The Coinage of the Bosporan Kingdom: From the First Century BC to the Middle of the First Century AD 9781841713229, 9781407324999

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The Coinage of the Bosporan Kingdom From the First Century BC to the Middle of the First Century AD

Nina Frolova Stanley Ireland

BAR International Series 1102 2002

Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 1102

The Coinage of the Bosporan Kingdom © The authors individually and the Publisher 2002 The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781841713229 paperback ISBN 9781407324999 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841713229 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by John and Erica Hedges in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 2002. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.

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P reface I n t wo e a r l ie r p ub l ica t ion s ( Co inag e o ft h e K ingd om o fB o sporu s , AD 2 42 -341/ 2 , O xf o rd BAR 1 983 , a nd C o inag e o ft h eK ingdom o fB o sporu s , AD 6 9 -238 , O xf o rd BAR 1 979 ) N ina F ro lova a na ly sed t h e p r oduc t s t h a t c ha ra c t e r i sed t h e r e g ion i n t h e t h ree h und r ed y ea r s b e tween t h e r e f o rm s i n t roduced u nde r N e ro i n t h e 6 0 s AD a nd t h e f i na l d em i se o f a u tonomou s B o spo ran c o inage i nt h e m id -f our th c en tu ry . T h e p r e sen t v o lume t a ke s t h a t h i s to r ica l p roce s s o ne s t age b a ck i n t ime b y d e ta i l ing t h e i s sue s p roduced b e tween t h e i n co rpo ra t ion o ft h eB o sporu si n to t h ek i ngdom o fM i th rada t e s V Io fP on tu s a nd t h eN e ron ian r e f o rm s . U n l ike t h e e a r l ie rv o lume s , o nt h e o t he rh and , t h e p r e sen t o ne s e ek s n o t s om uch t o a na ly se t h em a t e r ia la st op r e sen ti tf o rf u r the rs t udy t o aw ide ra ud ience t h an h a sh i the r to h ad a cce s s t oi t . B y p rov id ing ad e ta i led c a ta logue o ft h e m a t e r ia l h e ld i nt h e S ta t e H i s to r ica l Mu seum i n Mo scow a nd t h e H e rm i tage Mu seum i nS t . P e te r sbu rg , t o ge the r w i th s ub s id ia ry c o l lec t ion se l sewhe re w i th in R u s s ia a nd as e lec t ion o fs pec imen s f r om w e s te rn mu seum s , i ti s h oped t h a tt h i sw i l le nab le s cho la r st h roughou tt h en um isma t ic w o r ld t or e new t h e i ri n te r e s ti n ar e g ion w h ich f o rs ol o ng h a ss uf e red f r om t h e i s o la t ion i mpo sed b yp o l i t ic s . T he r u p tu r ei n c on ta c t s o ve r an umbe r o fd ecade s n o t o n ly s ub s tan t ia l ly r o bbed t h e w e s t o fd i r ec t a cc e s s t o p r ima ry i n f o rma t ion , l e ad ing a tt ime st o ac onf la t ion o fd i s t inc tc o in i s sue s , o rc onc lu s ion s a s t or a r i ty a nd a u then t ic i ty t h a t i nt h e l i gh t o fp r e sen t e v idence m ay s e em m i sp laced , b u t a l so i s o la ted m any w i th in R u s s ia f r om t h o se d eve lopmen t s i nn um i sma t ic s c ho la r sh ip t h a t w e re t a k ing p l a ce e l sewhe r e . T h i s l a t t e r f a c to r h a s o f t en s hown i t s e lf t h rough a r e l iance u pon s ou rce s o f i n f o rma t ion a nd a na ly s i s d a t ing f r om t h e 1 9t h a nd e a r ly 2 0t h c en tu r ie s l a rge ly u nob ta inab le i nt h e w e s tb ecau se o fa ge , i mpene t rab le t om any i nt e rm so fl a nguage , a nd n ow o fq ue s t ionab le v a lue i nt h e c onc lu s ion s t h ey r e a ched . N o tw i th s t and ing t h i s i tw a s m y f i rm b e l ief t h a tt h ei n f o rma t ion p r e sen ted i nt h e p r e sen t v o lume w ou ld b e o fs i gn if i can t b enef i tt o s c ho la r st h a t l e d m et ou nde r take t h et a sk o fp u t t ing i ti n to af o rm a c cep tab le f o rp ub l ica t ion . Ih ave a t t emp ted o n o cca s ion t op o in t o u t w he r e p rob lem s m ay c on t inue t oa r i se o r w he re f u r th e r e xpan s ion o f e v idence i sa va i lab le , a nd t o a dd r e f e rence s t o s ome o f t h e m o re i mpo r tan t r e cen t p ub l ica t ion s r e levan t t ot h e a r ea . T he v o lume 's m a in p u rpo se , h oweve r , c on t inue s t ob e t h e p r e sen ta t ion o f ac o rpu s o fm a te r ia l d e s igned t oa l low a mo re d e ta i led s t udy o fd eve lopmen t s w i th in B o spo r an c o inage . Ap a r to ft h i s i n ev i tab ly i n vo lve s t h e v e ry r u le r s i nw ho se n ame b u l l ion c o in s w e r e i s sued , b u tw ho se p e r iod o fc on t ro l a nd r e la t ion sh ip t oo ne a no the rh ave l o ng b een am a t t e ro fc on ten t ion . I na dd i t ion , t h e re i st h e q ue s t ion o ft h e s t a tu s a nd m ean ing o ft h e m onog ram s f o und o n s om any c o in s o fa l m e ta l s , t h e s i gn if i cance o ft h et y po logy a dop ted , a nd t h e o ppor tun i ty f o rg a in ing s ome i d ea o ft h e v o lume o fm a t e r ia l p roduced . B y e xpand ing a va i lab le i n f o rma t ion c once rn ing e x i s t ing s p ec imen s w e h ope t h a t t h e s t udy o fB o spo ran c o inage w i l l , i nc on sequence , b e a b le t oo c cupy t h e p o s i t ion w i th in n um i sma t ic st h a ti tc l ea r ly d e se rve s . S t an ley I r e land U n ive r s i ty o f Wa rw ick

C on ten t s

I n t roduc t ion C a ta logue o ft h eB o spo ran c o in s

1

1 .T he e nd o ft h e2 "c en tury BC —b eg inn ing o ft h e i s t c en tury BC 2 . T he f i r s tp a r to ft h e 1 'c en tu ry BC 3 . T he e nd o ft h e2 "c en tu ry BC —6 3 BC : a nonymou so bo l s 4 . A f te r6 3 BC 5 . T he c o in s o fP ha rnace s ( 6 3-47 BC ) 6 . T he c o inage o fA sande r( 49 /48 -21/20 BC ) 7 . T he c o inage o fQ ueen D ynam is ( 2 1 /20 -17 / 16 BC ) 8 . C o in s o fK a isa rea a nd A gr ipp ia : t h ee nd o ft h e i s t c en tury BC 9 . T he e nd o ft h e i s t c en tury BC : c o in sw i th B F a nd BAM 1 0 . G o ld s t a te r sw i th monog ram s K N E 0 4) 1 . T he c o in s o fA spurgu s ( AD 1 4 -37 ) 1 2 . T he c o in s o fG epa ipy r is ( AD 3 7 -8 ) 1 3 . T he c o in s o fM i th rada te s ( AD 3 9 -45 ) 1 4 . T he c o in s o fK o ty s I( AD 4 5-68 )

1 1 7 2 4 3 1 3 3 4 4 8 4 9 5 2 6 2 6 4 7 0 7 2 7 4

A ppend ix : P roof so fg o ld c o in sf r om t h e Mo scow c o l lec t ion A bb rev ia t ion s A bb rev ia t ion sw i th in t h ec a ta logue C o l lec t ion s o fc o in s A uc t ion c a ta logue s B ib l iog raphy

8 5 8 6 8 7 8 8 9 9 0

Monog ram s

9 4

P la t e s

CO INAGE OF THE BOSPORAN K INGDO M , i s tc en tury B .C . -m idd le o ft he I s tc en tury AD I NTRODUCT ION One o f t h e m o s t p e r s is ten t p rob lem s c once rn ing t h e c o inage o f t h e B osporu s i n t h e f i r s t c en tur y BC i st h e c h rono logy o fi t s i s sue s . Ab r ief s u rvey o ft h e c o inage o fB o sporu s i nt h e l a te 2 nd i s t c en tu ry B .C . w a s g i ven b y A . N . Z og raph , ' b u t d e sp i te t h e a ppea rance o f n ew s cho la r ly p ub l ica t ion s2 w i th in t h e l a s t t wen ty y ea r s , t h e c onc lu s ion s r e ached h ave o f t en e i the r b een f o rmu la t ed u pon i n suff ic ien t n um isma t ic i n f o rma t ion o r h ave r e ached c onc lu s ion s w h ich a r e q ue s t ionab le . T he p r e sen t w o rk a im s t op rov ide s cho la r s w i th ab roade r b a se l ine o f e v idence u pon w h ich f u tu re w o rk m igh tb e m o r ep rof i tab ly c on s truc ted . T he p urpo se o ft h is I n t roduc t ion o n t h e o the r h and i st op rov ide ab r ief o verv iew o fd eve lopmen t sa nd t h ep rob lem st ha tt h e se e ngende rw i th in t h ee x is t ing l i t e ra tu re . C o ins o ft he e nd o ft he 2 " c en tury t ot he f i r s t h a lf o ft he i s tc en tury B .C . L ike m any o the r s Z og raph d rew a t ten t ion t o t h e w a te r shed e ven t i n t h e h i s tory o f t h e B o sporan k ingdom w hen i n 10 109 BC t h e l a s t l o ca l r u le r , P a ir isade s V . c eded c on t ro l o f t h e t e r r i to ry t oM i th rada te s V I o fP on tu s . T h is e ven t n o t o n ly d rew t h e B o sporu s i n to c l o se a s soc ia t ion w i th o ne o f t h e mo s t p ower f u l s t a te s i n A s ia M ino r , e ngaged a s i tw a s i n ap er iod o f r ap id a gg rand isemen t , b u t a l so , t h rough t h e c onf l ic t w i th R ome t ha t t h is e xpan s ion is t p o l icy i n ev i tab ly b rough t a bou t i n t h e s ub sequen t f i f t y y ea r s . e ven tua l ly b rough t t h e B o sporu s i n to t h e o rb i t o f t h e e t e rna l c i ty a s av a s sa l s t a te ( s ee f u r ther N awo tka 1 989 ) . T he c l o se c onnec t ion b e tween B o sporu s a nd P on tu s wh ich e vo lved d u r ing t h e r e ign o f M i th rada te s V I i sr ef lec ted i n m any o ft h e m o t if s t ha t w e r e a dop ted o n t h e c o inage , e spec ia l ly t h a t r e f er r ing t oD iony su s . w i th w hom M i th rada te s a s soc ia ted h imse lf . S ign if ican t ly , h oweve r , i ti sc l ea r t ha t t h e re r ema ined m a jo r d if e rence s i n t h e mone ta ry c i rcu la t ion o f t h e t wo a r ea s . Whe rea s , f o r i n s tance , b u l l ion c o inage s pec if ica l ly i n t h e n ame o f M i th rada te s e x is ted i n A s ia M ino r , t h is w a s a b sen t f r om t h e B o sporu s . T he re i se v idence i n s tead f o r t h e c i rcu la t ion o f s t a te r s o f L ys imachu s m in ted i nB yzan t ium . w h i le s i lve ri sr ep re sen ted b y l o ca l p roduc t s i s sued i nt h e n ame o fc i t ie s s uch a s P an t icapaeum , P hanago r ia a nd G o rg ipp ia r a the r t han a ny i nd iv idua l . Ac omp l ica t ing f a c to r e x is t s i n t h ef o rm o f ag o ld s t a te rb ear ing t h e n ame o fM i th rada te s E upa to r ( v on A u lock 5 ,A noh in 2 13 ) w h ich h a sb een r e ga rded b y m any a st h e s o le s urv ivo ro f ar o ya l B o spo ran i s sue , b u t t h e d eg ree o fd if e r ence i tb ea r sc ompa r ed t oa l l o t he rk nown M i th rada t ic g o ld c o in s i nt e rm s o f mo t if a nd t h e a b sence o ft h o se l e t te r s a nd m onog ram s n o rma l ly p re sen t o n s uch M i th rada t ic b u l l ion i s sue s , c r ea te s s eve re p rob lem s i nt h e w ay o fa ccep t ing i ta s g enu ine . I ti sa l so w or th n o t ing t ha t n o o the r g o ld c o in s o fM i th rada te s h ave b een f ound e i the rw i th in t h et e r r i to ry o fB o sporu so ra nywhe re n ea rby .3 B ronze c o inage o ft h e p er iod s e em s t oh ave t a ken t wo b a s ic f o rm s : t ho se b ear ing t h e n ame s o fi s su ing c i t ie s a nd a nonymou s i s sue s b ea r ing o n ly monog ram s a s m a rk s o fd if e rence . B ronze c o in s a l so e x is t i n an umbe r o fd enom ina t ions . T o t a ke t h e e a r l ie s t i s sue s o ft h is p er iod a s a n e xamp le , w e f i nd o bo ls b ea r ing o bv . t h eh ead o fP o se idon , r e v , ap row ( Zog raph A noh in 1 91 ; h e re p l . I I , 1 )4.B e low t h e se c ome t e t racha lko i w i th o bv . t h e h ead o fA r tem is , r e v , r e c l in ing s t ag , m in ted i nb o th P an t icapaeum a nd P hanagor ia ( Zog raph

A noh in 1 92 , 1 94 ; h e re p in 2 I I I ,20 ) , 5a nd s t i l l

A . N . Z og raph .A nc ien tC o inage , BAR 3 3 ( i i ) 1 977 p . 297 ff . ; c f S .A .Zhebe lev , ' The L as t P a i r isade sa nd t h e S cy th ian U p r i s ing i nt h e B o spo ru s ' ,T he N or thern B lack S ea L i t tora l ,p .8 2 113 ; V .F .Ga jdukev ich , Das B osporan ische R e ich , 1 971 . P . 3 13 f . ; E .A . Mo lev , ' The P owe ro fM i th rada te s i nt h e B o sporu s ' , T he A nc ien t Wor ld a nd A rchaeo logy , I , 1 974 . P . 6 0 f . ; i d . .M i thrada te sE upa tor , 1 976 ,p .3 9I f ; i d . ,B o sporus i nt h e He l len is t ic P er iod , 1 994 ; i d , T he R u ler o fPon to s , 1 995 , p .4 1 ; D .B .She lov , ' The C i t ie so ft h e B lack S ea C oa s ta nd M i th rada t e s E upa to r ' , V DI , 1 983 , p . 45 i f 2B .C . McG ing ( 1986 , p .5 0 -55 , 1 66 ) , K . N awo tka ( 1989 ,p .3 26 -338 ; 1 992 , p .2 1-48 ) , A . B u rne t t , M . A rnandry . P .P . R ipo l le s ( 1992 ) , W . L e schho rn ( 1993 , p .4 4 -64 ) , H . H e inen ( 1994 , p .6 3 -79 ) , F .d eC a l la tay ( 1997 ) . 3 T he u n ique n a tu re o ft h ec o in c anno tb eu sed a sa na rgumen ta ga in s ti t sa u then t ic i ty i nv i ew o ft h ef a c tt ha tt h e l a te rg o ld c o inag eo f Queen D ynam i si se ven n ow r e p re sen ted b yo n ly t wo s pec imen s . C ompa r i son o fM i th rada te s 'c o in ( s ta ra nd c r e scen tw i th in w rea th ; a bove , BAZ IAES IE ; b e low , E NT IATOPDX )w i th t h er ev . t y po logy o fD ynam i s 's t a te r( s ta rw i th in c r e scen t ; a bove BAZ IA IEEHE ; b e low ,A Y-NAME (2 . Z )s ugge s t s ad e l ibe ra te e cho b y ar u le rw ho w a s ,a f t e ra l l . M i th rada t e s ' g r and -daugh te r . S . I . 4S ee f u r the r , D .B .She lov , ' Ma t e r ia l st owa rd t h e H is tory o f Mone ta ry C i rcu la t ion i nt h eC i t ie so ft h e B o sporu s i nt h e V l th —i s tc en t . B .C . . NE , 5 ,1 965 , p .4 2 -43 ; K .V .Go lenko . ' B ronze C o in so ft h e C i t ie so fP on to sa nd P aph lagon ia i nt h eT ime o fM i th rada t e s E upa to r among B o spo ran F i nd s ' . P a le s t ina 's S ympo s ium , 1 ( 74 ) , 1 964 , p .6 8 ; i d . , ' On t h e H is to ry o ft h eC u r rency i nt h e B o sporu s i nt h e i s t C en tury B .C . , NE , 2 ,1 960 , p .2 8 f . ; i d . , ' On t h eC o inage o ft h e A nonymou s B o spo ran O bo l s ' , NSph , 2 ,1 965 , p .4 7 . K .V .Go lenko ,' T he B ronze C o in so fP on tu s i nt h e B o spo rus ' .K l io ,4 6 , 1 965 ; D .B .She lov , ' Ma t e r ia l st owa rd t h e H i s tory . . . ' ,p l . 6 wh ich i s as t udy o ft h ef i nd so fc o in so ft h e I —Ic en t . B .C . ; K .V .Go lenko , ' I m i ta t ion so ft h e B ronze C o in so fP on to sa nd P aph lagon ia i nt h eT ime o fM i th rada t e s E upa to r ' , V D / , 1 966 .

2

s ma l le r d enom ina t ion sb ear ing o bv . h ead o fA thena , r e v . t r iden t ( Zog raph p l .XL I I I ,4 , Anoh in 1 84 6) . P e rce ived s im i la r i t ie s w i th P on t ic i s sue s o ve r t h e e n su ing d ecade s h a s a l so l e d t oh ypo the s ised o rde r s o fp roduc t ion . Z og raph ( 1977 , p . 297f f . ) , f o r i n s tance , l i s ted s even t een t y pe s o fc o in i s sued o ve r t h e p er iod o fM i th rada te s V I 's r e ign . P o in t s o f c h rono logy a nd t ypo logy w e re s ub sequen t ly t r ea ted i n a s e r ie so fa r t ic le sb y G o lenko , 7a nd s ome a spec t so ft h e ir c h rono logy w e re r e con s ide red b y Anoh in ,8b u t t h e l a ck o fa n o ve ra l l s t udy i nv i te s f u r the r s pec ia l a t ten t ion t ob e p a id t ot h e c o inage o ft he B o spo ru s i nt h e l a te rd -e a r ly 1 '1c en tur ie s BC . A s as t a r t ing p o in t w e m igh t n o te t he d if icu l t ie s wh ich t h e l e ng th o fM i th rada te s V I 's r e ign ( 109 -63BC ) i t se lf c r ea te s f o r a ny s y s tem o f o rder ing t h e c o in s . S o , f o r i n s tance , i n h i s c a ta logue A noh in a s s igned t h ef i ve p e r iod so fi s sue , i n to wh ich h e d i v ided M i th rada t ic c o in s , t os pec if ic d ecade s ( 1 09 100 , 1 00 -90 , 9 0 -80 , 8 0 -70 , 7 0 -63 ) ,9 a nd wh i le i ti sc l ea r t ha tt h is s y s tem w a s c hosen t oi nd ica t e o rde r o fp roduc t ion r a the r t han e xac t d a te s , t h e r e gu lar i ty o ft h e c h rono logy h e p rov ide s c an g i ve a m is lead ing i mp re s s ion o fc er ta in ty t o as i tua t ion w he re t h e re i sn oe xac t i tude . T o t h e f i r s t g roup d a ted b e tween 1 09 -100 B .C . Anoh in a t t r ibu te s t h e f o l low ing t y pe s o f s i lve r : A po l lo /b ow i n c a se ( A . , n o .189 ) , D iony su s /t hy r su s ( A . , n o .190 ; h e r e p l .V I I ,17 ) a s w e l l a s s e ve ra l b ronze i s sue s : P o se idon /p row ( A . , n o .191 , h e re p l . I I ,1) a nd A r tem i s /s t ag ( A . , n o .192 ; h e r e p l .I I ,2 ) . H e p re sume s t ha t t h e se s e r ie s a r e r e l iab ly d a ted t ot h e f i r s t y ea r s o fM i th rada te s ' r e ign o ve r B o sporu s , a st he re a re d rachm so ve r s t ruck o nc o in s o f Am iso s . H oweve r , t h e r e i sn o a g reemen t among s cho la r s o n t h e d a te o ft h e a bove -men t ioned s i lve r .1 ° I n t h e a r t ic le b y G o lenko , c i ted b y A noh in , t h e A po l lo /b ow i nc a se ( no . 1 89 )t y pe i sa t t r ibu ted t ot h e t ime o ft h e S pa r toc id s ( 200 -140 B .C . ) . G o lenko h ad o n ly s ugge s ted t ha t t h e se c o in s c ou ld b e long t ot h e f i na l i s sue s o ft h e S pa r toc id s .1 N one o ft h e s cho la r s d a ted t h em l a te r t han t h e 2 nd c en tu ry B .C . A t t h e s ame t ime t h e f a c t t ha t s ome c o in s o f P an t icapaeum w e re s t ruck o ve r s i lve rc o in s o f Am iso s c anno t h e lp u sw i th t h e d a t ing o ft he B o spo ran s i lve ro ft he A po l lo /b ow i nc a se t y pe s i nce t h e f ema le h ead /o w l c o in s o f Am iso s w e re m in ted f r om t h e 4 th c en tu ry B .C . t ot h e l a te 2 nd -e a r ly i s t c en tu ry B .C .1 2 I tw a s a s sumed t ha t t he s i lve r c o in s o f Am iso s h ad c ea sed t ob e m in ted n o t l ong b ef o re t h e e n th ronemen t o fM i th rada te s E upa to r ( 121 / 120 B .C . ) . 13 G o lenko a t t r ibu ted t ha t e ven t t ot h e v e ry b eg inn ing o fM i thrada te s ' r e ign .1 4 A noh in s t i l l h a s t op rove t ha tt h e A po l lo /b ow i nc a se t y pe d rachm s ( A .189 ) c ou ld h ave b een i s sued b e tween 1 09 -100 B .C . H oweve r , t h e re i sn oe v idence f o rt h i s a tp re sen t . G o lenko h a sa l so m en t ioned t ha t t he i n f lux i n to B o sporu s o f c o in s m in t ed i n t h e c i t ie s o f P on tu s h ad n o th ing t o d o w i th t h e s ub juga t ion o f t h e k ingdom t oM i th rada te s E upa to r -t h e p roce s s h ad s t ar ted b ef o r e t h a t , u nde r t h e S par toc id d yna s ty .1 5 C on sequen t ly , G o lenko d a ted t h e i s sue o ft he se d rachm s i nt he p e r iod b ef o re 1 09 B .C . T o t h e s ame c h rono log ica l g roup Anoh in a t t r ibu ted t h e A r tem is /p omeg rana t e f l owe r t y pe o fP hanagor ian s i lve r c o in s ( A .193 ) a s w e l l a s s i lve r c o in s o f G o rg ipp ia o ft h e t y pe H e l io s /c ornucop ia b e tween s t ar s ( A . 1 95 -n umbe red 1 96 o n p 1 .7 ) . T h is G o rg ipp ian c o in w a s c on s ide r ed d oub t fu l b y G o lenko .1 6 A noh in s t a te s t ha t t he c o inage o f t h e a bove m en t ioned P hanagor ian a nd G o rg ipp ian s i lve r c o in t y pe s i s r e l iab ly t e s t if ied u nde r M i th rada te s ,1 7 a tt h e s ame t ime p rov id ing n o a c tua l e v idence c onf i rm ing h i s s t a temen t . J o in t f i nd s o ft h e se G o rg ipp ian a nd P hanagor ian c o in s w i th t ho se o ft h e c i t ie s o fP on tu s i s sued u nde r M i th rada te s c ou ld h ave p roved t ha t t h ey h ad b een m in ted w i th in t h e s ame p er iod , b u t

V .A A noh in , T he C o inage o fB o sporus , K iev 1 986 p l ace st h i sd enom ina t ion i nt h ep e r iod 1 25 115 BC . O np 1 .6 h ew rong ly n umbe r st h ec o in 1 87 . 7

K .V .Go lenko , ' The K e rch H oa rd o fB o spo ran C o in so ft h e i s tc en t . B .C . ' , NE , 9 ,1 971 ,p .3 8i f . ; i d . , ' T he P han ta lov sk i H oa rd o f

B o spo ran D id rachm so ft h e i s tC . B .C . ' , VDI , 1 965 , p . 158 ; i d . , ' T he S ta te r so fA sande ri nt h e2 0 Y ea r so fh i s R e ign ' , NE , 1 0 , 1 972 ,p . 1 03 f . ; Go lenko , K a ry szkow sk i , ' The R oya l G o ld C o inage o fK ing P ha rnace so fB o spo ru s ' , NC , 1 2 , 1 972 ,p .2 5 -38 , p l . 2 -3 . A noh in p .7 2 9O ne s hou ld n o te t ha tt h e re i ss ome v a r ia t ion i nt h ed a t ing o fp e r iod s 4a nd 5g iven i nt h et e x t( p .74 -6 )a nd c a ta logue ( p .144 -6 )o f A noh in ' sw o rk . B e r t ie rd el a Ga rde A . L . , ' Ma te r ia l sf o rt h e Me t ro log ica l S tudy o ft h e Mone ta ry S tanda rd so ft h eA nc ien tG reek C i t ie sa nd K ing s 8

o fS a rma t ia a nd T aur i s ' , NS , I , 1 913 ,p .8 7 , d a t ed t h ec o in st ot h e3 rd -2nd c en t . B .C . ;Z og raph ,p .2 90 g av et h ed a te a st h e 2 nd c en t .B .C . ; D .B .She lov, C o inage o ft h eB osporus V I -I IC en tur ie sB .C . Ox f o rd 1 978 ,p . 139 ,a nd K .V .Go lenko , ' Two C o in so f P an t ikapaeum o ft h e2 nd C . B .C . ' , NE , V . 1 965 ,P . 6 0 ,s uppo sed t h es e cond h a lf o ft h e2 nd C . B .C . 1 K .V .Go lenko , ' S ome S i lve rC o in so fP an t icapaeum d ur ing t h e2 nd C en tury B .C . w i th T race so f Ove r s t r ik ing ' , NE ,7 , 1 968 , p .3 8 4 0 ,p l . I .3 -4 . SNG BM , L ondon 1 993 , p l .XL -XL I . " Wadd ing ton , B abe lon . , R e inach , .R ecue i lg enera ld es monna ies g recque s d' A s ie M ineure , P a r i s , 1 925 ,p .5 3 . 1 4 K .V .Go lenko , ' On t h e H i s to ry o ft h e C ur rency i nt h eB o sporu s i nt h eI s tC . B .C . ' , NE ,2 ,1 960 ,p .3 2 -44 . 5 G o lenko ,' S ome S i lve rC o in so fP an t icapaeum . . . ' , NE ,7 ,1 968 , p .3 9 , G o lenko ,' On t h e H i s tory o ft h eC u r rency . . . ' , p .3 5 ,n .3 2 ; i d . , ' The P han t a lov sk i H oa rd . . . ' , p .1 52 , n .6 0 . 7 A noh in ,p .7 3 .

1 2

3

A noh in c i t e s n o s uch c a se s . G o rg ipp ian c o in s ( A .195 ) a nd t h o se o f P hanago r ia , o f t h e A r tem i s / f l owe rt y pe ( A . 1 93 ) , w e r ed a t ed b yZ og raph t ot h e2 nd c en tu ry B .C .1 8 W i th in t h e s e cond c h rono log ica l g r oup ( 1 00 -90 B .C . ) A noh in i n c luded t h e s i lve r c o in s o f P an t icapa eum a nd G o rg ipp ia o ft h e D iony su s /r unn ing s t ag t y pe ( A .196 197 ) . H e s t a t e s t h a t b o th t y pe s w e re o f t en o ve r s t ruck o n d rachm s o f Am i so s1 9 r e f e r r ing t ot h e a u tho r i ty o f G o lenko . B u t t h e a r t ic le b y G o lenko c i t ed b y h im c on ta in s n o th ing w h ich c ou ld b e t a ken a s e v idence o f G o rg ipp ian c o in se ve rb e ing m in t ed f r om t h ed rachm so f Am i so s .2 ° I ti st r u et h a ti nt h el i s ts umm ing u pt h ec o in s k nown t o G o lenko , t e n o f t h e f ou r teen D iony su s /r unn ing s t ag t y pe c o in s o f P an t icapeum w e r e r e s t ru ck f r om t h e d rachm s o f Am iso s . B u t o n ly f i ve c o in s o fG o rg ipp ia a r ek nown ; f o u ro ft h em b ea r n o t r ace s o f r e s t r ik ing ; o ne i st o o b ad ly p r e se rved t o t e l l a ny th ing . A t t h e s am e t ime t h e d a te s s ugg e s ted f o rt h em b yG o lenko a r ed if e r en t : h et h ough t , o nt h eb a s i so ft h e se r e s t r ike s , t h a tt h es p r ead o f Am iso ss i lv e rc ou ld b ed a ted t ot h ee nd o ft h e2 nd c en tu ry B .C .2 1 T h e t h i rd c h rono log ica l g roup i sd a t ed b y A noh in t o9 0 -80 B .C . I tc omp r i se s t h e D iony su s / w r ea th c o in t y pe s b ea r ing t h e n ame s o f P an t icapa eum , P hanago r ia a nd G o rg ipp ia , b u t a l l w e r e p roduced b y t h e m in t o fP an t icapaeum ( A .198 , 2 04 , 2 09 ; h e r e p l .V ) . A noh in a rgue s t h a t as t udy o f d i e sequenc e f o r t h e se c o in s d oe s n o t p rove t h a t t h ey w e r e a l l m in ted i nP an t icapa eum .2 H oweve r , G o lenko n o t o n ly v e r if ied t h e d a te o ft h e se c o in s b u t h e a l so p ub l i shed c o in s o fP an t icapaeum a nd G o rg ipp ia s t ruck f r om o n eo bve r se d i e , a sw e l l a sc o in s o fP an t icapa eum a nd P hanagor ia s t ruck f r om o ne o bve r se d i e .2 3 T h i sf a c tm ade h im a s sume t h a tt h e r eh ad b een n o m in ta ta l l i nG o rg ipp ia a nd t h a t t h e m in t o f P hanagor ia h ad b een f un c t ion ing o n ly i n t h e 2 nd c en tu ry B .C . a nd m ay h ave a l so f unc t ioned u nde r A sand e r .2 4 I ta ppea r s t h a t t h e r e w a s o ne a nd t h e s am e of i c ia l s upe rv i s ing t h e m in t ing o f a l l t h e se c o in s , t h ough b ea r ing d if e r en t c i ty -name s , HANT IKAHA IT S 2N ,

( DANAFOP IT9N , TOPF II II IEC IN ; t h ey a r ea l l m a rked w i th t h es ame m onog ram I «( 1 ) .2 5 T he f ou r th g roup c on s i s t so fa nonymou sb ronz e o bo ls o ft h eD iony su s /b ow i nc a se t y pe ( A . 2 12 , h e r e w h ich A noh in d a t ed t o8 0 -70 BC i nh i s c a ta logue ( 8 3-70 i nh i s t e x t , p . 73 ) . H oweve r , w he the r t h i s d a t ing i st ob e a c cep t ed i so pen t oq ue s t ion . T he P a t raeu s h oa rd o f 1 950 2 6 c on t a ined f o r ty s uch a nonymou s o bo l s a nd t h i r ty f o u r c o in s o f S inope o f t h e Z eu s /e ag le o n t hunde rbo l t t y pe , o n s om e o f wh ich w a s t h e d a t e 2 23 o ft h e P on t ic e r a ( 7 5 /4 BC ) .2 7 T h e q ue s t ion

a r i se sa st ow he the rt h i sw a st h ef i r s ty ea ro ft h e i ri s su e . We h av e ac l ea r e ru nde r s tand ing o ft h ef i na l d a t ef o rt h e i ri s sue -7 0 BC -s i nce i nt h a ty ea rS inope f e l l t ot h eR oman s , b u tt h eq ue s t ion o fw he the r t h ey f ound t h e i rw ay t oB o sporu sb ef o re t h i s d a t e o ra f t e r mu s t r ema in o pen . A no the r q ue s t ion i st h e s t a tu s o f s uch D iony su s /b ow i n c a se c o in s . T h e a b senc e o f c i ty n ame s f o r t h e B o spo r an c o in s s ugge s t st h a tt h ey a r ed i f f e r en tf r om i s sue ss p ec if i ca l ly g i v ing t h e i rp l a ce o fo r ig in , b u td oe st h i s i mp ly t h a tt h ey w e r et h ep roduc to fM i th rada t e s ' ss on Macha r e s ,w ho r u led B o spo ru sa tt h i st ime ?2 8 A noh in ' sf i f th i s sue , wh ich h ed a t e st o7 0 -63 i nt h ec a ta logue a nd 6 5 -3 i nt h et e x t , c on s i s t so f t wo t y pe s : ( i ) A po l lo /e ag le ( A . 2 14 ; h e r e p l .XV ) ( i ) A po l lo /t r ipod ( A . 2 15 ; h e r e p l .XV I ) . O th e r s , l i k e G o lenko , p r ef e r red t od a t e t h e c o in s t ot h e r e ign o f P ha rna ce s w ho h ad u su rped M i th rada t e s ' p owe ri nB o spo ru s i n6 3 , b u tt h eq ue s t ion o ft h e i rd a t ing r ema in sc on t en t iou s .2 9 G o lenko p roduc ed n o e v idence o ve ra nd a bove w ha tw a sa l r eady k nown t oO r e shn ikov .3 ° H i sa rgumen t sa r ec on f ined o n ly t o t h ef a c tt ha tt h e se c o in sa r es t ruck o ve ra nonymou so bo l so ft h eD iony su s /b ow i nc a s e t y pe a nd c o in s

Z og raph ,A nc ien tC o inage ,p .2 9 11 ,p l . XL I I , 1 2 , 1 4 A noh in ,p .7 3 . 2 9 G o lenko ,' On t h eH i s to ry o ft h eC u r r ency . . . 'p .3 0 ,p l . I . 2 1 I b id . ,p .3 1-34 . 2 2 A noh i n ,P . 7 5 . 2 3 G o lenko ,' On t h eH i s to ry o ft h eC u r r ency . . . §2 ,P . 3 4 ,p l . 1 I 1 ,1 ( Pan t icapa eum ) , 2( Go rg ipp ia ) . T h i sp rob lem w a sd i scu s sed b y B .V .Köhne a nd C h r . G ie l : K öhne , De scr ip t ion o ft h e Museum o fP r ince V .V .Kochube i , a nd I nve s t iga t ion i n to t h eH i s tory a nd N um i sma t ic so ft h eG reek C o lon ie si nR u s s ia a nd L ikew i se o ft h eK ingdom o fPo n to sa nd o ft h eC imme r ian B o sporu s ,S t P e t e r sbu rg ,v o l . I ,1 857 ,P . 4 18 ;C h r . G ie l , T he B osporan C o in sw i th Monograms B2E , BA l t i la nd I« .Od e s sa , 1 888 ,p .1 8 ,p l . I . T hey r ega rded t h e se c o in sa sm in t ed i nP an t icapa eum . 2 4 G o lenko ,' On t h eH i s to ry o ft h eC u r r en cy . . . ' , NE ,2 ,p .3 4 ,p l . I I , 3( Pan t icapeum ) ,p l . I I , 4( Phanago r ia ) ;i d . ,' Th eP han ta lov sk i H oa rd . . ,p .1 49 . 2 5 T he f i gu r ei nb ra cke t sa s soc ia t ed w i th amonog r am r e f e r st ot h el i s tw h ich f o l low st h ec a ta logue . 2 6 ‘1. S .K ru sh I co l ,' Co in sw i th Monog ram sf r om t h eP a t ra eu sH oa rd o f1 950 ( Taman ) ' , V D I , 1 952 ,p . 145 ; i d . ,' T he P a t ra eu sH oa rd o f 1 950 ' . KSHMK ,1956 ,6 6 ,p . 116 117 . 2 7 I mhoof -B lume rF . ,' D ie K upf e rp rägung d e sm i th rada t i schen R e iche su nd a nde r e Münzen d e sP on to sa nd P aph lagon ien s ' , NZ , 1 912 , p . 182 n o .77 ;p 1 . 1 1 ,27 . 1 8 1 9

D .B .She lov ,' Ma cha r e sa sK ing o fB o spo ru s ' , VD I , 1 973 ,p . 63 -65 ;i d . ,' T he C i t ie so fB la ck S ea C oa s ta nd M i th rada t e s E upa to r ' ,VDI , 1 983 ,p . 52 -54 . 2 9 G o lenko K . V . ,' On t h eH i s to ry o ft h eC u r r ency . . . ,p . 32 -44 . 3 0 A .V .O r e shn ikov ,C a ta logue o ft h eC o l lec t ion o fA n t iqu i t ie so fC oun tA .S .U varov , V I I , Mo scow ,1887 ,p . 60 -61 . 2 8

