The De Thematibus ('on the themes') of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus: Translated with introductory chapters and notes 1800859988, 9781800859982

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Translated Texts for Byzantinists Volume 11

The De Thematibus ('on the themes') of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus Translated with introductory chapters and notes by JOHNHALDON

Liverpool University Press

First published 202 l Liverpool University Press 4 Cambridge Street Liverpool. L69 7ZU Copyright©

2021 John Haldon

John Hal don has asserted the right to be identified as the author of this book in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act l 988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted. in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A British Library CIP Record is available.

ISBN 978-1-80085-998-2 cased

Typeset by Carnegie Book Production. Lancaster Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon CR0 4YY

CONTENTS

Acknowledgements Abbreviations Preface Note on references to the text

Vil

v111 x1

x11

I Introduction: the text

I

History of the text and editions

I

Date and authorship

4

Sources

10

Structure and content

16

Context and motives

21

2 Geography and the Byzantine world 'Geography' 'Practical'

27

as cultural identity geographical

knowledge

34

42

Maps and route-finding 3 The themata: historiographical

27

and historical development

52

Background to the debate around the themata

52

The technical meaning of thema

56

The geography of the themata

60

The De Them at ibus

75

Note to the translation

75

Note to the commentary

75

Cartographic

76

aids

Note on reference conventions

76

Translation with commentary

77

DE THEMAT/BUS

Vl

Bibliography

213

Sources

213

Literature Geographic and personal name index

218

251

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The present book arises from my graduate seminar at Princeton in spring 2016, originally intended simply as an exercise in the analysis of a somewhat problematic tenth-century Byzantine text, but which soon turned into a somewhat larger project. I am grateful to the graduate students whose enthusiasm and insight made such an important contribution to the discussion of the text, the translation and the notes: Kyle Brunner, Lucas McMahon, Eric Medawar, Yaara Perlman, Emily Silkaitis and Joseph Snyder. I am also greatly indebted to my colleagues Anthony Kaldellis, Johannes Koder, Athanasios Markopoulos and Yannis Stouraitis, all of whom read the whole manuscript through and suggested improvements and corrections. I am also grateful to the authors of the constructive and extremely helpful readers' reports commissioned by the editors, and I owe special thanks to Katherine Harper for preparing and checking the index to the volume. As usual. I should add that none of these bear responsibility for any remaining weaknesses. I also thank my colleagues in the History Department at Princeton for their support and the Center for Collaborative History for funding additional research support.

ABBREVIATIONS

B BCH BF BGA

BHG BMGS BNJ BSI BSOAS BZ CFHB CJ CMH CSHB CTh DOP DOS

EHR

El FHG GG GGM

Byzantion Bulletin de correspondance Hellenique Byzantinische Forschungen Bibliotheca Geographorum Araborum, ed. M.-J. De Goeje (Leyden 1870ff.; nunc continuata consuJtantibus R. Blachere et al., Leyden 1938ff.) F. Halkin, Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca. Subsidia hagiographica 8a. 3rd ed. (Brussels 1957) Byzantine & Modern Greek Studies Brill 's new Jacoby. Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, 1-V (Leiden 2007-2020). Online Byzantinoslavica Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies Byzantinische Zeitschrift Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae Codex Justinianus Cambridge Medieval History Corpus Scriptorum H istoriae Byzantinae Codex Theodosianus Dumbarton Oaks Papers Catalogue of Byzantine seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art English Historical Review Encyclopaedia of Islam, new edn (Leyden-London 1960ff.) Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum, ed. C. and Th. MUiler, 5 vols (Paris 1874-1885) Grammatici Graeci, ed. G. Uhlig et al., I-IV (Stuttgart 1883-1901/repr. Hildesheim 1965) Geographi Graeci Minores, ed. C. Mtiller, 1-11 (Paris 1855-1861/Hildesheim 1965)

ABBREVIATIONS

GRBS Greece III

HCB

JHS

JOB JOBG JRS

KP

LbG

NP

NT OCD

ODB OHBS PB£

Pertusi

PLRE

IX

Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies Regional Geography. Naval Intelligence Division, Geographical Handbook Series, B.R. 516B (London 1945) F. Daim, ed. History and Culture of Byzantium. Brill's

