The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography (compressed) [13 ed.] 0135116155, 9780135116159

Citation preview

LI.I .

:c 1--

An Inl1ro du cti o:nl10 Human Geography James M Rubenstein

Global Environmental Change: Human Impacts Global Environmental Change: Human Impacts Earths temperature temperature has hasrisen risen an anaverage average ofof1.5°C 1.5C (2.8°F) (2.8F) during during the the past pastcentury. century. Why Whydoes doesthis this Earth's temperature rise matter to us? Earths changing climate has hasled to increased global environmental temperature rise matter to us? Earth's changing climate has has led to increased global environmental change, and and caused caused aadecline decline in in food food production production and and an anincrease increase in in poverty poverty in in some some places. places.Climate Climate change, change is inducing unprecedented numbers of humans to migrate in search of better living conditions change is inducing unprecedented numbers of humans to migrate in search of better living conditions in other other places. places.The Theprincipal principal cause cause ofofEarth's Earths recent recent climate climate change change has hasbeen been human human actions. actions. The TheUnited United in Nations warns us that it is not too late to reverse climate change, but we are running out of time. Nations warns us that it is not too late to reverse climate change, but we are running out of time .

..

CLIMATE CHANGE AND FOSSIL FUELS A major CLIMATE CHANGE AND FOSSIL FUELS Amajor contributor to to climate climate change change isis the the burning burning ofoffossil fossil contributor fuels in in motor motorvehicles, whetheron onurban urbanhighways highways fuels vehicles, whether farms (farm (farmequipment, equipment,United UnitedStates). ororrural rural farms States).

Hungerand andClimate Climate Hunger Vulnerability Index Index Vulnerability Very high • very high High • High Medium • Medium Low Low Verylow Very low data nonodata

,,, '

·,~

L

,(

.,

--

I

~" ·-~-\

I.

,i

t

Earths Projected Projected Population Population Growth Growth Earth's 18

18 1616

16.2 billion

16.2 billion - -

Fertility assumption

Fertility assumption High, + 0.5 child High,+ 0.5 child 95% prediction interval - - - • 95% prediction interval Median Median Low, - 0.5 child Low, - 0.5 child

10 1414 § 1212 .c -; 1010

(billions

0

~ 88

billion

-·· ..

--------

7 billion

7.2 billion 7.2 billion-

]. 66 ~

11.2

10.6 billion

. billion 9.3 billion 9.3 billion 8.1 billion 8.1 billion

Population

44

22 1960 1960

14.8 14.8 14.6 14.6

t 14.4

14.4

1980 2000 2000 2020 2020 2040 2040 2060 2060 2080 2080 2100 2100 1980 Year Year

CO2Emissions and Global Warming CO 2 Emissions and Global Warming -

CO2 (PPM)

C02(PPM) Temperature (C) Temperature (°C)

(C)

14.2 14.2 :::, 14.0 'iii 14.0 ~

J

13.8

13.8 13.6L ! . ~ ~7 (!!. 13.6

400 400

• .I . ~

375 375 S' CO2

g

13.4 13.2 ~ - ~ - ~ -~ - ~ - -~ 13.2 ~ ~ 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year Year

,

_..

concentration

350 350 ,., (1)

:::,

325 325 ~ c:!'.

300 g 300

Temperature

13.4

Change in Crop Yields Change in Crop Yields 2050(U.N. projection) byby2050 (U.N, projection) Decreaseof 50% • Decrease of 50%

(PPM)

275

250 250

CAUSESOFCLIMATE CHANGE Deforestation CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE Deforestation releases greenhouse gases that accelerate releases greenhouse gases that accelerate climate change (Mato Grosso, Brazil). climate change (Mato Grosso, Brazil).

Increase of 50100% Increase of 50-100%

CLIMATECHANGE BYTHE NUMBERS CLIMATE CHANGE BY THE NUMBERS SEVEN 281 281BILLION BILLION 406 406 13.3 13.3 SEVEN INCHES PARTSPER MILLION PERCENT

METRIC TONS TONS OF OFICE INCHES METRIC ICE lost from the Greenland ice cap of sea-level rise in lost from the Greenland ice cap thepast past100 100years years annually2003-2013 2003-2013 Arctic icesince1980 annually ofofArctic ice since 1980 the

PERCENT

decreaseperdecade decrease per decade

of sea-level rise in

PARTS PER MILLION carbon dioxide, ofofcarbon dioxide, thehighest highestlevels levels the in 650,000years in 650,000 years

N st in 12 years, and from 6 to 7 billion in 12 years. As the base "' " "' "' Year in 12 years, and from 6 to 7 billion in 12 years. As the base Year continues to to grow grow in in the the twenty-first twenty-first century, century, aachange changeof of continues FIGURE2-13 2-13 WORLD WORLDPOPULATION POPULATION GROWTH GROWTH only one-tenth of 1 percent can produce very large swings A FIGURE only one-tenth of 1 percent can produce very large swings in population growth. 8000 Bb.c.e.2017 c.e. in population growth. 8000 .C.E.-2017 C.E. Thenatural natural increase increase rate rate affects affects the the doubling doubling time, time, The which is is the the number number of ofyears yearsneeded neededto to double double a apopulation, population, which 2.2..--~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2.2 assuming a constant rate of natural increase. At the current assuming a constant rate of natural increase. At the current 2.0 rateof1.2 of 1.2percent percentper peryear, year,world worldpopulation population would woulddouble double rate Annual growth rate Annual growth rate in about about 58 58years. years. If If the the same same NIR NIRcontinued continued through through the the 1.8 in Worldpopulation World population twenty-first century, global global population population in in the the year year 2100 2100 1.6 twenty-first century, ~ 1.6 would reach reach around around 20 20billion. billion. When Whenthe the NIR NIRwas was2.1 2.1 '#would 1.4 :;; 1.4 percent in in 1968, 1968, doubling doubling time time was was33 33years. years. Had Hadthe the 2.1 2.1 percent j percent rate rate continued continued into into the the twenty-first twenty-first century, century, Earth's Earths ea, 1.2 percent population would currently be10 billion instead of 8 billion. 5 1.0 population would currently be 10 billion instead of8 billion. ·.:; 4.4billion 2.1percent percent NIR NIRthrough through the the twenty-first twenty-first century century would would _. AA2.1 "' 0.8 "S Q, produce a total population of around 56 billion in 2100. produce a total population of around 56 billion in 2100. 0 0.6 7

6

5

(billions

1950

population2,516,000,000

Population

2

1900

population1,656,000,000

1850

8000

B.C.E.

population1,266,000,000

1800

population500,000

population985,000,000

1 B.C.E. population300,000,000

0

B.C.E.

8000

7000

6000

5000

3000

4000

2000

C.E.

1000

2020

1000

2.0

1.8

7.4

(%)

billion

1.2

growth

1.0

4.4 billion

0.8

Population

"- 0.6

3.0 billion

0.4 0.4

1.65 billion 1.65blllion •

0.9 billion 0.9 billion

•

0.2 0.2

0.0

O 1760

O

O

O

O

\,OCOON,i:;t ,-... r-,. 00 0000 1780

1800

1820

1840

0 0 0 I.OCOO 00 00 CTI

1860

1880

1900

0 N CTI

1920

0 V O'I

1940

0 "'

1960

0 "'

1980

"'

"'

Year Year

0

0 N 0 N

0

2000

2020

0 N

FIGURE 2-14 WORLD POPULATION GROWTH 17502017 A FIGURE 2-14 WORLD POPULATION GROWTH 1750-2017

-

88

C:

World

population

(billions)

6

100 ~100

.E

(million)

4

80 ' ; 80

"',,,Ill

(billion)

Population

Annual

60 0C: 60

increase

(millions)

2

increase

C:

40 .!2 40

...,,,

°[ 20

20

~

FIGURE 2-15 POPULATION GROWTH, UNITED KINGDOM The A FIGURE 2-15 POPULATION GROWTH, UNITED KINGDOM The United Kingdoms natural increase was around 324,000 per year United Kingdom's natural increase was around 324,000 per year during the 1960s, compared with around 134,000 per year during during the 1960s, compared with around 134,000 per year during the twenty-first century. the twenty-first century.

22 --,

Natural increase rate (%) Natural increase rate(%)

Population

..,L-=::r::=:::i:::=:d 11; ~ " "'"' NIR

L__l__ _L "' "'"' "' "'" 0

1950

0

1960

0

1970

_ - 1_ _ 0

"'"'

0

1980

1990

Year Year

(%)

_J

0 0 0 N

2000

0

0 N

2010

0 N

2017

FIGURE2-16 2-16 WORLD WORLDPOPULATION POPULATION GROWTH GROWTH1950-2017 19502017 A FIGURE

56 56

TheCultural CulturalLandscape Landscape The

Births&&Deaths Deaths Births

CBRsare in sub-Saharan sub-Saharan Africa, Africa, and andthe the lowest lowest are arein in Europe. Europe. CBRs are in Many sub-Saharan African countries have a CBR over 35, Many sub-Saharan African countries have a CBR over 35, whereas manyEuropean countries have a CBRbelow 10. whereas many European countries have a CBR below 10. Thetotal total fertility fertility rate rate (TFR) (TFR) measures measuresthe the number number of of The births in in aasociety society (Figure (Figure 2-18). 2-18). TheTFR TFRis the average averagenumber number births The is the ofchildren children a awoman womanwill willhave havethroughout herchildbearing childbearing of throughout her years (roughly (roughly ages ages15 15 through through 49). 49). To Tocompute compute the the TFR, TFR, years demographers assume that a woman reaching a particular age demographers assume that a woman reaching a particular age in the future will bejust aslikely to haveachild asare womenof in the future will be just as likely to have a child as are women of that age agetoday. Thus,the the CBR CBRprovides provides a apicture picture of ofaasociety society asasa that today. Thus, a whole in a given year, whereas the TFR attempts to predict the the whole in a given year, whereas the TFR attempts to predict future behavior behavior of ofindividual womenin worldof ofrapid cultural future individual women in aaworld rapid cultural change. change. TheTFR TFRfor the world world asasaawhole whole isis 2.4, 2.4,and, and, again, again, the the The for the figures vary between developed and developing countries. figures vary between developed and developing countries. TheTFR TFRis 4.9in in sub-Saharan sub-Saharan Africa, Africa, compared compared to to 1.6 1.6in in The is 4.9 Europe. Europe.

Learning Outcome Outcome 2.2.2 2.2.2 Compare Compareglobal globalpatterns patterns Learning births and deaths. ofofbirths and deaths. Natural increase increase occurs occurs when when births births (fertility) (fertility) exceed deaths deaths Natural exceed (mortality). Various measures provide insights into different (mortality). Various measures provide insights into different aspects of fertility and mortality. aspects of fertility and mortality.

Fertility Fertility The crude birth rate (CBR) is the total number live The crude birth rate (CBR) is the total number ofof live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. AA CBRof of20 20means means that that for for every every 1,000 1,000 people people in in aacountry, country, 20 20 CBR babies are born over a one-year period. babies are born over a one-year period. The world world map map of of CBR CBR (Figure (Figure 2-17) 2-17) mirrors mirrors the the The distribution of NIR. As was the case with NIRs, the highest distribution of NlR. As was the case with NIRs, the highest

160°~~--roo.~....-;;-----;r2(o' d- io• ~O~--;--.,.--;:--.~l?'iw••'6ii•-180' 160

FIGURE 2-17 2-17 CRUDE CRUDEBIRTH BIRTH ► FIGURE

140

120

80

100

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

I

80

RATE(CBR), 2018 The Theglobal global RATE (CBR), 2018

80

ARCTIC

OCEAN

distribution CBRs in 2018 distribution ofofCBRs in 2018 parallels that of NIRs. The parallels that of NIRs. The countries with with the the highest highest countries CBRs are concentrated in CBRs are concentrated in Africa and Southwest Asia. Africa and Southwest Asia.

60

60

40

40

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Source: Population Reference Bureau Source: Population Reference Bureau

TROPIC

OF

CANCER

20

20

Where are the countries 1.1.Where are the countries

PACIFIC

with the the lowest lowest CBRs CBRs located? located? with 2. Locate these low-CBR 2. Locate these low-CBR countries on the map of crude countries on the map of crude death rates in Figure 2-20. death rates in Figure 2-20. Whatpattern pattern emerges emerges from from this this What comparison? comparison?

OCEAN EQUATOR

o·---t----t------1------1,-...-----..

0

0

INDIAN

PACIFIC

OCEAN

OCEAN 20

20 ' __

20

TROPIC

ATLANTIC

OFCAPRICORN

OCEAN 40

Births

40

per

Births per 1,000 persons persons 1,000 40 and above 40 and above • 3039 30-39 2029 20-29

• • •

0

1,500

0

1019 10-19

160

140

120

below 10 below 10 no data no data

100

80

60

40

20

0

20

rf. io• '-+--

160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 160·~-Zoo-~----;;-~r-10< , , -

80" 80

/

0

20

60

Miles

Kilometers

80

100

120

140'

160"

140

180'

160

180

40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 ~0:--,-~~;~1~·~•-;ac•

1

\

\

ARCTIC

,'

1,500

40

3,000

3,000

ARCTIC \ OCEAN

~~

\

\

80" 80

\ ~

60

60

FIGURE2-18 2-18 TOTAL TOTAL ► FIGURE FERTILITY RATE RATE(TFR), FERTILITY (TFR), 2018 As Aswith withNIRs NIRsand and 2018 CBRs, the countries with CBRs, the countries with the highest TFRs are the highest TFRs are concentrated in Africa and concentr ated in Africa and Southwest Asia. Southwest Asia, Source: Population Reference Source: Population Reference

40

OCEAN TROPIC

,•

20

3.03.9 10-19 2.02.9 2,0-2,9 below 2 below 2 no data no data

CANCER

20

PACIFIC

.

OCEAN EQUATOR 0

PACIFIC

Bureau

-

OF

0

Bureau

Children per Children per childbearing years childbearing years 4.0 and above • 4.0 and above

40

ATLANTIC

INDIAN

OCEAN

OCEAN

20

20

TROPIC

OF

CAPRICORN

ATLANTIC

ATLANTIC OCEAN OCEAN 40

40 0

1,500

0

160° 160

1-w· 140

120· 120

100· 100

ac· 80

60

40 40•

w 20

o·0

20 10"

40 40'

1,500

60 60

3,000

3,000

80

Miles

Kilometers

100

120

140 140'

160' 160

180' 180

CHAPTER2 Population&&Health CH A p TE R 2 Population Health

Mortality Mortality

developing countries countries isis actually actually lower lower than than the the combined combined developing rate for all developed countries. Furthermore, the variation rate for all developed countries. Furthermore, the variation between the worlds highest and lowest CDRsis muchless between the world's highest and lowest CDRs is much less extreme than than the the variation variation in in CBRs. CBRs.The The highest highest CDR CDRin in extreme the world world isis16 16per per1,000, 1,000, and and the the lowest lowest is is 11a a difference difference the of15 15whereas CBRsfor individual countries countries range range from from of - whereas CB Rs for individual per1,000 1,000 to to 48, 48,aaspread spread of of41. 41.The TheCDR CDRisis77in in developing developing 77per countries and and10 10in in developed developed countries, countries, whereas whereas the the CBR CBR countries is 21in developing countries and 10in developed countries. is 21 in developing countries and 10 in developed countries. Whydoes does Denmark, Denmark, one one of of the the world's worlds wealthiest wealthiest Why countries, have a higher CDR than The Gambia, oneof ofthe the countries, have a higher CDR than The Gambia, one poorest? Why does Germany, one of the worlds wealthiest poorest? Why does Germany, one of the world's wealthiest countries with withone oneof ofthe theworld's worlds best besthealth-care health-caresystems, systems, countries have one of the worlds highest CDRs? The answer have one of the world's highest CDRs? The answer isis that the the populations populations of of different different countries countries are are atatvarious various that stagesin an important process known asthe demographic stages in an important process known as the demographic transition, discussed discussed on onthe the next next page. page. transition,

Theinfant infant mortality mortality rate rate (IMR) (IMR) isis the the annual annual number number The of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births (Figure 2-19). The IMR is usually expressed total live births (Figure 2-19). The IMR is usually expressed the number number of ofdeaths deathsamong among infants infants per per1,000 1,000births births asasthe rather than as a percentage (per 100). In general, the IMR rather than as a percentage (per 100). In general, the IMR reflects the quality of a countrys health-care system. reflects the quality of a country's health-care system. Theglobal global distribution distribution of ofIMRs IMRs follows follows the the pattern pattern The that by now has become familiar. Lower IMRs are found that by now has become familiar. Lower IMRs are found in countries with well-trained doctors and nurses, modern in countries with well-trained doctors and nurses, modern hospitals, and andlarge large supplies supplies of ofmedicine. medicine.The TheIMR hospitals, IMR isis 44in in Europe, compared with 54 in sub-Saharan Africa. In other other Europe, compared with 54 in sub-Saharan Africa. In words, before before reaching reaching their their first first birthday, birthday, 11in in 18 18babies babies words, die in sub-Saharan Africa and 1in 250 babies diein Europe. die in sub-Saharan Africa and 1 in 250 babies die in Europe. The crude crude death death rate rate (CDR) (CDR) is is the the total total number number of of The deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. with the the CBR CBRand andIMR, IMR, the the CDR CDRis expressed asasthe the AsAswith is expressed annual number of deaths per 1,000 population. annual number of deaths per 1,000 population. The CDR does not follow the same regional pattern as The CDR does not follow the same regional pattern as the NIRand andCBR CBR(Figure (Figure 2-20). 2-20).The Thecombined combined CDR CDRfor all the NIR for all 160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

Pause&&Reflect Reflect 2.2.2 2.2.2 What What regionofofthe theworld worldappears appears Pause region to have the lowest CDR. What might account for that? What might account for that? to have the lowest CDR.