4

o fS i nope o ft h e Z eu s /e ag le t y pe . We s hou ld m en t ion h e re t h a t O r e shn ikov d i d n o t c on s ide r t h e s e c o in st oh ave b een i s sued b y P ha rnace s : h e s ugge s t ed o n ly t ha tt h ey h ad b een s t ruck u nde rh im , i nt h e n ame o fP an t icapaeun i .3 1 G o lenko , i nc on t ra s t , w en t f u r the r , s ugge s t ing t h a t t h ey h ad i n deed b een m in t ed b y P ha rnace s , t ow h ich A noh in r i gh t ly o b je c t s .3 2 A s f o r t h e d a t ing o ft h e A po l lo /e ag le a nd A po l lo /t r ipod t y pe s , t h e f a c t t h a t m o s t o ft h e se c o in s w e r e o ve r s t r ike s b r ing s t h em c l o se r t ot h e o ve r s t ruck c o in s o fA sande r . G o lenko i so bv iou s ly r i gh t i ns ugge s t ing 6 0 -53 B .C . f o r t h e i r d a te , b u t w e s hou ld n o t e t h a t a l l t h e se c o in s b ea r t h e i n sc r ip t ion IANT IKADA IT I2N , w h ich o b l ige s u s t a k e t h em f o r ac i ty c o inage , n o t o ne o ft h e k i ng ' s . T o t h e k ing 's c o inage b e long o n ly s t a te r s b ea r ing t h e a c tua l n ame o fP ha rnace s .3 F ur the r p rob lem s i n t roduced b y A noh in c once rn h i s i n te rp re ta t ion o f m in t ing a u tho r i ty , i n c lud ing h i ss ugge s t ion ( p .74 )t h a t s ome s i lve rc o in sw e re s pon so r ed n o tb y t h e c i t ie s i n vo lved b u tb y t emp le s , r e l ig iou s c ommun i t ie s o rb y p r iva t e i n d iv idua l s . B u t w e s hou ld r emembe r t h a t a l l t h e c o in s i n vo lved h ave t h e n ame o ft h ec i ty . F IANT IKAF IA IT I2N , i n sc r ibed o n t h em . F rom t h i sw e c anno t b u t i n f e rt h a t i tw a s t h e c i ty w h ich p roduced t h e c o in s , n o t t emp le s o ri n d iv idua l s . T he p rob lem a r is e s i n a t t emp t ing t o u se t h e m onog ram s p r e sen t o n t h e c o in s a s i n d ica t ive o f t emp le s o r i nd iv idua l s a s i s su ing a u tho r i ty , b u t t h e e v idence o f s u ch m onog ram s o n P on t ic c o inage h a s n eve r l e d t o t h e s ugge s t ion t h a t t h e se w e r e a ny th ing b u t e i the r r o ya l i s sue s , i n t h e c a se o f b u l l ion c o inage , o r c i t y i s sue s i n t h e c a se o fb ronze . T he s ame m u s t h o ld t r ue a l so o f B o sporu s , w h ich h a s an umb e r o f f e a tu r e s i nc ommon w i th P on t ic i s sue s . F u r the r , b e tween 9 0 a nd 8 0 BC s i lve r c o in s f o r t h r ee c i t ie s w e r e s t ruck a tt h e m in t o fP an t icapaeum f r om o ne o bve r se d i e , a nd o ne a nd t h e s ame monog ram w a s p l a ced a bove t h e c i ty -name s .3 4 T he s ame m onog ram a ppea r s o n b ronze c o in s i s sued b y P an t icapaeum ,3 5 P hanago r ia' a nd G o rg ipp ia ," o f t en a l ong w i th o ne o rm o r e o t he r monog ram s . T he m onog ram c ommon t oa l l t h e t h r ee s e r ie s w a s t a ken b y A noh in f o r a n a bb r ev ia t ion o ft h e n ame o f M i th rada te s E upa to r . I n t h i s c onnec t ion w e o ugh t t od raw a t ten t ion t oa rgumen t s m i l i ta t ing a ga in s t h i s s ugge s t ion . F i r s t o fa l l t h e r e i sn o e v idence t h a t M i th rada te s V I u s ed m onog ram s t oi nd ica t e h i s n am e . H is P on t ic g o ld a nd s i lve r c u r r ency e mp loyed h i s f u l l n ame a nd t i le : BAZ IAE S ZE M IOPAAATOY E YT IATOPOZ , a nd i tf o l low s f r om t h i s t h a t t h e m onog ram s a l so f ound o n s u ch c o in s c an h ave n oc onnec t ion w i th t h er o ya l n ame ; i n deed t h e i rv a r ie ty t e l ls a ga in s ta ny s uch s ugge s t ion . O n t h ea na logy o ft h i s i tf o l low s t h a tP on t ic m a t er ia l w h ich d oe s n o tb ea rt h e R oya l n ame ( i . e . t h e b r onze c i ty i s sue s ) w a s n o t m in ted u nde r t h e d i r ec t a u tho r i t y o f M i th rada te s a nd t h a t t h e w ide v a r ie t y o f m onog ram f ound o n P on t ic b r onz e i su nconnec ted w i th h i s n am e . T ran sf er r ing t h is t o aB o spo ran c on tex t s ugge s t s t h a t w e h ave j u s t a s l i t t le r e a son f o r s e e ing M i th rada te s ' n ame b eh ind m onog ram s f o und e i the r o n s i lve r i s sue s b ea r ing t h e n ame o ft h e c i t ie s p roduc ing s u ch c o in s o r o n a ny o ft h e b ronze . A ny a t t emp t i n deed t o i n te rp re t t h e m onog ram s mu s t i mmed ia te ly b e come a q uagm i r e o f h ypo the s is a nd u ncer ta in ty ,3 8 a nd c an e ven l e ad t ot h e d ub iou s d a t ing o f m a te r ia l ; h ence A noh in ' s l o ca t ing o fc o in s o ft h e A po l lo /e ag le o rA po l lo /t r ipod t y pe t ot h e f i na l y ea r s o fM i th rada te s ' r e ign , w h i le o t he r s a t t r ibu t e t h em t ot h e t ime o fh i s s u cce s so r , P ha rna ce s . S im i la r ly , i n t h e c a se o fb ronze c o in s o ft h e t r ipod /s t a r t y pe ( A .203 ) , w h ich A noh in d a te s t o 9 0 -80 BC , o t he r s h ave n o t b een s o p r e s c r ip t ive . S o , f o r i n s tance , Z og raph ( p .299 ) d a ted t h em t ot h e f i r s t q ua r te r o ft h e 1 st c en tu ry BC , w h i le G o lenko , w ho p ub l i shed as p ec imen o ft h et r ipod /s t a rt y pe s t ruck o ve rt h eA thena /p row t y pe3 9 g ave t h em aw ide rd a te -w i th in t h e r e ign o fM i th rada t e sE upa to r .4 ° L a t e r , h oweve r , S he lov p ub l i sh ed c o in s o ft h e t r ipod /s t a r t y pe o ve r s truck o n e a r l ie r c o in s o ft h e A po l lo /b ow i nc a se , A thena /p r ow , a nd b u l l 's h ead /p l ough a nd c orn -ea r t y pe s ,4 1 G o lenko f ound t h e se f a c t s p e r sua s ive a nd a g r eed w i th I b id . A noh in ,p . 73 . 3 3 G o lenko , K a ry sz l cow sk i ,' The G o ld C o inag eo fK ing P ha rna ce s ' ,p . 25 -38 .T he q ue s t ion o ft h ed i s t inc t ion b e twe en w he the rt h e se c o in sw e r em in t ed b yo ru nde rP ha r nac e si sh a rd ly w o r th p u r su ing .T he f a c tt ha ti nt h ed ep ic t ion o fA po l lo ' sh ead t h ey man if e s t as h if t a way f r om t h eu se o fD iony su s( s u r e ly s i gn if y ing M i th rada te s V I )i se nough t oi n d ica t e ad e l ibe ra t ed i s tanc ing f r om t h ep a s tw h ich o ne m igh th av ee xpec ted f r om P ha rna ce s -S . I . A noh in , 1 98 ,2 04 , 2 09 ,p 1 .40 ,n o .15 . 3 5 A noh in ,2 02 ;h e r ep l .X . 3 6 I b id . ,2 08a ;h e r ep l .X I I . 3 7 I b id . ,2 11 ,a ;h e r ep l .X I I . We m igh tn o t et h a ts ome G o rg ipp ian c o in sh av ev a r ian t so ft h i s :p l .X I In o .16 . 3 8 S o ,f o ri n s tance . A noh in p . 75 t a k e st h em onog ram so nt h ec o in so fB o spo ru so f9 0 /80 B .C . f o ra bb r ev ia t ed n ame so ft emp le s , r e l ig iou sc ommun i t ie s ,p r iva t ec i t izen s ,t a x -f a rme r s ,' n ew come r sf r om t h er e t inue o fM i th rada t e sE upa to r ' .r e p re sen ta t ive so fl o ca l n ob i l i ty a nd e ven o ft h ek ing o fP on tu sh im se l f : T he r ei s ,o fc ou r s e ,n oe v idence f o rt h i s ,a nd t h ev a r ied f o rm f o rG o rg ipp ian c o in s g i v en a bov es ugg e s t s av a r ie ty o fi n t e rp r e ta t ion . 3 9 B u ra chkov ,p l .XX I I ,176 . F o rt h et y pe s e eA noh in n o .183 . 4 ° G o lenko ,' The D a t eo ft h e B ronz eC o in so fP an t icapa eum . T he e nd o ft h eI I -I B .C .K S I IMK , 5 8 , 1 955 ,p . 137 ,f i g .55 ,n .7 . 4 1 B u rachk .ov ,p l . XX I ,114 -A po l lo /bow i nc a se ;i d . ,p l .>O C I I , 176 —A thena /p row ; i d . ,p 1 .30 C I I I ,188 -b u l l ' sh ead /p lough ,c o rn e a r , c f . A noh in 1 65 , 1 69 , 1 83 ; S he lov , ' Ma t e r ia l st owa rd t h eH i s to ry . . . ' ,p . 44 ; i d . ,' On t h e H i s to ry o ft h eC u r r ency . , 1 982 ,p . 45 -50 . 3 '

3 2

5

t h e d a t ing p ropo sed b y S he lov t ha t s uch c o in s b e long i n s tead t o t h e e nd o f t h e 2 nd c en tu ry BC .4 2 A noh in , h oweve r , d oe s n o t a ccep t t h eo ve r s t r ike s d i scove red b y S he lov a s af a c t c onv inc ing e nough t o d a te t h et r ipod /s t a rt y pe c o in st ot h ee nd o ft h e 2 nd c en tu ry B .C .4 3 T he re i s , h oweve r , e ve ry r e a son t o a ccep tt he d a t ing s ugge s ted b y S he lov b ecau se t h e se a r eo ve r s t r ike s wh ich a r e b eyond d oub t , a nd t h e re i sn o th ing w rong i n t h e f a c t t ha t c o in s m in ted b y t h e e nd o f t h e s e cond c en tu r y B .C . w e re s t i l l c i rcu la t ing a tt h eb eg inn ing o ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry a nd e ven l a te r . T he c o inage o fP harnace s ( 63 -47 BC ) T he a s sump t ion o fp owe ro ve rB o sporu sb yP harnace s , s on o fM i th rada te s V I , b rough t w i th i t t h e p rom ise o f more am icab le r e la t ion s w i th R ome , s ome th ing a cknow ledged b y P ompey i ng ran t ing h im t h e t i le ' f r iend a nd a l ly o ft h e R oman s ' ( App ian M i t / i . 13 ) .4 H oweve r , t h e re i sn o e v idence o f P ha rnace s e ve r r e f e r r ing t ot h is i na ny k nown i n sc r ip t ion , s ugge s t ing t ha t i nt e rm s o fl o ca l p o l i t ic s h e p u r sued ac on t inu ing l i ne o fi ndependence , a nd h i s s ub sequen t a t temp t t oe xpand h i s p owe r a nd , b y e xp lo i t ing h o s t i l i t ie s b e tween P ompey a nd C ae sa r , t o r e cove r t h e P on t ic e l emen t s o f h i s f a ther 's k ingdom o n ly r e su l ted i nh i s d ef ea t b y C ae sa r a tZ e la i n4 7 a nd t h e e nd o fh i s r e ign . I n n um i sma t ic t e rm s t he ma jor p o in t o fc on ten t ion l i e s i n t h e d a te g i ven t o P ha rnace s ' l a s t i s sue o f g o ld c o inage . A noh in c onf u se s t h e i s sue b y g iv ing t wo d if e ren t d a te s f o r t h e s t a te r s i nvo lved : 2 47 o ft h e P on t ic e ra =5 1/50 BC a nd 2 48 = 5 0 /49 .4 5 H oweve r , t h e y ea r 5 0 /4 9 BC c ou ld o n ly b e t a ken f o r t h e l a s t y ea r o f t h e s t a te r s i s sue i fs t a te r s o fP ha rnace s d a ted t oy ea r 2 48 o ft h e P on t ic e ra e x is ted a nd w e r e k nown t o A noh in . B u tn o s uch c o in s a r e l i s ted i nt h e A noh in 's c a ta logue ; t h e r eg is te ro fP ha rna ce s ' s t a te r s e nd s a ty ea r2 47 .4 6 C on sequen t ly , f o rw an t o fe v idence t ot h e c on t ra ry , 5 1 /50 BC r ema in s t h e f i na l d a te f o r t h e m in tage o fP ha rnace s ' c o in s . T he c o inage o fA sander ( 49 /8 -21/20 BC ) One o ft he ma in p rob lem s i nt h e h i s to ry o fB o spo ru s i nt h e s e cond h a lf o ft h e 1 'c en tu ry BC i st h e C h rono logy o fA sande r 's r e ign .4 7 A s p ar t o fh i s a t temp t t o r e cove r P on t ic t e r r i to ry P ha rnace s a ppo in ted A sande r A rchon o fB o sporu s wh i le h e h im se lf w a s e ngaged i n m i l i tar y o pe ra t ion s i n A s ia M ino r . D io C a ss iu s 4 2 .9 .2 a nd 4 2 .45 .2 s a y s t ha t P ha rnace s t o ok t h e f i e ld a tt h e t ime o ft h e c i v i l w a r b e tween P ompey a nd C ae sa r , i . e . n oe a r l ie rt han 4 9 . O n t h ee v idence o fA pp ian , B e i /um C iv i le 2 . 87 -8 , a nd D io 4 2 .6 .2 t he a c tua l c ampa ign i t se lf p robab ly b egan i n4 8 ,4 8 a nd i tw a s w h i le P ha rnace s w a s e ngaged i nt h is t ha t A sande r r e vo l ted a ga in s t h im , a f te r wh ich P harnace s w a s d ef ea ted a tZ e la i n4 7 . B u t when e xac t ly d id A sande r 's r u le b eg in a nd w hen d id i te nd? T he q ue s t ion i sc omp l ica ted b y t h e f a c t t ha t A sande r d id n o t make a ny r e f e rence o n h i s c o in s t ot h e B o sporan e ra , b u t p r ef e r red i n s tead s imp ly t oi nd ica te t h e r egna ly ea ri n wh ich i nd iv idua l c o in sw e re p roduced . H oweve r , t h e d i scove ry b y N ov ichen l cova a tY a l ta i n 1 983 4 9 o f an ew s t a te r o fQ ueen D ynam i s d a t ing f r om t h e y ea r 2 77 B .e . = 2 1-20 BC , t o ge the rw i th t h e t e s t imony o fa nc ien ta u tho r s ,5 ° m ake s i tp o s s ib le t oc on s ide rt h is q ue s t ion a f re sh i n t h e c on tex t o ft h e t r an sf e r o fp owe r .5 1 T he g o ld c o in s o f A sande r t e s t if y t h a t h e f i r s t h e ld o ff ice a s A rchon a nd i nt h e f our th y ea r a s sumed t h e t i t le o fk ing .5 2 T he s t a te r i s sued b y D ynam is i n 2 1-20 BC , t a ken i n t h e c on tex t o f D io ( 54 .24 ) t ha t D ynam is r e ce ived p owe r f r om h e r h u sband

4 2 4 3

K .V .Go lenko ,' S ome S i lve rC o in so fP an t icapa eum D u r ing t h e2 nd c en tu ry B .C . w i th T ra ce so fO ve r s t r ik ing ' , NE ;7 ,1 968 ,p . 4 1 . A noh in ,p . 75 .

T he r e may b e ah i n to fs im i la rc l o s et i e sw i th Ma cha r e s ,s on a nd v i ce roy o fM i th rada t e sV I i nB o spo ru s ,o nt h eb a s i so fP l u ta r ch L ucu l lus 2 4 ,c f A pp ian M i th . 8 3 ; N awo tka, 1 989 ,p . 327 . T he w ho le p e r iod i su sef u l ly s urveyed b yW .L e schhom ,A n t ik eÄ ren , S t u t tga r t 1 993 ,p . 44f f . A hoh in ,p . 76 , 7 7 . "Ib id . ,n o .220 . P .O .Ka ry szkov sk i , N .A .F ro lova ,' The R e ign o fA sande ri nt h eB o spo ru sB a s ed o nN um i sma t ic D a ta ' , i nT he A nc ien tB lack S ea L i t tora l , O de s sa , 1 990 ,p . 89 112 ,p l .V I I IX ; L e schho rn p . 46f f . N .A .F ro lova , P .O .Ka ry skov sk i j , M .De lf s ,' Z u rC h rono log ie d e rH e r r s ch af tA sande r si mB o spo ro s ' . C h iron 2 3 , 1 993 ,p . 65f . N .G .Nov ichenkova ' AN ew F i nd o ft h eY a l ta A r cha eo logy E xped i t ion i n1 983 ' . S ympo s ium o ft h eI n s t i tu te o fArchaeo logy o f R us s ia ( March 1 984 ) . "A pp ian ,M i th . 1 20 ; De B e l l . C iv . 1 .91-2 ; P l u ta r ch ,C ae sar 5 0 ; D io C a s s iu s4 2 .47 . P .O .Ka ry szkov sk i ,N .A .F ro lova ,' On t h eH i s to ry o ft h eR e ign o fA sand e ri nB o spo ru s4 9 /48 -2 1/20 B .C . ' , T he A nc ien tB lack S ea L i t tora l , Od e s sa , 1 989 ,p .3 2 -34 ; K a ry szkov sk i , F ro lova ' On t h eH i s to ry o ft h eR e ig no fA sande ri nB o spo ru s ' ,N um i sma t ic I nve s t iga t ions o ft h eH is tory o fS ou th -Eas tE urope ,p .3 9 100 ; K a ry szkov sk i ,F ro lova ' T he R e ign o fA sande ri nt h eB o spo ru s . . . ' , p . 89 112 . S ee a l so N .A .F ro lova ,' Da t ing t h eR e ign o fD ynam i s ' .S A , 1 978 ,p . 49 -60 , L e schho r np . 50f ; F ro lova , K a ry skov sk i j , D e lf s ' Z u rC h rono log ie . . . ' ; K .Nawo tka , ` A sande ro ft h eB o spo ru s : H i sC o inag ea nd C h rono logy ' .A IN 3 -4 , 1 991-2 ,p . 29f f . T h i si ss hown b yt h ee x i s tence o f ä =4a st h el a s tn ume ra lt oa ppea ro nt h eA r chon c o in sa nd t h ef i r s tt h a th a sb een f o und o ns t a te r s w i th t h et i t le K ing . 4 4

4 5

4 7

4 8 4 9

5 1

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A sande r , m ake s i tl i ke ly t h a tt h i sw a s a l so t h e l a s ty ea ro fA sand e r ' s r e ign .5 3 S ince A sande r 's c o inag e i sm a rked w i th h i s r e gna l y ea r s , t h e f i na l f i gu r e k nown , 2 9 , t hu s s ugge s t s t h a t t h e f i r s t y ea r o fh i s a r chon sh ip f e l l i nt h e p e r iod O c tobe r 4 9 -Sep t embe r 4 8 .5 4 O n t h e e v id ence o fD io A sande r r e vo l ted a ga in s tP ha rna ce s m o s tp robab ly i n4 8 , t h ough 4 7 r ema in s ap o s s ib i l i ty .5 F o l low ing t h eb a t t le o fZ e la P ha rna ce s a t t emp ted t o r e tu rn t oB o spo ru s b u t w a s k i l led b y A sande r ( D io 4 2 ,47 ,5 ; A pp ian M i t h . 1 20 ) . T he r eaf te r A sande r h ad t oc on tend w i th M i th rada te s I I o fP e rgamum ( D io 4 2 .48 .4 , A pp ian M i t / i . 1 21 , C ae sa rB e / /ur nA lexand r inum 7 8 ) , t ow hom C a e sa ra wa rded B o sporu s f o r t h e h e lp h e h ad g i ven i nE gyp t . A sande r ' sv i c to ry i nt h ee n su ing s t rugg le ( S t rabo 1 3 ,4 ,3 ) m ay h ave b een t h e s i gna lf o r h i sa s sump t ion o ft h et i t le K ing , b u tt h ea b sence o f af i rm d a t ef o rt h ef i na l c l a sh p reven t s c e r ta in ty .5 6 Wha tm u s tb ec e r ta in , h oweve r , i st h a tt h ed ef ea to fM i th rada te s , b a cked a sh ew a sb yR ome , i n d ica t e s a n i n i t ia l c oo lne s s o fr e la t ion s b e tween B o spo ru s a nd R ome , a dd i t iona l e v idence f o r wh ich c om e s i n t h ep r e sence o ra b sence o ft h et e rm ( paop e op ,a to; f r om i n sc r ip t ion s .5 7 I n t u rn , t h e c o inage o fD ynam i s a nd t h e i s sue o fs t a te r s w i th m onog ram s p r e sen t s aw ho le s e r ie s o ff u r the r p rob lem s , n o t l e a s t t h e d a te s o f h e r s o le r e ign a nd w he the r o ne o r t wo p e r iod s o f p owe r a r e i n vo lved . F o l low ing t h e d ea th o fA sande r , w h ich w e h ave p r e sumed t o ok p l ace i n2 1 /20 , t h e r e cogn i t ion o f D ynam i s a s q ueen b y R ome o pen s an ew p e r iod i n t h e h i s to ry o f B o spo ru s . R o s tov tzef f5 8 w en t s of a r a s t oc l a im t h a t t h e a r ea w a s a c tua l ly i n co rpo ra ted i n to t h e R oman e mp i r e , t h ough i t s n om ina l i ndependence a nd t h e a u thor i ty o f i t s r u le r w e r e p r e served . H e s ugge s t ed t h a t D ynam i s h ad t w ice o b ta ined c on f i rma t ion o f h e r p o s i t ion f r om A ugu s tu s : f i r s t a f te r t h e d ea th o f A sande rw hen s t a te r s d a ted t o2 1 /20 a nd 1 7 / 16 BC w e re i s sued i nh e r n ame a nd t h en a f te r t h e d ea th o fP o lemo , w ho se w if e s he h ad b ecome o n t h e c ommand o fA ugu s tu s ( D io 5 4 ,24 ) . I ti sk nown t h a tc . 1 2B C P o lemo m a r r ied a ga in , t a k ing a sh i sw if e P y thodor i s , Q ueen o fP on tu s , ( S t rabo 1 2 .3 .29 ) ,5 9 b u t t h e r e i s as uppo s i t ion t ha t f o l low ing P o lemon ' s d ea th i n 9 / 8 BC D ynam i s h e ld p owe r a ga in . T h e e v idence f o rt h i s , h oweve r , l i e ss o le ly i ni n te rp r e ta t ion o ft h em onog ram ( 2 ) f ound o n as e r ie so f s t a te r sb ea r ing t h ed a t e s 2 89 -304 B .e . =9 / 8BC -AD 7 / 8 .6 0 T he p r e sence o f am a le h ead o n e a ch s i d e , u sua l ly i n t e rp re ted a sA ugu s tu sa nd A g r ippa , a l so l e dt ot h e i d ea t h a th av ing b een g ran ted t h e r i gh tt o s t r ike g o ld b y A ugu s tu s i n 8 BC D ynam i s h onou r ed h e r o ve r lo rd s b y r enam ing P an t icapa eum a s C ae sa r ea a nd P hanago r ia a sA g r ipp ia .6 1 T h i si d ea ,f i r s tt e n ta t ive ly s ugge s ted b yO re shn ikov , w a s s o on a c cep ted b yR o s tov tzef fa nd o the r sa sa n e s tab l i shed f a c t .6 2 H oweve r , O r e shn ikov c on s ide red t h e c o in s b ea r ing t h en ew c i ty n ame s a sc on tempo ra ry a l so w i th s t a te r s m a rked w i th t h e m onog ram KNE i s sued i n3 05 -6 B .e . = AD 8 9 , am onog ram w h ich c an i nn o w ay b e a s soc ia ted w i th a n a bb rev ia t ion o ft h e n ame D ynam i s . F u r thermo r e , B e i-t i e rd e l aG a rde r e ga rded g o ld s t a te r sw i th t h e m onog ram 2 S ( 2 ) a nd b r onze c o in sw i th t h e monog ram s B ÄE ,a nd B AM a sc on t empo ra ry , a ga in s ugge s t ing am o re f l u id s i tua t ion t h an s imp ly a s e cond r e ign b y D ynam i s .6 3 I ndeed , o nce i d en t if ica t ion o f t h e m onog ram

5 3

We m igh tn o t e ,w h i le n o ta ccep t ing , D io ' sd a t ing o fA sand e r ' sd ea th t o1 4 BC ( 54 .24 .4 ) .

5 4

c f . RPC I ,1 842 . L e schho rn p . 50 1 . N awo tka ( 1991-2 ,p . 29 -31) g i v e s au sef u ls umma ry o ft h ee v idence ,b u tq ue s t ion st h e

a s sump t ion t h a tD ynam i sb egan c o in ing o n ly a f t e rh e rh u sband ' sd ea th ,c f . L e schhom ' sm en t ion o ft h i sp o s s ib i l i ty p . 51 . N awo tka h im s e lf ( p .38 )g i ve sA sand e r ar e ign o f3 1 o r3 2y ea r sb e tw een 4 6 a nd 1 6 / 15 BC . O ne p o s s ib le e xp lana t ion h eg i ve sf o rt h e d i sc repancy i st h a tc o in sm in t ed i nA sande r ' sf i na ly ea r sa r en o tk nown . O the rp o s s ib i l i t ie sh ec on s id e r sa r et ha tA sand e r may n o th av e c oun t ed h i sr egna ly ea r sf r om t h et ime h et o ok p owe ra nd t h a ts ome o ft h eb u s t ss hown o nh i ss t a t e r sb e long t o Ma rk A n tony a nd O c tav ian ,w h ich w ou ld r e qu i r es h if t ing t h ew ho le s e r ie st o al a t e rt ime span ,t ob e tw een 4 4 /3 a nd 1 6 / 15 . H ow eve r ,t h i sl e av e st h e q ue s t ion o fD ynam i s 'c o inag eu n r e so lved . 5 5 L e schhom p . 47 . 5 6 F ro lova ,K a ry skov sk i j , D e lf s ,p . 67 . L e schhom p . 51 s ugg e s t sc . 47 /46 a st h ed a t e . 5 7 T hu s CR IB 9 13 c on ta in sn or e f e r ence t ot h et e rm .w h i le CRIB 3 0d oe s .T h i ss ugg e s t st h a tw i th t ime A sande r ' sr e la t ion sw i th R om e i mp rov ed t ot h ee x ten to fr e cog n i t ion o fh im a sk i ng o fB o spo ru s .T he r ei sa l so t h ee v id enc eo fD io 4 2 ,46 ,4 .w ho s ay st h a ti nr e vo l t ing a ga in s tP ha rna ce sA sande rh oped t og a in R ome ' sf avou ra nd b er e cogn i sed a sr u le ro fB o spo ru s . 5 8 I r an ian sa nd G reek si nS ou thern R us s ia , Ox f o rd 1 922 ,p . 152 ;c on t r a s tN awo tka ( 1989 )p . 328 -9 ,w ho p o in t so u tt h ee mpha s i s D ynam i sh e r se lf p l a ced u pon h e rd e scen tf r om M i th rada t e s V I i ni n sc r ip t ion s , L e schhom p . 51-2 . 5 9 O r e schn ikov A V . ,' P y thodo r i sa nd h e rO r ig in i nt h eP on t ic K ingdom ' ,/ AK ,3 4 , 1 902 ,p . 12 ; B a ldu sH .R .' D ie D a t en v on Münzp rägung u nd T od d e rK ön ig in P y thodo r i sv on P on to s ' ,C h iron , 1 3 , 1 983 ,p . 54 1 f . ; RPC 1p . 331 . 6 0 R o s tov tzef f ,' AB ronze B u s to ft h eB o spo ran Q ueen D ynam i sa tt h eT ime o fA ugu s tu s .D revno s t i , XXV , 1 916 ,p . 18 ; i d . ,' Th e B ronz eC o in so fD ynam i sa nd A spou rgo s ' ,I TUAK , 5 4 , 1 918 ,p .4 9 ;i d . ,' Queen D ynam i so fB o spo ru s ' , JHS ,3 9 . 1 919 ,p . 100 10 1 ; G a jdukev i t ch V .F . , T he K ingdom o fB o sporus , 1 949 ,p .2 22 ,3 16 -317 ;Z og raph ,A nc ien tC o inage ,p . 307 ; B lava t sky , P an t icapaeum , 1 964 ,p .3 2 ; S he lov , T ana i sa nd t h eL ow er Don i nt h eI l I rd -I s tc en t . ,B .C . ,p .2 31 ; B o ltunova ,' On t h ei n sc r ip t ion I OSPE , I ,4 00 ' , V D I , 1 954 ,p . 174 ; G o lenko ,' T he K e r ch H oa rd o fB o spo ran C o in so ft h eI s tc en t . B .C . ' , NE ,9 ,1 97 1 ,p .4 1 . 6 1 N awo tka ( 1989 )p . 328 . i nc on t ra s t ,s ugg e s t st h a tt h ep r e sence o ft h eh ead sw a s ap r opaganda p l oy b yD ynam i st oa s su r eR om eo f h e r l o ya l ty w h i le e ngag ed i n ap ow e rs t rugg le w i th P o lemon . 6 2 O r e shn ikov ,' E xcu r su so nt h eA nc ien tN um i sma t ic so ft h eB la ck S ea C oas t ' , 1 914 ,p . 40 ; R o s tov tzef f , ' AB ron ze B u s to ft h e B o spo ran Q ueen D ynam i sa tt h eT ime o fA ugu s tu s 'p . 14 18 . 6 3 B e r t ie rd el aG a rde ,' The C o in so ft h eK ing so ft h eC imme r ian B o spo ru sd e t e rm ined b y Monog ram s ' , ZOOID 2 9 , 1 910 ,p . 190 . B u rne t t , Amand ry ,R ipo l le s( RPC , Ip .3 31) i nf a c t ,r i gh t ly a t t r ibu t et h es t a t e r sw i th t h em onog r am s ( 289 -304 B .e . =9 /8 B .C . —A .D . 7R T IE ( 305 -306 B .e . =AD . 8 -9 )a nd ( 307 -310 1 3 . e . =AD . 1 0 13 )t o ap e r iod o f' Unce r ta in K ing s ' .

A )

7

( 2 )w i th D ynam is i sr e jec ted , t h ea l te rna t ive s c ena r io o ft h eq ueen 's d ea th s hor t ly a f te rt h e a cce s s ion o f P o lemo i n 1 5 / 14 BC , f o l lowed b y P o lemo 's m a r r iage t o P y thodo r is i n 1 2 BC b ecome s af a r m o r e s a t isf ac to ry i n terp re ta t ion o f e ven t s . H oweve r , t h e q ue s t ion o f t h e d a te w hen P an t icapaeum a nd P hanagor ia w e re r enamed r ema in s t o b e r e so lved . I ti sr e a sonab le t o s ugge s t t ha t t h e mo s t l i ke ly p er iod f o r t h e i n cep t ion o fc o inage r e co rd ing t h e e ven t w ou ld b e b e tween 1 8 BC a nd t h e d ea th o f A gr ippa i n 1 2 BC , t h ep er iod o fh i sg rea te s t i n f luence i nt h e e mp i re . T he a ppea rance a tR ome o fc o in s c ommemo ra t ing A ugu s tu s a nd A gr ippa i n 1 3 -12 BC m igh t w e l l p rov ide t h e s pa rk f o r t h e r enam ing , t hough A gr ippa 's i n terven t ion i nt h ea r ea i n 1 5 14 BC , a ss ugge s ted b y p o s s ib i l i ty .6 4

R PC Ip . 334 ,

i sa l so ad i s t inc t

I n a dd i t ion t os t a te r sb ea r ing t h e monog ram 2 ( 2 ) a nd KNE m en t ioned a bove t h e p e r iod a l so s aw i s sue so fg o ld w i th t h e monog ram e d a ted t o3 07 a nd 3 10 B .e . = AD 1 0 / 11 a nd 1 3 / 14 , a s w e l l a sb ronze i s sue s b ea r ing t h e monog ram s B Ät , B AM , a nd IMP . T he l a s t o ft h e se c er ta in ly r e f e r s t oA spurgu s , who se s t a te r s , b ea r ing t h e s ame m onog ram , s pan t h e p er iod 3 11-334 B .e . = AD 1 4 -37 .6 5 T he s im i la r i ty o fb ronze c o in s b ea r ing 1 3 X 1 ' ( p l .XLV I , 8 14 ) t oo the r s b ea r ing t h e monog ram BAM ( p l .XXX IX , 2 3-26 ) s ugg e s t s t h a t t h ey a r e a s soc ia ted i n t ime , t h e BAM c o in s p reced ing t h e o the r . I n terp re ta t ion o ft h e BE m onog ram , h oweve r , i sm o re p rob lema t ica l . F ro lova , f o r i n s tance , p o in t s o u tt ha to ne o ft he BAM t y pe s ( p l .XXX IX , 1 8 -21 ) i sc l o se t o as e r ie s ma rked w i th t h e1 3 ` AEmonogram ( p 1 .>O CX IV , 1 8 ) , s ugge s t ing c onnec t ion i n t ime , a f a c to r s t reng thened b y a s im i la r i ty o f d enom ina t ion s . S he c onc lude s f r om t h i s t ha t t h e s e r ie s b e long s t o t h e p er iod b e tween t h e d ea th o f P o lemo a nd t he a cce s s ion o f A spu rgu s .6 I n c on t ra s t , R PC Ip . 331 p o in t s t o t h e p re sence o f BE

t o ge the r w i th t h e d a te A o n au n ique s t a te r ( R PC I1 865 ) wh ich h a s b een a t t r ibu ted t ot h e r e ign o f P o lemo .6 7 T hu s t h e c o inage b e tween t h e d ea th o f A sande r a nd t h e a cce s s ion o f A spu rgu s m ay b e d i v ided i n to t h ree ma jo rp e r iod s : 1 . 2 1/20 -1 4 BC , t he r e ign o fD ynam is , when r e la t ion s w i th R ome c on t inued a l ong t h e l i ne s s e tb y 2 .

A sande r . 1 5 /14 -9 / 8 BC , t h er e ign o fP o lemo . T he e x i s tence o ft h e s t a te r ma rked w i th t h e monog ram 1 3 5 tE , whe the ri tb e long st ot h e r e ign o fP o lemo o rl a t e r , u she r s i n ap e r iod when t h e h ead o ft h eR oman

3 .

empe ro r r egu la r ly o ccup ied t h e o bve r se o f g o ld c o in s , wh ich i n t u rn s ugge s t s B o sporu s ' r e cogn i t ion o fR oman o ve r lo rd sh ip . 9 /8 BC - Al ) 1 3 , t h e p er iod o f ' u ncer ta in r u le r s ' , t h e c o inage o f wh ich i s c ha rac te r ised b y monog ram sa nd t h e i mpe r ia l h ead .

T he c o inage o fA spurgu s 68 ( AD 1 4 -37 ) E p ig raph ic a nd n um isma t ic e v idence b r ing s u s t ot h e c onc lu s ion t ha t t h e r e ign o fA spu rgu s s t ar t s f r om t h e t ime w hen s t a te r s o f 3 11 B .e . = AD 1 4 w i th t h e monog ram BX 1 ) w e re m in ted i n B o sporu s s i nce i tc anno t b e d oub ted t ha t h i s n ame i sc oncea led i n t h e monog ram . H oweve r , u n t i l r e cen t ly t h e p rob lem o ft h e b eg inn ing o f h i s r e ign r ema ined o pen . V a r iou s d a te s w e re s ugge s ted : 8 BC ,6 9 AD 8 7 ° ,AD 1 07 1 a nd AD 1 4 . '2 T h is v a r ie ty o fd a te s w a s c au sed b y t h e a t temp t t o r e la te t h e s t a te r s o fA spu rgu s w i th t h e a bove -men t ioned m onog ram t og o ld c o in s ma rked w i th monog ram s 2 S ( 2 ) ( 9 /8 BC -AD 7 ) , I CRE ( AD 8 -9 ) a nd e(AD 1 0 -13 ) . S o , f o r i n s tance , a l though t h e r ep r e sen ta t ion s RPC Ip . 334 a l so p o in t so u tt h a tt h ep r e sence o fc o in so fC ae sa r ea a nd A g r ipp ia t oge the rw i th o t he r sb ea r ing t h e monog ram BAE i nt h e K e rch h oa rd o f1 961 s t reng t hen st h e i d ea o ft h e i ra ppea rance t owa rd st h ee nd o ft h e 1s tc en tury BC . 6 5 I na dd i t ion t ot h en um i sma t ic e v idence t h e re i sa l so i n sc r ip t iona l e v idence ;s e ef u r the rB lava tskaya , ' I n sc r ip t ion so fK ing A spu rgus ' S A 2 ,1 965 ,p . 197 ; i d . , ' A spu rgu sa nd B o sporus i n AD 1 5 ' ,S A 3 ,1 965 , p . 26 ; CRIB 3 9 ,9 85 . F ro lova ,' Da t ing t h e B eg inn ing o fA spu rgu s 's R e ign i nB o spo ru s ' , V DI , 1 979 ,p . 139 147 , p l . I I I I ; i d . , ' B ronze C o in so ft h e B o sporus f r om t h e E nd o ft h e F i r s tC en tury BC -B eg inn ing o ft h e F i r s tC en tury AD ' , NE 1 5 , 1 989 , p . 3 -18 . F ro lova a l so a rgue st h a t t h ed a t ing i sc onf irmed b yt ypo log ica l ly s im i la rR oman d enar i i , c i t ing C ohen , Descr ip t ion h i s tor ique d es m onna ie s , m eda i l le s i mper ia les , I ,P a r i s 1 880 ,p . 141 , n o .529 . 6 7 C f . L e schho rn p . 60 . I n te rp re ta t ion o ft h e monog ram a sB AZ IAEO .I E MATOPOI i n v i te s c ompar ison w i th M i th rada te s V I ,b u ta s L e schho rn p . 58 -60 p o in t so u t ,t h ee v idence o ft h eg o ld s t a te rm i l i ta t e sa ga in s t ar e f e rence t oR ome ' sf o rme re nemy , a nd t h e monog ram m ay i n s tead r e p re sen t EYEEBE II ,w h ich P o lemo Ia s sumed . 6 8 T he d yna s t ic o r ig in so fA spu rgu sc anno tb ee s tab l i shed . N awo tka ( 1989 )p . 329 make sh im s on o fD ynam is , t h ough t h e i n terven ing p e r iod o fd yna s t sa nd t h e l a ck o fa ny e v id ence p r even t ss uch a na s sump t ion . 6 9 L a ty shev , HONT I I CA , S tP e te r sbu rg , 1 909 ,p . 106 . 6 6

7 °

G a jdukev ich , T he K ingdom o fBosporus ,p . 322 ; S he lov , T he A nc ien t Wor ld i nt h e Nor thern B lack S ea L i t tora l , p . 153 ; B lava t sk i ,

P an t icapaeum ,p . 132 . 7 1 R o s tov tzef f ,' AB ronze B u s to fB o spo ran Queen D ynam i s ' , p . 17 ; i d . , ' The B ronze C o in so f Dynam i sa nd A spu rgu s . . . ' , p . 51 ; i d . , ' Queen Dynam i s . . . ' , p . 103 ; G o lubzova , T he Nor thern B lack S ea L i t tora lB e tween t h eC en tur ie s BC . a nd AD , p . 87 -88 . 7 2 B e r t ie rd el aG a rde ' The C o in so ft h e K ing so ft h eC imme r ian B o sporus D e te rm ined b y Monog ram s ' , ZOOID , 2 9 , 1 910 ,p . 120 .