New Pauly Supplements II: vol. 10, English edn J.N. Dillon (Stuttgart 2019) Journal of Hellenic Studies Jahrbuch der bsterreichischen B_yzantinistik Jahrbuch der osterreichischen byzantinischen Gesellschaft Journal of Roman Studies Der Kleine Pauly, Lexikon der Antike. Au/ der Grund/age von Pauly's Realencyc/optidie der classischen Alterumswissenschaft, ed. K. Ziegler and W. Sontheimer, 5 vols (Munich 1979) E. Trapp et al., eds. Lexikon zur byzantinischen Grtizitdt, besonders des 9-12. Jahrhunderts (Wien 1994ff.) Bri/l's Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World New Pauly, ed. H. Cancik and H. Schneider (Leiden-Boston 2002-2010) New Testament S. Hornblower, A. Spawforth and E. Eidinow, eds. The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 4th edn (Oxford 2012) A.P. Kazhdan et al., eds. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (Oxford-New York 1991) E. Jeffreys, J. Haldon and R. Cormack, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies (Oxford 2008) Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire 641-886, ed. J.R. Martindale (London 2000). CD-ROM/on line vers10n A. Pertusi, Costantino Porfirogenito, De Thematibus, ed. A. Pertusi. Studi e Testi 160 (Citta iihib al-usful, signifying the commander of a fleet: PmbZ #30625; DAI comm., 103; 'Kalfon' is identified with Khalfiin, the leader who captured Bari in ea. 841. where he ruled until 852, possibJy under the overa]J command of ·sambas': PmbZ #23660. Of these three, Saba and Kalphous were probab]y not involved in the events described here for 867/868, but in an earlier attack: Eickhoff 1966: 212-218. For background and context see Metca1fe 2009: also Kreutz 1991: 24-40, 48-54. 543 For the cities see note 522 above. Boutoba = Budva (DAI comm., 104. 141): Rousa = Porto Rosa: Dekatera = Kotor: Ragusa = Dubrovnik. See also KoutabaDel iboria 1993, II: 293. 317-318. 515-516, 525-526.

TRANSLATION

207

besieged it for a considerable time. s44 The Rhaousians sent to the emperor, appealing for the support of a fleet. When those who had been sent arrived, they discovered that, by God's will, the sole rule of the emperor Basil of pious memory had already commenced; 545 and he, hearkening to their embassy and their plea 1621, despatched a substantial fleet under an effective commander to their aid. When the Africans learned of this through a deserter, 546 having achieved nothing in the siege, but rather being terrified by the presence of the imperial fleet sent against them, they crossed over to Lagobardia and, having laid siege to the fortress of Bari, occupied it and seized all the fortresses and all of Lagobardia and the remaining (98) forts of Kalabria as far as Rome, so that the total of the fortresses despoiled by them numbered 150. So the renowned emperor Basil, having taken up the imperial authority through God, as we mentioned, and learning of these matters, sent on ahead a cavalry force and 100 ships, and wrote to Louis

544 According to the DAI cap. 29.93-94 the siege lasted fifteen months. The account of the raid of Soldanos and the events that fol lowed are narrated in greater detail in DAI cap. 29.88-119. While there are many differences between the two versions of the story, they match in key points; but while the events described took place in the years 867-871, both accounts contain many inaccuracies: the siege of Ragusa and the capture of Bari are placed at the beginning of Basil's reign (867), but in fact the capture of Bari took place earlier, ea. 841. while the attack on the Dalmatian coastal towns and the siege of Ragusa occurred in 867; the fall of Bari in 871 is ascribed largely to Byzantine agency, when in fact it was the emperor Louis II (855-875) who played the key role (PmbZ#24755; Bury 1906: 548). Details are confused or compressed: the three leaders Soldanos (Sawdan), Saba/Sambas and Kalphous (Khalfon) were involved in different events and at different times: two separate sieges of Ragusa, first in 847-848 and later in 866-867. are conflated and treated as one (the episode described here and in the DAI cap. 29 concerns the second attack). Detai1ed analysis and discussion: Metcalfe 2009: 20-21; Kreutz 1991: 40-47, 55-57; DAI comm., 101-105; Belke and Soustal 1995: 147-149: Pertusi 43-46: Vasiliev 1968: 11-16; Eickhoff 1966: 213-218. 545 The De Them. here accords with the Vita Basilii 60-63 (214-226)~ which also mentions that the Ragusans were sent to Michael III but found Basil on the throne. For detailed accounts of the naval campaigns in the Adriatic at that time: Eickhoff 1966: Pryor and Jeffreys 2006: 388-390: PmbZ #25696 (on Niketas Ooryphas. commander of the Byzantine fleet). 546 Byzantine military handbooks paid particular attention to the question of deserters and how to deal with them. whether genuine or false. See in particular Leo, Takt. xvii, §92; xix, §12, with commentary in Haldon 2014: 218. 330.

