The Divine Council in Canaanite and Early Hebrew Literature 9789004387065

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The Divine Council In Canaanite and Early Hebrew Literature

HARVARD SEMITIC

MUSEUM

HARVARD SEMITIC MONOGRAPHS

edited by Frank Moore Cross, Jr.

Number

24

THE DIVINE COUNCIL IN CANAANITE AND EARLY HEBREW LITERATURE

by E. Theodore Mullen, Jr.

E. Theodore Mullen, Jr.

THE DIVINE COUNCIL IN CANAANITE AND EARLY HEBREW LITERATURE

Scholars Press

Distributed by Scholars Press 101 Salem Street Chico, California 95926

THE DIVINE COUNCIL IN CANAANITE AND EARLY HEBREW LITERATURE E. Theodore Mullen, Jr.

Copyright ©1980 The President and Fellows of Harvard College

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Mullen, E. Theodore

The assembly of the gods. (Harvard semitic monographs ; no. 24 ISSN 00730637) Based on the author’s thesis, Harvard. 1973. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Bible. O.T. Judges —Criticism, Textual. 2. Bible interpretation, etc. 3. Gods, Canaanite. 4. Gods — Biblical teaching. I. Title. II. Series.

BL1670.M84 ISBN 0-89130-380-4

299.26

80-10128

Printed in the United States of America

2

eS 4

ae

Edwards Brothers, Inc. Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106

\

PREFACE This Council

to

monograph

in

the

Hebrew

1973.

The

Cross,

whose

places,

led

200

of

own

to

of

to

my

to

acknowledge

of

Bible

people

at

work

Divine

be

original

monograph

presented

in

the

Professor

undoubtedly

that

"The

University

advisor,

seen

paper

fall

Frank

in

of

Moore

numerous

into

contains

those and

Davidson

a major

influence

I wish

to

over

the

past

with

the

rigors

who

my

only

Old

my

doctoral

minor

years

of

whose

revi-

of

E.

of

and

studies,

ulti-

of

all,

Professor

guidance

and

my

their

first

Polley,

efforts

thanks

whose

have

much

like,

Max

the

express

who

first

remains

studies.

deepest

graduate

process

Dr.

to

to

so

I would

to

present

University,

like

devoted

Testament

my

greatly

I would

have

College,

in

four

the

and

progress.

in

express

Harvard

contributed

book,

indebtedness

interest

in

entitled

Literature,"

Harvard

have

this to

my

my

volved

can

present

of

aroused

of

at

of my

expand

gratitude

time

a paper, Testament

dissertation.

production

King

Seminar

The

the

deepest

as

Old

influence me

A number mate

and

encouragement

dissertation.

sions

began

Ugaritic

to

Dr.

friendship

enabled

school

me

and

producing

my

to

the

Stanley

and come

many

first

H.

guidance to

terms

problems

major

in-

academic

MOVE. My

can me

to

dies

ful

and in

of of

with

to

the

the to

me

to

my

advisor,

enumerated.

engendered

like

spent

my the

interest

in

study

Hebrew

of

dissertation

greatest extend

in

aid

my

the

Professor

It was

and to

me,

deepest

final

the his and

thanks

stages

he

of

who

field

F.

M.

first

of Ugaritic

scripture.

numerous to for

the

Cross,

introduced His

suggestions

Professor the

stucare-

many

preparation

Cross hours

of

work. It

and

debts

fully

relation

been

I would

that

be

reading

have

he

numerous

never

is

completely

gratitude

to

beyond

my wife,

human

Grace vii

ability to express my love Friend Mullen, for her aid and

support, but

not

only

especially

tion

of

support script

the

the

present

major

factors

the

monograph,

and

has

led

to

the

a typist,

Manuscript,

is

beyond

could

I must Lambdin,

and

Comparative in

in

the

the

topic

1963.

Texts

of

of

the

have

have

aid

is

studies

in we

the

Corpus for

have

given

cited

are

example

included

the

texts

the

Texte

aus

Dietrich,

numerical may

abbreviations tried

to

make

Journal

of

in

Ugarit,

April,

O.

of

greatest

the

to

my

ideas

on

the

have

the

footnotes. conform

Btblical

new

Hebrew

colleagues present

Herdner,

If

Paris,

by or

to

the

Ug.

the

and J. will

the

Literature

much

University 1978

viii

aid

Herdner's work as

style 95

of

is

Die

sheet

ne

cited,

and

both

by

the

keil-

1976,

We hope

to

those

Corpus. found

possible,

(1976)

At

assigned

1965,

Sanmartin.

be

to

volume

Ve

texts

compilation,

present As

to

A.

Neukirchen-Vluyn,

reference

in

to

Rome,

E.

Harvard

Thomas of

designations

Loretz,

correlations

not

them

numerical

0.

revision and

more

fields

and

index

of

the

the

an

designations

major

been

Pry

Textbook,

who

the

designated

Ugaritte

The

dismanu-

present

I owe

alphabétiques,

his

scholars

that

Professor

according

cunétformes

in

these

the

the

in

their

Gordon

that

and

the

Further,

in

to

people

we

by M.

her

has

these

by C.

edited

errors.

It

to

love

editing

self-evident

where

alphabettschen

in

of many

her

prepara-

of both

is

shared

are

en

publication, work

her

gratitude

To

texts

not

have

student,

the

thanks.

tablettes

Original

end

who

Ugaritic

des

only

of

completion

Linguistics

work.

go my warmest The

my

of my

Semitic

department

a graduate

express.

express

present

Corpus

which

guidance

aid

but

praise.

ever

also

whose

the

as

process

Not

in

elimination

as

words

years

monograph.

ability

than

my

strenuous

been

sertation

her

throughout

through

we

in

the

have

presented

in

331-346.

Theodore

Mullen,

Jr.

TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

Preface

Abbreviations Introduction

PART

I:

The

Kingship

Texts: in

The

The

the

of

Canaanite

Roles

the

Gods

Relationship

of

in

the

Between

Ugaritic

’E1

and

Ba‘l

Pantheon

’E1 and

Ba‘l

in Canaanite

Mythology

*El as

Creator

The

Kingship

The

Cosmogonic

Ba‘1l,

The CHA The

and and

Father

of the Gods

Ruling

Functions

Conflicts:

The

Yamm,

of

’E1

Kingship

of

and M6ét

Kingships of ’E1 and Ba‘1l 1,V3 A Gonflict Between 2El and Ba‘ 1? Relationship Between ’El and Ba‘1: 109

Summary

PART

II:

The

Early The

Divine

Hebrew

Concept

Council

in

Canaanite

and

aba

Literature of

the

Terminology

Council

in

and

Canaanite

Council and

Hebrew eS

Literature

CTA

2.1:

The

Meeting

The

and the Dwelling of ’El Tent of ’E1 and the *Shel

The

Members

The

Messenger

The

Judgment

the

The

Assembly

Place

of

Earliest of

of of

the

Hebrew

the

120

’E1 pukru

md‘idu 128

méd‘éd

in 168

Traditions

Heavenly

the the

of

Council Council:

ip

GAS

Assembly and

the

Psalm

Prophet 82

209 226

Page

The

Divine

Council

Kinta

The

Role

sil

she Gale

?E1 and

and

in

IEjolavelnin

the

the

Epics

of 244

Dan2zai

of Ba‘l

from

in

the

Assembly

261

WegeS

Council

Ugarit

Pye)

in the

and

the

Liturgical

Inscriptions

Texts from 267

Phoenicia

The

Development

The

Council

Late

of

Hebrew of

the

and

the

Council-Motif

Post-Biblical

Gods:

A Summary

Reference Old

New

278

301

Testament

301

Canonteal

Books

301

Apocrypha

Syl

Pseudeptgrapha

julia

Qumran

Sl?

Writings

Testament

Sale

Extra-Biblical

(a) (b) (c) (d)

274

285

Bibliography Index

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Writings

281

Conclusions

A Selected

in

Ugaritte Akkadtan

oS:

Texts

Phoentetan

Greek

Z172

References

and

Texts

Texts

Sas Aramate

Texts

326 326

Sie

ABBREVIATIONS AHW

Akkadtsches

ed.

W.

Handwdrterbuch,

von

AJA

Amertean

ANEP

The

Anetent

2nd

ed.,

ANET

ed. ART

Journal

W.

F.

CAD

Texts,

3rd

ed.,

Archaeology

and

the

of Israel of

Ortental

Research

the

Assyrtan

Instttute

ed.

A.

Catholte

CMHE

F.

M.

American

Dtettonary

of

Leo

CBQ

Pictures,

Pritchard

Pritchard

Bulletin The

tn

B.

Eastern

B.

Albright,

Reltgton BASOR

East

James

Wear

James

of Archaeology

Wear

ed.

Anetent

2 vols.,

Soden

the

of

of

the

Oriental

Untverstty

of

Chicago,

and

Hebrew

Oppenheim,

Btblteal

Cross,

Schools

et

al.

Quarterly

Canaantte

Myth

Epte CML

G.

R.

Driver,

Canaantte

Myths

and

Legends CTA

Corpus

des

tablettes

alphabétiques, EUP

O.

ed.

Eissfeldt,

Hl

en

A.

im

cunétiformes

Herdner

ugaritischen

Pantheon EUT

M.

HTR

Harvard

Pope,

El

in

the

Ugarttte

Theologteal

HUCA

Hebrew

Union

JAOS

Journal

of

the

Texts

Review

College

Annual

Amertecan

Ortental

Soctety JBL

Journal

of

Btblical

JCS

Journal

of

Cunetform

INES

Journal

of

Wear

JQR

Jewtsh

ISS

Journal

Quarterly

Xi

of

Literature Studtes

EHastern

Studtes

Revtew

Semttte

Studies

JTS

Journal

KAT

H. und

Praep.

evang.

of Theologtcal

Donner

and

W.

Aramadtsche

Praeparatto

PRU

Le

royal

RB

Revue

UDIEIE

Thorkild

d'Ugarit,

Jacobsen,

and

History Ug.

3 vols.

evangelica

5 vols.

Btbltque

Tammuz UF

Kanaandtsche

Insechriften,

Eusebius,

Palais

Studies

R6llig,

Other

and

Toward Essays

the

on

Image

Culture

Ugartt-Forschungen

Wier Rite,

WO) WOlWa,

Schaeftfex,,

et

Wels

Gile

tig INc

al.

UL

Cyrus

Gordon,

Ugarttte

Literature

UT

Cyrus

Gordon,

Ugartittie

Textbook

VT

Vetus

Testamentum

WM

Worterbuch

Haussig, VGC

ZAW

W.

F.

of

Canaan

der

Viol.

Mythologte,

Zettschrift Wissenschaft

Danii

ed.

H.

W.

the

Gods

D

Albright,

fur

Yahweh

dte

and

of

Mesopotamian

alttestamentliche

INTRODUCTION

Prior

from

Ras

to

the

discovery

Shamra,

decipherment,

our

nature

Canaanite

of

the

stricted by

the

in

several

as

quoted

from

complete during

high

god

quently

used

and

the

Old

1.

We

terms

the

mitic

people

as

an

the

12th

century

the

same

people

Canaanites the

the

in

Ancient

Doubleday

texts,

see and

follow

The

only

B.C. and

used

and

the

History East,

G.

Inc.,

CBQ

Syria

term

E.

7

and

date"

Wright

1965],

Old

and

the 7-14.

of

The

Palestine to

in The

Bible

City, a

Se-

before

indicate Role

Canaanite

of

the

and

N.Y.:

review

decipherment and

the

work.

(''The

For

god,

Northwest

[Garden

438).

Testament (1947)

our

'Phoenician' this

scriptures,

this

Albright the

Civilization,"

Ugarit

"The

F.

was fre-

is

°é2

against

designate

after of

ed.

ancient

Albright,

"'to

W.

’E1,

Canaan,

Hebrew

the

throughout

of western

culture

Literature,"

of

ancient from

deity

of

land

polemic

usage

the far

Indeed,

in

Yahweh

of no

ac-

Syria-Palestine

of

the

in

the

liturgical

Canaanite

pantheon.

the

culture

Company,

of

worship

Eusebius; by Lucian.

of

a still

to

and

"Phoenician"

be

and

scholars

B.C.

of

knows

will

the

Near and

discovery

guage

epithet

and

and

pieces

Canaanite

Testament

"Canaanite"

more

Patriarchs

of

shall

enabled

life

of and

presented

mythological

has

millennium

the

"Canaanite"

term

the

of

second

by

many

preserved

Sanchuniathon

of

writings

cult

her

and

numerous

Ugarit add

picture the

encountered the

of

ancient to

religion

the

and

supplemented

by Damascius;

preserved

goddess

Syrian

world

Semitic

was

the

re-

was

scriptures

theogony

through

Byblius

Philo

discovery

the

But texts

Hebrew

the

sources:

concerning

pantheon

knowledge

texts

subsequent

information

the

by

This

cuneiform

their

Phoenician?

and

of Mochus,

the

of

count

of

and

Canaanite/Phoenician

of

classical by

Canaanite

1929,

source

provided

accounts

the

in

inscriptions.

theogony

the

sole

that

to

Phoenician

of

beginning

of

of the Lan-

the

was actively worshipped in Syria and Palestine during Patriarchal period. Numerous studies by such outstanding

who

scholars

as

and

others

many

Ay

relationship of

the

the

Ras

Shamra

fact

content This

that of

is

there

Sanchuniathon

major

Canaanite

form the

seventeenth

which

Old

is

and

of

Israel,

from

Ugarit.> 2.

W.

(London:

F. of

tive

founder

B.C.

(y¢c,

4, n.

name

the

9).

For

Alibrighity)

VGC

texts,

see:

Poetry

ain sthey Mythic

OVA)

w=. S39

In

our

wand

were

Lettes

en

of

original

their

Virolleaud,

Imprimerie

The

three the

their

extant

B.C.

same

of

hiero-

in

poetic

ancient

earliest

Israel.” times

influence

on

the

reli-

further

confirmed

by the

texts

the

4.

We

(Kirta),

whom

kingdom

in

analysis

elon)

Gods

and)

he

the

of

Canaan

Albright's

notes

as

poetry

Gross

vo-

the

sixteenth

the

RouM.

Mexts

of

follow

puta-

century

of

the

mtieroSemancd

fnomsUgausity

Meni

67,

lcitationoLetheUgaratactextsmewensha lero

cunétformes 1963).

B.C.

a strong

the proposal of D. O. Edzard and texts as they are numbered by A.

tionale,

700

cycle,

into

of

is

the

mythology

centuries

the

and

Epie

Ba‘l

put

poetry

1968),

an

in

and

Byblius.

to

from

a com-

Phoenician

the

the

texts

remarkable

the

substantially

is

Mitanni

the

the

Yahweh Krt

1400

fifteenth

that

that

Press,

the

of

in

presented

Albright,

Athlone

calization

and

similar

a fact

the

the

of

change

of

Philo

possess,

Kirta,

recognizes

mythology

gion

are

very

Testament

of

by

more

ca. of

the

picture

little

between

we

the

been

a comparison

preserved

epic

only Even

cosmogony

which

between

Canaanite

Ch.

the

the

listed,

have

from

and

style,

low the

to

epic,

order

The

as

of

and

Patriarchs

concerning

our

period.

mythology

epics

facts

depict

one

seems

with

phant *Aghat

any

understanding

the

of

i.) MemGnoOss.

Albriciitae

our

Canaan.

they

derives

texts

to

religion of

that

Canaanite

Ugaritic

greatly

significant

during

observation

the

the

most

pantheon

Evssteldt yeWil.

added

gods

the

of

One

plete

0.

have

between

worshippers from

Alt.

Texts

alphabétiques not

in

CTA

publication. Le

Palats

Nationale,

1957,

royal

are

Those

cite

J.

references

designated

used

d'Ugarit,

1965);

all

to

Herdner, Corpus des tab(Paris: Imprimerie Nain

by

this

Vols.

Nougayrol,

1 Le

the

work

volume

are

WE (Perera 2 Palats

Our

the

present

gods,

brew

traditions,

The

picture

however,

tions,

it

as

was

cy.4

We

shall

of

the

between

the

literature

divine assembly

than

tions

the

of

function are

asserting,

at

literature

Yoyal

influence

1,

Imprimerie Pope,

on

an

we

are

of

metrics,

the

otherwise

Unless Aa)

the

syntax,

noted,

of

and

the

all

Ptah 1955);

(echetse see

M.