100

120

140

160

FIGURE 2-19 INFANT ◄ FIGURE 2-19 INFANT

180

80

80

MORTALITY RATE RATE (IMR), (IMR), MORTALITY 2018 The Thehighest highest IMRs IMRs in in 2018 2018 2018 are in sub-Saharan Africa, and are in sub-Saharan Africa, and the lowest are in Europe. the lowest are in Europe. Source: Population ReferenceBureau Bureau Source: Population Reference

ARCTIC OCEAN

60

60

40

40

ATLANTIC Infant mortality per Infant mortality per

OCEAN TROPIC

OF

CANCER

--;;,---;-- - - - t - -, 20•

20

20

PACIFIC OCEAN EQUATOR EQUArOR 0 '

0

0

INDIAN

PACIFIC

OCEAN

OCEAN

20

20

TROPIC

ATLANTIC

OF

1,000 live births 1,000 live births and above • 4040and above 2039 20 39 1019 • 1019 below 10 below 10 no dat no data

CAPRICORN

OCEAN 40

40 0

0

160

140

120

80

100

160

140

120

60

100

40

80

20

60

40

0

20

20

0

20

40

40

1,500

1,500

60

60

80

3,000

3,000

100

100

120

Miles

Kilometers

80

140

140

120

160

160

180

180

80

80

FIGURE 2-20 CRUDE ◄ FIGURE 2-20 CRUDE

ARCTIC OCEAN

DEATHRATE RATE(CDR), 2018 The The DEATH (CDR), 2018 global pattern of CDRs in 2018 global pattern of CDRs in 2018 varies from those for the other varies from those for the other demographic variables already demographic variables already mapped in this chapter. The mapped in this chapter. The demographic transition helps demographic transition helps to explain the distinctive to explain the distinctive distribution CDRs. distribution ofofCDRs. Source: Population ReferenceBureau Bureau Source: Population Reference

60

60

40

40

ATLANTIC OCEAN TROPIC

OF CANCER 20

20

PACIFIC OCEAN EQUATOR

O"'-+--+---t--;------; 0

0

PACIFIC

INDIAN

PACIFIC OCEAN OCEAN

Deaths per Deaths per

OCEAN

20 20•"~ -+---;----;-----i------,r--\•

20

TROPIC

OF CAPRICORN

ATLANTIC OCEAN 40

40 0

0

160

160·

140

140•

120

120•

100

100•

so· 80

60

60"

40

40'

20

20·

o· 0

20

2Q°

40

40•

60

60

5757

1,500

1,500

3,000

3,000

80

Miles

Kilometers

100

120

140

160

18()' 180

1,000persons persons 1,000

•

10 and above 10 and above

-

89 8-9 6-677 below 6 below 6 data nonodata

58 58

TheCultural CulturalLandscape Landscape The

TheDemographic Transition The Demographic Transition Learning Outcome Outcome 2.2.3 2.2.3 Explain Explainthe stagesofofthe the Learning the stages demographic transition model. demographic transition model. All countries countries have have experienced experienced some changes changes in in NIR, NIR, CBR, CBR, All some and CDR, but at different times and at different rates. and CDR, but at different times and at different rates. The demographic transition helps to understand these demographic transition helps to understand these The differences. The demographic transition is a process of differences. The demographic transition is a process of change in a societys population from high crude birth and change in a society's population from high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population. and higher total population. Authoritative demographic sources, such the Authoritative demographic sources, such asas the Population Reference Bureau, the World Bank, and the United Population Reference Bureau, the World Bank, and the United Nations, currently consider the demographic transition to the demographic transition to Nations, currently consider consist of four stages, (Figure 2-21). As discussed later in this consist of four stages, (Figure 2-21). As discussed later in this chapter, some demographers anticipate stage 5. chapter, some demographers anticipate a astage 5. The four-stage demographic transition is characterized by The four-stage demographic transition is characterized by two big breaks with the past. The first break with the pastthe two big breaks with the past. The first break with the past - the sudden drop in the death rate that comes from technological sudden drop in the death rate that comes from technological innovationhas been accomplished everywhere. The second innovation - has been accomplished everywhere. The second breakthe sudden drop in the birth rate that comes from break - the sudden drop in the birth rate that comes from changing social customs customshas yet to to be be achieved achieved in in many many changing social - has yet countries. countries.

Stage1: LowGrowth Growth Stage 1: Low Veryhigh CBR • Very high CBR Veryhigh CDR • Very high CDR Verylow NIR • Very low NIR Most of human history was spent in stage the Most of human history was spent in stage 11 ofof the demographic transition, but today no country remains in demographic transition, but today no country remains in stage 1. Every nation has moved on to at least stage 2 and stage 1. Every nation has moved on to at least stage 2 and has experienced profound changes in population. For most has experienced profound changes in population. For most of this period, people depended on hunting and gathering of this period, people depended on hunting and gathering for food (see Chapter 9). When food was easily obtained, for food (see Chapter 9). When food was easily obtained, a a regions population increased, but it declined when people people region's population increased, but it declined when were unable to locate enough animals or vegetation nearby. were unable to locate enough animals or vegetation nearby.

Stage 1 Stage 1

Stage Stage2

2Stage 3 Stage3

t

0 0

N

0

..

50 ~· 50

1,000)

(per

ij

rates

40 40

Bir

QJ

t

h

l'!

""1.

death

3

~-1--

~

1,

:

~ I'> :

es

..

QI

2 2 1ii rate

QI

.,, "' ~

V

C

increase

Death

1 1~

....,,

""t:

::I

:.c

birth

Natural

z

10 ., 10

-0

2 u

Rapidly declining death rates and very high birth rates produce Rapidly declining death rates and very high birth rates produce a very high natural increase. Europe and North America entered a very high natural increase. Europe and North America entered stage22of ofthe the demographic demographic transition transition after after1750 1750asasaaresult result stage of the Industrial Revolution, which began in the United of the Industrial Revolution , which began in the United Kingdom in in the the late late eighteenth eighteenth century century and and diffused diffused to to the the Kingdom Europeancontinent and North America during the nineteenth European continent and North America during the nineteenth century. The TheIndustrial Industrial Revolution Revolution was wasa conjunction of ofmajor major century. a conjunction improvements in manufacturing goods and delivering them to improvements in manufacturing goods and delivering them to market(see Chapter 11).The result ofthis transformation was market (see Chapter 11). The result of this transformation was anunprecedented unprecedented level level of ofwealth, wealth, some some of ofwhich whichwas wasused usedto to an make communities healthier places to live. make communities healthier places to live. Stage22of ofthe the demographic demographic transition transition did didnot notdiffuse diffuse Stage to Africa, Asia, and Latin America until around 1950. The to Africa, Asia, an d Latin America until around 1950. The push of developing countries into stage 2 wascaused by the push of developing countries into stage 2 was caused by the medicalrevolution. revolution. Medical Medicaltechnology technology invented invented in in Europe Europe medical and North North America America has hasdiffused diffused to to developing developing countries. countries. and Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes causesof ofdeath deathin developingcountries. countries. traditional in developing The Gambia is the smallest country in Africa, and and one oneof of The Gambia is the smallest country in Africa, the poorest. Fewer than 10 percent of women of reproductive the poorest. Fewer than 10 percent ofwomen of reproductive agepractice practicefamily family planning. planning. AsAsaaBritish Britishcolony colonyuntil until1965, 1965, age The Gambia wasin Stage 1. The death rate declined rapidly The Gambia was in Stage 1. The death rate declined rapidly beginning in the 1970s when the World Health Organization in the 1970s when the World Health Organization beginning launched programto to immunize immunize children children in in a anumber number of of launched aaprogram countries, including The Gambia. This program helped to countries, including The Gambia. This program helped to reduce the the CDR CDRin in The The Gambia, Gambia, transitioning transitioning the country country reduce the from stage1to stage 2, whereit is now(Figures 2-22 and 2-23). from stage 1 to stage 2, where it is now (Figures 2-22 and 2-23).

;;: ~

cnrea

3030 20 20

Stillhigh highCBR CBR • Still Rapidlydeclining CDR • Rapidly declining CDR Veryhigh NIR • Very high NIR

(%)

i

-0 -0 and

3

Stage2:2:High HighGrowth Growth Stage

uta ..(e ar

l

QJ

.e-

Stage 4 Stage4

:

60 60

FIGURE 2-22 THE GAMBIA: HIGH CRUDE BIRTH RATE .&. FIGURE 2-22 THE GAMBIA: HIGH CRUDE BIRTH RATE

Crude

Stage Stage 11

8 ~· .;

1,000)

Lowgrowth growth Low Time Time

Highgrowth growth High

0

0

Decreasinggrowth Lowgrowth growth Decreasing growth Low

FIGURE 2-21 2-21 DEMOGRAPHIC DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION TRANSITION MODEL MODEL .&. FIGURE

7 g,;;

2.0 2.0

Birth

5050

~-~

r~

(per

(millions)

40 -: 40

Population

.!!

~

1.5 1.5 .._ -

N

a

t

u

al

i n c r e a

e

s

3

30

n

30

... .,,~ 20

p

P

20

death

:.J

37

rates

and

00

Stage 2 Stage2

0

l u

a

t

i

o

2

o

2 " NIR

De

at

h

C:

1

1 1010

z

1J

t: iii

Birth

1960 1960

1970 1970

1980 1980

1990 1990

2000 2000

2010 2010

2017 2017

FIGURE2-23 2-23 DEMOGRAPHIC DEMOGRAPHICTRANSITION TRANSITIONSTAGE STAGE2:2:THE THEGAMBIA GAMBIA .&. FIGURE

FIGURE 2-24 MEXICO: MODERATE NIR .&. FIGURE 2-24 MEXICO: MODERATE NIR

FIGURE 2-26 DENMARK: AGING POPULATION .&. FIGURE 2-26 DENMARK: AGING POPULATION

Stage3:3:Moderate ModerateGrowth Stage Growth

Stage4:4:Low LowGrowth Growth Stage

Rapidlydeclining CBR • Rapidly declining CBR

Verylow CBR • Very low CBR

Moderatelydeclining declining CDR CDR • Moderately ModerateNIR • Moderate NIR

Lowororslightly slightly increasing increasing CDR CDR • Low 0 or negative NIR • O or negative NIR

country moves from stage 2 to stage 3 of the demographic AAcountry moves from stage 2 to stage 3 of the demographic transition whenthe the CBR CBRbegins begins to to drop drop sharply. sharply. The The transition when population continues to grow because the CBR is still population continues to grow because the C_BR is sti~l greater than the CDR. But the rate of natural increase is greater than the CDR. But the rate of n~tural n~crease 1s more modestin in countries countries in in stage stage33than in those those m in stage stage22 more modest than m because the gap between the CBR and the CDR narrows. because the gap between the CBR and the CDR narrows. society enters stage 3 when people have fewer enters stage 3 when people have fewer AAsociety children. Thedecision decision to to have havefewer fewer children children isis partly partly ch ildren. The a delayed reaction to a decline in mortality. Economic a delayed reaction to a decline in mortality. Economic changes in stage 3 societies also induce people to have changes in stage 3 societies also induce people to ? ave fewer offspring. People Peoplein in stage stage33societies societies are aremore morelikely hk~ly fewer offspring. to live in cities and to work in offices, shops, or factories to live in cities and to work in offices, shops, or factories rather than on farms. Farmers often consider alarge family rather than on farms. Farmers often consider a large family to be an asset because children can do some of the chores. to be an asset because children can do some of the chores. Mostcountries countries in in Europe Europe and and North NorthAmerica America (including (including Most the United States) moved from stage 2 to stage 3 of the the United States) moved from stage 2 to stage 3 of the demographictransition transition during duringthe the first first half halfof ofthe the twentieth twentieth demographic century. The movement took place during the second half of of century. The movement took place during the second half the twentieth century in many countries of Asia and Latin the twentieth century in many countries of Asia and Latin America, including Mexico. America, including Mexico. Mexico entered stage oft the demographic transition transition he demographic Mexico entered stage 22of during the twentieth century through a combination during the twentieth century through a combination of lower death rates and higher birth rates. Mexicos of lower death rates and higher birth rates. Mexico's government believed that higher birth rates would begood good government believed that higher birth rates would be for the countrys economic growth (Figures 2-24 and 2-25). for the country's economic growth (Figures 2-24 and 2-25). dramatic decline in birth rates came after 1974, when AAdramatic decline in birth rates came after 1974, when constitutional amendment amendment guaranteed guaranteedfamilies families the the legal legal aaconstitutional right to decide on the number and spacing of children, and right to decide on the number and spacing of children, and a National Population Council was established to promote a National Population Council was established to promote family planning planning through through education. education. family Stage

1

Stage

2

7 ~ -;;:,

1,000)

100 100

Birth

40

'+ l C

80

80

De

j=

at h

a. E

(millions)

~

Population

N

27

a t

20

u

a

l i

n

c r

10

and

Po

p

ul

a

o ti

n

e

a

s

I:

iii 1900

1920

1940 1940

1960 1960

1980 1980

~

Stage11 Stage Stage2 Stage 2

Stage3 Stage3

so

5

oi

40 3- 40 "'

(per

~

rates

(millions

4

Population

Population

30 30 Birth

death

20

2

"

2000 2000

11z

J

2017 2017

FIGURE 2-25 2-25 DEMOGRAPHIC DEMOGRAPHICTRANSITION TRANSITION STAGE STAGE3: 3:MEXICO MEXICO .&. FIGURE

Stage 4

50

De a

ht

NIR

e

.t:: Birth

1,000)

2

r

death

0 ~

.!!:! .2

(per

rates

Pause & Reflect 2.2.3 Name a country notin Europethat Pause & Reflect 2.2.3 Name a country not in Euro pe that appears to be bein in stage stage 4,4,according according to to Figures Figures 2-12, 2-12,2-17, 2-17, appears to and 2-20. and 2-20.