208

DE THEMATJBUS

(Lodouchos), the king of the Franks and to the Pope of Rome, asking that they assist his army. Having accepted the imperial request and uniting both their forces with the cavalry force and the fleet sent by the emperor, they attacked the Saracens from Africa, besieged and took the fortress of Bari, and took the emir Soldan prisoner. 547 The king of the Franks, Louis, took him and returned homeward. The emperor took all of Loggibardia, just as today it is held and ruled by the Roman emperors. 548 12. Twelfth thema, of Cherson 549 In ancient times 55 °Cherson had neither the status of a them a nor the rank of a metropolis, but those who ruled Bosporos ruled (63) both Chers(m itself

547 For the campaign to relieve Ragusa and its consequences, including the recovery of Bari and in particular the role of the emperor of the Franks Louis (which was more significant in the capture of Bari than the Byzantine version suggests): Kreutz 1991: 40-47; Shepard 2008: 298 (Tougher); 419 (McCormick); DAI comm., 103-106; see also Prigent 2008: 414-416 on the political and administrative situation of Ragusa and other Dalmatian coastal cities in the later ninth century. References in Const. Porph.'s writings to the Saracens from Africa: Koutaba-Deliboria 1993, II: I 12-113. Bari was thereafter the headquarters of the the ma of Loggibardia. 548 Comparable statements in DAI cap. 27.3-6, and comm. 88. 549 Pertusi 182-183. Structure/content (i) 1-16. originally under the rule of the Bosporan kings (ii) 16-19, there are more than two ·Bosporoi' (iii) 19-33, historical notes from Hesychios on the origins of the name Established as a military command probably ea. 833 under Theophilos (DAI cap. 42.39-54; comm. 154-155). The city ofCherson and its hinterland had been an important element within the Byzantine sphere of influence. both po] itically and commercially, in the northern Black Sea hinterland since before the sixth century and, while autonomous, had had a close relationship \\:ith the imperial court, while many of its archontes held imperial titles and offices, to the extent that it seems on occasion to have been closely integrated into the administrative system. even if apparently always retaining its independence: DOS I: 183-190: Oikonomides 1972: 353~ DAI cap. 53 and comm., 205-209; Wassiliou and Seibt 2004: #166, #336; for broader context see Shepard 2006; 2009; Pertusi 182-183 with the older literature; and for other references in Const. Porph.'s works to Cherson and its inhabitants: Koutaba-Deliboria 1993, 11:211-212. 610-612. for note 550 see opposite

TRANSLATION

209

and the other regions, so that it is said that they ruled over the inhabitants ofBosporos. 551 And there exists this story: Bosporos is a city of the Pontus in the Cimmerian gulf and also the appellation of the like-named strait, after 1{)552 the daughter of Inachos,just as Aeschylus writes in Prometheus: ·for mortal men it will always be of great renown, and will be called

550 Whether this command \Vas equivalent to the establishment of a them a in the administrative sense may seem unlikely: the local population remained relatively autonomous under its own leaders. the archontes, as the tenth-century account of Constantine VII suggests. Although a strategos seems to have been appointed in 833, his initial title appears to have been strategos ton Klimat{m (rcilv KA1µanov), a generic term applied to the southern Crimea region (on the klimata see note 379 above). The strategos, whose headquarters, it must be assumed, were in the city itself~ worked in collaboration with the archontes of the city and region. attested (with imperial titles such as spatharios) from the eighth century. It is possible that the strategos, whatever his formal title, may have been responsible for the region around the city of Cherson as a separate command area. distinct from the city itself, and extending from the Cimmerian Bosphorus up to the Crimea: 1998: see Zivkovic 2007: 52-58: Zuckerman 2006: Nystazopoulou-Pelekidou Winkelmann 1985: 113. 551 Bosporus: the so-called Cimmerian or Crimean Bosporos is the strait of K~rtch linking the Black Sea to the Sea of Azov. The kingdom of Cimmerian Bosporus was allied with Rome but suffered dramatic loss of territory from the fourth century onwards as a result of Gothic and then Hunnic invasion, eventually - by the later seventh century - coming under Khazar authority. The DAI cap. 53 contains an account of its relations with Cherson based largely on local legend and myth, but is illustrative of the perceived crucial importance to Constantinople of Cherson as a forward outpost on the steppe: see DAI comm., 205-209: KP 1: 931-933; Koutaba-Deliboria 1993. II: 286-287, also Gourova 2014. For a summary of the general history of the region: NP 3: 213-215: also Grammenos and Petropoulos 2003 and 2007. 552 The source for the stol) and the verse here is Stephanus Byz. B. 130 (364). who is in turn quoting Philo. According to the myth, Zeus fell in love with 16 and. after his wife, Hera, accused her of infidelity, she turned her into a white cow. When Hera discovered that Zeus sti11cared for lo, even in her cow form, she drove her away, and ultimately lo was forced to cross the northern strait, which was thenceforth called Bosphorus, i.e. ·the ford of the cow, (compare with 'Oxford'). There are several tales about lo and Inachos - according to one account. Inachus was a river in the Argolid and the name of the river-god~ who was the father ofl() (also Iokaste or Iole); according to another, lo was the daughter of Iasos. son ofTriopas: KP 2: 1384-1385, 1426-1427. See Russel 2012 and 2017.

