The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Alternative Healing Therapies 0760719616

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The Complete Illustrated

Encyclopedia of

Alternative • ealin erap1es '

7

- . ' 1/~ , /;/

Acupuncture ~ Do-In ~ 1 Acupressure ~ Shiatsu~ Thai ...... Yoga~ Meditation~ Transcent T'ai Chi ~ Qi Gong ·ion Healing~ Radiaest · hesia ~ Bowen Technique Pola Reflexology~ Reiki ~ Massage Transcendental Me ion Reil Therapeutic Touch ~ Osteopathy~ Shiats Chirop1 Radiaesthesia \ Hea Qi Gong teopathy ·o Therapy Colour Therapy Hel Work Felden Krais Method-~ Tragerwork Reik Bowen Breathing Technique~ Colour The, !Xander echnique ~ Ma ,irapy _ ~ "-Behavioural Therapy ~Psycho Cognitive ·apy Hypnotherapy Reflexology f } io-rhythm Tragerwork Do-In ~ Shi Polarity Therapy ire PolaritrJ Therapy Met; Therapeutic Touc Healing~ Radio ics Radiaesthe '.tio Bowen Techniqu f

1/

/

,, ,

A Complete

Guide

to

Natural

C O N S U LT A N T E D I T O R : C . N or m an She a I y M.D. Ph.D.

Healing

THE

COMPLETE ENCYCLOPEDIA

ILLUSTRATED OF

Al tern a ti ve Healing Therapies

THE

COMPLETE

ILLUSTRATED

ENCYCLOPEDIA

OF

Al tern a ti ve Heal in Therapies

CONSULTANT

EDITOR

C. Norman Shealy M.D., Ph.D. BARNES ~NOBLE B NEW

O

O

K

YORK

5

© Element Book s Limited 1999 Text and techniqu es ©Howard Kent First publi shed in Great Britain in 1999 by ELEME NT BOOKS LIMIT E D Sh aft esbur y, Dors et SP 7 8BP This edition published by BARNES & N OBLE IN C., by ar rangement w ith Elem ent Books Led All rig ht s reserved. No part of chis book ma y be reproduced o r utili zed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, wit ho ut prior permis sion in writin g from the Publi sher. NOTE FROM THE PUBLISH ER Any information given in this book is not intend ed to be taken as a replacement for me di cal adv ice. Any p erson with a conditi o n requirin g m edi cal attention should co nsult a qualifi ed practition er or therapi st 1999 BARNES & NO BLE BOOKS

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&

Tann er Limited ,

British Library Catalo guin g in Publi cat io n data ava ilab le Libr ary of Congress

Catalog ing in Publi cat io n data avai lab le IS BN 0 -7607- 196 I -6

Acknowledgments

The publishers wish to thank thefollowi119 for the 11 se of pictures 6 1 top right , 74 bottom left, 186 top left , 200 top left , 246 center left Association fo r App lied Psychoph ys io logy and Biofee dback 213 bottom center and top rig h t Bridge m an : 78 top left , 194 center left , 204 bottom right , 230 center left , 231 top right , 334 top right British Chiropract ic Association : I 18 bottom le ft Came ra Press: 63 center , 86 top right e nt er for Re iki Train ing 74 top ce nt e r Co lo ur Librar y Imag es 243 bottom rig ht CRCS Publi catio ns 64 Fortean : 188 ce nt e r lef t, 194 top ce nt e r, 205 cente r left , 247 top right Gene ral Osteo pat hic Council: I 06 bottom rig ht Sal ly and Richard Greenhill Photo Library I 16 top rig ht H ulton G e tt y Picture Library : 106 center left , 190 top le ft , 154 bottom left , 172 top rig ht , 192 top right , 196 center left , 214 top left , 2 18 ce nter left , 218 bottom left , 22 4 center left Th e H utc hi son Library : 42 ce nt er left Ima ges Co lou r Lib ra ry: 76 top right , 95 ce nt e r right , 175 bott o m right , 257 to p rig h t, 260 bottom left: above and be low, 331 top center , 33 7 bottom rig ht , 338 ce nt er rig ht (th ird from top ) Imp eria l War Museum 236 center left In g ham Publi shin g , Inc. : 66 Londo n Flo atati o n Ce nt er : 94/ 95 Leila Malcolm , Feldenkrais Pr actitioner : 142 bottom right Mar ion C h ace Foundation : 226 bottom left Science Photo Libr ary : 72 top rig ht , I 08 top left , 121 bottom rig h t, 132 center left , 172 bottom left , 212 ce nt er , 234 top right , 272 to p center , 32 1 top left, 328 top cent er, 338 ce nt e r rig ht (bottom ), 340 center rig ht , 346 ce nt e r, 347 top right , 349 ce nt e r rig ht , 353 top rig ht Still Nati o nal Osteopat hic Museum , Kirk sv ille , MO: I 06 bottom left Stock Market 208 botto m le ft , 261 bottom right , 325 bottom left , 332 center , 357 bottom le ft Th e Th e o sop hi cal Societ y in Am e rica: 88 center left Tony Stone Imag es: 44 , 46 , 47 bottom , 85 bottom right , 88 rig h t, 93 top rig h t, 95 top right , 143 bottom right , 158 top center , 160 ce nt er left , I 64 top rig ht , 166 bottom left , I 7 1 top left , 173 bottom rig h t, 176 bot to m le ft, 179 b ot tom left , 187 top lef t, 200 bottom right , 2 I 0 bottom left , 2 14 bo tt o m le ft , 2 15 bott o m lef t, 2 16 b o ttom left , 22 4 bottom le ft , 237 top lef t , 240 cent er , 24 1 ce nt er lef t, 244 bott o m right , 258 bottom rig h t, 28 1 top rig ht , 286 top right , 295 b o tt o m left , 30 7 bottom left , 322 bottom rig ht , 323 ce nter right , 339 top right Ton y Sto ne World w ide: 52 top rig h t Trager In sti tut e : 154 top cente r Trip : 48 top , 78 top right , 226 bottom right , 257 top left , 264 top right AKC

Spccinl tlJ(111k s go to Paul Bailey - Bowen Tec hniqu e Ro be rt a Slyton - Cra nio-Sacral Th e rap y Ro n Cave dasc hi - Kinesiol ogy Amanda C larke - Osteopath y Pau l Co h e n - Zero Balan c ing D ebo ra h and Simon Fiel din g Wendy G ri ffith - M e ta m orph ic Techni que Helle H e nri kse n - Ch iropractic Elain e Liec hti - Shi ats u Stewart Mitc h e ll - Massage Anni e Morr iso n - So und Therap y Pru Rankin -S mith - Rolfin g Tracy Silver - Reiki Willi a m Wh ee n - Mc Tirnone y Chiropractic Tom Williams - Tai Chi

f or helpn11dndvicc witl1 text mid the p/Jotogrnph y of the thernpies n11 d to, Mar ia A nders o n , Ma ,y Ar m stro ng , Cavin Bates , Clare Bay es , Sarah Bragginton , A dam Carne , Yana Casquero , Rob C h appe ll, Cu y Co rber , Ben Da vis, Gemma Dav is, Maggie de Freita s, Linda Fleischmann , Ane tt e Cerlin , Loui se Co rst, Sa lly Hardy , Sam H o llin g dale , Ju stin Hu ck le , Pat In Fanti, John Lan e , Linda Langt on , M e tte Laur it zen , Lisa M c Ro ry, Carol Pa ssmor e, S har o n Ras ha nd , Emma Ric hard so n , Isaac Ric h ards o n , Caron Riley , i\ic he lle Sa wy er, Ja co b Sco tt, Fra ncesc a Selkirk , Flo Snook , Wend y Stevens , Phillippa Vau g han fo r help 1uilh photogrnp/Jy

n11dto W ilbu ry Clinic

for /;e//J1Pilhprope,'lies

CON T ENTS

FOREWORD INTRODUCTION HOW

PART ENERGY

TO

USE THIS

8

9 BOOK

14

ONE

PART

THERAPIES

INTRODUCTION

TWO

PHYSICAL 18

INTRODUCTION

THERAPIES

92

ACUPUNCTURE

20

THERAPEUTIC

ACUPRESSURE

29

AROMATHERAPY

96

MASSAGE

104

MASSAGE

SHIATSU

32

OSTEOPATHY

106

DO-IN

38

CRANIAL

1 14

SHAOLIN

42

CRANJO-SACRAL

QIGONG

44

CHIROPRACTIC

46

M CTJMONEY

52

KINESIOLOGY

126

1

T AI CHI

1

CH UAN

YOGA

OSTEOPATHY

1 16

THERAPY

1l 8

124

CHIROPRACTIC

60

ROLFING

134

64

HELLERWORK

138

66

THE

FELDENKRAIS

72

THE

ALEXANDER

74

TRAGER

76

ZERO

AYURVEDA

78

RELAXATION

HEALING

86

BREATHING

MEDITATION POLARITY

THERAPY

REFLEXOLOGY METAMORPHIC

TECHNIQUE

REIK! THE

BOWEN

THERAPEUTIC

METHOD

TOUCH

88

142

METHOD

146

TECHNIQUE

WORK

154

BALANCING

156 158

TECHNIQUES

166

TECHNIQUES

HYDROTHERAPY

172

FLOTATION

180

BATES

THERAPY

METHOD

AND

VISION

THERAPY

182

PART MIND

AND

THREE

SPIRIT

PART

THERAPIES

INTRODUCTION PYSCHOTHERAPY

AND

PSYCHOANALYTIC BEHAVIOURAL HUMANISTIC

AND

COUNSELING

THERAPIES COGNITIVE

THERAPIES

THERAPIES

FOUR

COMMON

AILMENTS

252

186

INTRODUCTION

l 88

MIND

AND

EMOTIONS

256

192

BRAIN

AND

NERVES

266

l 96

SKIN

200

EYES AND

AND

HAIR

272

EARS

2 78

FAMILY THERAPIES

206

NOSE

284

GROUP THERAPIES

208

TEETH

286

AUTOGENIC

TRAINING

210

MOUTH

BIOFEEDBACK

212

LUNGS

AND

VISUALIZATION

214

HEART,

BLOOD,

HYPNOTHERAPY

218

DIGESTION

224

URINARY

226

REPRODUCTION

3 20

MUSIC THERAPY

230

ENDOCRINE

334

SOUND

234

IMMUNE

ART THERAPY

236

MUSCULOSKELETAL

LIGHT

240

CHILDHOOD

3 50

BIORHYTHMS

242

OLD

356

COLOR

246

DREAMWORK DANCE

MOVEMENT

THERAPY

THERAPY

THERAPY

THERAPY

3 60

GLOSSARY USEFUL

ADDRESSES

FURTHER

READING

INDEX

376

368 3 72

AND

AGE

THROAT

290

BREATHING AND

CIRCULATION

294 302 30 8 3 l 6

SYSTEM

SYSTEM

338

SYSTEM SYSTEM

342

FOREWORD

H

ow very welcomeit is to seea fully comprehensive and beautifullyillustratedencyclopedia of alternativehealingtherapies.It comesas no surpriseto onewho has workedin thisfield for so many years that publicenthusiasmfor the natural therapieshas steadily increased.

The lifeforcesaroundus - which cannotalways besimply explained- arerich,mysterious,and complex.Many of us areinstinctivelyreceptiveto theseforcesand areinclinedto rejectthe in medicalscience.We all know that our body has theability to increasinglyalarmingdevelopments healitselfand that increasinglyinvasiveand complexmedicalprocedures can do moreharmthangood. When oneconsidersphysical therapiessuch as chiropracticand osteopathy,both of which have enjoyedconsiderableand sustainedsuccessesovermany decades,it is very clearthat medical

i\!1anytherapies l1avetlieir roots in Cmk or R o111an cult11re

ABOVE

sciencehas no viablealternativesto offerus. Disordersthat may, in an orthodoxcontext, demand surgerywith its attendantrisksof anesthesiaand infectioncanfrequently be easily, cleanly,and

effectivelytreatedon the chiropractor'sbenchwith a returnto a full lifewithin a few days. We all know, too, that themind plays an inestimablysignificantpart in healing.Cognitivetherapy, for example, oneof thegreat successstoriesof the twentieth century,can do much to alleviatedisordersand eliminatestress-related conditions. We haveseenan explosionof interestin thealternativehealingtherapiesin the last twentyyears and this is a trendthat is to usingthe lifeforcesaroundus in a clearlysetto continueinto thetwenty-firstcentury.And, with it, thereis a receptiveness positiveway in orderto healourmind, body, and spirit. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Alternative Healing Therapies is the

comprehensive, weightyreference bookthat we needfor thedawn of thethirdmillennium.It examinesin considerable depthwhat can bedescribedas thephysicaltherapies, from acupunctureto do-in andfrom chiropracticto Tragerwork. In keepingwith themind,body, spiritethicof alternativetherapies,this -

-

-

-~

-

~

-

bookdeals,in equallysubstantivefashion, with healing,with psychotherapy,with cognitivetherapy, with dreamwork(includinghow to interpretyour own] and with all of thosetherapiesthat refresh themind as wellas the body- dancemovementtherapyand musictherapy,for example.

Ifyou wouldliketo learnabout thecomplementarytherapiesin depth,this is the bookfor you. You willfind out about the historyand principlesof eachof the therapies(listedon the what happensduringa Contentspage], thedifferenttypes of thetherapy,how tofind a practitioner, Lesswell-k11ow11 therapies, such os rciki, ore steodily beco111i11g 11101·epopulor

consultation,and excellent,detailedguidelines for followingthe therapyat home.

LEFT

The secretsof our vital lifeforce arecomplex,joyful, colorful,rich,and elusive.This marvelousbookopensthe doorfor us. C. NORMAN

May 8

1999

SHEALY , M.D. , Ph .D.

I N TR ODUCT

I ON

INTRODUCTION

I

nterestin alternativetherapieshas beengrowing at a phenomenalrateoverrecentyears and continuesto do so. Therearemany reasonsfor this, but prominentamongthemis the

realizationthat conventionalmedicinehas limitationsand is not infallible,togetherwith an

increasingdesireon the part of individualsto take a moreactive rolein improvingand maintainingtheirown healthand well-being.In the lastyears of the twentiethcentury,many peoplehave cometo acceptthat ideasand principlesof healingonceconsideredunscientificor eccentriccan yield valuableinsightsinto the causesof ill health. Not only that , but therapies based on traditional

medi-

symptoms , but they will also ask many more ques-

cine or , in many instances, developed from them, open up a whole different approach to illness and its prevention and treatment. Increasingly, people are no longer content to accept "a pill for every ill," partly because

tions relating to your lifestyle , personality , and history and , if they examine you physically , they are

this approach

sometimes

doesn 't work in prac-

tice , but also because they want to tak e more responsibility for their own health , rather than simply acc epting the role of passive recipients of orthodox medicine . What 's more , alternative

likely to use methods which you have not encountered in an orthodo x consulting room. The way in which they defin e the source of your lack of well- those using being may also be unfamiliar approaches based on oriental medicine , for example , may talk about the life force and restoring natural

therapies offer you not just the opportunity to fight the symptoms of illness , but also to look

balance and harmony. Aspects of your lifestyle such as diet , psychological and emotional respons es , dreams , physical and

beneath the surface to its possible origins. So , as well as being helpful when you are actually unwell , such therapies can be a way to prevent

mental tension , and stress may be explored in depth before any decision is made about appropriate treatment. This leads on to another important

problems arising in the first place , or make them less likely to recur. It with Most ming

principle of alternative therapy , which is that it tends to focus primarily on the individual , rather than o n the symptoms or the underlying

is reasonabl e to compare this approach modern theories about weight control. people now realize that short-term "slim" diets are doom e d to failure in the

long-term if you just go back to your old eating habits once you hav e shed th e

A BOVE A family may be treated as a co111plete unit In, for exa111/Jle , fnmily tlnrnpy

diseas e. Thus you may be recommended to follow a diff e re nt course of therapy Nat11raloils and homeopat/ 1Jc remediesare used 111 ta11de111 with so111 e alternalluetreatments.

A BOV E

pounds . The only way to maintain you r weight at the right level is to change to a healthy eating program and stick with it for ever. Similarly , alternative therapi es do not offer a "quick fix" but a different way of lookin g at the roots of good health , which often involves adopting new principles and making them a regular part of your life. A cours e of therapy can be helpful in dealing with a particular illness or symptom , but there is more to it than that. Alternative therapists aim to help you achieve and maintain optimum health , which is not purely an absence of symptoms but rath er encompasses a positiv e state of physical , psychological , and spiritual well-being. Wh e n you consult an alternative therapist for the first time , you may well be surprised by the course th e encounter follows. Like conv e ntional doctors , alternative practitioners will want to know about any

vidual

from someone else whose symptoms are apparently similar. This approach is often referred to as "holistic ": in other words , it looks at illness and its prevention and treatm ent in terms of you as a unique indirather than in terms of a specific disease or

A l3OV E

11 s an X-ray.

collection of symptoms . That is not to imply , however , that all alternative therapies are alike. They diff er not only in their und erlying beliefs and philosophy , but also in th e ir methods and approach and in terms of what they set out to achieve . These differences are in part historical. Some

Chiropractors may use

111or e orthodox practices, suc/1

Herbs are used 1111111111y tlxraples, Jro111 Ayuw ed11lo 11ro 111 11t/Jerapy 111 11ssage

BEI_OW

therapies have their basis in traditional medicine , often derived from Chinese or Indian practices in use for thousands of years . Others hav e adapted and changed long-established approaches , introducing modern elements. Some are of relatively recent origin and make use of id eas that were not available to practitioners of earlier centuries. Also , the way in which the

9

INTROD

U C T I ON

different therapies are categorized in th e following thr ee chapters reflects other important distinctions , although there is inevitably some overlap between what are defined here as energy therapies , physical therapies , and mind and spirit therapies. Furthermore , some therapies in each category are aimed primarily at treating illness and existing symptoms , and some are more educative in intent , with prevention rather than cure as the aim. Western scientific medicine has recently begun to unravel the links between mind and body , links which have long been taken for granted by practitioners of alternative medicine. It isn 't just the mind and spirit therapies that recognize the importance of psychological and emotional factors in achieving freedom from ill health ; many are based on the assumption that the various elements cannot be disentangled. Treating physical symptoms with physical or energy therapies will frequently involve techniques design ed to relieve stress and tension , anxiety , depr ession , and emotional troubles. Often , the ultimate goal is to restore an inner balance or harmony , although different therapies will define and work towards this in different ways. You will be encouraged to fo llow th e precepts and practices underlying your chosen th era py during treatment and after it is complete . Some therapies make more An aura healerwill try to healby repairingyour aura, wl1ichis said to he a glow that surroundsall life f orms.

ABOVE

demands on you than others. You can enjoy and benefi t from massage and aromatherapy , for example , without making much effort other than turning up for a session , but many others require your active participation and some degree of commitment . At one extreme is psychoanalysis , which often involves at least twiceweekly sessions over a number of years , but even shorter courses of therapy , such as learning the Alexander Technique , require regular attendance and practice. With some therapy , such as meditation , Heller work or visualization , you may be given exercises to do at home , while a system such as ayurveda may be less effective if you are not pr epared to adapt your lifestyle according to its principles . If you choose , you can continue to attend sessions of yoga or t'ai chi indefinitely , and the longer you continue, the greater the benefits that will accrue . With many of the psychotherapy and counseling approac h es, you wi ll have to be pr epared to put in considerable emotional effort , and working with this kind of therapist can be difficult and demandi ng at times. What ever therapy you are considering , you need to weigh up the demands it will make on you with the benefits on offer. It may help to discuss this in detail with the therapist at an initial consultation before deciding to go ahead. For most people , the other important consideration before embarking on a course of therapy is the cost. Again , you need to talk to the individual therapist about this before committing yourself. It isn 't always possible to say exactly how many treatment sessions a person will ne ed , but you should be able to get enough of an idea to help you decide whether you are willing and able to b ea r the cost. There may , of course, be situations where this issue doesn 't arise - you may not have to pay directly , for example , for the cost of a course of psychotherapy or some kinds of physical therapy if you are referred for tr ea tment by your doctor. Finally, when choosing a therapy , you need to be comfortable with both the underlying approach and principl es and with the personality of the therapist. If you are by nature a practical , down-toea rth person , you may be more in tune with physical therapies such as osteopathy , chiropractic or hydrotherapy , or with biofeedback or autogenic training for example , rather than with those based on oriental philosophies and concepts. On the other hand , you may be looking for som e thing with a more spiritual element , such as meditation , ayurveda or yoga. You don 't necessarily have to accept all the underlying

ABOVE Eatingfreshfruit is important,whetheryou are being treatedfor an ,llnessor not

ABOVE Bodywork 1her11pi es, such as theAlexanderTechnique , rnn even improve tin way you holdyour pen

I NTRODUCTION

tenets of a particular therapy to benefit from it , but you are likely to gain more from it if you are in sympathy with its overall aims and philosophy. By the end of your first consultation , you will probably know whether you would be happy to work with the therapist. There's

many practitioners

belong to recognized

orga-

nizations whom you can contact for more information , and some types of therapy , such as osteopathy , can only be performed by those with the proper training. However , in other spheres there are no restrictions - anyone can set themselves up as a counselor , for example - so it's up to you to make sure

your potential practitioner is properly qua! i fied and experienced before 1 committing yourself. right person for you ; this is especially , important if you are contemplating ' ·' One of the major attractions of alternative therapy is that it invites you some form of psychotherapy or counABOVE Sig11111 nd Freudfounded to take back from the medical profession seling. A personality clash is no one's fault psychoanalytic treatment, a very some of the power to manage your own if it occurs , but it is not conducive to i11fluentialtlJerapy health. While it is important that you healing. It is better to find someone with don 't take this to the extreme of refusing whom you feel more at ease than to press on regardless. or stopping effective conventional treatment , you will find that it opens up whole new horizons. Whatever When you have decided which therapies appeal to your health problem , it is virtually certain that ther e is you most and have most to offer you , the next step is a range of alternative therapies to find a practitioner in your area. This will be eas ier if which may help and , in some you have opted for one of those that are widely availcases , make you less prone to able but you may have to compromise if the one you recurrence. In the chapters on favor isn 't available locally. Unless you have been specific therapies , you will find referred by your doctor or by someone who has had good experiences with a particular therapist , it is suggestions as to the types of worth checking out the individual 's training and problem for which each is likely credentials for yourself. A great to be most beneficial. In some cases , treatment can only be BELOW Tai Chi Clm 'an exercises given by a professional , but in Cilll regulate breathingand rnse the chapter on Common stress and tension Ailments , you will also find suggestions as to how you can A BOVE AT Still adapt aspects of some therapies revolr1t1 011izerl the way bo11es are tm1ted1pithhis to treat yourself at home. Often osteopathic t/Jm1py. you wi II b e able to use these methods even if you have never before tried the therapy concerned because they don 't requir e any de e p knowl edge of the principles involved. If you find they are effective , you may th e n want to follow up with a full course of treatment - especially if you have a recurrent problem which is not controlled by conventional medi no need to be embarrassed if you feel that he or she simply isn 't the

Mind and spirit therapies can helpmarriage/noble111s

A BOVE

A BOVE Keepingyour viti1111in intake consistant is always vital.

cine, such as migraine or pre-menstrual syndrome, for example. In this chapter you will also find many simple and practical tips which may alleviate your symptoms without requiring any special effort or complicated eq uipm ent. One of the beauties of alternative medi cine in all its forms is that if focuses on you as a unique individual and empowers you to take from it whatever you personally

ne e d .

11

l t-,;T R ODUC

T ION

HOW TO USE THIS BOOK his comprehensive andfully color-illustratedreference book describesthe wholerangeof alternativehealing therapies-from the most well-knownto thosethat aremoreobscure.Aimed at thegeneralreaderwho is curious about the alternativesideof medicine,this exhaustivevolumecoversEnergy Therapies,Physical Therapies,Mind and Spirit Therapies, and includesa usefulsection011 the most commonailments,and how thesealternativemethodscan help. Part One: Energy Therapies. Seventeen

c hapters d eta il all the known

and visualization

pro cesses,

and what to expect

when

you visit a

e n ergy therapies , fro m those that are m ore main st rea m to the mor e

th e rapist - w h et her you are in a o ne-t o-on e sess ion o r a grou p .

obscur e practices . For eac h the rapy , its hist ory an d ba ckgrou nd

Part Four : Common Ailments. All the most well-known common ailments are d eta iled h e re, includin g those that can affect any grou p , to diseas es of childhood , th e e ld e rly , and sp ec ific reproductive compla int s. Each ailment 's symptoms are d escribed , the d evelop m ent of these symptoms and h ow ea ch re leva nt alternative therap y ca n help. The re are also caut ion box es (w hen a th erapy is n ot suitabl e ) and bo xes Reference Section . This th at describ e more ort h odox treatment. consists of a fu ll glossary , a list of usefu l addresses , and books for furt h er readin g.

are described , as are precautions

a nd watchpoints

that

can be

carri e d out at home are also in c lud e d . Part Two: Physical Therapies. Nin etee n chapters desc ribe the ph ys ica l th erapies and , again , detail th e background of each th e rapy. Th ere are clear illustration s of w hat to ex pect when you vis it a pr actitioner and possible self -h e lp exercises. Part Three: Mind and Spirit Therapies. Eighteen chapters introduce eac h therapy , its hist ory , background and theori es. There are also step-by step descriptions of m e ditative

the "Origin s" box cells you the hiscor·y of that theory

the "Onhodox" view box cells you the doctor 's view of th e therapy

Part 1 describes t/Je Energy T/Jernpies /iri'c,/,1,l/,u uw,J /,c,1,/m1111,t1m/ /,y ,1 t,.,m1.,,

.. cl ~ •.,.

~

,t..,

~· ~e.-,(1,,r, ,,,.,. n1·I,

., hJH lunch

1h,-,hould

I'< 1h,· Ii•~•"' n>tJI 1, tfing force of personality

Janov published The Primal Scream. In it , h e laid the basis for what primal therapy. Janov 's

thesis was simple and persuasive.

He argued

that our

need durin g the earliest years of life is love.

The infant craves the attention , physical affection , and demonstrable forthcoming

emotional

disorders: SEEP.

ADDICTION: ANXIETY:

SEE PP.

258

256-7 261

SEE P.

DEPRESSION:

SEEP.

351

HYPERVENTILATION:

SEE P.

301

OBSESSION:

SEE P.

STRESS: SEE PP.

259

262-3

These therapies are a lso used to treat learning difficulties, develop mental disorders , manic dep ression , obsessive-

LEFT

Arthur

fundamental

children.

bee n used successfully to treat the following

'Ji

REBIRTH ING

was to become

or abuse , and

Re birthing Patients receiving primal therapy often report that , as they go deeper into therapy , they find ,"1 AUTOGENIC

SYMPTOMS

ARE BEST T REATED

BY A MEDICAL

P

ut at its simplest , addiction means that a dependence on a substance , or , in some cases , an activity , takes over life. It is a physical and psychological state , particularly associated with a number of drugs , the most common being caffeine , nicotine, alcohol , tranquilizers , and sleeping tablets , and including numerous illegal substances , such as cannabis , cocaine , and heroin. Among th e disorders related to the misuse of such substanc es, the experts make a clear distinction between substance abuse and substance dependence. Substance abuse victims cannot control their cravings. Though they repeatedly try to stop using the drug , they fail. Substance dependence victims share the same symptoms , but , in addition , have built up a tolerance for the drug, so that increasing amounts of it are necessary for the desired effect. In both cases , the addict may experience physical "withdrawal" symptoms wit hout the drug in question, such as th e d elirium tremens that is a result of alcoholism. Addicts need h e lp and support. Without this , attempts to rectify the condition fail far more often than not . Coming to terms with th e existence and extent of the problem is an essent ial first step , and professional counseling can contri bu te grea tly to achieving this. Further medical back-up may include the prescription of antid epressants , sleeping tablets and , in some cases of dru g addiction , substitute dru gs where the original one has caused chemica l changes in the brain.

PSYCHOTHERAPY

~ AND COUNSELING

pages 196-9 , and pages 208-9.) E'MA

SSAGE

J"~ • Practitioners

argue that full body massage con help to boost self-esteem and that the touching the therapy involves signals suppo rt for the recipient. The therapy is widely used to help in the treatment of addiction in the

U.S. (See pages 96-103.)

With many addictions, the mostdifficultthing is admittingthat you havea problemand needhelp Counselingand supportgroups helpsufferersrealisethat they arenot alone.

ABOVE

I)

I SO RD ER S O F TH E M I N

Obsession n obsession is a persistent idea or thought that dominates someone 's mind. An overwhelming urge to act upon an obsession is known as a compulsion. When someone becom es overwhelmed or dominated by obsessive ideas or compulsive acts , the medical term for the condition is obsessive-compulsive disorder. The behavior totally disrupts victims ' lives: they may be unable to go out becaus e they feel th e need to return to their homes time after tim e to check that the door is lock ed , for example. Washing the hands repeatedly through fear of germs, checking that lights ar e turned off , and manic tidiness are other common ex amples of the dis order. Tru e obsessive-compulsive disorder is quite rar e , though minor obsessiona l symptoms are commoner. Orthodox doctors usually sug gest a form of behavioral therapy to deal with the problem , sometime accompanied by the prescription of antid e pressants.

Evencleanliness can be taken tooJar. A constantdesireto wash your handsmay bea symptomof somedeeperanxiety.

ABOV E

~ HYPNOTHERAPY ~ • A hypnotherapist will put you into a trance and , while you are deeply relaxed, will suggest ways in which you can deal with your problems. She may also advise on selfhypnosis techniques you can use for yourself to help to relax deeply when the need arises. (See pages

218-23.)

~I OT I O N S

condition. In particular, they advocate the use of modeling clay , or other malleable material s. (See pages 238-41.) ri;>'1AUTOGENIC TRAINING

r..J

• A therapist can teach you the six mental exercises and three physical positions that form the basis of this effective relaxation therapy.

(See pages 2 I 0- 11.)

D •

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT IF TH E PROBLEM LO OKS LIKE BECOM I C EXTREME , YO U MA Y BE PRESCRIBED A COURS E OF TR A NQUILIZ ERS AND REFERRED TO A PSYCHIATRIST.

Therapists believe that this form of massage can be useful in alleviating obsessional thought patterns , particularly among the under 50s. (See

pages 32-7 and Do-in, pages 38-41.)

~ • By encouraging ~YOGA

CAUTION COMP UL SIVE D ISORDER CAN CONC EA L T H E PRO BLEM FROM ALL BUT THE PEOPLE THEY LIVE WITH. SOMEONE

IF YOU SU SPECT

IS SUFFERING FROM

T H E CON DITION,

T RY T O CET

HIM TO SEEK PROFESSIONAL HELP WITHOUT

feelings of mental and physical well-being, yoga has helped many people suffering from obsessions or compulsive behavior. It will also help you to relax . A teacher can show you wh ich positions are best and how to execute them . (See pages 52-9.)

DELAY.

mJ ART THERAPY ¥11• Practitioners the counselor will listen sympathetical ly and make constructive suggestions

~

~SHIATSU

THOSE W ITH AN OBSESSIVE -

• the mind is obsessedby recurrentthoughtsabout the same subject,to the exclusionof nearly everything else,including work and family• f earof contamination• raw skin caused by repeatedhand washingor repeatedhousework• agresssive thoughtsand behavior• depression

A NI)

THERAPIES

A

SYMPTOMS

I)

you can talk freely without fear of ridicule

LEFT Talki11g to a professional counselor may helpidentify1/n causeof theproblem

believe that the therapy helps by encouraging sufferers to "l et go " of some of the underlying fears , tensions and anger that are characteristic consequences of their

-

COLOR THERAPY ~. Therapists believe that colors of specific hues and shades are effective in improving physical , emotional and spiritual health. They claim that color illumination with a soft magenta light has proved its effectiveness in treating cases of obsession . The therapy also involves counseling and the teaching of appropriate relaxation techniques . (See

pages 248-51.) ,.,

PSYCHOTHERAPY

~

AND

COUNSEL ING • A behavioral therapist will show you ways to help to manage the anxieties that are an integral part of the disorder more positively. Response prevention , which is designed to show that irrational fears do not come true, is also part of the therapy. (See pages

196-9.)

Hypnotlmapy reachesthesubconscious part of your mindand enablesyou to deal with concerns of whichyo u are unaware

ABOVE

259

C O/ v!MO

N

A ILM

EN T S

LEFT Peoplewho 11lso sufferf ron, phohiasof tenf eeltrnppedwithin their fears 1111dneed a he//)ing/;and to co11tmlw/;11 t seemsto ot/;erslo be an irrntionalresponse to tbe world

Phobias

P

hobias are deep , irrational fears usually classified as anxiety disorders that , if left untreated , can cause severe anxiety, pain attacks , and possible depression. They can take many different forms , but among the most common are agoraphobia , the fear of open spaces , claustrophobia , the fear of being in an enclosed space , and social phobia, fear of any social gathering. Another common phobia is the fear of certain creatures , notably snakes and spiders. Though antidepressants and tranquilizers can provide effective short-term relief , many doctors hesitate to prescribe them on their own , in case they become addictive. Rather , they will refer sufferers to a specialist psychologist , who may treat the condition through the use of a technique called desensitization. This involves repeated and increasing ex posure to th e feared situation or object , so that you gradually learn how to overcome your fears and the phobic response abates.

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT YO U MAY BE PRESCRI BED AN T IDE PKESSANTS OR TR AN QUILIZER S ON A SHORTT ERM BA SIS. IN THE LONGER TERM , YO U M AY BE A DV ISED TO UND ERGO DESENSITI Z AT ION BY SAT UR ATION

THER A PY, WHICH

W O RKS BY EXPOS IN G A SU FFERER T O T HE CA U SE OF T HE l' RO\ll..EJ\I FO R C RA DU A LLY IN C REASING PERIO D S OF T IJ\IE

SYMPTOMS THERAPIES

• increasedheartbeat• excessivesweating• high blood pressure• tremblingand shaking • nausea• fa inting • hyperventilation(rapidbreathing)

11111 AROMATHERAPY

ti]

massages with essential oils can be effective in treating phobias, some of the most effective oils being bergamot, chamomile , clary sage , geranium , jasmine, juniper, lavender, marjoram , melissa and ylang ylang. (See

~ TECHNIQUES • Deep, regular, relaxed breathing from the diaphragm is an essential part of learning to control your physical responses to a perceived threat , which is what your phobia is to you. (See pages 166-71.)

L!JIII • Body

Many people dislike the slimyness of snakesor the scuttling run of spiders, b11 t in the phohiasuffererthey cause physical symptoms of distress

RIGH T AN D ll ELOW

BREATHING

~

r--:::J RELAXATION ~ TECHNIQUES • These are of inestimable value to anyone suffering from a phobia and you are well advised to learn the techniques and to practice them. Use them whenever you feel a panic attack approaching , as they can relieve its symptoms , particularly hyperventilation .

I • Phobias are thought to be caused by a combination of I psychological factors and life events . • Approximately 27 million Amer icans - nearly 15 percent of the I population - suffer from an anxiety disorder at some point in their I lives. I • Panic attacks are characterized by repeated, unprovoked I attacks of terror , accompanied by chest pain , heart palpitations , I shortness of breath , dizziness , weakness and sweating . They tend I to be short-lived , lasting for 10 to 20 minutes. I • The commonest form of phobia is agoraphobia, the fear of open I spaces . Another common variant is claustrophobia , the fear of I

crowded places or of being confined in small spaces.

L __________________ 260

HYPNOTHERAPY ~ • A hypnotherapist will take you back to the time when when the phobia first demonstrated itself and then will work with you to overcome the fear . He or she may also ask you to visualize the phobia stage by stage as a way of coming to terms with it and overcoming it. (See pages

218-23.)

(See pages 158-65.)

I

J

RIG HT Si111pl e exercises wit/; contmlled hreathing can relax you suff iciently to reduce your anx iety.

ART THERAPY

238 - 41.)

r.,

pages l 04-5.)

DATAFILE

ffl'I

~ • Practitioners think that phobias often have their roots in childhood terrors and fears and that depicting them through drawing and painting can help to overcome them. (See pages

PSYCHOTHERAPY

~ AND COUNSELING • As well as desens itizat ion techniques (see abov e), cognitive-behavioral therapy can encourage the development of more positive pattern s of thinking and behavior. (See

pages 196-9.)

I)

Depression

I S O R l) E R S O ~

T H E 1\1 I N D

A N

IF SYMPTOMS

D

ness and feelings of inadequacy. It may be triggered by an outside cause , such as bereavement , divorce or job loss ; or it may be due to a combination of factors such as early psychological losses , poor upbringing , genetic predisposition , or biochemical imbalance. Sometimes , the condition can alternate with spells of euphoria and hyperactivity (manic-depressive disorder ) . SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder ), which typically occurs in the winter, is another varia nt . Most peopl e suffer from depression at some point in their lives but at times it may require m edical treatment . A doctor may treat mild depression with a short course of tranquiliz ers or sleeping pills. Sensible self-help measures include increasing exercise , to boost e nergy leve ls, and talking through the problem with someone close to you. More severe depression may require a course of antidepressants and counseling , though it can take weeks - or months - for these to be effective.

• profoundand prolongedchangeof mood • overwhelming senseoffailure and self-blame• suicidalthoughtsandfeelings • loss of zestfor life • slow speech• confusion• constant fatigue • lossof appetite• poorconcentration• aching limbs • poorsleepand waking early in the morning,several hours beforeyou needto • cessation of periods• generalized, unexplainedanxiety • loss of libido

T \XIO

ADV ICE.

IF YOU FEEL AT ALL SUIC ID AL , SEEK MED ICAL H ELP IMMEDI AT ELY.

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT YOU MAY HE PRESCRIBED T HE CON DIT ION , IF IT IS SEVERE, AN D REFERRED T O A COUNSELO R OR PSYCH IATRI ST. MILD

DE PRESSION IS TRE ATED

\XIIT H SHO RT COU RSES O F TRA , Q U ILIZE RS OR SLEEPING PIL LS

you have no enthusiasm for anything

you are physically exhausted and can't be bothered exercising

LEFT Depressionmeans morethan 'Jecli11g a bit down " Yourself-esteem is at an alltime loiu, you fi nd it difficult lo motivate yo 11 rself lo do anything, and yo 11ca11n ot /Jelieve t/Jatanyone else cares.

I

of all people with depression experience recurrences .

\XIEEKS, SEEK MEDICAL

I

I • The risk of depre ssion increases with age: 17 year olds are four I times more likely to be depressed than 8 to 12 year olds. I • Major depressions occur in 10-20 percent of the world's I population in the course of a lifetime . • One person in 50 with a depressive illness needs hospital I treatment. One in 20 suffer from winter depression (Seasonal I Affective Disorder, or SAD), thought to be caused by I overproduction of the hormone melatonin. Cases of SAD are on the I increase but can be treated by phototherapy (bright light therapy). I • Half

A RE SEVE RE, O R

LAST FOR LONG ER THAN

ANT IDEPRESSANTS TO RELIEVE

DATAFILE

L~-~~~------~~-~~-~J

EM O T I O N S

CAUTION

SYMPTOMS

ep ression cov ers a range of feelings, from temporar y "blues " to a state of extreme dejection and melancholy with an accompanying mood of hopeless-

l)

THERAPIES E"MA

SSAGE

r"~ • Relaxing

massages may help to relieve the feelings of loneliness and isolation that sometimes bring on depression.

(See pages 96-103.) ~

HYDROTHERAPY According to practitioners , sauna baths and vigorous body rubs hove proved effective in treating the symptoms of depression. (See

D •

pages 172-9.) ~

ACUPUNCTURE ~ • A practitioner will stimulate the acupoints on the various meridians considered to affect mood . (See pages

20-8.)

fll AROMATHERAPY l!II • Antidepressant oils

showing you how to identify pessimistic thoughts and then

pages 146-51 );

con be used in massage include neroli, jasmine, geranium, melissa and rose .

how you can change them.

Ylang ylong, lavender , clary sage or chamomile have both a sedative and antidepressant effect. (See pages I 04-5.)

~YOGA • Relaxing and stretching poses and deep breaths can be useful. (See pages 52-9 .)

(see pages 15865); visualization (see pages 214-17); hypnotherapy (see pages 218-23); music therapy (see pages 232-5); art therapy (see pages 238-41 ); light therapy (see pages 242-3) .

r,.-.DANCE

that

THERAPY

~ • Dance exercise combined with music in a social setting can raise endorphin levels and help relieve depres sion . (See pages 226-9.)

r.,

PSYCHOTHERAPY

~ AND COUNSELING • A practitioner will teach you how to think positively by

(See pages 196-9.)

~

relaxation techniques

~..I

OTHER THERAPIES ..., • The following therapies may alleviate the condition: qigong and t' ai chi ch ' uan (see

pages 44-5; 46-51 ); meditation (see pages 60-3) ; rei ki (see pages 7 4-5) ; craniosacral therapy (see pages 116-17) ; Feldenkrais method (see pages 142-5) ; Alexander technique (see

RICHT Dance therafly can help lift thesy111/Jtoms of deflression

261

CO ,\I ~ION

A I L M ENT

S

Stress you may suffer from headaches or notice tightness of the jaw muscles, as if your teeth were permanently clenched

S

ome degre e of stress in life is ben ef icial. Wh en it becomes a problem , this is more often than not the result of continuous mental or physical pressures that individuals find impossibl e to meet. The trigger point , or threshold , obviously varies from person to person. Som e people thrive on stress , perceiving every difficulty and hurdle in life as a challenge. Others find it difficult or impossibl e to accommodate or cope with such changes. For them , such things becom e stressful , rather than challenging. Some people thrive on a degree of stress , but excessive stress , or suffering from stress over a period of time , is genera lly not goo d for t he health. What happ e ns is that certain situations - th e stressors - may set off what is termed the fig ht or flight " response in your body. Pe rc e iving an emerge ncy , the brain sends out alarm sig nals via chemical mess e ngers called neurotransmitters . These signals trigg er the production of hormones whos e function it is to put th e body on alert and prepare it for trouble. Your puls e rate accelerates , your heart pounds , your knees may shake and your stomach may b eco me upset . But , because the stressor is usually mental or emot ional , there is no appropriate physical release. The long-term resu lt is a depletion of the body 's supply of stress-related hormones , making it more vulnerable to illness and disease. Common examples of stressrelated disord ers includ e back pain , raised blood pr ess ure , and indigestion.

the stomach is traditionally the seat of the emotions, and digestive upsets are a common symptom of stress

11

Having reco g nized the problem , there is much that you can do for yourself to h elp to resolve it. Look at the main causes of stress in your life and decid e how you can reduce their levels : this is important for your

~YOGA • A teacher will show you which postures will help to promote relaxation , so achieving a balance between body and mind. You will also be taught breathing routines, such as alternate nostril breathing , that will similarly help you to relax.

~

(See pages 52-9). ~ T' Al CHI CH'UAN This therap y's slow , flowing movements are sai d to release physical and mental tensions and adjust the body 's energy flow. The breathing

L •

262

techniques you will also learn promote relaxation and inner calmness . (See pages 46-51 and

Qigong , pages 44-5.) E"M

ASSAGE Regular massage is a proven counter to the effects of stress. The rubbing , kneading and pummelling the therapy involves will relieve muscle tension and also trigger the release of endorphins , which will have an

r.11•

uplifting effect. (See pages

96-103.)

your muscles may feel tight and tense

I

CAUTION NO ON E CAN TO LERATE H IG H

A cerlain a 111 ou11I of stress is considere d to begoodfor yo11olhenviseyou would he living yo11r life on a11emotional plalem1- but thereare limes when thereis jusl too much to do and yo u don't f eelyou ca11 copea11ylo11ger

LEVELS OF STRESS OVE R LONG

LEFT

PERIODS OF Tl 1\I E W IT HOUT SERIOUS RISK T O THEIR PHYSICAL OR MENTAL HEALTH REDUCING

STRESS IS AN

ESSENTIA L PART OF A HEAL T HY LIF ESTYLE.

~

ACUPUNCTURE is considered to be

ll\\ • This therapy

particularly useful when tackling physical problems that arise as a result of stress. The exact nature of the treatment depends on the problems. (See pages

20-8.)

1111AROMATHERAPY l!.1111 • Massages with essential oils are excellent de-stressors . Among the most effective oils are basil , chamomile, geranium, lavender, neroli and rose. Strengthening

oils include rosemary , ginger and lemongrass, while frankincense calms and deepens breathing.

(See pages I 04-5.)

~

ROLFING

m • The therapy

is claimed to be effective in relieving stress, but you should note that it is physically demanding.

(See pages 134-7 and Hellerwork, pages 138-41.)

~

MEDITATION

~ • By practicing meditation regularly, practitioners argue that you can reduce stress levels substantially. The physical evidence for this includes lowered blood pressure and a slower pulse rate . A therapist wil identify the techn iqu es that are best for you. (See

pages 60-3.)

LEFT Essential oilsfro111 plants are used in aromatherapylo reducestress.

[)ISO

heal th both in the short term and in the long term. Look at your workload and decide how to cut it down if you need to. The magic words are Prioritize , Delegate and Eliminate. Do only what is truly important to you. Can someone else take over some of your tasks? Can you simply cross some of your tasks off your daily list? Concentrate on problem-solving in order to reduce stress. Unresolved problems continue to produce stress and any therapy that you choose, therefore , is diminished in its benefits . Increasing the amount of exercise you take will undoubtedly help , though you should not undertake a program of vigorous exercise without consulting your physician. Try , for example , a combination such as riding , yoga and walking , or squash and t 1ai chi. Eating regularly and healthily is also of importanc e . You should feel better within two weeks if you improve your di et , cutting out caffeine , alcohol , and nicotine , and eat plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables.

R [)ER

S Or-

MIND

AND

E ~IO T I O NS

a healthy diet promotes an overall feeling of well-being and enables you to deal better with the ups and downs of life

fresh, health-giving food need not be boring or take long to prepare

LEFT It's very easy to reachJor the c/;ocolate01· to eat ct~1ickly prepared junk food whenunderstress

DATAFILE

SYMPTOMS

• disturbed,fitful sleep• insomnia• waking up much earlier than usual andfalling asleepduring the day • changein appetite• weightgain or loss • reducedzestfo r life • irritability • confusion• forgetfulnes s • feelinganxiousor panicky • headache• migraine• stomachache• anger• dizziness• impotence• increasedheartbeat • in children.• naughtiness• listlessness• restlessness • beingwithdrawn• refusingto socialise• bedwetting• uncontrollablerages• stealing

THE

I I I I I I I I

• The three best recognized causes of stress are bereavement , divorce , and moving home. • The most widely used scale of causes of stress was formulated by two American researchers , Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe, in 1967. It rates life changes, starting with bereavement, in units up to 100 . To calculate your stress rating , tick any event that has occurred to you in the last two years. Add up your score. Between 150 and 300 units gives you a 50 percent chance of a serious change in your health within the next year . More than 300 units increases the risk to 80 percent.

JI

L __________________

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT A DOCTOR

MA Y RECOMMEND

T IME OFF FROM WORK SO THAT YOU CAN RELAX AND REDUCE YOU R ST RESS LEVELS. SHE MAY PRESCRIBE ANTIANXIE T Y DRUGS , ANTIDE PRESSANTS OR SLEEPING TABLETS TO HELP TID E YOU OVER , BUT IT IS INADVISABLE

T O TA K E THE SE

FOR LONG PERIODS

THERAPIES ~

REFLEXOLOGY • Practitioners believe that the overall treatment promotes relaxation. By additionally working on the appropriate reflex areas , they also claim that they can treat specific physical symptoms that are associated with stress. (See pages 66-71.)

~

r,..,,. DANCE

THERAPY ~ • Dance movement therapy is particularly effective in lifting the spirits and channelling the nervous energy in a positive direction of enjoyment. Three half-hour sessions a week can substantially reduce stress levels.

(See pages 226-31.)

'®'

HYPNOTHERAPY ~ • Hypnotherapists believe that suggesting ways of coping with your problems while you are in a state of trance means that you can trigger these at will

when confronted by them. (See

Because reflexologyis a holistic therapy,treatingthe wholebody and encouraging it to heal Itself, it is particularly effectiveat relievin g stress,whatever thecause.

LEFT

pages 218-23.)

[JII MUSIC THERAPY ~•Simply relaxing at home listening to music is often an effective way of unwinding . Attending actual therapy sessions also helps you to relax and relieve your feelings by sharing with others , according to practitioners . (See

::ES§ BIOFEEDBACK • By teaching you how to monitor your reactions to stress, therapists argue that you can use this knowledge to cope with and eventually control them. (See

pages 232-5.)

re>,

AUTOGENIC TRAINING therapist will teach

,-..J • A

you a specific program , which normally draws on elements of relaxation techniques , meditation and self-hypnosis . Some therapists may incorporate yoga into the overall package. The idea is to lessen the body 's reaction to stress by reducing the pressure on it. (See pages

210-11.)

~

PSYCHOTHERAPY ~AND COUNSELING • A cognitive-behavioral therapist aims to help you identify your personal triggers and deal with the stresses they cause by teaching you how to modify aspects of your personality that make you vulnerable to them. (See pages 196-9.)

pages 212-13.)

r--1_1RELAXATION ~ AND BREATHING • Learning how to relax your muscles and breathe deeply and calmly will both help you to manage stress more effectively.

(See pages 158-65 and pages 166-71.)

P"...I OTHER

THERAPIES ..., • Practitioners believe the following may help alleviate the condition: shiatsu/do-in (see pages 32-41 ); shaolin (see pages 42-3); polarity therapy (see pages 64-5) ; metamorphic technique (see pages 72-3); reiki (see pages 7 4-5); Bowen technique (see pages 76-7); therapeutic touch (see pages 90-1 ); craniosacral therapy (see pages 116-17); kinesiology (see pages 126-33); Feldenkrais method (see pages 142-5); Alexander technique (see pages 146-53) ; Tragerwork (see pages 154-5) ; Zero Balancing (see pages 156-7) ; hydrotherapy (see pages 172-9) ; flotation therapy (see pages 180-1 ); visualization (see pages 214-17); art therapy (see pages 238-41) ; biorhythms (see pages 244-7); and color therapy (see

pages 248-51).

