commodum collatoris medica mea manu eidem collatus”. Annotations: A sporadic early annotator who stops on p. 1, and a modern annotator working in pencil. On p. 1, reference to Galen “idem Galenus I de Anato: lib. Cap. 2.”; on p. 494, pencil marginal line around the text above the illustration; on p. 757, pencil marginal line where the third figure of the brain is explained. Bibliography: Krzysztof Nierzwicki, “Andreasa Vesaliusa “Traktat o budowie ciala ludzkiego.” ‑ “De Humani Corporis Fabrica.”“ Wiadomosci akademickie 49 (2013): 16–22; Krzysztof Nierzwicki. “Chełmiński egzemplarz De humani corporis fabrica Andreasa Vesaliusa w zbiorach Biblioteki Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu,” in press. Online: kpbc.ukw.edu.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=78391&f rom=&dirids=1&ver_id=&lp=5&QI=

Warsaw

II/191. National Library of Poland Call No.: B. N. XVI. F. 1451 Physical Description: A complete copy with minor spotting and dirt, metallic tabs added to the edges to mark the beginning of each volume. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle facing left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with metallic centerpiece and corners, floral decorations, label “Vesalius Anatomia” on spine, traces of clasps.

Provenance: The Kraków physician Anton Schneeberger (1530–1581); and probably his son the physician Anton Schneeberger (1562–c.1606); the Kraków physician Jan Kortyn (d. 1671–1672); the Biała Cerkiew captain Ludwik d’Orgewal; the Kraków bishop Andrzej Stanisław Załuski (1695–1758); then the Załuski Library (founded in 1747); brought to St Petersburg with the rest of the library in 1795, where it became part of the Medical-Surgical Academy; returned to Poland in the 1920s, first to the Warsaw University Library; and then the current collection. Ex-libris of Schneeberger; on frontispiece, “Ex Libris Ludouici d’Orgeual”, note “Ex libris Joanni Cortini”, and note “Basileae 1555”; on p. 25, monogram of “AZEC”. Annotations: The highly learned Schneeberger, who refers to and quotes from Colombo, Massa, Aristotle, Aelian, Rondelet, and others, in Latin and Greek, adds an extra illustration, and expresses interest in sexual difference, the hymen, and other topics. On p. 4, underlining and note on the margin, “Nicolaus Massa in introductione anatomiae: Testor Deum me uidisse hominem qui habebat ulcus in crure cum detectione ossis, in quo osse erat sensus dolorosus, neque permittebat eum tangere instrumento aspero propter dolorem, et erat denudatum a panniculo, immo perforaui os et itus erat sensus iste dolorosus, quod dixisse volui, ut videant anatomiste nunq[…] aliqua seminatio neruorum penetrare ad substantiam ossis. Haec Massa” (Nicolaus Massa, Liber introductorius anatomiae, Venice, 1536, p. 65); on p. 25, notes “Caluariae tabulae / Hanc Massa tertiam constituit tabulam, ita ut ei prima, ai secunda: os tertia ordine sit.”; on p. 43, next to the woodcut, note “habetur tertium ossiculum triangulare in auditorio instrumento”; on p. 159, underlining and note on sexual difference in the os sacrum, “Eandem opinionem Realdus Columbus lib. 1. cap. 28. et lib. 2. cap. 13 deridet et lib. 12. p. 249.”; on p. 186, “NB” sign; on p. 187, “NB” sign; on p. 277, note “Aelianus variae historia lib. xiii. Cap. 15. comici poetae, Polydorum quendam stupidissima mense fuisse referunt, cutemque durissimam, adeo ut pungendo transigi non posset”; on p. 286, note “septimum hunc musculum in homine negat inueniri Rondeletius, nec sane habetur, sed et Fallopius 7m hunc musculum in homine ignorat, in brutis tamen concedit”; on p. 334, underlinings and notes, such as “Ego quidem semper obseruaui hoc oblique musculi principium carnosum, sed non tenue, sensimque membranosiorem tenuioremque esse”; on p. 348, marginal cross and note “qua ratione septum transuersum thoracem moneat”; on p. 349, note “respiratio”; on p. 355, note on the ninth and tenth muscles; between pp. 390–391 a sheet of paper with a drawing of the veins of the hand

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by Schneeberger; on p. 439, underlining and note on the motion of the arteries; on p. 443, note “Amati Lusitani de uenae sine pari ossiolis eius assertio reprehenditur. Vide Amatus Centuria prima, curatione s. 2. fol. 84.”; on p. 453, summary notes “2m Graecos” and “2m Arabes”; on p. 472, note “medicorum uulgarium error”; on p. 473, internal reference and note, “Notandum 480. Vide Montanus in 1m ad Glauconem fol. 211.”; on p. 480, internal reference “Notandum 473”; on p. 624, note “Bilis uesiculae portio, in uentriculum porrecta semel saltem a Vesalio deprehensa”; on p. 627, internal reference to “fol. 658” and note “Lien nisus e aliquando adeo magnus ut Dyonisius Fontanonus monstrum esse duxerit: ad septum transuersum n. usque pertingebat […].”; on p. 631, notes “Dissecauit Rondeletius corpus in quo unus erat forma lunari ambo simul iuncti”, “Si e directo munio oppositi fuissent, uena caua necessario in duobus locis in latitudine perforata foret, et ita facile rumperetur”, and longer Greek quote from “Arist y περι ζωων μοριων cap. 9”, ending with comment “Hoc Aristotelis dictum in infantibus uerum est, in adultioribus falsum”; on p. 639, references to “Nicolaus Massa: Vidi ego in quodam per me anatomizato unum tantum testiculum dextrum et ad ipsum descendebat uas spermaticum amplum mirum in modum, sed in parte sinistra nullus erat testis, neque uas aliquos, ab emulgente descendebat ad hunc locum. Lucas Gauricius, in tractam astrologico siue de natiuitatibus, Antonius Panormita coram Pontano asserebat compertum sibi fuisse Francisco Philelpho tres testiculos fuisse ingenitos”; on p. 646, note, “Realdus Columbus lib 11 cap 13 etiam hanc anatomicorum opinionem confutat, ac mox subiungit: Ego causam, quam verissimam […] magnam arteriam iaceret” (Colombo, De re anatomica, 1559, pp. 236–247); on p. 651, note “uteri procidentia”; on p. 653, note next to section title “Prominula”, “earumque praecisio”; on p. 654, note “Hymen anno. 1556 1557 ab aliquot Germanis ita ut Vesalius describit repertum est, etsi Rondeletius aliam causam doloris in primo coitu accidentis reddat, uteri scilicet collum […] rectificari dicit”; on p. 657, note next to “Ceruicis uteri substantia”, “eiusque cum uirili pene similitudo”; on p. 658, summary note and internal reference “fol. 627”; on p. 690, long note at the bottom on how to dissect; on p. 713, note “Thoracis duae cauitates”; on p. 734, quote, “Nicolaus Massa: Notare oportet, inter istos uentriculos esse parietem satis crassum […] ut dicebat Galenus, sed etiam in hominibus” [Massa, op. cit. pp. 56–57]; on p. 747, note “Si iubeat thoracem explicare antequam aggrediaris musculos illi incumbentes, aufer 1m brachij et homoplatae, deinde a clauiculis 7m capitis, postea per cartilagines costarum disseca ad clauiculae cum sterno coniunctionem sed intercipiendae uenae sunt

quae sub sterno descendunt”; on p. 775, note “cauteria”; on p. 782, quote “Nicolaus Massa in introductorio anatomiae: Non sine uoluptate speculaberis […]” (Massa, op. cit. p. 87); on p. 805, note “Aetius folio 337. Constat tunica corniformis ex quatuor ueluti membranosis corpusculis, densissimis ac fortissimis”. Bibliography: Nierzwicki, “Warszawski egzemplarz “De humani corporis fabrica” Andreasa Vesaliusa;” which article provided the basis for this description. II/192. Stanisław Konopka Central Medical Library Call No.: 60.7.16 Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition with occasional foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, vascular insert heavily trimmed and folded from top and right, nervous insert folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Slight damage to woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary calfskin with gilt centerpiece and blind-stamped borders with corner fleurons and fleurons on spine, punchholes for clasps, clasps missing. Provenance: The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research; the Deutsche Ärzte-Bücherei; then, after 1945, the current library. On front pastedwon, ex-libris of GBL and note “ANATOMIA folio 22”; on frontispiece, cancelled and scrubbed-out ownership note, only “Anno 1640” visible; on frontispiece verso, oval stamp of “DEUTSCHE ARZTE BUCHERE” and round stamp of “KAISER WILHELM INSTITUT KONIGL MEDIZIN [?]”; oval stamp of GBL throughout. Annotations: Probably an eighteenth-century reader, who is interested in identifying the muscles and the arteries, adding updated terminology. Identifications of the muscles in the muscle men on pp. 210, 214, 218, 221, 224, 228, 230, 232, 234, 238, 240, 248, and also of the woodcut on p. 252, where the word “sartorius”is added. Updated terminology added to the muscles, such as “mylohyoideaus” or “sternohyoideus” or “trapezius”, with occasional errors such as “abductor flexor pollicis”, on pp. 211–213, 215–217, 219–220, 222–223, 225–227, 229, 231, 233, 235–237, 239, 241–243, 245, 247, 249, 253 (only the word “soleus”); on p. 295, the third muscle is identified as “pterygoideus internus”; on p. 317, “supraspinatus” added; on p. 325, “levator” and “rhomboides” added; on p. 342, the second muscle is identified as

364 “serratus anticus major”; on pp. 400–401, updated terminology such as “sartorius”, “gracilis”, “seminervosus” and “biceps”; further updated terminology on pp. 402, 404–410; 412–413, 418–422; on p. 482, updated terminology of the arteria magna; on p. 484, updated terminology, such as “coronariae”, “subclavia”, “mammaria” and “bracchialis”. II/193. Stanisław Konopka Central Medical Library Call No.: 60. 7. 17 Physical Description: A complete copy with dirt, dampstaining affecting both top and bottom edges, and tears, repaired tear on pp. 203/204. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, vascular insert bound vertically and folded from top, bottom, and right, nervous insert bound sideways by the foot and folded once, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Damaged woodcut on p. 560, dead fly on p. 764. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped vellum with central lozenge, title “VESALIUS DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA LIBRI SEPTEM 1543” on spine, label “3847” on spine, one clasp present, trace of another. Provenance: The Berlin Academy of Arts; then, after 1945, the current library. On front pastedown, ex-libris of GBL and note “4H 21gl”; on front flyleaf, note “B 3847 fol. pag. [?] 905”; on frontispiece verso, note “60,717” and round stamp of “BIBLIOTHEK DER KONIGL. ACAD. D. KUNSTE ZU BERLIN”; oval stamps of GBL throughout. Annotations: A sporadic, contemporary annotator with an interest in Galen. On p. 11, underlinings where Aristotle and variation in ribs are discussed; on p. 190, underlinings where the practice of dissection is discussed; on p. 195, underlinings where the preparation of cartilages is discussed; on pp. 347–349, underlinings where the septum is discussed; on p. 494, numbers are added to the woodcut, for identificatory purposes, from 1 to 6, as well as a tiny drawing of a branching vessel; on p. 525, underlinings about the 7th pair of nerves; on p. 596–597, underlinings where the orifices of the stomach and Galen are discussed; on p. 598, underlinings; on pp. 599–600, underlinings; on p. 616, underlinings where Galen is discussed; on p. 617, underlinings where the portal vein is discussed; on p. 618, underlinings where the liver’s form is discussed; on p. 620–621, underlinings; on p. 624, underlinings where the yellow bile’s injection into the stomach is discussed; on pp. 627–629, where the spleen is discussed; on p. 659, where female seminal vessels are discussed; on pp. 704– 706, underlinings where the orifices for veins, arteries

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and ventricles in the heart are discussed; on pp. 714–718, underlinings where the aspera arteria is discussed; on pp. 725–726, underlinings where the lungs are discussed; on pp 737–739, underlinings where membranes are discussed; on p. 783, underlinings where the color and the substance of the brain are discussed; on p. 788, underlinings where Galen is discussed; on p. 790, underlinings where the pineal gland is discussed; on p. 794, underlinings; added index term “palpebrae constitutio 283”. II/194. University of Warsaw Call No.: SD.602.1916 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some dampstaining and minor tears. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle, facing left, X2 sheet missing. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with rolls of floral decorations, religious scenes, and Roman portraits, incl. “Virgilius”, “Iulius Cesar”, and “Cicero”, monogram and date “M. R. D. 1559” stamped on front cover, title “VESALII OPERA” on spine, traces of clasps. Provenance: Unknown. Old pencil shelfmark on frontispiece. Annotations: A sporadic annotator interested in sex differences. On a3r, modern marginal pencil line; on pp. 4, 5, 9, 13, ink underlinings; on p. 159, early ink notes where sex differences are discussed, “v. ossa pubis partum mensibus disiunguntur”; on p. 794, internal reference “vide pag. 64”. II/195. University of Warsaw Call No.: SD.602.1918. Physical Description: A heavily damaged, complete copy with extensive dampstaining and moulding, treated for mould in 1955. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from the bottom and the right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary gold-stamped calfskin with central arabesque lozenge and borders, with date 1579 stamped on, damaged, medieval manuscript binder’s waste visible where spine is detached. Provenance: Unknown. Round stamp of “BIBLIOTEKA UNYWERSYTECKA WARSZAWA” and pencil shelfmark on frontispiece verso.

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Annotations: Pencil note “Zdezynfekowano 1955. r.” on Ee1r, noting disinfection in 1955.

Wrocław

II/196. University of Wrocław Library Rare Books Room Call No.: 552710 Physical description: A complete copy in good condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Woodcut intact on p. 560. Contemporary hand-coloring throughout, including all the woodcuts and the printer’s mark, but only two historiated initials, on a2r and p. 1, which are also gilt, probably commissioned by Kitzingkus. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with clasps, metallic corners, portraits of saints and other religious figures, coat of arms in the middle with text “OPUS VESALI” and two portraits of Jesus on the cross and Jesus resurrected, portraits of two people on back cover, clasps intact. Provenance: The sixteenth-century Breslau collector Joannes Kitzingkus; who donates the volume to the library of the Lutheran church of Mary Magdalene in 1574; which is incorporated in the Breslau city library in 1865; which then becomes the current collection. Coat of arms of Kitzingkus with motto “Honor Virtutis Praemium” and date “1574” on front pastedown; ex-dono notice on front flyleaf “D: O: M: S: In honorem Sanctis et indiuiduis Trinitatis et in usum tam doctorum virorum, quam studiosis iuuentutis, et totius in cara patria posteritatis: Ego Joannes Kitzingkus ciuis Vratislauiensis Amator ac fautor Omnium bonarum artium, cogitans de necessitate Omnis Doctrinis liberalis, et artis Medicae Hoc Volumen ad Augendam Bibliothecam Templi D: Mariae Magdalenae, studio ostendendae meae erga Ecclesiam et doctrinae studia, et patriam pietatis obseruantis et gratitudinis D: Dedi Omnipotens deus pater Domini nostri Jesu Christi, regat et gubernet Eclesiam suam et conseruet Omnia doctrinae salutaris Studia, ad nominis sui gloriam, Regni propagationem, Sanctaeque voluntatis suae obsequium. Amen.” Round stamp of “BIBL UNIW. WROCLAW” throughout, round stamp of “E Bibli. ad ued. Mar. Magdal.” on frontispiece verso. “2M 310 on spine.”

Annotations: On p. 13, early ink mark, potentially printed, not related to text.

Portugal

Lisbon

II/197. Biblioteca-CDI Faculty of Medicine University of Lisbon Call No.: IA/RES. 339 Physical Description: An unrestored, incomplete copy with no damage, bifolium inserts and X2 sheet missing. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, eighteenth-century leather on wood with no decorative elements. Provenance: The Lisbon physician and bibliophile Dr. Simão José Fernandes (1793–1845); whose library was donated to the Escola Médico-Cirúrgica de Lisboa upon his death in 1845; which became the Faculty of Medicine in 1911 as a result of the Republican Revolution. Rectangular stamp “LEGADO A ESCHOLA PELO Dr. SIMAO JOSE FERNANDES”; on a2r, round stamp of “ESCOLA MEDICOCIRURGICA LISBOA”. Annotations: Marginal line and annotations on p. 1 on the use of the bones, referring to Galen’s works, “idem Gal. lib. Po. De anat. a[…]nistra c. 1.” and “Gal. Lib. 16. De u[…] c. 2.”

Romania

Oradea

II/198. Capitular Library of Oradea Physical Description: Item missing since the 1960s. Bibliography: Steeno and Biesbrouck, “Stolen and Lost Copies of Vesalius’ Fabrica.”

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Sibiu

II/199. Brukenthal Library Call No.: v V 974. Physical Description: An incomplete copy, vascular insert missing. Nervous insert present after p. 554, bound vertically and folded from top, bottom and right, X2 sheet present after p. 504. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped calfskin with floral decorations and religious allegories, incl. “FIDES” and “SPES”, traces of clasps, name “Vesalius” painted on foreedge”, labels “Andr. Vesalli Medici Libri 7 de humani corporis fabrica”, “Vesalius de humani corporis fabrica” and shelfmark “IV a.6” on spine, label “B. M. B. S. V V 974” and other traces of labels on front cover. Provenance: The Sibiu burgomaster Peter Haller (1500– 1569); who donates the volume in 1560 to the local school; then the Sibiu Lutheran gymnasium; transferred to the current library at an unknown point. Notes on front pastedown “EX LIBERALITATE ET MUNIFICENTIA CLARISSIMI VIRI PRUDENTIA ET VIRTUTE PRAESTANTIS DOMINI PETRI HALLERI IUDICIS REGII CIVITATIS CIBINIENSIS Anno Domini 1560”, “HKB IV a.6”, “LIBER BIBLIOTHECAE GYMN. CIBIN. A. C. CL. N. COMMODATUS PROBE CURETUR RITE RESTITUATUR AD PROXIMAM D. XXXI MART XXX IUN XXX SEPT XVII DEC”, “Halleri pietas, fauor, et propensa voluntas, / Quia Musas fido pectore semper amat / Praebuit haec lepidis animi monumenta Camoenis, / Et dedit haec doctae munera chara scholae.”; round stamp “BRUKENTHAL’SCHES MUSEUM IN HERMANNSTADT” and shelfmark “IX. L. f” on frontispiece. Annotations: On p. 348, marginal cross where Galen is mentioned.

Russia

Moscow

II/200. Moscow State University Call No.: J. C. d 3 Physical Description: A worn, complete copy with dampstaining and foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504

and 552, bound sideways in the middle, vascular insert facing right, nervous insert facing left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. At several locations, tabs added to the edge of the page to facilitate finding important parts in the text. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with religious scenes and two central portraits, incl. that of Judith Holofernes, traces of clasps. Provenance: The Braunschweig physician Philipp Schaffeldt (fl. 1669–1675); the Moscow royal physician and anatomy professor Justus Ferdinand Christian Loder (1753–1832). On frontispiece, notes “Loder” and “Philippus Schaffeldt Brunsvig: me comparabat, mense Mai ANNO MDCLXXVII”; shelfmark on front pastedown “III.A.32”, on frontispiece verso, oval stamp of “императорскаго московскаго универцитета”; on back pastedown, current shelfmark and early note “6 fl. procu[…] Ioachimi ligatur[…]”. Annotations: Marginal notes probably by Schaffeldt, making reference to Vesalius’ other works, Platter, Conring and Schenck, and probably partly through Schenck, to Aristotle, Galen, Erasistratus, Bartholin, Riolan, Eustachius, Laurentius, Bauhin, Piccolomini and Spieghel, with notes on German nomenclature, with an additional slip of paper in German, possibly from a later reader. On p. 3, underlinings and note “Platerus arterias ossibus denegavit”; on p. 24, underlinings and summary notes such as “Hydrocephalum” and “Causa Gangrenae in sinistro crure”; on p. 145, underlining and note “luxatio septimi”; on p. 195, note “sceleton construere est tantum ostentatio”; on p. 280, underlining, marginal line and summary note; on p. 283, “Palpebra proxime respondet praeputis tachi”; on p. 361, underlinings, two words added in the text, and vernacular name given, “vulgo Haarwachs dicitur”; on p. 387, a slip of paper with eighteenth-century German writing, “Besonders berühmt und schön sind in Vesal die drei Abbildungen des Skeletts, pag. 203 204 205 auch das Vesals Bildnis pag 1 nicht zu übersehen”; on p. 437, note next to the woodcut, “Vesalius in examine Fallopij omnes fibrarum species, venis, arterijs ventriculo, intestinis utrisque vesicis utero adimit velut figmentum quoddam”; on p. 507, underlinings and summary note; on p. 515, underlining and note “Bartholinum decem ponit”; on p. 601, underlining and summary note “quaestio”; on p. 607, where Vesalius discusses vernacular names, note “Apud nos die Blumen in porcis, anseribus”; on p. 620, underlining and summary note; on p. 627, underlinings and notes such as “Non in omnibus hominibus aut animalibus. Conr. de Sang. c. 12”; on p. 629, underlinings

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and note “ut Avicenna et Averroes”; on p. 630, underlining and note “supra fol. 590”; on p. 631, underlinings and extensive notes, such as “Psoae dictis” or “Hinc Galenus a Laurentio castigatus est, dum ille dextrum sinistro superiorem possidere situm affirmat. Sed excusari potest et Galenus et Vesalius, qui suam sententiam procul dubio de brutis intellectam volunt. In homine autem dexter sinistro est inferior propter hepatis incumbentis majorem molem, ceu anatome docet.” or “Rarum est, quod observavit Crabrolius, ips[…] spinae uncumbere. observ. 14”; on p. 633, underlining and reference to p. 499 of Schenck’s Exercitationes anatomicae; on p. 634, underlinings, references to Spieghel, Laurentius, Riolan, Bauhin, Eustachius, Piccolomini, Galen and Aristotle, primarily based on Schenck’s exposition, e. g. “Riolanus contra hoc assertum et ut Laurentio et Bauhino autem vellicet, scripsit anthrop p. 661. vide Schenk exerc. anatom. p. 498.”, “circumsitus is et adnatus adeps inter sacra et peculiaria RENUM numeratur, vid Gal. l. 2 de temperam c. 9.” and “pinguedinis istius naturam peritius indagavit Aristot. 3 part. animal. 9”; on p. 639, summary note “lienis substantiae similis”; on p. 640, summary notes such as “circa testes nullus adeps licet copia membranarum adsit”; on p. 645, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 646, underlinings and summary notes such as “Erasistrati opinio de Arterijs”; on p. 657, underlinings, marginal line, and summary note; on p. 661, underlining and passage crossed out with note “Haec Vesalius retractauit”; on p. 671, German term added “Asterbürde”; on p. 676, underlinings and note “In Virorum mammis nullae aut valde nodicae glandulae”; on p. 677, underlinings, summary note and Greek notes copied out on the margins; on p. 679, underlinings and notes such as “Papilla cum pene eandem possidet substantiam”; on p. 680, note “consortium uteri cum mamillis ad uniuersum cavae venae caudicem referendum”; on p. 726, underlinings, marginal lines, and note “Effigiem nucis pineae refert”; on p. 727, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 728, underlinings and summary notes such as “In Galenum invehit Autor”; on p. 729, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 730, underlinings and summary notes such as “Iterum invehit in Galenum”; on p. 731, underlinings and summary note; on p. 732, underlinings and notes such as “dilatatio cordis” and “contractio cordis”; on p. 733, underlinings and summary notes such as “Fibrae non solum motuum cordis sunt opifices”; on p. 801, underlinings, marginal lines and note “aranea tunica”; on p. 802, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 803, underlinings and note “similitudo tunica uvea et pupillae cum uva”; on p. 805, underlining and summary note. Further underlinings on pp. 9, 33, 37, 277, 279, 509, 625, 628, 775, 778, 806; marginal lines on pp. 52, 53, 57, underlinings and manicule on pp. 193, 239, underlinings and marginal lines on pp. 804, 808; marginal line and

manicules on p. 348, correction of errata on pp. 97, 129, 142. On the front flyleaf, two quotes from Conring, one of them barely legible, the other “Conring. Introd: in artem Medicam. p. 100. Andreas Vesalius anno aetatis vigesimo octavo edidit de Fabrica Corporis humani ut grande ita regium profecto opus cuique nullum aliud comparari meretur. Nam et stylo magnifico et Latino est perscriptum et tantam ipsius experientiam in Anatomicis prodit, ut totus eruditorum orbis ad extremum usque diem nunquam satis sit admiratus, juvenem nullo Magistro ad illud fastigium eruditionis pervenisse.” Russian typescript laid in with notes on Vesalius, the Fabrica, the woodcuts of Calcar, and Loder. II/201. Moscow State University Call No.: J. C. d 4 Physical Description: A complete copy with occasional tears and holes, and some water damage, bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways with head facing left, X2 sheet trimmed and present, intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern paperboard with title on spine. Provenance: The librarian Julius Wilhelm Hamberger (1754–1813); who donated the book in Munich on June 11, 1811 to the Bavarian court physician Johann Heinrich Fischer (1759–1814); then, before 1917, the current university. Note of donation on front flyleaf; oval stamp of the Moscow Imperial University with call number in pencil. Annotations: Underlining on p. 188 in pencil “auditus organi ossicula quatuor sunt,” where the number of bones is discussed; pencil underlining and line in index next to “auditorius meatu,” and “aurium iecoris situs.” II/202. Russian Academy of Sciences Physical Description: Copy burned in the library fire of 1988. Binding: Unknown. Provenance: Possibly the Ukrainian humanist Epifany Slavinec’kyj (d. 1659), who translated the Epitome, then later the Apothecary Prikaz in the seventeenth century. Annotations: Unknown.

368 Bibliography: Max Joseph Okenfuss, The Rise and Fall of Latin Humanism in Early Modern Russia: Pagan Authors, Ukrainians, and the Resiliency of Muscovy. Leiden: Brill, 1995, pp. 65–66. II/203. Russian State Library Muzei Knigi Call No.: Physical Description: A complete copy with some liquid damage and foxing. Bifolium inserts present after p. 504 and 552, bound sideways with head facing left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert, intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, early half vellum with marbled cardboard, label in red on spine. Provenance: Unknown. Round stamp of Lenin library, shelfmark on printer’s mark. Annotations: A learned reader who refers to Hippocrates and Galen, with a clear, but not exclusive interest in generation (manicules are only used in these sections), and in historiae. On p. 323, where the first pair of muscles moving the scapula is discussed, note “usus primi paris musculorum”; on p. 324, similar note on “usus”, where the second pair of muscles is discussed; on p. 330 similar note where the “usus quinqui et sexti musculor: caput moventium pars” is discussed; on p. 369, summary annotation where Galen’s views on the finger muscles are criticized, “quare musculi digitor: non in manu sed longius habent originem”; on p. 376, where further muscles moving the fingers are discussed, numbering of these numerous muscles to aid processing, e.g. “vigesimus quartus musculus”; on vascular insert, clarifying annotation copying out the explanation for letter o, which is damaged in print; on p. 597, where the sizes of the stomach’s orifices are discussed, underlining and note “historia”, and a larger, trimmed and partly crossed out note on desire next to the story of the Spaniard who stole pearls by swallowing them; on p. 601, where the nerves of the stomach are discussed, underlining and page and chapter references to Hippocrates’ De morbis vulgaris and to Galen’s De usu partium; on p. 638, underlining where the bladder’s veins, arteries and nerves are discussed; on p. 651, where the uterus is discussed, manicule where the size of the uterus is discussed, and marginal note later “uteri procidentia”; on p. 654, manicules where the hymen is discussed, and where Vesalius discussed the flow of blood when the hymen is ruptured; on p. 655, manicule where the size of the uterus

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is discussed; on p. 657, manicule where the cervix’s substance is discussed; on p. 660, underlining and trimmed reference where the veins and arteries of the uterus are discussed; on p. 676, underlining where the breast’s abundance of veins is discussed; on p. 677, underlining where Vesalius discusses that lactating women have the veins of their breasts filled with milk. Name of Calcar, basic bibliographical information and call number in pencil on front pastedown and first flyleaf. II/204. Russian State Library Muzei Knigi Call No.: Physical Description: A complete copy. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Early vellum. Provenance: The seventeenth-century physician Cyriacus Pascionius; the Royal Library in Berlin; which becomes the Prussian State Library in 1919; transferred to the current collection in or soon after 1945. Note on frontispiece, “Cyriaci Pascionij Vetulani”; shelfmarks on front paste­ down, “Fol. Phys. 54 T1”; “M 5235”, “2o Kt 7622”, etc.; on frontispiece verso, stamp “Ex Biblioth. Reg. Berolinensi” cancelled with Russian stamp; round Russian stamp with shelfmark on a2v; on back pastedown, note ““Doctr. Med. Special. I. Anatomia. A. Systemata”. Annotations: A systematic reader whose extensive annotations are identical to that of the Richmond, VA copy (II/345), and are described in that entry.

Slovenia

Ljubljana

II/205. Franciscan Monastery in Ljubljana Call No.: 15 a 5 Physical Description: An unrestored, incomplete copy with some worming and dampstaining at the front of the volume, printer’s mark missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from

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bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary pigskin over cardboard, with blindstamped decorative borders, frames, floral motives and allegorical portraits of the virtues, edges damaged, no clasps. Provenance: A certain Georgius Vualther in Vienna in 1555 (a Georgius Vualther from Leipzig was awarded a medical degree from Vienna in the period); enters the current collection at an unknown date. Note on frontispiece “Georgius Vualther Anno Dni. 1555”; note on back pastedown “Georgius Vualther Viennae Austriae anno Dni. M.D.LV in Octobrij”; torn label on front pastedown “Bibliothecae Conventus Labacensis Franciscanorum”. Annotations: None. II/206. National and University Library of Slovenia Call No.: GS III 11295 Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition with some foxing and worming, bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from right and bottom, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary half pigskin over wood with blind-tooled frames and floral decorations from the 1560s, with minor back reinforcement, monogram “DMP” and date “1565” on front cover. Provenance: The Ljubljana Jesuit College in 1647; transferred to the current library in 1774. Possessor’s note on frontispiece “Cat. Coll. Soc. Jesu. Lab. Ins. 1647”; also an unidentified monogram “D. M. P.” and “1565” on the front cover; ancient shelfmark on front pastedown; circular stamp “K. K. LYCEAL BIBLIOTHEK ZU LAIBACH” on frontispiece. Annotations: None. Censorship: On pp. 581 and 584, the female sexual organs were pasted over at one point, now only traces of glue remain. Bibliography: Zvonka Zupanič Slavec and Sonja Svoljšak, Ko mrtvi žive uče : anatomija skozi čas : ob petstoletnici rojstva začetnika znanstvene anatomije Andreasa Vesaliusa (1514–1564) (= When the Dead Teach the Living : Anatomy Through Time : In Commemoration of the 500th Birth

Anniversary of the Pioneer of Scientific Anatomy Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564)). Ljubljana : Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, 2015.

Spain

Astorga

II/207. Seminario Diocesano de Astorga Call No.: Physical Description: A complete copy with heavy foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right , X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary vellum with ties, label “VESALII THEATRUM ANATOMIC.” on spine. Provenance: Present in the current collection already in 1859. Oval stamp of the library on frontispiece and on front flyleaf. Annotations: On frontispiece verso, price marking “5 fl”.

Barcelona

II/208. Universitat de Barcelona CRAI Biblioteca de Reserva Call No.: 07 CM-4133 Physical Description: A complete, restored copy with worming, bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways and folded, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Twentieth-century plain leather. Provenance: Probably the Barcelona physician Diego Hexarch (fl. 1624); then, most probably, the Convent of Sant Josep de Barcelona of the Discalced Carmelites, founded in 1586; whose early catalogue (MS. 1361) records a Fabrica; enters the current collection in 1835. On flyleaf, note “hexarch”; square stamp of University of Barcelona “BIBLIOTECA PROVINCIAL UNIVERSITARIA BARCELONA” on last page of index, pencil shelfmarks on flyleaf.

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Annotations: None. Censorship: Manuscript note from 1655 on frontispiece “V[idi]t et correxit, ex commissione S[ancti] Officii Inquisit[ionis] contra haereticam grauivatem, Jose[phus] Hiero[nimus] Besora S[acrae] T[heologiae] et P[hilosophae] D[octor] Canon[icus] Ilerden[sis] juxta praescriptum an[no] 1655.”

Madrid

II/209. Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando Call No.: C-300. Physical Description: An incomplete copy with frontispiece torn and repaired, vascular insert torn, nervous insert torn and repaired, last pages of index torn and repaired, some dampstaining, foxing, and fingerprints, last page of index, colophon and printer’s mark missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, vascular insert bound vertically and folded from top and right, nervous insert bound vertically and folded from top, bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, contemporary vellum, loose, with title “ANDREAS VESALIUS DE Humani corp. Fabrica”, a cross and other decorations on spine, label “300” pasted on bottom, ties present, edges painted red, pastedowns and flyleaves are printed sheets from the index of a contemporary book. Provenance: Unknown. Stamp “Real Academia de Sn Ferndo” on frontispiece and p. 1. Annotations: On p. 211, pencil marginal line “° I °” on top, where Vesalius explains the characters of the first muscle man; on p. 663, contemporary ink underlining and marginal line, as well as pencil marginal line “° I °” where Vesalius discusses dissecting a monk’s mistress. II/210. Universidad Complutense Biblioteca Histórica Call No.: FG 1125 Physical Description: An incomplete copy in good condition with some foxing, with last page of index and colophon missing, last page of index supplied in facsimile, frontispiece torn and repaired. Vascular insert present at p. 504, repaired, and folded from bottom and right, X2

sheet present after vascular insert, blank, modern oversize sheet inserted in place of nervous insert after p. 552. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary plain vellum with modern flyleafs, title “ANDREAS VESALIUS DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA” in ink on spine, ties present. Provenance: The Madrid physician Fernando Ynfante de Robles (fl. 1664); a certain Emanuel a Redondo in Madrid in 1820; enters the current library at an unknown point. Note on p. 204, on skeleton man, “El Dr. Fernando Ynfante de Robles.”, and “Matritii emit Emanuel a Redondo, die […] aprilis, per sexaginta ramos [?]. Anno milesimo octingentesimo vigesimo.”; around it “Os Iusti meditabitur sapientiae / en Madrid / Mori Lucrum”. Annotations: A learned Spanish reader, probably Robles himself, who makes internal references, frequently compares Vesalius to Galen, often taking Galen’s side, writing mostly in Latin but also in Spanish, marginal notes heavily trimmed throughout. On a4r, marginal cross where Vesalius discusses that Galen dissected monkeys; on a6r, extensive note from 1652, comparing the 1555 and 1568 editions, with reference to Francesco Franceschi, and telling an unknown person that they should have this edition in their library; on p. 110, extensive annotation; on p. 219 where the third muscle man’s characters are explained, marginal note next to Θ, identifying the mentioned structures with “expende tab. 1. P. P. et 2a. tab. Γ.”; on p. 237, identification of character Θ with “Secunda tab. Γ. P. 214” and of character V with “7ta. O. p. 230”, as the text itself does; on p. 284, where the eyelid’s muscles are discussed, marginal note referring to Galen’s De usu partium c. 7, summarizing Galen’s findings; on p. 287, where Vesalius discusses the eye’s muscles, note summarizing Galen’s opinion in De usu partium; on p. 315, marginal note where Vesalius discusses the fourth muscle moving the bone, and reference to Galen “eius administr. 320”; on p. 337, where the dissection of the abdomen’s muscles is discussed, internal reference on right “vide cap. 24. p. 320 circa calcem,” and page numbers supplied to the characters on the left “p. 238” and “p.”, not filling in a number; on p. 450, next to the illustration of the system of the vena cava, calligraphic note “homo” on left, and crossed over note “Universa propagines venae cavae hic […] d[… ]”; on p. 473, marginal cross on top of page; on p. 559, next to the illustration, names supplied, such as “Omentum”; on p. 577, next to the illustration of the organs of the generation, “ex hac figura colliges […]picue cur semen pro[…] sinistri testiculi sit fe[…] rum generatrix: et […] masculorum procr[…]; on p. 625, underlining and extensive marginal note,

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heavily trimmed, comparing Vesalius’ claim to Galen; on pp. 635–636, underlinings and summary note where the substance of the urinary tract is discussed; on p. 704, note next to the illustration of the dissected heart “curtadesic Reina del reino de ni[…]”; on p. 774 where Vesalius discusses the lack of difference between human and nonhuman brains, summary note discussing that human brains are larger when body size is taken into account; on p. 804, where Vesalius discusses variation in eye color, extensive criticism of Vesalius and praise of Galen, saying for instance that “Verior [ta]men in hac re est [Ga]leni doctrina tradi[ta] in arte medica [ca]p. 27.”; in index, marginal cross next to entry “costarum spuriarum cartilagines”. Censorship: Text blacked out on p. 663, where the anecdote of the monk’s lover is discussed. II/211. Universidad Complutense Biblioteca Histórica Call No.: MED 827 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with dampstaining and some foxing, back and front flyleaves and frontispiece heavily torn, pp. 581/582 missing. Bifolium inserts present at pp. 504 and 552, vascular insert bound sideways in the middle, facing left, nervous insert bound vertically and folded from top, bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Dead flies on pp. 206 and 767. Binding: Seventeenth- or eighteenth-century calfskin with blind-stamped floral decorations and fillets, traces of clasps, front cover missing. Title “366 VESALIJ ANOT” on fore-edge. Provenance: The Imperial College of the Jesuits in Madrid; whose collections were transferred to the current collection in the nineteenth century. On frontispiece, note “De la libreria del Collegio Imperial de la Comp. De IHS de Madrid”; black oval Jesuit stamp “IHS” at bottom of frontispiece. Annotations: None. Tiny scraps of paper, as if to mark location, with manuscript notes and printed texts, inserted into volume at several places. Censorship: Note of expurgation on frontispiece verso by Gabriel de Villa. Missing pp. 581/582 with the full nude illustration of the female body and its reproductory organs.

II/212. Universidad Complutense Biblioteca Histórica Call No.: MED 828 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with foxing, worming and dampstaining. Bifolium inserts, X2 sheet and printer’s mark missing, skeleton man on p. 203 torn and a third of the page missing, p. 292 torn. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary plain vellum with ties, spine broken, title “VESA […] De Humani Corpo Fabrica” on spine. Provenance: Unknown. Crossed-out, illegible possessors’ notes on frontispiece; oval stamp of “BIBLIOTECA UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DE LA FAC. DE MEDICINE” on frontispiece, a2r, pp. 280, 580, 581 and colophon. Annotations: A sporadic early reader. On p. 381, illegible, partly trimmed word at the very bottom; on p. 491, marginal line next to the section describing the mesentery artery; on p. 493, marginal line where the femur’s arteries are discussed; on p. 592, note on the bottom, “usus peritonei hi sunt”; on p. 601, marginal line next to the section “vesiculae bilis meatus in uentriculum”. II/213. Universidad Complutense Biblioteca Histórica Call No.: MED 825 Physical Description: An incomplete copy in good condition with some worming and inkspots, a6 missing, with portrait supplied from a 1543 edition, minor hole on p. 530. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Early vellum with blind-stamped centerpiece and fillets. Provenance: A certain Hoppesteijn (several such physicians are known in the seventeenth-century Netherlands); then the Surgical College of San Carlos in Madrid; which in the mid-nineteenth century becomes incorporated in the current university. Possessor’s note “Hoppesteijn” on frontispiece; shelfmarks on frontispiece; stamp of “BIBLIOTECA S. COLEGIO D SN CARLOS” on frontispiece, pp. 1, 449 and errata.

372 Annotations: On front flyleaf, comparison with Boerhaave’s edition, “Boerhave a donné a Leyde en 1725 une belle Edition de touttes les Œuvres de Vesal, en deux volumes in folio, auec de tres belles figures Anatomiques en taille douce, mais les Editions de Basle apud Oporinum, sont neantmoins tres estimées a raison des belles figures originales en bois, qui sont des chef d’œuvres d’Anatomie et de Graveure. Cette Edition cy Basilaeae apud Jo. Oporinum 1555 est la plus recherchée pour la beauté du Caractere, et pour la force et la blancheur du papier, sur le quel les Planches en bois, ont donné des Epreuves plus belles que dans l’Edition precedente, qui est de 1543”; on front flyleaf verso, note “Cst. W. tab. V. no. 8”; on p. 314, next to the section title of the second muscle moving the arm, “sive deltoidi”; on p. 315, next to the section on the fourth muscle moving the arm, summary note “aniscalptor siue latissimus dorsi”; on p. 593, marginal line and heavy criticism of Vesalius where the use of the peritoneum is discussed, referring to the sixteenth-century Padova professor Bernardino Paterno: “Male Vesalius repraehendit Galm cum Galens alter dixit q Vesalius hic refert, et n. haec sunt Gali verba in 4o de usu partium cap. 9o non nihil […] de peritoneo auxiliatur circumpressorio motui uermiculi et intestinorum quo motu subire alimenti excrementa etc. hoc adnotaui ex Paterno.”; on p. 649, marginal note where the involuntary flow of semen is discussed, “cur seminis profluuio laborantes duobus locis maxe affliguntur, in pene et in perinaeo”. Censorship: Name of Oporinus crossed out on frontispiece and in Letter to Oporinus. II/214. Universidad Complutense Biblioteca Histórica Call No.: MED 826 Physical Description: An incomplete copy, bottom outer edge damaged and torn for much of the first part of the volume, tear on p. 516. Vascular insert missing, nervous insert present after p. 552, bound sideways by the foot, facing left, folded twice, X2 sheet present after p. 504. Woodcut slightly damaged on p. 560. Binding: Early blind-stamped calfskin, with floral and arabesque decorations, partly painted black, title “VESALII Humani Corporis Fabrica” on spine, traces of straps, edges painted red. Provenance: The Alcalà Jesuit College in 1705; enters the Surgical College of San Carlos around 1800. Note on

1555 Editions

frontispiece “El Collegio de la Compa de IHS de Alcala, Ano 1705”; stamp of “BIBLIOTECA COLEGIO D SN CARLOS” on a2r. Annotations: None. Censorship: Note on frontispiece, “esta expurgado segunde exp[…] de 1707 / de Campo”; male genitalia inked over on pp. 210 and 218 (first and third muscle men); bottom part of the illustration of the vagina on p. 584 cut out; anecdote of the monk’s mistress on p. 663 blacked out and is actually illegible.

Mahón

II/215. Biblioteca pública del estado de Mahón Call No.: IN-79 Physical Description: An incomplete and worn copy with some foxing and stains, frontispiece, a2–a5, pp. 213/4, and printer’s mark missing, tear on pp. 333/334, holes on pp. 359/60 and 823/4. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top, bottom, and right, X2 sheet present before vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern leather with blind-stamped title “VESALIUS FABRICA DE CORPORIS HUMANI” and floral decorations on spine. Provenance: The Tenterden physician Joshua Smarfett (fl. 1606); present at the current library in 1901, when listed in printed catalogue. Stamp of “BIBLIOTECA PUBLICA MAHON” on a6r, p. 581, last page of index and colophon; possessor’s mark of “Josua Smarfett” on p. 1. Annotations: Throughout the volume, the chapter or figure numbers are listed on top of the page, except for the nervous insert. On p. 21, correction of “posterior” to “anterior”; on p. 116, underlinings; on p. 122, correction of typographical error; on p. 143, underlining of “Celso”; on p. 146, internal references to p. 269; on p. 149, correction of typographical error; on p. 150, chapter number added to the reference to Galen’s De usu partium; on p. 151, chapter number added to reference to Galen; on p. 159, internal reference added to the discussion of the coccyx; on p. 156, missing letters added to torn text; on p. 162, chapter numbers added to Galen reference; on p. 165, characters added in hand to the woodcut; on p. 168, chapter number added to Galen

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reference; on p. 169, correction of “tibiae” to “fibulae”; on p. 170, underlining; on p. 176, chapter number added to Galen reference; on p. 180, correction of typographical error; on p. 257, reference added to Galen; on p. 264, marginal line; on p. 360, missing text on torn page supplied in ink; on p. 507, manuscript note; on p. 600, underlining; on p. 603, long marginal line in the text on the omentum; on p. 614, correction of typographical error; on p. 627, marginal line where the historia about the spleen is discussed; on p. 702, characters of the woodcut copied out next to it, imitating the spatial layout in the woodcut; on p. 746, underlining where Galen is discussed; on p. 773, underlining, marginal line and note “Att”; on p. 774, marginal line and note “Att”; on p. 799, marginal note, “crystallini humori”; correction of errata on p. 160, 186, 418, 467, 631, 636, 642, 660, 677, 723, 790, 791. Online: http://bvpb.mcu.es/es/consulta/registro.cmd?id =485577

Toledo

II/216. Biblioteca Capitular de Toledo Call No.: BCT 78-10 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some foxing and dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet missing. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary leather on wood with rectangular frames, with two clasps, brand mark on fore-edge “BeSaLius DE HumaNi Corp Fabr”.

Figure 117

Provenance: The Capitular Library of Toledo Cathedral at least since 1591. On front flyleaf, shelfmarks “Cax 51_25” and “Cason 78 Num. 10.” Annotations: An early sporadic reader. On p. 116, manicule and underlining where Vesalius claims that the human heart does not have bones; on p. 299, squiggles and underlining of the phrase “minoribus cultellis sectionem”; on p. 437, marginal line and underlining. Bibliography: José María Octavio de Toledo y Navascués, “Catálogo de la Librería del Cabildo Toledano.” Biblioteca de la Revista de archivos, bibliotecas y museos 11 (1903), p. 133; Ángel Fernández Collado, Alfredo Rodríguez González and Isidoro Castañeda Tordera, Catálogo de Impresos de la Biblioteca Capitular : Catedral de Toledo. Toledo: Instituto Teológico San Ildefonso, 2009, nº 868. II/217. Biblioteca de Castilla-La Mancha Colección Borbón-Lorenzana Call No.: 1-6679 Physical Description: An incomplete copy in good condition with some worming, frontispiece torn and repaired, bottom right corner torn and repaired in front matter, some minor repaired tears throughout. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet missing. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Bound with an exemplar of the Epitome at the end, dead fly on p. 472. Binding: Eighteenth- or nineteenth-century unrestored calfskin with gold-tooled flowers and title “ANDREAE VESALII D HUMANI CORPORI FABRICA LIB. SEPTEM” on spine, marbled endpapers.

Fore-edge with title painted on it. II/216. Toledo: Biblioteca Capitular de Toledo. Call No.: BCT 78-10.

374 Provenance: The Madrid bookseller Cornelius Bonart; who sells this volume in 1579 to the student Francisco del Campos; then probably the Infante Luis Antonio de Borbón y Farnesio, brother of the King Carlos III and cardinal archbishop of Toledo (1727–1785); then the current library. Two signatures on the cover, one “Campos” and one illegible, possibly “Pérez”; inscribed receipt on Ee5, “Recibí del Sr. Francisco de Campos por este Vesalio en el epitome quarenta reales para su hijo Francisco de Campos, estudiante, me dio oy 27 de setiembre de 1579 Cornelio Bonart”; another inscribed receipt for binding the volume, “a 17 de octubre de 1579 años recibi yo Sebastian de la Concha, enquadernador, de Francisco de Campos procurador un ducado de la enquadernacion de este libro por ser berdad lo firme en my nombre.”; numerous possessors’ notes on frontispiece recto and verso, all crossed over and illegible; stamps of current library throughout. Annotations: An early reader closely familiar with other modern anatomical authors, adding references to the relevant passages in Colombo, Fallopio, Valverde, Amatus, and on one occasion Benedictus, at the beginning of each chapter on the internal organs, and occasionally noting when Vesalius is copying Galen verbatim, also referencing Aristotle and Hippocrates. On p. 141, pencil drawing of the contours of the hands around the bones of the hand; on p. 277, marginal note “docet hoc gal. lib. io de temperamentis. c. 9 ad fin.”; on p. 284, note next to mention of Hippocrates “io prog 12”; on p. 461, underlinings and summary note “de sectione venae pleuritiae”; on p. 465, underlinings, marginal line, and note “ob has duas uenulas maximam communionem esse inter axilarem uenam eiusdem lateris et venam, azigos ([… ] propagines istarum iungunt propaginibus ven[…] azigos ut sic fatet Vesalius) contendit […]bare Amatus centurias curat e 10. et six in pleuritide semper secandam eiusdem lateris uenam.”; on p. 524, underlining and note added to Vesalius’ reference to De usu partium “7.c.14.eris”; on p. 567, extra handdrawn anatomical illustration with inscription “figura per quam vasorum bilem ferentium ductus commonstrant”; on p. 589, notes “1 de sanit. tuend. 2o […] doct gal. ex quo depromta haec sunt et ex c. 2o. sequenti eiusdem libri” and “verbae sunt galeni 1o. de sanit tuend. c. 2o.”; on p. 591, notes such as “De peritoneo agit gal. 4o. de usu par. c. 9. et 10. Realdus lib. IIo c. 11. fallopius in obseruationibus anatomicis p. 96. valuerde 3o de hystoria anatomica c. 1.”; on p. 592, note “Hoc reprobat experientia propria Fallopii loco citato” and “Peritonei usus”; on p. 593, chapter number added to reference to De usu partium, discussion of Galen’s opinion and note “De aesophago et uentriculo

1555 Editions

disputat Realdus lib. IIo De re anatomica c. 4. Falloppius in Obseruationibus anatomicis fol. 99. Valuerde lib. 3. De hys. anatomica. c. 2 et 3.”; on p. 594, note “docet hoc gal. lib. 6 de usu par. c. 5. et 6”; on p. 602, note “De omento Realdo lib. IIo de re anatomica c. 6.”; on p. 605, discussion of Galen’s and Colombo’s opinion on the use of the omentum; on p. 606, note “docet gal. 4. De usu par. c. 17 et 18 in princip. et anat. f. 16 7 t. 1. c. 1. initio”; on p. 613, reference to Galen and Avicenna; on p. 615, underlinings and references to the discussion of mesentery in Falloppio, Colombo and Valverde; on p. 618, note “De iecore disputat Realdus lib. 6o de re anatomica, in principio, valuerde lib. 3o. de historia compositionis corporis humani c. 7.”; on p. 619, note “causa vero huius est q. cum recta figura donati homines sint, caua sui parte uentriculum immediate tegit: in quadrupedibus autem nisi in lobes complures instar digitorum manus uentriculum amplexantes diuideret, uentriculi neutiquam posset amplexa cum prout incedant.”; on p. 621, correction of typographical error, references to Galen and Colombo, and discussion of the liver; on p. 622, references added to Galen and Hippocrates; on p. 623, reference to Fallopio, Colombo, and Valverde, “De relatione bilis ex iecore veram sentenciam inuenies in obseruationibus anatomicis Falloppii fol. 107. p. 2. lapsus etenim fuit in hoc potissimus Vesalius existimans universam bilis portionem ad folliculum felis amandari, inde regurgitare ipsius bilis […]”; on p. 624, reference to Galen and underlinings; on p. 626, references added to Colombo and Valverde, and chapter number added to reference to Galen; on p. 629, note on the use of the spleen, “at hoc Gal. lib. De atrabile 7. et lib 4. De usu par. 15 initio.”, as well as “Arist. 2. de partibus animal. c. 7”; on p. 653, underlining and marginal note “cristae a Juuenali et aliis dictae”; on p. 711, reference added to Galen and Colombo; on p. 730, two references added, such as one starting “idem dicit f. 11. 3. t. 1. c. 1. post. med. idem dt. Arist. libri de hist. animal. c. 7. […]”; on p. 801, note “De oculorum partium fabrica perita […] gal. lib. 10 de usu partium a. c. 1. usq ad ultimum et Realdus Colum. lib. 10 de re anatomica per totum. et Fallopius in fine suarum obseruationeum anatomicarum fol. 127. Valuerde lib. 5. compositionis corporis humani c. 4. Alexander Benedictus lib. 4. suae anatomes c. 31.”; on p. 804, underlinings and note “In hoc increpat Vesalius a Realdo lib. 10 de re anatomica pag. 403 et a Fallopio in obseruationibus anatomicis fol. 128.”; on p. 805, underlinings and note on the aqueous humor. Further underlinings on fols. a4v, a5r, and pp. 281, 452, 464, 533, 555, 603, 614, 636, 647, 651, 652, 654, 655, 657, 663, 742, 743, 777, 781, 783, 787, 792, 793, 795, 796, 802, 803; underlinings and marginal lines on pp. 625, 646, 775, 782.

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Bibliography: Juan Antonio Méndez Aparicio, Catálogo de los impresos del siglo XVI de la Biblioteca Pública del Estado, Toledo. Madrid: Ministerio de Cultura, 2004, 7084. CCBE, S. XVI, V-705.

Valencia

II/218. Biblioteca Valenciana Call No.: XVI/500 Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with some dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Restored leather. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: None. II/219. Universitat de Valencia Biblioteca Historicamedica Call No.: IHMC Fons antic / 0330 Physical Description: An unrestored copy with foxing and worming. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 548, bound sideways in the middle, X2 sheet is bound between two parts of the vascular system. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Seventeenth-century plain vellum. Provenance: The Valencia physician Miguel Querol (fl. 1686); the Valencia aristocrat Ginés de Perellós (d. 1843); enters the current collection in 1843. Ex-libris of “Academiae Valentinae legatis ab Excmo D. Januaris Perellos Marchione de Dosaguas.”; on frontispiece, note “Ex libris Michaellis Cuerol. Me Doctoris costo sinquenta Reales” and oval stamp of “BIBLIOTECA UNIVERSITARIA VALENCIA”. Annotations: A learned contemporary annotator, who is familiar with Valverde and Colombo, and often prefers Galen over Vesalius, focusing primarily on menstruation and on the veinlike artery, also relying on personal observations. On p. 260, reference added to Galen’s De usu partium where Vesalius discusses the necessity of ligaments

and nerves in the muscles; on p. 503, internal reference “folio 736” added where Vesalius mentions the sixth book of the Fabrica; on p. 518, where Vesalius mentions hemispheric brain damage affecting the opposite side, personal observation noted “apud nos Murciae, homo quidam ex […] plebs (custos siquidem itineris erat […] alio digladiaretur, accepto in […] sinistra vulnere, ensis aduersarij cus […] satis p[…]endo, oculoque omnino abstrac […] tim vel[…] demortuus, cecidit. Is enim […] tresve horas, tamquam ex profundo som […] tentaris sese erigene […] quando brachium dextrum, si […] et crure ejusdem dextri sa […] affectu perscusit. A qua af […] liber nunquam euasit, imo toto tempo […] postea vixit (vixit namque multos annos) […] permansit.”; on p. 528, extra manuscript characters added to woodcut, with marginal note that they represent the nerves of the arms; on p. 548, trimmed note “sequuntur”; on p. 594, where the stomach’s tunic is discussed, comment “non est musculus. Gale. 1. […]”; on p. 597, where Galen is quoted, chapter number is added to reference; on p. 627, where the anecdote of the Augsburg woman is mentioned, note “mirum dictu, atque difficile creditu”; on p. 629, where Galen is mentioned, marginal note “Nota”; on pp. 664–665, very extensive notes on menstruation, and the debate on its origins, referring to Houllier, Valverde, Cristobal de Vega, Hippocrates, and long quotes from Galen; on p. 726, where the veinlike artery is discussed, extensive note, approving of Galen, “pulchre docuit Gale. 6. De usu par. Cap. 11”, with references to Valverde and Colombo; on p. 736, internal reference back to “folio 502 & 503”, as well as note on the veinlike artery, and whether it contains air, with reference to Valverde, Colombo, and Galen; on p. 742, internal reference to p. 726, and note on the site of the heart; on p. 746, additional note on the heart, the veinlike artery, and air. II/220. Universitat de Valencia Biblioteca Historicamedica Call No.: IHMC Fons antic / 0331 Physical Description: An unrestored, incomplete copy with some worming, pp. 207–208 and 651–668 missing. Vascular insert missing, nervous system present after p. 552, bound horizontally and folded, X2 sheet present after p. 504. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Eighteenth-century plain vellum over cardboard. Provenance: Probably the Valencia aristocratic family of the Perellós, enters the current collection c. 1850. Oval

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stamp of “BIBLIOTECA UNIVERSITARIA VALENCIA / SECCION DE MEDICINA” on frontispiece. Annotations: Contemporary ink marks in text, and faint ink notes at the end of the volume. On p. 589, marginal marks “+%+” next to the section where Vesalius discusses the reasons for nutrition; on p. 632, marginal marks “+%+ +” where the kidneys are discussed; on p. 633 marginal cross where Vesalius discusses the illustration of the kidney; on p. 671, marginal marks and illegible and trimmed note “foetus .[…]” where Vesalius discusses the wrappings of the foetus in the uterus; unrelated and disconnected annotations on last page of index and two sides of printer’s mark, primarily containing a list of Latin words, their declensions and occasional Spanish translations. Censorship: Chapter on the uterus on pp. 651–668 removed.

Valladolid

II/221. Universidad de Valladolid Biblioteca Historica de Santa Cruz Call No.: U/BC BU 03367 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with ink spots and dampstaining, pp. 583/584, last page of index, colophon and printer’s mark missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, both inserts torn and repaired, X2 sheet missing. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

portal vein; on p. 445, marginal line next to section on “ad dextram ventriculi fundi sede” ; on p. 615, before the chapter on the mesentery, “Jesus Maria Joseph Joachm y Ana: os dis mi coracon, my vida y […]”; on p. 709, various handwritten symbols incl. “IHS” “EOSP” and “MA”; on p. 715, illegible and trimmed note. Censorship: On a2r, note of expurgation in Spanish from May 10, 1712, pp. 583/584 with illustration of the vagina removed.

Zaragoza

II/222. Universidad de Zaragoza Fondo Antiguo Call No.: 77-2 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with extensive dampstaining and some worming, frontispiece torn and repaired, and tear on pp. 237/8, printer’s mark missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, flap anatomy assembled, rest of X2 sheet missing. Woodcut intact on p. 560. Binding: Unknown. Provenance: Unknown. On frontispiece, the word “Spinal” and shelfmark “29.919”; on p. 450, round stamp of “UNIVERSITAD ZARAGOZA.”

Binding: Restored, contemporary vellum with modern pastedowns, flyleafs, and straps, label of “Biblioteca de Santa Cruz BU 3.367” on spine.

Annotations: Errata corrected on a2v, p. 32.

Provenance: A certain Albarran; a certain unidentified physician; the Royal University of Valladolid. Ex-libris of an unidentified physician from 1708, struck through; exlibris on frontispiece “ex libris medici Albarran”; label of “Es de la Biblioteca de la Real Universidad de Valladolid” on frontispiece verso; label of “Biblioteca Universitaria Numero 4805” on front pastedown; stamp of “BIBLIOTECA UNIVERSITARIA VALLADOLID” on front pastedown, pp. 59 and 107.

Sweden

Annotations: A series of annotations not clearly related to the text. On p. 395, a series of numbers with occasional signs of addition, e.g. “12 / 12 / 12 / 12 + / 18 / 12 + /”; on p. 444, the number “16” added next to illustration of the



Linköping

II/223. Linköping Public Library Call No.: R 360 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with heavy dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle, vascular insert facing left, nervous insert facing right, X2 sheet missing. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

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Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped calfskin with floral decorations and traces of clasps. Provenance: A certain Johannes Schedius in Linköping; who donates the copy to the Linköping gymnasium in 1636. On front pastedown, note, “Amorosissimus et Nobilissimus Dominus Johannes Schedius [??] de […], librum hunc in gratam sui, et scholasticae juventutis utilitatem, Gymnasio Lincopensi honorarii loco reliquit. 18 octobris. Anno 1636.”; on frontispiece, note “Liber Gymnasij Lincopensis 18. Octobris 1636.”; illegible signature and note “Jean von Schedius”; oval purple stamp of “BIBL. LINCOPENSIS” on colophon; label of “STIFTS- OCH LANDSBIBLIOTEKET LINKÖPING” with shelfmark on front pastedown. Annotations: An early sporadic reader, familiar with Swedish, who exhibits an interest in Macrobius, makes internal references and numbered notes, and discusses Vesalius’ catholic interpretation of faith and works. On a3v, underlinings and note “musculi manus ostensi”; on a4r-a4v, underlinings and note on the table of contents with numberings of each book; on p. 4, underlinings and internal reference under the heading “A sensu”, “idem inf. p. 57”; on p. 22, underlinings and notes “aures”, “nares”, “gustatus” and “tactus”; on p. 23, underlinings and notes “Venetiis”, “Bononiae” and “Genuae”; on p. 57, summary note “Dentes duntaxat sentiendi facultate donatis inter ossa” and internal reference “inf. 188”; on p. 58, underlinings, summary notes and NB signs; on p. 111, underlinings and summary notes such as “XXIV ab utroque latere” and “costae V. spuriae et illegitimae”; on p. 149, underlinings, reference to “Macrob. Saturnaliorum lib. 7. c. 13. pag 519” and note “Suecis dicitur Pollex, Dimidia manus”; on p. 181, summary notes such as “pes XXVI. ossibus donata”; on p. 188, underlinings and reference back to “sup pag. 57”; on p. 189, underlinings and notes “307 ossa humani corporis” and “313”; on p. 208, underlinings and reference to “Macrob. Saturnalior. lib. 7. cap. IX”; on p. 279, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 280, underlinings, “Not.” sign; and summary notes, partly crossed out, “Homini et porco / Ericio, Ovibus et gliri”; on p. 295, underlinings and summary notes on the performers; on p. 598, underlinings and note “pathicus / qui praeposterae libidine se iniri patit”; on p. 608, underlinings and numbered summary notes “1. Duodenum”, “2. Jeiunum”, “3. tenue intestin. / seu Ileum”; on p. 620, underlinings and summary note; on p. 621, underlinings and Greek word copied out; on p. 627, underlinings and notes on the spleen, with numberings of anecdotes, such as “Duo Exempla i. Arquati / qui morbo Jetericio laborant. In quo lienem minus crassum, exiquumque repperit Vesalius ii. Lien sani hominis grandis”;

on p. 628, numberings “v.” and “vi.” continued; on p. 629, underlinings and numberings such as “Diuersae eruditorum de lienis usu opiniones”, “i.” “ii.” “iii.” “iiii” “v”; on p. 630, further numberings and summary notes, such as “authoris de liene opinio”; on p. 654, underlinings, incl. the word “hymen”; on p. 662, underlinings and note “Plinius et alii, de pravitate et tetro odore menstrui sanguinis, notantur”; on p. 663, underlinings and numbered notes on “mulieres a Vesalio sectae”; on p. 667, underlinings, references to “Alberti magni indoctissimus liber te virorum mulieriumque secretis”, “Michael Scotus ineptissimus” and summary note; on p. 671, underlinings and note “bombycis duo involucra”; on p. 675, underlinings and summary notes, e.g. “nexus umbilicalis”; on p. 741, underlinings and notes “jecur cerebrum cor” and “fidei, jungit auctor Vesalius: pia opera, quibus salvemur contra vertum ipsius sp. sancti”; underlinings on fols. a2v, a5r, a6r, and pp. 1, 2, 5, 24, 31, 32, 33, 99, 110, 159, 180, 182, 190, 206, 207, 260, 261, 264, 277, 278, 281, 515, 591, 601, 655, 657, 658, 669, 674, 677, 742, 751, 773, 788, 789, and in the index, correction of errata on a3r, and pp. 32, 63, 64, 65, 106, 123, 147, 149.

Lund

II/224. Lund University Library Call No.: Med. Anat. Storfol. Ex. 1. Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy, with minor tear to nervous insert. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded twice, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, contemporary pigskin over wood with ornamental decorations, traces of clasps. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: None. II/225. Lund University Library Call No.: Med. Anat. Storfol. Ex. 2. Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy in excellent condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, vascular insert bound vertically, folded from bottom and right, nervous insert bound sideways and folded twice from the right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

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Binding: Unrestored, seventeenth-century brown calfskin with simple decorative frames. Provenance: A certain Nils Nilsson; who donates the book to Lund University Library in 1961. Annotations: Short comments in the epistle dedicatory, on a2r, “triplex medendi ratio: convictus ratio, medicament[…], manus operi”; on a2v “chirurgiae laus.”

Östersund

II/226. Zetterström library Call No.: Physical Description: An unrestored, incomplete copy with dampstaining, frontispiece missing, pp. 287–290, 391–392 torn out. Bifolium inserts missing. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with metallic corners and traces of clasps, on front cover, blind-tooled initials “W.W.H.”, portrait of Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1528–1589), with inscription “von Gottes Gnaden Iulius Herzog zu Braunschweig und Luneburg” and the date “1576”. Provenance: Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1528– 1589) in 1576; the Östersund grammar school library; from which it enters the current collection in 1933. On front endpaper, initials “P.S”; “C. Tirén.”; and stamp of “DEPOSITION FRAN OSTERSUNDS LAROVERKBIBLIOTEK JATLANDS BIBLIOTEK”; “John Ward” handwritten on top of p. 643. Annotations: A sixteenth-century reader who makes personal observations, refers to Fallopio, has a strong interest in the preparation of bones, and is interested in the fundus of the uterus. On p. 23, underlining and faded note; on p. 24, faded personal observation of a probably hydrocephalic child, whose skull was filled with “ultra 12 libras aquae”, as the reader observed with a surgeon post mortem, “Vidi ego Anno 76 puellarum sesquiannorum […]”, and summary note in another ink; on p. 44, reference to Fallopio, “Vide obseruationes Anatomicas Gabrielis Fallopij fol. 23”; on p. 191, numbered summary notes on cooking the bones; on p. 192, marginal lines, numbered summary notes and “NB” sign; on p. 193, “NB” sign, marginal lines, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 194, note “Bok Nils Sid[…]”, summary notes, and two quaver notes; on p. 195, summary notes, marginal line, and “NB”

sign; on p. 196, marginal line and underlining; on p. 197, “NB” sign, marginal lines and summary note “structura”; on p. 198, underlinings, marginal lines and summary note; on p. 209, underlinings, marginal numbers and summary note; on p. 441, underlinings, and numbered note “I”, “II”, “arteria venalis”; on p. 655, underlining where the fundus of the uterus is discussed, “NB” sign, and sketch of two meandering lines.