210

DE THEMATIBUS

Bosporus after your crossing'. 553 In the eleventh book of his Geographica Strabo writes the following:s 54 'All the subjects of the lords of Bosporos are called Bosporians, and the capital of the Europeans is Pantikapaion, the capital of the Asians is Phanagoreion.' 555 Phlegon, 556 in the fifteenth book of the Olympiads, records: (99) 'the Bosporos is ruled by Kotys the Bosporan king, whom Caesar ordered to wear a diadem and subjected the cities to him among which Cherson itself is included.' 557 There are

553 Aeschy]us, Prometheus bound, 732-734. For a somewhat more poetic rendering, see the translation in Cookson 1922: 194: For ever famous among men shall be The story of thy crossing, and the strait Be called by a new name, the Bosporus, In memory of thee. 554 In fact, probab]y from Strabo, Geog. XI, ii. lO: ·All the peop]e who are subject to the potentates of the Bosporos are called Bosporians; and Pantikapaion is the metropolis of the European Bosporians, while Phanagoreion (for the name of the city is also spel1ed thus) is the metropolis of the Asiatic Bosporians'~ cf. also VII~iv.3. 555 Pantikapaion, mod. Kertch. was the most important Milesian colony in the eastern Crimea and an important centre for fishing and viticulture; although its substantial defences were destroyed during a civil war in the first century BCE the city and its fortifications were rebuih under the Romans and it remained a significant centre until destroyed by the Huns in the later fourth century CE. See ]VP IO:471~OCD 1076; RE (S) IX: 1118-1124. Phanagorion/Phanagoreia. also part of the kingdom ofBosporos and located on the Gulf ofTaman, evolved from an earlier settlement that had been refounded by Milesian colonists. Now largely unden\-·ater owing to shifting coastal terrain and sea level changes it too was an important trading centre until destroyed in the sixth century CE: Gajdukevic 1974: 170-178. 209-210; NP 10: 913-914: RE XIX: 1751-1757;RE (S) IX: 1132-1135. 556 Phlegon of Tralles (117-138 CE), a freedman of the emperor Hadrian and author of several works~ including an account of the Olympiads from their beginning until the year 140 CE, as well as a description of the island of Sicily, an account of Roman festivals, a work on the topography of the city of Rome and a major work on biographies and wonders: KP 4: 791: OCD I 138. 557 The emperor Hadrian (the Caesar of this remark) reportedly permitted the Bosporan king Kotys (Tiberius Julius Cotys II, 124-132 CE) to wear a diadem: NP 3: 881; RE XI/2: 1554~1555. In fact. Phlegon (FHG III: 607.20; BNJ 257 F 17) notes merely that Hadrian expanded his kingdom by giving him authority over the cities there. Phlegon's text does not actually mention Chers0n, so it is likely that the compiler of this section of the De Them. is interpreting the original to include