8

e

o n s t a t e r s w i th BP a r e d if e r en t f r om t h e o t he r s , a t t emp t s w e r e m ad e t oa s c r ibe c o in s w i th t o A spu rgu s . R o s tov tzef f , a s c r ib ing t h e 0 1) s t a t e r t oA spu rgu s , a l so t o ok b ronz e c o in s w i th ad if e r en t m onog ram -1 3 Ät -f o rt h ee a r l ie s tb ronze i s sue o ft h a t k i ng .7 3 I tf o l low ed f r om t h i st ha t A spu rgu sw a s a ppa r en t ly i s su ing c o in sw i th t h ree d if e r en tm onog ram s : a nd 1 3 ` gP , t h ough i ti sc l ea rt h a t t h e se m u s t c oncea l d if e ren t n ame s . C er ta in ly , h ow eve r , t h e d e c iphe rmen t o f1 3 ` A? a s o ft h e n ame o f A spu rgu s i sc onf i rmed b y B o spo ran i n scr ip t ion s o fA .D . 1 5 / 16 , 1 6 / 17 a nd 2 3 m en t ion ing t h e n ame a nd t h e t i le o f t h e k ing a nd b y t h e m in t ing o f c on t empo ra ry g o ld c o in s m a rked w i th t h a t s ame m onog ram . I ti sa l so w or th m en t ion ing t h a t t h r ee t y pe s o f b ronze c o in s w i th t h e monog ram w e re i s sued , w h i le t h e r e w e r e n o b ronze c o in s w i th t h e m onog ram .We c an a l so p o in t o u t t h a t t h e m onog ram s o ft h e l a te r B o spo ran k ing s C o ty s Ia nd R he scupo r i s Ia r e t h e s ame o n b o th g o ld a nd o n b ronz ec o in s s ugge s t ing as im i la r s y s tem s hou ld h ave o pe ra ted i nt h e c a se o fA spu rgu s a l so , a nd t h a t t h e o n ly u n ive r sa l m onog ram f o r h im i s BP . C on sequen t ly , t h e f i r s t y ea r o f A spu rgu s ' r e ign i n B o spor u s mu s t c or r e spond t o t h e t ime w hen s t a t e r s w i th t h e m onog ram 1 AT f i r s t m ake t h e i r a ppea rance : 3 11 B .e . = AD 1 4 . F rom t h e i n scr ip t ion o f 3 12 B . e . s e t u p f o r A spu rgu s b y t h e G o rg ipp ian s i tf o l low s t h a t A ugu s tu s w a s t h e e mpe ro r w ho h ad c onf i rmed t h e r i gh t s o fA spu rgu s o n t h et h rone o fB o spo ru s:1 4 T he t y po logy o fA spu rgu s 'b ronze c o in sa l so s uppor t st h e i d ea . T he d ea th o f A ugu s tu se v iden t ly made A spu rgu ss e ek an ew c onf i rma t ion o fh i s r i gh t sf r om R ome . We m ay b es u r e t h a t t h o se r i gh t sw e r e r a t if ied i nt u rn b yT ibe r iu sa nd C a l igu la , s ome th ing t e s t if ied b y t h e i n scr ip t ion s o n A spu rgu s ' c o in s i s sued i nt h e r e ign s o ft h e t wo e mpe ro r s . I nt h i sw ay w e g e t t h e i n i t ia l d a te o fh i s r e ign — AD 1 4 , w h i le t h e e nd o fA spu rgu s ' r e ign s hou ld b e s e en a sc o inc id ing w i th t h e l a te s t d a t ed i s sue o fs t a te r s , 34 B .e . = AD 3 7 -n o t t o3 8 / 39 a ss ugge s ted b y s ome .7 5 I th a s b een s ugge s ted i n de ed t h a t A spu rgu s ' r e la t ion sw i th t h r ee e mpe ro r s i n d ica te s h e s i gned at r ea t y o ff r iend sh ip ( am ic i t ia ) w i th R ome o nt h ree o cca s ion s , a nd t h a t h ew a st h ef i r s to ft h ek i ng s o fB o sporu s w ho , a l ong w i th t h e t i le s ekö l ca taap a nd waope op .a to, w a s g ran ted R oman c i t izen sh ip -e v idence f o r an ew s t age i n t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween B o sporu s a nd R ome .7 6 O ne s ugge s t ion , h ow eve r , t h a t t h e n um isma t ic e v idence d oe s n o ts uppor ti st h a to fA spu rgu st a k ing as e cond . T h rac ian n ame -t h a t o fR he scupor is . '7

c u, B I E

T he C o inage o fG epa ipyr is ( AD 3 7 -8 ) W i th t h e e xcep t ion o f as i ng le s i lve r p l a te i n scr ibed w i th h e r n ame a nd t i le s ( f ound i n S cy th ian N eapo l is ) ,7 8 G epa ipy r i s i sm en t ioned n e i the r b y a ny o f t h e a nc ien t a u tho r s n o r b y o t he r e p ig raph ic t e x t sf r om B o spo ru s . On ly c o in s i s sued i nh e rn ame p rov ide c on f i rma t ion o fh e r e x is tenc e , a nd m ak e u s c on s ide r t h e q ue s t ion o f h e r a u tonomou s r u le i n B o spo ru s a nd h e r r e la t ion sh ip t o A spu rgu s , M i th rada te s7 9 a nd C o ty s 1 .8 ° T he se q ue s t ion s h ave n ev e r , i nf a c t , b een c on s ide r ed p rope r ly . G epa ipy r i sh a sb een t a ken e i the rf o rt h ew if eo fM i th rada t e so rh i sm o the r .8 1 F o l low ing t h e s ugge s t ion m ad e b y B er t ie r d e l aG a rde , t h a t t h e b ronze c o in s o f C o ty s ( p l .L I I I , 1 3 ) b o r e t h e p or t ra i t s o f t h e k ing ' sp a r en t s , a l ong w i th m onog ram sc on s t ruc t ed f r om t h e i rn ame s : a nd BP ,R o s tov tzef fc ame t ot h e c onc lu s ion t h a t t h e p o r t ra i t o fC o ty s ' m o the rw a s c l o se t oG epa ipy r i s ' r e p r e sen ta t ion o n b ronze c o in s o fM i th rada te s , a nd h e s ugge s ted r e ad ing t h e m onog ram a s c on ta in ing t h e n ame a nd t i le o f G epa ipy r i s . T he i d en t i ty o fm onog ram so nt h e c oppe rc o in so fC o ty s I ,a nd o n g o ld c o in s o f 34 B .e = A .D . 3 7 ( 3s pec imen s ) a nd 35 B .e . =A .D . 3 8 ( 2s p ec imen s ) m ake s i tp o s s ib le , i nf a c t , t oc on s id e r t h a t G epa ipy r i s w a s t h e w if e o f A spu rgu s a nd t h e m o the r o f M i th rada t e s a nd C o ty s . F u r the r

e r .

R o s tov tz ef f ,' AB ronze B u s to fQ ueen D ynam i s . . . ' ,p . 51 . V inog radov ,' E p ig raphy i nt h eU SSR ' ,A rcheo logy sk V e s tn ik .A c ta A rchaeo log ica ,3 1 , 1 980 ,p . 309 .n . 100 . 7 5 G a jdukev ich , Da sB o sporan i sche R e ich . ,p . 340 ,n . 16 7 6 N awo tka ( 1989 )p . 329 w i th r e f s . Wh i le a m ic i t ia t r ea t ie sa r ew e l la t t e s ted ,t h ei d ea t h a tA spu rgu sw a se n ro l led i nt h eS ena t ei s h i gh ly s p ecu la t ive . 7 7 T he b a s i sf o rt h ea s se r t ion t h a tk i ng A spu rgu sb o r et h ea dd i t iona ln ame R he scupo r i si st h e monogam B P o nt h ec o in so ft h i s k i ng . T h ei d ea w a sa dvanced i n1 884 b yB u ra chkov ( Genera lC a ta logue ,p . 237 -239 ) ,b yB e r t ie rd e l aG a rd e( ' The C o in so ft h e K ing so ft h eC imme r ian B o spo ru s . . . ' ,p . 157 , 1 64 . 1 7911 ) ,a nd b yZ og raph ( Anc ien tC o inage ,p .3 15 ) . F u r the rw o rk b yB lava t sk i , ' On R he scupo r i s S A , 4 ,1 976 ,p . 56 -61 a nd F ro lova ,' T he C oppe rC o in so fC o ty s Ia s aH i s to r ica l S ou r ce ' ,S A , 3 ,1 976 ,h oweve r , s uppo r t ed t h ei d ea t h a tA spu rgu sd i dn o tt a ke as e cond T h ra c ian n am e , R he scupo r i s I . 7 8 Y a zenko, ' The Q ueen G epa ipy r i sD i sh f r om S cy th ian N eapo l i s ' ,I s tor iko -Archeo log iche sk iS born ik , Mo scow , 1 962 ,p . 10 1-103 . 7 9 T he n umbe r ing o ft h is M i th rada t e sw i th in t h er oya ls ucce s s ion o fB o spo ran k i ng sv a r ie sg r ea t ly i nt h el i t e ra tu r e . T oZ og raph ( p .315 17 )h ei sM i th rada t e sI I ;N awo tka ( 1989 )p .3 29f . m ak e sh im M i th rada t e s V I I I ,w h i le R PC Ip . 329 h a sh im a sM i th rada t e s I . I nv i ew o ft h i sw ep r ef e ri nt h i si n t roduc t ion s imp ly t or e co rd h i sn ame w i thou tt h ec omp l ica t ion o f an umbe r . 8 ° T ha tM i th rada te sa nd C o ty sw e r eb ro the r si se s tab l i shed b yD io C a s s iu s6 0 ,28 ,7 a nd T a c i tu sA nn . X1 ,18 ) , c f . C IRB ,4 1 8 1 K öhne ,D e sc r ip t ion o ft h e V .V K ochube i Museum , S tP e t e r sbu rg , 1 857 ,p . 202 -215f f ;B e r t ie rd el aG a rd e .' The C o in so ft h eK ing s o ft h eC imme r ian B o sporu s . . . ' ,p . 195 . K öhne ,a nd a f t e rh im , B e r t ie rd el aG a rde s uppo r t ed t h ei d ea t h a tG epa ipy r is w a s aw if eo f M i th rada te s ,b u tR o s tov tzef fr ega rded G epa ipy r i sa sM i th rada t e s 'm o the r : R o s tov tz e f f . ,' AB ronz e B u s to ft h eB o spo ran Q ueen 7 4

D ynam i s . . . ' ,p . 21 .

9

c onf irma t ion o f t h is c an b e e x t rac ted f r om a s t udy o f t h e b ronze c o ins w h ich b ea r t h e n ame o f G epa ipyr is . Two t y pe s o fc o in e x is t w i th t h e n ame o fG epa ipy r is : o ne h a s t h e q ueen 's b u s t a nd a l e gend b ear ing h er n ame a nd t i t le so n t h e o bve r se , a nd o n t h e r e ve r se t h e b u s t o fA ph rod i te a nd t h e ma rk I B ( 12 u n i t s ) ,8 2 w h ich t e s t if ie s t o h e r a u toc ra t ic r u le o ve r B o sporu s , s i nce t h e re i s n o r e f e rence t o M i th rada te s . T h is b ronze s e r ie s c an b e c ompa red o n ly t ot h e s t a te r s o fD ynam is . T he s e cond b ronze i s sue w i th t he n ame o fG epa ipy r is ( r ep re sen ted b y t e n k nown s pec imen s )8 3 h a s t h e b u s t o fG epa ipy r is o n t h e o bver se , t ha t o f M i th rada te s o n t h e r e ve r se . I tr ef lec t s a no the r s t age i n h e r l e ga l s t a tu s , t h e b eg inn ing o fh e r s on M i th rada te s ' r e ign o ve r B o spo ru s . H oweve r , i fw e a s sume t ha t t h is l a t te r i s sue s howed n o tt he mo ther b u tt h ew if eo fM i th rada te s , t h en , t a k ing i n to a ccoun t t h eb ronze i s sue s how ing A ph rod i te , w e w ou ld h ave t oc onc lude t ha t t h e w if e , b e ing a cco rded a n i s sue i nh e r n ame a l one , h ad b een g i ven more a u tho r i ty a nd p owe rt h an h e rh u sband . We h ave e ver y r e a son t ot h ink , t h e ref ore , t ha t G epa ipy r is w a s t h e mo the ro fM i th rada t e s , n o t h i s w if e . H e r g o ld s t a te r s , d a ted t o 34 a nd 35 B .e . = AD 3 7 /8 a nd 3 8 /9 , a l so d emon s t ra te t h a th e rs o le r e ign w a s n o t l o ng . T hu s , t a k ing i n to a ccoun t t h e t y po logy o ft h e i s sue s , w e a r e a b le t oe s tab l ish a n a u tonomou s r e ign o f G epa ipy r is s epa ra te f r om t ho se o f A spu rgu s a nd M i th rada te s , a nd t o c on s ide r h e r c o in s , e a r l ie r a t t r ibu ted t o t he c o inage o f M i th rada te s , a s ad i s t inc t g roup . We a l so s e e n ow t h a t t h e t wo s e r ie s o f G epa ipy r is ' c o in s r ef lec t t wo s t age s i n h e r l e ga l s t a tu s . T he f i r s t t y pe t e s t if ie s t o h e r a u tonomou s r u le ; t h e s e cond r e f lec t st h ee n th ronemen t o fh e rs on . T he C o inage o fM i thrada te s ( AD 3 9 -45? ) M i th rada te s , i nhe r i t ing t h e t h rone o f B o sporu s f r om h i s mo the r G epa ipy r is , w ho h ad o bv iou s ly r e ce ived c onf i rma t ion o fh e r t i t le s a nd t h e r i gh t t oi s sue g o ld c o in s f r om C a iu s C a l igu la ,8 4 w a s d en ied b o th o ft he se p r iv i lege s . C a l igu la g ran ted t h e K ingdom o fB o spo ru s i n s tead t oP o lemo I , ( D io , 5 9 , 1 2 , 2 ) , t hough w he the r t h e l a t te re ve re xe rc ised a ny p owe r i nt h e r eg ion i sd oub tf u l . F o r h i s p ar t M i th rada te s , w hose l e g i t ima te r i gh t t ot h e t h rone o fB o spo ru s h ad b een b rough t i n to q ue s t ion , e v iden t ly w ished t od i sp lay h i s r o ya l d i gn i ty b y i s su ing g o ld c o in s s omewha t d if e ren t f r om t ho se o f h i s p redece sso r s .8 5 S ta te r s o f t h e t h ree y ea r s o f h i s r e ign a r e k nown : 36 B .e . = AD 3 9 /40 ( 3 s pec imen s ) , 3 37 B .e . = AD 4 0 /41 ( 2s pec imen s ) a nd 38 B .e . = AD 4 1 /2 ( 2s pec imen s ) . B u t , wh i le o n t he o bve r se t he c o in s i nq ue s t ion h ave ap or t ra i t o ft h e e mpe ro r G a iu s C a l igu la ( as op t oR ome? ) , t h e r e ve r se mo t if s how s N ike h o ld ing aw rea th a nd ap a lm b ranch , t o ge the r w i th t h e n ame a nd t i t le o f M i th rada te s i n scr ibed a round : B AZ IAE L IE M IOP IAATOY . T he r e a r e , i na dd i t ion , t wo b ronze i s sue s : o ne h a so nt he o bve r se t h ek ing 's p o r t ra i ta nd a n i n sc r ip t ion c on ta in ing h i s n ame a nd t i t le , B AZ IA ME M IOPAAATOY . On t h e r e ve r se t h e re i st h e p or t ra i t o f h i s mo the r a l ong w i th h e r n ame a nd t i t le s , BAZ IA ME I I I I IA I I IYPEQE a nd t h e m a rk I B ( 1 2 u n i t s ) . T he i s su ing o ft h is t y pe c an b e d a ted t o AD 3 8 b ecau se o f t h e ir s im i la r i ty w i th t h e t y pe o f b ronze c o in s b ea r ing n o v a lue -ma rk s i s sued i n t h e l i f e t ime o f G epa ipy r is . T he s e cond t y pe h a s o n t h e o bve r se t h e p or t ra i t o f M i th rada te s , a nd o n t h e r e ve r se t he c l ub o fH erac le sw i th al i on 's p e l to ve ri t .T h is s e cond t y pe c an p e rhap s b e d a ted t o AD 3 9 , t h ey ea r when s t a te r s w i th t h e n ame a nd t i t le o fM i th rada t e s w e re f i r s t i s sued . T he a ppea rance o fg o ld a nd b ronze i s sue s o fM i th rada te s g lor if y ing h i s r o ya l d ign i ty s ugge s t s t h e k ing 's w ish t oc a r ry o n h i s o wn i ndependen tp o l icy . I tr e su l ted i nP o lemo I n eve rb ecom ing k ing o fB o sporu s : o n t h e c on t ra ry . i n AD 4 1 t he empe ro r C laud iu s r e cogn ised M i th rada te s , d e scendan t o ft h e g rea t M i th rada te s E upa to r , a s k ing o fB osporu s , wh i le P o lemo I w a s g i ven i n s tead t h e p rov ince o fC i l ic ia ( D io , 6 0 ,8 ,2 ) . T he o n ly k nown i n sc r ip t ion o fM i th rada te s , d a t ing t oA .D . 4 1 , g ive s an ew f o rmu la t ion o fh i s t i t le : h e i sc a l led ' t he f r iend o ft h e a l l ie s a nd t h e f r iend o ft h e f a the r land ' i n s tead o ft h e u sua l ' t he f r iend o fR ome a nd t h ef r iend o fC ae sa r ' . T h i s s ugge s t s t h a t h i s s e cond c ognomen , ' t he f r iend o ft h e f a the r land ' i nd ica t e s h i s d e s ire t o make t he k ingdom mo re i ndependen t o f R oman o ve r lo rd sh ip , wh i le a t t h e s ame t ime r e ta in ing r e la t ion s w i th t h e Emp ire . M i th rada te s ' s epa ra t is t a t t i tude w a s d enounced b y h i s b ro the r C o ty s b ef ore t he empe ro r C laud iu s . I tc au sed m i l i ta ry i n te rven t ion f r om R ome , w i th R oman t r oop s i n vad ing B o spo ru s , a nd C o ty sb e ing p roc la imed k ing .8 6 P I .XLV I I ,1-18 , XLV I I I ,1 3 ;N .A .F ro lova ,' On t h e P e r iod o ft h eR e ig n so fG epa ipy r i sa nd o fM i th rada te s V D I , 1 977 ,p . 169 ,p l . I ,8 . 8 3 P l .XLV I I I ,5 -8 . 8 4 T h i s much i si n d ica ted b yt h ep r e s ence o ft h ee mpe ro ro nt h eo bv e r se o fs t a t e r s : p l . XLV I , 15 19 . I d en t i f ica t ion o ft h e' Roman 'b u s t o nt h er e ve r se a nd i t ss i gn if icanc ei so pen t oq ue s t ion . 8 5 C IRB , 123 . N .A .F ro lova ,' T h eG o ld C o in so fM i th rada t e s I ( 338 Be . =AD . 4 1) ,f r om t h eC o l lec t ion o fC i I M1.V D I . 1 986 , p . 54 -59 . 8 6 T a c i tu sA nna l sX I I , 1 5 -21 . 8 2

1 0

T h e a na ly s is o f t h e b ronze i s sue s o f M i th rada te s . n ow c a r r ied o u t f o r t h e f i r s t t ime , d emon s t ra t e s t h a t c o in s w i th t h e m onog ram B AM , f o rme r ly a t t r ibu ted b y Z og raph t oM i th rada te s ,8 7 c ou ld n o t h ave b een i s sued b y h im . F o r t h e t ime o fh i s r e ign i nB o spo ru s t h e f i r s t d a t e i sm a rked b y t h ei s sue o ft h es t a te r s o f 36 B .e . = AD 3 9 , t h e l a s tb y t h ef i r s te m i s s ion o fg o ld i nt h e n ame o fC o ty s i n3 42 B .e . =AD 4 5 . T he C o inag eo fC o ty s I( A .D . 4 5 -6 8 ) I nc on t ra s t t ot h o se o fh i s p r edece s so r t h e c o in s o fC o t y s Id i sp lay u nque s t ionab le m a rk s o f h i ss ubm i s s ion t oR ome , p r omp ted p a r t ly p e rhap sb y h i s r e l iance u pon R ome f o rh i s t h rone a nd p a r t ly b y t h e p r e s ence o fR oman t r oop s i nh i s t e r r i to ry . O ne o ft h e f e a tu r e s o fh i s c o in s , f o r i n s tance , i st h e p r e sence o fi mpe r ia l ef ig ie s o n b o th t h e o bve r se a nd t h e r e ve r s e . C o ty s ' o wn n ame a nd t i le s b e ing c onf ined t ot h e m onog ram E 2X S t a te r s o fC o ty s Iw i th t h e m onog ram a r e k nown f r om 3 42 t o3 57 B .e . = AD 4 5 -60 . I n 3 59 B .e . = AD 6 2 h i s m onog ram o n g o ld c o in s w a s r e p laced b y t h a t o fN e ro h im se l f le ( 7 4 ) . T he i s sue o fg o ld c o in s o fC o ty sw a s t h u s l im i ted t o AD 4 5 -62 : n o s t a te r s m in t ed a f te r AD 6 2 h ave y e t b een f ound . T he t y pe s o fh i s c o in s d emon s t ra t e t h e d ependence o ft h is k ing o f B o sporu s u pon R ome : e ven t s t a k ing p l ace i nR ome f o und aq u ick r e spon se i nB o sporu s . T h i s i st r ue a l so f o rt h eb ronze c o in so fC o ty s . I nve s t iga t ion o ft h ec h rono logy o fh i sb ronze i s sue s i sb a sed o n t h e s t udy o ft h ep or t ra i t so fR oman sa nd t h et i le sw h ich a ppea ro n t h em .8 F o rt h e e a r l ie s t s e r ie s o fC o ty s ' b r onze ( AD 4 5 -50 ) t h re e t y pe s o fh i s c o in s a r e i n c luded b ea r ing t h e v a lue m a rk s e , ça nd H — 4 ,6 a nd 8 u n i t s . T he s e cond s e r ie s , a l l m a rked I B ( 1 2 u n i t s /a s se s ) a nd i n c lud ing f ou r t y pe s w i th t h e p or t ra i to fC laud iu so nt h eo bve r se a nd t h a to fA g r ipp ina o nt h e r e ve r se , i sd a ted t o AD 4 9 -50 b ecau s e i tc ou ld b e i s sued o n ly a f t e rC laud iu s h ad m a r r ied A g r ipp ina i nt h a ty ea r .8 9 H oweve r , c o in s b e long ing t ot h e s e r ie s c ou ld w e l l h ave c on t inued t ob e m in ted t ot h e e nd o fC laud iu s ' r e ign ( AD 5 4 ) . T o t h e t h i rd s e r ie s( AD 5 4 -59 )b e long so n ly o ne t y pe , a ga in o f1 2u n i t s , r e p r e sen t ing N e ro a nd A g r ipp ina . I t s d a t ing i sd e te rm ined b y t h e y ea r w hen N e ro w a s p roc la imed e mpe ro r ( AD 5 4 ) a nd b y t h e t ime o f A g r ipp ina 's d ea th , t h e e nd o f AD 5 9 . T o t h e f ou r th s e r ie s ( AD 6 3 ) , l i kew ise a s i ng le s e r ie s o f 1 2 u n i t s , b e long c o in s r e p re sen t ing N e ro a nd P oppea . T o t h e f i f th s e r ie s o fb ronz e ( AD 6 3-68 ) t wo n ew l a rge d enom ina t ion s w e r e a dded : s e s ter t i i ( MH = 4 8 u n i t s ) a nd d upond i i ( KA = 2 4 u n i t s ) . D upond i i w e re o ft h r e e t y pe s : 1 .N e ro /N ike ; 2 .t emp le —KA -I E /m onog ram 1 3 21 w i th in w r ea th ; 3 .t emp le — KA -n E /m onog ram o r M Y( 7 5 -76 )w i th in aw r ea th . T he r e f o rm o fc o inage c a r r ied o u t b y N e ro i nt h e k i ngdom o fB o spo ru s , d i scon t inu ing t h e i s sue o fg o ld c o in s a f te r AD 6 2 a nd c hang ing t h e m in t ing o fb ronz e t ob r ing i tm o re r e ad i ly i n to l i n e w i th t h e R oman s y s tem , h a s b een r e ga rded b y s ome a s af i r s t s t ep t owa rd s t h e u n if ica t ion o f t h e m oney s y s t em w i th in t h eR oman Emp i r ea s aw ho le . I tw a sm en t ioned e a r l ie rt h a tN e ro s ub s t i tu ted h i s o wn m onog ram o ng o ld c o in sf o rt h a to fC o ty s i n AD 6 2 ; o ne m igh ta l so h ypo the s i se t h a tt h ea ppa ren t d i scon t inuance o fs t a te r -p roduc t ion t h e r eaf te rw a sp a r a l le led b y ap r oh ib i t ion o n n a t ive b ronze c o in s .9 ° H oweve r , t h i s f i nd s n o p a ra l le l i n R oman h i s to r y . A n t ioch , A lexand r ia , t h e c i t ie s o f A s ia M ino r , C r e te , C appadoc ia a nd C ae sa rea a l l m in ted a u tonomou s l o ca l b ronze a nd s i lve r c o in s u nde r N e ro . T he r e i s ,t h e r ef o r e , t h e p o s s ib i l i ty o ft h e n ew d enom ina t ion s o ft h e 5 t h s e r ie s c o in s b e ing m in ted n o t i nt h e r e ign o fC o ty s , b u t a tt h e b eg inn ing o f t h e r e ign o fR he s cupo r i s Ii n A .D . 6 8 /69 w hen t h e p roduc t ion o fs t a te r sw a sr e sumed . A n a dd i t iona l p rob lem c oncern ing t h e c o inage o ft h e p e r iod c en t r e s u pon c o in s s how ing a c u ru le c ha i r , c r own a nd s c ep t re t o ge the r w i th t h e i n s c r ip t ion T E IMA I B AZ IA MI , KOTYOZ ( RPC I 1 9 34 ) . O s ten s ib ly t h e se a r e p roduc t s o f C o ty s I ,b u t t h e r e i sn o e a sy l o ca t ion f o r t h em w i th in t h e v a r iou s s e r ie sp roduced b y h im a nd t h ey om i t t h e m onog ram w h ich i sc ha ra c ter is t ic o fh i sc o in s . I ti st emp t ing , t h e ref o r e t oa s s ign t h em i n s t ead t o al a te r r e ign ( c o in s o f as im i la r o bve r se t y pe w e r e p r oduced , f o r i n s tance , b y C o ty s I , AD 1 23-32 , b u t a s s e s t er t i i9 1) ,o r t o t h e s u cce s so r o f C o ty s I . R he scupo r i s ,w ho i sk nown t oh ave p roduced T E IMA Ic o in s i nh i so wn n ame .9 2

e y

ß K

•Z og raph p . 316 ;o f . N awo tka ( 1989 )p . 330 . 8 B e r t ie rd el aG a rde ,' The C o in so ft h eK ing so ft h eC imme r ian B o spo ru s . . . ' ,p . 16 1165 . 2 04 ;Z og raph .p . 317 ; K a ry szkov sk i , ' Bo spo ru sa nd R ome i nt h e 1 '1C en tu ry AD . . . ' , V D I , 1 953 ,p . 179 183 . •K a ry szkov sk ip . 182 189 ; F ro lo va ,' T he C o inag eo fC o ty s1 ,t h eS on o fA spu rgu s( A .D . 4 5 -68 ) ' , NS G IM , V ,1977 . 9 0 B e r t ie rd el aG a rd e' The C o in so ft h e K ing so ft h eC imme r ian B o spo ru s . . . ' ,p .2 14 ;Z og raph ,p .3 18f f . T he q ue s t ion o fw e ig h t s t anda rd sf o rt h eB o spo ran a nd R oman i s sue s ,w h ich m ay h ave ab ea r ing o nt h e i rd enom ina t iona lr e la t ion sh ip , i sd i scu s sed b y Z og raph ,p . 319f . 9 1 F ro lova , T he C o inage o ft h eK ingdom o fB o sporus AD 6 9 -238 ,p . 149 ;p l . XV I I I , 1 2 30 . 9 2 c f . RPC Ip . 334 ; RPC I ,p . 84 ; F ro lova , T he C o inage o ft h eK ingdom o fBo sporus AD 6 9 -238 ,p . 16 ; p l . I V , 1 ,6 .7 .

1

CATALOGUE OF THE BOSPORAN COINS A f t e rt h eB o spo ran K ingdom h ad b een i n co rpo ra t ed i n to M i th rada t e sV I ' ss t a t ei t sc o inage a nd c u r rency f o l low ed t h a to fP on tu sa nd P aph lagon ia ( Zog raph , 1 977 , p . 298 ) : a si nt h ec a s eo fP on tu s , t h el a rge s tb ronze d enom ina t ion sw e r eo bo l s( = 8c ha lko i , w t . =1 7 18 g . ) . B e low t h i sw a s am idd le d enom ina t ion -t e t ra cha lko s ( = 4c ha lko io r' Ao fo bo l , w t . =8 9g . ) ,f o l lowed b yt h es ma l le s tc ha lko s( w t . =2g . ) ( Zog raph , 1 977 , p . 299 ) . §1 .T he e nd o ft he 2" c en tury B .C . -t he b eg inn ing o ft h e

i s t

c en tury B .C .

P an t irapaeum C ha lko i O bv . T r ipod . R ev . S t a r ;b e tween t h er a y s , nANT IKAnA o rf lANT IKA . A noh in 2 03 ; SNG BM 9 41-4 ; S t ancomb 5 87 -8 . A .N . Z og raph d a ted t h is t y pe o fc o in t o1 00 -7 5 B .C . ( A .N . Z og raph ,A nc ien tC o inag e p . 299 1 8 ) . D .B . S he lov ( 'Ma te r ia ls T owa rd t h e H is to ry o f Mone ta ry C i r cu la t ion i nt h e C i t ie s o ft h e B o sporu s i nt h e V It h -I s t C en tu r ie sB .C . ' , NE , V . 1 965 , p . 44 )d a ted t h em t oe nd o ft h e rd c en tu ry B .C . . K .V . G o lenko s uppo sed t h a tt h is t y pe w a sm in ted i n9 0 -80 BC -The B ronze C o in s o ft h e C i t ie s o fP on to s a nd P aph lagon ia i nt h e t ime o f M i thrada tes V I Among B ospo ran F ind s ' ,P a le s t ina S born ik ,1 1( 74 ) , 1 964 ,p . 63 . D ies A -a B -b C -c D -d E -e F -f J j I I K -k L 1 N -n A i i i 0 -o

1 ) 1 ) . 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 )

W t . 3 , 62 2 , 67 2 , 33 1 , 95 3 , 06 3 , 22 2 , 90 2 , 93 3 , 08 2 , 96 3 , 20 3 , 20 2 , 48

D ia . 1 5n un 1 6 mm 1 5 mm 1 5 mm 1 7 mm 1 6 mm 1 5 mm 1 4n un 1 5r um 1 5n un 1 6 mm 1 5 mm 1 5n un

Mu s . GE GE GE GE GE GE GE GE GE GE GE A GE

Mu s . N o . 8 65 8 66 8 67 8 68 8 69 8 70 8 7 1 8 72 8 73 8 74 8 75 8 76

P la te p 1 . I , 1 p 1 . 1 ,2 p 1 . 1 ,3 p 1 . 1 ,4 p 1 . 1 ,5 p 1 . 1 ,6 p 1 . 1 ,7 p 1 . 1 ,8 p 1 . 1 ,9 p 1 . I ,10 01 ,11 p l .L 11 a p 1 . 1 ,12a

N o te s

A noh in 2 03 O ve r s t ruck o nt y pe : O bv . H ead o fb u l l . R ev . P lough ,e a ro fw hea t , IAN . T he e nd o ft h e 31 4B .C . -f i r s th a lf o ft h e c en tu r yB .C . ( She lov , 8 3) O ve r s t ruck o nt y pe : O bv . H ead o fb u l l . R ev . P lough , e a ro f w hea t ,f lAN . T he e nd o ft h e 31 ' 1-f i r s th a lf o ft h e 2nd c en tu ry B .C . O ve r s t ruck o nt y pe : O bv . A thena R ev . P row . A bou t 10 B .C . ( She lov , 1 02 )

r d

P -p S s T t

G -g

U -u V -v 1 -h

Q -q

2 )

1 , 83

1 5 mm

GE

8 77

p l . I , 12b

3 )

2 , 02

1 5 mm

GE

8 78

p 1 . 1 , 13

1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 2 )

1 , 61 2 ,08 1 , 82 2 , 05 2 , 80 2 , 10 2 , 06 2 , 87 2 , 83 1 , 94 2 , 60 1 , 47 1 , 82 2 , 55 2 , 69 3 , 21 2 , 60

1 3n un 1 5 mm 1 2 mm 1 2m rn 1 2m rn 1 2n un 1 3 mm 1 3 mm 1 3n un 1 3n un 1 3 mm 1 2 mm 1 3 mm 1 3 mm 1 3 mm 1 4m in 1 5 mm

GE GE G IM G T IV I G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM UM G IM G IM G IM G EM G IM UM Guy '

8 79 8 80 8 863 8 859 8 860 8 862 8 847 8 864 8 865 8 848 8 866 8 867 8 869 8 868 8 870 8 87 1 8 872

p 1 . 1 ,12 p 1 . 1 , 14 p 1 . 1 , 15

p l . I , 15a p 1 . I ,I6 p l . I ,16a p 1 . 1 ,17 p 1 . 1 ,18 p 1 . 1 , 19 P oo rc ond i t ion P oo rc ond i t ion p 1 . 1 ,20

1 2

Z -z

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 )

3 , 01 2 , 10 1 , 26 1 , 98 1 , 42 1 , 27

1 5 1 4 1 2 1 2 1 1 2

mm mm mm mm mm mm

G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM

8 873 8 874 8 854 8 875 8 876 8 877

4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 7 ) 8 ) 9 )

2 , 07 1 , 22 3 , 46 1 , 63 1 , 10 1 , 80

1 2 mm 1 2 mm 1 3n un 1 3n un 1 2 mm 1 3 mm

G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM FMC

8 878 8 880 8 881 8 882 8 855 4 469

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 )

2 , 60 2 , 45 3 , 05 2 , 15 2 , 00 1 , 64 2 , 07

1 3 mm 1 2 mm 1 3 mm 1 4n un 1 3 mm 1 3 mm 1 3n un

BM BM BM BM G IM G IM G IM

9 41 9 42 9 43 9 44 8 883 8 884 8 885

A c -a c

1 )

2 , 39

1 4 ,5 mm

G IM

8 888

O ve r s t ruck o nt y pe : O bv . H ead o f S a ty r . R . S ta r -c res ted c ap so fD ioscu r i -l a s tq ua r te ro ft h e2 "c en tu r yB .C . ( She lov , 1 0 1)

A d -ad

1 )

1 , 64

1 5 mm

G IM

8 889

O ve r s truck o nt h es ame t y pe : O bv . S a ty r . R ev . C aps o fD io scu r i( She lov , 1 0 1)

A g -ag

1 ) 2 )

2 , 45 1 , 50

1 3 mm 1 0n un

G IM G IM

8 887 8 851

p l. 1 . 3X ,I

1 , 85 2 , 10

1 5 inm 1 5mm

G IM G IM

8 845 8 846

p l . I ,1 a p l . I ,2a

X -x

A h -ah

A b -ab

p 1 . 1 ,21 p l . I ,21a p 1 . 1 ,22 P oo rc ond i t ion P oo rc ond i t ion P oo rc ond i t ion P oo rc ond i t ion p 1 . 1 ,24 p 1 . 1 ,23a p 1 . 1 ,23

p 1 . 1 ,25 p 1 . 1 ,26

E n la rged

AE Obo l s O bv . H ead o fP ose idon r . ;t o1 . ,t r iden t . R ev . P row . r . ; HANT IKA - 1A ITS 2N . B .V . K ähne , I ,p . 374 , N 2 127 , p l .V I , 2 6 ; A .M . P od sh iwa lov , T he Moscow P ub l ic a nd R um i jan t se v Museum , N um isma t ic D epar tmen t , N 2 . 1 . C a ta logue o fC o ins . Moscow , 1 884 , p . 22 , N 2 181 ; P .O . B u ra chkov p l .XX . 1 1 , 1 52 ;Z og raph p l .XLf f l,1 ;A noh in 1 91 ; S t ancomb 5 86 . D ie s A -a B -b

1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 )

Wt . 1 8 ,82 1 8 ,58 1 6 ,45 1 7 ,32

D ia . 3 0n un 3 0 mm 3 0 mm 3 0 mm

Mu s . GE G IM G IM GE

Mu s . N o . 2 7 137 8 789 8 788 2 7 136

P l a te p 1 . 1 1 ,1 p l .L IX ,2

N o te s Anoh in , 1 9 1 B u rachkov ,) 00 1 , 152 E n la rged O ve r s truck o n aP on t ic c o in

T he b eg inn ing o ft he etc en tury B .C . T o t h e Pt c en tu ry B .C . b e long b ronze c o in s o f t wo t y pe s : O bv . A r tem is w i th b ow - R ev . S t ag , f lANT IKA I IA IT S /N , a nd O bv . A r tem is w i th b ow -R ev . S t ag , ANA MP I MN , w h ich d i e l i nkage s how s w e r e c o ined a to ne m in t -P an t icapaeum . AE T e tracha lko i O bv . H ead o fA r tem is r . ;a ts hou lde r ,b ow a nd q u ive r . R ev . S tag r e c l in ing 1 . ; IANT IKA IIA I MN . B u ra chkov , XX I I , 1 70 ;Z og raph XL 1 1 1 ,2 ;A noh in 1 92 . D ie s A -a

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 )

Wt . 7 , 42 6 , 77 6 , 33 7 , 48

D ia . 2 1 mm 2 2 mm 2 2 mm 2 0n un

Mus . G IM G IM GE GE

Mu s . N o . 8 790 8 79 1 7 79 7 80

P l a te p l .L lX ,3 p 1 . 1 1 ,2 p 1 . 1 1 ,3 p 1 . 1 1 ,4

N o te s E n la rged A noh in 1 92 O bv . c oun te rma rk , w hea t -ea r

1 3

5 ) 6 ) 7 ) 8 )

7 , 68 6 , 45 5 , 63 5 , 63

2 0n un 2 0 mm 2 0 mm 1 7mm

G IM G IM

1 2709 1 27 10

G IM

8 924

K oz ievsky C o l l . K oz iev sk yC o l l . F ound i nP hanago r ia pH :43a

O bv . H ead o fA r tem is r . ;a ts hou lde r ,b ow a nd q u ive r . R ev . S t ag r e c l in ing 1 . ;b e low , OANA I 'OP ITD .N . K öhne , I ,p .400 , N 27 ; P od sh iwa lov , p . 26 , N 2206 ; B u ra chkov , XX I I I , 2 1 ; Z og raph , XLI I 1 , 2 / 3 ; A noh in 1 94 , SNG BM 1 000 -3 , C op . 59 3 D ies A -a

B -a

B -b B -d B -g C -c D -f

F I G -h H -k I 1 I -m

K -n

L -o

W t .

D ia .

Mu s .

Mu s . N o .