Philology," we

Ugaritic

have

at-

materials

semitics.

comparative

hazards

and

uncertainties

of

allows

for

a better

idea

of

attempt and

work

the

of

with

proposal,

this

of

case

Nationale, "Ol

Wy

present

the

are

consider-

Kétar

Ugarittc-Hebrew

vocalization

aware

CUPvenComnci

On

1971).

derived

influence

clear

of

the We

of Akkadian

eliminate

Wels,

descripand

influences

only

the

of

source.

clearly

Imprimerze

Dahood's

transcriptions

well

the

(Paris:

Throughout

455.

vocalizations,

such

M.

approximate

basis

the

While the

to

for

Wigenneccicre, 1968,

Nationale,

(1966)

tempted

IIL

SMES,

"Marginalia 85

JBL

WN,

however,

in

Hebrew

Canaanite

was

influence

was

Enuma

function,

a common

identification

the

is

the

discoveries

there

early

corresponding

Hurro-Hittite may,

We

Vol.

dUgartt,

Cll,

Aina

that

influences,

Egyptian

of

ation

Egyptian

show

Likewise,

Shamra.

Ras

at

obvious

no

in

council

concept

by

their

display

numerous

the

Ugarit

and

that

however,

for

Mesopotamia.

from

itself

council

Mesopotamia,

from

members

the

in

Hebrew

The

Mesopotamian.

the

setting, the

of

not

by

the

assembly

seen

as divine

paralleled

pic-

parallels

divine

assembly

that

closely

more

is

the

essay

prophe-

Canaanite

numerous the

of

heavenly

believe

to

us

lead

the

and

the

of

tradi-

Israelite

especially

between

parallels

texts

council

description

depictions,

origin

programmatic

in

the

East.

EER SES -

Babylonian

his

the

understanding.

translator's

translations

lose vahweny

is

45,

are

of

He-

Near

ultimate

to

upon

note

council

early

Ugaritic

the

in

primarily

the

and

ancient

the

assembly

shall

but

Semitic

numerous

Ugaritic

Robinson

divine

concentrate council,

West

The

elts. the

the

the

in

trace

to

of

Ugaritic

literature

W.

by H. of

concept

the

throughout

Hebrew

Mesopotamian

the

and

in

the

presented

unnecessary

done

tures

as

council

council

importance

the

with

in both

well

the

makes

deals

motif

as

of

divine

the on

work

a primary

my

(944)

own. TS da iSy7.

of Memphis.>

The ritic high

most

and

early

god--’E1

Testament. ruler of

striking

in

of

the

turn

in

divine

our

attention His

questioned

by A.

Oldenburg.” was

god

Ba‘l,

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than

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various

a systematic

Hrenste W.

Mythologie MilecEe,

Israel

(Garden

1969),

69.

from

und

67-71,

places

century

thirteenth

study

of

Sanchunjaton

Niemeyer

Ul.

Oldenburg,

Verlag,

the von

und H.

AiI=Auls

IG

Me

and

Phe

"Zur des

Max

(Halle:

is,

the

later

of

Sanchuniathon,

1952).

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Ilumttku

Verlag,

von

Ras

1939),

im) vehie

sixth. see

ISB of

however,

nach

original

no

und

aubilss

Company,

but

in (Stutt-

Reltgton

Niemeyer

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Rollig,

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Frage

than

oF

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Sanchunjaton,"

Phoenician

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Confitet

GOSS,

text Berut

V

in

A.D.

account

Phénizier," W.

Sanchuniathon

in

his

Philo's

Wolfgang

the

and

part,

Nhestegacy

and

ed.

Geschichte

B.C.

Pope

Doubleday

in

century

Testamentum

Ugariter

Sanchuniathon's

least

Gray,

kingships

"Phoenician

recorded

Vetus

for

Ugaritic

the

fourth

Though

to

Eissfeldt

Sanehunjaton

Shamra

further

O.

Phénizischen

the

Bad

Archaeology

date

the

of

of the

I,

N.Y.:

exact

to

at

from

Vol.

MOS),

City,

certain.

der

der

Albright,

The

account

Marvin

Mythologte,

F.

nature

254m.

155-1635

7.

feldt,

fULe

16-22;

eee

only

the

preserved,

Supplements

1965),

der

bound

Sakkun-yaton)

Ba‘al,

Die

of

century

Braid,

"Syrien:

far

is

El

Worterbuch

Alter

sixth

Dope,

ed.,

and

be

Evangelitca

Sanchuniathon later

to

Byblius'

no

Max

in

the

study

texts.

seems

of the mythological the

investigation

Ba‘l.

of

Eusebius'

a

the

him

will

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we

to

pertain

the

be

relationship

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to

in

to

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the

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functions

context

the

they

as

themselves

was

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titles.

within

pantheon,

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have

to

considered

study

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applied

was

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regal

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and

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tion

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Ugartt

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of

the

texts

in

the

content

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at

of

teenth

and

sented

in Philo's

have

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ment

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much

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*El

the

mythology

’E1

and

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mythology

nature

the

pantheon

as

Creator

Though account

been

viewed

8. First

and

of

a review by

Cycles"

divides

evang.

1.10.6-14a);

of

into

and

"History

42).

For

Philo's

text

Karl

Mras,

ed.,

Husebtus

evangeltca

El

Ais, yy

we

scattered numerous

and

with

found

no in

allow

position

Ba‘l's

as

function

sophisticated Enama

in which

Lynn

R.

Ph.D.

cycles:

Vol.

Culture"

8,

(Berlin:

Akademie-Verlag,

Piloeniedin

Mees

Ae).

the

(Praep.

and

evang. 1,

1954).

Harvard

"Phoenician Zoogony"

(Praep.

critical part

has

"Sanchuniathon:

dissertation, that

the

crea-

IV.129-146

Sanchuniathon

"Cosmology

of

Kronos" used

elis

Clapham,

notes

"History have

re-

literature,

kingship

ways

Werke,

reli-

the

see

of

show-

texts

the

the

three

our

the

comple-

and

present

that

Clapham

1.10.1-5);

can

they

Gods

(unpublished

2-8.

with with

excellence.

the

texts to

scholars,

1969),

par

In

mythological

with

Hebrew

’E1's

of

Ugaritic

in

Phoe-

us

of

relationship

its

Father

comparable

Two

History"

(Praep.

and

the

For

University,

tito

together

in

in Canaanite

Ba‘l

Phoenician

in

storm-/fertility-god

tion

The

the

of

to

affinities

properly,

in

texts,

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present

many

between

These

delineate

to

head

of

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used

we

nature

significance.

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show

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written

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sources,

pre-

Thus

religion. texts

of

picture

study

to

religious

When

references

inscriptional

the

change thir-

the

accurate.

Phoenician is

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was

between

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which

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material

relationship

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gious

and

accounts

of

and

history

major

mythology

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and

and

Boghazkdéy

from

with

source

there

Canaan

extremely

is

account

Sanchuniathon's

addition

ing

B.C.2

centuries

major

of

been

long

discoveries

® the

scholars,

that

show

mythology

of mythological

nician, texts

Shamra

the

sixth

by

has

mythology

Phoenician

skepticism

great

with

the

of

sketch

A.D.

century regarded

evang.

1.10.14b-

edition Die

of

Praepara-

JES

or

in Gen

veal

1:1-2:4a;

that

he was

thology.

He

is

Chanesue (6rd Ugaritic

but

Se

is

no

Ugarit

(Kéntgtum

Alfred

Topelmann,

the

defeat

the

containment

gy,

Ba‘l's

of

water

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is

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est

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biblical

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many

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in

Hebrew over

BEOSOo1Os

Yamm,

must

establishment

9-11.)

which

literature and

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taken of

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cosmic

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in Gen

eli3.

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of

the

Double-

poetic

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alee

(For

Speiser,

N.Y.:

(Isa

ee oj;

i.e.,

earli-

totally

found

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monster

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the

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City,

descriptions order,

is

numerous

reflect

and

Marduk and

from

E.

see

The

chaos

Wae

Ae

Joby

be

with

[Garden

1

Vol.

1964],

Sea

creation

most

Babylon

between

conflict

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these

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Inc.,

of

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in

is

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storm-god

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separation

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[1968] seen

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Noticeably,

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Genests,

day

of

by

must

times.

brief

motif

Sea--the

(IV.128-146).

over T.

Indeed, mytholo-

phase

first

of

heaven

of

Verlag involves

Ugaritic

this

bounds

chaos

from

beginning.

Marduk's

creation

the

texts [Berlin:

the

In

account

reveal

Schmidt

with

by nature,

its

eeSThe creative

eS

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of

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in

1:9-10).

Gen

enemy As

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motifs

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the

Tiamat,"

and

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originated

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the

IV.93-104).

elis

material.

probable

(cf.

land

as

constitutes of

Mesopotamian

defeated

of

lishment Canaanite

the

dry

the

account

body

Yamm

of

chaos

creation.

restriction

(Enima

Tiamat

of

zs

Sea

we

Israel

und

my-

created

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battle

Creation,

50).

forces

of

the

creation

Ugarit

in

’El1 re-

material

et

assertion

the

of

about

Ugaritic

between and

1966],

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creation--the of

with

Yamm)

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to

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agree

applied

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creation.

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creator 19

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called

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and

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god

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notes

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1.10.7).

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1967),

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clear,

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offerings

ethe

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would

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to

Zeus

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texts

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Zeus

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out

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n.

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Samém

13),

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7,

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to

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deity.

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head

heaven,"

response

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the

in

that in

at

was

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solar

Hélios"

1968).

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Ba‘l Samém, "in

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37-38,

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wards

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utbetov,

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ain

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537),

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[Princeton:

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iconographic

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the

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30

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15:15:

of

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Muller, 177-

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the

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Ouranos

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the

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Israel,

texts.

warrior

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as

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only

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mother

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lt

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gs

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sanction

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S35 Vi oes Poe 7.89)

to

tdru

is

(Cambridge: and

one

for then

the makes

Ouranos victouy

that

warrior, Harvard Press,

Warrior,”

see Semitic

1973), HTR

60

41450 DJ-))

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power

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father

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IL0.17-19).

Lhe

Monographs,

(967)

spear

For

Miller,

esp.

his

evang.

54. P,

his

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of Man.

divide

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gods

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Father

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a sickle

the

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oi

indicates

by Philo,

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of

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VA ALLL ESS LS 65H V2 58-259

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the

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Om HAOCmLOULEEICOGlY

evang.

1.10.29;

cf.

33

Kronos

attains

his

kingship:

nat

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This

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ual

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BaotrActayv

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to

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(him)

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(Praep.

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29).

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the

Ouranos)

and

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his

as

text,

the

Kumarbi

into

his

kingship.

Kumarbi,

Europaverlag,

Version

Tunners

of

ANEE,

88

"Notes

(1968) 53.

Song

of

of

For

the

Hesiod,"

120-121. 57. On the

Laroche,

Mythen

1946).

Hittite

59.

by

Philo

von

52

identification sur

le

1.10.19-

also

Hittite as

see

"Song

warrior

—see:

hl.

A.

Fore-

Goetze,

Kumarbi, Ras

York:

''The

Oriental

and

de

1G.

(New

Gltiterbock,

’E1 with

of

alll

Kronos

Myths:

Hourrite

con-

where

a fierce

124-125,

of

Panthéon

is

ton sthenuext,

Kumarbi

(1948)

sacri-

evang.

thestathemot.

translations

evang. is

(= Phoenician

churrtttschen

Hurrian

AvyA

see

E.

Shamra,"

JAOS

148-150. For

text.

and

Goetze.

The

and

translatiom,

Revised

Ullikummi:

Sen CLO SI) ees -lOdemenCse Seenalso

the

and

castrating

Heaven, 156

Anu

’El

SOmmELOxNamcCoMmpllebemereatmen Giterbock,

in

In

portraying

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father

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Ouranos

Ouranos

Byblos

the

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traditions

father Ouranos

’B1's

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city,

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marries

Hittite

The

from

°ER1

his

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succeeded

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his

picture

(81)°7

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founds

Apart

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Phoenician

casts

son,

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father,

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kingship.

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Kronos

throne,

1.10.19).

met

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1.10.29),

kingship.

seizing

having

from

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his

his

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drove

cvuuBardv SveSéEato.

AVE!

Hittite

those

Text

of

8-420

On (1951)

see

H.

the

Hittite

eror

Guterbock,

the

"The JCS

Version,"

translation,

121-125.

myths,

contained

along

in

with

Hesiod's

the

myths

Theogony,

preserved

will

be

34 in

position

through

761

places

that

him

the

directorship

the

wars

of

the

myths

about

Earth

(Ouranos

*E1

does

not

established trolling

the

of

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Kronos

to

at

the

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the

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the

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the

his

between he

Rather, pantheon,

alone,

has con-

according

Though

mentioned

in

the

the

god

prepare

them

for

the

battle

allies

are

clearly

“HAov

tod

Kopdvou

These

Heaven

like

pantheon. ©?

the

of

in

theogony--

conflicts

Sanchuniathon. not

quality

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head

him

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other

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behind

Ouranos,

Celdlikeel ot

over

of

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natural

his

attribute

a special myths

against

1.10.18). zine

of

is the

in

directly

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battle

stand

king

as

actions

’El did not

(obvuwuaxor)

of

the

who

kingship

himself

Phoenician

gods,

Gé)

participate

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But the

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to

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there

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is

It

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But

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His the

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prowess

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Near

ancient

of

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the

mythology

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to

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sentence

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Ouranos

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the

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Magnalta Lemke, Conpany,

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INC.)

D.

Kronos,

below

Miller, oie 9 sooSi

having

fly

himself

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with

is

wings

on

Kronos"

described

(1.10.36-37).

in

and F.

pp.

the

olden

M.

Cross,

Near

Acts Jr.

connection

Ba‘l,

of

see

in Ancient Mighty

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as

Indeed,

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is

might

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Gods'

Det:

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Kronos

four

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For

El,

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in more

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1.10.37).

eyes

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Eloeim....

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the

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40-43;

Creation F.

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N.Y.:

place and

Myths,"

Cross,

W.

Doubleday

E. §&

35

can

be

little

doubt

preserved

by

these

Philo,

°El

is

rounded

by a number

of

Thus

was

defeat

he

throne in

the

a fierce

a

function

’El

of

he

and

in

the with-

wars

hardly

the

in

battle.

seize

the

can

of war

sur-

him

leads

which

be

of

epic

a fierce

warrior

show

as

a great

and

mythology

Canaanite

in

as

aid

also

theogony

warrior,

who

Ouranos

leader

as

able

Kronos

the

In

°1

and

Here

gods.

gods,

accompany

gods

father

his

the

glimpses

pictured

was

who

father,

subordinate

function

his

from

These

Kirta.

over

of

realm

the

to

leader

as

separated he

able

gods

his

against

him

alongside

fought

that

that able

dicaderss One

the

would

pantheon

expect

to

be

’El's

one

thesUganltlcutextsedo! ?E1's

kingship,

2El's

most

within the

ly

the

be

of

summoned

in

in order

to

that

functions

the

king

gods.

that

over of

the

the

the

in

Though

of gods.

"Dispenser

occasioned

throne

threaten

’Atirat,

and

the

of

a conflict

vacant

and

allowing

cosmos,

’El

immediate-

"Progenitress

of Ba‘l's

of

kingship

the

might

maintained:

gaha wa-tasihu hitta ’atiratu wa-bantha

?ilatu

wa-sabburatu

ki mitu

’al’iyanu

ki

haliqu

gama

zubulu

yasthu

Sim‘i

ba‘lu ipl Ib) Paiersat

’ilu

la-rabbati

’atirati

’atira[tu]

yammi

61.

P.

62.