Uppsala

II/227. Uppsala University Call No.: Bibliotheca Walleriana 9901 Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition, printer’s mark bound before frontispiece. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle facing right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Lightly hand-colored historiated initials on pp. 54, 95, 99, 116, 125, 129, 135, 142, 340, 341, 676, 731; dead spider on p. 243. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with label “Andr. Vesalli de Humani Corporis Fabrica MDLV” written in ink on spine. Provenance: A religious library; the Velké Hoštice collector Count Ignaz Dominik Chorynsky of Ledská (1729–1792); whose library, and probably this volume, remains at the same place until 1930–1932; when it is sold at auction by the Hamburg dealers Hans Götz and Franz Dörling; probably acquired then by the Swedish surgeon and book collector Erik Waller (1875–1955); who bequests his library to the current collection. Ex-libris of Chorynsky and ex-dono of Waller on front pastedown; oval stamp of the current collection on front flyleaf; possessor’s note on frontispiece “ex biblioth S. Georgii Mis […]”. Annotations: A learned reader who is familiar with Greek and German, and refers to Pliny and Lucian. On a4r, faint and illegible note; on p. 3, underlinings and marginal line; on p. 4, underlinings and marginal line; on p. 9, faint and illegible note in Greek; on p. 10, underlinings; on p. 13, underlinings and marginal asterisk; on p. 15, marginal line and note “articulatio euiden[…] motum ostenden[…]”; on p. 16, marginal numberings “I”, “II”, and “III”; on p. 19, marginal numberings from “V” to “VII”; on p. 21, “anterior” is corrected to “posterior”; on p. 22, marginal asterisk; on p. 23, marginal note “Thersites Homerus”; on p. 24, marginal lines and underlinings; on p. 31, marginal asterisk; on

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p. 37, underlinings; on p. 42, marginal asterisk; on p. 45, marginal line; on p. 49, marginal line; on p. 53, underlinings; on p. 72, marginal asterisk; on p. 79, underlinings; on p. 81, faint and illegible summary note; on p. 83, underlinings; on p. 84, underlinings and marginal asterisk; on p. 86, underlinings; on p. 89, underlinings and marginal asterisk; on p. 90, underlinings; on p. 91, underlinings; on p. 92, underlinings and marginal line; on p. 95, underlinings, and note next to the title “DE LUMBORUM VERTEBRIS”, “quarum sunt v”; on p. 96, note “5 uertebrarum lumborum”; on p. 98, notes next to the chapter title on the os sacrum and the coccyx, e.g. “quod vi ossibus constat”; on p. 99, underlinings; on p. 103, underlinings; on p. 106, faint and illegible note; on p. 107, summary note on the number of the ribs next to the woodcut; on p. 110, marginal lines and asterisks; on p. 111, underlinings and asterisk; on p. 117, underlinings; on p. 119, underlinings; on p. 120, underlinings and marginal lines; on p. 122, underlinings; on p. 123, underlinings and marginal lines; on p. 126, underlinings and marginal lines; on p. 127, underlinings; on p. 130, underlinings; on p. 135, underlinings; on p. 141, note next to the woodcut, “octo brachialis ossa hisce quatuor figuris […] uaria […] dipingi[…]”; on p. 142, underlining and summary note on Galen and Hippocrates; on p. 143, underlinings; on p. 159, marginal line and underlinings; on p. 175, marginal line and underlinings; on p. 176, underlinings; on p. 179, marginal line and underlinings; on p. 180, underlinings; on p. 181, marginal lines and underlinings; on p. 182, underlinings and marginal lines; on p. 183, marginal line; on p. 184, underlining; on p. 186, underlinings; on p. 187, underlinings and marginal lines; on p. 189, underlinings, marginal line, and note “ossa in corpore huma[…] 307”; on p. 203, identification of the bones on the skeleton man, as well as quotes in Latin and Greek, e.g. “Plinius lib. xix. Cap. iiii. Mors certe aequabit quos pecunia separauerit vide item Lucianum in dialog[…] Menippi et Mercurij tom […] pagina 217 et […]”; on p. 204, underlinings; on p. 255, underlinings; on p. 301, underlinings and note “quae musculi diffic[…] numerari possunt”; on p. 342, underlinings; on p. 348, underlinings; on p. 453, marginal lines and German equivalent term given; on p. 507, underlinings, asterisk, and summary note “triplex neruorum differentia”; on p. 508, underlinings and marginal lines; on p. 509, underlinings; on p. 587, underlinings; on p. 588, underlinings, marginal lines, and asterisk; on p. 630, marginal line and note “cur lien risus […] uulgo habeatur”; on p. 631, underlining and asterisk; on p. 633, underlinings and internal reference “690”; on p. 634, underlining and marginal line; on p. 644, underlining and note “Historia gonorrhaea laborantis q suspensus Patavij sectus fuit”; on p. 645, underlining, marginal line, and “NB” sign; on p. 646, reference added to Galen; on p. 671, underlinings; on p. 673,

underlinings and note “amiculum”; on p. 674, underlinings and marginal lines; on p. 675, underlinings, asterisks, “NB” signs and summary note on foetal urine; on p. 731, underlinings; on p. 741, underlinings; on p. 742, marginal line and underlinings; on p. 819, underlinings; on p. 824, underlinings, marginal lines, asterisks, and “NB” sign. Bibliography: Lubomír Slavíček, “Ignác Dominik hrabě Chorynský z Ledské jako sběratel obrazů a knih.” Opuscula historiae artium (64) 2015: 158–205. II/228. Uppsala University Call No.: Obr. 46:50 Physical Description: A complete copy with few traces of use, frontispiece repaired at the lower edge, minor ripping, slight worming on flyleaves. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with rolls of portraits and allegorical figures “SPES”, “FORTITUT”, “CARITAS” and “FIDES”, note on front cover “22 117,” red morocco label “50” on spine, traces of clasps, edges red. Provenance: In the current library since the seventeenth century, probably arrived as war booty in the Thirty Years’ War. On front pastedown, labels “Uppsala Universitets Bibliotek Obr. 46: 50” and other label “46 L”, with handwritten “50”; stamps of library on front flyleaf, frontispiece verso, colophon and printer’s mark. Annotations: On p. 746, where the heart’s septum is discussed, underlining and marginal line, on p. 821, marginal line where the heart’s and the lungs’ use is discussed in animals and humans.

Västerås

II/229. Västerås City Library Call No.: Stiftsbiblioket, P.O.D. VII. Physical Description: A complete copy with some dampstaining at the beginning of the volume. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from right and bottom, X2 sheet present, woodcut on p. 560 intact.

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Figure 118 Contemporary binding with portrait of Melanchthon. II/229. Västerås: Västerås City Library. Call No.: Stiftsbiblioket, P.O.D. VII.

Binding: White pigskin from 1560 by Valentin Reich of Wittenberg with blind-stamped allegorical figures, blackened gold portrait of Philip Melanchthon, with motto “SI DEUS PRO NOB: QUIS CONTRA NOS”, initials E . N. A. and date 1560 on front cover; blackened gold portrait of Martin Luther with motto “IN SILENCIO ET SPE ERIT FORTITUD: VEST:” on back cover, traces of clasps, title “VESALIUS DE FABRICA HUM: CORPORIS” on fore-edge. Provenance: The Wittenberg theology professor Matthias Gunderam (1529–1564); who gave it as a gift to the future Swedish professor and bishop Erasmus Nicolai Arbogensis in 1560; upon whose death in 1580 it passed to his daughter Margaretha Nicolai; upon whose death, in 1628, it entered the library of the minister Olaeus Andreas Dalekarlus (d. 1648); whose widow donated the book to the current library in 1649. Possessors’ notes on frontispiece “Olaus Andreae Dalekarlus me possidet.”; and in a different

hand, “cuius relicta vidua, hunc librum testamenti loco, Bibliothecae Arosiensi co[…]eravit. Anno 1649.”; pasted-in ownership mark of “Stifts- och Landsbiblioteket Västerås” on front flyleaf. Annotations: Numerous annotations in Nicolai’s hand and some later annotations in pencil. Nicolai’s annotations offer an autobiography on the page with the colophon, summarizing the main events of his own life; and also focus on the major theoretical arguments of Vesalius against Galenists, e.g. that the septum between the heart’s ventricles is not porous, that the vena cava originates in the heart, or that the human brain does not significantly differ from animal brains. On a2r, underlining where the three methods of curing are discussed; on a2v, underlining where the Persian role in the transmission of medical knowledge is discussed; on a4r, underlinings where the author discusses that Galen only dissected monkeys, and not humans, and

1555 Editions

marginal note on the order of the book “ordo librorum in hoc Vesalio”; on p. 1, underlining where Vesalius discusses how the bones support the body like a fulcrum; on p. 4, marginal note and underlining repeating that, apart from the teeth, there is no sensory feeling in the bones; on p. 22, underlining where Vesalius discusses that the brain is in the head because of the proximity of the sensory organs; on p. 265, underlining where Vesalius claims that there are no arteries in muscles unless veins and nerves are also present; on p. 734, underlining where Vesalius argues that blood does not seep through the septum from the right ventricle to the left; on p. 735, underlining where Vesalius claims that the vena cava originates in the heart, and not in the liver, and marginal note, summarizing Vesalius’ approval of Galen’s claim that the liver produces blood; on p. 789, underlining and marginal note where Vesalius coyly refuses to discuss the location of the chief spirit in the ventricles, underlining the exhortation to sing hymns to God; on colophon, extensive autobiographical chronology, listing major career and life events, especially deaths of children, note of book donation from Mathias Gunderam and of inscription at Wittenberg; on front pastedown, a list of Swedish students who had been awarded an MA in liberal arts and philosophy, from 1517 until 1561, listing Nicolai himself in 1560. On a4v, pencil note in a different hand where Vesalius discusses Pyrgoteles, “Praxitele potius an …”; under Vesalius’ portrait, copying out the phrase on the portrait “Ocyus Iucunde et Tuto”. Bibliography: Stig Sundberg, “En märklig anatomibok i Stifts- och landsbiblioteket i Västerås.” Nordisk medicinhistorisk årsbok 1973: 109–123.

Switzerland

Basel

II/230. Anatomisches Institut Call No.: Physical Description: A complete copy with browning, foxing, occasional spotting. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 52, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

381 Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with portraits and allegorical figures, such as “SPES” and “FIDE”, label “AND VESALII DE HUMAN. CORPO. FABRICA”, date 1601 on front cover, clasps intact. Provenance: The Universitätsbibliothek Basel; transferred to the Anatomical Institute in the late nineteenth century. Shelfmark “L.b. I.4” on front pastedown; round stamp of “Anatomisches Institut Universität Basel” on front flyleaf; on frontispiece, round stamp of “UNIVERSITATSBIBLIOTHEK BASEL”; on frontispiece verso, oval stamp “BIBL. PUBLI. BASILEENSIS”. Annotations: On front flyleaf, two letters pasted in, written to the Basel anatomy professor and rector Julius Kollmann (1834–1918). The first letter was written by Walo Koch, Kollmann’s former student and possibly the father of the renowned botanist Walo Koch, in 1888; this letter discusses a 1555 copy of the Fabrica with annotations on the frontispiece verso by Johann Jacob Hugo from Tübingen in 1566, and contains an appendix with a transcription of the annotation, which is a copy of Bizarus’ letter on Vesalius’ death. The other letter, written by the librarian Dr. L. Sieber, discusses the University Library’s holdings of Vesalius, and the eventual transfer of this copy from the University Library to the Anatomical Institute. II/231. Pharmazie-Historisches Museum der Universität Basel Call No.: Physical Description: A complete copy with some browning and burn marks. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with portraits, clasps present, label “Vesalii Corp. Hum. Fabrica” on spine. Provenance: On deposit from Novartis at the current collection. On front pastedown, note of “Georg Fäsch [??]” and “2106”, yellow stamp “Eigentum CIBA-GEIGY 14–32”. Annotations: Pencil marginal crosses and lines on a2v and a3r.

382 II/232. Universitätsbibliothek Basel Hauptbibliothek Call No.: LB I 23 Folio Physical Description: A complete copy with some foxing and worming, printer’s mark torn. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with portraits and floral decorations, one clasp present, trace of other clasp, labels “Andr. Vesalii Humani corporis fabrica Exemplar Casp. Bauhini”, “L. b. I. 23”, “Folio” and “Basileae Joh. Oporinus 1555 editio altera” on spine. Provenance: The Basel botanist and anatomy professor Caspar Bauhin (1560–1624); the Basel botanist Carl Friedrich Hagenbach (1771–1849); whose heirs donate it to the MuseumsVerein Basel in 1852; then the current collection. Ex-libris of “MuseumsVerein in Basel, Geschenk der Erben von Hn Prof. C. Fried. Hagenbach 1852”; round stamp of “UNIVERSITATSBIBLIOTHEK BASEL” on a6v. Annotations: Long note on front flyleaf, with seven quotes from Colombo, Fallopio, Archangelus Piccolomini, Laurentius and Carcanus, on Vesalius’ relationship to Galen, e.g. “Vesalius tantofere exoptabat Galeno contradicere, ut nil mirum sit, si is ab illa incredibili rerum nouarum, et populi gloriola captanda raptus nonnunquam longa errat via. Columb. Lib. 8. Cap. I. circa finem”, or “Vesalius ne rem accuratius indagaret, ueritatemque assequeretur, in causa fuit, ut credo, summum studium Galeno occurrendi: si enim diligentius, affectu interim omisso musculi ductum aduertisset etc. Fallop. […] in musculo 4 brachij.”; with note on bottom “In Anatomica Galeni annotationes se scribere uidet pag. 385. Galenum restituit qu[…] Italia et Germania nunquam Latinum […] 372”; on p. 8, underlining of first word in chapter; on p. 14, underlining of first word in chapter, on p. 348, NB sign where Galen is mentioned; on p. 730, note “uide et inuolucri situm”. II/233. Universitätsbibliothek Basel Hauptbibliothek Call No.: I q 12. Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition, occasional marginal tears. Bifolium inserts present

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after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, vascular insert folded from left and bottom, facing forwards to X2 sheet, nervous insert folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with allegorical figures and religious scenes, monogram and date “I N G” “1558” on front cover, clasps intact with new leather straps, label “Vesalii Anatomi cum fig. Basileae 15[…]” and shelfmark on spine, label “VESALIUS” on fore-edge. Provenance: The company Hoffmann-La Roche, donated to the current collection in 1960. On front pastedown, exdono “Der Universitäts-Bibliothek Basel geschenkt von der Universität Basel (als Jubiläumsgabe 1960) von der Direktion der F. Hoffmann-La Roche & Co. AG. Basel.”; round stamp of “UNIVERSITÄTS-BIBLIOTHEK BASEL” on frontispiece verso with shelfmark; on back pastedown, envelope with letter of donation. Annotations: An early, sporadic reader who makes a few marginal notes, referring to Galen and Hippocrates; another hand correcting the errata; and a modern reader, working in pencil, analyzing the skeleton and muscle men. On p. 141, early ink numberings of the bones of Figure 5, e. g. “3. os pyramidale, 4. os pisciforme”; on pp. 203, 214, 218, 234, geometrical grids drawn in pencil around some of the skeleton and muscle men, with occasional diagonal lines, with German notes on distances between the different body parts in inches and identifications of some body parts, and identifications of the point of the golden ratio, marked “aurea”, “aurea minoris”, “aurea majoris”; on p. 236, numberings of muscles; on p. 291, marginal note “verum si corpus diutius a laqueo pendeat. At si statim post suffocationem animatur, nulla erit difficultas”; on p. 524, Greek word copied out on the margin and corrected, with note “Vide Gal. lib. i. de locis affec. cap. 6”; on p. 603, reference to Hippocrates “Aphoris. 46 par 5.” Errata corrected on a2v, pp. 24, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 44, 63, 65, 72, 97, 101, 105, 106, 114, 123, 125, 129, 142, 147, 149, 153, 176, 186, 190, 193, 206, 207, 213, 231, 251, 255, 259, 262, 263, 277, 288. 318. 331. 340, 342, 384, 386, 393, 406, 407, 415, 431, 435, 443, 462, 469, 481, X2 sheet, nervous insert, 591, 592, 627, 636, 639, 642, 673, 682, 709, 790, 791, 799. On front pastedown, note “dbl. = Lb I 23 nochm. aufst.” and price marking “f 12”; on printer’s mark pencil note “Oporin.”; on back pastedown, price note from 1557, “VI Ioachimicis. Anno 1557. Mense Octobri.”; on front flyleaf, note “Sandrart MalerAcademie II. 243 adr. Joh. V. Calcar “Er ist es, der das Lob-würdige Buch für den Anatomisten Vesalius gezeichnet, das sehr künstlich gemacht, und der genüge nach ausweiset, was er für ein

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besonderer Künstler gewesen, auch hat er meistens alle contrafäte der Mahler Bildschneider und Baumeister aus Italien, die in des Vassari Buch verfasset, gemacht, welche nicht leicht zu verbässern, und nur zum höchsten zu beklagen ist, daß er in so frühen Jahren zu Neapel, ohngefehr anno 1546 gestorben”, with pencil drawing of “J v. Calcar” based on the image in Sandrart.

Bern

II/234. Universitätsbibliothek Bern Call No.: Fol. WZ 240 V 575. Physical Description: A complete copy with worming. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present before vascular insert, vascular insert folded to partially cover X2 sheet. Slightly damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with floral decorations and religious portraits, with inscriptions such as “ECCE AGNUS DEI QUI TOLL” and “DATA EST MIHI OMNES”, label “VESALII DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA” and shelfmarks on spine. Provenance: Probably a Jesuit monastery; a certain Johannes Westbouw [?]; the Gdańsk councilman and poet Vincentius Fabricius (1612–1667), born in Hamburg; who donates the volume to the Hamburg physician Johannes Garmers (1628–1700); who donates the volume to the St Mary’s Cathedral Library in Hamburg in 1687; probably sold with the rest of the cathedral library in the late eighteenth century; a certain Dr. Behn, probably the Kiel anatomy professor Wilhelm Behn (1808–1878). Cancelled, illegible possessor’s note “S[…] J[…]” on front flyleaf; note “Dr. med Behn 29/1 1833” on front flyleaf verso; long ex-donos of Fabricius and Garmers on front flyleaf verso, with Garmers noting “ne post mea fata in privatas cadat manus et ob bene merita L. M. L. D. B. Bibliothecae Catedrali”; round stamp of “Anatomie Bern” on front flyleaf verso; initials “IWL” and “BSQ” on frontispiece; raised stamp of Bibliothek des Universität Bern Med. Hist. Inst.” on frontispiece; another note excised from frontispiece with pencil date “1555”; note “Johannis Westbouij Medici” on frontispiece. Annotations: An early reader interested in identifying the bones of the maxilla, and in the uterus, also correcting errata throughout. On p. 24, underlining; on p. 50, identifications of bones, e.g. “os lacrymale”; on p. 51, identifications

of bones, e.g. “maxilla superior”; on p. 52, identifications of the bones; on p. 651, note in German on the parts of the uterus, and internal reference to Figs. XXV, XXVI, and XXVII; on p. 652, marginal line; on p. 654, underlining of “eugion”, and underlining with question mark of “carnea haec membrana.” Correction of errata on a2v, pp. 32, 35, 37, 63, 65, 66, 72, 76, 90, 97, 101, 105, 106, 114, 125, 129, 143, 147, 149, 151, 153, 176, 186, 190, 192, 193, 199, 206, 207, 208, 251, 263, 288, 331, 340, 379, 384, 386, 393, 407, 452, 467, 469, 548, 591, 628, 673, 791.

Geneva

II/235. Bibliothèque de Genève Call No.: Md 4 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy in excellent condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Slightly damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Restored, seventeenth-century calfskin with gold-tooled spine and edges. Provenance: Unknown. Two former Geneva Library call numbers (I.A.21 and X5a) on flyleaf; Geneva library stamp on a2. Annotations: Faint pencil note on second flyleaf “2te … Ausgabe m …. Holzschn. 6b. 23537.” II/236. Bibliothèque de Genève Call No.: Md 6 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with dampstaining on the lower part of almost every leaf, minor repairs to lower right-hand corner of frontispiece. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, and folded from top to bottom and right to left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, sixteenth-century blind-stamped pigskin on wood, with metal clasps. Provenance: The Geneva professor, zoologist and comparative anatomist René-Edouard Claparède (1832–1871); upon whose death the book enters the current collection. Ex-libris of library “Bibliothèque publique Legs Claparède

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1871.”; earlier possessor’s note struck through on frontispiece; illegible, round stamp of “Bibliothèque publique de Geneve”. Annotations: Date 1555 added on bottom of frontispiece. On the verso of the frontispiece, bibliographical note on the Fabrica, “De huius editionis praestantia vide // J. C. W. Möhsen. Verzeichnis einer Sammlung von Bildnissen grössentheils berühmter Aerzte. Berlin 1771. 4. pag. 80 sqq. // F. A. J. Ebert. Bibliograph. Lexikon. Leipz. 1821. 30.4. Th. II. n. 23537. // M. Denis. Merkwürdigkeiten der Garellischen Bibliothek. Wien, 1780.4. S. 644.”; early Latin epigram on Vesalius’ fame under the portrait “Plurima at inueniant Gabriel, Valuerda, Columbus, // Non tamen hac propter gloria nostra minor”.

Luzern

II/237. Zentral- und Hochschulbibliothek Luzern Call No.: M.94.gr.fol. Physical Description: A complete copy in excellent condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Woodcut damaged on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, seventeenth-century leather over cardboard with blind-tooled lines and decorations, traces of clasps. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: None.

Neuchâtel

II/238. Bibliothèque publique et universitaire de Neuchâtel Call No.: ZU 65 Physical Description: An incomplete, composite copy with some foxing and tears, frontispiece, and a6 (*6) supplied from a 1543 edition, with textblock (title and publication details) excised on frontispiece, marginalia cut out from p. 1; pp. 3–8, 137–140 missing, lower corner of

pp. 789–790 missing, pp. 821–822 missing and supplied in facsimile, with illustration missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top, bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin on wooden boards, with bust portraits of evangelists and biblical citations, portraits of Virgil, Ovid, Cicero, Julius Caesar, Erasmus, Melanchthon, Luther and Hus, traces of missing clasps. Provenance: Unknown. Note on front pastedown “zu Schaffhausen”, bookplate of current collection, including previous shelf mark. Annotations: An early ink annotator writing in a clear hand, using red ink for the first letter of every comment. On front pastedown, incomplete sentence “allen dingen, so […] nichts Mißlingen.”; on a2r, a2v, a3r, a3v, a4r, a4v, a5r, summary notes on the major sections of the epistle dedicatory, e. g. “librorum argumenta” and “dedicatio”; on p. 1, summary words repeated on the margin, e. g. “fulcra” and “propugnacula”; on p. 26, selected lettering on the figures crossed out; on p. 204, some crossing out of the lettering on the figures, and some letters repeated with lines drqzn in; on p. 392, character “F” crossed out in the third woodcut, and then repeated next to it; on p. 577, the veins in the woodcut on the left have been colored in, with a “Δ“ added, referring to the note on p. 579; on p. 579, additional character is added to the explanation of characters, “δ venula ab ipso cavae venae […]”; on p. 586, characters “E” and “F” crossed out in fig. 30 tab. 1; on p. 638, note “Homo in individuo mortalis, in specie immortalis”; on pp. 641–642, numbering of the three variations; on p. 646, marginal note with numbering of arguments on the side “Refutacio Galenij”; on p. 650, note “Galeni refutatio de penis structura sententiae” and “Refutatio Arabum […]”; on p. 651, note “Historia”; on p. 799, correction of errata; on pp. 801–805, extensive summary phrases and numberings of arguments related to the discussion of the eye. Bibliography: Dominique de Montmollin, Michel Schlup and Michael Schmidt, L’illustration anatomique de la Renaissance au siècle des Lumières. Neuchâtel, 1998, pp. 42–47. Online: 1939328

http://www.e-rara.ch/nev_r/content/titleinfo/

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Figure 119

Frontispiece with missing textblock. II/238. Neuchâtel: Bibliothèque publique et universitaire de Neuchâtel. Call No.: ZU 65.

385

386

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Yverdon-Les-Bains

II/239. Bibliothèque Publique d’Yverdon-Les-Bains Call No.: BPY 3824 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with dampstaining and browning, pp. 681/682 missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with floral decorations, and portraits of the reformers, with names “IOHA”, “MART”, “PHIL” and “ERAS”, label “Vesalii Anatomia” and shelfmarks on spine, modern ties, fore-edge green. Provenance: The Lausanne professor and alchemist Claude Aubery (1545–1596); enters the current collection at an unknown date. Round stamp of “BIBLIOTHEQUE PUBLIQUE D’YVERDON” on a2r; on printer’s mark, note “C. ALBERTII TRIUNCURIANI.” Annotations: On front flyleaf, whole-page, handwritten title “Andreae Vesalii Anatomia seu de Fabrica Corporis Humani Amstelodami”, with “Amstelodami” crossed out in pencil and date “MDLV” added.

Zürich

II/240. Zentralbibliothek Zürich Abteilung Alte Drucke und Rara Call No.: Md P 2: b Physical Description: A complete, unrestored copy. Bifolium inserts present, after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, folded from right to left, X2 sheet present after the vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with tooled frames, floral decorations and centerpiece. Provenance: The Swiss aristocrat and London opera impresario Johann Jakob Heidegger (1666–1749); the Wangen physician Johann Heinrich Gessner (1673–1748); his nephew, the renowned botanist Johannes Gessner (1709–1790); then the library of the Medicinisch-chirurgischen Gesellschaft of Zürich in 1809. Note of Heidegger on frontispiece.

Annotations: On frontispiece, short note by Heidegger, “Cum Vesalio in Anatomia non potest comparari”, with Greek note.

Ukraine

Kyiv

II/241. National Library of Ukraine Call No.: Physical Description: An incomplete copy in good condition, red stain affecting muscle man on p. 240. Vascular insert missing, nervous insert present after p. 552, bound vertically, folded from right and bottom, X2 sheet present after p. 504. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with ornamental decorations between frames on the sides and ornamental centerpiece. Provenance: At one point a certain Joseph Komarouia [?]; the Austrian nobleman, Socinian theologian and Descartes translator Johann Ludwig von Wolzogen (1599– 1661); who donated the copy after 1640 to the Polish aristocrat Łukasz Opaliński (1612–1662). Possessor’s note on frontispiece, “Joannes Ludovicus Wolzogen Baro”; “Sum Rdi Josephi Komarouia”; note of donation on frontispiece verso “Illustri, Magnifico ac Generosissimo Domino, Domino Lucae de Bnin Opalinski, Palatinidae Posnaniensi, Capitaneo Pobediscensio hoc dissecti humani Corporis monumentum, Heroi Integerrimo, ut qui hominum menter plus quam humano perspicit judicio, meum quoque in hoc fenestrato corpore perspectum devotumque habeat animum, qui in hoc ex typo corpore sinceri mei Corporis obsequium, animique, D. D. DQ. Joannes Ludovicus Wolzogen, L. Baro in Neuhaus”; rectangular stamp of Ukrainian State Library on frontispiece verso; faded oval stamp in Cyrillic on front flyleaf recto, a2v, p. 95, and back flyleaf verso; on p. 33, rectangular stamp of Vernadsky Ukrainian National Library; paste-in of Vernadsky Library on back pastedown. Annotations: On p. 781, modern pencil marginal line where Vesalius discusses the convolutions of the cortex, and argues that they are also present in animals. Early price marking on front pastedown, “constat 15 taler”.

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United Kingdom

Aberdeen

II/242. Aberdeen University Library Call No.: pi f611 Ves 2 Physical Description: A restored, complete copy, frontispiece and the first six pages extensively repaired for damp and mold damage. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded in both directions. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Twentieth-century alum-tawed goatskin with no decorative elements, rebound by Roger Powell in 1958. Provenance: Entered the collection of King’s College, Aberdeen before 1700. Early college press marks, but none that can be dated certainly before 1700; twentieth-century bookplate. Annotations: None.

Cambridge

II/243. Cambridge University Library Call No.: CCF.46.4 Physical Description: A complete copy, with damaged edges to the pages, bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, contemporary blind-tooled pigskin over wood with floral and geometrical decorative elements, traces of clasps, binding torn, name “VESALIUS” on fore-edge. Provenance: The Erfurt physician and university rector Georg Christoph Petri von Hartenfels (1633–1718); the Bury St Edmunds surgeon John Dalton (either Sr. (1771–1844) or, more probably, Jr., (1803–1859)); the Suffolk General Hospital Collection in Bury St. Edmunds (from which it is on deposit currently); originally held at the Cambridge University Anatomy School; and

387 transferred at one point in the twentieth century to the current location. Inscriptions by Petri von Hartenfels and Dalton. Annotations: An early reader who is familiar with Greek, and is interested in Galen, focusing on bones, the foetus, and the eye. On a2r, annotation summarizing Vesalius’ claims; on a2v, where Vesalius discusses how anatomy is needed for the revival of medicine, summary note “Cur et qd modo anatomen aggres: sq. Vesalius”; on a4r, marginal line and summary note “Galenus non […] Anatomicis satisfacere” and summary note on the order of the books of the Fabrica; on a4v, summary notes on the Epitome and on the criticism for providing illustrations; on a5r, summary notes on Vesalius’ criticism of Galen and his praise of Charles V; on p. 2, marginal line and note with Greek equivalent where Vesalius discusses what the fibula and the coccyx look like; on p. 3, underlinings, marginal line and summary note where the bones’ holes are discussed; on p. 8, underlinings and marginal reference to Galen where Vesalius discusses Galen’s errors about the epiphyses; on p. 19, summary notes that mention Aristotle where Vesalius discusses the varieties of bone joinings; on p. 23, where non-natural skulls are discussed, underlinings, marginal line, and summary references to Hippocrates and to Homer where the text mentions them; on p. 42, underlining and summary note where Vesalius praises nature’s design in positioning the temporal muscles; on p. 43, underlinings, marginal line and note where Vesalius discusses the bones resembling a rocky outcropping; on p. 142, summary note with Greek terms where the Greek names of the hand are discussed; on p. 146 summary note where Vesalius discusses that Galen claims that there are four metacarpal bones while others opt for five, “Ga. cur alij 4 alij 5 postbrachialis ossas […]”; on p. 517, reference to Galen’s De usu partium; on p. 569, underlining in the explanation of characters; on p. 603, underlining in red where the omentum’s reach is discussed; on p. 671, underlinings where the foetus’ wrappings are discussed in a comparative perspective; on p. 673, underlining where foetal wrappings are discussed; on p. 724, reference to Galen’s De usu partium; on p. 737, reference to Galen’s De usu partium, recording the difference in the number of membranes; on p. 759, underlinings in the explanation of characters; on p. 763, underlinings in the explanation of characters; on p. 798, Greek terms added to the explanation of characters, as well as minuscule notes in the illustration of the eye; on p. 800, Greek terms added to the explanation of characters; on p. 804, underlining and marginal line where eye color is discussed.

388 II/244. Cambridge University Library Call No.: N*.1.1(A) Physical Description: A complete copy with worming in the front and minor foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle facing left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern calfskin preserving earlier blindstamped covers with blind-tooled frames, red label “AN. VESALIUS DE HUM. CORP. FABRICA” on spine, modern endpapers. Provenance: The Cambridge physician and professor Thomas Lorkyn (1528–1591); upon whose death it enters the current collection. Ex-libris of “Academia Cantabrigiensis Liber”; ex-libris of “University Library Cambridge, The Bequest of Thomas Lorkin, M. D. Regius Professor of Physic.”; cancelled call numbers; round stamp “BIBl CANT. ACAD.” and Lorkin’s monogram on frontispiece. Annotations: Extensive annotations in Lorkyn’s hand, focusing on the illustrations and their identifications, making frequent internal references, and, on one occasion, a reference to Colombo. On a6v, internal reference “fol. 365. cap. 43” to the description of the arm’s muscles; on p. 21, underlinings, identifications and numberings of the “naturalis” and “non naturalis” skulls, as well as correction of “anterior” to “posterior”; on p. 43, identifications of the illustration by name, dividing them into a grid, with small ink-drawn illustration on the margin; on p. 55, marginal note, underlinings and summary note on the cartilage; on p. 61, marginal line and underlinings; on p. 65, marginal line and underlinings; on p. 69, numberings of the bones, characters copied out and identified next to the illustration, small picture drawn in ink on the side, summary note on the hyoid bone, and internal reference “quere folio 304”, as well as underlinings; on p. 99, underlining and identification of the bones “simiarum and canum coccix et sacrum os”; on pp. 102–103, underlinings and marginal lines; on p. 133, underlining and identification of the illustrations “radius” and “ulna”; on p. 141, identifications of the illustrations and note “27 ossa in manu pter sesamina 12”; on p. 153, underlinings and marginal lines; on p. 154, marginal line, underlinings and summary note on the albadaran; on p. 159, marginal lines and underlinings; on p. 161, identification of the bones and note “appendices fol. 6.”; on p. 170, underlinings and marginal line; on p. 173,

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identification and numbering of the illustrations, as well as note “26 in pede”, referring to the number of bones in the foot; on p. 174, identification of the illustration and underlinings; on p. 184, identifications of the illustrations, with reference to “fol. 304”; on p. 185, identifications of the laryngeal cartilages, underlinings, and reference to Colombo, “Columbus laryngem humanam osseum farit […]”, noting the differences between Colombo and Vesalius; on p. 190, underlinings and marginal line; on p. 193, underlinings and note “pinguedinis usus et utilitas”; on p. 195, underlinings and marginal lines; on p. 197, underlinings and marginal lines; on p. 203, identifications of the bones in the skeleton man with internal references to the passages where they are discussed; on p. 204, identification of bone with internal reference, on p. 205, identification of bones with internal references; on p. 214, identification of character with explanatory text; on p. 218, identification of character with explanatory text; on p. 221, identifications of characters, identifications of muscles, and internal references; on p. 224, identification of character with explanatory text; on p. 228, identifications of characters with internal references; on p. 230, identification of the diaphragma; on p. 232, identification of character with explanatory text; on p. 238, indentification of muscles; on p. 241, underlinings and identification of illustration; on p. 280, underlinings and question “ubi pinguedo sub cute non est?”; on p. 281, underlinings and internal references; on p. 285, underlinings and numbering of parts of the illustrations; on p. 295, underlinings and marginal lines; on p. 304, identifications of the illustrations; on p. 342, underlinings and summary note on the second thoracic muscle; on p. 361, summary note on the ligament, marginal line and underlinings; on p. 437, underlinings and marginal line; on p. 443, marginal lines and underlinings; on p. 444, note next to the illustration of the vena cava, “per hac vena sanguis hemorrhoidus fluit”; on p. 449, marginal line and underlinings; on p. 459, marginal line and underlinings; on p. 477, underlinings and marginal note on “glandularum usus”; on p. 494, highlighting of characters of the illustration; on p. 502, identifications of the illustrations “vena arteriosa” and “arteria venalis”; on X2 sheet, internal reference for “vasa seminalia habetur fol. 577”; on p. 511, identification of illustration and of characters, as well as underlinings; on p. 526, underlinings and identification of illustration, “spinalis medulla”; on p. 552, underlining and internal reference; on p. 555, identification of illustration with internal references to the different body parts; on p. 558, internal reference next to the illustration, “vena porta. reperitur fol. 444”; on p. 559, note next to the illustration of the omentum and underlinings; on p. 560, identification of illustration and underlinings;

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on p. 564, note next to illustration “mesenterij situs in corpore glanduloso”; on p. 565, identification of illustration; on p. 570, identification of illustrations; on p. 575, identification of illustrations; on p. 577, identification of illustrations and internal reference back to “fol. 506”; on p. 579, internal reference for the illustration; on p. 580, note next to the illustration “uterus per se pingitur folio 505. Intra testes sunt duae costae per[…] membraneae, quas Vesalius testium muliebrium musculos farit. Aliquando in his membranis carneae fibrae sint”; on p. 583, identification of illustration and underlinings; on p. 584, note next to the illustration of the vagina; on p. 586, identification of the illustration; on p. 588, identification of the illustration; on p. 602, marginal line and underlinings; on p. 663, note “hemorrhoidus fluxus oritur venis partae non a cava vena”; on p. 665, note “uterus in brutis cornua habet non in hominibus”; on p. 677, underlinings, marginal line and note on the production of milk; on p. 681, underlinings and marginal line; on p. 682, underlinings and marginal numbering of text; on p. 683, underlinings, marginal lines and marginal internal references; on p. 685, summary notes on the margin; on p. 686, summary notes on the margin; on p. 688, underlinings and marginal line with summary note; on p. 689, underlinings, marginal lines and summary notes; on p. 691, underlinings and marginal note, “mulieris administratio”; on p. 695, underlinings and marginal line; on p. 698, underlinings, marginal lines, identifications of the illustration and internal references; on p. 699, underlinings and internal reference next to the illustration; on p. 703, note on the illustration; on p. 704, underlinings and crossed out note next to the illustration “dexter cordis ut […] apertus”; on p. 705, note on the illustration; on p. 707, underlinings and note on the arterial vein, and the veinlike artery, with reference to “fol. 502”; on p. 722, underlinings, marginal line and summary note; on p. 746, marginal line and underlinings; on p. 748, marginal line and underlinings; on p. 751, marginal line and underlinings; on p. 752, underlining and internal reference; on p. 753, underlinings and marginal line; on p. 755, identifications of the illustrations; on p. 756, underlinings and note on the explanation of characters; on p. 757, identification of the illustration “pia mater”; on p. 762, underlinings and internal reference next to the illustration; on p. 766, identification of the illustration, its parts, and note next to it with an ink-drawn picture; on p. 767, identification of illustration and underlinings; on p. 768, underlinings, identification of illustration and signaling directions in the illustration; on p. 769, identification of illustration and internal reference; on p. 777, underlinings and internal reference; on p. 799, identifications of the illustrations with internal references; on p. 805, marginal lines and underlinings; on p. 806,

marginal lines and underlinings; on p. 807, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 808, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 811, underlinings and summary note on the pelvis; on p. 813, underlinings and marginal line; on p. 814, underlinings and internal reference; on p. 817, underlinings and summary note; on p. 821, marginal line and underlinings; with further underlinings on a3v, a4r, pp. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 54, 56, 59, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 70, 71, 73, 78, 79, 82, 83, 98, 100, 101, 105, 109, 112, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119, 122, 123, 132, 135, 142, 146, 155, 156, 157, 160, 162, 163, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, 172, , 175, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181, 187, 188, 189, 191, 192, 194, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 206, 207, 208, 211, 212, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 22, 223, 225, 226, 227, 231, 233, 235, 237, 242, 243, 245, 247, 255, 258, 259, 263, 264, 274, 275, 276, 278, 279, 282, 283, 284, 288, 289, 290, 291, 296, 301, 305, 306, 317, 319, 321, 334, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 345, 346, 349, 350, 352, 359, 360, 364, 376, 377, 386, 388, 392, 393, 396, 417, 418, 420, 436, 438, 440, 441, 442, 445, 448, 451, 453, 455, 456, 458, 464, 465, 468, 469, 471, 480, 481, 484, 485, 486, 487, 493, 495, 496, 497, 500, 501, 503, 513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 518, 519, 521, 527, 529, 530, 531, 533, 534, 546, 547, 548, 549, 551, 556, 557, 561, 566, 567, 569, 571, 573, 580, 582 , 585, 592, 593, 595, 596, 597, 598, 601, 602, 604, 605, 606, 607, 616, 619, 620, 627, 629, 630, 632, 637, 638, 642, 643, 644, 647, 651, 652, 653, 654, 655, 656, 660, 662, 664, 673, 674, 675, 677, 678, 679, 680, 684, 687, 690, 691, 692, 693, 697, 700, 701, 702, 706, 709, 710, 711, 721, 727, 729, 730, 731, 732, 733, 737, 739, 744, 747, 749, 750, 754, 758, 759, 760, 761, 763, 764, 765, 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, 775, 776, 778, 779, 780, 782, 784, 785, 786, 787, 791, 793, 794, 795, 796, 797, 800, 802, 809, 810, 812, 815, 816, 818, 820, 824; underlinings in the errata; underlinings in the index. Bibliography: Kusukawa, Picturing the Book of Nature. II/245. Emmanuel College Call No.: S2.1.3 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some dampstaining affecting the lower part of the volume throughout, repaired tears on frontispiece and nervous insert, vascular insert missing, on p. 421, a few extra printed letters in reverse, potentially transferred from an earlier slip of a printed sheet, and not from p. 420. Nervous insert present after p. 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after p. 504. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, seventeenth-century calfskin with gilt tools and arms of the Archbishop of Canterbury, gilt fleurons and red morocco label “VESALIUS DE CORP. HUMANI FABRICA” on spine, edges decorated.

390 Provenance: William Sancroft (1617–1693), archbishop of Canterbury; who bequests his library to the current collection in 1694. On frontispiece verso, ex-dono bookplate by Emmanuel College, acknowledging Sancroft’s donation; arms of the Archbishop of Canterbury on cover; shelfmarks on front pastedown; crossed out shelfmark “2 1 3” on frontispiece. Annotations: None. II/246. Gonville and Caius College Library Call No.: K.29.1 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with minor water damage. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways and folded, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Restored, sixteenth-century decorated calfskin, with blind-stamped borders, frames and gold-stamped ornaments and centerpiece of the royal arms, board backs covered with printed waste, printed waste flyleaves, and paper strengtheners of music manuscript, edges sprinkled brown; blind-tooled fillets on spine with gold label, rebacked by Blissett Bookbinders, May 2015. Provenance: The physician and former college member Thomas Grymstone (ca. 1561–1608); enters the current library in 1608 as a gift of Grymstone. Note “ex dono Thomae Grymston Medicinae Dris quondam Socij huius Collegij”. Annotations: Early ink corrections of errata on pp. 63, 123, 129, 147, 153, 176, 190. II/247. St John’s College Library Call No.: Mm.1.13 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with light tearing and foxing, nervous insert missing. Vascular insert present after p. 504, bound in vertical position and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped calfskin with corner ornaments, gilt-tooled board edges, floral decorations on spine, rebacked, possibly on acquisition, by the library. Provenance: The Regius Professor of Physics and St John’s Fellow John Collins (ca. 1576–1634); whose medical books

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are donated to the current collection upon his death.11 Manuscript book label of donation; college bookplate from 1700. Annotations: Sporadic annotations with references to the Paradoxes (Erreurs populaires) of the Montpellier physician Laurent Joubert, probably to the French translation of the Paradoxes, with special attention paid to how blood and fat are produced in the body. On p. 24, note “historia”; on p. 71, the illustration of the spine annotated with a list of the number of vertebrae (“collum, dorsum thorace, dorsum lumbos, os sacrum, os coccix constituens”); on p. 279, reference to Laurent Joubert’s Paradoxes on the production of fat to show that Galen was right and Vesalius wrong; on p. 438, another reference to Joubert correcting Vesalius whether the veins can produce red blood; on p. 449 another reference to Joubert, who claims to correct both Galen and Vesalius by showing that the portal vein can make blood. Partial corrections of errata on a2v and pp. 9, 37, 63, 65, 81, 86, 90, 97, 105, 147, 149 [with original text scratched out], 151, 176, 190, 192, 193, 199, 206, 262, 263, 271, 277, 318, 337, 340, 342, 375, 385, 406, 410, 435, 452, 462, 469, 548, 689, 752, 753. On errata page, errata struck through, some errata line numbers corrected, two items encircled.

Durham

II/248. Durham University Library Archives and Special Collections Call No.: SB++ 0037 Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy, a1 damaged, all pages (remainder of index, printer’s mark, colophon) wanting after Dd6, vascular insert missing, dampstaining and soaking, frontispiece mounted and imprint completed in manuscript. Nervous insert present after p. 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after p. 504. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Rebacked panelled calf by William Freeman (fl. 1695–1705) of Durham, nineteenth-century spine with gold arms of Cosin. Provenance: The Cambridge Vice-Chancellor and Peterhouse Master John Cosin (1598–1672) bishop of Durham from 1660; then Cosin’s Library at the Diocese of 11  “John Collins.” http://www.joh.cam.ac.uk/library/special_collections/early_books/pix/provenance/collins/collins.htm, website consulted on 16 October, 2017.

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Durham (1672–1833); enters the current collection in 1833. Nineteenth-century round stamp on frontispiece verso, “Bishop Cosin Library Durham”, shelfmarks in pencil on frontispiece verso.

Provenance: A certain William Rig; who donates the volume to the current collection in 1619. Possessor’s note, ex dono and round stamp of library on frontispiece; round stamp of library on p. 51.

Annotations: An early annotator in ink who focuses on summarizing the prefatory matter. On a2r, summary annotations and underlinings, incl. “tres medicorum sectae”, “scopus medicinae”, “virtus medicamentum […]” and “Galeni arrogantia”; on a2v, heavily trimmed summary notes and annotations on the history of medicine where Vesalius discusses India, Thraceans and Aesculapius; on a3r, underlinings; on a4r, summary note “Galen in simii […] dissectione deceptus”; on a5r, underlinings.

Annotations: A sporadic reader, familiar with Colombo and interested in Galen. On p. 262, marginal note noting Colombo’s disagreement with the passage, and pencil underlinings; on p. 265, marginal note and pencil underlinings, noting Colombo’s disagreement with Vesalius on the relationship of muscles and nerves; on p. 292, short note on the maxilla’s sutures in parrots; on p. 603, marginal line; on p. 736, underlining where the veinlike artery and Galen are discussed; marginal line in index next to terms related to Galen.



Edinburgh

II/249. Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh Sibbald Library Call No.: SS 2.2 Physical Description: An incomplete copy, frontispiece and a6 missing, portrait on a6v supplied from a 1543 edition, with repaired tears. Bifolium inserts present, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Restored, contemporary blind-tooled Venetian brown morocco over wood, restored in the 1950s, modern endpapers, spine rebacked, original covers pasted over modern leather, title “VESALII ANATOMIA” on spine. Provenance: Enters the current collection in the eighteenth century. Note “Ex Libris Bibliothecae Collegii Reg. Medic. Edinburg.” on frontispiece. Annotations: None. II/250. University of Edinburgh Call No.: JY 405 Physical Description: A complete copy with some foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. An exemplaire réglé. Binding: Rebacked, contemporary calf over pasteboard with gold-tooled centerpiece and frames, edges gilt.

II/251. University of Edinburgh Call No.: JY 406 Physical Description: A complete copy. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, vascular insert folded from bottom and right, nervous insert folded from top, bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Rebacked, early sprinkled sheepskin, edges red. Provenance: The French royal surgeon Nicolas-Rassius Deneux (d. 1581); at the current university since the nineteenth century. On frontispiece, note “Nicol. Rassius Desneus Chyrurgus parisiensis”; stamp of the library. Annotations: A heavily annotated copy, with references to Galen, Aristotle, and Celsus, with summary notes that tend to focus on the errors of the Ancients, e.g. “Quorundam error”; with updated terminology of the muscles in a different hand. References to Galen, such as “Pugnat cum Galeno” or “Galenus”, with underlinings and often summary notes, on pp. 3, 18, 19, 49, 52, 78, 84, 87, 89, 90, 94, 103, 113, 114, 123, 131, 139, 150, 162, 168, 172, 175, 181, 182, 261, 272, 281, 284, 289, 293, 296, 309, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 320, 324, 325, 326, 336, 341, 344, 346, 351, 355, 359, 362, 366, 368, 371, 372, 374, 376, 377, 379, 381, 383, 394, 398, 400, 401, 402, 406, 408, 413, 415, 417, 419, 420, 421, 426, 428, 447, 449, 455, 456, 458, 459, 460, 462, 470, 480, 494, 519, 552, 605, 610, 631, 638, 647, 650, 675, 712, 713, 724, 729, 730, 732, 735, 736, 737, 751, 776, 786, 787, 788, 792, 793, 795, 796, 812; references to Aristotle, such as “Aristoteli lapsus”, with underlinings and often summary notes, on pp. 58, 278, 727; reference to Sylvius on p. 105; references to Celsus on pp. 188, 207, 518; references to Aristotle and Galen on p. 646; underlinings and summary

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notes on a2r, a6r, and pp. 1, 2, 4, 10, 11, 12, 15, 23, 24, 40, 43, 55, 69, 72, 74, 99, 117, 122, 142, 151, 159, 163, 170, 186, 187, 199, 206, 255, 264, 270, 279, 280, 282, 286, 288, 294, 337, 340, 348, 364, 380, 386, 407, 422, 448, 454, 457, 461, 463, 464, 467, 469, 471, 472, 473, 475, 476, 477, 500, 501, 503, 510, 514, 521, 530, 546, 592, 595, 596, 597, 599, 601, 603, 608, 611, 614, 615, 619, 620, 624, 626, 629, 630, 632, 634, 641, 657, 664, 665, 667, 674, 678, 684, 688, 716, 718, 723, 728, 731, 733, 734, 750, 771, 780, 804; correction of errata and typographical errors, usually with underlinings and summary notes on pp. 9, 13, 21, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 44, 63, 76, 79, 81, 86, 97, 101, 119, 143, 147, 149, 152, 153, 169, 176, 190, 193, 199, 200, 201, 206, 208, 242, 250, 251, 263, 271, 285, 331, 333, 342, 349, 370, 375, 384, 393, 410, 418, 435, 442, 452, 491, 495, 499, X2, 548, 580, 591, 593, 594, 598, 617, 622, 627, 628, 645, 658, 673, 677, 682, 686, 719, 752, 778, 790, 791, 799; correction of errata or typographical errors with reference to Galen on pp. 385, 481, 486, 636, 642; correction of errata or typographical errors with reference to Aristotle on p. 66; correction of errata or typographical errors with reference to Celsus, on p. 129; underlinings and/or marginal lines on a2v, a3v, a4r, a4v and on pp. 5, 8, 16, 17, 20, 22, 27, 38, 39, 41, 42, 53, 54, 57, 62, 77, 82, 83, 85, 91, 92, 95, 96, 100, 104, 107, 110, 111, 112, 115, 116, 121, 124, 125, 126, 130, 133, 136, 144, 155, 156, 157, 160, 167, 171, 177, 178, 179, 180, 187, 189, 195, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 262, 267, 274, 277, 283, 290, 291, 295, 306, 310, 317, 318, 321, 347, 350, 352, 354, 360, 391, 395, 396, 397, 403, 411, 412, 423, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 453, 466, 496, 497, 507, 508, 513, 515, 516, 517, 520, 524, 533, 534, 538, 540, 542, 543, 552, 590, 600, 602, 606, 607, 609, 612, 613, 616, 618, 621, 625, 633, 635, 637, 639, 640, 643, 644, 648, 649, 651, 652, 653, 654, 655, 656, 659, 660, 661, 662, 663, 666, 668, 669, 670, 671, 676, 679, 680, 681, 683, 694, 696, 708, 709, 711, 714, 715, 717, 720, 721, 722, 726, 739, 740, 741, 742, 743, 744, 745, 746, 749, 774, 775, 779, 781, 782, 783, 786, 789, 794, 797, 801, 802, 803, 808, 809, 814, 815, 822, and in index; throughout the volume, hyphens drawn at the end of lines to mark word separation. In a different hand, the terminology of muscles updated on pp. 211, 212, 213, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 222, 223, 225, 226, 227, 229, 231, 233, 235, 236, 404, 405.

Exeter

II/252. Exeter Cathedral Library Call No.: MED/VES Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy with slight tears and foxing, printer’s mark missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, vascular system

bound vertically and folded from top, bottom and right, nervous system bound sideways in the middle, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, contemporary vellum over cardboard with blind-stamped borders and central lozenge, traces of fabric ties. Provenance: A certain Antonius van der Kerck [an Antonius van der Kerck is at Leiden University in 1634]; a certain Edwardus L[…] on June 21, 1689; the Exeter physician Thomas Glass (1709–1786); who bequeathes his library to the current collection upon his death in 1786. Inscriptions of “Edwardus L[….]” and illegible monograms on frontispiece; inscription of “Antonius vander Kerck” on front flyleaf; date “20 January 1574”; Exeter Cathedral Library bookplate. Annotations: On p. 509, early ink underlining of the word “nomine” and addition of “ranst” [?] where the nerves’ role in sensation is discussed. Correction of errata on a2v; scratched out entry in errata list at the end of the volume for the correction made; jottings on frontispiece verso. Bibliography: N. Capener, Medical Art and History in Exeter. Exh. cat. Exeter: Royal Albert Memorial Museum, 1955; D. W. Evans, A Catalogue of Bindings in Exeter Cathedral Library, vol. 2. 1979, unpublished; P. W. Thomas, Medicine and Science at Exeter Cathedral Library: A ShortTitle Catalogue. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2003.

Glasgow

II/253. University of Glasgow Library Call No.: Sp Coll Hunterian Z.1.11 Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with some foxing, especially at the beginning and at the end, as well as some worming in the lower margin from p. 713 onwards. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, gold-tooled mottled calf from c. 1700, gold-tooled single and double fillet border to covers, edges painted red, front board and first gathering detached, acid corrosion to covers.

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393

Figure 120 Annotations by William Hunter on extra sheet between pp. 12 and 13. II/253. Glasgow: University of Glasgow Library Special Collections. Call No.: Sp Coll Hunterian Z.1.11.

Provenance: The French minister of finance Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619–1683); his son, the Rouen archbishop Jacques Nicolas Colbert (1655–1707); Charles Eleonor Colbert, comte de Seignely (d. 1747); sold in Paris in 1728 (Bibliotheca Colbertina: seu catalogus librorum bibliothecae. Vol. I Lot 3384) for 25 livres 1 sou (price marked in the University of Glasgow Library copy, Hunterian Add. 49–51); the London physician Joseph Letherland, FRCP and physician to the Queen (1699–1764); sold by auction by Samuel Baker on March 14, 1765; purchased by the London anatomist William Hunter (1718–1783) for £0.16.0 (see Letherland sale catalogue in British Library, shelfmark. S.C.S. 6 (2)), who moves to Glasgow in 1770; enters the University of Glasgow in 1807 as part of the Hunterian bequest. Letherland’s shelfmark on front pastedown in pencil “N. 4/2”; Hunterian Museum bookplate and book label on front pastedown, with former shelfmark “Be.3.6”. Annotations: An early reader who focuses only on the beginning of the volume, especially on how the bones are

joined, as well as a note by William Hunter on a similar topic. Annotations in faded brown ink on pp. 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 22; notes by William Hunter on an extra sheet between pp. 12 and 13, “Vesalius / Cartilage— / Motion / Flexibility / Breaking […] / All interarticular cartilages known to him / opification of cartilage well-known to him / epiphyses well known”; on p. 19, summary marginal annotation next to the Greek terms where Vesalius discusses the cartilages and ligaments; on front pastedown, eighteenth-century price “1-11-6” supplied in pencil; on back pastedown, note “p.u.+”. Bibliography: Robert MacLean, “Vesalius’ 1543 Fabrica: Who Owned It and How Was It Used?” University of Glasgow Library Blog, July 31, 2015. Accessed on May 5, 2016 at https://universityofglasgowlibrary.wordpress.com/ 2015/07/31/vesalius-1543-fabrica-who-owned-it-and-howwas-it-used/.

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Liverpool

II/254. University of Liverpool Call No.: SPEC H99.38/OVERSIZE Physical Description: A repaired, complete copy with slight worming at front, occasional foxing and tears to frontispiece. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, and folded, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Twentieth-century half leather with marbled endpapers. Provenance: The Uppsala professor of medicine Olaus Rudbeck (1630–1702); a certain William Allison; enters the current collection in 1948, purchase part of a £1,000 gift to the library by Stella Permewan in memory of William Muspratt Permewan. Armorial ex-libris of the University of Liverpool, recording the Permewan donation; note of “WmAllison” and “Olof Rudbeck M. D.” on frontispiece. Annotations: Marginal lines on pp. 336–337.

London

II/255. British Library Call No.: 43.i.2 Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition with considerable worming and minor repairs, frontispiece and X2 sheet reinforced. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, late eighteenth-century vellum with gold-tooled armorial on covers and tooled designs on spine, top of spine detached. Provenance: George II of England (1738–1820), probably from ca. 1760–1820; enters the current collection in 1828. Binding stamped with royal armorial; folios with George II stamps. Annotations: Some faint annotations at top of frontispiece, illegible.

Censorship: On frontispiece “Basileae per Joannem Oporinum” erased, later note added “Basileae per Joannem Oporinum has been erased”; name of Oporinus scratched out on a5v; “Ioannis Oporini” scratched out in colophon. Bibliography: F. A. Barnard, Bibliothecae regiae catalogus. London: 1820–29. II/256. King’s College London Foyle Special Collections Library Call No.: Fol. QM21 VES (Guy’s Hospital Historical Collection) Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy with some foxing, frontispiece missing and replaced with facsimile from the Royal College of Surgeons. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded in both directions, X2 sheet present. Binding: Rebound, twentieth-century Levant morocco leather, sheet with information on rebinding by WH Smith & Son pasted on to front flyleaf, gilt title “VESALIUS DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA” on spine. Provenance: The London surgeon Ambrose Dickins (1687–1747), surgeon to the King; Guy’s Hospital until 2002; enters the current collection in 2002. Inscription of Dickins, “Ambrosii Dickins Chirurg. Reg.”, on a2r. Annotations: None. II/257. National Art Library Call No.: RC.T.16 Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, vascular insert bound sideways in the middle facing right, nervous insert bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Vellum with modern endpapers, shelfmarks and note “Basel 1555” on front flyleaf. Provenance: The Braunston rector Edward Reynolds (1599–1676); the London surgeon John Belchier (1706– 1785); who bequests it to the London surgeon Henry Cline (1750–1827), president of the Royal College of Surgeons;

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enters the current collection in 1870. On frontispiece, stamp of National Art Library and date “12.2.70”; on frontispiece verso, notes “Mr John Belchier’s Legacy to me 1785 Henry Cline” and “Ed. Reynolds di Braunston”. Annotations: On p. 21, identificatory notes next to the skulls, e.g. “sinciput nimi depressum”, and “anterior” corrected to “posterior”; on p. 619, two missing characters “am” supplied by hand in ink. II/258. Royal Academy of Arts Call No.: Physical Description: A complete copy with paper torn on pp. 58, 161, 574, 586, crudely repaired tear in index, heavy spotting from unknown liquid on pp. 235, 251, 277. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern quarter calfskin and cloth with corners covered in calfskin, gold-tooled lines and title “VESALII / ANATOMIA / R. A. / 1545” on spine, marbled endpapers. Provenance: The London painter and Royal Academy founder Francis Cotes, R.A. (1726–1770); then, after c. 1768–70, the Royal Academy of Arts. Ex-libris of “Royal Academy of Arts” on front pastedown; shelfmark on modern flyleaf; on frontispiece, manuscript note “Given by Fra: Cotes to the Royal Academy”. Annotations: Random pencil line on bottom of pp. 322–323. II/259. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Call No.: CP Vesalius Physical Description: A complete copy with occasional foxing, worming and dampstaining, ink stain on p. 48, tear on p. 152. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, folded from the bottom and the right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary plain vellum with title “Anathom: Vesalij” on spine. Provenance: The Lucca nobleman, writer and bibliophile Antonio Orsetti (fl. c. 1700). Armorial bookplate of the

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists on front pastedown; various shelfmarks on front pastedown; inscription “Di Antonio Orsetti” on first flyleaf (books once owned by Orsetti can be found in many libraries, sometimes recorded as “Orfetti”). Annotations: An early ink annotator with an interest in the skull and the identification of body parts in illustrations, and a hand-drawn illustration. On a2v, underlinings, where Vesalius discusses the history of medicine, esp. India, Persia and Homer; on p. 9, underlinings where Vesalius criticizes Galen on the epiphyses in small bones; on p. 10, underlining where the varieties of processes and epiphyses are discussed; on p. 17, underlining where Vesalius criticizes Galen on the vertebrae; on p. 23, underlining where Vesalius discusses the head shapes of different nations; on p. 26, extensive annotations and numberings with lines pointing to the parts of the skull illustrations, identifying the different parts in the image; on p. 27, numberings added to the explanation of characters, corresponding to the numbers in the illustrations on p. 26; on p. 28, extensive numberings added to the skull illustration to identify parts of the skull, and numbers added to the explanation of each character; on p. 29, continuation of numbers added to the explanation of characters for the skull on p. 28; on p. 46, numbers added with lines to the illustration of the human and canine skulls; on p. 47, numbers added on the margins next to letters “P.” and “Q.” in the explanation of the skull’s characters; on p. 440, where the number of veins and arteries is discussed, identification of the vessels on the margin “una ex caua iecoris origine […] et excurrit et uesicula […]lis uentriculum lyene et omenti. […] ex gibbas eo” and “3a e dextro sinu cordis et uena axialis s”; on p. 441, continuation of identification of vessels, “quarta uena umbilicalis”, etc.; on p. 595, two curious hand-drawn illustrations on the side where the glandules lubricating the esophagus are discussed. II/260. Royal College of Physicians Call No.: D1/10-f-5 Physical Description: A copy with worming and foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern brown goatskin with black leather label and gilt title “VESALIUS DE HUMANI CORPORIS.” on spine from 2009, modern endpapers.

396 Provenance: Henry Pierrepoint, 1st Marquess of Dorchester (1606–1680), FRCP, who acquires the volume before 1664; and leaves his library to the current collection upon his death. Former shelfmarks on frontispiece and frontispiece verso, both from Dorchester and the Royal College of Physicians, incl. the shelfmark “D85/4”, indicating the volume’s presence in the 1664 catalogue. Annotations: A systematic reader working in pencil who makes frequent internal references, leaves marginal crosses, stars, and underlinings throughout, familiar with Greek, and referring to Bauhin. On p. 17, note “Etenim quia usus in aliquibus articulis non vulgaris, duo”; on p. 36, note “capitis ossa octo”; on p. 41, note “Os ethmoidis”; on p. 68, internal reference “775”; on p. 150, “hic articulus unico” corrected to “hic articulus non unico”; on p. 163, internal reference “153”; on p. 178, references to the footnotes corrected; on p. 179, references to the footnotes corrected; on p. 189, number “307” referring to the number of bones in the body; on p. 192, internal reference “123”; on p. 263, notes “i. non est mollior capite”, “591”, v.c.”; on p. 278, internal reference “541”; on p. 279, “proximam” corrected to “propriam” and internal reference “278”; on p. 294, Greek word on margins; on p. 297, note “ad illum administrandum”; on p. 303, note “ligamentum fibrarum”; on p. 311, internal reference; on p. 323, internal reference to “120” and “313”; on p. 335, internal reference “157”; on p. 374, internal reference to “373”; on p. 377, Greek words on the margin; on p. 404, internal reference to “388”; on p. 418, internal reference to “417”; on p. 463, internal reference to “460”; on p. 465, internal reference to 461; on p. 471, marginal word “mediana”; on p. 475, note “haemorrhoides exteriores”; on p. 479, internal reference to “478”; on p. 486, Greek word; on p. 499, internal reference “788”; on p. 516, internal reference to “786”; on p. 521, internal reference to “509”; on p. 525, internal reference to “766”; on p. 534, internal reference to “102”; on p. 560, summary word; on p. 591, internal reference to “263”; on p. 597, Greek word added; on p. 599, internal reference to “594”; on p. 605, reference to “604 /2”; on p. 611, summary word; on p. 635, internal reference to “599”; on p. 641, Greek words copied out; on p. 644, Greek phrase copied out; on p. 645, Greek phrase copied out; on p. 654, internal reference to “476”; on p. 657, internal reference to “648”; on p. 659, summary word and internal reference to “475”; on p. 661, internal reference to “657”; on p. 663, reference “Al[…] sit in grauidis. 695”; on p. 665, internal reference to “669”; on p. 669, internal reference to “665”; on p. 671, summary note; on p. 673, internal reference to “696”; on p. 674, Greek words, summary note, and internal

1555 Editions

reference to “696”; on p. 678, note “arteriae vix ullae in mamillis”; on p. 679, internal reference to “677”; on p. 695, note “secus fit in non praegnantibus 663”; on p. 696, internal reference to “673” and “674” and note “vasorum foetus […] oscitantur descripta, vide Bauhinum, alios”; on p. 710, internal reference to “725”; on p. 719, internal reference to “51”; on p. 720, internal reference to “717”; on p. 723, internal reference to “712”; on p. 725, internal reference to “710”; on p. 740, internal reference to “824”; on p. 751, summary note “arteria venalis”; on p. 766, internal reference to “525”; on p. 775, internal reference to “68”; on p. 776, internal reference to “42”; on p. 783, internal reference to “784” and note “nulla venarum medulla cerebri”; on p. 784, internal references to “516”, “763” and “516”; on p. 788, internal references to “499”; on p. 794, notes “62” and “64”; on p. 795, internal references “786 vide fig. cap. 14 lib. 3”, “784”, “40’, “41”, “61”; on p. 796, internal reference to “65”; on p. 803, Greek word copied out; on p. 812, internal reference to “794”; on p. 824, internal reference to “740”; in index, addition to index term “omenti arteriae “venae 605”; note on colophon; errata corrected on pp. 37, 65, 86, 147, 151, 186, 379, 385, 407, 469, X2, 627, 636, 799; marginal crosses, stars or underlinings on pp. 37, 41, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 79, 80, 81, 99, 101, 102, 103, 105, 107, 120, 123, 138, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 151, 153, 154, 155, 164, 168, 176, 178, 181, 187, 186, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198, 200, 241, 256, 259, 263, 264, 267, 269, 272, 274, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 284, 287, 288, 291, 293, 297, 298, 299, 301, 303, 308, 309, 311, 313, 314, 314, 318, 319, 320, 323, 331, 333, 336, 339, 340, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 357, 360, 361, 362, 363, 365, 367, 369, 373, 374, 376, 379, 383, 385, 386, 387, 389, 392, 397, 404, 405, 406, 412, 414, 415, 417, 418, 420, 422, 424, 426, 429, 435, 437, 441, 443, 445, 447, 449, 455, 4461, 462, 463, 465, 467, 468, 469, 472, 473, 474, 475, 477, 478, 497, 499, 503, 507, 508, 509, 525, 516, 517, 521, 526, 529, 534, 536, 537, 545, 549, 550, 557, 576, 580, 589, 591, 592, 594, 597 598, 599, 600, 601, 602, 603, 605, 606, 607, 609, 611, 612, 615, 617, 618, 619, 620, 621, 623, 625, 626, 627, 629, 631, 630, 635, 637, 639, 641, 644, 645, 646, 647, 649, 650, 651, 653, 655, 656, 657, 658, 659, 660, 662, 663, 664, 666, 667, 669, 672, 673, 676, 677, 678, 679, 680, 684, 685, 686, 689, 690, 691, 692, 693, 694, 695, 696, 709, 713, 715, 716, 717, 718, 720, 724, 725, 726, 727, 728, 729, 730, 732, 733, 734, 735, 736, 737, 740, 741, 745, 746, 747, 748, 749, 751, 752, 755, 763, 773, 774, 775, 777, 780, 781, 782, 783, 784, 787, 788, 789, 790, 791, 792, 793, 794, 795, 796, 797, 802, 804, 805, 807, 806, 808, 809, 810, 811, 812, 813, 819, 820, 821, 823, 824; on back pastedown, a list of page numbers with summary notes on what is discussed there, e.g. “13 Galeniorum scriptorum corruptores”; or “536 nerui diaphragmasis” or “726 Pulmonis usus ulterius indagandus”.