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 )

6 ,72 6 , 13 7 , 57 7 , 22 5 , 43 3 , 85

2 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 3 2 0

n un mm mm mm mm mm

A GE GE GE GE G IM

5 8 5 7 5 4 4 1 4531

7 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 )

2 , 96 6 , 85 6 , 14 6 , 7 1 6 , 43 7 , 79 7 , 53 6 , 31 5 , 08 7 , 06 7 , 28 6 , 89 7 , 07 7 , 6 1 6 , 04 5 , 35 7 , 68 7 , 46 6 , 88 5 , 84

2 0 mm 2 3 mm 2 3 mm 2 1 mm 2 3 mm 2 2 mm 2 2 mm 2 3 mm 2 2 mm 2 3 mm 2 3 mm 2 3 mm 2 2 mm 2 4n un 2 3 mm 2 3 mm 2 3 mm 2 4 mm 2 3 mm 2 1 mm

G IM GE G EM G IM G IM GE C op G IM GE G IM G IM GE GE GE G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM

1 4536 4 5 6 650 6 651 6 658 5 2 5 6 66 1 5 0 6 664 6 653 4 9 5 1 4 7 6 656 6 657 1 2709 6 648 6 649 6 652

2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 )

6 , 94 5 , 63 5 , 33 3 , 22 4 ,48 6 , 83

2 2 2 3 2 1 1 8 2 0 2 2

n un mm mm n un n un m in

G IM G IM G IM GE G IM GE

6 662 6 660 6 654 5 3 6 655 5 4

2 )

6 , 45

2 1 m in

G IM

1 27 10a

1 )

6 , 80

2 5 r um

G IM

6 665

2 )

6 , 80

2 5 n un

3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 7 ) 8 ) 9 ) 1 0 )

6 , 68 6 ,70 5 , 60 5 , 40 6 , 27 5 , 38

2 3 2 2 2 2 1 8 1 8 2 0 2 1

mm mm mm n un n un n un n un

P la te p l . l1 ,5 p 1 .I I ,6 p 1 . 1 1 ,7 p l .1 1 ,8 p 1 . 1 1 ,9 p 1 . 1 1 ,10 p l .1 1 ,1 1 p 1 . 1 1 , 12 p 1 . 1 1 ,13 p 1 . 1 1 ,14 p l .I I ,15 p 1 . 1 1 ,16 p l .I 1 ,17 p 1 . 1 1 ,18 p 1 . 1 1 ,19 p 1 . 1 1 1 ,1 p l .I 1 1 ,2 p l . I I 1 ,3 p 1 .1 1 1 ,4 p l .I I 1 ,5 p 1 . 1 1 1 ,6

N o te s

G randma ison C o l l . O ve r s truck ; G randma ison C o l l .

R ev . o n ly

K oz iev sky C o l l . p l .1 1 1 ,7 p 1 .1 1 1 ,8 p 1 . 1 1 1 ,9 p l1 1 ,10 p 1 . 1 1 1 ,11 p l .I I 1 ,12 p l .I I 1 ,14 p l .E 1 I ,13 p 1 .1 1 1 ,15

A noh in 1 94

O ve r s t ruck o n ac o in w i th monog ram W ( 5 ) Monog ram 1 , 0 . , 1( 5 )u nde r

p l .I1 ,16

G IM

6 666

p l .f 1 1 ,17

G IM G IM OGA M OGA M BM BM BM BM

6 667 6 668 2 7894 2 8770 1 000 1 00 1 1 002 1 003

p 1 . 1 1 1 ,18

d bANA IDP I MN ;K oz ievsky C o l l . O ve r s t ruck o n ac o in o fu nc lea r t y pe

p 1 .1 1 1 ,19 p l .[ 1 1 ,20

F i ve o t he rs p e c imen sa r er e co rd ed i nS .I r e land ,' The A nc ien tC o in si n Ama s ra Mu s eum ' ,i nR .A sh ton ( e d . ) ,S tud ie si nA nc ien t C o inage f rom T urkey , R oya lN um i sma t ic S o c . , B r i t i sh I n s t i tu t eo fA r cha eo logy a tA nka ra , 1 996 ,p . 115 -37 .

9 3

1 4

1 00 -7 5 B .C . S i lver D rachms o fP an t icapaeum O bv . H ead o fA r tem is r . ;a ts hou lde r ,b ow a nd q u ive r . R ev . S t ag f e ed ing r . ;m onog ram « ( 1 ) , IANT IKA I IA I MN . B u ra chkov , X .X I 1 ,168 169 ;Z og raph , A noh in 1 99 ; SNG BM 9 35 . D ies A -a

D -a E -e

1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 )

W t . 3 , 83 4 ,06 3 , 97 2 , 79 4 , 15 3 , 94 3 , 70 3 , 57

D ia . 1 8 mm 1 5n un 1 7 mm 1 7n un 1 7 mm 1 7 mm 1 7 mm 1 7 mm

F -f

1 )

3 , 56

1 7 mm

H -k

1 ) 2 ) 1 )

4 , 28 3 , 74 1 , 92

1 7 mm 1 7m in 1 5 mm

1 ) 2 ) 3 )

4 , 07 3 , 86 7 , 55

1 6 mm 1 5 mm

B -b C -c D -d

A I

Mu s B e r l in G IM G IM G IM GE GE GE GE

Mu s . N o . 4 90 8 795 8 796 8 797 7 95 7 96 7 94 7 97

P la te p l .D 1 ,21 p l . IV ,1 p l . IV ,2 p l . IV ,3 p l . IV ,4

N o te s 2 0% A g 5 0% A g 5 0% A g E n la rged

p l . IV ,5 p l . IV ,6

1 0 1 )(

A noh in 1 99 . Monog ram 1 ) l e f t G ie l , Desc r ip t ion o fc o ins w h ich h ave e n te red m yc o l lec t ion i n 1 892 a nd 1 893 ' . Z RAO , V I I . , 1 895 , p . 9 ,p l .XD C ,49

p 1 . 1V ,7

GE GE G IM

7 98 7 99 1 3749

p l . IV ,8 p l . IV ,9

Monog ram a bove s t ag ; 5 0% A g

A -g

N av i l le , V .p l .L , 1 661 BM 9 35 p 1 . 1V ,1 a C o l l . P rowe C a ta logue , 1 904 , pH : 1 1 ,388 1 00 -7 5 B .C .

S i lver D idrachms o fP an t icapaeum

K m )

O bv . H ead o fD yony su sr . R ev . I v yw rea th ; i n s ide , g r ape sa nd P IANT IKA I IA IT S /N ; a bove m onog ram ( 1 ) . P od sh iwa lov ,B eschr e ibung d er u ned . Münz , p . 7 ,N 222 , p 1 . 1 ,15 ;B u rachkov , p l .XX I I , 1 80 ; G ie l , ' An ew a cqu is i t ion i n m y c o l lec t ion ' , 1 89 1 : 1 ) p . 7 , N 236 , w t .7 ,21g . ; 2 ) p l .V , 3 6 , w t .8 ,68g . ; 3 ) 7 , 12g . w i th 1ANT IKA I IA ITON f r om t h e c o l lec t ion o f S ib i r sky . Z og raph , G o lenko , ' T he P han ta lov sk i H oa rd o f B o spo ran D id ra chm s o ft h e 1 stc en tu ry B .C . ' , V DI , 1 965 , p . 14 1157 . G o lenko p ub l ished 4 87 c o in s o ft h is t y pe , w h ich w e re f o und i nt h eA napa r e g ion i n1 963 . K ep ti nt h eA napa Mu seum , t h e h oa rd c ompr ised 35 d id ra chm s o fP an t icapaeum , 1 35 d id ra chm s w i th t h e n ame P hanago r ia a nd 1 5 d id ra chms w i th t h e n ame G o rg ipp ia ; D .B . S he lov , 'T he C i t ie so ft h eB la ck S ea a nd M i thrada te sE upa tof , V DI , 1 983 ,p . 45 ;A noh in p . 73 , 1 45 , N 2 198 , -d a te s t h is t y pe o fd id ra c lun t o9 0 -80 B .C . ; SNG BM , 9 32-4 ; S tancomb 5 89 -90 . D ie s A -a

A -b B -c A -d

D -e

I I L 1 K -k

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 )

Wt . 7 , 65 9 , 12 8 , 30 8 , 50 6 , 83 8 , 52 8 , 47 8 , 41 6 , 98 8 , 00 8 , 47 8 , 17 8 , 75 3 , 58 8 , 10 8 , 18 8 , 82 7 , 87

D ia 2 0 mm 1 9 mm 2 0 mm 2 1 mm 2 1 mm 2 1 mm 2 1 mm 2 0n un 2 0 mm 2 0n im 2 0 mm 2 1 mm 2 3 mm 1 9 mm 2 2n un 2 2t nm 2 2 mm 2 0 mm

Mu s A A G EM G EM G IM G IM BM BM B B G IM GE GE A GE GE GE GE

Mu s . N o . 3 405 8 792 8 793 8 794 1 3750 9 32 9 33 7 0 7 1 1 4 156 7 87 7 89 3 406 7 90 7 91 7 92 7 93

P la te p l . IV ,10 p l . IV ,11 p l . IV ,12 p 1 .1V ,13 p 1 . 1V ,14 p l . IV ,15 p l . IV ,16 p 1 .1V ,17 p 1 . 1V ,18 p l . IV ,19 p l . IV ,20 p 1 . 1V ,22 p 1 . 1V ,23 p lIV ,21 p L IV ,24 p l .V ,1 p l .V ,2 p l .V ,3

No t es

5 0% A g 5 0% A g 6 0% A g K oz ievsky C o l l .

G randema i son C o l l .

1 5

M-m

5 ) 6 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 7 ) 8 )

8 , 45 8 , 42 6 , 51 8 , 50 8 , 33 8 , 17 8 , 30 7 , 87 8 , 67 7 , 98

2 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 0 2 1 2 2

n un mm mm n un mm mm mm mm mm mm

G IM BM GE GE GE GE GE G IM

1 3751 9 34 7 85 7 85a 7 86 7 87 7 88 1 4 157

P

3 168 1

p l .V ,4

K oz iev sky C o l l .

p l .V ,5

p l .V ,6 G randema ison C o l l . A r sC la s s ica , XV , 1 930 ,p 1 .21 ,N 9588

S i lver D idrachm s o fP hanagor ia O bv . H ead o fD iony sus r . R ev . I v yw rea th ; i n s ide , g r ape sa nd c DANA I MP ITO .N ;a bove ,m onog ram G f( 1 ) . B u rachkov , XXI I I , 2 4 ; Z og raph , XL I I I , 6 ;G o len l co , V DI , 1 965 , p . 155 157 , A noh in 2 04 ; SNG BM 9 97 ; S tancomb 6 25 . D ies A -a A -b

A -g A -c

A -d A -e B I C -k D 1

1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 )

W t . 8 , 53 8 , 56 8 , 49 8 , 13 8 , 51 8 , 73 8 , 37 8 , 34 8 , 48 8 , 25 8 , 58 8 , 15 6 , 24 9 , 11 7 , 29

D ia . 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 0 2 1 2 0 2 3

n un mm n un mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm n un mm

N o te s P la te Mu s . N o . A noh in 2 04 2 3516 p l .V ,7 G randema ison C o l l . 1 4533 p i .V ,8 G randema ison C o l l . 1 4534 p l .V ,9 K oz ievsky C o l l . 1 3754 p l .V ,10 K oz ievsky C o l l . 1 3753 p l .V ,11 5 9 p l .V , 12 6 0 p l .V ,13 6 2 p l .V ,14 6 1 p l .V ,15 6 3 3 p l .V , 16 p l .V , 17 3 a BM 9 97 N av i l le , V .p l .LX IV ,2 297 C o l l . P rowe . A uc t ion E gge r , 1 904 , p l .V , 8 57

Mu s . GM T G IM G IM G IM G IM GE GE GE GE GE

S i lver D idrachm s o fG org ipp ia O bv . H ead o fD iony su sr . R ev . I v yw rea th ; i n s ide , g rape sa nd r o pr innEnN ;a bove ,m onog ram 1 0) ( 1 ) . G ie l , ' An ew a cqu i s i t ion . . . , 'p . 9 , N 250 , p l .V ,50 ( 7 ,94 g ) ; B u rachkov , XX 1 1 1 ,5 ; Z og raph , XL 1 1 1 ,7 ; A noh in 2 09 ; G o lenko , ' T he P han ta lovsk i h oa rd . . . ' , V DI , 1 965 , p . 14 1 , f i g .69 & 7 3 , i nw h ich t h e re w e re 1 5e xamp le s . D ies A -a

B -a

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 2 )

W t . 7 , 26 7 , 73 7 , 70 7 , 93 8 , 16

D ia . 2 4 mm 2 3 mm 2 3 mm 2 2 mm

Mu s . GE P GE GE G EM

Mu s . N o . 2 / 27497

P la te p l .V ,18

3 / 27498 4 / 27499 1 4518

p lV ,19 p lV ,20 p l .V ,21

N o te s A noh in ,2 09 O bv . o n ly G randema ison C o l l .

T he w e igh t s o fG o rg ipp ia c o in s f r om t h e P han ta lovsk i P en in su la p ub l ished i n V DI , 1 965 , p . 14 1 , a r e a s f o l low s : D ie s L -k

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 7 )

W t 9 , 09 9 , 0 1 8 , 39 8 , 39 8 , 39 8 , 27 8 , 28

C a t . N o 6 4 6 5 6 6 6 7 6 8 6 9 7 0

H -k

8 ) 9 ) 1 0 ) 1 ) 1 2 ) 1 3 ) 1 4 ) 1 5 )

7 , 79 7 , 31 8 , 49 8 , 29 8 , 27 8 , 24 7 , 79 7 , 8 1

7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 7 5 7 6 7 7 7 8

1 6

1 00 -7 5 B .C . S i lver D rachms P an t icapaeum O bv . H ead o fD iony su sr . R ev . R unn ing d oe ( o rs t ag? )r . ;b eh ind ,t h y r su sw i th b and ; 1ANT IKA ITA I MN . B u ra chkov , XX I 1 ,150 ;Z og raph , XL I I 1 ,9 ;A noh in 1 96 . D ies A -a

1 )

W t . 3 , 67

D ia . 1 5 mm

Mu s . G IM

Mu s . N o . 8 798

P l . p l .V 1 , 1

N o te s P ub l ished b yG o lenko , ' H is to ry o ft h eC u r rency o ft h eB o spo ru s o ft h e 1 5 t c en tu r yB .C . , NE ,2 ,

B -b

1 )

3 , 20

1 5 17 n un

G IM

8 799

p l .V 1 ,2

G o lenko ( NE ,2 ,1 960 ,p . 30 , N 212 )s upposed t h is c o in t ob e o ve r s t ruck o no ne f r om Am isu s , b u tt h is i sn o ts o .

C c

1 ) 2 ) 3 )

3 , 72 3 , 67 3 , 89

1 5 mm 1 5 mm 2 0 mm

G IM G IM GE

8 800 3 679 8 00 /27 161

p l .V 1 ,3

1 ) 2 )

3 , 90 4 , 07 3 , 98

1 7mm 1 7m in 1 7n un

G IM GE GE

8 801 8 01/27 162 8 02 /27 163

3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 7 )

3 , 85 3 , 62 2 , 89 3 , 69 4 ,07

1 7 1 7 1 6 1 6 1 6

8 )

3 , 95

9 )

3 , 72

1 0 )

3 , 35

1 960 ,p . 30 ,N 2 11a

D -a

mm n un mm mm m rn

1 5 mm

GE B

p l .V 1 ,4

p l .V 1 ,6 p l .V 1 ,7

8 03 /27 164 p l .V 1 ,8 3 5a p l .V 1 ,9 N av i l le , V , p l .XLX , 1 608 N av i l le , V ,p l .XLX , 1 658 N av i l le , V ,p l .XLX , 1 660

A noh in 1 96 . G o lenko ( NE ,2 , 1 960 , p . 30 ,N 2 12 )s upposed t h i s c o in t ob eo ve r s t ru ck o na n Am isu si s sue ,b u t , i nf a c t , i t w a so ve r s t ru ck o n aB ospo ran c o in o ft h e : t y pe A po l lo / b ow ca se O ve r s tr u ck G o lenko , NE ,2 , 1 9 60 ,p . 30 ,N 22 G o lenko , NE ,2 ,1 9 60 ,p . 30 ,N 23 G o lenko , NE ,2 ,1 960 ,p . 30 ,N 28

S o theby , W i lk in son ,H odge ,C a ta logue o fr a re c o in s , 1 924 , p 1 . 1 ,43 ; G o lenko , NE ,2 ,1 960 ,p . 30 ,N 24 C o l l P rowe ,E gge r ,A uc t ion , 1 904 ,p L IV ,413 ;G o lenko , NE ,2 ,1 960 , p . 30 , N 29 A u c t ion ,C ahn ,6 0 ,p l .V 1 ,306 G org ipp ia

O bv . H ead o fD iony su sr .

R ev . R unn ing d oe ( o rs t ag? )r . ;b eh ind t h y r su s ;r 0 Pr I I I T IF S IN B u rachkov , XX I1 ,2 ; Z og raph , XLf f l , 1 ; BMC , P on tus , P aph lagon ia , B o spor us , 1 889 , p 1 . 1 ,3 ; M inn s , S cy th ians a nd G r eek s ,p LIX ,23 ;A noh in 1 97 ; SNG BM 9 85 . D ies A -a

A -b B -c

Wt . 2 , 21

D ia . 1 5 17 n un

Mu s .

Mu s . N o .

1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 )

3 , 78 4 ,08 3 , 99 3 , 06

1 5n un 1 6n un 1 7n un

GE GE BM

5 / 27500 6 / 27501 9 85

3 ) 4 )

2 , 69 3 , 07

1 7 mm

A

P la te p l .V 1 ,10 ; p l .L 1X ,6 p l .V 1 ,11 p l .V 1 ,12 p l .V 1 ,13

N o te s E n la rged9 4

A noh in 1 9 7 G o lenko , NE ,I ,p . 30 ,N . 2 19 ; f ound i nC he r sone su s

p l .V 1 , 14 B u ra chkov , XX f l ,2 ,p . 176 ,N 22

T he o bv . o ft h i sc o in h a st h es ame d i ea sG IM 8 798 ( p l .V I ,1) , GE 8 02 -8 03 ( p l .V 1 ,7 -8 ) . T hus w ec an c onc lude t ha tt h i st ype o f c o in w a sm in t ed o n ly a tt h e P an t icapaeum m in t . 9 4

1 7

We mu s tp ay p a r t icu la ra t ten t ion t ot h eq ue s t ion o ft h ed a t ing o ft h e se t y pes o fc o in . A noh in c on s ide red t h a t t hey c ou ld b e d a ted t o 1 00 -9 0 B .C . ( Anoh in , p . 145 , N 2 196 199 ) . K .V . G o lenko t h ough t t ha t a l l o ft h em w e re o ve r s t ruck o n c o in s o f Am isu s a nd d a ted t o 1 00 B .C . ( B ronze C o in s o f t h e C i t ie s o f P on to s a nd P aph lagon ia i nt h e T ime o fo fM i th rada te s V I Among B o spo ran F ind s ' , p . 7 1) . O u r i n ve s t iga t ion o ft h e se c o in s g i ves t h e o ppo r tun i ty t o c onc lude t h a t B o spo ran c o in s o f t h e t y pe D iony su s /doe ( o r s t ag ) r unn ing , r IANT IK A T IA ITÜN a nd r o pr innE aN were n o to ve r s t ru ck o nc o in so f Am isu sa nd w e re i s sued i nt h e p er iod o f 1 00 -7 5 B .C . I na dd i t ion , t h e d a te s o fc o in s o f Am isu s , o nw h ich G o lenko c ame t oh i s c onc lu s ion , a r e n o t f i xed y e t . § 2 T he f i r s t p ar t o ft he 1 stc en tury B .C . P hanagor ia S i lver D rachms O bv . H ead o fD iony su sr . R ev . T hy r su sw i th b and ,c DANArOP ITD .N . Köhne , I ,p .397 , N 21 , monogram

y e

( 7 ) ; P odsh iwa lov , B eschre ibung d er u ned ir ten u nd

w en ig b ekann ter Münzen v on S arma t ia Europaea , C hersonesus T aur ica u nd B osphorus C immer ius a us S amm lung A . M . P od sh iwa lov . Moscow , 1 882 . p .24 , N 225 , p 1 .1 1 1 ,49a ,49b , monogram

( 8 ) ;

Burachkov , XX I I I ,10 ; Z ograph , p l . XL I I I,1 0 ; Anoh in 2 05 , 2 05a ; SNG BM 9 98 ; S tancomb 6 26 -7 . N om onog ram D ie s A -a

B -b C -c D -d E -e

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 )

Wt . 4 ,05 4 ,06 3 , 84 3 , 24 3 , 27 3 , 59 3 , 45 3 , 68 3 , 50 3 , 18 3 , 36 4 ,01 3 , 55

D ia . 1 6n un 1 6n un 1 6n un 1 5t nm 1 5 mm 1 5 mm 1 5n un 1 5 mm 1 6 mm 1 6 mm 1 6 mm 1 6n un 1 6n un

Mu s .

GE C op GE G IM G IM G IM G IM A A

Mu s . N o . 5 72 22298 N av i l le , V ,N 6 8 /27402 3 6 9 /27403 9 6 640 6 644 1 3755 6 643

E -k E i

1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 )

Wt . 4 ,80

D ia . 1 7 mm

Mu s . GE

3 , 74 3 , 50 3 , 13 3 , 88 3 , 85 3 , 26 3 , 66

1 6 1 7 1 6 1 8 1 5 1 5 1 5

G IM GE G IM GE A A

mm mm n un mm n un n un n un

N o te s

p l .V 1 ,15 p l .V 1 ,15a p l .V 1 , 16 p l .V 1 , 17 p l .V 1 , 18 p l .V 1 ,19 p l .V 1 ,20 p l .V 1 1 ,6 p l .V 1 1 ,7a p l .V 1 1 ,15

3 0% A g 2 0% A g K oz ievsky C o l l .

P l a te p l .V I ,21 p l .V I ,22 P l .V I ,23 p l .V 1 1 ,2 p l .V I I ,1 p l .V 1 1 , 10a p l . V1 ,14

N o te s

A e (8 ) 9 5

Monog ram D ies E -e G -g

P la te p l .V I , 14a

Mu s . N o . 7 0 /24404 6 642 7 2 /27406 1 3756 7 5 /27409

1 0 Monog ram

K oz iev sky C o l l .

A noh in ,2 05a

A O

( 9 )

D ies F -f

Wt . 2 , 84

D ia . 1 6n un

Mu s . GE

Mu s . N o . 7 3 /27407

P la te

1 )

F -af

1 )

3 , 27

1 7n un

GE

7 4 /27408

p l .V 1 1 ,4

N o te s P ub l ished b yP od sh iwa lov B e schr e ibung . . . ,p 1 .1 1 1 ,45a P ub l ished b yP od sh iwa lov B e schr e ibung . p 1 .1 1 1 ,45b

F rom t h ep l a t e si ti sq ue s t ionab le w he the rt h e r ei sa ny r e a l d if e r ence b e tw een m onog ram s8 , 9a nd 1 0o t he rt h an t h e i rb e ing v a r ian t d i e so ft h es ame m onog ram ; c ompa r ep l . V I I ,10a =m ono .8 , V I 1 ,5 =m ono .9 , V I I ,10 =m ono .10 . I ti sc l ea rt h a ti ns ome c a se sF r o lova h a sm i s read t h em onog ram ,e . g . o np l . V I 1 ,8 s h em i s r ead sa s Pw ha ti si nf a c t aw o rn 8 . I nt h ec a s eo fm onog ram s 8a nd 9Ir e p roduc e w ha ti se v iden to nt h ep ho tog raph s . I nt h ec a se o fm onog ram 1 0 Ig i v et h ef o rm sg i ven b yF ro lova ,t h ough t h ep ho tog raph s( p l . V I 1 ,8 a nd 1 0 )c l ea r ly s how i n s tance so fm onog ram 8 .S . I . 9 5

1 8

E 1

2 ) 3 ) 1 )

4 , 11 3 , 85 3 , 66

1 5n un 1 5 mm 1 6 mm

P od sh iwa lov , Mo scow P ub l ic a nd R um i janz ev Museums ,p . 25 ,N 2202 N av i l le , V ,N 22299 B 5 73 / 1899 p l .V I I ,5 E n la rged

2 )

3 , 24

1 6 mm

P

1

Monog ram M D ie s A -m

I n G 1 K -o

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 )

W t . 3 , 41 3 , 12 3 , 50 3 , 78 3 , 65 4 , 14 3 , 24 4 , 50 3 , 60

D ia . 1 6 mm 1 5 mm 1 6 mm 1 5 mm 1 8 mm 1 6 mm 1 5 mm 1 6 ,5 mm 1 5 mm

Mu s . GE OGA M G IM G IM GE

Monog ram u n c lea r o r

R o(1 0 )

Mu s . N o . 7 1 /27405

um

6 64 1 1 4535 7 6 /27410 6 639

OGA M G IM G IM

6 645 6 646

P la te p l .V I I ,7 p i :V. 1 ,8 p l .V I I ,9 p l .V 1 1 , 13 p l . V. 1 , 10 p l .V 1 1 ,11 p l .V 1 1 ,12

N o te s

5 0% A g G randema i son C o l l . 1 0% A g P oo rc ond i t ion , 2 0% A g P oo rc ond i t ion , 3 0% A g

S i lver Hem idrachm s Monog r am U 5 ( 1 1) O ne h em id rac lun w a sp ub l ished b yC h r . G ie l ,' An ew a squ is i t ion . . . ' ,p . 9 ,N 249 ,p l .V ,49 . A noh in 2 06 D ie s A -a

1 ) 2 )

W t . 1 , 24 1 , 38

D ia . 1 5 mm 1 5 mm

Mu s . GE P

Mu s . N o . 7 7 /27411 1 3

P la te p l .V I I , 16 p l .V1 ,1 6 a

P an t icapaeum . T he e nd o ft he 2 "d c en tury -b eg inn ing o ft he

N o te s E n la rged ;A noh in ,2 06

c en tur y B .C .9 6

S i lver H em idrachms Monog ram s

A

( 12 ) ,

H(13),

W

( 14 ) , OC ( 1 5)

O bv . H ead o fD iony su sr . R ev . T hy r su sd ecora ted w i th b and s , IANT IKA I IA ITO .N , monog ram s . B u rachkov , XX I ,101 ;A noh in 1 90 . D ie s A -a

B -a

B -b B -g C -c

1 )

W t . 1 , 90

D ia . 1 4 mm

Mu s . GE

Mu s . N o . 8 04 /27 165

P la te p l .V 1 1 ,17 9 7

2 )

1 , 62

1 5 mm

GE

8 05

p l .V 1 I ,18

3 ) 1 )

1 , 64 1 , 76

1 5 mm 1 5 mm

G IM

2 ) 3 )

1 , 90 1 , 86

1 5n un 1 5n un

G IM G IM

802 8 804

4 ) 5 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 )

1 , 45 1 , 58 1 , 64 1 , 87 1 , 72 1 , 80

1 5 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 5 1 5

B BM GE GE GE GE

9 30 8 07 8 06 8 08 8 09

mm mm mm n un n un mm

N o te s E n larged ; Monog ram ( 1 2 ) E n la rged ;

p l .V 1 1 ,20 p l .V I 1 ,21

Monog ram ( 1 2 ) Monog ram c f . A noh in , 1 90 ; Monog ram Monog ram ( 1 3 ) Monog ram ( 1 3 )

p l .V 1 1 ,22 p l .V 1 1 ,23 p l .V1 ,24

Monog ram ( 1 3 ) Monog ram ( 1 3 ) Monog ram ( 1 3 )

p l .V I 1 ,25 p l .V 1 1 ,26

Monog ram ( 1 3 ) c fAnoh in , 1 876 ; Monog ram s( 1 4 ) ,( 1 5)

P od sh iwa lov ,p . 6 ,N 2 17 ,p 1 . 1 ,12 8 803 p l .V 1 1 ,19

9 6 T he t r ad i t iona ld a t ing o ft h e se c o in sp l ace st h em b ef o r et h o se o fP hanago r ia a bove . H ow ev e r ,t h es im i la r i ty o fs t y le h a si n duced u s t os e tt h em t og e the rf o re a se o fc ompa r i son . 9 7 F ro lova a l so i n c lud e sp l .V I I ,17a : 1 , 72g . , 1 5mm ,G ie l , De scr ip t ion o fC c nn s . . . ,p . 9 .no .50 .

1 9

C rude S ty le w i thou t Monogram . S i lver H em idrachms O bv . H ead o fD iony su sr .9 8 R ev . T hy r su s , nANT IKAr IA IT S IN . B u ra chkov , XX I I , 178 ,A noh in 1 87a . D ies A -a

1 ) 2 )

W t .

D ia .

Mu s .

Mu s . N o .

P la te

1 , 93 1 , 75

1 5n un 1 5n un

GE C op

8 10 2 8

p l .W 1 ,27

N o tes

P an t icapaeum 1 00 -7 5 B .C . AE Obo l s O bv . H ead o fy oung man (Men? ) i nd i ademed P h ryg ian h e lme t . R ev . D iony su s s t and ing 1 . h o ld ing g r ape s a nd t h y r su s ; a t f e e t 1 . , p an the r ; a c ro s s f i e ld , E IANT IKA I IA IT S IN a nd monog ram ( 16 ) G ie l , K le ine B e i träg e , 1 886 . p . 34 , N 25 , p l . IV ,5 ; A .M . P od sh iwa lov , Moscow P ub l ic a nd R um i janz ev Museums , v o l . 1 . , p . 25 , N 2200 ; A .B . O reshn ikov , C a ta logue o ft h e C o l l ec t ion o fA n t iqu i t ie s o fC oun t A .S . U varov ,N 2V I T ,p . 68 ,N 9 .429a ;B u ra chkov , XX I I , 7 9 ;Z og raph , Anoh in 2 01 ; SNG BM 9 36 .

I e r

D ies A -a B -b C -c

1 ) 1 ) 1 )

Wt . 1 4 ,30 1 ,40 1 8 ,30

D ia . 3 0 mm 2 7 mm 3 0n un

Mu s . G IM G IM G IM

Mu s . N o . 8 805 8 806 8 807

P l a te p l .V 11 1 ,1 p l .V I I I ,2 p lID C ,4

2 )

1 7 ,45

2 7m in

BM

9 36

p l .LD C ,5

D -d

3 ) 1 )

1 3 ,90 1 7 ,27

2 7 mm 3 0 mm

OGA M GE

2 2773 8 2 1/27 182

p l .V 1 1 1 ,2a p l .V I I I ,3

E -e

1 )

1 9 ,07

3 0 n un

GE

8 22 /27 183

p l .V I I I ,4

F -f

1 )

1 7 ,52

3 0 mm

GE

8 23 /27 184

p l .V 1 1 1 ,5

H -h

1 )

1 7 ,25

3 mm

GE

8 24 /27 185

p l .V 1 1 1 ,6

I i

1 )

1 8 ,18

2 9 mm

GE

8 25 /27 186

p l .V I I I ,7

2 )

1 8 ,80

3 0 mm

G IM

1 2264

N o te s P oo rc ond i t ion E n la rged ; T he m e ta l c ompo s i t ion o ft h e c o in i s :C u -b a se ,P 1 . -0 ,78 ;Z n0 , 086 ;B i0 ,0025 ;A g -0 ,1 ; S b0 , 37 ;A s -0 ,016 ; F e -0 ,28 ;N i0 , 0 13 ;C o -0 ,00 13 ;A u -0 ,0004 O nO bv . a nd R ev . — c oun te rma rk -s t a r R ev . o n ly O ve r s t ru ck o n aP an t icapaean c o in :Z eu s /p row O ve r s t ruck o n aP an t icapaean c o in Z eu s /p row O ve r s t ru ck o n aP on t ic c o in H e lme ted h ead o f A thena /Pe r seu sa nd Medu sa O ve r s truck o n aP on t ic c o in Z eu s /eag le O ve r s t ruck o n aP on t ic c o in H e lme ted h ead o f A thena /Pe r seu sa nd Medu sa K oz ievsky C o l l . ; o ve r s t ruck o n aP an t icapaean c o in o f u nce r ta in t y pe

P hanagor ia 1 00 -7 5 B .C . AE Obo l s O bv . .H ead o fy oung man (Men? )r .i nd i ademed P h ryg ian h e lme t . R ev . D ionysu s s t and ing 1 .h o ld ing g rape s a nd t hy r su s ; a tf e e t 1 . ,p an the r , a c ro s s f i e ld , 0 : 1 )ANArOP ITÜN a nd monog ram G ie l .K le ine B e i träg e ,p . 34 ,N 26 ,p 1 . 1V ,6 ;A noh in 2 07 .

l e r ( 1 6 )

9 8

Many i d en t if yt h eh ead a st ha to fA po l lo . S . I .

2 0

D ies A -a

W t . 1 8 ,13

1 )

D ia . 3 1 mm

Mu s . GE

Mu sN o . 7 8 /27412

P la te p l .V 1 1 1 ,8

G org ipp ia 1 00 -7 5 B .C . AE O bo Is O bv . .H ead o fy oung man (Men? )r .i nd i ademed P h ryg ian h e lme t . R ev . D iony su s s t and ing 1 .h o ld ing g rape s a nd t h y r su s ; a tf e e t 1 . ,p an the r ; a c ro s s f i e ld , TOPF IF IT IEQ ,N , b e low m onog ram o r

ei ( 1 6)

o r

G ie l ,K le ine B e i träg e ,p . 34 ,N 27 ,p 1 .1V ,7 ;B u ra chkov , XX I C 1 ,6 ;Z og raph , XL 1 1 1 , 14 ;A noh in 2 10 D ies A -a B -b C -c D -d E -e F -f H -h A -b G -g

W t . 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 )

1 9 ,20 1 7 ,02 1 8 ,27 1 8 ,65 1 6 ,98 1 8 ,90 1 5 ,87 1 7 ,62 1 5 ,81

D ia . 3 1 mm 3 mm 3 0n un 3 0n un 3 2 mm 3 0 mm 3 0 mm 3 0 mm 3 0 mm 3 0 mm

Mus . GE GE GE GE GE A GE GE G IM G IM

Mu s . N o . 1 / 27501 7 / 27502 8 / 27503 9 / 27504 1 0 /27505

P la te p l .V 1 1 1 ,9 p l .V 1 1 1 ,10 p l .V I I 1 ,11 p l .V 1 1 1 ,12 p 1 . 1X ,2 p 1 .1X ,1 p 1 . 1X ,3

1 /27506 1 3 /27508 6 674 6 675

p 1 . 1X ,4 p l . LX , 1

N o te s Mono O ve r s t ruck O ve r s t ruck O ve r s t ru ck

T he me ta l c ompo s i t ion o ft h e c o in i s :C u -ba se ; S n 11 ;P 1 0 , 4 ; Z n0 ,036 ;A g -0 , 16 ; S b0 , 16 ;A s -0 ,009 1 ;F e -0 ,024 ; N i0 ,0062 ; C o -0 ,00 11 ;A u 0 , 002 1

P an t icapaeum 1 00 -75 BC : AE T e tracha lko i O bv . H ead o f Apo l lo r . R ev . T hy r su s l e an ing a ga in s t t r ipod ; t o 1m onog ram

VE

( 17 ) ; t o r . monog ram

G i f ) ( I ) .

F lANT IK A I IA ITS IN .

K öhne ,I ,p . 362 ,N 289 ;B u ra chkov , XX I , 1 22 ;G ie l ,K le ine B e i träg e ,p l . IV ,10 ; O re shn ikov , C a ta logue o f t h eC o l lec t ion . . . , p . 25 ,N 2201 ;Z og raph p l . XL f l,1 5 ;A noh in 2 02 ; SNG BM 9 37 -40 ; S tancomb 5 91-6 . D ie s A bbb BBa b

Wt . 6 , 82 7 , 50

D ia . 2 0 mm 2 0 mm

Mu s . A BM

Mu s .N o .

1 ) 1 )

1 ) 2 )

8 , 04 7 , 64

2 0 mm 2 0n un

G 1M G IM

8 808 1 2686

p 1 .1X ,7

B -b C -c D -d E -e

1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 )

6 , 35 6 , 36 6 , 10 5 , 32

G IM G EM G IM G IM

8 809 8 810 8 8 11 8 8 12

p 1 .1X ,8 p l .EX ,9 p 1 . 1X ,10 p 1 . 1X ,11

G -g H -h

1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 )

6 , 73 6 , 08 6 , 39 7 , 78 8 , 54 7 , 28 6 , 66 5 , 48 6 , 33

2 0 mm 2 0 mm 2 0n un 2 3 -24 mm 2 0 mm 2 0i nm 2 0 mm 2 0 mm 2 0 mm 2 0 mm 2 1 mm 2 0 mm 2 1 mm

G IM G EM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM C op G IM

8 8 13 8 8 14 8 8 17 8 8 15 8 819 8 816 8 822 5 7 8 823

p 1 .1X ,12 p 1 . 1X ,13 p l .D C ,16 p 1 . 1X ,14 p l .D C ,15 p 1 .1X ,17 p 1 .1X ,18 p 1 . 1X ,19 p l .X ,1

4 )

7 , 70

2 1 mm

G IM

1 2685

A -a

F -f

I I

9 37

P la te p l .D C ,5 p l .IX ,6

N o te s D oub le s t ru ck O ve rs t ru ck o na n Am i so sc o in H ead o fA res /s wo rd i n s c abba rd K oz iev sky C o l l .

R ev . o n ly

K oz iev sky C o l l . ; o ve r s tru ck o n P an t icapaean c o in A r t em is / s t ag ; monog ram ( 1 )o n ly . O n o bv . c oun te rma rk o fe a ro f w hea t

2 1

K -k L 1 M-m N -n

1 ) 2 ) 1 )

8 , 57 6 , 67 8 , 70

2 0 mm 2 0 mm 2 0n un

G IM G IM G EM

8 825 8 830 8 836

p l .X ,2 p l .X ,3 p l .X ,4

1 ) 1 ) 2 )

5 , 84 6 , 98 6 , 74

2 0 mm 2 1 mm 2 0 mm

G IM Gm G IM

8 832 8 839 6 670

p l .X ,5 p l .X ,6

3 )

7 , 67

2 1 mm

G IM

1 2682

G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM

3 699 3 702 3 707 3 708 3 700 3 7 12 3 7 14 3 7 15 3 7 16 3 7 18 3 7 19

A noh in 2 02 . Monog ram ( 1 ) o n ly Monog ram ( 1 )o n ly P oo rc ond i t ion K oz ievsky C o l l . ; Monog ram ( 1 )o n ly

C o in s f r om G IM i np oo rc ond i t ion : 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 7 ) 8 ) 9 ) 1 0 ) 1 )

3 , 79 7 , 09 5 , 98 9 , 11 5 , 89 7 , 20 6 , 13 6 , 91 4 , 54 7 , 54 7 , 54

2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0

mm n un mm mm mm n un mm mm mm mm n un

C o in s f r om GE w i th o n ly o ne m onog ram - « R r S r P r T t T a -u A av U -x X -? F -f

1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 )

7 , 28 9 , 27 8 , 49 8 , 77 7 , 85 7 , 24 7 , 04

2 3 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 1 2 0

n un mm mm mm n un mm m rn

GE GE GE GE GE GE GE

8 28 /27 189 8 29 /27 190 8 31/27 192 8 32 /27193 8 33 /27994 8 34 /27915 8 35 /27916

p l .X ,7 p l .X ,8 P l .X ,9 p l .X , 10 p l .X , 11 p l .X ,12 p l .X ,13

1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 )

1 , 40 8 , 45 8 , 23 8 , 50 7 , 06 3 , 77

2 2 2 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 8

n un mm mm mm mm mm

GE GE GE G EM G IM G IM

8 37 /27918 8 38 8 39 1 2684 1 2683 1 2642

p l .X ,14 p l .X ,15 p l .X , 16

C o in sf r om GE w i th t wo m onog ram s - N7E ( 17 ) , A b -aa A cab A d -ad A e -ae

9 9

( 1 )9

A f -af A j-a j A g -ag A i -a i B i -b i

1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 )

6 , 49 8 , 23 6 , 57 8 , 67 6 , 53 6 , 09 8 , 97 5 , 40 8 , 32

C i -c i

1 )

A d -d i

2 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 3

K oz ievsky C o l l . K oz ievsky C o l l . K oz ievsky C o l l .

e r(1 )

mm mm n un m in mm mm mm mm mm mm

GE GE GE GE GE GE GE GE GE GE

8 40 8 41 8 42 8 43 8 48 8 44 8 45 8 46 8 47 8 49

p l .X ,17 p l .X ,18 p l .X ,19 p l .X ,20 p l .XL1 p l .X 1 ,21 p l .X 1 ,22 p l .X ,23 p l .X ,24 p l .X I ,2

8 , 33

2 4 mm

GE

8 50

p l .X I ,3

1 )

7 , 89

2 4 mm

GE

8 51

p l .X I ,4

A d i i

1 )

7 , 17

2 5 mm

G E

8 52

p l .X 1 ,5

D i ik

1 )

7 , 12

2 4 n un

G E

8 53

p l .X 1 ,6

O ns ome c o in s( e .g . p l .X ,14 ,15) t h e monog ram s e em st ob e i nt h ef o rm

i gg ( 6 ) .