The

dispenses We

Miller,

his

of

kingship shall

the kingships ’B1l's reign. in

The

concept

power

see

Divine

’El,

seems, in

the

Warrtor,

who on

yammi

————————

er

dictory.

cisely

’aryiha

la-rabbatu

ps

that upon

is

Ba‘l

his

over

control

texts of

leaving

warrior

malatanistiesside

his

mistress

tiSSa’u tiSmaha

who

the

death

sterility

his

as

control

display

the

pantheon,

power

Gods,"'

do

role

When

position

total

notadepietmathe

they

vivid

Kingdoms."

of

53.

is

himself the

surface,

following

as

king, to

sections,

be

these

other

gods.

one

however,

of Ba‘l, Yamm, and ‘Attar in no way Rather, ’B1l's kingship is expressed over

the

contra-

impinge pre-

36

tini

’ahada

wa-ta‘ni

ba-banika

rabbatu

’amallikannu

’atiratu yammi

bal namallika yadi‘ yilhan wa-ya‘ni lutpanu ’ilu dt pa’idi daqqu

’anima

14 ya‘dubu

1a yarfizu

murha

‘im

‘im ba‘li

bini

dagni

ki

tamsu-mi

wa- ‘ani rabbatu ’atiratu yammi biltu namallika ‘attara ‘ariza yamluk ‘attaru ‘arizu appinnaka yataba

‘attaru

la-kahti

‘arizu ya‘li

’al’iyani

ba-sirarati

sapani

ba‘li

pa‘naht 14 tamgiyani huduma ri’Suht 14a yamgiyu ’apsahu wa-ya‘ni ‘attaru ‘arizu 1a

’amluku

yaradu yaradu

ba-sirarati

sapani

‘attaru ‘arizu la-kahti ’al’iyanu

wa-yamluk

ba-’arsi

’?ili

ba‘li

kullihu

(CTA 6.1.39-65) She

(‘Anat)

Diet *Elat

and

Indeed

is

7El cries Give

"Let 63. here "to

The

taken

wise,

name

as

is

der

offers

your

the

sons

"He

name,

aus

and

I shall

which yd‘

to

contrast

F.

155).

to

king!"

understands." root

offers

Ba‘l,

him

king!"

the (cf.

make

replied:

knows-He from

Ugartt,

inferior

a distinct

earth!"

’Atirat-of-the-Sea:

Yadi‘-Yilhan®*

smart,"

Texte

physically

of

to Lady

means

the

out:

lions.

’Atirat-of-the-Sea

be of

cries

*Atinat-of sthe-Sea ;

a G imperfect

element

sonennamen

of

us make

understand,

first

who

one

Lady

and

belo uGer

is dead!

Prince

aloud

voice

of young

Ba‘l

the

O Lady

her

«Nets O1sm

brood

’Al’iyan

"Hear,

up

tran

her

Perished

And

lifts

Atta

Zhn,

a parallel Gr&ndahl,

This

unable

‘Attar,

ylhn

Arabic to Die

figure

to

four

the Per-

of

compete,

who

is

lahina,

a king yet

times

Sy

And

Kindly

One,

thin!

He

is

not

able

to

throw

"Too He

is

not

of

And

Dagnu

Lady

"Let

us

Let

cil

Terrible

ascended

the

enthroned

on

the

throne

of

head

did

not

reach

the

top

‘Attar shall

the Terrible

not

the

rule

ruled

from

over

vividly

heights

throne

whole

of

’El's

the

of

to

’Al’iyan

earth.°

of

in

geminate

root

befall"). mn

plural

(cf.

k is

an

a third

Arabic,

adverbial

Ugarervestestrboon

wel 9O5i sseGy

imperfect

on

mss

The

weGondon,

tutute

prefix

dispenser

''The

Terri-

89:8:

’é2

miner nescoun-

jones..."

the

t-

Ps

Ba‘1,

the

UTheeterrocains pum nee cod

from

masculine

as

‘arigu,

Yahweh

neCwanalySismOLikrmeneismdititcult.»

(Glee

Sapan."

of

G4

iVhen

throne).

the

function

epithet

applied

b°sdd-q°ddstm,

the

said:

the

the

displays

is

(of

Ba‘1l.

descended,

the

receives

epithet

in

Terrible

descended

Holy

heights

’Al’iyan

His

Biblmealelns

l2s5).

with

an

plural

read

the

"to

particle, |[Rome.

lhe

enclitic

masculine

We massa,

verbeis

-mz

feel, kt,

Pontifical! a

third

particle

imperfect,

see

(on UT,

9.14).

65. tling

19.

“Attar’s

in view

The

ficult. the gods

It of

this

below,

of

entire

into

cast

treat See

king,

reign!"

And

the

son

responded:

Terrible

footstool,

hit,

sec.

the

the

touch,

the

the

compete! "64

reach

passage

of

with

not

This

verb

the

Ba‘1;

spear

did

passage

na ‘aras

‘Attar

with

feet

He

this

they

answered:

run

Sapan,

was

And

in

the

the Terrible

‘Attar

“Attar

ble.""

to

His

"I

This

Compassionate

able

’Atirat-of-the-Sea

of

He

the

when

make

‘Attar

Then

’El

rejection

his

of

request

issue

of

the

the

for

kingship

a house

nature

of

in

is CfA

‘Attar's

quite

star-

2.111(?).17-

reign

is

dif-

is possible that he was involved in the revolt of heaven, a myth reflected in Isa 14:12-20, and was

the

Underworld,

possibility pp.

288-295.

in

over

which

Part

II

in

he

then

ruled.

connection

with

We

shall

Psalm

82.

38

of kingdoms. granted

Through

the

TIL G@)el7=18)\2" Ba‘ l's or

’El1

to

and

thus

accept

long

solely

weak

god,

Rather, realm

of

one

to

to

carry

that

rule

to

Such

’El it

kinoship.

that

[===],

(‘Attar).

manner,

Ba“1 attain

to

in

vAttar

been

issphysteally

power

This

decree

earlier

is

denied

Coorsmal the

reject

earth

decisions

in

way

to or

a king

here

(CTA

2.

occupy,

the

Under-

(Yadi‘ -Yilhan)

the

passage

in no

out

the

responsibilities

has

complete

pantheon

shows

al

AS

of

control

within

of

that

be-

2

rule.°° the

gods.

like

appears

the

and

had

descends

’El.

shows

the

In

power

he

Attar

has

unable

it

that

Bue

throne,

world.

’E1's

kingship

Yamm

“Youtare:

is

by

the

decree

= though

is

endl

SIV)

proclaimed

callledtlord

2s

"Lord":

se.

(crak

’E1

etexrrably ’atta

Yamm

’adanu

iViL7),

and

broken.

at

tup‘ aru

a proclanation

that is) clearly eaddressed by ahha (cen eli. 5. ehsiieton Vann os whom it is noted: Simuka méddtdu *i(1t---], “Your name is URE ove duos 2b auanne m (OLaA rervezoy:?? Likewise, ’E1l commands K6tar

to

construct

proclaiming

Yamm

tibi‘u

a een

ké[t]ar-wa-

[t]abni 66.

ej ith

Contra

67.

the

CTA

plains

divine

68.

The

Confltet

tantamount

Between

East.

makes

a 45

A.

to

El

and

(1963)

has

The

is

text

wife

like "to

is

called

’E1

assembly.

and

the

temple

gods

and

A Task

the

the

It

when

he

for

and

com-

gods,

it

queen."

is

was

is

The

clear

over

demands

building

kings

to

king,"

‘Attar

"Lord"

(?adanikum) notes,

are

broken,

Because

impossible.

Yamm

Building, 56.

no

reference

you

la-malkati,

victorious

"Temple 32

he

decision that

Kapelrud

of

line.

another

"Indeed,

determined.

reads

to him by

As

that

that

21

contain

malakta,

be

assembly

privilege

Ortentalta

in

21-22 line

may

la

cannot

33-34,

be delivered

Near

twice,

context

the

is

yammi

Oldenburg,

reading

lines that

2.1.17,

and

U.

reading

in

possible

of

which

[hasis]

zubuli

2.111(?).22

possibly

exact

CTA

bahati

kingship,

broken

Yamm,

Buh.

Yamm's once,

for

king.

in

the

gods

that

Ba‘l

the

task

in

the

ancient

Gods

and

Kings,"

39)

[tarami]mu

héka[li

tapiti]

(CH Arise,

Thus

Yamm,

the

The trayed

build

the

You

shall

raise

up

and

Ba‘ 1-M6t

"Beloved

is

cycles. /?

Though

Nee

(El

the

symbol

out

the

consent

of

(CPA

built

3) and

for

’E1,'"'

the

is

69. BEC,

River.

to

attain

the

decree

express

of

kingship

of

Ba‘l

is

AOA

god.

*Atirat,

who

the

proclaimed

sanction

high

Ba‘1l,

both

is

por-

Ba‘l-Yamm as

king

MOABs).

Vaey

of

a temple,

kingship,

After

much

*El proclaims

and

by both

aus powerless

with-

persuasion

that

a temple

by

should

lutpanu

’ani ‘ananu ’atirati ’anaku ’ahidu ’ulata

himma

’amatu

yubné

bétu

’ilu

du pa’idi

’atirati

la-ba‘li ka-bani

talbuna

kama

And

Kindly

"Am

I a servant, I a

be

One,

servant

’atirati

bahati

’E1

the

an who

and

translated

4.1V.58-V.63)

Compassionate

attendant bears

hékali as

labinati

’ilima

of

the

are

answered:

’Atirat?

hod?

formally

singulars.

See

plural

C.

nouns,

Gordon,

Ur,

Sais

70. it

Judge

powerless

pa-‘abdu pa-‘abdu

Both to

75 iO)

Yamm,

of

the

(CTA

are

Milo

Ba‘l:

wa-haziru

but

Prince

without

throughout

Boy

and

of

temp1e°?

wa-ya‘ni

Am

wie,

gods.

the

warrior

aul

“Anat

of

a mighty

attain

be

of

the

of

true

to

house

the

a palace

with

king

same

as

Shsnae

shall

a king

father

oBOB

O Kétar-wa-Hasis!

You

called

of

status

nahari

2M

is

tained cussion

So ale

Though

most

in CfA of

the

commonly the

1-2,

exact assumed

the

problem,

division that

Ba 1-M6t see

R.

of

the

cycles

the

Ba‘l-Yamm

cycle

in CTA

Clifford,

The

is

cycle

3-6. Cosmic

debated, is

For

con-

a dis-

Mountain,

40

Surely,

let

make

This is

Let

a temple

And

a court

serves

as

the

task

sanction

other

the

°El's

ther

of

its

gods,

structs

to

be built

only

note

the

for

Ba‘l

sons

’El

of

totally

Bad's

the

temple.

but

thesactualltask

His

(CTA

AG

ALIVistaie

as

the

god

in

who

land

among

the

the

various

who

kingdoms

as

the

con-

Phoenician

gods

that

dettuco

Kétar,

ele

himself

requires

as

dispenses

In

kingship.

role

craftsman-god,

Sanchuniathon.

gods,

disassociates

building

house

the

*Atirat."

confirmation

that

like

of

the

the

’Atirat

buidding,

function

divides

of

especially

reflected

El

handmaidens

brick!

like

’E1's

interesting

from he

the

the

is

fur-

theogony,

their

terri-

OD Yas

uat

émt

TOALVY

tovtotce

SEG

Bnevtov

6 Kodvoc

BaadrAtlSt.

S€

th

BUBAOYV

uat

LEV

Atdvn

TMooer6Gvi....

(Praep. After

these

Byblus also

Thy

SlSwor

to

things, the

called

Kronos

goddess

Dione,

evang.

gave

Baaltis

and

the

1.10.35) city

(’Atirat), 72

Beirut

to

Poseidon

(‘attar)/>. fle house. called

his

The text states explicitly thatekKotageubua lite Basdiars 16.1V.4-13, however, refers to the god °i13,

CTA

thescarpenten

wives,

IV.5,

9,

tremely

"the

It

workers

L.

R.

Kor

Gr,

73. 154.

is

under

72. WS

13),

sod

carpenter

who

obscure,

carpenter

IV.8).

ic

"the

are

it

of

is

the

summoned

by

noteworthy

Ba‘l's

probable

(maggara

house" that

direction

of

RIO OS). sai,

Kétar,

"Sanchuniathon:

Though

the

Vint

eet )ee

the

text

16. is

god

°i28

is

naggdru

béti

bali,

and the

Ba lat —

others

moanc

*tlahati,

served

ex-

called

16.

as

craftsman-god.

*Atirate=

Dione,

see

Ole

On the identification

Clapham,

’E1l.

that

god

Om

(naggaratit

(*t28u

this

thevidentitication Ellen

msec...

goddesses"

of ‘Attar with The

First

Two

Poseidon, Cycles,"

see 149-

41

"EI

is

clearly

of the as

gods,

their

seen

in

charge

allotting

portions

in

’E1l's

of

the

Byblus

among

the

designation

distribution

to

’Atirat

gods.

of

This

the

gods

of

and

the

function

who

kingdoms

Beirut

to

is

shall

"Attar

further

rule

the

cos-

mos: “Aotdetn

vat

6€

fh uweylotn

“Adw5og

xdHoac

BaoLtAede

Kodvov

ual

Zede

Sedv

Anuapotc

éBaclAevov (Praep.

And Astarte

Demaros

king

of

rulership

?E1,

the

over

king

and

chuniathon.

iio

As

ewan

gods,

consent the

ruled

country

the

over

of Kronos

1.10.31)

firmly

in

Ugaritic

the

country

(’E1).

is

warrior-god

in

evang.

the Great Lady and and Adodos (Haddu),

(Ba‘l)

the

by the The

(‘Attart)

Zeus

thc

yvaun.

the

fixed

in

theogonic

myths,

Siipearemnotequestvoned.

his

they

the

myths

decisions

are

hands

of

of

San-

concern-

accepted

as

£1-

nal among the gods. Here ’El has given Haddu,’* called "king of the gods," and

the his

kingship to Ba‘1consort Sealants

While

it

is

important

the

"executive"

tions

of

the

cosmos,

belong

to

possess longs

to

also

Twice

vom

king,

’El,

Os!

sulle

between

Ba‘l

Mot

his

for

who

and

decision

sits

with

to

attempt

of

order

as

to

to

head

of

god

shall

functions

the

establish

or

SapSu

kingship,

overturn

requests

be-

pantheon.

for

OeWep AOS ZIG

rages,

overthrow

to

deny

func-

fertility,

which

these

their

IVS

and

of

capacity

gods

fiercely

to

the

right

BoC

Mét

at

’El's

the

denies

CCH

that

administrator

includes ’El

recognize maintenance the

of

conjunction

power

ship.

as

position

solely In

his

Ba‘l

the

to the

king-

the

ANG

appears

posi-

falas

to

dneheielt=

rebuke

Ba‘1:

cee ee EEE ———— 74. Adodos been

and ture,

It

is

most

refer

to

Ba‘l-Haddu,

separated

other see

Cveles

into

distortions L.

iL

R.

Ae

probable two

of

Clapham,

gods

that the by

two

the

names

Zeus of

epithets

Philo.

Sanchuniathon "Sanchuniathon:

For

Demaros

the

instances

imposed The

god of

by Greek First

Two

and having this

cul-

42

?éka

’al yiSma[‘]uka

téru

llapyaissaune allactiat la yahpuku

kissi’a

la yatburu

hitta

shall

’abuka

mulkika

mitpatika

(CTA How

’ilu

ube ala

6.Vi.26-29

Bull

’E1

will

uproot

your

=

father

Surely

he

the

Surely

he will

overturn

Surely

he

will

shatter

the

threat

carried

by

25010 (a7 not

hear

foundation

the

- 28)

you?

of

your

dais!

throne

of your

kingdom!

scepter

of your

judge-

ship! Upon

hearing

attack

in

this

Sapsu,

Yael7 bau

24 mam

(Beker)l vewebiehe) Mot,

the

Hero,

ing

such

and

lying

of the

ability

as

by

the

great

more

than

of

questioning

the

(CTA

are

Kétar

is

that

Peso uncertain.