Stage 3 Stage3

50

30

country reaches reaches stage stage 44when when the the CBR CBRdeclines declines to to the the AAcountry point where it equals the CDR and the NIR approaches point where it equals the CDR and the NIR_approaches zero.This Thiscondition condition is is called called zero zero population population growth growth zero. (ZPG), a term often applied to stage 4 countries. (ZPG), a term often applied to stage 4 countries. ZPG mayoccur when the CBRis still slightly higher than the ZPG may occur when the CBR is still slightly higher than the CDRbecausesome femalesdie diebefore beforereaching reaching childbearing childbearing CDR because some females years, and the number of females in their childbearing years years, and the number of females in their childbearing years can vary. To account for these discrepancies, demographers can vary. To account for these discrepancies, demographers moreprecisely preciselydefine defineZPG ZPGasasthe TFRthat results in in aalack more the TFR that results lack of change in the total population over along term. A TFR of change in the total population over a long term. A TFR ofof approximately 2.1 2.1produces produces ZPG. ZPG. approximately Social customs again explain the movement movementto to stage stage Social customs again explain the 4. Increasingly, women in stage 4 societies enter the labor 4. Increasingly, women in stage 4 societies enter the labor force rather rather than than remain remain atathome home asasfull-time homemakers. force full-time homemakers. People who have accessto a wider variety of birth-control People who have access to a wider variety of birth-control methods are morelikely to use some of them. methods are more likely to use some of them. Denmark entered entered stage stage 22in the mid-nineteenth mid-nineteenth century century Denmark in the and stage 3 in the late nineteenth century (Figures 2-26 and stage 3 in the late nineteenth century (Fi?ures 2-26 and 2-27). 2-27).Since Sincethe the 1970s, 1970s,Denmark Denmark has hasbeen beenm in stage stage4,4, and with roughly equal CBR and CDR. The CDR is unlikely with roughly equal CBR and CDR. The CDR is unlikely toto decline unless another medical revolution, such as a cure for decline unless another medical revolution, such as a cure for cancer, keeps elderly people alivemuch muchlonger (Figure 2-26). 2-26). cancer, keeps elderly people alive longer (Figure Denmark may have entered a possible stage 5, with a Denmark may have entered a possible stage 5, with a declining NIR(see page 68). NlR (see page 68). declining

NIR and

10 Natural

11z

increase

Birth

1830 1830

1860 1860

1890 1890

1920 1920

1950 1950

1980 1980

J

2010 2017 2010 2017

FIGURE2-27 2-27 DEMOGRAPHIC DEMOGRAPHICTRANSITION TRANSITION STAGE STAGE4:4:DENMARK DENMARK .&. FIGURE

59 59

MedicalFacilities Facilities Medical

KEYISSUE KEYISSUE

2.3I|Why Why DoesHealth Vary 2.3 Does Health Vary byRegion? Region? by

Manycountries in Europe Europehave havemore morethan 50hospital hospitalbeds beds Many countries in than 50 per 10,000 people, compared to fewer than 30 in sub-Saharan per 10,000 people, compared to fewer than 30 in sub-Saharan Africa and and South South and and Southwest Southwest Asia Asia(Figure (Figure 2-28). 2-28).Europe Europe Africa has morethan 30 physicians per 10,000 people, compared to has more than 30 physicians per 10,000 people, compared to fewer than 5 in sub-Saharan Africa (Figure 2-29). fewer than 5 in sub-Saharan Africa (Figure 2-29). Asworld world NIR NIRslows slows and and more more countries countries move moveinto into stage stage 33or or44 In most developed countries, health care is a public As In most developed countries, health care is a public the demographic transition, geographers increasingly turn service that is available at little or cost.Government Government ofofthe demographic transition, geographers increasingly turn service that is available at little or nonocost. their attention to the health of the record number people programs pay more than 70 percent of health-care costs their attention to the health of the record number ofofpeople programs pay more than 70 percent of health-care costs whoare are alive. alive. Countries Countries in in different different stages stages of ofthe the demographic demographic in most European countries, and private individuals pay who in most European countries, and private individuals pay transition possess different resources to care for people who less than 30 percent. In developing countries, private transition possess different resources to care for people who less than 30 percent. In developing countries, private are sick. individuals mustpay pay more more than than half half the the cost cost of of health health are sick. individuals must care. An exception to this pattern is the United States, care. An exception to this pattern is the United States, aa developedcountry country where whereprivate private individuals individuals are arerequired required developed to pay an average of 55 percent of health care, more closely to pay an average of55 percent of health care, more closely resembling the pattern in developing countries. resembling the pattern in developing countries. Learning Outcome Outcome 2.3.1 2.3.1 Describe Describe differences differences in in healthhealth-care Developed countries countries are are hard-pressed hard-pressed to to maintain maintain Learning Developed services among countries. their current levels of public assistance. In the past, care services among countries. their current levels of public assistance. In the past, rapid economic growth permitted these states to finance rapid economic growth permitted these states to finance Developedcountries countries use usepart partof oftheir their wealth wealthto toprovide provide publicly publicly generousprograms programswith withlittle little difficulty. difficulty. But Butin recentyears, years, Developed in recent generous funded medical care to all citizens. The high expenditure on economic growth has slowed while the percentage of people funded medical care to all citizens. The high expenditure on economic growth has slowed while the percentage of people health care carein in developed developedcountries countries isis reflected reflected in in medical medical needing public public assistance assistance has hasincreased. Governments have have health needing increased. Governments facilities. faced a choice between reducing benefits and increasing facilities. faced a choice between reducing benefits and increasing taxes to to pay payfor for them. them. In In some some of ofthe the poor poor ~---taxes countries, threats threats to to health health and and countries, sustainability are are not not so so much much sustainability financial as asenvironmental. environmental. financial

Medical Services Medical Services

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

20

40

80

60

100

120

140

180

160

80

80

ARCTIC OCEAN

60

60

Pause&&Reflect Reflect 2.3.1 2.3.1 Why Why Pause

40 --------40

40

ATLANTIC

mightlevels hospital beds beds might levels ofofhospital and physicians in developed ,,_..__~.__----+-zo" and physicians in developed countries ofofEurope Europebe behigher higher PACIFIC countries OCEAN than in North America than in North America?

OCEAN

TROPIC

20

OF CANCER

20

EQUATOR

o··---+--+---+--+ 0

0

INDIAN

PACIFIC

PACIFIC OCEAN OCEAN

OCEAN

20 20,:...• -+---+--+--1----1---'

20

TROPIC

OF CAPRICORN

ATLANTIC OCEAN 40 40"'--\---',---'l----1----\--1

40 0

1,500

0

160" 160

140'

.a. FIGURE 2-28 FIGURE

120'

140

2-28

120

100

HOSPITAL

80

60

BEDS

20·

40

20

tr

10'"

0

40

20

40

1,500

60

3,000

3,000

80

Miles

Kilometers

100

120

140

160

HOSPITAL BEDS PER

160

10,000 PEOPLE PEOPLE 10,000

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

80

80

ARCTIC

Source: United Nations Source: United Nations

Hospital beds beds Hospital per 10,000 people per 10,000 peopleand above • 5050and above 3049 • 30-49

180

PER

OCEAN

60

60

1029 10-29 below 10 below 10 data nonodata

40

40

ATLANTIC OCEAN TROPIC

FIGURE 2-29 2-29 PHYSICIANS PHYSICIANS PER PER ► FIGURE 10,000 10,000

Physicians per per Physicians 10,000 population 10,000 population 30 and above • 30 and above 1529 - 15-29 514 5-14 below 5 below 5 data nonodata

60 60

20

PACIFIC

PEOPLE PEOPLE

Source:World WorldBank Bank Source:

OF CANCER

20

OCEAN EQUATOR

0

0

PACIFIC

INDIAN

OCEAN

OCEAN

20

20

TROPIC

OF

CAPRICORN

ATLANTIC OCEAN 40

40 0

0

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

1,500

1,500

3,000

3,000

80

Miles

Kilometers

100

120

140

160

180

CHAPTER2 Population&&Health CH A p TE R 2 Population Health

6161

HealthCare Care Health Annualper percapita capitaexpenditure expenditure on onhealth healthcare careexceeds exceeds$1,000 Annual $1,000 in developed countries, compared to less than $100 in developed countries, compared to less than $100 in sub-Saharan sub-SaharanAfrica Africaand andSouth South Asia Asia(Figure 2-30). (Figure 2-30). in Expenditure on health care exceeds 15 Expenditure on health care exceeds 15 percent of ofall all government government spending spending in in percent Europe and North America, compared Europe and North America, compared toless lessthan than 55percent percentin in sub-Saharan sub-Saharan to Africa and South Asia. So not only only 40' - f - - + --1 Africa and South Asia. So not do developed countries spend do developed countries spend more on health care, they also more on health care, they also 20.'--+"-----+-+----lla._.,.➔. ~1---+---+-< spend higher percentage of of spend a ahigh er percentage their wealth on health care their wealth on h ealth care (seeDebate DebateIt! feature). (see It! feature). 160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

80

80

ARCTIC

OCEAN

60

60

40

40

ATLANTIC OCEAN

TROPIC

OF CANCER

20

20

PACIFIC OCEAN EQUATOR

0

0

PACIFIC

OCEAN

Healthcare Health-care expenditures expenditures per capita per capita

FIGURE 2-30 ► FIGURE 2-30 HEALTH-CARE HEALTH-CARE EXPENDITURE EXPENDITURE

Source: World Health Source: World Health Organization Organization

OCEAN

20

20

TROPIC

ATLANTIC

OF

CAPRICORN

OCEAN

$1,000 and above $1,000 and above $300$999 $300-$999 $100$299 $100-$299 below $100 below $100 data nonodata

• -

INDIAN

40 40 --'1---+--+---'r--+

40• 40

1,500

0

0

160° 160

140° 140

110" 120

100' 100

80

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

1,500

3,000

3,000

80

Miles

Kilometers

100

120

140

160

180

DEBATE IT!

Shouldthe the United UnitedStates Statesadopt adoptuniversal universal health health care? care? The TheUnited States is the onlypopulous Should United States is the only populous developed country that does not have universal health care. developed country that does not have universal health care.

Universal access accesswould wouldcut cutcosts costs Universal

Thecurrent current system system has hasstrengths strengths The

Access to health care should be a right of all citizens, • Access to health care should be a right of all citizens, but millions of Americans do not have health care but millions of Americans do not have health care (Figure 2-32). (Figure 2-32). Percapita capitaspending spendingon onhealth healthcare careexceeds exceeds$5,000 $5,000 • Per

The United States has the worlds seven best • The United States has the world's seven best hospitals and 17 of the top 20, according to the hospitals and 17 of the top 20, according to the Spanish National Research Council Council (CSIC) (CSIC) Spanish National Research (Figure 2-31). (Figure 2-31 ). U.S. health care can be extended to more people • U.S. health care can be extended to more people without overhauling the entire system. without overhauling the entire system. Countries with universal health care care may maynot not have have • Countries with universal health enough doctors, leaving patients with long wait enough doctors, leaving patients with long wait times for appointments and operations. times for appointments and operations.

in the United States, compared with only $1,000 in in the United States, compared with only $1,000 in other developed countries. other developed countries. TheUnited United States States spends spends around around 17 17 percent percent ofofits its • The GDP on health care, compared with around 11 percent GDP on health care, compared with around 11 percent in Canada and wealthy countries Europe. in Canada and wealthy countries ofof Europe.

..

EfLTHCAR I

FOR

ALL FIGURE 2-32 ◄ FIGURE 2-32 RALLY IN IN RALLY SUPPORT OF SUPPORT OF AFFORDABLE AFFORDABLE CARE AC CARE ACT

FIGURE 2-31 ► FIGURE 2-31 CLEVELAND CLEVELAND CLINIC Ranked #1.

CLINIC Ranked #1.

QUESTIONSFOR FORRESEARCH RESEARCH&&ANALYSIS ANALYSIS QUESTIONS Use your browser to go to Pew Research Center Health Care or enter http://www.pewresearch.org/topics/health-care/. 1.1. Use your browser to go to Pew Research Center Health Care or enter http:/ /www.pewresearch.org/topics/health-care/. Select

a research

paper

that

relates

to

U.S health-care

issues.

Select msea,ch pape,that ,elates to U.5 hea llh-cace lssoes. Whatis the paper's papers overall overall assessment assessment ofofthe the strengths strengths and and weaknesses weaknesses ofofthe the current current health-care health-care system? system? 2.2. What is the 3.

Summarize

the

main points

the

paper

makes

about

how

problems

with the

current

3. Summarize the main points the paper makes about how problems with the current system

could

be remedied.

system could be remedied.

Universal Health HealthCare Care Universal https://goo.gl/HGT5R3 https://goo.gl/HGT5R3

I';)m.

I;)

-

I

62 62

TheCultural CulturalLandscape Landscape The

Health& Gender Health & Gender Learning Outcome Outcome 2.3.2 2.3.2 Explain Explainreasons reasonsfor for risks risks Learning to baby girls and mothers. to baby girls and mothers. Females face face especially especially challenging health risks risks that that Females challenging health profoundly affect the size and composition of the population profoundly affect the size and composition ofthe population of individual countries and the world as a whole. These of individual countries and the world as a whole. These health risks derive from the biological fact of of being being born born health risks derive from the biological fact female. The risk for females is especially acute at childbirth. female. The risk for females is especially acute at childbirth. Both the mother and the baby girls may be at risk. the mother and the baby girls may be at risk. Both

Mothersat Risk Mothers at Risk The maternal mortality rate is the annual number of The maternal mortality rate is the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy. The worldwide maternal to or aggravated by pregnancy. The worldwide maternal mortality rate in 2015 was 216, amounting to more than mortality rate in 2015 was 216, amounting to more than 300,000 women. women. The The rate rate exceeds exceeds 500 500 deaths deaths per per 100,000 100,000 300,000

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

100

live births births in in sub-Saharan sub-Saharan Africa, Africa, compared compared to to 88in Europe live in Europe (Figure 2-33). Nonetheless, the world has made progress: (Figure 2-33). Nonetheless, the world has made progress: the world worldmaternal maternalmortality mortality rate rate was was385in 1990. the 385 in 1990. According to to the the United United Nations, Nations, the the most mostcommon common According causeof ofmaternal maternal death death in in poor poor countries countries isis heavy heavybleeding bleeding cause (obstetrical hemorrhage"), hemorrhage), followed followed by byhigh highblood bloodpressure pressure ("obstetrical (hypertensive disorders of ofpregnancy"). pregnancy). Developed Developed councoun-tries disorders ("hypertensive have medical facilities, advanced technologies, and tries have medical facilities, advanced technologies, and trained personnel to limit the incidence of life-threatening trained personnel to limit the incidence of life-threatening conditions during during childbirth. childbirth. Physicians Physicians can can monitor monitor and and conditions treat conditions prior to delivery and manage complications treat conditions prior to delivery and manage complications during and and after after delivery. delivery. during The maternal mortality rate rate in in the the United UnitedStates States(14) (14) isis The maternal mortality higher than in other developed countries. In addition, the higher than in other developed countries. In addition, the United States is one of only a dozen countries, and the only United States is one of only a dozen countries, and the only developedcountry, country, where wherethe ratehas hasincreased since1990. 1990. developed the rate increased since The higher rate is attributable to difficulties faced by people The higher rate is attributable to difficulties faced by people with low low incomes incomes in in the the United United States States in in gaining gaining access accessto to with health care. Women wholack health insurance are four health care. Women who lack health insurance are four times more morelikely likely to to die die of of aapregnancy-related pregnancy-related complicacomplica-tion times than those with insurance. tion than those with insurance. Thematernal maternalmortality mortality rate rate The varies widely among U.S.states. varies widely among U.S. states. Several southern southern states states have have Several rates that are more than rates that are more than twice asashigh highasasthe national twice the national average (Figure 2-34). _ .....,_ _ ......__ ,.__40 average (Figure 2-34). 120

140

160

180

80

80

ARCTIC OCEAN

60

60

40

40

ATLANTIC OCEAN TROPIC

OF CANCER

20

20

PACIFIC

OCEAN EQUATOR 0

0

PACIFIC

INDIAN

OCEAN

OCEAN

Source: World Health Organization Source: World Health Organization 20

10

20

TROPIC

ATLANTIC

OF

CAPRICORN

OCEAN 40

40 1,500

0

0

160~ 160

140"' 140

110" 120

100° 100

80

8()"

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

1,500

3,000

3,000

80

Miles

Kilometers

100

FIGURE 2-33 ◄ FIGURE 2-33 MATERNAL MORTALITY MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE, 2015 RATE, 2015

120

140

160

180

Maternal mortality mortality rate rate Maternal (per 100,000 live births) (per 100,000 live births) 500 and above • 500 and above 100499 - 100-499 5099 - 50-99 below50 50 below data nonodata

FIGURE 2-34 MATERNAL ◄ FIGURE 2-34 MATERNAL MORTALITYRATE, RATE,U.S. U.S. MORTALITY STATES,2016 2016 STATES, Source: Americas Health Rankings Source: America's Health Rankings

•

Maternal mortality mortality rate rate Maternal (per 100,000 live births) (per 100,000 live births) and above • 2020and above 1019 10-19 below 10 below 10 dat nonodata

CHAPTER2 Population&&Health CH A p TE R 2 Population Health

BabyGirls GirlsatatRisk Risk Baby

6363

and Indians Indians have have decided decided that that if if they they are are going going to to have haveaa and small number of children, they want them to be boys. small number of children, they want them to be boys. Efforts to to ban bangender-based gender-based sex sexselection selection have havebeen been Efforts ineffective because because people people instead instead seek seek out out unregulated unregulated ineffective providers of ofthese these services. services. An Anultrasound ultrasound can can reveal reveal the the providers genderof ofaafetus fetus before beforebirth, birth, allowing allowing parents parentsto toabort abort aa gender babygirl girl before before she sheis is born. born. If If aababy babygirl girl is is born, born, her herparents parents baby may hide her from authorities in a remote rural area, and may hide her from authorities in a remote rural area, and she mayreceive less food and health care than a baby boy. she may receive less food and health care than a baby boy. Aside from from ethical ethical questions questions about about the the devaluation devaluation of of Aside female lives, the widespread practice of sex selection in female lives, the widespread practice of sex selection in China and and India India is is creating creating aapractical practical problem. problem. AsAsthe the China babies grow to adulthood, these countries are left with an babies grow to adulthood, these countries are left with an enormous surplus of men who are unable to find women enormous surplus of men who are unable to find women to marry. marry. to