263

C(J\l\101'

All

:\1 1:--.:TS

Ins o mni a h ate ver our ag e , w e all n ee d our sleep , bec ause too litt le m ea n s th at we think

less c le a rl y, a nd

su ffe r fro m fa ti gue a nd irri ta bility. In somni a is c harac te riz ed by t h e in abil ity to fa ll as lee p , repeate dl y wa kin g th roug h t h e night , or waking too ear ly in th e m o rn in g and bein g unabl e to fa ll as leep agai n. It ca n b e ca u se d b y w orry , e m ot iona l str e ss , exh aus ti o n , an x iety , d e pr essio n , fever , o ve rindu lge nce in alco h o l or wit hd rawal , je t -lag , pain and drinkin g ex cessive a m o u nts of caffei n e.

LEFT You rn11 iJel/>reliCP e yo ur 0 11111 slee/>proble111 s by 11lll ki11gsureyo ur bed is co111Jort11ble , t/Jotyou me 1P1n 111 bul 110/ loo 1uor111and t!J11 t you r bedroo111 is well ue11 ti/11ted.

A lthoug h the aft e r-e ffects of in so mni a a re unpl easa nt , th ey are n o t ser ious ly d am agi n g to he alth , and yo u wi ll fa ll as lee p eve ntu a lly. T o d ea l w ith th e co mpl aint , re learning goo d slee ping patte rn s is o f p a ramount importance

. A b e droom

is for

sle epi n g - so bani sh radi o , TV , n ew spap ers, bo o ks, and

CAUTION

or six h ours at nig h t an d to tak e a b rief n ap in t h e aftern oon aft e r lun c h o r cat nap duri ng th e day.

SLEEPINC PIL LS AN I) T RAN QU I L IZER S A RE NO T A

a n yt hi ng that is w ork-r e lat e d . You n e ed to reg ard th e b e d roo m as a pl ace of slumb e r rat h er th a n as a p lac e of

LONC - T ER1\ I SOl. U T I0 1 '-l T O Tl-I F PROH LE1\\ or

SYMPTOMS

so that y ou ar e n ot wok e n in th e ea rl y morn in g b y sun lig ht - buy thick e r curta in s, if nec e ssary . Yo u r bed sh o u ld b e fir m e nou g h to suppor t yo u wit h o u t d ipp in g

INSO~ l '-JIA. IN

FAC T , SOME CA N A LICJ\1EN T

work. Mak e sur e that th e be d roo m is su ffic ie n t ly d ark ,

T H E PROB LEM HY l) ISRU l'T I NC Tf-ff

• over-active mind, preventing sleep• nightmarescausing repeatedwakening • restlessness in bed waking up in the morningstillfeeling tired

NA T U RAL SLEEP C:YCI f-..

AN Y ONE RECLILARLY Rl"LYINC 0 1' DR L\CS FOR SLEEP SH OUW C ON SUL T A IJ OCTO R.

a nd sof t enou g h to b e co m fortable . K ee p a pe n a nd pa p er by th e b e d to rec o rd worries th at crop up as y ou are falling asl ee p. Writ ing th e m d own so th e y can b e tackl e d in t h e m orni n g is a usef ul tec hni qu e. Try to go to b e d at t h e sam e time e ac h ni g ht and to

DATAFILE

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

• More than 100 million Americans of all ages regularly fa il to g et a good nig ht's sleep.

A D OCTO R W II.L TRY T O ll) FNT l f Y T H E UN IJ l:R I.Y IN C

ge t up at th e sa m e t im e e ac h m o rnin g . N oticeab le ti m e va riati o n s ma y le ad to slee p d ist urbanc e . If yo u ar e not slee py, get up b ecaus e ot h erwise y ou will com e to assoc iate ly in g in bed w ith be in g awake , not fal lin g asle e p . If y ou are oft e n tir e d , but are slee pin g fair ly we ll, it m ay h elp to c u t out caffe ine , n ico t ine an d a lc o h o l. You

INSO ,\I N IA, WHICH

A RE

U SUAi I.Y rSYCHO LOCICAI ., SO ,\IE T l 1\\[S

PHYS ICA L, SUC H

• Inso mnia may be fleet ing , lo ng-term o r chroni c, and may be a sign of depression.

AS N ICI-I T S\'(l[ATS O F TH , THY ROTOX IC:OSIS, O RTHOPN EA O R HEART rAI I.U RE. SLEEl' IN C

• Daytime sy mptoms of insomnia include sleepiness , anxi ety, impaired concentration and memory , and irritability .

TABLETS SH O U LD NOT BE TA K EN r o R LO N C ER T H A N

wee k s o f cuttin g out alco h o l wh ile t h e bo d y ge ts u se d

1\I AY ALSO A RRANCE FO R YO U

it , bu t y ou sh ou ld so on not ice a n

• Your p roper sleepin g pos ition is usuall y the posit io n you are in w hen yo u w ak e up.

SU C H AS 1\ NX lrT Y, BU T

may nee d sleep in g tab lets to he lp yo u ov e r th e first tw o to doin g without

• Man y disorders of sleeping and waking interfere with q uality of life and per sonal hea lth.

FACTO RS CON TR IBU T INC T O

TWO

WEE K S. THE D OCT OR

• Large numbers of people w ho take sleeping tablets find wi thin a few we eks that they cannot ma nag e wi thout them.

TO H ,\VF COUNSE i INC

• M ost peo ple sleep for between 6 .5 and 8 .5 hours a night . Abo ut 16 percent sleep for more than 8 .5 hours, w hile 18 percent manage w ith few er than 6 .5 hou rs. Someone w ho sleeps for 8 ho urs a t the

impro ve m e n t. T h e re is n o nee d to worr y if y o u find yo ur se lf sleepi n g less wit h age - we ne e d le ss slee p as

La~

we b e co m e o ld e r a n d it may b e b etter to sle ep , say , five

:_3~

s~ e! t~

n:_ n:. d.: h:

r~t

=

~e _: ~- ___

THERAPIES ~

MASSAG

r"~

0

E

~•

~..I OTHER

TH ERAPY

THERAPIES

Practi tio ners may teach methods that are claime d to be very effe ctive fo r ind uci ng sleep . (See page s 118-23.)

(See page s l 04 - 5 .)

~ • Relax ing the muscles and brea thing deep ly from the diaphrag m befo re goin g to bed can help allev ia te insomnia . /See p age s 158-6 5 and pages

.. , • Thera pi es reco mmend ed by practitio ners include : acupunct ure (see pge s 20 - 2 8), shiatsu / do-in (see p age s 32-4 1); qigong/ t'a i chi c h' ua n (see pages 4 2- 51 ); shao lin (see p ag es 4 2- 3}; yoga (see pages 52 - 9); pola rity therap y (see pages 64 -5) ; reflexol ogy (see pages 66-7 1}; a utoge nic trai nin g /see page s 210 - 11); bio feedback /see pa g es

166-71.)

212 - 13).

LEFT lvlasrnl}c by yo urself - 0 1· with yo ur /Mrt11 er - is 11rel11 xi11 g /)rernrsor to sleep

264

~ HYPNO

Massag ing the legs , abdomen , the back , a nd the shoulder s is reco mmended to induce sleep . (See page s 96 - 103.) Aromatherap y massage using lavender oi l is a lso recomme nded.

~

RELAXA TI ON

AND

BREATH IN G

.J

I) I SO RI ) I~ R S Or

Eating

Disorders

E

ticularly among men and pre-teens. Anore x ia nervosa , known as the "slimmer 's diseas e," primarily affects teenagers. It is characterized by self-starvation and progressive weight loss. Bulimia nervosa , by contrast , involves secretive binge eating , followed by deliberate purging through self -induced vomiting , the taking of laxatives and diuretics , or through compulsive exercise. Binge Eating Disorder is binging without the purging, though the sufferer may sporadically fast or di et. Anorexia and bulimia are beli eve d to share a number of causes. The conditions g enerally arise as a result of family dynamics and e motional te nsions or p erso n ality problems , notably feelings of insecurity , low self- esteem and fear of sexuality. Som e exper ts believe that the conditions might be sparked off by biochemical imbalances within the bod y. Prompt medical treatment is vital, as otherwise chronic illness may set in. Any alternative therapy should be used in conjunction with orthodox tr ea tm e nt: it cannot substitute for it, or replace it.

HOSPITALIZATION

• Infertility and loss of sexual desire are common consequences of anorexia nervosa.

MEAL.T IMES, AND PSYCHIATRIC COUNSELING.

• The illness can last from anywhere between one and 15 years and even longer in some cases. • Around six out of every hundred teenage girls are anorexic.

I

THERAPIES ~

ACUPUNCTURE the sufferer has recognized the existence of an eating disorder, acupuncture and acupressure can both be helpful in stimulating the appetite and boosting the immune system. (See pages

rl\l • Once

ANO REXIA AND BULIMIA NO T ORIOUSLY

RELUC T ANT TO

SEEK PROFESSIO NAL HELP FO R EITHER CONDI TI ON BECAUSE OF THEIR LOSINC

C0 1 \IMITMENT WEIGHT

TO

• Psychological and psychiatric support are likely to offer sufferers the best prospects of long-term help . Counseling will focus on promoting a positive body image, increased self-esteem and eliminating self-destructive

According to 11cupun ct11re theory, inserting,mdles at srecific points re-establishesa healthy relat,onshirbetweenthe organs of tin body, enablingtl1estomach, liuerand splec11, for example,tofunction better

behavioral and family particulaly with eating

r-,

104-5 .)

OR

FAMILY 1\I EMIJER IS EITHER

r,__. DANCE

ANO REXIC OR BULIMIC , DO EVERYTHING

TH AT YOU CAN

TO OBTA IN PRO FESSIONAL HELP , VIA THE IR FAMILY DOCTOR , FOR THEI\I . IN T HE 1\I EANT II\I E, fEED THEM AS NO RM AL AND DISCUSS THE PROB LEM O PENLY IF POSSIBLE

ABOVE

VISUALIZATION

L...~• By cultivating

a positive self-image, practitioners believe that the technique will help to boost self-esteem and so combat the lack of confidence that is part of the condition. (See pages

24-7.)

ylang ylang. (See pages

IF YOU

SUSPECT THAT A rRIENIJ

(See pages 218-23.)

PSYCHOTHERAPY AND COUNSELING

enhancing, relaxing essential oils may relieve symptoms. Recommended oils include bergamot , lavender , neroli and

ARE

to induce a positive feeling towards eating through the use of post-hypnotic suggestion .

146-53.)

1111 AROMATHERAPY l!II • Massage with mood-

PEOPLE SUFFERING WITH

HYPNOTHERAPY .. practitioner may try

~ALEXANDER ~--TECHNIQUE • This therapy has tremendous healing powers for those ill at ease with themselves. The technique teaches a calm awareness and acceptance of the body. (See pages

pages 192-207.) CAUTION

0 ..@, •A ~

20-8 and pages 29-3 I.)

patterns . Group therapy are effective in dealing disorders . (See

urli11g RI C HT S11Jfernsfro111 disordersfrequrnlly /Jnue11Pery dislorled Pisio11of tlm11selucs , scci11g t!JC111sefoes 11sgrossly oue1we1jJht 111/m1 they 11re11ot/ ;111 g of tl;e sari. Mos/ s11Jfncrs nrc tee1111g egirls, hul t/1c rrohle111s are beco111i11g 111ore COIIIIIIOII i11l1oysloo

MOVEMENT UII THERAPY • The therap y is considered to provide a good outlet for pentup feel ing s, encouraging the realization of a sense of purpose and awareness of individual identity. (See pages

I I I I I I I I I

J

L __________________

~

• refusalto eat • beingabsentat mealtimes• embarkingon a slimmingdiet when there is no obvious needto do so • rushingaway from the tabledirectly aftereatingin orderto induce vomiting • unexplainedloss of weight • pallor • f atigue • obsessionalexercising

F 1\10 T I O NS

• About 10 percent of all people with eating disorders are men .

ALSO FOOD

SU l'PLEME NT S, SUPFRVISED

r.,

SYMPTOMS

l)

• 86 percent of people with eating disorders report onset by the age of 20.

WHEN THE

SUFFERER IS DANC.i::ROUSLY UNDE RWEIGHT;

AN

DATAFILE

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

ating disorders are serious emotional and physical problems that , if untreated , can hav e life-threatening consequences. The conditions are on the increase , par-

T H E ,\\ I NI)

pi'~ OTHER THERAPIES ... ,

0

Other therapies

practitioners believe can help alleviate the condition include: massage (see pages 96-103) ; kines iology {see pages 126-33) ; a nd art therapy {see

pages 238 - 41 ).

226-31.)

2 65

COMMON

A ILM

ENTS

BRAIN AND NERVES pain on the forehead may_ _ _ _

Shingles

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

be followed by crusting round the eyes

hingles is an acut e, painful inflammation o f th e spinal nerve ganglia . Th e characteristic sign , whi c h does

S

/

not always appear , is a prominent and painfully itchy rash which often forms a g irdle around th e middle of th e body , thou gh it can also appear on th e fac e, neck , arm s and legs , de p e ndin g on the nerv es affect ed. The

pain may be felt in the back, neck or chest

A DOC T OR W ILL PROBABLY PRESCRIBE AN T IVIRAL DRUGS, WH ICH ARE MOST EFFECTIV E I F TAKEN EARLY IN THE ILLNESS, PL US SOO THI NG OINTM ENT S AND PAINK ILLERS. BEDREST, LOOSE CLOTHING

A ND COO L

BATH S ARE RECOMMENDED.

rash normally goes aft er two or three we eks , sometimes causing scarrin g, but th e pain shingl es caus es, kn ow n as post-herpetic n eural g ia, can persist for much long er. Shingles is caus ed by the virus that caus es chicken po x, which can lie dormant in a nerve root for years , reacti vating wh e n th e immun e system is lo w, or in res po nse to acu te stress. Pro mpt m edi ca l trea tm e n t is imp o rtant to sh or te n th e cou rse of th e di se ase and re du ce the chan ces of p ost- h er pe tic n euralgi a str ikin g .

CAUTION COMPLICATIONS

WITH

SH IN G LES CA N RESULT IN THE SIGHT BEING AFFECTED

IF YO U

SUSPECT YOU HAVE THE CO ND IT ION AND ARE EXPERIENCING ANY TENDERN ESS OR PAIN A ROU

D

TH E EYES, SEE A DOCTO R U RGENT LY.

SY MPT OMS

• sensitivity and pain • f ever • sickness • rash of y ellowing blisters • scabs • pain and tenderness afterthe rash clears up

the rash may occur like a girdle round the middle of the body

DATAFILE • Some 850,000

Americans contract shingles each year.

• About 20 percent of people who suffer from chickenpox as children are likely to suffer from shingles later in life . • Associated pain and tenderness can persist for months and sometimes for years after the actual attack. • The condition most frequently occurs in people over the age of 50. • The condition recurs in around five percent of ca ses. A BO VE An early sy111ptoH1 of shingles is acutepain 011 oneside of the body The illustrationshows the areasmostlikely to be affected.

• The traditional belief that if the shingles rash stretches all the way around the body the victim will die is an old wives ' tale .

J

L __________________

T H E R AP IE S

~ • The neuralgic pain that

1111 AROMATHERAPY l!JIII• Massage with any

is part of the condition can be treated once the rash has subsided by stimulation of the acupoints along the Stoma c h, Large and Small Intestine and Governor meridians. Practitioners may also stimulate the acupoints next to the rash.

combination of two or more of the following essential oils will prove soothing and beneficial , though you should avoid affected areas : bergamot, chamomile , geranium, eucalyptus , melissa , lavender and tea tree . {See pages

(See pages 20-8.)

104-5 .)

~

ACUPUNCTURE

~

REFLEXOLOGY Practitioners believe that gentle stimulation of the appropriate reflex points on the feet wil l help the body to fight the virus and have a revitalizing effect . (See pages 66-71.)

~•

~

HYDROTHERAPY and cold compresses can relieve the pain and itching caused by a shingles rash . {See pages 172-7.)

il.i • Ice packs

~ VISUALIZATION

~

•To help recovery , a practitioner may suggest imagining that the skin is completely healed and glowing w ith health . (See pages 214-1 7.)

LEFT A11aromatherapymassage or compress soakedi11appropriate essential oils can helprelievethe pain of shi11gles .

2 66

RIGHT Once therash has appea,·ed, apply a cold coinpressto the aff ected area to reduce the itchiness

D I SORIJERS

Neuralgia

N

• Many hospitals now have pain clinics to provide specialist advice and treatment for sufferers from chronic neuralgia .

I I • The site of the pain varies depending on which nerve is involved I - in glossopharyngeal neuralgia, for example, the pain is felt in the ear, the throat and at the back of the tongue. I • Trigeminal neuralgia is more common in women than in men I I and rarely affects anyone under 50. I L __________________ J

180-8) THERAPY ~ • A color therapist deduces from your aura how the pain hos orig inated and, in this way, how best to treat it. /See pages

248-51.)

:r.,.::HYDROTHERAPY

D • Practitioners advocate

the app lica tion of hot and cold pocks to the affected area to ease the pain of the condition (See pages

NERVES

STRONG

PAIN K IL LERS W IL L BE

PRESCRIBED TO ALLEVIATE SYMPTOMS,

WH ILE I N SEVERE

CASES, THE NE RVE MAY BE KI LLED RY INJECT ION, OR SU RGICA L LY REMOVED

THERAPIES

1111AROMATHERAPY 1.!1111 • Massaging essential oil of eucaly ptus, lavender or chamomile into the affected area will help to relieve pain, as will massage wi th a blend of mustard and pepper oils in a grapeseed carrier oil. (See pages I 04-5.) ~

ACUPUNCTURE

fl\\ • To help wi th trigeminal ~ COLOR

AND

LEFT The trigeminalnervecarries 111essages from the brain throughoutthef ace andjaw area. Damage to or malfunction of tin nervecausesthe severe pain known as t11gem inal neurnlgia

• mild to severepain • siteof pain variesdependingon nerve affected • pain can be intermittent , recurrentor constant

FLOTATION THERAPY • While in flotation therapy, the mind ond brain ore comp letely at rest without actually being asleep: this, claim practitioners , provides the optimum conditions for the body 's own healing properties to toke over and counteract pain. (See pages

B RAIN

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

SYMPTOMS

~

THE

DATAFILE

euralgia is a general term for pain originating in a nerve , though the condition is subdefined according to which nerve is affected. Inflammation of the trigeminal nerve - indicated by intense , spasmodic pain in one side of the jaw or the cheek - is termed trigeminal neuralgia. Other common forms are postherpetic neuralgia , which can occur after shingles , and glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Other viral infections can also cause the condition. The level of pain involved can vary in intensity from a shortlived mild tingling to recurrent or constant agony. Cold and damp conditions often exacerbate the pain , as does stress and anxiety. Conventional treatment usually involves finding the cause of neuralgia and the prescription of painkillers and appropriate medications. Som e doctors favor the admin istration of mild electrical impulses to anesthetize the affected nerve , a procedur e known as TENS therapy , generally done at home . Another method is the injection of a so-called "nerve block " into the nerve to destroy its hypersensitive fibers. You should cut out coffee and smoking because caffeine and nicotine can make some types of neuralgia wors e.

=

OF

neuralgia , a practitioner may suggest stimulating ocupoints on the governor, gall bladder, blad de r, Lorge Intestine and Liver meridians. Further stimulation of the corresponding points on the opposite side of the body to the site of the pain may a lso be advised (See pages 20 - 8 )

~

ACUPRESSURE ~• For trigeminal neuralgia, a prac titione r will demonstrate how to apply a gentle inward pressure at the inner end of the eyebrow on the affected side of the face The alternative is to press downward lightly with bo th index fingers at the points near the corners of the mouth.

(See pages 29 - 31.)

~

REFLEXOLOGY A reflexologist will concentrate on energizing al l the

~•

systems of the body so that the body's natural pain killing properties soothe the neuralgia. Reflexology is also said to be effective in boosting the immune system, which should contri bute to banishing the cause of the neuralgia.

lfl[

MASSAGE Light massage of the affected area will help to reduce the neuralgic pain and stimulate the entire body to resolve its cause. Gentle, sweeping strokes ore recommended. (See pages

J"~ •

96-103)

(See pages 66-71.)

~YOGA

~l• Deep, relaxed breathing and the easier, beginners ' poses will prove helpful in coping with pain (See pages 52-9) If you smokeand sufferfrom neuralgia,it will almost certainly be of benefit togive up cigarettes ABOVE

172-9) RIC HT Gentlepressure on a point near the cornerof themouth will relievethe pain of trigeminalneuralgia

2 67

CO ,\l ,\\O

1 ,

.e\lL

~IE 1'1TS

Headache

CAUTION

SYMPTOMS

MOST H EADAC H ES HAV E A

H

ea daches ar e among the commonest

of all m edical

conditions. For the most part , they are du e to muscular tension in th e h ea d , neck or should ers , accompanied by a dilation and contraction of blood vessels in the h ea d . Th e pain ca n occur in any part of the h ea d ,

BEN IGN CA U SE AND A RE SELF-

• pain and throbbingin the head • sensationthat a tight band is pressingaroundthe head • a f eeling of pressureat the top of the l1ead• burstingor throbbingsensations • eye and neck pain • dizziness

LIM IT ING , BUT SOME MAY INDICATE

T H E HEADA C H E CO M ES ON SU DD EN LY AND IS V ERY SEVE RE, OR IS ASSOC IATED W IT H A FEV ER, RASH , STI FF N EC K , O R IN T OLER ANCE OF

usua lly worsening toward the end of the day , and their sever ity can vary wi d e ly from a dull ache to an int e nse , stabb ing pain. Specific types of h eadac h e vary d epe ndin g o n their cause. The great m ajor ity are the result of te nsion , anxiety, stress , and fatigue , though they can also be a symp t om of astigmatism , sinusitis , d ental problems , tooth grindi n g , digesti ve up sets , raised temperature , raised blood pressure , sunstroke , food al lergies , alcohol abus e, drinking too mu c h coffee , hormonal swi ng s, and , o n rare occasions , a number of bra in conditions , including menin g iti s, a subarachnoid h em o rrha g e , or a br ain tumor . Headache is also a commo n co nse quence of a h ead injury . Tension h ea dach es affect around 75 percent of all headache sufferers. Typ ica lly, they in vo lve a stea dy ache , rath er than a throbbing , and affect both sid es of the head simul taneously. Research shows that men and women are afflicted with them equally. To relieve the pain , you can try applying h ea t to the area of the head or neck w h e re it is at its most severe , or an ice ba g wrappe d in a towel . A ge ntl e fin ger tip ma ssage ove r the area just in fro nt of and above the ears , or pressing the area at the top of the nose between t h e eye b rows ma y h e lp , as can lyi ng d own and re laxin g . Regu lar exerc ise and pra cticing relaxation techniques will not o nl y h e lp to reduce the stress that may b e tri gge rin g th e h eadac h es , but also will decrease the severity of the pain. Your doctor ma y prescribe p ainkillin g analgesics to th e sa m e e nd.

BRIG H T LI G H TS , O R IF T H ERE A RE ASSO C IATED PROB LEMS SUC H AS W EAKNESS OR NUMBNESS

DROWSINESS,

• Headache sufferers in the U.S. make more than eight million visits a year to doctor s' offices. • Nearly 90 percent of men and 95 percent of wo men have had at least one headache attack.

I

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT IF HE A D AC HE S ARE FREQ U ENT AND SEVERE, YO U R D OCTO R MAY PRESCRIBE AN .I\LGES ICS TO REDUCE T HE PAIN .

LEFT Thereare innumera ble causes and degreesof headacln, and the eff ects can rangefro111 111ild discomfort to debilitating pain

THERAPIES ~

E"

fl\\ • Headaches

J"~ • Massaging

ACUPUNCTURE are believed to be the result of an ' energy blockage in the head.

Depending on the cause of the headache , practitioners will stimulate the relevant acupo ints.

(See pages 20-8.).

• Clus ter headaches are so-called because they can recur on a daily basis , the attacks lasting in total for up to several months. Cluster headaches are six to nine times more likel y to strike at men rather than women, heavy drinkers and smokers being the most susceptible. They are usually accompan ied by allergy symptoms such as nasal congestion o r a runny nose.

268

MASSAGE

the back of the neck , the upper part of the shoulders, and the tight band of muscle on either side of the spine just below the neck can help , as can a friction rub behind the ears. (See pages

96-103.) ACUPRESSURE • A therapist w ill identify

ffl

OSTEOPATHY ~' • An osteopath may advise manipulation to free contracted muscles at the base of the skull, thought to be the cause of the majority of head aches , and to improve the mobility of the neck joint s. (See

pages 106-13 and Chiropractic, pages 118-25.) ~ BIOFEEDBACK

• You will be taught techniques that are thought to relieve muscle tension and also deal with the dilation of the blood vessels in the head that is one of the characteristics o f a headache . (See pages 212-13.)

(See pages 29 -31.)

• Most headaches are tension heada ches.

L __________________

OR C H ANCE IN

PERSO N A LI TY

~w hic h acupoints wo rk the best for you. Apply a light , firm fingertip pressure , release and apply again. Many people get relief by pressing both sides of the face , a little outw ard from the eye socket at the point w here the eyebrow tapers off.

• An estimated 45 million Americans suffer from chronic headaches that are severe and sometimes disabling.

IN T H E FACE , ARM S,

OR LEGS , INCOO RDINAT ION ,

~

DATAFILE

SEVE RE I LL N ESS

CONSU LT YO U R DO CTO R IF

~YO

GA • Because headache is often associated with muscular

~

J

tension and stress, yoga is ideal for its relief and prevention. Poses such as Shoulderstand may help. (See pages 52-9.)

Applying presrnre to t/Je es is an little dentsin the te111pl ensy self-help remedy f or beadac/Je, based on thousandsof yenrs of Eastern tradition ABOVE

~ SHIATSU

H •

Treatment involves gentle stretching and massaging of the shoulders and gentle massage of the neck . (See

pages 32-7 and Do-in, pages 38-41.)

D I S O R I) E R S O F T H E

Migraine

ll R A I N

A N I)

N I'. R V [ S

CAUTION IF YOU SU DDE N LY HAV E A

M

A number offoods arenotorious"triggm " of migraineand suffererssoon learn to avoid the111. Tin foods illustratedlnreareall rich in tyramine,an a111i no acid whic/1 narrows and thendilatesbloodvessels and thereforeaff ects bloodsupply to the brai,1 BELOW

oranges

red wine

chocolate

THERAPIES ~

~

REFLEXOLOGY

• Practitioners apply pressure to the tips of the big toes, the areas that correspond to the head. They may also stimulate the points on the side of the feet that are believed to be linked with the neck and the spine. (See pages 66-71.) ,.

AROMATHERAPY

l!II • Massaging a few drops of neat lavender oil into the temples and around the back of the neck is an effective headache treatment , according to practitioners. (See pages 104-5) . ~ HYDROTHERAPY

D •

Hot baths , saunas , steam baths , or alternate hot and cold showers may all be suggested to release tension and promote relaxation. Ice packs on the head or neck can also be effective in relieving pain . (See pages 172-9 .)

r--:JRELAXATION

M IGRAIN E AT TAC K IN AD U LT LIFE , NEVER HAV ING HAD ONE BEFORE, YOU SH O ULD CO NSU LT YOUR FAM ILY D OCTO R W IT HOU T D ELAY, AS THIS MAY BE THE SYMPTO~ I O F A ~IO RE SERIOUS UND ERLYIN G DISORDER

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT IF T H E ATTAC K S AR E FREQ U EN T A ND SEV ERE, MED ICAT IO N 1 \IAY BE PRESCRIBE!). THIS I NTERF ERES WI T H THF. WIDEN IN G OF THE BLOO D VESSELS IN T H E HE AD , SO D ECREASING TH E PAIN OF AN AT TACK.

TO ENA BLE THI: BODY

T O M A KE T HE BEST U SE 01 T HE 1\IED IC ATION , IT IS IM PORTAN T T O TAK[

IT AT T l I[

FIRST SIGN OF A N .ATTACK

SYMPTOMS AND

~BREATHING

• Both techniques are good for easing tension in the muscles.

(See pages 158-65 and pages 166-71.)

~..ii OTHER

igraine is characterized by a_nint e nse throbbin g , pulsatin g or poundin g pain in the forehead , temple , ear , jaw or around the eye , usually on one sid e of the h ea d only. There are two types of migrain e: common and th e rarer classical. An attack can last for a few h o ur s, or up to several da ys. Mi gr aine ca n be trigg ere d by a variety of factors , includin g stress , hormonal changes of the menstrual cycle , lat e nights , bright lights , loud music , oral contra ceptives , nicotine , sudden chan ges in the weather or temperature , and certain foods , such as chocolate , che ese, oranges and wheat , and additi ves. Four times as many women as men suffer from the condition , while statistics show that it tends to run in families. Its ex act cau se is not fully und ers tood , but chan ges in the bloodflow in the brain are thought to be a key element : sufferers seem to hav e bl oo d vessels in the h ea d and nec k that ov erreact to various pain triggers, with a migraine attack as the ultimat e result. Early warning sig ns of an attack are thought to be due to a narrowin g of thes e vessels , while the full-blown pain of migraine prop er is believed to be the result of their subsequent dilation , or expansion. Th ere is no cure for mi gra in e , although man y attacks can be controll e d by avoiding tri ggering factors and th e use of drugs. The most successful treatments ar e th ose that prevent an attack , o r stop it in its earliest stages.

THERAPIES ~, • Practitioners believe the following may help : meditation (see pages 60-3) ; polarity therapy (see pages 64-5); metamorphic technique (see pages 72-3); reiki (see pages 7 4-5); therapeutic touch (see pages 90-1 }; cranial osteopathy (see pages 114-15) ; Rolfing (see pages 134-7) ; Heller w ork (see pages 138-41 }; Feldenkra is method (see pages 142-5) ; Ale xander technique (see page s 146-53) ; Trager wo rk (see pages 154-5) ; and Zero Balancing (see pages 156-7).

• commonmigraine:slowly developingsevereheadache, lastingfor a few l1oursto two days and madeworseby the smallestmovementor noise;nauseaand vomiting • classicalmigraine:headacheprecededby an aura which includesvisual disturbances(such as temporary loss of vision, double vision, fl ashing lights), weaknessin a limb, strange tasteor smell, tingling, vertigo; headache accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and aversionto light and noise THER ~

ACUPUNCTURE

fl\\ • Stimulation

of the acupoints on the meridians for stomach a nd large and small intestine s are said to be effective , as is moxi bustio n.

Bemuse we don't f11lly grni11e, it understand what causes111i can be controlled but 110/ rnred. ABOVE

APIES

the end of the creas e between finger and thumb ; at the top of the neck beneath the skull; and clo se to the spine: on the feet , the we b between the big and second toe. (See pages 29-3 I.)

~..ii

OTHER THERAPIES ~, • Practitioners believe the following therap ies may help : au toge nic training (see pages 210-11 }; hypnotherapy (see pages 218-23; color thera py

(see page s 248-51}.

(See pages 20-28.) ~ BIOFEEDBACK ~

ACUPRESSURE ~• The three most effective pressure points for the treatment of migraine are on the hand , at

• Practitioners believe that the techniques they teach will help to reduce attacks and their severity. (See pages 212-3.)

THERAPIES RECOMMENDED FOR HEADACHE RELIEVE MIGRAINE

AS WELL

2 69

CO 1\I ,'1 0 t--: A I L ~IF NT S

Fainting

CA UT ION APPLY STAN D ARD FI RST A ID

M

edically te rmed a sy ncope , fainting

PRACT IC ES TO SOMEONE

is a sudd e n

loss of consciousness. It can be caus e d by fear , an emotional shock , or stress. It tends to happ e n in warm conditions , b ecause this causes a t e mporary shortage of blood supply to the brain . The atta c k may be h e ralded by dizziness ,

WHO

FAINTS AND PLACE HER ON

lying with your feet above your head helps restore an adequate blood supply to the brain

HER SIDE IN TH E RECOVERY POSITION.

IF YOU FAINT ,

CONSU LT A DO CTO R TO ENSU RE T HERE ARE NO

T/Jeeffect of grapity is i11s tn11 1c111talin "hri11gi11g someonerou11d" af ter a f aintingfit BEL OW

feeling faint , and looking pale . Someone who has faint ed should lie flat and recover- it is dangerous to hold them up as this delays the restoration of

UN D ERLYINC CAUSES

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

circulation to th e brain. Compl ete recovery usually occurs after a few minutes . Fainting is commonest in oth erwise h ealthy youn g women .

SO M EO NE W H O HAS FAINTED SHOUL D BE A LL OWED TO LI E FLAT AND RECO VER .

SYMP T OMS

• sweating • nausea • shallow, rapid breathing • weak pulse • impaired vision • ringingin the ears • weaknessand confusion• pallor

/

DATAFILE • Fainting often occurs as a result of a vasovagal attack, in which overstimulation of the vagus nerve causes slowing of the heartbeat and a fall in blood pressure - which reduces the flow of blood to the brain. These attacks are commonly caused by pain , stress, shock , fear , or being in a room with too little oxygen. • Other causes include prolonged standing, low blood pressure, heart problems, injury, profuse bleeding, and antihypertensive drugs.

I L __________________

applying pressure on this acupoint aids recovery from fainting

THERAPIES

I I I II

JI

~

ACUPRESSURE ~• Strong stimulation of the acupoint two-thirds of the way up between the top lip and nose will aid recovery. (See pages

29-31.)

E"MASSAGE Muscular tension, stress of all types and poor circulation

J"]lj •

all respond well to all body massage. A combination of strokes should be used. (See

pages 96-103.) ~SHIATSU It may be that your circulation is not as efficient as it could be and in this case

H •

regular shiatsu massage will prove valuable in preventing further fainting attacks. (See

1111AROMATHERAPY l!II • A few drops of rosemary oil , massaged into the temples, may prevent loss of consciousness. (See pages

104-5.)

pages 32-7 and Do-in, pages

38-41.)

~

spiritual elements and the physical poses of yoga: practice regularly in order to ward off further fainting attacks.

OSTEOPATHY ~' • Tension around the neck joints may affect the nerves and blood vessels to the head. Osteopathy - or chiropractic may well succeed in preventing further fainting attacks by resolving the underlying problem. (See pages 106- 13

(See pages 52-9.)

and pages 118-25.)

~YOGA • Tension and stress respond well to both the

~

LEFT The stimulation of this acupressure poi11tca11aid recouery afterf ainting

270

'I] BREATHING [!1111111 TECHNIQUES • Fainting can be caused by breathing too shallowly and too quickly, as many of us do when we are stressed. A therapist will show you how to concentrate on deep, even, regular breathing . (See pages

166- 71.)

I)

I S O R D E R S O F T H I:

iz z iness is a non -spec ific term, which may b e used by patients

anxiety,

to describ e a number

;-..;E R V E S

of se nsation s:

near-faintin g, nausea , or vertigo.

sensation

/\ N I)

LEFT The co111plex and delicate 111e cha11i s111 of the innerear is fw1da111rnt al to 011rsrnse of balance A11infectio11i11the ear is oneof tlx co111111 011 causesof dizzi11 ess.

Dizziness

D

B R ...\ I '

Vertigo is a

that either the suff e rer or the room is movin g

and ge n e rally signifies a probl e m with t h e inn e r ear or th e part of the b ra in to which th e inner ear is connected. Determination account took

of the cause d e pends on obtaining

an

of the circumstanc es during which the attack

plac e , and associated

res piratory

symptoms , such as fever ,

tract inf ec tion , vomiting , h ea dache , dea f-

ness , rin g ing in the ea rs , blurr e d vision , or weakness o r numbness anywhere

in the body. Common

of dizzin e ss in c lud e: inner

ca us es

ear infections

lab yri n thitis , see page 283 ) , benign

checking blood pressure is a routine part of man y orthodox treatments

(v iral

po stu ral vertigo ,

either high or low blood pr ess ure - 01 - medication to control the condition - may cause dizziness

near- synco pe (a ne ar faint ), anxiety (seepages256 - 7) , and Meniere 's diseas e , as we ll as dru gs and alco h o l.

ff experie ncin g dizziness , sit or lie down until the attack passes . Do not attempt

to driv e or

carry o n with your jo b . You sh ou ld consult a doctor

if the dizzin ess is prolonged

recurs , or if it int erfere s with particularly

, if it

any activity ,

if this inv o lves hei g hts or op e rati ng

heavy ma c hin ery. U: l' T High or lo,u hlood /mssure is really 17sy111/ ito111 rnthert/Jm117co11di11011, 17/111 should be inl!est1g17ted .

CAUTION

THERAPIES

IF ATT ACKS O F DIZZIN ESS A RE PROLONGED

OR DI SABLING ,

BECOME FREQUEN T OR A RE ACCOMPA

'IED BY RECU RRING

HEADA C HES W ITH NA U SEA AND VOM IT ING, YOU SHOULD CONSULT

A DOCTOR

AS SOON

AS POSS IBLE

~

ACUPUNCTURE

~ • An acupunctur ist will question you about your lifestyle and other hea lth conditions in order to estab lish the cause of your dizzy spells and treat accord ingly . (See pages 20-8.)

~YOGA

~•

Yoga is a gentle therap y that will help you to establish better control of your body. It will also tone up your circula tion, thus helping to prevent further attacks of dizziness . (See pages 52 -9. )

~

ACUPRESSURE ~• A therapist will show you how to stimulate two main pressure points , one on the foot and the other in the neck , just below and beh ind the bottom of the ear lobe. (See pages

29-31.) CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT DI ZZINESS

CA U SED BY ,!J, NEA R

FAINT SHO U LD BE T REATED BY TH E PERSO N LYING FLAT O R PUTT ING THE IR H EAD BET W EEN THEIR KNE ES. FLITHER TREATMENT

WILL

D EPEND ON THE U NDERLYI NG CALISE. CONS ULT YOUR DOCTO R.

~

REFLEXOLOGY

~ • Both relaxing and invigorating , reflexology can do much to eliminate dizzy spel ls. A pract itioner w ill first try to establish the cause of your dizzy spel ls and advise on diet and Iifestyle. (See pages 66-71.)

~SHIATSU

H •

You are less likely to suffer from dizziness if the circu lation of blood around your body is working efficiently. Shiatsu massage concentrates on supporting the ci rculation and enhancing the immune system. {See pages 32-7 and

Do-in, pages 38-41.)

E' MASSAGE f".Jli • Thorough

who le-body massage is idea l for ton ing up the body and preventing further attacks of dizziness . (See pages

96-103.)

ffl

OSTEOPATHY

~ • In cases in which dizziness has been caused by a misa lignment of the upper neck joints , osteopathy or chiropractic can prove enormously helpful in both alleviating the problem and preventing another attack of d izziness . It invol ves manipulation of the upper neck and further down the spine. (See pages I 06-13 and pages 1

118-25 .)

~~ CRANIAL

OSTEOPATHY practitioner wil l manipulate parts of the skull to co rrect what are termed cranial rhythmic impulses . Because the therapy is extremely gentle , it is particularly suited to the very yo ung and the elderly. (See

'i-{_.I(• A

pages 114-15.)

Ill

BREATHING

~ TECHNIQUES • A therap ist will teach you how to breathe deepl y and slowly from the diaphragm in order to prevent becoming dizzy. Take it slowly at first, or the unac custo med deep breathin g may actually cause you to fee l dizzy. (See pages 166-71 .) LEFT Accordi11gto chiropractic of any port of theory, displace111e11t theskeletalframe 11117y pressag17i11st newes, njfectingtheirfun ction 1111d rnusing "m 1 17berrntion known as disease" This 11117ytake theJann of dizzi11ess , which rn11t/m1be re111edied by chiropractictreal111e11t.

271

, () :\I ,1 fl N

A I I :\ \E NT~

SKIN AN[)

HAIR

Psoriasis

SYMPTOMS

noncontagious skin disorder that occurs in many different variations and degrees of severity. The most common form is plaque psoriasis , which consists of swollen skin lesions covered with silvery-white scales . Other types display characteristics such as pus-like blisters, severe sloughing of the skin, drop-like dots , and smooth inflamed lesions. The cause of the condition is unknown , although it is generally thought that there is a genetic component as psoriasis tends to run in families . Once the disease is triggered - trigger factors include infections , skin injury , vaccinations and certain m e dications - the body 's immune system is thought to activate the excessive skin-cell reproduction characteristic of th e dis ease. Common sites include the elbows , knees , shins , scalp and just below the breasts. There is no known cure for psoriasis . It is what doctors call a chronic condition - this means that it recurs - though individual outbreaks can be treated successfully. Ho wever, psychological complications can result: embarrassment , frustration , fear , depression , and loss of self-esteem are all common factors. For this reason , stress management is usually advised , along with adopti,1g a healthy diet and cutting back on the amount of alcohol you drink. For the psoriasis itself , the treatment will vary , depending on the nature of the psoriasis , its extent or severity, the sufferer 's past medical history , lifestyle , age , sex , and the site of the condition. For mild to moderate psoriasis , suitable medications include traditional coal tar , while moisturizers will help to keep the skin supple. Ultraviolet light therapy may also be advised. If the condition does not improve , more powerful medications , such as steroid creams , may be tri ed.

• pain with cracksappearingin the dry areasof the hands and thefeet • pustuleson the palmsof the hands or the solesof thefeet • glazed, scaly plaquesin moistareasof the body • distortionand pittingof thenails in somecases

A

ABOVE The main symptom of psoriasisis an inflamed, scaly look to the skin caused by overproductionof new skin cells.

DATAFILE

• The condition is slightly more prevalent among women than it is among men . The average age of onset is 28 years of age, though psoriasis can appear at birth and as late in life as 90.

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT i, DOCTOR

• Between ten to 15 percent of psoriaisis sufferers are aged under ten .

MAY PRESCRIBE

• In the U.S., between 150,000 psoriasis occur each year.

COAL TA R OR DITHRA NO L OINTMENT INSTANCE.

IN THE FIRST I F THE ATT ACK IS

SEVE RE, TOPIC A L STER OIDS 1\IAY BE ADV ISED. ULT RAV IOLE T LICHT

T HERAP Y CAN BE

I

• More than 1,500,000 psoriasis annually .

and 260,000

new cases of

people are treated by U.S. doctors for

D • A practitioner

may recommend hot baths with Epsom salts to stimulate the circulation and eliminate the build-up of waste products that many complementary therapists believe contribute to the onset of the disease . (See pages 172-9.)

~01 LIGHT ~in~

•

THERAPY Both conventional

and

BENEFIC IAL

L EFT Becausepsoriasisisfrequently triggeredby stressor, as some hypnotherapistsbelieve,is the result of repressed emotions, relaxing techniquessuch as self-hypnosiscan he very effectivein the treatmentof the condition.

CAUTION IF YO UR DOCTO R A DVISES Y OU TO US E STEROID

C REAMS TO

T REAT PSOR IASIS, THIS M EANS CONTIN UE D MED ICAL SUPERVI SION AS THE DRUGS IN VOLV ED ARE PO WERFUL AN D EXCESSIVE D OS ES MAY LEAD TO SID E-EFFECTS

~ ACUPUNCTURE/

,.,

fl\\

~ COUNSELING • Worry, anxiety, and other

ACUPRESSURE

complementary therapists agree that treatment with ultraviolet light is beneficial. The risks of skin cancer and skin aging are minimal in the short term:

• Therapists believe that, by stimulating the appropriate acupoints on the relevant meridians, the symptoms. of psoriasis can be relieved. (See

indeed, research suggests that ultraviolet treatment may be safer than the sunbathing . (See pages

pages 20-28 and pages 29-31 .)

242-3.) ~ HYPNOTHERAPY ~ • Self-hypnosis can be taught as a valuable relaxation technique. (See pages 218-23.)

272

I

J

L __________________

THERAPIES ~ HYDROTHERAPY

I I I I I I I I I

• Psoriasis affects one percent of the American population.

PSYCHOTHERAPY AND

,::iii VISUALIZATION

l~ •

psychological problems are among the factors that can trigger a psoriasis attack. Therapists attempt to set such fears at rest by showing you how to come to terms mentally with the condition. (See pages

According to its practitioners, creating a mental picture of the illness and envisaging the treatment you are receiving actually at work can help to strengthen the body's selfhealing powers. It is also an effective way of combating worry and anxiety. (See pages

188-91.)

214-7.) ~ REFLEXOLOGY ~ • Practitioners consider manipulation of the relevant reflex areas on the feet to be beneficial for inflammatory skin conditions. (See pages 66-71.)

SK I N

Eczema

and Dermatitis

E

czema is an inflammation

of the skin that occurs in

conjunction with a p ers istent itchiness and, often , with weeping blisters that subsequently form dry scabs

DEP EN DI NG ON THE CA U SE

• in contact eczema,a pink or redrash, which may or may not itch • atopic eczema causesthe skin to itch, scale,swell, and sometimesblister

AND TYPE OF THE CONDITION

,

SK IN CREAMS , CO RTICOSTE ROmS,

AND,

POSS IBLY,

ANT IHISTAM IN ES AN D A NTllllOTICS

1\I AY BE

PRESCRIBED

the skin may be red and inflamed

atopic eczema , which is thought to run in famili es , es pecially if there is a family history of asthma or hay fever. Eczema tends to be a disease of childhood and commonly improves or remits completely in adolescence and early adult life. Conventional tr eatm e nt of ecze ma centers on ge n ero us use of moisturizin g emol li e nts and bath oils together with avoidance of precipitating factors such as soaps and d eterge nts and allergens. Corticosteroid creams and ointments ma y be pr esc ribed for mod era te to severe diseas e to br ea k the cycle of itching , scra tching and skin thickening. Antibiotics may be required for secondary skin infections. Severe cases of ecze ma may b e ref erre d to a dermatologist , who will rev iew the treatm e nts and may conduct tests for specific allergens in order that they can b e avoided in future. If stress is a factor in the onset or exacerbation of eczema , then measur es to reduc e stress may help . The microscopic appearance of skin aff ecte d by de rmatitis is in actual fact indistinguishable from that of ecze ma , but the term te nds to be reserved for aller g ic skin rashes with an ex te rnal cause. Almost any substance can cause dermatitis in a sensitized individual , but some of the commonest are nick e l in watches and jewelry , cosmetics and antiperspirants , household cleanin g prod ucts and detergents , pets , and garden plants.

H A I R I' R O ll L E .\ I S

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

SYMPTOMS

and crusts. The two commonest forms are contact ec zema , also known as dermatitis , which develops within minutes and is caused by allergic reaction , and

A N I)

some fo r ms of eczema are extremely itchy

BELOW Con/net eczen,n or contact dermatitis may be cnused by a11 household allergicrenctionlo com111on productssuch as detergrnt.

DATAFILE • Eczema usually runs in families and is often associated with allergies , asthma, and stress. • Wearing rubber gloves , unw a shed new clothes , or plated jewelry can cause contact eczema, along wi th common chem ical irr itant s such as detergents , soaps , some synthetic fibers , antipersp irants , and nail polish remo ver . • If you have atopic eczema, the c han ces of being allergic to nickel in jewelry , or of suffering from dry skin in the winter, are higher than average . • Eczema can occur in single episodes, or become chronic . • The best way to prevent a rash caused by contact with toxic plants like poison ivy is to wash the exposed skin with soap and w ater as soon as poss ible after contact.

Tin co11dit io11ca11be relieved by the applicationof 111oi sturizing crea111s , by putting sodi11m bicarbonatein a hot bat'7lo lessw itching, and by taking uitamin and 111i neralsupple111e11ts

ABOVE

• Eczema in infants is often caused by an allergy to certain proteins in wheat, milk , and eggs . • A person may contract eczema at any age and at any place on the skin, though it is found mainly on the scalp, hands , feet, and legs.

J

L __________________

THERAPIES ~ ACUPUNCTURE

~ • Practitioners believe that eczema is associated with exposure to heat , damp , and wind. Treatment is based on counteracting the effects of these elements and on correcting any blood and energy deficiencies that may have resulted. This involves stimulating the acupoints on the relevant meridians. (See pages 20-8.) ~ REFLEXOLOGY ~•Mass aging the reflex

A reflexologistmight seekto nlleviate eczemaby trentmentdes1jJ11ed lo slrrngt/Jena patie11t's co11stitution mid i111proue '7isgeneralhen/th. ABOVE

areas relating to the affected areas, plus the ones related to the solar plexus , adrenal and

pituitary glands , liver, digesti ve system, kidneys , and the glands involved in reproduction , is advocated. (See pages 66-71.) ..

AROMATHERAPY massage using extremely diluted lavender,

UJIII.A

bergamot and geranium essences may help to redu ce inflammat io n and relieve itching. Such treatment must be carried out by a professional therapist because if the dilution is insufficient the oi ls may make the inflammation worse, rather than better. (See pages 104-5 .)

r.,

PSYCHOTHERAPY AND

~ COUNSELING • Therapists aim at helping to reduce the physiological changes that are stress-related. They believe that it is these changes that trigger the itchiness characteristic of the condition. (See pages 188-91. ) ~ HYPNOTHERAPY ~. Pract iti o ners claim that

the therap y can help to control itching , particularly in cases of atopic eczema affecting children. (See pages 218-23 .)

re>, AUTOGEN

I C TRAINI N G exercises

,-...J• The relaxation

you learn a s part of autogeni c training help the bod y to relax at will and mobilize its own healing powers. The therapy is claimed to be particularly effecive in cases of eczem a. (See pages 2 I 0-11.)

P".JOTHER ~,

THERAPIES • Other therapies

practitioners believe may help alleviate the con dition include: relaxation techniques {see pages 158-65); breathing techniqu es (see pages 166-71); and visualization (see pages 214-17) .