O ve r s truck o nP an t icapaean c o in O ve r s t ruck o nP hanago r ian c o in O ve r s t ruck o nc o in : A r tem is / s tag O ve r s truck ; o r ig ina lt y pe s d ef aced O ve r s t ruck o nP hanagor ian c o in : A r tem is / s tag

2 2

2 )

5 , 83

2 5 mm

GE

8 54

p l .XL7

3 )

7 , 57

2 3 mm

GE

8 55

p l .XL8

4 )

7 , 38

2 5 mm

GE

8 56

p l .XL9

5 ) 6 )

6 , 67 8 , 29

2 3 mm 2 5 mm

GE GE

8 56 a 8 57

p 1 .30 , 10

7 )

6 , 93

2 5 r nm

GE

8 58

p l .XL11

8 )

7 , 60

2 2 i nm

GE

8 59

p l .X 1 ,12

9 )

9 , 89

2 4 mm

GE

8 60

p l .X I ,13

1 0 )

7 , 70

2 3 mm

GE

8 61

p l .X 1 ,14

1 )

7 , 02

2 5 mm

GE

8 62

p l .X I ,15

1 2 ) 1 3 )

8 , 82 6 , 93

2 1 mm 2 0n un

GE GE

8 63 8 64

p l .X 1 ,16 p l .X I ,17

1 4 )

7 , 25

2 5 mm

GE

4 6

p l .X I ,18

1 5 )

9 , 30

2 0 n un

1 3M

9 40

p l .X I ,19

1 6 )

7 , 70

2 3 mm

BM

9 39

p l .LX ,2

1 7 )

6 , 85

2 2 n un

G IM

8 824

p l .LX ,3

1 8 )

6 , 03

2 3 mm

G IM

1 2687

1 9 )

7 , 08

2 0 n un

OGAM

2 7863

p l .X I ,20

2 0 )

6 , 70

2 0 mm

OGAM

2 7895

p l .X I ,2 1

O ve r s tru ck o n aP hanago r ian c o in :A r tem i s / s tag O ve r s t ruck o n ac o in : A r tem is / s tag O ve r s t ruck o n aP hanago r ian c o in A r tem is / s tag , O ver s t ruck o n aP hanago r ian c o in :A r tem i s / s tag , [ c b JANAI TOP ITD .N ] O no bv . -c oun te rma rk : e a ro fw hea t O ve r s truck ; o no bv . c oun te rma rk : e a ro fw hea t O ve r s t ruck o nP hanago r ian c o in :A r tem i s / s tag , [ c D JANADOP IT S IN ;o no bv . c oun te rma rk : e a ro fw hea t O ve r s t ruck o nP hanago r ian c o in :A r tem i s / s tag O ve r s t ru ck o n Am isu sc o in : A eg is /N ike O ve r s t ruck ;o r ig ina l i l eg ib le O ve r s t ruck o nP on t ic c o in : A res / swo rd i ns c abba rd O ve r s truck o nP hanago r ian c o in :A r tem is / s tag , [CAN IArO IPUT S IN 1 O ve r s truck o nP hanago r ian c o in :A r t em is / s tag E n la rged ; o ve r s t ru ck o nP on t ic c o in :A eg is /N ike E n la rged ; c hem ica la na ly s is : C u -ba se . ; S n -4 ,02 ;P 1 1 , 1 ;Z n0 , 0093 ;B i0 ,0 11 ;A g -0 ,31 ;S b0 , 59 ;A s -0 ,009 1 ;F e -0 ,0023 ; N i0 ,013 ; C o -0 ,00 11 ;A u 0 , 000 1 K oz iev sky C o l l . ; o ve r s t ru ck o n P on t ic c o in :A eg is /N ike O ve r s t ruck o nP on t ic c o in : A eg is /N ike

P hanagor ia 1 00 -75 BC : AE T e tracha lko i O bv . H ead o fA po l lo r . R ev . T hy r su sl e an ing a ga in s tt r ipod ; t o1 . ,m onog ram VE ( 17 ) ,t or . ,m onog ram le ( 1 ) ; c DANATO -P IT S /N . K ähne ,I ,p . 398 ,N 22 ,p l .Vl, 3-K ohne w a st h e f i r s tw ho w ro te t h a tc o in s o ft h is t y pe w i th t h en ame so f P an t icapaeum , P hanago r ia a nd G o rg ipp ia w e re c o ined a tt h e s ame t ime a nd a tt h e P an t icapaeum m in t o n ly a nd w e re p robab ly t h ew o rk o f as i ng le d i e -cu t te r( Kähne ,I ,p . 363) ;B u ra chkov , XX IT E ,12 ;Z og raph , A noh in 2 08a , SNG BM ,1007 ; S tan comb 6 28 -9 . D ie s A -a

B -b C -c D -d E -e G -g

1 )

Wt . 6 , 11

D ia . 2 4r un

Mu s . GEV '

Mu s .N o . 6 67 1

2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 )

6 , 74 6 , 44 6 , 7 1 9 , 30 1 ,77 6 , 84 7 , 95 8 , 55 7 , 95

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 4 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 3

G IM G IM G IM GE GE GE GE GE GE

6 670a 6 670 6 673 7 9 /27413 8 0 /27414 8 2 /27416 8 3 /27417 8 4 /27418 8 5 /27419

n un n un mm mm mm mm mm mm m tn

P la te p l .X I I , 1

N o te s P oo rc ond i t ion

p l .K 1 1 ,2 p l .X I I ,3 p l .X I I ,4 p 1 .X I I ,5 p l .X 1L6 p l .X I I ,7

O ve r s t ru ck

A noh in 2 08a O ve r s t ruck o nP on t ic c o in

2 3

F -f H -h

1 ) 1 )

6 , 43

2 4 mm 2 1 mm

GE GE

8 6 8 7

p l .X 1 1 ,8 p l .X J I ,9

O ve r s t ruck

I I

1 )

6 , 77

2 3 mm

GE

8 8

p l .X1 ,10

O ve r s tru ck o nP on t ic c o in : A eg is /N ike

K -k L 1

1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 )

6 , 83 7 , 20 6 , 86 8 , 19

2 3 2 0 2 0 2 4

mm mm mm mm

GE GE F G IM

8 9 9 0 1 338 6 672

p l .X1 , 11

4 )

8 , 47

2 0 mm

G IM

6 675

p l .LX ,5

5 )

7 , 41

2 0 mm

G IM

p l .X 1 1 ,12 p l .LX ,4

O ve r s t ru ck E n la rged ; c hem ica la na ly s is : C u -ba s . , S n -00 ,0043 ,P 1 -7 ,9 ; Z n4 ,8 ;B i0 ,052 ;A g -0 ,1 ; S b0 , 054 ;A s -0 ,13 ;F e -0 ,32 ;N i0 , 0068 ; C o -0 ,0036 ;A u -0 ,0003 E n la rged ; c hem ica l a na ly s is : C u -ba s . , S n 4 , 2 ;P 1 -0 ,78 ;Z n0 , 19 ;B i0 , 0052 ;A g -0 ,16 ; S b0 ,037 ;A s 0 , 02 ;F e -0 ,38 ;N i0 ,0062 ;C o0 , 0036 ;A u -0 ,0002 K oz ievsky C o l l .

1 2708

S t ancomb 6 30 a l so r e co rd s f o rt h is p e r iod O bv . H ead o fA r tem is r . ;R ev . H o r se g r az ing 1 . ;( DANAFOP ITD .N ; t o1 . , m onog ram 1 7 1? ;5 . 09g . ,b u ts e eh e re p l . XXV I , 1e t c . G org ipp ia 1 00 -75 BC : AE T e tracha lko i O bv . H ead o fA po l lo r . R ev . T hy r su s l e an ing a ga in s tt r iopod ; t o1 . , monog ram t imes monog ram 1 7 om i t ted ) .

VE ( 17 ) , t or . ,

1 0f ( 1 ) ,

r oPr i rma aN ( a t

K öhne , I ,p . 418 ,N 22 , n o ted t h a tt h is t y pe o fc o in w a sm in ted b y t h e s ame d i e -cu t te ra sp roduced t h ose o ft h is t y pe w i th t h en ame so fP hanago r ia a nd P an t icapaeum . H e s howed t h a tt h a tt h is t y pe o fc o in w a sk nown t o J .E c i che l , Doc t . N um . V e t erum , I,39 ; c f . T .E . M ionne t , I ,p . 333 , N 2 1 ,2 ; S upp l . N 24 ,5 ; D .Se s t in i , L e t t er e e d i s ser t . , VI , p . 29 , p 1 . 1 1 ,19 ,20 ; B u ra chkov , XX I L E ,5 ; Z og raph , XL I I I ,17 ; A noh in 2 11 ; SNG BM 9 86 ; S t ancomb 6 18 -20 . D ie s A -a B -b

1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 )

C -c

Wt . 8 , 03 6 , 93 4 ,72 5 , 63 8 , 90 9 , 06

D ia . 2 1 mm 1 9 mm 2 1 mm 2 2 mm 2 0m in 2 1 n un

Mu s . GE GE G IM G IM F G IM

Mu s . N o . 1 4 /27509 1 5 /25510 6 7 19 6 7 18 7 336 6 720

P la te p l . X1 ,13 p l .X 1 1 ,14 p l .X I I ,16a p l .X T I ,15 p l .X 1 1 ,16

N o te s A noh in 2 11a ;m ono l er

Kie l"

Mono O bv . d i ea st h eP hanago r ian c o in ( p l .X1 ,9 11 =GE 8 7 -89 ) a nd t h eP an t icapaean c o in ( p l .X ,23 =GE 8 46 )

D -d

4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 )

7 , 55 7 , 63 7 , 36 6 , 30 6 , 78 4 , 90

2 1 2 0 2 0 2 1 1 9 2 0

mm mm mm mm n un mm

A A C op G IM G IM G IM

4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 7 ) 8 )

7 , 20 7 , 81 5 , 66 8 , 61 7 , 60

2 0 2 2 2 0 2 0 2 1

mm mm mm mm mm

GM G IM G IM G EM A

1 6 721 6 722 6 694 6 896 6 697 1 2721 1 2722

O nt h ef o l low ing c o in st h ed i e sa r en o tl i nked W t . 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 )

6 , 34 9 , 23 6 , 22 7 , 20

D ia . 2 0 mm

Mu s .

Mu s . N o .

GE BM GE GE

2 7513 9 86 2 7516 1 356

A noh in ,2 11 A noh in 2 116 A noh in ,2 11B A noh in ,2 11r

p l .X 1 1 ,17 p l .X 1 1 ,18 p l . X1 ,19

Mono

p l .X 1 1 ,20

P oo rc ond i t ion

p l .X 1 1 ,2 1 p l .X .1 ,22

P oo rc ond i t ion P oo rc ond i t ion K oz iev sky C o l l . K oz iev sky C o l l .

p l .X1 ,23

2 4

§ 3 T he e nd o ft h e2 " c en tury B .C . -6 3 B .C . AE Obo l s T he c h rono logy a nd t y po logy o ft h e c o in s o ft y pe : D iony su s /b ow i n c a se w e re d i scu ssed i n s e ve ra l a r t ic les b y K ru shko l , G o lenko , S he lov ( J u . S . K ru shko l , ' C o in s w i th Monog ram s f r om t h e P a t raeu s H oa rd o f 1 950 ' , V DI , 1 952 , 3 ,p . 139 146 ; J u .S . K ru shko l , ' T he P a t raeu s H oa rd o f 1 950 ' , K S IBIK , 6 6 , 1 956 , p . 116 ; K .V . G o lenko , ' On t h e C o inage o ft h e A nonymou s B ospo r an O bo ls , N Sph , 2 ,K iev , 1 965 , p . 47 ; i d . , B ronze C o in s o f t h e C i t ie s o fP on tu s a nd P aph lagon ia i nt h e T ime o fM i th rada te s ' , P a l e s t ina S b . , I ,p . 63 -66 . G o lenko s uppo sed t h a t t h e B o spo ran t own s w e re d ep r ived o ft h e i r r i gh t t om in t a u tonomou s c o in s b y M i th rada te s V I a nd h i s s on Ma cha re s . D .B . S he lov , ' Macha res a sK ing o fB o sporu s ' , V DI , 1 978 . O re shn ikov w a st h ef i r s tt oc on s ide rt h a tt h e c o in s o ft h e t y pe ' D iony su s /b ow i nc a se ' w e re m in ted b y Ma cha re s , t h e s on o fM i th rada tes V I E upa to r : A .V . O re shn ikov , T he C immer ian B osporus i nt h e P er iod o ft h e S par toc id sf rom I n scr ip t ions a nd R oya lC o ins ,p . 31 ;A .V . O reshn ikov ,C a ta logue o ft h eC o l lec t ion o fC oun tA .S . U varov ,p . 60 . G o lenko b e l ieved t h a t a f t e r 8 0 B .C . Ma cha re s w a s s en tb yh i s f a the r t oB ospo ru s a sr u le r ( c f . A pp ian M i th . , 6 7 ) . A t t h is t ime c o in s D iony su s /b ow i nc a se w e re m in ted . T he c ha ra c te r is t ic o ft h e i s sue i s ac omp le te a bsence o f c oun te rma rked c o in s a mong t h em . T he re a r e monog ram s o n t h e r ev , o f t h ese c o in s , w h ich a r e s upposed t or e p re sen tt h en ame o ft h e mag is t ra te ,b u tt h e re i sn oo t he rn ame o nt h is t y pe . O bv . H ead o fD iony su sr . R ev . B ow ca se 1 . ,m onog ram s . B u rachkov , XX I I I , 2 5 -30 ; Z og raph , XLf f l , 2 2 -23 ; A noh in 2 12 ; SNG BM 9 46 -9 ; S tancomb 5 97 -604 . ( I n a dd i t ion t ot h o se c o in sb ea r ing monog ram s o t he r se x is tw h ich s how n o s i gn o fe ve rh av ing h ad amonog ram , e . g . K e r ch h o ard N 2935 , 9 77 , 1 060 , 1 072 ) . I .Monog ram D ie s A -a

l e (1 8)

A -b B -c C -d C ada C -e D -f C -g A -h

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 )

W t . 1 6 ,33 1 5 ,83 1 5 ,60 1 4 ,50 1 6 ,73 1 5 ,30 1 6 ,42 1 4 ,47 1 4 ,95 1 7 ,17 1 6 ,86

D ia . 2 5 mm 2 5 mm 2 5 mm 2 6 mm 2 6 mm 2 5 mm 2 6 mm 2 7 mm 2 6n un 2 7 mm 2 5 ,5 mm

Mu s . G IM G IM OGAM G IM G IM G IM A G EM G EM G IM G 1M

Mu sN o . 8 894 8 894a 2 3302 1 4419 8 897 8 898

P la te p l . XM ,1

8 899 8 900 8 905 8 906

p l . X0 1 ,2 p l .XI I I ,3 p l .XI I 1 ,4 p l .XI I I ,5 p l .X M ,5a p l .X M ,6 p l .X 11 1 ,7 p l .X 1 1 1 ,8 p l .X I I I ,9

A I E j F -a

1 ) 1 ) 1 )

1 5 ,59 1 6 , 16 1 7 ,41

2 7 mm 2 7 mm 2 5 n un

G IM

G IM

G IM

8 909 8 908 8 911

p l .X I I I , 10 p l .X 1 1 ,11 p l .XI I 1 ,12

C -g ( ? ) G -k

2 ) 1 ) 1 )

1 4 ,96 1 4 ,09 1 5 ,12

2 5 mm 2 7 mm 2 5 mm

A G IM G IM

8 912 6 328

2 ) 3 )

1 3 ,85 1 5 ,50

2 5 mm 2 5 mm

OGAM OGAM

2 7898 2 3612

p l .X I I I ,12a

N o te s B u ra chkov , XX I I I , 3 0

G randema ison C o l l .

R ev . o n ly

p l .X I I I ,13 p l .X I I I ,14

T he d i e s o nt h ef o l low ing c o in sh ave n o tb een l i nked :

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 )

W t . 1 6 ,03 1 7 ,32 1 6 ,72 1 7 ,98

D ia . 2 7 mm 2 5 n un 2 5 mm 2 7 mm

Mu s . GE GE GE GE

Mu s . N o . 2 7553 2 7543 2 7545 2 7547

5 ) 6 ) 7 )

1 7 ,82 1 6 ,89 1 8 ,17

2 5 mm 2 6n un 2 5 n un

G IM C op BM

1 2672 1 0 9 48

8 ) 9 ) 1 0 ) 1) 1 2 )

1 7 ,92 1 6 , 10 1 6 ,77 1 6 ,85 1 5 ,29

2 5 mm 2 5 mm

BM BM GE GE GE

9 46 9 47 2 7544 2 7546 2 7548

P la te

N o t e s

K oz iev sky C o l l

p l .LX ,6 p l .LX 1 ,1

E n la rged E n larged P oo rc ond i t ion P oo rc ond i t ion P oo rc ond i t ion

2 5

1 3 ) 1 4 ) 1 5 ) 1 6 ) 1 7 ) 1 8 ) 1 9 ) 2 0 ) 2 1) 2 2 ) 2 3) 2 4 ) 2 5 ) 2 6 ) 2 7 ) 2 8 )

1 6 ,39 1 6 ,98 1 5 ,92 1 5 ,50 1 6 ,25 1 7 ,00 1 5 ,67 1 7 ,10 1 6 ,93 1 5 ,49 1 ,45 2 2 ,00 1 6 ,31 1 4 ,96 1 6 ,94 1 6 ,21

GE GE GE GE GE GE GE GE GE GE GE GE G IM G IM G IM G 11 . 4

2 7449 2 7550 2 7551 2 7552 2 7554 2 7555 2 7556 2 7557 2 7558 2 7559 2 7560 2 7561 8 913 8 901 8 939 8 902

2 9 ) 3 0 )

1 3 ,35 1 6 , 10

G EM G IM

1 4416 8 903

G randema ison C o l l .

3 1) 3 2 ) 3) 3 4 ) 3 5)

1 5 ,32 1 7 ,98 1 5 ,28 1 5 ,59 1 5 , 19

G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM

1 4417 8 904 1 4418 8 907 8 910

G randema ison C o l l . G randema ison C o l l .

3 6 )

7 , 2 1

G IM

1 268 1

K oz iev sky C o l l . ; i m i ta t ion

I na dd i t ion , ah oard o fc o in s f r om P o l janka i nt h eK e r ch r e g ion d i scove red i n 1 985 c on ta ined 7 8 c o in s w i th t h em onog ram P ( 18 ) .

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 7 ) 8 ) 9 )

W t . 1 7 ,60 1 4 ,52 1 6 ,20 1 9 ,85 1 8 ,00 1 5 ,90 1 6 ,75 1 6 ,60 1 6 ,69

K e r ch K e r ch K e r ch K e t ch K e r ch K e r ch K e r ch K e r ch K e r ch

Mu s .

Mu sN o . 2 60 4 09 5 23 5 52 5 81 5 91 5 97 6 01 6 02

3 6 ) 3 7 ) 3 8 ) 3 9 ) 4 0 ) 4 1) 4 2 ) 4 3) 4 4 ) 4 5 )

1 8 ,00 1 3 ,40 1 5 ,50 1 5 ,50 1 5 ,60 1 6 ,20 1 5 ,80 1 7 ,10 1 6 ,70 1 4 ,30

1 0 ) 1 ) 1 2 ) 1 3 )

1 4 ,20 1 6 ,05 1 7 ,90 1 6 ,90

K e r ch K e rch K e r ch K e r ch

6 08 6 17 9 56 9 57

4 6 ) 4 7 ) 4 8 ) 4 9 )

1 6 ,80 1 5 ,60 1 5 ,40 1 6 ,20

1 4 ) 1 5 ) 1 6 ) 1 7 ) 1 8 ) 1 9 ) 2 0 ) 2 1) 2 2 ) 2 3 )

1 4 ,90 1 5 ,70 1 8 ,10 1 6 ,50 1 7 ,50 1 5 ,60 1 7 ,40 1 6 ,00 1 6 ,00 1 6 ,90

K e r ch K e tch K e r ch K e rch K e t ch K e r ch K e tch K e r ch K e rch K e rch

9 58 9 59 9 60 9 61 9 63 9 64 9 65 9 66 9 67 9 68

5 0 ) 5 1) 5 2 ) 5 3 ) 5 4 ) 5) 5 6 ) 5 7 ) 5 8 ) 5 9 )

2 4 ) 2 5 ) 2 6 ) 2 7 )

1 4 ,30 1 7 ,10 1 6 ,90 1 5 ,90

K e r ch K e r ch K e rch

2 8 ) 2 9 ) 3 0 )

1 7 ,50 1 6 ,90 1 7 ,30

K e t ch K e t ch K e r ch K e r ch

9 69 9 70 9 71 9 72

3 1) 3 2 ) 3) 3 4 ) 3 5 )

1 5 ,10 1 5 ,00 1 5 ,30 1 4 ,80 1 5 ,10

K e r ch K e t ch K e r ch1 0 15 K e t ch1 0 16 K e r ch

K e r ch

9 82 9 83

K e r ch K e r ch K e t ch K e r ch K e r ch K e rch

9 84 9 85 9 86 9 87 9 88

K e t ch K e r ch

9 89 9 90

K e r ch K e r ch K e rch

9 91 9 92 9 93 9 94 9 95

1 6 ,80 1 7 ,20 2 1 ,30 2 0 ,80 1 5 ,78 1 5 ,20 1 5 ,10 1 4 ,50 1 6 ,70 1 7 ,70

K e rch K e r ch K e r ch K e rch K e rch K e r ch K e rch K e r ch K e r ch K e rch K e rch K e tc h

6 0 ) 6 1) 6 2 ) 6 3 )

1 7 ,60 1 8 ,20 1 7 ,90 1 5 ,70

K etc h K e rch K e rch K e rch

1 006 1 007

9 73 9 74 9 75

6 4 ) 6 5 ) 6 6 )

1 8 ,00 1 3 ,60 1 6 ,70

K e tch K etc h

9 76 9 78 9 79 9 80 9 81

6 7 ) 6 8 ) 6 9 ) 7 0 ) 7 1)

1 7 ,30 1 5 ,25 1 3 ,24 1 4 ,50 1 7 ,25

1 0 10 1 0 11 1 0 12 1 0 13 1 0 14

K e r ch K e r ch K e r ch K e rch K e tch K e tch

9 96 9 97 9 98 9 99 1 000 1 001 1 002 1 003 0 4

1 1 00 0 5

8 1 009

1 0 17

2 6

7 2 ) 7 3) 7 4 )

1 5 ,25 1 5 ,40 1 6 ,60

K e r ch K e r ch K e rch

1 018 1 019 1 020

7 5 )

1 5 ,30

K e rch

1 021

7 6 ) 7 7 ) 7 8 )

1 5 ,60 1 6 ,60 1 6 ,70

K e r ch K e r ch K e r ch

1 022 1 023 1 024

I L Monog ram k r i" ( 19 ) K ru shko l , V D I , 1 952 ,p . 143 , monog ram N . 23 . D ie s A -H -a B -J -b C -K c

W t . 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 7 ) 8 )

1 4 ,41 1 4 ,65 1 6 ,83 1 5 ,9 1 1 7 ,55 1 7 , 10 1 6 ,65 1 6 ,57 1 5 ,53 1 6 ,70

D ia . 2 4 mm 2 4 i nm 2 5 m in 2 6 mm 2 41 1 11 1 2 6i nm 2 5 mm 2 4 mm 2 7 mm 2 5 mm 2 5 n un

Mu s . OGAM G IM G I IV I G IM G IM G IM GE GE GE K e r ch K e r ch

Mu s . N o . 2 8604 8 915 8 916 8 917 1 4423 1 2670 2 7563 2 7562 2 7564 9 37 9 38

P la te p l .X I I I , 15a p l .XI I I ,15 p l .X I I I , 16 p l .xm , 17

N o te s O bv . o n ly

G randema ison C o l l . K oz iev sky C o l l .

H I . Monog ram 1 -r g ( 20 ) K ru shko l , V D I , 1 952 , p . 143 , monog ram N 28 . D ie s A -a B -b C -c

1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 7 ) 8 ) 9 ) 1 0 ) 1) 1 2 ) 1 3 ) 1 4 )

W t . 1 6 ,46 1 5 ,74 1 7 ,94 1 4 ,47 1 8 ,04 1 6 ,54 1 7 ,58 1 6 ,79 1 6 ,80 1 6 , 17 1 6 ,17 1 7 ,13 1 7 ,00 1 7 ,38 1 5 ,40 1 5 ,80

D ia . 2 6 ,5 mm 2 5 mm 2 5 ,5 mm 2 5 mm 2 8 mm 2 7m rn 2 6 mm 2 6 mm 2 7n un 2 6n un 2 6 mm 2 5 mm 2 5 r am

Mu s . G IM G IM G IM K r G IM GE GE GE GE GE GE GE GE K e rch K e r ch K e r ch I V . Monog ram

1 )

W t . 1 5 ,90

Mu s . K e r ch

Mu s . No . 8 918 8 919 8 920

P la te p l .X IV , 1 p l .X IV ,2

N o te s

p l .X IV ,3

P r iva te c o l le c t ion K oz iev sky C o l l .

1 2674 2 7565 2 7567 2 7569 2 7571 2 7567a 2 7566 2 7568 2 7570 3 9 28 9 29 ( 2 1) Mu s . N o . 7 61

V . Monog ram I ' vf ( 22 ) K ru shko l , V D / , 1 952 , p . 143 , m onog ram N 2 12 . D ies A -a B -b B -c

1 ) 1 ) 1 )

W t . 1 5 ,98 1 4 ,97 1 6 ,69

D ia . 2 5 mm 2 6 mm 2 8 mm

Mu s . G IM G IM G EM

Mu s . N o . 8 921 8 922 8 923

P la te p l .X IV ,4 p l .X IV ,5 p l .XIV ,6

2 7

A -a

1 )

1 ,84

2 4 mm

V I . Monog ram

1 2T ( 2 3 ) w °

G IM

8 924a

V I I . Monog ram 1 ST ( 2 4 ) K ru shko l , V DI , 1 952 ,p . 143 ,m onog ram N 27 . A -a

1 ) 2 )

1 6 ,90 1 5 ,92

2 5 mm 2 5 mm

G IM A

8 925

p l .X IV ,7 p l .X IV ,8

VI . Monog ram RF ( 25) 1 ° A -a

1 ) 2 )

1 ,84 1 8 ,39

2 4 mm 2 8 n un

GEV ' G IM

8 924b 8 928

p l .X IV ,10 p l .X IV ,9

R ev . o n ly O bv . o n ly ;p oo rc ond i t ion

T he d i e so nt h ef o l low ing c o in sh ave n o tb een l i nked :

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 7 ) 8 ) 9 ) 1 0 ) 1) 1 2 )

W t . 1 6 ,45 1 4 ,47 1 6 ,33 1 6 ,50 1 7 ,88 1 7 , 13 1 5 ,65 1 7 ,25 1 7 ,43 1 7 ,7 1 1 7 ,30 1 5 ,70

D ia . 2 5 n un 2 5 mm 2 5 mm 2 5 mm 2 5 mm 2 5 mm 2 4 mm 2 3 mm 2 4n un 2 4 mm 2 3 mm 2 3 mm

Mu s . GE GE GE GE GE G IM G IM K e r ch K e r ch K e r ch K e r ch K e r ch

Mu s . N o . 2 7538 2 7539 2 7540 2 754 1 2 7542 1 2667 1 4422 9 50 9 52 9 53 9 54 9 55

K oz ievsky C o l l . G randema ison C o l l .

I X . Monog ram rF ( 26 ) 1 ) 2 )

1 6 ,79 1 4 ,85

2 3 mm 2 0 mm

K e r ch K e rch X . Monog ram

1 ) 2 )

1 7 ,50 1 6 ,70

2 0 mm

K e r ch G IM

9 49 4 32 ( 27 ) 5 63 1 4420

G randema ison C o l l .

X I . Monog ram " 91. ( 28 )w i th v a r ian t s

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 7 ) 8 ) 9 ) 1 0 ) 1) 1 2 ) 1 3 ) 1 4 ) 1 5 )

W t . 1 8 ,07 1 7 ,52 1 5 ,45 1 8 ,45 1 7 ,30 1 6 ,97 1 7 ,03 1 4 ,93 1 5 ,33 1 7 ,67 1 6 ,90 1 4 ,50 1 6 ,97 1 6 ,52

D ia .

2 4 2 4 2 4 2 7 2 8

mm mm r nm n un n un

Mu s . GE GE GE GE GE GE GE GE GE GE OGAM K e rch K e r ch G IM G IM

Mus . N o . 2 7582 2 7583 2 7584 2 7585 2 7586 2 7587 2 7888 2 7589 2 7590 2 759 1 2 3310 1 065 1 066 8 945 8 946

P la te

N o te s

p l .X IV ,11 Monog ram 4\ ( 29 ) p l .X IV ,18 p l .X IV , 19

Monog ram

4 ,(30)

1" A sw i th o t h e rg r oup ing so fm onog ram si ti sd oub t f u l i fw ha tF ro lova s e e sa sd i s t inc ti n s tance s( h e r e2 3 -27 ,c f .b e low 2 8 -33 a nd 3 9 )a r ea ny th ing o t he rt h an d i ev a r ian t so ft h es ame m onog ram . S . I . 1 ° 1 T h ed i s t ingu i sh ing f e a tu r eo ft h i sm onog ram i st h ea b sence o ft h es em ic i r c le a bove t h eh o r izon ta lb a r . H owev e r , o np l . X IV ,10 w ha ta ppea r st ob e as em ic i r c le i sc l ea r ly v i s ib le . S . I .

2 8

1 6 ) 1 7 ) 1 8 )

1 5 ,45 1 7 ,20 1 6 , 80

2 6 n un 2 4 mm 2 5 mm

G IM K e r ch K e r ch

8 948 1 043 8 77

1 9 ) 2 0 ) 2 1)

1 6 ,90 1 4 ,40 1 7 ,00

2 5 mm 2 3 m rn 2 2 mm

K e rch K e rch K e rch

8 88 1 0 40 1 0 51

2 2 ) 2 3) 2 4 ) 2 5) 2 6 ) 2 7 ) 2 8 ) 2 9 )

1 4 ,70 1 5 ,50 1 7 ,24 1 5 .50 1 3 ,81 1 6 ,77 1 5 , 15 1 6 ,88

2 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 5 2 2 2 6 2 3

mm mm n un r nm mm m in mm mm

K e rch K e r ch K e r ch K e rch G IM G IM G IM G IM

1 0 52 1 056 1 0 54 1 055 8 947 8 950 8 951 1 2673

3 0 ) 3 1) 3 2 ) 3 3) 3 4 ) 3 5) 3 6 ) 3 7 ) 3 8 ) 3 9 )

1 6 ,20 1 7 ,60 1 4 ,60 1 7 ,50 1 5 ,90 1 5 ,80 1 3 ,60 1 7 ,60 1 7 ,20 1 5 ,62

2 6 2 5 2 3 2 4 2 3 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 5

mm m rn mm mm mm mm n un n un mm mm

BM K e r ch K e r ch K e rch K e r ch K e rch K e rch K e rch K e rch K e r ch

9 49 1 048 1 049 1 050 6 68 7 12 6 59 9 33 1 042 1 044

X I I . Monog ram

o r

r i t

p l .X IV ,20

Monog ram Monog ram Monog ram

' ' ' ( 3 0 ) 4 ,( 3 1) , e , ( 3 2 )

P oo rc ond i t ion

Monog ram A\ ( 3 3 ) K oz iev sky C o l l . p l .XV , 1

( 3 4 )

K ru shko l , V DI , 1 952 ,p . 140 , monog ram N 26

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 )

W t . 1 5 ,98 1 6 ,25 1 3 ,63 1 5 ,87 1 7 ,15

D ia . 2 5 mm 2 6 n un 2 5 mm 2 5 r um 2 3 mm

Mu s . G IM G IM G IM OGA M

Mu s . N o . 8 929 8 930 8 931 2 7476

GE K e rch

2 7578 1 030

X I II Monog ram H 1 )

1 5 ,65

2 5 mm

G IM

X IV . Monog ram

P la te p l .X IV ,12a p l .X IV ,12

P oo rc ond i t ion p l .X IV ,13 P oo rc ond i t ion

( 3 5)

8 937

A ' ‹

o r

N o te s

r i g

p l .X IV ,14 ( 36 )

K ru shko l , V DI , 1 952 ,N 23 , monog ram N 25 .

1 )

W t . 1 6 ,85

D ia . 2 7n un

2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 7 ) 8 ) 9 ) 1 0 ) 1)

1 6 ,34 1 4 ,11 1 6 ,27 1 8 ,60 1 8 ,60 1 8 ,10 1 6 ,55 1 6 ,83 1 5 ,60 1 4 ,48

2 3 2 5 2 4 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 7

n un m rn mm n un mm mm mm mm mm

Mu s . OGA M

Mu s . N o . 2 3613

G IM G IM GE GE GE GE K e rch K e r ch K e r ch K e rch

8 933 8 934 2 7577 2 5580 2 5581 2 7579 9 62 1 058 1 059 5 90

XV . Monog ram 1 ) 2 )

1 5 ,05 1 8 ,47

2 4 mm 2 7n un

G IM G IM

o r 7g3 ( 3 7 ) 8 940 8 944

P la te p l .X IV ,15

N o t es

p .X IV ,16 P oo rc ond i t ion P oo rc ond i t ion P oo rc ond i t ion

2 9

XV I . Monog ram

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 7 ) 8 ) 9 ) 1 0 ) 1) 1 2 ) 1 3 ) 1 4 ) 1 5 ) 1 6 ) 1 7 )

W t . 1 6 ,26 1 6 ,34 1 3 ,28 1 7 ,02 1 5 ,40 1 7 ,80 1 5 ,62 1 5 ,43 1 6 ,60 1 7 ,70 1 5 ,60 1 5 ,70 1 6 ,30 1 3 ,70 1 7 ,10 1 5 ,40 1 5 ,40

D ia . 2 5 mm 2 6 mm 2 5 mm 2 5 m in 2 8 mm 2 7 mm 2 5 m rn 2 6n un 2 3 n un 2 4n un 2 4 mm 2 4 mm 2 3 mm 2 2 mm 2 2 n un 2 3 n un 2 2 mm

Mu s . G IM G IM G IM G IM GE GE GE GE K e r ch K e r ch K e rch K e rch K e r ch K e rch K e rch K e rch K e r ch

o r Mu s . N o . 8 935 8 936 8 937 8 938 2 7592 2 7793 2 7794 2 7795 1 028 1 029 1 031 1 032 1 033 1 036 1 034 1 038 1 039

XV I I . Monog ram 1 )

1 6 ,46

2 5 mm

G IM

XV I I I . Monog ram

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 )

W t . 1 7 ,40 1 9 ,16 1 7 ,63 1 6 ,88 1 7 ,28

D ia . 2 5 mm 2 8r nm 2 5 n un 2 6 mm

Mu s . GE GE GE GE K e rch

W t . 1 7 ,07

D ia . 2 5 mm

1 3 ,20

2 0 mm

K e r ch

P oo rc ond i t ion P oo rc ond i t ion P oo rc ond i t ion

o r

o r

6 ) 7 ) 8 ) 9 ) 1 0 )

1 7 ,07 1 5 ,30 1 8 ,06 1 8 , 14 1 6 ,74

( 40 )

2 2 2 6 2 6 2 6

n un n un n un mm

K e rch K e rch K e r ch K e r ch G IM

9 44 9 45 9 46 9 47 1 6669

/N ( 4 1)

Mu s . N o . 9 39

XX . Monog ram L 1 )

N o te s

( 3 9 )

o r

Mu s . N o . 2 7572 2 7573 2 7574 2 7575 9 43

Mu s . K e rch

P la te p l .X IV ,17

8 949

X IX . Monog ram

1

( 3 8 )

( 4 2 )

9 40

XX I . Monog ram FT ( 4 3 )

1 ) 2 )

Wt . 1 5 ,44 1 7 ,00

D ia . 2 5 mm

Mu s . GE K e rch

Mus . N o . 2 7576 9 36

XX I I . Monog ram A 1 ) 2 )

9 , 95 2 1 ,15

2 7 mm 2 5r nm

GE G IM

2 7596 1 4421

XX I I I . Monog r am 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 )

2 0 ,95 1 9 ,95 1 9 ,88 1 9 ,64

3 0 2 6 2 7 2 5

n un n un mm mm

GE GE GE K e rch

( 44 )

n (

2 7534 2 7538 2 7537 9 48

( 4 5 )

C u to na l l s i de s G randma ison C o l l .