Around 700,000 700,000 female female babies babies are are "missing" missing every Around every year in China and India as a result of gender-based sex year in China and India as a result of gender-based sex selection. The United Nations Population Fund estimates selection. The United Nations Population Fund estimates that, overall, overall, 117 117million million females females have havegone gone "missing" missing that, throughout Asia over the past several decades. The throughout Asia over the past several decades. The females are missing either because the fetus was aborted females are "missing" either because the fetus was aborted beforebirth, birth, the the female female baby babywas waskilled killed in in infancy, infancy, ororthe the before newborn female is being raised somewhere remote and newborn female is being raised somewhere remote and not reported to census and health officials. not reported to census and health officials. aboutthe the large largenumber numberof"missing" of missing females females WeWeknow know about because of the sex ratio, which is the number of males per because of the sex ratio, which is the number of males per 100 females in the population. The standard biological level 100 females in the population. The standard biological level for humans humans atatbirth birth isis around around 105 105male malebabies babiesfor for every every for 100 female babies. Scientists are not sure why a few more 100 female babies. Scientists are not sure why a few more malesthan females are born. The standard biological ratio Pause&&Reflect Reflect 2.3.2 2.3.2 What Whatother populouscountry country males than females are born. The standard biological ratio Pause other populous characteristic of ofthe the developed developedregions regions of ofNorth NorthAmerica America in Asia, in addition to China and India, appears to have isischaracteristic in Asia, in addition to China and India, appears to have and Europe Europe as aswell well asasin in the the developing developing regions regions of of Latin Latin females? and ..missing missing" females? America and and sub-Saharan sub-Saharan Africa. Africa. However, However, the the sex sex ratio ratio atat America birth is is 114:100 114:100in Chinaand and112:100 112:100in India (Figure (Figure 2-35). 2-35). birth in China in India The percentage of newborn females in the worlds two The percentage of newborn females in the world's two most populous countries is much too low to be most populous countries is much too low to be ,60 --,,0. ,to=-loo•-fo'.---w---;;J-'io< o· i'o· ~o::----w'~1iiif1'i8··i"4o·iw·-1so· random (Figure 2-36). 2-36).The TheUnited United Nations Nations random (Figure ,~...,,...:::;;;~~'-'.'~~!i"~..,..' -t-.r---\-"'"'1:'-__,._.__~ ~"'_!-EA':!_