273

COMMON

A I LME

NT S

Dandruff

SYMPTOMS

D

andruff is an extremely common complaint that occurs when the fine cells of the outer layer of skin on the scalp are shed at a faster rate than normal , causing th e flakes of dead skin that characterize the condition to appear . The flak es are usually most obvious aft er brushing or combing the hair , which loosens them. The condition is seasonal , b e ing at its most severe during winter and at its mildest during summer. It tends to occu r mor e frequently in people with oily skin and hair. When dandruff is severe , it can be accompanied by red , greasy scaling around the nose , th e folds of the ch ee ks, the eyebrows and around th e ea rs. This co ndit io n is call e d seborrheic de rmatiti s - "cradle cap " in b abi es, when it normally cl ears up on its own after the first thr ee months of life. In adults , th e condition usuall y starts b etw ee n th e age s o f 30 and 60 . It is found m o re fre qu e ntly in men than w o m en and can become a chronic complaint. Seasonal changes , notably the cold , dry air of fall and w in ter , em o tional st ress and ce rta in diseas es may often trigger a flare-up. Conventionally , the cornerstone of dandruff treat ment is the frequent use of antidandruff shampoos. Many are available without a prescription and are at th e ir mo st effective wh e n le ft on the scalp for te n to 15 minutes or so. A water-based conditioner can help to prevent the hair from drying out. If the dandruff persists , a doctor should be consulted . An antifungal shampoo may be prescribed , while topical steriod solutions can also b e us ed in difficult cases. THER

fi

MASSAG E

J"'.Jii • Gentle

massage to improve the blood flow and stimulate the circulation in the scalp may help to control the condition. However, do not massge the skin if there are any breaks in it after scratching. A mixture of witch hazel and eaude-Cologne , rubbed vigorously into the scalp twice a day, is also a good tonic. (See pages

A PIE

• small,round,white-to-gray patcheson the top of the head, though this can occuranywl1ereon the scalp • itching is occasionallypresent leave the shampoo for a few minutes before rinsing throughly

RICHT Was/Jing the hair f requently with specially formulatedsbampoosis thebest way of combating dandruff.

S

flll AROMATHERAPY l!.111 . Rosemary, cedarwood

massage the scalp with your fingertips

CAUTION

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

CONS U LT A DOCTO R IF T HE A DOCTOR

,

WI LL C H ECK THAT

THE SCALES CHARACTE RIST IC

tea tree or patchouli can be massaged into the scalp. So, too, can lavender oil diluted in a little almond or coconut oil. Do not massage oils into broken skin. For best results, the oil should be left on overnight and the hair washed in the morning.

OF THE CON D IT ION A RE NO T CA U SED BY INFECTION . AN ANTI FUNGAL SHAMPOO

SCALING

T OPICAL ST EROID SOLUT ION MAY BE SU GGESTED TO

BY REDNESS , OR

IF T H E SCA LING OCCURS ON PA RTS O F THE BO DY OTHER THAN

OR

OF T H E SCA LP IS

ACCOMPANIED

TH E SCA LP. THIS MAY BE A SIGN OF ANOTHER

U N DERLY IN G CO ND ITION

C O NT ROL THE CONDIT ION

(See pages I 04-5.)

DATAFILE

96-103.)

• Dandruff is a natural process. It cannot be eliminated , only controlled. • Some natural therapists believe the condition may be related to a poor diet.

RIC H T Dandruff responds well to treatmentwith rosemary Use it both in the shampooand in the water f or yo urf inal rinse.

274

• Excessive use of hairsprays, gels, hair colorants, and electric hair curlers can make the flaking worse . So, too , can cold weather , dry indoor heating, tightly-fitting hats and headscarves, infrequent shampooing , or inadequate rinsing.

I

• Up to 50 percent of the population is affected by dandruff , the problem tending to occur more often in people with oily skin and hair .

L __________________

I I I I I I I I I I

J

S KIN

Cold Sores

C

old sores, also known as fever blisters , are liquidfilled blisters that erupt around the lips , sometimes spreading to the nose or chin. The condition , which is highly contagious, is caused by the herpes simplex virus, type 1 (HSV-1 ), and is extremely widespread. U.S. studies show that between 30 percent and 60 percent of children have been exposed to it. The virus is related to , but not the same as, the HSV-2 virus, which causes genital herpes . Both types can be spread by skin-to-skin contact. (This is the most common picture , although HSV-1 can occur in the genital area, and HSV-2 in the oral area. ) Once present , the HSV-1 virus remains in the body for life , but what causes those initially infected to suffer from recurrent cold sores is unknown , though there are certain triggers , including emotional stress , excessive exposure to sunlight , tiredness , chapped lips , colds and flu, trauma , menstruation , and cold weather. A typical outbreak lasts six to ten days and passes through six distinct stages, the most painful one being when the full-blown sore has formed , but prior to a scab forming over it. About a day befo re the blisters appear , you may feel numbn ess, tingling, itching, or burning on the lips or the skin around them.

Cold sores may be triggered by coldsandfl11,but may also be a symptomof bel11g generally "n 111 down".

A IJOVE

DATAFILE

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

• Around 90 percent of the world's population carry the virus that causes cold sores, but only about 15 percent actually suffers from outbreaks of the condition .

• The only medication scientifically shown to be a worthwhile treatment for herpes simplex is the antiviral drug acyclovir .

drops to a~ base oil such as almond

1111AROMATHERAPY l!III • Practitioners may

AND

• Because high levels of stress have been identified as a trigger for the HSV- l virus, adopting an exercise program that encourages you to relax can help to prevent outbreaks of the condition . (See pages

A N AN TI VI RAL MEDIC AT ION , WH ICH CAN BE AP PL IED AT THE FIRST SIGN OF A BLISTER, MAY A LSO BE PRESCRIBED

re,, rJT

AUTOGEN I C RAINING

• The system of exercises taught by practitioners of the therapy is thought to be helpful in inducing relaxation in different parts of the body . The aim is to boost the self-healing process. (See

pages 2 10-11 .)

P'!:'il VISUALIZATION L..~ • Forming calming

compresses can help to relieve pain and itching . (See pages

mental pictures is also effective in releasing physical and emotional tensions and reducing stress levels . To tackle pain , a practitioner will encourage you to visualize something that is diminishing. (See

172-9.)

pages 214-17.)

pages 20-28.) ~ HYDROTHERAPY Ice packs and cold

D • CAUTION

D ISORDER IS

158-65 and pages 166-71.)

fl\\ •

Teatreeoil has a lo11g history of successf11luseas an antisepticand antibacterialagent.

MEDICAL

RESPO NS I BLE FOR THE SORES

J

~ BREATHING

acupoints that correspond to where the outbreak is located can provide effective pain relief , according to therapists. (See A Bo VE

SEE IF A N UNDERLYING

I

~ RELAXATION

~ ACUPUNCTURE Stimulating the

h '

A DOCTO R WILL CHECK TO

THERAPIES

suggest gently massaging the affected area with well-diluted oils of geranium or lavender to soothe the pain and antiseptic oils , such as tea tree or eucalyptus. (See pages 104-5.)

add a few

I I I I I I I

• A bad cold, excessive exposure to sunlight, and stress can all trigger an attack.

L __________________

• pain and sorenessfrom the characteristic crustingblister • cracking and weepingmay occur, particularly if the sores are in tl1ecornersof the mouth.

H AI R P R O8 1.F/VIS

Though there are treatments for cold sores, there is no cure for them , as no medication can prevent infec tion from the HSV-1 virus . If you suffer from frequent outbreaks of cold sores , your doctor may prescribe an antiviral drug or ointment, such as acyclovir. By starting to take the drug or applying the ointm ent as soon as you feel th e itching or tingling starting , but before the cold sore erupts , you can lessen th e severity of the outbreak . Taking painkillers ma y make the blisters feel less painful , while putting ice on them can also help to lessen the pain. Keep the sores clean and dry . Apply vaseline to prevent them from cracking and becomin g infec ted . To stop the virus from spreading , avoid all forms of skin contact with others , includin g kissing , and try not to actually touch the sores: touching them , in any event, only intensifies the feeling s of itching and burning. Do not try to cover up an unsightly sore with mak e -up , because , if you do , you again run the risk of secondary infection.

I

SYMPTOMS

AN D

COLD SORES A RE CONTAGIOUS FOR AS LONG AS THER E A RE ANY MOIS T SECRET IONS !' ROM THE BLI STERS.

RICHT Applying an Icepack to tin affectedareamay reduceinflammation

275

CO \I !\IO f'.: ,\ I I. J\\ I r-,:TS

Acne

A

SYMPTOMS

cne is a common

inflammatory

skin disorder , char-

acterized by blackheads and pustules , that most frequently occurs in teenagers around the time of puberty as a result of hormonal fluctuation s. It can also

• blackheadsand small pimpleson tl1eface, shoulders,back or chest• the pimplesfill with pus • inflamed,painful cysts deep in the skin in severecases• theirlegacy can be permanent scarringand pitting

sebum , the fatty oil that lubricat es the skin. As a resu lt , the g lands can become blocked and inflamed , causing blackheads and pimples to appear. If the blocked glands

A DOCTOR

MAY SUGGEST A

SPECIFIC LO TI ON TO C0 1\lll AT THE ACNE , AN ANT IBI OT IC CO URSE, LIV LICHT

THER A PY,

O R THE LISE O F A HRAS I VE

affect adults who are sufferi ng from stress. As well as hormonal fluctuations , most dermatologists believe that h ere dit y and hygi ene may all play a part. The trigger is an in crease in the body 's production of the sex hormon es at puberty , which stimu lat es the sebaceous glands to produce excessive amounts of

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

T REATMEN T TO J\IIN l 1\ IIZE THE SEVERITY OF AN ATTAC K AN D TH E EFFECTS OF SCAR RING.

CAUTION and avoiding oil-based cosmetics wil l help combat acne

DO NO T PICK AT OR SQ UEEZE AC N E SPOTS . NOT ON I_Y WIL L THEY BECOM E LA RCER ANI) 1\ IO RE INFL AMED

S0 1\IE DEC Rl:T

O F SCA RRING IS ,\.IORE LIKEL Y

become infected , the condition can worsen , with sebum and pus building up under the skin to form larger pimples or cysts , which can leave scars and pitting. The

T O OCCUR.

D O NOT LISI: A

SU N LAM P AND DO NOT SU N BATHE A LOT W IT HO UT TA KINC YOUR DOCTOR 'S ADV ICE, AS EXCESSIVE

face , neck , shoulders , upper chest , and back are the areas commonly affect ed . The treatment of acne depends on its severity. Mild

EXPOSURE TO U LTRAV IO I.FT LI CHT CA N D AMAGE THE SKIN

acne that is unlik ely to lead to scarring is treated with topical exfoliants and facial washes. Over-the-counter drying creams and loti ons based on benzoyl peroxide

acne may occur all over the upper body

or sal icyclic acid may help moderate acne. More severe cases are treated with topical or orally administered antibiotics, or isotr eto nin drugs (d e riv ed from vitamin A) . A doctor will advise you to wash often and thoroughly , though over-vigorous scrubbing should be avo ided , as this can lead to more irritation . You

LEFT AC11e isfrequrntlya source of e111barrn ss111e11t for both boys a11dgirls duri11gthe tewageyears.

sh ou ld keep the skin free from oil or oil-based make-up. Some doctors may advise changing your di et, avoiding fatty and oil foods , although others believe that di et THERAPIES

has little or nothing to do with the condition. Natural th erapists , on the other hand , recommend cutting out sugar and refined carbohydrates

~ HYDROTHERAPY

.

They may also suggest daily friction rubs on unaffected areas , plus a twic e-week ly trunk pack , to improve overa ll skin condition. To h elp h ea l damaged skin , an infusion of comfrey leaves makes an excellent

facial wash.

DATAFILE

I I I I I I I I

• More than 80 percent • Girls get the condition

is recommende d by practitioners to help to open blocked skin pores and clear the sebum . You may also be recommended to try hot Epsom salts baths. Thala ssothera py, a sea-water variant of hydrotherap y, can also be effective. (See pages 172 -9 .) ~ RELAXATION ~BREATHIN G

earlier than boys , but it tends to be more

•

Garlic has a minor effect as a natural antibiotic when rubbed onto spots. is not confined to adolescence .

L __________________

AND

• Therapists argue that acne sufferers can only benefit from reducing stress leve ls. You wi ll be shown how to breathe more effectively first and then taught exercises to help you to relax .

•

The french fries and chocolate parents usually blamed for acne are not the culprits. The specific cause is increase d hormone production that is unrelated to food consumption.

276

steam treatment

of U.S. teenagers are affected by acne .

severe in the latter.

I • The condition

D • Facial

I

J

(See pages 158-65 and pages 166-71.)

~Q1LIGHT

THERAPY (UV) light

;-1 ...~ • Ultraviolet

therap y can be beneficial, but should be undertaken only under the superv ision of a qualified practitioner. (See

pages 242-3.) increase you1-___ intake of fresh fruit and vegetables

_

Eatinga /Jealt/Jydiet is tbe singlemosteffectiveway of pro111o ti11ghealthy ski11.

BELOW

SK I :--.. ,\ ts.:ll

Abscesses

Chilblains

S

mall , itchy , red swellings on the skin , chilblains

are caused by the skin 's abnormal

reaction

A

to

H A IR

I' R () ll L I .\I ~

and Boi l s

bsc e sse s and boils are locali ze d bac te ria l inf ections , usually of th e skin . Th e body res po nd s to

cold. They usually appear on the toes and fingers,

the pres e nc e of th e bacteria by increasing

though

flow to th e area of inf e ction (which accoun ts fo r th e

they may affect the lobes of the ears and

th e blood-

other parts of the body , and occur when , due to poor

redness , heat and swelling ) . Specialist

circulation , the blood vessels shrink so much that the

cells le ave the blood

skin 's supply

engulf the bact e ria. Pus is a mi xure of d ea d tissu e ,

of blood

restrict e d. Damp hormonal

and

oxygen

or draughty

conditions

is severely

imbalance , genetic factors , malnourishment

diabetes , and the more common shoes can be contributory

problem

whit e blood

, diet and

bloodstream

factors.

ABO V E Soaki11g 1/1efeet i11a basin of warm water will sti11111 late bloodfl o1u to ti?e aff ecled arrn

To help prevent chilblains , ke ep your body , feet and legs warm , especially

if your circulation

is poor. Start

the day with a warm bath to get the circulation keep exposure moisturizing

without

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT A D OC T OR W ILL EXAMINE T H E

If they do develop , do not scratch

SWEL LI NGS T O EXCL UD E

them - this will only make th e m worse. Instead , apply

O THER C OND IT IONS A ND

a soothing lotion , such as witch hazel or calamine , which

rRE SCRI llE A C REAM T O STOP

will take away most of the discomfort , and , at night , rub

C H ILBLA INS A RE ON T H E TOES

some lanolin ointm e nt well into the feet to help to retain

AN D THE RESU LT 01 - A POO R

and hasten

th e natural

th e bloodstr eam , causin g fev er and illness .

Surgical drainage

together

with antibiotics

is th e only

e ffecti ve tr ea tm e nt fo r thi s ser io us co ndition . Re pe ated abscess

formation

conditions

may b e a complication

such as diabetes

o f chron ic

or kidn ey malfuncti o n.

SYMPTOMS

C IRC UL AT ION , T H E NE RVES CO N T RO LLING T H E BLOO D SUP l' LY M AY BE or ERAT ED O N

medical

treatm e nt , consult your doctor. Diabetics and the eld e rly may be prescribed medications

may b e soothing

TH E IRRITAT ION . IF T HE

has ulcerated , apply an antiseptic

dressing: if you have diabetes , or are undergoing

way it will resolv e is b y

abscess is to lance it to release the pus , thou g h a hot

e ntering

in th e

usuall y clear up in two to th ree w ee ks

heat. If the chilblain

only

most e ffectiv e way of dr a inin g an

A la rge ab sce ss resu lts in la rge numb e rs of b acteri a

cr ea m into ar e as lik e ly to b ecome chill e d .

treatment.

size , the

dischargin g. The

discharg e of an absc ess or boil.

skin , and take regular exercise. Chilblains

of pus can b e re absorb e d b y th e

, but , onc e an absc e ss has rea c h e d an y

significant

compress

going ,

to cold to a minimum , and regularly rub

Do not smoke , as nicotine reduces the circulation

c e lls and liv in g and d ead b ac te ria.

Small amounts

,

of ill-fitting

whit e blood

vess e ls for the tissu e s and

• boil-painful redlump, possibly discharging • boil/abscess with bacteremi a or septicemia: highfever, vomiting, muscle aches, headaches

to boost their circulation . CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

SYMPTOMS

• pain and itching• inflamedswellingson the skin • sensation of heat in affectedareas

AS WELL AS LANC ING T H[ A BSCESS T U RELl: ASE l' RlSS U RE A ND LESSEN THE PA I N, A DO CT OR 1\ IAY IDENT IFY T HF BACTE RIA I YO LV ED AN D

THERAPIES

r RESCRIBI: ANTI BIO T ICS T O ST O P T HE SPREAD O F

:I,,:!:HYDROTHERAPY

D •

Practitioners recommend alternate hot and cold hand or footbaths daily. These help to stimulate the circulation. Bathe the hands or feet in warm water for around three minutes , then dip them in cold for one minute . Repeat for about 20 minutes , al w ays finishing with the cold water. Hands benefit from alternate hot and cold compresses between the shoulderblades and the base of the neck: fo r feet, the best place is the lower back. (See pages 172-9.)

E'MASSAGE By boosting the circulation in the skin , regular massage of the hands and feet can help to prevent chilblains .

J" .11i•

(See pages 96-103.) ~ ACUPRESSURE ~ • Practitioners advise the use of acupressure to help to ease pain and discomfort. (See

pages 29-3 I.)

..

AROMATHERAPY Massaging the feet in a footbath containing hot water mixed w ith a little mustard o il relieves symptoms. Lemon , lavender, chamomile, cypress,

lm •

IN r ECTIO N . U RIN E AN D BLOOD 1\\ AY BE T ESTED TO ESTABLISH W HET HER UND FRIYING UISIASI::~ SUCH AS DIABETES A RE REDUCING

THE

RESISTAN CE TO IN FECT ION.

peppermint , or black pepper oils are also effective massage elements. (See pages I 04-5 .) THERAPIES

:I,,:!:HYDROTHERAPY

D • If the abscess

is on the

trunk , or the upper part of the legs , Epsom salts baths may help. Abscesses in other areas can be treated with alternate hot and cold compresses. (See

~ REFLEXOLOGY

~

. Stimulati o n o f the

appropriate reflex poi nts on the feet by a trained practitioner is said to help wi th the condition. (See pages

66-71.)

pages 172-9.)

2 77

CO ,v \ 1'viON

AILMENTS

EYES AND EARS Conjunctivitis

P

opularly known as "pink eye ," conjunctivitis

condition is highly contagious. You should touch your eyes only when necessary and wash the hands befor e and afterwards to cut down the risk of the infection

occurs

when the conjunctiva , the delicate membrane that covers the whites of the eyes and the inside of the eyelids , becomes inflamed. The classic symptoms are a redness and burning sensation in the eyes , an acrid discharge , and a strong sensitivity to light . Sometimes , especially after a night's sleep , the eyes are sticky and crusted. One or both ey es can be affected. Most cases of conjunctivitis are caused by ba c terial or viral infections , though allergies lik e hay fever , for e ig n bodies in th e ey e, and environm e ntal irritants , such as tobacco smok e and aerosol spray s, can all tri gg er the condition. If the cause is an infection , the

spreading . You should also make sure that no one els e uses your towels and face clothes and use a clean pillow case each night. Wear sunglasses if you find daylight irritating . Bathing your eyes in tepid , boiled water with of times to saturate the eye properly. With medical treatment , bacterial

I • Glaucoma

is the leading cause of blindness in the U.S.

L __________________ Co11ji111c tivitis can be highly contagiousand yo u should touch you r eyesas little as possible when y ou are it. sufferingfro111

D • Applying

cool compresses to the eyes three to four times a day for ten to 15 minutes a time can help to reduce itching and swelling and generally relieve the discomfort. A cold face plunge can also help to clear some of the symptoms . (See pages 172-9.)

SPON TANE OU SLY WIT H IN 48 HOU RS. IF THEY DO N OT, CONS U LT YOUR D OCTO R.

or viral conjunc -

APIES

1111AROMATHERAPY l!JII • Apply warm compresses, impregnated with a few drops of lavender, chamomile, or rose o il, to the affected area. These can help to draw out infection and encourage healing . (See page s

104-5.)

I I I I

I

J

LEFT W11shyour h1111d s thoroughly yo ur eyes. after touchi11g

BELOW

rubbing your eyes risks . spreading the infection

ABOVE Bathing the eye with cl1a11 10111ile encourageshealii·ig

278

EYE IS VERY PAINFUL. THE SYMPT OMS SH OULD RESOLVE

tamin es may b e used to help to tr eat the condition .

~ HYDROTHERAPY

• Common eye disorders in children include astigmatism, when an additional curvature on the surface of the cornea or lens makes it hard to focus , farsightedness, nearsightedness and strabismus , or "crossed eye", which occurs when one eye turns in, out, up , or down independent of the other .

D IFFFICU LTY SEEINC , OR IF THE

tivitis is curable in a week or so. A doctor may prescrib e antibioti c ey edrops or ointment to fight the infection . Allergic conjunctivitis will cl ear up once the allergen trigg erin g it has been detect ed and d ealt with: antihis-

THER

DATAFILE

CONSULT YO U R DOC T OR IMMED IAT ELY IF YO U HAVE ANY

a little added salt may help . Blink into the water a coupl e

SYM PTOMS

• ey es becomereda11d sore with accompa11yi11g irritation, • dischargefrom the eyes, which may drynessa11dgritti11ess vary from watery to pus-like, depending 011what is causi11g the conju11ctivitis • swe1li11g a11dpuffinessof the eyelids

CAUTION

E YE

Glaucoma

G

laucoma occurs when the internal pressure in the

eye increases enough to damage the nerve fibers in the optic nerve. The increase in pressure happens when , for reasons that are unknown, the passages that

The incidence of glaucoma increases with age. People with a family history of glaucoma , African Americans, the very nearsighted and diabetics are at a higher risk of developing it. Chronic glaucoma, which can take months or even years to become noticeable , is the most common form. Prompt diagnosis and treatment is vital to control glaucoma . Diagnosis requires a compreh e nsive optometric examination. Once thi s has b ee n made , tr eatment includ e s eyedrops and medicin es to lower the pressure in the eyes. In som e c ase s, las e r tr eatm ent o r surgery may be advised to reduce the pressure.

EYE EXAM INAT IONS

ARE RECOMMENDED

FO R

A

PEO PLE O VER 4 0 W IT H A FA M ILY HI ST O RY O F GLA U COMA.

IF Y O U

EX PERIENC E PAIN IN T H E EYES, O R YOUR VIS ION IS IM PA IRED , CO N SU LT A D OC T O R

normally allow the fluid in the eyes to drain become clogged or blocked. The result is damage to vision and , if the condition is left medically untreated , blindness.

EA R PR O BLE MS

Cataract

CAUTION ANNUAL

AN D

IMMED IAT ELY.

with glaucoma, increased pressure in the eye may not allow fluids to drain away properly

\

\ \

the result is damage to the optic nerve, which means that 'sight ~ messages' are not sent to the brain; ~ correctly. In other words, vision is impaired

cataract

is the development

of an opacity within

the lens of the eye. It is caused by chemical changes to the proteins within the lens. Although they may be

congenital , cataracts ar e common er with advancing age. They may be related to the total dose of UV lig ht that the eye has received in life , as they are common e r in tropical countries. Cataracts may be related to chronic disease , notably diabetes , or renal failure , sever e my opia (shortsightedness ), or corticosteroid drugs. Most oft e n, cataracts affect people aged ov e r 55 , though th ey are also occasionally found in younger people. Th e re are no warning signs of pain and discomfort to show that on e may be forming , thou g h o th e r symptoms may be pr e se nt. Thes e include blu rre d or hazy vision , spots appearing in front of th e ey es , in c rease d se nsiti v ity to g lare , o r th e feelin g of a film fo rming ov e r the ey es. Nor is th ere any treatm e n t tha t can prevent one from forming, though optom etrists can p resc rib e ch anges in eyeg lasses or co n tac t len ses to mitig ate its e ffects. If the condition develops to th e point where sight is impaired , the affect e d lens may be surgi cally remov ed and a plastic , artificial lens substi tu te d . SYMPTOMS

blurredor hazy vision • a changein the perceptionof colors • spots in f ront of the ey es • increased sensitivity to glare • thefeelingof a film forming overthe eyes

with cataracts, the damage is to the lens, which in extreme cases has to be replaced

SYMPTOMS

• chronic glaucoma: develops gradually and painlessly without symptoms • acuteglaucoma:suddenblurredvision; loss of sidevision; seeingcoloredrings around light;pain or rednessin the eyes

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

T REAT/VIENT FO R CHR O NI C A ND

YOUR VI SIO N WIL L BE TESTE D

AC UTE GL A U COMA

A ND SPEC IA L EYEGLASSES OR

MAY

INVOLV E EYED RO PS,

CO NT AC T LENSES PRESCRI RED

PA INK IL LERS, AND SU RG ERY.

T O M IT IG ATE THE EHEC T OF CATA RACTS

THE A I M IS T O RED U CE T H E

EVENTU A LLY,

PRESSURE INS ID E TH E EYE

SURG ICA L REMOV A L M AY

T H AT IS CA U SI N G TH E

PROV E NE CESSA RY.

CON D ITIO

THERAPIES

THERAPIES

~'l:◄l CRANIAL 'if.~OSTEOPATHY • Therapists believe that, by gently massaging the cranium , the amount of fluid within the head can be more adequately dispersed and the build-up of pressure in the eyes relieved as a result. (See pages 115-16.)

~ BATES METHOD illilll• The relaxing visual exercises taught as part of the Bates method are thought by practitione rs to be effective counters to deterioration of sight , although they cannot cure glaucoma. (See pages 182-3.)

~ ACUPRESSURE ~• Massaging the

acupoint on the bone below the pupil of the eye may help to relieve the problem temporarily. (See pages

29-31.)

~ BATES METHOD to

.W • According

practitioners of the Bates method , the problems of cataracts can be comp o und ed by what they consider bad visual habits . You will be taught a system of eye exercises to counter these.

(See pages 182-3.)

279

COMMON

A I L MENTS

Eyestrain

E

yestrain is not strictly a medical term and means differing things to different people . It can be experienced as burning tightness , sharp pains , dull pains , watering , blurring, double vision, headaches, and other sensations . One of the major causes of the condition is prolonged or constant use of a computer: others include protracted working in artificial light, reading in poor light and watching television for hours in the dark. If you work on a computer , you should spend no more than two hours at a time in front of the screen , followed by at least an hour away from it. Optometrists advise getting your eyes tested on at least an annual basis: their argument is that , though working on a computer probably does not cause sight problems in itself , it can bring to light or exacerbate existing shortsightedness. To make your workstation vision-friendly , you should relocate any lamps that cast glare on the screen, and, if necessary , add a glare-reduction filter to it. A white screen with dark letters is best- if yours has a dark background , room light should be reduced by half . Clean the screen frequently. When reading, make sure that there is sufficient light , and , when watching television at night , always have a side light on in the room. In either case , you should relax your eyes by looking away from what you are reading or watching for a few seconds at regular intervals. If you are suffering from straightforward eyestrain, a doctor will probably suggest you bathe the eyes and use eyedrops to relieve the condition. Placing pads soaked in a cool infusion of feverfew over the eyelids and resting for up to 20 minutes can also help. commercial eyewashes are sold with a little cup to help you use them

LEFT Staring constantly at 11 compulerscreenis 11 co111111on cat1seof eyestrainin lhe modem world Take at leasta /en-minutebreakevery hour

SYMPTOMS

• feelingof tightnessaround the eyes • difficulty in focussing • recurrent headaches,particularly acrosstheforeheadand behindthe eyes

HELOW Dr Batesrecom111ended holding two pencilsor otherobjects at differentdistancesfrom the eyes andfocussingfi,·st on one, tlm1 on the ot'7cr

CAUTION IF YOU WOR K W IT H A VDU , MEDICAL

ADVICE

IS THAT YOU

TA K E REGULA R BREAKS AWAY FROM THE SCREEN AND H AVE YOUR EYESIGHT

TE STED ON AT

LEAST AN ANN U A L BASIS, ESPECIALLY I F YOU AL READY WEAR EYEGLASSES OR CONTACT

LENSES

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT THERAPIES

A DO CT O R WILL ADVISE YOU TO BATHE TH E EY ES AND US E EYEDROPS TO RELI EVE ANY AC HE S, PAINS A ND OTHER PHYSICAL

SYMPTOMS . YOU

WILL BE ADVISED

TO HAVE

YO UR EYES TESTED TO SEE IF YOU NEED EYEGLASSES , OR A C H ANCE IN PRESCRIPTION

~ BATES METHOD .. • Practitioners of the Bates method recommend a series of basic exercises that will "re-educate" the eyes and get rid of the bad habits that contributed to causing the eyestrain. (See pages 182-3.) ..

AROMATHERAPY

l!III • Massage

LEFT A simpleeyewas'7 , auaila/Jlc fmm p'7annacies,relievest,redeyes Alterat1uely,gently pressused teabagsof green tea or c'1a1110111ile against the eyes

280

a mixture of one drop of lemon , or rose, oil diluted with two tablespoons (30ml) of a carrier oil into the temples. (See pages I 04-5.)

~ ACUPRESSURE ~• Therapists believe that

massaging key acupoints on the face will relieve the condition . Massage the bridge of the nose with the thumb and index finger of one hand . Then, use both thumbs to massage both sides of the top of the nose, while keeping the other fingers flat on the forehead . Finally, massage beneath the eyes with the index fingers, just below the cheekbones. (See pages

29-31 .)

E Y E A N D EA R PROBLEM

S

Tinnitus

A

condition where the sufferer is intermittently aware of a ringing , buzzing or whistling noise in one or both ears that has no external source is termed tinnitus. There are a number of possible causes , though wax in the ear, middle ear infection with blockage of the Eustachian tubes , and inner ear damage, particularly of the cochlea , are the most common. The condition has been linked to high blood pressure, anemia and arterial disease, and can be aggravated by psychological problems , notably anxiety and depression , and overuse of drugs such as aspirin and quinine, persistent loud noise, smoking , and alcohol abuse. The problem is often the result of the deafness that comes with ageing . Unless the cause is a simple one - wax in the ears, for instance , which can be dissolved, or syringed away - there is no cure for tinnitus , and often the cause is never known. In some cases , the intensity of the ringing sounds can be moderated by the use of drugs. A doctor may suggest trying a masker , which fits into the ear like a hearing aid and masks the noise associated with tinnitus with so-called "white noise." Working in a noisy environmentor excessiveexposureto loudmusiccan damagethe nervesin the earand leadto tinnitus.

ABOVE

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

SYMPTOMS

• tinkling,buzzing or ringingin the ears

IN SOME CASES, THE INTENSITY OF THE NOISES ASSO C IATED WITH TINNITUS CAN BE CON TRO LLED BY DRUG THERAPY. ALT ERNATIV ELY, A MASKER MAY BE FITT ED T O TH E AFFECTED EAR OR EARS

BELOW If thereis no nervedamage , improvingcirculationin the braincan helprelievetinnitus

DATAFILE • The noise of a typical pop concert can impair hearing in less than half an hour.

I

• Herbalists believe that feverfew is effective in treating tinnitus and that, taken daily, it may help to ward off attacks .

L ____

___

___

I I I

JI

__ ______

THERAPIES ~ ACUPUNCTURE

ll\\ • According

/

massage head with appropriate essential oils such as rosemary

to practitioners, low-pitched sounds in the ears are indicative of Kidney disharmony, while high-pitched ones suggest Liver disharmony. Treatment is at the appropriate acupoints along the relevant meridians. (See pages

20-28 .) ~-z:;icRANIAL ;{~ OSTEOPATHY

• Manipulating the interlocking joints, or sutures, of the cranium is said by therapists to alleviate the condition, though orthodox doctors are skeptical about its effectiveness. (See pages

114-15 .)

r-::JRELAXATION

AND

~BREATHING

• By teaching techniques to ease tension and relieve the symptoms of anxiety and stress, therapists help sufferers to lower their awareness of the noise associated with the complaint.

r.,

PSYCHOTHERAPY AND COUNSELING • A counselor's aim is to help you come to terms with the condition, and so to prevent the vicious circle of chronic anxiety developing. (See pages

~

188-91.)

(See pages 158-65 and pages 166-71.) ~ BIOFEEDBACK

• Learning how to relax muscles in the forehead through biofeedback training helps to reduce stress levels and so helps with the noise of tinnitus, according to therapists. In a Californian experiment, 80 percent of participants in a 12session, six-week trial reported a reduction in noise levels. (See

pages 212-13 .)

281

COMMON

A !LM

ENT

S

Earache

otics . If the condition is related to sinus or nasal congestion , an antihistamine or the use of a decongestant may be advised. Self-help araches can be very mild or very painful. measures for pain relief include applying a Their most common cause is an inflammation of the middle ear (otitis media ). This warm compress to the ear. To open up the Eustachian tubes and help them to drain, try often results from a blockage in the propping up your head while you sleep , Eustachian, or auditomeatory , tubes , which run from the back of the throat to the middle using a cool-mist vaporizer , especially at night , and gently ( to avoid bursting the ear and allow secretions from the middle ear eardrums) , but firmly, blowing through to drain away into the nose and throat. If the your nose while holding both nostrils tubes become blocked , fluid gathers, pressure rises and the middle ear becomes closed until you hear a pop . You can do this several times a day. painful and often infected as a result. Children between the ages of six months Symptoms of an acute infection include ABOVE Using lhe middlethreefingm, and three years are very pron e to intense , throbbing pain and fever ; signs of apply gentle pressure to a point just in e arache and ear infections: over ten a chronic infection are intermittent front of your ear. million children in the U.S. are treated discomfort and intermittent discharge of for ear inf ec tions every year. Howev e r, pus. Oth er possible causes of earache as a child grows , the Eustachian tubes start to curve include changes in air pressure while flying , something downward , allowing the fluids produced in the middle stuck in the ear , too much ear wax , dental problems , g lue ear (a chronic accumulation of fluid in the middle ear to drain more free ly. ear) in children , deafness , and ear injuries Acute ear pain should be treated by a doctor . The SYMPTOMS treatment will depend on its cause , but generally includes taking an analgesic for pain relief and , if • pain • fever • soft wax or pus may drainf rom the ear earache is the result of an infection , a course of antibi• partialdeafness

E

THERAPIES ~~CRANIAL OSTEOPATHY

'j,,(~

• Gentle mainpulation of the bones of the skull or selected points may help to relieve the pressure caused by fluid buildup by promoting drainage.

(See pages 114-15.)

t=:]

CHIROPRACTIC

f=::, • In some cases of recurrent ear infection, chiropractic may be helpful to help to drain the build-up of fluid. (See pages 118-25 and

Osteopathy, pages 106-13.) ~M

the ear and rotate around the ear . (See pages 96-103.)

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT TREAT MENT VARIES ACCO RDING TO THE CA LISE OF

~ ACUPRESSURE ~• Pressing firmly with

three fingers on the area in fror of the ear, and gently with the middle fingers in the hollows behind the earlobes may relieve earache, but only if there is no underlying infection. (See pages 29-31 .)

soothing words and physical contact will help

EARACH E, HUT USUALLY INCLUD ES THE PRESCRlrTION

comfort

a suffering child

OF ANT I BIOTICS OR DECONGESTANTS.

IF TH E

EU STACH IAN TUBES BECOME PERSISTENT LY BLO CKED , PRESSURE- EQ U A LIZIN G TUBES MAY BE SURGI CALLY INSERTED THROUGH

THE EARDRUM TO

AID D RA IN AG E

insert eardrops

using a dropper

ASSAGE

J"~ • Therapists

believe that massaging the affected ear can help to keep the Eustachian tube open. Apply gentle pressure and draw a line along the back of the ear and down the back of the jawbone, followed by gently pushing and releasing the flap of skin in front of the ear several times . Alternatively , place the fleshy part of your palm just below the thumb over

282

C

CAUTION IF SUDDEN , SEVERE PAIN, WITH PUS DRAINING

FROM THE EAR,

OCCURS, T H E EARDRUM MAY HAVE PERFO RATED AS A RESULT OF THE BUILD -UP OF PRESSURE. PARADOXICALLY , THE RELIEF TH E PERFORAT ION BRINGS CAN AC TU ALLY CA U SE THE PA IN TO LESSEN, BUT YOU NEED TO SEE A DOCTOR

AS

SOON AS POSSIBLE A DOCTOR SHOULD

ALSO BE CA LLED IF

THERE IS A FEVER, CHILLS , DIZZ IN ESS, OR SERIOUS HEARING LOSS. IF A C HILD CO,v lPLA INS Or SEVERE H EADACHE,

A STIFF NECK AND

SEEMS TI RED AND LET H ARGIC , CAL L A DOCTOR

IMMEDIATE LY

AS THESE COULD SYM l'TOMS

BE

OF /\IE NI NGITIS.

BELOW Earacheis most preuale11/ in

childrenand rnn be very distressing ln addition to tl1eJiain - usually caused by 11 11i11feclio11 11ccomp11nyi11g a cold - both hearingand h11lm1ce may he affected

EYE AN D

Labyrinthitis

L

abyrinthitis

(Otitis

is an inflammation

E A R P R O IJ L I: 1\\ S

interna) of the fluid-filled

chambers of the inner ear , causing disruption of the sense of balance . As well as vertigo 1 th e condition may ca use nausea 1 vo mitin g 1 abnormal 1 j e rky eye mov e-

sem icircular canals

malleus

m e nts 1 and a rin g ing , hissing or buzzin g in th e ears (see Tinnitus, page 2s1). The cause is usually an infection 1

~ cochlea

possibly associated with mumps or flu ; or a result of Meniere 's dis ease or otosclerosis. You should rest in b e d until the dizziness subsides 1 then gradually resume your normal activiti es. You should not driv e until a week after the symptoms hav e completely disappeared. If the condition is caused by a

ear canal ___

_

_

virus 1som e complementary th era pists advise looking at the diet and increasing the con sumpti on of foods such as oily fish to boost the immun e system. Depending on the cause 1 a doctor may prescribe diuretics to reduce th e fluid accumulati o n in the inn er

eardrum

ea r and antinaus ea medications 1if you feel nauseous. An intensive co ur se of antibiotic s will be prescribed if t h e condition is caused by a bacterial inf ection. Her e 1 prompt tr eatment is important 1 becaus e otherwise inner ear can b e perman e ntly damaged.

stapes

th e

ABOV E Tbe enr is a complicateda11d delicate structure.I11fe ctio11 s can ca1.1sc a variety of unpleasant symptoms.

SYMPTOMS

• giddiness,dizziness,faintness, and possiblef alling • nausea and vomiting • partialdeafn ess • ringing, buzzing or hissing in the ears

~ HYDROTHERAPY

~ ACUPUNCTURE

D • According

Ill\\ • Stimulating the relevant acupoints will improve the flow of qi and boost the local circulation to combat the condition , accord ing to practitioners. (See pages

to some therapists , the application of alternating hot and cold compresses may help relieve symptoms , but they cannot treat the underlying causes of the condition . (See pages

20-28 .)

172-9.)

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

CAUTION CALL YOUR DOCTO R IF, DURING

A DOCTOR

MAY PRESCRIBE

A PPROPRIATE DRO PS OR OINTMEN T S, OR PACK THE EAR CAN AL W ITH A DR ESSING SOA KED IN AN ANT IBACERIAL O R ANTIFUNGAL

AGENT.

TREATMEN T, YOU

SUFFER FROM A LOSS OF H EARING IN EIT HER EAR, PERSISTENT VOMITIN G, FAINT ING r-lTS, A RA ISED TEMPERA T URE , OR IF NEW , UN EXPLA INED SYMPTOMS DEV ELOP.

I_EFT AptJlyinga warm co111p ress,Jallowedby n cold one, to tbe affectedareacan belprelieueenracbe

283

COMMON

A I LMEN

T S

NOSE Sinusitis

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

There are several self-help measures to treat the condition. Warm , moist air may relieve the congestion , so use a vaporizer , or try steam inhalations. Warm compresses may relieve pain in the sinuses and nose . Hot lemon drinks are thought to loo sen mucus; garlic , onions and horseradish to reduce mucus production. Add mustard and aromatic herbs , such as oregano , to your food . Extra zinc and vitamin C can , in som e cases, help to build up the body 's resistance to infection.

S

inusitis is an inflammation of the nasal sinuses , the hollow cavities within the cheekbones , around and behind the nose, and sometimes of the fronta l sinuses, behind the forehead . The inflammation is normally caused by inadequate draining of the sinuses as a resu lt of allergy, infection , and obstruction . The result is a build-up of mucus , creating intense pressure and pain . Acute sinusitis may be triggered by a bacterial infection - usually as a complication of a common cold SYMPTOMS or an allergy . Chronic sinusitis is recurrent. It can also be caused by bacterial infection , but • nasal congestionwith thick, stretchy mucus and rneezing• loss of senseof smell • nosebleeds may occur because of problems in the • headache• feellngsof pressurein and immune system , or ph ysical obstrucaroundthe head • severepain aroundthe tions , such as nasal polyps , in the nasal cavities . Tobacco · smok~ , eyes and in the cheeks, which canf eellike toothache dry air, and other pollutants can trigger either form of the disease . Signs and symptoms include nasal congestion , with a green-yellow mucus discharge that sometimes can be blood-tinged; a feeling of pressure inside the head; a headache that is at its worst in the morning ; cheek pain that resembles toothache ; and tiredness , ABOVE Inhaling the vaporsfrom lavenderoil dissolved in warm watercan easethe pain of sinusitus lack of energy , and eye pain . With medical treatment , acute sinusitis usually clears up in three weeks , but chronic sinusitis can take between four to six weeks to clear fully.

YOUR D OCTOR MAY PRESCRIBE NASA L SPRAYS, NOSE DROP S, OR ORAL D ECONGES TANTS TO REDUCE TH E CONGES TION , ANT IBIOTI CS FO R ANY BACTERI AL INFECT ION , AND AN T IHI STA/v\lN ES FOR AL LERGI ES SURGERY IS SOME T IMES NEEDED TO CLEAR NASA L OBSTR UCT IONS.

I

CAUTION CA LL A D OCTOR IF YOU ARE SUFFERIN G FROM A FEVER, BLEED ING FROM THE NOSE , SEVERE HEADACHE , FACIA L SWEL LING , BLURRED V ISIO N OR O THER EYE SYM PTOMS

LEFT Peppermintis also helpfulin clearingnasalcongestion

THERAPIES ~

SHIATSU

U • Pressure on the tsubo midway between the two bones of the thumb and index finger in the fleshiest part of the hand, on the one between the eleventh and twelfth thoracic ver tebrae , and on the tsubo lateral to the base of the nose on a line directly below the pupils may help wit h sinus conges tion . (See

pages 32-7 and Do-in, pages 38-41.)

~ REFLEXOLOGY • To ease the congestion and relieve the pain , a practitioner will stimulate the sinus points on each toe repeatedl y. The thumb slowly moves up eac h toe , from base to tip . (See pages 66-71 .)

~

~ ACUPRESSURE ~• A practitioner may advise stimulating acupoints on the Large Intestine meridian by pressing firmly either side of the nostrils at the base of the nose .

(See pages 29-31.)

284

~ ACUPUNCTURE ~ • Inserti ng needles into the

appropriate acupoints will improve the flow of qi and restore the balance of yin and yang. The acupoints on the governor and the large and small Intestine meridians are the ones treated , plus the ones on the spleen meridian if there is an a llerg y involvement . (See pages

20-28.)

,.

AROMATHERAPY

l!JI .

Massage the face with a wel l-dilute d mixture of lavender , thyme , eucalyptus, peppermint , pine and tea tree oils to relieve pain , clear blockage and stuffiness, and act as an antiseptic to help clear the infection . (See pages 104-5.)

~ HYDROTHERAPY Alternate hot and cold

D •

compresses on the ba se of the skull and on the forehead can relieve the condition , as will a daily co ld sitz bath . Alternate hot and co ld footbaths may also help . (See pages 172-9 .) ~~ CRANIAL OSTEOPATHY Practitioners believe this therapy can ease sinusiti s by boo sting the drainage of sinus fluids . (See pages 214-15.)

;,{"f,.•

NA S AL

Catarrh

C

BEL OW A nothercause of the blocked-upfeelingwe associate with a cold is the over-productionof mucus known as catarrh

SYMPTOMS

atarrh is the medical term used to describe the overproduction of thick mucus in response to an

inflammation or irritation of the membranes that line the passages of the throat , nose , and lungs . It gives rise to sneezing , a block ed or runny nose , coughs or earache , and loss of the senses of taste and smell. The condition is often triggered by colds and flu; other triggers include smoking , dust inhalation , chronic sinusitis , upper respi-

PR O B L EMS

• blocked, possibly runny nose, or excessivelyrunny nose • cough • earache• possiblenosebleeds• ulcers may developon the septum, the boneseparatingthe nostrils

blowing your nose too hard or too often can lead to nosebleeds

ratory tract infection , and allergy. A series of colds in quick succession may lead to chronic catarrh. Conventional treatment may involve the prescription of antibiotics if the catarrh is the result of a bacterial infection , or antihistamines if it is an allergic response . You may also be advised to use decongestant nose drops to relieve the symptoms of the complaint. Steam inhalations may b e useful (use with care if you ar e asthmatic ).

If the attack is in response by avoiding the triggering

to an allergy , help yourself allergens . You should also

keep room s we ll-ventilat ed and cut back on dairy products , sugar and sugary foodstuffs in favor of a nutritious wholefood diet including plenty of fresh fruit , salads , vegetables , fish , nuts , honey , and wholegrain

cereals.

avoid food with a high sugar content and cut down on dairy products

THERAPIES ~ ACUPRESSURE ~• Pressure is applied to

the acupoints at the back of and on either side of the skull, and on the web of the hand , to relieve the symptoms of the complaint. {See pages 29-3 I.) ~ ACUPUNCTURE

fl\\ • A

practitioner will stimulate the acupoints on the large Intestine, Stomach and Lung meridians. (See pages

20-28.) choose lots of fresh fruit and vegetables, and wholegrain cereals

Ealing a healthydietis one of tin best ways to reducecatarrh, in particular rntting back on dairy foods.

A BOVE

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

E'MASSAGE To help drain the sinuses, facial massage may be suggested. If mucus has become lodged in the bronchial tubes,

J":Ji•

stroking the upper back plus vibratory petrissage over the shoulder muscles and vibratory friction over the lower tip of the breastbone may help. {See

~ REFLEXOLOGY ~. A reflexologist may recommend massaging the reflex areas relating to the sinuses and nose . In addition, he may suggest massaging the areas relating to the head, eyes, upper lymph nodes and the digestive system. (See pages

66-71.)

pages 96-103.) ~ HYDROTHERAPY

D • Treatments such as

Acupressure on the band can helpshift catarrh.

BELOW

mustard footbaths , sitz baths , long, hot showers, saunas , steam baths , hot and cold compresses, and friction rubs may all be recommended by hydrotherapists. (See pages

172-9 .)

C O NSUL T A DOCTO R IF THE BLOC KA GE LASTS LONGER T H AN T WO TO FOUR WEEKS , OR IF TH E DISCH ARGE IS BLOODSTAINED.

YO U MAY BE

CAUTION SITZ BATH S, H O T SHOWERS , SAUNAS , A

D STEAM BAT H S

PRESCRIBED AN TIRI OT ICS O R

SHO ULD BE AV O IDED IF YOU

A NTIHIS TAM INES, DE PEND ING

ARE PREGNANT.

ON W H AT IS CAUS ING THE CAT ARRH

285

MOUTH AND THROAT Fear of Dental

Treatment

F

ea r of d e ntal tr e atm e nt is an ex tremely common ph enom e n o n . Suff erers d ev el o p intens e feelin g s of an x iety and panic: they fee l, for ex ample , that they are

compl etely in the hands of the dentist , that dentists are alwa ys impatient , and that dentists do not care about th e pain th e ir pati e nts are in . Children can be particularly affect ed , esp ecially if th ey se ns e that th e ir par e nts th e mselves ar e scar ed of d e ntists and treatment. M ost m o d ern d e ntists ar e awar e of th e nervousness that affects many of their pati e nts. Th ey may offer h o me visit s, se dati o n , and an esthetics , or offer or advise h y pn osis and oth er fo rms of relaxati o n th e rapy t o h elp to combat th e problem. S Y MPTOM S

• rapid pulse • profuse sweating • raised bloodpressure • trembling • nausea A good dentist will try to put yo u al ease by explaining what he is doingand pausing if you show any sign of disco111fort . A ~O VE

I

DATAFILE

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

• Some studies show that nearly 80 percent of Americans suffer from some feelings of fear about dental treatment , while , according to the American Dental Hygienists ' Association , 12 to 15 percent of them totally avoid any kind of dental treatment because of severe dental anx iety.

HOME VIS IT S, SEDAT ION AND ANESTHET ICS MAY BE OFFERED TO COMBAT FEAR OF TREATMENT

J

L __________________

COGNITIVE-

BEHAVIORAL THER A PY, HYPNOSIS , AND RELAXATION TECHN IQUES MAY ALSO BE RECOMMEN D ED.

TH ERAP

11111 AROMATHERAPY l!JIII• Bergamo!,

chamomile , clary sage , geranium , jasmine , juniper , lavender , majoram , melissa , and ylang ylang , which are all sedative, are among the best oils to try . Use them for massage , combined with a light carrier oil , such as sweet almond. Carry a bottle of the diluted oils w ith you and appl y to the temples or pulse points before dental treatment. {See

pages I 04 - 5.)

~

~

RIGHT Certain types of music haue beenprouento have a therapeuticeffect in relieuinganxiety.

IE S

increase your personal control over your physiological responses . (See pages 212-13.)

AYURVEDA

• Individual treatment is prescribed according to specific individual needs . {See pages

78-85.)

r.,

PSYCHOTHERAPY

AND

~ COUNSELING

~ BIOFEEDBACK

• Therapists will show you how to systematically tense and relax 16 of the larger muscles in the bod y over a period of 15 to 20 minutes, wh ile sitting in a dental chair. During this time , the muscular tension is registered electronically and d isplayed so that you can monitor your state of rela xation. The aim is to

• A cognitive-behavioral therapist will encourage you to confront your fear by talking openly about it and formulating what are termed negative cognitions in words. You will then be helped to reformulate problems by breaking them down into specific difficulties , each of w hich are tackled in turn . {See pages 196- 9.)