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II/261. Royal College of Surgeons Library Call No.: SR / PB-27

II/262. Royal College of Surgeons Library Call No.: SR / PB-4

Physical Description: A repaired, complete copy with some worming, occasional minor tears and browning. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle facing left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Woodcut intact on p. 560.

Physical Description: A complete copy with some minor dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle facing left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin, with central portraits of Judith and Holofernes on front and back, and including rolls of “SPES”, “CHARITAS”, “IUSTITIA”, “DATA EST MIHI OMNIS” and “ECCE ANGNUS [sic] DEI”, date “1561” on front cover, title “ANDR: VESALII ANAT” on fore-edge, gilt title “ANDRE: VESALII ANATOMIA” on spine. Provenance: The London painter and engraver Edward Dayes (1763–1803); a certain physician Carter Morgan; the British Medical Journal editor Charles Louis Taylor (1850–1920) in London; who donates the volume to the London surgery professor Bilton Pollard (1855–1931); whose brother A. T. Pollard of Bournemouth donates it to the current collection in 1932. On front pastedown, exlibris of Charles Lovis Taylor, ex-libris of Royal College of Surgeons of England with acquisition stamp, handwritten note of donation by Taylor to Pollard “Billou Pollard with best wishes from his most grateful patient C. Louis Taylor June 29, 1913”; on front flyleaf, note “Mr Dayes Nr 2. Francis St”, “Morgan MB”, “Carter Morgan”; round acquisition stamps of the Royal College of Surgeons on frontispiece verso and back pastedown; letter of donation of A. T. Pollard to the Royal College of Surgeons on back pastedown. Annotations: An early sporadic reader, and a modern annotator who draws a face. On p. 23, underlining; on p. 187, pencil drawings of a face and a nose in profile; on p. 448, annotation in text “vid. infra”. On front flyleaf verso, modern pencil annotations in English, comparing the size of this edition to Cushing’s and making reference to Haebler I: 237,5 (a reference to the binding of a Fabrica in Basel), pasted in catalogue entry and letter from the Royal College of Surgeons Library to Martayan Lan, noticing the similarity between the binding of this copy and the copy on offer by Martayan Lan in 1993, date “1555” added on frontispiece bottom.

Binding: Rebacked, early calfskin with gilt frame, gilt title “VESALIUS DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA” on spine, marbled endpapers, edges gilt, front panel loose. Provenance: Unknown. Shelfmarks in pencil on front flyleaf, round stamp of “ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLAND” on frontispiece. Annotations: On p. 541, pencil marginal line and “Liber IIII” is erroneously corrected to “Liber III”; on p. 543, “Liber V” is erroneously corrected to “III”. II/263. Royal Society Call No.: RCN R64922, shelved at “Medicine-large” Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some foxing, minor water damage up to p. 40 and at the index pages, minor tear on pp. 467, 566, 581, vascular insert torn out and missing. Nervous system present after p. 552, bound vertically and folded in both directions, X2 sheet present after p. 504. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Initials cut out on pp. 396, 589 and 806. Binding: Twentieth-century half-leather with modern pastedowns and flyleaves. Gilt title “VESALIUS / DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA / 1542” on spine, with goldstamped “Royal Society” mark, marbled edges, binding broken between pp. 230–231. Provenance: The London physician and natural historian Hans Sloane’s personal collection (1660–1753); enters the British Museum upon its foundation in 1753; passed as a duplicate to the Royal Society in 1830. Frontispiece inscribed at top “Bibliotheca Sloaniana A.181”; stamp at bottom “Soc. Reg. Lond.”; frontispiece verso stamped “Museum Britannicum Duplicate 1830”. Annotations: An early reader interested in Galen, whose notes peter out after the first few pages, and a modern

398 reader interested in the nervous system and tbe brain. On a4r, underlining and cropped marginal note referring to Galen’s main error in dissection, paraphrasing the main text: “ex diligenti Galeni lib[…] perlectione apparet Gal[…] humana corpora nunquam diss[…]” and “Galenus in Simiarum diss[…] aberrauit”; on p. 3, letter “G” next to citation of Galen; on p. 9, marginal “G”s where Galen is mentioned as well as Greek term; on p. 10, marginal notes; on p. 11, marginal notes where Galen is mentioned; on p. 12, marginal lines; on p. 13, marginal lines; on p. 14, marginal lines; on p. 71, segments of the spine marked and named in the illustration; on p. 437, marginal line and note “NOTA”; on p. 522, English terminology added on the margins in pencil; on p. 524, English terms added in pencil; pencil underlinings, marginal lines, and “x”s on pp. 508, 509, 510, 513, 519, 520, 525, 772, 774, 780, 781, 782, 783, 784, 785, 787, 788, 790, 792. Bibliography: Sloane Printed Books catalogue: http:// www.bl.uk/catalogues/sloane/FullDisplay.aspx?Record Id=025-000016642&QueryID=23&Type=0 II/264. Royal Society of Medicine Call No.: Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from right and bottom, vascular insert torn and repaired, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Speckled calfskin with gilt ornaments on spine and title “VESALIUS / ANATOMIA / OPERA”, edges marbled. Provenance: A certain John Falconer in 1849; the Edinburgh surgeon Sir Harold Stiles (1863–1946), president of the Association of Surgeons of Great Britain & Ireland; who donates the volume to former president Sir John Bland-Sutton in 1921; who donates it in turn to the Royal Society of Medicine in 1923. Ex-libris of the Royal Society of Medicine with note of donation by BlandSutton on front pastedown; ex-dono notice of H. J. S. on front flyleaf; signature of “John Falconer jun. 1849” on a2r; sign of “John Falconer 1849” on last page of index. Annotations: Sporadic early annotations in pencil and ink, with one note in ink on dissecting fat. On p. 281, marginal line and “NB”, “in his adeps […] et inter cutem et membranam carnosam, sed inter musculos […]”; on p. 631,

1555 Editions

underlinings, marginal line and NB sign; underlinings on pp. 1, 3, 19, 38, 39, 45, 49, 55, 519, 631. II/265. Science Museum Call No.: F. O.B. VES VESALIUS Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy with frontispiece missing, leaves a6 and Ee6 removed, portrait from a6 cut out and mounted as a frontispiece, with signs of worming, tearing and foxing. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Bound in modern, plain antique vellum, rebound before 1951. Provenance: The Dundee, then St Andrews professor, biologist and mathematician Sir D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson, CB, FRS, FRSE (1860–1948); acquired by the Science Museum in 1951. Science Museum Library bookplate bookstamp from 1951, binder’s slip from Sir D’Arcy Thompson. Annotations: None. Bibliography: Mentioned in the Science Museum’s weekly accessions for 1951. Judit Brody, A Catalogue of Books Printed Before 1641 in the Science Museum Library. London: Science Museum, 1979. II/266. Science Museum Call No.: F. O. B. VES VESALIUS Physical Description: A complete copy with some worming and repaired tears. Slightly damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern blind-stamped leather with floral decorations and ties. Provenance: The Wellcome Museum of the History of Medicine. Red stamp of “The Wellcome Museum of the History of Medicine” on front pastedown and frontispiece verso. Annotations: On front flyleaf, an Italian note from the 1610s, confirming that the painting of the Virgin will not be uncovered, but veiled with fabric, in the church of S. Maria Visita Poveri near Naples.

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Figure 121 Annotation adding German terminology on p. 607. II/267. London: University College London. Call No.: Strong Room C FOLIO 1555 V2.

II/267. University College London Call No.: Strong Room C FOLIO 1555 V2 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some foxing and spotting, frontispiece repaired, vascular insert missing. Nervous insert present after p. 552, bound sideways in the middle, X2 sheet present after p. 504. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern plain cloth with gilt title on spine “DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA VESALIUS” and “UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON 1555” in black. Provenance: The London pharmacist Augustus Everard Brande (1746–1834), apothecary to the Queen. “MEDICAL SCIENCES” stamp on front pastedown; stamp of “AUG. EV. BRANDE” on frontispiece verso. Annotations: An early German reader who is familiar with Greek, knows Vesalius’ Fallopii Examen, and has a primary interest in reproduction; another hand interested in naming the parts in the skeleton and muscle men; and another reader interested in marking up illustrations. Faint annotations in early brown ink, primarily in Latin but with some German terms, and a few annotations in red ink and modern pencil. On p. 3, illegible note where the substance of the bones is discussed; on p. 21, pencil mark near the illustrations of the skulls; on p. 59, pencil box around the historiated initial; on p. 69, underlining where Vesalius discusses how phlegm flows from the brain to the eye socket; on p. 64, pencil box around the illustration; on p. 69, underlining and manicule; on p. 69, illustration boxed in pencil; on p. 89, historiated initial boxed in

pencil; on p. 95, illustration boxed in pencil; on p. 147, underlining where the four metacarpal bones are discussed; on p. 193, underlining and manicule where the dissection and boiling of cadavers are discussed; on p. 195, underlining of marginal head and text “qua ossa ad disciplinam utilissima”; on p. 203, Latin names of bones added to the skeleton man in red; on p. 207, additional Greek term “χαρηξ” added to the description of characters in brown ink; on pp. 211–213, 215–217, 219–220, 222–223, Latin names added to the description of the characters of the first four muscle men in red; on p. 239, underlining and manicule in brown ink where the characters of the muscle men are explained; on p. 243, “brachialis” added to the explanation of character l after “ossa”; on p. 264, underlining and manicule where Vesalius discusses that arteries and nerves do not need to immediately touch a muscle to exert influence on it; on p. 289, summary annotation where the eyelid is discussed; on p. 295, underlining and marginal note “histriones” where the performer from Trent is mentioned; on p. 335, underlining; on p. 349, correction of typographical error, underlining and manicule at the end of the section on the function of the septum; on p. 369, underlinings and faint marginal note where the ligaments are discussed; on p. 385, underlining where Vesalius discusses his publication on Galen; on p. 395, summary annotations where the muscles’ use is discussed; on p. 400, underlining; on p. 437, where Vesalius discusses and illustrates the three types of fibers, marginal note next to the illustration “figmentum” and reference to Vesalius’ Fallopii Examen; on pp. 546–547, extensive underlinings where the fourth pair of nerves is discussed; on p. 603, underlinings where the omentum is discussed; on p. 607, reference to personal experience where Vesalius discusses that the omentum’s fabric is called plumae in Brussels, “apud nos die blumen in porcis,

400 […]”; on p. 612, underlining, extensive marginal lines and reference to Vesalius’ Fallopii Examen where the tunics of the large intestines are discussed; on p. 621, where the bladder for the yellow bile is discussed, extensive underlinings and manicule; on p. 624, underlining and manicule where the bladder for the yellow bile is discussed; on p. 628, manicule and underlining where Prosper Martellus is mentioned, who was not melancholy despite having an enlarged spleen; on p. 630, internal reference “supra folio 590” added to the discussion of the spleen; on p. 631, cancelled annotation; on p. 635, manicule and summary word “fibra” where the bladder is discussed; on p. 647, underlining where a case of involuntary flow of semen is discussed; on p. 651, where the uterus is discussed, underlining and Greek terms added; on p. 652, where Vesalius refers to Hippocrates about the uterus, reference “lib: V apho: 46 in lib de Malis Mulierib” added; on p. 655, underlining where Vesalius discusses how the hymen is sometimes deliberately broken at birth, just as Jewish boys are circumcised; on p. 656, underlining where Vesalius refers to Plato’s Timaeus about the position of the mouth of the fundus; on p. 657, where the three kinds of fiber in pregnant women’s tunics are discussed, underlining, manicule and annotation “figmentum”; on p. 658, where the female testicles are discussed, summary annotation “strangulatus uteri”; on p. 659, marginal word “Eudemus” is added to textual reference to Eudemus; on p. 661, extensive underlinings and marginal lines where the fundus of the uterus is discussed; on pp. 662 and 663, extensive underlinings where Vesalius discusses the women he dissected, separately numbering each dissected woman; on p. 664, where Vesalius discusses the women he dissected, summary marginal annotations “f. in superfoetatione” and “foemina nobilis in Walmen [?]”; on p. 669, where the acetabula of the uterus are discussed, Latin term “cotylae” added to the Greek equivalent in the text, as well as the German equivalent “Pfanne” to acetabulum, and numbering of the acetabula; on p. 671, underlinings and German term added where the wrappings covering the foetus are discussed; on p. 680, where Vesalius discusses how the breast and the uterus are connected, extensive underlinings and marginal note summarizing the role of the vena cava; on p. 682, where the dissection of the internal organs is discussed, reference to Vesalius’ Fallopii Examen; summary note on p. 743 where the use of the heart’s right ventricle is discussed; on p. 797, repetition of Greek term in text on the margin where the plexus is discussed; on p. 805, where the hard tunic of the eye is discussed, note “deradi in veteri”; underlinings of index term “Galenus eximium nature […]”. Errata corrected on pp. 129, 349, 647, 682, 722; correction of typographical errors on pp. 278, 630, and 783.

1555 Editions

French comment on the illustrations, and their attribution to “Jean de Calcar”, with reference to Crevenna’s catalogue raisonné from 1776 on first flyleaf and note “collat: complet”. II/268. University College London Call No: Strong Room C FOLIO 1555 V27 Physical Description: A complete copy with some dampstaining, spotting and foxing, ink spot on p. 584 on the illustration of the vagina. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, flap anatomy assembled, rest of X2 sheet missing. Partially colored skull on p. 28, woodcut slightly damaged on p. 560. Binding: Twentieth-century half buckram, title “DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA / VESALIUS / 1555” on spine, bound by the London bookbinder E. A. Weeks, fl. 1940, stamp “E. A. WEEKS BINDER” on front pastedown. Provenance: A certain Henricus Petri (fl. 1611), secretary to Johann VII in Siegen; who donates it to Johann VII, Count of Nassau-Siegen (1561–1623). Note on front flyleaf “Hunc librum anatomicum gloriae divinae amplificandae, iuventuti studiosae promovendae, […] perlustrando, Bibliothecae illustris paedagogei Sigenensis adaugendae, Memoriaeque sui retinguendae, lubens meritoque, paedagogeo illustri, illustris ac generosissimi Comitis ac Domini, Domini Johannis Senioris, Comitis Nassovici et Herois fortissimi, Dni sui clementissimi, dono dedit, atque consecravit, vir doctrina aeque ac pietate praestantissimus, Dominus Henricus Petri, J. Clem. Secretarius fidelissimus, 10 Marti Anno 1611. En RE, non titulo tenus HINC reddere PERITUS, HENRICUS PETRI”; stamp of “UCL LIBRARY SERVICES” on frontispiece verso. Annotations: None. II/269. University College London Call No.: Strong Room C FOLIO 1555 V28 Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy with frontispiece missing and supplied in facsimile, printer’s mark missing, worn, with dampstaining and worming, a2 and last leaf with colophon repaired. Bifolium inserts present after p. 504, bound sideways in the middle, X2 sheet present after vascular insert, nervous insert misbound before vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

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Figure 122

Partially hand-colored skull on p. 28. II/268. London: University College London. Call No.: Strong Room C FOLIO 1555 V27.

Binding: Modern calfskin with blind-tooled frame with floral decorations on covers, blind-tooled floral decorations on spine, title “DE CORPORIS HUMANI FABRICA / VESALII / 1555” on spine. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: An early reader interested in Fallopio, the terminology of dorsal muscles, and the introductory material on the vascular system. On a6r, pencil “X” at the end of the Letter to Oporinus; on p. 49, underlining where Vesalius criticizes Galen about the maxilla; on p. 53, underlining where Vesalius criticizes Galen about the maxilla’s bones and their relationship to teeth; on

p. 57, extensive underlinings where the teeth, and their sensations, are discussed; on p. 161, pencil mark next to the illustrations of the femur; on p. 353, early ink annotation referring to Fallopio scratched out at top of the page, and copied lower where the muscles moving the back are discussed, “fflexores capitis a ffallop descriptio”; on p. 354, where the third-sixth muscles moving the back are discussed, annotation referring to Fallopio, and note further below “Hi sunt portiones sacrolumbarium”; on p. 355, where the seventh and eight muscles are discussed, term “transversales colli” added, and where the ninth and tenth muscles are discussed, “quadrati lumbarum” added; on p. 356, “longissimus dorsi” added to the 11th and 12th muscles’ description; on p. 357, “sacri” added to

402 the description of the thirteenth and fourteenth muscles; on p. 358, “semispinali” added to the description of the fifteenth and sixteenth muscles; on p. 437, underlinings and marginal line where the natural vs voluntary motions of fibers are discussed; on p. 439, where the artery is discused, summary note referencing Hippocrates, Plato and Aristotle, “Ab Hippocrate, Platone & Aristotile Aspera arteria tantum arteria dicebat”; on p. 441, underlining where the two arteries are discussed; on p. 442, underlining where the glands suited to the distribution of vessels are discussed. II/270. Wellcome Collection Call No.: EPB 6562/D/1 Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with minor tears and fingermarks. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top, bottom, and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Woodcut intact on p. 560. Extra-illustrated between the colophon and printer’s mark with a male and a female flap anatomy by Jean Ruelle from 1539, Interiorum corporis humani partium viva delineatio and Perutilis anatomes interiorum mulieris partium cognitio. Binding: Rebacked, nineteenth-century leather, preserving earlier calfskin binding, gold-stamped floral decorations and gilt title on red label “VESALII ANATOMIA”, edges red. Provenance: Possibly a minister from the Neuchâtel Perrot family. On frontispiece, note “Abr : Perrotus”, Plantin’s edition of the Grevin Epitome, with the possessor’s note “sum Abrahami Perroti” is preserved in Solothurn. Annotations: A nineteenth-century French reader interested in debates between Galen and Vesalius, and familiar with the early nineteenth-century anatomical literature. On p. 23, marginal lines and underlinings; on p. 48, explanation in French; on p. 52, note on the intermaxillary bone, “cf Goethe […] d’Hist nat. p. 89” and “cf. op. cit.”; on p. 53 “voyes Goethe […] d’Hist nat. 1837 p. 90”; on p. 59, internal reference to “p. 46”; on p. 60, note on the woodcut “la suture de l’intermaxillaire est moins prononcée dans cette figure que dans la figure de la page 48”; on p. 154, marginal line next to the albadaran; on pp. 342–344, French nomenclature added; on p. 353, underlining, marginal cross and French nomenclature added; on pp. 354– 358, French nomenclature added; on pp. 365–367, French nomenclature added; on pp. 372–373, French nomenclature added; on p. 586, reference added where the foetal

1555 Editions

wrappings are shown, “Mem. Mus. Hist. nat. 1817. Tom 3. p. 2”; on p. 674, note next to the image “Vésale qui accusait Galien d’avoir créé l’homme à l’image des animaux, a justement mérité à cette occasion le même reproche, car il a placé un Embryon humain dans les enveloppes d’un chien […]”, with references to nineteenth-century sources; on front flyleaf, various notes on Vesalius in French, quoting primarily French sources from before 1840, biographical note in French about Vesalius, based on Portal and Haller, attributing the plates to Titian based on Portal, noting that “Vésale n’a décrite ou representé p. 676 dans la premiere Edition que les enveloppes d’un chien quoiqu’il y ait fait […] un fœtus humain […] Mem. Mus. 1817. Tom 3. p. 100–101”, praising note of the 1540 edition of “les planches de Vésale”, mentioning Winslow’s praise of it, based on “Gazette médicale de Paris 1837, p. 132”, with the annotator’s note that the first edition is from 1542, and the attribution to 1540 is unclear, further references to Goethe and the intermaxillary bone, and other topics culled from contemporary journals. II/271. Wellcome Collection Call No.: EPB 6562/D/2 Physical Description: A worn, restored, incomplete copy with heavy dampstaining, tears, stains, and fingermarks throughout, frontispiece and printer’s mark missing, penultimate page of index torn in half. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, vascular insert facing forwards to X2 sheet, both inserts trimmed to size with parts of the textblock and illustration missing, with repaired tears, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560, a leaf of grass on p. 19. An exemplaire réglé. Binding: Twenty-first-century half pigskin and cardboard, rebound in 2016, with modern endpapers, name “`VESALIUS” painted on fore-edge, nineteenth-century boards preserved. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: An early reader using mostly marginal crosses to mark important material, and also interested in Galen, and Vesalius’ faults. On p. 598, “et calidiores” added at the bottom of page; on p. 602, underlinings, marginal cross, and note “quod lieni adheret magis ad sinistrum qua dextrum latus declinat quod non nouit Vesalius”; on p. 672, underlining and marginal “nota”; on p. 708, various pencil calculations; on p. 782, underlinings, marginal crosses, and reference added to Galen “V de usu cap. 10 a ij 2 3 cap 2. oppositum docet”; on p. 785, underlinings,

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Figure 123

A variety of notes on Vesalius in French from around 1840 on the front flyleaf. II/270. London: Wellcome Collection. Call No.: EPB 6562/D/1.

403

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marginal crosses and summary notes, such as “ortus septi”; marginal crosses on pp. 100, 111, 112, 114, 115, 260, 261, 262, 264, 297, 298, 309, 393, 475, 492, 496, 612, 613, 614, 615, 621, 630, 662, 680, 776, 777, 779, 784; underlinings and marginal crosses on pp. 33, 262, 497, 520, 524, 536, 537, 538, 594, 599, 600, 605, 662, 675, 778, 783; marginal lines on pp. 601, 670, early paper slips laid in between pp. 222/223, 250/251, 252/253, 544/545; on p. 735, paper slip laid in with older calculation “16957 / 8337 / 25294”. Censorship: Name of Oporinus scratched off on a5v, including the vocative “Oporine” in the body of the letter; on colophon, name of Oporinus partly pasted over and partly blacked out.

Manchester

II/272. Manchester Central Library Call No.: BRf611V1 SR1/93/6/5 Physical Description: A complete copy with some foxing and worming, and minor tearing to bifolium inserts and index. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, vascular insert folded once, nervous system folded twice, X2 sheet present before vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Restored, early gold-tooled vellum with some repaired patches. Provenance: A certain H. S. Watts, Esq.; who donates the volume to the current collection, in the current collection probably since 1851. Stamp of the Manchester Free Library from 1851, although accession stamp is dated “19 Aug 1903”. Annotations: None. II/273. University of Manchester Library Call No.: 2500a Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some wear, printer’s mark missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, folded from the bottom and right, and bottom right corner of vascular insert trimmed. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Sixteenth-century blind-stamped calfskin with frames, rolls of portraits and floral decorations, rebound in modern goatskin.

Provenance: The Basel rector and professor of anatomy Carl Ernst Emil Hofmann (1827–1877); acquired by the Manchester Medical Society between 1877 and 1890; which becomes incorporated in the current library in 1930. Oval Hoffmann inkstamps on frontispiece; oval Manchester Medical Society inkstamp on frontispiece and elsewhere; Manchester Medical Society shelfmark and catalogue card on pastedown. Annotations: Date “1555” added to frontispiece; “Liber secundus” added to first page of Book 2 on p. 209. Bibliography: Catalogue of the Library of the Manchester Medical Society. Manchester, 1890, p. 1183; E. M. Parkinson, Catalogue of Medical Books in Manchester University Library 1480–1700. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1972. II/274. University of Manchester Library Call No.: 2500b Physical Description: A complete copy, somewhat worn. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top, bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Restored, modern half goatskin with bookcloth over board. Provenance: Enters the Manchester Royal Infirmary’s collection between 1826 and 1859; transferred to the University of Manchester Medical Library in the 1920s. Inkstamps of the Manchester Royal Infirmary; bookplate of Medical Library. Annotations: None. Modern notes on a2r and rear pastedown, “3384 11 ML 17” and “290 12/1/60”. Bibliography: E. M. Parkinson, Catalogue of Medical Books in Manchester University Library 1480–1700. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1972.

Newcastle

II/275. Newcastle University Library Special Collections—Pybus Collection Call No.: Pyb N.v.10 Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with some foxing and repaired tears, and traces of rectangular

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objects, now removed, on pp. 41 and 81. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded both vertically and horizontally, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Slightly damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Restored, contemporary wood decorated with handtooled floral patterns. Provenance: The Newcastle professor and surgeon Frederick Pybus, DCL, FRCS (1883–1975); who donates his library to the current collection in 1965. Library stamp on front flyleaf; library sticker on the inside of front board. Annotations: Extensive early corrections of the first half of the text based on the errata list, in red ink and in pencil, on pp. 9, 23, 32, 35, 37, 52, 63, 64, 66, 72, 76, 86, 90, 97, 105, 106, 114, 119, 123, 125, 129, 142, 147, 149, 151, 153, 176, 186, 190, 192, 193, 194, 199, 200, 206, 213, 231, 242, 250, 251, 255, 259, 262, 263, 271, 274, 277, 295, 318, 331, 337, 340, 342, 348, 349, 352, 362, 375, 383, 384, 385, 386, 396, 406, 407, 408, 418. Pencil squiggles on p. 219.

Oxford

II/276. Bodleian Library Oxford University Call No.: M 1.9 Med Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with signs of tearing, foxing and worming, heavily trimmed, frontispiece folded to fit current size, trimming affecting the bottom of the series of muscle and skeleton men, major tear inside the text on pp. 749/750, also affecting pp. 751/752. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, vascular insert folded from bottom and right, nervous insert folded from right, bottom of plate is detached with minor loss, and tipped in, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Rebacked, seventeenth-century plain calfskin with modern spine, gilt title “VESALIUS DE CORP. HUM. FABRICA” on spine, number “9” painted on fore-edge. Provenance: Unknown. Probably entered the Bodleian between 1602 and 1789, when the shelfmark classification “Med.” was primarily used. Annotations: None.

II/277. Bodleian Library Oxford University Call No.: Douce V subt. 7 Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. A hand-colored volume, with hand-coloring used to highlight particular muscles, leather tags at the edges to mark the beginning of each book, extra-illustrated with Volcher Coiter’s animal skeleton engravings, and with hundreds of small woodcuts, anatomical and otherwise, partially tipped in the volume, and partially preserved separately, most of which are mirror illustrations of the woodcuts, or of small details in the woodcuts, in the Fabrica. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin from 1567, with coats of arms of “AUGUSTUS CHURFURST”, religious scenes, monogram “S. A. N.” “1567” on front cover, title on spine. Provenance: The English antiquary Francis Douce (1757– 1834). On front pastedown, shelfmark and ex-libris of Douce; ex dono stamp of the Bodleian on frontispiece. Annotations: A systematic reader from sixteenth-century Wittenberg, familiar with Fallopio, Colombo, Eustachius, Guinter, and Galen, primarily interested in commenting on and identifying parts of the woodcuts, occasionally referring to personal observations. On p. 21, annotation on the woodcuts with reference to Fallopio’s disagreements; on p. 26, internal reference next to the woodcut, referring the reader to the discussion of the superior maxilla; on p. 43, reference to Fallopio next to the woodcut of the auditory bones; on p. 45, underlinings, summary notes, and reference to Fallopio; on p. 46, tiny numbers added to the woodcut; on p. 47, the same numbers are added to the explanation of characters; on p. 52, underlinings and note on Fallopio; on p. 54, note on the woodcut of the inferior maxilla, referencing Fallopio; on p. 59, identifications of the characters in the woodcut, and longer note; on p. 60, identifications of the body parts, with internal reference to p. 22; on p. 63, underlinings and long note on Fallopio; on p. 205, note next to the skull of the skeleton man, “In osse occipitis uidi suturum in […] cranio Vitebergae qui fuit […]”, and identification of body part; on p. 207, underlinings, marginal lines, and smudged note; on p. 210, identificatory line drawn to the muscle man, but without identificatory text; on p. 218, note on the handcolored part of the muscle man, “oblique descenden”; on

406 p. 220, note on the hand-colored part of the muscle man, summary notes and underlinings, with Greek word; on p. 224, note next to the woodcut with reference to Galen; on p. 225, extensive underlinings and notes referencing Fallopio on the abdominal muscles; on p. 228, note on the woodcut; on p. 246, numbers added to the woodcut of the muscles of the neck, with reference to Fallopio; on p. 247, note on Fallopio related to character “F”; on p. 295, underlinings, marginal line, and reference to Fallopio; on p. 304, extensive notes, internal references and references to Galen and Fallopio next to the woodcuts; on p. 376, underlinings and marginal numberings; on p. 444, NB sign next to character “Z”; on p. 450, extensive identifications of parts of the woodcut, with long note on Fallopius and Guinter; on p. 464, underlinings and internal reference; on p. 483, extensive note with internal references and mention of Galen next to the woodcut of the arteria magna; on p. 487, underlinings and reference to Fallopio; on X2 sheet, extensive notes, and references to Fallopio and Eustachius; on p. 511, tiny numbers added to the woodcut; on p. 559, underlining and note on the pancreas with reference to Fallopio; on p. 562, note next to the woodcut; on p. 567, discussion of nomenclature with reference to Hippocrates; on p. 577, identifications of parts of the woodcuts; on p. 581, next to the woodcut, note on personal observation of left and right kidneys; on p. 587, underlinings and reference to Fallopio and Colombo; on p. 606, reference to Fallopio where the omentum and the portal vein are discussed; on p. 629, underlinings and Greek word on the margin; on p. 637, underlinings, internal reference, and reference to Fallopio about the meatus; on p. 678, manicule and reference to Fallopio where mammillary vessels are discussed; on p. 699, a drawing of a lung on the side, with a note claiming that the annotator personally observed the lungs; on p. 703, underlinings, summary note, and reference to Fallopio; on p. 765, letter “K” identified in the woodcut with line drawn to original location; on p. 798, note next to the woodcut; on p. 801, underlinings and note on Fallopio, with woodcut on the margin corrected; on p. 802, underlinings and reference to Fallopio; on p. 804, underlinings and reference to Fallopio; underlinings and summary notes on pp. 307, 329, 453, 458, 513, 546, 717, 763, 771; underlinings and internal reference on p. 61; underlinings and NB sign on p. 785; underlinings and/or marginal lines on pp. 8, 23, 27, 29, 40, 48, 51, 64, 69, 70, 84, 85, 86, 87, 109, 116, 118, 121, 125, 127, 143, 144, 155, 170, 174, 175, 176, 189, 206, 208, 211, 212, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 222, 223, 227, 231, 249, 251, 284, 288, 289, 290, 291, 298, 301, 302, 303, 308, 314, 315, 316, 317, 331, 335, 340, 341, 342, 343, 345, 346, 347, 349, 352, 354, 355, 356, 357, 362, 363, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 373, 377, 378, 379, 380, 384, 395, 397, 399,

1555 Editions

401, 402, 403, 405, 406, 409, 410, 411, 414, 417, 418, 419, 420, 423, 435, 436, 438, 441, 442, 443, 449, 451, 454, 455, 457, 461, 464, 476, 495, 497, 504, 514, 516, 521, 524, 534, 556, 557, 563, 569, 572, 576, 578, 582, 584, 594, 595, 601, 611, 616, 617, 626, 627, 628, 630, 631, 654, 676, 677, 680, 733, 756, 758, 760, 761, 764, 766, 767, 768, 769, 773, 776, 77, 783, 784, 785, 789, 795, 796, 803, 814, 815, 819, 822 and in index. II/278. Christ Church College Oxford University Call No.: Ok.1.4 Physical Description: A complete copy with repaired tear on frontispiece, reparations of lower inner corner on pages from frontispiece to p. 53, some dampstaining up until p. 45. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Tooled mottled calf, with double blind fillet towards edges of boards, blind rolls forming frame, and giltrolled edges to binding, edges sprinkled red and brown, “AND VESALIUS DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRIC” on spine. Provenance: At Christ Church College for a long time. Ex-libris “Aedes Christi in Academia Oxoniensi”; various shelfmarks. Annotations: None. II/279. Corpus Christi College Oxford University Call No.: Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, vascular insert bound verticaly and folded from top and right, nervous insert bound sideways in the middle facing left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern brown leather with red morocco label and gilt title on spine, torn original, blind-stamped, covers pasted onto modern covers, with central, oval armorial decoration cut out. Slip laid in, “rebound in 1929 by E. E. Wilmot of the Bodleian”, referring to a 1543 edition [and not this edition] with sheet L lacking.”

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Provenance: The Corpus Christi fellow William Nicolson (fl. 1570s); who donates this copy to Corpus Christi in 1578. Ex-libris “LIBER C.C.C. OXON.”; inscription under frontispiece “Ex dono Gulielmi Nicolsoni socio collegii Corporis Christi, Martij 70, 1578”. Annotations: A compulsive reader who annotates almost every page in a quick and often illegible hand, usually making summary notes that consist of a few phrases paraphrasing or copying the text. The reader also frequently structures the text’s arguments by numbering each separate argument, and shows a strong interest in identifying the parts of illustrations. On pp. 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 41, 42, 45, 49, 53, 55, 58, 70, 72, 77, 78, 81, 82, 84, 85, 89, 95, 99, 100, 155, 156, 168, 169, 177, 180, 181, 182, 183, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 201, 202, 217, 219, 220, 222, 223, 225, 257, 258, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 283, 284, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 294, 296, 297, 299, 301, 302, 305, 308, 309, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 317, 318, 322, 323, 328, 329, 334, 337, 341, 348, 353, 354, 356, 358, 365, 417, 418, 427, 436, 438, 440, 441, 442, 445, 460, 461, 464, 466, 467, 469, 470, 471, 473, 474, 476, 481, 485, 488, 490, 503, 507, 508, 514, 515, 516, 517, 518, 520, 521, 524, 526, 529, 533, 535, 537, 538, 567, 589, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594, 595, 596, 597, 598, 599, 600, 601, 602, 603, 608, 609, 610, 613, 617, 618, 619, 620, 621, 623, 624, 626, 628, 629, 630, 632, 633, 634, 635, 636, 637, 638, 639, 640, 641, 643, 645, 646, 647, 648, 649, 650, 651, 652, 653, 654, 655, 656, 657, 658, 659, 660, 661, 662, 663, 664, 665, 667, 668, 669, 671, 672, 674, 675, 676, 681, 682, 684, 708, 709, 711, 712, 714, 715, 717, 718, 719, 720, 722, 725, 726, 727, 728, 730, 731, 732, 733, 735, 736, 737, 738, 739, 741, 742, 743, 745, 772, 773, 776, 777, 779, 780, 781, 783, 784, 785, 786, 787, 788, 789, 790, 791, 792, 793, 794, 795, 796, 801, 802, 804, 806, 807, 818, 819, 820, 821, colophon and back flyleaf, extensive underlinings and annotations summarizing the text, often in diagrammatic form and/or with numberings; on pp. 355, 455, 456, 457, 459, 462, 463, 501, 519, 522, 534, 605, 611, 615, 631, 729, summary annotations with references to Galen; on p. 439, references “Error Platone” and “Aristoteli error”, Greek terms copied out and summary notes; on pp. 2, 6, 43, 54, 56, 59, 184, 185, 285, 437, 458, extensive summary annotations of the text and identifications of the body parts in the woodcuts with lines; on pp. 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 24, 57, 69, 79, 86, 162, 167, 172, 176, 179, 211, 216, 254, 255, 279, 280, 281, 282, 293, 295, 298, 306, 336, 340, 342, 393, 449, 525, 607, 627, 644, 673, 716, 721, 778, 797, 803, 805, Greek terms copied out, summary annotations, marginal lines and/or underlinings; on pp. 21, 26, 28, 30, 46, 48, 71, 74, 80, 87, 88, 94, 98, 161, 165, 166, 173, 174, 200, 203,

204, 205, 210, 214, 218, 221, 224, 228, 251, 252, 256, 259, 300, 304, 307, 392, 444, 470, 483, 492, 502, vascular insert, 511, 512, 523, 527, 528, nervous insert, 555, 556, 558, 559, 560, 561, 562, 563, 564, 565, 566, 568, 569, 571, 572, 698, 701, 755, 757, 758, 759, 761, 762, 764, 767, 768, identifications of the body parts in the woodcuts; on pp. 44, 465, 491, 573, 616, 670, 680, 763, 798, 799, numberings and/or underlinings; on pp. 121, 513, marginal crosses. Censorship: On pp. 210 and 218, the penis of the muscle man covered with cross-hatched ink. II/280. Queen’s College Oxford University Call No.: Sel.f.72 Physical Description: A complete copy with occasional dampstaining and fingerprints. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, folded from the bottom and the right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Part of the portal vein’s system on p. 444 hand-colored in red. Extra sheet inserted on p. 437, where Book III on the vascular system begins, titled Statua humana circulatoria, containing an advertisement by Abraham Chovet on “a new figure of anatomy wherein the circulation of the blood is made visible thro’ glass veins and arteries, with the sistolick and diastolick motion of the heart and auricles, as also the action of the lungs, with the circulation of the blood from the mother to the child […]”. Binding: Contemporary vellum with gold-stamped central lozenge and double frames, rebacked with calfskin, gilt title “VESALIUS DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA” on red morocco panel. Provenance: The Ambrosden physician Theophilus Metcalfe, DM Oxon (1690–1757); who bequeathes his collection to Queen’s College upon his death. Armorial bookplate of Metcalfe on front pastedown; armorial bookplate of Queen’s College on front pastedown and frontispiece verso; round stamp of Queen’s College on frontispiece verso and last page of index. Annotations: Ink annotations by Metcalfe, who has a clear interest in the authorship of the images, the comparison of the two editions, Vesalius’ reliance on animal dissections, and the circulatory system, quoting Richardson, Cowper, Boerhaave, Torinus, Sandrart, Felibien, Guido Guidi, Aranzio, Colombo, and others. On front flyleaf,

408 quote from Richardson’s Theory of Painting from 1715,12 attributing the illustrations to Titian, and a note by Metcalfe on Titian’s acquaintance with Vesalius, including a quote from Cowper’s Myotomia Reformata, “The story of these anatomical prints, I remember to have read somewhere, and it is This. Charles the Fifth being patron to both Vesalius & Titian, these two happened to meet at the court of Philip the Second, son to the Emperor Charles. Here it was, that Vesalius having instructed Titian in Anatomy* (* a mistake this, as I have found since) (a science, which every one knows, is necessary to a painter,) Titian, as an acknowledgment cut the wooden * (* another mistake for the cutts were engraved von Gulino) figures for this Book, or at least drew the original designes. But that he was author of the stamps themselves, is highly probable from many circumstances to be observ’d in the figures themselves. T. M. // The figures of the former [Edition in 1543] are much finer, [I suppose in regard to the impression] but the Descriptions are more correct in the Latter, viz, this edition. I conceive, that what Mr. Cooper, has said in the Preface to his Myotomia Reformata in 8vo, as just now quoted, in respect to the descriptions, relates to what our author calls Characterum Index, and are generally known by the names of References”; additional note on front flyleaf verso on Vesalius’ Latin: “Oporinus, a Greek Professor at Basil, and a very learned Man, the printer of this book, is thought by many to have mended the latinity of Vesalius’s style, before the book was committed to the press. But this I take to have been the slander of some of Galen’s admirers, for, tho in the translation of Rhazes’s works, neither Vesalius nor his friends shine out much to their advantage in regard of style, yet this may fairly be excused on account of the Latin tongue differing too much from the turn of the Arabian, that this will not admit of an happy translation into the other, as is observed by Albanus Torinus, one of the interpreters”; as well as quotes in Italian on Calcar’s life from Pellegrino Antonio Orlandi’s Abecedario pittorico, on Calcar’s authorship in French from Félibien’s Entretiens (mentioning that Félibien “was guided by the sentiments of Nic. Poussin”), with quote in Latin from Bartholin from 1628, commenting on how other anatomists have lifted their illustrations from Vesalius, and an additional note “Sed in Vidi Vidij (collectoris diligentissimi) operum tomo tertio, qui de rebus anatomicij, multa sunt figurae originales et ad vivum (ut videtur) expressae, quamquam non est negandum, authorem illum nonnulas ex Vesalio desumpsisse”; crossed out note under colophon “Figuras, ut vulgo creditur, delineavit TITIANUS”; on back 12  Jonathan Richardson (1665–1745), Essay on the Theory of Painting, London 1715, printed by W. Bowyer, for John Churchill, p. 80.

1555 Editions

flyleaf, quotes from Boerhaave and an anonymous source, comparing the 1543 and 1555 editions, and quotes from Colombo and Aranzio, claiming that Vesalius based his illustrations on animal studies, “Vesalius laryngem, linguam, oculosque bovinos descripsit, (nec admonuit:) non autem humanos, musculos etiam epiglottidi attribuit, qui in brutis solummodo reperiuntur. Colombo / Brutorum pudendum (ob muliebrium corporum inopiam) Vesalius delineavit, quo factum ut Valverda qui ordine subsecuti sunt, transumpto accepto in eandem foveam inciderint. Arantius.” II/281. St John’s College Oxford University Call No.: HB4/Folios.2.3.3 Physical Description: A complete copy with minor wear, and repairs to the frontispiece, bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded both vertically and horizontally, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern half tan pigskin and buckram, c. 1900, title and classmark on fore-edge, St John’s College armorial bookplate on front pastedown, probably from the nineteenth century. Provenance: A certain H. Hall, potentially Humfry Hall (BMed Oxon. 1561); the London royal physician and St. John’s fellow Sir William Paddy (1554–1634); who donates the volume to the current collection in 1609. Note “In utraque fortuna fides. H: Hall” on frontispiece; “Liber Collegij Diuij Joannis Baptistae Oxon. Ex dono Gulieli Paddy Militiis, Med. Doct. euisdem Colli Convictoris 1609”; various shelfmarks. Annotations: Annotations in a sixteenth-century hand in ink, with some underlinings, on pp. 3–4, 7, 9, 23, 31, 277– 80, 334–336, 591–593, 603, 606–607, 615–617, 682. On front flyleaf, a long quote from Archangelo Piccolomini’s Anatomicae Praelectiones, “De Vesalio Censura / Nec minus mirari subit Fallopis, qui passim Vesalium divinum appellat. An divinaitatis nomen meruerit quod rej Anatomicae, omniumque partium humani corporis fuerit inventor primus, et observator? Si mihi aliquando per otium licebit, luculenter monstrabo, quaecunque bona scribuntur a Vesalio in illo volumine, omnia ex Hippocrate, Aristote, Galeno, alijsque antiquoribus esse transcripta, horum virorum nulla prorsus facta mentione. Quaecunque vero falsa ab eodem scribuntur, quae quamplurima sunt ex suo

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furibundo Marte prodijsse. Andr. Piccolhom. Anat. P. lect. l. 4. Elect. 3. // Haec quam […] vide in Indice”.

Reading

II/282. University of Reading Special Collections Cole Library Call No.: Cole ‑ 427 F Physical Description: A complete copy with some foxing and staining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from the bottom and the right hand side, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-tooled and stamped pigskin over wooden boards, with metal corners, bosses and clasps, by Josias Mechler of Basel, 1557, upper clasps on binding restored by A. C. Carter.

Physical Description: A complete copy with some tearing to the bifolium inserts. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Rebound in plain leather in the 1960s or 70s. Provenance: The Breslau Stadtbibliothek; purchased by the current library probably in the 1960s. Two stamps on frontispiece verso, blue oval stamp “Doublette der Stadtbibliothek zu Breslau” and black round stamp “StadtBibliothek zu Breslau”. Annotations: None.

Wells

II/284. Wells Cathedral Call No.: E 1 desk

Provenance: F. J. Cole (1872–1959), F.R.S., Professor of Zoology at Reading, who acquired the volume probably around 1930; then the University of Reading Library, 1964. Pencil mark of ownership by Cole; book-plate of Reading University Library.

Physical Description: A complete copy with brown water stain on upper section of many pages. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from the right and the bottom, X2 sheet present after vascular insert.

Annotations: Four mid-twentieth-century auction catalogue entries attached to front pastedown, none of which seem to refer to this copy. Three entries refer to Cushing’s 1943 volume on Vesalius, and all four give price estimates at GBP 235, GBP 250, GBP 275, and USD 1800. The pastedown also offers measurements and date of binding, and a comparison with Cushing’s copy. The X2 sheet has the following note, possibly in Cole’s hand, “Cf. Cushing 86–7 for English translation”.

Binding: Unrestored, probably seventeenth-century brown calfskin with gold-tooled spine.

Bibliography: William S. Mitchell, “A Mid-Sixteenth Century Binding by Josias Mechler, Basel.” Libri 22 (1972): 249–251.

Sheffield

II/283. University of Sheffield Library Rare Books Collection Call No.: RBR F611 (V)

Provenance: The mid-eighteenth-century Wells bookseller George Cass; who donates the volume to the current collection in 1755. Gilt note of donation on front cover “DONO DEDIT GEORGIUS CASS BIBLIOTHECASE ECCLS: CATHED: WELLENSIS ANNO MDCCLV”; inscription on frontispiece “Liber Ecclesiae Wellensis”; red oval stamp of “WELLS CHAPTER LIBRARY” on p. 22. Annotations: Corrections of errata in early ink, making reference on p. 3 to the illustration on p. 2, as suggested by errata, and correcting the text on p. 37, 63, 123, 129, 147, 153, 169, 176, 190, 207, 263, 340, 342, 418, 435, 469, 505 628, 799. Date “MDLC” added to bottom of frontispiece.

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Windsor

II/285. Eton College Call No.: Ga.1.10 Physical Description: A complete copy with a faint tide mark at upper fore-edge, bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded in both directions, X2 sheet present. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Restored, late sixteenth-century brown panelled sheepskin with two frames of blind-tooled triple fillets with outer corner fleurons, faint central ornament of a lion. Provenance: Acquired by the current collection between 1596 and 1622. Armorial bookplate of Eton College, “Collegium Beatae Mariae De Etona”. Annotations: None. Bibliography: Robert Birley, The History of College Library. Eton: Eton College, 1970, p. 22; Paul Quarrie, Eton College Library : An Exhibition of Printed Books, 1455–1974. Eton: Eton College, [1982?], p. 6; Nick Baker, Scalpels and Stitches: Medicine and Surgery through the Ages. Unpublished printed catalogue of exhibition, 2002, p. 6.

United States

Albany

II/286. New York State Library Call No.: V 611 fV57a Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy with some tearing, foxing and worming, dampstaining at the bottom of the volume. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right. X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. On p. 615, traces left by a leaf, no longer present. Binding: Contemporary pigskin over wooden boards, with blind-tooled floral decorations and portraits, one clasp present, title “VESALIUS” on spine.

Provenance: Purchased from the book dealer Otto H. Ranschburg; and enters the current collection on March 22, 1944. Ex-libris of New York State Library on front paste­ down, as well as mark “No. 75”; crossed-out possessor’s note on front flyleaf. Annotations: A learned early reader, interested primarily in hematopoiesis and the pulmonary system, familiar with Colombo, Laurentius, Fallopio, Schegk, Aristotle, Avicenna and Hippocrates, and an expert user of Greek. On p. 4, reference “Vide Columbus”; on p. 8, underlinings and reference “Appendicem […] videatur apud Columbum fol. 9. c. 2”; on p. 10, underlinings and reference to Colombo; on p. 42, underlinings and note “Columbus dicit cauernosum protius apparere ac […] instrumentum continere”; on p. 57, underlinings and summary notes on the teeth; on p. 58, underlinings and reference to Aristotle “Arist.”; on p. 71, note next to the woodcut of the spine “In uniuersum f. 34” and the vertebrae divided, with notes “VII cervicis”, “XII thoracis”, etc.; on p. 107, note next to the woodcut on the incorrect representation of the seventh rib; on p. 185, note on cartilages and voice in the aspera arteria; on p. 186, underlinings, summary notes and note on the nomenclature of the laryngeal cartilages, “T. II κρικοειδης recentioribus seu annularis veteribus nominata”; on p. 187, underlining and Greek word copied out; on p. 437, underlinings, marginal word, and identification of the three types of fibers in the woodcut with numbers; on p. 438, underlinings and note “Vide Schegkium I l. de primo αιματοποιησεωσ instrumento: qd venis primo et per se attribuit et probat egregie”, and another reference on blood color changes to Colombus “I 6 de jecore et venis”; on p. 439, underlinings, and note “Arteria Aristoteli et Hippocrati olim quid”, “Plato”, “Arls”, Greek word copied out, and idenitifications of parts of the woodcuts; on p. 449, summary notes on hematopoiesis, e.g. “Vena portae jecoris manus nuncupatur”; on p. 458, underlinings and note “ista omnia probat egregie Schegkius I. […] de sanguificationis instrumento”; on p. 562, underlinings and identifications of the woodcuts’ parts, e.g. “Ventriculi portio”; on p. 563, underlinings and note next to character “M”, “No. Tribus notis poterit interstingui, q jejunum vasis pluribus […], quod paulo sit rubicundius, quod […] magis appareat. Laurentius”; on p. 591, underlinings and note on Fallopio and Laurentius; on p. 593, underlinings and reference “Vide Laurentium Andream in controversijs @ 15”; on p. 619, note “commentum”; on p. 620, underlinings and summary notes, such as “Theophilus dicit IV non jecoris fibras”; on p. 621, underlinings, marginal line, and internal reference “Supra l. 3. c. 1 in fine habebis […] argumenta”; on p. 622, underlinings, summary notes and

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comment on the liver as the site of blood production, “dubium”; on p. 626, underlinings and summary note “lien linguosum viscus Ar.”; on p. 627, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 630, underlinings and summary note; on p. 677, underlinings and reference to Aristotle; on p. 678, underlining and note “mamillas arterias habere dubius est”; on p. 679, underlinings and note “mamillarium substantia”; on p. 681, underlining and summary note; on p. 707, underlinings and longer discussions of the woodcuts with reference to Hippocrates and Laurentius; on p. 708, underlinings and note “Non natis respiratio quid?”; on p. 714, underlinings and summary note “laevis aspera arteria”; on p. 718, underlinings and manicule; on p. 723, note “Definitio: Pulmo est organum spirabile et vocale […]”, with reference to Avicenna; on p. 725, underlinings and summary note; on p. 726, underlinings and note on animal lungs; on p. 772, Greek identification of the woodcut; further underlinings on pp. 1, 9, 22, 23, 24, 25, 45, 55, 63, 69, 70, 80, 81, 115, 436, 440, 441, 448, 455, 456, 457, 481, 530, 531, 557, 567, 592, 603, 605, 607, 609, 613, 614, 618, 634, 680, 709, 715, 716, 717, 742, 779, 819.

Ann Arbor, MI

II/287. University of Michigan Call No.: Crummer QM 21 V52 1555 Physical Description: A complete copy with some ripped pages. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with floral decorations and portraits, clasps present. Provenance: The Omaha, NE, professor of medicine Leroy Crummer (1872–1934); who bequeaths his collection to his alma mater, which is the current collection. Bookplate of Crummer and ex-dono of Crummer to the University of Michigan on front pastedown; illegible, blacked out possessor’s note on frontispiece. Annotations: On p. 523, modern pencil sketch of a bust with a smiling face around the illustration of the aspera arteria. On back pastedown, small, faint pencil drawing of a dog [?]; on front pastedown, various pencil notes incl. “collation complet”; on front flyleaf, note “avec la planche de la p. 504 qui manque presque toujours”. Auction catalogue entry of a 1555 edition laid in.

II/288. University of Michigan Ann Arbor Call No.: Pilcher QM21 V52 1555 Physical Description: A worn, complete copy with heavy spotting and staining, frontispiece torn and repaired, dead fly on p. 484, dead insect on p. 510, paper slips between pp. 626/627, and between pp. 698/699. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, vascular insert folded from bottom and right, nervous insert bottom part missing, folded from right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Worn, contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with traces of clasps, label “VESALII DE CORP. HUM. FABR. LIBRI SEPTEM” written in ink on spine. Provenance: The Brooklyn surgeon Lewis Stephen Pilcher (1845–1934); who donates his library to his alma mater between 1929 and 1933. On front pastedown, ex-libris and ex-dono of Pilcher; notes “Emptus Nissae 23 Augusti 1656 2 Imperialibus” and “varia zedanapuchta [?]”; on front flyleaf, shelfmark. Annotations: Potentially several annotators, one of them an early reader interested in generation, and familiar with Melanchthon’s works. On p. 40, note “inris”; on p. 150, potential binder’s marks on top of the page; on p. 205, “sala” written at the bottom of the skeleton man; on pp. 216–217, potential binder’s marks on the bottom of page; on p. 377, pencil squiggle on top of the page; on p. 555, pencil squiggles; on p. 589, underlinings and summary notes, such as “1 augendi corporis gratia”, and note at the bottom of page; on p. 590, underlinings, marginal numberings, note on top of the page “Instrumenta Cibi et potus”, and long lists of organs on the side, such as “os stomachus ventriculus intestina rami venae portae iecur”; on p. 591, underlinings, lines across the text, marginal crosses, and summary notes such as “Abdominis membrana peritonaeum peritoneus peritonium”; on p. 651, underlinings and notes such as “collum uteri” and “fundus uteri”; on p. 652, underlinings, lines drawn across the text, and summary notes, such as “situs uteri in grauidis”; on p. 653, underlinings; on p. 671, underlinings, summary notes in Greek and Latin, and a longer note, quoting Melanchthon, “sicut foetus in utero materno sedet inuolutus secundina ita cogitemus, nos in hac uita, inuolutos verbo Dei sustentari oportere, nec rumpamus hoc nostrum inuolucrum, scilicet Euangelium, postea uero egressi in vitam et lucem aeternam coram cernemus voluntatem Dei et admirandum consilium de reconciliatione @ Phil: in loci. fol. 226”; on p. 672,

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underlinings and marginal numbered summary notes, e.g. “2 canini foetus 3 vacca foetus”; on p. 673, underlinings, summary notes, and illegible note on personal observation “Hoc ego a […]”; on p. 674, underlinings and summary notes such as “corda umbilici”; on p. 675, underlinings; date “1555” added to frontispiece, illegible and crossed-out note on back pastedown.

Austin, TX

II/289. The University of Texas at Austin Harry Ransom Center Call No.: Q- QM 21 V418 1555 Physical Description: A complete copy with no significant damage. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Nineteenth-century half leather and paper, with marbled pastedowns. Stamped on front, “Bound by Hering 9. Newman St.” Provenance: The London antiquarian firm Martin Breslauer (then owned by Bernard Breslauer, 1918–2004); which sells the volume the Harry Ransom Center in July 1951, acquired with the help of the Florence Ralston Brooke Book Fund. Annotations: Sporadic early annotations focusing on the prefatory material. On a2v and a3r, erased underlinings; on a3v, underlinings and note “NOTA” where Vesalius recounts his career; on a4r and a4v, extensive underlinings; on a5r, underlinings and number “1543” at the end of the text; on p. 431, underlinings and marginal note where the foot’s ligaments are discussed, “nonus Vesalii commune dec[…]”.

Baltimore

II/290. Johns Hopkins University Welch Medical Library Call No.: Vault .V575d 1555 c. 1 Physical Condition: A complete copy with some spotting, browning, worming, and minor tears. Bifolium inserts

present after pp. 504 and 552, vascular insert bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, nervous insert bound sideways in the middle facing left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Eighteenth-century vellum with label “VESALII ANATOMIA” on spine. Provenance: The Genova aristocrat Girolamo Luigi Durazzo (1739–1809), doge of the Ligurian Republic; the Honolulu physician G. F. Straub (d. 1966); who donates the volume to the current collection. Ex-libris of Durazzo; ex-libris of the Library of Johns Hopkins University, with handwritten note “Gift of Dr. G. F. Straub, Honolulu”. Annotations: None.

Birmingham, AL

II/291. University of Alabama at Birmingham Reynolds-Finley Historical Library Call No.: Physical Description: A complete copy with light dampstaining at front, minor worming and a few minor tears to the first two pages. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin on board with clasps. Provenance: A member of the Lauder Family, Baronets of Fountainhall; the Detroit, MI, radiologist Lawrence Reynolds (1889–1961, born in Ozark, AL); who establishes the Reynolds Historical Library at the University of Alabama in Birmingham in 1958. Possessor’s note by “L. Reynolds—1925” on front pastedown; Reynolds bookplate and armorial ex-libris of Lauder. Annotations: None. Bibliography: Rare Books and Collections of the Reynolds Historical Library: A Bibliography in 2 Volumes. Birmingham: University of Alabama Press, 1968–1994. Entry 4192.

1555 Editions



Bloomington, IN

II/292. Indiana University Lilly Library Call No.: Physical Description: A complete copy with some dampstaining and spotting. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with floral decorations and monogram “M. B. S.” and date “1570” on front cover, title “VESALII ANATOM” on spine, one clasp intact, traces of other clasp, and one metal corner. Provenance: The Schwerin physician Michael Berninger (fl. 1575), court physician to Prince Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg; the Kiel physician Matthias Claussen (fl. 1640, d. 1670), court physician to Duke Christian Albert of Holstein-Gottorp. On frontispiece, notes “Michael Berningerus Suerinensis” and “Matthias Clausen Med. D.” Annotations: On p. 23, chapter number added to the reference to Galen’s De usu partium; on p. 474, note about the female seminal veins “Gal. lib. 14 de us. Part. Cap. 7 hoc docet fieri quando dext[…] non sinister est […]”, at p. 619, small slip of paper with one word in early ink.

Boston, MA

II/293. Boston Public Library Call No.: G.555.V63D PF Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some water damage and print smudges, leaf a6, printer’s mark and colophon missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle, preserved plants laid in between pp. 674 and 765. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern quarter umber morocco and brown cloth, with title stamped in gilt on the spine. Provenance: On frontispiece, two illegible, cancelled possessor’s notes, one of them from “Petri Andreae […] 1683”; stamp of the current library.

413 Annotations: Contemporary Latin and Greek marginalia and underlinings, mostly in ink, by a learned hand that is familiar with Galen, Colombo, Riolan and Charles Estienne, focusing on the bones, reproduction, and the eye. On a4r-a4v, marginal numberings of the contents of the volume; on p. 3, where the bone’s substance is discussed, marginal note “Contradicit Columbus cap. 1. De ossibus”; on p. 4, marginal reference to another work, illegible; on p. 7, marginal note next to the explanation of character D, “os coxae”; on p. 9, note in Greek on the use of the epiphysis, as well as reference to Colombo; on p. 11, reference in text added to exact location of “Galeni oratio”; on p. 14, addition of Greek term and reference to Galen by page number; on p. 15, summary notes on the types of motion; on p. 20, marginal notes “de synarthrosi” and “gomphosi”; on p. 21, correction of “anterior” to “posterior”; on p. 24, notes “historia puellae […]” and “alia historia”; on p. 31, note next to illustration “SPHENOID”; on p. 32, trimmed reference on the sutures; on p. 33, short note on the vertebrae of the elderly; on p. 34, marginal repetition of Greek term; on p. 39, marginal word “hyoides” and repetition of Greek term; on p. 40, short note on the number and Greek name of the processes; on p. 47, marginal clarification of the bones in the explanation of characters; on p. 51, numbers added in text where Vesalius counts the bones; on p. 71, note “corpus”; on p. 77, critical note where Vesalius argues that the lungs are the reason for the existence of the neck, “negatur. Rane pulmones habent et vocem edunt ut tamen collo perditae sunt”; on p. 154, note next to illustration “OS COXAE”; on p. 167, marginal notes “malleolus exterior”; on p. 179, extensive summary notes on the types and numbers of the bones of the feet; on p. 180, marginal word; on p. 190, where the dissection of the bones is discussed, marginal reference “Ossilegium. vid. Columbum et Riolanum nec non Carolum Stephanum”; on p. 205, tears added to the skeleton illustration, to make it appear as if the skeleton was crying; on p. 449, marginal note at the bottom of page “observatio”; on p. 451, note next to the explanation of characters “F, F”, “[…] ortu”; on p. 592, marginal word “usus peritonaei”; on p. 663, note “hemorrhoidum fluxiones. Distensio ramificationum venae portae” and NB next to the anecdote of the monk; on pp. 764–765, a large “M” straddles pp. 765–765 and shows through on the pages before and after this opening; on p. 801, marginal words identifying the eye’s parts; on pp. 803–805, marginal words identifying the eye’s parts; addition of index term “ossilegium p. 190” and further index terms relating to the skeleton. Underlinings on a3v, a4r, and pp. 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 51, 52, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 77, 147, 154, 167, 168, 172, 177, 179, 180, 190, 191, 208, 436, 437,

414 438, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 451, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594, 596, 597, 607, 651, 654, 663, 801, 803, 804, 805, and in the index. On front flyleaf verso, inscription: “Annos viginti octo natus Vesalius edidit de fabrica corporis humani grande ita regium profecto opus, cuique nullum aliud comparatur. Nam & stylo magnifico & Latino est pscriptum, & ipsius experimentiam in Anatomicis pdit, ut totus Eruditorum ad extremum usque diem nunquam satis fit admiratur, […] nullo Magistro ad illud fastigium eruditionis pervenisse omnibus editionibus […] aperis illa est optima, & Basileae […] Oporini, & cumprimis illa Anni 1551. Neque in Venetianis, ut alias taceam, imagines aut typi cum elegantia Oporinianae merentur comparari vid. Conring. […] scripsit m et Radice Chinae. & Examen observationum Fallopii.” Online: https://archive.org/stream/andreaevesalijbr00vesa #page/n4/mode/1up II/294. Boston University Library Howard Gottlieb Archival Research Center Call No.: YQM25. V4.1555 Physical Description: A complete copy with some worming and minor dampstaining affecting the first few pages and the pages after p. 239. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways and folded twice, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Slight damage to woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Early quarter vellum with blind-tooled decorations with boards covered in modern blind-stamped tan morocco, title and author’s name printed on spine, and added, handwritten author’s name, fore-edge speckled red. Provenance: The Leipzig physician and professor of medicine Martinus Fridericus Friess (1632–1700), who donates the volume in 1680; the Rochdale, UK, colonel Henry Fishwick (1835–1914); the John Rylands University Library of Manchester; which sells it in 1988; the Newton, MA collectors Ruth C. and Robert Horlick; who donate it to Boston University. On front flyleaf, donation note “DONUM Dr. MARTINI FRIEDERICI FRIESII, Med. D. et Physiol. Prof., AD. 1680.”, possessor’s note by Henry Fishwick, and note “Hoyllel Colojne[?] £3.20.”; on back flyleaf, label “J̋ohn Rylands University Library of Manchester, withdrawn from stock, April, 1988”; ex-libris Boston University. Annotations: Manuscript note on front flyleaf, “this vol is the 1555 edition (Basel) and is “ornée de belles gravures en bois dessinées par Jean de Calcar, élève du Titien”; as well

1555 Editions

as a German note by “R. W.” also identifying the author of the illustrations as Calcar. Underlinings on p. 5, and underlining of index terms “arteria aspera” and “arteria aspera respirationis”. II/295. The Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine Call No.: Rare Books 1.Mw.1555.V (Cab. 11, Shelf 5) Physical Description: A complete copy with some foxing, browning and spotting. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle, vascular insert facing left, nervous insert facing right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Two sales catalogue entries, one from 1952 with general information about the book, pasted inside the back flyleaf. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Early plain vellum, label in ink on spine “A. Vesalius De Fabrica corporis humani Basileae, 1555”. Provenance: The Augustinian church of Santa Maria de Popolo in Rome; the Rome book dealer Carl Ewald Rappaport; who sells the volume to the current collection in late 1928, accessioned on January 2, 1929. Ex-libris of Warren Library; stamp of Rappaport; round stamp of “CONVENTUS S. MARIAE DE POPULO URBIS” on a2r. Annotations: None. II/296. The Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine Call No.: Rare Books ff 1.Mv.1. Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition, pages trimmed, title excised from frontispiece, replaced with the inaccurate inset, “ANDREAE VESALII DE/ CORPORIS HUMANI STRU-/ctura, libri septem”, curved fragment of the frontispiece from another copy, showing heads of spectators, laid in, some ink splatter on p. 611. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, and worn, early calfskin with goldtooled double borders, bottom of spine chipped, fragment with title “Vesalius Anathome” laid in. Provenance: The Blois physician, botanist and pharmacist Paul Reneaulme (1560–1624); the Munich physician Johann Steffanelli in 1715; the Cambridge, MA physician and Harvard professor Morrill Wyman, M.D. (1812–1903); who donates the volume to the Cambridge Public Library;

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which deposits it at the Boston Medical Library in 1904. Note of Wyman on front flyleaf, together with bookplate of his donation to the Cambridge Public Library, and note of deposit in the Boston Medical Library on 28 April, 1904; on the verso of the frontispiece, Wyman’s signature and the date “May 1893”, and handwritten note in another hand: “Ad bibliothecam Joanis Steffanellii Do. Philos. et Medicina Monacensis, 1715”; under colophon at the end “P. Renealmi. 3 idus aprilis. 1593”. Annotations: An early sporadic reader with an interest in the illustrations of the skulls, and a modern reader interested in Ovid and the printer’s mark. On top of p. 1, illegible phrase, maybe “homo ingens”; on p. 60, the characters of the illustration repeated around the skull, with lines drawn to the original location; on p. 312, at the bottom, “Domine sancte petre” written upside down; modern handwritten note laid in after printer’s mark, translating it: “No way impassable to the brave. Ovid Metam. 14–113”. II/297. The Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine Call No.: Rare Books QM21. V63 1555 Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top, bottom, and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped vellum with tooled borders. Provenance: A certain “Jo. De Grave” in 1645; the Cincinnati plastic surgeon Dr. Jacob James Longacre (1907–1976); enters the current collection as part of the Longacre bequest in 1977. Ex-libris of Longacre; illegible possessor’s note; and note of De Grave on frontispiece. Annotations: None.