120

100

140

~

\

160

180

~~~ 80

\

OCEAN

/

60

developed

countries

but remains

a

devel~ped countries b~t remains a majorcause deathin developing ~ maJor cause ofofdeath m developing countries (Figure 2-56). An air-borne countries (Figure 2-56). An airdiseasethat that damages damagesthe the borne disease lungs, TB(often called con-sumption) lungs, TB (often called "conspreads princi-pally 40. sumption") spreads princithrough coughing pally through coughing and sneezing. TBis more 1rr and sneezing. TB is more PACIFIC prevalent in in poor poor areas areas OCEAN prevalent because the long, expen-sive because the long, expenEQUATOR O' poses a eatment poses a sive trtreatment significant economic bur-den. significant economic burPeoplewith withimmune den. People immune systems compromised by systems compromised by poor nutrition nutrition oror HIV HIV poor infection are especially infection are especially susceptible to to TB. TB. susceptible 60

40" 40

40

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

TROPIC

20

11)".

OF CANCER

20

EQUATOR

o·

0

0

INDIAN OCEAN

PACIFIC PACIFIC OCEAN OCEAN 20

20

10" TROPIC

ATLANTIC ATLANTIC

OF

CAPRICORN

OCEAN OCEAN

40• 40

40

1,500

0

0

160 160

140

110° 120

100 100

80

40

60

40

20 10•

20

0

40

1,500

60

40'

10'

3,000

3,000

80

Miles

Kilometers

100

120

140

160

180

FIGURE 2-55 2-55 EVOLUTION: EVOLUTION: MALARIA MALARIADEATHS, DEATHS, A. FIGURE 2017 Malaria is found primarily in tropical regions 2017 Malaria is found primarily in tropical regions developing countries. ofofdeveloping countries. 160

Source:World WorldHealth HealthOrganization Organization Source: Number of deaths due to

140

120

100

80

60

,.--,.-- r

w

o·

20

0

\

10· 20

60

40

80

100

120

140

160

180

'--+-..:\~ ,,___..~-',---"""cc~,.......:,,,.......::,.__:::::,._

80

ARARCTIC n OCEAN

malaria

Number of deaths due to malaria

• -

I

10·

40

80

1,000 and above 1,000 and above 100999 100-999 199 1-99 nonereported reported none no data no data

60

60

40

40

ATLANTIC

OCEAN TROPIC

OF

CANCER

20

20

PACIFIC OCEAN

FIGURE 2-56 ► FIGURE 2-56

POVERTY: INCIDENCE POVERTY: INCIDENCE OF TB, 2016 Deaths OF TB, 2016 Deaths from TB are found from TB are found primarily in develop-ing primarily in developcountries unable to ing countries unable to pay for the expensive pay for the expensive treatment. treatment.

Source: World Health Source: World Health

Organization

Organization

PACIFIC OCEAN EQUATOR

0

0

INDIAN

160 160

14,lr 140

l~lr 120

Number of cases of TB Number of cases ofTB

• -

OCEAN 20

20

100,000 and above

100,000 and above 10,00099,999 10,000-99,999 1,0009,999 1,000-9,999 below1,000 1,000 below no data no data

TROPIC

ATLANTIC OCEAN

OF CAPRICORN

40

40 0

1,500

0

100' 100

BC' 80

60

40" 40

10• 20

o· 0

10· 20

40·· 40

1,500

60

3,000

3,000

80

Miles

Kilometers

100

,zo 120

140° 140

160' 160

18C" 180

CHAPTER2 Population&&Health CH A p TE R 2 Population Health

Reasonfor PossibleStage Stage5:5: Reason for Possible Increased Connections Connections Increased

Though AIDS AIDSdiffused diffused to to every every state state during during the the 1980s, 1980s, these these Though three states, plus Texas (a major port of entry by motor three states, plus Texas (a major port of entry by motor vehicle), accounted for half the countrys new AIDS casesin vehicle), accounted for half the country's new AlDS cases in the peak peakyear year of of1993. 1993. the The number number of ofpeople people newly newly diagnosed diagnosed with with AlDS AIDShas has The droppedsharply sharply because becauseof the rapid rapiddiffusion diffusionof ofpreventive preventive dropped of the methods and and medicines. medicines. The Therapid rapid spread spread of ofthese these innovainnova-tions methods anexample example of ofexpansion expansion diffusion diffusion rather rather than than relorelo-cation tions isis an diffusion. cation diffusion. Mostpeople people newly newly diagnosed diagnosed asasHIV-positive HIV-positive are arefound found Most in large urban areas. However, as a percentage of total popu-lation, in large urban areas. However, as a percentage of total popusouthern states, led by Louisiana and Georgia, now lation, southern states, led by Louisiana and Georgia, now have the largest rate of new HIV-positive diagnoses. Male-to-male have the largest rate of new HIV-positive diagnoses. Malesexual contact contact remains remains the the principal principal form form of ofdiffudiffu-sion to-male sexual in the United States. sion in the United States.

Pandemics have havespread spread in in recent recent decades decadesthrough through the the Pandemics process of relocation diffusion, discussed in Chapter 1. process of relocation diffusion, discussed in Chapter 1. they travel, travel, people people carry carry diseases diseases with with them them and and are are AsAsthey exposed to the diseases of others. exposed to the diseases of others. Themost mostlethal pandemic in in recent recent years years has hasbeen beenAlDS AIDS The lethal pandemic (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Worldwide, 35 million (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Worldwide, 35 million peopledied died of ofAIDS AIDSfrom from the the beginning beginning of ofthe the epidemic epidemic people through 2017, 2017,and and 37 37million million were wereliving living with with HIV HIV(human (human through immunodeficiency virus, the cause of AIDS). Theimpact of AIDS immunodeficiency virus, the cause ofAIDS). The impact ofAIDS hasbeen beenfelt most strongly in in sub-Saharan sub-Saharan Africa,home hometo 26 has felt most strongly Africa, to 26 million of the worlds 37 million HIV-positive people(Figure 2-57). million ofthe world's 37 million HIV-positive people (Figure 2-57). AIDS diffused from sub-Saharan Africa through relocation AIDS diffused from sub-Saharan Africa through relocation diffusion, bothby byAfricans Africansand andby byvisitors visitorsto toAfrica Africareturning returning diffusion, both to their home countries. AIDS entered the United States to their home countries. AIDS entered the United States during the early 1980s through New York, California, and during the early 1980s through New York, California, and Florida. Not by coincidence, the three leading U.S.airports for Florida. Not by coincidence, the three leading U.S. airports for international arrivals are in these three states (Figure 2-58). international arrivals are in these three states (Figure 2-58). 160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

20

40

80

60

73 73

Pause&&Reflect Reflect 2.4.3 2.4.3 Which Which regionwithin withinthe United Pause region the United States has the lowest number of HIV-positive diagnoses? States has the lowest number of HIV-positive diagnoses? What geographic factor might account for this low level? What geogr aphic factor might account for this low level?

100

120

140

160

FIGURE 2-57 PERCENT OF ◄ FIGURE 2-57 PERCENT OF

180

POPULATION DIAGNOSED DIAGNOSEDAS AS POPULATION HIV-POSITIVE, 2016 2016 HIV-POSITIVE,

80

80

ARCTIC OCEAN

Source: CIA World Factbook

Source: CIA World Factbook 60

60

Percent HIV-positive, HIVpositive, Percent ages 1549 years ages 15-49 years 40 40'

40

40" ATLANTIC

OCEAN TROPIC

OF

• .

CANCER

20

20

PACIFIC

1.0 and above 1.0 and above 0.10.9 0.1-0.9 below 0.1 below0.1 data nonodata

OCEAN EQUATOR

£QUAfOR It0

0

PACIFIC

INDIAN

OCEAN

OCEAN

20

20

TROPIC

ATLANTIC

OF

CAPRICORN

OCEAN 40 0

1,500

0

160

140

120

100

80

60

r

40

r

r

20

0

r

20

w 40

3,000

3,000

1,500

w 60

(a) (a)

Miles

-

.,.:;;.:.~ 1 -~

-

40 40'

Kilometers

~ 100

80

M

~ 120 120

~ 140

= 160

~ 180

(b) (b) Boston ., Boston Detroit

Detroit . Chicago Washington

Washington•

San Francisco

ew New York York

Boston 5.84

Chicago Chicago• 11.92 11.92

San Francisco

San Francisco

11.83 • 11.83

New York 43.0

Washington 7.12

Las Vegas Los Angeles

Atlanta "Atlanta

San Diego

Atlanta Atlanta

Los Angeles Los Angeles . 22.18 22.18

Dallas-Fort

11.19 11.19.

Worth 7.82

Dallas

Houston Honolulu

Houston

Orlando

Miami

10.78

Honolulu " Honolulu 5.08 5,08

0 Orlando I g ran 5.42 5.4 d-

International arrivals International arrivals in millions, 2016

in millions, 2016

Cumulative AIDS AIDSdiagnoses, diagnoses, 198119812015 Cumulative 2015

• • •

100,000 and above 100,000 and above 50,00099,999 50,00099,999 10,00049,999 10.00049,999

1,0009,999 1,000-9,999 below 1,000 below 1,000

FIGURE 2-58 2-58 U.S. U.S.AIDS AIDSDIAGNOSES DIAGNOSESAND ANDINTERNATIONAL ARRIVALS Because Because AIDS AIDS .A. FIGURE INTERNATIONAL ARRIVALS arrived in the United States primarily through air travelers, the pattern diffusion arrived in the United States primarily through air travelers, the pattern ofofdiffusion ofof people diagnosed with AIDS closely matches the distribution visitors from overseas. AIDS closely matches the distribution ofofvisitors from overseas. people diagnosed with

Ft. Lauderdale Ft. Lauderdale

55.64 64 .

Miami Miami 19.69 19.69

774 4

TheCultural CulturalLandscape Landscape The

Population&Resources Population & Resources

Neo-Malthusians Nee-Malthusians

Learning Outcome Outcome 2.4.4 2.4.4 Explain Explainarguments argumentsfor for Learning and against Malthuss theory. and against Malthus's theory. British economist economist Thomas Thomas Malthus Malthus (1766-1834) (17661834) wasone one of of British was the first to argue that the worlds rate of population increase the first to argue that the world's rate of population increase was far outrunning the development food supplies. In development ofof food supplies. In was far outrunning the An Essay on the Principle of Population, published in 1798, An Essay on the Principle of Population, published in 1798, Malthus claimed that the population was growing much Malthus claimed that the population was growing much more rapidly than Earths food supply because population more rapidly than Earth's food supply because population increased geometrically, whereas food supply increased increased geometrically, whereas food supply increased arithmetically (Figure 2-59). According to Malthus, these arithmetically (Figure 2-59). According to Malthus, these growth rates would produce the following relationships growth rates would produce the following relationships between people and food in the future: between people and food in the future: Today: Today:

person, 11unit unit of offood food 1 1person,

25 years from

now:

25 years from now:

persons, units of food 22persons, 22units of food

50years years from from now: now: 50

persons, 33units units of of food food 44persons,

75 years from now: 75 years from now:

persons, units of food 88persons, 44units of food

years from from 1100 DD years

persons, 55units units of of food food 1616persons.

now: now:

Neo-Malthusians &&Critics Critics Nee-Malthusians

Malthus made madethese these conclusions conclusions several several decades decades after after Malthus the United Kingdom had become the first country to enter the United Kingdom had become the first country to enter stage22of ofthe thedemographic demographictransition, transition, in inassociation associationwith withthe the stage Industrial Revolution. He concluded that population growth Industrial Revolution. He concluded that population growth would press press against against available available resources resources in in every every country country would unless moral restraint produced lower CBRs or unless unless "moral restraint" produced lower CBRs or unless disease, famine, war, or other disasters produced higher CDRs. disease, famine, war, or other disasters produced higher CDRs.

16 16

14 14

-

Population Population

-

Resources Resources

12

~ 12 (units

C

2. ~

..,...

10 t -- - - - + - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - ~1 - - - 10

:, 0

~

8

"'C C ,a C

66

..

4

+

...

resources

and

0

·; ; ..!!!

a

8

4

Malthuss views views remain remain influential influential today. today. Contemporary Contemporary Malthus's geographers and other analysts are taking another look atat geographers and other analysts are taking another look Malthuss views because of Earths unprecedented rate of of Malthus's views because of Earth's unprecedented rate natural increase during the late twentieth century. Neo-Malthusians natural increase during the late twentieth century. Neoargue that that characteristics characteristics of ofrecent recent population population Malthusians argue growth make Malthuss thesis more frightening than growth make Malthus's thesis more frightening than when it wasfirst proposed morethan 200 years ago. when it was first proposed more than 200 years ago. In Malthus's Malthuss time, time, only only aafew few relatively relatively wealthy wealthy councoun-tries In had entered stage 2 of the demographic transition. tries had entered stage 2 of the demographic transition. Now,relatively relatively poor poorcountries countries are arein in stage stage2.2.AsAsa aresult, result, Now, the gap between population growth and resources is wider the gap between population growth and resources is wider in some countries than even Malthus anticipated. in some countries than even Malthus anticipated. World population population growth growth is is outstripping outstripping aa wide wide World variety of resources, not just food production, according variety of resources, not just food production, according to Neo-Malthusians. Neo-Malthusians. They They argue argue that that the the world world faces faces aa to frightening future in which billions of people are in in frightening future in which billions of people are desperate competition for food, water, and energy. desperate competition for food, water, and energy.

~

Population

22

Evidencefrom from the the past pasthalf-century half-century lends lends support support to to both both Evidence Neo-Malthusians and their critics. Worldwide, carrying Neo-Malthusians and their critics. Worldwide, carrying capacity in terms of food production has increased during in terms of food production has increased during capacity the past half-century somewhat morerapidly than Malthus Malthus the past half-century somewhat more rapidly than predicted. In India, for example, rice production has predicted. In India, for example, rice production has followed Malthuss expectations fairly closely, but wheat followed Malthus's expectations fairly closely, but wheat production has hasincreased twice asasfast Malthusexpected. expected. production increased twice fast asasMalthus Better growing techniques, higher-yielding seeds, and Better growing techniques, higher-yielding seeds, and cultivation of more land have contributed to the increase cultivation of more land have contributed to the increase in the the food food supply supply (see (seeChapter Chapter9). 9). in Onthe population side of the equation, recent recent evidence evidence On the population side of the equation, indicates that Malthus has been less accurate. His model indicates that Malthus has been less accurate. His model expected population population to to quadruple quadruple during during aahalf-century, half-century, expected but even in Indiaa country known for relatively rapid but even in India - a country known for relatively rapid growthpopulation has increased more slowly than that, growth - population has increased more slowly than that, anditit has hasalso alsoincreased increased more moreslowly than the the country's countrys and slowly than food supply. food supply. Onthe other hand, population growth may be exceed-ing the other hand, population growth may be exceedOn carrying capacity in Africa. Rapid population growth ing carrying capacity in Africa. Rapid population growth has led to the inability of the land to sustain life in parts has led to the inability of the land to sustain life in parts the region. region. As Asthe the land land declines declines in in quality, quality, more moreeffort effort ofofthe neededto toyield yield the the same sameamount amount ofofcrops. crops.This Thisextends extends isisneeded the working day of women, who have the primary respon-sibility the working day of women, who have the primary responfor growing food for their families. Women then sibility for growing food for their families. Women then regard having another child as a meansof securing addi-tional regard having another child as a means of securing addihelp in growing food. tional help in growing food.

00 .___ _ __.___ _ ___,j_ _ _ _....1....._ _ _.....J 2000 2000

2025 2025

2050 2050

2075 2075

2100 2100

Year Year

FIGURE 2-59 2-59 MALTHUS'S MALTHUSS THEORY THEORY Malthus Malthus expected expected population population .&. FIGURE to grow more rapidly than food supply. to grow more rapidly than food supply. Compare this graph with the population projections in Figure 2-46. 1.1.Compare this graph with the population projections in Figure 2-46. What assumption did Malthus make that differed from the assump-tions What assumption did Malthus make that differed from the assumpmade by modern demographers? tions made by modern demographers?

Pause&&Reflect Reflect 2.4.4 2.4.4 Calculate Calculatethe unitsofofpopulation population Pause the units andfood food that that Malthus Malthus predicted predicted would wouldexist exist in in 200 200years. years. and

CHAPTER2 Population&&Health CH A p TE R 2 Population Health

SUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABILITY OURENVIRONMENT &&OUR ENVIRONMENT

EarthsResources Resources&&Our OurGrowing GrowingPopulation Population Earth's

E E

vidence from from China China (the (the world's worlds most mostpopulous populous vidence country) and Africa (the worlds fastest-growing country) and Africa (the world's fastest-growing continent) concerning concerning the the relationship relationship between continent) between population growth and food production lends supportto to population growth and food production lends support both Neo-Malthusians and their critics. both Neo-Malthusians and their critics.

Thebrown brown line line is is the the food food production production index. index. The Theindex index 2.2. The is calculated calculated to to be be100 100 in in 2005. 2005. An Anindex index higher higher than than is 100 indicates more food production than in 2005, and 100 indicates more food production than in 2005, and anindex below 100indicates less food production than an index below 100 indicates less food production than in 2005. How do the food production lines for the two in 2005. How do the food production lines for the two areas compare with Malthuss theory? areas compare with Malthus's theory? What might account for the difference? What might account for the difference? ~

[I

The red line in Figures 2-60 and 2-61 shows 1.1. The red line in Figures 2-60 and 2- 61 shows population

change.

Which population

line

more closely

population change. Which population line more closely resembles Malthus's Malthusstheory theory ofofpopulation populationgrowth, growth,in in resembles Figure 2-59? What might account for this difference? Figure 2- 59? What might account for this difference?

140 140 120 120 C 0

-~

100

80 80

... Cl.

60 60

Production

-

ProductionIndex Production Index Production per capita Production per capita Population Population

100

V

:I "O 0

-

40 40 20 20

75 75

Malthus: Right or Wrong?

Malthus: Righi or Wrong? https://goo.gl/4ahS4K https://goo gl/4ahS4K

l,Y

I

140 140

120 120

-

-

Production Index Production Index Production percapita Production per capita Population Population

100

100 C 0

'B 8080

I

:I "O

e 60

I

60

Productio

Cl.

40 40

I I

00 ...._....._______.......____._....___.__.....__._____.......____. 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

FIGURE2-60 2-60 FOOD FOODPRODUCTION PRODUCTIONAND ANDPOPULATION: POPULATION: CHINA CHINA .A. FIGURE

20 20

00....__._________.____._ _.____.__....__.__.__........___. 1960 1965 1965 1970 1970 1975 1975 1980 19801985 1985 1990 1990 1995 1995 2000 20002005 20052010 2010 2015 2015 1960 FIGURE 2-61 2-61 FOOD FOODPRODUCTION PRODUCTIONAND ANDPOPULATION: POPULATION: AFRICA AFRICA .A. FIGURE

Summary&&Review Review 22 Summary KEY ISSUE KEY ISSUE

KEY ISSUE KEY ISSUE

2.1 | Where WhereAre ArePeople PeopleDistributed? Distributed? 2.1

2.3| Why WhyDoes DoesHealth HealthVary Vary by byRegions? Regions? 2.3

The worlds population is highly clustered in four ► The world 's population is highly clustered in four regions: East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and regions: East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe. Europe. The physical environment discourages population ► The physical environment discourages population concentrations in some regions. concentrations in some regions. Arithmetic, physiological, and agricultural densities ► Arithmetic, physiological, and agricultural densities represent populationdistribution distribution in in different different ways. ways. represent population

Baby girls and mothers face challenging health risks, ► Baby girls and mothers face challenging health risks, especially in developing countries. especially in developing countries. Thepercent percentage youngerand andolder olderpeople peoplevaries varies ► The age ofofyounger among countries and impacts the dependency ratio. among countries and impacts the dependency ratio. Health care and medical facilities vary sharply between ► Health care and medical facilities vary sharply between developed and developing countries. developed and developing countries.

KEY ISSUE KEY ISSUE

KEYISSUE KEY ISSUE

2.2 | Why WhyIs Population Increasing? Increasing? 2.2 Is Population

2.4| Why WhyMight MightPopulation Population Change Change 2.4 in the the Future? Future? in

The natural increase rate measures population growth ► The natural increase rate measures population growth asthe difference between births and deaths. as the difference between births and deaths. The crude birth and crude death rates are the principal ► The crude birth and crude death rates are the principal measures of population change in a society as a whole. in a society as a whole. measures of population change The demographic transition has four four stages stages ► The demographic transition has characterized by varying rates of births, deaths, and and characterized by varying rates of births, deaths, natural increase. natural increase.

Neo-Malthusians argue argue that that population population is is outstripping outstripping ► Neo-Malthusians resources, but others do not agree. resources, but others do not agree. The demographic transition may display a possible ► The demographic transition may display a possible stage 5 of population decline. stage 5 of population decline. Birth rates have declined through the use oftwo ► Birth rates have declined through the use of two strategies. strategies.

Thinking Geographically Geographically Thinking KEYISSUE ISSUE KEY

KEYISSUE ISSUE KEY

2.1 | Where WhereAre ArePeople PeopleDistributed? Distributed? 2.1

2.3|I Why WhyDoes DoesHealth HealthVary Varyby byRegions? Regions? 2.3 Health care care varies varies w widely Health idely around the world. around the world.

Human beings beings are are highly highly clustered. clustered. Scientists Scientists disagree disagree about about the the Human effects of high clustering on human behavior. Some laboratory effects of high clustering on human behavior. Some laboratory tests show that rats display evidence of increased aggressiveness, tests show that rats display evidence of increased aggressiveness, competition, and violence when very large numbers are placed in a box. competition, and violence when very large numbers are placed in a box.