LEFT Sedativeoils can help relax you bef orea trip to thedentist.

28 6

~ HYPNOTHERAPY ~ • A hypnotherapist will use her hypnotic skills to help you to reprogram the way you think and so over come your fears of dental treatment. Consult a reputable hypnotherapist if you decide to use this method of overcoming your phobia . (See

pages 218-23.) ('~

BIORHYTHMS

M • Therapists

~I ~

MUSIC THERAPY

• Many dentists now play soothing background music during treatment. The theo ry is that this will help to relax the person being treated and so calm nerves and fears. (See

believe that, on a personal level , there are three main cycles that influence our lives - the emotional , lasting 28 days , the phy sical , lasting 23 days , and the intellectual , lasting 33 days. The cycles and the phases within them can be used to plot the da ys on which sufferers are best equip pe d to deal with their phobia. {See

• Learning and practic ing quick and easy rela xation technique s and being shown how to breathe deeply helps to ca lm the nerves and relieve stress. (See page s

pages 244-7.)

158-65 and pages 166-71 .)

pages 232-5.) ~ RELAXATIO N A ND ~ BREATHING

,v\O UTH

Dental ( following

Discomfort treatment

Grinding

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

)

PROLONGED D ENTA L

iscomfort after dental treatment is usually caused by injury - perhaps to a nerve - or bruising around the tooth that has bee n treat ed . This may occur imme diately after treatment has bee n completed , or pain may follow initial discomfort after an anesthetic has worn off. There may also be some bleeding from the gums . If the pain persists , you should consult a dentist immediately , as this may signal an infection. The dentist will check for this with X-rays and treat the infection accordingly.

D

SYMPTOMS

• pain • bleedinggums • swollengums if underlyinginfection

DISCOMFO RT FOL LOWING T REATMENT SHO U LD BE CHECKED BY A DENTIST TO ENSURE THA T INFECTION

HAS

NOT SET IN.

THERAPIES

1111111 AROMATHERAPY

l!III • Oil of clove or macerated cloves can be gently massaged into and around the affected area. This will help to prevent infection , reduce the inflammation and soothe discomfort. (See pages 104-5.) ~ ACUPUNCTURE Health

AND

TH R OAT

PROB

LE MS

of Teeth

H

abitual grinding , or clenching , of th e tee th is medically known as bruxism. It is usually a subcon scious habit , but is audible to others. At its most common in the elderly and among children , and most often occurring durin g sleep , its appearance may b e linked to anxiety and alcohol consumption. It is bad for the teeth , injuring and irritating the pulp , and eventually dama ging the latter to the extent of killin g the nerve if the condition is left un tre ated. Th e habit is rather lik e rocking a pole that is implanted into the ground until it has been thoroughly loosened , particularly if the condition is left untreated . Dentists have devis e d an appliance they call a bite plate to b e kept in the mouth durin g sleep. It pr events gr inding , is not uncomfortable , and will sav e tee th and peridontal tissue.

ll\\ • The World

BELOW You may think you are slee ping peacefully, but grindingyour teethcan cause seriouslong-termdamage.

Organization lists acupuncture as a therapy that can help in the treatment of this condition .

(See pages 20-28 .)

Applying oil of clovesgently to theaffectedareashouldhelp

AllOV E

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT YOUR DENTIST W ILL CH ECK TH AT YOUR TE ETH AN D BITE ARE EVEN AND, IF NOT ,

massage oil of cloves on the painful area

INST ITUTE APPROPRIATE TREATMENT TO BUILD LIP THE

LEFT Severepa/11 after dentaltreatment Is unusual, but you should consultyour dentistif you are worried.The treatment may havedamageda nerve

TEET H. IF TH ERE IS SEVERE PAIN , ANT I- INFLAMMATORY PA INKILLERS MAY BE

ABOVE

PRESCRIBED

Wearinga bite plateat night keepsthe teethapart THERAPIES

~ ACUPUNCTURE of the

re>'1AUTOGENIC

ll\\ • Stimulation

,-..JTRAINING

relevant acupoints may help to relieve the pain or promote sedation . {See pages 20-8.)

• This ther apy is claim ed to be successful in relieving excessive muscular tension in the facial region {See pages

~ ACUPRESSURE ~ • Applying pressure on the acupoint in the hollow under the cheekbone may relieve the condition. {See

210-11 .)

pages 29-3 1.)

pi'~ OT HE R THERAPIES

I., • Osteopathy

{see pages 106-13) and chiropract ic (see pages 118-25) may help.

287

CO .\I .\IO t--: A I L ,\IF t--:T S

Toothache

A

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

SYMPTOMS

n aching or pain in a tooth is ge nerally th e result

of tooth d ec ay, otherwise known as dental caries . It oc curs when bacteria in plaque , a soft, sticky , almost invisibl e film that forms on the teeth eve ry day , react with sta rchy and sugary foods to produce acids. These acids ea t away at th e tooth enamel and th e

• sensitivity to cold, hot or sweet things • pain wben you bite can be a sign that the tooth or a filling is broken• swelling and inflammationof the surroundinggum, which may also bleed

roo t surfac e. Without tr eatment , littl e cavities become bi g o nes: the tiniest untr eate d cavity

A D ENTI ST W I LL C H ECK FO R AND TR EAT A, Y T O O T H D ECAY. IF UNDERLYIN G C U M D ISEASE IS SUSPECTED , X - RAYS M AY ll E TAKEN T O C ON FIRM THE IN IT IAL D IACNOS IS

sensitivity to hot and cold drinks is an early warning sign of gum problems

can ultimately grow to destroy a w h o le tooth. If a tooth is se nsitiv e to co ld , heat o r sweet things and th e res ultin g pain lasts for more

RIC HT TJteet/Jare parlirnlarly srnsitiue, this 111 ay be a11indic11lio11of so111e /nob/ems 11/xad

th an a few minutes , the nerves in the tooth ma y be inflamed due to adv anced decay and consequ e nt bacterial in fect ion . If left untreated , thi s infect ion may spread to t he bon e to fo rm a pus -filled absce ss, in w h ich cas e a course of antibiotics wi ll be neede d in ord e r to cur e it in addi ti o n to standard dental tr eatment. If pain is abs e nt exc ept when yo u bite , the tooth or a filling may be broken. In e ith er case , you should make a n imm e diat e d e ntal appointment. To stop t h e

O ne of seuernl11 cuprcss11 re points lo reliwe tooth11cbeis sit1111t ed JUSt !JCiow tin cheekbone AllOV E

problem arisin g - or, at the lea st , to catch it b efore it b eco mes more serio us - yo u should sc h edul e a regular

d e ntal

c h eck- up at least ev er y six months , but yo ur denti st will advise how frequent this needs to be.

CAUTION T OO TH AC H E IS A SYM PTOM

DEN T IST. T HIS SHO U LD HE

So111e /ieople tend 11 11l11rallylo /111i ld 11 p 111 oreploq11cth1111 others1111d 111 11y 11ee d fr ec{1w 1 t Pisits to 11dent11/bygienist

DATAFILE

• 96 percent of the U.S. population have cavities in their teeth.

0 1· AN U ND ERLYING D ENTAL l' ROBLH I W H ICH CA N ON LY ll E RESOLVED llY C:ONSU LTIN C A

BELOW

•

1)0 IE AS Q U IC KLY AS l' OSS IBL[ , AS OTHERWISE THE CON DI T ION W ILL O NLY BECOM E \VORSE

• 50 percent of Americans do not have regular dental check-ups. • Around 50 percent of Americans aged over 65 have lost their teeth, and many wear false teeth. • Americans spend upwards of $2 billion a year on toothpaste , mouthwashes , dental floss, and other dental products.

I • 75

percent of Americans suffer from some form of gum disease.

L __________________ THERAPIES

l

r,

I

I

I

r\V rl;'\' f I

the accumulation ~-~

:,,._#+-,

_,.j,,,,__ ~-._.,._.,__.,--

of plaque leads to gum disease

I

if this is left untreated , the teeth will eventually loosen and fall out

288

J\

~ ACUPRESSURE ~• Applying pressure to the acupoint on the back of the hand , between the thumb and the index finger , may help to relieve the pain of a toothache. Other possible acupoints include the ones at the bottom of the cheekbones directly below the pupil , and the point directly in front of the ear in the depression that deepens w hen the mouth is opened. There are two more useful acupoints above and below this one. (See

pages 29-31.)

11111 AROMATHERAPY l!II • Peppermint , cajuput , or clove oils applied directly to the affected area act as a natural analgesic, while oil of coriander can reduce inflammation and pain . Rubbing a little lavender oil on to the face and jaw can also ease the discomfort and distress . (See pages I 04-5.) ~ ACUPUNCTURE

fl\\ • Practitioners bel ieve that stimulation of the appropriate acupoints can relieve the pain, but this may

only be temporar y. {See pages

20-8.) ~ HYDROTHERAPY an ice cub e, or

D • Sucking

applying an ice pa ck to the cheek , are frequentl y used forms of pain relief. {See pages

172-9 .) ~~ CRANIAL -;,,(_-'/,OSTEOPATHY

• Soothing manipu lation of the skull bones may be effe ctive in the treatment of toothache. (See

pages 114-15.)

I I I I I I I I

J

MO U TH

Gum Disease

G

um disease is an infection of the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth , and is a major cause of tooth loss in adults. In the U.S., about three out of four adults aged over 35 are affected by some form of the condition. It is caused by plaque , a sticky bacterial film that constantly forms on the teeth. The bacteria create toxins that can damage the gums and , eventually, spread to the bones. Tartar below the gumline can also contribute to the development of the disease. In the first stages of gum disease - this is called gingivitis - the gums can become red, swollen and tender. They may also bleed , especially when or after you brush the teeth. Other tell-tale signs may include gums that have pulled away from the teeth , bad breath , pus between teeth and gums , loose teeth , and a change in the way your teeth fit together when you bite . If you notice any of these symptoms , you should consult a dentist as soon as you can , since, at this early stage, the condition is usually reversibl e. You should floss daily , brush your teeth before every meal, consider using an electric toothbrush , and arrange to have your teeth cleaned and checked regularly by a dental hygienist or de ntist. You should avoid spicy foods , and ones that ar e high in sugar. The free flow of saliva and the action of the tongue and lips on the teeth

and gums are important for maintaining dental hygiene. Saliva production is reduced in dehydration , so drink plenty of water and cut down on between-meal snacks. To soothe and heal inflamed , bleeding gums, try rinsing the mouth with a solution of warm water mixed with a tablespoon of aloe vera gel, or apply the gel directly to the affected area. Because gingivitis is usually painless , you may not recognize that you are suffering from it . If left untreated , gingivitis can worsen and progress to another , mor e serious form of gum disease called periodontitis . If this is not treated promptly by a dentist or periodontist , the gums and bone that support the teeth can become seriously damaged , with the result that they may have to be extracted.

AND

TH R OAT

PROB

I_ EMS

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT YOUR DEN TI ST WILL RECOMM EN D A SUITABLE TOOT HBRU SH AND , IF NECESSARY, SHOW YOU THE MOST EFFECTI V E BRUSHI NG A N D FLOSSI N G TECHN IQUES. YO UR TEETH SHOULD

BE

SCALED AND CLEANED AS PART OF ANY RO UT IN E DENTAL C H ECK- UP.

CAUTION G IN G IVI T IS SHOULD ALWAYS BE TR EATED PROM PTLY OTHERW ISE IT CAN PROGRESS TO A MORE SERIOUS FORM OF G UM D ISEASE, PERIODONT ITIS.

SYMPTOMS

• red,swollenand tendergums, which bleed easily duringand afterbrushing• bad breath• gums pullingaway from the teeth• loose teet/1 • a changedbite It is important to clean yo ur teeth both regularly and comc tly Brushing too violently may hurt the gums and make the problemworse.

RIG H T

THERAPIES ~ ACUPUNCTURE

~AYURVEDA

~

~

bleeding gums with cutch

• Gingivitis features as one of the conditions the World Health Organisation has recommended can be treated with acupuncture. (See

(tannin -rich extract of an Indian

pages 20-8.)

• Practitioners may

suggest drinking diluted lemon juice and massaging the gums with coconut oil. Dabbing

plant , i.e. acacia) may also be recommended.

(See

pages

78-85.)

Ayurvedic practitioners reco111111e11d (/ very diluted len10,1-Juice moutbwasbor to rnbyour gu111s with coconut 011.However, lemonju ice can bann tin enamelon your teeth,so consult(I dentistbefore doing this RIGHT 111(/Y

28 9

COMMON

AILMENTS

Tonsillitis

THERAPIE

111111 AROMATHERAPY

T

S ~

l!II • A

AYURVEDA

~ • Mustard oil is

onsillitis is an inflammation that affects the tonsils, which are two small collections of lymph tissue at the back of the throat. It can occur at any time, but is particularly common during childhood . First-graders are particularly vulnerable, because school brings them into contact with large numbers of viruses to which they have not had the chance to build up their natural resistance. The condition , which is infectious and takes three to five days days to develop , can be caused by either a virus or by bacteria (often by the streptococcal bacterium ). The infected tonsils become red and swell: sometimes, flecks of white or yellow pus appear on their surfaces. Sometimes, too , the adenoids , nodules of tissue at the back of the nose, may become infected and inflamed , while , in rare cases , complications such as quinsy (an abscess that forms around the tonsils ), kidney inflammation , or rheumatic fever may develop. In normal circumstances , the worst of the illness is usually over within 48 hours. During this time , the best thing to do is to go to bed , drink extra fluids and try not worry too much about eating. Blackcurrant tea , hot blackcurrant juice, hot lemon and honey drinks or honey and apple cider vinegar may relieve a sore throat. Cod liver oil tablets, along with vitamin C and garlic , can also help with the healing process . Consult a doctor if symptoms , notably a high temperature , last for longer than two days ; if any phlegm that may be coughed up is green or yellow ; if a fine red neck rash appears ; if a child becomes pale , listless and will not drink enough to pass urine ; or if the symptoms appear in anyone aged over 40. A doctor may recommend taking painkillers and , if a bacterial cause is considered likely , prescribe an antibiotic. An antibiotic can be effective only if the cause is bacterial: antibiotics have no effect on viruses . Surgery to remove the tonsils is no longer common medical practice , except if the tonsillitis is serious, recurrent and pe rsists past adolescence.

• Tonsillitis is more common in children than in adults.

SYMPTOMS

• Tonsils are not a useless part of the body , as was once popularly believed, but are part of the body's system of protection from infection.

sorethroat • pain on swallowing • swollen and tenderneck glands • high temperature• headacl1e , earache,general weaknessand malaise• bad breathand a white-coatedtongue • fever in somecases

290

gentle massage with diluted eucalyptus oil may help to ease discomfort. Thyme oil is a powerful antiseptic and also has a local soothing effect . Add to a light carrier oil and massage into the neck . Tea tree oil, applied neat to the tonsils on the end of a cotton bud, may help to fight the infection and relieve discomfort. (See pages

104-5 .)

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT BEDREST, DRI NKING PLENTY OF FLUID, PAINKILLERS IN

recommended by therapists to reduce pitta and kapha, and have a neutral effect on vatha.

RECOMMENDED

DOSES. IF

SYMPTOMS PERSIST FOR MO RE THAN THREE DAYS, A DOCTO R

(See pages 78-85.)

MAY PRESCRIBE ANTIBIOT I CS, BUT ONLY IF THE CA U SE OF

~ HYDROTHERAPY

THE TONSILLITIS

D •A

IS

ESTABLISHED AS BACTERI AL.

practitioner may recommend the use of a humidifier, as dry air can exacerbate the condition, plus the use of a cold throat compress and stomach pack.

SURGERY MAY BE RECOMMENDED , BUT ONLY IN SERIO U S, PERSISTENT AND RECURRENT CASES.

(See pages 172-9 .) CAUTION CONSULT A DOCT OR IF SYMPTOMS , PARTICULARLY A RAISED TEMPERAT UR E, LA ST FOR LONGER TH A N TWO DAYS

LEFT A warmblackcurrant drink is a pleasant way fo r children (and adults) to soothean inflamedtbroat.

W ITHOUT

IM PROV EMENT

DATAFILE

• Tonsillitis usually develops suddenly as a result of a streptococcal infection, but may also be caused by a viral infection. • Frequently, tonsillitis clears up without treatment.

I

L __________________

I I I I I I I

JI

ABOVE Garlichas wide-ranging medicinalpropertiesand will /Jelpfigbt the infectionof tonsilitis

MO U TH

Sore Throat

S

ore throat is a symptom which may be caused by a number of different infectious organisms. Most sore throats (70-80 percent) are caused by viruses, the remainder bx bacteria . There is no ready way to distinguish between viral and bacterial sore throats , though viral infections tend to be milder and may be associated with a cough. High fever and lots of pus on the tonsils make a bacterial cause more likely. Antibiotics may slightly shorten the duration of a sore throat caused by a bacterium. Scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis are all complications of bacterial throat infections caused by the Group A streptococcus. They are much rarer in the developed world than they used to be , but most doctors would test for a bacterial sore throat and give antibiotics if necessary. Glandular fever is a viral illness in which sore throat is the predominant symptom. The pain is usually severe and the tonsils are inflamed and covered in thick white pus. The virus affects the body systemically , is debilitating , and may cause enlarged lymph glands , liver , and spleen .

Normally , an uncomplicated case of sore throat should resolve itself within a few days , though , if the infection is prolonged and accompanied by high fever and malaise , it it vital to see a doctor. As well as reducing the painful inflammation, complementary treatments aim at strengthening the body's natural defenses against the illness by boosting the immune system. Gargling with salt water helps to ease symptoms and reduce inflammation , while gargling with honey water may help to deal with infection and encourage healing , as will a hot honey and lemon drink, or a white cabbage-juice gargle. Conventionally , painkillers, antiseptic lozenges and gargles will all help to soothe the affected area. You should avoid airborne pollutants , which will aggravate the soreness , as will breathing cold and dry air. Rest the voice and keep warm. If the infection lasts for longer than four days , a doctor should be consulted. He or she may prescribe antibiotics to treat any bacterial infections and to prevent other problems from developing.

LEFT Gargling ,s the classic remedy f or a sore throat. Salt water reducesinflam111 atio11 , while honey water f ights inf ection

TH R OAT

PROB

LEMS

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT PAINKI LLERS, AN T ISEPTIC LOZENGES, TH ROAT SPRAYS, AND ANT ISEPTI C GA RGLES W I LL H ELP TO SOO THE INFLAMMATI O N AN D IRRITATI O N

I N TH E EVENT OF

BACT ERIAL INF ECT ION , A CO URSE O F AN T IHIO TI CS W ILL BE PRESCRIBED TO ENSU RE PROTEC TI ON AGAINST RH EUMAT IC FEV ER

CAUTION IN PREGN AN CY AVO ID U SING T HE FIRST SHI ATSU PRESSURE PO INT G IVEN H ERE. SEE A DOCTOR

IN CASE UNT REATED

ST REP THROAT LEADS TO SCA RLET O R RH EUMATIC FEVER, W HI CH CAN SERIO USLY DAMA GE HEALTH.

DATAFILE

SYMPTOMS

hoarsenessand thirst • pain makesit difficultto swallow • possiblya burning sensation• mildfever • enlargedand tenderlymph glands in theneck • general feelingsof ill-healthand tiredness• possibleearache

AND

• Noninfectious forms of sore throat can be caused by prolonged irritation, resulting from excessive use of the voice, eating spicy foods, dusty working conditions, industrial fumes, overindulgence in alcohol, and smoking.

I I I I I I I I I

• Mild viral infections are by far the more common, and are usually uncomplicated to treat. • Bacterial infections, such as strep throat, are more serious and require medical intervention , particularly if a child is affected as there is a risk of rheumatic fever developing. The uncomplicated viral form of sore throat should disappear in three to six days with no specific treatment.

I

JI

L __________________ THERAPIES

fll

AROMATHERAPY

l!JII • Massage

a little lavender oil , blended in a light carrier oil , into the neck . The oil has antiseptic , antibacterial and painkilling properties. Dab the throat with diluted tea tree oil on a cotton bud . The tea tree oil is an analgesic and infection fighter , which will help to ease the symptoms and treat the cause. Heavily diluted eucalyptus oil is a good alternative. (See pages I 04-5.)

~SHIATSU

~ HYDROTHERAPY

H • Therapists

D • The use of a humidifier

concenctrate on massaging the pressure points - known as tsubos between the ribs and on the hands . The first pressure point is located between the first and second ribs , one inch below the middle of the clavicle. Press with one thumb for seven to ten seconds. The second is midway between the two bones of the thumb and the index finger in the fleshiest part of the hand. Again , press hard with one thumb for seven to ten seconds .

may help ,as dry air can make a sore throat worse. Cold stomach packs and throat compresses may help to stimulate the immune system and aid circulation. (See pages

172-9.)

(See pages 32-7 and Do-in, pages 3 8-4 I .)

291

COMMON

AILME

NT S

Laryngitis

L

aryngitis is an inflammation of the larynx , the part of the trachea , or windpipe , where the voice box is located. There are two types: acute laryngitis , which is infectious, can strike suddenly and lasts for only a day or so , and chronic laryngitis , which may last for days or weeks and recur at intervals. In both types , the larynx and vocal cords become swollen and sore , with hoarseness and sometimes compl ete loss of voice as a result. Acute laryn g itis is usually a complication of a sore throat , cold or other upper respiratory tract infection , and should last for only a few days. It can also be an allergic reaction to inhaled pollen. Chronic laryngitis is more persistent , and may be caused by long-term irritation from tobacco smoke , dus t or other pollutants , ov erus e of th e voic e and exc essive coughin g, or emotional strain or stress . Orthodo x treatment is simple and straightforward . The first thing to do is to rest the voice . Talk as little as possibl e, do n o t shout and , if you smoke , stop. Drink extra fluids and rest in bed if you feel ill. Painkillers , throat sprays , medicated lozenges , and gargles can help to ease symptoms . In acut e laryngitis , if th ere is a risk of the infection spreading , a doctor may prescribe antibiotics. Contact a doctor if the rais e d temperature associated with the condition persists for mor e than three or four days , if your voice is hoarse for more than three weeks , or if you cough up blood or green or yellow phlegm. For chronic laryngitis , consult a doctor if th e hoarsen ess lasts for more than thr ee weeks , or if pain in the throat or ear develops .

Compl ementary therapies concentrate on alleviating symptoms. Gargling with salt water or drinking a glass of honey and lemon or honey and apple cider vinegar may help to reduce any inflammation and infection , while also encouraging healing . A steam inhalation (use with care if you are asthmatic ) of sandalwood or thyme is thought to similarly ease inflammation and re duc e infection. Avoid alcohol , as this will only lower your resistanc e to infection . S YMPTOMS

• acute laryngitis: throat is inflamedand coatedwith mucus; painful dry cough which producesno phlegm; voicebecomes hoarse and speaking may be painful • chronic lary ngitis. surface of the larynx dry and infl amed; swollen vocal cords, making it difficultto raisethe voice above a whisper; permanent, irritating cough DATAFILE • There are two types of laryngitis: acute and chronic. • Acute lar y ngiti s usually clear s up in a da y or two. • In chronic laryngitis, there is hoarseness, the feeling of " a frog in the throat" and tenderness that continues unabated for some time. • Resting the voice is one of the best cures for laryngitis. • If, as a result of over-using the voice, nodules and polyps form on the vocal cords , these can be removed . They are not ma lignant.

THERAPIES ,.

AROMATHERAPY

~ TECHNIQUES • If chronic bronchitis is being triggered by stress, making the time for a short relaxation session once or twice a day is a good way of unwinding . The basic aim is to release excessive tension from the muscles. (See pages 158-65.)

THROA T LOZENGES , SPRAYS

W ITH AC U TE BRONCHI T IS

AND INF U SIONS WILL ALL HELP

PERSISTS FO R MORE THAN

pages I 04-5.)

TO ALLEV IATE THE SYM PTOMS .

THREE OR FOUR DAYS. FO R

CAUTION CONSULT

PAINKI LLERS, CO U GH SYRU P,

A DOCTOR

IF THE

HOARS ENESS ASSOC IATED

IF THERE IS A RISK OF

CHRONIC

BRON CHIT IS,

INFECT ION SPREADIN G TO THE

CONSULT

A DOCTOR

LUNCS,

ANTIBIOT ICS WILL BE

PRESC RIBED . IF THE HOARS ENESS PERSISTS, YOUR DOCTOR

MAY ARRANGE FOR A

SPEC IA LI ST EXAJ'v!INAT ION TO DETECT ANY POLYPS AND NODULES

ON THE VOCAL

C ORDS , WHI CH CAN THEN BE SURGICALLY

REMOVED . SUCH

SYMPTOMS

IF

PERSIST FOR

LONGER TH AN 2 I DAYS CHILDREN LARYNGITIS

WITH ACUTE NEED CAREFUL

MONITO RIN G , BECAUSE THE MUCUS

MAY BLOCK THE

NARROW LARYNGEAL OPEN ING , CAUS ING CROUP. SOME HAY FEVER OR ASTHMA

SUFFERERS

ABNO RMALI TIES CAN RESULT

MAY BE ALLERGIC TO

FROM EXC ESSIVE USE OF THE

LAV ENDER ( SEE TI-IERAPIES

VOICE,

AND ARE NOT

CANCEROUS

292

/JOX)

~ RELAXATION

l!IIII • Massage

the throat with a drop of lavender or tea tree oil in a light carrier oil. For this, you need only three to four drops of the chosen oil , added to an eggcup of carrier oil. For young children , halve the quantities of essential oil. (See

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

J

L __________________

Lemonjuice and hot water,sweeten ed with a little honey , is a home remedyf or sorethroats. The lemon'svitamin C contenthelpsboostthe immunesystem and thef ruit also has antibacterial and antiinf lammatory properties BELOW

II]

BREAT H ING

~ TECHNIQUES • You can build on relaxation techniques by master ing other techniques that will tea ch you how to breathe better . Most people use only about half their lung capacity when they breathe : these techniques help you to make your breathing more efficient and so helps to alleviate the symptoms of the condition . (See pages 766-7 7.)

M O UTH

Mouth Ulcers

A

TH R OAT

PR OBLEMS

THERAPIES

P'.JOTHER

r--1JRELAXATION ffecting more than one in five adults in the U.S. , mouth ulcers are small , shallow , round or oval sores, often with a slightly raised yellowish edge , a pale gray base and a thin , inflam ed border . They can appear on the inside of the lips , cheeks or floor of the mouth , and can be caused by viral infections , brushing the tee th too vigorously , badly-fitting dentures , accidentally biting the side of the mouth , or eating very hot food. They can also be triggered by stress , or being run down and can be a feature of Crohn's disease , ulcerative colitis , coeliac disease , or food allergy . Women may b e partic ularly prone to mouth ulcers around the tim e of m e nstruation. Co nve ntional antiseptic or painkill ing pastilles and mouthwashes will h e lp to relieve pain , as will rubbing the affected area with a little aloe vera ge l, or rubbing the tongue with a pi ece of fresh ginger. You should consult a doctor if the ulc e rs are persistent or recurrent , or if the sores appear in the grooves alongsid e th e gums . In persistent cases , hydrocortisone pell ets , pastes , or antibiotics may be prescribed. If the condition is b e ing caused by ill-fitting dentur es or jagged te et h , you nee d to co nsult a dentist.

AND

~

~,

TECHNIQUES

• The appearance of mouth ulcers may be stress-related, in which case learning how to relax will help in treating the condition . (See pages

THERAPIES • Stress-related ulcers

may be relieved by trying the therapies recommended for reducing stress. (See pages

262-3.)

158-65.)

CAUTION CONSULT

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

YOUR DOCTO R IF

ANY LUM P IN THE MOUT H PERSISTS FOR MORE THAN

TWO

WEEKS , PARTIC U LARLY IF IT IS HARD , OR IF WH ITE PATCHES APPEA R INSIDE THE MOUT H OR THRO AT.

IF SELF- HELP MEAS URES FA I L, A DOCTOR

MAY PRESCRIBE

STRONGER OIN T MENTS OR PELLET S WHICH

C A N BE

PLAC ED AGA INST T H E ULCER TO RELIEV E THE PAIN AND SPEED H EALING . BLOOD TEST S M AY BE NE EDED TO CH ECK FOR ASSOC IATED DI SORDERS AND A COUR SE OF VITAMIN SUPPL EM ENTS PRESCRIBED.

Gewing freslJcoriander and cardamomseedsbas long been recommendedby Ayurv edic practitionersas a way of curing bad breath.

8ELO W

SYMPTOMS

• pain, often evenbeforethe ulcerappears• sorenessand sensitivity to hot or spicy food • discomfortwhenyou chew or swallow • dry mouth • possibly bad breath

place the ginger dire ctly on the u lce r

Dentists recommendusing dentalfloss every day to pro111ot e healthygums and to remove /)articles offood betweenyour teeththat your toothbrush111ay have 111i ssed BELOW

Ginger IJas beenusedas a folk 111edi cine throughout the worldfor thousandsof years. It is an antiseptic and reduces irritation. ABOVE AND RIGHT

29 3

C

MMO

N

A I Uv !ENT

S

LUNGS AND BREATHING Asthma

SYMPTOMS

A

sthma is a common condition in which the muscles of the bronchi (the lungs' air tubes) contract in spasm , leading to shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing. For most sufferers, asthma is an allergic disease in which an attack is triggered by a foreign invader, or allergen. Common allergens include pollen , tobacco smoke , house dust , pet hair , and foods . There are , however , other triggers, such as stress, viral infection , pollution, physical exertion, or breathing in very cold air. In asthma sufferers the bronchi are chronically inflamed and hypersensitive. The bronchi narrow as a reaction to the trigger, causing the wheezing and breathlessness characteristic of the disease. The body also releases chemicals , such as histamine , to combat allergens , causing a coughing reflex , which further constricts the bronchi , and the cycle starts over again. For some asthma sufferers, attacks have no obvious causes. Some forms of allergic asthma can sometimes be cured by desenitization ; otherwise , asthma can be controlled. A doctor will prescribe a bronchodilator inhaler or nebulizer to relieve the symptoms of an acute attack , and anti-inflammatories to combat the underlying lung inflammation. A RAST test may also be advised to identify specific allergic triggers so that they can be avoided as much as possible in the future. One common allergen , the house dust mite , can be controlled by keeping the house as dust-free as possible. Use synthetic bedding, and avoid thick carpets and heavy curtains in the bedroom . Vacuum regularly and wash bed linen once a week. Do not keep pets and ban smoking. Pollen sufferers should avoid walking through long grass and keep windows closed on hot summer days. For more than 40 percent of asthmatics , exercise or physical exertion can be a trigger. However , unlike allergen-induced asthma ,

• shortnessof breath• raisedpulserateand sweating • wheezing, especiallywhenyou breatheout • coughingup phlegmorfeelingcongested• chesttightness BELOW Asthma attacksmay be inducedby stressand madeworse by panicking.Sitting uprightand calmly drinkinga glass of water can help

the air tubes contract, making it difficult to breathe

Chronicinflammation of the bronchimakesasthma sufferersparticularly sensitiveto irritants such as pollution or a sudden c/Jangein A BOVE

THERAPIES ~ ACUPRESSURE

~• Acupressure works to improve the flow of qi ("life energy") around the body, and may help to relieve asthma symptoms. (See pages 29-31.) E'

MASSAGE

J".1i• Massaging

the back with long, flowing strokes and then kneading the shoulders can be helpful , according to therapists. Cupping on the middle and upper back is also a useful technique . (See pages 96-103.)

294

~

ACUPUNCTURE

~

ALEXANDER

~ • Therapists believe that

l\llll TECHNIQUE

needling the end of the meridians for the lungs , kidney, bladder, stomach , and spleen will relieve asthma symptoms . Needling two points on the back or a point on top of the breastbone is also thought to be effective, as is auricular acupuncture (See pages 20-28 .)

• A practitioner of the technique will teach you how to stand upright and improve your posture . This allows the chest to expand fully, so relieving strain and improving breathing. It may also help to clear the airways.

~

MEDITATION ~• Meditation can lower bodily tension by inducing inner calm . (See page 60-63 .)

(See pages 146-53.)

1111AROMATHERAPY

Q

eucalyptus, juniper, and wintergreen oils can be applied to the chest nightly.

□

lm • Diluted

(See pages l 04-5.)

CHIROPRACTIC

•

An asthma attack may make the upper thoracic vertebrae out of alignment, which can put pressure on the lungs and precipitate another attack. Regular soft tissue massage, especially between the shoulderblades, and chiropractic adjustment to the vertebrae, are recommended . (See pages

118-25 and Osteopathy, pages 106-13.)

LU NG

most exercise-induced asthma does not cause prolonged and intense brochoconstriction and does not do permanent damage to the lungs. In fact , regular exercise , such as swimming , can help to increase lung capacity and strengthen the heart. To exercise safely, carry your bronchodilator with you while you work out. Warm up well before exercise , and avoid exercise on cold , dry days , or if the air quality is poor . Exercise in short bursts and stop to use your inhaler if you begin to wheeze or cough. Many asthma attacks are brief , but they can sometimes continue for several days . The attack usually begins a few minutes after contact with a triggering agent , but can occur six to eight hours later. Symptoms of asthma may be experienced only intermittently , reflecting changing allergens in the environment , or when a viral infection is present. In its severest form, asthma patients suffer chronic shortness of breath. During a severe attack , it is important to stay calm . Sit upright , with hands on knees for support . Loosen tight clothing and try to breathe slowly and deeply. Sip a cup of warm water and tak e a dose of bronchodilat or. Call a doctor if the symptoms do not respond quickly .

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

-

Ill

COLOR THERAPY

~ • During an asthma attack , try the following color combinations: purple on the face, throat and chest to slow the heartrate; scarlet on the kidneys to stimulate the kidneys and adrenals; orange on the throat and chest to act as an antispasmodic. After an attack, try lemon on the front of the body to dissolve blood clots, and magenta on the chest and kidneys to balance emotions and increase energy . (See

pages 248-51.) ~

HYDROTHERAPY Place a hot, wrung-out towel over the chest and back to relax the breathing muscles. Alternate with a cold compress . Fill a bowl with hot water and add a few drops of eucalyptus oil, lavender or chamomile essential oil to the water . Place a towel over your head and the bowl and inhale the steam but take care - if you start to splutter and cough, stop . Try drinking some hot water with the juice of one clove of garlic .

D •

PSYCHOTHERAPY

~ AND COUNSELING • Cognitive behavioural therapy can reduce the frequency of attacks in children and help deal with related problems, such as bedwetting, which further increase anxiety. For adults , therapy to combat anxiety can be a key to reducing the seriousness and frequency of attacks. It can also teach you to control stress and cope with the panic associated with asthma attacks . (See pages

MO NIT O RING . ONCE THE CONDIT ION H AS BEEN A DOCTO R W ILL

PRESCRIBE A COM BINA T ION O F LONG- AN D SHORT-T ERM DRUG TREATMENTS - AN ANT IINFLAMMATORY,

R E S P I R ATORY

DI SO RD E RS

THERAPIES

r.,

REGULAR, EFFECTIV E MED ICA L

USU ALLY A

STERO ID , TO CONTROL

D

RELAXATION

~

AND

~ BREATHING • Learning to relax muscles, especially in the shoulders and abdominal region, while breathing from the diaphragm , can help improve lung function. Try breathing in slowly through the nose, holding the breath half as long again, then slowly exhaling. {See pages 158-65

VISUALIZATION

l~ • Try to visualize

the bronchi in the lungs and form an image of the bronchi tightening during an attack. In this way , you can fearn a degree of control over the lungs and , as a result, control your symptoms. Other visualizations can aid relaxation and reduce anxiety. (See pages 210-11 .)

and 166-71.) ~YOGA

~

ROLFING iJ]I • Deep tissue massage will help to break up restrictive

patterns in nerves and muscles, which builds up with chronic asthma. (See pages 134-7 and

Hellerwork, pages 138-4 1.) ..~ ...,

OTHER THERAPIES • Other therapies thought

to help include : shiatsu/do-in {see pages 132-41 }; autogenic training (see pages 210-22); hypnotherapy (see pages 218-23) ; and dance movement therapy (see pages 226-9).

~•

Studies have shown that yoga can improve lung function and exercise capacity among asthmatics. The combination of stretching and controlled breathing in yoga will strengthen all muscles, including respiratory muscles, encourage relaxed breathing , and help clear airways. Using yogic breathing techniques during an attack will also reduce panic and slow your pulse rate . (See

pages 52-9.)

(See pages 172-9.)

AL L AST H MATI CS NEED

D IAGNOSED,

A

THE

BRON C HI INFLAMMAT ION AND A BRONCHOD ILATOR ( IN THE FORM OF A NEBU LIZER OR AN INHALER ) TO OPEN THE A IRWAYS D URING AN ACUTE ASTHMA ATTACK. A PEAK FLOW METE R, W HI CH MEASURES HOW FAST YO U EXHALE, HELPS

LEFT Yoga'sconcentration011 controlle d breathingis shown to be beneficialto asthmasufferers.

196-9.)

TO MONITO R T H E STATE OF THE LU NGS AN D MAY G IV E WA RNING OF THE ONSET OF A SERIO US ATTACK.

DATAFILE

CAUTION ALWAYS KEEP ASTHMA

An asthmaattack 111ay be triggeredby an allergicreactionto a variety of substances , includi11g animalhair and cignrette smoke. If yo u can identifyyo ur particular "trigger",your bestcourseis to auoid it as much as possible. ABO V E

MED IC INES TO HAND . IF AN ATTACK DOES NOT RESPOND QUICKLY TO SELFADM INISTE RED TREATMENT , CONSULT A DOCTOR IMMED IATELY. AST H MA SUFFERERS SHO U LD SEEK M EDICAL ADV IC E FOR COUGHS THAT PERSIST LONGER TH A N TEN DAYS , OR IF A COUGH

IS

ACCOMPAN IED BY FEVER, DIFFI C ULTY WITH BREATHING , BLU E LIPS, OR DROWS INESS

• There are around 15 million asthma sufferers in the U.S. alone , and over 200 million worldwide . Asthma cases have risen by 75 percent since 1980 , with the incidence among very young children increasing by 160 percent.

I I I I • More sufferers are found in industrialized nations than in developing countries. I I • Drinking a strong cup of coffee may stave off a mild asthma attack. Caffeine is thought to open up the lungs ' air w ays . I • Cockroache s are another common allergen , especially in inner I city areas. Up to 58 percent of Americans with allergic asthma are I sensitive to these . I I L __________________ J 2 95

CO 1\\ MON

A I I_ M E NT S

Pneumonia

P

neumonia is an acute inflammation of the lung , caused by either a bacterial or virus infection. The disease may affect a part of one lung- lobar pneumonia - or both lungs together. Bronchopneumonia, a generalized infection of both lungs , can be caused by any one a large number of organisms. It is more common in the elderly and in those with preexisting lung disease such as asthma or bronchitis. Pneumonia either begins as, or is preceded by , an upper respiratory tract infection , such as a cold. The onset of the actual disease can be rapid and dramatic , starting with sudden , violent cold shivers , followed by high fever and profuse sweating. There will be a painful cough and rapid , rasping breathing. Sudden chest pain , aggravated by breathing and coughing , can also be experienced , often only on one side of the body. This is a serious disease that requires treatment by a qualified medical practitioner. Conventionally, an initial diagnosis is confirmed by ch e st X-ray , with th e subs e quent treatment depending on the cause of the disease. Antibiotics are usually prescribed for pneumonia that is

bacterial in origin : they may be prescribed for viral pneumonia as well, but only if a secondary infection is suspected . Bacterial pneumonia treated with the appropriate antibiotic usually last between seven to ten days: viral pneumonias, which are usually less serious , normally take a week to heal. In both types, two or three weeks of convalescence may be needed. In addition to what a doctor will prescribe , there are things you can do for yourself to make yourself feel more comfortable , and encourage the healing process. The first essential is bedrest. Drink plenty of fresh juices and cool water to flush the system, while there are various infusions and inhalations that can be tried to help clear the lungs of the fluid that is blocking them. Pneumonia is not usually a life-threatening disease for the young and middle-aged , provided that they are reasonably physically fit. However , the disease can be fatal among the elderly , babies and toddlers , and people who are already ill from other causes. This is why prompt medical attention is vital.

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT ANT IBIOTI CS A RE USUALLY PRESCRIBED FOR BACTERIAL PNEU MONIA. INFECTIONS

SEVERE

REQUIR E HOSPITAL

TREATMENT

SOMETIMES

PHYSIOTHERAPY

\11/ILL BE U SED

TO HELP T O CLEA R THE INFE CTIO N. OXYGEN

MAY BE

ADM IN ISTERED IN SEVERE CASES. A PNEU /v!OCOCCAL VACC INE CAN BE G IVEN TO HIGH - RISK PATI ENTS.

CAUTION PA RTICULARLY TODDLERS

FOR BABI ES,

AND THE ELDERLY,

PNE U MON IA CAN BE L IFETH REATEN ING. SEEK U RGENT 1\1\EDI CAL ADVICE

IF

PNE U MON IA IS SU SPECTED . A D OCTOR

SH O U LD BE

CONSULTED

BEFO RE

EMBARKI NG ON A NY FO RM OF COM PLEM EN TA RY T H ERAPY

DATAFILE

SYMPTOMS

• Viruses are thought to cause around half of all types of pneumonia.

• rapid,shallowbreathing• chestpain, oftenonly on oneside of the body • fever,sweating,and violentshiveringattacks • persistentcoughwith mucusthat possiblymay be bloodstained• sorethroatand headache

• Children under the age of one, people aged over 60, diabetics, smokers, and heavy drinkers are most at risk of contracting the disease . • There are more than two million cases of pneumonia in the U.S. a year and between 40,000 and 70,000 Americans die annually of the disease . • The commonest form of bacterial pneumonia is the pneumococcal variety. There are more than 50 other possible causes.

alternate between hot and cold compresses on the forehead and neck

Ginsenghas beenusedin Gina for thousands of years to strengthenthebody'svital energy ABOVE

• Anyone who allows himself to get run down is potentially more vulnerable to pneumonia.

L _____

_____________

THERAPIES

ffl

OSTEOPATHY • Soft-tissue manipulation may help to loosen phlegm and support the body's own selfhealing process. Osteopathy should be carried out only by a qualified practitioner . (See pages 106-13 and

~

1

Chiropractic, pages 118-25.)

~ HYDROTHERAPY

,.

D • Applying

l!III • Massages

a hot-water bottle to the chest and the back daily for half-an-hour may help to ease congestion. Applying hot and cold compresses to the base of the skull and the forehead , swapping them around a lternately , can help to soothe headache. (See pages

172-9.)

AROMATHERAPY

of niaouli or caieput may help to ease symptoms. but these should not be given if there is fever present . (See pages 104-5.) E:MASSAGE

J"~ • Therapists recommend massge of the back and chest to dislodge phlegm. (See

pages 96-1 03.} LEFT Aromatherapyoils can be massagedin to ease symptoms

296

J

L UNG

AND

R ESP I RATO

RY

DISORDERS

Coughs

C

oughing can be symptomatic of a mild illness , such as a cold , or simply a natural , involuntary response to clear the air passages of foreign material. Other illnesses of which coughing is a symptom include sinusitis , croup , bronchitis , pneumonia , flu, the first stages of measles , asthma , whooping cough , or an excess of catarrh produced from the nose or sinuses in response to irritation or as a result of infection . A dry cough is caused by inflammation of the bronchial tubes , itself the result of an infection or an allergy. A loose , wetter cough may be caused by the mucus from infections or colds , or occur as a reaction to pollutants in the atmosphere , a foreign object , or nervousness constricting the throat. A constant nighttime cough , or one which recurs with each cold and is hard to get rid of , may be an indication of asthma. Heavy smokers often suffer from an early-morning cough. Persistent coughs, accompanied by chest pains or other symptoms , such as a fever , may be indicative of a serious respiratory illness. In such a case , consult a doctor . Otherwise , many coughs respond well to home treatment. Simply raising the end of the bed can help to ease coughing at night , as will inhaling jasmin e or pine , or burning the essential oil in a room. Carrot juice mixed with honey and a little warm water is a traditional remedy that can be taken by the spoonful throughout the day .

BE L OW Various parts of the respiratorysystem may beaffected by a cough

bronchi

lung bro nchioles

'I

CAUTION

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT RI GHT Therearemany diff erentkinds of cough and /In majori/yusually respond well to /Jomere111edies

IF A CO U CH IS ACCOMPANIED A DOCTOR

BY A FEVE R, YO U H AVE

W ILL CHECK TO

D IFFICULTY IN BREATH ING,

ENSU RE THAT THE CO U CH IS

a dry cough is the 1·esultof an inflammation in the lungs

NOT A SYMPTOM

YO UR LIP S A RE BLU E, YOU

OF A MO RE

SERIOUS U NDERLY INC CONDIT IO N . IF NOT, YOU W ILL

SUFFER FROM DR OWSINESS OR HAVE D IFFICULTY IN SPEAKING, YO U SHOU LD CONTACT

BE ADVISED TO KEEP WARM

DOCTOR.

AND TA K E A SUITABLE CO U CH

a damp cough may be a reaction to a foreign body

CO

LI NC T U S U NT IL T H E

A

YO U SH OU LD ALSO

TAC T ONE IF A COUGH

LASTS FOR MORE T H A

COND IT ION PASSES

TE N D AYS.

THERAPIES ,.

AROMATHERAPY

l!.111 • Massaging

~ HYDROTHERAPY

Lung meridian in the arms. (See

D • Apply

pages 20-28.)

frankincense or sandalwood into the chest and back can help relieve symptom s. The latter is especially good for dry coughs .

hot and cold compresses to the chest and upper back . (See pages

(See pages 104-5.)

~ ACUPUNCTURE

172-9.)

~ • Practitioners believe that coughs are caused by an imbalance in the energy flow in the lungs , which they correct by stimulating the acupoints on the

r'~

OTHER THERAPIES ..., • Other therapies that may help include: Ayurveda (see pages 78-85); Osteopathy

(see pages 106-13); Chiropractic (see pages 118-25}; Relaxation techniques (see pages 158-65); Breathing techniques (see pages 166-71 ).

297

COM

M ON

A I LM ENT S

Flu

A

viral infection of the respiratory tract , flu, more properly known as influenza , is transmitted by contaminated droplets, usually via sneezing and coughing . Incubation of the virus takes one or two days , during which time it is infectious and can be spread rapidly. The problem with the condition is that the viruses that cause it are like chameleons , quickly adapting to changed conditions. This is why flu vaccinations are not 100 percent effective as they can only protect people against specific strains of the disease . Their effectiveness lessens the older you are : statistics show that , in the elderly, only 50 percent of those vaccinated are fully protected. Two new super-vaccinations scheduled for launch may offer complete protection . Vaccinations are recommended for the very old, women intending to become pr eg nant , diabetics , bronchitis sufferers , and those with weak immune systems. Flu usually lasts about a week . The symptoms are similar to those of the common cold, but are mor e severe. In addition to sneezing , coughing and fever , flu sufferers experience muscular aches and pains , headache , sweating and shivering, sore throat , and painful breathing , as well as nausea and loss of appetite. Doctors recommend bedrest , upping fluid intak e, and taking painkillers . Antihistamines and decongestants may help to reduce mucus . Some practitioners advise "megadosing " with powdered vitamin C as soon as the infection becomes apparent but , although vitamin C undoubtedly encourages healing, helps to fight infection , and boosts the action of the immune system , there is no hard evidence that megadoses are effective. In some cases, secondary infections , such as bronchitis , set in after flu. Fightin g off this type of infection takes a h eavy toll on the body, and patients may feel symptoms of fatigue and mild depression for several weeks as a result. DATAFILE • There are three classes of virus - A , B, and C. Type C confers immunity on the patient. Types A and B may change their structure every two or three years, so that our bodies cannot build up resistance against them. • New strains of the virus spread rapidly around the world, infecting millions of people and causing many deaths. Widespread epidemics occur approximately every ten years .

• fever, and sometimesshivering• sorethroat and cough • runny noseand sneezing• breathlessness and weakness • headache, stiff and achingjoints, muscularpain • nausea and loss of appetite• insomniaand depression

··

~

ACUPRESSURE ~• Bladder pressure points to the right of the spine will clear and balance the respiratory system. Large Intestine 4 relieves congestion and headaches: squeeze your right thumb and forefinger together, forming a ridge on your hand above the thumb. The point is in the middle of that ridge, just above the end of the crease formed by thumb and forefinger. Lung 7 , on the wrist just below the pad of the thumb, clears upper respiratory tract infections. (See pages 29-31.)

to generate heat and improve the flow of qi . (See pages

20-28.)

298

_ ___________

J

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT BEDREST, DRINKING PLENTY OF FLUID, PAINKILLERS, SUCH AS ASPIRIN OR PARACETOM O L, ANTIH ISTAMINES AND DECONGES TANTS ARE RECOMM ENDED TO REDUCE MUC US. IF SECOND ARY INFECT IO N SETS IN, A DOCTOR MAY PRESCRIBE ANTIBIOT ICS

THERAPIES

fl\\ •

• More people died in the flu epidemic of 1918 than were killed on the battlefields during the whole of the First World War.

DO NOT GIVE A CH ILD OR TEENAGER ASPIRIN IF THEY HAVE FLU. TH E COMB INATIO N OF ASPIRIN AND VIRAL INFECT ION IS ASSOC IATED WITH REYE'S SYNDROME , A DISEASE AFFECTING TH E BRAIN AND LIVER. TAKE SMALL DOS ES OF ACETAMINOPHEN INSTEAD . PREGNANT WOM EN SHOULD AVOID ASPIRIN .