Cambridge, MA

II/298. Harvard University Houghton Library Call No.: f Typ 565.55.868 (A) Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy, fragile and with restricted access, pages in good condition with some ink staining, printer’s mark missing. Bifolium inserts

present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top, bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Hand-coloring of the illustration of the portal vein on p. 444. Binding: Modern brown calfskin, with label “Vesalius Anatomia”. Provenance: The Harvard librarian and book collector Philip Hofer (1898–1984); who donates it to the current collection. Pencil note, “P.H 12/16/36”, on the last page. Annotations: Some veins on p. 444 are coloured in by hand to make the image of the portal vein more comprehensible. II/299. Harvard University Houghton Library Call No.: f *FC5.V6305.543dc Physical Description: A complete copy with frontispiece trimmed and mounted, dampstaining on the last pages, which are remargined, bottom outer corners replaced at the end of the volume. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern quarter calfskin and black buckram. Provenance: A certain Luciano, probably the Genovese painter Luciano Borzone (1590–1645); a certain “Jo Barli de Burgentio”; the London philanthropist Thomas Hollis (1720–1774); who donates the volume to the Harvard College Library on October 24, 1763, where it survives the fire of 1764 because it is still unpacked. Signature of Burgentio on p. 824; signature of Borzone above printer’s mark; printed ex-dono of Hollis with manuscript note “accepto 24 Oct 1763” and “This is probably one of the books mentioned in Quincy’s History vol. 2. p. 482”. Annotations: Early sporadic ink notes focusing on the prefatory matter. On a2r, marginal notes “tres medicorum secte” and “auxiliorum instrumenta tria”, with numberings, “1, 2, 3” and note “vetustissima famosissimaque ipsa chyrurgia”; on a2v, further summary notes on surgery; on a3r, summary note “hominum superbia virtutum inimica ac rebellis”; on a4r and a4v, summary note on the contents of the volume; on printer’s mark, crude sketch of a ship drawn upon the sea pictured in the printer’s mark. Manuscript note by Hollis at front, “These prints from wooden blocks are very artistly executed & greatly admired, that of the Anatomical

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Figure 124 A ship drawn on the horizon in the printer’s mark. II/299. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Houghton Library. Call No.: f *FC5. V6305.543dc.

chamber is thought to be after a drawing of Titian’s himself, who appeared in it, a thin spare man, with a long beard & cap standing near the skeleton within the rails”.

Binding: Contemporary blind-tooled pigskin with allegorical and religious portraits, remains of clasps, handpainted label, “Vesalius De Corporis Huma Fabrica”.

II/300. Harvard University Houghton Library Call No.: f Typ 565.55.868 (B)

Provenance: The Stuttgart surgeon and ophthalmologist Johan Conrad Stoll (1766–1833); who acquires the volume in 1814; the Cambridge, MA professor Alwing Max Pappenheimer, Jr. (1908–1995), professor of biology at Harvard; who donates the volume to the current collection. Possessor’s note “Joh. Conrad Stoll. Chirurgis Stuttgardiensis 1814”; donation bookplate, “Harvard College Library, the gift of Dr. Alwin Max Pappenheimer”.

Physical Description: An incomplete copy with significant worming, printer’s mark missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle, X2 sheet present after the vascular insert. Damaged woodcut on p. 560.

Annotations: None.

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Charlottesville, VA

II/301. University of Virginia Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library Call No.: QM21. V4 1555 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with scattered minor worming and minor marginal tears. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, vascular insert folded from bottom and right, nervous insert folded from bottom and top and right, X2 sheet missing. Woodcut intact on p. 560. Binding: Late eighteenth- or early nineteenth-century, probably Italian half vellum and decorated paperboard, with endleaves renewed in c. 1900 and then again later in the twentieth century. Provenance: Dr. Stephen Hurt Watts (1877–1953), professor of surgery and gynecology at the University of Virginia; then (before 1953) the University of Virginia. Pencil note on front endleaf “Dr Stephen Watts University Virginia USA.” Annotations: On p. 323, early annotation in ink “trapezii s. cucullares” next to description of musculus trapezius. Pencil notes by Watts in the chapters on the leg muscles identifying them by their modern names, and occasionally expressing his frustration at being unable to do so. On p. 401, annotation “biceps”; on p. 402, note “semimembranosus”; on p. 404, where Vesalius says how Galen can be understood better by dissections than by reading his books, Watts adds “et Vesalius”, suggesting Vesalius can be better understood by dissections, too, and names the sixth muscle “tenso fasciae latae et fascia”; on p. 408, underlining and name of “poplitaeum” added to the muscle discussed; on p. 411, doodles of Greek characters; on p. 412, name “pectinaeus” added to eighth muscle of the thigh; on p. 418, name “gastroenemius” added to the first muscle moving the foot; on p. 419, name “gastroenemius” added to the second muscle moving to the foot, and “plantaris extensor tarsi minor” and “voleaus” added to the third and fourth muscles; on p. 420, name “tibialis posterior” added to fifth muscle of the foot; on p. 421, underlining and naming of the sixth muscle “peronaeus longus tibialis anticus”, and of the seventh muscle, “peronaeus longus ?”; on p. 423, underlining in the discussion of the ninth muscle and some numbers written on the side; on p. 427, naming of the second and third muscles moving the toes, “flexor longus hallucis, flexor digitorum pedis longus, perodactylaeus”; on p. 427, illegible note, probably naming the muscles flexing

the first joints; on p. 429, two question marks where the four muscles adducting the four toes to the big toe are discussed. II/302. University of Virginia Claude Moore Health Sciences Library Call No.: QM21 .V4 1555 C.1 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with tears to the inserts, printer’s mark missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, folded from top, bottom, and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Rebound approx. 1980–1985 in modern leather over board. Provenance: The Jesuit domus professa in Antwerp; whose library is sold after its dissolution by the dealer Joseph Emmens in Brussels in 1780, this copy sold for fl. 7:5; the University of Edinburgh; the University of Wisconsin until 1960; then the Iowa City internist and medical historian William Bennett Bean, MD (1909–1989); who donates the volume to the current collection in 1985. Annotations: None. Censorship: The female genitalia inked over on pp. 581 and 584, burning through the page on p. 584.

Chicago

II/303. Northwestern University Galter Medical Library Special Collections Call No.: 611 V63d 1555 Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with water damage and a tear on p. 538, printing ink runs on pp. 775 and 782, frontispiece repaired, ink marks on pp. 116, 118, 180, 275, 336, 397, 613, 749, blotches on pp. 307, 308, 340, 352, 359, 392, 399, 400 and errata page. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top, bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact wodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern buckram, rebacked in 1979, preserving earlier calfskin front and back cover with gold-stamped borders and corner fleurons, author, title and date on spine.

418 Provenance: The Florentine bookseller Lier; who sells the volume to the current collection in 1934 for $275. Illegible note on front pastedown “Fieslig [?] 1823”, “The Archibald Church Library, Northwestern University Medical School”; pencil note of Lier. Annotations: None. II/304. Northwestern University Galter Medical Library Special Collections Call No.: Haber Shelf WZ 240 V575d 1555 Physical Description: A clean and complete copy with repairs to the frontispiece, with minor worming and water damage and tears at p. 207. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom, top, and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Rebacked, contemporary blind-stamped calfskin with author and title on spine in gilt letter on red. Provenance: The Sheffield General Infirmary Library; the Chicago pathology professor Dr. Meryl H. Haber; who donates the volume to the current collection in 2010. Printed library bookplate of Sheffield pasted onto front pastedown; twentieth-century pencil note in English “Complete … VI/81 …” on back pastedown, possibly by a book dealer. Annotations: None. Bibliography: Ron Sims, The Haber gift. II/305. University of Chicago Regenstein Library Special Collections Call No.: alc QM21 .V59 Physical description: A complete, worn copy with extensive foxing and worming especially at front and back, red paint from fore-edge affecting several pages, tears on pp. 170 and 612. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from the bottom and the right, with tears. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Repaired, modern vellum on cardboard, with gilt name of author and title on red on spine, fore-edge painted red.

1555 Editions

Provenance: The Chicago physician and medical historian Dr. Mortimer Frank (1874–1919); then The University of Chicago Libraries. Various pencil marks on front paste­ down, incl. “2 cops 1555 and 1568 ed.” and price “100.00”; bookplate of Mortimer Frank and of the University of Chicago, stamp “Frank Medical Collection”; a former possessor’s note washed off on top of the frontispiece; stamp of University of Chicago Library on frontispiece; with call number in pencil on frontispiece verso. Annotations: Potentially several sporadic readers. On a2v and a3r, ink marks or doodles; on p. 654, the printed marginal note “Hymen” boxed in early ink; on p. 772, pink pencil mark. Censorship: The name of Oporinus partially scratched off the frontispiece; former censorship mark washed off in Letter to Oporinus and in colophon. II/306. University of Illinois Chicago Library of the Health Sciences Call No.: WZ240 V575d 1555 Physical Description: A restored complete copy. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern binding. Provenance: The Rudy, Poland, Cistercian abbot Joseph von Schtrachwitz; enters the current library in 1944. Note “Josephus de Strachwitz S.O. Cist. Abbas Raudensis comparavit An. 1730.” on frontispiece, referring to Cistercian palace-monastery in Rudy, Poland. Annotations: An early ink-using annotator, active in 1566, primarily interested in Galenic discussions, and summarizing large chunks of the text, but also referring to personal observations and Amatus Lusitanus. On p. 21, “anterior” is corrected to “posterior”; on p. 77, marginal note where the neck is discussed, “longo collo perdita animalia”; on p. 84, underlining, marginal line and note “annuere et renuere” where the movements of the head are discussed; on p. 189, marginal note “ossium numerus 304 // 313”; on pp. 279–280, extensive marginal notes and underlinings throughout the page, with reference to “Raphelengio quorundam”, noting Arabic terms “Arabes” and summarizing the argument, e.g. “quomodo carnosa membrana sese in simia […] et ranibus”; on p. 281, underlinings and notes, incl. further reference to Raphelengius,

1555 Editions

as well as note about the carnosa membrana, “Galeni error et alii”; on p. 282, extensive underlinings, NB sign and summary notes, incl. “Anatomicorum error”; on p. 283, underlinings and two summary notes on the muscles of the palpebra; on p. 284, underlinings, NB signs, and long notes on the muscles of the eyelid, with reference to Hippocrates, and criticizing Galen, with internal references, heavily trimmed and therefore difficult to follow; on p. 285, marginal line and long comment on the characters of the illustration; on p. 286, underlinings and summary words; on p. 288, underlinings and summary marginal words, e.g. “origo” or “2ndus musculus a 1a integitur”; on p. 289, underlinings, manicule, and summary notes primarily on the action of the muscles; on p. 290, summary note on the margin; on p. 291, summary note and sign “NOTA” where the fibers and muscles are discussed; on p. 292, underlinings, summary note and manicule at the very end of the chapter; on p. 301, underlinings and extensive summary notes, including numbering the four types of muscles moving the arm; on p. 312, note on top of page “De musculis brachium mouentibus”, with NB signs, references to Galen and summary notes on the side; on p. 313, underlinings and marginal notes on Galen, and the differences between animal and simian muscles; on p. 314, trimmed title on top of page, marginal notes, such as “ortus” or “insertio”, as well as Greek terms repeated; on p. 315, underlinings and marginal notes, incl. “Galenus reprehendus”, or “ortus” or “insertio”, page numbers added to Galenic references; on p. 316, underlinings, NB signs, marginal notes incl. “fibrae huius musculis”, “actio huius musculis”; on p. 317, underlinings, NB sign, and extensive notes, noting differences in comparative anatomy of animals and humans, as well as “ortus” or “deductio”; on p. 318, title on top of page “De musculius brachium moventibus” as well as NB signs, manicule, and marginal notes; on p. 319, underlinings and marginal summary; on p. 320, underlinings, manicule, and marginal note “Galenus reprehendit?”; on p. 321, underlinings, NB sign and summary notes on dissection; on p. 327, underlinings, marginal lines and note “cartilago observanda”; on p. 339, underlinings and marginal notes, incl. note on “nat de tendone musculi […] in simijs et canibus”; on p. 340, marginal notes “usus” and “Arabes notat”; on p. 362, underlinings, NB sign “de musculo pulmonij” and note “Galenus reprehendit” with reference to De usu partium; on p. 363, underlinings, manicule, NB note, and summary notes; on p. 364, underlinings and marginal summary notes, incl. on “usus”; on p. 365, underlinings, NB note, marginal summary notes incl. “origo” or “insertio tendinum”; on p. 366, underlinings, manicule, NB sign, and summary notes, with chapter number added to the reference on Galen; on p. 367, underlinings, NB note,

419 and summary words, e.g. “origo”, “insertio”, “actio”; on p. 368, underlinings, NB note, manicule, chapter number added to reference to Galen, and notes, e.g. “Opinio Anatomicorum falsa explodit?”; on p. 369, underlinings, manicule, and notes, incl. “obiectionis anticipatio”; on p. 370, underlinings, NB note, extensive summary notes; on p. 371, underlinings, NB signs, marginal numberings, and repeated notes on Galen’s errors; on p. 372, underlinings and marginal summary notes; on p. 373, underlinings, manicule, NB notes and reference to personal observation; on p. 374, underlinings and summary notes, incl. references to Galen’s errors; on p. 375, underlinings, internal reference, summary notes, partly focusing on comparative anatomy; on p. 376, underlinings, marginal notes, and notes on Galen’s errors; on p. 377, underlinings and summary notes, incl. notes on Galen; on p. 378, underlinings and summary notes, e.g. “origo” or “insertio”; on p. 379, underlinings, NB sign, internal references and criticism of Galen; on p. 380, underlinings and marginal summary words; on p. 381, underlinings, summary words, and references to Galen; on p. 382, underlinings and summary marginal words, e.g. “insertio” or “origo”; on p. 383, underlinings, marginal notes, incl. criticism of Galen; on p. 384, underlinings and summary notes, incl. references to Galen; on p. 388, underlinings, NB sign, manicule and summary notes; on p. 392, underlinings and summary marginal notes; on p. 398, underlinings and identification of referent for words “hos” and “illos”; on p. 400, underlinings, NB sign and reference to Galen; on p. 401, underlinings, summary notes and reference to Galen; on p. 402, underlinings, marginal line and NB sign; on p. 403, underlinings, marginal line and note “Insertio”; on p. 406, underlinings and NB sign; on p. 408, underlinings and summary words; on p. 409, underlinings and marginal words, e.g. “Galenus notatur” and “Vesalij opinio”; on p. 414, underlinings and marginal word; on p. 419, underlinings, NB sign, and marginal notes incl. reference to Galen; on p. 421, underlinings, summary notes and reference to Galen; on p. 422, underlinings, summary notes, NB signs and manicule; on p. 423, underlinings, summary words, NB signs and reference to Galen; on p. 424, underlinings and summary notes e.g. “origo” and “actio”; on p. 425, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 426, title on top, “De pedis digitos mouentibus musculis”, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “Galeni error”; on p. 427, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 428, underlinings and marginal phrases, e.g. “actio”, as well as notes on Galen; on p. 433, underlinings and summary words; on p. 435, summary note on the margin; on p. 443, marginal note “notatur Amatus Lusitanus”; on p. 455, summary note and reference to Galen; on p. 456, underlinings, summary notes and reference to Galen; on

420 p. 457, underlinings and notes on Galen and Aristotle; on p. 458, underlining and NB sign; on p. 459, underlinings, in-text and marginal notes, focusing on Galen’s errors; on p. 461, summary notes and Greek term; on p. 466, summary words; on p. 590, marginal note “triplicia institutionis instrumenta” with numberings in text; on p. 591, summary phrase; on p. 592, title on top “De peritonaeo”; on p. 593, marginal word “Instantia”; on p. 594, underlinings and title on top “De stomacho”; on p. 595, underlining and marginal word “falsa qdam opinio”; on p. 596, title on top “De ventriculi” and marginal note; on p. 597, underlinings and marginal word “historia”; on p. 598, word on top “De ventriculo”; on p. 599, summary phrase in the margins; on p. 600, summary notes; on p. 601, marginal notes, incl. “historia”, NB sign and underlinings; on p. 602, summary note; on p. 603, underlinings, NB sign and notes “historia”, “de omenti productione”, “sterilitatis causa […]”; on p. 605, underlinings, manicule, and annotations, incl. note on Galen; on p. 606, title on page “de epiploo”; on p. 607, note “alius omenti usus”; on p. 609, underlinings and marginal line and note; on p. 610, title “de intestinis” on top; on p. 611, marginal note with NB sign; on p. 612, title “De intestinis” on top, marginal notes and underlinings; on p. 613, underlinings, marginal lines, and note “intestinorum usus”; on p. 614, marginal lines and underlinings; on p. 615, marginal note on the intestinal vein; on p. 616, title on top “de mesenterio”, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 617, underlinings and note on the comparative anatomy of humans and dogs; on p. 631, underlinings and summary notes, incl. criticism of Galen; on p. 632, underlinings and note on Galen; on p. 633, underlinings and marginal notes; on p. 641, underlinings, NB sign, manicule, and summary notes, incl. “usus” and “error quorundam”; on p. 644, marginal lines, summary notes and NB sign; on p. 645, underlinings, Greek term, and reference to Galen’s De usu partium with chapter number; on p. 649, summary note; on p. 681, summary notes on the margin; on p. 682, summary notes on the margin; on p. 683, marginal and in-text summary notes; on p. 684, underlining and title on top; on p. 685, underlining and note “omenti consideratio”; on p. 686, underlinings, summary notes, NB sign, and title on top; on p. 687, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 688, underlinings, summary notes and title on top; on p. 689, underlinings, NB note, and summary notes; on p. 690, underlinings and summary notes, with title on top; on p. 691, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 692, title “anatomica administratio”, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 694, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 695, underlinings, manicule, and summary notes, incl. “hymen”; on p. 696, underlinings and marginal notes; on p. 746, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 747, underlinings and

1555 Editions

summary notes; on p. 748, underlinings and summary note; on p. 749, underlinings, manicule, and note where the vena cava is discussed, “id ego in muliere deprehendi […] Anno 1566”; on p. 750, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 751, underlinings, NB signs and manicules; on p. 752, title added “anatomica dissectio”, manicule, NB sign, underlinings, and summary notes; on p. 753, on top of page, note referring to Amatus Lusitanus, and to personal experience, as well as summary notes; on p. 754, manicule and summary note; on p. 773, illegible summary note; on p. 808, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 809, underlinings, manicules, and summary notes; on p. 810, summary notes, manicule and underlinings; on p. 811, underlinings, marginal lines and manicules; on p. 812, underlinings and marginal note; on p. 813, underlinings and marginal lines.

Cleveland

II/307. Case Western Reserve University Allen Memorial Medical Library Call No.: None Physical Description: A complete copy with some foxing and tears. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways, vascular insert facing right, nervous insert facing left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with date “1555” and author “ANDREAE VESALII” on front cover, with floral decorations and portraits of the reformers, incl. Luther and Melanchthon, modern clasps, restored in 1984. Provenance: The Baltimore gynecologist and Johns Hopkins professor Howard Atwood Kelly (1858–1943); who gives the volume to the Cleveland Medical Library Association in 1893. On front pastedown, ex-libris of Kelly, ex-libris of the Cleveland Medical Library Association, and handwritten note of donation “Presented to the Cleveland Medical Association as a nucleus of their Library. March 9 1893. Vesalius. “Caelo eripuit fulmen sceptrumque tyrannis!” H. A. K.” Annotations: None. Censorship: City and printer’s name blacked out on frontispiece and colophon, but now visible again, with

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handwritten notes “Basiliae”, “Johannem Oporinum”, and “1555” on frontispiece.

Columbia, MO

II/308. University of Missouri Ellis Library Rare Books & Special Collections Call No.: QM21.V418 1555 Physical Description: A copy with light foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways and folded, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Nineteenth-century French vellum and marbled paper over millboard, restored in 2010. Provenance: The Johns Hopkins professor and later Oxford Regius professor William Osler, Bart, (1849–1919); who presented this copy to the current collection on November 15, 1908. Osler’s letter of donation tipped in, erroneously identifying the copy as a 1543 edition, with German auction catalog entry; ex-dono bookplate of the University of Missouri. Annotations: None.

Columbus, OH

II/309. Ohio State University Medical Heritage Center Call No.: QM21 V4 1555 Physical Description: A somewhat worn, complete copy. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, vascular insert bound vertically, nervous system bound sideways, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Early vellum with decorations on front and back, one clasp remaining of two. Provenance: The Padova (and later Yale) history of medicine professor Arturo Castiglioni (1874–1953); who gave it to the Ohio State graduate and Detroit physician Dr. Alfred Whittaker (1894–1982); who then donated it

it to the current library on April 25, 1959. Bookplate of Whittaker and Ohio State University on front pastedown; pen note by Whittaker on pastedown, “This copy was given to me by Prof. Arturo Castiglioni of the University of Padua, and by me to Ohio State University my alma mater, Alfred H. Whittaker, 4/25/1959”. Annotations: None.

Dallas, TX

II/310. Southern Methodist University Call No.: Physical Description: An incomplete copy, frontispiece torn and repaired, a6 missing, tear on p. 195. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle facing left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with metallic covers, religious allegories, such as “SPES” and “CARITAS”, and rolls of portraits, monogram “B. O. H.” and “1572”; note of initials “G. V.”, referring to the binder “Georg Wejerwitz”, partially modern clasps present. Provenance: The Gießen professor of medicine Christoph Ludwig Nebel (1738–1782), who acquires the volume in 1774; the Dallas, TX otolaryngologist Lyle M. Sellers (1894– 1964); whose collection, the Ruth and Lyle Sellers Medical Collection, was donated to the Baylor University Medical Center in 1963; and transferred to the current collection in 2015. On front pastedown, “ex libris Lyle Michael Sellers”, German printed catalogue description, German pencil notes of collation, noting that a6 is missing, and pencil note in English, “2 pages in facsimile”; on front flyleaf, note “Sum ex Libris D. […], const. 4 fl. 1759”; “HHC Schrader Retel [?] 1764”; “C. L. Nebel. Giessae 1774”. Annotations: On a2r, summary notes on the history of medicine and on “Galenus Chirurgus”; on a2v, underlining and note in Greek on the praise of surgery; on a3r, underlinings and note, “Anatomae encomium”; on a3v, summary notes, such as “Iactantia Vesalij”; on a4r, summary notes, such as “Galenum corpus humanium mortuum nunquam resecuisse”, and note on Sylvius, “In quorum numero praecipuus est Siluius, qui Vesalium Vaesanum vocat, […] calumnia […] Hippocratis et Galeni esse restat, utrum is […] refutat ab ipso discipulo Renato Henero

422 Lindense Medico”; on a4v, underlinings and note “Inter hos e Cornarius recensentur […], quem abunde refutat Matthioli in Dioscoridem praefatio”; on a5r, summary notes, incl. note on Vesalius’ age; on a5v, note on Vesalius’ labor and industry; on p. 1, underlinings and summary notes, e.g. “Paraphrasis uerborum Galeni […]”; on p. 24, underlinings and notes on historiae, incl. “Promittit opus nouum Vesalius, quo dissector. historias ad morbos cognitionem et artis Medicae […]”; on p. 45, underlinings and note “Consilium autoris, ut […] ossicula aurium agnoscant”; on p. 59, pencil box around the woodcut; on p. 71, underlinings and red highlightings of certain characters in the woodcut; on p. 562, characters highlighted in red in the illustration; on p. 615, note “Galenus tria mesenteria recensuit”; on p. 617, underlinings and summary notes, e.g. “Vesalij ignorantia de venae cauae propaginib. in mesenterium”; on p. 618, underlinings and summary note; on p. 619, underlinings and long quote from Fernel on the liver, “Sic e Fernelius de Iecore in sua de part. Hum. Corp. descrip. existime scribit: […]”; on p. 620, underlinings and summary notes, such as “Hippocratis error de fibris iecuris”; on p. 621, underlinings, summary notes and reference to Fernel; on p. 624, underlinings and summary note; on p. 627, underlinings, and notes on the spleen, incl. references to and quotes from Fernel, e.g. “Diuersa lienis figura: unde Fernelius in sua epitome inquit […]”; on p. 628, underlinings and summary note on the liver; on p. 629, note “Liber de respirationis usu Galeno falso tribuit”; on p. 631, underlinings and summary note on the kidney; on p. 632, summary note on the kidney; on p. 633, underlinings and note on the “Colatorium”, with reference to letter E in the illustration of the kidney; on p. 634, underlinings and summary note; on p. 638, summary note on the death of humans; on p. 768, reference to Herophilus, the “Hist. l’acad. des. Scienc. 1228”, and another, illegible author; underlinings in red on pp. 22, 23, 43, 44, 342, 567, 616, 618, 622, 623, 625, 626, 630, 635, 636, 637, 639, 801. II/311. University of Texas ‑ Southwestern Medical Campus Call No.: Physical Description: An incomplete copy in good condition with tear on p. 14. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet missing. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Early blind-stamped vellum with central lozenge.

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Provenance: The Parisian printer and bibliophile Ambroise Firmin Didot (1790–1876). Oval guilt stamp of Didot on front pastedown; on back pastedown, pencil notes “36 UAAAaa $8,000” and “2nd edition one signature misbound but present”. Annotations: An early reader, primarily interested in the vascular system and the heart, and another hand noting that one quire is misbound. On p. 312, note “vide versis vi subsequentibus foliis numerum 313 seu rursus versis foliis numerum in septimo folio spectabis n. 324”; on p. 439 underlinings and internal reference; on p. 440, underlinings and added word “et adultis”; on p. 451, summary note; on p. 455, underlinings and internal reference to “Lib. 6. cap. 12”; on p. 460, underlinings and note next to section title “cordis basim cingens uena”, “coronaria ab Andrea Laurentio dicta”; on p. 714, underlinings and internal reference to “lib. 3. cap. 2.”; on p. 735, underlinings, word added “in adultis”, and internal reference “vide lib. 3. cap. 6”; further underlinings on a3v and pp. 41, 51, 111, 113, 437, 441, 442, 445, 448, 449, 456, 461, 619, 737, and in index; on front pastedown, pencil collation note.

Denver, CO

II/312. University of Colorado Denver Health Sciences Library Rare Materials Collection Call No.: QS 4 V474d 1555 Physical Description: A complete copy. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with clasps. Provenance: A certain Johannes Evangelista Walther; the Bavarian aristocratic family Grafen von Königsfeld; the Amsterdam book dealer Menno Hertzberger (1897– 1982) in 1931; when it is purchased by the San Francisco medical historian and medical researcher Chauncey D. Leake (1896–1978); who exchanges it for the copies of the Berkeley professor of anatomy Herbert McLean Evans (1882–1971), which are currently at the UCSF (I/261, II/351); then the Denver Medical Society; which donates it to the current collection in 1982. On front pastedown, ex-libris of “Ioannes Euangelista Walther, Philos : et Medicinae Doctor”, “Herbert McLean Evans Library of Medical Classics”, “This book the gift of the Denver Medical Society 1982”, “Antiquariaat Menno Hertzberger Amsterdam”;

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on frontispiece, note “Geschenck der Familie Graf […] Koenigsfeld”, “W B Johnen”; oval stamp of library and pencil shelfmarks on frontispiece verso; on back flyleaf, pencil note “Purchased by C. D. Leake Univ of California San Francisco, and traded to Herbert Evans for a duplicate copy of the 1st Edition (1543) Vesalius of his […] copy of the 2nd.” Annotations: An early reader interested in venesection, and a later reader interested in the second edition’s quality. On p. 464, underlinings and manicule where venesection is discussed. On front flyleaf, typescript pasted in with a quote from Choulant describing the Fabrica, as well as note “Editio plenissima et pulcherrima. Vid. Blumenbach introduct. in historiam medicinae litterariam.”; on frontispiece, note “NB in fine libri huius editionis annum”; on colophon, note “NB Editionem Oporinianam cumprimis huius anni omnium aliarum optimam esse laudat H. Conringius introduc. C. IV. N. XXIII ubi et multa alia in laudem Vesalij.”

Durham, NC

II/313. Duke University David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library History of Medicine Collections Call No.: QM21 .V418 1555 c.1 Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with minor tears. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Rebound in modern library cloth binding. Provenance: The New York book dealer Henry Schuman (1899–1962); who sells it to the Duke physician and collector Josiah Charles Trent (1914–1948) in the 1940s; after Trent’s death, his widow the philanthropist and tobacco heiress Mary Duke Biddle Trent Semans (1920–2012); who donates the book to the current library in 1956. Annotations: An early seventeenth-century reader who has traveled to Leiden and Montpellier, with very good, comparative knowledge of Galen, Fallopio and Colombo, and, to a lesser extent, Sylvius, who focuses primarily on the first one hundred pages of the text, and leaves very copious annotations, as well as a modern pencil-using annotator calculating the number of woodcuts in the volume.

423 On a4r, reference to Galen’s “cap. 2. Lib. 1. Anatomicorum administrationum”, and note on the table of contents; on p. 1, summary notes incl. “ossium differentia summitur / a magnitudine et forma / Ab apendicibus processibus et capitibus / A commissuris / A cartilagine / A substantia et constitutione / A foraminibus / A sensu / Ab ocultatione / A membrana ossa curcumcingente”; on p. 4, references to Galen and to Colombo’s disagreement with Vesalius, e. g. “Contra censet Columbus extrinsecus foramina habere”; on p. 5, numberings of the cartilages and note “addit Reald: Columbus sinuum quorundam augmentum”; on p. 6, listing of the cartilages’ differences; on p. 9, reference to Galen with page number, summary note on use and discussion of Colombo; on p. 10, summary notes and references to Galen; on p. 11, note on Galen, pointing out that Vesalius’ criticism of Galen of the epiphysis’ nomenclature is wrong, because Galen is only citing other authors in the incriminating passage, and not endorsing them; on p. 12, summary notes and reference to Galen; on p. 13, summary notes such as “De cotyle et glene sinibus Vesalij opinio”; on p. 14, note “Hoc Galenus cap. 15 lib. II de usu partium”; on p. 15, summary notes and discussion of Fallopio’s views on the motion of the arms; on p. 16, summary note and crossed out note; on p. 17, note “exempla articulationis per gynglymum”; on p. 18, summary note; on p. 19, note on Galen’s differing opinion, and on Hippocrates’ nomenclature, referring to Fallopio’s Observationes; on p. 20, extensive note on Galen; on p. 21, identification crossed out next to the skull’s woodcuts, reference to Colombo’s disagreement, and long note on personal observation of a dissection of a person with practically no sutures, “ego […] vidi Monpelij anno Dni 1614 Mense Junio”; on p. 22, summary note and reference to Colombo’s disagreements; on p. 23, summary notes and references to Galen, e.g. “Ratio Gal. superior a Vesalio reiecta”, to Fallopio, and note on Colombo’s and Galen’s agreement; on p. 24, two summary notes on the historiae and note of personal observation in Leiden “ego anno Dni 1600 vidi Lugduni Batavorum”; on p. 31, summary notes with numberings; on p. 32, summary notes and reference to Celsus, Galen, and Fallopio, “Hoc non admittit Falloppius quod viderit plura capita sine penitus sutura […]”; on p. 34, notes on Galen’s opinions on the sutures; on p. 36, summary notes and references to Galen and Colombo; on p. 37, underlining, summary notes, incl. “Hanc cauitatem videtur ignorasse Galenus”; on p. 40, summary notes; on p. 41, notes, incl. comment on Galen “Huius non verum Galenus libro de ossibus sed cap. 3 […] librij 9 de usu part.”, and on Fallopio’s differing opinion; on p. 42, references to Galen and Colombo, and to personal experience; on p. 43, summary notes incl. on “usus alter”; on p. 44, underlining, reference to Colombo

424 and Fallopio’s opinion on the number of auditory bones, and note on personal observation; on p. 45, references to Colombo’s opinions; on p. 49, chapter number added to reference to Galen, and notes on Colombo, incl. “Addit 3. Rationem Columbus […]”; on p. 51, summary notes and reference to Colombo; on p. 52, extensive discussions of Colombo, Fallopio, Galen and Sylvius; on p. 53, notes on Fallopio’s and Galen’s disagreements with Vesalius; on p. 54, reference to Colombo; on p. 55, discussions of Galen, Fallopio and Colombo; on p. 57, extensive notes on Galen, Fallopio and Colombo, with chapter numbers added; on p. 58, extensive notes on Galen’s and Colombo’s disagreements; on pp. 61–67, comparisons of the numbers of the foramina, as counted by Vesalius, Colombo, and Sylvius, with a discussion of each foramen; on p. 69, notes on Galen, e.g. “Meminit huius ossis Galenus lib. ii de usu partium”; on p. 70, discussions of Fallopio and Colombo; on p. 72, counting the number of vertebrae; on p. 73, summary notes and reference to Fallopio; on p. 77, reference to Galen; on p. 78, chapter numbers added to references to Galen, and discussions of Galen; on p. 79, summary note and reference to Fallopio; on p. 80, summary notes; on p. 81, summary notes; on p. 82, summary notes; on p. 83, discussions of Colombo and Fallopio, e.g. “Fallopius loco citato negat appendices esse […]”; on p. 84, summary notes and references to Galen; on p. 85, summary note; on p. 86, reference to Galen and note on Vesalius’ disagreement with Galen; on p. 87, reference added to Galen; on p. 89, summary note; on p. 90, chapter numbers added to reference to Galen, and quote from Colombo “Columbus ita scribit […]”; on p. 91, reference to Galen, and summary note; on p. 92, summary notes and reference to Galen; on p. 94, discussions of Colombo; on p. 95, summary note; on p. 96, notes on Galen’s and Colombo’s disagreements with Vesalius; on p. 97, correction of typographical error; on p. 100, note “eiusmodi habeo apud me” where Vesalius discusses age-related changes, and discussion of Fallopio; on p. 102, summary note and discussion of Fallopio; on p. 105, reference added to Galen and discussion of Colombo; on p. 112, discussion of Colombo; on p. 130, discussion of Colombo; on p. 131, notes such as “taxatur Galenus”; on p. 150, note next to Vesalius’ reference to Galen, “idem Realdus”; on p. 151, discussion of Colombo; on p. 311, discussion of the order of dissection; on p. 334, summary note; on p. 439, summary note; on p. 460, the names of veins listed on the margins; on p. 461, discussion of Fallopio; on pp. 464–465, listing of the names of the veins on the margins; on p. 466, reference to Fallopio, discussion of Sylvius, and listing of the names of the veins; on p. 467, note “humeraris origo”; on p. 469, discussion of Fallopio; on p. 470, discussion of Galen and Arabic authors; on p. 471, note “axillaris profunda et subcutanea”; on pp. 473–474, listing

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of the veins’ names; on p. 475, listing of the veins’ names and discussion of Fallopio; on p. 476, note “Hymenis constructio ab arabibus constituta reprehenditur” and “epigastria”; on pp. 477–480, listing of the veins’ names, with note on p. 479, “videtur esse suralis”; on p. 481, discussion of Fallopio’s disagreement with Vesalius; on p. 486, listing of the veins’ names and discussion of Colombo; on p. 487, note “Hoc manifeste conuincit in manu […] arterias essse quod pulsatiles dolores patiuntur inflammatae Fallopius scribit eiusmodi esse quae sensum latere non possint” and listing of the veins’ names; on pp. 488–491, listing of the veins’ names; on p. 492, discussion of Fallopio and listing of the veins’ names; on p. 493, listing of the veins’ names and summary note; on p. 496, discussion of Fallopio; on p. 497, summary note; on p. 503, summary note; on p. 517, discussion of Fallopio; on p. 572, number “170” in pencil next to the woodcut; on p. 608, summary note; on p. 707, pencil note next to woodcut “200”; on p. 722, discussion of the reader’s own opinion on lues venerea; on p. 723, summary note; on p. 822, pencil number “223” next to the woodcut; on back flyleaf, calculations; correction of errata on p. 149, 151, 153, 323, 496, 637, 653; underlinings on many of the pages with summary notes.

East Lansing, MI

II/314. Michigan State University Libraries Special Collections Call No.: XX oversize QM25 .V525 1555 Physical Description: A complete copy with very light dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded twice, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Eighteenth-century full calfskin with gilt title on spine, edges red. Provenance: Acquired from Sanderus Antiquariaat in 2015. Annotations: An early reader, conversant with Greek, structuring the text through marginal numberings, and having an interest in the hymen, menstruation, and the breasts. On a3r, annotation in Greek, on a4r–v, marginal numbering of the volume’s contents; on p. 663, marginal numbering of the women Vesalius had dissected; on p. 664, NB signs where menstrual blood is discussed; underlinings on a3v, a4r, a4v, a5r, and pp. 126, 127, 130, 131, 331, 630, 654, 655, 662, 663, 664, 679, 680, 818, 819, 820, 822, 823, 824.

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Figure 125



Techniques of identification on p. 197. II/315. Galveston, TX: University of Texas Medical Branch. Courtesy of the Truman G. Blocker, Jr. History of Medicine Collections, Moody Medical Library, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.

Galveston, TX

II/315. University of Texas Medical Branch Call No.: 2mo Physical Description: A complete copy with some spotting. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Plant inserted between pp. 354 and 355, traces left by a leaf on p. 685. Binding: Early vellum with blind-tooled lines and central lozenge. Provenance: Probably the Heidelberg rector and logic professor Wilhelmus Xylander (1532–1576); enters the current

library as part of the Crawford Collection. On frontispiece, note “Xylandri.” Annotations: On p. 28, the letters “i” and “k” added to the skull; on p. 431, slip of paper with note “iris florentin folia”; underlinings and corrections to the errata list. The corrections of errata are done in a neat hand, frequently with the aid of slips of paper, inscribed with the correct text, glued above the erroneous text, on p. 3, note, “hic figura adesse debet”; errata corrected on a2v, and pp. 2, 9, 33, 37, 63, 65, 66, 72, 86, 105, 106, 114, 123, 129, 147, 149, 153, 176, 186, 190, 193, 199, 207, 213, 262, 263, 271, 274, 331, 340, 342, 349, 385, 386, 431, 443, 452, 462, 469, 499, 548, 592, 628, 660, 752, 791, 799. On front pastedown, English collation note and pencil references to “Cushing: Vesalius VII. A. 3, Durling 4579, GM 299, Osler 568, Waller 9901, Wellcome I 6561”; on back flyleaf, note “CRAW 638412”; Facsimile sheets slipped in from a modern article, “Las dos portadas de la Fabrica

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(1543–1555)”, identifying the figures on the frontispiece with figures such as Charles V, Titian, Frobenius, Cardano, Paracelsus.

Hanover, NH

II/316. Dartmouth College Rauner Library Call No.: QM25.V467 Physical Description: A complete copy with some dampstaining, pp. 687/688 torn and repaired. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle, facing right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern calfskin preserving original calfskin covers with blind-tooled floral decorations and portraits, remains of clasps. Provenance: The Cincinnati, OH, anatomy professor Phineas S. Conner (1839–1909); whose library is acquired by Dartmouth in 1909. Bookplate of Dartmouth College Library; uninked, embossed seal of Dr. P. S. Conner, Cincinnati, OH on p. 23. Annotations: Sporadic contemporary ink notes and modern pencil notes. On front flyleaf, Latin passage mentioning Aristotle, “Aristotel. Anima vivimus, spiritu spiramus, animo sapimus, mente intelligimus, ratione videamus”; on a6v, above the portrait, handwritten copy of Benedict Arias Montano’s poem, “Corporis humani qui membra minuta secaret / Vesalio nullus doctior extiterat: / Hic Medicis auxit Pictoribus auxit et artem, / Dum subit internas quae latuere vias.”; on p. 57, pencil underlinings and a few illegible words on the margin; on p. 58, pencil underlinings about wisdom teeth. II/317. Dartmouth College Rauner Library Call No.: QM25.V467.c.2 Physical Description: A complete copy with tears to pp. 195–196 and the vascular insert, with faulty gathering, p. 456 followed by pp. 433–44, before resuming with p. 457. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound

vertically, and folded from top and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. An exemplaire réglé. Extra-illustrated with the “charta” and “figurae” sheets of the Epitome after the X2 sheet. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Eighteenth-century leather à la Lamoignon with marbled pastedowns, fore-edge gilt. Provenance: The Parisian aristocrat and collector ChrétienFrançois de Lamoignon (1644–1709); then the Bibliotheca Lamoniana; which remains in the family’s hands until 1792; sold by the London dealer Thomas Payne in 1792; the London surgeon Sir Anthony Carlisle (1768–1840); who donates the volume on March 14, 1835 to the London surgeon and zoologist Thomas Rymer Jones (1810–1880); then a certain E. Z. Camp; who donates the volume to the Chicago physician, Joseph A. Capps (1872–1964) in 1925; who donates the volume to the Harvard ophthalmologist Dr. David G. Cogan (1908–1993) on December 25, 1941; who donates the volume to Dartmouth College. Ex-dono bookplate of Cogan to Dartmouth; shelfmark of Bibliotheca Lamoniana; handwritten donation notes by Carlisle to Rymer Jones, from Camp to Capps, and from Capps to Cogan; stamp of Bibliotheca Lamoniana on p. 3. Annotations: None.

Iowa City, IA

II/318. University of Iowa Call No.: FOLIO QM21 .V4 1555 Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways by the foot, X2 sheet present before vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern red leather with blind-tooled fillets, blind-stamped label “ANDREAE VESALII DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA 1555” on spine. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: On colophon, two different eighteenthcentury hands discussing the various editions of the Epitome and the Fabrica, with reference to Haller and Boerhaave.

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Ithaca, NY

II/319. Cornell University Library Kroch Library Division of Rare Books and Manuscripts Call No.: Adelmann QM21 V57+++ 1555 Physical Description: A restored copy, bifolium inserts present, X2 sheet present after the vascular system. Binding: Rebound c. 1950 by Mlle Simone Le Fillatre in Paris. Provenance: A certain Georges Howe; Victor Child Villiers, 7th Earl of Jersey; whose library is sold in 1885 by Sotheby’s; acquired by a certain Ridley; then owned by a certain Stordeur in Bruges, Belgium; then Thomas Keller; from whom it is acquired for the Adelmann Collection at Cornell. Note above the frontispiece, “Ex Libris georges Howe Pref”; note: “I bought this copy of Vesalius from Thomas Keller on September 21, 1950. On Thursday, May 14, 1885, it was acquired for 1.12 pound by Ridley at the sale of the Library of the Earl of Jersey [Osterley Park Library Catalogue, May 6, 1885, item 1834.] When I acquired this copy it was bound in purple goat, with elaborate brass clasps… I decided to have it rebound by Mlle Simone Le Fillatre of Paris … in the winter of 1950–51… [A certain] Stordeur, of Bruges… owned this book in the ‘90s. I have thus far been unable to find any notice [of him] in the standard biographies […]”; letter enclosed from Janet Doe to the Cornell librarian Felix Reichmann, dated September 26, 1950, which runs: “The copy of the second edition of Vesalius which you are acquiring […] is a better copy than the one we are keeping [at the National Academy of Medicine]. It has been compared with at least six other copies […] and none of the six had a third leaf for signature X.”; bookplate “Cornell University Library. The Adelmann Collection”. Annotations: None.

Kansas City, KS

II/320. University of Kansas Medical Center Clendening History of Medicine Library Call No.: WZ 240 V585h 1555 Physical Description: A complete copy with slight tearing and slight worming at the end. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from

bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Metallic tabs at the edge of the first page of each book of the Fabrica. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Repaired, dark brown blind-stamped and goldstamped leather with armorial stamp, gilt word “Vessaleus” on front cover with date “1561”. Provenance: The Bamberg collector Martin Joseph von Reider (1793–1862), who acquires the volume in 1827; the Wichita, KS pathologist Thor Jager (1882–1975); who donates the volume to the current library in 1970. On front flyleaf, note “Martinus Jos de Reider Bambergae 1827 April”; ex-libris of Thor Jager and of the current library; on frontispiece, note “Ad bibliothecam Banthentem 9 fl”; and note “Christophorus a Stain”. Annotations: None.

Los Angeles, CA

II/321. University of California Los Angeles Biomedical Research Library History and Special Collections for the Sciences Call No.: Biomed ** WZ 240 V631dh 1555 Physical Description: A complete copy with some dampstaining, browning and ink stains. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top, bottom, and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Restored blind-stamped contemporary vellum with tooled borders and central lozenge, name “ANDR. VESA[…]” on spine. Provenance: Bookplate of a certain James Drummond pasted over another bookplate. Annotations: On front pastedown, modern French and English bibliographical notes, quoting Guillaume-François Debure, from Heineken, who identifies the woodcutter of the Fabrica as Cristoforo Coriolano, a note in English, “A copy of this Ed. Sold at Dr Meads Sale for £2.15.0 […]”; and a French quote on the beauty of the images from Papillon; on colophon, modern pencil note in English: “tale from Herodotus / Lesbian musician Arion thought to land on back of a dolphin, after being thrown in sea by sailors who had robbed him of well deserved wages”.

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Madison, WI



Minneapolis, MN

II/322. University of Wisconsin Madison Special Collections Call No.: Thordarson T 2523

II/324. University of Minnesota Wangensteen Historical Library of Medicine and Biology Call No.: Folio 611 V63 1555

Physical Description: A complete copy. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from right and bottom. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with minimal worming and very light foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin, worn, with central portrait, label “And: Vesalii de humani corp. fabrica” on spine, traces of clasps, edges red. Provenance: A certain Johannes Bartholomaeus Jupp; who donates it to the physician Michael Gualther in 1627; the Jesuit College of Nice in 1655; the Chicago businessman Chester H. Thordarson (1867–1945); acquired by the current collection upon Thordarson’s death. Notes on frontispiece “Collegij Societatis JESU Nissae, Catalogo inscriptus 1655 A 22”; “Ioannis Bartholomaeij Jupp fuit, qui dono dedit Michaeli Gualthero Phisicae et Medicinae Doctori Ao 1627 die 25 Octobrij”; note on front flyleaf, “Dr Theo Thordarson Febb. 1928 1917-192X1928”. Annotations: None. II/323. University of Wisconsin Madison Ebling Library Call No.: WZ 240 V576d 1555 Oversize Physical Description: A complete copy, bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from right and bottom. Slightly damaged woodcut on p. 560. An exemplaire réglé. Binding: Eighteenth-century red morocco with gilt borders, label “AND. VESALIUS DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA” on spine, edges gilt. Provenance: The Cleveland surgeon Maurice L. Richardson in 1921. Signature of Richardson on front flyleaf. Annotations: On front flyleaf, pencil note in German, copying Choulant (p. 48), with note “2te verbesserte und vermehrte Ausgabe”.

Binding: Twentieth-century brown goatskin, rebound by the Wangensteen Historical Library in 1978, gilt name “VESALIUS” on spine. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: Ink underlining on p. 611 where the large intestine is discussed.

Nashville, TN

II/325. Vanderbilt University Eskind Biomedical Library Call No.: Folio c. 1. Shelved by title. Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with some foxing and worming. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, and folded in both directions, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-tooled vellum with decorative prints of saints and disciples. Provenance: The Glauchau collector Johann Paul Ägidius Nitsch (1693–1771); the Leipzig anatomist Johann Christian Rosenmuller (1771–1820), who acquires the volume in 1796 in Leipzig; the Nashville, TN, cardiologist and bibliophile Crawford W. Adams (1915–2003); acquired by the current collection in 1983. Ex-libris of Nitsch; signature of Rosenmuller with “Lips. 1796,”; ex-libris of Crawford Adams; price from 1748(?): “17 Thaler.”

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Figure 126

429

Poem by Paul Eber and notes on Vesalius on the front flyleaf. II/325. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Eskind Biomedical Library. Call No.: Folio c. 1. Shelved by title.

430

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Annotations: Early ink notes in front matter, focusing on the praise of Vesalius and on Vesalian bibliography. On flyleaf, quotation from Galen, De Anatomicis Administrationibus Book II, “Galenus in 2 de usu partium “planum fit ex Anatomia, nihil temere a natura factum esse”; on front flyleaf, poem by Paul Eber, “Quantum nocte alias stellas cum lumine fratris / Orbem compleuit vincere Luna solet. / VESALII tantum reliquis liber anteit unis / Corpora qui qua sint condita ab arte, docet.”; only differing in the spelling of “VESSALII” from the Pécs copy (I/77); as well as a list of references to Löder’s Introductio ad historiam universam, Boerhaave and Albinus, the Naudeana et Patiniana, Laurentius, Niceron, and Reusner’s Icones virorum. II/326. Vanderbilt University Eskind Biomedical Library Call No.: Shelved by title. Folio c. 2 Physical Description: A complete copy with some dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways and folded, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Slightly damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Eighteenth-century plain vellum with modern pastedowns. Provenance: The Cambridge physician William Tomkyns (1812–1847); the Yale physiology professor John Farquhar Fulton (1899–1960); the Nashville, TN, neurosurgeon Cobb Pilcher (1904–1949); enters the current collection in 1942. Ex-libris of Tomkyns, Fulton and Vanderbilt on front pastedown. Annotations: Early note in Italian tipped in over modern pastedown, “Le figure del Vesalio stampato in Basilea furono disegnate in segno da Titiano ed incise da Gio. Di Calcar Fiamingi.”

New Haven, CT

II/327. Yale University Call No.: IV.A 3 Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Extra-illustrated with facsimile

sheet of the Epitome, with textblock missing, from the 1935 Munich printing, with text added in pencil. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin, with religious portraits and floral decorations, clasps intact, ink note on spine, “Vesalius. Basil. De h. c. fabrica libri septem”. Provenance: The Scharfeneck aristocrat Friedrich von Löwenstein-Scharfeneck (1528–1569); the Baltimore gynecologist and Johns Hopkins professor Howard Atwood Kelly (1858–1943); who donates the volume to the Yale neurosurgeon Harvey Cushing (1869–1939) in 1905. Exdono of Kelly, with handwritten note “to my friend Harvey Cushing with the affectionate regards of”; bookplate of Yale Medical Library; bibliographical description cut out and tipped in from Cushing; and possessor’s note “Fridericus Comes in Leonstain, Dominus in Scharpfneck, XC. Doctori […]”. Annotations: Notes probably in the hand of Cushing, comparing this volume with the 1543 edition, adding collation, and listing prices of the book across the years. On p. 188, note “caption changes from 1543”; on p. 190, note “This is Chap. XXXIX in 1543 Ed.”; on p. 385, double marginal line where Galen is mentioned; on p. 551, note “bb5” added to bottom of page; on p. 555, note “bb6” added; on p. 813, note “Aa8” added to the bottom of page; “Bb5” and “Bb6” added to index; quires counted and numbered in pencil at the end of index. On back flyleaf, note with prices listed “[…] Rappaport […], 1911 @ 350 l / Maggs 1910 @ L5 / […] 1926 m. 650 / V. A. Hech (Wein) s. fr. 600 // Siesolo 1926 S. fr. 700 / Hirchwalds (Berlin) 1926 460 DM / […] London 1928 L. 42”; typwritten letter of Alfred Ziegler from Zürich to Arnold Klebs in Nyon, offering a copy of the Fabrica for Fr. 800, mentioning that Gilhofer and Ranchsburg offered another copy for 1650 Swiss francs, Taeuber & Weill in Munich offered one for 1250 DM, and L’Art ancien offered one for 1200 Swiss francs.

Newark, NJ

II/328. Rutgers University Call No.: Physical Description: A complete copy with some dampstaining and foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 556, bound sideways in the middle, facing left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

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Figure 127

Annotations on the length of the vagina on p. 584. II/328. Newark, NJ: Rutgers University.

431

432 Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with floral decorations, portraits, and religious allegories, such as “DATA EST MIHI OMNIS” and “DE FRUCTU VENTRIS TU”, monogram and date “I. L. T.”, “1572” on front cover. Provenance: The Jena professor of medicine and botany Hermann Friedrich Teichmeyer (1685–1777); the Baltimore embryologist Franklin Paine Mall (1862–1917). On front flyleaf, notes “F. MALL”, “F. P. MALL, CARNEGIE LABORATORY”. Annotations: A reader who is interested primarily in generation, working primarily in Latin but also in German, familiar with Fuchs and Galen. On a2r, underlinings and summary notes such as “1 Logici 2 Empirici 3 Methodici”, “Victus ratio / Usus medicaminum / Manus opera”; on a2v, underlinings and summary notes such as “Persae, Thraces studiosissimi Anathomiae”; on a3r, underlinings and summary note; on a3v, underlinings and names of people and places copied out on the margins; on a4r, summary notes, such as “Galenus nunquam nuper mortuum corpus humanum resecuit. Simiae illum deceperunt”; on a4v, summary notes, incl. notes on the table of contents; on a5r, summary notes on Vesalius’ age and “Homo est paruus mundus”; on a6r, location names are copied out on the margins; on p. 25, underlinings and summary note on the deformity of Alpine and Styrian skulls; on p. 279, underlinings and summary note “adipis generationis ratio”; on p. 280, underlinings and note “adeps albus”; on p. 346, underlining and note “praecordia”; on p. 557, note next to the omentum “das netz in venthrum daß in […] liegt”; on p. 584, notes next to the vagina, incl. “uteri maximi moles”, “tota longitudo est 10 digitorum”, “A pudendo hic usq’ ad orificium fundi uteri […] 8 digitos”; on p. 627, underlinings and summary notes on the histories of Padova, Bologna and Augsburg; on p. 628, summary notes on Belloarmatus and Prosper Montanus; on p. 629, underlinings and summary note “ob den fechtern wundt […]”; on p. 639, red underlinings and manicule next to the passage from Plato, and underlining, marginal line and note “tres testiculi interdum”; on p. 647, underlinings and note “Galeni libri de demonstrationibus”; on p. 649, underlinings, marginal line, and summary note; on p. 654, underlining of the word “hymen”; on p. 655, underlinings, marginal lines and extensive summary notes on the length of the vagina, e.g. “Uteri ceruicis, item penis longitudinem et latitudinem describere ridiculum est”; on p. 656, underlinings, marginal lines and extensive summary notes on the length of the uterus and its parts; on p. 657, underlinings, marginal line and extensive summary notes; on p. 662, underlinings and

1555 Editions

summary note “semen mulieris cur frigidius et humidius virili”; on p. 664, underlinings and summary note; on p. 667, underlinings, references copied out, e. g. “Muliebris uterus an septem cellulas seu loculos contineat @ uide Fuchsij Paradoxa lib 3. c. 9”, “Alberti magni liber de virorum mulierumque secretis indoctissimus est, Michael Scotus ineptissimus, Gentilis, Nicolus, Mundinus @ Anatomici”; on p. 668, underlinings, marginal lines, with summary notes on female semen; on p. 671, underlinings, marginal lines and summary notes; on p. 673, underlinings, marginal line, and summary notes; on p. 674, underlinings and note “ridiculae obstetrices”; on p. 675, underlinings, marginal line and manicule; in index, underlinings, marginal lines and occasional marginal notes, primarily but not exclusively related to coitus, the pupils, semen, urination, and virginity. On colophon, pencil mark “1555 2. Edition”; on printer’s mark, lists of things that help and harm the head and the memory; on back flyleaf, two long lists on what heals and harms teeth, with underlinings of certain items in a different ink, “Dentibus / Conferunt / Masticatio frequent masticis mille folij / Elixatum […]; Nocent / frequens vomitus / […]”; on back pastedown, pencil note in German on the woodcuts and Calcar. Further underlinings on a5v, and pp. 8–13, 15, 288–289, 585, 669, 672, 676, and the errata list; marginal lines on p. 24; underlinings and marginal lines on pp. 449, 648.

New York

II/329. Columbia University Augustus C. Long Health Sciences Library Call. No.: QM21 .V47 1555 Q c. 1. Physical description: A complete copy in good condition, repaired tear in epistle dedicatory, occasional tears on bottom, not affecting textblock. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert, nervous insert reinforced. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped quarter pigskin and parchment refuse with writing still visible, on spine partly missing inscription “And. Vesalii de [… ] Corporis Fabrica VII.”, fore-edges painted in red. Provenance: A certain physician Johann Sigismund Freytag; George S. Huntington (1861–1927), professor of anatomy at Columbia; whose library is purchased by

433

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the current collection in 1930. Bookplate of Columbia University; ex-libris of Huntington; note by Freytag “Sum Joann: Sigismundi Freytag. Med. Doct” on frontispiece; shelfmark in pencil on frontispiece verso. Annotations: Sporadic early annotations mainly to clarify the text. On p. 529, underlinings of the five pairs of nerves of the dorsal medulla in the explanation of characters of the relevant illustration; on p. 530, underlinings and marginal line where further dorsal nerves and the arms’ nerves’ characters are discussed; on p. 531, underlinings where the arms’ nerves’ characters are explained; on p. 804, where the uvea is discussed, on two occasions, the word “exteriori” is added when the uvea’s surface is discussed, for the purpose of clarification, and the phrase “et interiori” is added where the uvea’s internal surface is discussed. II/330. Columbia University Augustus C. Long Health Sciences Library Call. No.: QM21 .V47 1555 Q c. 2. Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition, frontispiece reinforced. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552; bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, vascular and nervous inserts torn and repaired, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Slightly damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Recently rebound in full leather, blind-stamped title “Vesalius Fabrica 1555” on spine, modern flyleaves. Provenance: George S. Huntington (1861–1927), professor of anatomy at Columbia; whose library is purchased by the current collection in 1930. Bookplate of Columbia University Health Sciences Library Historical Collection on front pastedown; pencil shelfmark on frontispiece verso. Annotations: Early sporadic annotations by a reader familiar with Hippocrates. On p. 309, marginal annotation where Galen’s opinion on the larynx’s muscles are discussed, trimmed and illegible; on p. 449, extensive underlinings and marginal note “nota” where melancholy is discussed; on p. 481, underlinings where the veins and arteries of the uterus are discussed; on p. 614, extensive annotation where the hardness of the tunic of the stomach is discussed, and why it is not hurt by sharp swallowed objects, with reference to Hippocrates “ventriculi internam

membranam esse cornaceam dicat Hipp. Lib. 4 de morbis ideoque ab acribus alimentis non facile laedi. Duritum ventriculi proba exemplo Lybocorum qui ex animalium ventriculis sibi crumenas faciunt propter ipsius densitate et firmitudinem”. II/331. Metropolitan Museum of Art Call No.: Physical Description: A complete copy with dampstaining, frontispiece torn and reinforced. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle facing left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Dried plant between pp. 700 and 701, extra-illustrated with facsimile portrait and frontispiece. Binding: Modern cardboard. Provenance: A certain Ubaldini [?]; the English lawyer and lord chancellor Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke (1690–1764); a certain A. Buchan; a certain artist; a certain John Symonds, possibly the Bristol physician John Addington Symonds (1807–1871) or his son, the poet and historian John Addington Symonds (1840–1893); the Sutton rector H. W. Turner; who gives the volume to the London surgeon Sir D’Arcy Power (1855–1941) in 1913; then the London politician Harold Laski (1893–1950) and his wife Frida Kerry Laski (1884–1977); who give it to the New York cardiologist (1879–1957) Alfred E. Cohn; who donates the volume to the current collection in 1953 in honor of William M. Ivins. Jr. On front pastedown, notes, “This book belongs to Francis Turner Barrister-at-Law”, “It was formerly in the possession of the first Lord Chancellor Philip Hardwicke and bought at a sale by A Buchan MD from whom it passed to […] Lane [?] Artist succeded by John Symonds [?]”; “It was given to D’Arcy Power M. B. Oxon. by the Rev. H. W. Turner MA Rector of Sutton, Surrey on Primrose Day 1913.”, postcard from Turner to Power, “I am very glad to have your letter and learn from it that the Ponderous Tome has an appreciative owner. Fraternal greetings regards, H. W. Turner April 12 1913”, donation note “The Metropolitan Museum of Art Department of Prints The Gift of Dr. Alfred E. Cohn in the year 1953 dedicated to the Honor of William M. Ivins Jr.”, letter from Harold Laski to Cohn; on front flyleaf, ex-libris of D’Arcy Power, and ink note “Alfred E. Cohn with our love Frida & Harold”; on frontispiece, note “Jo: Gabriele Ubaldinei” [?]; round stamp of Metropolitan Museum of Art on frontispiece verso.

434 Annotations: An early reader writing in washed, and frequently illegible, ink, focusing on vol. I and the chapters on generation, discussing controversies with Galen, referring on occasion to Aristotle and Plato, and expressing an interest in recording and numbering instances of the word “dono”. On p. 33, marginal number and underlining of the word “donari”; on p. 36, underlinings, marginal number and underlining of the word “donantur”; on p. 43, underlining and numbering of “donarentur”; on p. 45, underlining and numbering of “donatur”; further numberings and underlinings of “dono” and its variants on pp. 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 68, 74, 77, 85, 91, 94, 95, 96, 97, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 119, 122, 126, 135, 136, 138, 142, 144, 147, 151, 156, 160, 162, 163, 189, 520, 735, 736. On p. 12, underlinings and marginal numberings; on p. 16, underlinings and Greek marginal words transliterated; on p. 23, underlinings and summary notes such as “macrocephali”; on p. 107, marginal note, “nb philogalenus […]” and note on the woodcut “sic deest vertebra una cum sua costa”; on p. 111, summary note on Aristotle on the ribs; on p. 114, summary note; on p. 129, note on Galen; on p. 139, summary words; on p. 147, summary note “in Galm”; on p. 150, note “in Galm”; on p. 151, note “in Galm”; on p. 152, note “in Galm”; on p. 154, underlinings and manicule where the albadaran is discussed; on p. 204, moralizing note under the epigram, “Deinde morti […]”; on p. 205, pedestal drawn under the skeleton’s elbow, with inscription “SCELETOS […]”; on p. 295, underlining and manicule where the Trent performer is mentioned; on p. 301, manicule; on p. 312, note “in Galenum”; on p. 462, note “in Galm”; on p. 463, notes ““in Galm”; on p. 464, note “in Galm”; on p. 597, underlinings and note, “cuiusdam Hispani Calli[…]”; on p. 610, note “saccosi cecique Rabini”; on p. 628, marginal lines and heavily trimmed note; on p. 639, marginal lines, underlinings and word “Plato”; on p. 647, summary notes on Galen and Vesalius; on p. 648, underlining and note on Galen “contra eundem”; on p. 649, underlinings and note on gonorrhea; on p. 653, heavy underlinings, marginal lines, and summary note; on p. 654, heavy underlinings and marginal lines and summary notes such as “eugium”; on p. 655, marginal lines, underlinings and notes, e.g. “Genuenses oblong […] capita […] haberi dicuntur”; on p. 658, underlinings and note “2e historie”; on p. 663, marginal lines, underlining and note “historia”; on p. 667, manicule where Albertus Magnus is mentioned; on p. 732, manicule; on p. 742, note “In Galm”; on p. 773, marginal line and manicule; on p. 805, underlining and note “epilogus. humor christallinus tunicula […] humor uitreus”; on p. 806, note on the side about the eye’s parts; on p. 832, manicule; illegible notes on a2r, pp. 8, 103; underlinings and illegible notes on a2v and pp. 3, 4, 10, 24, 106, 124, 138,

1555 Editions

517, 650, 651; further underlinings and/or marginal lines on a4r, a4v, a5v, and pp. 1, 2, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 20, 22, 25, 38, 53, 57, 58, 65, 72, 73, 123, 131, 146, 164, 196, 437, 519, 521, 534, 590, 630, 652, 657, 659, 662, 676, 677, 678, 772, 774, 796, 798, 801; underlinings, marginal lines, and manicules in index. Collation report and note on the 1998 Haskell F. Norman sale with claim that the Fabrica sold there was “the only copy with hand coloring”. II/332. New York Academy of Medicine Library Call No.: Aston Copy Physical Description: A fine complete copy with some dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary vellum with central lozenge, gilt inscription “VESALIUS / 1555” on spine. Restored by Jeffrey M. Rigby of NYC & Stockport in 1985, note by Rigby on back pastedown. Provenance: A certain Edward Aston, who acquires it in Leiden in 1729; the New York physician and NYAM member Dr. Shepard Krech (1891–1968); who donates the volume to the current collection in 1950. Inscription “Ex Lib. Edoardi Aston Lugd. Batao. 1729” on second front flyleaf; note of donation on a2r, “Gift of Dr. Shepard Krech 12/1/50”; small oval stamp “NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE” on frontispiece verso; acquisition slip of the New York Academy of Medicine on back flyleaf. Annotations: Pencil note on second front flyleaf verso, incorrectly noting that “This is the first Edition, printed 1542, a 2nd Ed. was published in 1545 in translation […]”. Modern pencil notes on p. 210, the first muscle man, numbering the muscles and supplying their names “biceps”, “triceps”, “flexor carpi ulnaris”, “flexor carpi radialis”. II/333. New York Academy of Medicine Library Call No.: Lambert Copy Physical Description: A complete copy in excellent condition, bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern buckram with modern flyleaves, foreedge blackened.