Health-care indicators 3.3.Health-care indicators for the United States do for the United States do not always always match match those those not other countries; what ofofother countries: what reasons might explain reasons might explain these differences? these differences?

Might living living in in aahighly highly 1.1.Might clustered place, such as So clustered place, such as Sao Paulo, cause humans to behave Paulo, cause humans to behave especially aggressively or especially aggressively or violently? Why Whyor or why whynot? not? violently?

FIGURE 2CR-3 FREE ◄ FIGURE 2CR-3 FREE

► FIGURE 2CR-1 SAO PAULO, FIGURE

2CR-1

SO

EYECARE CARECLINIC, CLINIC,MIAMI, MIAMI, EYE FLORIDA FLORIDA

PAULO,

BRAZIL BRAZIL

KEYISSUE ISSUE KEY

KEYISSUE ISSUE KEY

2.2 | Why WhyIs Population Increasing? Increasing? 2.2 Is Population

2.4| Why WhyMight MightPopulation Population Change Changein in the the Future? Future? 2.4

Countries display distinctive age structures as a result their stage Countries display distinctive age structures as a result ofoftheir stage in the demographic transition. The United States and other stage 3 Un ited States and other stage 3 in the demographic transition. The and stage 4 countries have relatively large numbers boomers and stage 4 countries have relatively large numbers ofofbeamers (born 1946-64). Compared their parents generation, boomers parents' generation, beamers (born 1946-64). Compared w with ith their received more education and women were more likely to work out-side received more education and women were more likely to work outthe home. Boomers married side the home. Boomers married later (if (if atat all). all), and and were were more more likely likely later to cohabit. They had fewer children to cohabit. They had fewer children and more more children children while while unmarried. unmarried. and

Although authorities authorities on ondemography demography such as asthe the Population Population Reference Reference Although such Bureau (PRB) and the U.N. Population Fund still prefer the four-stage Bureau (PRB) and the U.N. Population Fund still prefer the four-stage model of of the the demographic demographic some geographers geographers believe that that model t transition, ransition. some believe the demographic transition the demographic transition now has a fifth stage in now has a fifth stage in places such as Japan. places such as Japan.

whatways waysdo doyou youthink think the the Gen GenZZ 2.2.In In what generation (born after 1995) might generation (born after 1995) might display demographic characteristics display demographic characteristics FIGURE 2CR-2 BOOMERS similar to, or different from, those of similar to, or different from, those of A FIGURE 2CR-2 BOOMERS boomers? Why? AND GENZZ boomers? Why? AND GEN

FIGURE 2CR-4 JAPAN: ► FIGURE 2CR-4 JAPAN: POSSIBLESTAGE STAGE55 POSSIBLE

■

WritingGeographically Geographically Writing

GeoVideo GeoVideo Log in to the Mastering Geographytm Study Area to view this video. Log in to the Mastering Geography"' Study Area to view this video.

Figure 2CR-5 shows government expenditures on health care as a Figure 2CR-5 shows government expenditures on health care as a percentage of GDP. percentage of GDP. 1. How do the levels

of health-care

expenditures

in Europe

Overpopulationin in Rwanda Rwanda Overpopulation

and North

1. How do the levels of health-care expenditures in Europe and North

Rwanda is a small landlocked country in sub-Sahara Africa facing Rwanda is a small landlocked country in sub-Sahara Africa facing aa shortage land for agriculture and housing due to rapid population shortage ofof land for agriculture and housing due to rapid population growth. the current rate, the population could double to nearly growth. AtAtthe current rate, the population could double to nearly 25 million in 26 years. 25 million in 26 years.

America compare with those in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa? America compare with those in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa?

How do variations in government health-care expenditures 2.2. How do variations in government health-care expenditures relate to to stages stages ofofthe the demographic demographic transition? relate transition? How do variations in government health-care expenditures relate to 3.3. How do variations in government health-care expenditures relate to

whatstage stageofofthe demographic transition does doesRwanda Rwanda 1.1. InInwhat the demograph ic transition

the share of young and old in various regions? the share of young and old in various regions?

appear to to be? be? appear

What future trends in population might cause changes 4.4. What future trends in population might cause changes in demand in demand for health-care for health-care expenditures? expend itures?

160140120 160

140

120

80 80

100100

60

40 40

20

0

20

40

60 60

80 80

100

120 120

140160 140

160

Whathappened happened in in Rwanda Rwanda 2.2.What in 1994? 1994? How How might might in this be connected to the this be connected to the countrys overpopulation? country's overpopulation?

180180

80 80

80

80

ARCTIC

OCEAN

60 60

.,.

PACIFIC

40

40

OCEAN ATLANTIC

Government

OCEAN TROPIC

OF

expenditures

FIGURE

2CR-5

140 140

percentage

CANCER

20 20 PACIFIC

on health as a 160

120

OCEAN

120

EQUATOR 0

0

GOVERNMENT

of

Whatsort sort of ofevidence evidence 4.4.What might help to determine might help to determine the existence existence of ofaapossible possible the stage 5? stage 5?

GDP

3. DoesRwanda's Rwandas experience experience 3.Does seem to support refute seem to support oror refute Malthuss theory? Why Malthus's theory? Why?

INDIAN OCEAN

EXPENDITURES

6.0

and

above

20 20

ON HEALTH

CARE

76 76

below

TROPIC

ATLANTIC

2.05.9

data

CAPRICORN

40 40

2.0

0

0

no

OF

OCEAN

100100

80 80

60 60

40 40

20

0

20 20

40 40

60

1,500

1,500

80 80

3,000

3,000

100

Miles

Kilometers

120

140

160

180

FIGURE2CR-6 2CR-6 RWANDA RWANDA ► FIGURE

KeyTerms Key Terms Agricultural density (p. 53) The ratio the Agricultural density (p. 53) The ratio ofof the number of farmers to the total amount of number of farmers to the total amount of arable land land (land (land suitable suitable for for agriculture). agriculture). arable

Ecumene (p. 51) The portion of Earths surface Ecumene (p. 51) The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement. occupied by permanent human settlement. Epidemic (p. 66) A widespread occurrence Epidemic (p. 66) A widespread occurrence ofof infectious disease in a community anan infectious disease in a community atat aa particular time. particular time.

Antinatalist policy (p. 69) Government policy Antinatalist policy (p. 69) Government policy that supports lower birth rates. that supports lower birth rates. Arable land (p. 53) Land suited for agriculture. Arable land (p. 53) Land su ited for agriculture.

Epidemiologic transition (p. 66) The process of Epidemiologic transition (p. 66) The process of change in in the the distinctive distinctive causes causes ofofdeath death in in change each stage the demographic transition. each stage ofof the demographic transition. Epidemiology (p. 66) The branch medical Epidemiology (p. 66) The branch ofof medical science concerned with the incidence, science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and and control control of of diseases diseases that that are are distribution, prevalent among a population at a special time prevalent among a population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not and are produced by some special causes not generally present present in in the the affected affected locality. locality. generally Industrial Revolution (p. 58) A series of Industrial Revolution (p. 58) A series of improvements in industrial technology that improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process manufacturing goods. transformed the process ofofmanufacturing goods. Infant mortality rate (IMR) (p. 57) The total number Infant mortality rate (IMR) (p. 57) The total number deaths in in aayear year among among infants infants under under 11year year of of ofofdeaths age for every 1,000 live births in a society. age for every 1,000 live births in a society. Life expectancy (p. 64) The average number Life expectancy (p. 64) The average number ofof years an individual can be expected to live, given an individual can be expected to live, given years current social, economic, and medical conditions. current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years newborn infant can expect to live. years aanewborn infant can expect to live. Maternal mortality rate (p. 62) The annual Maternal mortality rate (p. 62) The annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated births from any cause related to or aggravated pregnancy or its management (excluding byby pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental incidental causes). oror incidental causes). accidental Medical revolution (p. 58) Medical technology Medical revolution (p. 58) Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that invented in Europe and North America that has diffused the poorer countries in Latin has diffused toto the poorer countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical

Arithmetic density (p. 52) The total number of Arithmetic density (p. 52) The total number of people divided by the total land area. people divided by the total land area. Carrying capacity (p. 48) The population size Carrying capacity (p. 48) The population size species that the environment can sustain ofofaaspecies that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the available resources. indefinitely, given the available resources. Census (p. (p. 49) 49)AAcomplete complete enumeration enumeration ofofaa Census population. population. Crude birth rate (CBR) (p. 56) The total number Crude birth rate (CBR) (p. 56) The total number live births births in in aayear year for for every every 1,000 1,000 people people ofoflive alive in the society. alive in the society. Crude death death rate rate (CDR) (CDR) (p. (p. 57) 57)The Thetotal total number number Crude deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive ofofdeaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. in the society. Demographic transition transition (p. 58) 58)The Theprocess process Demographic (p. change in in aasociety's societys population population from from aa ofofchange condition ofof high high crude crude birth birth and anddeath death rates rates condition and low low rate rate ofofnatural natural increase increase to to aacondition condition and low crude birth and death rates, low rate of ofoflow crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population. natural increase, and higher total population. Demography (p. (p. 48) 48)The Thescientific scientific study study ofof Demography population characteristics. population characteristics. Dependency ratio ratio (p. (p. 65) 65)The Thenumber number ofofpeople people Dependency under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the the under age 15 and over age 64 compared to number of people active in the labor force. number of people active in the labor force. Doubling time (p. 55) The number years Doubling time (p. 55) The number ofof years needed to to double double aapopulation, population, assuming assuming a a needed constant rate rate of of natural natural increase. increase. constant

practices have eliminated many of the practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes death in poorer countries traditional causes ofofdeath in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives. healthier lives. Natural increase increase rate rate (NIR) (NIR) (p. (p. 54) 54)The Thepercentage percentage Natural growth population year, computed growth ofof aapopulation inin aayear, computed asas the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

Overpopulation (p. 48) A situation in which Overpopulation (p. 48) A situation in which the number of people in an area exceeds the the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity the environment to support life capacity ofofthe environment to support life atat aa decent standard of living. decent standard of living. Pandemic (p. 66) An epidemic that occurs over a Pandemic (p. 66) An epidemic that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion ofofthe the population population atatthe the same same time. time. proportion Physiological density (p. (p. 53) 53)The Thenumber number of of Physiological density people per unit area of arable land, which is people per unit area of arable land, which is land suitable suitable for for agriculture. agriculture. land Population pyramid pyramid (p. (p. 65) 65)AAbar bargraph graph that that Population represents the the distribution distribution of ofpopulation population by by represents age and sex. age and sex. Potential support ratio (or elderly support Potential support ratio (or elderly support ratio) (p. 64) The number of working-age ratio) (p. 64) The number of working-age people (ages 15 to 64) divided by the number people (ages 15 to 64) divided by the number of persons 65 and older. of persons 65 and older. Pronatalist policy (p. 69) Government policy that Pronatalist policy (p. 69) Government policy that supports higher birth rates. supports higher birth rates. Sex ratio (p. 63) The number of males per 100 Sex ratio (p. 63) The number of males per 100 females in the population. females in the population. Total fertility rate (TFR) (p. 56) The average Total fertility rate (TFR) (p. 56) The average number of children woman will have of children aawoman will have number throughout her childbearing years. throughout her childbearing years. Zero population growth (p. 59) A decline of the Zero population growth (p. 59) A decline of the total fertility fertility rate rate to to the the point point where where the the natural natural total increase rate rate equals equals zero. zero. increase

GeospatialData DataAnalysis Log intotheMastering Geography Study Area toaccess MapMaster 2.0. Geospatial Analysis Log in to the Mastering Geography Study Area to access MapMaster 2.0.

·--- ..,.__

Living with withYoung YoungPeople People Living The The

percentage of of people people under under age age percentage

15varies varies 15

considerably considerably

I

t

•

I. •

among countries. Lets compare Japan and Tanzania. among countries. Let's compare Japan and Tanzania. Select Population Under Age 15. Then select Dependency Select Population Under Age 15. Then select Dependency Ratio and join the two data layers. Ratio and join the two data layers.

Howdo dothe the percent percent under under age age 15 15and and the the dependency dependency 1.1.How ratio

compare

between

Japan

and Tanzania?

How do

ratio compare between Japan and Tanzan ia? How do they compare the United States? they compare w with ith the United States?

Based on these features, what challenges might Japan 2.2. Based on these features, what challenges might Japan and Tanzania Tanzania face face with with regard regard to to their their younger younger peopl people? and e?

FIGURE 2CR-7

► FIGURE 2CR-7 PERCENT UNDER PERCENT UNDER AGE15 AND AGE 15 AND DEPENDENCYRATIO RATI DEPENDENCY

Explore Explore Nagel-Gulab, Egypt Egypt Nagel-Gulab, Use Google Earth to explore Nagel-Gulab, small town in Egypt along Use Google Earth to explore Nagel-Gulab, aasmall town in Egypt along the banks of the Nile River. the banks of the Nile River. Search for Nagel-Gulab, Egypt. Search for Nagel-Guiab, Egypt.

What color is most of the land immediately to the west of the town? 1.1.What color is most of the land immediately to the west of the town? Does this indicate

that the land is

used for

agriculture,

or is it

desert?

Does this ind icate that the land is used for agriculture, or is it desert? Howwide wideis is the the green green strip? strip? Why Whyis is the the green green strip strip closer closer to to the the 2.2.How river and the tan area further away? river and t he tan area fur ther away? 3. Zoom out to alt 1400 miles. Based onthis this view, view, state state how howpopulation population 3. Zoom out to alt 1400 miles. Based on and land use are distributed in Egypt. and land use are distributed in Egypt.

FIGURE 2CR-8 ► FIGURE 2CR-8 NILERIVER RIVERNEAR NEAR NILE NAGEL-GULAB NAGEL-GULAB EGYPT EGYPT

•

e

•

I

f

~

■ .,.__

3Migration Migration KEY ISSUES KEY ISSUES WhereAre 3.3.1 1 Where Are

MigrantsDistributed? Distributed? Migrants People emigrate emigrate from from some some places places People and immigrate to other places. The and immigrate to other places. The United States has long been an United States has long been an especially popular destination for for especially popular destination migrants. migrants.

3.2Where WhereDoPeople 3.2 Do People Migrate Within Migrate Within Countries? Countries? Large countries countries may mayhave haveextensive extensive Large migration between regions. migration between regions. Migration is also important within is also important within Migration regions of countries, especially regions of countries, especially from rural areas into urban areas. from rural areas into urban areas.

3.3Why WhyDoPeople 3.3 Do People

Migrate? Migrate?

People migrate migrate for for cultural, cultural, People environmental, and economic reasons. environmental. and economic reasons. Women and children comprise Women and children comprise increasing shares migrants. ofofmigrants. increasing shares

3.4Why WhyDo Migrants 3.4 Do Migrants FaceChallenges? Challenges? Face People often often face face legal legal restrictions restrictions People ontheir their ability ability to to immigrate immigrate into into on another country. In some places, another country. In some places, they also face hostility from people they also face hostility from people already residing there. already residing there.

Migrants arriving ► Migrants arriv1 with blankets

in

supplied

Spain

with blankets supplied

7

by boat

by the

keep

Red Cross.

warm

Migration is the permanent moveto a new location. Geographers study

migration in

part because it is increasingly important

in explaining changes

in population in various places and regions.

Understanding

migration patterns is vital because when people

migrate,

they bring their cultural values and economic practices them.

Atthe same time, they

become connected cultural

with

with the

and economic

patterns of their new place of residence.

LOCATIONS EXPLORED INTHIS CHAPTER LOCATIONS EXPLORED IN THIS CHAPTER

..,.,. immigration internally displaced person I . bo~derpush and pull factors . . j;en11gr~tl0~ ""g u -2;inlineni1YJobslcK:le mtraregmnal m1gratmn ClrtU!!!!lgrall: ~!!~gee:,g migration transition 1~§1 E unauthorized immigrants asylum seeker E ·~ familu based migration

~

.52

c:::n

al

c... c...

al C:

tu C:

Alberta,

p. 91

Alberta, p, 91 ldaho, p. 93 Idaho,

Great

p.

Plains,

New

York,

Ireland,

p. 80

New York,p.80

p.

99

lreland,p. 99

United Kingdom, 85 United Kingdom, pp.85

Russla,pp. Russia, pp. 82,, 9 82 91

\

93

p. 89 China,

Niland,

U.S. -

p. 90

p. 106 Ellis

Mexico

border,

Mexico,

pp.

106,

pp.

Island,

pp.

81,

105 India,

107

83,

Saudi

~

New Orleans,p. Orleans, p.96 96 New

'""'"-•" Trail

p.

98

100

of

Tears,

p. 94

Syria,

p.

Venezuela, p. 82 Venezuela,p. 82

p. 98

Kiribati, 97 Kiribati, p.p.97

\ ""'"''" Jordan,

~.

Arabia,

95

Syria,

p. 95

Timor-Leste, Timor-Leste, p.p.9292

Brazil, 90 Braz II, p.p.90

79 79

KEYISSUE KEYISSUE

3.1I|Where Where AreMigrants Migrants 3.1 Are Distributed? Distributed? Refer back back to to Figure Figure 2-6 2-6 (ecumene) (ecumene) for for aamoment. moment. Humans Humans have have Refer spread across Earth during the past 7,000 years. This diffusion spread across Earth during the past 7,000 years. This diffusion human settlement from a small portion of Earths land area ofof human settlement from a small portion of Earth's land area to most mostofofitit resulted resulted from from migration. migration. To Toaccomplish accomplish the the spread spread to across Earth, humans have permanently changed their place across Earth, humans have permanently changed their place residencewhere they sleep, sleep, store store their their possessions, possessions, and and ofof residence-where they practice their customs with family and friends. practice their customs with family and friends.

Migration& Geography Migration & Geography

hadto to rely rely on onwalking, walking, animal animal power, power, ororslow slow ships. ships. However, However, had thanks to modern communications systems, relocation thanks to modern communications systems, relocation diffusion isis no nolonger longer essential essentialfor for transmittal transmittal of ofideas ideasfrom from diffusion oneplace placeto to another. another. Culture Culture and and economy economy can candiffuse diffuse rapidly rapidly one around the the world worldthrough through fom1s forms of ofexpansion expansion diffusion. diffusion. around Whywould wouldpeople people make makea aperilous perilous journey journey across across Why thousands of ofkilometers kilometers of of ocean? ocean? Why Whydid did the the pioneers pioneers thousands cross the the Great GreatPlains, Plains, the the Rocky Rocky Mountains, Mountains, or orthe the Mojave Mojave cross Desertto reach the American West? Whydo people continue Desert to reach the American West? Why do people continue to migrate migrate by bythe the millions millions today today (Figure (Figure 3-2)? 3-2)?The Thehazards hazards to that many migrants have faced are a measure of the strong that many migrants have faced are a measure of the strong lure of new locations and the desperate conditions in their lure of new locations and the desperate conditions in their former homelands. Most people migratein search of three former homelands. Most people migrate in search of three objectives: economic economic opportunity, opportunity, cultural freedom, freedom, and and objectives: cultural environmental comfort. This chapter will study the reasons environmental comfort. This chapter will study the reasons whypeople peoplemigrate. migrate. why

Learning Outcome Outcome 3.1.1 3.1.1 Describe Describethe relationship Learning the relationship between

the

migration

transition

and the

22 22

demographic

between the migration transition and the demographic transition. transition.

Cl C 20 ·;; 20 movin

0

E 18 ..! 18