L EFT Although thesymptoms a/'e supe,Jicially similar,flu is more than a bad cold It can cause muscularachesand pains, sweating,and shivering

ACUPUNCTURE Moxibustion is recommended by acupuncturists . The moxa herb is lit and held over the acupo int

• Children are most at risk, due to low exposure to virus strains .

------- breathing difficulties are one of the more distressing symptoms of flu

~

~

• Antibiotics are not effective against viral infections , such as flu. They will work against secondary bacter ial infections, such as bacterial bronchitis .

L __ _ ___

CAUTION

SYMPTOMS

..

AROMATHERAPY tea tree and geranium oil into the chest and head to reduce symptoms and

l!III • Massage

fight infection. (See pages

104-5 .) ~

AYURVEDA

~ • Impregnate a cloth with a mixture of 1 part mustard oil to 40 parts alcohol. Press the cloth to your forehead to reduce fever . You can also try sunflower , coriander and bitter orange. (See pages 78-85 .) ~

HYDROTHERAPY the aches and pains assoc ia ted with flu , stand

iii!5i• To relieve

in the shower and direct warm water on to your calves for a few minutes , then blast briefly with cold water. Add a few drops of eucalyptus to a sponge and rub over your body in the shower or bathtub , breathing in the soothing vapors. (See pages

172-9.)

E' MASSAGE J"~ • Massage

the bridge of your nose with your thumbs to help clear the sinuses. Massaging the feet is also comforting . According to therapists, it helps to bring energy down from the head to aid healing. (See pages

96-103.)

LUNG

Bronchitis

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

n inflammation of the mucus lining of the bronchi (the lungs ' air tubes ). There are two varieties- acute and chronic. Acute bronchitis usually follows a bout of flu or a cold , often in conjunction with a cold , damp , or polluted environment. Bronchitis can be viral or bacterial in cause . However , only bacteria , which may infect after the onset of viral infection, cause thick, yellow-green (infected ) mucus. Chronic bronchitis can follow repeated acute attacks , but generally develops gradually , particualrly in smokers and the elderly . The mucous membrane becomes permanently thickened , blocking the tubes and causing breathlessness and a persistent cough. It is also linked to long -term inhalation of dust , smoke , and environmental pollutants . Both types of bronchitis require medical supervision to diagnose whether the causes are bacterial , viral , or if the condition is chronic. A doctor will only prescribe antibiotics if the causes are bacterial and a sputum test may be needed to confirm this . A straightforward case of bronchitis lasts about one week and will require bedrest , fluids and painkillers such as acetaminophen , to reduce pain and fever. The cough may persist for a while longer .

RE S PI RATORY

D I SO RD E R S

SYMPTOMS

• Cough,dry at first, but laterbringingup yellow-green phlegm• chestpain • fever • breathlessness and wheezing

BEDREST AND PA IN KILLER S ARE

A

AN D

RECOMME NDED TO REDUCE FEVER AND PAIN. EXPECTO RAN TS MAY HELP TO LOOSE N PHLEGM AND CLEAR TH E LUNGS. A DOCTO R WI LL PRESCRIBE AN TIB IO TI CS IF T H E CA U SE OF T HE INF ECTI ON IS BACTERI A L O R T O G UARD AGA IN ST SECONDA RY BACTE RIAL INFE CTI O N . A YEA RLY FLU VACC INAT I O N IS ADV ISED FOR PATI ENT S W IT H C H RON IC BRONC HITI S. T H EY A RE A LSO ST RONGLY ADVISED T O LOSE EXCESS WE IG H T AN D , IF TH EY SMOKE , T O ST O P

CAUTION CAL L A D OC TOR IF A PATI ENT 'S T EMPERATURE RISES A BOVE 10 2°F, O R IF H E START S T O COUG H U P BLOOD .

A home-madesteam bath can be contriuedfrom covering your head with a towel and breathing in the fumesfrom a bowl of hot water inf used with eucalyp tus. ABOVE

DATAFILE • Quitting smoking will reduce your risk of contracting bronchitis smokers are 50 times more susceptible to the disease. • Acute bronchitis is usually caused by the same viruses that cause the common cold or flu. • Male bronchitis sufferers outnumber females by ten to one.

J

L __________________ THERAPIES ~

ACUPUNCTURE

~AYURVEDA

~ • Practitioners believe

~ • Apply a cloth

acupuncture causes the muscular walls to dilate to allow the remaining lung tissue to function efficiently . Acupuncturists in China have recently claimed that up to 50 percent of bronchitics benefit from their acupuncture treatments. Chronic sufferers need to have therapy repeated regularly to maintain its effect.

impregnated with mustard oil to the forehead to reduce a fever. First rectify the oil with alcohol (one part oil to 40 parts alcohol). (See pages 78 - 85.)

E"MASSAGE Tapping the back and chest can help dislodge phlegm and improve the breathing of chronic bronchitics. (See pages

~-

ACUPRESSURE • Clasp your hands

together, touching your upper wrist with your forefinger. The point is found on a line with the thumb , in a small depression. Unclasp your hands and apply pressure to this point . Press on a point on the crease of the inside of the elbow , on the thumb side .

OSTEOPATHY

~ • Massage of the soft tissues of the neck, shoulders , chest and back aids relaxation and makes breathing easier.

96-103.)

{See pages 106-13 and Chiropractic, pages 118-25.)

1

~

HYDROTHERAPY in the form of a sauna, steam bath or inhalator (use with care if asthmatic), will ease chest congestion. Put a few drops of essential oil on a tissue and take into the sauna or steam bath, or add a few drops of an essential oil to the inhalator:

iii!'..i • Steam,

(See pages 20-28.) ~

ffl

J".11i •

Massaging the chest with tea treeand geraniumoil may reduce infection.

RIGHT

~

RELAXATION AND ~BREATHING • A therapist can teach methods to improve lung capacity and help you use your lungs and chest more efficiently . Ayurvedic breathing exercises and yoga (see pages 52-9) are particularly useful. Chronic sufferers will find relaxation techniques and deep breathing helpful in controlling the anxiety associated with breathlessness.

(See pages 158-65 and 166-71.)

eucalyptus (expectorant), tea tree (antiseptic) or thyme (antiseptic and expectorant), or lavender (relaxes muscles and aids breathing). (See pages 172-9.)

(See page s 29-3 1.)

---299

COMMON

A I LMENTS

peppermint oil can be massaged

Common Cold

THERAPIES ,.

T

he common cold is a highly contagious viral infection that is at its most prevalent in winter , though common all the year round. A cold can be caused by many different viruses - up to 200 have been identified - which , as they are constantly changing , means that it is practically impossible to build up a complete immunity to infection , though adults are usually less vulnerable. People particularly at risk are the elderly , young children and babies , and people who are already suffering from anoth e r illness or disease. The virus affects the whole of the upp er respiratory tract , the walls of which swell and produce excess mucus , giving ris e to the typical symptoms of a stuffy or runny nose , throat discomfort , malais e , and occasional coughing . The mucus is loaded with virus es, so the air breathed out , coughed , or sneez ed may infect others in the vicinity . A cold takes one to thr ee days to develop and usually runs its course in thr ee to seven days. Childr en and the e ld e rly are susc e ptibl e to further infections , such as sinusitis , ear inflammations , and bronchitis. There is no medical cure , so the best thing to do is to get plenty of rest , drink lots of fluids , such as ginger tea and hot lemon and honey , and take regular doses of painkillers if necessary. Nose drops are not generally recommended , because although these may bring some immediate relief , they can cause the nose to become more blocked in th e long term.

AROMATHERAPY

l!II • A

facial and throat massage with diluted tea tree , peppermint or rosemary essential oils may help relieve cold symptoms. (See pages

104-105 .) ~

ACUPRESSURE ~• A range of pressure points relieve cold symptoms. Try the point on the middle of the sole of the foot , just behind the ball , and the point below the brow ridge at the corner of the eye nearest the bridge of the nose.

(See pages 29-3 1.) Peppermint is a good decongesta 11 t and can easethe symptoms of a cold.

A BOVE

SYMPTOMS

• sneezing• runny nose • raisedtemperature • sore throat • dry cough • headache• lack of appetite and energy

~

AROMATHERAPY ~• Try a steam inhalation (asthmatics should use with care) with antiviral essential oils , such as eucalyptus, lavender, or tea tree . An inhalation of peppermint oil can also ease congestion and coughs. (See pages 172-9.)

DATAFILE

~YOGA • Practitioners believe that yoga boosts the immune

~

system and reduces the frequency of catching colds. Breathing techniques can also increase the resistance of the respiratory tract . Do not perform yoga stretches while you have a fever - do static relaxation poses and gentle pranayama (yogic breathing).

(See pages 52-9.)

r--::JRELAXATION ~ TECHNIQUES • Relaxation will improve your breathing and make it easier to deal with a cold. Lie on your back with arms and legs slightly apart. Close y our eyes and relax your body stage by stage , beginning from the toes and working up to your head. Inhale deeply throughout . (See

pages 158-65.)

CAUTION

• Susceptibility to cold viruses is closely linked to high stress levels.

VIS IT YO UR DO CTO R IF A

• The disease is transmitted through infected mucus, so keep away from people who are coughing and sneezing and wash your hands frequently .

FOR MO RE TH AN 72 H O UR S OR

FEVER CO NTI N U ES OVER I O 1 °F YOU HAVE SYMPTOMS

OF

SECO NDARY INF ECTIONS

IN

T HE LUNGS , EARS OR SINU SES.

• Eat well , take regular exercise , and get plenty of sleep to boost your natural resistance to infection .

DO NO T G IVE ASPIRI N TO CHI LD REN OR TEEN AGERS. YOU SHOU LD A LSO CON SULT A DOC T O R IF A CHILD

L __________________ A runny nose and sneezing areclassic symptoms of a cold LEFT

catching your sneeze can help

J

START S

CRYING AND WILL NOT STOP , IF SHE BECOMES DROWSY AND U N RESPONS IV E, IS SICK MORE THAN TW ICE, O R SEEMS TO BE HAVING

8REATH INC

DIFF ICULT IES

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

Likesorethroats, tin symptoms of a cold may be relievedby drinkinghol lemonorgingertea.

BELOW

RECOMME NDED TR EATMENT IN C LU DES BED REST IF YOU R TEMPERATU RE IS RAISED , PLENTY OF FLUIDS, ANT IHI STAMINES TO REDUC E IN FLAMMATION

,

DECONGESTANTS , AND CO U GH MEDIC IN ES AS NEED ED

300

LU N G

Hyperventilation

H

yperventilation is the act of breathing more rapidly and shallowly than normal. This causes the level of carbon dioxide in the blood to drop, leading to faintness, numbness , and muscle tension. Acute attacks of hyperventilation can be brought on by emotional or physical trauma. Attacks also occur as a result of anxiety , after physical exertion, or at high altitude . It may also be the body's response to high levels of acidity in the blood - as a result of aspirin overdose, for example untreated diabetes, or kidney failure . If you begin to hyperventilate, stay calm . Loosely cover your nose and mouth with a paper bag : breathe slowly into it and rebreathe the air about 10 times to increase carbon dioxide levels. Breathe normally for a couple of minutes then repeat the process if necessary. SYMPTOMS

• lack of air • numb arms, legs,mouth • visual changes • muscletensioninf orearmsand calves • loss of consciousness

I

SYMPTOMS

• a sound causedby abrupt contractionof the diaphragmand closureof the vocal chords• may be chestpain

RY

DISORDE

TR EATM ENT

IN C LUD ES CO GNITIVEBEHAV IO RA L THER A PY; BETA- BLOC KER DRU GS T O H ELP CO N TRO L PH YSI CA L SYMPT O M S.

CAUTION IF YOU EXPERIENCE C HEST PAIN S AND / OR PA IN TH AT SPREAD S T O TH E A RM , N ECK , O R JAW, SEEK M EDI CAL HE LP.

THERAPIES

ti] [!II

BREATHING TECHNIQUES

• Controlled breathing techniques will help you to reduce anxiety before stressful events. (See pages 166-71.)

associated with hyperventilation and panic attacks. Humanistic and transpersonal therapies are also recommended (See pages

196-205.) ~

r.,

PSYCHOTHERAPY ~ AND COUNSELING • Cognitive-behavioral therapy helps to dispel the fear

Hiccups rritation of the nerves in the diaphragm that leads to a sudden inhalation of air. The diaphragm contracts and the vocal cords close , producing the characteristic sound. A bout of hiccups usually last only a few minutes , with a brief interval between attacks . Hiccups can result from eating too quickly , drinking too many carbonated drinks, alcoholism, stress , excitement , stomach irritation , toxins , temperature changes , or pregnancy. Although they can hurt , hiccups are not themselves harmful. In rare cases , however , they may be a symptom of hiatus hernia , pneumonia, or pleurisy. There is no shortage of home remedies for hiccups. One of the most reliable is to swallow a teaspoon of dry sugar slowly . Alternatively , eat a small piece of dry bread slowly; suck on a piece of lemon ; drink a glass of water quickly ; swallow a small amount of finely cracked ice ; hold your tongue with your thumb and index finger and gently pull it forward ; or ask a friend to say "boo " and surprise you into breathing normally .

R E SP IR ATO

LEFT To relievean attack of hyperventilation, breatheslowly into a paper bag about 10 times

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT RECO MMENDED

A ND

MEDITATION

~ • Learn meditation and practice it every day to relieve stress and encourage positive thoughts. (See pages 60-63 .)

r-:::J RELAXATION ~ TECHNIQUES • Hyperventilation is often triggered by anxiety . If you are stressed, daily muscle relaxation sessions may help you deal with the condition. (See pages

158-65.)

CAUTION

THERAPIES

r-:::J RELAXATION

AND ~BREATHING • Relaxation and breathing techniques may help to relieve hiccups . Deep slow breathing is the best way to get an attack to pass. Try holding a paper bag over your nose and mouth and breathe in and out slowly .

Playing long notes on a wind instrument may also help. Bend your head backward and hold

your breath for a count of ten. Exhale immediately and drink a glass of water. (See pages

SEEK EME RGENC Y AI D IF THE HICCUPS A RE ACCOMPAN IED BY ABDOM INAL PA IN A N D SPITTING

166-71.) E"

U P OF BLOOD OR

BLOOD IN THE STOOLS.

MASSAGE

J".1ii • Massage

the back of the roof of your mouth with a cotton swab . A finger works iust as well. {See pages

96-103.)

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT H ICC UP S D O NO T REQ U IRE M EDI CAL TR EATMENT UNL ESS THE BO U T LASTS FOR MO RE T HAN EIG HT H OU RS IN AN AD U LT O R T HR EE HOURS IN A C HI LD. A PROT RAC TE D BO U T OF HI CC UP S CAN LEAD TO EXHAUS T ION

J Slowly swallowing a trnspoonfulof dry sugai· ,s a frequently recommended remedyfor hiccups

ABOVE

DATAFILE • An American farmer suffered from hiccups for 65 years - the longest known bout of hiccups in history. • Some researchers believe that hiccups are triggered automatically by a "hiccup center" in the brain in order to stop you choking on food or drink .

L------------------J 301

RS

CO MMO N AI L MENTS

HEART, BLOOD, AND CIRCULATION High

Blood

Pressure

B

lood pressure is raised when the pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the arteries in which it travels is greater than normal. This indicates that the heart is working harder than usual to pump blood around the body. In healthy people , blood pressure falls when resting and rises in response to stress , physical exertion , or perceived danger . Sustained high blood pressure (hypertension ), even when at rest , can damage the cardiovascular system, which increases the risk of stroke, coronary artery disease, and heart failure, as well as damage to the brain , kidneys, and eyes. It is difficult to diagnose mild hypertension , because the condition is symptomless. For this reason , doctors advise everyone aged over 40 to have their blood pressure monitored , especially if there is a family history of hypertension or if other factors , such as kidney disease , diabetes , or being overweight put you at risk. If the pressure is above normal limits on three separate check-ups, then hypertension is th e likely cause. Adopting a healthy lifestyle is the most effective way to combat mild hypertension. Switch to a low-fat , high-fiber diet , rich in fruits and vegetables, and keep your weight at a healthy level. Stop smoking , and reduce consumption of alcohol , salt , and caffeine. Some practitioners recommend dietary supplements of potassium , calcium , and magnesium. Regular exercise and relaxation techniques will also help .

CAUTION IF YOU HAVE BEEN PRESCRIBED ANT IHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS , CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR BEFORE TAKING DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS OR HERBAL REMEDIES, OR BEFORE STARTING AN EXERCISE PROGRAM.

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT A DO CTO R MAY RECOMMEND LIFESTYLE AND DIET CHANGES ( MAINTAINING A HEALTHY WEIGHT , STOPPING SMO KING , EXERC ISING REGULARLY) AND DRUG THERA PY, INC LUDIN G BETA-BLOC KERS, DI URETICS , AND VASO DILATORS .

THERAPIES

,.=. VISUALIZATION

1111AROMATHERAPY UJIII.A slow, stroking massage with sedative essential oils, such as marjoram, lavender, geranium, sandalwood, rose, or clary sage, is recommended to help reduce high blood pressure by relaxing muscle tension.

(See pages 104-5 and Massage , pages 96-103.) ~ BIOFEEDBACK • During therapy, you learn how to monitor your blood pressure as you relax and thereby how to reach and recognize a relaxed state whenever the need arises . (See pages 212-13.)

I.I] [!Ill

~ • Patients learn how to create mental pictures of soothing, comforting scenes, which create calm and relaxed feelings and reduce stress. {See pages 214-7.)

P"~OTHER ...,

THERAPIES • Practitioners believe the

following therapies may help the condition : acupuncture {see pages 20-28); meditation (see pages 60-63); reflexology {see pages 66-71 ); healing (see pages 86 - 7); therapeutic touch {see pages 90-91 ); autogenic training (see pages 210-11 ); hypnotherapy (see pages 218-23) ; color therapy {see

pages 248-51).

BREATHING TECHNIQUES

• Slow, even breathing encourages muscle relaxation and helps to reduce stress levels. (See

A healthy, low-fat dietplays a majorpart ,n bloodpressurecontrol Being ouerweightis a commoncause of high bloodpressure . BELO W

pages 166-71 .) '!JLJJQIGONG ~ • Meditation

and gentle exercise are thought to lower blood pressure by improving the flow of chi. T'ai chi ch'uan is thought to work similarly . (See

pages 44-5 and pages 46-51.)

SYMPTOMS

• mild hypertension- no symptoms • severehypertensionheadaches,breathlessn ess,dizzinessand disturbedvision, Jatigue, insomnia

A BOV E Qigong and t'ai-chi practitionersbelievethat these therapiesare uery helpfulfor blood pressureproblemsThey enableyou to achieuemore with lesseffort.

DATAFILE • 50 million Americans suffer from hypertension It is estimated that one-third of them are unaw are of their condition. • Some practitioners advise eating raw garlic to reduce blood pressure. • Normal blood pressure is not on abso lute but a range, depending on the sex, age, and general fitness of the patient. Most doctors woud recommend lifestyle changes for those whose blood presssure is consistently 140/90 mm Hg or above.

The soothingeffectsof a11 aro111 atherapy 111 assagecan help to lowerbloodpressure . LEFT

302

• The condition is more common among the midd le-aged (about l 0 percent are affected) and among men.

L __________________

J

HEA

Low Blood

Pressure

RT ,

BLOOD,

AND

C I RCULATO

RY

DI SO R DE R S

I

Anemia

CAUTION ALWAYS SEEK MED ICA L A DVI CE

L

o w blood pressure (hypotension ) can lead to a reduction in the supply of blood to the brain , which can cause dizziness and fainting. It may be caused by the heart's failure to maintain the pressure , a loss of fluid from the circulation , pregnancy , general ill health , diabetes , lack of food , heat exhaustion , antidepressant drugs , or an excessive dose of an anti hypertensive drug. Severe hemorrhage , burns , and gastroenteritis can also reduce blood pressure . A sudden drop when standing up is known as postural hypotension: the best way to combat this is to change position slowly . If you suffer frequently from low blood pressur e, your doctor may want to run some tests to identify the cause. SYMPTOMS

• dizzinessandfainting • dilatedpupils THERAPIES

~ HYDROTHERAPY Therapists believe that a cold shower or bath boosts the circulation by causing the blood vessels to constrict and then dilate as the blood starts pumping again normally . They may also recommend sitz baths, unless you have a heart condition. A flannel wrap treatment may also be recommended for circulatory problems . (See pages 172-9.)

D •

IRIIIAROMATHERAPY L!JIII • Regular massage

with stimulating oils, such as black pepper , lemon or sage , can help to control blood pressure .

{See pages 104-5.) ,.~ .. ,

OTHER

THERAPIES • The following therapies

nemia is a reduction in the blood 's ability to carry oxyge n, caused by low levels of either hemoglobin (an oxygen -carrying chemical ) or red blood cells in the blood . At first , the effects of anemia are unnoticeable . As the condition progresses , how eve r, the sufferer may appear pale , feel tired , and becom e dizzy or faint. Severe anemia can lead to an irregular or increased heartrate as the heart pumps more blood to try to compensate for the lack of oxygen. Most cases of anemia are related to iron deficiency , which can be treated with iron supplements and increasing the amount of food containing iron . Pre g nanc y, breast-feeding a baby and blood loss from the gastrointestinal tract , du e to an ulc er or cancer , can also deplet e stores of iron. Lack of di etar y iron is rarely a primary cause of anemia , but can exacerbate the problem . An em ia may also be caused by deficiencies in folic acid or vitamin B 12, or as a result of genetic defects . Alcohol , some infections , and certain antibiotics or antiinflammatory dru gs can also cause anemia.

A

CANNOT

BE

TREATED SUCCESSFULLY W ITHOUT

ESTABLISHING

IT S

UNDE RLYING CAUSE. DO N OT PRACT ICE INVERTED YO GA POSES IF YOU ARE PREGNANT O R SUFFER FROM H IGH BLOOD PRESSU RE.

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT A DOCTOR

MAY RECO MMEND

BLOOD MONITORING,

AD VI CE

ON D IET, AND SUPPLEMENT S OF IRON , FOLIC AC ID , OR V ITAM IN B 12 , AND TREATMENT OF T HE UNDERL YING CA U SE, FOR EXAM PLE, HORMONE S T O LESSEN MENS TRU A L BLEEDING.

• weaknessandfatigue • breathlessness • paleskin and lips • headachesand dizziness• fainting • irritability• recurrent infections• lack of concentration• lossof appetite DATAFILE • Iron is o n essential component of hemoglob in.

I I I I

• In the U S , 20 percen t of women of childbearing age have irondeficiency anemia , often due to heavy menstrual bleeding

IN SEVERE, PERSISTENT CASES,

ANEMIC , BECAUSE THE CONDITION

SYMPTOMS

may help to alleviate the condition: therapeutic touch {see pages 90-91) and colo r therapy (see pages 248-51 ).

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

IF YOU SUSPECT YOU ARE

I

• Over -reliance on asp irin, which causes stomach bleed ing , may be a cause of iron-deficiency anemia.

I

J

L __________________

A DOCTOR MAY PRESCRIBE

Iron-richfoods and supplemen ts arefrequenlly recommendedto combatanaemia ABOVE

DRUGS TO RAISE BLO O D PRESSURE.

THERAPIES ~

~

LEFT Inhaling rosemary

and peppermintoil can bringquick relieffrom thesymptomsof low bloodpressure

AYURVEDA

H • Practitioners

~YOGA

W•

punarnava mandura . {See

pages 78-85.)

52-9 .)

~ HYDROTHERAPY High-p owered wa ter

~ ACUPUNCTURE

D •

'

~SHIATSU

Yoga may help to restore hormonal imbalances that lead to heavy menstrual bleeding. During your period , practice breathing and relaxation techniques only , not the stretches . Inverted asanas (poses) shou ld not be performed during menstruation . (See pages

• Practitioners believe that anemia is due to an imbalance of pitta , one of the three essential energies . They recommend purification , or panchakarma , through diet , massage , and purg ing using a mild laxative rich in iron called ,a;

jets may be recommended as a method of stimulating the internal organs. (See pages

172-9.)

attempt to rebalance energies along the spleen and stomach meridians in order to treat both anemia and underlying menstrual problems . (See

pages 32- 7 and Do-in, page s 3 8-4 1.)

ll\l •

Acupoints on the back, lower trunk, arm and leg will be stimulated . Moxibustion may also be given in the same areas. {See pages 20-28.)

303

COMMON

AILMENTS

Angina ngina is a constricting chest pain that occurs in spasms as a result of a reduction in the bloodflow through the coronary arteries supplying the heart . This happens because the arteries carrying the blood are too narrow for an adequate flow in certain conditions and circumstances. The pain is like someone sitting on the chest , or like drawing a tight band around it. It usually starts across the upper part of the front of the chest, from which it can spread to the jaw , down the left arm , and sometimes down the right arm as well. The pain most commonly occurs after a heavy meal , physical exertion, during cold weather, and as a result of emotion , brought on , say, by an argument , or a sudden shock. Groups likely to be susceptible to the condition include smokers , the overweight , and diabetics. Attacks usually last a few minutes: if the angina is left untreated , they usually recur. With treatment, the frequency of the attacks can be reduced and , at best , they may stop completely . In the event of an attack , the first thing to do is to sit down and rest , or, if you are walking in the street , to stand still. If the attacks are linked to emotional stress , you should try to reduce this as much as possible . If they happen during physical exertion , stop what you are doing and do not

A

attempt to resume it, as further activity during an attack can be harmful. Taking a mild sedative may help , if this is feasible . Look out for patterns in the attacks and try to avoid the situations that trigger them. If you smoke , stop . Cut back on rich, heavy meals. Try to keep your weight normal - or lose it if you need to. Because the risk of heart attack increases if the arteries continue to narrow , anyone who suffers a first attack of angina should consult a doctor as soon as possible. If the condition has been medically diagnosed , you should also call the doctor if the pain lasts long er than usual. Pain lasting for longer than ten minutes should be treated as a medical emergency. Conventional treatment is to prescribe drugs to dilate the arteries , so improving the flow of blood to the heart. Other medications may be prescribed to low er the blood pressure , while a program of moderat e, controlled exercise to strengthen the h eart may also be suggested . In severe cases, surgery may be advised .

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT DRUGS SU CH AS CLYCERYL TRIN ITR ATE OR BETA-BLOCKERS MAY BE PRESCRIBED TO PREVENT OR TO TREAT ATTACKS.

ASPIRI N MAY BE

PRESCRIBED TO REDUCE THE RISK OF A CLO T FORMING THE NARROWED

IN

CORONA RY

VESSELS. YOU MAY ALSO BE ADV ISED TO CO ON A LOW - FAT DI ET. IF THER E IS A DANGER OF THE CO RONARY ARTERIES BECOMING

COMPLETE LY

BLOCKED , A CO RONARY BYPASS OPER AT ION OR ANGIOPLASTY MAY BE NEC ESSARY.

CAUTION NO CHEST PAIN S SHO U LD BE TREATED BY COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES

UN T IL THE IR CAUSE

HAS BEEN FULLY ESTABLISH ED. PROLONGED

OR SEVERE CASES

OF ANGINA

CAN BE A

PRECURSOR OF A HEART

SYMPTOMS

ATTACK

AND SHOULD

URGEN T MEDICAL

RECE IV E

ATTENTION

• constrictingpains in the upperchest,which can spreadup the neck, down the left arm and, sometimes,down the right arm as well • pains oftenaccompaniedby feelingsof exhaustion, choking, suffocation,and nausea THERAPIES ~ ACUPUNCTURE

rl\l .

Acupuncturists believe

that angina often arises because of excessive yang in the body . Treatment is aimed at restoring the correct balance

RIC HT Do not ignorethe symptoms of angina. Left untreated, attacks a!'f likely to recurand may eventually leadto a heait attack

of yin and yang, and to relieve pain, and aid relaxation . (See

pages 20-28.)

although pain starts in the chest, it may spread to the jaw

pain may also travel down the left arm

m ~,

OSTEOPATHY • Tensions in the neck,

shoulders and back can serve to aggravate the chest pains . Both osteopathy and chiropractic can relieve these muscular tensions. (See pages

l 06-13 and Chiropractic, pages 118-25.) ~ RELAXATION

~ TECHNIQUES • Practicing basic relaxation techniques will help you to unwind and release the stress and other mental tensions that may be contributing to the attacks. (See pages 158-65.) Other recommended relaxation therapies include yoga (see pages 52-9), meditation {see pages 60-63),

304

the Alexander techniq ue {see pages 146- 53) and autogenic training (see pages 210-11 ).

"fJl}j QIGONG ~.

This gentle form of

exercise is recommended for relaxation and breathing control, and has been scientifically proven to boost the functioning of the cardiovascular, nervous , and respiratory systems. (See pages 44-5 and T'ai chi ch'uan, pages 46-51 .)

~ REFLEXOLOGY ~. Massaging the appropriate reflex areas in the feet is thought to help to reduce raised blood pressure and so help in the treatment of angina . (See pa ges 66 -71.)

HEART,

BLOOD

,

AND

CIRC

U LATO

Atherosclerosis

RY

D I SORDE

RS

CAUTION ATHE ROSC LEROS IS IS A

SYMPTOMS

therosclerosis is a degenerative disease of the arteries . Fatty deposits that develop on the artery walls harden and enlarge into raised circular areas called plaques , which eventually , if left untreated , partially or wholly block the affected arteries. The condition starts in early adult life and increases with age. Along with thrombosis (where blood becomes solid and forms a clot ), it is the main cause of heart disease and strokes. Contributory factors to its development include smoking , high blood pressure , stress, heredity, diabetes and , according to some experts , high cholesterol levels in the blood . The condition is symptomless until it reaches the stage when the constriction actually starts to interfere with the blood circulation . What happens then varies , depending on where the atherosclerosis is sited . If the coronary arteries are affected , the heart can be deprived of the oxygen and nutrients it needs to work properly . Without treatment , this can lead to angina and , eventually , to a heart attack. Similarly , atherosclerosis in the cerebral arteries can lead to a stroke. Conventionally , drugs may be prescribed to improve bloodflow , reduce the risk of blood clots forming , lower cholesterol levels and lessen the strain on the hea rt . If the coronary arteries are seriously affected , bypass surgery or angioplasty may be necessary. Self-help measures include following a low-fat diet , giving up smoking , and learning to manage stress. Taking aspirin in prescribed doses is also recommended: aspirin reduces the stickiness of the blood platelets , making them less likely to come together to form a clot. Avoid over eating: part of any excess food that is eaten is deposited as fat in the arteries. Exercise may h elp - but you should consult your doctor before starting any exercise program - especially if you have not exercised regularly for a prolonged period.

A

POTE NT IALLY LIF ETH REATENING CONDIT ION

• narrowedcoronary arteries:chestpain on exertion • blockedcoronary arteries:suddenonsetof severe,persistent chestpains • narrowedcerebralarteries:temporary disturbances of balance, vision, speech,and use of the arms and legs • blockedcerebralarteries:speechimpairment, loss of use of limbs, unconsciousness

the first signs of a build-up of fatty deposit (atheroma)

blood flow is restricted as the atheroma grows

ASSESS THE SEVERITY OF TH E CONDIT ION AND WHICH A RTERIES A RE AFFECTED . ANTICOAGU

LANTS MAY BE

PRESCRI BED TO LESSEN THE RISK OF BLOOD C LOTS FO RMING , T OGET HER WITH OTH ER DRUGS TO IMPROV E BLOODFLOW

AN D LOWER

CHOLESTE ROL LEVELS. SURGICAL

OPTIONS

IN

EXTREME CASES ARE A BYPASS OPE RATION

OR ANGIOP LASTY

DATAFILE • A theroscleros is can lead to ang ina and heart attac k, if the coronary arteries supplying the heart with blood are affected . • Atherosclerosis can cause transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) and stroke , if the cerebral arteries are involved. • It can cause pain in the calves on walking, or a sudden onset of severe pain in the affected leg , which goes cold and turns pale , if the femoral arteries are affected.

Left untreated, atherosclerosis grows gradiwlly worseand rnn lead to a heart attack or stroke Drugs to reducetl1ensk of blood clotting are commonly /mscnbed LEFT

OF ITS SYMPTOMS , YOU SHOUL D SEEK M ED ICAL H ELP.

THERAPIES ,.

OTHER EXAM INAT IONS TO

LEAD TO IF IT IS LEFT UN TR EATED. IF YO U H AVE A N Y

because the blood cannot flow freely, it forms a clot and blocks the artery

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT BLOOD TE STS, X-RAYS AND

BECA U SE OF WHAT IT CAN

AROMATHERAPY

lm • Regular

massage with juniper and lemon may help to break down fatty deposits in the body. Massage with essential oils of peppermint, lavender, rose and marjoram, may help to strengthen the heart , though, if you are pregnant, avoid the marjoram . (See pages I 04-5.) ~ T' Al CHI CH'UAN

L •

Gentle t'ai chi ch'uan will not put extra strain on the heart. The aim is to encourage an even flow of energizing qi around the body . (See pages

~ MEDITATION

~• Focusing the mind through meditation can induce deep calm, so helping to combat persistently raised stress levels. (See pages

60-63.) ~ BIOFEEDBACK

• Training in biofeedback means that you will have the ability to tell when you are getting stressed and also to monitor how successful you are in becoming relaxed. (See pages 21 2-13.)

II;[

MASSAGE

J"~ • Regu lar

46- 5 1 and Qigong, pages 44 - 5.)

massage may reduce stress levels and help to stimulate the circulation . (See

~

pages 96-103.)

YOGA Basic yoga positions particularly the Corpse pose w ill help you relax and discharge tensions and stress.

~•

(See pages 52-9.)

L---------------~ 305

C OMMON

AILMENT

S

Raynaud's

Disease

Varicose

Veins

CAUTION IF INJ URED , A VARICOSE VEIN

I

n Raynaud 's disease , the blood vessels serving the fingers - and sometimes the toes - contract and go into spasm in response to cold . The condition is more common in women than in men , its onset usually occurring in yo ung adulthood , with attacks lastin g usually for no mor e than 15 to 30 minut es. It tends to improve with age. However , Raynaud 's ph enomenon , a related conditio n , can be mor e ser ious, since it may be a sig n of an und erly ing disea se. In an attack , th e affected areas suddenly turn white and numb . In severe cases , they may then turn blue and , finally , red. Th ey may b e painful , tingling , and burning. The h ands and feet sh o uld be kept warm and protected from cold. Sm okers sh ou ld give up , since smoking exacerbates the problem. Co nsult a docto r if the symptoms are extre me , or do not respond to warmin g . CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

SYMPTOMS

• tinglingsensations, burning, and numbness in fingers and toes • affected areasturn white, blue, then red • in extreme cases, gangrenemay set in

TO EXC LUD E T H E POSSIBILITY O F AN U NDERLY /NC D ISORDE R, X-R AYS AND BLOO D TESTS MAY BE TA KEN. VASODI LATO RS MAY BE PRESCRIBED TO IM PROV E TH E C I RCULAT ION .

THERAPIES ~

~

AYURVEDA

• Massage the hands and feet with a mix ture of warm mustard and sesame seed oils . This will help to stimulate the circulation . (See pages 78-85 .)

N

AROMATHERAPY

l!JII • Oils , such as bla ck pepper , lemon and rosemary , can be massaged into the affected areas to increa se circulation and warmth. {See

pages I 04-5.)

m

OSTEOPATHY

~• •

Careful manipulation of the spine and the neck may help to improve the blood circulation to the bod y's peripheries. (See page s I 06-13 .) Chiropractic ca n produce the same results. (See

pages 118-25.)

~ HYDROTHERAPY Warm water dilates

A

CAN BLEED PROFU SELY. SEEK ME D ICAL HE LP IF THIS OCCUR S. AVO ID HYDROTHERAPY

IF YOU ARE

SU FFERIN G FROM A H EART COND ITI ON.

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT A DOCTOR

MAY PRESCRIBE

INJECTING TH E V EIN S WITH CHEMICAL

A

TO SHR INK OR

CLOSE TH EM , OR SURGERY IN SEVERE CASES IN THE LEGS TO STR IP OUT TH E VE INS .

D •

blood vessels, increas ing the bloodflow and boosting the circulation . A therapist will advise on the best course of treatment . {See pages 172-9.)

~ BIOFEEDBACK • Practitioners teach how , by focusing mentally on warming up the fingers and toes, you can actually achieve this with the aid of a hand-held temperature sensor. (See pages 212-13.) Autogenic training will teach a series of mental exercises to help you think yourself well. (See pages

210-11.)

SYMPTOMS

BELOW The oilfrom black peppercorns can helpimprove circulation .

.. •

-

-

Massagingrosemaryoil into the legs can helpwith uaricosevei11s. g properties The herb'sstimulati11 improvebloodcirculation

A BOVE

• extremelysore,swollen, and tenderveins • bruising and discoloration• burningsensation• irritatedandflaky skin • ulcers• swollen legsand aching calves THERAPIES

N

AROMATHERAPY

l!JII • Rosemary

oil, blended with a light carrier oil , can be massaged into the legs to improve the circulation. Similarly, essential oils of juniper and lave nder can be diluted and massaged into the surroundi ng area . {See pages

104-5.)

A

---ZV------306

n of ten painful condition , with worse discomfort at the end of the day , varicose veins are swollen, lengthened and twisted veins ju st below the skin 's surface. Th e condition becomes increasingly common from the late teens onwards , while , in women , it frequentl y starts during pregnancy. Other factors includ e obesity , constipation , prolon ge d periods of standin g or sitting , a sedentar y lifest y le, and h ere dit y. The most common area where they appear is the legs , but veins inside th e rec tum can also beco me varicose (known as hemorrh o ids ), as can thos e around the vulva (durin g pre g nanc y) , the scrotum , and the eso phagus. Th e primary reason for varicose vei ns arising is obstruction of the bloodfl ow. Thi s causes the one-way va lves of the vei ns to lose their eff icie ncy , allowing the blood to flow backwards. The res ult is increa sed pressure o n , and co nsequ e nt di ste nsion of , the veins. If this is associat ed with pregnancy , th e condition may abate after childbirth , but otherwise it may persist intermittently. Sufferers are advised to take plenty o f exercise , to avoid standing for lon g per iod s, and try to rela x for short spells with legs raised on a pillo w or cushion . If yo u are overweig ht , yo u will be advised to diet. Support socks , tights or stockings can also help: for maximum effectiveness , these should be put on first thing in th e mornin g befo re the veins fill with stagnating blood . Varicos e veins are not always painful: most people wh o ha ve them surgically remov ed do so for cos metic reason s.

~ HYDROTHERAPY Alternating hot and cold

D •

baths and splashes may be suggested to improve the circulation , as may hot and cold

water for several minutes two times a da y may bring relief.

(See page s 172-9.) ~YOGA

~ • The inverted

BELOW Standingfor long periodsis a commoncause of varicoseveins.Relaxingfor a f ew minuteswith your legsraised can help

positions

may help to reduce blood pres sure in the legs. Do not attempt these if yo u are pregnant or if yo u have high blood pressure (See

pages 52-9 .)

compresses . Sponging or spraying the legs with cold

-

--

---

H EA R T,

Palpitations n awareness of your heartbeat is termed a palpitation. Palpitations can be regular or irregular. They are often brought on by strenuous exertion, such as running for a bus or up a flight of stairs , or while experiencing anxiety , fright , shock , or anger . Other triggers include excessive smoking , drinking too much alcohol , coffee or tea, viral infections , an overactive thyroid , heart disease , hyperventilation , and indigestion . Palpitations are very common , usually harmless and , indeed , frequently go completely unnoticed. The "missed heartbeat" of which sufferers often complain is not , in fact , a dropped beat at all: rather , it is due to what doctors term an ectopic beat , which occurs earlier than usual , causing a longer , compensatory gap before th e next beat . Ectopic beats are usually benign but , if frequent or if associated with other symptoms such as dizziness , fainting , chest pain or shortness of breath , should be investigated by a medical professional.

A

B L OOD

,

A ND

CI R C U LA T ORY

DI SO R DE R S

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

Frequent or prolonged palpitations should always be medically investigated , since they can be a symptom of thyroid or heart disorders. If either is suspected , a doctor will arrange for an electrocardiogram to be taken to check for heart problems , or blood tests to detect any thyroid disorder. Palpitations caused by heart disease usually respond to beta-blockers and anti-arrhythmics. If the trigger is an emotional one , psychotherapy or a course of relaxation techniques may be suggested .

FREQ UENT O R PROLONGED PA LPIT AT IONS SH O U LD BE INVESTI GAT ED BY A D OC T O R T O CHEC K T HAT TH EY A RE N O T A SYM PTO M O F A MOR E SERIO U S COM PLA INT SU C H AS A THY RO ID D ISORD ER O R H EA RT D ISEASE.

If yo u smoke and suffer f rompalpitations, give up cigarettesat once

BELOW

SYMPTOMS

• poundingin the chestfollowing exerciseor exertion• uncomfortableawarenessof a rapid heartrate when anxious • sensation of a seemingly"missed" heartbeat

CAUTION A FAST, I RREGULA R H EARTBEAT IS ALWAYS A BN ORM A L AND M U ST BE BRO U G H T T O TH E ATTEN T ION O F A M EDIC AL PRAC T ITI O NER .

you may experience shortness of breath

THERAPIES E'MASSAGE Regular slow stroking

J".'.li •

of

the limbs may help to ease palpitations by reducing stress levels, lowering raised blood pressure , and encouraging relaxation . {See pages

96-103.) unaccustomed exercise may cause the heart to pound uncomfortably

flll AROMATHERAPY l!lll •If palpitations are exercising abruptly may lead to nausea

triggered by emotional causes, a regular massage using calming oils such as ylang ylang, marjoram , lavender, and mandarin may help . So, too , may peppermint , aniseed , melissa , rosemary, and neroli, used separately or combined in a good carrier oil. (See pages

autogenic practitioners believe that the mental exercises the therapy involves should enable you to control the conditions. It is a well-accepted approach to relaxation . {See pages 210-11 .) Biofeedback techniques may also help in controlling stress- and anxietyrelated palpitations. {See pages

212-13 .)

The techniques taught by practitioners to reduce stress by relaxing the muscles are also useful. (See pages 158-65.)

r.,

PSYCHOTHERAPY

~ AND COUNSELING • Some form of psychotherapy may be suggested if the palpitations have emotional triggers. (See pages 188-91.)

~ YOGA/RELAXATION

~l TECHNIQUES • Learning how to breathe is a key step in promoting relaxation . Yoga breathing exercises can be extremely helpful. (See pages 52-9.)

BELO W M assaging the legs can lowerbloodpressureand relievetension in the muscles aft erexercise.

104-5.) ~ ACUPRESSURE ~• Applying pressure to the pericardium and heart meridian acupoints on the wrist is thought to be calming in its effect. (See LEFT The heartalway s beats Jasterand morestrongly during and immediatelyafter exertion. This is hannlessand normal - it is only if the pounding is painfu l or doesnot stop within a f ew moments of stopping exercise that it should cause concern.

pages 29-3 1.) fG>'1AUTOGENIC ...JTRAINING

r

• If the palpitations are triggered by anxiety, or other psychological conditions ,

307

COMMON

AILM

ENTS

DIGESTION Nausea

and Vomiting

Gi11ger , pepper111i11t, or clove tea may all relievenausea. Gingeris particularly recommended for morning sickness;clovesshould not be taken in early pregnancy BELOW

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

V

omiting is the body 's natural reaction to the ingestion of harmful substances or toxins produced by illnesses or drugs. Nausea is the sensation that you are about to vomit. The causes of vomiting include gastroenteritis , shock , head injury , migraine , food poisoning, gallstones, overindulgence in food or drink , disturbances in the inner ear, such as those that can result from travel , and even emotionally distressing sights and noxious smells. Hormonal changes during pregnancy and menstruation can also cause both conditions. In addition , vomiting may be an indicator of more serious medical problems , such as appendicitis, glaucoma, ulcers , hepatitis, and meningitis. If you feel nauseous, combined with headache and abdominal pain , without vomi ting , then the cause may be psychological rather than physical. However , persistent nausea can be an indicator of liver disease. If food poisoning is thought to be the cause of vomiting , a doctor will probably suggest avoiding solid food for 24 hours and rehydrating with a salt-glucose solution. In severe cases , a doctor may prescribe antiemetic drugs to suppress the vomit reflex. Over-thecounter medication is available specifically for travel sickn ess. Home remedies for nausea include chewing on raw or candied ginger and drinking ginger , peppermint , or clove tea . Swallowing some crushed or cracked ice is said to relieve morning sickness.

A SINGLE , SHOR T BOUT OF VOM IT ING DOES NOT REQ UIR E ME DIC AL ATTEN TION , BUT RECURRENT VOMIT I NG WILL

a headache can often occur with nausea

N EED FU RTHE R INVEST IG AT ION TO ENSURE THERE IS NO UNDERLYIN G MED ICAL PROBLEM. IN SOME CASES, A D OCTOR W IL L PRESCRIBE ANT IEMET IC S. SOME DO CTOR S MAY A DVIS E TAKING

VITAM IN

86 TO HELP W ITH MO RNIN G

try and rehydrate with plenty of fluids

SICKNESS AND T RAVEL SICKNESS.

CAUTION SEEK MEDICAL

ADVICE IF

VOMIT ING CONT I N U ES FOR MORE THAN

12 HOURS ,

ESPECIALLY IN C H ILDREN; THE VOMIT

CO NT A IN S BLO OD; O R

IF IT IS ACCOMPAN IED BY A BDOMINAL

PA IN, HIGH FEVER,

D ROWS IN ESS, HEADACHES , OR AVERSION TO LICHT.

DO NOT

TAKE MED ICATION FOR NAUSEA AND VOMITING

IF YOU ARE IN

TH E FIRST TRIM ESTER OF PREG NAN CY . D O NOT C HEW GINGER O R DR INK GINGER TEA IF YOU HAV E A PEPT IC U LCE R.

DATAFILE

I • Persistent nausea may indicate liver problems, which need I prompt medical action to resolve them. I • Nausea following a fall or blow to the head is an indication

I concussion. I • A cup of ginger tea soothes the sickness associated I and influenza and helps fight infections.

of

with colds

I • Aromatherapists recommend an orange oil massage to prevent I travel sickness . I • A British medical journal reported results showing ginger to be I

~ore effective than antihistamine drugs in preventing motion

Lsickness. __________________ THERAPIES ~ ACUPRESSURE

~ HYPNOTHERAPY

r--::JRELAXATION

~-

• If you are prone to morning sickness , a course of

~ • If nausea is caused by

• The classic acupressure

point to relieve nausea and sickness is Pericardium 6, which is located on the inside of the wrist, three finger breadths away from the wrist crease between the two tendons. Press on the point firmly with the thumb for three minutes . Sufferers from chronic travel sickness are advised to wear special wrist bands - snugly fitting elastic bands with small plastic balls to press on the P6 point. (See pages 29-31.)

308

~

hypnotherapy treatment in advance of your next pregnancy may help to prevent the condition, or, at the least, lessen its frequency. Research shows that hypnotherapy can also prevent nausea associated with chemotherapy. (See pages

stress and anxiety , use relaxation exercises to relieve your tension . This therapy may also be helpful to reduce the panic associated with prolonged or violent vomiting. (See pages

158-65.)

~ COLOR

THERAPY ~ • Therapists believe the

color green relieves the nervous tension that is a common cause of persistent nausea. They will treat you with colored lights or colored silks , and can also teach self-help methods , such as color visualization , to aid healing.

{See pages 248-51.)

228-33.) LEFT As a color, greencan help with persistant nausea.

I

J

D I SO R DE R S OF

Gastroe

A

n teritis

common

TH E DICEST

I VE

SYSTEM

SYMPTOMS

irritation and inflammation

of the diges-

tive tract. In the U.S. , gastroenteritis , or stomach flu , is second only to the common cold in frequency. The most common causes are infecting organisms , such

• fever • abdominalpain • nauseaand vomiting • diarrhea • shock and unconsciousnessin severecases

as viruses , bacteria , and parasites , but other possibilities include allergies , reaction to some medications , stress and tension , and overindulgence in alcohol. Th e sy mptoms of gastroenteritis vary greatly from person to person , but include nausea , vomiting , diarrhea , abdominal pain , headache , mild fever , and muscle aches . Viral gastroenteritis lasts between 24 and 48 hours , but bacterial or parasitic infections can last more than a we ek and require treatment with antibiotics. For mild cas es, doctors recomm e nd b edr est and avoidin g solid foods . As soon as you stop vomit ing , be g in drinkin g small amounts of clear liquids. After 24 hours without symptoms , progress to full liquids , such as soups , and then t o solid , mild foods . Avoid raw fruit , alcohol , and fatty foods for several more days.

you may experien ce fever and/or a headache

Live plain yoghurt is often recommended aft er an attack of gasfroenteritl5 LEFT

DATAFILE • There are 90 million cases of gastroenteritis each year in the

nausea and stomach ache may be accompanied by

U.S.

diarrhoea

-

--+- -

----

• Gastroenteritis causes between five and ten million deaths each year worldwide . • Most cases of gastroenteritis are caused by viruses. • Poor food hygiene is a cause of many cases of gastroenteritis, so avoid poorly prepared or refrigerated foods , especially i n warm weather.

L------------------J

THERAPIES

CONSULT A DOCTOR REST IN BED AND DR INK SMALL AMOUNTS

OF LIQUID

AS

OFTEN AS POSSIBLE TO AVOID THE RISK OF DEHYDRATION DOCTORS

MAY PRESCRIBE

AN TI EMET ICS TO STOP SEVERE VOMITINC

OR OTHER DRUCS

MORE THAN

72 HOURS ( 24

IF A BABY REFUSES TO D RINK OR BECOMES LISTLESS), OR IF THERE IS MUCUS OR BLOOD IN THE FECES

ANALYSIS OF

POSSIBILITY OF UNDERLYINC INFECTIONS , SUCH

AS AMEBIC DYSENTRY.

recommend a stomach massage using five drops of chamomile essential oil, three drops of dill, two drops of ginger, and two drops of peppermint diluted in one ounce of carrier oil . This may help to soothe and relieve pain.

(See pages 104-5.)