SapSu's

she Walsy In

had Teepe both

the

7-9

a house

badly

is

rebuking

used

to

this

clearly

Prince

and

“Attar

instances

ail)

involved.

in

as

as

with-

show

of

desired behind

that

Yamm. thac)can

This

is

Though

Ugaritic

’El

by

his

re-

has

com-

Following

exactly

she

M6t

’El1's

time

and

a mighty

instance

with

the

power

himself

Mét./>

where

under-

the

reestablish

circumstances

rebuke

Ore SapSu

’El

engag-

the

Indeed,

authority,

to

of

that

been

of

other

for

broken,

“Attar

have

’El's

Ba‘l

the

Lines

build

is by

that

to

text

understood

In

capable

shows

threat.

must

kingship,

2.III(?).17-18),

clear.

was

Ba‘l

description

allowing for

who

idle

kings

6.V1.33-34).

a request not

the

battle,

frightened.

god

an

Instead

from

VLSS 05:1)

storm-god

Philo's

followed

the

atraid,

was

in

(CTA

words

was

’El

reflected

“Attar

this;

response

the

°El was

of

depose

of

manded

a

’El

refusal quest

of

to

king

off

Ort

ability

warrior.

draws

son

Beloved

defeating

message

breaks

Patilsi faeyanseel (CLARO

Clearly,

M6t

Lear:

texts

delivers

be

clearly

immediately the

same

‘Attar's is

rather

’El's

43 reaction

is

unclear

displeased. clear

that

given

to

‘Attar

Yamm,

complaint

that

he

of

dispensing

the

Ugaritic The

is

has

to

the

of

decree

was

with

the

of

aid

Ugaritre the

title

but

is

of

given

is

already

by ‘Attar's

other

gods

that

the

"eternal

he

(CTA

power

king"

allies

as

Kirta

of war. (t¢dru),

the

in

which

to

has

The

are an

to

epic

a

his

faintly

*E1

directs

militaristic

and

in

as

the the

are

to

creac-

be

attempted. for

the

and

receives

between

be

a messenger

function

he

Yet

in the

connotations,

role

if both

must

king

father.

battle

texts

’E1's

power:

of

only the

and theogony

seen

discrepancies

as

of

position

as

Mét,

authority

his

apparent,

serve

explicitly

source

power

abilities

over

with

explanation

have

his

god, his

Phoenician

the

Throughout

gods.

seems

is

connected

nature

the

a victory

a warrior

texts,

the

The

attained

by

a powerful

most

has

completely.

“In the

seems

that

as

through

gods,

delineates

’El

of

the

reveal

intimately

she

of

’El

Ugaritic

not

who

his

’El's

also

decree,

gods

consideration,

message, SapSu

his

vividly

"Bull"

ator/father

of

confirm

the

he

kingship

followed

those

’E1,

warrior

spoils

also

counts

of

of

the

to

"ine the

the

texts.

divides

like

that

WOCWOSE 5 ike aS

the

is

instances

belonged

obvious

of his

attain

depicts

’El

rule

concept

temple two

reactions

a mighty

the

is

SapSu

king."

through

Sanchuniathon

?E1

to

of

material

ticles

The

to

no

kingdoms

displayed

ability

rebuke

These

it

pantheon.

the

a warrior.

text,

circumstances

attempted

the

available

or

the

the

has

for

2.111(?).19-20).°

WOLthy

from

Whatever

the

high

dispensation

god. of

JuUstree:

SapSu

rapi’ima

SapSu

tahattiku

tahattiku ’ildniyyima (CTA

For

the

Cross,

SapSu will

judge

SapSu will

judge

suggested

190

(1968)

the

root

45,

htk

n.

see

Ugaritic-Hebrew

24.

also

Cuneiform have

We

M.

Pope,

Philology,"

the the of

translation

Canaanite

"The

(?) (?)

6.V1.44-46)

Rapi’u divine

thtk Tablet

taken

as the

Ones"),

judge,"

"'to

from

"Marginalia

465-466.

("Hale ones.

Taanach,"

see

F.

M.

BASOR

D-form.

verb

as

a

to

M.

Dahood's

On

44 P.

Miller

the

has

latest,

gion, the

still

Kirta

longer

noted

it

that

actually

visible

legend,

period

and

of

time

Philo's

tion

ent

in

while

Philo's

presents

an

the

Ugaritic

which

could

in

the

account

from

an

area

of

would

earlier

in

an

preserved

in

texts

have

religion

Canaan

differences

account

earlier

thus

been

or

°E1

reli-

and

in

continued

for

a

South

even

explain

otherwise

literarily of

epithets

Canaan./°

represent

stage

and

in

of

is

stage

a tradi-

a differ-

some

of

the

homogeneous

pic-

ture. //

If

the

picture

homogeneous,

we

are

of

’E1,

descriptions thon the

is

the

earlier

explanation

served

indeed

longer

Ugaritic

especially of

that in

the

surprised

the

the

South

if

two.

the

The

tradition

texts

at

the

and

account

other

of

’E1

as

the

northern

than

in

however,

that

the

is

in

so

the

Sanchunia-

possibility

of

Canaan

Philo

difference

warrior

lies

was

in

pre-

area

around

Ugarit. It

is

probable,

complicated tween nature tions much

it

than

accounts

of

of

the

accounts

themselves

mythology.

Though

in

the

than

doubtful It

expect

would

could

Ugaritic

tured

the

major

from

Zeus

(Ba‘l-Haddu).

Ouranos

fit

stand

behind

into the

nature

an

It

B.C.

than

to

does,

In

(Samém)

to

Kronos

The

battles

stage

more

of

god

of ’El

material

the

tradition,

but

reflected

olden at

’E1

is of

P.

Hikes

dleBale, 5 Io

Miller,

The

Divine

Warrtor,

61-62.

picthe

Kronos

Cross

gods the

to

has

who "transi-

point" between these olden gods, the natural pairs ee AE PRON iL a Aes ee a Sie ie 8 Le ee aN 8 oe eee 76.

in

a different

from M.

stands

it,

Ras

succession and

is

to

from

account,

F.

the varia-

theogony

present

as

be-

in

assigned

of

(’B1) ’E1,

more

regional

firmly

theogonic

myths

The

the

Philo's

the

theogonic

date

however,

in

pantheon.

any

be more

player

the

much

in

is

differences

Sanchuniathon's

earlier

account.

the lie

than

earlier

tradition

material.

the

noted,

is

portray

this

gods

tion ial

it

of mythological as

’El's

explanation

that

seventh-century

that

Shamra.

type

suggest

two

we the

We

the

older

is

this.

like

45 his

father

active

(Heaven)

in

the

theogonic

cultus

mother

?E1l's

scheme:

the

and

thon's ends

and

cultus./8

begins

concerns

generations

the

ritic

cycles,

deities,

the

ticipate

in

determines most

sons

the

in

Ba‘l

tive

in

the’

the

the

in

°E1,

who

in

the

king

the is

the

This which

between

the it

the

of

the

views it

of

contrast

one

concerned

younger

the

with

and

This the

F.M.

Cross,

point in

par-

Yet

the

the ac-

illus-

character

to

as

Ba‘l.

major

vividly

myth.

and

god

generation

subject

who

This

showing

no

the

his

the

the

of

of king-

decree

last

first

’El

in

have

been

appeal

to

the

way

the

no

and

of

king

supreme

presented.

in which

the

high

within

the

latter

is

the

of

40-43.

gods,

the

whose

’El

tradi-

the

realm

gods, of

clear:

decree

cosmogonic

god

of

of

succession

conflicts in

Like-

differen-

levels the

role

mythologies

contradiction

regional

different

theogonic

over

of is

to

position

CMHE,

there

that

reveal

the

»B1l's

character

that

a

78.

plays

younger

gods

the

with

standing

the

cosmogonic

authority

outcome

Ba‘l

still

olden

sources

deities.

supreme

the

mines

M6t,

figure,

of

mainly

theogonic

unnecessary

the

treatments

contrast

clearly

two

with

not

supremacy.

is

between

the

other

’B1 does

myths.

shows

two

for

the

transition

cosmogonic

makes

in

and

cosmogonic

for

to

myths

The

the is

role

the

struggle

Philo.

belongs

viewed.

tion, the

no

cosmogonic

possess

tiations was

who

Uga-

creator/ruler

and

of

The

Ba‘l-Yamm

the

concerned

Yamm

’E1

as

contrasting is

in the Sanchunia-

father/creator,

the

myths,

are

the

part

deities. to

who

into

gods.

as

between

appears

each

account

distinction

we

wise,

the

generations

in

of

over

Ba‘l, plays

ship

In these

theogonic/cosmogonic

texts.

deities,

cosmogonic

He

the

and,

struggle

fits

take

of

gods

deities

cult.

belonging

the

mythology

of

wole

the

’El.

outcome

victories trates

generations

those

the

who

the

olden

battles.

visible

Ugaritic

of

gods

with

the

concern

the

the

as

the

of

especially

Ba‘1-M6t

is

of

generations

myths,

While

fathers

and

creator

associated

myths

account

the

he

(Earth)

role

deter-

warriors.

he

46

the

victorious

tained

in

cles.

The

tween

basic

as

over

toward both Ti

would

Yamm

attaining

have

cycles

over

the

issue

45)

2

22

and

The

the

two

the

young

’Aqhat

god

While

Ba‘l

and

’E1

17.1.32-33; cosSmor Omaic

hemin them

attain

one

the

attaining

his

palace

cation

Sea

(= Chaos),

issue

of

is

his

his

kingship.

victory

who

was

a

that

provides

Central

over

Yamm,

ruling

vic-

CTA

Temp

to

Ba‘ 1's

efforts

to

sub-theme

serves

his

nom

his

the

for

all

attempt

it

be-

over

saga

After turns

(cf.

cy-

over

ascendancy

building

cycles.

legend

3-6)

a temple

iba,le hase

myths , °° and

of

is

victory

con-

conflict

of kingship of

as

are

(CTA the

is

theme

for himself.

the

ete.

the

is

his

2.1V),

in

Ba‘1-M6t

and

position

his

pantheon

Ugaritic

pantheon.

the

to

are

that

Ugarit

from

Ba‘l

two

issue

a palace

temples

the

1-2)

symbolize

(CTA

of

these

god

this

of

members

myths

(CTA of

another to

the in

sub-theme’ ? uniting

the

tory

king

theme

Crucial

other

and

Ba‘l-Yamm

the

Ba‘1, which the

god

Ba‘ 1 and

cosmos.

the

with

concerned

rise

above,

noted

have

we

As

primarily

Mot

and

Yamm,

of Ba‘l,

Kingshtp

The

Conflicts:

Cosmogonte

The

to

the

deity

the

Ba‘l's

personifi-

in

the

panthe-

on. The

apparent thus,

nature

of

in

2.1I1I1(?).7-9

CTA

tegutaimizang

Goll,

who

55-54,

later

Ba‘l

2.1V,

where

Yamm

was

hase

45),

grants

where

Yamm's

is

him

Ba‘l

regarded

as

We

the

ven:

leading

80.

As

to

build

is

apparent

we

of

a temple. in

dwelling,

that

shall

’El the

see

is

with

the

the

major

show

until That

this

is

’E1

below,

pp.

is

ogee

sbi

CTA

36-37),

clearly

2 Biles

2.1,

and show

of

a temple

of

J.

CTA that and

ee

theme

of

the

Leading 1). in

in

the

128-168.

of

building

Ba‘l

lives

by the

a tent, For

epic [New

kingship

sanction

texts.

Obermann

Ba‘l

Motifs

ihe

section,

given

dwells

mythological

plus

(11.

worthy

reflected

in

he

plore isis

dieu

iG@adanw

assertion

1948]

It

Cuan

Yamm, a

clear.

a palace,

texts,

’E1

of Its

is

all

granted

“lord”

king, a

Press,

theme

by

defeats

A Study

University

tent-shrine

’E1's

and

agree

saga

| Ln

These

Yamm

a powerful

Mythology:

Yale the

cannot

building

(Ugaritte is

to

at

is

ruler

a

79.

that

not

Yamm

proclaimed

a palace.

battles

a

as

is

over

is

that

claim

Yamm

given

kingship

not

HaBa‘1

saga. in

the

high

god

a temple,

a discussion

of

47 lordship.

Notably,

king

(malku).

seen

in

however,

Yet

his

at

hands

the

Ba‘l1 is

Yamm.

The

clear

of

his

was

he

Vino4 Yamm

to

the

tween

of

of

we

the

and,

as

241i,

Yamm

receives

Raye” 81.

Cf.

not

of

is

he

become silly

a conIt

kingship

by virtue

called

Soli, that

Ma Jiis ile

ini

smkaingshap

adversary

a role

that

is

of

to

also

played

in

the

that

conflict

depicted

the

in Enuma

the

the

inherent

fact

is

médtdu

Sse

personification

major

the

nature

elis

be-

is most

origin. °! certain

was

how

indeed

In

titles

WWoilt,

Weis

Jacobsen,

Yamm

the

a necessary

the

defeat

clear.

position

by

king.

sie

(CAO. T.

order, This

his

not

present

commonly

the

the

is

leadership.

of

20S

As

as

storm-god

such,

to

Do WMG)

seen

be

that

were

(CGA

do

NI.

of

power

worthy he

nature.

Semitic

he

“igae

be

cannot

pantheon,

as for

supported

and

reveal

by virtue

Yamm's

Ugarit

(Guy

elis.

is

epithets

if

’E1,

cosmogonic

West

Though

solely of

a position

VE

very

Enima

sea

probably

to

thus

sea-god the

to

regarded

oF

his

establishment in

as

Ba‘1:

etc.) mee htismalsompossable

would

by Tiamat of

was

is

from

came

Weiloyecl

related

sea,

Yamm

vividly

2.1V.32)

nature

texts

Yamm

relationship

Vite?

to is

dead!

rule

exact

known

that

Meine

is

Ba‘l's

the

by which

BE.

Yamm

that

Yet

possible

refer

kingship

rules!

presently

flict

not

yamlu[ku] (€TA

Verily

It

of

do

with

la-mitu

ba‘ lu-mi

of

texts

connection

defeat

yammu

the

Yamm's

foe

for

addition zubulu

iN, Wn)

"The

AAS

rose

equal

to

BieSo))y ibs

Battle

power,

Ba‘l

médditdu Sea?

Ehalel ayo

Between

the

overcome

epithet

''Prince

AAS,

his

in

Ba il to

the

yammu,

Silo:

to

of

Mis 05

redo e Mente aic

Marduk

and

trans trill OlienlO.Sr 82. "Prince, SBL

in

(1968)

For the

a study one

Akkadian,

—90-96.

who

of is

root

zb2

and

exalted,"

the

see

M.

Ugaritic,

and

Biblical

its

meaning

Held,

"The

Hebrew,"

as Root

JAOS

88

ZBL/

48

The

of

the

to

Yamm.

it

is

applied

KOtar

to

build

as

ceives

first of

a palace

epithet

the

application

KOtar

tions

to

of

build

the

only,

Yanm

GTA

is

commonly

applied

givens 8),

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to

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Yamm.

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column

ithe

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Say

2rcbsl Dita

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the

title

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25

While

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ritic,

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the

epithet

Ba‘l,

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called

headed

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title

the

seems

Haddu,

’E1

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as

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Assyrian

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SiG

[RS

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is

ana

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Sti illak

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[...

3a]

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the

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Ba‘l,

functions,

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lyme. yancon

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root As

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jt

tates"

ruler,

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procedures

the

text:

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temple,

Loser

attributed of

the

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Yamm,

VenGlr a

MlGPAe2

CLC) ing SC

clean.

that

V.2.1.2-4

connotations.

Raver

implications.

devoid

"'Judge"

be

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Hebrew,

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applied

judiciary

tpt

Both

Naresnot

in biblical

both

“Judge

impilacations

when

Judge

of

a designation

granted

is

Yamm

2. lV oA pee og Os

an, C24

the:

longer

ruler.

inaharu,

22cta

exclusively

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legucamate

only om

it

ander Ay 7

4358

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wile where

this

becomes

’arst,

ba‘Slu

to

zubulu,

ommeins

thus,

with

no

title

Lord

and)

nected

he

the

"Prince,

(subulu

Ba‘l

2.111(?),

is

It

2.IV.20-32),

55 VilveedOl KOpeel ley came uleriee VierOme AO mest Cr) bothy

Bawiane not

applied

ss themnuler—cod.

wheceshesa

(CTA

is

zgubulu

Significantly,

"Prince."

to

thewearchya eC TAN

2. UV

connota-

royal

the

the

of

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with

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sae=

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The

shows

fact

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Ze Licey ia Camm

8).