3 0

XX IV . Monog ram 1 ) 2 ) 3 )

1 6 ,42 1 6 ,46 1 6 ,28

2 6 mm 2 7 mm 2 8 mm

G EM G LM G IM

o r /1(46 ) 8 914 8 927 8 896

XXV . Monog ram H 1 )

1 7 , 10

2 6i nm

K e r ch

( 47 )

7 39

XXV I . Monog ram l 1 )

1 5 ,95

2 5 mm

K e r ch

( 48 )

1 034

XXV I I . Monog ram &I) ( 4 9 ) 1 )

1 7 ,40

2 4 mm

K e r ch

1 0 57

XXV I I I . Monog ram 1 ) 2 )

1 5 ,60 1 6 ,12

2 5 mm 2 7 mm

K e r ch K e r ch

I r(50)

F

6 83 6 89

XXIX . Monog ram 1 )

1 4 ,50

2 5 mm

K e r ch

( 5 1)

9 34

XXX . Monog ram I 9 (5 2) 1 )

1 6 ,80

2 4 mm

K e r ch

7 19

XXX I . Monog ram 1 ) 2 )

1 6 ,20 1 6 ,90

2 4 mm 2 5 mm

K e r ch K e r ch

( 5 3)

1 026 1 027

XXXI . Monog ram Li ( 54 ) 1 )

1 6 ,30

2 4n un

K e r ch

1 025

XXXD 1 . Monog ram L 1 )

2 0 ,10

2 4n un

K e r ch

7 34

XXX IV . Monog ram 1 )

1 4 ,75

2 4 mm

K e r ch

( 5 5)

h e

( 56 )

6 20

XXXV . Monog ram rA ( 57 )

1 )

W t . 1 5 ,95

D ia . 2 5 n un

Mu s . K e r ch

Mu s . N o . 1 034

T he re a r en ume rou se xamp le so fa nonymou sc o in s i nt h eK e r ch h oa rd t ha ts how n o m onog ram s : 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 )

1 7 ,00 1 5 ,15 1 6 ,40 1 6 ,75 1 6 ,50

2 3 2 3 2 3 2 5 2 1

mm n un n un mm m in

K e r ch K e r ch K e r ch K e r ch K e r ch

9 35 9 77 1 035 1 060 1 072

3 1

T he n umbe ro fm onog ram so nB o spo ran c o in s o ft h et y pe : D iony su s /b ow ca se h a s g r own s i nce t h e 1 9t h c en tu ry . I n 1 884 P od sh iwa lov p ub l ished at o ta lo f 8m onog ram s :

( The Mo scow P ub l ic a nd R um i jan t z ev Museum , N um i sma t ic C o l lec t ion , C a ta logue o fC o ins , Mo scow ,p .29 -30 , 2 19 -236 ) . I n 1 887 P od sh iva low e xpanded t h el i s to fa nonymou sc o in sw i th t h ef o l low ing :

N2

( 'Monna ies d es r o is d uB ospho re C inune r ien ' , Moscow 1 887 p , 13 =T he C o in s o ft h eC imme r ian B o spo ro sK ing s o ft h e S pa r toc id a nd A chaemen id D yna s t ie s ' , ZOO ID , 1 5 , 1 889 ,p . 14 ) . H oweve r , Z og raph a nd G o lenko c l a imed t ok now o n ly 1 0 e xamp le s( K .V . G o lenko , ' On t h eC o inage o f B o spo ran A nonymou sO bo l s ' ,N Sph ,2 ,1 965 ,p . 43 ) . I n1 952 K ru shko lp ub l ished 1 4m onog ram s : 7 0 1 »

eilf)

h g L f

r 4

( ' Co ins w i th Monog ram sf r om t h eP a t raeu sH oa rd o f1 950 ' , V D I , 1 952 , 3 ,p . 137 146 ) . I n1 986 Anoh in r e co rded 1 2e xamp le s( Anoh in , 1 986 ,p 1 .40 ,N 222 -33 )

1 T P1 r P E F

1 1 ,1 n 7 . 4 1

7 e7

( See f u r the r : S .I r e land , N . F ro lova , ' Two H oa rd s o fB ospo ran C o in s o ft h e 1 s t C en tu ry B .C . f r om t h e A nc ien tS e t t lemen to fP o l janka ( Ke r ch )1,H erma thena 1 66 ( 1999 )p . 31-43) T hu s , w e c an d i s t ingu ish m o r e t h an 4 0 d if e ren t m onog rams o n t h e a nonymou s B ospo ran c o in s . T he m a te r ia l c onf i rms t h e o p in ion t ha tt h em onog ram s c oncea l t h en ame s o fr oya l of i c ia ls r e spon s ib le o ft h e m in t o f B o sporu s . T hese a nonymou so bo ls c an b ed a ted t oe nd o ft h e rdc en tu ry B .C . t o6 3 B .C . .

e g iA f ter 6 3

B .C .

T he n ex tt y pe i s -O bv . L au rea te h ead o fA po l lo ,R ev . E ag le o nt hunde rbo l t , f lANT IKA IIA ITaN , w h ich p o in t s t ot h er e s to ra t ion o fa u tonomou sc i ty m in tage . Z og raph d a ted t h is s e r ie s t ot h e l a s t d ecade o fM i th rada te s r u le ( 1977 p . 300 ) . G o lenko o n t h e o t he r h and a s c r ibed i tt oP ha rnace s , r ega rd ing t h e s e r ie s t y po log ica l ly a s a d i rec t c on t inua t ion o fM i th rada te s ' c o inage ( NE , 2 , 1 960 , p . 39 , pH : 1 1 ,5 11 . H oweve r , c o in s o ft h e A po l lo /e ag le t y pe d on o tr e vea l a ny c onne c t ion w i th P ha rna ce s .1 ° 2 O ne s hou ld t a ke i n to a ccoun tt h a tm o s to ft h e 9 08 c o in so ft h eA po l lo /e ag le t y pe f r om t h e 1 985 K e r ch h oa rd w e re o ve r s truck o nt h et h et y pe o fD iony sus /b ow ca se w i th monog ram s . AE Obo ls O bv . H ead o fA po l lo r . R ev . E ag le o nt hunde rbo l t ,w ing so pen ;b e low ,E LANT IKA I IA IT S IN ( i n o ne o rt wo l i nes ) ;m onog ram ig ( 58) 1 ° 3 ; s t a r . O re shn ikov , C a ta logue . . . , p . 56 -61 ; B u ra chkov , XX I , 1 3 , 8 143 ; Z og raph , X 11 1 1 , 2 0 ; A noh in 2 14 ; SNG BM 9 45 ; S tancomb 6 05 -6 . L ike G o lenko , O re shn ikov r e ga rded o bo ls o ft h e A po l lo /e ag le t y pe a s b e long ing t o t h e P ha rna ce s ' c o inage , a s w e l l a s t h e t e t ra cha lko i t y pe , H ead o fA po l lo /t r ipod a nd t h y r su s . Wh i le a d a t ing t ot h e t ime o f P ha rnaces i sp e rf ec t ly a c cep tab le ,t os e et h em a sr oya l i s sue si sh igh ly d eba tab le . D ie s A -a B -b C -c D -d E -e G -g I I J j

W t . 1 7 1 7 1 ,15 1 8 ,05

D ia . 2 7n un 2 6 mm 2 7n un

Mu s .

1 ) 2 ) 1 )

P la te p l .XV ,2

G IM G IM

Mu s . N o . 8 960 8 976 8 96 1

1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 )

1 8 ,05 1 6 ,30 1 5 ,87 1 5 ,81 1 5 ,70 1 5 ,57 1 5 ,06

2 7 mm 2 5 n un 2 6 n un 2 5 mm 2 7 ,5 n un 2 6 n un 2 7 mm

G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM

8 962 8 963 8 964 8 965 8 966 8 967 8 968

p l .XV ,3 p l .XV ,4 p l .XV ,5

G I M

N o te s P oo rc ond i t ion O ve r s t ruck o n ac o in D iony su s /bow i nc a se

p l .XV ,6

O ve r s truck I n sc r ip t ion i no ne l i ne

p l .XV ,7

"2 T he f a c tt h a tt h i st ype o fc o in i sf ound o v e r s t ruck o nt h eD iony su s /b owca se t y pe i n da te st h e i ro rd e ro fp roduc t ion ,a nd o n ec an h ypo the s i se t h a tt h ec hang eo ft y p ei ss i gn if ican t . T ha tt h ey a r ec i ty i s sue s ,j u s tl i ke t h eD iony su s /b owca se t y pe ( wh ich b ea r u nm i s takab le M i th rada t ic mo t if s )d oe sn o td e t ra c tf r om t h ep o s s ib i l i ty t h a tt h ey w e re i s sued u nd e rt h ea eg i so fP ha rna ce s . S . I . 1 0 3 O ns ome c o in s ,e g . p l . XV ,16 a nd XV I ,4 ,t h em onog ram s e em st ob e f o r

E .

3 2

2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 7 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 )

1 4 ,92 1 4 ,67 1 4 ,66 1 4 ,42 1 5 ,63 1 4 ,17 1 4 ,12 1 ,44 1 5 ,11 1 ,70 1 7 ,75 1 6 ,58 1 7 ,75 1 5 ,02 1 5 ,34 1 8 ,10 1 4 ,87

2 7 2 7 2 7 2 5 2 5 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 6 2 8 2 6 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 6 2 8 2 8

mm mm mm mm mm n un n un mm mm n un mm n un n un mm n un n un n un

G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM GE GE G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM

8 969 8 970 8 97 1 8 972 1 4 197 8 973 8 974 8 975 1 4 198 8 977 8 86 8 87 8 89 8 90 8 92 8 93 1 2665

3 )

1 7 ,56

2 8 mm

G IM

1 2666

N -n

1 )

1 6 ,39

2 7 mm

G IM

8 94

p l .XV 1 , 1

K oz iev sky C o l l . ; i n sc r ip t ion i no ne l i ne K oz iev sky C o l l . ; O ve r s t ruck o n ac o in : D iony su s /bow ca se O ve r s t ruck o n ac o in :

0 -o

1 )

1 3 ,75

2 7 mm

G IM

8 96

p l .XV I ,2

D iony su s /bow ca se O ve r s tru ck o n ac o in

P -p

1 )

1 4 ,57

2 7 -28 mm

G l IV I

8 97

p l .XV I ,3

N r

1 )

1 6 ,55

2 8m in

G IM

8 98

p l .XV I ,4

D iony su s /bow ca se O ve r s truck o n ac o in D iony su s /bow ca se ; m onog ram f r om u nde r type O ve r s t ruck o na nonymou s

S t

1 )

1 3 ,75

2 5 mm

G IM

8 99

p l .XV I ,5

o bo l O ve r s truck o na nonymou s

2 )

1 4 ,25

2 5 mm

1 3M

9 45

p l .LX I ,2

o bo l E n la rged

H -h

G -g F f K -k L 1 M -m

p l .XV ,8 p l .XV ,9 p l .XV ,10 p l .XV ,11 p l .XV ,12 p l .XV ,13

G randema ison C o l l .

P oo rc ond i t ion G randema ison C o l l . p l .XV ,14 p l .XV ,15 p l .XV ,16 p l .XV ,17 p l .XV ,18 p l .XV ,19 p l .XV ,20

T he d i es o ft h e f o l low ing c o in sh ave n o tb een i n ve s t iga ted : 1 ) 2 ) 3 )

7 , 00 1 2 ,92

2 6 mm

(GAM

2 8239

p l .XV 1 ,5a

OGA M G IM

2 5353 1 2655

p l .XV 1 ,5 1 )

T he m idd le o ft h e

J I

O ve r s truck o n aS inope t y pe c o in O ve r s t ruck K oz iev sky C o l l .

c en tury B .C .

AE T e tracha lko i O bv . H ead o fA po l lo r . R ev . T r ipod , t h y r su sl e an ing a ga in s t ;t or . IANT IKA I IA . IT L1N ; m onog ram tg ( 58 ) . O ve r s t ruck o nP on t ic c o in sa nd e a r ly c o in so fP an t icapaeum a nd P hanago r ia . B u rachkov , XX I , 1 2 1 ; SNG BM 9 37 . D ie s A -a

1 )

Wt . 8 , 17

D ia . 2 0 ,5 mm

Mu s . G IN '

Mu s . N o . 8 979

P l a te p l .XV 1 ,6

B -b

1 )

9 , 51

2 1 mm

G IM

8 978

p l .XV I ,7

C c D -d D -e

1 ) 1) 1 )

7 , 49 6 , 87 7 , 40

1 9 mm 2 1 mm 2 2 mm

G IM GE GE

8 980 9 02 9 0 1

p LXV I ,8 p l .XV I ,9 p l . XV I ,10

N o te s O ve r s t ruck o n ac o in S inope /Zeu s -eag le , E INOT IHE O ve r s t ruck o n ac o in S inope /Zeu s -eag le , E INDI IHI O ve r s tru ck O ve r s t ruck O ve r s t ru ck

E j J h

1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 )

7 , 39 6 , 60 7 , 73

2 0 mm 2 0 mm 2 1 mm

GE GE GE GE

9 03 9 04 9 10 9 05

p l .XV I ,11 p l .XV 1 ,12 p l .XV I ,13 p l .XV I ,14

O ve r s t ru ck O ve r s t ruck O ve r s t ruck O ve r s t ruck

H -f

3 3

F -?

1 )

8 , 85

2 0 r am

GE

9 06

p l .XV I , 15

F 1

1 )

7 , 40

2 1 mm

GE

9 07

p l .XV I ,16

K 1 L -m

1 ) 1 ) 2 )

8 , 60 6 , 55 6 , 73

2 0 mm 2 0 n un 2 0 mm

GE GE G IM

9 08 9 09 1 2660

p l .XV I , 17 p l .XV I ,18

O ve r s t ruck ; R ev . -p oo r c ond i t ion O ve r s t ru ck ; o nR ev . i n scr ip t ion ( 4 ) 1APNAKE T IAZ ) (? ) b e long ing t ot h e o r ig ina l P on t ic c o in . O ve r s t ruck K oz iev sky C o l l .

§5P harnace s ( 6 3 -4 7B .C . ) G o ld c o ins A l lk nown c o in so ft h eB o spo ran K ing P ha rna ce sw e re p ub l ished b yG o lenko a nd K a ry szkovsk i i nt h e i r a r t ic le ' T he G o ld C o inage o fK ing P ha rna ces o ft h e B o sporus ' , NC , 1 2 ( 1972 ) , p . 25 -38 , p 1 .1-2 , f r om w h ich w e t a ke o u rd a ta . T he g o ld s t a te r sd a te t o as ho r tp e r iod o fP ha rna ce sr u le ( 5 5 /54 -5 1 /50 B .C .) . O bv . H ead o fP hamace sr .w i th d i adem . R ev . H a lf -naked A po l lo 1 . ,s e a ted o n t h rone d eco ra ted w i th l i on p aw s ; l a u re l b ranch i no u t s t re t ched r i gh t h and ; l ef t a rm l e an ing u pon l y re ; i n f r on t , t r ipod ; a bove a nd b e low , f o u r l ine l e gend BAE IAE in B AX IARQN METAAOY c DAPNAKOY ,t or . ,d a te a nd s ome t ime s monog ram o rs ymbo l .

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p l .XV I I ,5

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1 ° 4 T he b eg inn ing o ft h e P on t ic e r a i sb e l ieved t od a t e f r om O c tob e r 2 97 B .C . -S e e : P e r l , ' Th e E r a s o ft h e B i thyn ian , P on t ic a nd B o spo ran K ingdom ' . V D I , 1 969 ,3 ,p . 40 f ,5 8f . :L e schho rn ,A n t ik eÄ ren ,p . 86f f .

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p l .XV I I ,15 p l .XV I I ,16

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§ 6 T he c o inage o fA sander ( 4 9 /48 -2 1/20 B .C .) S ta ter s o fA sander a sA rchon ( 4 9 -4 5 B .C . ) T he g o ld c o in so fA sande rw i th t h ei n sc r ip t ion A PXONTOE E T -A

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1 .O bv i -R ev !O bv . H ead o fA sande rr .R ev . N ike 1 .w i th d own tumed w ings o n p row ; i nf i e ld , E T -A ; m onog ram T( 60 )a nd d ) . 8 , 16g . ,( p l .XV I I 1 ,1) . L oca t ion u nknown . G ie l ,K le ine B e i träg e , p . 10 ,p 1 . 1 1 ,22 =G rand D uke A lexande rM icha i lov ich ; B er t ie rd e l aG arde , p . 105 , N 2 12 ; C o l l . J ameson , I V , p . 61 , N 26541 , p l .CXXX IV ; Z og raph , AM , p l .XL IV ,4 ; Auc t ion B ank L eu , 2 4 .03 .1959 , N 2239 ; i b id . , 0 4 .04 .1963 , p l .f l,N 25 ; A u c t ion Num . F ine A r t s , 2 0 /21 .03 .1975 , N 2 142 ( 8 , 12 g . ) . K a ry sz l covsk i , F ro lova , The R e ign o fA sande r i nt h e B osporu s B a sed o n Num isma t ic D a ta , p . 89 112 ; F ro lova , K a ry szkow s l c i , D e lf s , ' Z u C h rono log ie d e r H e r r schaf t A sande r s i m B ospo ros ' , p . 63 -81 , p 1 . I 1 1 ; Nawo tka , ' A sande r ' , 1 992 , p . 42 , p l .I I ,1 a .

P

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2 . O bv i -Rev 2 O bv . t h e s ame . R ev . N ike 1 .w i th u p ra ised w ing s o n p row ; i n f i e ld r . , A PXONTOE , 1 A ZANAPOY B OEHOPOY ; 1 .E T ,r .B ;u nc lea rm onog ram a nd O . 8 , 17g . ,( p l .XVI la ,2 ) ,P a r is . M ionne t , S upp l . , I V . P .47 1 , N 227 ; S e s t in i , Mus . H ed e rv . , 1 ,p . 20 , N 2 1 ; K öh le r , S e rap is , I T ,p . 7 1 , N 22 ; THsor d eN um . e tG l ip t ique , P ar is , 1 849 , p . 51 , p 1 .30 C IV ,11 ; K öhne , v o l .1 , p , 160 ; S ib i r sk i j , p l .D C ,50 ; B e r t ie r d e l aG a rde , p . 105 , N 2 13 ; S a l le t , p . 19 ,25 , p 1 . I ,1 ( Rev .) ; G ie l , K le ine B e i träg e , p l .V ,7 ; B ib l . N a t ion . , C ab . D e M& I . , G u ide ( 1929 ) N 21026 ( obv .) ; Wadd ing ton , RN , 1 866 , p . 418 ; B u ra chkov , XXV , 4 1 ; A noh in 2 22 ; RPC I ,1 843 . T h is c o in w a s s o ld b y c ommand o f t h e P eop le 's C omm is sa r f o r E du ca t ion A .S . B ubnov , 1 5 / 16 J une 1 933 , . N 2 1404 , Moscow , t h rough E .S . We imam ( G IM )a nd A .V . S o snov sk i j ( An t iqua r ia t ) ,w ho p l aced i ti na u c t ion . E T - r =y ea r3 3 . Obv .-Rev 3 Obv . t h e s ame . R ev . N ike w i th u p ra ised w ing s o n p row 1 . ; A PEONTOE A/ANAPOY B OE L IOPOY ; 1 .T3 ,r .r ; monog ram A . 8 , 20g . ,( p l .XV I EL3 ) , V ienna . S ib i r sk i j ,p l .D Z ,51 ; S a l le t ,p . 20 ,25 ;B u ra chkov ,p . 232 ,N 248 , p l .XXV ,4 2 . ; G ie l ,K le ine B e i träg e , p 1 .5 ,8 ; B er t ie rd e l aG a rde ,p . 105 ,N 9 . 14 ,G a idukev ich ,p . 586 ,p l .D 1 ,55 ; S pa s sk i ,A r chaeo log ica lN um isma t ic S ympos ium , Moscow , 1 846 , p . 11 , p 1 . 1 1 ,3 ; G a idukev ich , B o sp . R e ich , p , 527 , 5 86 , p 1 .1 1 1 ,55 ; Anoh in 2 23 , RPC 1 ,1 844 . T h is c o in , f r om t h e G IM C o l lec t ion , w a s s o ld b y c ommand o ft h e P eop le 's C omm issa r f o r E duca t ion A .S . B ubnov , 1 5 / 16 J une 1933 ,N 2 1404 /Moscow ,t h rough E .S . We imam ( G IM )a nd A .V . S osnovsk i j ( An t iqua r ia t ) , w ho p l a ced i ti na u c t ion . 4 . We igh t u nknown , a s w e l l a s l o ca t ion . S a l le t , p . 19 , 2 0 , n . 3 3 , p . 25 , p 1 . 1 ,2 ( r ev .) ; G ie l , K le ine B e i träg e , p . 11 ; O re shn ikov , C a ta logue o ft h e C o l l ec t ion o fA n t iqu i t ie s o fC oun tA .S . U varov . V I I , p . 62 -63 w i th f i g . i nt e x t .

3 5

E T - A =y ea r4 5 .O bv 3Rev 4 O bv . t h e s ame . R ev . N ike w i th u p ra ised w ing s o n p row 1 . ; A PXONTOE A EANAPOY B OZ 1 TOPOY ; 1 .E T, r .A ; m onog ram N 2961 .

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( 60 ) . 8 , 08 -8 , 10g . , ( pLXV 11 1 ,4 , c f . p l . LX I ,3 e n la rged ) , S NG BM

R ob in son -Wa lke r -J enk in s -C a r son , T he B r i t ish Museum Q uar t er ly , 1 952 , p . 49 -50 , p l .X IV ,21 . A G u id et ot h eP r inc ipa lC o ins o ft h eG r eek s . L ondon , 1 959 , p . 98 , p 1 .51 ,4 . A noh in , 2 21 . A noh in ( f o l lowed b y SNG BM 9 61 a nd RPC I ,1 842 )r e ads t h ed a te y ea ra sA ,b u ty ea r 1c o in sh ave t h ew ing s o fN ike p o in t ing d ownwa rd s , w he rea si ns ubsequen ty ea r st h ey a r er a ised ;o t he rd if e rences b e tween c o in so fy ea r 1a nd 4a r e t h e i rm onog ram s a nd t h e a b sence i ny ea r 4o ft h e m onog ram ( 1 )p re sen t o n t h e c o in o fy ea r s 1a nd 2 .N awo tka , 1 992 , p . 31 ,41 ,43 . N 23a ( p 1 . 11 1 ,N 2 .3a ) , d a te st h ec o in t oy ea r4 .1" S ta ter s o fA sander w i th t he T i t le o fK ing ( c . 4 5 /44 -2 1 B .C . )1 ° 6 A =y e a r

41"

6 . O bv 4Rev 5 O bv . D iademed h ead o f A sande r r . R ev . N ike w i th u p ra ised w ings o n p row 1 . ; B AE IAE S IE A EANAPOY ;1 ° 8 1 .A ( 4 ) . 8 , 19g . , ( p l .XV 1 1 1 ,5) ,B os ton . M . C om s tock -C . V e rmeu le , Museum o fF ine A r t s , B o s ton . G r eek C o ins 1 950 -1 963 . B o s ton , 1 964 , p . 36 , N 9 .37 ,p l .Xf i l ,N 237 ;A noh in ,2 28 . 7 .O bv 4Rev s . 8 , 14g . , p l . XVM ,6 , V ienna . M ionne t , S upp l . , I V , p . 473 , N 227 ; K öh le r , S e rap is , I ,p . 78 , N 2 14 ; S ib i r sk i j , p 1 . 1X ,52 ; Wadd ing ton , RN , 1 868 , p . 418 ; S a l le t , p . 25 ;B e r t ie rd el aG a rde ,p . 105 ,N 2 15 ;N awo tka ,p . 43 , 5 a . 8 ,O bv 4 -Rev 6.8 , 25g . , ( p l . XV I I I ,7 ) ,T emruk ,p r iva te c o l lec t ion . 9 .O bv s -Rev. 8 , 14g . , l o ca t ion u nknown . A uc t ion C a ta logue , Monna ie s e t W da i l le s , AG B a se l , l i s te , 1 979 . Ma i 1 959 . B a se l , p . 2 ,4 , N 28 ; A uc t ion L anz , München 4 2 ,2 3 .11 .1987 ,2 0 ,N 2207 ;N awo tka ,p 1 .3 ,4a . 1 0 . O bv 4.R ev 8 , 8 , 20g . P ie te rG o rny A uc t ion 1 00 2 0 .X .1999 , München . K a t . I ,N 2 1032 T he h ead o fA sande r p laced o n s t a te r s w i th t h e i n sc r ip t ion B AE 1AE ,QE AZANAPOY i sd if e ren t f r om t h e h ead o n t h ose i s sued d ur ing h i s a r chon sh ip . T he d i adem o f A sande r ' s h ead o n s t a te r s w i th t h e t i t le B AI IA ME AEANAPOY h a si t se nd sc u r l ing u pwa rd s ;t h eh ead a sa r chon i sb a re . E= y ea r 5-c o in sw i th l e t te r Ea r eu nknown . =y ea r6 1 . O bv 6Rev 8.O bv . D iademed h ead o f A sande r r .R ev . N ike w i th u p ra ised w ing s o n p r ow 1 . ; B AZ IAE SIE AEANAPOY ;1 . a nd m onog ram ( 6 1) .1 ° 9 1 )8 , 11 g . , Mün chen . M ionne t , S upp l . , I V ,4 7 , N 228 ; K öh le r , S e rap is ,I ,p . 73 , N 2 15 ; S ib i r sk i j , S a l le t , p . 25 ; h nhoof B lume r , P or trä tkopf e , p l .V ,6 ; B e r t ie r d e l aG a rde , p . 105 , N 2 17 ; N awo tka , p . 43 , N 26a . I ts e em s t h a t l e ad c o in s w i th t h em onog ram ( 62 ) -K öh le r , S e rap is , I ,p . 75 ,N 225 , S ib i r sk i j , p l .D C ,57 -a r e c op ie sf r om a s im i la rs pec imen , b u tn o tf r om t h e München c opy . Z =y ea r7 1 2 . O bv 6Rev 9.O bv . D iademed h ead o f A sande r r .R ev . N ike w i th u p ra ised w ings o n p r ow 1 . ; BAE IA W .E A EANAPOY ; I .Z a nd m onog ram ( 63 )1 ° . 8 , 23g . , GE 6 37 ( p l .XV I I I ,9 ) . M ionne t ,D escr ip t . I,p . 362 , N 225 ; K öh le r , p . 73 , N 2 16 ; S a l le t , p . 25 ; B e r t ie r d e l aG a rde , p . 105 , N 2 18 ; A noh in 2 30 ;N awo tka ,p . 43 ,N 27a . I ts e em s t h a t p oo r ly p rese rved s i lve r c o in s f r om B udapes t Mu seum w e re m in ted f r om t h e s ame d i es . 1 0 ,78g . ( c a s t ) 1 3 . 8 , 08g . , l o ca t ion u nknown . Münzen u nd Meda i l len . AG . B a se lL i s te 4 54 ,A p r i l 1 983 , 2 ,N 223 .

1 ° 5 T he r ei sap o ten t ia lp rob lem h e r ei nt ha tt h eh ead o nt h eA r chon y ea r 4c o in i ss t y l i s i t ica l ly t i ed t ot h o s eo fy ea r s 1a nd 2 ,w h e r ea s t ha to nt h ey ea r 3c o in a si lu s t ra t ed i sc l ea r ly c l o se rt ot h eh ead o nc o in ss how ing A sand e ra sk i ng . I d en t if ica t ion o ft h eh ead si s d i s cu s s ed b yN awo tka ( 1992 ) . S . I . 1" A l i s t ing o fd a t e si sg i ven m o s tr e cen t ly i n RPC I ,1 847 -63 ,f o l low ing B e r t ie rd el aG a rd e . S . I . 1 ° 7 Mo s t r e cen t ly W . L e schho rn ( An t ike Ä ren , p . 44 -51) h a s d i scu s sed t h e p rob lem o ft h e d a t ing o f A sand e r a nd c onc lud e s t h a t A sand e rb egan t oc o in w i th t h et i le o fK ing i n4 7 /46 BC ;c f . I n t roduc t ion . I "O ns ome i s sue st h en ame i sr e nd e red a s AZANäPOY . S . I . 1 0 9 T he s t a t eo ft h ec o in s make si tp o s s ib le t h a tm onog ram s6 1 a nd 6 3 a r et h es ame . S . I . 1 ° F ro lova m i s taken ly r e ad st h el e t t e r Nf o rw ha ti sc l ea r ly A i nt h i si n d i s t inc tm onog ram ,s ugg e s t ing t h a tm onog ram 6 1 w a s i n t ended . S . I .

3 6

H =y ea r 8-c o in sw i th l e t te r Ha r eu nknown" 0 =y ea r9 1 4 . O bv s -Rev i o . O bv . D iademed h ead o f A sande r r .R ev . N ike w i th u p ra ised w ings o n p row 1 . ; B AZ IAES IE AZANAPOY ; 1 .0 . 8 , 13g . , C o l l . D e s Monna ie s G recque s , H . D e N an teu i l , 1 925 , p . 230 , N 2684 , p l .XL 1 1 ;A u c t ion H e ss /Leu 3 6 ,L uce rne , 1 7 / 18 . 0 4 .1968 ,p . 36 ,N 2247 ;N awo tka ,p . 43 ,. N 29a . 1 5 . O bv s -Rev io . 8 , 11g . ( p l .XV II I , 1 0 ) . F rom c o l lec t ion s P rowe T e r lezk i j -P r iva te c o l . N ew Y o rk . B e r t ie rd el aG a rde , p . 105 ,N 220 ( 8 ,12g .) ;A noh in 2 31 ;N awo tka ,p . 43 ,N 29a ,p l .D 1 ,9a . 1 6 . 8 , 14g . SNG BM , 9 65 . 1 7 . 7 , 52g . ( p l .XV IE , 11) . Moscow ,p r iva te c o l . T he c o in i sf r agmen ta r y . I= y ea r 1 0 1 8 . O bv .9 -Rev .n . O bv . D iademed h ead o f A sande r r .R ev . N ike w i th u p ra ised w ing s o n p row 1 . ; BAE IAE S IE AZANAPOY ; 1 .I .8 , 17g . ( p l .K M , 12 ) ,B e r l in . B e r t ie rd e l aG a rde , p . 105 , N 221 ( 1 ) ; Da sK ön ig ! . Münzkab ine t t , B e r l in , 1 877 , p . 137 , N 2469 ;N awo tka , p . 44 ,N 2 10a . 1 9 . O bv . 9Rev i i . 8 , 15 g . K öhne , I ,p . 163 , N 2 11 , p l .IX ,11 ; S ib i r sk i j , S a l le t , p . 25 ; B e r t ie d e l aG a rde , p . 105 , N 221 ( 2 ) ; C o l l J ame son , I I ,p l .CXV ,2 147 . 2 0 . O bv . 9Rev i 2.8 , 13 g .( p l .XV I I I , 1 3 ) . A uc t ion N av i l le , XI , 1 926 ,p . 99 ,N 2 1692 ;N awo tka ,p . 44 ,N 2 10b . A l =y ea r 1 2 1 . O bv . io -Rev 13 . O bv . D iademed h ead o f A sande r r .R ev . N ike w i th u p ra ised w ing s o n p r ow 1 . ; B AZ IAEUE AZANAPOY ; 1 .A l . 8 , 17g . , T if l is , S t a te Mu seum o fG eo rg ia ( p l XV I 1 1 ,14 ) . T h is y ea r o fc o inag e i s a b sen tf r om t h eN awo tka C a ta logue . B I =y ea r 1 2 2 2 . O bv i o -Rev i 4.O bv . D iademed h ead o f A sande r r .R ev . N ike w i th u p ra ised w ings o n p row 1 . ; B AE IAEQZ AIANAPOY ; 1 .B I . 8 , 17g . , T i f l is , S t a te Mu seum o fG eo rg ia ( p l .XV I I I ,15) . T he s ame c o in s , b u t o n ly o bv . , a r er e co rded . S es t in i ,D . C l . G en . , p . 61 ; S a l le t ,p . 25 ;K öhne , I ,p . 164 ; B e r t ie rd el aG arde , p . 131 , n .3 3 . T h is y ea ro f c o inage i sa bsen tf r om t h eN awo tka C a ta logue . I F

=y ea r 1 3

2 3 . O bv i o -Rev i s O bv . D iademed h ead o f A sande r r .R ev . N ike w i th u p ra ised w ing s o n p row 1 . ; B AZ IAERE AZANAPOY ; 1 .I F . 8 , 00g , GE ( p l .XVD 1 , 16 ) . S pa ssk i , A rchaeo log ica l -Num isma t ic S ympos ium , p . 12 , p 1 . 1 1 ,5 ; A noh in 2 33 ; N awo tka , p . 44 , N 2 11a , p 1 .1 [ 1 ,11a . =y ea r 1 4 2 4 . O bv i i-Rev i 6 .O bv . D iademed h ead o f A sande r r .R ev . N ike w i th u p ra ised w ing s o n p r ow 1 . ; B AE IAEUE AZANAPOY ; 1 .I ä . 8 , 01g . , G IM 3 9 1 ( p l .XV I I I , 17 ) . K azamanova EN . ,p l .L IV ,2 . 2 5 . O bv i i-Rev i6 . 8 , 00g . ,P a r is ( pLXV 1 1 1 ,18 ) . M ionne t , S upp l . , 1 , p . 363 , N 226 ; K öh le r , p . 74 , N 221 ; T r e sor , p . 52 , N 2 12 , p l .XX IV ,12 ; S i b i r sk i j , p 1 .1X ,55 ; B e r t ie r d e l aG a rde , p . 105 , T 25 ; S pa ssk i , T he C immer ian B o sporus , p . 64 , N 22 , p 1 . 1 1 1 ,15 ; A noh in 2 34 ; N awo tka ,p . 44 ,N 2 12a , p 11 1 ,12a . E I =y ea r 1 5 -c o in sw i th l e t te r sE Ia r eu nknown . c l =y ea r 1 6 2 6 O bv i i-Rev i7 . O bv . D iademed h ead o f A sande r r .R ev . N ike w i th u p ra ised w ing s o n p r ow 1 . ; B AZ IAE SM A ZANAPOY , 1 .I c . 7 , 95g . ,P a r is ( p l .XV I I I ,19 ) .

N awo tka c l a im sa ni su ef o rt h i sy e a ro nt h eb a s i so f al e ad s p e c im en i nN ew Y o rk ( Nawo tka 1 9 92 ,p . 43 ,8 a ) .S i .

3 7

M ionne t , D e scr ip t ion , I , p . 363 , N 227 ; K öh le r , p . 74 , N 223 ; S a l le t , p . 25 ; B e r t ie r d e l aG a rde , p . 105 , . N 227 ( 3 ) ;A noh in 2 35 ;N awo tka , p . 43 ,N 2 12b . 2 7 . O bv 12 -Rev i s . 8 , 03g . ,P rowe -T e r lezk i j c o l lec t ion s( ? ) B e r t ie r d e l aG a rd e , p , 105 , N 227 ( 1 ) ; A uc t ion N av i l le , XV , 1 930 , p . 53 , N 2858 , p l .XXD C , 8 58 ; I b id . , XV I , 1 933 , p . 81 , N 2 1327 p l .XL IV , 1 327 ; A u c t ion N um isma t ica A r s C la s s ica , AG Z ü r ich , 4 .2 7 .02 .1991 . p . 24 , N 2 130 ;N awo tka ,p l .II , 1 3b . 2 8 . O bv 1 2Rev i 8.8 , 00g . , ( G ie l ) G ie l , ZRAO , 1 895 , VI , p . 11 , N 260 ; B e r t ie r d e l aG a rde , p . 105 , N 227 ( 2 ) ; A u c t ion N av i l le , X I I I , 1 928 , p . 56 , N 2828 , p l .XXV I , 8 28 ; I b id . , XV I I , 1 934 , p . 29 , N 2522 ; A uc t ion H e s sLeu 3 6 ,6 /7 .12 .1966 , p l .XV I I I ,584 ; Auc t ion Münzen u nd Meda i l len AG . B a se l4 1 ,18 / 19 . 1 970 ,p . 18 ,N 2 118 ;N awo tka , pi l l , 1 3a . 2 9 . 8 , 00g . , T o lma chev -S o snovsk i c o l lec t ion s( 1 929 ) . Z I =y ea r 1 7 3 0 . O bv i3 -Rev 1 9 . O bv . D iademed h ead o f A sande r r .R ev . N ike w i th u p ra ised w ing s o n p r ow 1 . ; BAZ IAEDI A ZAN L IPOY ; 1 .Z I . 8 , 09g . , ANS , 1 944 , 1 00 ,4 0987 ( p l . XD C , 1) . A u c t ion S chu lmann . 2 6 .09 .1906 ; C o l lec t ion J oach im J ose d o s S an to s , Am s te rdam , 4 786 , p 1 . I ,4786 ; Anoh in ,2 36 ;N awo tka ,N 2 14a . 3 1 . O bv 14 -Rev 2 0 . We igh tu nknown ,p r iva te c o l lec t ion ( p l .XIX ,2 ) . 3 2 . O bv 1 4Rev 2 0. 7 , 93g . ,B e r l in ,2 8675 ( p l .X 1X ,3 ) . B e r t ie r d e l aG a rde , p . 105 , N 228 ( 2 ) ; K öh le r , p . 75 , N 224 ; M ionne t , S upp l . , I V , p . 473 , N 239 ; S a l le t , p .20 ; n .3 4 ,p . 25 ; Münz -K ab ine t te , 1 877 , S . 137 ,N 2468 ( 7 , 15g .) ;N awo tka ,N 2 15a . 3 . O bv i 4 -Rev 2 o . 7 , 90g . B e r t ie rd e l aG a rde ,p . 105 ,N 228 ( 3 ) . 3 4 . O bv ia -Rev 20 .8 , 22g . B e r t ie rd e l aG a rde ,p . 105 ,N 228 ( 1 ) . H I =y ea r 1 8 3 5 . O bv 14 -Rev 2 i . O bv . D iademed h ead o f A sande r r .R ev . N ike w i th u p ra ised w ing s o n p row 1 . ; BAZ IAEQZ A ZANAPOY ; 1 .H I . 8 , 13g . , GE 6 39 ( p l .X 1X ,4 ) . B e r t ie rd e l aG a rde ,p . 105 ,N 229 ( 1 ) ;G o lenko , NE , X ,p . 107 ,N 2 1 ( p 1 . 1 , 1) . 3 6 . O bv ia -Rev 2 i . 8 , 02g . , P a r is ( p l .X IX ,5) . B e r t ie r d e l a G a rde , p . 105 , N 229 ( 2 ) ; H enn ing R . , B er l iner Münzb lä t t er , 1 908 , p . 92 ; S a l le t , p . 25 ; Anoh in 2 37 ;N awo tka N 2 13c , 0 1 =y ea r 1 9 3 7 . O bv is -Rev 2 2 . O bv . D iademed h ead o f A sande r r .R ev . N ike w i th u p ra ised w ings o n p row 1 . ; BAZ IAE S /E A ZANAPOY ; 1 .8 1 . 7 , 93g . ,P a chomov C o l lec t ion ,B aku , 1 959 ( p l .XD ( ,6 ) . T h is y ea ro fc o inage i sa bsen tf r om t h eN awo tka C a ta logue . K =y ea r2 0 3 8 . O bv 16 -Rev 2 3 . O bv . D iademed h ead o f A sande r r .R ev . N ike w i th u p ra ised w ings o n p row 1 . ; BAZ IA ME A ZANAPOY ; 1 .K . 8 , 06g . ,P rowe -T e r lezk i j C o l lec t ion =G IM 3 90 ( p l .XIX ,7 ) . B e r t ie rd e l aG a rde , p . 105 , N 231 ; S ch les s inge r , 1 ,2 6 .02 .1934 , p l .V 1 1 , 196 ; G a jdukev ich , T he K ingdom o fB osporus , p l .f l,5 6 ; G o lenko , NE , X , 1 972 , p . 107 , N 22 , p 1 . 1 1 ,2 , p . 105 , n . 1 ; A noh in 2 38 ; N awo tka , N 2 13d ; V ienna , 3 7409 , 8 , 54g . ; SNG C op . , N 2 14 , 8 , 12g . ; P au l N e s te r , C o l l . L uc ien d e H i r sch , 1 405 , 8 , 04g . ; S o theby 2 0 .01 .1898 , N 2 132 , 8 , 78g . ; G E , W , 8 , 17g . -G o lenko , NE , X , 1 972 , p 1 . 1 ,7 ; l e ad p roof , BMC P on to s , 4 8 , N 24 . G o lenko c on s ide red a l l t h e se t ob e m ode rn c oun t e rf e i t s , t h ough N awo tka , p . 44 n . 98 , a dvance s a r gumen t s t o r e fu te t h is . AK =y ea r2 1 3 9 . O bv i6 -Rev 2 4 . O bv . D iademed h ead o f A sande r r .R ev . N ike w i th u p ra ised w ing s o n p row 1 . ; BAZ IAEQE A ZANAPOY , 1 .AK ( 2 1) . 8 , 06 g , GE 6 43 ( p l .X 1X ,8 ) . C o l lec t ion R oux : Monna ie s g r ecques . Au c t ion , P a r is , 1 911 , p l .V I , 1 57 ( 3 1 m a i 1 9 11 , p . 18 ) ; B e r t ie r d e l aG a rde , p . 105 , N 232 ( 1 ) ; Z og raph , A nc ien t C o inag e , p l .XL IV ,6 ; G o lenko , NE , X , p . 107 , N 23 , p 1 . 1 ,3 ; A uc t ion B ank L eu . N um . F ine A r t s . T he G a rne t tC o l lec t ion I .1 6 / 17 .10 . 1 984 , S . 52 ,N 2237 ;A noh in 2 39 ; N awo tka ,N 2 18a -Nawo tka 's N 2 19a , f o rw h ich h ec i te sZ og raph ;p l .XL IV ,6 i si nf a c tt h es ame c o in a sh i sN 2 18a . 4 0 . O bv irRev 2 5 . 8 , 10g . , T e r lezk i j C o l lec t ion ( p l .X 1X ,9 ) . B e r t ie rd e l aG a rde ,p . 105 , N 232 ( 3 ) ; A uc t ion H e s s , 2 08 ( Dec . 1 931) , p l .IX ,534 ; A u c t ion S ch les s inge r , 1 ( 1934 ) ,p l .V I I ,196 ( 8 ,06g . ) ;N awo tka N 220b .