~

RELAXATION ~ TECHNIQUES • Gastroenteritis caused by emotional upsets can be prevented by taking steps to reduce stress and relax. (See pages 158-65.) Techniques include visualization (see pages 214-17) , deep breathing (see pages 166-71 ], and meditation

(see pages 60-63).

FECES TO ELIMINATE THE INTESTINAL

IF

HOURS FOR A BABY OR SOONER

T HEY MAY ALSO

RECOMMEND

llJII • Therapists

DIARRHEA CON TI NUES FOR

TO TREAT PERSISTENT DIARRHEA.

1111AROMATHERAPY

CAUTION

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

RICHT An aromatherapy stomac/1111assage can help relievethe symptoms of gastroenteritis.

~YOGA ~• Certain yoga exercises

and breath and cleansing practices are thought to improve bowel tone and function, and will help to relieve gastroenteritis brought on by stress. Inverted postures in particular are claimed to help to stem the release of apana (downward flow) and so help to cure diarrhea. However , yo u should not practice these if you suffer from raised blood pressure , are menstruating , or if you are pregnant. (See pages

52-9.)

309

COMMON

A I LM ENTS

Indigestion

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

I

ndigestion , also called dyspepsia , is a general term for a mixed collection of symptoms , including abdominal pains , nausea, heartburn (a burning sensation behind the breastbone ), hiccups , belching, and flatulence . The most common causes of this abdominal discomfort are eating too much , eating too quickly , or eating rich , fatty , or spicy foods. These all lead to an increase in the production of gastric acid , which irritates the lining of the stomach . Heartburn occurs when gastric acid flows back into the esophagus. Heavy smokers and drinkers , pregnant women , th e overweight, and people under stress are particularly prone to indigestion . Persistent indigestion may b e an indication of a more serious complaint , such as a peptic ulcer , gallstones , or gastroenteritis , and requires further medical inves tigation . Th ere are many antacid products on the market , which can provide short-term relief . Th ey work by introducing an alkaline substance to the stomach in order to neutraliz e the acid . In severe cases , your doctor ma y prescribe drugs , known as H2 blockers , to reduce stomach acid concentration . Natural remedies include teas made from chamomile , licorice root , or peppermint. The best way to avoid the problem is to eat small amounts of food at reg ular intervals and eat slowly . Keep an eye out for trigger foods , such as chillies or curries , and drinks , and avoid them .

RECOMM END ED MEASU RES INCLUD E OVER-THE COUNTER ANTAC IDS, DIETARY AND LIFESTYLE CHANCES (FOR EXAM PLE, CUTT IN G O UT SPICY FOOD S, ALCOHOL, TOB ACCO).

AND

IN SEVERE

CASES, DRUGS M AY BE PRESCRIBED TO REDU CE ST OMAC H AC ID AND TEST S CARRIED O UT T O DISCOV ER IF IT IS THE RESULT OF AN U NDERLY IN G CONDI T ION .

Unhealthy eatinghabits are the mostcommoncauseof indigestion. You arelikely to sufffl' aft er consumingtoomuch rich food or alcohol. A BO V E

I

CAUTION PROTRACTE D , RECURRENT BO UTS OF IND IGEST ION MAY BE TH E SYM PTOMS O F A MO RE SERIO US U NDE RLYING CON DITI ON. CONSULT A

DATAFILE

DO CTO R IF INDIGESTION DOE S NOT C LEAR UP IN A REASONA BLY SHORT SPACE OF T IME

Licorice has soothing propertiesand makesan excellen t tea for indigestionsufferers BEL OW

• Cutting down on caffeine and tobacco may ease indigestion. • Eat slowly and chew each mouthful to help you digest food . • Do not drink too much with a meal. Both Ayurveda and Chinese medicine recommend avoiding iced drinks with food . • If you get heartburn at night , try elevating the head of the bed by about 30 degrees to alleviate the symptoms .

SYMPTOMS

• abdominal discomfort • nausea• burningsensation behindbreastbone("heartburn"] • hiccups • flatulence("gas")

THERAPIES ~ ACUPRESSURE

~• Therapists recommend specific acupoints to relieve stomach pains and indigestion , including heartburn. Lie on your stomach and place the palm of the right hand over the solar plexus. Place the palm of the left hand between your pubic bone and belly button . Turn your head to one side and begin long , deep breathing . (See pages

29-31.)

310

~

ACUPUNCTURE

fl\\ • Practit ioners

believe that acupuncture on the stomach , large intestine and spleen meridians can reduce stomach acidity and increase the formation of protective mucus. It is thought to be particularly effective for indigestion caused by stress. Practitioners report that around 60 percent of their patients gain some long-te rm relief through acupuncture , though treatment may need to be repeated after six to twelve months. (See pages 20-28.)

c:::JCHIROPRACTIC

I:=::!• This treatment

focuses on manipulating the lower thoracic area of the spine, in order to clear blood and nerve supplies to the digestive organs. (See pages 118- 25 and Osteopathy, pages 106-13.)

~YOGA

~•Yoga followers believe eating too much food overloads the system, and so they aim to consume just two double handfuls of food and two double handfuls of liquid at a sitting, and to leave the stomach onethird empty at the end of a meal . They also use yogic postures and breathing to reduce stress and balance the body 's energies . (See pages 52-9.)

L EFT A qualifiedacupuncturistcan treatindigestionby reducingstomach acidity and promotingtheproduction of beneficialmucus

D I S O R D E R S O F T H E D I C E ST I V E S Y S T E 1\1

Peptic

Ulcer

peptic ulcer is a shallow , rounded sore in the lining of the digestive tract that may be found in the stomach wall (a gastric ulcer ) or in the first section of the small intestine (a duodenal ulcer). The symptoms of an ulcer are pain and discomfort (especially related to food ), nausea , and vomiting. In the severest cases , the ulceration will cause the wall of the digestive tract to become perforated. If this occurs , the tract's contents will leak into the abdominal cavity , causing a potentially fatal condition called peritonitis. A perforated ulcer generally requires surgical repair. If the ulcer bleeds chronically (indicated by black , tarry stools ), anemia may result . The exact cause of peptic ulcers was for a long time unknown , but there is increasing evidence that many are caused by a bacterium called Helicoba cterpylori.Other causes include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen, alcohol, overuse of aspirin, and severe stress such as trauma or surgery . Antibiotics to elimate Helicobacter pylori may be successful in the first instance. Antacids may relieve symptoms , and drugs known as H 2 blockers may be prescribed to reduce stomach acid . If you are prone to ulcers , stopping smoking , reducing alcohol consumption , and the avoidance of foods that precipitate symptoms may help to reduce recurrences .

A

SYMPTOMS

BELOW Although peptic ulcersare primarily caused by stress,poor eatinghabits can also contribute Drinking chamomiletea insteadof ordinary teaor coff eeis known to helpthe digestion.

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT T REATMENT INCLUDES OVER T H E-CO U NTER ANTACIDS, BISM UT H (PEPTO-BISMO L), AND AN TI OBIOTICS IF

HEUCOBACTER PYLORI IS

eating too quickly impedes

PRESCRIBED. LIFESTYLE DOWN ON T OBACCO AND SPICY FOODS, ARE ALSO ADVISED.

I

CAUTION CONSUL T YOU R DOCTOR

PEPTI C U LC ER, PA RT ICULA RLY IF FECES ARE BLOODY OR TARRY, IF YO U VOMIT

BLOOD ,

OR IF YOU HAVE SEVERE ABDOM INAL PAIN. THESE SYMPTOMS MAY IND ICATE THAT THE U LCER IS BLEEDING O R PERFORATED.

THERAPIES ~

ACUPUNCTURE Chinese psychologists has shown that

ll\l • Research by

acupuncture can reduce the acidity of the stomach , one of the contributing factors to a peptic ulcer. Results have been positive for both duodenal and gastric ulcers . {See pages

~ REFLEXOLOGY

~

• Reflexologists focus on the instep area of the foot to treat the abdomen and other internal organs . Specific reflexes , such as the gall bladder, adrenal , colon, ·and ilea-caecal valve are also found in ths area . (See pages 66-71.) ~SHIATSU Practitioners believe

H •

that applying pressure to the urinary bladder meridian , which runs down the spine and has connections to the internal organs, can affect the digestive organs, including the stomach .

(See pages 32-7 and Do-in, pages 3 8-4 1.) • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory contribute to ulcers .

IF

YO U SU SPECT YOU HAVE A

massaging essential oils of chamomile , frankincense , geranium , and marjoram into the abdomen to relieve ulcer symptoms. (See pages 104-5.)

Chamomile oil can relieveulcersympto111s.

THE AMOUN T OF AC ID BEING

CH ANCES, SU CH AS C UT TI NG

1111AROMATHERAPY l!.111 • Therapists recommend

RIG H T

U LCER. D RUGS TO REDU CE PRODUCED MAY ALSO BE

20-28.)

• gnawing or burningpains • belching• bloating• vomiting• weightloss • anemia

CONT RI BUTING TO THE

certain foods can irritate

~YOGA • Practitioners recommend many basic balancing asanas

~

(postures), but advise against seated poses. The abdominal lock is recommended for hyperacidic conditions , such as ulcers: bend forward and exhale through your mouth , then close your throat so no air can enter. Expand your chest, as though inhaling and suck in your abdomen, forming a deep hollow . Relax the muscles as you do so. Hold until you need to breathe, then release and inhale slowly . {See pages

52-9.) ~ ALEXANDER

Ir.,_ .. TECHNIQUE • By correcting bad posture and chronic muscular tension, practitioners argue that the technique can relieve strain on the digestive system. (See pages

drugs , such as ibuprofen, also

• People with blood group O are more likely to get ulcers. • Doctors estimate that 10 percent of people suffer from a peptic ulcer at some time in their lives.

146-53 .)

• Antibiotic treatment of certain ulcer types protects nearly 90 percent of patients from future attacks. • Pain from gastric ulcers is typically brought on by eating ; pain from a duodenal ulcer feels like hunger pangs . • In up to 90 percent of cases, peptic ulcers recur within two years of the initial attack.

L __________________

J

LEFT A re f lexologistwill concentrate on the stresses and imbalances that are causing the ulcer But thereare specific points on thefoot which are related to stomach problems

3 11

COMMON

AIUvlEN

T S

Diarrhea

B

outs of diarrhea cause frequent loose or liquid bowel movements that are urgent , explosive , or impossible to control , and which may be accompanied by stomach cramps and flatulence. Diarrhea occurs when the walls of the intestine fail to reabsorb sufficient water from the feces as they pass through the gut. An infection , such as dysentry , will cause the body to secrete excess gastroinstestinal fluid which the large intestine then fails to reabsorb. Inflammatory bowel diseases , such as ulcerative colitis , affect the functioning of the colon . These diseases are just two of a long list of possible causes of diarrhea. Eating large amounts of food with laxativ e properties , such as ripe fruit or pulses , can bring on a bout. Stress and anxiety take their toll on the digestion, and diarrhea can often result from a stressful or frightening situation . Drugs , such as antibiotics , and

vitamin supplements can trigger diarrhea in some people. Bacteria , parasites , viruses, and food allergies can all cause diarrhea, as well as vomiting , as the body attempts to get rid of these alien invaders . For most adults , a short bout of diarrhea is not in itself serious . But the resulting loss of fluids and body salts can lead to dehydration, which is life-threatening , so it is important to drink liquid throughout the attack. To rehydrate the body , drink fruit juice to replace the electrolytes lost from diarrhea , or add half a teaspoon of salt and eight level teaspoons of sugar to a quart of water. Babies with persistent diarrhea can become dehydrated very quickly , especially if they are also vomiting. Give the baby plenty of cooled , boiled water and consult a doctor. Prolonged or recurrent diarrh ea, esp ec ially if there is blood or mucus in the feces , may be an indication of a more serious condition , such as Crohn's disease , ulcerative colitis , irritable bowel syndrome , diverticular disease , or , in a few cases , bowel cancer. DATAFILE

SYMPTOMS

• runny, wateryfeces andforceful bowelmovements • abdominalcramps• dependingon the cause,vomitingand flatulence

• In the West , diarrhea is the most common reason for missing work, while in the developing world , it is a leading cause of death . • Diarrheal diseases can quickly reach epidemic proportions , especially if sanitation and hygiene are poor.

Depending011 tin caiiseof diarrhoea, 1t may be accompanied by hcadaclm, naiisea, orfever RICHT

a headache may occur with a diarrhea attack .

of diarrhea is dehydration,

so try to drink

L~~~~~~~~~---------J

DUR IN G AN ATTAC K TO

A

PREVENT DEHYDRATION DOCTOR

MAY PRESCRIBE A SALT

AND G LU COSE SO LUTI ON TO RESTORE LOST BODY SALT S AND FLUIDS. IF TH E DI AR RHEA IS PERSISTENT AND ACCOMPAN IED BY STOMACH CRMvlPS AND VOMITING, ESPECIALLY IF YO U HAVE RECEN TLY RETURN ED FRO M VACAT ION, A DOCTOR

MAY

REQ U EST A FECES SAMPLE TO CHEC K IF THE CAUSE IS A BAC TERIUM OR PARASITE, WHIC H CAN BE TREATED WITH ANT IBIOT ICS. IN SEVERE CASES, A DOCTOR

MAY REQUEST A

COLONOSCOPY

OR llARIUM

ENEMA TO INVESTIGATE WHE THER THE CA U SE IS IRRITA BLE BOWEL SYNDROME OR AN IN FLAMMA TORY BOW EL DISEASE

I I I I I I I I

CONSULT A DOCTOR

IF ADULT

D IARRHEA PERSIST S FO R MORE T HAN 48 HOURS , OR IF A BABY SUFFERS PERSISTENT DI ARRHEA, ESPECIALLY COMBINED

WITH

VOM ITIN G. IF YOU SUFFER FROM FREQUENT

BOUTS OF

DIARRHEA , W ITH BLOO D OR M U CUS IN THE FECES OR A LTERNAT ING W ITH CO N STI PATION , CONSULT

A

DOC T OR . SHE MAY REC OMMEND

FU RTHER

IN V ESTIGA T ION TO ELIM INATE

THERAPIES ~

ACUPRESSURE

~• Practitioners apply pressure to points along the stomach and spleen meridians to treat diarrhea . Curve the fingers, placing the fingertips under the edge of the ribs directly below the nipple. Hold the indentations at the base of the ribcage while you breathe deeply for one minute. (See

pages 29-31.) ~

ACUPUNCTURE

~ • Studies in China report that acupuncture speeds recovery from bowel infections and reduces the risk of complications. Some researchers believe that acupuncture works by stimulating the production of chemicals that kill invading bacteria. (See pages 20-28.)

312

DRINK PLEN TY O F WATER

CAUTION

• In the U.S ., l 00 million cases of diarrhea occur every year. Ninety percent of sufferers do not seek any medical attention .

I • The serious side-effect

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

SERIOUS UNDER LYING

,n [!II

DISEASES.

BREATHING TECHNIQUES

• Emotions, such as fear and anxiety, can provoke sudden bouts of diarrhea . Relaxation and breathing therapies are thought to reduce stress hormone levels, which rise while you are experiencing negative emotions. They can also help to keep your digestive system running efficiently. (See pages 166-71

and Relaxation, pages 158-65.) ~YOGA

~•

Specific exercises and yogic breath and cleansing practices are very helpful for improving bowel tone and function. (See pages 52-9.)

BELOW It is easy to become de/1ydrntedwhen sufferingfrom diarrhea, so be sureto drink lots of water

DISO

Constipation

R DERS

OF

T H E D I GES TI VE

SYSTEM

SYMPTOMS

C

onstipation is a condition caused by feces being ret ained in the rectum for several days , becoming dried out and hardened and more difficult to pass (a nd likely to cause hemorrhoids and fissures ). Abdominal swelling , and a fee lin g of fullness even after defecation , add to the discomfort. Common causes include ig noring

• infrequent , difficult bowelmovements• pain during defecation• weight loss • swollenstomach • somesufferers experience headache,lethargy, loss of appetite,coatingon the tongue, andfl atulence CAUTION ON RA RE OCCASION S, CONS TIPATION

the need to defecate , not drinking enough fluids , not ea tin g enough fiber , a sedentary lifest y le, and anxiety. It may be a side-eff ect of aging , due to loss of muscle

SERIOUS CON DITION , SU C H AS IRRITABL E BOWEL SYNDROM E, DIVERT ICLILOSIS OR CANCER CONSULT YOUR D OCTOR IF

tone, and a consequ e nc e of pr eg nancy. Som e m edicin es, such as painkillers , heart medicines, antihistamines , and antidepressants, plus the habitual use of laxa tives or iron tablets , can also caus e constipation. Consult your doctor if yo u have a change in bow el habits , particularly if it is associated with symptoms such as blood in th e feces . Drinking more fluids , ea tin g more fiber , and gett in g m ore exe rcise will all h elp to alleviate th e condition. LEFT FiberIs a natural laxative, so makesure there Is plenty of It In yo ur diet

eat plenty of green

introduce grains into your diet

MAY BE AN

INDICA TIO N OF A MORE

CO N ST IPATION LAST S LONGER THAN TWO WEEKS , O R IF IT IS INTERSP ERSED W ITH BOUTS OF DIARR H EA OR BLOOD IN THE FECES.

LEFTA sedentary occupationIs a commoncn11s e of constipation Try tofit moreexerciseIntoyour daily routine.

DATAFILE • The long-term use of laxatives can itself be a cause of constipation . The body becomes accustomed to its daily dosage and ceases to function without the drugs . • Normal frequency of bowel movements ranges from twice a day to twice a week. A person suffering from constipation may not have a bowel movement for a week or more. • Constipation is the most common chronic digestive complaint. Research suggests that 15 percent of people in the West may suffer from the condition.

I L __________________

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

I I I I I I I

A DOCTOR WILL ENCOURAGE YOU TO BECOME MORE AC T IVE AND T O INCREASE THE AMOUNT

OF FIBER AND FLUID S

IN YOUR D IET. HE MAY ALSO PRESCRIBE MILD LAXATIV ES FOR INFREQUENT BOUT S O F CONS TIPATION

J

THERAPIES ~

ACUPUNCTURE stimulate acupoints along the large intestine and liver meridians to treat constipation. They believe this will restore the normal functioning of the intestines.

rl\l • Practitioners

(See pages 20-28 .)

78-85.) ll[

11111 AROMATHERAPY

lm • Supplement

the colon . The full purging treatment includes massage and steam baths. Enema therapy is not recommended if you suffer from hemorrhoids. (See pages

an

abdominal massage (see Massage, right) with essential oils diluted in a carrier oil. Therapists recommend a few drops of marjoram, rosemar y, or fennel oil , diluted in grapeseed oil , to treat constipation. (See

pages 104-5.)

MASSAGE

J".'.li • Abdom inal

massage

stimulates the bowel , which may bring some relief . Lie with the upper half of your body supported by pillows and a pillow beneath your knees .

~YOGA • The half -shoulderstand osana is recommended for constipation , particularly in conjunction with rapid abdominal breathing . The latter uses the movement of the abdomen to expel air and draw air into the body. Follow the pose with jogging in place and the embryo pose , in which you lie on your back and draw the knees into the chest. (See pages

~

~

REFLEXOLOGY ~•Massaging the reflex areas relating to both the small and large intestines , and , additionallly , the areas concerned with the adrenal glands , liver , solar plexus , and lower spine is recommended by practitioners . (See pages

66-71.)

52-9 .)

Using a firm , gentle pressure , make large stroking move ments up the right side of the abdomen , across the ribcage , and down the left side. Switch to small, circular movements , wo rking your way along the

~

AYURVEDA ~ • Practitioners recommend basti , or enema therapy , for vata disorders , such as constipation , which are concentrated around

same path . Continue the massage for ten minutes. (See

pages 96-103.)

RIGHT Matjoram and rnse,nary are two of tl,eessential oils aromatherapistsrecommendto treatconstipation.

31 3

COMMON

AILM

E NTS

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

(IBS)

I

n this common condition , the muscles of the intestines do not function properly and go into spasm intermittently. This causes the contents of the large intestine to be pushed through either too quickly, leading to diarrhea, or too slowly, leading to constipation. A frequent symptom of IBS is alternating bouts of diarrhea and constipation. IBS sufferers also experience abdominal pains and distension , caused by excessive production of gas , which are both byproducts of a poorly functioning digestive system. Additional physical symptoms include flatulence, nausea, lack of appetite, and excessive mucus in the feces. Many people also report psychological symptoms of depression , anxiety, and nervousness . This may in part be due to the distressing and embarrassing nature of the symptoms or, as some nutritionists believe , due to malabsorption of minerals and vitamins essential for brain functioning. The colon can become irritated and go into spasm for many reasons. There is some evidence that food intolerances and allergies may be a factor. The overpopulation of certain organisms in the intestines , such as a yeast-like microorganism called Candidaalbicans,are another possibility. A bacterial imbalance may sometimes be triggered by the use of drugs , such as antibiotics, and can lead to IBS symptoms. Stimulants , such as caffeine , nicotine, sugar, and alcohol, are often triggers for IBS. There is also a strong connection between the functioning of the digestive system and the psychological state , as stress appears to trigger and aggravate IBS symptoms. The symptoms of IBS follow a similar pattern to other bowel diseases , so it is important to eliminate the possibility of other conditions, such as diverticular disease, Crohn 's disease , or ulcerative colitis . A doctor will make a full examination and may request an internal examination of the bowel via the rectum

RIGHT

AN D A BOVE

Milk, alcohol,a11dsweet foods can all causeaJann of allergicreactionin sensitive people,which may resultin irritablebowel syndrome

oesophagus

stomach

liver duodenum

colon (large intestine)

small intestine

rectum

THERAPIES ~ HYDROTHERAPY Some alternative

D •

practitioners recommend a detoxifying process called colonic hydrotherapy to relieve the symtoms of IBS. During the treatment, a tube is inserted into the rectum and filtered water is flowed in under gentle pressure. The water stays in the colon for about two minutes, before flowing away carrying with it fecal matter from the colon. Some doctors, however, consider colonic hydrotherapy ill-advised for IBS. Consult your practitioner first. Avoid this therapy if you suffer from hemorrhoids_ {See pages

172-9.)

314

LEFT The digestivesystem is long and complicated,and thereis plenty of opportunityfor it to ma/Junction Stress,an unhealthydiet,and excessiveuseof stimulantscan all contributeto bowelproblems

~ HYPNOTHERAPY ~ • The British medical

iournal, The Lancet, has reported that hypnotherapy successfully treated cases of IBS that could not be treated by medical means. The therapist induces a general state of relaxation, then focuses the therapy on warming the abdominal area to relieve the IBS symptoms. (See pages

218-23.)

~YOGA • Yoga practitioners see IBS as a disturbance in the flow of prana, or life energy. This has an upward flow (udana), a downward flow (apana), and a balancing movement around the navel (samana). Diarrhea is caused by excessive apana and alternating diarrhea and constipation by samana . In general, inverted poses (avoid if pregnant or suffering from high blood pressure) are advised for the release of apana and breathing exercises for the stabilization of samana. (See

~

pages

52-9.)

DIS

(a colonoscopy ) or a barium enema and X-ray of the intestines. Treatment for !BS does not follow a set path , but orthodox doctors recommend a high-fiber diet and may prescribe antispasmodic drugs to control diarrhea or bulking agents to increase water absorption into the feces. They may also advise counseling to relieve stress. Alternative practitioners recommend that !BS sufferers pinpoint food sensitivities or allergies and eliminate these trigger foods from their diet. They often find a link between intolerance to milk products , wheat , or sugars , including fruit sugar , and !BS symptoms. Many alternative therapists also recommend cutting out stimulants, such as nicotine , caffeine , and alcohol , and reducing the amount of red meat and fat in the diet . As with conventional treatment , increasing dietary fiber , particularly the soluble fiber found in beans , seeds , fruit , and vegetables , is advised to control symptoms.

O R DE R S OF

TH E D I GESTI

VE

SYSTEM

DATAFILE • It is estimated that up to 15 percent of the Western population suffers, or has suffered from , IBS.

Stresshas beenshown to contributeto JBS, which is particularlycommonin young women.Symptoms may includeloss of appetiteand a tendency to tireeasily BELOW

• The vast majority of IBS sufferers are women aged between 20 and 45 . • Up to 50 percent of referrals to gastroenterologists are linked to IBS. • Naturopaths recommend that IBS sufferers replace coffee with chamomile or peppermint teas, which have antispasmodic qualities . • Some fibers , such as wheat bran , can exacerbate IBS symptoms .

J

L __________________ CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT ONCE A DIAGNOSIS

HA S BEEN

MAD E, A DOCTOR CAN H ELP T O ALLE VI AT E THE SYMPTOMS BY PRESCRIBI NG DRU GS T O CONT RO L TH E DI ARRHEA OR MU SCU LAR SPASM , AND BU LKING AGEN T S T O DEAL W IT H CONSTIP ATIO N. A

--------

back pain

NUTRIT IONIST CAN H ELP YO U TO W O RK OUT A SUIT A BLE D IET, TAK IN G INTO ACCO U NT A NY FOOD ALLERGI ES O R

SYMPTOMS

INTOLE RA N CES, WHICH

heartburn

Intermittentdiarrheaand constipation• swollen stomach• abdominalpains • gas and stomach rumblings• headache• generalmalaise• depressionand anxiety

INC REASES YOUR AM O U NT OF SOL UBLE DIETARY FIBER AND CU T S DOWN ON RED M EAT AN D FAT A DOCTO R MA Y A LSO RECOMMEN D COU NSELI NG

stomach ache

TO H ELP WITH THE PSYCH O LOGIC AL ASPECTS O F T HE CONDITI ON

CAUTION CO N SULT A DOC T OR IF TH ERE IS BLOO D IN TH E FECES OR YOU SUFFER FROM CHR ON IC D IA RRHEA; IF YO U ARE OV ER 40 A D NOTIC E A SUDD EN C H ANC E IN YOUR BOWEL H A BITS

THERAPIES ~ ACUPRESSURE ~· • To relieve chronic diarrhea , constipation , and gas build-up , lie on your back , with knees bent and feet flat on the floor. Place the fingertips of both hands between the pubic bone and belly button. Take long , deep breaths and press one to two inches deep inside the abdomen. Take long, deep breaths as you press firmly for one minute. (See pages 29-31.) ,.

AROMATHERAPY

l!II • Therapists

recommend massaging the abdomen with lavender or chamomile oils ,

which have antispasmodic qualities. The massage itself may help to regulate the functioning of the bowel. (See pages I 04-5

and Massage, pages 96-103.)

Lavenderis a safe and versatileoil whosemany uses includecounteringthe spasmsthat ·causethepain of JBS. BELOW

~AYURVEDA ~ • A practitioner will recommend a detoxifying , purging process called panchakarma to eliminate organisms , such as Candida albicans, which may be the cause of IBS symptoms. He may also prescribe herbs to strengthen the body's natural defenses . (See pages 7 8-85.)

rc>, AUTOGENIC

TRAINING

r....I• This fo rm of meditation

will help to relieve !BS symptoms triggered by stress and anxiety. A practitioner will teach you how to relax both the mind and body

whenever you notice an increase in stress levels. (See pages

functioning of the digestive system. (See pages 44-5 and

210-11.)

T'ai Chi Ch 'uan, pages 46-51 .)

~ BIOFEEDBACK

r-:J RELAXATION

• It is common for IBS symptoms to be triggered as a habitual reaction to certain situations . Psychologists often recommend bowel sound biofeedback to retrain and regain control of bowel functioning . (See pages 212-13.)

~ • Learning how to release muscular tension may help in the management of the stress and anxiety that can trigger the condition . {See pages 158-65 and Breathing, pages 166-71.) ~ MEDITATION

~ • Meditation technique s

"!Jlll QIGONG

may help you to reduce mental and physical tensions. {See

exercises designed to stimulate the flow of qi and improve the

pages 60-63.)

~ • You may be shown

315

COMMON

AI LME

NT S

URINARY SYSTEM Cystitis

C

ystitis is an inflammation of the lining of the bladder. The usual cause is a bacterial infection , most often Escheriacoli, which travels from the anus , via the uretha, to the bladder. Food allergies , accidental bruising during sexual intercourse , chemical sensitivity , and vaginal yeast infections can also all increase the likelihood of a bladder infection. Women are far more prone to the condition than men because the urethra , which carries urine from the bladder, is much shorter and its opening is closer to the anus , making it easier for the anal bacteria to spread. Symptoms include burning pain on passing urine this itself is unpleasantly smelly - wanting to urinate more often , though , when you try , only a few drops are passed , and pain in the lower abdomen. Sometimes , they can disappear within hours , but they can drag on for a number of weeks. You can help yourself by relaxing and resting as much as you can and by drinking plenty of fluids. Water or mild herbal teas , such as chamomile , are best. Aim at drinking seven pints every 24 hours. Drinking cranberry juice regularly also helps to reduce the likelihood of bacterial infection in the urinary tract. Cut out meat , eggs , fish , cheese , foods containing vinegar , citrus and sour fruit from your diet - in fact , some therapists say that a 48-hour fast, followed by a raw food diet, can aid recovery from the condition. Avoid foam baths , scented soaps , and vaginal deodorants. If the pain persists, painkillers will bring some relief. In all cases - particularly if there is blood in the urine , and if the condition is recurrent- medical advice should be sought , because there is a possibility that the infection may spread to the kidneys, which is serious. If the cystitis is bacterial in origin - this can be diagnosed by testing the urine - antibiotics are normally extremely effective. If the condition is recurrent, then further examinations and tests will be necessary to exclude , or treat , any other underlying causes. It may be worth taking an allergy test , for instance , and avoiding foods that yield a positive response.

• More frequent in women than in men, because of the close proximity of the urethra and vagina to the anus.

D IAG N O SIS IS CON FIRM ED BY VAG INAL EXAM INATI ON AN D

• There are two types of cystitis - acute,when the inflammation lasts only for a short time , and chronic , when the bladder may be permanently inflamed.

URI N E A N A LYSIS. IF T H E CA U SE IS BACTE RIAL INF ECTI O N , A CO URSE O F ANTI BIOT ICS WI LL BE PRESCRIBED . IF THE

• Incompletely emptying the bladder when urinating may predispose towards cystitis, because urine stagnating in the bladder becomes infected easily.

CON D IT ION IS C HR ON I C, SPEC IA LI ST INVEST IGATIONS MAY BE NECESSA RY T O RU LE

• Prevalent in women of childbearing pregnancy.

O U T, O R TR EAT, COMP LI CAT IN G FACTO RS, SU CH AS K IDN EY D AMAGE

I

years, particularly during

• Stress, oral contraceptives and a poor diet may lower resistance to the infection.

L __________________ CAUTION ALWAY S COMP LETE T HE FU LL CO U RSE OF A NTI BIOT ICS IF ONE IS PRESCRIBED, RATHE R THAN

STO PPING IT EARLY

BECAUS E YO UR SYMP T OMS CLEA R AND YOU FEEL BETTER IF YOU STO P, YO U MAY DEVELOP CHRONIC

CYSTITIS

SYMPTOMS

• burningpain on urination • frequent, urgentneedto pass water,although little, if any, is passed• pain in the lowerabdomenand lower back • nauseaand possibly vomiting • unpleasantsme11ing, cloudy urinethat may contain blood Drinking plenty of f luids lnlps counteract cystitis. Water, cranberry juiceor chamomile tea are usually recommended RIC HT

Eating live yoghurt and massaging rosemary oil into thelegs helps the sym ptoms of cystitis. Il ELOW

THERAPIES ,.

AROMATHERAPY

l!II • For pain

316

DATAFILE

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

~ HYDROTHERAPY

~ • Alternating hot and

relief , rosemary oil , blended with a light carrier oil, can be massaged into the legs. Similarly, essential oils of juniper and lavender can be diluted and massaged into the surrounding area. (See pages

cold baths and splashes may be suggested to improve the circulation, as may hot and cold compresses . Sponging or spraying the legs with cold water for several minutes two times a day may bring relief.

104-5.)

(See pages 172-9.)

~YOGA

~

• Lying on your back w ith the legs at a 45 degree angle against a wall may ease the condition. (See pages 52-9.) ~ ACUPRESSURE ~ - • Stimulating the

appropriate acupoints on the stomach meridian may relieve cystitis. (See pages 29-31.)

I I I I I I I I I I I

J

D I S O RD E R S OF

Urinary

Incontinence

U

rinary incontinence concerns the involuntary release of urine , ranging from a slight leakage to total loss of bladder control. There are three main forms: stress , urge , and overflow incontinence. Stress incontinence can be caused by a sudden rise in pressure in the abdomen as a result of coughing , laughing, lifting, jumping, running, sneezing , or as a result of straining to have a bowel movement. It is commoner in women than in men and is often experienced after childbirth as a result of injury or strain to the pelvic floor muscles. In urge incontinence, which is often due to a bladder infection , or to a hyperactive or "spastic " bladder , an uncontrollabl e urge to urinate is followed by a complete emptying of the bladder . Overflow incontinence occurs when the outward flow of urine is impeded by a blockage , usually an enlarged prostat e gland . In most cases , the problem is curable and treatable once the type and cause of the incontinence has been

identified. Your doctor may evaluate and treat the condition, or, in some cases, refer you to a urologist , a doctor who specializes in treating problems of the bladder and urinary tract. Medication, collagen injections for a certain type of stress incontinence , or surgery may be needed. Treatment may also include exercises designed to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles and other self-care measures. Try to avoid drinks , foods , and medicines that contain caffeine, and limit your consumption of carbonated drinks, alcohol, citrus juices , greasy and spicy foods , and items that contain artificial sweeteners , because these can irritate the bladder. Drink one to two quarts of water daily. Visit the bathroom often, even if you do not feel the urge to urinate , and empty your bladder as much as you can on each occasion. There is a wide range of aids , including incontinence pads , available to help you to cope with the inevitable accidents.

THE

UR INA

RY

SYSTEM

CAUTION BLAD DER PRO BLEMS NEED CA REFU L EXAM INAT ION , ESPECIALLY IF T H E PERSON A FFECTED IS ELD ERLY. I F, FO R INSTANCE, TOCETHER

W IT H

LOSS OF BLA DDER CO NT ROL, YOU SUFFER FROM EXT REM E T H IRST, UNU SUAL H UN GER PANGS, EXCESSIVE WEIGHT LOSS O R GA I N, BLU RRED V ISIO N , GET T IRED AND D ROWS Y EASI LY, AN D FI ND T H AT C UTS O R INFECTIONS A RE SLOW TO H EAL, YO U CO U LD BE SU FFERIN G FROM D IABETES.

SYMP T OMS

• involuntary passingof urine

THERAPIES ~ RELAXATION TECHNIQUES • Kegel exercises are designed to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles . You should squeeze and relax the muscles alternately for three seconds at a time. Start out doing this three times a day, gradually working up to three sets of ten contractions, holding each one for ten seconds at a time . Other relaxation techniques may help as well.

~

~ ACUPRESSURE ~• Practitioners believe

that this therapy may ease the problems of incontinence. Strong pressure is applied upwards in the hollow between the inner ankle bone and the Achilles tendon. (See pages

LEFT Hydrotherap,stsmay recomme nd alternatinghot and coldbaths. For home treatment, l,ot and cold compresses appliedalternately arean effective substitute

29-31.)

(See pages 158-65 .) ~ BIOFEEDBACK • You can be taught how to use sensors that will help you to identify and strengthen the muscles involved in bladder control. (See pages 212-13.) ~ HYDROTHERAPY Hot and cold sitz baths can help,or alternating hot and cold compresses over the lower abdomen and back . These may improve both the local circulation and muscle tone.

apply the compresses to the lower abdomen

D •

(See pages 172-9.)

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT YOU R D OC T O R W ILL DETERM IN E WHETHER AN UNDERLYING CONDITION

OR

I NFECT ION IS CAUS I NG THE

~ ACUPUNCTURE Stimulation of the appropriate acupoints is thought to ease incontinence. (See

rl\\ •

INCONTINENCE.

IN CHILDREN ,

UR INARY INCONTINENCE

IS

USUALLY A BEHAVIORAL PROBLEM THAT RESULTS FROM FEAR OR INSECURITY

pages 20-28.)

317

COM

MON

AILMENTS

Kidney

Complaints

T

he kidneys can be affected by several disorders , the commonest of which is kidney stones. These occur when minerals in the urine crystallize into small stones - either in the kidneys themselves , or the ureters , the tubes that carry urine to the bladder - most commonly as a result of infection , though there can be other causes. Usually , the stones are painless while in the kidneys , but they can cause short bursts of severe back pain in the overall region when they become dislod ged and start to travel down , or block , th e urinary tract. Sometimes , this pain can spread to the abdomen and genitals , and it can become painful to pass urine. The urine , too , may contain blood. Other kidney disorders include pyelonephritis , a bacterial complaint that is usually the result of another condition such as cystitis , and g lomerulonephritis , a rarer but more serious disorder. You should consult a doctor in the ev e nt of any suspected kidney trouble , since this can become serious without medical att e ntion. It is important to tell your

doctor if y ou have ever suffered from a kidney problem , as many drugs should be used with caution in such conditions . If you are suffering from kidney stones , you should avoid foods which are calcium-rich , cut back on sugar and salt , eat more green vegetables , and drink lowcalcium bottled mineral water or filtered water. Conventionally , diagnosis starts with a urine test and a physical examination of the abdomen to see if the kidneys are enlarged or tender . Blood tests , a kidney scan , x-rays and , sometimes , a kidney biopsy may be required to find out more . Treatment depends on the cause and nature of the problem. Stones can be brok e n down and fragmented with ultrasound , while infections usually can be cleared up by antibiotics .

CAUTION BECAUSE KI D NEY COMPLA INTS CAN BE POTEN TI ALLY LI FETH REATE N ING, COMPLEMENTARY

TH ERAPIES

SHO U LD BE USED ONLY ALONGS IDE O RTHODOX

ONES.

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT PHYS ICAL EXAMINATION

AND A

UR INE TE ST ARE THE FIRST STAGES I N MAKING

AN INIT IAL

D IAGNOS IS. SU BSEQ U ENT T ESTS AN D TREATM ENT S DEPEND ON THE SPECl f-lC CAUSE OF THE PROBLEM

SYMPTOMS

• agonizingpain throughmuscle contractions; pain can spreadto the lowerabdomenand thegenitals • bloodin the urine • serious lossof kidneyfunction if the urinary tract becomesblocked

THERAPIES ~ ACUPUNCTURE

ll\\ • Acupuncture

may be given at points on the governor , conception , bladder, large intestine , kidney, and spleen meridians. Moxibustion may also be suggested . The acupuncture is intended to correct an imbalance in the body 's yang: the moxibustion is thought to strengthen the kidneys . (See

pages 20-28.) ~ ACUPRESSURE ~ - • A therapist will apply pressure at the appropriate acupoints on the kidney , spleen , conception , and bladder meridians. (See pages

29-31.) ~ T' Al CHI CH'UAN

L

• According

to practitioners, this therapy releases bodily tensions by balancing the energy flows of body and mind and has the effect of giving the

3 18

kidneys an internal massage . It also improves the circulation of body fluids and the expulsion of waste. (See pages 46-51 and

Qigong, pages 44-5.)

VJ5'. REFLEXOLOGY ~. The reflex areas of the feet to be manipulated are the ones corresponding to the kidneys , the bladder , and the pituitary and adrenal glands , as well as the areas relating to the lymphatic system. {See

Flush out the kidneysby drinkinglots of liquid. Bottledor filteredwateris best.

BELOW

pages 66-71 .) ..

AROMATHERAPY useful oils for the treatment of kidney stones include fennel , geranium , juniper , and lemon . These can be added to a light carrier oil and massaged into the area of the bladder. {See pages

l.!111 e Potentially

104-5.) ABOVE You may not be awareof kidney stonesuntil they becomedislodged.Thenyou arelikely to experience short burstsof seuerelowerback pain

DISORDE

R S OF

TH E U RI NARY

Bladder Stones

B

BELOW Certaint'ai chi exercisesco11cent rate on specificareasof the body and can helpthe kidneys expelwaste.

breathing is regular

ladder stones mainly affect men . Most of them are made up of crystals - sometimes called gravel - of calcium oxalate, or uric acid , and are caused by the precipitation from solution of the minerals present in the urine . The stones may obstruct the outflow of urine , with infection as the result , though , more often than not, they remain unrecognized and undetected. Conventional treatment is much the same as for kidney stones. Self-help measures include adopting a high-fiber diet , exercising regularly , and drinking plenty of fluids . Cranberry juice , for instance , is thought to help to reduc e the accumulation of gravel in the bladder . Reducing salt and sugar intake may also help to prev e nt the condition 's recurrence.

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT YOUR DOC TOR MAY SUGG EST ULTRASOUND TREATME T TO BREAK UP THE STONES , OR , IF THEY ARE TOO BIG TO FRAGMENT SUCCE SSFULLY, SURGERY TO REMOVE T HEM.

CAUTION IF YOU ARE SUFFERING FROM THE SYMPTOMS OF BLADDER STONES, CONS ULT A DOCTOR AS SOO N AS POSSIBLE.

THERAPIES ,.

SYMPTOMS

• finding it difficultto pass urine • incontinence • burning pain on passingurine, which may be cloudy and smell unpleasant • small amountsof urinebeingpassed• fever • dull abdominalache

SYSTEM

AROMATHERAPY that

l.!111.Essential oils

work on the urinary tract include tea tree , sandalwood, juniper , and eucalyptus. They should be applied in repeated hot compresses over the area of the bladder. (See pages

104-5.)

BELOW A healthy, low-fat diet theformat,onof can helppreve11t stones.Drinkingcranberryj uice is oftenrecommended

Cranberryjuice and a high-fiberdietcan prevent kidney stones

BEL OW

body is released of tensions

DATAFILE

I I I I I I I I

•

Up to 80 percent of kidney stones are composed chiefly of calcium .

•

Around one in one thousand Americans are affected by kidney stones - ten percent being men and three percent women.

•

Kidney stones range in size from less than in diameter.

½ inch to over l inch

•

Difference s in dietar y and fluid inta ke may predispose certa in people to develop kidney stones .

to some natural therapists , fresh lemon juice, drunk in I a• According little hot water every morning, will help to flush the kidneys and I break down kidney stones. I L __________________ JI

319

CO ,vtMON

AI L MENTS

REPRODUCTION Breast

Problems

T

here are many medical problems that can affect the female breast. Chief among them are pain, swelling, and tenderness , often associated with the menstrual cycle or a bacterial infection; skin problems , such as eczema, acne , and other skin infections; and cysts, lumps , and tumors , which may be cancer-related in a minority of cases. Many women experience swelling and tenderness in both breasts before or during their period. If the pain is only felt in one breast and is not period-related , then the cause may be a strained muscle , a change in contraceptive pill , a blow to the breast , or a cyst . If the pain lasts for longer than one menstrual cycle , a doctor should be consulted. The state of the skin on the breast can also be an indication of breast health. Many women get patches of allergy-related eczema on their breasts , or even the odd pimple. Some are also prone to infections that cause the breasts to become red , hot , and swollen: these can be treated with antibiotics or hydrocortisone cream. If the skin suddenly becomes hot and swollen , or if it suddenly dimples and the nipple retracts, consult a doctor as these are both possible signs of an underlying tumor . A permanently scaly , itchy nipple should also be medically examined. Finding a lump in the breast can be very frightening , since most women assume this is an indication of cancer. In fact , 80 to 90 percent of all breast lumps are non-cancerous . They are usually benign tumors , such as fibroadenomas , cysts , or nipple-duct tumors . Tests , such as ultrasound , needle aspiration , a biopsy , or a mammogram , will determine whether a breast lump is canc erous or not. Examine your breasts a few days after menstruation and at the same time each month to check that they are normal and pick up any changes quickly if they occur . Stand up in front of a mirror and , keeping your fing e rs flat , move th em gently over every part of th e br east. Use y our right hand to examine the left breas t and vice ve rsa. Ch eck for an y th ick enin g, hard lumps , or knots . Th e n raise the arms overhead. Look for chan ge s in shape , swelling , dimpling , or changes in

the nipples. Lie down and place a pillow under your right shoulder . Place your right hand behind your head. Then with the flat fingers of your left hand , press gently in small circular motions around an imaginary clock face. Each breast will have a normal ridge of firm tissue. Move in toward the nipple, including the nipple. Keep circling to examine every part of the breast . Repeat on the left breast. Finally , squeeze the nipple gently between the thumb and index finger. If you notice any new cysts or lumps , changes in the tissue , or discharge from the nipple , consult a doctor. You should also have your breasts examined by a women's healthcare practitioner once a year. SYM PTOMS

• painful , swollen breasts • nippledischarge• crackednipples • invertednipples• rashesand skin infections • skin dimpling • lumpsand cy sts

ABOVE Examining your breasts regularly at the same timeeach montb will helpyou detectany cbangesor abnormalities

feel for any unusual lumps

examine the surrounding

Alt/Joug/1it is 11nporta11tfor you to checkyour breastsyourself, It is a good ideato /Jave them looked at by a women'sl1ealthcarepractitioner oncea year RIGHT

320

area as well as the breast itself

ABOVE Do consult a doctor 1ftbm are any cbangesor ifyou are worried about anything

DISORDERS

Of-

T H E R EPRODUC

T IVE

S Y STEM:

FEMAL

THERAPIES ~

ACUPRESSURE

~ • Practitioners believe the Stomach meridian irrigates the breast channel and so can help to treat breast conditions. Some also advise that overeating will block your stomach qi ("life force") and so lead to problems in the breast area. (See pages

29-31 .)

1111AROMATHERAPY l!JIII• Blend geranium essential oil with a little carrier oil and massage into tender, swollen breasts . Some therapists recommend a full body massage with geranium oil a few days before the onset of menstruation to improve circulation and prevent water retention . (See pages 104-5 .)

Regular breastscreeningcan detect both benignand malignantlumps at an early stage ABOVE

CAUTION

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

CONSULT A DOCTOR

PAIN IS LOCALIZ ED IN ONE

DIURET ICS TO EASE BREAST SWELLING

PART OF THE BREAST; IF A

DUE TO WATER

RETENT ION AND TO REDU CE

LUMP FEELS IRREGULAR, HARD, AND IM,vlOB IL E; I F A NEW LUMP

THE SYMP T OMS O F CYSTS.

FAI LS TO DISAPPEAR WHEN

DRUGS MAY BE U SED TO BALANCE ESTROGEN LEVELS TO

YOUR PERIOD STARTS, O R IF AN OLD LUMP IS GROWING

REDU CE BREAST SWELLING ANT I-I NFLAMMATORIES ALSO EASE SWELLING. SCREENING OPTIONS

CHANGING;

CAN

CANCER INCLUDE

DISCHARGE BLOODY;

INVE RTED. YOU SHOULD

AND BENIGN TUMORS INCLUDES

HORMONE

THERA PY,

HYDROTHERAPY Some therapists believe detoxification through steam baths and saunas clears out the body 's systems and keeps you and your breasts healthy. This advice is based on studies

D •

showing that aerobic exercise , and the sweat it produces, may reduce cancer risk by promoting lymphatic drainage and removing toxins from tissues.

(See pages 172-9.)

HAVE

BY A WOMEN'S

RELAXATION

~ TECHNIQUES • Many alternative practitioners believe that relaxation is a key to preventing serious illness . Combined with a healthy diet and exercise, relaxation will keep your immune system working to its maximum potential. Relaxation techniques are also useful for dealing with the pain of breast complaints and the associated fear and anxiety , for example , if you are worried about a cyst or lump and are awaiting diagnosis .

(See pages 158-65.)

between the formation of breast cysts and stress, which unbalances the body's hormone levels. (See pages 60-63 .)

~ T Al CHI CH UA N This exercise-based therapy will keep you supple and healthy . Practitioners believe that the movements ensure a good flow of energy through your body - according to Traditional Chinese Medicine, any stagnant qi will adversely affect your health, including the health of your breasts . (See pages 46-51 and 1

1

L •

Qigong , pages 44-5.) E°

MASSAGE A massage technique called manual lymph drainage is believed to stimulate the lymphatic system and help the removal of toxins from the body. Self-massage of the breasts can also be sooth ing if you suffer from tender breasts during your period. A gentle massage will also help you to relax prior to your monthly breast selfexam ination. (See pages

J"'..ti •

~

REFLEXOLOGY • Practitioners advise stimulation of the second to fifth

~

zones on the top of the feet as an effect ive treatment for breast cysts. (See pages 66-71.)

96-103.) ~

MEDITATION

~ • Use meditation techniques to help you learn to relax. Some research studies suggest that there is a link

Yogicrelaxation techniqueskeepthe body stress-free 1fyou are worriedabout the possibilityof seriousillness BELOW

H EALTHCARE PRACTIT IONER AN D SELF-EXAM INE YOUR BREASTS EVERY MONTH.

RADIAT ION THERAPY, AND CHEMOTHERAPY,

~

YOUR BREASTS EXAMINED ANNUALLY

CANCER

TREATMENT

IF A SKIN INFECT ION

IF TH E NI PPLE BECOMES

NON-

MAY BE REMOVED.

IS PERSISTENT AND

IS D IMPLING OF THE SK IN OR

CANC EROUS CYSTS MAY BE DRAINED

OR

IF NIPPL E

DOES NOT CLEAR UP; IF THERE

ULTRASO UND , NEEDLE ASPI RATION , BIOPSY OR MAMMOGRAM.

IF A

I. LIMP, NIPPLE D ISC HARGE , OR

A DOCTO R MAY PRESCRIBE

~

AS WELL AS

SUR GERY TO REMOVE THE CANCEROUS

AREA

DATAFILE BELO W A breastmassagewith gerai1iumessentialoil in a carrier oil can improvecirculationand prevent waterretention.

• Up to 40 percent of women suffer from breast cysts. The vast majority of these are non-cancerous . • Breast cancer is the leading cause of death for women aged 35 to 50 in the U.S. and the second leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide, after lung cancer. • l in 9 women develop breast cancer . Each year there are 180,000 new cases and 45 ,000 deaths . • Around 300 men die each year from breast cancer . • Women in the U.S. are five times more likel y to get brea st cancer than healthy women in Asiatic countries . • The chance of developing breast cancer increases with age. A t 30 you have a l in 2 ,525 chance of developing the disease , but at 35 your chances are l in 622. • Many alternative pract itioners recom mend sw itching to a healthy low-fat diet and cutting down on salt and alcohol to prevent breast problems. Caffeine is also best avoided since it is associated with the formation of breast cysts.