Yamm

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the

sand

by

defeated

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to

for

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title

receives

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title

a palace as

(CTA

yammi

the

title,

in

Yamm

After

of

Yamm

for

zubulu

usage

its

commissions

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after

Immediately

from

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is

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title

significance

final

The in

River

riverconnec-

a Neo-

49 He

(Bel)

of

the

he

goes,

the

is

noted,

to

that

bank

they It

goes

the

hursan

river-ordeal), house

of the

will

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in

place

to

which

temple)

is

fZursan-ordeal,

question

likewise,

(the

...

on

in it

him.

another

text:

ina ite ¢fd aSar dén ni3i ibbirru ité dig DUSS ANT kek At

the

side

legal

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in

place

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The

For

nes

significance

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tion

of

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same

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the of

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20,

and

and Vol.

will

be

Aes

(pp.

translations

Ortental

6,

ed.

A.

of

questioning

is the that

designation On in

may

this

literature

cited

be

these ev

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in

the

Most

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‘al. as

a

considera-

defendant

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the

etymology

originally Literature,"

of

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texts,

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meeting-place

indeed

ultimate

is

lhe

and

our

It is

have see

P.

HTR

in

deity.

connected

interesting

of

the

seen

yammu

Instttute

Oppenheim

possibility,

Israelite

zubulu

a mountain

place

(s’Z).

Underworld

Ordeal

’El

displays to

LOSo)mZo4-2c0.8 as

the in Uga-

particular

of

the

of

Yamm

intimately

of

hursanu , the

concept

the

are

epithet

128-168),

is questioned

this

tapttu

both

of

indeed

Yamm's

discussed

dwelling-place

the

to

is most

designates

naharu)

are

applied

and

hurésanu

interrogation.'"'

"The n.

to

as

River

fursSanu

(tapttu

Onrentaleinstituce,.

ouncil Bae.

deified

functions

Dicttonary

Chicago, of

the

divine

(every)

examined,

designation

River"

gubulu

judgment

the

"Judge

references

of

the

the

literature.

Assyrtan

(Chicago

where is

The

Thus,

judicial

epithets

and

passages.

especially

Untversety

place

two as

Ugaritic

83.

see

River, people

judgeship

certain

The the

the the

judgment.

mythology that

in

of

these

fact

of

of the River-fursan....°9

connection

explicit

of

case

for

meant

the

that en-

8°’d1, "'place

McCarter, 66

(1973)

408,

50

found

in parallel

where

of both

Yamm

before

is

his

to

on

by

paral Velism

meaning

to

the

title

malkunt

malku,

amdseaces

2,

ayclose

and

the

position

of

zgubulu

and

tapitu

of

both.

wa-’én

of more

shed

ba‘lu ‘alénnahu

du

(GRA

Our

King

Our

Judge

84.

It

element

is

is

most

.epir wanes Ws

Akkadian

and:

(1x)

vocalization

of

itself

might

also

follow

the

S0pét

spt Benz,

sertpttons

also

Hebrew. occur

da-nt-A[W],

Texts

183),

V.14.3;

H.

B.

and

root

that

and

explicitly

the

titille

to

this

tn

The

the

the

in

the

(PRY

11.32.13)

Personal

names

the

belonged

latter.

the

to

title

(see

Punte

names

the

In-

423-424).

’El

and

dan°’il Names

University

in

the

Press,

ba‘al-danu/a,

Canaanite to

epithet

chosen with

names:

[cf£. in

(2x) the

Ba‘l

1972],

Personal

Hopkins

ealso

names

and

divine

Amorite

Johns

of

name

personal

the

have

Punic

Press,

Eas

indicating

usage

and

the

he

stpat-ba‘al

we

Phoenietan

both dyn

with

Baissea

Though

way,

divine

Institute

"judge"

as

perhaps

to

the

names

Uganitac ed

ttptuba‘l. in

Huffmon,

ba‘ldanu

86.20,22].

indicate

most

Names

[Baltimore:

in

Shamra

3521,

with

Biblical

O44)

him!

iy Imne =nance

Phoenician

only

the

(cf.

personal

analogy

judgeship,

Mart

1965],

used

on

with

are

that

they Ras

as

vocalized

with

Ba‘l

above

Vy

Ugaritic

Personal

connection

from Ugn

qatiZ

[Rome:

none

eightstimes

[let

be

in biblical

element L.

the

pattern

is

jonly swith)

texts

Sia

Bavis

there

attested

stpet-balal.

DAN 4 3 4 AG

interesting

formed

attested

in

*Al?ayan

and

Naneweprosed

Ug.

CTA

deities

“King;

’al’iya[nu]

tapitunt

In

to

cosmogonic

2. lene

Though the Ugaritic texts apply the epithet tapttu only Yamn, 84 the epithet twice refers to Ba‘l, significantly in

parallel

F.

naharu (CTA e225 ZA5)

restricted

the

epithets

parallels

and

is

of

Uhis® two

tapitu

Yamm

ruler

Bacly

nature

title

IA Eee loli to

the

the

other

The the

his IM

235

epithets

between

rulership.

with

obviously

defeat

relationship light

only 205225)

165°

TID (2?) «829, application

both

°R]

clearly and

Ba‘ 1,

51

The

victorious

out

peer.

title

"Judge"

epithet

is

Byars

EAU

SoM gael

(CEI

found

is

a

shortened "I

epithet

"Judge"

the

is

nature

of

connection

lems

Hep Alibaaehit,

form

of

sentence

over

This

IIe aes

ASM Wee

prevail

Ba‘l1's

epithet

n

the

the

with

Ba‘l's

with

the

the

the

earth."

the

of

Lord

with-

that

as

WoW Io wO3 Cyl

UW Sa AS WIE see an

of

in parallel

BolgA=8

and

indication

kingship,

in

"Prince,

qarradtma/quradima,

MSA aye

with

Cleo2 9)ne oo 40)

’al’tyanu

2al’tyu

is

times

nine

"King" some

indication

tapttu ?arst,

ba‘lu

as

gives

associated

A further

Wes SU

ZO

hailed

usage

be

and

occurs

epithet

shown,

to

zubalu

zubulu

title

is

parallel

zubulu.

epithets

Tel

storm-god

This

has name

heroes"

(CTA

Ab WALIENL obey S 5) Iii, TM tbal 5 utes

which

occurs

only

in

the

following

formula:

tahumu

’al’iyani

huwatu

’al’iyi

ba‘li qarradima®®

(GHA

DoW

oABSASS

WPoU3S

C5

CNM

Spl

SASS

WOiWis

5 It Saki.

ila

s7s

7s Waals

14) Soi

name

as

mtlhamatt, anda

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Ob

shorter

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follows:

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aot lew

form,

7 SVs

Ameo

Goetze's

objection

name.

probable an

tive

(the

in

notes the

is

would

''Remove

its

in eA)

be

be

in

war

entirety,

ne

in

the For

R.

in

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CTA

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of

sections sk

same force

D-stem).

10).

see

the st

in

carries the

occurs

reconstruction

taken

from

meet

3.VI1.

mee SStC emlOWCVeTym MOtLesAt.

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imperatives

to

18-19,

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BASORMOS

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ba-’arst

255 UV Silk)2)e miele

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absolute

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to

qryy

heroes

ale Oem oD

occurs,

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thes

qartyéya

quradima/qarradima,

Goetze

infinitive

bears

Orel

*al’?tyu

formula

enEleerecOnsienucts

quradima

over

(CHA

sentence full

le

’al’tyu

He

earth'"

make

full

i.e.,

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The

as

impera-

translates ("Peace

the

it most

sense, of

a translation

Clifford,

the

where

on of

Cosmte

qryy Panties the

Mountatn,

66-68. 86. bint

ba‘lt

This in

occurs

with

5.11.17-18.

The

formula CTA

the word

variation qarraduma

’*al’tyant occurs

only

52

The

Message

of

’Al’iyan

Word

"I

prevail

epithet

of

’aZ’?tyanu

related

to

kingship.

implied

in

the

taken

when

parallel

plied fare

title

usages,

and

noun

M6t

to

it

Ba‘l

kingship,

and

is

applied

connotation

cease

of

their

bids

for

mitpattika,

with

*’allata

lished

of

hey

it

once

Wills

usa ges on

87.

those

texts

the

abode

88.

W.

between

etopmul

Evgeni

A

INS

observed,

the

Out Cle

death

the

dead

(Baal

in

Ras

indicates victory

of

Schmidt,

used, Contra

A.

the

that

the

title

the

god

over

Kéntgtum

to

"break een Oren

is

dais."

The

firmly

estab-

and is

in

1ealaatex:s

to

an

also

made

tex

about van

the

Selms,

(Pretoria:

and

context "The

in

title

in

tcemu or

his

Shamra

is

zubulu

Soli, Saek,

or

his

Gottes,

tptn//mikn;

werkgemeenskap

meeting

of

and

yoursking ship ie:

ia vem-onmens

Ba‘l's

are)

be

a ruler

about

they

usage

‘Attar

sine thicmmythodor

broken

has

conclusions

second

may

connection

Kapelrud

any

the

ayania)

on

of your

to

This

the

to

MOSS) 5

tpt//abl;

testamenttese

vpi

refers

Volasle

draw

89.

root

in

judgeship,"

“thesthrone

tell

of

and

sche

war-

god. 88

On Vio 2 Of

of your

kingship

ap-

with

threatens

ose

that

further

conflict

ism

A.

REONSUANGH,

’El

foundations

justice. 89

this

As

1S

scepter

and

tapitu

Oly AAUAl

TIGRE

This

that of

outside

RS

"the

"judgeship"

clear

administrator

"'the

seen

be

its

zubulu

connected

messages

2 1 DiC2)

must

through

epithet

also

likewise

care

a victorious

kingship,

mickika,

tibttka,

connection

Makes

kieer2a

the

In his

|(CRAm

is

Though

closely is

a function

function

epithet

to

kingship

cases

hitta

is

"Judgeship.""

sor judgeship!

an

that

to

thescepter

and

clear

and

mitpatu,

parallel

of

’al’tyu

warfare,

“Prince. 87

meaning

seems

with

with

militaristic

zubulu, the

heroes: ”

parallelism

Yamm

The

the

to

its

the

connection

This

deriving

both

and

a close

exhibit

qarradima

Ba‘l, lover

ba ‘lu

omiby

return

Texts,

aim

from 60).

associated

with

the

adversaries. notes

the

parallel-

mtpt//mlk,

37,

but

does

of

Title

conflict Judge,"

Suid-Afrika; University

of

not

in which Die

Papers

ou

read

Pretoria,

at

LOS9) es

53

Ug.

V.2.1.2-3

as

king

tle

and

sdpét

[RS

24.252]

judge

also

over

and

the

suggests

I1.6-8,

that

the

office

ly

connected A.

van

Selms

mects

the

verb

ys*,

"to

deliver,"

judge.""91

The

verb

ys*

is

Ehud

a(@1s5)\sashamgar

Gudess

79-0)

7:2);

and

ship er

Samson

has

pressed

the

has

been by

(13:5;

them.

The

wayyOst*tm miyyad they

delivered

usage the

of

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to

one

of

leadership. °2

was

90.

For

Oly

hem

92. the

in

god

Judges

of

concept

in

king

the

or

UO, WWO=V5)

justice

to

carry

out

euler

his (C22

a

above, the

in

in

the

the

as

show, the

most

and The

texts

and

applied

of

duties

the

26.

Ugaritic

the see

(CW

and

WOW

orphan.

the

king

his

SZ ae c

son

The

"judge"

of

the

C.

Fensham,

Dre

ou

"The

testa-

read

at

the

illustrate

dispensation

of

connected

Dan’il

(CTA

to 17.V.

AIS mdi)s elatcneyeils=

role when

Yassib

the

of

SSA,

that

tpt

and

4:4-5)

also

find

to

root

views

F.

closely

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the

concept

Papers

The

was

regard

of

(Judg

texts

tpt.

East

Thus,

judge,

with

various

sdpét,

root

of

WOW LeSI— SEs

Deborah

Suid-Afrika,

Kaira

widow

is

a term

p.

connotation

Jurisprudence,"

ruler.

function duty

of For

Near

aie

especially

only

15:1-5)

The

ancient

military

important

above,

Israelite

15-22.

was

see

biblical

werkgemeenskap

deliv-

arse

judgeship

the

it

translation,

(2 Sam

Ancient

legal

AoGe

fo,

the

Ugaritic

capable

not

op-

to

up judges

and

shown

is

are

oppressors."

the

that

15.

judge-

Sop ° ttm

battle

connotations.

meeting,

justice the

legal

and

menttese this

As

in

their

in

shows

id ge

have

this

functions

second

and

of Absalom

had

legal

ing

we

Ugaritic.

also

so

As

epithet

(6:14.

their

deliverer

raised

of

Othniel

they

YHWH

con-

"to

a judge

and

Yahweh

an

clearly

Litem

judge

hands

victorious

text

Yamm,

example

as

"And

with of

up

wayyaqem

the

Spt,

revolt;

raises

2:16:

from

material

people

between

in battle.

Gideon

pattern

ti-

close-

often

verb

(S251)

the

was

narrative

the

enthroned

of

"judge"

connection

The

the

Judg

tpt

in

sits

usage

victoriously

with

Yahweh

s3séhem,

them term

biblical who

used

people; in

lead

of

biblical

15:18).

connection

stated

to

the

stereotyped:

another

explicitly

ability

noted,

°£1

Biblical

As

with

where

gods. 29

of

judge

Kirta

claimed

was

failed the

to

right

54

considered

indeed

was

the

"Lord"

(?adanu,

‘abduka

ba‘ lu ya-yammu-mi

‘abduka

ba‘lu

TS

[la-‘61l]ami

binu

dagni

Ba‘l

is

your

servant,

Ba‘l

is

your

slave

Yamm:

to

Ba‘l

and

Ba‘l

between

conflict

The

delivers

’El

when

and

demand

to

him

for

oh. palin A).

(Gaile

a palace

enough

proclaimed

he was

unknown,

given

and

gods.

the

among

judge is

powerful

was

clear

becomes

and

Yamm

that

show

yammu

zubulu

victory

a prisoner.

as

Ba‘l

receive Yamm

a ruler 1.1V.17)

CTA

position

His

7-9).

and

of his

nature

Though

naharu

tapitu

titles

The

’a[s]Truka-mi

(CTA 2.1.36-37)

The Yamm's

son

powerful

Without

to

and

explicitly

any

he

for

he

background

young god

had

to

the

primary With

of

power

is

the

given

of

chaos

thus

set

decree

the

Ba‘l

lay

for

power

Only king.

belonged

legitimate is

claim

vividly

oe

of

was

to

the

portrayed

in

of

’E1. The

the

Sea).

high

The

sebattles.

of

servant,

set.

the

’E1l

by

to

had

of

CTA

2.1IV.

king. But

had

Ba‘l

over

been

order

clear-

was

Yamm

defeating

title

the

Yamm

open

of

Only

by

battle

a victory

decree

Yamm.

aicleana,

pantheon,

obvious.

Bad

Yamm's

recourse

through

not

such

chaos.

temporarily

only

able

as

ll

decree

cosmos--the

forces

The to

tarst

Ba‘l

was

The

Yamm.

proclaimed

rulership

that

pantheon

ascendancy.

the

team the

quite

River/Prince

the

the

in

pronounced

by the

is

Though

viewed

Samo god

however,

(Judge for

of

obviously

over

displayed

Yamm

slave.

decision

is,

within god

with

be

the

here

ly gained Ba‘l

was

here

force,

eternal

powerful

is

do

battle

over

is

of

Ore Bao

most text

the

’Bl's

in

the

gods

show

an

Yamm

this

conflict

with

as

for

force

stage

storm-god

not

control

storm-god

Mythve

the

no

Ba‘l

prisoner.

the

or

lhesposations

was

The

among

"king,"

Inmthespantheon.

is your

threat

receive

called

Obviously

Dagnu

position

vividly. demand

of

O Yamn,

forever,

to

could

given

Yamm

This

struggle

Ba‘l

does

Se ee ee ee ee ee 25)

We

ready

(257 lm

iwithe

ss

Mes

Gross

GMa

and

could

weld

not

55

attempt

to

wa-Hasis,

him.

defeat the

Then

with

the

battle

are

fashioned:

is

Sea

alone.