3 8

4 1 . O bv irRev 2 5.

G ie l( p l .X 1X ,10 ) .

B e r t ie r d e l aG a rde , p . 105 , N 232 ( 2 ) ; G ie l , K l e ine B e i träge , p . 12 ; A uc t ion K rau s , 1 928 , p . 32 , N 2726 , p 1 .1 1 1 ,726 ; A uc t ion N av i l le , XV I I ( 1934 ) , p . 29 , N 2521 ; A u c t ion H essLeu , XV I , 1 957 , p . 29 , N 2249 , p l .X ,249 ; A u c t ion E .B oud in ,P a r is , 1 9 11 ,N 2 . 157 ;N awo tka ,N 220a . BK = y ea r2 2 4 2 . O bv irRev 2 6 . O bv . D iademed h ead o f A sande r r .R ev . N ike w i th u p ra ised w ings o n p r ow 1 . ; B A/ JA ME A ZANAPOY ; 1 .B K . 8 , 03g . , G ie l -B os ton ( pLX IX ,11) . B e r t ie rd e l aG a rde , p . 105 , N 233 ; G ie l ,K le ine B e i träg e , p . 12 ; A u c t ion C a lm , 7 5 ( 30 ma i 1 932 ) , N 2353 ; A u c t ion N av i l le , XV I , 1 933 , p . 81 , N 2 1328 , p l .XL IV ,1328 ; K lawan s ZN . , A n o u t l ine o fA nc ien t G re ek C o in s ( W is con s in ,U SA ) , 1 959 ,N 2 193 ;A noh in 2 40 ;N awo tka N 220c .

r K =y ea r2 3 4 3 . O bv i s -Rev. O bv . D iademed h ead o f A sande r r .R ev . N ike w i th u p ra ised w ings o n p r ow 1 . ; B AZ IARQI AZANAPOY ; 1 .r x .8 , 14g . , U va rov , G IM 3 92 ( p l .XD C ,12 ) . O re shn ikov , C a ta logue o ft h e C o l l ec t ion o fA n t iqu i t ie s o fC oun tA .S . U varov . . N 2V E L Moscow , 1 887 , p . 66 , N 2465 , p 1 . 1 1 ,465 ; B e r t ie r d e l aG a rde , p . 105 , N 234 ( 1 ) ; K azamanova , p l .L IV ,3 ; A noh in , 2 4 1 ; N awo tka , N 223a . 4 4 . O bv i s -Rev 2 7 . 8 , 08g . , GE 6 40 ( p l .X IX ,13 . I n sc r . B AZ IA MI A ZANAPOY ) . B e r t ie rd e l aG a rde ,p . 105 ,N 234 ( 2 ) ; S ib i r sk i j ,p 1 .1 ; ‹ ,56 ; S a l le t ,p . 25 . 4 5 . O bv i 8 -Rev 2 7 . 8 , 08g . , Lenn ie -B e r l in ( p l .X IX , 14 . I n sc r . BAZ IAEGI AZANAPOY ) . B e r t ie rd el aG a rde ,p . 105 ,N 234 ( 3 ) ; G o lenko , NE , X ,p . 107 , N 24 ,p 1 . 1 ,4 4 6 . O bv is -Rev 2 7. 8 , 00g . , K e r ch ,p r iva te c o l lec t ion ( p l .XD C , 15) . 4 7 . O bv is -Revr . 8 , 07g . A u c t ion F .S t er nbe rg ,Z ü r ich XX ,2 0 .04 .1988 ,p . 62 ,N 2529 . 4 8 . O bv i s -Rev 2 7 . 8 , 02g . ( p l .XIX , 1 6 ) . B u ra chkov , p . 233 , N 254 , p l .XXV ,43 -t h is c o in w a s s o ld b y t h e c ommand o ft h e P eop le 's C omm i s sa r f o r E du ca t ion B ubnov i n a1 933 A uc t ion ; S ch le ss inge r , 1 , 1 934 , N 2197 ; A u c t ion H es s ( 5 ma i 1 935) , L ucer no , p . 2 , N 2 15 , p 1 . 1 ,15 ; A uc t ion H e s sLeu , 4 5 ( 12 / 13 ma i 1 970 ) ,L u cer no , p 1 .1X ,2 34 ; Auc t ion H e ss 2 47 , 2 9 .06 . 1 978 , p . 22 ,N 2 150 ;N awo tka ,N 222a . 4 9 . O bv 1 9Rev2 9. 8 , 04g . ,F ogg Mu seum ( p l .XD C ,17 ) . B e r t ie rd e l aG a rde , p . 105 , N 234 ( 4 ) ;A r thur S .D ew ing , C o l lec t ion o fG r eek C o ins , L . M i ldenbe rg -S . H un te re d . ( New Y o rk , 1 985) , p . 124 ,N 22105 . 5 0 , 8 , 02g . ,A napa ,p r iva te c o l lec t ion ( p l .XX ,16 ) . EK =y ea r2 5 5 1 . 8 , 30g . T he c o in i so ve r s t ruck ( Te r lezk i C o l lec t ion ) . D ies u nknown . B e r t ie r d e l aG a rde , p . 105 , N 236 , p . 131 , n .3 4 ( we h ave e v iden ce t h a t t h e re i s al e ad c o in w i th l e t te r s E K ) . ZK =y ea r2 7 5 2 . O bv 2 0 -Rev 3 0 . O bv . D iademed h ead o f A sande r r .R ev . N ike w i th u p ra ised w ings o n p row 1 . ; B AZ IAE S /I A£ANAPOY ; 1 .ZK. 8 , 04g . ,( Pe rov sk i j) GE 6 4 1 ( p l .XD O8 ) . B er t ie rd el aG a rde ,p . 105 ,N 238 ( 1 ) ;K ähne ,I ,p . 163 ,N 2 12 ; S i b i r sk i j ,p 1 . 1X ,58 ; S a l le t , p . 25 . 5 3 . O bv 2 0Rev 3 0. 7 , 92g . ,B e r l in ( p l .X 1X ,19 ) . B e r t ie rd el aG a rde , p . 105 ,N 238 ( 2 ) ;N awo tka N 226a . 5 4 . O bv 2 1 -Rev 3 1 . 8 , 05g . , Webe r ,N ew Y o rk ( p l .X 1X ,20 ) . A uc t ion S o theby -W i lk in son -Hodge , 2 0 .04 .1909 , N 2 15 ; L . F o r r e r , T he C o l l ec t ion o f W eber , 1 926 , v o l .i f i , p a r t 1 ,p . 21 , N 24791 , p 1 .174 , 1 ; A uc t ion H e lb ing , München , 2 0 .03 .1928 , p . 34 , N 2323 , p l .X 1 1 ,323 ; A noh in 2 43 ;N awo tka N 224a . 5 . O bv 2 I-Rev 3 i . 8 , 07g . ,N ew Y o rk ( p l .X IX ,2 1) . A uc t ion Meye r sR .J . , 1 3 .09 .1976 ,N ew Y o rk ,p l .V I I , 1 59 . 5 6 . O bv 2 i -Rev 3 1. 8 , 04g . . A u c t ion L anz , G raz ,I ,8 / 9 .12 .1972 , S . 10 ,N 287 ;A uc t ion L anz , Mün chen ,2 3 .07 .1984 , p . 22 ,N 2244 .

3 9

HK =y ea r2 8 5 7 . O bv 2 2 -Rev 3 2 . O bv . D iademed h ead o f A sande r r .R ev . N ike w i th u p ra ised w ing s o n p row 1 . ; BAZ IABOZ AZANAPOY , 1 . HK . 8 , 00g . , S o theby , 2 9 .07 .1844 ( Thoma s ) , 1 741 , L ondon ( p l .XX , 1 a nd p l .LX I ,5 e n la rged ) . K öhne , I ,p . 164 ; B e r t ie r d e l aG a rde , p . 105 , N 2 .39 ; K azamanova , p l .L IV ,4 ; S ib i r sk i j , S a l le t , p . 25 ;M inn sE . ,S cy th ians a nd G r eek s ,p l .V 1 ,26 ;A noh in 2 44 ; N awo tka N 227a ; SNG BM 9 66 ; RPC I ,1 862 , w h ich a l so r e co rd s as pec imen i n Mun ich . OK = y ea r2 9 5 8 . O bv 2 Rev 3 .O bv . D iademed h ead o f A sande r r .R ev . N ike w i th u p ra ised w ing s o n p row 1 . ; BAZ IAEOZ AZANAPOY ; 1 . OK . 8 , 00g . , S o theby , 2 9 .07 .1844 ( Thoma s ) , L ondon ( p l .XX ,2 a nd p l .LX I ,6 e n la rged ) . B er t ie rd el aG a rde ,p . 105 ,N 240 ( 1 ) ; C a ta logue T homa s ,p . 241 ,N 2 174 1 ; S a l le t ,p . 25 ; BMC , 1 889 , p . 48 , N 23 , p l .X ,10 ( c o in N 240 ( 2 )w a sp ub l ished b yg a lvan ic c opy i nt h eL eak C o l lec t ion , 1 856 , p . 47 , b u tB er t ie r d e l a G a rde w a sm is taken i nr e ga rd ing i ta s ad if e ren ts pec imen ) ;A noh in 2 45 ;S NG BM 9 67 ;N awo tka N 229a . 5 9 . O bv 2 2 -Rev 3 3 . 7 , 98g . , GE 6 42 ( p l .XX ,3) . B e r t ie rd el aG a rde ,p . 105 ,N 240 ( 3 ) . 6 0 . O bv 2 2 -Rev 3 3 . 7 , 98g . , B e r l in ( p l .XX ,4 ) . B e r t ie rd e l aG a rde ,p . 105 ,N 240 ( 4 ) . 6 1 . O bv 2 2 -Rev 3 4 . 7 , 98g . , Meyne r t s -S ib i r sk i j -G ie l -G roßf ü r s t C o l lec t ion s ( p l .XX ,4a . I n sc r . BAZ IAEOI AZANäPOY ) . K öhne , I , p . 157 , n . 3 ; G ie l , K le ine B e i träg e p . 11 ; Meyne r t s , R evue B e ige d e N um . , H I , 1 847 , p l . I ; S ib i r sk i j , p lIX ,60 ; B u ra chkov , p . 233 , N 255 , p l .XX IV ,44 -t h is c o in w a s s o ld b y t h e c ommand o ft h e P eop le 's C omm issa r f o r E duca t ion B ubnov , 1 5 / 16 J une 1 933 , N 2 1404 / c ; B e r t ie r d e l aG a rde , p . 105 , N 240 (5) ; A uc t ion H ambu rge r , 1 .06 .1930 ,p . 13 ,N 2290 ,p 1 . 1X ,290 , 7 , 90g . ,N awo tka N 228a . I m i ta t ion s T hese c o in sG o lenko r ega rded a si m i ta t ion s ;h oweve r , w et h ink t h a tt h ey a r eo r ig ina l . Z I =y ea r 1 7 6 2 . O bv 2 4 -Rev 3 5 . O bv . D iademed h ead o f A sande r r .R ev . N ike w i th u p ra ised w ing s o n p row 1 . ; B AZ IA ME AZANAPOY ; 1 .7 , 22g . , GE 6 38 ( p l .XX ,5 ) . 6 3 . O bv 2 4 -R ev 3 6 . W i th t h e d a te Z O a nd b lunde red n ame . I1 2 7 , 77g . , N ew Y o rk ( p l .XX ,6 .) . O reshn ikov , N um isma t ic S ympo s ium ,I L E , 1 9 15 ,p . 62 ,p 1 . 1 1 ,39 ;A u c t ion R a t to ,L ugano , 1 927 ,p . 122 ,N 2 1696 ,p l .XL M ,1696 . K =y ea r2 0 I m i ta t ion so ft h is y ea rw e re p ub l ished b yG o lenko , NE ,X ,p . 103 107 . 6 4 . 8 , 54 g . , V ienna ( p l .XX ,7 ) . 6 5 . 8 , 17 g . , GE 6 45 ( p l .XX ,8 ) . G o lenko , NE ,X ,p 1 . 1 ,7 . 6 6 . 1 0 ,95g . , l e ad , L ondon , BMC , 1 889 , X ,11 ( p l .XX ,9 ; c f . p l .LX 1 ,7 , e n la rged ) . G o lenko , NE , X , p . 107 , N 25 ,p 1 . 1 ,5 ; i nt h e Num isma t ic D epa r tmen to ft h eB r i t ish Mu seum t h is c o in i sr ega rded a s am ode rn i m i ta t ion . 6 7 . 8 , 12g . , C openhagen ( p l .XX ,11) . G o lenko , NE ,X ,p . 107 ,N 28 . 6 8 . 8 , 04g . ,B ruxe l le s ,B ib l io theque R oya le d eB e lg ique . C ab ine td e s Mk la i l le s( p l .XX ,10 ) . 6 9 . A . G if to fE van s( p rovenance -K e rch )( p l .XX ,13 ) . 7 0 . 8 , 10 g , GE 1 481 ( p l .XX , 14 ) .

1 2 T he s t y le o ft h eh ead t og e the rw i th t h eb l unde r ing o fb o th d a te a nd A sande r ' sn ame ( a ppa ren t ly A IX INNAr IV ) mu s tr a i se s e r iou s d oub t sa st ot h ea u then t ic i ty o ft h ec o in . S . I .

4 0

T he B ronze C o in s o fA sander m id . 1 " C en tury B .C . O bo I s O bv . L au rea te h ead r .13 R ev . P rowl . ; A PXONTOE AZANAPOY B u ra chkov , XXV ,4 6 -49 ;Z og raph , XL IV ,7 ;A noh in 2 24 ; SNG BM 9 64 ; RPC I ,1 845 1 4 ; S tancomb 6 08 . D ie s A -a B -b D -d C -c I 1 G -g F 1 H -f F -e

1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 )

W t . 1 6 ,56 1 6 ,19 1 5 ,89 1 8 ,26 1 6 ,09 1 6 ,30 1 6 ,90 1 7 ,72 1 3 ,90

D ia . 2 8n un 2 9 nm i 2 7 mm 3 1 mm 2 6 mm 2 8m in 2 8 mm 2 7n un 2 8 mm

Mu s . GE GE GE GE GE GE GE GE GE

Mu s . N o . 2 7705 2 7707 2 7708 2 77 10 2 77 11 2 77 13 2 77 14 2 77 15 2 77 16

P la te p l .XX I ,I p l .XX 1 ,2 p l .XX 1 ,3 p l .XX 1 ,4 p l .XX 1 ,5 p l .XX 1 ,6 p l .XX E ,7 p l .XX 1 ,8 p l .XX I ,9

E -h

1 )

1 5 ,91

2 8 mm

GE

2 7717

p l .XX I ,10

K -k

1 )

1 5 ,50

2 7 mm

GE

2 77 18

p l .XX I ,11

L 1

1 )

1 5 ,74

2 9 mm

GE

2 77 19

p l .XX 1 ,12

M -m

2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 1 )

1 6 ,20 1 6 ,50 1 4 ,50 1 6 ,02 1 5 ,12 1 6 ,65

2 8 2 9 2 9 3 0 2 9 2 9

OGAM OGA M OGA M G IM G IM GE

2 3617 2 3607 2 5320 1 2658 1 2657 2 7720

p l .XX I ,13

N -m

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1 6 ,95

3 0 mm

GE

2 7721

p l .XX 1 ,14

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1 5 ,57

3 1 mm

GE

2 7722

p l .XX 1 ,15

2 )

1 7 ,24

BM

9 64

P -p

1 )

1 5 ,40

2 5 mm

GE

2 7723

p l ,XX 1 ,16

Q q

1 )

1 6 ,05

2 8 mm

GE

2 7724

p l .XX 1 ,17

R r

1 )

1 6 ,58

2 8 mm

GE

2 7725

p 1 .30C E L1

? s

1 )

1 4 ,90

3 0 mm

GE

2 7726

p l .XXI ,2

T t

1 )

1 5 ,29

2 8 mm

GE

2 7727

p l .XX 1 1 ,3

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1 4 ,60 1 4 ,35

2 9 r am 2 8 mm

OGAM G IM

2 3610 1 2656

n un n un mm t r im r mn n un

No tes

A noh in 2 24 O ve r s t ruck o n ac o in : D iony su s /bow ca se ; c oun te rma rk : s t a ro nb o th s i des C oun te rma rk : s t a ro nb o th s i des O ve r s t ruck ; c oun te rma rk : s t a r o nb o th s i des O ve r s truck ; c oun te rma rk : s t a r o nb o th s i de s

p 1 .30 ( 1 ,18 K oz ievsky C o l l . O ve r s truck o n aP an t icapae an o rS inope c o in : Z eu s /eag le o n t hunde rbo l t1 . O ve r s truck o na n Ama s t r ian c o in O ve r s truck o n ac o in : Z eus /eag le ,b ef o re p row t r iden t C oun te rma rk : s t a ro nb o th s i des O ve r s truck o n aS inope c o in : Z eu s /eag le O ve r s t ruck o n aP an t icapaean c o in : D iony su s /bow ca se O ve r s truck o n aP an t icapaean c o in :Zeus o r Apo l lo /eag le , s t a r O bv . Unknown ; R ev . o ve r s t ruck o na P an t icapaeum c o in : D ionysu s /bowca se O ve r s truck o n aP an t icapaean c o in : D iony su s /bowca se ; o n R ev . -t r iden t K oz ievsky C o l l . ; o ve r s tru ck o n ac o in :A po l lo /eag le

F ro lova d e sc r ibe st h eh ead h e r ea st ha to fN ike i nt h a ts om ei n s tance ss how w ing s ,e . g . XX I , 1 8 . Y e t ,a sN awo tka ( 1992 ) o b ser ve s ,p . 27 ,t h eh ead i su ndoub t ed ly ma le ,a nd i tm ay b et h a t XX I , 1 8i sm e r e ly ah ea vy v e r s ion o ft h et e t ra cha lko ib e low . S . I . I na dd i t ion t o SNG BM 9 64 , RPC I ,1 845 g i ve ss i xf u r the rs p e c imen s ,a l lw i th t r id en ta nd b ea r ing s t a rc oun te rma rk s : C openhag en 1 3( 15 .36g . ) , Ox f o rd ( 18 .70g . , 1 5 .76g . ) ,C amb r idg e 1 602 -3 ( 1 3 .46g . , 1 3 .13g . ) ,P a r i s8 9( 16 .58g . ) . F ro lova h as ( m i s taken ly ) i n c luded t h eA s luno lean a nd o ne o ft h eF i t zw i l l iam s p ec imen si nt h en ex t( l igh t e r )N ik es e r ie s . S . I . 13

14

4 1

Obv . Y oung h ead l a u rea te ,r . R ev . P rowl . ; A PXONTOE AEANAPOY . ( Of t en o ve r s t ru ck o nc o in s : D iony su s /bowca se a nd o f t en w i th c oun te rma rk o f as t a ro nO bv . a nd R ev .) . D ies A -a

1 )

W t . 1 4 ,4 1

D ia . 2 8 mm

Mu s . G IM

Mu sN o . 6 77 1

P la te p l .XXI I ,4

N o tes O ve r st ru ck o n : D iony su s /

? ?

1 )

1 6 ,87

3 0n un

G IM

6 773

p l .XX1 ,5

b ow ca se ; c oun ter rna rk s U nknown d i e s ; o ve r s t ru ck t w ice o n : 1 )A po l lo /eag le o f P an t icapaeum ;2 )D iony su s / b owca se o fP an t icapaeum

B abb

1 )

1 6 ,30

2 7mm

O de ssa

2 3615

p l .XX 1 1 ,6

B -b C -c C a -ca

I ) I ) 1)

1 5 ,29 1 3 ,06

2 9 mm 2 8n un 2 7nun

G IM G IM O des sa

6 774 6 776 2 3544

p l .XX 1 1 ,15 p l .XX I 1 ,7

C oun te rma rk s O ve r s tru ck O nr e v . t r iden t

D -d

I )

1 3 ,13

2 8 mm

G IM

6 770

p l .XX 1 1 ,8

C oun te rma rk s

E -e

1 )

1 4 ,35

2 8 mm

G IM

6 778a

p l .XX 1 1 ,9

O ve r s t ruck o n aP an t icapaean

p l .XX 1 1 ,10

c o in : D iony sus /bow ca se ; C oun te rma rk s O ve r s tru ck o n aP an t icapaeum

G -g

I I H -h F -f K -k L 1

M -m

1 )

1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) I)

1 )

1 4 ,49

1 4 ,26 1 4 ,26 1 4 ,39 1 7 ,84 1 7 ,80

1 3 ,80

2 9 mm

2 9 2 8 2 8 2 9 3 0

mm mm n un mm mm

3 0n un

G I 1V I

6 778

G IM G IM G IM G IM G l Iv I

6 779 6 780 6 781 6 770a 6 8 11

G IM

6 808

c o in : D iony su s /bowca se ; c oun te rma rk s O nO bv . —h ead o fN ike?

p l .XX I I ,11 p 1 .300 1 ,12 p 1 .30a I ,13 p l .XX I I ,14 p l .XX I 1 ,18

O ve r s t ru ck o n Am isu sc o in :

p l .XX I I ,16

H ead o fA thena /Pe r seu s ; C oun te rma rk s ; o bv . o n ly O ve r s truck o n Am isu sc o in :

N -n 0 -o

1 ) 1 )

2 6 mm

OGA M G IM

2 3608 1 4 199

p l .XX I 1 ,17

1 3 ,12

P -p R r S s

1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 )

1 3 ,03 1 4 ,73 1 3 ,85 1 8 ,10 1 6 ,50

2 6 mm 2 6nun 2 6 r run 2 7 m in 2 7m in

G IM G IM G EM OGAM OGAM

1 4200 6 789 6 772 2 3614 2 3725

p l .XX 1 1 1 ,2

H ead o fA thena /Pe r seu s ; C oun te rma rk s R ev , d oub le s t ru ck G randema ison C o l l . G randema ison C o l l .

p l .XX I I I ,3 p l .XXI 1 1 ,1

T e tracha lko i O bv . B u s t o fN ike r . R ev . P row ,A PXONTOE A EANAPOY . A noh in 2 25 ; SNG BM 9 62 -3 ; RPC I ,1 846 1 5 ; S t ancomb 6 09 . D ie s A -a B -b A -c A -d l -e C -f

W t . 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 )

6 , 36 6 , 73 8 , 08 7 , 27 8 , 28 7 , 10

D ia . 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 3

mm mm mm mm mm n un

Mus . GE GE GE GE GE GE

Mu s . N o . 2 7729 2 7730 2 7728 2 7733 2 6F 2 7750

P la te p 1 .300 1 ,4 p l .XX I I I ,5 p l .XXI I 1 ,6 p l .XX1 1 1 ,7 p l .XX M ,8 p l .XX M ,9

E -h

1 )

6 , 01

2 1 mm

GE

2 7751

p l .XX 1 1 1 ,10

A I

1 )

6 , 51

2 2 r am

GE

2 7752

p l .XX li f , 11

15

N o te s

O ve r s t ruck o na P an t icapaean c o in : Z eu s= A po l lo /eag le O ve r s t ruck o n aS i nope c o in : Z eu s /eag le o nt hunde rbo l t O ve r s t ruck o n aS inope c o in : Z eu s /eag le

RPC 1 ,1 846 g i ve sf u r the rs p ec imen s i n Mun ich ( la ) , Ox f o rd ( 7 .96g . , 8 . 04g . , 1 .43g . , 9 . 57g ) , P a r i s9 0 ( 7 .07g . ) . S . I .

4 2

1-g

1 )

7 , 47

2 2 mm

GE

2 7753

p l . XX I I I , 12

O ve r s t ruck o n aS inope c o in : Z eu s /eag le

G I

1 )

8 , 09

2 0 mm

GE

2 7754

p l . XX I 1 1 , 13

F f

1 )

7 , 60

2 4 mm

GE

2 7736

p l .XX I1 ,14

K -k

1 )

7 , 88

2 1 i nm

GE

2 7737

p 1 .)0 ( II I , 15

L 1

1 )

8 , 17

1 9 mm

GE

2 7738

p l .XX1 1 , 16

O ve r s truck o n aS inope c o in : Z eus /eag le O ve r s truck o na n Am isu s c o in : Z eu s /eag le O ve r s t ruck o na nA nüsu s c o in O ve r s truck o na n Am isu s c o in

M -m N -n

1 ) 1 )

7 , 95 8 , 05

2 3 i nm 2 4 mm

GE GE

2 7739 2 7740

p l .XX I I I , 17 p l .XX I 1 1 ,18

2 )

8 , 07

2 4 n un

G IM

1 2659

0 -o

1 )

6 , 49

2 5 mm

GE

2 774 1

p l .XX I I I , I9

A -p

1 )

7 , 15

2 3 mm

GE

2 7743

p l .XX I I I ,20

M -m

1 )

5 , 96

2 3 mm

GE

2 7744

p l .XX I I 1 ,2 1

2 ) 1 )

5 , 78 6 , 02

2 3 mm 2 5 mm

GE GE

2 7746 2 7745

p l .XX I I I ,22

P -q R r

1 )

8 , 00

2 4 mm

GE

2 7747

p l .XXM ,23

S t M s B -m A -x S -ax A au

1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 )

6 , 40 7 , 58 7 , 7 1 1 0 ,08 8 , 26 8 , 52

2 4 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2

mm mm n un mm mm mm

G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM

6 769 6 782 6 783 6 784 6 786 6 804

p l .XX E 1 1 ,24 p 1 .30 C IV , 1 p l .)0 C IV ,2 p l .XX IV ,3 p 1 .XX [V ,4 p l .X :X IV ,5

M -m

1 )

8 , 25

2 2 mm

G IM

6 797

p l .XX IV ,6

2 )

9 , 12

2 2 n un

G IN '

6 791

p l .XX IV ,8

3 )

8 , 87

2 0 mm

G IM

6 795

p 1 .30 C IV ,7

4 ) 5 )

5 , 32

2 0 mm 2 0 mm

G IM G IM

6 788 6 788a

p l .XX IV ,9 p l .XX IV ,10 1 6

O ve r s t ru ck o na n Am isu s c o in : A res / swo rd K oz ievsky C o l l . ; o ve r s truck o na n Am i su s c o in : A res / swo rd O ve r s t ruck o na n Am isu s c o in : A eg is /N ike O ve r s t ruck o na nA nnsu s c o in : A eg is /N ike O ve r s truck o na n Am isu s c o in :A eg is /N ike O ve r s truck O ve r s t ruck o na n Am isu s c o in :A eg is /N ike O ve r s t ruck o na n Am isu s c o in : A eg is /N ike O ve r s truck

O ve r s truck o na n Am isu s c o in : A res / swo rd O ve r s t ruck o na n Am isu s c o in : Z eus /eag le O ve r s truck o na n Am isu s c o in : Z eu s /eag le O ve r s t ru ck o n aS inope c o in : Z eus /eag le

T he d i e so n t h e f o l low ing f o u rc o in s a r en o tc l ea r :

A b -ab

1 )

7 , 70

2 2 mm

G IM

6 792

p l .XX IV , 11

2 )

6 , 90

2 2 m in

G IM

6 793

p l .XX IV ,12

3 )

8 , 77

2 2 n un

G IM

6 794

p l .XX IV , 13

4 )

4 , 09

2 5 mm

G IM

1 2661

1 )

7 , 13

2 2 mm

G IM

6 795a

p l .XX IV ,14

O ve r s truck o n aS inope c o in : Z eus /eag le O ve r s t ru ck o n aS inope c o in : Z eu s /eag le O ve r s t ruck o n aS inope c o in : Z eus /eag le K oz iev s l cy C o l l . ; o ve r s t ru ck o na nu nce r ta in t y pe . O bv . h a sd o lph in a nd s pea r O ve r s t ruck o n aS inope c o in : Z eu s /eag le

16 T h i s c o in i sv e ry i n t e r e s t ing s pec imen b ecau se i ts how s t h e t ype A po l lo /P eg a su s f e ed ing , HANT EKA I TA IT L IN o v e r s t ruck o n a n A sand e r c o in t ype H ead /p row , A PXONTO£ AZANAPOY . T h i s c o in w a s p ub l i shed b y B u ra chkov , p l .)0 ( 1 1 ,148 . O n i tt h e r e w e r e p r e s er v ed t h e l e t t e r s [ AP ]XONT IOZ ] o ft h e o r ig ina l i n sc r ip t ion . T hu s , b ronze c o in s o fP an t icapa eum o ft h e t ype s A po l lo /Peg a su s , A po l lo /qu ive r a nd b ow a nd A po l lo /p row , HANTIKA I LA ITON w e r e m in t ed a f t e r t h e b r onz e c o in s o f A sande r w i th h i s n am e A PXONTOE AZANäPOY o rs imu l taneou s ly w i th t h em .

4 3

A c -ac

1 )

7 , 92

2 1 mm

G IM

6 798

p l .XX IV , 15

A d -ad

1 )

6 , 74

2 1 mm

G IM

6 799

p l .XX IV , 16

A e -ae

1 )

6 , 37

2 1 mm

G IM

6 800

p l .XX IV , 17

U -ux

1 )

5 , 78

2 1 mm

G EM

6 801

p l . XX IV , 18

A f -af

1 )

7 , 47

2 1 mm

G IM

6 803

p l . XX IV , 19

A k -ak

1 )

7 , 85

2 1 mm

G IM

6 807

p l .XX IV ,20

O ve r s t ruck o n aS inope c o in :Z eu s /eag le O ve r s t ru ck o n aS inope c o in : Z eu s /eag le O ve r s t ruck o n aS inope c o in : Z eu s /eag le O ve r s tru ck o n aS inope c o in : Z eu s /eag le O ve r s truck o n aS inope c o in : Z eu s /eag le O ve r s t ruck o n aS inope c o in : Z eu s /eag le

T he d i es o n t h ef o l low ing c o in sa r e n o t c l ea r : 1 ) 2 )

7 , 0 1 8 , 45

2 1 mm 2 1 mm

G EM G EM

6 805 6 802

p l .XX IV ,21 p l .XX IV ,22

3 )

7 , 78

2 0 mm

GM

6 8 11

p l .XX IV ,23

4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 7 )

6 , 34 8 , 31 6 , 54 7 , 08

2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1

mm mm mm mm

G IM G IM G IM G IM

6 812 6 8 13 6 790 6 797

p l .XX IV ,24 p l .XX IV ,25

8 )

7 , 33

2 1 mm

G I 1V I

6 815

p l .XXV ,3

9 )

6 , 30

2 1 mm

G IM

6 8 16

p l .XXV ,4

1 0 ) 1) 1 2 )

4 ,8 1 6 , 00 7 , 80

2 0 mm 2 0 r n in 1 9m in

G IN ! G IM G IM

6 861 6 892 6 797

p l .XXV ,7

1 3 )

7 , 82

2 1 m in

G IM

6 8 14

p l .XXV ,8

1 4 ) 1 5 ) 1 6 )

7 , 21 7 , 21 1 3 ,13

2 0 mm 2 1 mm 2 3 n un

G IM F F

6 810 7 391 1 603

p l .XXV ,9 p l .XXV , 1 p l .XXV ,5

1 7 ) 1 8 ) 1 9 ) 2 0 )

1 8 ,69 4 , 81 6 , 00 5 , 75

2 4 2 0 2 0 1 8

mm mm i nm mm

A G IM G IM BM

6 861 6 892 9 62

2 1)

6 , 84

1 9 mm

BM

9 63

2 2 ) 2 3) 2 4 ) 2 5) 2 6 )

8 , 05 7 , 65 7 , 20 6 , 65 5 , 65

2 1 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2

OGAM OGAM OGAM OGAM OGA M

2 3642 2 5352 2 2937 2 3603 2 3621

mm n un mm mm nu n

p l .XXV ,2

p l .XXV ,6

O ve r s t ru ck o na n Ama s t r ian c o in : Z eu s /eag le O ve r s tru ck o na n Ama s t r ian c o in O ve r s t ruck O ve r s truck O ve r s tru ck o na n Am isu s c o in : D iony sus /C is ta ; S NG BM 199 1209 O ve r s t ruck o na n Am isu s c o in :A eg is /N ike ; S NG BM 177 -9 1 O ve r s truck o na n Am isu s c o in :A eg is /N ike ; S NG BM 177 -9 1 O ve r s t ru ck O ve r s t ruck o n aS inope c o in : Z eu s /eag le O ve r s t ru ck o n aS inope c o in : Z eu s /eag le O ve r s t ruck O ve r s truck ; c oun te rma rk o f s t a ro ne a ch s i de l1 7 O ve r s tru ck O ve r s t ruck O ve r s t ruck o n aS inope c o in : Z eu s /eag le O ve r s t ru ck o n aP on t ic c o in : A eg is /N ike

B ronze c o in s o fB o sporan c i t ie s 4 9 /48 -2 1 /20 BC T h ree t y pes o fb ron ze c o in s h ave o n t h e o bv . H ead o fA po l lo w ear ing ad i adem w i th l o ng e nd s . T he h ead r e semb le st h a to fA sande ro ng o ld s t a te r sw i th h i sn ame . T h is r e semb lance m ake sp os s ib le d a t ing t o4 9 /48 2 1/20 B .C . ( t he p er iod o fA sande r ' sr e ign a st h eK ing o fB o spo ru s ) b ron ze c o in s o ft h e f o l low ing t h ree t y pe s , a l l t e t ra cha lko i : 1 )A po l lo -A sande r /q u ive ra nd b ow , 2 )A po l lo -A sande r /P ega su s f e ed ing ; 3 )A po l lo -A sande r/ p row , a l l w i th t h e i n sc r ip t ion IANT IKAF IA I MN . T he t y pe , h ead o fH e ra c les -A sande r /c l ub w i th l i on 's s k in ,

1 7

T h is c o in a nd t h e f o l low ing o ne a r et ob ea s s igned t ot h ee a r l ie rs e r ie so fo bo l s .

4 4

F IANT IKA I TA I MN i sa l so a n i s sue o fP an t icapaeum a tt h et ime o fA sande r ' sr e ign , a si s al a rge o bo l i s sue : o bv . H ead o f Apo l lo -A sande r ,r ev . L y re a nd p a lm b r an ch . T hu s , t h ec o inage o fB osporu so ft h em id . 1 stc en tu ry B .C . c on s i s ted o ft h ek ing 's i s sue o fg o ld s t a t e r s , t wo d enom ina t ion so fb ronze c o in sw i th t h el e gend A PXONTOE AZANAPOY ( s ee a bove ) ,t h ree d enom ina t ion so f b ronze c o in s o fP an t icapaeum ( i nc lud ing t h ree t y pe s o fb ronze t e t ra cha lko i ) , a nd , i n a dd i t ion , f ou r t y pe s o f b ronze c o in s w i th t h e p la ce -name 4 : 1ANA MP ITD .N : 1 )h ead o fA po l lo -A sande r /p row , 2 ) H ead o fA po l lo A sande r /b ow a nd a r row ; 3 )H ead o fA po l lo -A sande r /p a lm b r anch ;4 )H ead o fN ike /p a lm b ranch . T he b ronze c o in s w i th A PXONTOE AZANAPOY a r e c l ea r ly t ob e d a ted t oy ea r s 1 4 o fh i s r u le i n B o sporu s , s i nce w e h ave o n t h eA sande r s t a te r s t h e l e t te r s A , B , r ,A a nd t h e l e gend A PXONTOE AZANAPOY . B u t t h e f ou r t y pe s o fb ronze c o in s w i th t h e n ame s o f IANT IKA I I .A ITUN a nd c DANArOP ITO .N mu s t b e t h e v e r y l a s ti s sues o ft h o se c i t ies . T hey may h ave b een m in ted i nt h ep e r iod f r om 4 9 /48 t o2 1/20 B .C . . T e tracha lko i T ype I Obv . H ead o fA po l lo -A sande rr . R ev . Q u ive ra nd b ow ,F IANT IKA B u ra chkov , XX I ,132 ;Z og raph , XL IV , 10 ;A noh in 2 47 ; SNG BM 9 57 ; S t ancomb 6 10 . D e s A -a

B -b B -a C -c D -e C -d E -e B -?

W t .

D ia .

Mu s .

Mu s . N o . 6 839 6 840 1 4 195

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 1 )

6 , 80 7 , 66 4 , 45 7 , 50 7 , 25

2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0

mm mm n un mm mm

G IM G IM G IM A G IM

1 4 193

1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 )

6 , 15 7 , 40 6 , 60 5 , 60 6 , 07 5 , 73 5 , 01 4 ,77 4 , 59

1 9 2 0 2 0 2 0 1 9 2 0 1 9 1 9 2 0

mm mm mm mm mm mm mm n un mm

G IM G IM G IM GE G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM

1 4 194 6 841 6 842 9 46 6 830 6 843 6 844 6 849 6 845

P la te

p l .XXV ,11 p l .XXV ,12 p l .XXV , 10 p l .XXV , 13 p l .XXV , 14 p l .XXV , 15 p l .XXV ,16 p l .XXV , 17 p l .XXV , 18 p l .XXV , 19 p l .XXV ,20 p l .XXV ,21

N o t e s

G randema ison C o l l G randema ison C o l l . ;o no bv . c oun terma rk o fc adu ceu s G randema i son C o l l .

P oo rc ond i t ion ;o no bv . c oun te rmark o f c adu ceu s

F I A -d E -?