L __________________

J 32 1

E

CO i'vl !\IO N

A I L M ENT

Menstrual

S

Problems

T

he most common problems associated with the menstrual cycle are painful menstruation (dysmenorrhea), heavy periods (menorrhagia), irregular periods , or absent periods (amenorrhea ). Most women suffer from painful periods at some time in their lives. The characteristic menstrual cramps , usually felt in the pelvis and lower back , can vary in degree from month to month or year to year. They may be accompanied by headache , nausea , vomiting , diarrhea , and palpitations , as well as tiredness and irritability. Menstrual cramps are thought to be related to the release of hormone-like chemicals called prostaglandins , which cause muscles in the uterus to go into spasm. Primary dysmenorrhea usually starts with the first period and often disappears after the sufferer has a baby or starts taking the contraceptive pill. Most symptoms can be relieved by taking drugs such as ibuprofen . In more severe cases, drugs may be prescribed to stop uterine cramps, or rebalance hormone levels. Secondary dysmenorrhea occurs when periods suddenly become painful. This may be due to fibroids , endometriosis , tumors , pelvic infection , stress , e motional shocks , or a thyroid disorder . A doctor will investigate possible causes and give suitable treatment , for example , a course of antibiotics that will eradicate infection . Menorrhagia - excessive bleeding during a period - has many possible causes , including stress , pelvic infection , endometriosis , or the use of an IUD contraceptive. Your doctor can run a blood test to check if the cause is a hormonal imbalance and , if so , may prescribe hormones or a progesterone-only contraceptive pill. She will also examine the vagina and uterus to eliminate the possibility of uterine abnormalitie s. Primary amenorrhea is the term used if menstru ation has not occurred by the age of 18. The cause is most often low body weight , although deformity of the uterus or vagina and disorders , such as adrenal hyper plasia , are other possibilities. Secondary amenorrhea occurs when menstruation stops for more than six months , due to pregnancy , breast-feedin g , the me no pause , or takin g the contraceptive pill. SYMPTOMS

• amenorrhea.irregularor absentperiods• menorrhagia heavy periods• dysmenorrhe a- painful periods,wit/Jpossible headache,nausea, vomiting,diarrhea,f atigue, and irritability

322

fallopian tube

I

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT DIAGNOS IS OF TH E CAUSE OF THE MENS T RUAL PROBLEM CAN INVOLVE BLOOD TESTS TO

omy ~

DETERM INE H O RMONE LEVELS A ND A PHY SICAL EXAM I NATION W ILL D ETEC T ANY PHYS ICAL

I

uterus

ABNORMA LITIE S. OTHER TESTS

L

"\,..L.-

MAY BE NEEDED TO DIAGNOSE CONDI TIO NS, SUC H AS ~

~=

=

=-----,.--

-

_J_' -

FIBROID S, W HI CH CAN CAUSE

cervix

PAIN AND HEAVY BLEEDING.

X "'"'---"'-,~~

SU BSEQUEN T TREAT MEN T WILL DEPEND ON T H E TEST

RESU LTS. PAINKIL LERS, REST, AND RELAXATIO N ARE THE

~""m

p"bic booe

BEST TREATMENT FOR

" NORMAL"

PERIOD PAINS. IF

THE PAINS ARE SEVERE, A DOCTOR MAY PRESCRIBE

DRUGS TO STO P UTERINE

vagina

CON TR AC TIONS AND RELAX

bladder

T HE MUSCLES. WATER RETENT ION , W H ICH CAUSES SWOL LEN BREASTS AND ABDOMEN , CAN BE T REATED WIT H D IURETI CS.

ABOVE Painful periodsusually occurbecauseprostaglandinscause the uterustogo into spas,n,prnducing the characteristicmenstrualcramp

CAUTION CONSUL T A DOCTOR IF YO UR

THERAPIES ~SHIATSU

H • Therap ists focus on stretching and applying pressure to the legs, whereby they can gain access to the three meridians, kidney, liver , -~ spleen, that control the blood . They believe this gives most effective relief for a range of menstrual problems , from cramping to irregular periods.

(See pages 32-7 and Do-in, pages 38-41 .}

~YOGA

~

• This therapy is believed to aid menstrual problems by relieving stress, balancing hormone levels, and toning the pelvic area . Therapists recommend specific postures to encourage circulation in the pelvic region. Practice relaxation and breathing exercises only during your period. (See

pages 52-9.)

PERIODS SU D D ENLY ST OP OR BECOME PAINFUL , YOUR MENSTRUAL BLEEDI NG BECOMES HEAVIER THAN U SUAL, OR YOU BLEED BETWEEN PERIODS

,.:.,

Relaxing in a hot bat/J, possibly with a few dropsof lavenderor marjoramoil, can help relievethe tension and symptomsof painful periods. BELOW

VISUALIZA~ION

l..~ • An

energ1z1ng visualization may help to counteract the drop in energy levels women experience during menstruation . Sit comfortably with your arms by your sides. Take a deep breath and visualize a big balloon above your head filled with a bright red healing energy. Imagine that you pop this balloon and release the energy . (See pages 214-7.) ~ THERAPEUTIC TOUCH ~., • By concentrating a

flow of healing energ y on the affected areas of the body , therapists believe that they can relieve the symptoms of man y menstrual problems. (See

pages 90-91.]

DI SO RDERS

Premenstrual

OF

Syndrome

T HE

R E PRODU

(PMS)

• Vitamin B6, taken twice daily , can help to prevent cramps and heavy bleeding , but consult your doctor first as it can be harmful in large doses. • A sudden change in lifestyle, such as losing a large amount of weight, can cause your periods to stop . Provided you are not underweight, your periods should start once your weight stabilizes. • 70 to 80 percent of women find taking oral contraceptives reduces painful periods. • Taking exercise during a period may improve bloodflow and reduce pelvic pain .

I

• A warm bath or hot water bottles applied to the lower back and abdomen will soothe cramps.

THERAPIES

applying pressure to points on the sacrum to help relieve menstrual cramps. Lie on your back with your hands, one on top of the other, under the base of the spine and apply pressure for two minutes. (See

pages 29-3 1.}

□ CHIROPRACTIC

f:=:I• Manipulation

and treatment of the lower back and sacrum may help to relieve the pain associated with menstruation. (See pages

l'l!IIITECHNIQUE • The natural tendency when women experience period pains is to tense up the body, which leads to further mental and physical discomfort . Practitioners teach their pupils to release physical tension, especially in the abdomen and lower back , through relaxation techniques and new postures and ways of moving . (See pages 146-53.) ,.

AROMATHERAPY

l!JI • Clary

sage, basil, and fennel oils, massaged into the lower back , may help to regulate hormone balance and the menstrual cycle . Therapist s recommend a lower abdominal massage wi th cyp ress, rose, or geranium oil to treat heavy bleeding and antispasmodic oils , such as lavender, cypress and clary sage for menstrual cramps .

(See pages 104-5 .)

M

FEMALE

THER E IS A RANGE OF

he term PMS covers a huge ran ge of symptoms as many as 150, according to some PMS experts. The most common are anxiety , irritability , depression , headach e, bloat ed stomach, fati gue , and food cravings. The symptoms can appear at any tim e during the two weeks before a menstrual period and disappear shortly after th e period begins. Some women find that symptoms of other disorders , such as arthritis and depression , worsen durin g this period. The cause of PMS is not clea r. Some doctors beli eve the symptoms are caused by hormonal imbalances , possibly related to vitamin B6 defici ency, and prescribe pro ges tero ne treatment or estrogen implants. Othe r conventional treatments include diur et ics to reduce bloatin g caused by water retention , antidepressants to manage psychological symptom s, evenin g primros e oil capsules , vitamin supplements , and painkillers. Man y sufferers have found that chan ges in lifestyle , such as takin g mod erat e exerc ise, and altering eating habits , such as eat ing small meals at regular intervals , alleviat e the symptoms.

CON VENTIONAL

TREATM ENTS ,

IN CL UDING AN T !D EPRESSANTS , HORMONE TREATME NT, D IUR ETICS TO EASE WATER RETENT IO N , AND V ITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS . MANY EXPERTS RECOMMEND TAKI NG MODERATE EXERC ISE THR EE T IMES A W EEK, AS WELL AS C UTT ING BACK ON SALT, FAT, CAFFEINE , AND A LCOH O L. V ITAM IN SUPPLEM ENTS , ESPEC IAL LY 86 , AND O IL O F EVENING PRIMRO SE CA PSUL ES MAY BE RECOMMEND ED

LEFT AND BELO W

Taking VitaminB supplementsand 111oderat e exe,-c/sehaueboth been shownto reduce the symptomsof PMS

118-25 and Osteopathy, pages 106-13.} ~ HYDROTHERAPY

D •

~ ALEXANDER

I

J

L __________________

~ ACUPRESSURE ~• Therapists recommend

I I I I I I I I I I

SYSTE

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

T

DATAFILE

CT IVE

Warm w ater is a traditional way to calm and relax both the mind and the body . Run a tub of warm water and add one cup of sea salt and one cup of baking soda to the water. Soak in the water for 20 minutes to reduce cramps , irritability , and anxiety . Let the water cool a little if you suffer from heavy menstrual bleeding , since heat will increase the bloodflow .

(See pages 172-9.) ~ HYPNOTHERAPY ~•This is an accepted way of relieving pain and reducing stress- and anxi etyrelated conditions . (See pages

218-23.)

SYMPTOMS

• headache• tenderbreasts• swollen abdomen• depression • f atigue • irritability • food cravings

THERAPIES ~ ACUPRESSURE ~• Two acupressure points

on the Spleen meridian are believed to be very effective. Sit up with the soles of the feet together . Place both thumbs on the inside of the ankles, four finger widths above the anklebone , and feel for a slight indentation. Press on the point for one minute . Next , place the thumbs on the arches of the feet. Wiggle the toes back and forth and feel for a muscle that move s at the same time . Press on the muscle for one minute .

(See pages 29-3 1.) ~ ACUPUNCTURE

fl\\ • Therapy focuses on freeing the qi along the Liver meridian and usuall y begins after ovulation , a few days

before the onset of symptoms. Mo xi bustion is sometimes used . Most therapists recommend treatment be given over three menstrual cycles for the best effect. (See pages 20-28.)

such as meditation , may help to relieve anxiety and irritabil ity. Many therapists believe that stress is a cause of PMS, so this may also work preventively .

,.

~YOGA

AROMATHERAPY

l!JI • A

full-body massage with clary sage, neroli , jasmine , or ylang ylang is recommended for PMS. A lowe r back and ab domina l massage wit h grapefruit , carrot seed , or juniper oil may ease the discomfort of wa ter retention. For best results, aromatherap y massage should be done a few days before the onset of symptoms. (See pages 104-5 .)

(See pages 60-63.)

~

•Practitioners recommend a daily yoga session, with deep relaxation techniques , in the wee k before a period. (See

pages 52-9.)

~...IOTHER ...,

THERAPIES • Other therapies includ e

reflexology (see pages 66-71) , therapeutic touch (see pages 90-91 ), and visualization (see

pages 2 14-17).

~ MEDITATION

~ • Relaxatio n techniques ,

323

COMMON

A IL MEN

Female

T S

Infertility

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT Infertility in womenmay occurfor a numberof reasons,either physical or emotional. You may no/ be ouulaiing properly,you may be understressor there may be blockagesin thef allopian tubes which can be treated by microsurgery LEFT

I

nfertility , the inability to conceive after at least a year of regular sexual intercourse without the use of contraceptives , is a common problem, affecting between 10 and 15 percent of couples. In most cases , the failure to conceive is due to a specific physical cause in one or other partner . (For male infertility problems , seepage 33 2 .) Female infertility may occur because the endocrine syst em is not functionin g properly , because the woman is nearing menopaus e, or because she has stopped taking oral contraceptives in the last three months. Even if an egg is produced , it may not be able to reach the uterus because the Fallopian tubes have been blocked or distort ed by an infection. Prolaps e, ovarian cysts , scarrin g o n th e cervix, and uterine abnormaliti es are other causes of infertility . Sometimes the mucu s cov ering the cervi x destroys the sperm befor e the egg can be fertilized . Som e cas es of infertility seem to hav e no physical cause , but may be related to poor diet, fatigue , smoking , or stress . Your doctor will carry out a blood te st to check hormon e levels. Sh e may ask you to record your body temperature daily to check whether you are ovulating re gularly. Just before ovulation , the temp erature on waking will be a little below normal , 97 or 97. 8°F After ovulation , it rises by half or one degree . If further inves tigation is required , you may be referred to a specialist infertility unit. Treatment includes drugs to trigger ovulation or egg production , surgery to cl e ar Fallopian tubes , and in- vitro ("test-tub e") fertilization.

A BLOOD TEST CAN C HE CK HO RM ONE LEVELS , WHILE MONITORING

WHET HER OVULAT ION IS TAK I NG PLAC E. YOU R DOCTOR MAY RECOMM END FURTHER INVEST IGATI ONS AND SUBSEQUENT TREATMENT WILL DEPEND ON T HE O UT COME OF ALL T H ESE TEST S. OPT IONS INC LUDE SURGERY TO UN BLOCK FALLO PIAN TUBES, DRUG THERAPY T O STIM UL AT E EGG PRODUCTION O R OV U LATIO N , OR IN -VITR O FERTILI ZATI ON, WHEREUY EGGS A RE GATHERED FRO/vi T HE BODY , FERTILIZ ED OUTSIDE UTE RUS

LEFT if y ou are hauing trouble conceiuing,keeping a note of your ure can helpyou see body temperat whenyo u are ouulating

DATAFILE • Drug therapy to combat infertility and in-vitro fertilization may lead to multiple pregnancy.

• Fertility declines in women over the age of 35.

• Dieting and weight loss may reduce fertility.

months of intercourse without use

I

M

found three finger widths below the belly button is thought to tone the abdominal region and enhance fertility. (See pages 29-3 l.}

that aromatherapy can improve fertility . A back or abdominal massage with neroli , rose or jasmine may encourage a natural hormone balance , while clary sage cleanses and soothes the uterus. (See

~ ACUPUNCTURE

~ • Therapists be lieve infertility relates to Liv er q i stagnation . Acupuncture at the right time in the menstrual cycle (possibl y over several months) may help to clear congestion. (See pages 20-28.)

324

AROMATHERAPY Therapists believe

[m •

pages I 04-5.) □ CHIROPRACTIC I=:!. To enhance

cir culation and impro ve functioning of the reproductive organs , some practitioners teach pelvic

and breathing exercises and give gynecological manipulation. (See pages

l l 8-25 and Osteopathy, pages 106-13.)

'JIJJQIGONG

~ • Gentle movement therapies , such as qigong and t'ai chi ch'uan , are thought to help to ensure a smoo th flo w of q i, o r energy , through the body and rebalance the natura l cycles , such as ovulation .

(See pages 44-5 , and pages 46-5 l .)

r-)1 RELAXATION ~ • The inability to conceive can be extremely stressful, but stress in itself may be a factor in infertility. Relaxation techniques to relieve mental and physical tension may be advised .

physical causes , especially if you are subconsciously unsure that you want to start or add to a family . Therapy can bring such issues out into the open and help you to resolve them . (See pages 206-7.)

Meditation , breathing , and visualization may al so help. (See pages 60-63 ,

166-71 , and 214- 7.)

r.,

PSYCHOTHERAPY ~ . Infertility may have psychological as well as

1 ~

(See pages 158-65 .) RIG HT If your problemis stressrelated, relaxation techniquescan help reducetension.

in

I I I I I I I I I I

J

L __________________ TH ERAPIES

~ ACUPRESSURE ~• The acupoint

(!VF)

• Vitamin E supplements may increase male and female fertility . Calcium , magnesium , and vitamin A are also thought to help the chances of conception.

• Researchers report that smoking diminishes fertilization women by two-thirds .

12

IT,

AND THEN IMPLAN T ED IN T HE

SYMP T OMS

• failu re to conceive aft er of contraceptives

YOUR BODY

T EMPERATUR E WILL DETERMINE

D I SORDE

R S OF

TH E R EPRODUCT

Miscarriage

IV E SYSTEM

F EMALE

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

T

he spontaneous abortion of a pregnancy prior to 20 weeks ' gestation is termed a miscarriage. After 20 weeks, loss of the baby is termed stillbirth. A large number of miscarriages go unrecognized because they occur before pregnancy is diagnosed . After pr eg nancy is confirmed , around 20 percent of pregnancies end in miscarriage , most taking place between the sixth and tenth weeks of pregnancy . In most cases , the pregnancy fails because the fetus is not developing normally , or because it fails to implant itself in the lining of the uterus. Often there is no clear explanation, but some women are more at risk than others . These include moth ers over 40 , those with poorly controlled diabetes , women carrying more than one baby , and smokers. Consult a doctor if you notice bleeding , blood clots or a dark discharge from the vagina, accompanied by cramp-like pains and back pain , since these may indicate the pregnancy is in danger. Some doctors advise bedrest at first , in the hope that the pregnancy will set tle down . If the symptoms continue , you may be given an internal examination and an ultrasound to determine if you have miscarried. A full miscarriage is signified by heavy bleeding lasting up to ten days. In later miscarriages , the woman may experience a form of labor and pass part or all of the fetus , which is extre mely distressing.

MOS T WOMEN ARE HOSP ITALIZED AND G IVE N TESTS TO D ETERMINE IF M ISCARRIAGE H AS TAKEN PLACE AND WAS COM PLETE A D ILATATIO N AND CURETTA GE PROCEDURE MAY BE CA RRIED OUT TO REMOVE REMA INS OF THE PREGNANCY TO REDU C E

If your doctor thinks you are in any dangerof miscarrying, you will be instructed to restas much as possible BELOW

AND ENSU RE TH AT BLEED ! G DOES NO T CON T INUE FOR TOO LONG. IF YO U H AVE MORE TH AN T WO MISCA RRIAGES, YOUR DOCTOR MAY SUGGEST T ESTS TO ENSUR E T HAT TH ERE IS NOT SOME UND ERLYING PH YSICAL CALISE .

DATAFILE

CAUTION SEEK MED ICAL ATTENTION

IF

YO U FEEL SEV ERE ABDOM IN A L

I

• The risk of miscarriage falls significantly after the eighth week of pregnancy.

I

PA IN BETWEEN THE FIFT H AN D TENTH

WEEK S OF PREGNANCY ,

SINCE THI S MAY IND ICATE AN

SYMPTOMS

TH E C H ANC E O F INFECTION

ECTO PIC PREGNANC Y, WHICH CAN BE LIFE- T H REATENI NG

• About one in five pregnancies ends in miscarriage.

I

• Forty percent of miscarriages are caused by chromosomal abnormalities - a problem in the genetic coding - of the fetus.

I

• Later miscarriages are usually caused I the mother's uterus or cervix. L __________________

• bleeding,bloodclotsor dark vaginal discharge• cramp-like pains in abdomen• back pain • continuousbleeding

II

by illness or problem s with

J

THERAPIES ~ ACUPUNCTURE

~

• Therapists belie ve that it is important to build and conserve a woman 's qi (" life force " ) and restore her blood supplies after a miscarriage . They apply moxibustion and acupuncture treatment to the Liver and Kidney meridians. (See pages

fflil ART

THERAPY ~•A miscarriage can bring deep feelings of grief and bereavement. Drawing, sculpting, and painting can help people to express and work through these emotion s.

(See pages 238-41.}

~ COLOR THERAPY ~ • Therapists believe that the color red stimulates energy flow and assists in the manufacture of hemoglobin for new red blood cells. It is also thought to relieve the sadness and depression that follow a miscarriage .

very isolated after a miscarriage and unable to discuss their feelings, especially of grief. Massage between partners may help to reestablish physical closeness. (See pages

(See pages 258-61.}

96-103.}

20-28.)

E'

MASSAGE Couples can feel

J"]lj •

,...,

PSYCHOTHERAPY

~&

COUNSELING

BELOW T he colourred is thought to relievedepression

• Some people find talking to a counselor or therapist helps them come to terms with the grief and sadness that follow a miscarriage . It is often useful for patients to have these feelings acknowledged as rea l and important . (See

Family Therapy and Relationship Counseling, pages 206-7.} LEFT Art therapy can help grieving motherscometo terms tbeirloss.

325

CO ,vlMON

A I L M E NTS

Pregnancy

Problems

P

regnancy typically lasts 40 weeks from the first day of a woman 's last menstrual period. The time is often referred to in three parts , or trimesters. The first trimester lasts from O to 12 weeks , the second from 13 to 27weeks , and the third from 28 to 40 weeks. Doctors examine the mother and baby at every stage to ensure normal development and monitor fluid retention , blood pressure , and placental growth , which may lead to complications in later pregnancy. Both conventional and alternative practitioners advise that pregnant women lead as healthy a lifestyle as possible - do not smoke , avoid stress , eat a balanced diet , and exercise regularly. A woman 's body undergoes major physical changes during the first trimester . Many women feel exhausted because the heart is working harder to increase the flow of blood to the fetus. Regular naps and exercise may help to boost energy levels. Eat a healthy diet and check you are getting enough protein and iron - anemia is another common side-effect of pregnancy. Changes in hormone levels may cause nausea and vomiting, experienced by about half of all pregnant women . Eating small amounts of food , particularly carbohydrates , may alleviate this symptom. Some doctors advise taking a vitamin B6 supplement , but be aware that large doses may be toxic. Another common problem, which tends to disappear during the second trimester , is an increased desire to urinate . Urinate as often as you feel you need to , and empty the bladder fully each time. Hormonal changes during the first trimester can make the breasts feel tender and sore . Wearing a good support bra , even at night , may help. Hormones are also thought to be the cause of tiredness , headaches , and 1 dizziness experienced during the initial stages , 1 although stress and fatigue may be contributory 1 factors . It is best to avoid taking any medication during pregnancy , so talk to your doctor before I taking painkillers for headaches. Women often find as well that they retain excess fluid , especially in the hands , legs , and feet. This should be monitored carefully by your doctor , since it may be an indication of a more serious underlying condition . Man y wom en find th e second trim est er the most enjoyable part of their pregnancy. Nausea tends to diminish , they feel more energetic , and they sleep better. There are , how ever, new symptoms to cont end w ith. As the uterus grows , the internal organs are pushed out of place. Hormones cause the surrounding muscles and ligaments to soften ,

sometimes leading to musculoskeletal aches and pains. Back pain is common , but can be minimized by strengthening the abdominal muscles and maintaining good posture at all times - take care to bend the knees when lifting things . The uterus can also put pressure on a vein called the inferior vena cava , which causes varicose veins to appear on the legs. Women often experience aches and pain in the pelvis and abdomen and cramps in the lower legs . During the second trimester , the digestive system slows down due to hormonal influences , causing heartburn and constipation. Doctors recommend regular gentle exercise , eating more fiber , and drinking plenty of fluids to alleviate constipation ; consult a doctor before taking antacids to re lieve h eartburn. Many women notice skin changes as well , including dark patches , especially on the nipples , red and itchy palms

A TEST TO CONF IRM PREGNANCY

CAN BE CA RRIED

OUT O N TH E D AY T H E LAST PERIOD WAS D U E. A D OCTO R SH O U LD MA KE AN I NT ERNAL EXAMINAT IO N IN TH E NEXT FEW WEE KS TO CON FIRM THE DI AGNO SIS. T HE REAFT ER, REGUL AR ME DI CA L CH EC K - U PS MONITO R TH E MO T H ER'S WE IG H T GA IN , BLOOD PRESSURE, FLU ID RETENTION , AN D TH E DEVELO P/VIEN T OF T H E BA BY. WOMEN A RE NO T A DVIS ED T O TAK E M ED IC AT ION D U RING PREGNANCY , BUT M AY BE G IV EN T REATM ENT FOR SPECIFIC SYM PTOMS , SU CH AS H EARTBUR N , O R T O T REAT PREEX IST IN C MEDICA L CO NDITI ONS . CO NSULT A DOCTOR

BEFO RE TA K INC

O VER-THE - CO U NT ER V ITAM IN SU PPLEMEN T S OR MEDI CATI ON , SUCH AS PA INKIL LERS OR ANTAC IDS . ALL PREG N A NT WO M EN A RE ADV ISED T O EAT HEA LT H ILY, MON IT OR THEIR WE IG HT GAIN , EXERCISE MODE RAT ELY, CIV E U P

LEFT Most womenenjoy their pregnancies and experienceno morethan a few minor discomfo rts

heartburn

SM O K ING , AND C UT D OW N O N ALCO H O L .

is likely

to be at its worst

towards the end of your pregnancy

71 7f

326

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

A BOVE After about six weeks, your baby will be about 3 in. ( B cm ) long and will have developedlimbs, genitals, and somef acialfeatures

you may feel more tired as your baby grows

you will probably need to urinate more frequently

By f our tof ive months /Je will bave doubledin size and /Jis major organsw,/1befu nctioning

A BOV E

D I SO R DER S O F THE

and soles , blotchy patches , moles , heat rashes , and brittle fingernails , all of which usually disappear after delivery . Stretch marks are fine red lines that appear on the breasts , abdom e n and thighs as the skin stretches to cover the growing body. These fade with time , but may not disappear after the baby is born. As the uterus gets bigger , pressure incr eases on the internal organs , so backaches and heartburn both tend to worsen during the third trimester. Many women find it difficult to find a comfortable position in which t o sleep or even sit , which leads to tiredness and stress. The third trimester is also the time when most medical complications occur , such as gestational diabetes , preeclampsia (pregnancy-induc ed hypertension that can lead to the lif e-threatening condition eclampsia ), plac e ntal problems , intrauterine growth retardation (when babies do not grow as rapidly as they should ); and post-term pr egnancy (when pregnancies go beyond 42 weeks ). All these require ort hodo x treatment .

SYMPTOMS

• anemia • nauseaand vomiting • painful breasts• fatigue • insomnia• backache• constipation• heartburn • flatulence • fluid retention• hemorrhoids• stretch marks • skin conditions• varicoseveins

SEVERE AN D OCCURS WITH BLEED IN G; IF YOU SU FFER BOUTS OF

NA U SEA; IF YO U URI NATE AT I NTE RVA LS FOR TWO

DAYS; EXPERIENCE FLU SYMP TO MS; O R IF FLU ID RETENTI ON H AS NOT DEC REASED AFTER THREE DAY S. IF YO U HAVE NOT BEEN VACC INATED AGAINST

~ALEXANDER l'a TECHNIQUE

• A woman 's center of gravity shifts forward during pregnancy as the uterus grows and breasts become larger and heavier. To compensate for this, many women arch their back s and put strain on their ligaments and muscles, which leads to back pain . The Alexander technique teaches pupils the correct posture to use when sitting, standing, picking up obiects, and moving. (See pages

166- 7 1.)

E°

MASSAGE

J"'.li• Practitioners

argue that massage during pregnancy has many beneficial effects. It reduces emotional tension and stress, rela xes the body , and , if done by the partner , can bring the couple closer together during the pregnancy. Massaging a pregnant belly clockwise helps with digestion , and using an oil or cream with vitamin E, such as wheatgerm oil , may help reduce stretch marks . Do not massage the abdomen, legs , and feet during the first three months of pregnancy . (See pages

96-103.)

~I

MUSIC THERAPY ~ • Sounds can be extremely rela x ing both for mother and , some believe , the unborn baby . Therapists recommend slow, quiet classical music if you are feel ing anxious or tense. They be lieve it slows the pulse and heartrate, lowers blood pressure , and decreases levels of stress hormones . Natural sounds , such as ocean

waves and whale song, may also induce a sense of peace and relaxation. {See pages

232-5 .)

~ RELAXATION

~ • Many pregnant women find a warm , scented bath the perfect place to relax. The water supports the extra weight and the warmth helps to ease aches and pains . Try a relaxation tec hnique in the bath , focusing on tensing and then releasing different parts of the body. Get out of the bath slowly to avo id feeling faint . (See pages 158-65 and Hydrotherapy, pages 172-9.) ~YOGA • Yoga stretches the pelvic muscles, improves flexibility , and eases daily aches

~

and pains. Yogic deep breathing will also keep you relaxed and stress-free during pregnancy. Pregnant women should avoid forward bending , inverted poses, and asanas lying on the stomach . It is advisable to learn a simplified and modified routine from a yoga specialist . (See pages

52-9.) ~ ACUPUNCTURE ~ • Stimulation of the

appropriate acupoints may help to alleviate " morning sickness, " the nausea and vomiting commonly experienced in pregnancy . (See pages 20-28.)

A massagecan sootheand relax a pregnantwoman,it can also helpdigestion and stretch marks.

BELOW

£::::lCHIROPRACTIC f:=::J • Practitioners believe

WI TH THE DISEASE

that treatment during pregnancy can correct vertebral misalignment and relieve the pressure that causes back pain , put joints back in their normal position and keep them mobile , and ensure that pelvic bones are aligned to make deli very easier . {See pages 118-25 and Osteopathy, pages 106-13.)

DATAFILE

I • During pregnancy, the amount of blood in your body increases by I about 40 percent and the uterus grows to 150 times its normal size. I • Women should gain about 25 to 30 pounds during pregnancy .

I

FE M A L E

GERMAN

MEASLES , AVOID CONTACT

Eating healthilywhenyou are pregnant is uital if you are to giueyour baby the bestpossiblestart in life A BOVE

29-31.)

displaces the bottom of the lungs so your pattern of breathing may change during the later stages of p regnancy. Using the diaphragm is the most efficient , and least tiring , way of breathing. During pregnancy the ribs and shoulders take over as the diaphragm becomes compressed by the uterus. Breathing exercises can help refocus control on the diaphragm . (See pages

ABDOM INAL PAIN OR VAG IN AL

FREQUENT

Pericardium 6 point may reduce feelings of nausea during the first trimester. A different acupoint located one thumb width below the inside of the anklebone can help to relie ve fluid retention, especially swollen ankles . There are specific acupoints which must not be stimulated during pregnancy as this may induce a miscarriage. (See pages

~ • The growing uterus

CONS U LT A DOC T OR

PROL ONGED

~ ACUPRESSURE ~• Acupressure on the

'I] BREATHING

IMME D IAT ELY IF DIZZ INESS IS

E SYSTEM:

THERAPIES

146-53.)

CAUTION

R E PR OD U C TIV

The smallest gain occurs during the first trimester , when an average weight gain would be about six pounds.

I • Women feel the first flutter ing move ments of the baby between I 16 and 20 weeks . This is also known as the " quickening ."

I • Ninety percent of wo men report that some areas of skin, I particularly on or around the nipples , get darker during pregnancy.

I • Increases in progesterone

levels during the first trimester can

I make yo u wan t to sleep more than usual. L __________________

I

J

327

C O ,v\MON

Labor

AI L M E N T S

Pains

L

abor falls into three distinct stages. The first stage begins after the breaking of the waters and when regular contractions of the uterus start. It ends when the cervix , the opening to the uterus , dilates fully to allow the baby to move into the vagina. The process can take anywhere between 7 and 13 hours, the contractions getting increasingly rhythmic and intense throughout. By the time the cervix is fully dilated the contractions are severe. Then the mother has to push when instructed and use breathing to help to control the movement of the baby through the birth canal. This is the second stage of labor , and may take as little as ten minutes or seve ral hours. The third stage is the actual birth. In the early stages of labor , the mother is encouraged to use exercise , massage , breathing and relaxation tech niques , and TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation ) to cope with pain. As the contractions become more severe , there are further options for pain relief , including "gas-and-air ", painkilling injections ,

and an epidural (spinal ) injection. Some women find that giving birth in an upright position - standing , sitting , or squattingis a natural way to cope with labor pains.

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT PAIN REL IEF, PAINKIL LI NG INJEC TI ONS, OR EPI DU RA L ANEST H ESIA, IS T H E MAIN FORM OF TR EATMENT. IF LABO R

LEFT Somewomen, particularly in theirfi rst pregnancy, experience occasional contractionsf or several hoursbefore they becomestrong enougb to report to the midwife But when the contractions are strong and close together,II is time to prepai·ef or tbe birth.

BECOMES PRO LONGED , A D OCTO R MAY PERFORM A FORC EPS D ELI VERY OR AN EPISIO T OMY - AN INC ISION TO WID EN T H E VAG IN AL O PENI NG A ND PREVENT TEA RING OF TISSUES . IF THERE A RE COMPL ICAT IONS , THE BA BY MA Y BE DELIVERED BY CAESA REAN SECTION.

rubbing the back can help

DATAFILE

I • Recent research shows that there is no link between back pain I after the birth and having an epidural. I • As soon as the newborn baby begins suckling, the mother's body I releases hormones to contract the uterus and expel the placenta. • Birthing pools, where the baby is born into the water, were I invented by the French practitioner Michel Odent. He believes that I being born into water is less traumatic for the baby. II • Babies respond to light when in the uterus. Some doctors will try to I

turn a breach birth (when the baby is born legs first) by shining a torch at the lower abdomen to make the baby move toward the light.

L __________________

nurse will encourage mother to take gentle exercise

I

J

T HERAP ~ ACUPUNCTURE ~ • There is strong evidence

that acupuncture is an effective pain reliever and some hospitals will offer the therapy to help with labor pains. In China it is widely used for Cesarean sections. Moxibustion applied to an acupuncture point on the little toe is thought to help place the fetus in the correct position for birth.

(See pages 20-28 .) ~ ACUPRESSURE ~· • Therapists believe that pressure on the muscle on top of the shoulders and the sacral points at the base of the spine will relieve pain and tension . Gentle pressure on the acupoint in the webbing between the thumb and index finger is thought to speed up the process.

(See pages 29-3 l .)

328

E'

MASSAGE

J".Ji• Massage

and touch therapies can help with many aspects of birth. Some practitioners advise perineal massage prior to labor to stretch the muscles around the vaginal opening and prevent tearing of the tissues. Massaging the uterus softly releases oxytocin in the body and may help to bring on labor. Massage of the back and buttocks during labor can be relaxing, reassuring, and pain relieving. (See pages 96-103.) PYSCHOTHERAPY ~ • You may find it helpful to discuss your fears and anxieties about giving birth with a counselor . A positive attitude to the birth will enable you to relax

IE S

more and help to lessen the pains. (See pages 188-91.)

r-)1 ~

RELAXATION • Tension and fatigue increase labor pain, so relaxation is one of the keys to a comfortable birth. Practitioners can teach many techniques to use during labor. Breathing deeply and controlledly will also help you to relax. (See pages

158-65 and Breathing, pages 166-71.) ~

r.,

SOUND

THERAPY

H • Listening to gentle

sounds or music between contractions can be soothing and relaxing for a woman in labor. (See pages

236-7.)

Listeningto soothingmusic or gentle sounds like waveson tbe shorecan relaxyou during labour

.A.BOVE

~ VISUALIZATION

l~ • Therapists

work with the patient before birth to create positive images of labor . They ask the patient to imagine that the contractions of the uterus are no more painful than the contractions of a bicep. The mother is encouraged to see the contractions as natural and necessary parts of labor and feel that the delivery is progressing slowly and calmly. (See pages

214-17.) ~ HYDROTHERAPY

D • A warm

bath during the first stage of labor can aid relaxation and relieve pain. Some therapists advocate the use of a birthing pool while in labor. (See pages 172-9.)

BELOW Visualization tecbniques may helpy oufeel positive about what can be a fng btening experience

D I SORDE

Post - delivery

Problems

G

iving birth can take its toll on emotional and physical health . Many women continue to suffer from pain after the birth , as the uterus contracts to its normal size. They may also suffer from backache , perhaps caused by straining during delivery , hemorrhoids , a sor e abdomen following a Caesarean section , and soreness in the genital area , as a result of the stitches needed to repair a tear or for an episiotomy. New mothers oft e n feel exhausted after a long or difficult labor ; they may also be anemic if they have lost a large amount of blood. Many postnatal symptoms are related to changing hormone lev els. These include hair loss , acne , slow nail grow th , a decr ease in libido , and an incr ease in pr emen strual symptoms. The drop in estrogen and progesterone is also thought to be th e cause of the sadness , weepiness , and depr ess ion experienced by many new mothers. Mild "baby blues " begin about three days after deli very and last only for a few days. Postnatal depression starts within weeks of the birth and may last for a year or more. Puerperal psychosis , characterized by man ic depression , hallucinations , and virtual breakdown , happens in rare , extreme cases. Other factors , such as fatigue, physical discomfort , anxiety about caring for the baby , and feeling isolated from other people , may contribute to post-delivery problems. Such probl ems are not unique and nothing to be ashamed about. You should talk through any difficulties you may have with your doctor . Breast-feeding problems , for ex ampl e, may be caused by an infection in the milk ducts (mastitis ), which is treatable with anti biotic s. If symptoms of depr ess ion persist , your doctor may presc rib e antidepressants or hormonal drugs , and suggest counseling.

Despiteall thepracticeyou haue l1ad111antenatal classes,it nwy takeyou 11 whiletoget usedto handling,feeding,and caringfor your baby RIGHT

R S OF

THE

REPRODUCTIVE

SYSTEM

FEMALE

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

SYMPTOMS

• pain and discomfortfollowing Caesareansectionor episiotomy• fatigue • anemia • headache• hair loss • acne irritability, • postnatalillness(low libido,low self-esteem, weepiness,depression ) • breast-feeding problems(sorenipples and breasts, blockedmilk ducts, insufficientmilk)

A DOCTOR

/v\AY O FFER

PAINKILLERS TO DEAL W ITH POST - SURG ERY PAIN. SHE CAN ALSO D IAGNOSE PROBLEMS WITH

BREAST- FEEDING AND

CHECK THE BABY IS FEEDING IN THE CORR ECT POSITION . A COURSE OF AN TIBI OTICS MAY BE PRESCRIBED IF THERE IS A MILK DUCT

DATAFILE

INFE CT IO N

ANTIDEPRESSANTS , SLEEPING

• Breast-feeding may inhibit menstruation for anywhere between six weeks and two years, but it is still possible to get pregnant during this lime. • An epidural can occasionally lead to a severe headache that lasts up to 48 hours after the iniection . • Poor breast milk production may be caused by not drinking sufficient fluids . • "Baby blues" , or mood swings , are common after delivery , but if they persist for longer than a few weeks, a doctor should be consulted.

I

• Shared massages , say pract itioners , can help in the bonding process between mother and baby

L __________________

TAB LET S, OR HORMONA L

I I I I I I I I I I I

DRUGS MAY BE USED TO TREAT POSTNATAL DEPRESSION

J

THERAPIES

1111AROMATHERAPY l!JIII• Therapists recommend massaging chamomile into the abdomen and lower back to relieve pains after labor. Lavender and chamomile , diluted in apricot kernel oil , can be applied directly to sore stitches . A massage with mood enhancing oils , such as clary sage or iasmine , may help to ease depression and anxiety .

(See pages 704-5.) ~ ACUPRESSURE ~ - • The acupoint found four finger widths below the kneecap and one finger width outside the shinbone is thought to aid postpartum recovery . Pressing the acupoint on top of the foot between the big and second toe is thought to relieve the sweating that can occur after childbirth . (See pages

29-3 7.)

~ HYDROTHERAPY

D • Practitioners recommend applying ice to perinea! tears as soon as possible to reduce swelling. They also advise taking sitz baths to aid the healing process. (See pages 772-9.)

~ RELAXATION ~ • Postpartum difficulties

are often linked to stress, anxiety, and fatigue. Relaxation techniques and plenty of rest will alleviate all these problems.

(See pages ,.::.,

~M

ASSAGE J".11i • The weeks after the

birth are a good time for both partners to massage each other . Regular massage helps the mother's body recover its muscle tone , and eases the strains placed on the body from childbirth. The mental relaxation of massage may relieve the emotional stresses associated with a new baby . (See pages

96-703.) BELOW Hormoneimbalances after birthmay leaueyou feelingexhausted and depressed

758-65.)

V I SUALIZATION

l~ • This therapy

may be helpful if you have problems breast-feeding. The therapist may suggest that you imagine a calm , quiet environment with your baby feeding happily. This will give you a more positive attitude to breast-feeding and help you to relax . (See pages

274-77.)

r.,

PSYCHOTHERAPY

~

• Professional counseling can help you to come to terms with the emotional pressure and change in lifestyle that having a new baby may br ing .

(See Family Therapy, pages

206 -7.) bonding with your baby may take a little time

329

COMMON

AILME

Menopause

NT S

Problems

CAUTION CONS ULT A DO CTO R IF YOU STA RT BLEEDI NG AGAIN A FTER

T

he end of menstrual bleeding , marking the end of the ability to reproduce , is termed the menopause. Most women experience this "change of life" between the ages of 48 and 52 , although some women cease to menstruate in their thirties or early forties. Hormonal changes that bring about the menopause begin four to six years before the last menstrual period . Estrogen production in the ovari es gradually decreases , causing an imbalance between progesterone and estrogen . Eventually , so little estro gen is produced that menstruation becomes erratic and finally ends completely. For some women , th e transition is uneventful. But , fo r many , the menopau se is a difficult time accompanied by uncomfortable sy mptoms. The severity of the symptoms seems to depend on an individual 's biochemistry and lifestyle factors , such as diet , fitness , and stress levels. Studies hav e shown that women suffer more severe symptoms if they are under emotional stress or consume large quantiti e s of caffeine , sugar or alcohol. Physical symptoms include irregular menstrual bleeding , poor circulation , breast lumpiness , aches and pains , hot flushes , night sweats , skin complaints , thinning head hair , and increased facial and body hair . The reducing estrogen levels also diminish the amount of bone in the body and can increase the risk of osteoporosis as a result . Many menopausal women experience psychological symptoms similar to those characteristic of pr emenstrual syndrome (PMS ), ,) including an x iety , depr e ssion , mood swings , lack of concentration , and loss of memory . These symptoms are exacerbated by the fact that women in their fifties commonly have to cope with other LEFT Excessiveconsumption of coff ee and alcohol can make the menopause more problematic.

DATAFILE • Japanese women suffer fewer symptoms during the menopause , I possibly due to the high level of plant estrogens , such as tofu , I soya , and miso, in their diet. II • Eighty percent of women experience some menopausal symptoms. • Twenty to twenty-five percent of menopausal women experience I pa in dur ing intercourse due to thinning of the vaginal w all and I lack of lubrication , both caused by estrogen deficiency . I • In general , when estrogen predominates during the menopausal I process , women tend to feel anxious ; when progesterone I predominates, women may feel depressed and tired . I • The average age of menopause - 50 years - has remained I constant since medieval times . I L __________________ J

330

YOUR PERIODS H AV E CEASED ; IF PERIODS ARE VERY PROLONGED

OR HEAVY; OR IF

YOU R ABDOMEN BECOMES SWO LLEN AND PAI NFUL; OR IF YO U EXPERIENCE A PERSISTENT C HANC E IN BOW EL HAB ITS.

LE FT The physical and hormonal cbangesof the 111enopause oftenoccur at a t/111e when l,Je Is difficultIn otlnr ways, too. Childrengrowing up and leaulng/Jome may leavea gap lhat you find d,fjlcult tof ill

BELO W Ylang ylang oil can boost tbe libido, w/Jich is often al a low ebb at this time.

you may feel lonely if your child leaves home

THERAPIES ~ RELAXATION

~ • Menopausal women suffering emotional symptoms , such as anxiety or anger , tend to store tension in their muscles. Releasing muscle tension is thought to increase energy levels and may help to release these repressed and blocked emotions. Lie on your back, arms by your sides . Inhale and exhale deeply. Clench your hand into fists and hold tightly for 25 seconds . Then relax and visualize a warm light flowing into your bod y, making the muscles soft. Tense and relax other parts of your body , such as the face , shoulders , back , stomach , pelvis , legs , feet , and toes. (See pages 158-65.)

11111 AROMATHERAPY

~ T' Al CHI CH'UAN

L • Practitioners

believe this therapy promotes inner happiness and relaxation. The gentle stretching and controlled movements will help to keep the body flexible . (See pages

46-51 and Qigong , pages 44-5.)

l!JII.

Essential oils are used to treat a range of menopauserelated symptoms. A massage with a mood-enhancing oil , such as clary sage or rose, may help to relieve irritability and depression ; chamomile may balance hormone levels and prevent night sweats and ho t flushes; geranium or ylang ylang oils may increase your libido. (See pages I 04-5.)

LEFT Pressingthe point in the hollownext to thebreastbone can reduce /wtflushes

DISO

R DE R S OF

T H E REP R O DU CT I VE

SYS T EM : F E MAL E

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

stress factors , such as te e nage children , children having left home ("empty nest" syndrome ), or children living at home longer , ag ing parents , bereavement , and relationship changes , at the same time as going through the menopause. There are many effective ways to reduce the emotional and physical impact. Physical problems caused by declining estrogen levels , such as thinning skin and hot flushes , can be treated by hormone replacement therapy (HRT ) in the form of pills , patches , skin implants , and vaginal creams. This treatment is also thought to reduce the risk of heart disease and strokes. There is concern, however , that HRT may increase the risk of some cancers and research is continuing into connections between long term use of the treatment and breast cancer . HRT will also help to lessen the risk of developing osteoporosis, but this condition can , to a large extent , be prevented by a healthy diet , vitamin D supplements and exercise. A doctor may prescribe antidepressants , tranquilizers, sleeping tablets or mood-enhancing dru gs to relieve symptoms , such as anxiety and fatigue. Some women report that symptoms are alleviated by a course of HRT. Both alternative and conventional practitioners advocate exercise , a healthy diet , an increase in calcium intake , and stress-reducing measures to minimize the effects of the me nopause .

HO RMO NE REPLACEMENT PILLS, IMPLANT S, PATCHES, AND VAGINAL CREAMS ARE EFFECTIVE TREATM ENTS BOTH FO R PHYS ICAL SYMPTO MS, SUC H AS HOT FLUSHES , AND FOR PSYCH O LOG ICAL SIDEEFFECTS, SUCH AS ANXIETY. A DOC T O R MAY ALSO PRESCRIBE ANT IDEPRESSANTS , TRAN Q UILIZERS , O R SLEEPING PILLS TO HELP TO O VERCOME PSYC HOLO GI CAL SYMPTOMS . SHE MAY ALSO RECOMMEN D COUNSE LING OR PSYCHO THERAPY SESSIONS. MANY WOMEN FIND A LUBRICATING JELLY HELPS T O PREVENT PAIN DURING SEXUAL INTERCOU RSE BOTH CO NVENTI ONAL AND ALTERNATI VE PRACTI T ION ERS RECOM MEND TAKING REGULAR EXERC ISE, REDUCING STRESS, AND EATI NG A HEALT HY DIET, ESPEC IALLY C UTTI NG DOWN ON ALCO HOL , SUGAR, AND CAFFEINE.

L EFT There is no needto glue up exercisejust becauseyou haue reached "a certain age." It 111 ay be something you and yo ur partner can enjoy together , and it will keepyou both young.

SYMPTOMS

• irregularperiods(often heavy or light) which eventually ceasecompletely• back pain • vaginal dryness, leadingto pain during intercourse• skin problems

• hotflushes • night sweats • itching • incontinence• hair growth onface, stomach, or chest • poorconcentration• memoryloss • depression • insomnia• low sex drive THERAPIES

~ ACUPRESSURE ~• Therapists recommend

using acupressure points one to four times each day to balance the body and reduce hot flushes. Suggested points are at the base of the ball of the foot ; in the hollow below the collarbone next to the breastbone; on the center of the breastbone three thumb widths up from the base of the bone ; and between the eyebrows. (See pages 29-31.)

r.,

PSYCHOTHERAPY

~

• Professional counseling can help you combat the negative feelings you may have about the menopause by helping to promote a more positive selfi mage. It may also help you to come to terms with factors such as the " empty nest" syndrome.

(See pages 188-91.)

,J!!! COLOR

THERAPY believe that the color blue has a calming ,

r--.:• Therapists

~ MEDITATION

~ • Meditation relaxes the

relaxing effect and use it to treat feverish conditions, including hot flushes . Blue is thought to promote serenity and help relieve tension, stress, and headaches. In addition to professional color treatment , try wearing blue nightwear and bathrobes and leave a blue light on at night to relieve menopausal symptoms. (See

body , releases tension, and helps relieve anxiety by providing a respite from stressful and unpleasant thoughts. Sit comfortably and close your eyes. Breathe deeply. Focus on the breaths, noticing the rise and fall of the abdomen. Block out all other thoughts . As you inhale say the word " peace " and "c alm " as you exhale. Continue until you feel deeply relaxed. (See pages

pages 248-51 .)

60-63.)

V;5'.REFLEXOLOGY ~ • Reflexologists

believe they can treat the reproductive system by working specifically on points around the ankle bones and treat the glandular system by focusing on the cushion of the big toe . A reflex point reflecting the sexual life of the patient is found just under the cushion of the fourth toe . (See

pages 66-71.)