He

craftsman-god,

Kétar's

help

predicted

he

battles

Yamm.

craftsman-god

’ibaka

ba‘lu-mi

hitta

’ibaka

timhasu

hitta

tasmitu mulka data

skill

magical

hitta

darkata

the

fashion

by the

tiqqahu

employs

to

of

K6tar-

weapons

The

for

outcome

before

the

sarrataka ‘élamika dardarika (CERA S255 Vie 8 00)

Behold

your

enemy,

Behold

your

enemy

Behold

you

You

shall

Your

Following the

two

the

shall take

dominion

clubs

your

is

of

smite,

your

eternal

which

and

shall

destroy

proclamation

magical

O Ba‘l, you

oppressor.

kingship,

forever.

Ba‘l's

victory,

proclaims

their

K6étar

name

and

fashions destiny:

Simuka ’atta yagarris yagarrisS garrisS yamma garrisS yamma la-kissi’ihu [naJhara

la-kahti

Simuka

’atta

darkatihu

’ay-yamarri

?ay-yamarri

marri

marri

la-kissi’ihu

yamma

nahara

la-kahti

yamma

darkatihu

(CPA Your

name

YagarrisS

is YagarriS drive

Drive

out

River

from

out

2.1V.11-13,

("Let

him drive

Yamm!

Yamm

from

his

the

seat

of

throne, his

dominion!

19-20) out!")!

of

clubs

56

Your

name

is

*Ay-yammari Rout

Yamm

River Armed

with

from

from

the

His

Yamm, 24

’Ay-yamarri

rout

two

his

the

("Ho!

kama

béna

of his

clubs,

simdu

katipa

badé

Ba‘l

yammu

zubuli

The

pair

Likewans They

yammi

pinnatihu

with

was

joints

both

His

frame

did

also of

15)

the

yamarrt

is

separate

He

not

his

throne

is

obvious,

to

smite

not

did

Ba‘l,

that he

The

not

River.

collapse!

droop!

to

of

withstand of

(11.

two

Yamm The

Yamm

clubs

That

both

the

are

is

second

the

the

the

two

attacks

as

distinguish

between

the

at

is

"pair" in

this

the

pas-

beginand

of

a device two

to

armed

encounter

fashioning’

by

separated

attempt

dual

clubs

of

attack

Bavidl

instructs

verbs

had in

first

unsuccessful

1338).

for

did

the

Ba‘l's

the

account

between to

Judge

shaken!

Yamm.

as

20-27).

placed

them,

of

Sea,

of

fashioning

conflict

(11.

hand

of

not

account

indicating

victory

back

strong

actual

by the

clubs

1.

the

shoulders

were

sufficiently

(gtmdu,

ning

strong!

Sea

His

from

in

the

the

Yamm

sage,

whirls

2.1V.15-18)

cag emt nenis ease ease

smote

The

battle

tamunuhu

Between

text

to

pair,

nahari

(GTA

drive

prepared

la-yamuka

1a-yadlupu

94,

is

ba‘ li

tapiti

la-tinnagisna

the

dominion!

ba-[’u]sba‘ téhu

yadé-mi

‘uzzu

in

rout!")!

throne,

seat

magical

naSri

yalima

was

him

fins tmat tackesmcleamivyenocesuccess

yartaqasa

Yamm

Let

Yamm!

°ayto

clubs.

Sy

Ba‘l.

With

the

second,

however,

the

storm-god

yaparsih

yammu

tannagisna

yaquttu

yaqullu

pinnatihu

ba‘lu

yakalliyu

wa-yaSti

tapita

Sea

collapsed!

His

joints

Ba‘l

He With and

the

was

totally

Ney

defeat

of

Rather

the

River

from

Yamm

Sea,

the

explicitly 8who When And

I made the

10 When And

storm-cloud

I set set

and

bonds

up

bars

Isard

Here

and

Diusm

your

its

not

we

jamits stant limits makes

have

already

constitutes tension and it

a poetic

the

most

device

seen, the

totally

between

the

tenuous likely

when

the

that

he

the

speaks

be the

destroyed. This

is

seen

Job:

the

womb?

garment,

swaddling

bands,

youwrsiallmcOne, shall

stage of

poet

of

of

in

the

nontarther:

of

38:8-11) Sea

within

creation.

outbreak the

Dut

halt."

restriction

possible

nature

of

doors,

waves

initial

Sea

probably

confined. to

his

wateny.,

traditions

(Job As

’El, in

it,

care

roaring

by

destroys

should

from

its

upon

monster

doors,

forth

cloud

Ba‘l

discourse

within

him

“The

when

Yamm

are

chaos to

unsuccessful

Hebrew is

Sea

gushing the

of the

the

given

rival,

seen

first

(yam)

came

end!

was

his

chaos

of

Yahweh's Sea

it

of

powers

in

shut

When

In

power

an

Ba‘l

annihilation

chaotic

collapsed!

Sea!

defeated

clearly

hyperbole.

earth!

dominion

Though

is

the

to

Ba‘l the

2 IN 2.5 27)

frame

drank

storm-god

total

poetic

to

his

finaliyedeteated

of

The

as

fell

and

destroyed.?°

nature

95. taken

He

Judge

driven

tedttack,

chaotic

most

brought

taminuhi

yamma

nahara

trembled,

destroyed

this

Yamm

fimo

and

la-’arsi

wa-yadlup

CCBA

Sea.

defeated

Sea:

destroyed

of

stability CTA

chaos of

the

2.I1V.25-27

destruction

certain

The

con-

from

its

cosmos is

using

of Yamm.

58

claimed

Or

Balsam

Yamm,

over

victory

his

Through

him.

by drinking king:

yammu

la-mitu

ba‘lu-mi

yamlu[ku]

COLE Verily

Sea

is

EIN SEZ)

dead:

Bay ie rules! Now

Ba‘l

the

cosmos.

stood

designated perhaps (CE.

CLAIR

Ba‘l Ba‘l

the

sure

to

Basle

able

But

weapons

ship.

kingship

portraying

Ba‘l's

a temple

in

saga

was

Sdlon

werectiony

the

ly

issued

ploy

the

temple.

command

not

in

mmowereta.

necessary

used

for

to

in-

magical

but

Thus,

he

with

Yamm

rebuke

M6dt

icantly

(1V.95-104),

destroyed

by

to

’E1 of

For

some

the

two

ae

goddesses W.

not

upon

as

Schmidt,

to

and

fash-

the

help

attained

of

build

Ba‘l's

in

the

nen

Mam

intermediaries, eS

Kéntgtum

the

was

Ba‘l and

was

’Atirat

approach perhaps ee

Gottes,

ee

68.

texts

his

king-

obtain

exercise the

lela?

not

forced ’El,

of occa-

eens

immediate-

to

to

em-

obtain

his

but

because et

the

construction

was

(\Giesoe

a palace

not

to

kingship

victory. did

for the

for

by

Ugaritic

efforts

battle,

Yamm's

‘Anat

proclaimed the

sanction

prerequisite

goddesses he

Yamm,

Ba‘1l's

victory

One ay Complem

reason,

of

’El's

records the

Kétar

the

immediately

attain

proclamation

aid

Da

96.

tadis mele diastiae

rebuked

also

and

position

did

It was

Marduk

defeat

to

plainly

The

for

to

addition

kingship. °°

the

was the

efforts

building

for

but

he

ruler

craftsman-god

(IV.35-60).

Ba‘l

mil

olen

the

chaos-dragon

clubs,

his

’El

as

over ’El1's

Kale.

Ba‘l's

The

elis,

as

from

for

alone.

from

deity defeat

Yamm

Sit:rOmcer

battle

Yamm

weapons

himself

magical

After

decree,

defeat

the

Ba‘l

6. Vil. 22-29)

In Enuma

defeat

Kétar's

recount

to

magical

his

and

appointed

approval,

of

(GL4

powerful

engage

drive

them

’El's

phase

victory. to

these

7B1l.

with

crucial

DOSarea oie Ws

of

had

not

his

ioned

of

’E1

met

most

to

him

procure

weapons

the

able

Though

with

was to

as

god

IN 24-25) ha Balewase

hiswficht

him

the

commissioned

victory in

was

ruler.

even

Ba‘l's

indisputably

He

ee

used

they ee

had ee

59

greater

influence

Ba‘ 1's on

his

over

plight

newly

won

’El

than

quickly

did

the

becomes

guriya

’ili

ba-guri

ba-nus

miba-gibe i tal ayati

In

the

midst

In

the

holy

inv the

defeat

throughout

the

of

Yamm

entitles

1V.49-64),

Ele

Cut Sehoain

“Anat

his

reason

Qi, languages

Hebrew

WSEEE

has

been

WHEL

dissertation,

one

of

feudal This

in

the

always

primary

with

of

refers

to

the

The

term

through

his

victory

attained

by

the

from

in

Sapan,

his

with

-al*iyn), The

meaning

the

deity

and of

“to

carries nmhit

through

is

son ele by

He

root

who

and

territory (cf.

in

tl’yt.

tl’yt

strong,

the

meaning it

is

by

also

(in

loyal

nhlt

of his the

manner

(cf.

"victory the

been

locus

a taqtilat

is

mighty"

the

noun

god

in which

PIOODSY|

battle

is

the

that

is

servants.

the

the

pp.

nhl

have

gained

precisely

Th.D.

concludes

In Ugaritic, god

("The

[unpublished

faithful

nahtatu

on

TeO)

Senbiee

Forshey

to

victory

(CTA

him

TENRSEULS

VeEIObS

H.

servants

the

to

‘Anat

her:

property

be

battle.

IRI I iON

the

of

this

turns

visit

in

the

clear:

to

of

Ba‘1

to

involved

warfare,

parallelism 7’y,

to

now

comes

1973]).

those

domain

refers

with

root

of

with

messengers

Cognates"

overlord.

nfZt

the

of

Wa

victory.97

possession

attention

thoroughly

University,

inheritance,

(my)

only

GSS),

Semitic

true

the

goddess

soe

granting

their

to

summoned

concepts

power.

connection

ilies

its

especially

battle

Ba‘l

Cxk

studied

Harvard

practice is

having

and

him His

Sapan, my

hillvor

sends

the

SUV

of

associated

Ba‘l

(C4

divine

mount

the

texts. and

for

WS

Root

is

palace.

3.111.5-26;

InNSVMES

the or

which

Ugaritic

his

3.111.26-28)

of my Mount, place,

Sapan,

the

issue

god.

enthroned

nahlatiya

lovediness

of

Mt.

is

sapani

ba-qudSi

(CTA

Ba‘l's

victorious He

mountain:

ba-t6ka

mountain,

newly

apparent.

Waals

displayed formation

*al’ty,

battle)."

territory

won

by

60

wana

’én

bétu

wa-haziru

la-ba‘li

ka-bani

moétibu

’ili mazlilu

motibu

rabbatu

m6tibu

pidrayyi

mazlilu

kama

banihu

’atirati

’arsayyi

métibu

kallati

yammi

bitti

tallayyi

métibu

’*ilima

’atirati

’ari

bitti

rabbi

bitti

y‘ bdr

kunnayati (Coe

SNES

SS

Wellies

cere,

4.1.10-19; iv.50-57)°° But

now?? the

there

is

no

house

And

no

The

dwelling

of

’El

The

dwelling

of

Lady

The

dwelling

of

"Misty,"

court

like

"Bright

The

for

Ba‘l

like

gods,

shelter

the

sons

is

of

the

*Atirat.

shelter

of his

100

sons,

’Atirat-of-the-Sea,

daughter

of

Cloud,"201

of

"Dewy

One,"

daughter

of

"Well-watered,"

The

dwelling

of

"Earthy

One,"

daughter

of

¥'bdr 19 The o8e=

dwelling

Thoughtthe make

the

of

texts

ted

the

CLA

SIN G46='s2editrer

trom

the

placement

line:

is

"terriphly

broken

our

one

after

etext

99.

particlevany,

(On =thé bnh

entire

could

passage

tent-shrine, Cloudy"

sice*

102. of

the

Sort

of

the

For

also

plural

ESM.

name in

scerG. read

with

for

is

Ug.

ViedSi22

is

and

onda

latter

end,

gods the

also

equated

wavs.

“his

who

as

an two

do

=secumlZcoR

son.''

live

proper

be

Because

in

’El's

reading.

daughter

ely] = Aira

could

she

the

the

Gordon

"'Misty,'

sOMaA

’arsayyu

at

binthu,

the

banihu

Crosisn

than

omit-

passage

4ASlVeS0=S7

which

paral

thus

present

Nand

knyt,

have

Ss. WV. 46-52.

translation

Underworld,"'

Nirgal

rather

CVA" be

deals

the

The

ym,

and

klt

sthesthree) We

The

iy O=19

mtb

thevpresent 100.

*atrt

ClAVAS

read

101.

rbt

certain.

presentation.

both

the

mtb

brides.

reconstruction

in

of

beloved

texte

lel

brackets

the

of

'Bright

nysieta

rendered

with

"the

Allatum,

a(RSe2i02aul mnie

emule

the

One con-

2 Orb lente

61 Though

ty

of

his

the

the

broken

speaker

messengers

in

IV.6-V.12

has

register and

clearly

difference hagtru,

and

a temple.

her

R.

contrast

apparent.

commonly

found

in

answers

to

help.

While

Sapan,

has

noted

perhaps

parallelism

with

hkZ,

PI9.1V.170-171;

permanent EB

ete.),

dwelling,

Perralleils

it

also

The

WG

the

y‘bdr

He

is

fertility (WM,

J.

best

Arabic

Arabic

thus

renders aus

y‘bdr der

as

(No.

fhe

103.

II

of

dwelling

Cosmic

jigs are

wa‘tb,

is |lOsbe

flow

copiously"

rain

mit

Exkurs

this

[sky,

Acta

Mythologie,"

is

clearly

(1955)

125,

n.

by M. 'Wide

is

Per-

that

elements

cCaken) (cf.

"Ein

of of

from also He

Opfer-

kosmologische

tiber

5

of

in linked

cloud]").

Gottin."

is

semse

"wide."

proposed the

a

it

offered

daughter

part

abundant

of

that

Ieee

is

con-

not

transparently

far

"to

is

elete

CoimesoieulilaA”

lnemtinaly

Mountain,

is quite

SEmye)

One,

thus

a

is

lack

divides

Hungartcae

study,

mgtl

solution

'"'Regenmachenden 53)

Sinoatins

Obermann,

ugaritischen

our

Weis

only

structure

suggests

(Om

the Arabic

y‘bdr

darra,

''showering

Setenttarum

Academtae

Part

adr verb

Sy),

This

Obermann

"Earthy

citing to

MOLI

names

2.

eT 24-25% not

Ba‘l's

SS))o

this

most

a temple/palace.

expressing

Another

like

Gods

Ugarit

Beziehungen

*E1's

who,

geminate

text

Ms,

is

(CIA

denotes

the

bétu// make

it

17 dd

mtb//mgll.

J.

suggests

solution

midrar,

the

previous

from y‘b + dr,

the

thiemmaniemimtomy

in

who

(CA

“NeyoMe-nee

functions.

244),

Aistleitner,

the

the

it

structure.

formulae

Si,

since

Pope

Wee

difficult.

NBEQevere.

with

haps

four

that

con-

Parallel

"temple"

specifically

with

Ose gpFag! cho,

context,

World'"

COMES,

distinctly

outside

name

more

a permanent

quite

A COMERACEMOn the

gmc,

denotes

trasted found

joe

indicating

but

the

the

hgr,

RIC )e 7-9 speS 1 gh aS ed VET -28. 44-45%

Ba‘1

reflect

literature

parallels

or

Ba‘l

is

that

may

a tent. LDS

Ugaritic

here

he

structure,

of

identi-

Ba‘l

‘Anat

on Mt.

type

the

either

for

desire

the

bt

makes

that

mdtibu//maglilu

one,

within

While

text

Clifford

and

mobile

terms

the

assume

himself

a permanent

a more

these

of

usages

clear

bétu//hagiru

between

of

may

complaint,

established

without

between

we

the

makes

victoriously

trast

condition

uncertain,

Orientalia

15-16.

As

30.

precisely

the

a tent-shrine.

shall

see

contrast,

for

we

62

temple, with

and

only

is

clear:

is

tion

kingship.

[cf.

He

CTA

the

this

he

lacks

Upon help,

and

his

in

must

(who

with

are

’E1 and ‘Anat

torus

yatubu

wa-lahu

liya

Bull He

iu

answer

’Atirat,

ka-’immari

If he

104.

For

G.