Migration isisaapermanent permanent move moveto newlocation. Geogra-phers Migration to aanew location. Geogragdocument the migration of people across Earth well [ 16 phers document the migration of people across Earth asaswell ...0 reasons for for the the migration. migration. Migration Migration isis a aspecific specific type type of of asasreasons ~ 14 relocation diffusion, diffusion, which whichwas wasdefined in Chapter Chapter11asasthe relocation defined in the C spread of ofaacharacteristic characteristic through through the the physical physical movement movement of of spread ~ 12 people from one place to another. people from one place to another. "10 Geographers study study migration migration in in part part because because itit isis Geographers 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2018 important in in explaining explaining changes changes in in population population in in various various Year important Year placesand andregions. regions. Around Around 11 11percent percent of ofAmericans Americans migrate migrate places in a year (Figure 3-1). Migration is also important because FIGURE 3-1 3-1 MIGRATION MIGRATIONOF OFAMERICANS AMERICANS Around Around 11 11percent percent in a year (Figure 3-1). Migration is also important because .A. FIGURE when people people migrate, migrate, they they take take with with them them to to their their new new Americans migrate in a year. The percentage has declined from when ofofAmericans migrate in a year. The percentage has declined from home cultural cultural values values and and economic economic practices. practices. around 20 percent during the 1980s. home around 20 percent during the 1980s. Migration is a form of mobility, which is a more Source: U.S. Census Source: U.S. Census Migration is a form of mobility, which is a more general term term covering covering all all types types of ofmovements movements from from one one general place to another. People display mobility in a variety of place to another. People display mobility in a variety of ways, such as by journeying every weekday from their ways, such as by journeying every weekday from their homes to to places places of of work work or or education education and and once once aaweek weekto to homes shops, places of worship, or recreation areas. These types shops, places of worship, or recreation areas. These types short-term, repetitive, repetitive, or orcyclical cyclical movements movementsthat recur ofofshort-term, that recur on a regular basis, such as daily, monthly, or annually, are on a regular basis, such as daily, monthly, or annually, are called circulation. College students display another form of called circulation. College students display another form of mobilityseasonal mobilityby movingto a residence hall mobility- seasonal mobility- by moving to a residence hall each fall fall and andreturning returning home home the the following following spring. spring. each Geographers are especially interested in why whypeople people Geographers are especially interested in migrate,eventhough migrationoccurs occursmuch much lessfrequently frequently migrate, even though migration less than other other forms forms of ofmobility, mobility, because becauseitit produces produces profound profound than changes for individuals and entire cultures. A permanent changes for individuals and entire cultures. A permanent move to a anew newlocation disruptstraditional traditional cultural cultural ties tiesand and move to location disrupts economic patterns in one region. At the same time, when economic patterns in one region. At the same time, when people migrate, migrate,they they take take with withthem them to to their their new newhome home their their people language, religion, ethnicity, and other cultural traits as well language, religion, ethnicity, and other cultural traits as well as their methods of farming and other economic practices. as their methods of farming and other economic practices. Thechanging changing scale scale generated generated by bymodem modern transportation transportation The systems, especially motor vehicles and airplanes, makes systems, especially motor vehicles and airplanes, makes FIGURE3-2 3-2 INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL IMMIGRANTS IMMIGRANTS PARADE, PARADE, NEW NEWYORK YORK relocation diffusion more feasiblethan in the past, when people ..&. FIGURE relocation diffusion more feasible than in the past, when people people

16

of

,

14

12

Percentage

QI

10

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

UI\S

80 80

2010

2018

CHAPTER3 Migration Migration 8181

CHAPTER 3

MigrationPrinciples Principles Migration Geography has hasno nocomprehensive comprehensive theory theory ofofmigration, migration, Geography although an outline of migration principles written by although an outline of migration principles written by nineteenth-century geographer E. G. Ravenstein is the nineteenth-century geographer E. G. Ravenstein is the basisfor for contemporary contemporary geographic geographic migration migration studies. studies. To To basis understand where and why migration occurs, Ravensteins understand where and why migration occurs, Ravenstein's principles can be organized into three groups: principles can be organized into three groups: Thedistancethat migrants typicallymove move (discussed • The distance that migrants typically (discussed in Key KeyIssues and2). 2). in Issues 11and Thereasons whymigrants migrants move (discussed in the thefirst first • The reasons why move (discussed in part of Key Issue 3). part of Key Issue 3). Thecharacteristicsof migrants (discussed in the the • The characteristics of migrants (discussed in second part of KeyIssue 3). second part of Key Issue 3).

Geographer Wilbur WilburZelinsky Zelinsky identified identified a amigration migration transition, transition, Geographer which consists of changes in a society comparable to those those which consists of changes in a society comparable to in the demographic transition (Table 3-1). The migration in the demographic transition (Table 3-1). The migration transition change in in the the migration migration pattern pattern in in aasociety society transition isis aachange that results results from from the the social social and and economic economic changes changes that that that alsoproduce producethe the demographic demographic transition. transition. According Accordingto to the the also migration transition, transition, international international migration is is primarily primarily migration migration phenomenon of of countries countries in in stage stage 22of ofthe the demographic demographic aaphenomenon transition, whereas internal migration is more important in in transition, whereas internal migration is more important stages 3 and 4(Figures 3-3 and 3-4). stages 3 and 4 (Figures 3-3 and 3-4).

Pause&&Reflect Reflect 3.1.1 3.1.1 What What mightthe migration Pause might the migration transition look look like like in in aapossible possible stage stage 55ofofthe the demographic demographic transition transition? transition?

TABLE3-1 | Comparingthe DemographicTransition

TABLE 3-1 I Comparing the Demographic Transition and Migration Migration Transition Transition and Stage Stage 1

Immigrants,

2016

Immigrants, 20lG 100,000 and above • 100,000 and above 10,00099,999 • 10,000-99,999 5,0009,999 5,000- 9,999 below 5,000 below 5,000

FIGURE3-3 3-3 DESTINATION DESTINATION OF OFINTERNATIONAL A FIGURE INTERNATIONAL IMMIGRANTS BY BYU.S. U.S.STATE, STATE,2016 2016 California, California, New New IMMIGRANTS York, Florida, and Texas are the leading destinations York, Florida, and Texas are the leading destinations for immigrants. More than one-half all immigrants for immigrants. More than one-half ofofall immigrants in 2016 went to one of these four states. in 2016 went to one of these four states. Source:Migration MigrationPolicy PolicyInstitute Source: Institute

Demographic Transition Transition Demographic

Migration Transition Transition Migration

Low NIR, high CBR, high CDR High daily or seasonal Low NIR, high CBR. high CDR High daily or seasonal mobility in search of food in search of food mobility

22

High NIR, high CBR, rapidly High NIR, high CBR, rapidly falling CDR CDR falling

33

Declining NIR, rapidly High international Declining NIR, rapidly High international declining CBR, declining CDR immigration and declining immigration and CBR, declining CDR intraregional migration intraregional migration from cities to suburbs from cities to suburbs

I

l 4

Low NIR, low CBR, low CDR Low NIR, low CBR, low CDR

FIGURE 3-4 3-4 IMMIGRANTS IMMIGRANTS FROM FROMITALY ARRIVEIN THEUNITED UNITEDSTATES STATESAT ATELLIS ELLIS ISLAND, ISLAND, 1911 191 A FIGURE ITALY ARRIVE IN THE

High international High international emigration and and emigration interregional migration interregional migration from rural to urban areas from rural to urban areas

Same as stage 3 Same as stage 3

82 82

TheCultural CulturalLandscape Landscape The

International&&Internal Internal International Migration Migration

Thedistinction distinction between between forced forced and andvoluntary voluntary migration migration The is not clear-cut. Those who migrate for economic reasons is not clear-cut. Those who migrate for economic reasons

maybe bemotivated motivated to to seek seeka abetter better life life for for their their families families may through improved improved access accessto tojobs jobs and and food, food, but butthey they have havenot not through been explicitly explicitly compelled compelled to to migrate migrate by bythe the violent violent actions actions been other people. people. ofofother About 99percent percent of ofthe the world's worlds people people are areinternational international About migrantsthat is, they currently live in countries other than than migrants - that is, they currently live in countries other the onesin which they were born. At a global scale, the three the ones in which they were born. At a global scale, the three largest flows flows of ofmigrants migrants are are (Figures (Figures 3-5 3-5and and 3-6): 3-6): largest FromLatin LatinAmerica Americato NorthAmerica. America. • From to North FromAsia Asiato Europe. • From to Europe. FromAsia Asiato NorthAmerica. America. to North • From

Learning Outcome Outcome 3.1.2 3.1.2 Recognize Recognizethe principal Learning the principal streams international and internal migration. streams ofofinternational and internal migration. Migration occurs at at two two principal principal scalesinternational Migration occurs scales - international migration and internal migration. migration and internal migration.

International Migration Migration International permanent move from one country to another AA permanent move from one country to another isis international migration. International migration international migration. International migration isis further divided into two types: further divided into two types: Voluntary migration migrationmeans means thatthe themigrant migranthas • Voluntary that has

Theglobal global pattern pattern reflects reflects the the importance importance of ofmigration migration The developing countries to developed countries. Asia, developing countries to developed countries. Asia, Latin America, and Africa have net out-migration, and North Latin America, and Africa have net out-migration, and North America, Europe, Europe, and and South South Pacific Pacific have havenet net in-migration. in-migration. America, Migrants from from countries countries with with relatively relatively low low incomes incomes and and Migrants high natural natural increase increase rates rates head head for for relatively relatively wealthy wealthy high countries, where wherejob job prospects prospects are arebrighter. brighter. countries, from from

chosen to move, usually for economic reasons, though to move, usually for economic reasons, though chosen sometimes for environmental reasons. sometimes for environmental reasons. Forcedmigration migrationmeans means thatthe themigrant migranthasbeen • Forced that has been compelled to move by political or environmental factors. compelled to move by political or environmental factors. FIGURE 3-5 GLOBAL ► FIGURE 3-5 GLOBAL

160

MIGRATIONPATTERNS, PATTERNS, 2017 2017 MIGRATION

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

160

140

180

80

80

ARCTIC

Source: United Nations

Source: United Nations

OCEAN

Do countries in stage 4 1.1.Do countries in stage 4 the demographic ofofthe demographic transition generally generally transition display net -w•----,~---+--< display net in-migration or net in-migration or net out-migration? out-migration? Whymight mightthat 10 2.2.Why that be the case? PACIFIC be the case?

60

60

40

40

,p..,a1

ATLANTIC

·J.iiW.

OCEAN

20

I

TROPIC TROPIC

'ti

OF

CANCER

20

PACIFIC

OCEAN

OCEAN

EQUATOR

~

0

-----t-----t-~

ATLANTIC OCEAN OCEAN 20

10

OCEAN

---1--+---+---+---1-_;,:

20

1 million and above

• 1 million and above less than 1 million • less than 1 million Net out-migration Net out-migration less than 1 million • less than 1 million million and above • 11million and above

0

INDIAN

ATLANTIC

Netin-migration Net in-migration

¾¥-h.-+---------+~

TROPIC TROPIC

0

1,500

0

1,500

OF OF CAPRICORN CAPRIC

3,000

3,000

Miles

Kilometers

40

40

40

,u· 160

140' 140

110' 120

100· 100

ao· 80

20

0' 0

20

/0'

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

60

FIGURE 3-6 EMIGRANTS FROM ◄ FIGURE 3-6 EMIGRANTS FROM

VENEZUELA ARRIVE ARRIVEIN IN COLOMBIA COLOMBIA Poor Poor VENEZUELA economic

conditions

induced

an estimated

economic conditions induced an estimated million Venezuelans emigrate in 2018 Venezuelans toto emigrate in 2018 22million to neighboring countries in Latin America, to neighboring countries in Latin America, primarily Colombia primar ily Colombia.

CHAPTER3 Migration Migration

CHAPTER 3

Internal Migration Migration Internal

Tijuana

permanent move movewithin within the the same same country country isis AApermanent

To the To the United States United States BAJA CALIFORNIA

BAJA

internal migration. Consistent Consistent with with the the disdis-tance-decay CALIFORNIA internal migration. principle presented presented in in principle

8383

SONORA SONORA

Chapter 1,1,the the Chapter

tance-decay farther away awayaaplace placeisislocated, located, the the less lesslikely likely itit isis farther that people will migrate to it. Furthermore, in concon-trast that people will migrate to it. Furthermore, in with international migration, most countries trast with international migration, most countries permit people peopleto tomigrate migrateinternally. Thus,internal permit internally. Thus, internal migrants are much more numerous than internainterna-tional migrants are much more numerous than migrants. tional migrants. Internal migration migrationcan canbe bedivided divided into into two two Internal types (Figure 3-7): types (Figure 3-7): Interregional migration migrationis movement from • Interregional is movement from

CHIHUAHUA

COAHUILA BAJA BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR SUR CALIFORNIA

NUEVO LEN DURANGO SINALOA

TAMAULIPAS

ZACATECAS

QUERTARO

SAN LUIS

HIDALGO

POTOS

NAYARIT

CIUDAD DE MXICO

AGUASCALIENTES

YUCATN

TLAXCALA

QUINTANA

JALISCO CAMPECHE GUANAJUATO

Mexico

ROO

VERACRUZ

City

COLIMA

TABASCO

MICHOACN 0

oneregion region of ofaacountry country to to another. another. Historically, Historically, one the maintype ofinterregional migration hasbeen the main type of interregional migration has been from rural to urban areas in search ofjobs (Figure 3-8). 3-8). from rural to urban areas in search ofjobs (Figure Intraregional migration is movementwithin one • Intraregional migration is movement within one region. The main type of intraregional migration has region. The main type of intraregional migration has beenwithin within urban urbanareas, areas,from oldercities citiesto to newer newer been from older suburbs. suburbs. 0

200

200

Mostpeople people find find migration migration within within a acountry country less less traumatic traumatic Most than international migration because they find familiar than international migration because they find familiar language, foods, broadcasts, literature, music, and other language, foods, broadcasts, literature, music, and other social customs after they move. Moves within a country social customs after they move. Moves within a country also generally generally involve involve much muchshorter shorter distances distances than than those those in in also international migration. However, internal migration can international migration. However, internal migration can involve long-distance long-distance moves movesin in large large countries, countries, such such as asin in involve the United States and Russia. the United States and Russia.

400

400

Miles

Kilometers

MXICO

CHIAPAS

MORELOS

OAXACA

GUERRERO

Migration Migration

PUEBLA

+- International Internal interregional +- Internal interregional Internal intraregional +- Internal intraregional International

From From CentralAm America erica Central

FIGURE 3-7 3-7 INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL AND ANDINTERNAL MIGRATION A FIGURE INTERNAL MIGRATION Mexicos two principal patterns international migration are net Mexico's two principal patterns ofof international migration are net in-migration from Central America and net out-migration to the in-migration from Central America and net out-migration to the United States. Mexicos two principal interregional migration flows United States. Mexico's two principal interregional migration flows are net migration from the south to the north and from the center are net migration from the south to the north and from the center to the north. Mexicos principal intraregional migration flow is from to the north. Mexico's princ ipal intrareg ional migration flow is from Mexico City to outer states in the Mexico City metropolitan area. Mexico City to outer states in the Mexico City metropolitan area.

Pause&&Reflect Reflect 3.1.2 3.1.2 Reflect Reflectononaastory storyofofmigration migration Pause that is personal to you. Wasit voluntary international, forced that is persona l to you. Was it voluntary international, forced international, interregional internal, or intraregional internal? international, interregional internal, or intraregional internal?

FIGURE 3-8 3-8 INTERNAL INTERNAL MIGRATION: MIGRATION:MEXICO MEXICOJobs Jobs Fair Fair for for interregional interregional migrants migrants seeking seeking work work in in Tijuana, Tijuana, Mexico. Mexico A FIGURE

84 84

TheCultural CulturalLandscape Landscape The

Immigration&&Emigration Immigration Emigration

SouthPacific Pacific1.0% 1.0% South

North America 1.8% North America 1.8%

Learning Outcome Outcome 3.1.3 3.1.3 Explain Explainthe differencebetween between Learning the difference emigration and immigration. emigration and immigration.

Latin

Africa

America

14.6%

15.2%

The flow of migration always involves two-way connections. The flow of migration always involves two-way connections. Given two locations, and B, some people migrate from Given two locations, AAand B, some people migrate from to B, while at the same time, others migrate from to A. AAto B, while at the same time, others migrate from BBto A. Emigration is migration from a location; immigration Emigration is migration from a location; immigration isis migration to to aalocation. location. migration The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of immigrants and The difference between the number of emigrants is the net migration. If the number the number of emigrants is the net migration. If the number immigrants exceeds the the number number of of emigrants, emigrants, the net net ofof immigrants exceeds the migration is positive, and the region has net in-migration. If the migration is positive, and the region has net in-migration. If the number emigrants exceeds the number of immigrants, the number ofofemigrants exceeds the number of immigrants, the net migration is negative, and the region has net out-migration. net migration is negative, and the region has net out-migration. Figure 3-9 summarizes the origin and destination of Figure 3-9 summarizes the origin and destination of international migrants between 1990 and 2017. In 2017, international migrants between 1990 and 2017. In 2017, 258 million million of of the the world's worlds 7.6 7.6 billion billion people people were were living living 258 outside their country of birth. The largest number came outside their country of birth. The largest number came from Asia, and the largest numbers went to Asia or Europe. from Asia, and the largest numbers went to Asia or Europe. North America, America, Europe, Europe, and and the the South South Pacific Pacific have have more more North immigrants than emigrants, whereas Africa, Asia, and Latin immigrants than emigrants, whereas Africa, Asia, and Latin America have more emigrants than immigrants. America have more emigrants than immigrants. The United States has more foreign-born residents than than The United States has more foreign-born residents any other country, approximately 45 million as of 2018, a any other country, approximately 45 million as of 2018, a number that is growing annually by around million. number that is growing annually by around 11 million. Germany, Russia, and Saudi Arabia are a distant second, with Germany, Russia, and Saudi Arabia are a distant second, with 12 million immigrants each. Australia and Canada, which are 12 million immigrants each. Australia and Canada, which are much less populous than the United States, have higher rates much less populous than the United States, have higher rates net in-migration. The highest in-migration rates of all are ofof net in-migration. The highest in-migration rates of all are in petroleum-exporting countries of Southwest Asia, which in petroleum-exporting countries of Southwest Asia, which attract immigrants primarily from poorer countries in Asia attract immigrants primarily from poorer countries in Asia to perform perform many many of ofthe the dirty dirty and and dangerous dangerous functions functions in the the to in oil fields and construction industry. Figure 3-10 shows the oil fields and construction industry. Figure 3-10 shows the largest flows of migrants between pairs of countries between largest flows of migrants between pairs of countries between 1990 and and 2017. 2017. By Byfar far the the largest largest flow flow is is from from Mexico Mexico to to the the 1990 United States. States. United

Europe 24.7% Asia

42.7%

Origin Origin

South Pacific 3.2%

Africa

22.3%

Asia 30.8%

Latin America

160

140

120

100

80

Europe

3.7%

30.3%

Destination Destination

FIGURE 3-9 3-9 MIGRANTS MIGRANTS1990-2017 1990-2017 More Morethan than 40 40percent percent A FIGURE of international migrants originate in Asia. of international migrants originate in Asia. Source:United UnitedNations Nations Source:

J. io" "' ;-----:---,~ '.':-;Z'$'..-----,,--._ • '--f--,--1 --1,..-..."'\'---"s-_"'="'..,.,,..-"-.,..__

o 33

~ 22 ~

Unauthorized

::>

11 1L99-0--1..l.99-5--2-'00--0--2::0'::05:----:-20-::;1:-0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 ----:2:::".016 2016 Year Year

FIGURE 3-48 UNAUTHORIZED IMMIGRANTS .&. FIGURE 3-48 UNAUTHORIZED IMMIGRANTS IN THE UNITED STATES IN THE UNITED STATES Source: Pew Hispanic Center Source: Pew Hispanic Center

.... ,,

~

~

FIGURE 3-49 DISTRIBUTION OF UNAUTHORIZED ► FIGURE 3-49 DISTRIBUTION OF UNAUTHORIZED IMMIGRANTS The Thelargest largest numbers numbers are arein in IMMIGRANTS California

and Texas.

California and Texas. Source: Migration Policy Institute Source: Migration Policy Institute

1. Why might California

and Texas be home to the largest

1. Why might California and Texas be home to the largest number unauthorized immigrants? Why might the number ofofunauthorized immigrants? 2.2.Why might the northern plains states have relatively few unauthorized northern plains states have relatively few unauthorized immigrants? immigrants?

Unauthorized immigrants

nauthorized immigrants ,

•

million and above 11million and above

-

100,000-999,999 10,00099,999 10,000-99,999 below 10,000 below 10,000

100,000999,999

.

104 The TheCultural CulturalLandscape Landscape 104

Quotas Quotas Learning Outcome Outcome 3.4.2 3.4.2 Explain Explainthe roleofofquotas quotas Learning the role in U.S.immigration policies. in U.S. immigration policies. To regulate migration, quota law establishing To regulate migration, aa quota isis aa law establishing aa maximum limit on the number people who can immigrate maximum limit on the number ofofpeople who can immigrate into a country. Until the twentieth century, the United States into a country. Until the twentieth century, the United States did not have quotas. Since the passage of the Emergency did not have quotas. Since the passage of the Emergency Quota Act Act in in 1921, 1921, the the United United States States has has had had quotas. quotas. Quota