435

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Provenance: Bernhard Rottendorff, probably the Münster physician Bernhard Rottendorff, d. J. (1594–1671) or his father, the Münster physician Bernhard Rottendorff, d. A. (1563–1640); a certain John H. Faye in 1840; the New York physician and NYAM physician Samuel W. Lambert (1859–1942). Inscription on frontispiece “Bernh. Rottendorff. Med. Doct.”; inscription “John O. Faye [or Frye] MDCCCXXXX” on frontispiece. Annotations: A modern annotator interested in the heart and Galen, as well as in the Letter to Oporinus. On a5v-a6r, every fifth line numbered consecutively in modern pencil (“1”, “5”, “10”, etc.); on a6r, date “August 23rd” added on the bottom to clarify the date “nono Calendas Septembres”; on p. 746, pencil “x” mark where Vesalius discusses that in his description of the heart, he had relied heavily on Galen, because he was still diffident in voicing his disagreement with him; on p. 747, and mark “x!x” where Vesalius concludes his report on the common opinions of anatomists relating to the function and use of the heart.

Norman, OK

II/334. University of Oklahoma Call No.: History of Science Collections Vault Physical Description: A complete copy with some dampstaining and foxing, occasional spotting and tearing, and minor worming. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways by the foot and folded twice, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern sprinkled calfskin with modern endpapers, gilt red label “VESALII ANATOMIA” on spine with gold-stamped decorations, marbled edges, rebacked in 2010. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: An early reader interested in the holes of the heart’s septum. On p. 160, where the paper is damaged, a few missing letters are supplied in brown ink; on p. 709, early ink manicule where the porous boundary of the left and right ventricles of the heart is discussed; on p. 734, manicule and underlinings where the holes in the septum of the heart’s ventricles are discussed.



Omaha, NE

II/335. University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha McGoogan Library of Medicine Call No.: WZ 240 V575d 1555 Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with slight wear. Binding: Rebound in plain leather. Provenance: The University of Nebraska otolaryngology professor John B. Potts (1876–1948); his widow Goldie Claire (Goddin) Potts; donated by the estate of Goldie Claire Potts in 1959. Pencil inscription inside front cover “John B. Potts, M. D.” Annotations: None.

Philadelphia, PA

II/336. The College of Physicians of Philadelphia Call No.: Cage ZAd 25a c. 1 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with dampstaining on pp. 448–470, some worming, especially at the end, frontispiece missing, bifolium inserts repaired. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after the vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with floral ornamentation and portraits, traces of one clasp, remains of another, label “VESALII OPERA 1555”, edges painted red. Provenance: At the current collection at least since 1818. Already in the College’s first catalog in 1818; ex-libris of the College; as well as note of exhibition in 1935 together with other early volumes from the College. Annotations: On p. 734, underlining where the septum between the ventricles is discussed; on back flyleaf, note 15 ½ fl.

436

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II/337. The College of Physicians of Philadelphia Call No.: Cage ZAd 25a c. 2

merchant William Logan (1718–1776); then the Loganian Library from 1776 until its merger with the Library Company in 1793.

Physical Description: A complete copy with a large, irregular hole on the top from c. p. 749 to the end, and dampstaining after p. 780, with browning and foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Damaged woodcut on p. 560.

Annotations: Note in English on Calcar’s illustrations on the flyleaf facing frontispiece, probably by Dr. William Logan of Bristol, referring to “Monier Hist of Painting”;13 on a6r, long quote from Petrus Bizarus on Vesalius’ pilgrimage and death; on a6v, under the portrait, poems by Benedict Arias Montano and by Johannes Sambucus, “B. Arias Montanus. / Corporis humani qui membra minuta secaret, / VESALIO nullus doctior extiterat. / hic Medicis auxit, Pictoribus auxit et artem, dum subit internas quae latuere uias. / I. S. / Quis sine te felix Medicus promptusque Chyrurgus, / ni artis Subiectum membra situmque sciat. / Ars haec secula tot latuit, porcum, atque catellos, / non Homines prisci dissecuere Sophi.”

Binding: Early quarter vellum and modern paper, title “VESALIUS de Humani Corporis Fabrica Basileae: Oporinus 1555” on spine. Provenance: The Strasbourg physician Lucas Mattsperger (c. 1595–?); the Philadelphia physician and University of Pennsylvania professor John Redman Coxe (1773–1864); the Philadelphia surgeon John Ashhurst, Jr., MD (1839– 1900). Possessor’s note by Mattsperger and Coxe on frontispiece; bookplate of the current collection with ex-dono of Ashhurst on front flyleaf; accession stamp with date, 19 Nov. 1900. Annotations: On a4r, underlining and NB sign where Vesalius notes that Galen never dissected a human, as well as marginal note “Fuchsius”; on a6v, handwritten poem from Reusner’s Icones under Vesalius’ portrait: “Magnus honos, magni mihi credita cura Monarchae: / Corporis humani fabrica, maior honos”; on the back flyleaf, Latin and German note on blue paper, focusing on the substance of urine. II/338. Library Company of Philadelphia Call No.: *Six Vesa Log 30.F Physical Description: An incomplete copy with minor foxing and worming, pp. 341–344, 511–514 and 557–568 missing and supplied in pen and ink facsimile, printer’s mark missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Seventeenth-century vellum over beveled wood, with blind-stamped shields on upper and lower boards, clasps present, red morocco spine label added later, “Anatomia Vesalius”. Provenance: The Bristol, UK, physician Dr. William Logan (ca. 1710–1758); then his nephew, the Philadelphia

II/339. Thomas Jefferson University Archives & Special Collections Call No.: 611 V63 1555 Folio Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with extensive dampstaining in the first half of the book, and in the index. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unrestored, contemporary plain vellum, with erroneous title “Vesalius De Humani corporis Fabrica Basilea 1542” on spine. Provenance: The Philadelphia physician Charles Emory Gould Shannon, M.D. (c. 1878–?); enters the current collection ca. 1965. Ex-libris Jefferson Medical College Library, mentioning Shannon as donor; old catalogue entry in English pasted on to front flyleaf, referring to this exemplar and pricing it at 800 Swiss francs; illegible, inked over possessor’s note on frontispiece. Annotations: Pagination added in early ink to X2 sheet.

13  Pierre Monier, The history of painting, sculpture, architecture, graving; and of those who have excell’d in them: in three books. Containing their rise, progress, decay, and revival; with an account of the most considerable productions of the best artists in all ages: and how to distinguish the true and regular performances, from those that are otherwise, London: T. Bennet, D. Midwinter, T. Leigh and R. Knaplock, 1699, p. 179.

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Figure 128

Benito Arias Montano’s poem on Vesalius under the portrait of the author on a6v. II/338. Philadelphia, PA: Library Company of Philadelphia. Call No.: *Six Vesa Log 30.F.

437

438

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II/340. University of Pennsylvania Rare Book and Manuscript Library Call No.: 611 V63.2 Physical Description: A complete copy with some dampstaining, minor worming and foxing, frontispiece reinforced. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle facing left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Unknown. Provenance: Potentially the London anatomist Dr. Robert Nesbitt (1697–1761); the Philadelphia, and later Trenton, NJ, physician and bibliophile John Stockton Hough (1845–1900); who donates the volume to the current collection. Annotations: An early ink annotator focusing primarily on the errata. On p. 376, notes “vigesimus tertius, seu 24” and “vigesimus quartus, seu 25”, “Adductores quatuor Digitorum versus Pollicem” on the margin; correction of text on pp. 170, 408, correction of errata on pp. 3, 9, 63, 65, 72, 123, 129, 147, 149, 151, 153, 176, 190, 192, 193, 207, 213, 250, 255, 263, 271, 277, 331, 340, 342, 406, 407, 418, 452, 469, 592, 632, 636, 642, 682, 689, 752, 790, 799, X2; on errata page, entries crossed over and underlinings, signifying corrections done, with Latin note confirming that additional errors have also been corrected; pagination added to p. 209. II/341. University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Hospital Call No.: Physical Description: Volume currently missing.

Pittsburgh, PA

II/342. University of Pittsburgh Falk Library of the Health Sciences Call No.: Physical Description: A complete copy with some foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound

sideways and folded, vascular insert facing right, nervous insert facing left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern half leather with marbled paste paper boards, gold lettering on spine. Provenance: The New York Academy of Medicine; the Basel anatomy professor Hanson Kelly Corning (1861– 1951); who donates the volume to the current collection in 1945. Cancelled oval stamp of the New York Academy of Medicine. Annotations: A modern reader working in pencil, probably Corning, who is interested in the muscles and in reproduction, referring to Galen, Celsus, Sylvius, Fallopio and Hyrtl, with frequent internal references and comparisons with the 1543 edition. On p. 40, note “cf. 7, 11, p. 795”; on p. 41, note “fehlt hier Etwas?”; on p. 66, note next to woodcut, “geändert aus 1 figur 1543 p. 52”; on p. 69, underlining and note “bis XXI: p. 305 ebenso 1543”; on p. 98, underlining and internal reference to p. 159; on p. 105, marginal line and internal reference; on p. 113, internal reference to p. 233; on p. 141, internal reference added to the woodcut “p. 153. 367”; on p. 144, reference added “Us. Part. 2,12”; on p. 153, internal reference “p. 367” added; on p. 154, underlinings and note on the os coxendicis; on p. 159, underlinings, note on the ossa pubis and internal reference; on p. 160, underlinings and internal references; on p. 196, underlining and internal reference to p. 202; on p. 220, marginal note and reference added to De usu partium; on p. 232, calculation on the margin; on p. 241, identification of a muscle; on p. 247, internal reference to p. 159; on p. 311, identification of muscle with modern nomenclature added; on p. 313, underlinings and discussion of Galen; on p. 314, note “m. deltoides” and reference to earlier discussions; on p. 362, underlinings and reference to Galen; on p. 363, underlinings, marginal line and reference to Hyrtl, “seine variation Hyrtl 417”, and note “vgl. Anatomie”; on p. 365, note “m. palmaris longus, 2, 41!” and underlining with internal reference to p. 366; on p. 366, internal reference back to p. 365; on p. 367, reference to Hyrtl and internal reference; on p. 393, internal reference back to p. 160; on p. 406, marginal lines and note “tab. IV Φ”; on p. 452, underlining, marginal cross and note “=1543”; on p. 454, internal reference; on p. 515, underlinings and internal references; on p. 516, underlinings, internal references and reference to Celsus; on p. 530, note “=1543 p. 335”; on p. 531, marginal line and note; on p. 568, note next to

439

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the woodcut, “foetus sichtbar p. 587, in o, o cf p. 674”; on p. 588, underlinings and internal references; on p. 589, underlinings and internal references; on p. 651, reference to the 1543 edition; on p. 658, comparison with 1543 text and notes such as “fehlt 1543”; on p. 664, internal reference and underlinings; on p. 665, underlinings and internal reference; on p. 666, underlinings, marginal lines, and faint note; on p. 669, underlinings, marginal cross, and internal references; on p. 671, underlinings and internal references back to pp. 588 and 589; on p. 672, underlining and comparision with 1543 edition; on p. 674, internal references and references to “Sylvius 1551 Fall. p. 154” where the foetal wrappings are discussed; on p. 734, underlinings and reference to 1543 edition; on p. 746, marginal lines and internal reference “p. 824”; on p. 759, internal reference next to the woodcut; on pp. 760–761, internal references next to the woodcuts; on p. 795, reference “I,6 p. 40”; on p. 818, marginal note “Kontraktion”; on p. 819, marginal note; on p. 824, underlinings, internal reference to p. 746 and reference to Galen; on errata page, brackets in the text and note “korrigirt!”; further underlinings on pp. 102, 103, 106, 107, 115, 160, 197, 208, 220, 231, 245, 261, 262, 305, 313, 365, 366, 369, 394, 406, 443, 452, 516, 587, 627, 667, 668, 670, 681, 682, 798, 820; correction of errata on pp. 206, 207, 209, 231, 242, 250, 443, 627.

Portland, OR

II/343. Oregon Health and Science University Rare Book Collection Call No: Physical Description: A complete copy with some foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Eighteenth- or nineteenth-century plain leather with gilt decorations and title “ANDREAS VESALIUS” on spine. Provenance: The San Diego biophysicist and professor Norman Holter (1914–1983), who donates the volume to the current collection. Annotations: Basic bibliographic description in modern pencil in English on back pastedown, referring to Cushing and with price “2250” [?].



Princeton, NJ

II/344. Princeton University Libraries Firestone Library Call No.: EX Oversize QM21 .V418 1555f Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition with minor dampstaining, tears, rust holes. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Restored seventeenth-century vellum over wood with gold-stamped decorative centerpiece, burgundy morrocco gilt lettering label on spine. Provenance: The Keir politician, art historian and aristocrat Sir William Stirling Maxwell (1818–1878); sold by Dreweatts & Bloomsbury on October 24, 2007 (Lot 66); acquired by Princeton University in 2011. Circular bookplate on front pastedown “NON MORTALE QUOD OPTO GULIELMUS STIRLING DE KEIR”; bookplate of Princeton University Library on pastedown; inscription by “W. S. M.” on front flyleaf; illegible early signature on frontispiece verso and last page. Annotations: On p. 781, pencil marginal crosses where Vesalius discusses the shape of the cerebrum and the cerebellum, and the cortex’s convolutions; on p. 793, pencil marginal cross where Vesalius discusses God’s design with the vermiform processes, criticizing Galen; on first flyleaf, ink note by Stirling Maxwell, explaining that the woodcuts are by Calcar, with a brief biography of Calcar, and a note on the two different frontispiece woodcuts for the two editions, referring the reader to Stirling Maxwell’s more extensive discussion in a note preserved in his 1543 copy, now preserved at the Getty; on front pastedown, pencil bibliographic references to Adams, Choulant, Cushing, Garrison, NLM, Norman, Osler, Waller, Wellcome and PMM.

Richmond, VA

II/345. Virginia Historical Society Call No.: Physical Description: An incomplete copy with some wear, dampstaining, and occasional holes. Bifolium inserts

440 present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, vascular insert trimmed to folio size from right and folded from bottom, nervous insert folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet missing. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Plain vellum with title “de humani corporis fabrica a Andreo Vessalio” on spine. Provenance: The London master surgeon George Baker (c. 1540–1634), surgeon ordinary to the Queen, who acquires the volume in 1570; the London anatomist Thomas Wharton sr. (1614–1673), who acquires his copy in 1645; then by descent his son, the Old Park, Durham physician Thomas Wharton, jr.; who gifts the volume in 1712 to the London surgeon Nathanael Smith (fl. 1714); the London physician Richard Wright, FRS, FRCP (d. 1786); whose library was sold in 1787 by T. and J. Egerton; the Oxford Lichfield professor of clinical medicine Martin Wall, FRS FRCP (1747–1824); the London physician Sir Thomas Charles Morgan (1783–1843); the London physician Edmund Symes Thompson, FRCP (1837–1906); the Cheltenham colonel George Augustus Noyet (1840– 1922); the Thomas, WV, physician and collector Joseph Lyon Miller; who donates the volume to the Richmond Academy of Medicine in 1932; which places its library in the current collection in the 1980s. Ex-libris of Wright, Smith, Wall, Morgan, Symes-Thompson, Miller, and the Richmond Academy of Medicine and of an unknown person on front pastedown, with note “When this book was rebound this leaf with bookplates was lifted and then pasted back in the new cover”; possessor’s note by Baker on frontispiece; shelfmark on frontispiece verso; possessor’s note by Noyet on p. 1; note of donation by Smith on a6v; possessors’ notes by Wharton sr. and Wharton jr. on p. 1; possessor’s note “Tho: Wharton 1645”; on pp. 436, 507, 555, possessors’ note “Tho: Wharton”. Extensive account, probably by Miller, of all the previous owners with biographical details in four pages. Annotations: A systematic early reader who leaves notes on almost every page excepting those with illustrations, familiar with Galen, Aristotle, Plato, Fallopio, Hippocrates, and Aetius, cognizant of many of the internal contradictions of the Fabrica, and making internal references, also exhibiting knowledge of the city of Bologna. The annotations are identical to those preserved in a copy at the Russian State Library (II/204). The annotations focus on Vesalius’ disagreements with Galen, as well as on the use of organs, and occasionally make reference to observations and experience. On a2r, underlining and summary notes “Medicinae sectae quot […]”; “Instrumenta

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medicinae quot […]”; on a2v, summary notes on surgery and Aesculapius; on a3v, manicule; on a4r, underlinings, summary note on Galen’s ignorance, and note on table of contents; on a4v, summary notes on contents, and “obiectio quorundam”, “solutio”, with underlinings; on p. 1, underlinings; on p. 2, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 3, underlinings and summary notes such as “dentes quales sint”; on p. 4, summary notes, such as “qua ossa sint sensu perdita”; on p. 5, underlinings; on p. 8, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “appendix quid et qualis”; on p. 9, summary notes and underlinings; on p. 10, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “quorundam processuum alius usus”; on p. 11, underlining and summary note; on p. 12, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “Ossa corporis humani cur non sint unum continuum, sed in plura diuisa”; on p. 15, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 16, underlinings and summary notes with transliterations of Greek names into Latin; on p. 17, summary note; on p. 18, summary notes, incl. “Contra Gal. de contextu vertebrae” and “Gomphosis quid”; on p. 19, underlinings and summary notes such as “symphosis quid”; on p. 20, underlinings and summary notes such as “synarthosim fisse male diuisam a Gal.”; on p. 21, correction of “anterior” to “posterior”; on p. 22, underlinings and summary notes incl. “Cur cerebrum fuerit in capite locatum” and “Necessitas figurarum capitis, et caluariae ex Gal.”; on p. 23, summary annotations, reference to Hippocrates and note “In hoc reprehenditur a Fallopio”; on p. 24, summary notes, incl. “aliud opus pollicetur hic et l.o 5.o cap. 9”; on p. 25, underlining and summary note; on p. 31, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 32, underlinings, summary notes and note “in hoc reprehenditur a Fallopio”; on p. 33, summary notes, and reference to Fallopio; on p. 34, underlinings and summary note; on p. 35, extensive notes on sutures; on p. 36, underlinings and summary notes on the bones of the head; on p. 37, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 38, underlinings and summary notes, such as “cerebelli locus”; on p. 39, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 40, underlinings and summary notes, incl. reference to Vesalius’ disagreement with Galen; on p. 41, underlinings; on p. 42, underlinings and summary note; on p. 43, underlinings; on p. 44, underlinings, summary notes, and numberings; on p. 45, underlinings and summary note on auditory ossicles; on p. 49, underlinings, summary notes, incl. “Galeni error in ossibus maxillae superioris”; on p. 50, underlinings and summary note; on p. 51, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “cauitatis quarti ossis maxillarum superioris utilitas”; on p. 52, underlinings and note on Galen; on p. 53, underlinings and summary notes on Vesalius’ debate with Galen; on p. 54, underlinings and summary notes, e.g. “maxilla inferior cur sit dura, et

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cauata”; on p. 55, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 57, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 58, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 59, underlinings; on p. 61, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “foraminis, siue cauitatis supraciliaris usus; on p. 62, underlinings and summary notes on use; on p. 63, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 64, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 65, underlinings, summary notes on use and on “Galeni negligentia”; on p. 66, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 67, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 69, underlinings; on p. 70, underlinings; on p. 71, underlinings; on p. 72, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 73, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 74, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “Usus processuum posteriorium, et transuersalium vertebrarum”; on p. 77, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “prima ceruicis vertebra qualis sit”; on p. 78, underlinings, summary notes incl. reference to Galen’s mistakes; on p. 79, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 80, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 81, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 82, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 83, underlinings and summary note; on p. 84, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 85, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “capitis circumactio qua articulatione fiat”; on p. 86, underlinings and summary note “circumactionem capitis nullo mo sup pa ceruicis uertebram fieri”; on p. 87, underlinings; on p. 89, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 90, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “eorundem foraminum necessitas”, and note on attack on Galen; on p. 91, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 92, underlinings, summary notes, incl. “Gal. sententia d ductu spinarum in hominibus falsa”; on p. 93, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 94, underlinings; on p. 95, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 96, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “qualis sit vertebrarum lumborum spina”, as well as note on Galen’s error; on p. 97, underlinings and summary note; on p. 99, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “usus ossis sacri”; on p. 100, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 101, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 102, underlinings and summary note “cur foramina ossis sacri neruos deferentia sint latiora in anteriori parte q in posteriori”; on p. 103, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 104, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 105, underlinings and summary note; on p. 106, underlinings and summary notes “quod dicant nonnulli pro salute Gal.” and “Impugnatio”; on p. 107, underlining; on p. 110, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “Quae sint thoracis ossa”; on p. 111, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 112, underlinings and summary notes, incl. reference to Galen; on p. 113, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 114, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “clauicula ubi articuletur”; on p. 115,

441 underlinings and summary notes; on p. 116, underlinings and summary notes including “[costarum ductus] quales sint”; on p. 117, underlinings and summary note; on p. 119, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 120, underlinings and summary notes, such as “cur latus inferior scapulae sit crassum”; on p. 121, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “eiusdem nomina”; on p. 122, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “spina scapulae quid”; on p. 123, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “Gal. inconstantia […]”; on p. 124, underlinings, numberings, and summary notes incl. “Gal. inconstantia in nomenclatura processuum scapulae”; on p. 125, underlinings and summary note; on p. 126, underlining and note “Hoc non e uerum considerando clauiculam pro ut est in corpore humo una cum reliquis ossibus composita, nam eo modo semper retrorsum tendit”; on p. 127, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 129, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note on Vesalius’ disagreement with Galen; on p. 130, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 131, underlinings, marginal numberings, and summary notes incl. “usus supradicti tuberis”; on p. 132, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 135, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 136, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 137, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 138, underlinings and summary notes incl. “quo habeant canes, et similia animalia habentia pedes in digitos diuisa”; on p. 139, underlinings and summary notes incl. “Gal. senta circa historiam ulnae et radij”; on p. 140, underlinings, summary notes and numberings; on p. 142, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 143, underlinings and summary note; on p. 144, underlinings and notes incl. “Haec ossa pt diuersas earum figuras non sunt iudicio meo ad miscem proportionabilia”; on p. 145, underlinings and summary notes incl. “Hoc hactenus falsum esse conspicio […]”; on p. 146, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 147, underlinings and summary note; on p. 148, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 149, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 150, underlinings and summary notes incl. “Gal. senta de digitorum medulla impugnatur”; on p. 151, underlinings, summary notes incl. note on Galen, and note “Hoc est contra sensum et contra experientiam”; on p. 152, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 153, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 155, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 156, underlinings and summary notes such as “[coxendicis] os quid” and correction of typographical error; on p. 157, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 158, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 159, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “cur ossa ilium in mulieribus sint ampliora q in uiris”; on p. 160, underlinings and summary note; on p. 162, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 163, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 164, underlinings and summary notes incl.

442 “usus cauitatis totius famoris”; on p. 165, underlinings, summary notes, and “interior” is corrected to “exterior”; on p. 166, underlinings, summary notes, incl. note on Galen, and note “Hanc articulationem, prout hactenus obseruaui describitur a Vesalio admodum, diminute nam ultra capitulum exiguum ossis tibiae susceptum in cauitate parua fibule, in eademmet articulatione in parte inferiori caput fibulae maius perdicto suscipit in cauitate ossis tibiae perdicta maiorem, ita ut utrunque ips[…] suscipit, et suscipitur et res opposito modo se habet, ac dicat ipse, nam fibula magis suscipitur ab osse tibiae, q illud suscipiat, ipse aut solum mentionem fecit capitis tibiae suscepti in cauitatem fibulae”; on p. 169, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 170, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 171, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 172, underlinings, summary notes, and note “Gal et quorundam aliorum sententia + substantia patellae impugnatur”; on p. 175, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 176, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 177, underlinings, summary notes, and note “In hoc Articulo non solum caput tali excipitur in cauitate calcis, sed e contra capitulum calcis excipitur in caui[…]tem tali uersus posteriora, et hoc magis manifestum est q id […] dicit Vesalius, nam, ultra hac particulam a me notatam, […] est facila cognoscere in reliqua articuli parte quod nam […] sit cauum, et quod extuberet”; on p. 178, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 179, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 180, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 181, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 182, underlinings and summary notes incl. “Gal. senta […] vasis et neruis radicem ungium petentes reprobatur”; on p. 183, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 185, underlinings and summary notes incl. “Aspera arteria quid sit et quodnam principalem habeat usum”; on p. 186, underlinings and summary notes incl. “Haec cartilago qualis in uiris, et qualis in mulieribus”; on p. 187, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 188, underlinings and summary notes incl. “Celsi error in appellatione operculi laryngis” and note on the error of Theodor Gaza; on p. 189, underlinings and summary note; on p. 190, underlinings and summary note; on p. 191, underlinings and summary notes incl. “caluariae praeparatio”; on p. 192, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 193, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 194, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 195, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 196, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 197, underlinings and summary notes and correction of typographical errors; on p. 198, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 199, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 201, underlinings; on p. 202, underlinings and summary notes incl. “syphones”; on p. 213, correction of typographical error; on p. 249, note next to the explanation of character G “non

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apparent quia sub […] pari reconduntur”; on p. 255, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 256, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 257, underlinings, summary notes and numberings; on p. 258, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 259, underlinings and summary notes incl. “[viscidus ligamentorum humor] quem usum habeat”; on p. 260, underlinings and summary notes incl. “cur necesse fuerit cerebrum esse molle”; on p. 261, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 262, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 263, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 264, underlinings, summary notes and note “Platis et Arlis ignora in musculis”; on p. 265, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 266, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 267, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 268, underlinings and summary notes incl. “musculus piramidalis”; on p. 269, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 270, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 271, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 272, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “Qui musculi uentres habeant in exortu”; on p. 273, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 274, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 275, underlinings; on p. 276, underlinings; on p. 277, underlinings and summary notes incl. “quae cutis sit prorsus immobilis” and reference to Galen; on p. 278, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 279, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 280, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 281, underlinings and summary note “quae sint animaduertenda in cutis administratione”; on p. 282, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 283, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 284, underlinings and summary notes incl. “Gal. uarius in numero musculorum palpebrarum”; on p. 285, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 286, underlinings, summary notes and numberings; on p. 287, underlinings; on p. 288, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 289, underlinings and summary notes and reference to Galen; on p. 290, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 291, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 292, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 293, underlinings, summary notes incl. “Gali senta de musculo temporali reprobata […] quod Vesali. iure […] reprehendus […] prop parte Gali”; on p. 294, underlinings, summary notes incl. note on Galen; on p. 295, underlinings and summary note; on p. 296, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 297, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 298, underlinings, summary notes incl. “Gali circa hunc musculum inconstantia”; on p. 299, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 301, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 302, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “supradictorum musculorum usus”; on p. 303, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 304, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 306, underlinings and summary notes, uncl. “cur laryngi fuerint communicati musculi”; on

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p. 307, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 308, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “eorundem usus”; on p. 309, underlinings and summary notes, incl. ‘Galm non cognouisse 1m et 8m communium muscu[…] laryngis”; on p. 310, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 311, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 312, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “regula”, and note on Galen; on p. 313, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “Musculus brachium ad pectus adducens quo simiae ab seminibus abundant, quomo sit obseruanda”; on p. 314, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 315, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “Gali senta de usu huius musculi impugnatur”; on p. 316, underlinings and summary notes, including note on Galen; on p. 317, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 318, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “Gali circa hunc musculum insuficientia”; on p. 319, underlinings and summary notes, incl. crossed-out note “p. musculus brachij qualis sit in canibus et simijs”; on p. 320, underlinings; on p. 321, underlinings; on p. 322, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 323, underlinings and summary notes incl. “scapula quibus motibus moveatur”; on p. 324, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “Gal.i sententia circa hunc musculum impugnatur”; on p. 325, underlinings and summary notes incl. note on Galen’s error; on p. 326, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note “signum ostendens Galm non dissecauisse homines”; on p. 327, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 328, underlinings and summary note; on p. 329, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “quale sit in canibus, et simijs”; on p. 330, underlinings and summary notes and extensive note “[…] hic iudicio meo male assignat usum quinti paris musculorum […]” with another note in a different hand; on p. 331, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 332, underlinings; on p. 333, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 334, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 335, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 336, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 337, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note “sententia quorundam de motu septi transuersi dilatatione thoracis reprobatur”; on p. 338, underlinings; on p. 339, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 340, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 341, underlinings and summary notes incl. “Respirationis usus”; on p. 342, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 343, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 344, underlinings, manicule, and summary notes; on p. 345, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 346, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “Gal. senta de usu intercostalia musculorum reprobatur”; on p. 347, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 348, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 349, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “Respirationis quot sint genera”; on p. 350, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 351,

443 underlinings and summary notes; on p. 352, underlinings; on p. 353, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 354, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “eiusdem figure”; on p. 355, underlinings and summary notes incl. note “Gal. error in ipsis musculis”; on p. 356, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 357, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 358, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “eiusdem administratio in canibus et simijs”; on p. 359, underlinings and summary notes incl. note on Galen; on p. 360, underlinings and summary notes incl. note on Vesalius’ debate with Galen; on p. 361, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note “ligamentum notabile”; on p. 362, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note on Galen; on p. 363, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “Hactenus circa hunc musculum Vesalius est diminutus, quia nullum assignat usum […] musculi, sed t[…] tradidit usum eius lati tendinis”; on p. 364, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 365, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 366, underlinings and summary notes and note on Galen’s errors; on p. 367, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 368, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “Gal. et aliorum sententia de motibus prouenientibus a 2o et 3o musculo digitorum impugnatur”; on p. 369, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “responsio pro Galeno”; on p. 370, underlinings and summary note; on p. 371, underlinings and summary notes incl. note on Galen, and numberings; on p. 372, underlinings and summary notes incl. notes on Galen’s and the Arabs’ errors; on p. 373, underlinings and summary notes incl. note “Hoc non conuenit cum pictura […]”; on p. 374, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note on Galen’s errors; on p. 375, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 376, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 377, underlinings and summary note; on p. 378, underlinings; on p. 379, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note on Galen; on p. 380, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 381, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 382, underlinings and summary notes incl. note “Hinc colligitur quosdam mos modernos esse deridendos, qui profitentur se hunc adinuenisse musculum cum tum Ves. eum hic clarissime describat”; on p. 383, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “contra Galenum”; on p. 384, underlinings and summary notes incl. crossed-out note “musculorum cubitum extendentium usus”; on p. 385, underlinings; on p. 386, underlinings and summary note; on p. 387, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 388, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 389, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 390, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 391, underlinings and summary note; on p. 392, underlinings and summary note “musculorum cubitum extendentium administratio”; on p. 393, underlinings and summary note; on p. 394, underlinings; on p. 395, underlinings and

444 summary notes; on p. 396, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 397, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 398, underlinings and summary note; on p. 399, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “Gali senta de motibus tibiae”; on p. 400, underlinings and summary notes incl. note on Galen; on p. 401, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 402, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 403, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 404, underlinings and summary notes, incl. notes on Galen; on p. 405, underlinings; on p. 406, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 407, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 408, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 409, underlinings and summary notes incl. “Gali impugnatio et verus usus”; on p. 410, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 411, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 412, underlinings and summary notes and numberings; on p. 413, underlinings and numberings; on p. 414, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 415, underlinings and summary note “Huius musculi consideratio quid conferat”; on p. 416, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 417, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 418, underlinings and summary note; on p. 419, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 420, underlinings and summary notes incl. note “musculus qualiter inseratur calci in simijs”; on p. 421, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 422, underlinings and summary note on Galen’s ignorance; on p. 423, underlinings; on p. 424, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 425, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 426, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “impugnatio”; on p. 427, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 428, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 429, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 430, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 431, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 432, underlinings and summary note; on p. 433, underlinings and summary note “cutis tibiae et pedis qualiter sit posecanda.”; on p. 434, underlinings and summary note; on p. 435, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 436, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 437, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 438, underlinings and summary notes incl. “et iste etiam necessario ducunt ad istas partes alimentum, alioquin epar, et renes carerent nutrimento”; on p. 439, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 440, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 441, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 442, underlinings; on p. 443, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “sententia quorundam de usu quarundam membranarum inter venas existentium, ubi scil. ab inuicem dirimuntur”; on p. 445, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 446, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 447, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 448, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “Glandula interiacentes sectionibus venarum mesenterij”; on p. 449, underlinings

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and summary notes incl. “contra Galm”; on p. 455, underlinings and summary notes incl. note on Galen; on p. 456, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “Galeni alia ratio ad idem”; on p. 457, underlinings and summary notes incl. note on Galen; on p. 458, underlinings and summary notes incl. “iecur quid”; on p. 459, underlinings and summary notes incl. criticism of Galen; on p. 460, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 461, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 462, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “Gali senta de quinto pulmonis lobo uena cauam supliciente esse falsam in hominibus, in canibus aut, et simijs veram”; on p. 463, underlinings and summary notes, incl. notes on Galen; on p. 464, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 465, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 466, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “glandularum axillae usus”; on p. 467, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “Impugnatio sententiae Galeni et humerariae uera origo”; on p. 468, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 469, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 470, underlinings and summary notes and numberings; on p. 471, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 472, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “quomodo vena manus sint cognoscenda”; on p. 473, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 474, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 475, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 476, underlinings, summary notes, and note “hymenis historia”; on p. 477, underlinings, summary notes, and internal reference “inf. fol. 678. fol. 659”; on p. 478, underlinings, numberings, and summary notes; on p. 479, underlinings, numberings and summary notes; on p. 480, underlinings and summary notes incl. “vanae speculationes circa sectionem venarum in pede existentium”; on p. 481, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 482, underlining; on p. 485, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “Arists ubi in corde posuit 3m ventriculum”; on p. 486, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 487, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 488, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 489, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “ad dorsalem medullam”; on p. 490, underlinings and summary note; on p. 491, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “ad lienem arteria”; on p. 492, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 493, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 496, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 497, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 498, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 499, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 500, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 501, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 503, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “[vena arterialis] quae sit, quam haebat usum, et quo constet re” ; on p. 507, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 508, underlinings, summary notes, and extended note starting “experientia ostendens virtutem

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animalem non prouenire a corde. […]”; on p. 508, underlinings and summary notes and extended note “neruos producentes motum esse diuersos a neruis […]centibus sensum. Cuis oppositum licet inferius hoc capite pluries, et in 7o lo. Cap. 17o et in hoc lo. cap. […] . Potest […] tueri Vesalius dicendo quod hic comprehen[…] illos sensus quibus inseruiunt instrumenta particularia […] aut sensum tactus qui est c[…] toti corpori, alibi aut intellig[…] tactus”; on p. 510, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 511, underlining; on p. 512, underlinings and summary note; on p. 515, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 516, underlinings and summary notes and internal reference “pollicetur hic id, quod nullo modo in 7o lo constat”; on p. 517, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 518, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 519, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 520, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 521, underlinings and summary notes and manicule; on p. 522, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 523, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 524, underlinings and summary notes and manicule; on p. 525, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “ad vesicam et uterum” and “ad testes”; on p. 533, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 534, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 535, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 536, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 537, underlinings, summary notes and extended note on Vesalius’ internal contradictions on the nerves; on p. 538, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 539, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 540, underlinings and summary notes and internal reference; on p. 541, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 542, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 543, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 544, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 545, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 546, underlinings and summary notes incl. note “huius oppositum dicit in hoc libro cap. po”; on p. 547, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 548, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 549, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 550, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 551, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 552, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 574, identification next to the illustration “Renes”; on p. 584, identification of woodcut “uterus grandior qui par est in muliere patauina”; on p. 589, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 590, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “sequentis libri scopus”; on p. 591, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 592, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 593, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “usus praecipuus”; on p. 594, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 595, underlinings, marginal line, and summary notes, incl. note “sententia Gal. et aliorum impugnatur, et simul […] ventriculi situs”; on p. 596, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 597, underlinings

445 and summary notes, incl. “hystoria ex Galeni”; on p. 598, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 599, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 600, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 601, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 602, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “vena umbilicalis qualis fiat post partum”; on p. 603, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 604, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note “haec doctrina parte est desumpta ex Galeno in 4o c de usu partium cap ijo.”; on p. 605, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 606, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “pancreas”; on p. 607, underlinings and summary notes, including a note where Vesalius discusses how the intestines’ names change just as street names sometimes change, “Hoc idem accidit Bononiae inter ostium via maioris ostium Sti Felicis, itidem ab Ostio viae Sti Stephani […] ad extremum via Sti Esaiae”; on p. 608, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 609, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 610, underlinings and summary notes as well as notes on Galen; on p. 611, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note “Galm non uidisse intestinae humana”; on p. 612, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 613, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 614, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 615, underlinings and summary notes; underlinings and summary notes, incl. “Cuiusdam sententiae Gal. de his uenis interpretatio”; on p. 617, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 618, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 619, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 620, underlinings and summary notes, incl. ‘Hypocratis sententia de fibris jecoris restatur”; on p. 621, underlinings and summary notes, incl. notes on Galen; on p. 622, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note “[…] hoc Vesalius imitatus est Galm in […] de usu part: cap. 13. in quo ambo […]”; on p. 623, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 624, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note on Galen; on p. 625, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 626, underlinings and summary notes and correction of typographical error; on p. 627, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “Hystoria de quodam utero notabili, et de […]”; on p. 628, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 629, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note on Aristotle; on p. 630, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 631, underlinings and summary notes, incl. notes on Galen; on p. 632, underlinings and summary notes, incl. notes on Galen; on p. 633, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “renum administratio”; on p. 634, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 635, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 636, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 637, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 638, underlinings and summary note “homines necessario morti obnoxios esse”; on p. 639, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “Platis sententia de amore

446 generationis”; on p. 640, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 641, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 642, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 643, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 644, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 645, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note “semen a quo vere generet”; on p. 646, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note on Galen’s errors; on p. 647, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note “Hystoria de quodam notabili glandoso corpore”; on p. 648, underlinings; on p. 649, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 650, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 651, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “Hystoria de quodam habente in pene duos meat[…]”; on p. 652, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 653, underlinings and summary notes, manicule and note with reference to Aetius “Not. Vesalius refert hic quae habemur apud Aetium l.o. 16o cap. 105o de nympha, sed ipse non […] quid sit nympha seu Antiquos, ipsam q non cognouit”; on p. 654, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 655, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 656, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 657, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 658, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note “testium mulierum magnitudo et forma”; on p. 659, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 660, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 661, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note “In hoc Vesalius iudicio meo radit cum max: […] nam adhuc restat querere cur magis duae tunicae […] ad concoctionem, q una, et precipue cum illa sit illis […] crassior”; on p. 662, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 663, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 664, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “oppositum dicit in hoc eodem cap. loquens de Hymene, ubi dicit quod in ipso est quaedam Rima, ne Hymen impediat […] mensium, q hac sententia uulgi apud ipsa nihil […] posse, ut id quod ibi dixit apud ipsum ipsum erat dubium”; on p. 665, underlinings and summary note; on p. 666, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 667, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note “Galm non uidisse uterum humanum”; on p. 668, underlinings and summary note; on p. 669, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 670, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 671, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 672, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 673, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 674, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 675, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 676. underlinings and summary notes, incl. “cur de mamillis in hoc libro agat”; on p. 677, “Ar. sententia de pilis ad mamillas penetrantibus impugnatur”; on p. 678, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note on Aristotle; on p. 679, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note on Aristotle and Galen; on p. 680, underlinings and summary notes, incl. long note on the dissection of body parts; on

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p. 708, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note “ex qua substantia constet calor innatus”; on p. 709, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 710, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 711, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 712, underlinings and summary note “cauitas in mediastino existens qualis sit in canibus”; on p. 713, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 714, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 715, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 716, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 717, underlinings and summary notes, incl. “pinguedo inter ipsa et cartilagines”; on p. 718, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note “sententia quorundam idicentium asperam arteriam non […] concidere reprobatur”; on p. 719, underlinings; on p. 720, underlinings and summary note; on p. 721, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 722, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 723, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note “pulmones quas thoracis partes implent”; on p. 724, underlinings and summary note; on p. 725, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 726, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 727, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note “Aristlis error de pinguedine inuolucri et erroris occasio quae fuerit”; on p. 728, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note “Galenum non spectasse humanum viscera”; on p. 729, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 730, underlinings and summary note; on p. 731, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 732, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note “[…] extra propositum emendas Galm nam dicis eam […] aeo assignatur, quae est finalis non esse ueram, et […] tu assignas eam in alio […], amba causam possunt esse simul ueram”; on p. 733, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 734, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note “nullum esse meatum permeans ab uno cordis ventriculo in alium, cuius oppositum affirmabit ca; 15o presentis libri”; on p. 735, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 736, underlinings and summary notes, incl. notes on Galen and Aristotle; on p. 737, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 738, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 739, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note “cordis auricula cui assimiletur”; on p. 740, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 741, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 742, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 743, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note “huius oppositum dixit cap ijo presentis libri”; on p. 744, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 745, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 746, underlinings and summary notes, incl. long note starting “hoc bonus Vesalius nescit quo caput uergat, et […], nolit incidit in contradictiones, nam si hoc membrana permittunt […] fuligines, et etiam sanguinem, […] et ipse saepius supra dixit, a sinistro ventriculo in pulmonem pertransire, quomodo poterunt simul impedire ne fluat aer attractus, qui

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est longe tenuior, et male […] magis permeabilis, et profecto si uerum est quod materia aliqua permeat a sinistro ventriculo in pulmone […] tota speculatione facta circa has membranulas […] cordis, quia ex hoc iam manifeste habebimus […] non habent impedire transitum ex ea parte qua […] clauduntur”; on p. 747, underlinings and summary note “hoc cap. cum ultimo ca. 5i libri et penultimo 7i libri […] prius toto hoc opere ultimo sunt legenda”; on p. 772, underlinings; on p. 773, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 774, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note “eiusdem opinionis impugnatio”; on p. 775, underlinings and summary notes with ink blotches; on p. 776, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 777, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 778, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 779, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 780, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note “cerebelli magnitudo quam proportionem habeat cum magnitudine cerebri”; on p. 781, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 782, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note “media cerebelli pars vermi similis”; on p. 783, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note “Gal.i senta de diuisione cerebri impugnatur”; on p. 784, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 785, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 786, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 787, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note “quarti uentriculi figura”; on p. 788, underlinings and summary notes, and note on Galen; on p. 789, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 790, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 791, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note “testium et natium cerebri descriptio, et usus”; on p. 792, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note “Sentae Gali reprobatio”; on p. 793, underlinings and summary note; on p. 794, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 795, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note on Galen; on p. 796, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note on Galen; on p. 797, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note “Impugnatio sententiae Galeni de plexu reticulum”; on p. 798, underlinings and summary note; on p. 801, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 802, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 803, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 804, underlinings and summary notes; on p. 805, underlinings and summary notes, incl. note “tunica cornea dicta qua sit”; on p. 806, underlinings and summary notes, incl. extended note that has become illegible because of dampstaining; on p. 807, underlinings and summary notes incl. note “huius oppositum dixit 4o locap. po ubi diuersos […] motui ab eis, qui sensui inseruiunt, licet […] in eodem met cap. dupliciter inferius eidem neruo […] virtutem sensus, et motus”; on p. 808, underlinings and summary notes; on back pastedown, various catalogue entries of auction catalogues of the Fabrica from

the early twentieth century, envelope from Miller, and xeroxed pages from the Haskell F. Norman sale; letters from Goldschmidt. On front flyleaf, typed description of copy with quotes from Garrison. Censorship: On a5v, note on Letter to Oporinus inked over, name of Oporinus untouched.

Rochester, MN

II/346. Mayo Clinic W. Bruce Fye History of Medicine Library Call No.: N/A Copy 1 Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with slight foxing and dampstaining, bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, folded from top and bottom, and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Slightly damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Restored, decorated leather with no clasps. Provenance: The domus professa of the Paris Jesuits, which was dissolved in 1764; purchased by the current collection in 1943 for $395.00. Mayo Clinic Library bookplate, possessor’s note of the Paris Jesuits on top of frontispiece. Annotations: None. II/347. Mayo Clinic W. Bruce Fye History of Medicine Library Call No.: N/A Copy 2 Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy with some wormholes, minimal foxing and some old mold staining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from the bottom and the right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert, printer’s mark missing. Binding: Rebacked, late sixteenth-century decorated pigskin with repairs to corners and margins of engraved title. Provenance: A certain Alex McNaghten, possibly the Dublin physician Alexander McNaghten, correspondent of James Petiver, active c. 1700; the London obstetrician and book collector Phillip Dymock Turner, OBE

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(1861–1939); the Sioux City, IA, physician Dr. Anthony H. Kelly (1922–2000), who donated the volume to the current collection in 1999. Bookplate of Phillip Dymock Turner; Mayo Clinic Library donor bookplate; on a2r, possessor’s note by McNaghten. Annotations: On back of frontispiece, copy of the lettter of Hubert Languet to Caspar Peucer on Vesalius’ death, “Fama est Vesalium esse mortuum”, in which Vesalius’ pilgrimage is explained as a result of Vesalius’ accidental dissection of a moribund patient whose heart turned out to be still beating, which resulted in a charge by the Inquisition. This version agrees (with one exception) with, and probably copies, the text printed in Melchior’s Vitae Germanorum medicorum, and differs from the earlier handwritten copy reported by North.14 Additional note, “Jenty has given a list of the different editions of which this is the 2nd and the best except that of Boerhaave & Albinus printed at Leyden 2 vol. fol. 1725. The 3 Pages in MSS containd […] in this volume were taken from a Copy of the edition of Oporinus printed at Basel 1543.” Note on rebacking & various numbers in pencil on front pastedown.

Rochester, NY

II/348. University of Rochester Medical Center Edward G. Miner Library Call No.: Vault Folio V575 1555 Physical Description: A complete copy, bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, and folded in both directions, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin, claps present. Provenance: The Braunschweig commander Baron Friedrich Adolph Riedesel (1738–1800); enters the current collection in 1929. Circular stamp in blue ink, “Bibliotheka Lib. Baron Fr. Riedesel z. E. in Lauterbach”; sixteenth- or seventeenth-century inscription on front pastedown, “Em[p]tus est hic liber 8.R. (?) M. Iunio A[nn]o 75.”; note

14  Michael North, “The Death of Andreas Vesalius.” Circulating Now Blog. https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/10/15/the-deathof-andreas-vesalius/; consulted on September 18, 2017; Adam Melchior. Vitae Germanorum medicorum. Heidelberg: Impensis heredum Jonae Rosae, 1620, 133.

of acquisition on a2r “art ancien 25/29 1524.60.Su.Fr. Mulligan Gift”. Annotations: Early ink annotations in two different inks, focusing on correcting the errata, referring to Sennert, Thou, Galen, and Colombo, and making internal references related to the liver. On front flyleaf, note “De Vesalii morte vid. Sennert l.4.pr.f.239. et Jac.A.Thuan. hist.l.36.f.m.80”; on frontispiece, addition to Vesalius’ authorial title, “postea Philippi Hispaniae Regis”; on a2r, underlinings and marginal note “chirurgia”; on a4r, underlining of table of contents; on a4v, underlining of table of contents; on a5r, underlinings where the book’s illustrations and margins are discussed; on p. 1, reference where the use of the bones is discussed, “Gal. 1. De administ. anat. cap. 2. / Realdus prefat. lib. 1.”; on p. 2, where the bones’ substances are discussed, note “Realdus lib. 1. cap. 1. aliter […]”; on p. 458, underlinings, and internal reference to “f. 620” on the liver; on p. 620, underlinings and internal reference back to “fol. 445. et seqq.”; underlinings or marginal lines and manicules on a2v, a3r, a3v, a5r; a6r, pp. 22, 23, 24, 25, 172, 241, 314, 381, 445, 449, 456, 457, 460, 461, 508, 509, 597, 618, 619, 621, 662; correction of errata on a2v, 24, 32, 34, 35, 37, 63, 65, 123, 147, 149, 153, 176, 207.

Rockford, IL

II/349. University of Illinois-Chicago Call No.: Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition, with some browning and worming, edge of frontispiece pasted onto a2r, skeleton men and second muscle men damaged and crudely repaired on pp. 203–206 and pp. 213–214. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle facing left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with rolls of religious scenes, e.g. “DATA EST MIHI OMNIS”, “ECCE ANGELUS DEI QUI”, coats of arms, and portraits, with monogram “I. C.” “1559” on front. Provenance: A certain “I. C.” in 1559; acquired by a Rockford physician at an Italian flea market in the late twentieth century, and later donated to the current collection. Annotations: One or more early erudite reader(s), working in ink and pencil, who corrects errata in the first half

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of the text, and engages primarily with the woodcuts of the internal organs, the thoracic cavity, and the eyes, with occasional comments on the text and a reference to Plato. On a4r and a4v, marginal numberings of table of contents; on p. 4, pencil note “Usus cartilag: num”, and numberings; on p. 5, further numberings to list the cartilages’ uses; on p. 71, identification of the parts of the spine with listing how many vertebrae they contain, with lines drawn to the beginning and end of each part; on p. 92, marginal line; on p. 347, underlinings where the number of ribs is mentioned; on pp. 365–377, 370–376, marginal pencil lines next to the marginal section headings; on pp. 410–413, pencil notes adding the names of the muscles on the margin, e.g. “glutaei,” “pyriformis”, “triceps”; on p. 444, extensive identifications of the parts of the illustration, mostly copying word by word Vesalius’ text; on p. 461, marginal note “vena αζυγοσ”; on pp. 555–556, marginal notes next to the illustrations copying out the text below, and identifying the peritoneum and the omentum in the woodcut; on p. 558, note copying out description on the margins, and identification of the spleen with line; on p. 559, note next to illustration “omenti liberi delineatio”; on p. 561, summary note next to the woodcut summarizing the caption; on p. 562, identifications of the different organs, copying out the text from the explanation of characters; on p. 563, identification of the illustration; on p. 564, summary note “mesenterii situs in corpore” next to the woodcut; on p. 565, summary note on the woodcut “Mesenterij liberi delineatio, e corpore exempti”; on p. 566, summary note on the woodcut; on p. 567, summary note on the woodcut; on p. 584, identifications of the parts of the vagina, text copied out from the explanation of characters, and additional summary notes added, e.g. “fundi uteri orificium quo in conceptione ita arcte clauditur ut ne […] qdem mucronem admittet”; on p. 585, identification of the woodcut and its parts; on p. 586, identification of the woodcuts and their parts, with extra notes on the woodcuts of the foetus; on p. 588, identifications of the woodcuts and their parts; on p. 651, underlining parts of the anecdote of the man from Padova; on p. 675, note “partus quod fiat”; on pp. 698–707, very extensive comments on the woodcuts of the thoracic cavity and the heart, copying out the explanation of the characters and identifying the characters, with small variations from the text provided by Vesalius, on p. 702, diagrammatic representation of the heart’s ventricles and vessels; on p. 798, extensive description of the woodcut of the eye, identifications of characters, with summary descriptions going beyond the explanation of characters, incl. “tunica ab uuea initium segmens, cilijs seu palpebrarum pilis similis, interstitium pariter vitrei humoris ab Aqueo Vide Figuras XI et XII et descriptione

eius fol. 804 linea 25.”; on p. 799, extensive descriptions of each of the woodcuts with identifications of characters; on p. 802, marginal note “rectiformis tunica”; on p. 803, short notes on the “uuea” and extensive marginal comment on the pupil; on p. 804, marginal note “interstitium aquei ac vitrei humoris”; on p. 805, extensive note on the humor aqueus with reference to Plato, “Plato tradit […]”; on errata page, underlinings signifying corrections made in the text. Errata corrected, often prefaced with the word “supple”, on a2v, pp. 5, 32, 35, 37, 44, 52, 62, 63, 65, 66, 81, 86, 90, 97, 101, 105, 106, 114, 123, 129, 147, 149, 176, 190, 192, 193, 199. On front pastedown, pencil numbers “1029”, “130”, and “90”, on back pastedown, notes “M. LM” and “ACK [?].”

Salt Lake City, UT

II/350. University of Utah Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library Call No.: QM25 V4 1555 oversize Physical Description: A restored, and washed, complete copy. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways and folded, X2 sheet present. Binding: Mid-twentieth-century blind-tooled leather. Provenance: Enters the current collection in May 1971. Annotations: None.

San Francisco, CA

II/351. University of California San Francisco Call No.: Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, vascular insert folded from bottom and right, nervous insert folded from top and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Restored, contemporary plain vellum with title “VESALIUS DE CORPORIS HUMANI FABRICA BASILAE MDLV” on spine, edges red. Provenance: The Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale Vittorio Emanuele II in Rome; the Parisian radiologist William

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Vignal (fl. 1880s); the Berkeley professor of anatomy Herbert McLean Evans (1882–1971); who exchanges this copy with the current collection’s earlier exemplar (II/312). Bookplate of E. William Vignal; on frontispiece; seal “DUPLUM BIBLIOTHECAE V.E.” . Annotations: On front pastedown, pencil collation on front pastedown; on back flyleaf, condition and restoration report; on back pastedown, pencil collation and note in French “très rare $3000 Edition fort estimée”; note from Herbert McLean Evans about exchanging this copy with UCSF’s earlier copy, with signature from Chauncey D. Leake. II/352. University of California San Francisco Call No.: Physical Description: A worn and torn fragmentary copy, all pages missing after p. 108. Binding: In modern casing. Provenance: The Yale neurosurgeon Harvey Cushing (1869–1939); who donates this copy to the UCSF medical professor William J. Kerr (1889–1965) at Christmas 1913; who then donates this copy to UCSF in 1936. Annotations: None.

San Marino, CA

II/353. Huntington Library Call No.: 334851 Physical Description: An incomplete volume, X2 sheet missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, folded from bottom and right. Nervous insert missing the lower right corner, bifolium inserts reinforced with leaves from a psalm or hymn book. Binding: Contemporary blind-tooled pigskin with floral decorations and central coat of arms. Two metal clasps present. Provenance: The Berkeley professor of anatomy Herbert McLean Evans (1882–1971); the San Marino, CA physician Edward W. (b. 1880) and Julia Bodman (1887–1972); who donate the volume to the current collection in 1959.

Ex-libris of Evans and Bodman on front pastedown; old shelf mark “N. 3324” handwritten on front pastedown. Annotations: Early, probably contemporary, underlinings and Latin and Greek annotations, focusing on Greek terminology and sexual difference. On p. 159, underlinings and marginal numberings where the sacrum and sexual difference are discussed; on pp. 337–339, underlinings where the dissection of the abdominal muscles is discussed; on p. 453, summary information at the margin “Axillaris dextri brachii iecoraria seu epatica dicitur / Axillaris sinistri brachij lienaria dicitur”; on p. 621, underlining and repetition of Greek term where Erasistratus is discussed; on p. 627, underlining and marginal repetition of Greek term where Erasistratus is discussed; underlinings in index, especially where the fingers are referred to. Correction of errata on a2v, p. 3. Handwritten note with text by the London wood engraver John Jackson (1801–1848), concerning the illustrations, fixed to the front paste­down, “Statement of […] John Jackson, 12 Cardington Street, Hampstead Road, London”, refuting Titian’s contribution and arguing for Calcar’s authorship of the illustrations, referring to his “History of Engraving in Wood”; completely different from the other letter by Jackson that survives in the King’s College copy (I/180). II/354. Huntington Library Call No.: 766204 Physical Description: A complete copy with some dampstaining at the top along the inner edge for the first five hundred pages, repaired tears at the margins of pp. 206, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, nervous insert torn and repaired. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways and folded, facing forward to X2 sheet and p. 555, X2 sheet present after vascular insert and also facing forwards. Binding: Eighteenth-century calfskin, gold-stamped floral decorations and title on spine. Provenance: The New York rheumatologist Reginald Burbank (1888–1972); the Burndy Library; transferred from MIT and donated to the Huntington in 2006. Ex-libris of Burbank and the Burndy Library on front pastedown; illegible early ink signature above frontispiece starting “Sum Johannis […]”. Annotations: Basic bibliographic information in modern German pencil on front flyleaf verso.

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Stanford, CA

II/355. Stanford University Cecil H. Green Library Barchas Collection Call No.: QM21 .V4 1555F Physical Description: A complete copy with significant foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with monogram “G. S. R.”, religious portraits of King David, “Salvator”, Paul and John, and central royal portrait, traces of clasps. Provenance: A certain Nicolas de Wint in Dordrecht in 1667; the New York oncologist and surgeon Bradley Lancaster Coley (1892–1961). On front pastedown, ex-libris of Bradley Lancaster Coley, another ex-libris removed; on front flyleaf, note “1667. Die 19 10bris. Fl. 20. Ex bibliotheca Nicolai de Wint. Dordt.”; cancelled possessor’s note on frontispiece. Annotations: None. II/356. Lane Medical Library Call No.: E21H.V57F1 1555 Physical Description: Currently missing.

St Louis, MO

II/357. Washington University St. Louis Call No.: TYLER QS 17 V575d 1555 Physical Description: A complete copy with some wear and tear. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Sixteenth-century plain vellum. Provenance: The Nancy surgeon Dominique Laflize (1736–1793); the Worcester, MA surgeon John Fallon (1901– 1951); the Boston neurologist, BWH professor Richard Tyler

(1927–2016); who donates his collection to his former alma mater in 2012. Bookplate of Tyler; bookplate of H. Richard Tyler Collection of the American Academy of Neurology Library; signature of Fallon; bookplate of “Bibliothéque de D. Laflize, Maitre en Chirurgie a Nancy”. Annotations: None.

Urbana, IL

II/358. University of Illinois, Urbana ‑ Champaign The Rare Book & Manuscript Library Call No.: Q 611 V63d copy 2. Physical Description: A complete copy with some tearing, bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways by the foot and folded in thirds, X2 sheet present after the vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Restored, eighteenth-century undecorated quarter calfskin over paper. Provenance: A certain Pavetti; enters the current collection in 1927. Name of Pavetti written on first two leaves. Annotations: On p. 203, a pencil grid drawn upon the page with the skeleton man.

Valparaiso, IN

II/359. Valparaiso University Special Collections Call No.: 094.4 V63 Physical Description: A complete copy with some foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways and folded, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Early plain vellum. Provenance: The Valparaiso dean Frederick William Kroencke (d. 1936); then his daughter Selma Kroencke Mullins of La Porte, IN; who sells the volume to the current collection in 1948; accessioned in February 1949. Stamps of current university; pencil accession information on a2r.

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Annotations: On front pastedown, German pencil note with basic bibliographical information and note on Calcar; at the bottom, printed auction catalogue note in German of the first edition.

Waco, TX

II/360. Baylor College of Medicine Archives Call No.: Physical Description: An incomplete copy in good condition, with vascular insert missing, nervous insert present after p. 552, bound sideways and folded; X2 sheet present after p. 504. Binding: Twentieth-century leather, with five faux hinges stamped into the green leather along the spine, title printed in gold on spine. Provenance: The New York Hospital; the Houston, TX, heart transplantation surgeon O. H. Frazier (b. 1940); who donates the volume to the current collection in 2011. Old stamp of the New York Hospital; and two illegible early possessors’ notes. Annotations: None.

Bibliography: BCM Family Newsletter, May 2012; Texas Medical Center News, December 15, 2012.

Washington, DC

II/361. Folger Shakespeare Library Call No.: QM25 .V4 1555 Cage (folio) Physical Description: An unrestored, complete copy in good condition, tear on frontispiece, light foxing throughout, red marks on p. 459, significant tear on p. 804, not affecting text block, repaired with modern paper. Bifolium inserts present after p. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after the vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Rebacked, eighteenth-century quarter sheep with speckled paste paper. Provenance: The Society of Jesus (unknown location); enters the current collection between 1930 and 1948. Partly illegible note on frontispiece: Collegii […] Societatis Jesu. Annotations: Erased contemporary annotations on a2v, visible under UV light, “ad vera medicinis … in hac effici …” and at the bottom of page, “inquiens […] medicus […] corpori […]”.

Copies Sold at Auctions

∵

1543 Editions I/A1. ANTIQUARIAT INLIBRIS Vienna, Austria On sale in 2016

the front paste-down showing that it was already without the two folding plates and fol. *5; bookplate of Viscount Norwich by Leo Wyatt (died 1981) on front paste-down, showing a human skeleton charting a course to Africa.

Physical Description: A complete copy with leaves B2-B5 and B3-B4 transposed, light dampstaining to upper corner of textblock, frontispiece very slightly soiled with a few small holes (one affecting image) and laid down; a few small marginal paper repairs (that on Q5 touching image but without loss). A few small abrasions and repairs on lower cover; extremities repaired; small tear to head of spine. A tall copy. Bifolium inserts and m3 sheet present.

Annotations: On p. 8, note “contra Gal.”; on p. 29, note “breuis capitis ossium enumeratio”; on pp. 166–167, extensive annotations in the explanation of characters with correction of errata; on p. 223, marginal word “magnitudine”; on p. 308, ink note; on p. 396[487], reference to Galen and underlinings; on p. 494, marginal note and underlining; on p. 508, reference to Galen; on p. 558, heavily trimmed annotations; on p. 538, marginal note on the hemorrhoids; further annotations on *3r, *4r and *4v; underlinings on *1r, *2r, *3v, *4r, *4v, and pp. 1, 2, 278[378], 494; occasional addition and correction of page numbers in pencil.

Binding: Early eighteenth-century speckled calf with contemporary marbled pastedowns and later endpapers, spine with raised bands marked by double gilt fillets, red morocco label, edges speckled but retaining contemporary title lettered on foot of text-block, modern slipcase. Provenance: Formerly sold at Sotheby’s London on Nov 28, 2012, Lot 166; and on sale by Bassenge Berlin in their 2014 Spring catalogue. Annotations: Unknown. I/A2. ARADER GALLERIES New York, NY On sale in 2015 Physical Description: An incomplete copy, leaf *5 missing, bifolium inserts missing and supplied in facsimile, m3 sheet present, one full-page with 8 images supplied in facsimile. Several marginal repairs to wormholes and other minor losses very occasionally just touching the image or text, particularly to the fore margins of Q5 to T3, also small repairs to several corners. Binding: Modern full vellum, black morocco labels on the spine; preserved in a cloth clamshell box. Provenance: Alfred Duff Cooper, first Viscount Norwich (1890‑1954). Ink library stamps removed from the verso of the portrait and at least one margin; early twentiethcentury French auction catalogue entry for this copy on

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2018 | doi 10.1163/9789004336308_011

Censorship: Printer’s mark was once probably covered, now visible again; Letter to Oporinus removed and supplied in facsimile; name of Oporinus in colophon was once inked over, now again visible. I/A3. BALTIMORE BOOK AUCTION Baltimore, MD, USA Offered for sale on December 10, 2007, unsold. Physical description: An incomplete copy lacking 12 leaves, large old dampstain to first portion, frontispiece missing segments at most margins into image, laid down onto plain sheet, fore-edge margins of first 88 leaves with paper restoration, few leaves detached, many leaves with decorative initials cut out and now lacking, also lacking almost all full-page and both folded sheet figural woodcuts of the skeletal, muscular, vascular, and nervous systems, but dozens of smaller woodcut illustrations still present, text still contains about forty or more of the over 200 original woodcuts (many serving as initials). Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin over thin boards, portions of original blind-tooling rubbed away. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: Unknown.

456

Copies Sold at Auctions

I/A4. CHRISTIE’S London, UK Sale 12114 Lot 284 December 1, 2015

I/A6. CHRISTIE’S London, UK Sale 8002 Lot 70 November 23, 2011

Physical Description: A complete copy with bifolium inserts and m3 sheet, neat tear just into image of Q1, marginal wormtrack in S2-T1, repaired marginal tear without loss in *2 and Ll3, a few fore-edges chipped, some spotting, minor marginal dampstain in final quire, neat tear in woodcut without loss in folding sheet p4 repaired on verso.

Physical Description: An incomplete copy with bifolium inserts present, m3 sheet missing, with a few, light creases and minor repairs, faint dust-soiling on first and last page, two-three marginal wormholes in first c. 100 leaves, small wormtrack at guard of folding plate m3, very occasional small, light spot.

Binding: Repaired, eighteenth-century vellum over thin pasteboard, title lettered on spine, speckled edges darkened, splits at joints; modern cloth folding box. Provenance: The Ferraran poet and scholar Alberto Lollio (1508–1568); the eighteenth-century Neapolitan physician Gennaro Giannelli; the physician Martin Tupper, FRS (1780–1844); who donates the volume to the Royal Institution upon his death; sold by the Royal Institution through Christie’s in 2015. Partially obscured inscription by Lollio on frontispiece; possessor’s note by Giannelli on frontispiece; armorial bookplate of Tupper. Annotations: Unknown. I/A5. CHRISTIE’S London, UK Sale 5267 Lot 62 April 10, 2014 Physical Description: A complete copy, bifolium inserts and m3 sheet present, title defective at edges, repaired in facsimile and mounted, numerous other leaves repaired at margin, occasionally touching text, folding plates with minor repairs at folds, last leaf with extensive marginal replacement and one letter in facsimile. Binding: Repaired, eighteenth-century vellum with red leather spine label and new endleaves. Provenance: A certain George Alessandro; then a certain Cristian Stanescu. Twentieth-century ownership ink stamps throughout. Annotations: Unknown.