R.

the

parents

agrees

to

does

the

GeleeClank,

to

read

[wilh

epithet

the is

tr

for *ztZ

possible most

Though

the

grey

to

him. the

ground

flow

with

with

blood,

gore

give

a house

to

ties

Sonsion

>Atirat. 104

of

Myths

Ba‘l

the

and

like

text,

we

Legends

the

have

88

River

recons i nuct Gm uhemin

1 will

tell

him,’

does

not,

however,

There this

is

reading

always

words

tny

the

completed

of

that

does

in

’aby

and

not

the rgm

seem

by

do

appear line.

text be

Stalin weld to

be

Since or

in

CTA

dp’id

1.V.

reconstructed

constitute

possible

fol-

ties

’aby/h/k

broken should

which

first

gods,

(Edinburgh:

“and

exception

it

him

hair

(run)

probable

in Ugaritic,

(?)

Canaanite

line.

space

me...,

I address

reconstruction

Loy 1)

second

sufficient

his

lukes

“argmh]),

SIV =e L2)

lamb,

not

counts

la-’arsi

ka-’ilima

answer

when

butt

beard

Driver,

De

the

a

make

grey

Oneal

pair

his

daughters

’atirati

will

me

I shall

I shall His

here.

his

~-abuyaa———)

ka-bani

°E1 my father

will

like

it

posi-

[’atniyahu]

’i]msahunnunna

Surely

22),

also

immediately

CODANS

(with

gps

Ba‘l1's

dwelling.

problem,

yatubueliya

[wa-haz]ira

the

mtb,

proclaims:

[masahu

with

word Vivo)

legitimize

would

[?aSahliku] Sé@batihu dami-mi S$ébati daqaniha [mama‘i-mi] kadda la-yattinu béta la-ba‘li

lowed

The

15.1V.22;

that

wives

live

mtb.

parallelism.

and

tent-like

Ba‘l's

with 13.11;

symbol

the

three

their

hearing

and

(CTA

formula

to

3.1.23])

gods,

in parallel

exceptions

restricted

also

of

always

three

to

a

read

formulaic

*’argm

in

63

“Anat's

intentions

are

clear.

a house

for

Her

words

Ba‘l.

demand:

she

comply.

This

for

as

16),

threatens is

soon

as

no

‘Anat

’El

statement

arrives

at

with

him

will

even

attack

idle

addresses

she

to

She are

that

?E1

than

a simple

himself

to

if he

appease

’El's

her

demand

stronger

the

dwelling

decree

does

not

storm-god,

(CTA

3.V.13-

threat:

?aSah!liku Sébati[ka dami-mi] [S€ébatika daqanika mama ‘i-mi]

(ETA 31V 32-343 I shall Your

Ene

Limes

three

there

three

We

pull

here away,

105. colon

is

have

preceded

this

restoration

the

parallel

be

the

was

"to

butt"

(cf.

longer

than

and

It

the

made.

is

’al bgdlt

S‘r]

shall

threat

uttered

Cassuto,

for

CTA

Arabic

not

the

this.

masaga,

simple

that

a

bi-

tricolon

‘Anat

and

in

CTA

nomcertaln

without

3.V.29-32

’ahdhm

hesitation,

(Ihe

Goddess

by ([mny]

’arkty

qdqdk thy

curls

with

with

the

great

power

based

reconstruction,

tablet

> msh),

against

by

broken.

seize

locks

for

it

fits

parallel

coloncoulamalso the

bite"

IEE

[qw]s[tk]

excellent

argue

probable

stenriblys U.

[tl]tl[k]

attractive,

winilhy.

Ute

andymhsi. (mgs

word

ieshaliepluckwouLtmtheshalm

an

nex,

td

the

probably

here.

following

?am[rt

This

blood,

ihe weeoies with

of metathesis

of

translation

threat

WOA=MOS,

"T

with

ais cibsetephlic, in

possibility

the

flow

gore, 19°

6.V5 l=45 5it parallelss=

instances

threat

can

thy

ise once

OLhetextsmare

suggested

Apenae.5

in

presented

cele2h

has

Weed

hair with

separate").

The

we

grey (run)

Ugaritve

separate

suggest

"to

IMS

in

your

beard

GOVIndo-20)

Though the

Ime,

times

(GPAs

make

grey

C£.-18. 1711-12)

to

bewread

provide

ample

on

in

well

the

CTA

room

of

for

my

hand,

hand,

sthy, pater space

bicolon.

18. 1.9-10) this

right

parallels,

broken

following

the

an

On

biblical

my

whene

is

and This

the

reconstruction.

extremely

provides tri-

gaps

in

64 To

talk

ful

this

way

enough,

mous.

Since

power,

we

*El

the

in

it

must

The nowhere

of

a threat.

for this

come,

to)

This

fact the

however,

words

why

she

her

This

by

the

bow.

In

chooses

threat

when

she

without goes

la-pa‘né

At

’ili

the

She

6.1.

feet

to

does

‘Anat of

In

doing

’E1's

threatens

’E1 when

‘Anat

desires

It

is

unclear,

of

her

’E1's

re-

dwelling

proper

with

order

acquired.

18.1.11-12)

medium

at

or

has Sven

and

obeisance

to

her

behavior

in

to

announce

that

dwelling

CTA

tahburu

of

*El

the

°El--she

two

the

and

proper

threats,

latter,

wants

she

(‘Anat)

falls

and

herself,

obeisance

knew

the

wa-taqullu

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prostrates

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Clearly,

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instances

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i's

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goddess

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stands

6.1.36-38,

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a request,

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ssanctlOnetomeba

same

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position

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is

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analyze

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ly oblivious

’B1

to

pantheon

to

her

about

but

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honors

way

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(11.

come

him

entreat differs

to

39-43).

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deity. that

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announcement

CTA

65

Her

method

elucidated

“Anat's

by

of

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the

permission

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from

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god.

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greatly

Upon

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°B1 replies:

threat, yada‘

[tiki]

Kime Chae maha

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‘anatu

(CELASSENV «5 5= 51) I know

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the

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nature,

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at

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3.V.35-37 ized. is

in CTA Ree

verb

eet.

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epic,

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receives,

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with

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3.V.

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(11)

his

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18.1.16-19)

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containing

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qls

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part,

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In place

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qillés.

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Hebrew

threat

in

inquires

reaction

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106.

plural

simply

acknowledge

ee ee Pee

For

goddesses

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to

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the

manner

3.V.35-36.

107.

among

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aePET ater ere

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manner goddess's

power,

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Dicoloneand

For

the

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her

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power

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to

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’El

you.

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’El

18.1.11-12)

again

threat

invincible, 1%

react

a threat.

the

are

deride?’

reflected

the

her If

request,

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of

come.

expect

least

goddess

noting

you

O Virgin

a request. and

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that

goddesses

desire,

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makes

she

the

fear

pantheon. why

among

seems

‘Anat

violent

O daughter,

none

he

which

you,

That

"invincible"

for

’anést,

see

U.

149-150. "to

as

mock,

scoff"

a D-stem,

feminine

for

third

singular

qls,

compare

feminine direct

ob-

66

places

18.1.17-19

tib‘i

bittu

hanipi

libbi[ki

(SVi9S 6357 )

Crs

eee

isle

lips

the

on

response

following

the

request

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of

nature

the

to

as

inquiry

ti’]hadu

da ’ita ba-kabidiki taSitu duta yadduta mu‘ aqqibuki

ba-’irtiki

(cTA 18.1.17-19) Arise,

Instead

what

The

one

of

asking

permission tical

in In

to

permission Though

hinders

you

as

the

she

’El's

not

epic

asks

wisdom

(CTA

malkunu

it

what

the

’én

du

is

she

means in it

desires,

is

gives

she

CTA

“Anat

desires.

3.V,

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request,

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threat

entirely

deny

and

crushed!

simply

that

goddess

clear

be

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by whatever

3.V.38-39)

’al’iyanu

tapitunu

surely

apparent

to

desire!

heart!

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explicitly

makes

‘Anat

is

bow

not

your

desires, While

response

it

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does

Take in your

shall

wishes.

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legend,

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praises

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instance,

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remainder

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to

daughter!

is

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each the

permission

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O haughty

Put

the

denied,

198

goddess

proclaims:

ba‘lu

‘alénnahu

(CTA 3.V.40-41)

108. tion

of

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are

the

building

and

’Atirat

are

Mythology,

plays

an

thes

bears

events it

seems

building

esp.

us

are

hard

clear of

accounts

72-77).

to

’Atirat

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news to that

Ba‘l's

and

pp.

role

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to

gives

palace

idecreed

while

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unable

’E1l

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inferior

palaces

permission,

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of Ba‘l's

rttte Of

completely

Obermann

his

that of

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consent

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to

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basic

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myth

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‘Anat

(Uga-

‘Anat

the

building

eallusucmcAtimatewhowob tance aE lius recedes

’El's

follow CTA palace

into

decree

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to

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present the

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to

background

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of

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with

one

exact text, the

67

This

OUT

Gin e mas ma ATMnty ane Baca

Our

Judge

indicates

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head

for

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rank

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desire.

CYA

a palace,

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homage

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’E1

im

wisit,

ms

tom

(III.27-32).

connecting

this

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CTA

she R.

§ with

in

column,

II1I.23-26

apparently

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terribly

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it

re-

both

aware:

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present

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shows again

af

text

house

Ba‘1's

asks

the

the

Yet

4,.1.10-19

and

about

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clearly

4)

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decree

at

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him.

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46-52).

contained

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columns

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’El1

the

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(11.

house

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paid

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context .199

is

clear

to

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to

Ba‘l

has

request

temple:

[?é]ka

maginu

magizu

qaniyata

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ka-bani

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(CTA How

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homage only

give a

to ’E1l

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entreating (?)

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8.1-5) Lady

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the

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gers

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of Anu

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ite

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110.

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deity

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20n24 3

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sacrifice,

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sacrifices

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pantheon

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translation

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ym

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132. as

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conflicting

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aus

144,

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Greek

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spect

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deity

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shipped

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god

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included

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and

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1.10.34).

evang.

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Zeus,

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god

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importance

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constituted

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the

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surprise.

133.

and

worshipped

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present

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gods,

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cosmogonic

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ous

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1.V:

ing

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149.

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) Och

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the

covenants .!54

cultus

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a specific

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M6t

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realm

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the Ba‘1

each

Isa.

(Gl

135.

iL.

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che

and

present

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tsebane

Clapham,

°EL

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Phoenician these

factors

mythologies

two

gods

have

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given

vineatyasl nnnstc pt tonne

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Ba‘l1l;

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(3)

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the

Judg

and was

when

Ba‘l,

(cf.

mythologies

former; the

that

accounts

Hittite

the

fact

tor

deity

Syria-Palestine

biblical

Bact

Greek

inactive

the

sup-

lead

aiethenhistoryonUgarite

extremely

that

overthrow

known

god

Ba‘l

necessary the

views

was

younger

and

av the

’E1,

as

kingship

the

conflict

among

overthrow

se-

in

the

an

a conflict

to

postulated Pope, Fos

is of

Ugaritic

order

consider

resulting

was

both

M. to

it

’El

most

is

the

in

god

of

leader

that

the

in

between

with

direct

procbat-

conflict

Ba‘l. Though

place

the

various

different an

already

It must

millennium

positions

emphasis

important

have

tors.

role

upon in

studied

be

B.C.,

136.

Baal

ij.

Bhe

the

in

in

the

Goddese

1S

139.

The

Conflict

the

various

of

Oldenburg,

on

these

the

supposed

major

points,

reconstruction

detail

the

that,

first

by the great

the

of

cultus

LG.

summary

the

concluded

indeed more prominent in ee ee ee ee ee

see

Ba‘l,

nature

Judges,

of

lamation

play

and

Or?or eEc.)seshowsathat

resulting tle

detail, evaluation

institution

the

pantheon;

accounts

We

the

reveal

compared time

in an

vemOccCUMnedmVeTymedtiy

texts

not

impossible

views

Ba‘l's

position

Husa

Cassuto, eee

in

’B1

’E£1

is

the

the

of

U.

’E1

of

All

kingship

king

it

attempt

between

to

older

overthrow

writers

to

rises

the

13°

Though

of

present

and

The

of A. Kapelrud, 139

Oldenburg.

of

actively

dethroned

Ras

Shamra

Texts,

55-57,

all

of

the

three

middle

of

them

conflict.

major

fac-

the

second

of

storm-god

Canaanite worship than ee ge a

Anatn,

conflict

was

Ba‘l

the

was

cultus

64-93.

59,

67.

Pq Sis, Que NER

101-103.

Between

positions

El

of

and

Ba‘al,

scholars

101-163.

on

the

For

conflict,

a

94 of

’El.

no

But,

cult,

Ba‘l MORE

have

shown,

with

the

yeecSetr myths

cannot

be

Mi

events chaos

and

Crossi*9

understood

as

within how

the as

between

over

the

we

’El

institution

of

they

gods

does

kingship

is

not

gods

primordial

from

apparent

gods

That

in

our

any

emphasizes the

primeval

status.

constitute

it

among

the

record

present

Rather,

emphasized,

among

developed

their

show,

have

in

Further-

°E1l.

god

the

was

historical/religious

order

the

Ba‘l.

of

of

kingship,

kingship

Rather,

over

shall

and

of

how

obtained

king

popularity

high

the

reflections

show

of

Ba‘l's

L'Heureux?41

cultus.

gods

rise

of

of

struggle

to

Yamm

This,

flict

the

attempt

proclaimed

texts.

anGaGrs

the

which

the

nature

position

the

to

reflecting

development

?E1

as

a threat

way

the

we

together

con-

’El's

of

the

power

panthe-

on. The

major

support

for

*E]

and

Ba‘l

is

found

the

Theogony

of

Hesiod

k6y.

The

ie

Theogony was

and

battles

and

650-730.

Heaven

of

The

trated

his

to

storm-god

the

parents,

dren

Kronos

140. Vol.

J.

Willis

Company,

1,

141.

J.

the

was

who

These

Rapids,

from

ca.

lines

165-180,

by her

great of

gods,

his

went

among

455-490,

among

were

Diettonary

his

Titans

(the

defeated

by

of

the

Old

H.

Ringgren,

W.

B.

Eerdmans

was cas-

birth

against

and

Mich.:

whom

Earth,

giving

war the

700 birth

first-born,

mother,

to

in

Boghaz-

The

Earth,

gods

Botterweck

from

Zeus.

impregnated,

were

Theological

G.

in

then

Earth).

(Grand

1974),

and

dates god

between

activities

mythology

the

defense

Zeus

Rhea,

in

ed.

of

to

in

Heaven,

and

divine

account,

birth

Zeus.

'8,"

ment, T.

gave

and

of Heaven

a conflict

of

recorded

Greek

Kronos,

father

of

the Hittite 142 Hesiod, which

are

the

god

theory

accounts

in praise

Zeus

In

the

the

and

of

written

(Ov0pavéc),

Kronos.

in

chil-

Zeus

Testa-

trans Publishing

252.

"El

and

For

our

the

Rephaim:

New

Light

from

Ugaritica

V,"

64,

142. White,

The

Library

Homerte

(New

143. University

text Hymns

York:

P.

Walcot,

of

Wales

The

we

have

and

used

Homerica,

MacMillan

Hestod Press,

and 1966),

the

Company, the 33.

edition

The Near

by E.

Loeb 1914). Fast

Evelyn-

Classical (Cardiff:

95

and

were

cast

Underworld. Underworld,

sion.

from

After

Sissi,

who

cast

was he

the

of

in

power

Greek

of the

into

gods

the

on

occa-

Typhoeus

(820-

Underworld,

Zeus

Oe SMECSSSiAoOMm

the

was

wiles and

Leustae a

the

along

passes

Kronos

to

wh

defeated

was

storm-god

mythology

Heaven

from

Philo:

the

Heaven,

son,

regions

cast

with

the

line

father his

to

time

into

The

by

and

and

Kronos

from

Pous je.

The

mythological

same

from

Song

of

The

was

down

into

was

lated

the

But "dark

dethroned

Anu

by his his

storm-god,

The

events

uncertain.

Hittite

generally

storm-god assumed

accounts

144.

of

It

represent

impregnated

Zeus

that

the

should as

at

some

victory

be

of

noted

castrating

victory

the

forced Anu

Kumarbi

three

gods,

one

text

makes

Because

of

the

leading

point the

he

became

that

some

Kronos.