spouses or orunmarried unmarried children children of ofpeople people already already living living spouses in the United States. in the United States. Skilled workers. workers. Exceptionally Exceptionally talented talented professionals professionals • Skilled receive mostof the remainder of the quota. receive most of the remainder of the quota. Diversitylottery. lottery. AAfew immigrants are areadmitted admitted • Diversity few immigrants by lottery under a diversity category for people from by lottery under a diversity category for people from countries that historically sent few people to the countries that historically sent few people to the United States. States. United

Thequota quota does doesnot notapply apply to to refugees, refugees, who whomay maybe admit-ted The be admitonce their refugee status is verified. Also admitted with-out ted once their refugee status is verified. Also admitted withlimit are spouses, children, and parents of U.S. citizens. out limit are spouses, children, and parents of U.S. citizens. Thenumber number ofofimmigrants immigrants can canvary varysharply sharply from from year yearto to The U.S. Quota Acts year, primarily because numbers in these two groups are year, primarily because numbers in these two groups are The Emergency Emergency Quota Act Act restricted restricted number of The Quota t the he number of unpredictable. unpredictable. immigrants admitted from from any any count1y country annually annually to to 33percent percent immigrants admitted Othercountries countries charge charge that that by bygiving giving preferen preference to Other ce to the number residents from that same country living in ofofthe number ofofresidents from that same country living in skilled workers, immigration policies in the United States skilled workers, immigration policies in the United States the United United States States in in 1910. 1910. Limits Limits were were not not set set for for professional professional the aswell wellas asother other developed developed countries, countries, contribute contribute to to aabrain brain as workers and for citizens Latin American countries. The American countries. The workers and for citizens ofof Latin drain, whichis alarge-scale emigration bytalented people. drain, which is a large-scale emigration by talented people. quotas ensured that most immigrants to the United States quotas ensured that most immigrants to the United States Scientists, researchers, researchers, doctors, doctors, and and other other professionals professionals Scientists, would come come from from Northern Northern and and Western Western Europe. Europe. would migrate to countries where they can make better useof oftheir their migrate to countries where they can make better use Quotas were enacted following recommendations the Quotas were enacted following recommendations ofofthe abilities. The countries from which they emigrated could abilities. The countries from which they emigrated could Dillingham Commission, which had been set up by Congress Dillingham Commission, which had been set up by Congress then be beleft left with with shortages shortages of of skilled skilled professionals. professionals. then in 1907 1907 to to investigate investigate the the effects effects of ofimmigration. immigration. The commiscommis-sions in The Asians have made especially good useof ofthe the priorities priorities Asians have made especially good use 40-volume report noted the shift displayed in Figure 3-13 sion's 40-volume report noted the shift displayed in Figure 3-13 set by the U.S.quota laws. Many well-educated Asians enter set by the U.S. quota laws. Many well-educated Asians enter in the principal source of immigrants to the United States from in the principal source of immigrants to the United States from the United States under the preference for skilled workers. the United States under the preference for skilled workers. Northern and and Western Western Europe Europe to to Southern Southern and and Eastern Eastern Europe Europe Northern Once admitted, they can bring in relatives under the family (Figure 3-50). The report reflected the attitudes of many Ameri-cans Once admitted, they can bring in relatives under the family (Figure 3-50). The report reflected the attitudes of many Amerireunification provisions of the law. Eventually, these immi-grants the time when it claimed that immigrants from South-ern reunification provisions of the law. Eventually, these immicans atatthe time when it claimed that immigrants from Southcan bring in aawider wider range range of of other other relatives relatives from from grants can bring in and Eastern Eastern Europe Europe were were"inclined inclined toward violent violent crime," crime, ern and toward Asia through a process of family-based migration, which Asia through a process of family-based migration, which resisted assimilation, and drove old-stock citizens out of some resisted assimilation, and "drove old-stock citizens out of some the migration migrationof ofpeople peopleto location because becauserela-tives isis the to aaspecific specific location relalines of work. (Some Americans now use similar language to lines of work." (Some Americans now use similar language to previously migrated migrated there. there. tives previously attack recent immigrants.) Prior to the 1921 Quota Act, several attack recent immigrants.) Prior to the 1921 Quota Act, several other acts in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Pause&&Reflect Reflect 3.4.2 3.4.2 What Whataspects current U.S. U.S. other acts in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Pause aspects ofofcurrent had restricted the number of Chinese people allowed into the immigration policy depart depart from from aastrict strict quota quota system? system? Over Over had restricted the number of Chinese people allowed into the immigration policy United States. time, how does this affect the makeup of the country's United States. time, how does this affect the makeup of the country's Since the 1921 Quota Act, key modifications in the U.S. immigrant population? Since the 1921 Quota Act, key modifications in the U.S. immigrant population? quotas have included: quotas have included: 1924.For Foreach eachcountry thathad hadnative-born native-bornpersons • 1924. country that persons

U.S.QuotaActs

already living living in in the the United United States, States, 22percent percent of of their their already number (based on the 1910 census) could immigrate number (based on the 1910 census) could immigrate each year. This ensured that most immigrants would each year. This ensured that most immigrants would come from Europe. come from Europe. 1965.Quotas Quotas forindividual individualcountries countrieswere were replaced • 1965. for replaced with hemisphere quotas (170,000 from the Eastern with hemisphere quotas {170,000 from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere). Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere). 1978. Aglobal quotaof 290,000was set,including • 1978. A global quota of 290,000 was set, including aa maximum 20,000 per country. maximum ofof 20,000 per country. 1990. Theglobal quotawas was raisedto 700,000. • 1990. The global quota raised to 700,000.

Skill-& Family-basedMigration Migration Skill& Family-based Because the number of applicants for admission the United Because the number of applicants for admission toto the United States far exceeds the quotas, Congress has set preferences: States far exceeds the quotas, Congress has set preferences: Familyreunification. reunification. Approximately Approximatelythree-fourths of • Family three-fourths of immigrants are admitted to reunify families, primarily immigrants are admitted to reunify families, primarily

FIGURE3-50 3-50 IMMIGRANTS IMMIGRANTS ARRIVING ARRIVING IN IN THE THEUNITED UNITEDSTATES STATES ..&. FIGURE FROM GERMANY, GERMANY, 1906 190 FROM

CHAPTER3 Migration 105 105

CHAPTER 3 Migration

DOINGGEOGRAPHY DOING GEOGRAPHY

EllisIsland Ellis Island

T T

that era. The image file of the old map was brought into welve million immigrants to the United States welve million immigrants to the United States that era. The image file of the old map was brought into ArcView, and and then then the the low low waterline waterline shown shown on onthe the 1857 1857 map map between 1892 and 1954 were processed at Ellis between 1892 and 1954 we re processed at Ellis ArcView, wasdigitized using a series of dots.The perimeter ofthe Island, located in NewYork Harbor(Figure 3-51). That Island, located in New York Harbor (Figure 3-51 ). That was digitized using a series of dots. The perimeter of the current island was mapped using global positioning system figure amounted to more than one-half of all U.S. immigrants figure amounted to more than one-half of all U.S. immigrants current island was mapped using global positioning system (GPS) surveying. during that 62-year period. Though no longer used to (GPS) surveying. during that 62-year period. Though no longer used to In 1998, the Supreme Court ruled 63 that New process immigrants, Ellis Island became part of the Statue of In 1998, the Supreme Court ruled 6- 3 that New process immigrants, Ellis Island became part of the Statue of York hadjurisdiction over 1.9hectares hectares(4.7 (4.7acres). acres), Liberty National Monument i n 1965,andthe buildings were York had jurisdiction over 1.9 Liberty National Monument in 1965, and the bu ildings were encompassing the original island and most of the restored and reopened in 1990 as a museum of immigration. restored and reopened in 1990 as a museum of immigration. encompassing the original island and most of the immigration buildings, but but that that New NewJersey Jersey had had Once accepted accepted into into the the United United States, States, immigrants immigrants Once immigration buildings, jurisdiction over the rest. New Yorks jurisdiction was set were transported by ferry from Ellis Island 1.6 kilometers were transported by ferry from Ellis Island 1.6 kilometers jurisdiction over the rest. New York's jur isdiction was set asthe low waterline of the original island. (1 mile)across NewYork Harborto NewYork City. as the low waterline of the origina l island. (1 m ile) across New York Har bor to New York City. The victory was partly a matter of pride on the part of However, the State of New Jersey, located only 400 meters However, the State of New Jer sey, located only The 400 meters victory was partly a matter of pride on the part of New Jersey officials to stand up to their more glamorous (1,300 feet) from Ellis Island, long argued that Ellis Island (1,300 feet) from Ellis Island, long ar gued that Ellis Island New Jersey officials to stand up to their more glamorous neighbor. After all, Ellis Island is closer to the New was actually part of New Jersey rather than New York, was actually part of New Jersey r ather than New York, neighbor. After all, Ellis Island is closer to the New Jerseyshorel shoreline, yetmost mosttouristslike immigrants aa aswas wasgenerally generallybelieved. believed.After Afterdecades decadesof dispute, as Jersey ine, yet of dispute, tourists-like immigrants century agoare transported by ferry to New York City. New Jersey took its case to the U.S. Supreme Court. The New Jersey took its case to the U.S. Supreme Court. The century ago- are transpor ted by ferry to New York City. More practically, since the favorable ruling the sales tax Ellis Island dispute was probably the first time that the Ellis Island dispute was probably t he fi rst time that the More pract ically, since the favorable ruling the sales tax collected by the Ellis Island museum gift shop now goes to Supreme Court turned to GIS to settle a case. Testimony Supreme Court turned to GIS to settle a case. Testimony collected by the Ellis Island museum gift shop now goes to New Jerseyinstead of NewYork. duringthe thetrial trial included included an anexplanation explanationofofhow howGIS GIS works. during wo rks. New Jecsey instead of New Yock. The U.S. government bought Ellis Island in 1808 to use as The U.S. government bought Ellis Island in 1808 to use as An 1834 agreement approved by the U.S. Congress gave aafort. fort. An 1834 agreement approved by the U.S. Congress gave Liberty Ellis Foundation Liberty Ellis Foundation I!] · Ellis Island to New York State and gave the submerged lands https://goo.gl/Af1bD4 Ellis Island to New York State and gave the submerged lands https:/ /900.gl/ Af1 bD4 surroundingthe islandto toNew NewJersey. When theag agreement surrounding the island Jersey. When the reement was signed, Ellis Island was only 1.1 was signed, Ellis Island was only 1.1 hectares (2.75 acres), but beginning hectares (2. 75 acres), but beginning in the 1890s, the U.S. government in the 1890s, the U.S. government enlargedthe island,eventually eventuallyto enlarged the island, to 10.6 hectares (27.5 acres). New 10.6 hectares (27.5 acres). New Jersey state officials claimed that the Jersey state officials claimed that the 10.6-hectare Ellis Island was part of 10.6-hectare Ellis Island was part of their state, state,not notNew NewYork. their York. Critical evidence in the decision Critical evidence in t he decision was a series of maps prepared was a ser ies of maps prepared by New Jersey Department by New Jersey Department ofof Environmental Protection(NJDEP) Environmental Protection (NJDEP) officials using GIS. NJDEP officials officials using GIS. NJDEP officia ls scanned into an image file an 1857 scanned into an image file an 1857 U.S. coast mapthat was considered U.S. coast map that was considered FIGURE3-51 3-51 ELLIS ELLISISLAND, NEWJERSEY (LEFT),AND ANDNEW NEWYORK (RIGHT) to be bethe mostreliable mapfrom A FIGURE ISLAND, NEW JERSEY (LEFT), YORK (RIGHT) to the most reliable map from

IiiI

WhatsYour MIGRATIONGeography? Geography? What's Your MIGRATION More than 80 million people have migrated to the United More than 80 million people have m igrated to the United States since since co colonial times. The The Statue Statue ofofLiberty Liberty - Ellis Ellis States lonial times. Island Foundat Foundation maintains records records for for more morethan than Island ion maintains 50million million ofofthe the 80 80million million immigrants, immigrants, not notjust just for for the the 50 12 million who were processed at Ellis Island. 12 million who were processed at Ellis Island. Select one one ofofyour your relatives relatives who whoimmigrated immigrated to the the United United 1.1. Select to States since the late nineteenth century. Or ask a friend States since the late nineteenth century. Or ask a friend or neighbor for the name of someone, or research the or neighbor for the name of someone, or research the name of a famous athlete, writer, scientist, or performer name of a famous athlete, writer, scientist, or performer who came through Ellis Island from 18921954. who came through Ellis Island from 1892-1954.

In your yourInternet browser,go goto 2.2.In Internet browser, to www.libertyellisfoundation.org. Select Passenger Passenger www.libertyellisfoundation.org. Select Search. Search.

Enter the the name nameofofthe the person. person. In In what whatyear year did didthe the 3.3. Enter person pe rson person pe rson

arrive? By what means of transport did the arrive? By what means of transport did the arrive? ar rive?

Doesthis information match matchwhat whatyou youex expected to 4.4. Does this information pected to Whyororwhy whynot? not f find? ind? Why

106 The TheCultural CulturalLandscape Landscape 106

U.S.MexicoBorder Issues U.S.-Mexico Border Issues Learning Outcome Outcome 3.4.3 3.4.3 Summarize Summarizethe thediversity diversity Learning conditions along the U.S.Mexico border. ofofconditio ns along the U.S.-Mexico border. The U.S.Mexico border is 3,145 kilometers (1,954 miles) long. The U.S.-Mexico border is 3,145 kilometers (1,954 miles) long. Rural areas and small towns are guarded by only a handful Rural areas and small towns are guarded by only a handful agents. Crossing the border on foot legally is possible in ofof agents. Crossing the border on foot legally is possible in several places. Elsewhere, the border runs mostly through several places. Elsewhere, the border runs mostly through sparsely inhabited inhabited regions. sparsely regions. The United States has constructed barrier covering The United States has constructed aabarrier covering approximately one-fourth of the border (Figure 3-52). Several approximately one-fourth of the border (Figure 3-52). Several large urban urban areas areas are are situated situated on on the the border, border, including including San large San Diego, California, and Tijuana, Mexico, at the western end, Diego, California, and Tijuana, Mexico, at the western end, and Brownsville, Texas, and Matamoros, Mexico, at the and Brownsville, Texas, and Matamoros, Mexico, at the eastern end. Driving across the border in the urban areas areas eastern end. Driving across the border in the urban can be fraught with heavy traffic and delays. can be fraught with heavy traffic and delays. U.S.Mexican International Boundary and Water AAjoint joint U.S.-Mexican International Boundary and Water Commission is responsible for keeping official maps, on on Commission is responsible for keeping official maps, the basis of a series of nineteenth-century treaties. The the basis of a series of nineteenth-century treaties. The commission also responsible for marking the border by the border by commission isis also responsible for marking maintaining 276 6-foot-tall iron monuments erected in the maintaining 276 6-foot-tall iron monuments erected in the late nineteenth century, well as 440 15-inch-tall markers late nineteenth century, asaswell as 440 15-inch-tall markers added in the 1970s. Actually locating the border is difficult added in the 1970s. Actually locating the border is difficult in some remote areas. in some remote areas.

FIGURE3-52 3-52 U.S.-MEXICO U.S.MEXICOBORDER BORDERFENCE,ARIZONA ..&. FIGURE FENCE, ARIZONA

BorderDisputes Disputes Border Americans are aredivided divided concerning concerning whether whetherunauthorized unauthorized Americans migration helps or hurts the country. This ambivalence migration helps or hurts the country. This ambivalence extends to specific elements of immigration as reported by by extends to specific elements of immigration as reported the Pew Hispanic Center: the Pew Hispanic Center: Bordersecurity. security.AAmajority majorityof Americanswould like • Border of Americans would like moreeffective effective border border patrols patrols so sothat that fewer fewer unauthorized unauthorized more immigrants can get into the country. However immigrants can get into the country. However aa majorityoppose opposespending moneyto buildmore morefences majority spending money to build fences along the the border. border. Since Since2010, 2010,the the U.S. U.S.Department Department of of along Homeland Security has deported an average of more Homeland Security has deported an average of more than 300,000 300,000unauthorized unauthorized immigrants immigrants annually. annually. than Workplace. MostAmericansrecognizethat • Workplace. Most Americans recognize that unauthorized immigrants immigrants take take jobs jobs that that no noone one unauthorized else wants(Figure 3-53), so they support some type else wants (Figure 3-53), so they support some type of work-related program to make them legal, and of work-related program to make them legal, and they oppose oppose raids raids on onworkplaces workplaces in in attempts attempts to to round round they up unauthorized immigrants. Most Americans support up unauthorized immigrants. Most Americans support pathto to U.S. U.S.citizenship for unauthorized unauthorized immigrants. immigrants. aapath citizenship for Civil rights. Americans f avorletting law enforcement • Civil rights. Americans favor letting law enforcement officials stop stop and and verify verify the the legal legal status status of ofanyone anyonethey they officials suspect of being an unauthorizedimmigrant. Onthe other suspect of being an unauthorized immigrant. On the other hand,they they fear fear that that enforcement enforcement efforts efforts that that identify identify and and hand, deport unauthorized unauthorized immigrants immigrants could could violate violate the the civil civil deport rights of ofboth bothU.S. U.S. citizensand andnon-citizens. non-citizens. rights citizens Localinitiatives. Pollsshow thatmost mostAmericans • Local initiatives. Polls show that Americans believe that enforcement of unauthorized immigration believe that enforcement of unauthorized immigration is a federal government responsibility and not is a federal government responsibility and dodonot support the use of local law enforcement officials to support the use of local law enforcement officials to find unauthorized unauthorized immigrants. immigrants. On Onthe other hand, hand, find the other residents of some states along the Mexican border residents of some states along the Mexican border favor stronger stronger enforcement enforcement of ofimmigration immigration laws laws.. favor

FIGURE 3-53 MEXICAN IMMIGRANTS HARVEST CELERY, NILAND, ..&. FIGURE 3-53 MEXICAN IMMIGRANTS HARVEST CELERY, NILAND, CALIFORNI CALIFORNIA

CHAPTER3 Migration 107 107

CHAPTER 3 Migration

DiverseBorder BorderCrossings Crossings Diverse

Insome someplaces, places, theborder borderruns throughsparsely sparsely • In the runs through inhabited regions, such as Sasabe, Arizona (Figure 3-57). 3-57). inhabited regions, such as Sasabe, Arizona (Figure

The67 67border bordercrossings crossingsbetween betweenthe UnitedStates Statesand Mexico The the United and Mexico Somecrossings crossingsare arein in small small towns, towns, such suchasas • Some look very different depending on where one is trying to cross look very different depending on where one is trying to cross between Columbus, New Mexico, and Palomas,Mexico Mexico between Columbus, New Mexico, and Palomas, (Figure 3-54). 3-54).Compare Compare conditions conditions for for pedestrians pedestrians ~d and vehivehi-cles (Figure (Figure 3-58). (Figure 3-58). different U.S-Mexico U.SMexico incoming incoming border bordercrossmgs. crossings. cles atatdifferent Drivingacross theborder borderin inurban urbanareas, suchas between areas, such as between • Driving across the Pause&&Reflect Reflect 3.4.3 3.4.3 Why Whyat bordercrossings crossingsis is traffic traffic Pause at border San Diego and Tijuana, can have heavy traffic (Figure 3-55). San Diego and Tijuana, can have heavy traffic (Figure 3-55). entering the United States backed up further than traffic entering the United States backed up further than traffic Crossing theborder borderon onfoot legallyis possible in entering Mexico? • Crossing the foot legally is possible in entering Mexico?

several places, places, such such asasbetween between Progresso, Progresso, Texas, Texas,and and several Nuevo Progresso, Mexico(Figure 3-56). Nuevo Progresso, Mexico (Figure 3-56).

T

. ..

•

FIGURE 3-54 3-54 FIGURE

U.S.MEXICO BORDER U.S.-MEXICO BORDER What are the What are the attractions and and attractions challenges trying challenges ofof trying to cross the border to cross the border each of ofthe the four four atateach locations shown? locations shown?

Palm Palm CALIFORNIA Springs FIGURE3-55 3-55 U.S.-MEXICO U.S.MEXICO BORDER: BORDER: Springs .&. FIGURE Otay San San Otay ® SAN DIEGO AND TIJUANA Mesa Diego SAN DIEGO AND TIJUANA Calexico Calexico East Dieg\ Mesa exico Calexico East Phoenix" Phoenix West Tecate Andrade San G·Gil,1,a @) • ate Wer/ Andrade Yuma .San; Tecate • \ .J,Yuma ..,._ Casa Ysidro Mexicali Grande San Luk Luis Y11d_ro/ / I San \!J (!l) • Grande (l'v TijuanaTe