In reflexology, points roundtheanklerelateto the reproductive sy stem. RIGHT

33 1

COMMON

Male

A I LMEN

T S

Reproductive

Problems bladder

T

he male reproductive system can be affected by various disorders. As well as ones directly affecting fertility and sexual functioning, others include problems with the prostate gland, infections and sexually transmitted diseases , and cancer. As far as the failure of a woman to conceive is concerned, the reason can be traced to the male partner in 40 percent of cases. It may be due to a low sperm count , poor sperm quality and mobility, or an abnormality in the penis. Many factors prostate gland can influence sperm quality and quantity, including pollution, low hormone levels, smoking , excessive drinking of alcohol , increased temperature of the testes LEFT The cause of infertilitycan be (caused by tight clothing, for example), stress , some tracedto tin malepartnerin about prescription drugs , or insufficient vitamins and minerals 40 /Jer cent of cases,but problemsin the male reproductivesystem 111ny also in the diet. A doctor will suggest checking the sperm, occur as a result of infection, an take a blood test to check hormone levels, and make a enlargedprostategland, and a number physical examination. If the cause of a low sperm count of other ,·easons. is still unclear , then diet and lifestyle changes may be Though cancer of the prostate is common in men advised to maximize the chances of conception. CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT over 55, it can be treated successfully. Testicular cancer , Impotence - the inability to achieve or sustain an erection - is a common problem . Doctors now believe on the other hand, attacks younger men , between the A DOCTOR WILL PRESCRIBE ANTIB IOTICS O R ANTIFUNCALS ages of 15 and 35. The symptoms include a lump in a that in 85 percent of cases the cause is physical. TO TREAT INFECTIONS. testicle , change in the size of the testes, a dull ache in Conditions such as diabetes , anemia , poor circulation TREATMENT FO R AN EN I_A RCED PROSTATE INCLUDES TAKING the groin , a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum , blood or liver problems , and a range of drugs, including DRUGS TO SHRINK THE in the urine, a sudden collection of fluid in the scrotum , alcohol, antihistamines , and nicotine, can all cause the GLAND, LASER TREATMENT OR SURGICAL REMOVA L . REGULAR tender breasts, and pain in the condition . Psychological factors, SELF- EXAM I NATI ON AND such as anxiety , may also be part of testicle or scrotum. These sympCHECKS BY A MEDICAL PRACTITIONER CAN HELP TO toms can be caused by a number of the problem. Your doctor may give ENS UR E EARLY DIAGNOS IS OF PROSTATE, PENILE , OR tests to check for physical causes other conditions , such as a bacte TESTI C UL AR CANCER and suggest appropriate treatment. rial infection , so you need to seek TREATMENT FOR THESE DISEA SES INCLUDES HO RMONE medical guidance quickly if they He may also prescribe drugs that THERAP~ SURGER~ AND increase bloodflow to the penis , so occur. Doctors recommend selfCHEMOT H ERAPY increasing the ability to become examination of the testes every month from the age of 15 to help erect, but this treatment is not suitable if you have a cardiovascular to detect any changes as quickly as CAUTION possible. If it is dignosed early condition. IF YOU NOT ICE BLOOD IN Problems with the prostate enough , testicular cancer is nearly YOUR SEMEN OR URINE, ABOVE A low spermcount or poor always curable. gland can also impair a man's sex CO NSULT A DOCT O R quality spermmay makea man infertile. life. The gland , normally the size of Infections of the penis can be Blockagesin the tubesmay be cleared,but a walnut , is found below the bladcaused by viruses, parasites or in othercasesartificial inseminationmay be the recommendedtreatment. bacteria. Poor hygi e ne is often a der and surrounds the urethra , the tube connecting the bladder and factor , which may be exacerbated the penis. An en large d prostate, wh ich often occurs in by an abnormally tight foreskin. Th e prostate can men over 50 , causes a frequent ur ge to urinate and a become inflamed because of urethritis , a sexu ally transmitted disease , or an infection. Whether you are feeling that the bladder has not emptied fully. Painful and difficult urination is also a symptom of prostate prescribed antibiotics or antifungals to treat such a condition depends on the type of infection . Using cancer , but this is often accompanied by blood in the condoms and good hygiene will help to prevent the urine or semen and frequent pain in the limbs and back. An annual digital rectal examination (DRE ) to check the occurrence of most types of sexually transmitted disease prostate is recommended for men over 40 . and infections.

332

DISORDERS

• prostate problems:urinationdifficulties;swelling; aches and pains in the lowerback and limbs • penileinfections: itchy, inflamedpenis andfo reskin; dischargefrom the penis • testicularcancer:lumpsin testes; dull ache in groin; bloodin theurine

SYSTEM

MA L F

~ ACUPUNCTUR E ~ • Therapists believe

acupuncture is an effective means of raising sperm count. They say that treatment has to be undertaken for several months to take effect since it takes 70 days to generate new sperm. (See pages 20 - 28.)

~ ACUPRESSURE ~ - • Pressure on the acupoint on the lower back , two to four finger widths from the spine in line with the belly button , is thought to relieve sexualreproductive problems. Pressure on the acupoint four finger widths below the kneecap and one finger width outside the shinbone is believed to relieve impotence. (See pages 29-3 7.)

impotence can cause mental anxiety

N AROMATHERA PY l!.111 • Rose oil is said to

l

\

increase sperm count and quality , as well as acting as a mild aphrodisiac . A gentle massage with 2 to 3 drops of rose oil mixed with almond oil will help to relax both partners and keep anxiety and stress to a minimum during love-making. Prostate problems may be eased by a full-body massage with oestrogen-like oils , such as clary sage and geranium . (See

the inability to "perform " can be very upsetting

pages LEFT Alt!JOugh t/1ecauses of i111potence are oftenphysical- the I temporaryresultof tirednessor in alcolJOl , or a side 1 overindulgence ' effect of other, longer-termconditionsa mans anxiety aboutbeingunableto ,"pe,form" can 111ake theproblemworse.

704-5.)

'I] BREATHING

~ TECHN I QU ES • Infertility has been linked to high stress levels, which have become part of everyday life for many men. Breathing techniques , meditation , and relaxation techniques will help you to unwind after a stressful day . They may also reduce levels of anxiety, which can make sexual intercourse more difficult. (See pages 766-71 ; pages 60-63 ; and pages 758-65 .)

DATAFILE • Male infertility is the cause of failure to conceive in 40 percent of cases and female infertility in 40 percent of cases; 20 percent of cases have no identifiable cause. • Men's semen quality and count varie s throughout the year , reaching its peak as winter ends and spring begins . • Prostate cancer is the second most common form of cancer in men. One out of eight Ameri can men suffer s from the problem . • 30 million men in the U.S. suffer fro m impo tence. • Testicular cancer is the most common form of cancer in young men between the ages of 15 and 35 years .

L'=e.:.

R E l0 RODLICTIVE

THE

THERAPIES

S YMP T OMS

I • The size

OF

of the average penis varies between three and six

~

1'..: n: a:g: : u:h.:

~

:_r i::

= c~ n-

__

I I I I I I I I I I

RIG H T Particular acupressure points are believe d to relievesexualreproductive problems

~

JQIGO N G

~ • Practitioners believe that

~

YOGA

~ • Yoga reduces stress,

Qigong helps to improve the flow of qi around the body. It is also thought to increase the flow of blood to the brain and other vital organs. The poses involved do not require great mobility or physical strength and so may be suitable for many conditions related to agi ng , includi ng prostate problems . (See pages

tones the body, and balances energy flow, and may help overco _me sexual problems , such as premature eiaculat io n and impotence. Prostate problems may also be eased by yoga. (See pages 52-9.)

44-5 and T'ai Chi Ch 'uan, pages 46-5 7.)

qualified practitioner may unlock hidden fears and doubts that may be contributing to the problem of impotence. (See

,.,

PSYCHO THER APY

~ AND COUNSELING

~ HYPNOTHERAPY ~ • Sessions with a

pages 218-23 .)

• Counseling may be helpful if no physical cause can be identified for difficulties achieving or maintaining an erection . A specialist psychosexual counselor can discuss your feelings and attitudes to sex and your body and help you to address problem areas . (See pages

206-7.)

LEFT AND ABOVE When sexual problemsarecausedor madeworseby stress,yoga is an excellentway of relaxing and balancingtheflow of energyin the body Massagewith roseoil may also helpthelibido.

I

_J

33 3

COMMON

A I LMENTS

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Obesity

CAUTION DISCUSS YOUR WEIC H T-LOSS PLANS WITH YOUR DOCTOR .

T

hough the terms obesity and overweight are used interchangeably, they have different meanings. Strictly speaking, overweight means an excess of body weight that includes all tissues, such as fat, bone, and muscle. Obesity refers specifically to an excess of body fat - over 25 percent fat for men and over 30 percent fat for women. This can present a major health risk . Excess fat around the abdomen , usually found on obese men , is linked to increased risk of high blood pressure, diabetes, early heart disease, and some types of cancer. Obese women increase the risk of contracting cancers of the ovaries , uterus, and breast . Carrying extra weight may also contribute to varicose veins , fertility problems , sleep apnea (irregular breathing during sleep ), increased risk of osteoarthritis , and depression. The most common causes of obesity are overeating and underexercising . When we consume more calories than we burn up , the excess calories are stored as body fat. Obesity may also be related to hormonal imbalances or prescription drugs , such as insulin . Psychological problems , such as depression , may also be contributory factors. The problem tends to run in families as well children whose parents are obese are ten times more likely to be obese than other children - but this may be due to a combination of genetic factors and poor diet. There is no short cut to weight loss , but a combined approach of setting reasonable weight-loss goals, changing eating habits and getting adequate exercise is recommended to tackle the problem . You should consult a doctor if you are planning to go on a weight-loss diet. He can eliminate the chance that underlying medical conditions are contributing to the weight problem , help you set a realistic wei ght-loss target, and advise on the level and type of exercise you should undertake. For most people , reducing daily calorie consumption by 300 to 500 calories achieves a safe weight loss of one or two pounds a week. Treatments such as ultra low -calorie diets , and stomach stapling are reserved for extreme cases of obesity.

LEFT Settinga safeand realistic weight-loss targetwill helpthe dietingprogram

334

THE BEST RESULTS ARE OBTAINED FROM SLOW, STEADY WE ICHT LOSS - A LONG -TERM VERY LOW-CALORIE SHOULD

DIET

NOT BE FOLLOWED

WITHOUT

MEDICAL

SUPERVISION

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT A DOCTO R OR D IETIC IAN CAN HELP TO DRAW UP A HEALTHY EATING PLAN, DEC IDE ON A WEICHT - LOSS COAL, AND ADVISE ON A LEVEL OF EXERCISE THAT SU IT S YOUR FITNESS LEVEL. SOME DOCTO RS WILL PRESCRIBE A PPETITE SUPRESSANTS , BUT THESE CAN ONLY BE TAKEN ON A SHORT -T ERM BASIS. IN SEVERE CASES OF OBESITY , DOCTORS MAY ADV ISE HOSP ITALIZATION

FOR

T REATMENT, SUCH AS JAWW IRIN C, O R A SUPERVISED D IET TO HELP YOU TO LOSE WEICHT

ABOVE Obesity can seriouslydamageyour health, puttingintolerablestrain on the heartand load-bearingjoints and muscles.

SYMPTOMS

• excessbodyf at • Jatigue • high bloodpressure • low self-esteem• depression THERAPIES ~

~-

ACUPRESSURE • Pressure on the

acupressure point in the middle of the groove running from the nose to the top lip is thought to suppress cravings for food . (See

pages 29-31.)

~

ACUPUNCTURE believe that acupuncture raises the

fl\\ • Practitioners

levels of endorphins in the nervous system and inhibits withdrawa l symptoms from addictive substances, such as nicotine . Some acupuncturists believe that the urge to overeat is also controlled by endorphin level s. Auricular acupuncture , in which the ear is electrically stimulated or a small staple or stud is inserted, is the usual form of treatment. Patients are told to press on the acupuncture point when they feel food cravings. (See pages 20-28.)

LEFTAccordingto acupuncturetlnory,

stimulationof a particularpoint in the ear can reducefood cravings

r:., PSYCHOTHERAPY ~ • Therapists can help to develop new patterns of behaviour by identifying , questioning, and changing negative or self-destructive thoughts . One approach to overeating is " reframing ." The therapist asks the patient to rename hunger pangs as the screams of the inner child seeking love and attention , which only you can give. {See

Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, pages 196-9 , and Transpersonal Therapies, pages 204-5.)

DISO

R D E R S O F T H E E N DO CR IN E S Y ST EM

DATAFILE • Thirty-five percent of American women and 31 percent of men aged 20 and older are considered obese , an increase from 30 and 25 percent in 1980 . • By building muscle you burn more calories at rest - one pound of muscle burns 75 calories a day compared with 2 calories burned by one pound of fat. • Women should eat about 1,500 calories per day to lose weight. Active women can consume up to 2 ,000 calories . The average man should consume about 2 ,500 calories , and 2 ,000 if he aims to lose weight. • A 1995 report from the Institute of Medic ine says that Americans spend more than $33 billion every year on weightreduction products . • Some experts recommend drinking three quarts of water a day , each quart drunk about 30 minutes before a meal, to reduce the appetite.

J

L __________________ LEFT Many peoplewho overea t also eat unhealthily, oftenindulgingin fattening "conifort"food. But a diet that is defi cient 111f resh, energy-giving food such asfruit and vegetablescan makeyou tired, moody,and more likely to cravechocolateand french f ries

Visualizingy ourself "sliin" can helpin the battleagainst weightgain.

BELOW

THERAPIES

'® HYPNOTHERAPY ~

• Hypnotherapy can be used to reinforce the belief that it is possible and desirable to lose weight. Therapists may discuss your attitudes to food and eating before hypnosis begins . They may then try to break the mental and emotional links between eating and reward , for example , while you are in a trance. (See pages

218-23.) ~

MEDITATION

~ • Many people find that stressful situations make them return to unhealthy eating habits - a bad day at work may be brightened up by eating a chocolate bar for example . Alternative practitioners recommend a variety of stressrelieving techniques, such as breathing and relaxation

techniques, to deal with this problem. (See pages 60-63 ;

Relaxation, pages 158-65 , and Breathing, pages 166- 71 .) E"

MASSAGE A full-body massage will help you to relax , boost your self-esteem, and enhance your physical and mental well-being . These are all key areas to focus on when trying to lose weight. Pampering yourself with treatments, such as massage , can also be seen as a rew ard for sticking to a healthy eating plan. (See pages 96-103.)

statements , such as " I can lose weight and be slim." Some therapists advise using images of the slim person you can become during visualization .

(See pages 214-17.)

J"]lj•

~

VISUALIZATION

~ • A pract itioner can teach yo u to use vis ualizat ion and selfcalming techn iques to change bad eating habits. During a visualization session, you can learn to repeat self-affirming

~YOGA • Practit ioners believe that yoga can help you to lose weight because it strengthens both mind and body. The meditative elements of yoga help you to relax and gain control over your mind , which can help you to control your body and its food cravings. Yoga is also a suitable ex erc ise system to follow if you are obese , since it is carefully graded. Do not practic e inverted poses if you have high blood pressure. (See pages

~

52-9.)

335

COMMON

AI L MEN

T S

Diabetes

D

iabetes refers to an endocrine disorder that causes excessive thirst and the production of large volumes of urine. Used alone, the term generally refers to diabetes mellitus rather than the much rarer diabetes insipidus . Having diabetes means that the body is unable to control the level of sugar (glucose ) in the blood as a result of the failure of the pancreas to produce the insulin required. Normally , insulin is released when the blood sugar level rises , its release being stopped or slowed down when it falls. If diabetes develops , however , there is a shortfall of insulin - or the insulin being produced by the pancreas is failing to work properly - with raised blood sugar levels as the result . If untreated , very high blood sugar levels may lead to coma and death . The exact cause of the condition is unknown , though some doctors believe that the disorder may be hereditary while others think that viral infections may be involved. There are two basic forms of the condition - insulindependent diabetes , also known as Type 1 diabetes , and non-insulin-dependent diabetes (Type 2 diabetes ). The former develops when there is a severe lack of insulin in the body because all , or most , of the cells that manufacture it have been destroyed. The latter arises when , though the cells can still produce some insulin , this is insufficient for the body's needs , or if the insulin that is being produced is not being utilized by the body as it should be. Both types are incurable , but both can be

medically controlled. Cestational diabetes is another form of diabetes mellitus that may arise when a woman is pregnant , but this resolves when the baby is born. Type 1 diabetes more commonly affects people under 40 , its peak incidence occurring during puberty. The condition develops fairly quickly , usually over a few weeks , and the symptoms are more often than not quite marked. They include frequent urination, and excessive thirst and tiredness . Treatment for Type 1 diabetes requires injecting replacement insulin on a daily basis to control the condition. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of the disease , usually affecting people over the age of 40. The overweight are at particular risk , as are people with a family history of the condition. Symptoms include thirst , a dry mouth , the passing of large amounts of urine , tiredness , itching of the genitals , weight loss , blurred vision , cuts and bruises that are slow to heal , and tingling or numbness in the hands or feet. Often , however , the condition is symptomless. Orthodox treatment for Type 2 diabetes can be through diet alone , or by a combination of insulin tablets and diet , though sometimes insulin injections may be necessary . What is important is rapid detection of the disease because it can have life-threatening consequences if left untreated . Diagnosis involves testing the urine for abnormal glucose levels and monitoring the blood regularly. You will be shown how to do this for yourself so that you can monitor your condition . The actual treat-

BELOW Most diabetics learn to monitortheir own insulin levels, and to recognize tin signalsfrom tlJeJ r body that anothertreatment is needed.

a LOT!n~-o

Pli1iGllQ

L..6_

CAUTION C O NT RO LLI NG D IA BETES EFFECTIV ELY IS V ITAL . O T HERW ISE, HARM FUL KETONES CAN MASS IN THE BLOOD AND SPIL L INTO TH E UR INE . IF THI S GO ES UN CHEC K ED , DIA BET IC C OMA AND D EAT H CAN RESULT. YOU SHO U LD A LWAYS CO N SU LT YO U R DO CT O R BEFO RE STA RT ING ANY C O/vlPL EME N TA RY T HERA PY AN D N EV ER STOP TA K ING ANY PRESCRI BED MEDICA T ION

Type 2 diabetescan often be controlled by dietalone, but ,·equires se/f-d,scipline. You really m ust cut out f ats, candy, and other sugary f ood

A BOVE

specific yoga exercises can concentrate energy on the main organs, so strengthening the digestive system

by increasing your sense of wellbeing, yoga makes it easier for you to be disciplined about your eating habits

The BackwardBend is one of they oga positionsrecommended for diabetics

RICHT

336

l)ISORDERS

ment is aimed at achieving

as near normal blood sugar

reviews , doctors

levels as possible. Together

with a healthy

advise y ou on how to adapt your usual meals to make

will help to improve

wellbeing

lifestyle , this

and le sse n th e chances

th e m more h ealthy. You will also re quire annual check-

of long -term damage to the eyes , kidneys , nerves , heart ,

ups to detect

and major arteries. For this reason , it is important

vess e ls.

regular

exercise

mended high-fiber

and get your weight

to tak e

to th e eyes , n e rv e s, and blood

e,

of alcohol

As part of your regular health

l:NDOCRINt

S Y S T[/\I

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT YO U W ILL BE TA U GHT HOW MONITOR

YOU R BLOOD

COMA.

THE RISK OF D IA BETIC I F YO U HAVE T YPE 1

D IABETES , YOU WILL SHOWN

S YMP TO M S

TO

SUGAR

LEVELS AND HOW TO CUT DOWN

less sugar , cut down on fat ,

watch your salt intake and keep th e amount you drink to a minimum.

damage

down to recom-

levels. You should eat more high-carbohydrat foods , consume

will ref e r y ou to a di e tician , who can

O F THE

HOW

MUCH

TO INJE CT AND HOW

BF

INSULIN TO DO

IT SA FELY. T YPE 2 D IABETES

• excessive thirst • excessive urination • weight loss • tiredness • hunger • bad breath

MAY BE CONT ROLLED BY A COMBINA T ION O F INS U LIN TA BLETS AND D IET, THOUG H SOM ET IMES INJEC TI ONS A RE REQ UIR ED A L L D IABET ICS

THERAPIES

REQUIRE ANNUAL

CHECK-UPS

TO DETE C T DAMA CE TO THE

1111AROMATHERAPY l!JIII• Back massage with

~YOGA

~ • Yoga may make

EYES, NE RV ES, AND BLOOD VESSELS

a

Maintaining a lnallhy lifestylels vital lo the contwl of diabetes Regularexercisels 1ndlspensable and will also helpco111ba1 any weightproblems BELOW

mixture of camphor, eucalyptus, geranium, juniper , lemon and rosemary oils is said to help balance pancreatic secretions, though there is no hard medical evidence to support this . (See

controlling the diet easier and improve pancreatic function. As well as reducing stress, which, in itself, can help to destabilize blood glucose levels, it is also a relaxing form of exercise. Some Hatha yoga exercises are believed to help to balance the body's natural processes . (See pages 52-9.)

pages l 04-105 .) ~ RELAXATIO N

~&

~ BIOFEEDBACK • A practitioner can teach you how to become more aware of and so reduce stress. Guided imagery also helps you to relax by thinking of peaceful mental images and, according to practitioners, can also help diabetics by giving them positive images of controlling the disease. (See pages

BREATH I NG

• Any form of therapy that helps you to relax may help you to control the condition and come to terms w ith the disease. (See pages 158-65

and pages 166-71.)

212-3.)

DATAFILE • Diabetes affects 15.7 million people in the U.S. , of which some 5 .4 million are not aware that they hove the disease . • If you suffer from undiagnosed , uncontrolled diabetes , you ore at greater risk of blindness, kidney disease, nerve damage, heart disease , and stroke. • Diabetes is one of the most expensive health problems in the U.S., with costs running at $82 billion annually . • Approximately aged over 55.

half of all cases

of diabetes

occur in people

• One tribe of Native Americans , the Pimas of Arizona , have the highest rate of diabetes in the world. • It is important to eat regular meals so that the blood glucose level does not swing from one extreme to another. • There is no need to buy special diabetic foods. They ore expensive and will not help the diabetes. • If you ore diabetic , you should a lways carry some fo rm of diabetes identification .

L __________________

J 33 7

CO M \IO N

A I I_ M E N TS

IMMUNE SYSTEM Allergies

A

-

SYMPTOMS

n allergy is when the immune

system reacts to a

specific substance as if it were harmful. According to the National In stitute for Allergy and Infectious D isease, allergies are a major cause of disability in the

• Sneezing• itchy nose • itchy throat• nasal congestion • coughing• itchy, watery, reddenedeyes • wheezingand shortnessof breath• itchy mouth and throat • skin rash • nausea,vomiting,or diarrhea• hives.

COSMETICS

U.S. : up to 50 million Americans, including two million children , suffer from some form of allergic complaint. It is possible to be allergic to almost anything, which \ ,\, ......

is why sometimes it can be difficult to pinpoint the actual cause. Whatever it may be , if you suffer from an allergy, you are the victim of a battle in the body. This

4

. ;:_ _

~-

is sparked off by an invading substance , medically termed an allergen , which is harmless in itself , but which

DAIRY

PRODUCTS

your immune system mistakenly id entifies as being pot e ntially harmful. In response , the system releases antibodies to attack the antigen . The consequent conflict triggers the release of histamin e and other chemica ls from the surrounding cells and it is these that cause the allergic reac tion that makes you ill. The reactions among sufferers include allergic rhinitis (hay fever ), allergic conjunctivitis , asthma , ecze ma , dermatitis , and urticaria (hives or nettle rash ). Their type and severity vary from person to person . Characteristic

ANIMAL

HAI R

symptoms of allergic rhinitis , triggered by airborne allergens , include sneezing , an itchy nose and throat , nasal congestion, and coughing . If these are joined by itchy , watery and red eyes, you are also suffering from allergic co njunctivitis. If both sets of symptoms occur together with wheezing and shortn ess of breath , the allergy may have progressed to become asthma . Some people with food allergies only ex hibit what is medicall y termed oral allergy syndrome , the symptoms of which are an itchy nose and throat. Others develop a rash , accompanied by nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea , as the body tries to flush out the irritant. Sensitization occurs when the first encounter with an allergen causes a mild react ion but sensitiz es the body so that the second contact can cause anaphylactic shock , which can be fatal. People known to be sensitized (e .g. , to nuts ) should carry an adrenaline syringe or an inhaler at all times . In treatment , the priority is to determin e the allergy 's cause. Skin tests for the most common e nvironmental and food a ll ergens is AHOV E TJ you arc pronetof oorl allergies, you!' bestcou1·scis to avoid normally the first thing a t/Jcsuspecting,,edient s. Always l'Cildt/Je labelbeforebuying prepackaged f oods

338

doctor will suggest. may be supported

This by

Sneezing, weepingeyes, and a runny 11ose al'ealltoo-fan11lial'symptoms of allergies, which may be triggered hy cosmetics,certa111 foods, animal /Jair and, most commonly, /1ouse-dust mite.

ABOVE

blood tests , if required. If a food allergy is suspect ed , your doctor may ask you to try elimination dieting , cutting suspected foods out of yo ur diet one at a time

HOUSE-DUST

MITES

Th e above culpritsca11cause an allergicreactio11111some /Jeople

ABOVE

and observing the effect. Once the cause has be e n id entified , antihistamines, cortison e sprays and creams , nos e drops , or bronchodilators may be prescribed. It is important to do everything you can to reduce or eliminate exposure to the cu lprit allergens as much as possible . Eating se nsibl y, rela x in g and taking car e of

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT A DOC T O R MAY RECOMMEND COU RSE OF DESENSIT IZ ING

yourself will help you to deal with and minimize an allergic response. If a food trigger is suspected , check food lab e ls carefully and eat fresh , unprocessed foodstuffs whenever possible: if you suffer from eczema attacks , take ex tra care when using detergents , hous e hold cleaners , or chemicals. Vacuum daily to prev e nt a build-up of animal hairs and get rid of dust mites .

IN IECTIONS , O R PRESCRIBE A TI ALLERCY DRU GS TO FORESTALL OR HLOCK TH [ SYM PTOMS. THE SE INCL UD E ANTI H ISTAMIN ES AND HRONC HODIL ATORS FO R AST HMAT ICS .

A

I) I S O R I) E R S O r

T H ERA

:S

PIE

T H E

I 1\1 M LI N E S Y S T [ I\ I

S

BIOFEEDBACK

• Practitioners can train you to recognize and anticipate the body 's response to an allergen. (See pages

212-13.)

'®'

HYPNOTHERAPY • The technique , it is claimed, has been used successfully to reduce stress and desensitize allergy victims, so alleviating the conditions from which they suffer. (See

~

pages 218-23.) ~

KINESIOLOGY

~ • Practitioners believe that measuring the muscular response to suspected allergy triggers enables them to pinpoint the allergen involved.

(See pages 126-33.) ~

H YDROTHERAPY the eyes and face in cold water may help to relieve symptoms, while a sitz bath may help to ease inflammation. (See pages

D • Bathing

A BOVE Bathing tired, red ey es with cold waterhelps sootheaway t/1eirritation

1111AROMATHERAPY 1.!111 • Massaging lavender

in a light carrier oil into the chest may help to reduce the severity of some allergy attacks . So, too, may massaging the sinus area under the eyes. (See

LEFT There111ay not be muchyo u can do about the pollution i,1your city, but you can helpyour allergiesby keefli11g yo ur house- and particularly your hedrno111 -free of dust

A BOVE AND

pages I 04-5 .)

l\'-, POLARITY

THERAPY By rebalancing or restoring the energy flows around the body, practitioners believe the therapy can treat many disorders successfully, including allergies. Bodywork , exercise, diet, and counseling are all involved. (See pages

(((4 •

172-9.) ~

ACUPUNC TURE believe that allergic rhinitis is the result of a deficiency of Kidney , Spleen and Lung qi , combined with the retention of Wind Evil in the nose. (See pages

fl\\ • Practitioners

try and keep

64-5 .) change your

20-28.)

vacuum cleaner

~

~

ACUPRESSURE ~• Applying pressure on the acupoint in the center of the webb ing of the hand , between thumb and index finger, for two minutes, and then repeating the process with the other hand may diminish the effects of an attack . (See

VISUALIZATION L..~• By making a visual picture of the problem and resolving it, you may be able to deal with the situation in real life . (See pages 210-11.)

pages 29-31.)

bag regularly

DATAFILE • Allergies are often inherited. If one parent has an allergy, the chances of a child suffering from allergies is one in four . • Allergies frequently occur in clusters . If you are allergic to one substance , the likelihood is that you will be allergic to others. • Though you can be densensitized to some allergies, food all ergi es ar e life-long. • Pollen counts are usually higher in the morning and when the w eather is w arm , dry , and breez y. They are at the ir lowest w hen it is chilly and wet . • Peanuts are one of the most serious food allergens ,and are often fatal because of sensitization . Other foods that are common allergy triggers include cow 's milk , soy, egg whites , wheat , and shellfish .

CAUTION SEVERE SYMPTOMS

OR

REACT IONS T O A N Y ALLERGEN REQ UIR E IMMED IATE M EDI CA L. ATTE N TI ON. ALW AYS CON SULT A PHARMA C IST WH EN BU Y IN G HAY FEVER TREAT lv! ENT CERTAIN PRO DUC TS CA N CALIS E SERIO US REAC T IO N S Ir

Hypnotherapy has had considerablesuccess in thetreatmentof allergiesbecauseit can stop the suff ererexpectingto have an allergicreactionto a known or perceivedttigger

ABOVE

• The three types of allergy test commonly used in orthodox medicine are the skin-prick test, the patch test, and a blood test called the Radio Allergo Sorbent Test (RAST). The RAST test is the most reliable for detecting food allergies.

TA K EN W IT H G RAPEFRUI T ILII CE O R O T HE R MED ICAT ION S

L--------~---------J 3 39

CO M .\ I O N

A I L 1\1 I:

TS

meningitis

HIV and AIDS

A

cquired

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

Immune Deficiency

Syndrome

TWO

(AIDS ) is

thought to be caused by the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) , which destroys the body 's

PATIEN T IS H IV - POSIT IVE TH E SYMPTOMS

tumors , such as sarcoma and lymphoma , are also characteristic of the disease. In the later stages, th e AIDS

YEA RS AFTER THE V IRUS H AS BEEN T RANSM IT T ED T REATM ENT FOCUSES ON MAI NTA IN \ G A GOO D STAT E I

O F H EALTH, AV O ID ING

; I 1J

INFECT IO N S, AND C OMB IN ED D RU G TH ERAPY TO SLOW TH E PROG RESS OF THE D ISEASE DRU GS, SU C H A S ANT IBAC TERI ALS, AN TIVIR ALS, AN D ANTIB IOT ICS, WIL L BE PRESCRI BED TO T REAT

virus passed to an unborn child

virus attacks the central nervous system , causing mental and neurological problems . 1tis estimat e d that up to two million people in the U.S. alone are infected with HIV , and infection is particularly Africa and parts of Asia .

prevalent

OF AI D S ITSE LF MA Y

N OT A PPEAR FOR LIi' T O I 1

infection-fighting T-cells. As the immune system weakens , "opportunistic " organisms , such as bacteria , viruses , and fungal infections , invade the body and cause diseases. Pneumonia, herpes, gastroenteritis, and meningitis are four of the more common diseases associated with the later stages of HIV and AIDS. Cancerous

BLOOD TE STS A RE

REQ UI RED T O CON FIRM TH AT A

IN FECT IONS WHEN THEY TAKE HOL D . RAD IAT ION T HE RA PY AND SURGERY IS SO~ IETIMES U SED TO T REAT A IDS - RELAT ED CANCER.

in sub -Saharan

HIV is spread through body fluids , such as sem e n , breast milk, and blood . Th e virus is commonly transmitted during sexual intercourse without the prot ection of a condom , by sharing nee dles wh e n injectin g dru g s, or during a blood transfusion if the blood has not been screened for contamination. Mothers can pass the virus to a baby durin g pregnancy and d e livery. It is not p o ssibl e to catch AIDS by donating bl oo d or from casual physical contact , such as holding hands. You should never share personal items that have blood on them , such as razors , and ensur e that dentists and acupuncturists follow thorough st e rilization procedures . Carry a st erile needle pack when travelin g to developing countries in cas e you need to have an injection . If you think that you hav e been exposed to the virus , ask your doctor or a clinic for an AIDS-screening

The HIV vims weakens the hu11, m1 , making it moresusceptible i11 11 1u1ne syste111 to infectio11and disease.

ABOVE AND LEFT

test. THERAPIES

~ ACUPUNCTURE

fl\\ • Stimulating

various acupoints is thought to increase the functioning of the immune system and encourage the body 's natural healing mechanisms. (See pages

20-28.) ~ ACUPRESSURE ~• Chronic diarrhea and

gastric inflammation , leading to malnutrition, is one of the most common effects of HIV. Acupressure practitioners belie ve that pressure on points along the Stomach and Spleen meridians can treat both these conditions. Pressure on the acupoint located near the spine next to the

340

shoulder blades , and on the acupoint in the center of the breast bone, are believed to strengthen resistance to infections. (See pages 29-31.) ,.

AROMATHERAPY

lm • A

lymphatic massage with antiviral oils , such as tea tree , eucalyptus, or thyme , may help to stimulate the immune system. Uplifting oi ls, such as bergamot, lavender, and ylang ylang , may help with the psychological effects of HIV and AIDS. (See pages I 04-5.)

'I] BREATHING

r.,

~ TECHNIQUES

~

• Constant shallow breathing has been linked to a decline in the condition of patients . Deep breathing will aid relaxation , increase oxygen intake , and improve circulation. (See pages

166-71 and Relaxation Techniques, pages 158-65.)

PSYCHOTHERAPY AND COUNSELING

• Some studies indicate that AIDS patients may be able to increase low T-cell counts by discussing and finding ways to cope with unresolved emotional issues. Crying and openly expressing emotions is also believed to strengthen the immune system. Creating positive attitudes and focusing on life goals can also be highly beneficial to AIDS patients. (Se

pages 188- 91.)

LEFT Ylang y lang, a very positive oil, can helpco11 ,bat depression and negativity.

BELOW Talking througl1 problems and 11 wi11taining positivity is essential to AIDS patients

THE

You may be advised to wait up to three months before taking the test , which is the time needed for antibodies to the HIV virus to develop in the blood , and counseling is recommended because of the implications of having HIV A second type of blood test will show whether or not you are HIV-positive. The first symptoms of AIDS may not appear until between seven and 11 years after this. These include fatigue , weight loss , chronic diarrhea , fever , swollen lymph nodes , Kaposi 's sarcoma (malignant skin tumors ), and night sw eats . Some HIV-positive peopl e never develop full-blown AIDS at all: researchers believe this might be connected to the strength of their immune system. There is no cure for AIDS , but experts beli eve it is a manageable condition . Treatm e nt includes medication , such as antibiotics , anti v irals , and antifun g als, to deal with infections. Doctors also ad v ise boostin g the body 's immune system by eatin g a healthy diet , ge ttin g plenty of rest , lowering str ess levels , and taking vitamin supplements . New combination drug therapy , using drugs such as AZT , DOI , DO C , D4T , and 3TC , ha ve b ee n very successful in delayin g the onset and slowin g down the pro gress of the disease , though there are side-effects .

ILLU

ST R A TED

E NC:YC:LO

PEl )IA

0 1·

I-IEALl

,'-IC

R E ,\I El) ll : S

DATAFILE • Though not l 00 percent effective , using condoms reduces the risk of HIV infection. A spermicidal gel will reduce the risk further. A l30 V E Neverinject yourself-or allowyo urself to be i11jected - wit/;a needle that is 110t sterile. Doctors a11d dmtists keep needlesin indi1Jidu11l sealedpackets a11ddiscardthemoftnoneuse

• The majority of children with HIV were infected by their mothers - around one in 12 children born to HIV-infected mothers will pass the virus on to their children. It is possible, however, to eliminate the transmission that takes place during childbirth. • Between 26 and 46 percent of people diagnosed as HIVpositive go on to develop AIDS within seven years of infection. • It takes between three and six months after infection for HIV antibodies to appear in the blood. Until they appear , an HIV test will give a negative result. • Zinc is thought to be an antiviral agent and may stimulate the immune system. • There have been around 300,000

AIDS-related deaths in the

. since 1981. L U.S __________________

J

BELOW A bloodtest can deter111 i11ewhether you areH[V-positiJJe . This 111ay bea,1 a11xio us time,as it can take several111011/hs f or a diag11o sis to be made

SYMPTOMS

• early stagesof HIV flu-like symptoms• laterstagesof HIV fatigue, loss of appetite,chronicdiarrhea,weightloss, persistentdry cough, fever, night sweats, swollenlymph nodes • conditionsassociated with AIDS, skin infections,fungal infections, tuberculo sis, pneumonia, cance1~ and neurological problems

THERAPIES ~ HYDROTHERAPY it.ii • Therapists believe that a healthy immune system requires the removal of toxins from the body . They recommend drinking plenty of pure water to flush out toxins , which also keeps the body hydrated, and taking regular hot baths and saunas.

(See pages

172-9.)

E'

MASSAGE

J".11i• Massage

~ MEDITATION

~

is thought to benefit AIDS patients in many ways. This type of touch therapy boosts self-esteem, reduces stress, and improves circulation and movement. It is also thought to encourage removal of toxins through the lymph system. {See

• Reducing stress levels may help to slow down the progress of AIDS. Many relaxation techniques , including visualization and meditation, can be used to slow down the heartrate and relax the patient 's mind and body. (See pages

pages 96-1 03.)

60-63 and Visualization , pages 214-17.)

'Jlll QI GONG

~ • Practitioners believe that the immune system can be boosted by ensuring the free flow of qi through the body. This can be achieved by practicing therapies such as qigong and t'ai chi ch ' uan. (See pages 44-5

and pages 46-51.)

P"....I OTHER

THERAPIES ~, •Other therapies practitioners believe may help alleviate the condition include : art therapy (see pages 238 - 41); reflexology (see pages 66- 71 }; hypnotherapy (see pages 218-23); autogenic training {see pages 210-11 ); and therapeuti c touch (see pages 90-91 ).

~SHIATSU Therapy to the mid-back will help a patient to relax

Y •

physically and mentally. Practitioners believe it will restore energy to the internal organs, especially the digestive system. {See pages 32-7 and

Do-in, pages 38-41 .)

LEFT S/Jialsu massageis said to boost the body's self-'1ealing abilities It also bas an important psy c/Jologicalaspect, as it invofoes in tbe bealingprncess. tbe i11di1Jidual

341

CO 1\ \ 1\I ON

A I L 1\1ENT

S

t,lUSCULOSKELE .TAL SYST'EJ\ -'1 Acute Fri ctional Tenosynovitis (AFT)

At first , the pain of an RSI disappears

when the sufferer

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

stops the activity. As the damage progresses , the pain and weakness become chronic.

c ut e friction a I t e nosynovi tis ( AFT ), more commonly known as repetitive strain injury (RSI ) or cumulativ e trauma disorder (CTD ), is ca used by th e

A

Rapid treatment is the key to treating RSI , so consult a physician as soon as you notice any symptoms . As with many musculoskeletal injuries , the first form of treat -

inflammation of the synovial sheaths of tendons , which occurs when the sam e movement is repeated over and over again. RS!s tend to occur in the neck , shoulders ,

ment is RICE - rest , ic e to reduce inflammation, compression by bandaging , and elevation . Antiinflammatory painkillers and a wrist splint can also help

upp er back , wrist and elbow , although the lower limbs may also be affect e d . Most injuries aff ec t p eo pl e who

to relieve symptoms. Once the symptoms

work on ass embly lines , us e comput er keyboards , or play musical instruments. Poor posture , such as sitting hunch ed over a computer ke yboa rd , is thought to

is to minimize the chances of the injury recurring. If you use a keyboard , adjust the chair to th e correct height and mak e sure it provides good support for the back.

co ntribut e to the occurrence of RSI. Ex treme or forceful mo ve ment s can cause th e injur y to occur more quickly.

Use a wrist rest to keep your hands at the optimal angle as you type. Take a break from typing every 20 minutes

The main symptoms of the condition are localized fatigue , swelling , numbness , and aching , most commonly in the forearm, wrist , and hand. Often the pain spreads

to massag e and mobilize your wrists , hands , and arms. If you need further help , consult a specialist in physical therapy , who can help you to analyze and improve yo ur

to other areas of the body , such as the neck and back .

posture and work habits .

YOU R DOCTO R CAN ALLEVIATE SYM PTOMS

BY PRESCRI BIN C

PAINK I LLERS AND ANTIIN f-LAMMA TOR IES . HE W ILL A LSO ADVIS E REST, AP PLYI NG ICE T O THE AREA TO RED U CE IN FLAMMATION

, AND WEAR ING

A BANDAGE OR SPLINT TO IMMOBILIZE

THE INJURY

IF

T HE CAUSE Or T HE CO ND IT IO N IS LISE O F A K EYBOA RD, YO U MAY BE ADVISED

are under control , the next step

BELOW

SYMPTOMS

TO WEAR A WRIS T

SPLI NT AT WOR K. YOU SHOU LD A LSO HAVE YOUR WO RK STATI ON ASSESSED BY AN EXPERT TO CHECK

THAT

TH E CHAIR , DESK , AND KEYBOA RD ARE SET AT THE CORR ECT ANGLES TO M INIMI ZF. STRA IN, AND TAKE FREQUENT REST S ( FIVE MINUTES

EVERY

I-IALr- 1-lOUR IS PREF[RABLE )

Altboug/J1111111y orthodox doctors still drny tl111t

RSI exists, anyone wbo regularly repentsibc sn111c 111 ove111e1 1t or sits or standsf or n long li111 e 111the sameposition is likely tof eelstrnln. [11sevm cases,11hando11111g the nctlv1ty nltogethermay bethe only opIIon, hut good posturern11go 11 long way towardsmi11i111izi11g t!Jeeffectsof RS!.

• pain, stiffness,swelling,and weaknessin the neck, shoulders, upperback, wrist, orforearm • nervetingling in palm and fingers DATAFILE • Damage to wrists and hands is one of the fastest-growing most widespread occupational hazards in the U.S.

and

• The average insurance claim for RSI is $29,000, about 50 percent more than any other work-related injury or illness. • Many large companies employ ergonomic experts to design and plan optimal work stations, from height of desks to angle of computer screens, to reduce conditions such as RSI.

sit up straight, with your head, neck, and spine aligned ,

do not hunch your shoulder or poke your head forward. (I, \

1

In addition to being uncomfortable, this may cause breathing problems

• Some experts believe that the majority of RSI cases are caused by poor posture, not work station design. • Voice recognition software can be used to minimize the amount of time you spend at the keyboard. • Changing your working position during the day will avoid overstraining the joints and muscles .

CAUTION CONSULT

YO UR DOCTOR

IF

YOU FEEL PERSIST ENT N U MBNESS AND TINCLING YOUR HAND

IN

AND FINGERS ,

WH ICH WORS EN S AT NICI-IT.

342

make sure your chair gives good support to your back

nmn11n11m1111 11

DI SO RDERS

OF

THE

M U SC UL OS KEL

E TAI . S Y STE ,\I

THERAPIES ~

FELDENKRAIS

~

METHOD

ACUPUNCTURE believe that needle treatment , both localized and away from the site of the injury, may help to reduce pain, relieve muscular tension and spasm , and ease certain types of nerve pain. (See pages

fl\\ • Practitioners

~ • Practitioners of postural and body alignment therapies, such as the Feldenkrais method and Alexander technique, can help sufferers of RSI to correct their posture and reduce strain on the hands and arms, thus reducing the likelihood of the symptoms recurring. (See pages

20-28.)

142-5 and pages 146-53.)

~

Acupuncture treatment is mainly holistic, promotinggeneral wellbeing It can also be used locally to reduceswellingand relieve pain ABOVE

E"MASSAGE Therapists advise taking regular breaks from repetitive tasks to manipulate and massage the wrist. This helps to prevent repetitive strain injury by increasing bloodflow to the area and relaxing the muscles. Back massage can also be useful for relieving tension , which may exacerbate poor posture . (See

J" .1i •

pages 96-103.) ~

MEDITATION

~ • Meditation can help to reduce stress levels, which is thought to be a contributory factor in repetitive strain injuries. This therapy is also useful for relieving pain. (See pages

m

OSTEOPATHY

~ • Manipulative therapies , such as osteopathy and chiropractic , help to mobilize the upper back , neck , hands , and arms. Treatment can increase blood circulation in the affected area and free up the nerves that run from the back and down into the arms . Therapists can also look at correcting postural problems , which may be contributing to the condition . (See pages 106-13 1

and pages 118-25.)

60-63 .) ~YOGA • Practitioners believe that yoga can help RSI sufferers to reduce muscle tension throughout the body , learn to become more relaxed , and help them to stretch and mobilize their bodies . Most RSI sufferer s

~

find that they feel less pain as their bodies become more flexible. (See pages 52 - 9.)

ACUPRESSURE ~• Pressure on the acupoint two inches above the wrist crease on the outer forearm , between the bones of the arm, is thought to relieve tennis elbow (tendinitis) and wrist pain. Massaging the acupoint in the webbing between the thumb and index finger may also reduce wrist inflammation and pain. (See pages 29-31 .)

r.,

PSYCHOTHERAPY

r--::JRELAXATION

AND ~ BREATHING • Pracitioners will teach you techniques that will help you to relax mentally and physically and to breathe more evenly and deeply. This helps to lower stress levels, which are believed to be a contributory cause of the condition . (See pages 158-65

and pages 166-71.)

AND

~ COUNSELING •Pain clinics use cognitive behavioral therap y to teach RSI sufferers how to cope with their pain and also how to avoid the cycle of injury through overuse and recovery through underuse. Therapists can help patients to understand their pain better and develop coping strategies to deal with it. (See pages 196-9.)

ABOVE A hand and wrist 111 assage can helppreventRSI in thosew/Jodo a lot of typing or similar repetitive activity with the hands You can do this to yourself, stretchingyo ur f ingersand rubbingyour wristswhile taking a breakfrom work.

~~

OTHER THERAPIES ~, •Other therapies practitioners recommend to alleviate this condition include : shaolin (see pages 42-3) ; Bowen technique (see pages 76-7) ; craniosacral therapy (see pages 116- 17); kinesiology (see pages 126-33) ; Alexander technique (see pages 146-53); and sound therapy (see pages

236- 7). and BELOW T/Jeacronym and RI CE - rest, ice,co111pression, of elevation- is a useful re111inder treatment for muscular injuries.Ifyo u hurt your kneeplaying sport, for example, apply an icepack and a Jinn bandageand restwith your f eetup. A l30VE

LEFTRegularyoga prnctlce111 akes the entirebody, and especiallytin joints, moref lexible. This can both relievesy mptoms of RS I and makeit lesslikely to occur.

34 3

C: 0

1\t

,\ION

A I L 1\1 EN T S

Back Problems

counter

pain relievers. Anti-inflammatory

medications

and muscle relaxants may be prescribed , or a short-term

CAUTION MAN IPU LATIO N OF THE SPINE MAY AGG RAVATE A D ISC

B

ack probl e ms are seco nd only to headaches

as the

most frequent cause of physical pain , four out of five

adults experiencing

a bout of back pain at some time or

course of corticosteroid physical therapist,

lost working

Working

can occur for no apparent

reason and at any point on

the spine , thou g h they are most common back , whic h bears the majority Most sources

in the lower

exercise

program

to follow.

pains the y cause , popularly

your posture , strengthen

the muscles

the back , and improve long-term

flexibility.

the character-

istic soreness

and stiffness later. Muscle

to immobilize

you and lessen the risk of further damage.

The

second

most common

osteoart hriti s, a degenerative occurs

TH E CONSEQUEN CE OF A FA LL O R BLOW T O THE BAC K , IF THERE IS WEAKNESS O R LEGS, OR IF TH E PAIN IS ASSOC IATED WITH BLADDER O R BOWEL PROBLEMS

• pain in the lowerback that can rangefrom mild to extremely severe• musclespasms• stiffnessand rigidity

LEFT The mostfreque11t cause of back pain is 11111 scle spasm or strain, w/Jich may occur anywherei11tin back /nil is usuallyf elt toward the baseof thespine

cause of back pain is disorder of the joints that of the spine 's

carti lage and is a natural

CONTAC T A D OCTOR

spasm occurs

as a result of the deterioration

protective

HE LPFUL WITH AN ORTHODOX

N U MBNESS IN ONE O R BOTH

SYMPTOMS

referred to as lumba go, can

CHECK TH AT SPIN AL MAN IPU LAT ION IS SAFE ,,-NI)

IMMED IATELY IF HACK PA IN IS

objects , pregnancy , and muscle tension. The aches and occur immediately , or you may develop

YOU HAV E OSTE OPO ROS IS.

problems recurring. You will b e taught exercises that will

and

spas ms , usually caused by poor posture , lifting heavy

COM PRESSION FRACTURES IF

PHY SICIAN FIRST YOU SH OULD

supporting

of back pain are muscl e strains

to a

out regularly is the surest defense against back

help to correct

of your weight.

PROBLEM , OR CO ULD CAUSE

who, as well as treating the back , will

advise you of a suitable

The pains

suggested.

Once you have recovered , you may be referred

other during their lives. Back problems account for more hours than any other ailment.

injections

consequence

of

aging. Other causes of backache include sciatica (caused by pressure

on the sciat ic nerv e as it leav es the spinal

column ); osteoporosis amount

(whereby

of calcium weakens

prolapsed

in the

(slipped ) disc. Congenita l or acquired

abnormalities

that result in conditions

(an excessive outward

inward

os teoarthritis

spinal

backache.

deviation

of

Less common

stenosis , a complication

, ankylosing

of

spo ndylitis , an uncommon

though

serious , form of arthritis

young

men , and , rarely , infections

A HOVE Symptoms can often !JC relievedby applying heat or cold lo theaffectedarea

(a n excessive

curve ), and sco lio sis (a sideways include

spinal

such as lordosis

curve) , kyphosis

the spine ) may also cause causes

a decrease

the bone structure ); and a

that usually and

,

affects tumors .

lower back

Sometimes , too , the brain can mistake pain signals from other parts of the body as coming from the back , which is medically

termed referred back pain . It ca n be a sign

of problems

in the kidneys , uterus , or prostate

or an indication

g land ,

of cancer somewhe re else in the body.

Most back problems respond well to home treatment , usually clearing up within a fortnight bottle

or so. A hot-water

placed on the painful area can bring temporary

relief , as can crush e d ice cubes , wrapped

resulting pain in other parts of the body

in a towel , or

a pack of frozen peas , but applied for no more than 20 minutes

at a time. Aft e r a few days , the app lication of

alternating

hot and cold compresses

tive. If backache

can be very effec-

persists for lon ger , your doctor

suggest X-rays and other tests to pinpoint the problem

and additional

specialist

it . Initially , he may advise bedrest most - but no more , because actually

344

hinder recovery

may

th e source of

therapy

to treat

for a day or two at

prolonged

bedrest

can

- and the taking of over-the-

A~OV E An ice pack slJ011idhe 11 scd for 110 more than 20 111 i1111tes a d