Binding: Contemporary German blind-tooled pigskin over wooden boards, including a David-Mary-Jesus roll with initials ‘MR’ and dated 1546, two fore-edge clasps, endpapers with Tower watermark, similar, but not identical, to Piccard Turm XVII 351–354, localised to Freiberg/ Goslar/Weimar/Magdeburg 1545–63, small repair at head of spine, small stain; modern brown morocco folding box. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: Unknown. I/A7. CHRISTIE’S London, UK Sale 9178 Lot 68 June 9, 1999 Physical Description: A complete copy, bifolium inserts and m3 sheet present, title slightly soiled, edges of first 2 leaves a bit frayed, short internal tear to first leaf of skeleton cuts affecting a letter in base of monument on verso, fold-out sheet m3 torn and repaired at lower margin and at centerfold with loss to a few words and small area of woodcut, the latter touched up in neat ink facsimile, the onlays on same sheet backed in paper from a 15th-century manuscript and creased in places, repaired tear to foldout sheet p4, Dd4 torn and repaired, marginal tear to P4, a few small light stains, occasional minor marginal dampstaining, last two leaves creased. Binding: Modern vellum over pasteboard preserving seventeenth-century, possibly Dutch, blind-stamped parchment covers and eighteenth-century morocco gilt labels, large tear to parchment of upper cover, few other small tears, endleaves creased; morocco-backed slipcase and folding cloth chemise.

457

Copies Sold at Auctions

Provenance: A certain Abraham Hortogh. Note of Hortogh on frontispiece. Annotations: Eighteenth- or nineteenth-century marginal Latin glosses, mainly to the captions of the figures, and a few corrections, by a well-informed doctor or anatomist. I/A8. CHRISTIE’S London, UK Sale 4882 Lot 235 March 18, 1998 Physical Description: A complete copy, with full contemporary coloring and highlights in liquid gold and silver, vascular insert and m3 sheet extended at lower margin and possibly inserted from another copy, nervous insert strengthened along fold on verso, one-line typographical imprint below title cut obscured by priming for the miniature, some dampstaining and spotting, lower outer corner of title leaf restored, some minor marginal repairs and a few paper flaws. Binding: Contemporary purple silk velvet over pasteboard, spine in six compartments, evidence of four pairs of blue silk ties, vellum linings, worn and frayed, defective at tail of spine; modern black morocco box. Provenance: Emperor Charles V (1500–58), Holy Roman Emperor, probably the dedication copy given to him by Vesalius in 1543; the French ambassador to the imperial court Jacques Mesnage (1509–1556); a certain Comte de Nicholay (sold by Librairie Thomas-Scheler, cat. 3, no. 261); purchased in 1963 by the psychoanalyst and bibliophile Haskell F. Norman (1915–1996); whose library was sold by Christie’s in 1998. Early French inscription on flyleaf, “Ce Liure a est donné par lempereur Charles le quint a Messire Jacques Mesnage cheualier seigneur et patron de Cagny Ambassadeur Du Roy de France Francois premier aupres de sa personne”. Annotations: Unknown. I/A9. CHRISTIE’S London, UK Sale 8444 Lot 47 May 17, 1996 Physical Description: A copy with skilfull restoration to joints, minor rubbing, corners worn, title a trifle soiled

and with small hole at lower margin, small repairs to extreme lower margins of title and first leaf of preface, H2 with marginal repaired tear catching a shoulder note, fol. I4 torn and repaired, a very few insignificant marginal tears, a few minuscule wormholes to last 25 leaves, small dampstain in quires O-Q affecting text on P2, some marginal dampstaining throughout, faint marginal foxing to a few leaves, very occasional small stains, last 2 leaves slightly creased, paper flaw to colophon leaf. Binding: Contemporary South German blind-tooled dark brown calf over bevelled oak boards, outer roll-tooled border of 3 medallion heads and owl signed “LT” (not in Haebler), inner roll of a repeated male and female figure and a ceremonial dish, surrounding central panel divided into six squares, each containing a triple impression of either a small floral or figurative roll surrounded by four impressions of either a flower or stylized plant tool, spine in seven compartments with repeated acorn tools, contemporary brass clasps with catches (one pair original, the other supplied), edges plain, fragments from a 15thcentury manuscript legal commentary used as spine lining; red morocco folding case, scuffed. Provenance: The San Juan Capistrano, CA, engineer and bibliophile Robert B. Honeyman IV (1897–1987); whose library was sold by Sotheby’s London, Part VII, 19–20 May 1981, lot 3043. Annotations: Some contemporary marginal annotations in Latin and Greek. I/A10. CHRISTIE’S London, UK Sale 4882 Lot 235 November 25, 1992 Physical Description: A complete copy with bifolium inserts and m3 sheet present, tear in lower corner of Ff4 & 5 repaired, a few other small marginal tears repaired, waterstain in upper outer corner of some leaves towards end, somewhat wormed, more severe at beginning and end. Binding: Restored, contemporary blind-stamped calfskin over wooden boards, spine in seven compartments, rebacked, brass and leather clasps. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: A few Latin annotations on some pages.

458

Copies Sold at Auctions

I/A11. CHRISTIE’S New York, NY Sale 14376 Lot 443 June 15, 2017

Physical Description: An incomplete copy, leaf *6, bifolium inserts and m3 sheet missing and supplied in facsimile, title-page laid down with other minor loss, numerous small marginal repairs, some wormtracks repaired with slight loss to letters, A5 repaired.

Physical Description: A complete copy with a few minor creases, light damp-staining visible in some lower-outer margins, final leaf with creasing ironed out and some repair not affecting colophon and printer’s mark.

Binding: Modern vellum; buckram folding case.

Binding: Seventeenth-century French mottled calfskin, gilt floral tooling in six compartments of spine, citron morocco label, re-stained edges. Provenance: The seventeenth-century Caen professor of medicine Jacques Mallet; the Caen professor of surgery Louis Lepecq de la Clôture (1736–1804). Possessor’s notes by Mallet and de la Clôture, illegible cancelled stamp. Annotations: A few marginal notes. I/A12. CHRISTIE’S New York, NY Sale 3750 Lot 15 June 12, 2015 Physical Description: A complete copy, bifolium inserts and m3 sheet present, lower blank corner of many leaves skillfully repaired, slight repairs to title margins, m3 remargined along gutter, m3 skillfully repaired with some words supplied in facsimile, m5 with small hole filled affecting a few letters, folding plate p4 with repaired tear, tiny wormhole to Aa5-Mm8. Binding: Eighteenth-century vellum, yapp edges, spine ink-lettered. Provenance: The San Francisco physician and broadcaster Dean Edell (b. 1941); also on offer from Christie’s at the ANATOMY AS ART: THE DEAN EDELL COLLECTION sale on October 5, 2007. Annotations: Unknown. I/A13. CHRISTIE’S New York, NY Sale 2607 Lot 92 December 7, 2012

Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: Unknown. I/A14. CHRISTIE’S New York, NY Sale 7575 Lot 202 November 20, 1992 Physical Description: An incomplete copy, lacks leaf Q5, which is supplied in facsimile, and the vascular insert, A4 and Aa1 with small patches catching a few words with loss, S6 with small tear, some dampstaining, portrait leaf and I6, some margins soiled and some softening, some gutters strengthened. Binding: Eighteenth-century German vellum antiphonal leaf over pasteboard, edges stained blue, modern cloth box. Provenance: The Los Angeles County Medical Association. Ink library stamp on title. Annotations: Unknown. I/A15. CHRISTIE’S New York, NY Sale 7518 Lot 84 October 29, 1992 Physical Description: An incomplete copy, pp. 381/382 [481/482] missing, and replaced with pp. 381/382 from the 1555 edition, with incongruent text, tiny hole catching three letters on *3, folding diagram m3 torn and repaired, minor repaired tears to E1, O4 and O5, slight tears to Z4 and n6, title soiled and crudely repaired at edges affecting subject, *3–[*6] with edges strengthened, R5 stained, other, more minor, staining. Provenance: The Society of Jesus, Ingolstadt; Stanford University. Contemporary inscription on title-page;

459

Copies Sold at Auctions

perforated library stamps on title (twice), *2, I3, m3, “m3” [i.e. m4] and p4. Annotations: Unknown. Censorship: Female genitalia inked over on frontispiece. I/A16. DOROTHEUM Vienna, Austria Physical Description: A complete copy with heavy dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 321[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. All woodcuts hand-colored in Book I up to p. 165. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with clasps, monogram on cover “C. N. M.” and date “1544”. Provenance: The Chemnitz physician Caspar Naevius (1513–1579); sold by the Dorotheum in 2017. Illegible purple stamp on frontispiece; note of Naevius on front pastedown. Annotations: Extensive annotations throughout the volume by Naevius, mostly focusing on summarizing the text, with references to Galen’s De anatomicis administrationibus, Aristotle, Vesalius’ Venesection Letter and Epitome, and occasionally copying out Greek terms on the margins, exhibiting a strong interest in the vascular system and identifying body parts in German and Latin on the woodcuts, with notes on Naevius’ participation in dissections, and added terms to the index. On front pastedown, autobiographical note by Naevius from 1557 in Dresden, with detailed biographies of his children; on last page of index, in another hand, a long account of the plague in Venice, starting “Historia von der grausamen, erschröcklichen und unerhörten pestilentz zu Venedig, anno 1576”; on colophon, account of two dissections that Naevius participated in in Leipzig under Heusler (a similar account by Macholt survives at Yale, I/237); on printer’s mark, long lists of patients’ names under the headings “PRINCIPIBUS”, “COMITIBUS”, “BARONIBUS”; on back pastedown, a “CURSUS VITA” of Naevius. I/A17. ELS LLIBRES DEL TIRANT Barcelona, Spain Catalog 15 Lot 13

Physical Description: A complete copy. Top margins of leaves *2–3 and portrait leaf *5 skillfully renewed, with various repaired marginal tears also in that quire, marginal repairs to A1, A6, abrasion mended H5, some marginal soiling and dampstaining, small tear in fore-edge of m2 repaired, lower margin of folding sheet m3 repaired, with small tear repaired with tape on verso, lower margin of folding sheet “p4” repaired touching 1 letter, spotting in quires t, ff, gg ‑ ll, inkspot in outer margin of leaf cc5 causing one small hole, upper margin of colophon leaf repaired. Bifolium inserts present, m3 sheet cut out and attached to vascular insert. Binding: Modern vellum, gold-stamped title label on spine, in a leather drop-box. Provenance: The professor and medical historian John B. C. M. Saunders (1903–1991); the University of California chair Dr. Robert Schindler; sold at Sothebys on June 15, 2006, Lot 130. Circular library stamp eradicated from lower margin of title with a few repairs in gutter margin. Annotations: Unknown. I/A18. HERITAGE AUCTIONS Dallas, TX, USA Physical Description: An incomplete copy, frontispiece in first state (possibly supplied from another copy and mounted onto another leaf with no loss of image), woodcut portrait of the author supplied in later facsimile, bifolium inserts and m3 sheet present, vascular insert possibly supplied from a different copy, vascular insert and m3 sheet have repairs and restoration with minimal loss. The first skeletal leaf (pp. 163/164) and pp. 201/202 both have repairs which do not affect imagery or text (there is some dampstaining to page 163/164). Occasional dampstaining to lower corner of text, not affecting text or imagery. Binding: Bound in near contemporary vellum over mottled paper boards, skilfully rebacked at a later date in vellum, smooth spine ruled and lettered in black, manuscript title on lower edge of textblock. Housed in custom-built quarter morocco clamshell case. Provenance: A certain William P. Grier; the Massachusetts Medical College, which probably acquired the volume between 1816 and 1846, at which date it was renamed the

460 Harvard Medical School. Bookplates of Harvard Medical Library on both pastedowns; bookplate of Dr. William P. Grier on front pastedown; inkstamps of the Massachusetts Medical College. Annotations: There is a small pencil sketch of a fetal skull at the bottom of page 312. I/A19. JESCHKE VAN VLIET Berlin, Germany “From Albinus to Vesalius: A Private Collection of Important Medical Books,” 72–143. Sale March 26, 2011 Physical Description: A complete copy, slightly brownish, with foxing, spotting, and dampstaining, some mould.; the last third of the bookblock with big brownish waterstain. Frontispiece and woodcut portrait trimmed Vascular insert torn. Bifolium inserts present. Binding: Old vellum, slightly gilt, brownish and stained, corners knocked, back cover renewed. Provenance. Unknown. Leaf *2 with 2 old stamps at bottom. Annotations: Some contemporary notes and underlinings. I/A20. JONATHAN HILL New York, NY Catalog 200 Lot 6 Sale 2011 Physical Description: A complete copy with bifolium inserts present, flap anatomy assembled from m3 sheet, a very clean, crisp, and bright copy, old repair to margin of title and head of following leaf, repaired short tears to O4, O5, S4, and r5, occasional light spotting or foxing. Binding: Eighteenth-century calfskin, corners & joints very neatly repaired, spine richly gilt, red morocco label on spine.

Copies Sold at Auctions

I/A21. PBA GALLERIES San Francisco, CA Sale 393 Lot 18 November 20, 2008 Provenance: An incomplete copy, lacking a preliminary leaf, also pp. 173/174, 177/178, 181/182, 187–194, 197–200, 203–8, 413/414, 453–454, dampstaining within affecting about half the text, first 175 pages or so with foremargin reinforced, occasional ink underlining, many of the initials have been cut out of the text causing loss of words and illustrations, title-page mounted on backing leaf and missing portions of illustration and imprint. Binding: Contemporary blind-tooled pigskin, rubbed, worn and soiled. Provenance: From the library of the Arroyo Grande, CA, physician Gerald I. Sugarman (1935–). Annotations: None. I/A22. SOTHEBY’S London, UK Sale 93655 November 29–30, 1993 Physical Description: A complete copy with bifolium inserts present, a few small paper repairs in title, mostly in margins, a few other repairs in margins, very occasional small rust-holes in text, tear in text of P5 neatly repaired, a few margins slightly wormed, some wormholes repaired, several leaves lightly foxed, a few browned, some other foxing and staining in margins. Binding: Repaired later vellum with new endpapers. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: Unknown.

Provenance: Sold by Dreweatts & Bloomsbury, London, at 25th Anniversary Sale, May 25, 2008.

I/A23. SOTHEBY’S New York, NY Sale June 3 2014, Lot 149

Annotations: Some contemporary underlinings and marginalia on the first four pages.

Physical Description: An incomplete copy, bifolium inserts present, extra-illustrated with an engraved plate

461

Copies Sold at Auctions

of the muscles of the knee bound between leaves B3–4, frontispiece stained and mended in fore-edges and lower margins with two repaired tears affecting image, title and second leaf strengthened on stubs, a few stains on portrait leaf, mostly marginal dampstains and spotting on a few leaves, a few leaves lightly browned, clean tear in lower margin of A1 entering 9 lines of text, wormtrack in upper margin of quires A‑C and in lower margin of C‑H, wormtrack in lower outer corner of quires O‑Q, added plate repaired in margin just entering hatching of thigh, mended tear in fore-margin of S2, tear in fore-margin of leaf Z4 entering text, m2 tear mended entering text, tears mended in last two leaves affecting text of index. Binding: Eighteenth-century mottled calf, spine richly gilt, scuffed, corners and edges torn, wormed at head and foot of spine. Provenance: The Baltimore health commissioner Huntington Williams (1893–1992), who acquires the volume in 1971; also on sale at Sotheby’s New York on December 11, 2008, Lot 209. Armorial library stamp on title verso, chevron beneath 3 stars, Huntington Williams bookplate, gift inscription dated 26 June, 1971. Annotations: Contemporary marginalia on pp. 13‑19 and elsewhere. Censorship: Printer’s name struck through and rewritten on colophon. I/A24. SOTHEBY’S New York, NY On Sale in 2008 Physical Description: Unknown. Binding: Unknown. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: Unknown. I/A25. SOTHEBY’S New York, NY November 16, 2001 Lot 169 Physical Description: Unknown.

Binding: Unknown. Provenance: A certain Hieronymus Pardo in 1650; the Berkeley professor of anatomy Herbert McLean Evans (1882–1971); Swann of NY in 1975; the San Francisco cardiologist Dr. Meyer Friedman (1910–2001); whose library was sold in 2001. Signature of Pardo on frontispiece, bookplate of Evans; sold by Swann in New York in 1975 for $17,500; sold by Sotheby’s for $55,750. Annotations: Unknown. I/A26. W. P. WATSON ANTIQUARIAN BOOKS London, UK On Sale in 2015 Physical Description: A complete copy, bifolium inserts and m3 sheet present, title mounted at the date of binding (a little loss to inner margin of the woodcut border), tears to *2 and to the leaf with the portrait repaired without loss; one opening with offsetting from an inserted leaf; occasional light spotting; a few small marginal wormholes (slightly affecting some printed marginalia), P1 with small marginal tear, tiny hole in V4 with loss of one letter, a few small stains on h1–2, stain on Bb2–3. An exemplaire réglé with capitals rubricated in pale yellow. Binding: Seventeenth-century French mottled calf, spine richly ornamented and lettered in gilt à la grotesque, raised bands, sprinkled edges; minor restorations to corners. Provenance: Probably the late eighteenth-century Toulouse surgeon Jean-Jacques Frizac; the Parisian biologist and politician François-Vincent Raspail (1794–1878); whose library was sold in 1912 by the Parisian seller Symes; bought by the Parisian physician and poet François Moutier (1881–1961); then Librairie Thomas-Scheler, Paris; with Quaritch in 2008; sold at Sothebys London, May 29, 2012, Lot 214; with Shapero Rare Books in 2015. Raspail stamp at foot of title-page; note of sale in Paris, December 1912; François Moutier, bookplate, and his notes on this edition pasted to pastedown (dated December 1912); eighteenthcentury inscription “ex libris J Frizac” on front pastedown; “Librairie Thomas-Scheler, Paris” label on inside back cover. Annotations: On pp. 171, 173, 175, 179, 183, 185 & 195, pencil annotations in French, potentially in Moutier’s hand, adding French names to some of the explanations of the characters of the muscles pictured in the first five and

462 the ninth musclemen; a long bibliographical note, dated 29/12/1912 by Moutier, about the copy, and the auction of the Raspail library in which he bought it; note probably by Frizac on front pastedown “1ère édition de 1543. La meilleure par conséquent à cause des planches”.

1555 Editions II/A1. CHRISTIE’S LONDON, UK Sale 5334 Lot 85 June 13, 2012 Physical Description: A complete copy, folding plate X1 bound after second folding plate (bb6+1), repaired tears in folding plates and X2, affecting some text or woodcut on X1 and X2, X1 stained, small stain at extreme upper margin at end. Binding: Contemporary Wittenberg binding by Thomas Kruger (active c.1562–91); blindtooled pigskin over bevelled wooden boards, two panel stamps on sides, crucifixion and resurrection; crucifixion and imperial arms, both signed Kruger (Haebler IV–V), saints’ and other rolls [Haebler 1, 3, 4, 9], “Vesalius” lettered on upper cover, two clasps, evidence of chain staple on lower cover, some wear and staining. Provenance: Unknown. Early classmarks on title, modern ink possessor’s note “Ford”. Annotations: Unknown. On frontispiece, notes “Medicinae limen, Anatome, Jul. Alexand.”, “Alphabetum medicinae, Anatome, Montanus”. II/A2. CHRISTIE’S London, UK Sale 5888 Lot 229 November 26, 1997 Physical Description: Frontispiece slightly soiled and with marginal stain slightly affecting one corner of the image, some light browning and spotting, some small marginal dampstaining not affecting text, Ee5 with a few marginal wormholes and small repair not affecting text.

Copies Sold at Auctions

Binding: Old vellum, spine with gilt lettering, light red edges, corners lightly rubbed, some light soiling. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: Unknown. II/A3. CHRISTIE’S New York, NY Sale 2706 Lot 335 April 9–10, 2013 Physical Description: A complete copy, bifolium inserts and X2 sheet present, frontispiece with some pale marginal darkening and two inscriptions skillfully removed. Binding: Seventeenth-century sprinkled calfskin with gilt spine, some wear at edges, some peeling on front cover. Provenance: The Royal College and Episcopal Seminary of Strasbourg in the seventeenth century; the Chicago tuberculosis expert and bibliophile Arnold Carl Klebs (1870–1943); the mid-twentieth-century New York bookseller Herbert Reichner; who sells it to the Newton, MA manufacturer and collector Arthur Vershbow (1922–2012) and his wife, the bibliophile Charlotte Vershbow (1924– 2000) in 1962; whose collection was sold by Christie’s in 2013. Seventeenth-century Strasbourg inscription on frontispiece; Strasbourg library stamps on verso of title; inkstamp of A. C. Klebs. Annotations: Unknown. II/A4. CHRISTIE’S New York, NY Sale 2607 Lot 93 December 7, 2012 Physical Description: An incomplete copy, bifolium inserts present, lacking printer’s mark, title leaf mounted and with a few early reinforcements, some mostly marginal staining and worming, mostly at the beginning and end, occasional pale spotting. Binding: Modern vellum in buckram folding case. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: Unknown.

463

Copies Sold at Auctions

II/A5. CHRISTIE’S New York, NY Sale 1534 Lot 161 June 14, 2005

on blank portion of title shield, title margins soiled with small stamp removed, each folding sheet with horizontal tear crossing image repaired, marginal dampstaining, heaviest at beginning and end, occasional browning and pale spotting.

Physical Description: A complete copy, engraved title silked on verso, with some short tears or tiny chips to margins, some minor loss to image at the gutter margin, portrait of Vesalius with tear to blank margin, repaired, a1–u6 with wormhole affecting a few letters per page, x1 with small hole affecting two lines and image on verso, O6 with small hole to blank margin, some occasional light browning.

Binding: Modern half vellum with gilt edges.

Binding: Rebacked in late eighteenth- or early nineteenthcentury vellum. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: Unknown. II/A6. CHRISTIE’S New York, NY Sale 9806 Lot 224 October 29, 2001 Physical Description: An incomplete copy with bifolium inserts and X2 sheet present, a6 sheet missing, bifolium inserts creased and with small tears at edge, with old repairs on verso, title much worn and restored, reinforced on verso, and with tear on foremargin affecting lower right image, a2 soiled and with old repairs affecting final line of text, mostly marginal dampstaining, heaviest at beginning, marginal hole in final leaf. Binding: Contemporary limp vellum, worn, front cover and spine loose.

Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: Unknown. Censorship: Publisher’s name partially removed from title-page and on colophon, printer’s mark missing. II/A8. CHRISTIE’S New York, NY Sale 8792 Lot 234 December 5, 1997 Physical Description: A complete copy, bifolium inserts and X2 sheet present, nervous insert misbound after aa3, a1/a6 supplied from another copy, the frontispiece severely ink-stained and laid down on heavy paper, a6v marginally restored, folding venous system plate torn and repaired and with 3 small holes affecting text, 7-inch clean tear to second folding plate, lower blank margins of c3 and c4 cut away, 6 leaves with small marginal tears, Z5 browned, occasional light marginal dampstaining, washed, leaving faint overall discoloration and some marginal foxing and soiling. An exemplaire réglé. Binding: Restored eighteenth-century speckled calfskin, sides with gilt roll border, spine gilt; rubbed, endpapers renewed. Provenance: Unknown.

Provenance: Unknown.

Annotations: Unknown.

Annotations: Unknown.

II/A9. CHRISTIE’S New York, NY Sale 7789 Lot 156 November 8, 1995

II/A7. CHRISTIE’S New York, NY Sale 9178 Lot 69 June 9, 1999 Physical Description: An incomplete copy, printer’s mark missing, early ink deletion on title causing a narrow hole

Physical Description: A complete copy, bifolium inserts and X2 sheet present, nervous system and portrait of Vesalius with renewed margins, fronstipiece and endpages soiled and frayed at edges, section of fore-margin

464 patched with some slight loss of text on c6, some letters supplied in facsimile, scattered foxing and dampstaining throughout, some marginal staining and minor worming. Binding: Contemporary blind-panelled pigskin over wooden boards, border rolls of foliage and small repeated portrait stamps, two fore-edge brass clasps, pigskin straps possibly later, repaired at corners and a few places, upper cover bowed, with bottom half of upper joint cracked, worn and darkened, apparently re-varnished. Provenance: The Library of Breslau University, probably in the nineteenth century; probably sold before 1920; the Moody Medical Library at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX; which sold it at Christie’s in 1995. Ink stamps on frontispiece verso “Ex Bibliotheca Reg. Univers. Vratisl.”; “Doublette aus der Bresl. Universitäts Bibliotheck”; early (illegible) ex-libris notations on front free endpaper, dated “12 January 1614.” Annotations: Unknown.

Copies Sold at Auctions

Ernst Gerhard (1621–1688); and possibly already his father, the Jena theologian and professor Johann Gerhard (1582–1637); whose Bibliotheca Gerhardina enters the Gotha ducal collections in 1678; the Buenos Aires gynecologist and professor Juan Carlos Ahumada (1890–1976). Monogram of I.M.M. on binding; bookplate “Bibliotheca Gerhardina” and stencil design on binding; bookplate of Juan Carlos Ahumada. Annotations: Unknown. II/A11. DOMINIC WINTER Sale April 18, 2012 Physical Description: Unknown. Binding: Unknown. Provenance: Formerly the property of Birmingham Medical Institute; deposited at the Cadbury Research Library in Birmingham.

II/A10. CHRISTIE’S New York, NY Sale 7518 Lot 85 October 29, 1992

Annotations: Unknown.

Physical Description: Leaf ee2 with three small stains, some very minor marginal browning and dust staining.

Physical Description: A complete copy. Bifolium inserts present, blank margins of the frontispiece extended with old paper.

Binding: White pigskin over wooden boards, tooled in blind to a panel design with border rolls depicting foliage, an inner border of small repeated portrait stamps (rolls: Haebler I, p. 245, M.K.5. 167 x 11 (sic.) and Haebler I, p. 247, M.K.2. 151 x 9mm., cf. Pl. I, 42); and a center panel (90 x 53mm.) with on the upper cover a portrait of Charles V (Haebler I, p. 245, M.K. IV) and on the lower cover a portrait of Johann Friedrich I, Elector of Saxony (Haebler I, p. 245, M.K. II), each panel with engraver’s monogram MV (either Matthais Urban of Martin Unger); above the upper cover panel are the initials I.M.M. and below it the date 1574; spine with six double bands, fore-edge sprinkled red with a stencil design of a crowned shield (this sprinkling, probably executed in the eighteenth century, has left small residues of red pigment on the leather); extremities worn, lacks clasps. Provenance: A certain I.M.M. in 1574; the Gerhard family, almost certainly the Jena theologian and professor Johann

II/A12. H. M. FLETCHER Much Hadham, UK

Binding: Early blind-stamped German pigskin over wood, clasps present, a little wear to covers. Provenance: Early ink possessor’s note on frontispiece, which seems to read “Daisto Pelhofeyu(?) Vorchemio” (i.e. Forchheim, probably in Bavaria). Annotations: Some marginal annotations from the hand of the early owner. II/A13. IL CARTIGLIO Torino, Italy On Sale in 2015 Physical Description: A complete copy with some dampstaining, staining, and worming. Bifolium inserts and X2 sheet present.

465

Copies Sold at Auctions

Binding: Eighteenth-century marbled leather, title on spine. Provenance: The Biella physician Piergiorgio Borio; who put his collection on sale with Il Cartiglio in 2014. Annotations: Unknown. II/A14. JEREMY NORMAN NOVATO, CA On Sale in 2015 Physical Description: A complete copy with light toning, title a bit soiled and with small marginal lacuna, tears in first folding plate repaired at an early date, but a fine, clean copy with large margins. Binding: Eighteenth-century calf, rebacked preserving original gilt spine and leather label, edges and corners repaired. Provenance: The Bavarian obstetrician Johann Feiler (1786–1822); who donates the volume to the Bavarian physician Franz Xavier Georg Plöderl (fl. early nineteenth cent.), author of a treatise on hysterectomy (De hysterotomia, 1820); the New York pediatrician Abraham Jacobi (1830–1919); who donates the volume to the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland in Baltimore; sold at Swann, NY on February 19, 2004, Sale 1997 Lot 369; also sold in the past by H. M. Fletcher. Long Latin inscription dated October 6, 1816 and signed “Jacobi” on the front flyleaf, noting that this copy was a gift from Feiler to “Fr. X. G. de Ploederl”; faint stamp of Jacobi on frontispiece and another leaf; bookplate of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland noting Jacobi’s gift of this copy. Annotations: Five-page manuscript index in the hand of Bavarian obstetrician Johann Feiler (1786–1822), a former owner of this copy, bound in the back. II/A15. JONATHAN HILL New York, NY, USA Physical Description: Unknown. Binding: Unknown. Provenance: Formerly at the Bibliothek Otto Schäfer, Schweinfurt, Germany, sold in 2016.

Annotations: Unknown. II/A16. IL LIBRAIO Milan, Italy On sale in 2015 Physical Description: An incomplete copy, nervous insert missing and replaced by facsimile. Binding: Leather. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: Unknown. II/A17. LESLIE HINDMAN AUCTIONEERS Chicago, USA Sale October 31, 2007, 64–8. Physical Description: A complete copy, bifolium inserts and X2 sheet present; frontispiece margins soiled; dampstaining to top edge of first 5 leaves; 1 x 2 inch tear to bottom right corner of f4; wormholing to gutter of s5–s6; 2–2 inch repairs at lower edges of s6, not affecting text; 4 inch repaired tear to x6; wormholing to lower right corner of y1–4, not affecting text; soiling to cc4v–cc5r; 3 inch repaired tear to lower edge of dd6; 1 inch repair to lower edge of hh2, not affecting text; 1 inch of dampstaining to lower edge of Cc2-end, not affecting text; 5 inch repaired tear to bottom edge of final leaf. Light curling to corners of front board; several skilfully repaired tears at margins; light dampstaining to some edges; a few instances of wormholing; light foxing throughout; otherwise a sound copy. Binding: Vellum. Provenance: Unknown. Ink signature or stamp removed from bottom edge of frontispiece. Annotations: Ink marginalia, underlining and some stray marks throughout. Unpaginated leaves at the end have been foliated in pencil to upper right hand corner. II/A18. MARTAYAN LAN On Sale in 1993 Physical Description: Unknown.

466

Copies Sold at Auctions

Binding: Contemporary pigskin.

Annotations: Unknown.

Provenance: Unknown.

II/A21. RIEUNIER & ASSOCIES Paris, France Sale on May 9, 2012

Annotations: Unknown. II/A19. NIGEL PHILLIPS Chilbolton, UK

Provenance: A complete copy with some light dampstaining. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552.

Physical description: A complete copy, bifolium inserts and X2 sheet present. The full-page figure of the nerves on p. 527 is partly hand-coloured. Small wormhole in pp. 783 to the end affecting a few letters, pale stain in extreme upper corner of last few leaves. A fine, large, and very clean copy.

Binding: Contemporary vellum with some tears.

Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin, dated 1575, upper cover with fleurs-de-lys within two geometric patterns of interlocking circles, squares and triangles all within three roll-tooled borders, lower cover with two roll-tooled panels within three roll-tooled borders (a little soiled, cut mark on lower cover, ends of upper joint cracked, one lower corner worn, lacking ties).

II/A22. SADDE Dijon, France Sale on December 11, 2015, Lot 16

Provenance: Unknown.

Binding: Seventeenth-century morocco with manuscript title on spine.

Annotations: Unknown. II/A20. REISS & SOHN Königstein im Taunus, Germany Sale on October 25, 2006, 109–985 Physical Description: A complete copy, bifolium inserts and X2 sheet present. Title-page remargined at top as well as small expert restoration to lower part (with loss of engraved surface). First c. 20 and last c. 12 leaves remargined or with small marginal repairs; light worming to large part of top white margin. Binding: Restored, contemporary calf with renewed flyleaves. Provenance: The princely family of the Thun-Hohensteins; the Czech-Jewish pharmacologist and Prague professor Emil Starkenstein (1884–1942). Old ownership inscription and collector’s stamp (with library number) on frontispiece; with the bookplates of Starkenstein and F. Count Thun-Hohenstein of Tetschen.

Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: Unknown.

Physical Description: A complete copy with some foxing and dampstaining.

Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: Unknown. II/A23. SOTHEBY’S On Sale in 2002 Physical Description: Unknown. Binding: Unknown. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: Unknown II/A24. SOTHEBY’S New York, NY Sold in 2000 Physical Description: Unknown.

467

Copies Sold at Auctions

Binding: Unknown. Provenance: Unknown. Sold by Sotheby’s in 2000 for $81,250. Annotations: Unknown. II/A25. TED STEINBOCK Louisville, KY, USA On sale in 2015. Physical Description: Unknown. Binding: Period style full pigskin with title in gilt on spine. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: Unknown.

II/A26. ZISSKA & KISTNER Munich, Germany On sale on April 23, 2007 Physical Description: A complete copy with some foxing, spotting and dampstaining. Bifolium inserts and X2 sheet present Binding: Old leather, worn, rebacked in the nineteenth century. Provenance: Stamps on frontispiece and in prefatory materials. Annotations: Unknown.

Private Copies

∵

1543 Editions

Belgium

I/P1. Physical Description: An incomplete copy with dampstaining and repaired tears, *6, pp. 163/164, vascular insert, printer’s mark and colophon missing. Nervous insert present after p. 352, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, m3 sheet present after p. 312. Frontispiece repaired at the corner in purple ink; repaired tears at edges of the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth muscle men on pp. 181, 184, 187, 190, 192, 194 with missing details added to the illustrations in purple ink, minor repaired tear in index with text supplied in ink. Not a variant edition. Binding: Modern blind-stamped leather with framed decorative patterns and date “MDXLII”, clasps present, edges painted red. Provenance: Acquired by current owner in 1987 from a Belgian dealer. Annotations: On p. 87, random doodles in black ink; on pp. 282 and 283, where the vena cava is discussed, several marginal lines; pagination corrected semi-regularly in modern pencil.

France

I/P2. Physical Description: An incomplete copy with dampstaining and repaired tears, frontispiece, *6, and epistle dedicatory missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways and folded, m3 sheet present before vascular insert. Binding: Modern plain vellum with title on spine. Provenance: The London obstetrician and book collector Phillip Dymock Turner, OBE (1861–1939); sold to the current owner by Henri Godts. Illustrated ex-libris of Turner. Annotations: On front flyleaf, description in English of this exemplar in modern ink, with note “The second edition 1555 is finer in all respects, except that the initial lettters are inferior. The paper is much better”, as well as

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2018 | doi 10.1163/9789004336308_012

modern pencil note that the illustrations are by “Jean de Calcar, a pupil of Titian”. Sporadic annotations in modern pencil focusing on reproduction. On p. 530, marginal line where the fundus of the uterus is discussed; on p. 531, marginal line where the seven lobes of the uterus are discussed; on p. 541, marginal line where the wrappings of the foetus are discussed; on p. 542, marginal line and question mark where Galen is discussed in relation to the foetal wrappings and foetal urine.

United Kingdom

Owner 1 I/P3. Physical Description: A complete copy with Mm8 sheet supplied from another copy, with occasional browning, and staining on p. 285. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from top, bottom and right, nervous insert with minor, repaired tear, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Seventeenth-century blind-stamped pigskin over wood, with blind-stamped borders and decorative rolls, brass clasps present, edges blue, date “1543” on bottom of binding. Provenance: The Detroit scientist Otto Orren Fisher (1881–1961); the Pasadena collector Michael Sharpe; the Long Island physician Richard Green; acquired in 2014 from Christie’s, New York (Sale 3400). Ex-libris Michael Sharpe, Otto Oren Fisher. Annotations: Two sets of annotations, an early hand in ink, focusing on the beginning of the Fabrica, especially the joints and on the reproductive organs, and a modern hand in pencil. Annotations in early ink. On p. 9, where the epiphysis is discussed, summary note “ossium capita a Gal: saepe έπιφυσις vocatur”; on p. 10, underlinings of the printed marginal heads and where visible and unclear depressions are discussed; on p. 11, underlining where the brows are discussed; on p. 12, underlining where Vesalius mentions that Aristotle claimed that the bones were contiguous; on p. 15, underlining where Vesalius points out that Galen and Aristotle were mistaken in their study of the femur because of animal dissections; on p. 16,

472 underlinings where Vesalius discusses Galenic and Greek terminology, and where he discusses how he differs from Galen; on p. 17, underlinings where he discusses the motions of the synarthrosis and gomphosis, not in accordance with Galen, and correction of ‘anterior’ to ‘posterior’; on p. 18, underlinings where the importance of the eyes and the brain’s location are discussed; on p. 19, underlinings where the senses, Galen, and variations in skull shapes are discussed, and summary marginal note where Vesalius discusses the reason for the skull’s shape; on p. 26, underlinings where the brain’s housing, sutures, and Aristotle’s erroneous views on sutures in dogs are discussed; on p. 27, underlinings where sutureless skulls, and age differences, are discussed; on p. 28, underlining where squamous agglutinations are discussed; on p. 226, underlinings where the characters for the illustration of the muscles of the penis are discussed; on p. 383, underlinings where the characters for the illustration of the foetus without its tunics are discussed; on p. 530, underlining where the shape of the uterus is discussed; on p. 532, extensive underlinings and marginal lines where the fundus and the horn of the uterus, and Galen’s failure to observe a human uterus are discussed; on p. 644, underlinings where the aqueous humor is mentioned in the explanation of the characters; on p. 645, underlinings where the vitreous and crystalline humors are discussed in the explanation of characters; underlinings of index terms related to the uterus. Further annotations in probably modern pencil; on p. 56, arrow where Renaldo Colombo is mentioned; on p. 148, pencil underlining where Erasmus of Rotterdam is mentioned; on p. 162, underlining of the last sentence in chapter 59, where the importance of studying and preparing human and animal skeletons is discussed. I/P4. Physical Description: A complete copy with minor dampstaining and occasional foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways by the foot and folded three times, vascular insert facing forwards, m3 sheet misbound after p. 318. Not a variant edition. Binding: Eighteenth-century vellum with gilt panels, remains of green silk ties, endleaves renewed, gilt raised bands and gilt fleurons on spine. Provenance: Purchased from Quaritch by current owner in August 2011, potentially of Italian origin. Annotations: Sporadic annotations. on p. 49, ink underlining and annotation “fo. 21”, referring the reader to the

Private Copies

page where the illustration that Vesalius discusses can be found. The number “20” written in pencil at the bottom of p. 52 and next to the illustration on p. 370 [470]. Pagination corrected in pencil on pp. 179[177], 175[273], 511[513], 659[663]. I/P5. Physical: An incomplete copy with some foxing, spotting and dampstaining, frontispiece, *6, vascular insert and m3 sheet, pp. 377/378 , 381/382, colophon and printer’s mark missing and supplied in facsimile, nervous insert torn and repaired. Facsimile vascular insert bound sideways in the middle after p. 312, facing left; nervous insert bound vertically after p. 352, folded from bottom and right. Not a variant edition. Binding: Old vellum with red morocco label and gilt title “VESALIUS DE FABRICA CORP: HUM:” on spine, free endpapers renewed. Old shelfmarks on front pastedown. Provenance: Acquired by current owner from Reiss & Sohn in 2015; probably of French monastic origin. Annotations: An annotator interested in the age and death of some figures mentioned in the preface. Early ink annotations noting the death of Sylvius on *3r, “1555 aet 77”, the birth of the future King Philip II, “nati 1527” and the year “1542” when Vesalius was 28; on *3v, under Vesalius’ signature, incorrect note of age at death “obijt 1564 aet 58”; on p. 629, underlining of the word “quicquid” where Vesalius discusses the size and site of the cerebellum. Modern pencil bibliographic description of volume in French on the front pastedown, noting missing pages and facsimiles. Censorship: Pages 377/378 and 381/382, with the illustration of the female nude and the vagina, removed, colophon with Oporinus’ name removed.

United States

OWNER 1 I/P6. Physical Description: A confirmed copy, no further information available. Binding: Unknown.

473

Private Copies

Provenance: Unknown.

OWNER 4

Annotations: Unknown.

I/P9.

OWNER 2

Physical Description: A confirmed copy, no further information available.

I/P7. Physical Description: A confirmed copy, no further information available.

Binding: Unknown. Provenance: Unknown.

Binding: Unknown.

Annotations: Unknown.

Provenance: Unknown.

OWNER 5

Annotations: Unknown.

I/P10.

OWNER 3

Physical Description: A confirmed copy, no further information available.

I/P8. Physical Description: An incomplete copy, bifolium inserts missing, frontispiece browned and soiled, trimmed slightly and mounted with institutional stamp and accession number on verso, next leaf browned and rehinged, repaired wormholes in blank lower margins in middle of volume and blank outer margins toward end, repair in lower inner corner of P3 just touching illustration on verso, minor worming through index leaves generally not impairing legibility, stain on colophon leaf. Binding: Late nineteenth-century vellum with red morocco labels. Provenance: The Johns Hopkins professor and later Oxford Regius professor William Osler, Bart, (1849–1919), who purchased this copy in Italy, probably for $500; and donated it to the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of the State of Maryland in 1909; sold by Swann, NY at Sale 1997 Lot 368 in 2004. Bookplate of Osler gift and carbon typescript of a 1939 letter to Harvey Cushing from Marcia C. Noyes, then librarian of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of the State of Maryland, stating, “Our copy of the ‘Vesalius’ was purchased by Dr. Osler on his Italian holiday. If my memory serves me correctly, he paid $500 for it … From whom it was purchased I am unable to say, but do know it was presented to the Library at the time of the dedication of Osler Hall in May 1909”. Annotations: None.

Binding: Unknown. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: Unknown. OWNER 6 I/P11. Physical Description: A restored, complete copy with some wear. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Not a variant edition. Binding: Unrestored, blind-tooled contemporary pigskin with portraits and inscriptions. Provenance: Acquired from Simon Finch Rare Books in 1998 by current owner. Possessor’s note scratched off frontispiece, with text remaining “Anno 1620”. Annotations: Marginal notes on *2v, *3r, *3v; extensive red underlinings on pp. 1–67, 172, and 220–221. OWNER 7 I/P12. Physical Description: A complete, hybrid, copy, *6 (portrait) supplied from another copy, with some

474 dampstaining, washed to remove waterstains. Bifolium inserts after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound sideways in the middle, m3 sheet present. Not a variant issue, *6 is potentially a previously unknown state. Binding: Rebacked, seventeenth-century marbled brown calfskin over board, gilt title on red leather label, foreedges red. Provenance: The British peer John Cecil, fifth Earl of Exeter and sixth Baron Burghley (c. 1648–1700), in Burghley House; stays with the Cecil family until 1959; when it is offered for sale at Christie’s (London, Sale July 15, 1959, unsold). Armorial bookplate of Cecil. Annotations: On *5v, underlinings related to Vesalius’ complaints about piracy, and numbered marginal listing of the books’ contents; on *6v, note on Vesalius’ death “obijt 15 oct 1564 aet 58”; underlinings on pp. 3, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 57, 85, 127, 128, 129, 130, 134, 135, 138, 139, 285, 286, 227[327], 262[362], 263[363], 266[366], 267[367], 276[376], 277[377], 311[411], 312[412], 355[455], 566[466], 500, 504, 508, 509, 510, 512, 517, 518, 519, 526, 527, 579, 580, 583, 588, 589, 590, 596, 597, 598, 625, 626, 646, 647, 649. OWNER 8 I/P13. Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, flap anatomy assembled and rest of m3 sheet discarded, vascular insert hand-colored. Not a variant edition. Binding: Early plain vellum, label on spine with gilt letters. Provenance: The physician Franciscus Athenosius [?]; Aurora University; sold by Rootenberg in 2010. On frontispiece, possessor’s notes “Franciscus Athenosijs Doctor Medicus Agregatus” and “Honnoratus Bos[…]”; on p. 1, note of Athenosius; cancelled possessor’s notes, one from 1637, on last page of index and on p. 659. Annotations: On *6v, cancelled annotations under the portrait; on p. 8, illegible note; on p. 31, reference to Galen; on p. 162, marginal line and note “numerus omnium ossium 304”; on p. 519, underlinings and marginal lines where the meatus is discussed; on p. 522, underlinings, marginal line, and Greek word copied out; on p. 535, underlinings, marginal line, and note, “forma testium”.

Private Copies

OWNER 9 I/P14. Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 312[412] and 352[452], m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin. Provenance: The New York dentist Dr. Howard T. Stewart. Bookplate of current owner; raised stamp of “Dr. Howard T. Stewart.” Annotations: Sporadic annotations in an early and a modern hand. On p. 162, faint early ink note on the number of the bones in the human body; on p. 233[333], correction of pagination and pencil note in English, explaining the erroneous pagination of the Fabrica; underlinings in early ink on p. 384[484].

1555 Edition

Belgium

II/P1. Physical Description: A complete copy with wide margins, some dampstaining. Restored in the 1960s, pp. 568/569 and 570/571 had been glued together, and separated recently. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, vascular insert folded from right, top and bottom, nervous insert folded from top and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. The houses colored in faint yellow in the illustration of the ninth muscle man on p. 234. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped vellom with central arabesque lozenge and frames, traces of clasps, title “Vesalii Anatomia” on spine. Provenance: The Liège canon and Chalon-sur-Saône and Airvault abbot Edmond-Sebastien-Joseph de Stoupy (1713–1785); the Soissons physician and academician Henri Petit (1714–1795); a physician in Brussels until 2014. Handwritten note, “Vendu 15 decembre 1585, 53 florins d’or ; printed ex-libris of Stoupy on front pastedown; emblazoned stamp of Henri Petit; sold by Henri

475

Private Copies

Godts to current owner in December 2014 (catalogue 120914–290). Annotations: Faint pencil note on front pastedown, recording basic info on Stoupy, pencil note on back pastedown “complet ‑ Cushing p. 91”. Faint ink notes in an early hand focusing on Latin and Greek terms for certain organs, with some summary notes in front matter, petering out very quickly. On a2r, summary notes, on a2v, summary notes in Greek and Latin; on a4v, marginal note “utilitas”; on p. 213, “2 fol: diff”; on p. 295 and p. 297, Greek names added to the discussion of the muscles of the inferior maxilla; on p. 311, Latin name added to the discussion of the first muscle moving the arm; on p. 315, Latin name added to the discussion of the third muscle moving the arm; on p. 318, Latin term “musculus subscapularis” added to the discussion of the seventh muscle moving the arm; on p. 334, internal reference added to p. 342; on p. 445, Latin terms added to the discussion of the liver and the portal veins.

Canada

II/P2. Physical Description: A complete copy, bifolium inserts, colophon and printer’s mark present, a little browning to frontispiece, small wormhole to top of pp. 1–32. Binding: Restored, contemporary undecorated vellum by the Strasbourg humanist printer Wendelin Rihel (fl. 1535– 1555), watermark in endpapers are those used by Rihel in the period. Provenance: The Leiden medical student Henricus Hospinianus (d. 1747) in Leiden in 1746; Charles Frederic Sahler (1767–1794); who sells the volume to Nicolaus Linder in 1784 for the price of 1:1; with Hugues de Latude in 2012; sold by Koller Auktionen in Zurich; sold by Henry Sotheran’s in 2015. Ownership inscription dated 1746 of “Henri Hospinian”, ink signature of Charles Frederic Sahler, tipped-in manuscript receipt in German to Sahler by Nicholas Linder dated 1783. Annotations: Manuscript biography of Vesalius in Antoine Portal’s hand on four rear flyleaves, similar to that found in Portal’s Histoire de l’Anatomie et de la Chirurgie (Didot, 1770–73); marginal notations in red ink by unknown hand on pp. 449 and 663.



France

OWNER 1 II/P3. Physical Description: A complete copy with some browning, and slight foxing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways by the foot and folded, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern leather with blind- and gold-stamped covers and spine, blind-stamped framed decorations, gold-stamped borders with quarter fleurons and decorative centerpiece. Provenance: Sold to current owner by Jeschke van Vliet (Sale March 26, 2011, From Albinus to Vesalius: A Private Collection of Important Medical Books). Possessor’s note on frontispiece “Ferrilli […]”; additional possessor’s note scratched out from frontispiece. Annotations: Note on p. 31, potentially in Russian, “bectu 824 pag num 24 […] cum fleto [?]”, page number “506” added to X2 sheet, “cc5” added to index. II/P4. Physical Description: A set of the illustrations of the skeleton and the muscle men, with the rest of the volume destroyed. Binding: None. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: None.

Germany

II/P5. Physical Description: Unknown. Binding: Unknown. Provenance: Until recently, on deposit with the Bibliothek der Deutsches Orthopädisches Geschichtsund Forschungsmuseum, Frankfurt am Main, currently back with owner.

476

Private Copies

Annotations: Unknown.

Luxemburg

II/P6. Physical Description: A complete copy. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, and folded from right and bottom, X2 sheet present. Partly minor waterstaining and minimal foxing, one folding table with backed tear the other with tears and restored white margin, frontispiece somewhat finger stained and with few wormholes. Last page with printer’s device remained at bottom. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Restored, late eighteenth-century half calfskin with no decorations. Provenance: The Frankfurt physician Peter Uffenbach (1566–1635); a certain Stephanus Steick in Mainz; a certain Anton Roth; sold in 2008 by Ketterer Kunst at Sale 348 Lot 333 (Nov. 17–18, Hamburg); sold to current owner by Meda Riquier Rare Books in 2014. Inscription of Uffenbach on frontispiece “sum Petri Uffenbachii Francofurtani”; note “Ad usum Stephani Steick Moguntini” on frontispiece; exlibris of Anton Roth; ex-libris depicting a lobster, with no text, on back pastedown. Annotations: A sporadic early reader. On frontispiece, note about the death of Vesalius, “obijt Vesalius An 1564 aetatis 50 in insula Zacijntho. Thuarus lib. 35 histor. circa principium”; on p. 601, summary diagram, dividing the “8 ventriculi facultates” into 4 and 4, and listing these in two columns; on p. 682, underlinings and summary note “de secandi corpora” where Vesalius discusses the variability of the order of dissecting a corpse; in index, underlining and vertical line with manicule at the entry “neruorum per brachium, cubitum, et manum series”.

New Zealand

II/P7. Physical Description: A complete copy with minimal spotting. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Modern Levant morocco c. 1970 with modern endpapers.

Provenance: Purchased by the current owner from a UK dealer in 1997. Annotations: On a3v, a4r, a5r, modern underlinings and marginal lines, focusing on passages that discuss Vesalius’ life, the fact that Galen never dissected humans, and Vesalius’ father.

United Kingdom

OWNER 1 II/P8. Physical Description: A complete copy. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin over wood, with rolls initialed “FL” “1545”, by Franz Lindener of Wittenberg. Provenance: The Nordhausen physician Johannes Thal (1542–1583); the historian Walter Pagel (1896–1983) and B.E.J. Pagel (1930–2007). Monogram I.T.E.” “1568” on cover. Annotations: Extensive annotations by Thal throughout, referencing Galen. OWNER 2 II/P9. Physical Description: A complete copy, some edges reinforced and occasional foxing, bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically, vascular insert folded from bottom and right, nervous insert folded from top, bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Twentieth-century calfskin with blind-stamped borders and gilt decorative elements, gilt title on front cover “ANDREAE VESALII / DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA”. Provenance: The New York neurosurgeon and bibliophile Eugene S. Flamm; who sells it to Jeremy Norman in 1977; purchased in 1989 by the current owner from Sotheby’s London. Annotations: A highly critical reader with a preference for Galen, also familiar with Celsus and Fallopio’s criticism, referring to personal dissections and observations in the

Private Copies

Figure 129

477

A reader highly critical of Vesalius on p. 33. II/P9. Private Collection.

1570s, occasionally correcting illustrations and adding marginal numbering to the text, working in early brown and red ink. On p. 1, summary note of the three parts of healing, “Dietetica, pharmaceu. chirurgica”; on p. 8, extensive underlinings where the epiphysis is discussed; on p. 9, where the epiphysis is discussed, extensive underlinings, summary note, and chapter number added to reference to Galen’s De usu partium; on p. 10, underlining and marginal annotation where the process and the acute process are discussed; on p. 11, question where Vesalius discusses what the Romans called the vertebra, question “Qui sunt isti Latini?”; on p. 14, where the bones’ differences are discussed, “cur addis illud penis canini, cur non addis Hyodem […] quod nunquam cartilaginem […] in hominibus.”; on p. 15, underlinings where the joint and coarticulations are discussed; on p. 16, underlining where the radius is discussed; on p. 17, where hinges are discussed, note “vano hanc ista, inopia”; on p. 18, note “ego dicam fuit auctoritas et in eo loco”; on p. 19, where the ligaments are discussed, underlinings and note “falsa hoc est […]”; on p. 20, underlining where Galen is discussed; on p. 21. underlining and note where Aristotle is mentioned, “mendatium est. Quoniam Arist. tantum meminit de uniculo nervosa.”; on p. 22, where the non-natural heads are discussed, extensive underlinings and marginal notes on Ancient authors, e.g. note “in quo loco hac Hip. discit.” where Hippocrates is mentioned; on p. 32, where the sutures are discussed, underlining and illegible note; on p. 33, where

the non-natural skulls’ sutures are mentioned, comment “Bone uir ubi hac obseruasti, cur in his Gal: et Hip. figuris cum tamen illis nullam fidem sine sponsore putandam dicas et profitearis”; on p. 34, where the sutures of the eighth bone are discussed, critical marginal comment; on p. 35, underlining; on p. 37, underlining where the softest part of the skull is discussed, and marginal summary note “Zeudech”; on p. 38, where the capitula of the occipital bones are discussed, underlining and marginal criticism “Non […] rem istam obseruasti, quoniam in puerulis 4. […] ossa nd tria tantum unum occipitis. Unum en […] capitis. Duo etiam quam sutura foraminis […] vel creribus.”; on p. 39, underlinings and marginal notes where the cuneiform bone is discussed, e.g. “hanc medullam nondum potui obseruare”; on p. 40, underlining and marginal reference with chapter added to Galen where he is mentioned; on p. 41, underlining where Galen and the cuneiform bone are discussed; on p. 44, underlinings and comment “Toto haec descriptio […] falsa est […]” where the ossicles of the hearing organ are discussed; on p. 45, underlining where the second ossicle is compared to the femur; on p. 49, underlining where Vesalius claims that there are 12 bones in the superior maxilla; on p. 50, marginal comment “Deciporis [?] quoniam unum atque idem cum spongiosa ac collatorio est hoc os” where the third maxilla’s bone is mentioned; on p. 52, underlining where the fourth maxillary bone is discussed; on p. 54, underlining and marginal note criticizing Vesalius’ claim that the human inferior

478 maxilla is one bone; on p. 55, where Vesalius claims that the inferior maxilla may be made of two bones in rare variants, marginal comment “dico quod in omnibus pueris”; on p. 58, underlining where Guidicius is mentioned; on pp. 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, where the skull’s interior is shown, marginal numbering of the explanation of characters (“pm” “2m” etc.) and underlinings; on p. 63, marginal note “colatorij foramina” next to I3; on p. 73, underlining where the dorsal medulla is discussed; on p. 79, underlinings where the second vertebra is discussed; on p. 80, underlinings where the spine is discussed; on p. 83, underlinings where the vertebrae’s processes are discussed; on p. 93, underlining where Vesalius discusses the sacrum’s bones; on p. 95, underlining where the foramina of the lumbar vertebrae are discussed; on p. 100, underlining where the foramen for the dorsal medulla is discussed; on p. 101, underlining where the posterior side is discussed; on p. 102, underlining where the sacrum’s bones are discussed; on p. 103, underlining where the coccyx is mentioned; on p. 104, underlining where the sacrum’s bones are discussed; on p. 105, underlinings where the comparative anatomy of the bones is discussed; on p. 111, underlinings where the substance of the ribs is discussed; on p. 114, underlining where the human pectoral bone is discussed; on p. 115, underlining where the development of the pectoral bone is discussed; on p. 116, underlining where Vesalius claims that the heart contains no bones; on p. 119, underlining where the scapula is discussed; on p. 121, underlining where the processes of the scapula are discussed; on p. 122, extensive underlinings where the top of the shoulder is discussed; on p. 123, underlining where Greek terms for the top of the shoulder are discussed; on p. 124, underlining where Vesalius discusses variation between animals related to the presence of the upper process of the scapula; on p. 125, underlining where the clavicle’s cartilages are discussed; on p. 126, underlining where the curvature of the clavicle is discussed; on p. 130, underlining where the composition of the lower part of the humerus is discussed; on p. 136, underlining where the processes of the ulna are discussed; on p. 142, underlinings where the nomenclature of the carpus is discussed; on p. 143, underlining where the nomenclature of the carpus is discussed; on p. 144, underlinings where Vesalius claims that the fourth carpal bone was once called the rectum; on p. 145, underlining where the eighth carpal bone is discussed; on p. 150, underlining where the bones of the fingers are discussed; on p. 155, underlining where Vesalius complains that Galen does not give one name to a bone; on p. 158, underlining where the acetabulum provided for the articulation of the femur is discussed; on p. 160,

Private Copies

underlining where the bones of children are discussed; on p. 168, underlining where Galen’s De usu partium is discussed; on p. 171, underlining where Greek terminology is mentioned; on p. 172, underlining where the patella’s substance is discussed; on p. 181, underlinings where the toes are discussed; on p. 186, underlining where Greek terminology is discussed; on p. 188, underlining where Celsus and Greek terminology are discussed; on p. 265, underlining where it is discussed that nerves do not mix with single muscles; on p. 280, underlinings where fat is discussed; and note “istrice adde” where it is discussed what animals have fat and where; on p. 282, underlining where the fibers of the forehead are discussed; on p. 283, underlinings where the muscles of the palpebra are discussed; on p. 316, underlining where Vesalius criticizes Galen about the fourth muscle moving the arm; on p. 318, underlining and marginal note where the first pair of muscles moving the first vertebra or the head; on p. 329, extensive underlinings and marginal criticism of Galen about the second pair of muscles moving the vertebrae, based on personal observation on “18 die februarij […]”; on p. 330, underlining where the sixth pair of muscles is discussed; on p. 411, where it is discussed whether two muscles moving the thigh should be called one or not, marginal comments proposing to call them one, e.g. “Fortasse melius erit partem […] posteriore pro uno musculo”; on p. 436, where differences between veins and membranes are discussed, underlinings and highly critical comments “quid similare n. quid instrumentarium sit ignorat.”; on p. 437, underlinings and comments where the fibers are discussed; on p. 439, underlinings and marginal comment on the Hippocratic name of the artery, with reference to “7. Epid. 350”; on p. 440, underlining and marginal comment on the fibers; on p. 458, underlining where the branchings of the vena cava in the liver are discussed; on p. 460, underlining where the vena cava and the septum are discussed; on p. 461, where the vena cava is discussed, reference to Fallopio refuting Vesalius and reference on same page to personal observation during dissection, “Hoc uidi in cadauera qd seccaui present[…] medicins Mut: ae anno 1576. Vidi etiam ramum insignem huius […]”; on p. 462, page number added to reference to Galen’s Commentaries; on p. 465, underlining about the veins in the breast; on p. 466, underlining where veins and the skull are discussed; on p. 467, underlining and pro-Galenic comment where the exterior jugular vein is discussed, “ego prius censebam, ita dicas”; on p. 468, underlinings where the exterior jugular vein is discussed; on p. 475, underlinings where the vena cava’s branchings are discussed; on p. 476, underlinings and extensive comment where the

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communication between the uterus and the breasts is discussed; on p. 477, further comments on the same topic; on p. 481, underlining where the umbilical vein is discussed; on p. 486, underlining where the branchings of the great artery are discussed; on p. 487, underlining where the branchings of the great artery are discussed; on p. 489, correction of typographical error; on p. 490, underlinings where the great arteries branchings to the internal organs are discussed; on p. 491, underlining where the mesentery and the artery are discussed; on p. 493, underlining where the artery going to the pubic bone is discussed; on p. 496, underlinings and marginal numberings of the six veins and three arteries of the skull; on p. 497, underlinings where the sinuses of the hard cerebral membrane are discussed; on p. 500, extensive comment where the third artery of the skull is discussed; on p. 501, underlining where Galen on the reticular plexus is mentioned; on p. 508, underlinings where the origins of the nerves are discussed; on p. 509, underlining where divine design is praised for making some nerves softer and others harder; on p. 512, visual corrections to the illustration of the nerves and extensive comments about the necessity of emending the illustration; on p. 519, chapter 6 is crossed out, and marginal critical comment; on p. 520 and p. 521, chapter 7 is crossed out; on p. 522, underlining where the sixth pair of nerves is discussed; on p. 524, underlining and marginal note where the recurrent nerves are discussed; on p. 533, underlining where the dorsal medulla is discussed; on p. 534, underlining where the number of pairs of nerves is discussed; on p. 579, critical comment next to the illustration of the internal organs; on p. 591, where the peritoneum’s fibers are discussed; reference to Fallopio refuting Vesalius; on p. 592, further reference to Fallopio correcting Vesalius on the peritoneum; on p. 594, where the stomach is discussed, underlinings, reference to Fallopio correcting Vesalius and note on Celsus “nescio ubi Celsus stomacho appellat gulam”; on p. 594, underlining where the orifices of the stomach are discussed; on p. 599, underlinings and critical comments where the stomach’s tunics are discussed; on p. 601, underlining where the stomach’s functions are discussed; on p. 609, underlining and extensive descriptive comment on the two tunics of the intestines; on p. 616, where Vesalius criticizes Galen, note “alias non ita loquebaris”; on p. 617, underlining where the glands are mentioned; on p. 621, underlining where the bladder is discussed; on p. 622, underlining where the veins of the liver are discussed; on p. 624, where the bile’s passages are mentioned, critical comment referring to Fallopio, and sign “NOTA” further below; on p. 625 and p. 626, underlining where the usefulness of the bile is discussed; on p. 631,

underlining where the kidneys are discussed; on p. 633 underlining and brief comments where the kidneys are discussed; on p. 634, summary comment where the function of the kidney is discussed; on p. 635, underlining where the chapter on the kidney is concluded; on p. 636, underlining where the bladder is discussed; on p. 637, where the urinary passages are discussed, underlinings and comment; on p. 640, underlinings where the wrappings of the testicles are discussed; on p. 643, underlining where Greek terminology is discussed; on p. 644, underlinings where Greek terminology is discussed; on p. 645, underlinings where the glandular body is discussed; on p. 647, underlining where Galen is discussed; on p. 650, underlining where Galen and Aristotle are contrasted; on p. 651, underlining where the position of the uterus is discussed; on p. 654, underlining where the hymen is discussed; on p. 655, underlining where the fundus of the uterus is discussed; on p. 656, underlining where the size of the fundus of a non-pregnant uterus is discussed; on p. 657, underlining where the tunic of the uterus is discussed; on p. 659, extensive underlinings and extensive critical comments on the female seminal vessels, e.g. “hoc falsa […]”; on p. 660, extensive critical comment on the horns of the uterus, mentioning that the relevant illustration is not correct; on p. 661, underlining; on p. 673, correction of “externa” to “interna” and of “interna” to “externa”; on p. 674, underlining where fetal urine is discussed; on p. 676, descriptive comment about the breasts; on p. 677, extensive critical comment on the origins of the mamillary veins; on p. 678, critical comment about the mamillary arteries and the muscles; on p. 716, underlining where the lungs’ substance is mentioned; on p. 718, underlining where the cartilages of the aspera arteria are discussed; on p. 721, underlinings where Greek terminology is discussed; on p. 722, underlinings where the uvula is discussed; on p. 777, underlining where the membrane covering the skull outside is discussed; on p. 787, underlinings where the passages coming from the third ventricle are discussed; on p. 801, underlining where the crystalline humor is discussed; on p. 802, underlining where the crystalline and vitreous humors are discussed; on p. 803, underlining where the uvea is discussed; on p. 804, underlinings where the eye’s color is discussed; on p. 805, underlinings where the aqueous humor is discussed; in index, addition to index term “uoluulus”, “unguium hist. 181.” II/P10. Physical Description: A complete copy in excellent condition, with a few, mostly marginal, wormholes in first

480 and last quires touching a few letters in the index, lower corner of frontispiece restored to remove inscription not touching woodcut or imprint, faint stain in quires Cc-Ee. Old paper scrap with unrelated fragment of Latin writing after p. 584 (the illustration of the vagina). Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary Wittenberg blind-tooled pigskin over bevelled-edge wooden boards by Frobenius Hempel (d. 1575), heads-in-medallion roll (Haebler 4), vertical biblical roll signed FH incorporating the crucifixion, annunciation and resurrection (Haebler 2), horizontal biblical roll signed FH, incorporating the creation of Eve, a reclining figure, and Jacob’s Ladder (Haebler 3), individual subjects from this roll used as vignettes above and below the central plaque on each cover; large pictorial plaque blocked in the center of each cover, the front plaque signed FH, depicting Fides and Spes (Haebler VI), the back center plaque depicting Charity with a beggar (Haebler XIII); original twisted brass clasps, later (seventeenth-century) labels on spine, minor wear, a few small wormholes; modern black morocco box. Provenance: A certain G. F. V. in 1567; the mid-seventeenth-century Olomouc mayor Wenzel Meixner, who donates it to the mid-seventeenth-century priest Benedict Waltenberger, abbot of the Premonstratensian monastery in Zábrdovice (now part of Brno, Czech Republic); a certain F. G., abbot of the Premonstratensian monastery in Zábrdovice; the Moravian physician Philip Caspar Schaf, who received the volume in 1652; the Praemonstratensian monastery of Hradisko in Olomouc; the psychoanalyst and bibliophile Haskell F. Norman (1915–1996); whose library was sold by Christie’s in 1998 (March 18, 1998, Sale 8545 Lot 216); purchased by current owner at the Haskell Norman sale. Initials and date “G F V 1567” gilt-stamped on front cover; note of Wenceslaus Meixner; inscription of Benedict Waltenberger on pastedown; inscription of gift to Schaf on a2r; note “Conventus Gradiensis” on frontispiece. Annotations: Sixteenth-century notes on Vesalius’ death, copied from the letter of Hubert Languet to Caspar Peucer, 1 January 1565, with notes referring to Vesalius’ supposed dissection of a still-living person, and interpreting his trip to Jerusalem as punishment imposed by the authorities, another version of the same story from Ambroise Paré, and refutation from Andreas Dudith, who claims that Vesalius traveled to Jerusalem for religious reasons, on front pastedown and front flyleaf.