TRANSLATION

211

two places called Bosporos: the first is the so-called Cimmerian, near to Cherson, where the kingdom of the Bosporans used to be; the other is in Byzantion, as Favorinus 558 writes: 'The harbour of Byzantion is ca11ed Bosporion.' Another witness is the epigram on the column in the opposite district of Chrysopolis, 559 where there stands a marble heifer, saying the following: 560 164) '1 am not the image of Inachos' heifer, nor is the sea that faces me, the Bosporus, called after me. She of old was driven to Pharos by the heavy wrath of Hera: but here I, from the land of Kekrops, lie Iifeless, I was the bedfellow of Chares and sailed with him when he sailed here to meet Philip's ships in battle. I was called Boiidion then, and now I, bedfellow of Chares, enjoy a view of two continents'. (100) Th is Chares was an Athenian general. 561 The locals call the place Phosphorion, 562 misspelling somewhat, whence the writers of the Patria of

it as part of Byzantine imperial propaganda and a historical claim over the region: Braund 2003: 186-187. 558 The Bosphoros, mod. Bogazici~connecting the Black Sea with the Propontis or Sea ofMarmara. Favorinus (born in Gaul ea. 85 CE) was a celebrated rhetorician~ public speaker and representative of the second Sophistic, associate and friend of Herod Atticus, Fronto, Gellius and Plutarch: NP 5: 375-376: KP 2: 526; OCD 571. 559 Chrysoupolis in Bithynia: mod. Osktidar. a suburb of Chalkedon (Kad1koy: see Janin 1964: 494; 1975: 30-35; RE 111/2: 2518) opposite Constantinople on the Anatolian side: Jan in 1964: 494-495: 1975: 27-29: ODB I: 455. 560 Found also in the Greek Anthology VII, 169 (96); and see Patria CP I: 12.17-13.4 (transl. Berger 2013: 17). The Patria Konstantinoupoleos is an account of the history of the city of Byzantion until the time of Constantine I, a mix of factual and legendary material, compiled by Hesychios illoustrios during the sixth century. See Manafis 2020; Berger 1988; 2013: viii-xxi; Dagron 1984: 12, 23-29; Hunger 1978: I, 536-537. For Hesychios of Miletos (Hesychios i/Joustrios) see note 501 above. 561 Athenian general and mercenary supporting Athens and its allies against the Macedonians: in command of a grain fleet intended to relieve Byzantion during the siege by Philip II in 340 BCE. He was defeated and eventually entered the service of Alexander the Great: KP I: 1131-1132. 562 The harbour was actually called the Prosphorion throughout the Byzantine period: Janin 1964: 17. 235. The story of its being cal]ed ·Bosporion' appears in

212

DE THEMATIBUS

Byzantion supply another mythical story: that when Philip of Macedon was besieging Byzantion [... ]563

Hesychios, Patria CP III. 149 (263-264: transl. Berger 2013: 203-205), followed by Stephanus of Byzantium (Ethnica. B. 130); it appears as 'Bosporos· in the commentary on Dionysios Periegetes by the twelfth~century writer Eustathios of Thessalonike (242.34; ed. Kyriakides 1961: 34-37), who also calls the harbour of Byzantion Bosporos. Janin (1964: 235) believes that the two names reflect a confusion between the name of the port or harbour on the one hand and the nearby (cattle) market, cal1ed Bosporion, on the other; see also Berger 1988: 424. The Prosphorion harbour, along with the naval dockyard a little further along the southern shore of the Golden Horn. the Neorion, were the two main harbours of ancient Byzantion before its development as an imperial capital from the 330s CE. New harbours on the Propontis shore of the city largely seem to have replaced them as the major commercial harbours until the eleventh and twelfth centuries~ when - apart from the continued naval function of the Neorion - they attracted renewed economic activity, especially from the Italian commercial powers: see Kislinger 2016: Magdalino 2000; Janin 1964: 226-236; on Byzantine harbours and ports more generally: Moller-Wiener 1994; Berger 1999; Ahrweiler 1978; 1966: 419-439; OHBS 213: ODB 3: 1706-1707; Kislinger 2010; Gertwagen 2006. 563 Pertusi 33-34, 100 and note to I. 33, points out that the incomplete passage is a result of the way ms C was copied and thus was not absent in the original from which C was copied. The passage can be restored from Stephanus Byz. B. 130.10-15. which includes the following text from Hesychius (390, Frg. 1.26-27) to continue the passage: ·and excavating a hidden entrance during the siege through which the diggers would secretly come up through the mine, torch-bearing Hekate appeared. and gave torches to the citizens to light the night and thus they escaped the siege. so the locals called the place Phosphorion'. A somewhat different version of events is found in Hesychios' Patria CP I. 27 (11); transl. Berger 2013: 15-17, although "torch-bearing Hekate' also figures prominently.

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