In

in

of

is Heaven.

Kumarbi

versions

(Qae5

the

it

king

over

of whom

role

cultus,

storm-god

go

manhood,

the

in the

god to

emascu-

Anu's

of

TeSub)

were

1400

reigned,

state

broken

(Hurrian

they

that

and

swallowing

with

written

between

recounts

Kumarbi.

and

two "The

which

from

by Anu

this

cupbearer,

which

the

was

After

the and

though

from

date

Heaven''

dethroned

"knees''

through

following

in

was

was

the

he

he

world."'

by biting

original

themselves

"Kingship

king.

texts,

these

of

texts

Hittite

SeeI200 63.0. ae) Alalu but

Both

in

in Heaven"

"Kingship

as

a Hurrian

to

back

go

preserved

is

pattern

known

Boghazkdéy

Ullikummi."!4°

Hittite,

adapted.

No

cast

his

deepest

advice

this

gods.

Underworld

in

gave

and

the

dethroned

battle,

emasculated

as

lines

texts in

of

succession

same

Tartaros,

defeated

the

into

The

more

king

who

Kronos,

into Kronos

whence

one

was

proclaimed

to

down Thus,

of

Wroyever,

the Jala.

myth Whey

94. For

145. Hesiod's Days,

146.

and

of

see

Lattimore,

R.

The

Shield

of Heracles

Michigan

Press,

1959),

Theogony,

versity

genealogical

a detailed

Theogony,

For

the

texts

and

(Ann

the

of

chart

The

Hestod.

gods

Works The

Arbor:

in and Uni-

222-226.

translations,

see

above,

nn.

56

58.

147,

H.

K@biboleaun Y AWAei

Gtiterbock,

"The

Hittite

Version

of

the

Hurrian

96

Clearly

he

change the

the

of

gods,"'

and

terribly

Casius

Next

seventy the

help

securing Greek

to

his

storm-god Heaven

is

the

thermand’

Ea,

attains® two

closely,

"History counts

able

to In

the

mythologies though

not

father

exile,

and

Rhea

to

the

Ouranos kill

them.

He

then

member

flowed

Kronos gave

the

then

with

the to

of

rivers

his

Greek

148. F.

(Tibingen:

Khalbi

For

Albright,

and

J.

the

the

and

and

C.

B.

Mohr,

Khapiru

his

but

the

mother,

he Dione,

married

from

producing

his

Ouranos'

fertili-

consorts

storm-god.

myths

re-

Earth. While

Kronos

the

the

war

Astarte,

through

Zeus,

of

are

The

obvious.

from Heaven (Otpavéc/Anu) eee ee eR

of Hazzi/Casius/Sapan,

1950),

People,"

an

Sanchunia-

made

blood

Hurro-Hittite

in

fa-

1.10.14b-42

Ouranos.

family

identification

case

his

explacie of

allies,

streams,

son/nephew

"Baal-Zephon,"

of

account

daughters

brother,

In all three, the rulership passes ON et rank nee SRS Ss

W.

the

each

defeats

evang.

of

his

a vast and

in

and

of

castration god

The

banishing

their

thus

Hittite

stepeas

his

behalf

Ouranos,

produced

the

help

on

the

account

Praep.

dispatched

Kronos,

into

in

of

materrale detail.

after

castrated

dominion

parallels

Ouranos

las,

every

the

kingship

the

mon-

storm-god,

grandfather

parallel in

the

a group

monster,

of

major

"Thais,

clearly

Hazzi

by

storm-god

Hittite

with

in

the

be

view

the

the

the

the

theskingship.

Kronos,

was

defeat

both,

Finally,

that

his

Finally

is

text

Mt.

to they

attempt

Likewise,

preserved

took

where

offspring,

in

up

go

IStar

similarities

Kronos"

Kronos

and

may

of

against

ty.

events

The

storm-god.

These

also

significant

Heaven.

Hesiodvand=inplicit thon

him

Ullikummi.

various

with "fa-

this

striking.

called

him

called

commissioned

unsuccessful

is

overthrow

Kumarbi, and

this

accept

to

Though

and

an

to

monster

the

spn), =

is

effort

the

of Ullikummi"

unable

storm-god.

Semitic

defeat

are

an

storm-god

of

yields

being

the

was

Ullikummi.

fathered

kingship.

texts

Song

"The

who

=

there

gods

in

in

called

several

The

(= Greek

engaged

defeat

broken,

discerned.

with

is

for

was

unknown.

is

deposed

Kumarbi

Kumarbi,

and

a monster

of

attack

ster.

king

power,

help

ther

to

of

dethroned,

was

is

storm-god

in which

manner

the

so

exist,

Festschrift 2,

BASOR

and

79

A.

Alfred Goetze,

(1940)

33.

see

Bertholet "The

Garey:

OF,

to

Kronos

Also,

(Kumarbi/’E1)

the

myths,

though

ers

and

The

Hittite

thon, has

in

the

streams

who

no

and one

in

detail,

underlie

along

in

Greek

three

three

traditions

is

generally

ters

of

much

between

It

seems

Theogony,

and

Semitic

the

The Hesiod

relationship

clearly

motif

accounts

castration

of

of

of

Kronos

by

AeCCOLIE

Ge

Tae

the

Hittite

or

Phoenician

Mumanbaesseem

that

the

the

as

manner

We must assume eee 2 a He

140.8 Kamal bal.

outside these,

While

it

transmit-

relationship is

far

from

cer-

Hesiod's

an

old,

common

of some

between is

absent

in

is

not

We

cod.

displacement

conflict, ee

in is

mescine Kronos/

sit

completely

is,

of

the

Obva-

reli-

unknown.

''The Song ee Oe ee

Version

Hattite

mele

these

whale

record

by Hesiod

Hurro-Hittite

however, since ee

“The

Zeus,

the

Sanchuniathon.

as

in

Likewise,

Kumarbi

and

into

included

for

Philo's Kumarbi the

see

account contain

theogony P.

Walcot,

Sanchuniathon

of

parallels

many

presented Hestod

to

by Hesiod.

and

the

Near

the

and Greek For East,

is

While

mythology

Comecnimiby

accounts,

father

Kronos

Zeus,

it

his

cast

Greek

replaced

Guterbock,

and

in

fertile

this

and

mythologies.

of

Hurrian

el Sidi

150. of

a

three

conflict

Comulicic,

storm-god

storm-god

these

conflict

this

INS

myths

the

from

emasculated,

im

gion,

stem

relation-

the

Sanchuniathon,

a conflict

in

ous

world,

all the

in

dethroned,

this

some

between

represents is

Underworld,

the

explains

however. were

must

influence

exact

mythology

that

myths

consistently

Kronos

While

Greek

differ-

tradition. /°°

presented

where

the

Kumarbi

many

tradition

texts

to

Hesiod.

‘Elyén/Hypsistos,

The

clear,

the

Sanchunia-

does

Ugaritic

not

assume

of

Hurrian

Phoenicians

to

god.

strong

Hurro-Hittite

best

the

Despite

the

and

riv-

of

than

Phoenicia. 149

is

the

common

that

mythology

Canaanite

tain.

not

assumed

gods

a

the

in

evidenced

in

via

is

Phoenician

The

reached

the

to

(Zeus/TeSub).

it

account

of

accounts.

Syria

of

the

that

myths

Ba‘l

fertility

impregnation

mythology.

in northern ship

with

obvious

how

Hurrian

the

generation

is

to

mythology

corresponds it

these

Kronos produces

through

more

perhaps

from

Heaven

Phoenician not

counterpart

ences

of

mythology,

records

Alalu,

and

emasculation

Hittite

mythology

a study l=

Ore

of

98

shared

three.

also

to

the

his

father

younger

god

secured

In

this

six

method

in

text,

Hain. er,

of

marries

He

then

Earth.

through

sixth

generations,

mother)

and

tioned

cide/incest though

ends

as

the

it

with

power

shift

of

the

motif

wise,

is

another,

As

is

a necessary

of

violence,

ends

with

gone

motif

to

M.

among

the

text.)

his

the

god

the

to is

transition

from

the

theogonic the

his

are

gods

of

note

that

next

is

of

god

of

by

incest

The

and

gods"

Like-

one

pattern

the

extreme-

present.

pairs.

"olden

men-

pacad—

We

banishment

*

twice

great

the not

gener-

through

sons

mythologies.

one

moth-

each

|lhesmotateor

of

god

her

by

(and

and

least

the

father,

third

father

Enlil

Crosse

the

seized

patricide/matricide

pattern

consistent

which

one.

151.

G.

Lambert

Hesiod,"

of.

Ka

152.

CMHE,

this

in

the

roewleae,

from

“olden

the

gods,"

ee

and

to

emerges

The

SS

tion

kills

is

emasculation

Fx

especially

the

from

of

by

later

his

other

at

who

In

thes

through his

king

por-

texte. 7>

generation,

kills

generations

the

reference

noted

basic

a very

ony

kills

vividly

and

incest.

of

this

pattern

emasculation, to

the

cosmo-

de1ties! The

is

the

in

no

Sea, of

sister.

does

ly violent, there

Earth,

brokenending

He In

theogonic

second

god

his

rose

incest.

most

violently

the

sister

the

marries

is

In

and

A god

kingship. Babylonian

position

patricide

ins thes

pantheon,

his

the

and

all

by

sisters.

his

kingship

mother,

common

fixed.

passed

gods.

weds

ation

is

married

his

published

his

Thus

and

attaining

kingship

generations

Amakandu

of

a recently

was

in

of patricide

practice

killed

This trayed

succession

of

the

through

power

commonly

way

manner

indi-

mythologies

three

The general schema of these record. cate that the line of succession was The

Philo's

in

lacking

completely

also

is

motif

This

storm-god.

the

against

combat

in

Kumarbi

presents

clearly

Ullikummi"

Grayson,

pattern court

and

Kadmos 42.

of

ee

Walcot,

(1965)

accounts

natural

"A

64-72.

New

Babylonian

See

dei-

ee

also

the

Theogtransla-

AVEe ssi 7-51e8R

Cross

incest

intrigues

72 TSHNMOKEAL WS,

P.

4

various the

also

and

during

aL,

notes

revolt the

the

biblical

against

latter

days

the of

parallel

father/king David's

O99)

ties

who

placed

constitute

by

their

sponding

to

the

theogonic

children.

the

god

In

in the

mythology.

With

sion

changes.

While

Hesiod

not

Cian

accounts,

Zeus

banishes

only

role

thon

is

is

exists ite

Whereas

in

banishing

only

victorious

The

fact

that

and

even

be

power

from

each

myth,

the

transition in

remains

in

Canaanite

to

his

153.

of

the

gods,

the

he

mythology,

See

61-82.

#UT,

whom

of

OS

5

*El

the

is

position

of

king

of

cosmos

the

Ba‘l.

ee

ee

ee

U.

Cassuto,

also

Deal

Though

rule

the

a

represents

deities.

holding

distributes

notable

most

ie

of

types

two

succes-

the

deities.

ee The

ee

Goddess

SSI SOc

154. Mountain,

dwelling

control

sons,

je

Mpeiclen

these

to

corresponding

figure

between

On

’El's

35-57,

below,

and

pp.

dwelling, our

see

treatment

128-168.

R. of

The

Cosmte

location

GME Inks

Clifford, the

M6t

storm-god.

cosmogonic

the

to

theogonic

the

and

mythology

all

for

and

once

clear

the

of

conception

Greek

the

is

gods.

Yamm

Canaanite

that

indicates

no

has

who Ba‘l

of

slave

Canaan-

and

other

the

by

him

the

considered

difference

enemies,

his

given

aid

the

of usurpation

god

all-powerful

an

The

Sanchunia-

of

Greek

in

Ba‘l

and

destroying

makes

mythology

of

sion

is

by Mot

from

greatly

differed

Comparative

Zeus

be

could

killed

Zeus

or

through

he

of

roles

mythology.

difficulty

In

the

between

While his

holds

A further

History.

the

Phoeni-

and

record

No

’El.

by

him

Phoentctan

the

in

to

given

role

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contained

show

to !°5

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account

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if

Heaven.

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preserved in

plays

(Ba‘l)

Zeus

that

mythology

the

in

absolutely

power

on

contentions./°4

father,

account,

Hesiod's

in

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he

gods thus

by the

Pope

Greek

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his

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Zeus,

mythology,

his

support

emasculates

Kronos

Kronos

of

nether-world,

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in both

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by the

of M.

efforts

not

do

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parallel

real

only

simply

Ugarit

from

texts

The

transition

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the

to

in

indeed

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despite

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the

position

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god,

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is

of

position

the

that

assumes

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this

importance.

great

of

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in

emasculated.

matters

case,

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point is

pantheon,

each

100 Several usage that

of

of the

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ogony,

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to

only

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Zeus,

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Canaanite

is

are

by

was his

he

at

most by

Though

the

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This

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of

the

great

do

could

to

of

Kronos/’El

be

Zeus,

the

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otiose

the

effort

the

shown

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between

the

with

in

hymns.

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gods supposed

becomes

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a

parallels

Kronos

a

’E1

the

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exalt the

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with

certainly

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mythologies

of

“the

seems 156 We

to

deity

the

that

Kronos

world.

actively

overthrow

is

is

hymns was

an

or

placed

genealogy

Canaanite

who

few

the

of

believe

is

cultically

not

of

who

banished

Greek

position the

Zeus

Kronos was

of

active

is

pantheon.

and

the

simply

than

who

Greek

analogy

also

literature,

the

pare

2s

Kronos

to

he

written

or

inde-

Zeus,

Greek

The-

figures

scheme

reason

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was

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Greek

an

the

because

entire

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a member

highly

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figure,

then,

it

the

historically

only

the

mythology.

of

Hesiod's

recount

the

in

or

before

sense 155

the

vague

in

no

worshipped

over-

Ba‘l.

in Hesiod's

a cultus

provides

genealogy.

cultus

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of

the

in

extremely

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to

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this

evidence

storm-god

of

are

traces

from

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major

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material,

chief

in

that

not

position

literature

the

references

younger

generation

apart

the

remember Zeus,

the

the

no

god

Greek

is

Greek

in

contained

’El by the

Greek

Zeus

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for

his

was

him

have

against

the

existence

preceded

mitigate material

and

theogony.

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god

factors

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have

however,

Hurro-Hittite

mythology

high

Kronos

pendent the

and

major

pantheon. who

factors,

Greek

Canaanite

throw of

major

the

focus

the to

com-

Canaanite more

’E1

vividly

account

of

Philo

Byblius.

155.

Mythologtes 156.

worshipped

M.

H.

of

Jameson,

the

Kronos,

in

under

the

description

of

Phoentetans

(New

NEO) 5 ASGrad Ala,

"Mythology

Anctent

Punic

his

the

see

of S.

Frederick

of

Ancient

Greece,"

in

259-260.

epithet

colonies

cultus,

York:

World,

Ba‘l

North

Moscati, A.

Ham6én,

was

Africa. The

Praeger,

actively

For

World

a

of

Publishers,

the

101

We

feel

that

the

motifs

has

of

relationship

the

bi,

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mythological conflict

in

combat. We

the

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on

based

mythological and

text

noted

above

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stops

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material

worship.

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the

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’E1

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the

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properesolutson

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speak

for

themselves.

ritic

mythology

flict

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to

the

contain

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the

presents the

two

Ugaritic of

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Canaanite

of

COmthes

motif

knowledge

as

of

we

patri-

This

same

Sanchuniathon

material

far,

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Anu.

by

the

litera-

theogonic

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presented

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with

vasconkhli ct

is

to

have

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is

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or

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references

victory

in

speculation

support.

the

pantheon,

Ugaritic

engaging

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Babylonian

the

Thus

no

Ba‘l

indirect

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textual

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theogony

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no

neither

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in

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’El

between

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in

pictured

storm-god

provides

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monster

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deposed

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is

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nowhere

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the

of

shows

found

bilO

the

conclude

depictions

ture

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and

therefore

Hurro-Hittite

accounts

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material,

Greek

must

Hurro-Hittite

storm-god

the

mythological

the

Boghazkéy.

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comparative

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gods,"

from

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regard

storm-god

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are

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texts

with

misuse

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of

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ARE

THE IN

CANAANITE

DIVINE

AND

EARLY

COUNCIL HEBREW

LITERATURE

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