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II/P11. Physical Description: A complete copy with minor spotting, a few missing characters supplied in ink on a2, repaired tear on pp. 203 and 581, vascular insert torn. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top, bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert and trimmed to text block. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin over wood, with religious illustrations of David, Paul and the Salvator mundi, traces of clasps, front flyleaf removed. Provenance: The Imperial Moscow University; acquired by the current owner from Christie’s NY in 1990. Oval stamp in Cyrillic (“Physiologicheskiy XXX I M U”) on frontispiece; round stamp (“Medico-Istoricheskiy Muzey I. M. U.”) on frontispiece and pp. 63, 131, 185, 211, 791 and in index. Ink monogram “AS” on front pastedown. Annotations: Two sets of annotations, a unique annotation in early ink on the larynx, and a modern, German annotator in pencil who has an interest in dissecting the internal organs, Galenic nomenclature and Galen’s knowledge of the uterus. On p. 189, ink annotation in Latin and Greek on the second cartilage of the larynx. On front pastedown, pencil note in nineteenth-century Germanic handwriting, noting Calcar’s design of the illustrations, as well as note “EFGK” in ink; on p. 3, pencil marginal checkmark and underlining where Vesalius discusses the major bones; on p. 5, underlining of “asperae arteriae”; on p. 12, underlining where Vesalius discusses the Galenic nomenclature of the bones; on p. 15, pencil mark “J. K.” where Vesalius discusses the various uses of the bones; on p. 631, pencil mark “p” where Vesalius discusses Galen’s opinion on the kidney’s position; on p. 663, pencil mark next to the anecdote of the monk’s mistress; between pp. 437 and 586, consecutive numbering in pencil of the woodcuts from 1 to 62; on p. 666, pencil mark where Vesalius mentions that Galen never dissected a uterus; on p. 667, pencil underlinings and marginal question marks where Vesalius discusses Galen’s opinion on the uterus of cows and goats; on p. 686, pencil underlinings where Vesalius discusses how to dissect the internal organs; on p. 688, pencil underlinings where Vesalius discusses how to dissect the intestines; on p. 689, pencil underlining where Vesalius discusses how to dissect the internal organs; on p. 690, pencil underlinings where Vesalius discusses the rectal muscles; on p. 691, pencil underlining where Vesalius discusses how to examine the penis and the testicles; on p. 692, pencil

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underlining where Vesalius discusses the seminal vessels; on p. 696, pencil underlinings where Vesalius discusses the foetus. Inserted sheet on p. 73 with pencil note “Cushing. Bio Bibliography of Andreas Vesalius NY 1943.” On back flyleaf, pencil alphabetic listing in German of the historiated initials, incomplete, with page numbers of where they occur, listing primarily page numbers in the second half of the volume. II/P12. Physical Description: A complete copy with minor worming and traces of dampstaining, frontispiece reinforced. Bifolium inserts present at pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from top, bottom, and right, X2 sheet present. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Rebacked contemporary calfskin, preserving most of the original spine, panels with blind-stamped ornaments with traces of worming and rubbing, repaired, new endpapers.

Figure 130

Provenance: Acquired by current owner from Gilhofer in Luzern in 1989. Annotations: An early commentator who was in Padova in 1616, and aims to find support for Aristotle against Galen, with a clear interest in the origins of the vascular and seminal vessels, and the nature of the soul, annotations heavily trimmed. On a3r, marginal mark where Vesalius discusses Hippocrates and Plato, on a4r, marginal mark where Vesalius castigates Galen; on p. 455, marginal note, supporting Aristotle where Vesalius discusses Galen’s and Aristotle’s disagreement on the origin of the vena cava, “pro confirmatione opinionis Arist […]”; on p. 456, extensive summary annotations supporting Aristotle where Vesalius continues the discussion of the origin of the vena cava; on p. 457, extensive summary annotations supporting Aristotle where Vesalius continues the discussion of the origin of the vena cava, claiming that Galen’s arguments are based on animals; on p. 459, annotations marking “contra Galenum” where Vesalius discusses the vena cava’s parts; on p. 557, annotation adding the chapter numbers to the works of Aristotle

Annotation on Galen’s ignorance of the muscles of the penis on p. 650. II/P12. Private Collection.

482 cited by Vesalius; on p. 646, annotations where Vesalius discusses Aristotle’s and Galen’s opinions on the vessels carrying the semen, supporting Aristotle against Galen; on p. 646, annotations where Vesalius attacks Galen, incl. the note “merito vituperatus”; on p. 650, annotations where Vesalius discusses the muscles of the penis, supporting Aristotle’s opinions and claiming that “[Ga]lenus penis musculos ignorauit.”; on p. 736, annotation where Vesalius discusses the origins of the magna arteria, “anno 1616 Patauij in dissectione humani cordis initi tres […]perti fuere ventriculi unde […] uniuerso Theatro acclamatione […] uiuat Aristoteles”; on p. 741, annotation where Vesalius discusses the tripartite Galenic soul, “non tot habet, ex sent. horum et precipue Galeni, Anima spe. quot mens ipsos multitias”. II/P13. Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy with some foxing, a6 missing and supplied in facsimile from the copy at the Clendening History of Medicine Library (II/320), frontispiece repaired and reinforced, final page repaired. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle, vascular insert facing right, nervous insert facing left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Woodcut damaged on p. 560. Binding: Restored calfskin with gilt borders and corner fleurons, red morocco labels “DE HUMANI CORPORIS / ANDREAE VESALII” on spine, edges gilt. Provenance: In La Jolla, CA in the twentieth century; purchased by the current owner from Glenn Books in 2003. Annotations: On p. 703, modern pencil note where the sixth illustration of the heart is explained, “uo [?] lig. art. ?”. II/P14. Physical Description: A complete copy, frontispiece repaired. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle, facing left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Nineteenth-century morocco-backed marbled boards. Provenance: A certain “T-n Hoffmann”; the Dorpat (Tartu) professor of medicine Christian Friedrich von Deutsch, who acquires the volume in 1783; the Göttingen professor of medicine Wilhelm Baum (1799–1883), who acquires the volume in 1820 in Berlin; the John Crerar Library, established in 1894 and becoming part of The University of

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Chicago Library in 1984; purchased by the current owner at the University of Chicago Library Rare Science Duplicates Part II sale at Christie’s London in 1995. Bookplate of the Crerar library on front pastedown, with cancel stamp from 1984; inscriptions of Hoffmann, Deutsch and Baum on frontispiece; cancel stamp on frontispiece verso; old shelfmarks in pencil on a2r. Annotations: On front flyleaf, a copy of a letter from Johannes Metellus on the death of Vesalius to Arnold Birckmann from April 17, 1565 (also present in the Humboldt copy, II/65); as well as what appear to be lecture notes from a 1578 lecture by the Rostock Lutheran, and Melanchthonian, theologian and professor David Chytraeus, potentially in his own hand, emphasizing the importance of studying the human body for understanding God’s purpose, starting “Quum hora nostrae praelectionis Theologicae hoc octiduo […]benda publice humani corporis anatomia, (quam verae et certissimae Theologiae principium esse Galenus ait) quotidie occupetur: moneo et hortor studiosos, ut anatomicam hanc Theologicae lectionem, longe mea cruditiorem et suaviorem, attente audiant, in qua adeo prope Deum in admiranda singularum corporis humani partium natura, serie, figura situ temperamento, usibus et functionibus, se praesentem adesse et sapientiam, bonitatem ac potentiam suam ostendere discunt, pene ut oculis conspici et manibus secundum Pauli Athenis habitam concionem contrectari possit. Vere igitur de hac eruditissima bonitatis, sapientiae et omnipotentiae divinae schola, in natura humana fabricatione proposita Galenus in dulcissimis illis et vere aureis de usu partium corporis humani libris affirmat, se explicantem, quo consilio et arte Dei opificis singula hominis membra et minimae etiam particulae, certis actionibus destinatae et apte locis distributa, et figuris, qualitatibus, officiis ac viribibus disinctae sint […].” Underlinings and annotations in black and red ink, in the same hand, with a strong interest in variation, the number of bones, Greek terms and some criticism of the Greek, and claims about resurrection from the albadaran ossicle, as well as about dissections, and with some erased comments on the vagina. Annotations are usually summary, underlinings focus on the most important portion of the text. Another set of pencil notes in German, Latin and Greek, from a learned author familiar with medical terminology and Ancient Greek, annotating sporadically. On a2v, extensive underlinings; on a4v, extensive underlinings and note “ordo librorum And. Vesali in hoc libro commentorum [?]”; on a5r, extensive underlinings; on a5v, underlinings; on a5r, underlinings; on p. 1, underlinings; on p. 2, marginal line and summary note on the enumeration of similarities and identification of thee “os cymba” in the illustration; on

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483

Figure 131 Lectures notes by Chytraeus on front flyleaf. II/P14. Private Collection.

p. 3, extensive underlinings and summary note “dentes ossium durissimi”; on p. 4, underlinings and summary note on the sensory qualities of teeth; on p. 5, underlinings and NB sign; on p. 6, summary note and underlinings about the cartilages; on p. 9, extensive notes and underlinings related to the epiphysis; on p. 10, extensive underlinings related to the process and its uses; on p. 11, extensive underlinings and summary notes noting the failings of the Greeks; on p. 12, extensive underlinings especially of Greek terms; on p. 13, underlining in red of the Greek term diarthrosis; on p. 18, underlining and marginal repetition of the word “nexus”; on p. 22, underlining of the section on the natural shape of the skull; on p. 23, extensive underlinings and summary notes on the variance in skull shapes amongs different nations; on p. 24, extensive underlinings, NB sign and summary notes of the histories; on p. 25, underlining and summary note about skulls in Styria; un p. 32, extensive underlinings about the variation in sutures; on p. 33, extensive underlinings especially about non-natural sutures; on p. 42, extensive underlinings about the jugal bone; on p. 43, extensive underlinings and summary notes about the jugal bone; on p. 44, underlinings related to the cavity for the organ of hearing; on p. 45, extensive underlinings and summary note on the organ of hearing; on p. 46, underlinings where Marcus Antonius Genua and Wolfgang Hervort are mentioned; on p. 47, underlining of the character “the septum of the nostrils”; on p. 57, extensive underlinings and summary notes about the number and sensory qualities of the teeth; on p. 58,

extensive underlinings about the varying number of teeth; on p. 71, underlining where the spine is mentioned; on p. 72, underlining where the number of the vertebrae is discussed; on p. 77, underlining where the number of the cervical vertebrae is discussed; on p. 84, underlining where Galen is criticized; on p. 89, underlining where the thoracic vertebrae’s number is discussed; on p. 95, underlining where the number of lumbar vertebrae is discussed; on p. 96, underlining where Andreas Albius is discussed; on p. 97, underlining where the number of simian lumbar vertebrae is discussed; on p. 103, underlining where simian lumbar vertebrae are discussed; on p. 104, underlining where the dorsal medulla is discussed; on p. 110, underlining where the thorax’s design is praised; extensive underlinings on p. 111, where the number of ribs and putative sex differences are discussed; on p. 112, underlining where the smoothness of the ribs is discussed; on p. 117, underlining where anatomists’ errors are mentioned; on p. 123, underlining and marginal note about Hippocratic terms; on p. 149, underlining where the fingers are discussed; on p. 154, underlinings where the albadaran ossicle and its importance in resurrection are discussed; on p. 176, underlining and summary note where Pindar is mentioned; on p. 186, underlining of the Greek equivalent for the scutiform cartilage; on p. 187, underlinings related to the laryngeal cartilages; on p. 188, underlinings and marginal numberings of the number of the bones; on p. 190, extensive underlinings where the study of bones and cartilages is discussed; on p. 191, underlining where the method of

484 boiling bones is discussed; on p. 194, underlining where the examination of the head is discussed; on p. 195, underlining of the section heading on which bones are most useful for study; on p. 200, underlining of the title of the illustration; on p. 201, underlining where the instruments are discussed; on p. 201, underlining where the tools for vivisection are discussed; on p. 206, underlining where Vesalius’ Jewish collaborator is discussed and summary notes; on p. 207, underlinings and marginal notes where the nomenclatures of the bones in various languages are discussed; on p. 208, underlinings and summary notes “seu nux” and “sesamina”; on p. 260, underlining where the muscles’ composition is discussed; on p. 265, extensive underlinings where the muscles’ differences are discussed; on p. 267, underlinings where the muscles’ forms and names are discussed; on p. 260, underlining where the muscles’ color is discussed; on p. 280 marginal line and underlining where the dissection of the muscles is discussed; on p. 282, underlining where Vesalius discusses that transverse incisions should not be made in the forehead; on p. 287, underlining where the eye’s dissection is discussed; on p. 292, underlining and summary note where the muscles moving the inferior maxilla is discussed; on p. 293, underlining where the eight muscles are discussed; on p. 295, underlining and summary note where the history of the Trent performer is mentioned; on p. 301, underlining and marginal note where Galen is criticized for his admiration of the tongue’s design; on p. 309, underlinings related to the larynx; on p. 327, underlining where the dissection of the fourth scapular muscles is discussed; on p. 330, underlining where the muscles moving the head are discussed; on p. 334, underlining where the eight abdominal muscles are enumerated; on p. 336, underlining where the rectus muscle of apes is discussed; on p. 337, summary note where God’s design is praised; on p. 340, underlining where the testicles are discussed; on p. 353, underlining where the muscles moving the back are discussed; on p. 361, underlining and NB sign where canine ligaments are discussed; on p. 376, underlinings where the muscles of the fingers are discussed; on p. 378, underlinings where the muscles moving the arms are discussed; on p. 385, underlining where Galen is mentioned; on p. 387, underlining where the muscles of the hands are mentioned; on p. 388, underlining where the dissection of hands is discussed; on p. 417, underlining where Galen is mentioned; on p. 420, underlining and summary note when Homer and Galen are discussed; on p. 429, underlining where the ligaments of the iliac bone are discussed; on p. 436, underlining where the vein is defined; on p. 439, underlinings where the arteries are discussed; on p. 440, underlining where the number of veins is discussed; on

Private Copies

p. 466, underlining where the vena cava is discussed; on p. 470, underlining and summary note where Vesalius attacks Galen for never having dissected humans; on p. 481, underlinings where the umbilical vein is discussed; on p. 482, underlinings and correction of term “apopleticam” to “apoplectica”; on p. 485, extensive underlinings where the arteria magna is discussed; on p. 486, extensive underlinings where the coronary arteries are discussed; on p. 508, underlining where the nerves’ parts are discussed; on p. 509, underlining where the softness of the nerves is discussed; on p. 533, underlining where the dorsal medulla is discussed; on p. 534, underlinings and marginal marks where the nerves coming from the dorsal medulla are enumerated; on p. 584, overwritten and illegible marginal note next to the illustration of the vagina, as well as note “delineatio uteri faeminae vera”; on p. 585, underlining and marginal summary note “canini uteri deline[atio] vera”; on p. 586, underlining and marginal note “[vac]cini delineatio”; on p. 587, underlining where the illustration’s characters are explained; on p. 588, marginal summary notes on the animal foetus’s illustrations; on p. 589, underlining where the reason for eating is discussed; on p. 590, underlining where the food’s voyage from mouth to intestines is discussed; on p. 591, extensive underlinings about the peritoneum; on p. 592, underlinings and summary note on medical opinions about the peritoneum; on p. 593, marginal numberings of the uses of the peritoneum and underlinings about the stomach; on p. 594, extensive underlinings and marginal note where the tunics of the stomach are discussed; on p. 595, underlining and summary note where the Greek terms for the stomach are discussed; on p. 596, underlining where the stomach’s shape is discussed; on p. 597, underlinings where the size of the orifices is discussed; on p. 598, extensive underlinings and NB sign about the stomach; on p. 599, addition of Greek term and summary notes; on p. 601, underlinings where the stomach’s nerves are discussed; on p. 603, underlinings and summary notes about the omentum; on p. 604, underlining where the omentum’s substance is discussed; on p. 606, underlining where fat is discussed; on p. 607, underlinings and summary notes where the intestines are discussed; on p. 610, underlining and marginal note where Galen is criticized; on p. 612, underlining where fat is discussed; on p. 617, underlining where the mesentery’s fat is discussed; on p. 618, underlinings where the reason for the liver’s position is discussed; on p. 619, underlinings and summary notes where human and canine livers are compared; on p. 621, underlinings where the gall bladder and the liver are discussed; on p. 623, extensive underlinings where the bladder for the yellow bile is discussed; on p. 624, underlining where the purging of yellow bile is

Private Copies

discussed; on p. 625, underlining and summary note where the yellow bile is discussed; on p. 627, underlinings and summary notes where the spleen and case histories of the spleen are discussed; on p. 628, underlining and summary note where Belloarmatus is mentioned; on p. 629, underlining and summary note where Erasistratus is discussed about the spleen; on p. 630, underlining where the kidney is mentioned; on p. 631, underlinings and summary note where canine kidneys are discussed; on p. 633, underlining and summary note about canine kidneys; on p. 634, underlinings where the kidneys’ nerves are discussed; on p. 635, extensive underlinings where the bladder is discussed; on p. 636, underlinings and summary notes where foetal urine is discussed; on p. 639, underlining where Timaeus is quoted on libidinal desire; on p. 646, under­ linings and summary note where the involuntary flow of semen is discussed; on p. 649, underlinings where the penis is discussed; on p. 650 underlinings and summary note where the passages in the penis are discussed; on p. 651, underlinings, NB and summary note where the Padovan youth with two passages in the penis, and the uterus, are discussed; on p. 652, underlinings where the uterus is discussed; on p. 653, underlinings and marginal note where genital mutilation is discussed; on p. 654, underlining and summary note where the hymen is discussed; on p. 655, underlinings where the fundus of the uterus is discussed; on p. 656, underlinings where the substance of the fundus of the uterus is discussed; on p. 658, underlinings and summary note where the sinus of the female testicles is discussed; on p. 660, underlinings where the uterus is discussed; on p. 662, underlinings where female seminal vessels and Joachim Roelants are discussed; on p. 663, underlining and summary note “Quas mulieres Vesa[lius disse]cuit”; on p. 664, underlining where the uterus of cows and goats is discussed; on p. 666, underlining where the uterus of animals is discussed; on p. 667 underlining and summary note where Albertus Magnus is mentioned; on p. 669, underlining and summary note where Greek terms for the acetabulum are discussed; on p. 670, underlining where Galen is criticized; on p. 671, underlinings and summary note where Greek terms for foetal wrappings are discussed; on p. 673, underlinings where fetal wrappings are discussed; on p. 674, underlining next to the illustration; on p. 675, extensive underlinings, NB and summary note where fetal wrappings are discussed; on p. 677, underlinings where the mamillary veins are discussed; on p. 678, underlinings where the breasts’ construction is discussed; on p. 679, underlining where the breasts are discussed; on p. 681, underlinings and NB where the order of performing an anatomy is discussed; on p. 682, underlining where Vesalius discusses his

485 personal history of dissections; on p. 684, underlining and summary note where the bladder’s dissection is discussed; on p. 688, underlinings and summary notes about the dissection of the mesentery and the intestines’ tunics; on p. 689, underlinings where the stomach’s dissection is discussed; on p. 690, underlining and summary note where the washing of the intestines is discussed; on p. 691, underlining where the kidneys’ dissection is discussed; on p. 695, underlinings and summary note where the hymen’s examination and the foetus are discussed; on p. 696, underlining where the umbilical cord is discussed; on p. 697, underlining where the acetabulum’s dissection is mentioned; on p. 709, underlinings where the tunics undergirding the ribs are discussed; on p. 710, underlining where the foramina of the costal tunic are discussed; on p. 711, underlinings where the tunics belonging to each rib are discussed; on p. 723, underlining where the lungs’ lobes are discussed; on p. 725, underlining where the tunic of the lungs is discussed; on p. 726, underlining where the lungs’ use and construction are discussed; on p. 737, underlinings where the eleven membranes of the four orificies of the heart are discussed; on p. 743, underlining where the use of the heart’s right ventricle is discussed; on p. 753, underlining where the mouth’s opening is discussed; on p. 780, underlinings and NB where the brain’s size and shape are discussed; on p. 781, underlining where the use of the brain’s convolutions is discussed; on p. 784, underlinings where the corpus callosum and Greek terms are discussed; on p. 785, underlining where the use of the corpus callosum is discussed; on p. 786, underlining where Galen is criticized; on p. 790, underlining where the pineal gland is discussed; on p. 791, underlining where the position of the brain’s testicles is discussed; on p. 794, underlinings where the gland receiving the phlegm is discussed; on p. 796, underlining where the reticular plexus is discussed; on p. 806, underlining where the tongue is discussed; on p. 807 underlinings and “NB” where the brain’s dissection is discussed; on p. 818, underlinings where vivisection is discussed; on p. 819, underlining where the arteries are discussed; on p. 820, underlining and summary note where the importance of vivisection for studying the liver and the spleen is discussed; on p. 822, underlining where the vivisection of dogs and pigs is discussed; on p. 823, underlining where the heart’s motions are discussed; on p. 824, underlining where the restoration of life in animals is discussed; extensive underlinings in index. Further annotations in pencil; on p. 302, underlinings and namings of the lingual muscles; on p. 311, addition of modern term “pectoralis major”; on p. 313, marginal line, addition of modern term “pectoralis minor”, addition of Greek Galenic term and discussion of Galen in German; on

486 p. 315, addition of modern terms for the arms’ muscles; on p. 317, addition of modern and Galenic terms; on p. 318, addition of modern terms about the arms’ muscles; on p. 319, addition of modern terms about the arms’ muscles; on p. 320, underlining where comparative anatomical differences are used to explain Galen’s errors; on p. 323, addition of modern terms for the scapular muscles; on p. 362, addition and discussion of Greek terms; on p. 400, addition of modern terms for the legs’ muscles; on p. 401, addition of modern terms for the legs’ muscles; on p. 402, addition of modern terms for the legs’ muscles; on p. 406, addition of modern term for the legs’ muscles, with question mark indicating uncertainty; on p. 772, underlining and summary note next to the illustration; on p. 791, underlinings where the infundibulum is discussed; on p. 794, underlinings where the gland receiving the phlegm is discussed; on p. 795, underlining and modern term where the phlegm’s purgation is discussed; on p. 801, extensive underlinings and summary notes on Greek terminology where the crystalline humor is discussed; on p. 802, underlinings and modern terms where the vitreous humor and the wrapping of the eye are discussed; on p. 803, underlinings and Greek and Latin terms where the uvea and the pupil are discussed; on p. 804, underlinings and modern terms with question mark where the tunics of the eye are discussed; on p. 805, underlining and marginal note where the aqueous humor is discussed; underlining and page reference related to the portal vein. II/P15. Physical Description: A complete copy with some dampstaining, slightly worn, heavily trimmed, bifolium inserts torn and repaired. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound horizontally from the head and folded twice, X2 sheet present before vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Eighteenth-century blind-stamped calfskin with geometrical tooled lines. Provenance: Purchased by the current owner from B. M. Israel in 1996 (Catalog 110 Item 133). Trimmed and illegible possessor’s note on frontispiece. Annotations: Pencil note on frontispiece verso, “Bell 1093.3.” II/P16. Physical Description: A complete copy in excellent condition. Bifolium inserts present at pp. 504 and 552, bound

Private Copies

vertically, folded from bottom and right, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped German pigskin over wooden boards, clasps present, with allegorical and religious illustrations (“mors ero mors tua” & “ecce Agnus Dei qui toll.” and central portrait of Emperor Maximilian by the Wittenberg bookbinder Hans Schreiber (d. 1570) and the Wittenberg bookbinder Severin Rötter, who married Schreiber’s widow in 1572. Provenance: The Königsberg University Library; which was destroyed and dispersed in 1944; in German possession in the mid-twentieth-century; sold by Francesco Giannelli of Perugia c. 2000; purchased by H. M. Fletcher; who sells it to the current owner in 2003. Stamp of “Zur Universität Bibl.” on frontispiece. Annotations: On p. 1, washed out summary annotation where Vesalius discusses the nature of the bone “os […] terreum”; on p. 3, washed out annotations summarizing the text, “qdam ossa plane solida ut nasi ossa”, “qdam e plerique quasi continua, crusta obducerentur, solida apparent, sed effracta”, “qdam nulla serie posita, amplum et insigniter cavum ostendunt sinum”, underlining and summary note “dentes enim ossi durissimi”; on p.4, underlining and summary annotation “soli dentes sentiunt.”; on p. 481, ink underlining and NB note, not washed, where Vesalius discusses that the umbilical vein does not belong to the rest of the venous system, where it originates, and what its course is; on p. 619, underlining where Vesalius discusses how the Ancients’ claims about the shape of the liver are based on animal dissections; on p. 665, marginal mark; on p. 667, underlining; on p. 674, underlining; on p. 675, underlining and “NB” signs; on p. 676, underlining; in the index, underlining of the following terms, “anatomici operis & inchoandi & absolvendi”, “in Anatome docenda, ostendendaque […]”, “anatomicorum de pylori situ error”, “cordis uentriculus dexter cur sagnineus dictus”, “cordis uentriculus sinister cur spirituosus suie aereus appellatus”, “crodis situm medium esse, ut umbilicum, Galenus male assignat”, “cordis pulsus in nouo animali examen”, “cor neruorum principium non esse”, “iecur in fibras aliquo pacto diuisum”, “iecoris forma uaria”, “iecoris gibbus”, “iecoria humani formam […]”, “iecoris situs”, “iecori quid attributus”. Pencil addition of pagination to vascular insert, “504b”, and X2 sheet “505”, pencil catalog numbers on back pastedown. Modern, recent scrap of paper with Italian text at p. 587.

Private Copies

Figure 132

Contemporary binding with the portrait of Emperor Maximilian by the Wittenberg bookbinder Hans Schreiber (d. 1570) and the Wittenberg bookbinder Severin Rötter. II/P16. Private Collection.

487

488

Private Copies

II/P17.

OWNER 2

Physical Description: A complete copy with minor worming, some browning and spotting. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the middle facing left, m3 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560.

II/P21.

Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped calf with floral decorations, resawn, spine renewed, modern flyleaves. Provenance: Purchased by current owner in 2002 from Quaritch. Annotations: None.

United States

OWNER 1. II/P18. Physical Description: Unknown. Binding: Later dark brown pigskin. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: Unknown. II/P19. Physical Description: Unknown.

Physical Description: A complete copy. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded from left and bottom, facing forwards to X2 sheet and p. 555, X2 sheet bound after vascular insert. Binding: Modern pigskin with blind-stamped decorations. Provenance: Sold to the current owner by Swann. Annotations: None. OWNER 3 II/P22. Physical Description: A restored, complete copy, somewhat worn. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded fourfold, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Restored, modern vellum with hand-lettered title on spine with calligraphic flourishes, remnants of earlier label on tail of spine, original vellum may be underneath current binding. Provenance: The chemical engineer and Paris professor Jean Michel Cantacuzène (1933–); acquired by the current owner from Gilhofer & Ranschburg in 1999. Ex-libris of Jean Michel Cantacuzène.

Binding: Later light blind-stamped pigskin.

Annotations: On a2r, summary note “medicine necessaria aper […] ac perdifficilis”.

Provenance: Unknown.

OWNER 4

Annotations: Unknown.

II/P23.

II/P20.

Physical Description: A complete copy with spotting and browning. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound vertically and folded inward from bottom and right, inserts trimmed, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Damaged woodcut on p. 560. Extra-illustrated with fol. 49 of Petrus Paaw’s Succenturiatus anatomicus (Leiden, 1616), bound before p. 49.

Physical Description: A confirmed copy, no further information available. Binding: Unknown. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: Unknown.

Binding: Seventeenth-century vellum with no decorative elements.

Private Copies

Provenance: The Basel medical professor Isaac Keller (Cellarius, 1530–1580); the Basel apothecary Balthasar Hummel Jr. (1535–1605) in 1586; the Aarau town physician Johann Balthasar Schönholzer (fl. 1620); acquired by the current owner from Simon Finch Rare Books in 2004. Cancelled inscriptions of Cellarius, Hummel and Schönholzer on frontispiece. Annotations: The historiated initial “I” is filled in with cross-hatching on p. 365. OWNER 5 II/P24. Physical Description: Unknown. Binding: Unknown. Provenance: Unknown. Annotations: Unknown. OWNER 6 II/P25. Physical Description: A complete copy in good condition. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Binding: Contemporary blind-stamped pigskin with date “1560” stamped on front, clasps present.

489 Provenance: The Göttingen medical professor Rudolf Augustin Vogel (1724–1774) and the Göttingen professor Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752–1840). On front flyleaf, notes “D. Rud. Aug. Vogel” and “Jo: Fr. Blumenbach”. Annotations: A sporadic, eighteenth-century annotator, interested in Vesalius’ arguments with Galen and Aristotle, familiar with the 1555 Lyon edition, Eustachius, and the work of Robert Hooke. On front flyleaf, reference to Moehsen; on a6r, marginal note “Jo: Dryander”; on a6v, pencil reference to Lavater’s portrait of Vesalius; on p. 21, “anterior” is corrected to “posterior”; on p. 32, underlinings where Aristotle is castigated; on p. 33, marginal marks and NB sign on the top of the page; on p. 207, note “vide fol. sq.”; on p. 268, marginal line; on p. 361, marginal line; on p. 452, underlining where Vesalius castigates his own reliance on Galen, with note, “conferatur tamen Eustachii Tab. xxvi latero sinistro iconis”; on p. 480, underlinings in two colors in the discussion of the four veins; on p. 583, marginal underlining of the explication of character “C” on the fundus of the uterus; on p. 597, marginal line; on p. 609, marginal note, “crassior”; on p. 612, marginal note, “appendices epiploiae a Vesalio inventae”; on pp. 634–635, correction of errata; on p. 639, note next to the chapter heading, “Lugdunensium exemplar in 16. forma plura sit hic omissa in huius capitis initio”; on p. 663, underlinings and marginal marks; on p. 771, underlining next to the woodcut of the plexus mirabile; on p. 824, marginal note “Experimentum celebri Hookiano quodammodo analogon, de quo v. Philos. Transact. Vol. II. n. 28. p. 539”.

Appendix After the completion of our manuscript, we received information about an additional 1555 edition in Naples, which we describe here. Information on this volume is not included in the analysis presented in the introduction.



Italy

Naples

II/362. Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Call No.: FT 13 Physical Description: A restored, incomplete copy with minor worming and browning, a6 and printer’s mark missing. Bifolium inserts present after pp. 504 and 552, bound sideways in the

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2018 | doi 10.1163/9789004336308_013

middle facing left, X2 sheet present after vascular insert. Intact woodcut on p. 560. Binding: Early blind-stamped vellum, worn, with central lozenge, shelfmark pasted on to spine. Provenance: The Groningen medical professor Jacob Baart de la Faille (1795–1867); at the current library since its foundation in 1875. Ex-libris of “J. Baart de la Faille Med. Prof. Groningen” on front pastedown; green octagonal stamp of “BIBLIOTECA STAZIONE ZOOLOGICA NAPOLI” on frontispiece. Annotations: Pencil note pasted into front pastedown, “Est altera editio, impressa Basileae 1555, quam ipse Vesalius curavit et revidit […]”.

Bibliography1 Arents, Prosper. De bibliotheek van Pieter Pauwel Rubens: een reconstructie. Antwerp: Vereniging der Antwerpse Bibliofielen, 2001. Baillière, J.-B. Bulletin bibliographique des sciences physiques, naturelles et médicales. Paris: Baillière, 1860. Baron, Sabrina Alcord, Eric N. Lindquist, and Eleanor F. Shevlin, eds. Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies after Elizabeth L. Eisenstein. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007. Baldini, Ugo, and Leen Spruit. Catholic Church and Modern Science: Documents from the Archives of the Roman Congregations of the Holy Office and the Index. Rome: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2009. Balsamo, Luigi. “How to Doctor a Bibliography: Antonio Possevino’s Practice.” In: Gigliola Fragnito, ed. Church, Censorship and Culture in Early Modern Italy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, 50–78. Barta, János, Jr. Mária Terézia. Budapest: Gondolat, 1988. Beare, Elisabeth. Die Bibliothek des Nürnberger Arztes und Humanisten Georg Palma (1543–1591). Nürnberg: Stadtbibliothek Nürnberg, 1975. Belt, Elmer. Philipp Melanchthon’s Observations on the Human Body. Cleveland: Elmer Belt, 1949. Benjamin, John A. “A Discussion of the Twenty-First Illustration of the Fifth Book of De humani corporis fabrica (1543).” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 14 (1943), 634–651. Benjamin, John A. “A Vesalian Treasure is Found, Andreas Vesalius’s First Publication.” University of Rochester Library Bulletin 2 (1947): 53–55. Berriot-Salvadore, Evelyn. “Ambroise Paré lecteur de Vésale.” In: Jacqueline Vons, ed. La Fabrique de Vésale. La mémoire d’un livre. Paris: Collection Medica, 2015, 67–82. Biagioli, Mario. Galileo, Courtier: The Practice of Science in the Culture of Absolutism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993. Bibliotheca Oosterdykiana, sive Catalogus librorum quos reliquit J. Oosterdyk Schacht. Utrecht: B. Wild & J. Altheer, 1793. Bibliotheca Wachendorfiana. Utrecht: Willem Kroon and Abraham van Paddenburg, 1759. Biesbrouck, Maurits et al. “Reiner Solenander (1524–1601): An Important 16th-Century Medical Practitioner and his Original Report of Vesalius’ Death in 1564.” Acta medicohistorica Adriatica 13 (2015): 265–286.

1  We list here only those sources that are mentioned in the introduction. For the literature on individual copies, please consult the bibliographies at the end of each entry.

Bilderbeck, Johannis a. Catalogus variorum et rarissimorum librorum ex bibliotheca Joh. Sas. Leiden: Johannes a Bilderbeeck, 1691. Blaak, Jeroen. Literacy in Everyday Life: Reading and Writing in Early Modern Dutch Diaries. Leiden: Brill, 2009. Blair, Ann. “Errata Lists and the Reader as Corrector.” In: Sabrina Alcorn Baron, Eric N. Lindquist and Eleanor F. Shevlin. Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies after Elizabeth L. Eisenstein. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007, 21–41. Blair, Ann. The Theater of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997. Blair, Ann. Too Much to Know: Managing Scholarly Information Before the Modern Age. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010. Bliss, Michael. William Osler: A Life in Medicine. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Bonner, Thomas N.. “German Influences on American Clinical Medicine (1870–1894).” In: Henry Geitz, Jürgen Heideking and Jurgen Herbst, eds. German Influences on Education in the United States to 1917. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995, 275–288. Breitwieser, Markus. Die Stadtbibliothek Lindau im Bodensee. Eine Untersuchung zu Geschichte und Funktion. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1996. Brömer, Rainer. “Kulturgeschichte der Osmanischen Medizin: Anatomie von Ibn al-Nafīs und Vesal zu Şanizade und Hasan al-’Attār.” in D. Groß and A. Karenberg, eds, Medizingeschichte im Rheinland. Beiträge des “Rheinischen Kreises der Medizinhistoriker.” Kassel: Kassel University Press, 2009, 267–276. Browne, Janet. “Looking at Darwin: Portraits and the Making of an Icon.” Isis 100 (2009): 542–570. Bujanda, J. M. de, ed. Index de Rome, 1557, 1559, 1564, les premiers index romains et l’index du Concile de Trente. Geneva: Droz, 1990. Buzás, Ladislaus. German Library History, 800–1945. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 1986. Bylebyl, Jerome. Cardiovascular Physiology in the Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. New Haven: Yale University, 1969. Carley, James. “The Dispersal of the Monastic Libraries and the Salvaging of the Spoils.” In: Elisabeth Leedham-Green and Teresa Webber. Libraries in Britain and Ireland. Volume I to 1640. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, 265–291. Carpi, Berengario da. Commentaria cum amplissimis additionibus super anatomia Mundini. Bologna: Hieronymus de Benedictis, 1521.

Bibliography Castiglioni, Arturo. “The Attack on Franciscus Puteus on Andreas Vesalius and the Defence by Gabriel Cuneus.” Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 16 (1943): 135–148. Castiglioni, Arturo. “Fallopius and Vesalius.” In: Harvey Cushing, The Bio-Bibliography of Andreas Vesalius. New York: Schuman’s, 1943, 182–195. Cavallo, Guglielmo, and Roger Chartier, eds. History of Reading in the West. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999. Cazort, Mimi, Monique Kornell and K. B. Roberts. The Ingenious Machine of Nature: Four Centuries of Art and Anatomy. Ottawa: National Gallery of Canada, 1996. Certeau, Michel de. The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. Chantilly, Marc Vaulbert de. “Property of a Distinguished Poisoner: Thomas Griffiths Wainewright and the Griffiths Family Library.” In: Robin Myers, Michael Harris, and Giles Mandelbrote, eds. Under the Hammer: Book Auctions Since the Seventeenth Century. New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Press, 2001, 111–142. Charreaux, Stéphanie, and Jérôme van Wijland. “Recensement et description des exemplaires de la première édition du De Fabrica (1543) conservés en France dans les bibliothèques publiques.” In: Jacqeline Vons, ed. La Fabrique de Vésale: La mémoire d’un livre. Paris: BIU Santé, 2016, 253–312. Chartier, Roger. The Author’s Hand and the Printer’s Mind. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2014. Chartier, Roger. The Order of Books: Readers, Authors, and Libraries in Europe between the 14th and 18th Centuries. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994. Choulant, Ludwig. Geschichte und Bibliographie der anatomischen Abbildung. Leipzig: Rudolph Weigel, 1852. Clark, Harry. “Foiling the Pirates: The Preparation and Publication of Andreas Vesalius’ De humani corporis fabrica.” The Library Quarterly 51 (1981): 301–311. Cockx-Indestege, Elly. Andreas Vesalius: A Belgian Census. Leuven: Peeters, 1994. Colclough, Stephen. Consuming Texts: Readers and Reading Communities, 1695–1870. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Coppens, Christian. “Et amicorum: Not Just for Friends.” In: Dirk Sacré and Jan Papy, eds. Syntagmatia: Essays on Neo-Latin Literature in Honour of Monique Mund-Dopchi and Gilbert Tournoy. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2009, 9–17. Crooke, Helkiah. Mikrokosmographia: A description of the body of man. London: William Iaggard, 1615. Csapodi, Csaba, András Tóth and Miklós Vértesi. Magyar Könyvtártörténet. Budapest: Gondolat, 1987. Cunningham, Andrew. “Fabricius and the ‘Aristotle Project’ in Anatomical Teaching and Research at Padua.” In: Andrew

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General Index1 Albertus Magnus 125 Albinus, Bernhard Siegfried 3, 40, 105, 132 Album amicorum 68 Angelicus, Jacobus 73 Andernach, Johannes Guinther von  Institutiones 5, 101 Annotations copied 66 frequency of 4, 56–57, 62, 64, 79 in Greek 58 limitations of studying 4 methodology of studying 56–57, 61 personal 70 petering out 61 study of 10 types of 78 Aquinas 125 Aristotle 96, 98–101, 103, 105–106, 132 De historia animalium 103 De partibus animalium 59, 103 Artists as readers 33 Ash, John 96 Astrology 73 Atan, Adolphus Occo 30 Auction catalogues 70 Auction houses 16–17, 70 Auditory bones  Avicenna 105 Bacallar, Andres 33 Baersdorp, Cornelis de 6 Baillière, Jean-Baptiste 15 Baker, George 66 Barker, Lewellys S. 68 Bauhin, Caspar 96 Belt, Elmer 53, 61 Benjamin, John A. 61 Bermingham, Cornelis John 48 Bible 57, 70, 110 Polyglot Bible 66 Bibliophilia 39–40, 93 Bidloo, Govard 13 Biesbrouck, Maurits 131 Bindings 17–20 types of 18 Bizarus, Petrus 73 Blaak, Jeroen 57 Boerhaave, Hermann 3, 40, 105, 132 Bones auditory 62–63, 106, 119 number of 62 of the hand 91 radius 88 1  This index provides information on the introduction, for the catalogue entries, consult the Index of Owners and the Index of Places of Ownership.

Bookish learning 95–103 and observation 96, 131 Books and book fairs 30 survival rates 9 Bos, Cornelis 20 Brain 65, 84–85, 103, 126 Bray, George 50 Brunet, Charles Manuel du libraire 105 Buisseret, Jules de 68 Bullinger, Heinrich 33 Burbank, Reginald 66 Caius, John 4–5 Calcar, Jan Steven van 2, 5–6, 35, 82, 132 as the genius behind the Fabrica 91 designer of the Fabrica 91–95 student of Titian 93–94 Callimachus 105 Calvinism 38 Cameralism, see Enlightenment absolutism Campos, Francisco del 20 Capponi, Cassandra 35, 39 Cardano, Girolamo 13, 73 Carpi, Berengario da 79, 100, 106, 108 Catalogues card 43 union 9–10 Celsus 98 Censorship 4, 38–39, 121–130 and sex 126–129 frequency of 124 of protestant printers 121–122, 125–126 secularization of 43 Census definition of 1 methodology of 3, 8–10 Certeau, Michel de 10 Charles V 1, 5–6, 8, 20, 33, 73 Charreaux, Stéphanie 2, 43 Chartier, Roger 10–11 Choulant, Johann Ludwig 92, 105, 132 Christie, Agatha 94 Church, Elihu Dwight 46 Chytraeus, David 70, 73 Chytraeus, Nathaniel 70 Cliometrics 11 Coen, Leopold de 68 Coiter, Volcher 20 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste 14 Cole, F. J. 18, 91, 93 Collins, Jack 9–10 Color coding 24, 84–85 Coloring 20–29, 86, 131  characters 84 dogs 24 Colombo, Realdo 4–5, 100, 103, 105, 109, 131–132  Controversies 73–78, 94, 106

Copernicus, Nicolaus  census 56 De revolutionibus 35, 56 Corbeau, André 35 Corbeau, Nelly  35 Cotes, Francis 33 Crooke, Helkiah 128 Cushing, Harvey 46, 48, 68 Bio-Bibliography of Vesalius 105, 132 Cuthell, John 14 Cuvier, Georges 105 Dalekarlus, Olaeus Andreas 38 Darnton, Robert 10, 123 Darwin, Charles Origin of Species 14 David, Master of Krakow 18 DeGolyer, Everette Lee 54 De humani corporis fabrica 1555 edition 2, 8 and religion, see Religion in the Fabrica artist of 72, 91–95 Book V 59, 64 dedication of 1, 8, 20 differences between editions 1 frontispiece 2–3, 9, 24 hand-colored, see coloring historiated initials 24 hybrid copies 9 illustrations 12 in Africa 46 in America 15, 30, 46–50, 53 incomplete copies 9 in Japan 54 in paintings 33, 80 in Russia, see Stalinism  in Turkey 30 later editions of the 3, 11, 15, 17, 35, 37, 78 Letter to Oporinus 6, 58, 61, 80, 91, 121 mobility 30 number of copies 8 pagination 6, 114, 132 price of 4, 13–17, 131 production of 6, 9 variant editions 2 Delphinus, Tiberius 66 Descamps, Jean-Baptiste Vie des peintres flamands 94 Diesch, Carl 53 Donations 35, 37, 54, 66, 68–70 Drawings by readers 86–87 Donauer, Christoph Sigismund 38 Dubois, Jacques, see Sylvius, Jacobus Dudith, Andreas 73 Dumonstier, Daniel 33 Duns Scotus 125 Duveen, Joseph 46

502 Eber, Paul 73, 80, 82, 101, 112–113 Eisenstein, Elizabeth 10–11 ELTE University Library 45 Emmens, Joseph 14, 44 Empiricism, see Observation Engelsing, Rolf 56 Enlightenment absolutism 40 and censorship 45, 124 radical 40 Erasmus of Rotterdam 20, 121, 126 Erler, Mary 101 Errata 6, 64, 114–117, 120, 132 correction of 115–116 Eugene, Prince of Savoy 40 Evans, Herbert McLean 50, 94 Exemplaire réglé 117 Ex-libris 66 Fallopio, Gabriele 4–5, 59, 61, 98, 100, 103, 105, 131–132 Falloppio, Gabriele, see Fallopio, Gabriele Fernel, Jean 103, 105 Finding aids 117–120 index 117 manicule, see Manicule table of contents 117–118 Fiorillo, Johann Dominik Geschichte der Künste 93 Flies dead 3 Flock, Erasmus 24, 73, 76, 112 Fragnito, Gigliola 121 Frank, Mortimer 56 Frederick the Great, King of Prussia 40 French revolution, see Revolutionary confiscations Frick, Henry Clay 46 Friedenwald, Harry 50 Froschauer, Christopher 13 Fuchs, Leonhard 121, 126 Fugitive sheets 3, 20, 79 Fusari, Romeo 54 Fyffe, Patrick 13 Galen  and kidneys 86, 96 attacks on 8, 12, 98, 101–102, 105 De anatomicis administrandis 100–101, 105 De usu partium 59, 66, 100–102, 105, 107 disagreements with Vesalius 96, 104, 106, 132 Giunta edition of 5, 101 tripartite understanding of the body  6, 59, 101 Galilei, Galileo 57, 126 Galle, Philips 20 Gardner, Isabella Stewart 46 Gasser, Achiles 7, 35 Geminus, Thomas 11, 15, 86

General Index Generation 2, 12, 57, 64, 106–114, 126–130, 132 and pleasure 108 Gender and ownership, see provenance and gender and social hierarchy 112, 130 differences 108–109 George III, King of England 44 Gheyn, Jacques de, II 33 Gift, see Donation Gilded Age 46 Gillray, James 66 Gingerich, Owen 56 Globalization 46, 54 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 103–105, 132 Goldschmidt 15 Gottstein, Johann Gottlieb 68 Gottstein, Nathan 68 Graesse, Johann Georg Theodor 15 Grafton, Anthony 10–11, 56 Granvelle, Nicolas Perrenot de 7 Gray, George Munn 46 Gugler, Nicolaus 68 Guldenmundt, Hans 20, 22 Gumuchian, Kirkor 15 Gunderam, Matthias 18, 38, 70 Gwalther, Rudoph 33 De syllabarum 13, 17 Hackel, Heidi Brayman 56 Hacquart, Christian 123 Haller, Albrecht von 43 Halsted, William Stewart 48 Hamlin, Chauncey 51 Harvey, William 101 Hemorrhoids 56, 59–60 Hempel, Frobenius 18 Henerus, Renatus 7, 103, 106 Herbert, Thomas, 8th Earl of Pembroke  18, 39–40 Heredity 110 Heseler, Balthasar 5 Heusler, Matthias 98 Hippocrates 59, 98, 100–101, 103, 105–106, 109, 132 Hoe, Robert, III 46 Hofer, Philip 50 Hollis, Thomas 50, 92 Horlick, Robert 35 Horlick, Ruth C. 35 Horowitz, Michael 9–10 Hough, John Stockton 50 Houllier, Jacques 109 Hulthem, Charles van 93 Hulvey, Monique 56 Humanism 100, 106, 131–132 Hunter, William 13–14, 33 Huntington, Henry E. 46 Hus, Jan 20 Hymen 57, 65, 109, 111, 132

Identification, see Images, identification of Images 12, 131 aesthetic appreciation of 80, 91, 128 and diagrams 82 and lines 83–84 and pornography 89, 106, 128 and text 78 annotating 56, 64 blind-stamped 18 comparison of 86 identification of 80–86 in the modern age 91 interpretation of 78–80 learning to interpret 79 new technologies of 15 Index, see Finding aids, index Index prohibitorum librorum 121, 123–124 Institutiones, see Andernach, Johannes Guinther von Interpretations diversity of 91, 131 Itaki, Semseddin 10 Ivins, William, Jr. 10–11, 89 Jackson, J. B. 93–94 Jagiellonka, Anna, Queen of Poland 32–33, 35, 68 Jardine, Lisa 56 Jaws 59, 62–63, 103, 105 Jesuit order  and libraries see Libraries, monastic banning of 32, 43 Johann VII, Count of Nassau-Siegen 68 Johann Friedrick I, Elector of Saxony 18, 112 Johns, Adrian 11 Johns Hopkins University 46, 48–49 Joseph II, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire 45 Joubert, Laurent 96 Julius Caesar  1 Kant, Immanuel 40 Kelly, Howard Atwood 48, 68 Ketham, Johannes de 106 King, Helen 101 Kitzingkus, Joannes 24, 66 Koźmińczyk, Benedykt 13 Krüger, Wolfgang 73 Kusukawa, Sachiko 8, 13 Labia 57, 111, 132 Lactation 59, 61, 108 Lagus, Stephanus 7, 68 Laicisation 32 Lamoignon family 18, 116 Languet, Hubert 73 Laqueur, Thomas 108 Laurentius, Andreas 96, 106 Leipzig 98 Lelli, Ercole 33 Leonus, Petrus 67

503

General Index Leu, Urs 13 Leveling, Heinrich Palmaz 15 Libraries architecture of 45 evacuation of 53 fire in 50 future of 55 monastic 10, 35, 37–38, 45, 112, 121–122, 126, 132 municipal 38, 43, 51, 54, 112 museum 10 state 29, 43 university 10, 29, 37, 39, 45, 51 Liver 59, 64 Locke, John Essay Concerning Human Understanding  39–40 Lorkyn, Thomas 8 Löwenstein, Count Friedrich von 68 Lownes, Albert Edgar 50 Luther, Martin 18, 20 Maelson, Franciscus 35, 66 Mall, Franklin Paine 48 Manicule 56–57, 109, 11, 123–124 Maria Theresa, King of Hungary 40, 45 Marriage 111 Martial 80 Massa, Niccolo 7–8 Mattis, Petro a 125 Mayerne, Sir Theodor Turquet de 32 Maxilla, see Jaws Mazarin, Jules 33 Mead, Richard 13, 33 Mechler, Josias 18 Medicine development of modern 15, 45 Meixner, Wenzel 38 Melanchthon, Philipp 11, 73, 112, 132 images of 18, 20 poems by 33 Menstruation 56, 59, 61, 95, 108–109, 131 Mesnage, Jacques 8 Metellus, Johannes 70–71, 73 Mondino de Liuzzi 100, 106, 108 Monro, David 46 Montano, Benito Arias 33, 73 Montanus, Johannes Baptista 59, 98, 106, 109 Morelli, Giovanni  Notizia di opere di disegno 93 Morenberg, Andreas 20, 66 Morgan, J. P. 46 Mornet, Daniel 10 Moutier, François 67 Münsterer, Leonhard Muscle and skeleton men 24, 78, 81, 85–86, 88, 115, 126–127 Naevius, Caspar 70 Nicolai, Erasmus 18, 33, 38, 70, 72, 112

Nilsson, Nils 8 Norman, Haskell F. 8 Nutton, Vivian 5, 101 Objects in books 3 dead flies, see Flies, dead slips of paper 86 Observation 59, 66, 86, 95, 97–98, 131 and ego vidi 95 Omentum 2 One-sex body 56, 59, 61, 65, 108–109 Oosterdijk Schacht, Johannes 14 Oosterhoff, Richard 56 Opaliński, Łukasz 68 Oporinus, Johannes  1–2, 6–7, 9, 13, 32, 35, 72, 86, 114, 121–122, 125–126 Orphinus, Thomas 125 Osler, Sir William 15, 46, 48–49, 68 Owners aristocrats 39, 44 artists 33 medical 32–33, 43, 46, 48–49, 53–54 royal 33, 44 Ownership, see provenance Padova  5, 37, 58–59, 73, 96, 98–99, 101, 106, 132 Palma, Georg 18, 24, 30, 35, 68, 84 Palmer, Ada 56 Paré, Ambroise 105 Park, Katharine 1, 106 Parke Bernet 17 Parker, George 54 Parker, Margarite B. 54 Pavlov, Ivan 53 Penis 24, 28, 89, 126 Perne, Andrew 30 Petri, Henricus 68 Peucer, Caspar 73 Piles, Roger de 92 Piracy 6, 11 Plantin, Christoffel 9 Plato 98, 100 Timaeus 59 Poetry 33, 80, 112–113 osteological 73–75 Portail, Antoine 33 Portal vein 83, 88 Posner, Henry, Sr. 53 Possessor’s notes 65–68 et amicorum 67 sibi et suis 70 Pregnancy 95, 97, 110–112, 132 Pressed plants 3, 70 Prinel, Jean-Anatole 117 Provenance and gender 35 and geography 35–36, 41–42, 47, 52–53 and religion 33, 38 methods of researching 30

Querol, Miguel 95, 105 Radziwiłł, Prince Christoph 68 Rangone, Tommaso 18, 20 Rare book market 44, 46, 78 Rassius Deneux, Nicolas 33 Readers average 5, 11 community of 12, 70 gender of 106, 112–113 licensing of 124–126 standardized 91, 131–132 Reading as a social activity 66 extensive vs intensive 56 history of, see reception history sporadic 57–59, 114–115 Reception history 3, 10–12, 55–56, 61, 95, 131 References internal 119 Reich, Valentin 18 Religion in the Fabrica 11–12, 73, 80, 109–110, 112 Rembrandt van Rijn 33 Reproduction mechanical 11, 91 sexual, see Generation Republic of Letters 66–68 Rete mirabile 91 Revolutionary confiscations 4, 15, 44, 54–55 Ribier, Jacques 67 Riccardi, Francesco 35, 39 Rietmann, Calixtus 112 Rixon, Jacquelyn 131 Rodd, Thomas 14 Roguski, Sylvius 32, 68, 100–101, 103, 105–106 Roscoe, William 14 Rosenwald, Lessing J. 53 Rötter, Severin 18 Royal Society 40 Rubens, Peter Paul 33 Rüdinger, Esrom 72, 112 Ruelle, Jean 20 Sadeler, Johannes 20 Salaries 16th-century 13 Salis, Baptista von 68 Sambucus, Johannes 73 Sammelband 20 Sas, Johann 13 Sbororo, Christoph 68 Schab 16 Scheffer, Wilhelm 18, 30 Schedel, Hartmann Nuremberg Chronicle 15 Scheler, Thomas 8

504 Schellenberg, Johannes von 30 Schmitt, Charles B. 101 Schreiber, Hans 18 Secrets of women 1, 59, 106, 132 Secularization 4, 15, 32, 40, 43–45, 54–55, 132 Seifrid, Georg 112 Sellers, Lyle 35 Sellers, Ruth 35 Shakespeare, William First Folio 35 inspired by Vesalius 94 Sherman, William 56 Sigismund August, King of Poland  18, 53 Siraisi, Nancy 101 Skulls 86, 88–89 normal and abnormal 80 Sloane, Sir Hans 40 Social networks 7, 68–70 Solenander, Reiner 73 Somogyi, Károly 123 Sotheby’s 17 Soul 65, 126, 128–129 Spieghel, Adriaan van 106 De humani corporis fabrica  17, 96 Spine 62, 88, 90 Spleen 59, 64, 101, 103 Stalinism 11, 53 Stallybrass, Peter 57 Stevenson, Lloyd Grenfell 17 Stirling Maxwell, Sir William 93 Strassman, Erwin Otto 51

General Index Streler, Samuel 18 Swieten, Gerard van 43, 45 Swieten, Gottfried van 43 Sylvius, Jacobus 4–6, 8 Table of contents, see Finding aids, table of contents Titian 72, 91–95, 132 Tortebat, François  Abrégé d’anatomie 93 Trew, Christoph Jacob 120 Trotula 106, 108 Tulp, Nicolaes 33, 38, 112 Tuscher, Carl Markus 33 Typography errors of 59, 62, 64–65, 80, 82, 114–117, 119, 132 Uterus 1, 65, 89, 103, 106, 109, 117 muscles of 64, 110–112, 132 Vagina 24, 26, 89, 108, 111, 126 Valet, Antoine 73–75 Valverde, Juan, de Amusco 3, 11, 103, 105, 109 Van Wijland, Jérôme 2, 43 Vanitas 67, 80–81 Vascular system 64 Velazquez, Diego 33 Veltwijck, Gerard 7–8 Vena cava 24, 82, 88, 103, 106, 109, 119 Verbec, David 35, 80, 83 Verbec, Johannes Baptista 80, 83 Vergeur, Guillaume de 38, 66

Vertunno, Narciso 7 Vesalius, Andreas cult of 72–78 death of 8, 72–73, 77–78 De humani corporis fabrica, see De humani corporis fabrica Epitome 3, 7, 20, 70, 80, 84 Letter on the China Root 105 life of 5  portraits of 20 professional networks of 7 Tabulae sex 5–7, 11, 20 Villani, Jacopo 67 Viringus, Jan 70, 84, 95 Voynich, Wilfrid 94 Wachendorff, Evert Jacob van 14 Waltenberger, Benedict 38 Warner, John 33 Wechel, Chrestien 20 Weigel, Rudolph 15 Westman, Robert 56, 126 Widows 34 Wiggins, Alison 56 Willich, Jodocus 112 Wittenberg 12, 38, 72–73, 86, 112, 132 bindings from 18, 20 Wolzogen, Johann Ludwig von 68 Wong, Virgil 131 World War II 9, 51, 53 Xylander, Wilhelm 115–116 Zakynthos 72–73

Index of Owners1 Aarhus University II/22 Aberdeen University I/161, II/242 Abbey of St Arnould in Metz I/31 Abbey of St Denis in Saint-Denis II/54 Abbey of St Peter’s in Salzburg I/221 Abbey of St Victor in St-Victor-l’Abbaye  I/44 Academia Nacional de Bellas Artes in Mexico City II/161 Académie des Sciences, Bordeaux II/28 Accademia Labronica II/130 Adams, Crawford W. I/188, II/325 Advocates Library, Edinburgh I/171 Ahumada, Johann Carlos II/A10 Aichinger, Christopher I/42 Akademie der Bildenden Künste München  II/97 Albarran II/221 Albert Casimir August, Prince of Saxony  II/5 Albertina II/5 Alessandro, George I/A5 Alfieri, Emilio I/92 Allison, William II/254 Allori, Alessandro I/108 All Souls College, Oxford I/191 Alsace-Boussu, Thomas Philippus d’ II/12 Alvensleben`sche Bibliothek Hundisburg  II/77 Anatomisches Institut Basel II/230 Anderson, Sir Hugh Kerr I/166 Andreini, Carlo II/147 Angelicus, M. Jacobus II/31 Angers Municipal Library I/25, I/26 Anschütz II/166 Antiquariat H. Th. Wenner II/67 Antwerp Municipal Library I/4 Apothecary Prikaz II/202 Arader Galleries I/A2 Arbellot, Paul I/175 Archdiocese of Kalocsa II/118 Arcispedale Sant’Anna Ferrara I/85 Arenberg, princely family of I/251 Archivbibliothek Stralsund II/108 Army Medical Library I/204 Ärztekammer Hamburg—Bibliothek des Ärztlichen Vereins II/81, II/82 Ash, John I/177 Ashhurst, John Jr. II/337 Aston, Edward II/332 Ataide Machado de Faria e Maia, Francisco de I/134 1  This index lists all present and past owners mentioned in the catalogue, excepting current private owners, for owners mentioned in the introduction, consult the general index.

Atan, Adolphus Occo II/89 Athenosius, Franciscus I/P13 Aubery, Claude II/239 Audirac, Jacques-Joseph II/43 Aufseß, Baron Hans von und zu II/102 August the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg I/75 Augustinian church of Santa Maria de Popolo in Rome II/295 Augustinian monastery of Au am Inn I/71 Augustinian monastery of Rome II/140 Aurora University I/P13 Austin, Gilbert I/173 Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Ferrara  I/85 Bacallar, Andres II/146 Backereel, Willem I/4 Bacmeister, Johann II/120 Badische Landesbibliothek Karlsruhe II/87 Bagley, Lorna I/258 Baker, George II/345 Baker, Samuel II/253 Balber, Johann Felix I/206 Balen Blanken, G. C. van II/162 Ball, James Moores I/264 Baltimore Book Auction I/A3 Bamberg Cathedral I/51, I/52, II/64 Banchi, A I/185 Barberini library II/344 Barker, Lewelly S. I/203 Barnes, Robert I/177 Barthez, Paul Joseph II/40 Basel Town Library I/152, II/91 Bassenge I/A1 Bauhin, Caspar II/232 Baum, Wilhelm II/P14 Bavarian Electoral Library II/98 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek I/70, II/98 Baylor College of Medicine II/360 Bean, William Bennett II/302 Behn, Wilhelm II/234 Belchier, John II/257 Bellavita, Andrea I/22 Belt, Elmer I/232 Belvaux, Dr. II/122 Benedictine Abbey of Santa Giustina in Padova II/135 Benedictine Abbey of Werden II/100 Benjamin, John A. I/233 Benjamin, Mae McElman I/233 Bermingham, Cornelius John II/15 Berninger, Michael II/292 Bertolo, Giovanni Maria I/112 Besler, Basilius I/138 Bexar County Medical Society I/260 Bezer, Christian I/152 Biblioteca Ambrosiana II/132 Biblioteca Angelica I/101, II/140

Biblioteca antica V. Pinali I/94, I/95 Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana I/109, II/150, II/151 Biblioteca Capitular de Toledo II/216 Biblioteca Casanatense I/102, II/141 Biblioteca centrale della Regione siciliana Alberto Bombace I/97, II/137 Biblioteca Città Arezzo II/123 Biblioteca Civica A. Mai I/80 Biblioteca Civica Attilio Hortis I/108 Biblioteca Civica Berio I/88 Biblioteca Civica Bertoliana I/112, II/154 Biblioteca Civica Girolamo Tartarotti II/145 Biblioteca Civica Romolo Spezioli I/83, I/84, II/126 Biblioteca Classense II/139 Biblioteca Comunale Ariostea I/86, II/127 Biblioteca Comunale degli Intronati II/147 Biblioteca Comunale di Imola I/89 Biblioteca Comunale di Terni I/107 Biblioteca Comunale Passerini Landi I/99 Biblioteca de Castilla-La Mancha II/217 Biblioteca de la Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires II/1 Biblioteca dell’Accademia dei Fisiocritici Onlus II/148 Biblioteca dell’Accademie di belle arti I/87 Biblioteca dell’Accademie nazionale dei Lincei I/103 Biblioteca del Seminario vescovile del Padova II/136 Biblioteca interdipartimentale di Scienze Odontostomatologiche e Organi di Senso—Sapienza Roma I/104 Biblioteca Labronica II/130 Biblioteca Malatestiana I/82 Biblioteca Medica Statale II/142 Biblioteca Nacional de España I/144 Biblioteca Nacional de Mexico II/161 Biblioteca Nazionale Braidense I/91, II/133 Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze  II/128 Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale Vittorio Emanuele II I/94, II/351 Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma  I/105, II/1443 Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli I/93 Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana I/110, II/152 Biblioteca Nazionale di Palermo II/137 Biblioteca Palafoxiana I/123 Biblioteca Palatina, Heidelberg II/150 Biblioteca Pública del estado de Mahón  II/215 Biblioteca Riccardiana II/129 Biblioteca Sala Colonne—Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto I/100 Biblioteca Statale di Cremona II/125 Biblioteca Statale di Lucca II/131 Biblioteca Teresiana Mantova I/90

506 Biblioteca Universitaria Alessandrina I/106 Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna II/124 Biblioteca Universitaria di Napoli II/134 Biblioteca Universitaria di Padova I/96, II/135 Biblioteca Universitaria di Pavia I/98, II/138, II/142 Biblioteca Universitaria di Sassari II/146 Biblioteca Universitaria di Urbino II/149 Biblioteca Valenciana II/218 Biblioteca Vallicelliana II/144 Biblioteche scientifiche degli Istituti ortopedici Rizzoli I/81 Bibliotéka Čaplovičiana I/141 Biblioteka Warszawskiego Towarzystwa Muzycznego I/132 Bibliotheca Bipontina II/115 Bibliotheca Regiomontana II/185 Bibliotheca Rigensis II/160 Bibliothèque de Genève II/235, II/236 Bibliothèque de l’Académie nationale de médecine I/33, II/42 Bibliothèque de Mériadeck I/27, II/28 Bibliothèque de Quatre Piliers II/30 Bibliothèque de Rennes Métropole II/52 Bibliothèque des Annonciades I/28 Bibliothèque des Arts Décoratifs II/43, II/44 Bibliothèque d’Etude et du Patrimoine de Toulouse I/48, II/60 Bibliothèque de Sorbonne II/48 Bibliothèque de Valenciennes II/61 Bibliothèque du Clergé de Toulouse II/60 Bibliothèque du Tribunat II/48 Bibliothèque Inguimbertine II/32 Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de Montpellier II/40 Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de Santé  I/34, II/45, II/46 Bibliothèque Mazarine I/35, II/47 Bibliothèque Méjanes II/26 Bibliothèque municipale Armand Salacrou  I/29 Bibliothèque municipale de Besançon II/27 Bibliothèque municipale de Chalon-sur-Saône II/33 Bibliothèque municipale de Lyon II/37 Bibliothèque municipale de Reims I/43 Bibliothèque municipale de Rouen II/53 Bibliothèque municipale de Soissons II/55 Bibliothèque municipale de Versailles II/62 Bibliothèque nationale de France I/36, I/37, II/48, II/49 Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire de Strasbourg II/56 Bibliothèque publique et universitaire de Neuchâtel II/238 Bibliothèque publique d’Yverdon-les-Bains  II/239 Bibliothèques – Médiathèques de Metz I/31 Bibliothèque Sainte Geneviève I/38 Bibliothèque Stanislas II/41

Index of Owners Birmingham Medical Institute II/A11 Blain, William II/121 Bland-Sutton, Sir John II/264 Bluff I/5 Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich II/P25 Boccafogli, P. II/19 Bockler, Johann Heinrich I/42 Bodenheim I/264 Bodleian Library I/192, II/276 Bodman, Edward W. II/353 Bodman, Julia II/353 Bodmer, Martin I/157 Boehme, Helga II/101 Boehme, Walter II/100 Bogdanus, Martinus II/82 Bolfras, Michael I/237 Bonart, Cornelius II/217 Bonelli, Giorgio I/218 Boni, Jacobus Andrea I/85 Borio, Piergiorgio II/A13 Börner, C. H. I-243 Böschen, Anthon Günther II/90 Borbón y Farnesio, Infante Luis Antonio de  II/217 Borzone, Luciano II/299 Boston Medical Library I/210, I/220, II/296 Boston Public Library II/293 Boston University II/294 Brande, Augustus Everard II/267 Bray, George I/255 Brendel von Homburg, Johann II&95 Breslauer, Martin II/289 Bristol Medico-Chirurgical Society I/163 British Library I/178, II/255, II/263 Brown University I/254, I/255 Brown, William II/15, II/17 Bruce, Charles Viscount of Ampthill I/242 Bruckner, C. II/160 Brühl, Heinrich von II/70 Brukenthal Library II/199 Brussels Municipal Archives I/5 Bryce, Daniel I/172 Buchan, A. II/331 Bufalini, Maurizio I/82 Buffalo and Erie County Public Library I/211 Buffalo Museum of Science I/211 Buisseret, Comte Jules de II/122 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences I/12 Bullinger, Heinrich I/160 Burbank, Reginald II/354 Burkitt, Robert II/121 Burndy Library II/354 Burton, Henri I/259 Busereuth, Johannes II/16 Caimus, Zacharias II/151 Camaldolese monastery of Classe II/139 Cambridge Public Library II/296 Cambridge University Library I/164, I/165, I/166, I/167, II/243, II/244 Camerarius, Johann Rudolph II/109 Camp, E. Z. II/317

Campos, Francisco del II/217 Canevari, Demetrio I/88 Cantacuzène, Jean Michel II/P22 Cantonus, Carolus I/145 Capitular Library of Oradea II/198 Čaplovič, Vavrinec I/141 Capponi, Cassandra II/129 Capponi, Vincenzo II/129 Capps, Joseph A. I/217, II/317 Capps, Richard B. I/217 Capuchin monastery of Rouen II/53 Capuchin monastery of Venice I/110 Capuchin Provincial Library, Prague II/21 Carlisle, Sir Anthony I/186, II/317 Carmelite convent of Angers I/25 Carmelite convent of Brussels, discalced  II/122 Carmelite convent of Rennes II/52 Carmelite convent of Saint Joseph of Barcelona, discalced II/208 Carnegie Mellon University I/251 Carolus, M. II/44 Case Western Reserve University I/218, II/307 Cass, George II/284 Castiglioni, Arturo II/309 Cavalerius, Ferdinandus Innocentius II/132 Cavalier, Caliste I/32 Cecil, John, 5th Earl of Exeter and 6th Baron Burghley I/P12 Centre Céramique II/170 Centre d’Etudes Supérieures de la Renaissance de Tours I/49 Charles V, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire I/A8 Chorynsky, Count Ignaz Dominik of Ledská  II/227 Christ Church College, Oxford II/278 Christie’s I/A4, I/A5, I/A6, I/A8, I/A9, I/A10, II/A1, II/A2, II/A3, II/A4, II/A5, II/A6, II/A7, II/A8, II/A9, II/A10, I/P3, I/P12, II/P10, II/P11, II/P14 Church of Mary Magdalene, Wrocław II/196 Chytraeus, Nathan II/65 Cicognara, Leopoldo I/109 Cieszyn Library II/177 Cirillo, Nicola II/134 Cistercian Abbey of Saint Urban in Luzern  I/158 Cistercian Monastery of Kaisheim II/101 Claparède, René-Edouard II/236 Clare College, Cambridge I/168 Claussen, Matthias II/292 Clendening, Logan I/229 Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca II/131 Cleveland Medical Library Association  II/307 Cline, Henry II/257 Clôture, Louis Lepecq de la I/A11 Coen, Leopold de II/122 Cogan, David G. II/317

507

Index of Owners Cohn, Alfred E. II/331 Colbert, Charles Eleonor II/253 Colbert, Jacques Nicolas II/253 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste II/253 Cole, F. J. I/196, II/282 Colegio de San Juan in Puebla I/123 Coley, Bradley Lancaster I/265, II/355 Coley, William Bradley I/265 College Library of the Transtibiscan Church District and Library of Theology II/117 College of Physicians of Philadelphia I/248, II/336, II/337 Collegio Romano I/94 Collegium Medicum of Hannover II/56 Collegium Sanitatis in Dresden II/71 Collin, Pierre II/41 Collins, John II/247 Colloredo, princely family of I/267 Columbia University I/239, I/240, I/241, I/242, II/329, II/330 Comenge y Ferre, Luis I/142 Conner, Phineas H. I/224, II/316 Conring, Hanson Kelly II/342 Conring, Hermann II/93 Convento della Santissima Annunziata in Florence I/87 Convent of Santa Maria Maddalena in Rome  II/143 Cooper, Alfred Duff, 1st Viscount Norwich  I/A2 Corbeau, Nelly II/31 Corghi, Quirinus I/90 Cornell University I/228, II/319 Corpus Christi College, Oxford II/279 Cosin, John II/248 Cotes, Francis II/258 Cowlishaw, Leslie II/2 Coxe, John Redman II/337 Crampton, Sir Philip I/173 Critici, Francesco II/139 Crow, Thomas I/184 Crummer, Leroy II/287 Cunningham, Daniel John I/173 Curtis, John Green I/239, I/240 Cushing, Harvey I/236, II/327, II/352 Cuvier, Georges I/42 Dalekarlus, Olaeus Andreas II/229 Dalton, John II/243 Daremberg, Charles I/33, II/42 Dartmouth College I/224, I/225, II/316, II/317 Darwin College, Cambridge I/169 Davis and Orioli I/208 Dayes, Edward II/261 Debleucourt, Nicolai I/119 DeGolyer, Everett Lee I/247 Delfino, Tiberio I/93 Deneux, Nicolas Rassius II/251 Denver Medical Society I/115, II/312 Depies, Martinus II/167 Dernschwam, Hans I/3

Detroit Public Library I/220 Deutsch, Christian Friedrich von II/P14 Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina I/138, II/78 Deutsche Ärzte-Bücherei II/192 Deutsches Historisches Museum I/53 Deutsches Orthopädisches Geschichts- und Forschungsmuseum II/P5 Dibner, Bern I/269, II/354 Dickins, Ambrose II/256 Didot, Ambroise Firmin I/32, II/311 Dietrichstein Library II/163 Distelmeyer, Christian II/25 Dodonaeus, Rembertus II/171 Dominic Winter II/A11 Dominican convent of Santa Caterina of Barcelona I/143 Dominican monastery of Mainz II/94 Donauer, Christoph Sigismund II/104 Dörling, Franz II/227 Dorotheum I/A16 Douce, Francis II/277 Dreweatts & Bloomsbury II/344, I/A20 Drummond, James II/321 Ducceschi, Virgilio I/94 Duden, Heinrich II/100 Duke University I/222, II/313 Dumonstier, Daniel I/38 Durazzo, Girolamo Luigi II/290 Durham University II/248 Duschnes & Crawford I/235 Duval, Robert I/194

Exalto, Johannes Arnold II/171 Exeter Cathedral II/252

Fabricius, Daniel I/96 Fabricius, Vincentius II/234 Faesch, Remigius I/152 Faille, Jacob Baart de la II/362 Falconer, John II/264 Fallon, John II/357 Farabeuf, Louis Hubert I/40 Farnese, family I/93 Faye, John II/333 Fedeli, Gregorio II/142 Feiler, Johann II/A14 Fernandes, Simão José II/197 Fialon, Charles-Henri II/46 Ficinius, Joseph I/239 Finster, Joh. I/246 Fischer, Johann Heinrich II/201 Fisher, Otto Orren I/P3 Fishwick, Henry II/294 Flamm, Eugene S. II/P9 Fleckh, Melchior I/224 Fletcher, H. M. II/A12, II/A14, II/P16 Fleutelot, Jean-Baptiste II/33 Flint, Joseph Marshall I/237 Flock, Erasmus I/67 Foche, Jean de la II/48 Folger Shakespeare Library II/361 Fondation Martin Bodmer I/157 Forschungsbibliothek Gotha II/75 Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine  I/207, I/208, I/209, I/210, II/295, II/296, II/297 Eber, Paul I/174 Franciscan monastery in Ljubljana II/205 Ecole nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts  Frank, Mortimer II/305 I/39 Fraternita dei Laici of Arezzo II/123 Edell, Dean I/A12 Frazier, O. H. II/360 Egerton, T. & J. II/345 Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg  Eggenschwiler, Josef I/159 II/86 Ehemals Reichsstädtische Bibliothek Lindau  Freudenstein, Ludwig Gremp von II/110 II/92 Freytag, Johann Sigismund II/329 Ehrhard, Andreas I/153 Friedenwald, Harry I/79, II/122 Elbląg Municipal Library II/178 Friedman, Meyer I/A25 Els Llibres del Tirant I/A17 Friess, Martinus Fridericus II/294 Emmanuel College, Cambridge II/245 Frizac, Jean-Jacques I/A26 Emmens, Joseph II/302 Fulton, John Farquhar I/238, I/260, II/326 Emory University I/199 Fürstenberg-Stammheim, family I/72 Emynga, Hildebrand II/105 Fusari, Romeo I/12 Engelmann, Wilhelm I/252 Fyffe, Patrick I/175 Ens, Johannes Demostenes ab I/131 Eötvös Loránd University II/116 Gaddi, Paolo II/59 Erasmus Antiquarian Bookshop II/163 Gajecki, Martin Georg II/191 Erbenius, Lubert I/74 Gallet, Louis I/175 Ernestinum Gymnasium in Gotha II/75 Gambaldi, Giovanni Francesco II/37 Es, Lodewijk van II/165 Garmers, Johannes II/234 Escola Médico-Cirúrgica de Lisboa II/197 Gasser, Achilles II/150 Estieux, Jean Manuel d’ II/33 Gaultier, family II/40 Eton College II/285 Gdańsk Library of the Polish Academy of Eugene, Prince of Savoy I/259, II/6 Sciences II/179, II/180 Evans, Herbert McLean I/115, I/200, I/216, Gdańsk Town Library II/180 I/260, I/265, II/312, II/351, II/353, Gegenbaur, Carl I/137 I/A25

508 Geier, Georg II/111 General Assembly Library II/172 Genootschap ter Bevordering der Genees- en Heelkunde in Amsterdam I/163 George I, King of England I/165 George III, King of England II/255 Gerhard, Johann II/A10 Gerhard, Johann Ernst II/A10 Germanisches Nationalmuseum II/102 Gesellschaft Praktischer Ärzte II/159, II/160 Gesellschaft zur Beförderung der gesamten Naturwissenschaften zu Marburg I/69 Gesner, Carl Philipp II/71 Gesner, Johann Matthias II/71 Gessner, Johann Heinrich II/240 Gessner, Johannes II/240 Getty Research Institute I/231 Ghent University I/8, II/14 Gheyn, Jacques de II II/171 Gianelli, Gennaro I/A4 Giannelli, Francesco II/P16 Gibson, William C. II/20 Gilhofer II/P12 Gilhofer & Ranschburg II/P22 Giordano, Davide II/153 Glass, Thomas II/252 Glenn Books II/P13 Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge  II/246 Gordinne, Philippe II/170 Gotha, ducal collections II/A10 Gottstein, Johann Gottlieb II/169 Gottstein, Nathanael Friedrich II/169 Götz, Hans II/227 Grave, Jo. de II/297 Gray, George Munn I/185 Green Richard I/P3 Grembs, Georg II/101 Grier, William P. I/A18 Grudziądz Gymnasium II/190 Grymstone, Thomas II/246 Gualther, MIchael II/322 Gugler, Nicolaus II/47 Gumuchian, Kirkor I/30 Gunderam, Matthias II/229 Gutgesell, F. I/69 Guy’s Hospital II/256 Gwalther, Rudolf I/160 Gymnasial-Bibliothek Heilbronn II/58 Gymnasium Arnoldinum II/107 Haber, Meryl H. II/304 Haber, W. II/81 Haeberl, Simon von I/214 Hacquart, Christian II/23 Hagenbach, Carl Friedrich II/232 Hagströmer Library I/149 Haindorf, Alexander II/100 Hall, H. II/281 Haller, Albrecht von I/91, II/133 Haller, Peter II/199 Hamberger, Julius Wilhelm II/201

Index of Owners Hamburger Kunsthalle I/64 Harnier, Richard II/81 Harrasowitz, Otto I/192 Harrer, Johann Christoph I/237 Hartmann, Henri II/31 Harvard Art Museums I/212 Harvard University I/213, II/298, II/299, II/300, I/A18 Hausen, Peter von I/138 Hauswedell & Nolte I/53 Heard, James D. I/252 Hecker, Johannes I/222 Hector, James II/172 Heidegger, Johann Jakob II/240 Heilbrun, Georges I/235 Heineccius, A. I/73 Heinrich-Suso-Gymnasium II/89 Héliot, Benoît d’ II/60 Hellich, Josef I/197 Henerus, Petrus II/73 Henerus, Renatus II/73 Henri Godts I/P2, II/P1 Henri-Jules de Bourbon, Prince of Condé  I/34 Henry Sotheran II/P2 Herbert, Thomas, 8th Earl of Pembroke  I/215 Heritage Auctions I/A18 Hertzberger, Menno II/312 Herzog August Bibliothek I/75, II/113, II/114 Herzogliche Bibliothek Altenburg II/85 Hexarch, Diego II/208 Hiegel, Johann Kraffto II/94 Hiersemann, Karl W. I/212 Higholt, Howard H. I/221 Hildebrandt, Georg Friedrich II/155 Hindman, Leslie II/A17 Hiroshima University of Economics I/114 Historische Bibliothek der Stadt Rastatt  I/74 Historische Gesellschaft für die Provinz Posen II/189 Hoeven, Johannes van der II/167 Hofer, Philip I/213, II/298 Hofmann, Carl Ernst Emil II/273 Hoffmann-La Roche II/233 Holler, Franz I/137 Hollis, Thomas II/299 Hölscher, Barthold Georg II/156 Holter, Norman II/343 Honeyman, Robert B IV I/A9 Hoppesteijn II/213, II/214 Horlick, Robert II/294 Horlick, Ruth C. II/294 Hortogh, Abraham I/A7 Hospinianus, Henricus II/P2 Hough, John Stockton II/340 Howard, Sir Arthur I/179 Howe, Georges II/319 Hugonis, Jacques II/28 Hugues de Latude II/P2 Hulthem, Charles van I/7

Humboldt Universität I/54, II/65 Hummel, Balthasar Jr. II/P23 Hunter, William I/176, II/253 Huntington, George S. I/241, I/242, II/329, II/330 Huntington Library I/262, II/353, II/354 Hutchinson, Miss II/121 Il Cartiglio II/A13 Il Librario II/A16 Imperial Medici-Palatine Library I/64 Imperial Moscow University II/P11 Indiana University I/206, II/292 Inguimbert, Malachie d’ II/32 Institut Catholique de Paris I/41 Institut d’Anatomie Normale de Strasbourg  II/57 Institut für Geschichte der Medizin in Leipzig I/266, II/91 Instituto Cultural de Ponta Delgada I/134 Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas I/12 International Research Center for Japanese Studies I/115, II/157 Israel, B. M. II/169, II/P15 Istituto delle Scienze, Bologna II/124 Jacobi, Abraham II/A14 Jager, Thor II/320 Jagiellonian University Library II/182, II/183, II/184 Jagiellonka, Anna, Queen of Poland I/132 Jennings, J. C. I/264 Jeschke van Vliet I/A19, II/P3 Jesuit college of Alcalà II/214 Jesuit college of Arras I/28 Jesuit college of Baden-Baden I/74 Jesuit college of Bourges II/30 Jesuit college of Grudziądz II/190 Jesuit college of Koblenz I/67 Jesuit college of Konstanz II/89 Jesuit college of Ljubljana II/206 Jesuit college of Madrid, Imperial II/211 Jesuit college of Mainz II/95 Jesuit college of Nice II/322 Jesuit college of Palermo II/137 Jesuit college of St Clement in Prague I/20 Jesuit college of Valenciennes II/61 Jesuit domus professa of Alès I/10–11 Jesuit domus professa of Antwerp II/302 Jesuit domus professa of Paris II/346 Jesuit domus professa of Sassari II/146 Jesuit monastery of Augsburg II/63 Jesuit monastery of Bratislava I/77, I/134 Jesuit monastery of Brussels I/217 Jesuit monastery of Cremona II/125 Jesuit monastery of Genova I/88 Jesuit monastery of Ingolstadt I/A15 Jesuit monastery of Linz II/4 Johann VII, Count of Nassau-Siegen II/268 Johann Friedrich I, Elector of Saxony I/65 John Crerar Library II/P14 John Rylands Library I/190, II/294

509

Index of Owners Johns Hopkins University I/202, I/203, II/290 Jonathan Hill I/A20, II/A15 Jones, Thomas Rymer II/317 Jordan II/112 Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg II/226 Jung, Chr. Dan. II/169 Jupp, Johannes Bartholomaeus II/322 Kaiser Wilhelm Bibliothek Posen II/189 Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research II/192 Kapp, Christian Erhard II/90, I/204 Karl I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld II/115 Karolinska Institute Library I/149 Kast, Georg Christoph I/200 Kazay, Sámuel II/117 Keio University I/118 Kekellius, Georgius II/31 Keller, Isaac (Cellarius) II/P23 Keller, Thomas II/319 Kelly, Anthony H. II/347 Kelly, Howard Atwood II/202, II/307, II/327 Kepser, Sixtus I/251 Kerck, Antonius van der II/252 Kerr, William J. II/352 Kerrich, Charles I/16 Kerrich, Samuel I/16 Kerrich, Thomas I/16 Ketterer Kunst II/P6 Keynes, Sir Geoffrey I/164 Kielce Voivodeship Library II/181 Kindai University I/113 King’s College Aberdeen II/242 King’s College London I/179, I/180, I/181, II/256 Kitzingkus, Joannes II/196 Klebs, Arnold Carl II/A3 Klimó, György I/77 Kloss, Georg Franz Burkhardt II/74 Kodansha I/115 Köferle, Joseph I/157 Koller Auktionen II/P2 Komarouia, Joseph II/241 Königliche Academie der Künste zu Berlin  II/193 Königliche Bayerische Bibliothek Eichstätt  I/59 Königliche Bibliothek zu Berlin I/56, II/204 Königsfeld, Grafen von II/312 Kortyn, Jan II/191 Koźmińczyk, Benedykt II/182 Kraus, H. P. I/251 Krech, Shepard II/332 Kroencke, Frederick William II/359 Korencke Mullins, Selma II/359 KU Leuven I/9, I/10–11, II/12 Kuhn, Johann Bartholomäus I/264 Küncke, W. I/154, I/154–155 Kunckel, Quirinus II/94 Kunztat, Franciscus I/210

Kurashiki Central Hospital II/156 Kurashiki Institute for Science of Labor  II/156 Kyushu National Museum I/120 Kyushu University II/155 Lachmann, Bernhard II/155 Laflize, Dominique II/357 Lagus, Stephanus I/56 Lambert, Samuel W. I/245, II/333 Lambertus II/61 Lambeth Palace I/182 Lamoignon, Chrétien François de II/317 Lamoignon, family II/317 Lancisi, Giovanni Maria II/149 Landesbibliothek Oldenburg I/73 Landesbibliothek Posen II/189 Landesbibliothekszentrum Zweibrücken  II/115 Landi, Ferdinando I/99 Lanna, Karl Adalbert I/197 Laski, Frida Kerry II/331 Laski, Harold II/331 Lauder, family II/291 Lazaristes of St Cyr II/62 Lazzari, Marco I/185 Lea, Henry Charles I/248 Leake, Chauncey D. I/18, II/312 Leake, Elizabeth I/18 Leiden University I/128, I/129, II/168 Lelli, Ercole I/89 Leonus, Petrus I/85 Letherlands, Joseph II/253 Leyden, Ernst von II/65 Lia I/18 Library Company of Philadelphia II/338 Library of Congress I/268 Libreria Antiquaria Mediolanum I/10–11 Libreria Detken & Rocholl I/257 Librije Westerkerk Enkhuizen I/126 Lichtenhant, David I/73 Lichtenthaeler, Charles II/82 Liechtenstein, princely House of I/268 Lier, Reinhard II/303 Linda Hall Library I/230 Linder, Nicolaus II/P2 Linköping gymnasium II/223 Linköping Public Library II/223 Lloyd, William I/190 Lobkowitz, princely family of I/21 Loder, Justus Ferdinand II/200 Loeb, Jacob II/100 Loganian Library II/338 Logan, William II/338 Lollio, Alberto I/A4 Longacre, Jacob James II/297 Lorkyn, Thomas II/244 Los Angeles County Medical Association  I/A14 Louis II de Bourbon, Prince of Condé  I/34 Löwenstein, Count Friedrich von II II/47

Löwenstein-Scharfeneck, Friedrich von  II/327 Lownes, Albert Edgar I/254 Lucian Blaga Central University Library  I/137 Ludford, William II/26 Ludwig Rudolf, Duke of BrunswickWolfenbüttel II/113 Lund Univeristy II/224, II/225 Lyzeum zu Rastatt I/74 Macalister, Alexander I/166 Macholt, Johann I/237 Maciet, Jules II/43 Maelson, Petrus Franciscus I/126 Magdalen College, Oxford I/193 Magliabecchi, Antonio II/128 Major, Ralph Hermon II/59 Mall, Franklin Paine II/328 Mallet, Jacques I/A11 Maltus II/142 Manchester Central Library II/272 Manchester Medical Society II/273 Manchester Royal Infirmary II/274 Mangerius, Wilhelmus Herman a I/76 Marcellin, Pancrace II/37 Marchant, P. C. II/27 Marchesetti, Jacopo I/230 Marcquis, D. Lazarus I/4 Mariotti, Annibale II/78 Marsigli, Luigi Ferdinando II/125 Martayan Lan II/A18 Martinus Bibliothek Mainz II/94 Maruzen I/116 Massachusetts Medical College I/A18 Masson, Jean I/39 Mattsperger, Lucas II/337 Maupas, Pierre de II/48 Mayerne, Sir Theodore Turquet de I/165 Mayo Clinic I/256, II/346, II/347 Mazarin, Jules I/35, II/47 McGill University I/15, I/16, I/244, II/17 McNaghten, Alexander II/347 Mead, Richard I/176 Meda Riquier Rare Books II/P6 Médiathèque centre-ville Saint-Denis II/54 Médiathèque de Montbéliard II/39 Médiathèque E. R. Vailland I/29 Médiathèque Louis Aragon II/35 Médiathèque Malraux I/45 Médiathèques Montpellier I/32 Medical and Chirurgical Faculty, Maryland  II/A14, I/P8 Medical-Surgical Academy, St Petersburg  II/191 Medicinisch-chirurgischen Gesellschaft in Zürich II/240 Medizinische Communbibliothek I/156 Meigs, Charles Delucena I/248 Meiji University I/119 Meixner, Wenzel II/P10 Mercantile Library of St Louis I/264

510 Merton College, Oxford I/177, I/194 Mesnage, Jacques I/A8 Metcalfe, Theophilus II/280 Metropolitan Museum of Art II/331 Michel, Dr. I/197 Michigan State University II/314 Mignard, Joseph II/32 Miller, Joseph Lyon II/345 Miller, William Snow I/234 Minims of Paris II/50 Minims of Reims I/43 Moehsen, Johann Carl Wilhelm II/202 Molanus, Gerhard II/83 Monastery of Domèvre-sur-Vezouze II/41 Monastery of San Benedetto in Ferrara I/86 Monastery of San Silvestro al Quirinale in Rome I/101 Monastery of St Francis in Urbino II/149 Mongrunundus, François II/29 Monro, Alexander I II/172 Monro, Alexander II II/172 Monro, Alexander III II/172 Monro, David II/172 Monro Hector, Charles II/172 Montanari, Alberico I/100 Moore, John I/165 Morenberg, Andreas II/178 Moretus, family of II/10 Morgan, Carter II/261 Morgan Library and Museum I/243 Morgan, Sir Thomas Charles II/345 Moscow State University II/200, II/201 Moser, Bartholomaeus I/59 Moutier, François I/A26 Müller, Johannes Peter I/6 Muleius, Horatius I/12 Municipal Library of Porto I/136 Münsterer, Leonhard I/73 Musée Flaubert et d’Histoire de la médecine  I/44 Museum Boerhaave II/169 Muséum national d’histoire naturelle I/42, II/50, II/51 Museumsverein Basel II/232 Mylius, Emmanuel I/264 Naß, M. Iodocus I/3 Naevius, Caspar I/A16 National and University Library of Slovenia  II/206 National Art Library I/183, II/257 National Diet Library, Japan II&156 National Library of China I/19 National Library of Finland II/25 National Library of Israel I/79, II/122 National Library of Medicine I/204 National Library of Russia I/140 National Library of Scotland I/171 National Library of Sweden I/150 National Library of the Czech Republic  I/20, I/21 National Library of Ukraine II/241

Index of Owners

Oberösterreichische Landesbibliothek II/4 Obersteiner, Heinrich II/9 Ochs, Johann Friedrich II/67 Oedt, Johann Albert Joseph von II/118 Ohio State University II/309 Oostenrijk, Joris van I/9 Opaliński, Łukasz II/241 Oratorian library of Palermo I/97 Oratorian monastery of Porto I/136 Oregon Health and Science University  II/343 Orpen, John Herbert II/121 Orsetti, Antonio II/259 Osler, Sir William I/15, I/16, I/203, I/210, I/238, I/244, II/17, II/308, I/P8 Ossolineum I/132 Österreichische Nationalbibliothek I/3, I/259, II/6 Östersund grammar school library II/226

Pané, J. G. II/41 Panthof, Simon I/124 Pappenheimer, Alwing Max Jr. II/300 Pardo, Hieronymus I/A25 Parker, George I/260 Parker, Margarite B. I/260 Pascionius, Cyriacus II/204 Pauline monastery of Lepoglava II/116 Paul Stradins Museum of History of Medicine  II/160 Pavetti II/358 Payne, Thomas II/317 PBA Galleries I/A21 Perellós, Ginés de II/219, II/220 Perne, Andrew I/170 Perrot, Abraham II/270 Peterhouse, Cambridge I/170 Petit, Claude II/33 Petreius, Petrus I/39 Petri, Henricus II/268 Petri von Hartenfels, Georg Christoph  II/243 Peyre, Emile II/44 Pflussl, Heinrich I/2 Pharmazie-Historisches Museum Basel  II/231 Phillips, Robert L. I/249 Pierrepoint, Henry, 1st Marquess of Dorchester II/260 Pilcher, Cobb II/326 Pilcher, Lewis Stephen I/197, II/288 Pirschner, H. I/24 Plantin-Moretus Museum II/10 Plöderl, Franz Xavier Georg II/A14 Plumier, Charles II/50 Pogliaghi, Lodovico II/132 Pollard, A. T. II/261 Pollard, Bilton II/261 Portail, Antoine I/176 Portail, Paul I/176 Posner, Henry Sr. I/251 Potts, Goldie Claire II/335 Potts, John B. II/335 Power, Sir D’Arcy II/331 Poznań University Library II/187, II/188, II/189 Premonstratensian abbey of Grimbergen  I/36 Premonstratensian abbey of Soissons II/55 Premonstratensian monastery of Hradisko  II/P10 Princeton University I/253, II/344 Prinel, Jean-Anatole II/27 Prinzmetal, Myron I/116 Prussian State Library II/204 Putti, Vittorio I/81 Pybus, Frederick II/275

Paddy, Sir William II/281 Pagel, B. E. J. II/P8 Pagel, Walter II/P8 Palma, Georg II/103

Quaritch I/A26, I/P4, II/P17 Queen’s College, Oxford II/280 Queen’s University I/14, II/15 Querol, Miguel II/219

Nebel, Christoph Ludwig II/310 Nederlands Maatschappij ter Bevordering der Geneeskunst I/124, II/164 Nesbitt, Robert II/340 Neurologisches Institut, Vienna II/9 Newberry Library I/215 Newcastle University II/275 New College, Oxford I/195 New York Academy of Medicine I/244, I/245, I/246, II/332, II/333, II/342 New York Hospital II/360 New York State Library II/286 Nicholay, Comte de I/A8 Nicholson, Gilbert de Poulton I/200 Nicolai, Erasmus II/229 Nicolai, Margaretha II/229 Nicolaus Copernicus University Library  II/178, II/190 Nicole, Claude I/175 Nicolson, William II/279 Niedersächsische Landesbibliothek II/83 Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen  I/61, II/76, II/156 Nigel Phillips II/A19 Nilsson, Nils II/225 Nippon Dental University I/117, II/158 Nitsch, Johann Paul Ägidius II-325 Noma Research Archives for Science and Medicine I/115, II/157 Norman, Haskell F. I/A8, II/P10 Norman, Jeremy I/235, II/A14, II/P9 Northwestern University II/303, II/304 Novartis II/231 Noyet, George Augustus II/345 N. V. Noord-Nederlandsche Boekhandel  II/166

511

Index of Owners Rabault, René I/26 Radeschinsky von Radessowitz, Samuel  I/204 Ramer, Bruce J. I/255 Rangone, Tommaso I/110 Ranschburg, Otto H. II/286 Rappaport, Carl Ewald II/295 Raspail, François Vincent I/A26 Ratsbibliothek Hannover II/84 Ratsbücherei Lüneburg I/68, II/93 Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando II/209 Real Academia de Medicina de Cataluña  I/142 Real Colegio Seminario de Corpus Christi  I/147 Redondo, Emanuel a II/210 Reformed Church College of Sárospatak  II/119 Reich, David I/69 Reich, Ezechias II/177 Reichhart, Albert I/2 Reichner, Herbert II/A3 Reider, Martin Joseph von II/320 Reiss & Sohn II/A20, I/P5 Reneaulme, Paul II/296 Reynolds, Edward II/257 Reynolds, Lawrence I/205, II/291 Ribier, Jacques I/15 Riccardi, Francesco II/129 Richardson, Maurice L. II/323 Richet, Charles I/40 Richet, Dominique Alfred I/40 Richmond Academy of Medicine  II/345 Rickius, Matthaeus I/168 Ridley II/319 Riederer, Paul I/42 Riedesel, Baron Friedrich Adolph  II/348 Rietmann, Calixtus II/92 Rieunier & Associés II/A21 Rig, William II/250 Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kunsten  II/162 Rijksmuseum Research Library II/163 Rive, Franz Wilhelm II/165 Robard, Thomas I/168 Roberts, David Lloyd I/190 Roberts, William D. I/14 Robinson, Hampton C. I/226 Robinson, Louise Fenton I/226 Robles, Fernando Ynfante de II/210 Roguski, Sylwester I/132 Rootenberg I/P13 Rosenmuller, Johann Christian II/325 Rosenwald, Lessing J. I/268 Ross, James I/171 Roth, Anton II/P6 Roth, Moritz I/154, I/154–155 Rottendorf, Bernhard II/333 Rougemont, Joseph Claude II/66

Schindler, Robert I/A17 Schlegel, Johann Wilhelm II/90, I/204 Schneeberger, Anton II/191 Schöner, Johann II/64 Schönholzer, Johann Balthasar II/P23 Schulenburg, counts of II/114 Schuman, Henry I/222, II/313 Schwartz, Balthasar Gottfried I/149 Schwarz, Richard II/82 Schweickardt, Caspar II/94 Schweinitz, Johann Ferdinand II/163 Science Museum, London I/188, II/265, II/266 Scuola Grande di San Marco II/153 Seehauser, Joannes I/71 Seelmatter, David I/153 Segelken, Melchior Hermann I/212 Seifrid, Georg I/214 Sellers, Lyle M. II/310 Sellers, Ruth II/310 Seminario Diocesano de Astorga II/207 Semmelweis University I/76 Sernal, Theodor I/125 Shannon, Charles Emory Gould II/339 Shapero Rare Books I/A26 Sharpe, Michael I/P3 Sheffield General Infirmary II/304 Sibiu Lutheran gymnasium II/199 Sibthorpe, Thomas I/200 Sichel, Arthur II/166 Siebold, Eduard Caspar Jacobus von II/166 Sigismund August II, King of Poland I/132 Silver, Louis H. I/215 Simon Finch I/P11, II/P23 Skjelderup, Michael II/175 Slavinec’kyj, Epifany II/202 Sloane, Sir Hans I/178, II/263 Sächsische Landesbibliothek—Staats- und Smagłowski, Wincent I/132 Universitätsbibliothek Dresden I/57, Smarfett, Joshua II/215 I/58, II/70, II/71 Smith, Nathanael II/345 Sächsisch-Polnisches Königshaus I/58 Snyder, Clifford I/258 Sadde II/A22 Societa romana di storia patria II/144 Sahler, Charles Frederic II/P2 Somascan Fathers of Genova I/88 Salis, Johann Baptista von I/206 Somascan Fathers of San Maiolo, Pavia  Sampugnanus, Jacobus I/244 I/100 Sancroft, William II/245 Somogyi, Károly II/120 Sanderus Antiquariaat II/314 Somogyi Károly Municipal and County Sapke, Johann Albertus II/155 Library II/120 Sartorius, Georg Jacob I/74 Sotheby’s I/188, I/215, I/221, II/319, I/A1, Saulx, Johannes de la II/170 I/A9, I/A17, I/A22, I/A23, I/A24, I/A25, Saunders, John B. C. M. I/A17 I/A26, II/A23, II/A24, II/P9 Schad, Erhard von II/111 Southern Methodist University II/310 Schaf, Philip Caspar II/P10 Spezioli, Romolo I/84, II/126 Schäfer, Johann Jacob I/174 Sprague, Howard Burnham I/209 Schaffeldt, Philipp II/200 Schallenberg, Christophorus Otto von und zu  Staatliche Bibliothek Neuburg an der Donau  II/101 II/99 Staatsbibliothek Bamberg I/51, I/52, II/64 Schellenberg, Johannes von II/89 Staatsbibliothek Eichstätt I/59 Schaller, Isaac I/204 Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin I/55 Schallesius, Samuel I/200 Staatliche Bibliothek Regensburg II/104 Schedius, Johannes II/223 Staats- und Stadtbibliothek Augsburg I/50, Scheffer, Wilhelm (Opilio) II-103 II/63 Scheler, Thomas I/A8, I/A26 Rovere, Francesco Maria II della, Duke of Urbino I/106 Roy, Cornelius Henricus à II/165 Royal Academy of Arts II/258 Royal Australasian College of Surgeons II/2 Royal College and Episcopal Seminary in Strasbourg II/A3 Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists II/259 Royal College of Physicians I/184, II/260 Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow I/174 Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh  I/172, II/249 Royal College of Surgeons I/185, I/186, II/261, II/262 Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland I/190, II/121 Royal Family of Bulgaria I/13 Royal Institution I/A4 Royal Library of Belgium I/6, I/7, II/11, II/12, II/13 Royal Library of Denmark I/22, I/23, II/22, II/23 Royal Medical Chirurgical Society I/187 Royal Observatory of Brussels II/11 Royal Society II/263 Royal Society of Medicine I/187, II/264 Royal Surgical Academy of Denmark I/22 Rudbeck, Olaus II/254 Rüdinger, Esrom II/180 Russian Academy of Sciences II/202 Russian State Library I/138, I/139, II/203, II/204 Rutgers University II/328

512 Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg  II/81, II/82 Städel Museum II/73 Stadsbibliotheek Maastricht II/170 Stadtarchiv Rothenburg II/106 Stadtarchiv Wesel II/112 Stadtbibliothek Hannover II/84 Stadtbibliothek Nürnberg II/103 Stadtbibliothek Ulm II/111 Stadt- und Hochschulbibliothek Bern I/156 Stain, Christophorus a II/320 Stanescu, Christian I/A5 Stanford University I/265, I/266, II/355, II/356, I/A15 Stanisław Konopka Central Medical Library  II/192, II/193 Stargardt, J. A. I/53 Starhemberg, Bartholomäus von I/56 Starhemberg-Riedegg, princes of I/56 Starkenstein, Emil II/A20 Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn II/362 Steck, Samuel II/82 Stefanelli, Johann II/296 Steick, Stephanus II/P6 Steiman, Iser II/19 Stevenson, Lloyd Grenfell II/16 Stewart, Howard T. I/P14 Stiles, Sir Harold II/264 Stirling Maxwell, Sir William I/231, II/344 St John’s College, Cambridge II/247 St John’s College, Oxford II/281 St Louis Medical Society I/264 St Mary`s Cathedral in Hamburg II/234 St Mary’s Cathedral in Kingston, ON I/14 Stoffel, Georg Friedrich I/149 Stoll, Johan Conrad II/300 Stordeur II/319 Stoupy, Edmond-Sebastien-Joseph de II/P1 Strachwitz, Joseph von II/306 Stradins, Paul II/160 Strassmann, Erwin I/256 Strassmann, Paul I/256 Straub, G. F. II/290 Streeter, Edward Clark I/246 Stryk, Samuel II/79 St Thomas Hospital I/179 Stupanus, Johann Jakob II/91 Stupanus, Johann Rudolf II/91 Suffolk General Hospital II/243 Sugarman, Gerald I. I/A21 Superville, Daniel de II/72 Surgical College of Celle II/56 Surgical College of San Marcos in Madrid  II/213 Sussidio Canevari Demetrio I/88 Svajer, Amadeus I/166 Swann I/A25, II/A14, I/P8, II/P21 Sybold, David I/156 Symes I/A26 Symonds, John Addington II/331 Szersznik, Leopold Jan II/177

Index of Owners Tartu University I/24 Taylor, Charles Louis II/261 Ted Steinbock II/A25 Teichmeyer, Hermann Friedrich II/328 Tenri University I/116 Texas Medical Center Library I/226 Teylers Museum II/167 Thal, Johannes II/P8 The “Hosianum” Library of the Higher Theology Seminary of the Warmian Archdiocese in Olsztyn II/185, II/186 Thiedemann, H. II/91 Thiene, Domenico II/154 Thomas Jefferson University I/249, II/339 Thomson, William I/173 Thompson, Edmund SYmes II/345 Thompson, Sir D’Arcy Wentworth II/265 Thordarson, Chester H. II/322 Thun-Hohenstein, princely family of II/A20 Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek  I/65, I/66, II/85, II/86 Thüringische Landesbibliothek Altenburg  II/86 Thysius, Johannes I/128 Tokyo Medical and Dental University I/120 Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences I/121 Tomkyns, William II/326 Torra, Georg II/67 Touard, Louis I/33 Transylvanian National Museum I/137 Trent, Josiah Charles I/222, II/313 Trent Semans, Mary Duke Biddle I/222, II/313 Tresoar I/127 Treviranus, Ludolph Christian I/204 Trew, Christoph Jacob I/60 Trinity College Dublin I/78 Trinity University I/259 Tulp, Nicolaes I/125 Tupper, Martin I/A4 Turner, H. W. II/331 Turner, Phillip Dymock II/347, I/P2 Tuscher, Carl Markus I/22 Tyler, Richard I/263, II/357 Ubaldini II/331 Uffenbach, Peter II/P6 Unertl, Franz Anton von II/97 Universidad Complutense I/145, II/210, II/211, II/212, II/213, II/214 Universidad de Salamanca I/146 Universidad de Valladolid II/221 Universidad de Zaragoza I/148, II/222 Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México  I/122 Universidade de Coimbra I/135 Università Ca’ Foscari I/111 Università degli studi di Milano I/92 Universität Altdorf I/60

Universitat de Barcelona I/143, II/208 Universitat de Valencia II/219, II/220 Universitätsbibliothek Basel I/152, I/153, I/154, I/154–155, II/230, II/232, II/233 Universitätsbibliothek Bern I/156, II/234 Universitätsbibliothek der LMU München  I/71, I/251, II/99 Universitätsbibliothek der Medizinischen Universität, Vienna II/7, II/8, II/9 Universitätsbibliothek Eichstätt-Ingolstadt  I/59 Universitätsbibliothek Erlangen-Nürnberg I/60, II/72 Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg (im Breisgau)  II/68 Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg II/74 Universitätsbibliothek Kiel II/88, II/189 Universitätsbibliothek Klagenfurt I/2 Universitätsbibliothek Köln II/69 Universitätsbibliothek Königsberg II/185, II/P16 Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig II/90, II/91 Universitätsbibliothek Marburg I/69, II/96 Universitätsbibliothek Rostock II/105, II/120 Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen II/110 Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn  I/56, II/66, II/67 Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Münster  I/72, II/100 Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt I/63, II/79, II/80 Université de Bordeaux Segalen II/29 Université de Caen Basse-Normandie  II/31 Université de Lille 3 II/36 Université de Lyon II/38 Université de Strasbourg I/46, I/47, II/58, II/59 Université René Descartes I/40 University College London II/267, II/268, II/269 University of Alabama at Birmingham  I/205, II/291 University of Amsterdam I/124, I/125, II/164, II/165 University of Bergen II/173 University of Bristol I/163 University of British Columbia I/18, II/19 University of California Los Angeles I/232, I/233, II/321 University of California San Francisco I/261, II/351, II/352 University of Chicago I/216, I/217, II/305, II/ P14 University of Colorado Denver I/219, II/312 University of Copenhagen II/24 University of Edinburgh I/173, II/250, II/251, II/302

513

Index of Owners University of Franeker I/127 University of Glasgow I/175, I/176, II/253 University of Groningen II/166 University of Illinois Chicago II/306, II/349 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign  I/267, II/358 University of Iowa I/227, II/318 University of Kansas Medical Center  I/229 University of Leeds I/177 University of Lisbon II/197 University of Liverpool II/254 University of Manchester I/190, II/273, II/274 University of Michigan Ann Arbor I/197, I/198 University of Minnesota I/235, II/324 University of Minnesota Duluth I/221 University of Missouri II/308 University of Nebraska II/335 University of New South Wales  I/1 University of North Carolina Chapel Hill  I/214 University of Oklahoma I/247, II/334 University of Oslo I/131, II/174, II/175, II/176 University of Otago II/172 University of Pécs I/77 University of Pennsylvania II/340, II/341 University of Pittsburgh I/252, II/342 University of Reading I/196, II/282 University of Rochester Medical Center  I/257, II/348 University of Sheffield II/283 University of Texas at Austin I/200, I/201, II/289 University of Texas Health Science Center  I/260 University of Texas Medical Branch I/223, II/315, II/A9 University of Texas—Southwestern Medical Campus II/311 University of Toronto I/17, II/18 University of Utah I/258, II/350 University of Victoria II/20 University of Virginia II/301, II/302 University of Warsaw II/191, II/194, II-195 University of Wisconsin Madison I/234, II/302, II/322, II/323 University of Wrocław I/133, II/196, II/A9 Uppsala University I/151, II/227, II/228 Utrecht University I/130, II/171

Valet, Antoine II/28 Valparaiso University II/359 Vanderbilt University II/325, II/326 Vanzetti, Tito I/95 Varnhagen, Johann Jacob I/264 Västerås City Library II/229 Venerosius, Hieronymus I/114 Verachter, Frederic I/5 Verbec, David II/116 Verbec, Johannes Baptista II/116 Vergeur, Guillaume de I/43 Vershbow, Arthur II/A3 Vershbow, Charlotte II/A3 Vesalius, Andreas I/28, I/56, II/18, II/73, II/150, I/A8 Vialart, Antoine II/30 Vierordt, Hermann von I/46 Vignal, William II/351 Villani, Jacopo II/138 Ville de Chaumont II/34 Villiers, Victor Child, 7th Earl of Jersey  II/319 Villot, Frédéric I/225 Virginia Historical Society II/345 Viringus, Jan Walter I/28 Vogel, Rudolf Augustin II/P25 Vogel, Z. II/175 Volmar, Bar de I/157 von Rhedigersche Stadtbibliothek zu Breslau  I/133, II/283 Vorberg, Caspar II/15 Voynich, Wilfrid M. I/243 Vualther, Georgius II/205 Waldeyer-Hartz, Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von II/57 Wall, Martin II/345 Waller, Erik I/151, II/227 Wallraf, Ferdinand Franz von II/69 Waltenberger, Benedict II/P10 Walther, Johannes Evangelista II/312 Wantz, George E. I/198 Ward, John II/226 Waring, James J. I/219 Washington University I/263, I/264, II/357 Watts, H. S. II/272 Watts, Stephen Hurt II/301 Weber, Johann Georg II/190 Weigel, Johann August Gottlieb I/24 Weigel, Oswald I/163 Weingart, D. Innocentius I/13 Weinlein, Josaphat II/106 Wellcome Collection I/189, II/270, II/271

Wellcome Museum of the History of Medicine II/266 Wells Cathedral II/284 Werlhof, Paul Gottlieb II-156 Westbouw, Johannes II/234 Western University II/16 Weyer, Johann Maria II/31 Wharton, Thomas Jr. II/345 Wharton, Thomas Sr. II/345 White, Paul Dudley I/208 Whittaker, Alfred II/309 Williams, Huntington I/A23 Willich, Jodocus I/77 Wilson, C. E. II/121 Winder, George I/258 Windham, William I/180 Wint, Nicolas de II/355 Wise, Thomas Alexander I/172 Wissenschaftliche Stadtbibliothek Mainz  II/95 Wistar Institute I/250 Wocker, Johannes Jacob I/8 Wolzogen, Ludwig von II/241 W. P. Watson Antiquarian Books I/A26 Wright, Richard II/345 Württembergische Landesbibliothek II/109 Wyman, Morrill II/296 Wynants, Petrus I/217 Xylander, Wilhelmus II/315 Yale University I/236, I/237, I/238, I/260, II/327 Yorke, Philip, 1st Earl of Hardwicke II/331 Yushodo I/115 Zaluski, Andrzej Stanisław II/191 Zaluski Library II/191 Zarini, Giuseppe M. I/230 Zeitlin, Jacob Israel I/267 Zeitlin & Ver Brugge II/59 Zelius, Johannes II/185 Zentralbibliothek Solothurn I/159 Zentralbibliothek Zürich I/160, I/206, II/240 Zentral- und Hochschulbibliothek Luzern  I/158, II/237 Zetterström Library II/226 Ziegler zum Adlerberg, Jacob I/149 Zisska & Kistner II/112, II/A26 Zittauer Rathsbibliothek I/57 Zonghi, Roberto II/139 Zurmatten, Christopher I/159 Zweibrücken Gymnasium II/115

Index of Places of Ownership1 Argentina

Croatia

Buenos Aires II/1, II/A10

Lepoglava II/116

Australia

Czech Republic

East Melbourne II/2 Lindfield II/2 Sidney I/1

Brno II/P10 Děčín II/A20 Mikulov II/163 Olomouc II/P10 Prague I/20, I/21 I/197, II/21, II/A20 Velké Hoštice II/227

Austria Innsbruck I/137, II/3  Klagenfurt I/2 Linz II/4 Riedegg I/56 Salzburg I/221, I/224 Sankt Paul I/2 Vienna I/3, I/208, I/259, I/268, II/5, II/6, II/7, II/8, II/9, II/205, I/A1, I/A16

Denmark Aarhus II/22 Copenhagen I/22, I/23, II/22, II/23, II/24 Estonia

Belgium

Tartu I/24, II/P14

Antwerp I/4, I/5, I/126, II/10, II/302 Bruges II/319 Brussels I/5, I/6, I/7, II/11, II/12, II/13, II/122, II/302, II/P1 Ghent I/7, I/8, II/13, II/14, II/314 Grimbergen I/36 Leuven I/9, I/10–11, II/12 Liège II/P1 Mechelen II/12

Finland

Brazil São Paulo I/12 Bulgaria Sofia I/13 Canada Kingston, ON I/14, II/15 London, ON II/16 Montreal, QC I/15, I/16, I/244, II/17 Toronto, ON I/17, II/18 Vancouver, BC I/18, II/19 Victoria, BC II/20 China Beijing I/19

1  This index mentions all known present and past places of ownership mentioned in the catalogue.

Helsinki II/25 France Aix-en-Provence II/26 Alès I/10–11 Amiens I/39 Angers I/25, I/26 Arras I/28 Besançon II/27 Blois II/296 Bordeaux I/27, II/28, II/29 Boulogne-sur-Mer I/28 Bourg-en-Bresse I/29, I/175 Bourges II/30 Caen II/31, I/A11 Carpentras II/32 Chalon-sur-Saône II/33, II/P1 Chartres I/194 Chaumont II/34 Dijon II/33, II/A22 Domèvre-sur-Vezouze II/41  Forez II/37 La Ferté-sur-Grosne II/33 Le Havre I/30 Le Mans II/35 Lille II/36, II/67 Loudun II/48 Lyon I/259, II/37, II/38 Metz I/31 Montbéliard II/39 Montpellier I/32, I/33, II/40, II/41 Nancy II/41, II/357 Nîmes I/10–11

Paris I/15, I/30, I/32, I/33, I/34, I/35, I/36, I/37, I/38, I/39, I/40, I/41, I/42, I/176, I/225, I/235, II/28, II/40, II/42, II/43, II/44, II/45, II/46, II/47, II/48, II/49, II/50, II/51, II/166, II/251, II/253, II/311, II/317, II/351, I/A26, II/A21, II/P2, II/P22 Reims I/43 Rennes II/52 Rouen I/44, II/53, II/253 Saint-Denis II/54 Soissons II/55, II/P1 Strasbourg I/23, I/42, I/45, I/46, I/47, I/200, II/16, II/56, II/57, II/58, II/59, II/110, II/337, II/A3 St-Victor-l’Abbaye I/44 Toulouse I/48, II/60, I/A26 Tours I/49 Valenciennes II/61 Versailles II/62 Germany Altdorf I/60, II/16 Altenburg II/86 Au am Inn I/71 Augsburg I/50, II/63, II/89, II/150 Baden-Baden I/74 Bamberg I/51, I/52, I/58, II/64, II/320 Berlin I/6, I/53, I/54, I/55, I/57, I/256, II/65, II/166, II/169, II/192, II/193, II/204, I/A1, I/A19, II/P14 Brandenburg II/25 Bremen II/65, I/212 Bockenheim I/174 Bonn I/56, I/57, II/66, II/67, I/204 Braunschweig II/155, II/200, II/348 Breisgau II/68 Celle I/154, I/154–155, II/56 Chemnitz I/A16 Cologne II/69 Dresden I/57, II/70, II/71, II/90 Düsseldorf I/264 Eichstätt I/59 Eppstein I/74 Erfurt II/243 Erlangen I/60, II/72 Frankfurt am Main I/73, II/67, II/73, II/74, II/P5, II/P6 Frankfurt an der Oder I/77, I/237 Freising I/251 Gießen II/155, II/310 Glauchau II/325 Gotha II/75, II/A10 Göttingen I/61, I/91, II/71, II/76, II/156, II/P14, II/P25 Greifswald I/62, II/177 Halberstadt I/237 Halle (Saale) I/63, I/138, I/237, II/77, II/78, II/79, II/80

515

Index of Places of Ownership Hamburg I/53, I/64, II/18, II/81, II/82, II/227, II/234, II/P6 Hannover II/56, II/76, II/83, II/84, II/156 Heidelberg II/100, II/150, II/315 Heilbronn I/149, II/58 Helmstedt II/93, II/155 Hitzacker I/75 Ingolstadt I/A15 Jena I/65, I/66, I/137, II/85, II/86, II/328, II/A10 Kaisheim II/101 Karlsruhe II/87 Kassel II/81 Kiel II/88, II/189, II/234, II/292 Kitzingen I/214 Kleve II/31 Koblenz I/67 Königstein im Taunus II/A20, I/P5 Konstanz II/89, II/99 Landshut I/251 Leipzig I/24, I/163, II/90, II/91, I/192, I/204, I/212, I/243, I/252, I/266, II/294, II/325 Lindau II/73, II/92 Loccum II/83 Lüneburg I/68, II/93 Mainz I/74, II/94, II/95, II/P6 Marburg I/69, II/96, II/166 Merseburg II/90, I/204 Munich I/70, I/71, I/214, II/97, II/98, II/99, II/101, II/112, II/201, II/296, II/A26 Münster I/72, II/100, II/333 Neuburg an der Donau II/101 Nordhausen II/P8 Nuremberg I/60, I/67, I/73, I/138, I/204, II/47, II/101, II/101 Oestrich II/94 Oldenburg I/73 Osnabrück II/67 Rastatt I/74 Regensburg I/237, II/104, II-A15 Reutlingen II/109 Rostock II/65, II/105, II/120 Rothenburg ob der Tauber II/106 Scharfeneck II/327 Schleswig II/105 Schopfheim I/42 Schwerin II/292 Siegen II/268 Speyer II/116, II/177 Steinfurt II/107 Stolzenau II/156 Stralsund II/108 Stuttgart II/82, II/109, II/300 Trier I/67 Tübingen I/46, II/103, II/110 Ulm II/111 Wangen II/240 Werden II/100 Wesel II/112 Wittenberg I/52, I/55, I/65, I/174, II/180, II/229 Wolfenbüttel I/75, II/113, II/114

Würzburg I/264 Zittau I/57 Zweibrücken II/115 Hungary Budapest I/76, II/116 Debrecen II/117 Kalocsa II/118 Pécs I/77 Sárospatak II/119 Szeged II/120 Ireland Balrath I/200 Lisheens II/121 Dublin I/78, I/173, I/190, I/200, II/121, II/347 Waterford II/121 Israel Jerusalem I/79, II/122 Italy Arezzo II/123 Bergamo I/80 Biella II/A13 Bologna I/81, I/89, II/124 Caiazzo II/138 Cesena I/82 Cremona II/125 Fermo I/83, I/84, II/126 Ferrara I/85, I/86, II/127, I/A4 Florence I/18, I/22, I/64, I/82, I/87, I/108, I/185, I/230, II/128, II/129, II/303 Genova I/88, I/114, II/290, II/299 Imola I/89 Livorno II/130 Lucca II/131, II/259 Mantova I/90 Milan I/10–11, I/91, I/92, I/244, II/132, II/133, II/151, II/A16 Modena II/59 Naples I/93, I/257, II/134, I/A4, II/362 Padova I/94, I/95, I/96, I/110, II/135, II/136, II/309 Palermo I/97, II/137 Parma I/93 Pavia I/98, I/100, II/138 Perugia II/78, II/P16 Piacenza I/99, I/100 Pisa I/22 Prato I/230 Ravenna II/139 Rome I/84, I/88, I/94, I/101, I/102, I/103, I/104, I/105, I/106, I/131, I/218, I/256, I/260, II/140, II/141, II/142, II/143, II/144, II/149, II/295, II/351 Rovereto II/145 Sassari II/146

Siena II/147, II/148 Spilamberto II/59 Terni I/107 Torino I/12, II/A13 Trieste I/108 Urbino I/106, II/149 Vatican I/109, II/150, II/151 Venice I/109, I/110, I/111, I/166, II/152, II/153 Vicenza I/112, II/154 Japan Fukuoka II/155 Higashi-Osaka I/113 Hiroshima I/114 Kurashiki II/156 Kyoto I/115, II/157 Kyushu I/120 Nara I/116 Niigata I/117, II/158 Tokyo I/115, I/116, I/118, I/119, I/120, I/121 Latvia Riga II/159, II/160 Mexico Mexico City I/122, II/161 Puebla I/123 The Netherlands Amsterdam I/124, I/125, I/163, II/162, II/163, II/164, II/165, II/169, II/312, II/P15 Dordrecht II/355 Enkhuizen I/126 Franeker I/127 Groningen II/166, II/362 Haarlem II/167 Leeuwarden I/127 Leiden I/128, I/129, II/167, II/167, II/168, II/169, II/171, II/332, II/P2 Maastricht II/170 Spanbroek II/162 Rotterdam II/72 Utrecht I/130, II/171 New Zealand Dunedin II/172 Wellington II/172 Nigeria Lagos I/185 Norway Bergen II/173 Oslo I/131, II/174, II/175, II/176

516 Poland Chełmno II/190 Cieszyn I/204, II/177 Elbląg II/178 Gdańsk I/222, II/179, II/180, II/234 Grudziądz II/190 Kielce II/181 Kraków I/132, II/182, II/183, II/184, II/191 Olsztyn II/185, II/186 Poznań II/169, II/187, II/188, II/189 Rudy II/306 Sandomierz II/182 Stanisławowo I/132 Toruń II/169, II/178, II/190 Warsaw II/191, II/192, II/193, II/194 Wrocław I/132, I/133, II/196, II/283, II/A9 Portugal Coimbra I/135 Lisbon II/197 Ponta Delgada I/134 Porto I/136 Romania Brasov II/185 Cluj I/137 Oradea II/198 Sibiu II/199 Russia Kaliningrad I/47, I/264, II/185, II/P16 Moscow I/138, I/139, II/200, II/201, II/202, II/203, II/204 St Petersburg I/140, II/191 Serbia Sremska Mitrovica II/118 Slovakia Bratislava I/77, I/141 Dolny Kubin I/141 Kremnica I/3 Nové Zámky II/241 Slovenia Ljubljana II/116, II/205, II/205 Spain Astorga II/207 Barcelona I/142, I/143, I/145, II/208, I/A17 Madrid I/144, II/209, II/210 , II/211, II/212, II/213, II/214, II/217 Mahón II/215

Index of Places of Ownership

Bila Tserkva II/191 Lviv I/132 Kyiv II/241

Exeter II/252 Glasgow I/174, I/175, I/176, II/253 Keir I/231, II/344 Kelling I/P11, II/P23 Larkfield II/121 Leeds I/177 Liverpool II/254 London I/176, I/177, I/178, I/179, I/180, I/181, I/182, I/183, I/184, I/185, I/186, I/187, I/188, I/189, I/208, II/240, II/253, II/255, II/256, II/257, II/258, II/259, II/260, II/261, II/262, II/263, II/264, II/265, II/266, II/267, II/268, II/269, II/270, II/271, II/277, II/281, II/289, II/299, II/317, II/319, II/331, II/340, II/344, II/345, II/347, I/A1, I/A2, I/A4, I/A5, I/ A6, I/A8, I/A9, I/A10, I/A20, I/A22, I/ A26, I/P2, I/P12, II/P6, II/P8, II/P9, II/ P14, II/P17 Manchester I/190, II/272, II/273, II/273, II/294 Much Hadham II/A14, II/P16 Newcastle II/275 Old Park, Durham II/345 Oxford I/177, I/192, I/192, I/193, I/194, I/195, II/276, II/277, II/278, II/279, II/280, II/281, II/345 Reading I/196, II/282 Redenhall I/16 Rochdale II/294 Savernake I/242 Sheffield II/283, II/304 Stamford I/P12 Sutton II/331 Tenterden II/215 Wells II/284 Wilton I/215 Wimpole II/331 Windsor II/285

United Kingdom

United States

Aberdeen I/161, II/242 Ambrosden II/280 Birmingham I/177, II/A10 Braunston II/257 Bristol I/163, II/338 Bury St Edmunds II/243 Cambridge I/16, I/164, I/165, I/166, I/167, I/168, I/169, I/170, II/243, II/244, II/245, II/246, II/247, II/326 Canterbury II/245 Cheltenham II/345 Chilbolton II/A19 Cirencester II/A11 Dersingham I/16 Dundee I/172, II/265 Durham II/248 Edinburgh I/171, I/172, I/173, II/15, II/17, II/172, II/249, II/250, II/251, II/264, II/291, II/302 Ely I/165

Albany, NY II/286 Ann Arbor, MI I/197, I/198, II/287, II/288 Arroyo Grande, CA I/A21 Atlanta, GA I/199 Aurora, IL II/P1 Austin, TX I/200, I/201, II/289 Baltimore, MD I/15, I/16, I/79, II/202, II/203, I/210, I/236, I/238, I/244, II/17, II/122, II/290, II/307, II/308, II/327, II/328, I/ A3, I/A23, II/A14, I/P8 Baton Rouge, LA I/255 Berkeley, CA I/115, I/200, I/216, II/312, II/351, II/353 Bethesda, MD I/204 Birmingham, AL I/205, II/291 Bloomington, IN I/206, II/292 Boston, MA I/207, I/208, I/209, I/210, I/263, II/293, II/294, II/295, II/296, II/297, II/357, I/A18 Buffalo, NY I/211

Salamanca I/146 Toledo II/216, II/217 Valencia I/147, II/218, II/219 Valladolid II/221 Zaragoza I/148, II/222 Sweden Lidköping I/151 Linköping II/223 Lund II/224, II/225 Östersund II/226 Stockholm I/149, I/150 Uppsala I/151, II/227, II/228, II/254 Västerås II/229 Switzerland Aarau II/P23 Basel I/8, I/152, I/153, I/154, I/154–155, II/91, II/230, II/231, II/232, II/233, II/273, II/342, II/P23 Bern I/91, I/156, II/82, II/234 Cologny I/157 Geneva I/259, II/235, II/236 Lausanne II/239 Luzern I/158, II/237, II/P12, II/P22 Messen I/153 Neuchâtel II/238, II/270 Solothurn I/159 Uster I/206 Yverdon-les-Bains II/239 Zürich I/149, I/160, I/206, II/240, II/P2 Ukraine

517

Index of Places of Ownership Cambridge, MA I/212, I/213, I/246, II/296, II/298, II/299, II/300, II/317, II/354 Chapel Hill, NC I/214 Charlottesville, VA II/301, II/302 Chicago, IL I/215, I/216, I/217, II/303, II/304, II/305, II/306, II/317, II/322, II/A3, II/A17, II/P14 Cincinnati, OH I/224, II/297, II/316 Cleveland, OH I/204, I/218, II/307, II/323 Columbia, MO II/308 Columbus, OH Dallas, TX II/310, II/311, I/A18 Denver, CO I/115, I/219, II/312 Detroit, MI I/205, I/220, II/291, II/309, I/P3 Duluth, MN I/221 Durham, NC I/222, II/313 East Lansing, MI II/314 Galveston, TX I/223, II/315, II/A9 Greensboro, NC I/249 Hanover, NH I/224, I/225, II/316, II/317 Honoulu, HI II/290 Houston, TX I/226, II/360 Iowa City, IA I/227, II/302, II/318 Ithaca, NY I/228, II/319 Jenkintown, PA I/268 Kansas City, KS II/59, I/229, II/320 Kansas City, MO I/230

La Porte, IN II/359 Los Angeles, CA I/115, II/59, I/231, I/232, I/233, I/267, II/321, I/A14 Louisville, KY II/A25 Madison, WI I/234, II/302, II/322, II/323 Minneapolis, MN I/235, II/324 Nashville, TN I/188, II/325, II/326 Newark, NJ II/328 New Haven, CT I/236, I/237, I/238, II/16, II/309, II/326, II/327, II/352 Newton, MA II/294, II/A3 New York, NY I/188, I/197, I/198, I/222, I/235, I/239, I/240, I/241, I/242, I/243, I/244, I/245, I/246, I/251, I/255, I/265, I/269, II/286, II/288, II/313, II/329, II/330, II/331, II/332, II/333, II/342, II/354, II/355, II/360, I/A2, I/A11, I/A12, I/A13, I/A14, I/A15, I/A20, I/A23, I/A24, I/A25, II/A3, II/A4, II/A5, II/A6, II/A7, II/A8, II/A9, II/A10, II/A14, II/A15, II/A18, II/A24, I/P3, I/P8, I/P14, II/P9, II/P10, II/P11, II/P21 Norman, OK I/247, II/334 Novato, CA I/235, II/A14 Omaha, NE II/287, II/335 Pasadena, CA I/P3 Philadelphia, PA I/248, I/249, I/250, II/336, II/337, II/338, II/339, II/340, II/341

Pittsburgh, PA I/251, I/252 Portland, OR II/343 Princeton, NJ I/253, II/344 Providence, RI I/254, I/255 Richmond, VA II/345 Rochester, MN I/256, II/346, II/347 Rochester, NY I/257, II/348 Rockford, IL II/349 Rolling Hills, CA I/221 Salt Lake City, UT I/258, II/350 San Antonio, TX I/259, I/260 San Diego, CA II/343, II/P13 San Francisco, CA I/18, I/261, II/312, II/351, II/352, I/A12, I/A21 San Juan Capistrano, CA I/A9 San Marino, CA I/262, II/353, II/354 Sioux City, IA II/347 Stanford, CA I/265, I/266, II/355, II/356, I/A15 St Louis, MO I/263, I/264, II/357 Thomas, WV II/345 Trenton, NJ II/340 Urbana, IL I/267, II/358 Valparaiso, IN II/359 Waco, TX II/360 Washington, DC I/268, I/269, II/361 Wichita, KS II/320 Worcester, MA II/357