A -e

2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 )

7 , 09 6 , 61 4 , 60 5 , 43

2 0nun . 2 0n un 2 0n un 2 1 mm

A G IM GE GE

6 848 9 44 9 45

p 1 .30 CV ,23 p l .XXV ,22 p l .XXV ,24 p l .XXV ,25

1 ) 2 )

7 , 10 5 , 59

2 0 mm 2 0 mm

GE GE

9 40 9 43

P oo rc ond i t ion P oo rc ond i t ion

3 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 )

4 , 15 5 , 87 4 , 72 8 , 00 3 , 70 6 , 09

1 9 mm 2 0n un 1 9 mm

6 846 9 45 6 851 9 57 2 4852 2 8006

P oo rc ond i t ion

1 9m in 1 8 mm

G IM GE GM BM OGAM OGAM

6 )

6 , 13

1 9mm

G IM

6 852 T ype I

AE . O bv . H ead o fA po l lo -A sande rr . R ev . P ega su sf e ed ing 1 . , 1ANT IKA I IA ITD .N . B u ra chkov , XX I 1 , 148 149 ;Z og raph , XL IV ,9 ;A noh in 2 50 ; SNG BM 9 55 -6 ; S t ancomb 6 11-12 1 8 D ie s A -a

1 )

W t . 5 76

D ia . 2 0 mm

Mu s . G IM

Mu s .No . 6 8 17

P la te p l . XXV I ,1

N o tes Anoh in 2 50 . O ve r s truck o n aP on t ic c o in

1 'N awo tka ( 1992 )p . 48 ,3 4a a l so r e co rd s ac o in o ft h et y pe ,o bv . H ead o fH e l io s ,r e v . P ega su sr . , Ab e low ,w i th t h ei n sc r ip t ion B AZ 1AES LY A LANAPOY , i nt h eF i tzw i l l iam Mu seum ,C amb r idg e( 1604 ,w t . 2 . 12g . ) . S . 1 .

4 5

B -b

2 ) 1 )

5 , 15 6 , 76

2 0 mm 2 2 mm

A G IM

6 8 18

p l .XXV 1 ,2

C c

1 )

5 , 03

2 2 mm

( j 1M

6 8 19

p l .XXV I ,3

D -d

1 )

5 , 07

2 1 mm

G I NA

6 820

p l .XXV I ,4

Ai

2 ) 1 )

7 , 36 5 , 80

2 1 mm 2 1 n un

G EM G IM

6 821 6 822

p l .XXV I ,5 p l .XXV I ,6

E -e F f

1 ) 1 )

6 , 00 6 , 05

2 2 mm 1 9 mm

G IM G l 1 V I

6 823 6 824

p l .XXV I ,7 p l .XXV I ,8

G -g

1 )

6 , 22

1 9 mm

G EM

6 825

p l .XXV I ,9

? ?

2 ) 1 ) 2 )

4 ,86 7 , 29 6 , 19

2 0 mm 2 0 mm 2 0 mm

Hun te r ian G IM 6 826 G EM 6 827

p 1 .30 CV I ,10 p l .XXV I ,11

B ?

1 )

6 , 62

2 0n un

G EM

6 828

p l .XXV I ,12

I I

1 )

5 , 91

2 1 mm

G EM

6 829

p l .XXV I ,13

5 , 81 6 , 14 6 , 07

2 0 mm 2 3 mm 2 0 mm

G IM G IM G IM

6 831 1 2662 6 830

p 1 .30 CV 1 , 14

K -k

2 ) 3 ) 1 )

p 1 .30 (V I , 15

K oz iev sky C o l l . O ve r s truck

2 ) 3 )

7 , 11 6 , 92

2 1 mm 2 2 mm

G IM G EM

1 2663 1 4 196

p l .XXV I ,16

K oz iev sky C o l l . G randema ison C o l l .

7 , 20 6 , 65 7 , 42 4 , 57 8 , 30 6 , 79

2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 1 9

mm mm mm m in mm mm

G IM G EM G EM G EM

L 1

4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 7 ) 8 ) 1 )

G EM

6 886 6 832 6 834 6 836 6 885 6 833

p l .XXV I ,21 p l .XXV I ,17

A -?

2 ) 1 )

7 , 33 6 , 60

2 0m in 2 0 mm

G EM G EM

6 835 6 837

p l .XXV I ,18 p l .XXV I ,19

2 )

7 , 70

2 0 mm

G IM

6 838

p l .XXV I ,20

1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 )

7 , 39 6 , 90 6 , 88 6 , 45 8 , 50 6 , 09 6 , 34 6 , 85 6 , 53 4 , 34 7 , 00

2 1 mm 2 1 mm 2 5 m rn 2 4 mm 2 2 mm 2 1 mm 2 4 mm 2 1 mm 2 1 mm 1 9 mm 2 1-23 mm

GE GE GE GE GE GE GE GE GE GE GE

9 13 9 14 9 15 9 16 9 17 9 18 9 19 9 20 9 21 9 22 9 24

p l .XXV I ,22 p l .)0 CV I ,23 p l .XXV I ,24 p l .XXV 1 1 , 1 p l .XXV 1 1 ,2 p l .XXV I 1 ,3 p l .)0 CVI E ,4 p l .), C XV I I ,5 p l .XXV 1 1 ,6 p l .XXV I 1 ,7 p l .XXV I I ,8

2 )

6 , 82

2 5 mm

GE

9 24 '

p l .XXV 11 ,9

3 ) 4 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 )

6 , 25 6 , 65 6 , 20 5 , 75 5 , 25 5 , 05

BM BM OGA M OGA M OGA M OGA M

9 56 9 55 2 5346 2 7911 2 8696 2 47 15

p l .LX1 ,2 p l .LX 1 1 ,1

O ve r s t ruck o n aP on t ic c o in : A eg is /N ike O ve r s t ruck o n aS inope c o in :Z eu s /eag le ; SNG BM 1 543 -9 O ve r s tru ck o n aS inope c o in :Z eu s /eag le ; SNG BM 1 543 -9 O ve r s t ruck o na nA sande r c o in ; o nR ev . i n scr ip t ion O ve r s truck O ve r s t ruck ,t h eo r ig ina l t y pe si l ig ib le O ve r s truck , t h eo r ig ina l t y pe si l ig ib le

C -b A -f A -a f M -m M -n M -o ? ? M -? N ? ? C ?

2 2 2 0 2 0 2 3

mm mm mm n un

G I M

D ie su n c lea r ; o ve r s t ruck D ie su nc lea r ;ove r s tru ck o na P on t ic c o in : A eg is /N ike R ev . -p oo rc ond i t ion ; o ve r s truck o n aP on t ic c o in O ve r s tru ck o na nA sande r c o in

P oo rc ond i t ion

O ve r s t ruck O ve r s truck R ev . -p oo rc ond i t ion ; O ve r s t ruck R ev . -p oo rc ond i t ion ; c oun terma rk c aduceu s O ve r s t ruck

D ies p oo r ; o ve r s t ruck C oun te rma rk c aduceu s O ve r s t ru ck D ie sp oo r R ev , d i ep oo r ; o ve r s t ru ck o n aP on t ic c o in R ev , d i ep oo r ; o ve r s t ruck o n aP an t icapaean c o in : D iony su s / tr ipod E n la rged E n la rged

4 6

T ype I I AE . O bv . H ead o fA po l lo -A sande rr . R ev . P row r . , B u ra chkov , XX 1 1 ,133 135 ;Z og raph , XL IV ,11 ;A noh in 2 51 ; SNG BM 9 58 , S t ancomb 6 13 . D ie s A -a A -b

A -e ? ?

B -d C -g B 1 D -e C -f D -g E -h G -f

W t .

D ia .

Mu s .

1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 2 )

5 , 75 6 , 88 5 , 76 5 , 68 3 , 0 1 6 , 91 6 , 65

1 9 2 0 2 0 1 9 1 7 2 4 2 0

mm mm mm mm n un mm mm

G IM GE G IM GE C op GE G IM

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 )

3 , 18 7 , 55 4 , 35 3 , 28 3 , 23 2 , 32 2 , 00 3 , 24 2 , 94 7 , 52 5 , 78 7 , 33 6 , 00 6 , 65 6 , 40 6 , 25 7 , 18

1 7 mm 2 4 mm 2 0 mm 1 5n un 1 6 mm 1 6 mm 1 5 mm 1 5 mm 1 4 mm 1 9 mm 2 0 mm 1 9 mm 2 3 mm 1 7 mm

GE GE GE GE GE GE GE G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM UM G IM BM

2 0 mm 2 1 mm

G IM

G IM

Mu s . N o . 6 857 9 26 6 855 9 27 5 8 9 29 6 859 9 31 9 32 9 33 9 34 9 35 9 36 9 37 6 860 6 856 6 853 6 854 6 858 1 4203 1 4204 9 58 1 4205 1 2628

P la te

N o te s

p l .XXV I I ,10 p l .XXV I 1 , 12 p l .XXV 1 1 ,11 p l .XXV 1 1 ,13 p l .XXV 1 1 , 14 p l .XXV 1 1 , 14a

O ve r s t ruck o n aP on t ic c o in

p l .XXV 1 1 , 15 p l .XXV 1 1 , 16 p l .XXV 1 1 ,17 p l .XXV I I ,18 p l .XXV 1 1 ,19 p l .XXV I I ,20 p l .XXV IU , 1 p l .XXV I I I ,2 p l .XXV 1 1 1 ,3 p l .XXV I l l ,4 p 1 .300 / 1 1 1 ,5 p l .XXV I I 1 ,6 p l .XXV I I 1 ,7 p l .XXV I I 1 ,8

P oo rc ond i t ion O ve r s t ru ck O ve r s t r u ck

O ve r s t ru ck

G randema ison C o l l . G randema i son C o l l . G randema ison C o l l . K oz ievsky C o l l .

T he e nd o fA sander 's r u le ( 2 1/20 BC? ) D icha lko i? O bv . D iademed h ead o fH e rac les -A sande rr . R ev . C lub a nd l i on 's s k in , 1ANT IKAHA ITD .N . K öhne ,I ,p . 378 ,N 2 137 ;B u ra chkov ,p . 163 ,N 2 18 1 , D ie s A -a B -b C c

W t .

D ia .

1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 )

3 , 55 4 , 57 6 , 02

2 0 1 9 1 9 2 0

mm mm n un mm

2 ) 3 )

3 , 65 3 , 45

1 9 mm 1 8n un

4 ) 1 )

4 , 42 3 , 58

Mu s .

Mu s .

GE GE GE GE

N o . 9 48 9 49 9 50 9 51

GE G IM

9 52 1 2638

A noh in 2 48 .

p l .XXV I I I , 10 p l .XXV I 1 1 , 11 p l .XXV I I I , 12 p l .XXV I 1 1 , 13 p 1 .30 (V I 1 1 , 14 K oz ievsky C o l l .

P r iva te c o l lec t ion , Moscow 1 7mm

p l .XXV II I ,9

A noh in ,2 48 C o l l . B er t ie rd el aG a rde

T he t ime o fA sander 's r e ign ( 49 /48 -2 1 /20 BC ) Obo l s O bv . H ead o fA po l lo -A sande rr . R ev . L y re ,r .-p a lm b ranch , 1ANT IKA I IA ITÜN . K öhne ,I ,p . 361 ,N 986 ;B u ra chkov ,p . 153 ,N 2 199 ,p l .XX 1 ,118 ;A noh in 2 26 . D ie s A -a

1 )

W t . 1 4 ,77

D ia . 3 0 mm

Mu s . GE

Mu s .N o . 9 11/27273

P la te p l .XXV I I I ,15

No te s Anoh in 26

4 7

2 )

3 )

B u rachkov C o l lec t ion

9 , 32

2 6 mm

GE

C oun te rma rk -8 rayed s t a r ; o ve r s t ruck o na nu nc lea r c o in type ; B u ra chkov ,p . 153 ,N 2 199 , p l .XX I , 118

9 12 /27274

T he c o inage o fP hanagor ia a tt he t ime o fA sander 's r e ign ( 49 /48 -2 1 /20 B .C . ) T ype I O bv . H ead o fA po l lo -A sande rr . R ev . P row r . ,i bANADD B u ra chkov , D ie s A -a A -b B -c C -d D -e

Ei

Z og raph , XL IV ,12 ;A noh in 2 52 , SNG BM 1 004 -5

1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 )

W t . 5 , 56

D ia 1 9 mm 1 9 mm 1 9m in 2 0 mm

Mu s . GE GE GE GE GE

Mu s . N o . 1 04 /27438 1 05 /27439 1 06 /27440 1 08 /27442 1 09 /27443

P la te p l .XXV I I I , 16 p l .XXVI I I ,17 p l .XXV I I I , 18 p l .XXVI I I , 19 p l .XXV I 1 1 ,20

6 , 58 7 , 20 4 , 81

2 )

5 , 19

2 1 mm

GE

10 /27444

p l .XXV I I I ,21

3 ) 1 )

5 , 91 7 , 31

2 1 mm 2 5 mm

G IM GE

1 27 14 11/27445

p l .XX IX , 1

2 ) 3 )

5 , 78 4 , 91 7 , 65 6 , 27

1 9mm 1 7mm 1 9mm 1 9mm

BM BM G IM A

1 004 1 005 1 4592

N o te s A noh in 2 52

O ve r s truck o n ac o in o f A sande r :A po l lo -A sande r / q u ive ra nd b ow , IANT IKAI IA ITÜN .1 9 O ve r s t ruck o n ac o in : A po l lo -A sande r /p row , IANT IKA I IA I MN K oz iev sky C o l l . O ve r s truck o n ac o in : A po l lo -A sande r /p row , A PXONTOE AZANAPOY

G randema ison C o l l . p l . XXVI I1 ,17a

T ype I O bv . H ead o fA po l lo -A sande rr . R ev . B ow a nd a r row ,c DANATO M ON . B u ra chkov , XX I I I ,14 15 ;A noh in 2 49 ; SNG BM 1 006 D ie s A -a

B -b C c D -d

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 )

W t . 2 , 60 5 , 59 2 , 69 5 , 40 3 , 58 3 , 48 2 , 20 4 , 14 3 , 39 2 , 96 3 , 84

D ia . 1 8n un 1 9n un 1 9 mm 2 0 mm 2 0n un 1 8 mm 1 9 mm 1 9 mm 2 0i nm 1 7 mm 1 9mm

Mu s . GE GE GE GE GE GM G IM G IM G IM G IM BM

Mu s .N o . 12 13 14 /27448 15 16 6 693 6 69 1 6 685 1 27 12 1 4536 1 006

P la te p l .XX 1X ,2 p l .XX IX ,3 p l .XX IX ,4 p l .XX 1X ,5 p l .XXIX ,6 p l .XX 1X ,7 p l .XX 1X ,8 p l .XX 1X ,9

N o tes

A noh in 2 49

K oz iev sky C o l l . G randema ison C o l l .

19 I ti si mpo r tan tt on o te f r om t h ee v idence o fo ve r s t r ik ing h e re t h a tt h i sP hanago r ean i s sue c ome sa f t e rt h e P an t icapaean i s sue s : q u ive r /bow , A po l lo /p row a nd t h eA PXONTOE A/ANAPOY i s sue : A po l lo /p row .

4 8

T ype I I O bv . H ead o fA po l lo -A sande rr R ev . P a lm b r anch w i th b and s ,1 2 ° E DANAFO P ITS IN . B u rachkov , XX I I I ,18 D ie s A -a B -b

W t . 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 )

3 , 32 4 , 37 3 , 31 3 , 8 1 1 , 33

D ia . 2 0 2 0 1 5 1 5 1 4

mm mm mm mm mm

Mu s .

Mu s . N o .

P l a te

G IM G IM G 1M G IM G IM

6 670 6 681 6 687 6 692 6 690

p l .XX IX , 10 p l . XX IX ,11 p l .XX 1X , 12 p l .XX IX ,13 p l .XXD C , 14

N o te s P oo r P oo r P oo r P oo r P oo r

c ond i t ion c ond i t ion c ond i t ion c ond i t ion c ond i t ion

T ype I V O bv . H ead o nN ike r . ;t o1 . ,8 rayed s t a r . R ev . P a lm b ranch ,1 2 1 0 3ANAr0 P ITON . B u rachkov , XXI I 1 ,16 17 ; Z og raph , XL IV ,13 ;A noh in 2 27 , SNG BM 9 95 -6 D ie s A -a

B -b C -c D -d D -e E -f F i I k K 1 L -m M -n N -o M -p C s E t 1 u L -x P -b

T -e

1 ) 2 )

W t . 8 , 10 6 , 18

D ia . 1 5m rn 2 0 mm

Mu s . F GE

Mu sN o . 9 1

P l a te p l .XX 1X ,15 p l .XX IX ,16

3 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 )

6 , 05 3 , 82 6 , 79 4 , 84 4 , 43 2 , 57 6 , 02

2 2 1 9 1 9 2 0 2 0 1 7 1 7

mm mm mm mm mm mm mm

GE GE

GE GE GE GE

9 2 9 3 6 667 9 4 9 5 9 6 9 9

p l .XX IX ,17 p l .XXD C ,18 p l .XXD C ,19 p l .XX IX ,20 p l .X 'X IX ,21 p l .XXD C ,22 p l .XXD ( ,23

1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 )

4 , 60 4 , 23 5 , 05 2 , 59 5 , 32 7 , 20 2 , 37 3 , 13 3 , 17

1 7 1 7 2 1 1 5 1 5 2 0 1 5 1 5 1 5

mm n un mm mm mm mm mm mm mm

G l IV I G IM G I NA GE GE GE G IM G IM G IM

6 678 6 684 6 682 9 7 9 8 9 0 6 689 6 688 6 686

p l .XX IX ,24 p l .XXX ,1 p l .XXX ,2 p l .XXX ,3 p l .XXX ,4 p l .XXX ,5 p l .XXX ,6 p l .XXX ,7 p l .XXX ,8

1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 )

2 , 15 4 , 85 3 , 83 3 , 83 5 , 70

1 6n un 1 6 mm 1 5n un 7n un 1 7n un

GE GE F G IM OGA M

1 02 1 0 1 4 515 1 4537 2 5342

p 1 .30 CX ,9 p l .XXX ,10 p l .XXX ,11 p l .XXX ,12

G randema ison C o l l .

2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 1 ) 2 )

4 , 60 2 , 75 6 , 25 4 , 50 6 , 24 2 . 2 1

2 0 mm 1 5 mm 2 0m rn 2 0 mm 1 6mm 1 3mm

OGA M OGAM OGA M

2 8020 2 7884 2 7886 6 680 95 96

p l .LX1 ,4

E n la rged

G IM

am BM BM

No tes

A noh in 2 27

§7C o inage o f Queen D ynam is ( 2 1/20 -1 7 / 16 B .C .) G o ld s t a te r ,Z O I =2 77 B .e . =2 1/20 BC . O bv . B u s to f Queen r . R ev . S ta ra nd c r escen t , BAZ IA IZIF IE A YNAME S IE Z O E( 277 ) 1 )

8 , 07

2 0 mm

Y a l ta

p l .XX , 12

A no lun , 2 53

1 20 T h ep oo rq ua l i ty o ft h e se c o in sm ak e st h e i ri d en t if ica t ion u nce r ta in . T he s t y le o ft h eh ead ,f o ri n s tan ce ,i ss ugg e s t ive o ft h eb ow a nd a r row t y pe . 1 2 1 S NG BM i n t e rp r e t st h et y pe a sa na p lu s t re .

4 9

G o ld s t a te r , M U =2 8 1 o ft h eB ospo ran e r a =1 7 / 16 B .C . . O bv . B u s to fQ ueen r . R ev . S t a ra nd c r e scen t ,B AZ IA IZEHZ A YNAMEDI M U ( 281) . 1 )

8 , 05

2 0n un

G i lv 1

3 93

p 1 .30 C ,15

F ro lova , Da t ing t h eR e ign o fD ynam is ' ,S A , 1 978 ,2 , p . 49 -61 ,p 1 . I ,1 ;A noh in , 2 54 ; RPC I ,1 864

§8C o in s o fK a i sarea ( Pan t icapaeum ) : e nd o ft he lIc en tury B .C . O bv . H ead o fA ph rod i te U ran ia r . ,w ea r ing k a la thos a nd v e i l ;b o rde ro fd o t s . R ev . S cep t re ;t o1 .& r . ,i n sc r ip t ion i nt wo l i nes -KA IEA -PE - ON ;b e low r i gh t ,H ;b o rde ro fd o t s . B u ra chkov , p l .X 1 1 1 ,1 ,e ; O res lm ikov , C a ta logue . . . , p . 71 , N 2501 ; O reshn ikov , E xcur sus . . . , p l Z og raph , XLV ,12 ; Anoh in 3 22a -6 ;F ro lova , NE , XV , 1 989 , p 1 . 1 , 1-29 ;1 , 1-7 ; RPC I ,1 936 ; S tancomb 6 14 -5 . D ie s A -a

Aa b A -b

A c A -d Ai A -g A -f B -h B -e B j B -k B 1 B -m B -n C -o C -p C s C t C -u

C -ph

C -x D r

D -aa

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 )

Wt . 9 , 25 6 , 17 1 ,40 5 , 48 8 , 03 8 , 51 4 , 54 7 , 42 4 , 38 7 , 82 6 , 25 8 , 35 6 , 84 6 , 93 8 , 55 6 , 08 7 , 67 7 , 16 6 , 87 4 , 28 7 , 58 5 , 50 6 , 76 5 , 70 4 , 12 6 ,73 6 , 61 6 , 18 5 , 85 6 , 54 6 , 50 5 , 78 1 0 ,44 6 , 50 5 , 05

5 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 )

5 , 51 6 , 01 4 ,92 5 , 70 4 ,80 5 , 28 6 ,76 5 , 00 6 ,70 5 , 65 6 , 13 9 , 04

D ia . 2 3 mm 2 3 mm 2 1 n un 2 1 mm 2 2 mm 2 0 mm 2 0n un 2 0n un 2 1 mm 2 1 mm 2 1 mm 2 2 mm 2 3 mm 2 1 mm 2 1 mm 2 1 ,5 n un 2 1 mm 2 2 mm 2 0 mm 2 2 ,5 mm 2 6n un 2 2 mm 2 3 mm 2 0 mm 2 1 mm 2 1 m in 2 1 ,5 mm 2 2n un 2 2 mm 2 1 mm 2 1 mm

Mu s . G IM G IM G IM GE G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM GE GE GE GE G IM G IM GM G IM GE G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM GE G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM

Mu s No . P la te 8 661 p 1 .300 C 1 , 1 8 662 p 1 .300C E ,2 1 2678 2 7321 p l .XXXL3 1 2677 8 663 p 1 .3003 ,4 8 664 3 5 5 / 8665 p l .XXX 1 ,5 6 / 8666 7 / 27322 p l .XXX 1 ,6 1 2 /27327 p l .XXXL7 1 3 /27328 p l .XXX 1 ,8 1 5 /27330 p 1 .300 C 1 ,9 8 667 p l . XXX I ,10 4 /8701 8 668 p l .XXX I ,11 8 669 1 / 27316 p l .XXX I ,13 3 6 /8696 8 671 p l .XXX1 , 14 8 672 8 673 p l .XXX I ,12 8 679 8 674 p 1 .300 C 1 ,15 4 / 27319 p 1 .300 C 1 , 17 8 675 p 1 .300 C 1 ,18 8 676 8 677 p 1 .300 C 1 , 19 8 678 p 1 .300 C 1 , 16 8 680 p l .XXX I ,20 8 661 p l .XXX 1 ,21 NE ,I X ,p 1 . 1 1 ,N 236 NE ,D C ,p . 50 ,N 237 NE ,I X ,p . 50 ,N 238

2 2n un 2 1 mm 2 1 ,5 mm 2 2n un 2 1 mm 2 1 mm 2 2 mm 2 1 mm 2 1 , 5 mm 2 1 ,5 mm 2 0 mm

G IM G IM G I IV I G L IV I G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM GE

8 682 8 683 8 684 p l .XXX I ,22 8 700 8 692 p l .XXX 1 ,23 8 685 p l .XXX I ,24 8 686 8 688 8 702 8 687 p l .XXX I ,25 9 / 27324 p l .XXX I ,26 NE ,I X ,p . 50 ,N 234

N o te s

K oz ievsky C o l l . A noh in 3 22a K oz ievsky C o l l . R ev . o n ly

R ev . o n ly A noh in 3 226

R ev . o n ly

R ev . o n ly R ev . o n ly

R ev . o n ly R ev . o n ly R ev . o n ly

R ev . o n ly R ev . o n ly

5 0

Da b G -a c

C -ad

G -ag F -af

4 ) 1 ) 2 )

8 , 36 4 , 90 5 , 02

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 7 ) 8 ) 9 )

4 , 05 5 , 35 5 , 52 5 , 75 4 , 54 2 , 88 5 , 19 9 , 37 6 , 99

1 0 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 1 ) 1 )

5 , 20 4 , 90 6 , 26 5 , 83 7 , 17 4 , 66 7 , 13

2 1 mm

G IM C op

2 1 m in 2 2 mm 2 2 mm 2 1 , 5m rn 2 1 mm 2 1 mm 2 1 mm

GE G IM G IM G IM G I IV 1 G LM G IM

2 1 mm 2 1 mm 2 1 mm 2 3 mm 1 8 ,5 mm

G IM G IM GE G IM G IM A

NE ,i x ,p . 50 ,N 235 8 693 p l .XXXI I ,1 9

R ev . o n ly

1 /27326 p l .XXX I ,27 8 687 p l .XXX I ,28 8 689 8 690 8 691 8 697 8 698 NE ,L X , OIL N 239 NE ,I X ,p 1 . 1 1 ,N 240 NE ,I X ,p l . I I ,N 241 8 694 p l .XXX I ,29 8 699 1 0 /27325 p l .XXX 1 1 ,2 8 670 p l .XXX 1 1 ,3 8 703 p l .LX I I ,6 1 2

O bv . H ead o fA ph rod i te U ran ia r . ,w ea r ing k a la tho sa nd v e i l . R ev . I n sc r ip t ion -KA ICAPEQN , s wo rd ( ? ) .1 2 3 A noh in 3 22 D ie s H -ak

H -a l

W t .

D ia .

Mu s . P hango r ia E x cava t ion s

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 )

1 ,78 6 , 90 3 , 80 4 , 8 7 , 45

2 5 2 5 2 1 2 1 2 1

r un mm mm mm mm

GE GE GE G IM G IM

1 6 /27321 1 7 /27332 1 8 /27333 8 704 1 2676

P la te p l .XXX1 ,4a

N o te s F ro lova , V D I , 1 981 , 1 , N 2433 ;r e v . o n ly

p l .XXX1 ,4 p l .)000 1 ,5 p l .XXX 1 1 ,6 p l .XXX I 1 ,7 K oz iev sky C o l l .

T he d i es o ft h e f o l low ing c o ins h ave n o tb een d e te rm ined :

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 )

W t . 5 , 96

R ef . N Sph ,I I 2 4 , N 267

7 , 58 6 , 54

N Sph ,I ,N 2306 N Sph ,I ,N 2350 N Sph ,I ,N 2365

5 )

N Sph ,I ,N 2372

6 ) 7 ) 8 )

4 , 28 5 , 15

N Sph ,I ,N 2454 N Sph ,I ,N 2426 N Sph ,I ,N 2573

9 ) 1 0 )

7 , 47 6 , 61

N Sph ,I ,N 2580 N Sph ,I ,N 2648

1 )

6 , 82

N Sph ,I ,N 2699

C o in s o fA gr ipp ia ( Phanagor ia ) H =8 O bv . H ead o fA ph rod i te U ran ia r . ,w ea r ing d i adem a nd v e i l ;b o rde ro fd o t s . R ev . P row 1 . ;t wo l ine i n sc r ip t ion , ATP IT I -L I MN ;b e low r . ,H . K öhne , I ,p . 366 , N 2 103 ; B u ra chkov , XX I I 1 ,1f , O re shn ikov , E x cur sus . . . , p l . I ,14 ; Z og raph , p l .XLV ,14 ; A noh in 3 23 ;F ro lova , NE , XV , 1 989 ,p 1 . 1 1 ,8 -25 , pH : 1 1 ,1-23 ; SNG C op . 7 8 ; RPC I ,1 935 ; S t ancomb 6 31 . D ie s A -a A -b

1 ) 1 )

W t 7 , 7 1 7 , 7 1

D ia 2 2 mm 2 2 mm

Mu s . G IM G IM

Mu s . N o . 8 705 8 706

P la te p l .XXX1 ,8 p l .XXX I I ,9

N o t e s

1 22 A ni n s tance o ft h et ype ,o bv . H ead o fA ph rod i t ew ea r ing k a la tho s &v e i lr . ;r ev . S cep t r e , BAZ IAES IE ;t or . ,Be ;t oI . ,H ,i sn o t ed b yA noh in 3 21 ( c f . h e r ep l .LX I I ,6a ) . H oweve r ,t h ec o in i sg ene ra l ly r ega rd ed a sf a l s e . 1 23 F ro lova t e n ta t iv e ly i n t e rp r e t st h et ype a s as wo rd ,b u ti ti sm o r el i k e ly t h a ti ti sav a r ian to nt h es c ep t r eo ft h ep r ev iou ss e r i e s , w i th t h ea dd i t iona l d if e r ence i nt h el e t t e r ing a nd t h ep o s i t ion ing o ft h ei n s c r ip t ion . S . I .

G o lenko K .V . , S he lov D .B . , ' Co in s f r om t h e E x cava t ion o fP an t icapa eum 1 945 -1 96 1 ' , N um i sma t ica iS phrag i s t ika , I ,K iev , 1 963 ,p . 13 -65 .

1 24

5 1

2 ) 3 )

7 , 25 9 , 46

2 1 mm

G IM

1 ) 1 ) 2 )

7 , 40 7 , 0 1 5 , 73

1 9 ,5 mm 2 1 mm 1 8 mm

G IM G IM

1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 )

7 , 10 7 , 44 9 , 27 7 , 12 4 , 93

2 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 1

7 , 02 6 , 97 6 , 16

2 1 n un 2 3 mm

GE G IM G IM G l IV I G IM GE G IM GE

C 1 D -m

4 ) 5 ) 1 ) 1 )

6 , 36 4 , 60 4 , 69 5 , 20

1 9 mm 2 1 mm 2 0 ,5 mm

C op G IM G IM

D -n

1 )

5 , 27

2 1 ,5 mm

G IM

8 7 19

p l . XXX I I ,21

D -o D -ap

1 ) 1 )

5 , 64 5 , 85

1 9 ,5 mm

G IM A

8 720

p l .XXX 1 1 ,22 p l .LX I 1 ,7

R ev . o n ly

D -p E r F s

1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 )

6 , 04 5 , 7 1 6 , 83 6 , 28 5 , 24 6 , 49 6 , 03 6 , 38 5 , 34 7 , 12 7 , 67 4 , 14 5 , 24

2 0 mm 1 8n un 2 1 mm 2 1 m in 2 2 n un 2 0 mm 2 0n un 2 0 mm 2 0n un 2 2 mm 2 0 mm 2 2 n un 2 2 mm

G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM GE C op G IM G IM

8 721 8 722 8 724 8 725 8 726 8 727 8 728 8 729 8 730 4 / 27454 7 8 731 8 733

p l .XXX 1 1 ,23 p l .XXX 1 1 ,24 p l .XXX1 ,25

R ev . o n ly

5 ) 6 )

6 , 42 7 , 98

2 3 mm

GE

7 ) 8 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 )

5 , 56 7 , 98 5 , 35 5 , 59 5 , 54

2 2 mm 2 3 mm 2 2 m 2 2 mm 2 1 mm

G IM G IM G IM G IM GE

1 2679 1 2680 8 732 8 733 5 / 27455

p l .XXX I 1 1 ,7 p l .XXX I 1 1 ,9 p l .XXX 1 1 1 ,8

4 ) 5 ) 1 ) 1 )

4 , 86 8 , 49 6 , 46 3 , 34

2 1 mm

G I IV I

2 2 mm 1 8 ,5 mm

G IM G IM

8 734 NE ,I X ,p . 50 ,N 245 8 735 8 736

p 1 .3 CXX1 1 ,10 p 1 . 1 1 ,45 p l .XXXD 1 ,11 p l .X XX I 1 1 ,12

B -c B -d

B -e C -f B -h Bi B -g C -k

F t H -u A -ph J x G -w

G -z

K -aa Ka b

mm n un mm m rn mm

8 707 NE ,1 X ,p . 50 ,N 244 , p 1 . 1 1 ,4 4 8 708 8 709 P hango r ia 8 / 27458 8 7 10 9 / 27459 8 7 12 8 7 13 7 / 27459 8 7 11 1 / 27451 NE ,D C ,p . 50 ,N 24 1 ,

p 1 .300 C 1 1 ,10 p l .XXX 1 1 ,11 F ro lova , V D I , 1 981 , 1 , p . 108 ,N 2 117 p l .XXX 1 1 ,12 p 1 .3000 1 ,13 p l .XXX I I ,14 p 1 .300 CI ,15 p l .XXX 1 1 ,16 p l .XXX 1 1 ,17 p l .XXX . 1 1 , 18 p l .I I ,4 1

I VE ,I X ,p . 50 ,N 242 ,p 1 . 1 1 ,4 2 8 8 7 14 p l . XXX . 1 1 , 19 8 7 15 p l .X )00 1 ,20

p l .XXX I I I , 1 p l . VO C I 1 1 ,2 p l .XXXI I I ,3 p l .XXX 11 ,4 p 1 .3000 1 1 ,6

NE ,I X ,p . 50 ,p 1 . 1 1 ,46 3 / 27458 p l) CXX I I 1 ,5 K oz ievsky C o l l . K oz iev sky C o i l .

K -a c

1 )

5 , 58

2 1 mm

G IM

8 737

p l . XXX I1 1 , 13

6 , 86

L -ad L -ae M -af N -ag Na h

2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 )

5 , 38 6 , 75 5 , 76 6 , 53

2 1 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 9

mm m rn mm mm n un mm

G IM GE G IM G IM G IM GE

8 738 2 7457 8 739 8 740 8 74 1 1 6 /27466

p l .XXXI1 , 14 p 1 .3000 1 , 15 p l .XXX I 1 1 ,16 p l .XX V . 1 1 , 17 p l .XXXI I I ,18

2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 )

5 , 65 6 , 08 4 , 44 7 , 63 3 , 74 5 , 10 4 , 40 4 , 64

1 8 1 9 1 9 2 1 2 0 2 0 2 1 2 2

n un mm mm mm n un mm mm n un

G IM G IM G IM G IM G EV ' G IM G IM GE

8 744 8 742 8 743 8 745 8 746 1 2 /87 16 8 7 17 1 /27461

D -ak D -a l

R ev . o n ly R ev . o n ly

p l .DO CX 1n , 19

p l .XXX I1 ,20 p l .XXX IU ,21 p l .XXX I 1 1 ,22

5 2

D -am

A a -an

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 7 ) 1 )

5 , 20 9 , 65 7 , 89 5 , 45 4 ,27 4 ,29 5 , 59 5 , 66

2 1 2 3 2 3 2 1 2 0 1 6 2 0

mm mm mm mm i nm mm mm

G IM GE GE GE GE GE GE A

8 7 18 2 7456 1 2 /27462 1 3 /27463 1 5 /27465 1 7 /27467 1 8 /27468

p l .XXX1 1 ,23

p l .LX I 1 ,8

T he d i e so ft h ef o l low ing c o in sh ave n o tb een d e te rm ined : 1 )

6 , 59

N Sph ,I ,N 2539

2 )

5 , 38

NE ,I II 2 5 , p . 75 ,N 2 14 ,4 43 § 9 T he e nd o ft he 1 'tc en tury B .C . C o ins w i th m onogram B E ( 6 4 ) S er ie s 1-t he m onogram a s ar e ver se T ype I

O bv . W inged h ead o fG o rgon r . ;u nde rt h ec h in , k no to ft wo s e rpen t s ; b o rde ro fd o t s . R ev . Monog ram B E ( 64 )i nc en t re ;b o rde ro fd o t s . K öhne , v o l .1 1 , p . 51 , N 27 ; B u ra ch l cov , p . 228 , N 244 ; G ie l , K l e ine B e ir träg e , p . 10 , p 1 . 1 1 ,20 ; P od sh iwa lov , ' T he C o in s o ft h e C imme r ian B ospo ru s K ings o ft h e S pa r toc id a nd A chaemen id D yna s t ie s ' , p . 17 , N 22 , p 1 . 1 1 ,19 ; Z og raph ,p l .XL IV ,17 ;A noh in 2 56 ; S tancomb 9 61 . D ie s A -b B -a

1 ) 1 )

Wt . 9 , 65 1 3 ,15

D ia .

Mu s .

2 5 mm

GE

Mu s . N o . 6 2 7758

P la te p 1 .300 C 11 1 ,24 p l .XXX IV ,1

N o te s A noh in 2 56 . P ub l

b y

O re shn ikov ,E xcur sus , p . 27 ,p l . I , 10 C -c D -d E -e

1 ) 1 ) 1 )

6 , 99 5 , 02 1 0 ,78

2 1 mm 2 0r un 2 3

GE GE GE

2 7759 2 7760 2 7761

E -f E -h

1 ) 1 )

1 0 ,50 7 , 89

2 2 mm 2 2 mm

GE

2 7762 1 4 1/ 12704

H -g F i G -k K 1 L -m

1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 )

6 , 41 1 0 ,57 8 , 26 9 , 17 8 , 72

2 1 mm

GE

2 2 mm 2 2 mm

p l .XXX IV ,2 p l .XXX IV ,3

P ub l . b yP od sh iwa lov , ZOOID , XV ,

p l .XXX IV ,4 K oz ievsky C o l l . ;p ub l . : NE , XV , 1 989 ,p 1 . 1V ,8

2 7763 p l .XXX IV ,5 NS ,I ,p . 53 ,N 2554 ,p 1 . 1 ,554 N ew Y o rk ,P r iva te c o l . p l .XXX I I I ,24a C op 1 5 G IM 1 42 / 12705 NE , XV , 1 989 , p 1 . 1V ,8

Two c oun t e rma rk s

T ype I O bv . L ion r unn ing r . ;a bove , s t a r ;b o rde ro fd o t s . R ev . Monog ram ( 64 )i nc en t re ;b o rde ro fd o t s . K öhne , v o l .1 1 , p . 51 , N 28 ; Z og raph , p l .XL IV , 18 ; BMC , 1 889 , p l . . IX ,5 ; Anoh in 2 57 1 2' ) F ro lova , NE , XV , p lI V , 10 -20 ; S tancomb 9 62 -3 .

S u

D ie s A -a B -b

1 ) 2 ) 1 )

C -c

1 )

D -d

1 )

1 2$ 1 26

W t . 6 , 29

D ia . 2 1 mm

6 , 23

2 0 mm

5 , 88

2 0 mm

Mu s . Mu s . N o . GE 2 7764 BMC , 1 889 ,p 1 .1X ,5 GE 2 7765

P la te p l .X )O C IV ,6 p l .XXX IV ,5a p 1 .300 ( 1-V ,7

GE

2 7666

p l .XXX IV ,8

GE

2 7767

p l .XXX IV ,9

G o lenko Ky . ,' Co in sf r om t h eE xcava t ion a tN ympha eum 1 939 -1970 ' , NE , I ,1 960 . A noh in ' sp ho tog raph i si d en t ica lw i th F ro lova ' sp l .>O ZX IV , 1 2 ,b u ti sr e f e r r ed t oa si fF ro lova XXX IV ,6 .

N o te s

P ub l . b yP od sh iwa lov , C o in s . . . ,p l .1 1 ,23 O bv . P ub l . b yP od sh iwa lov , C o in s . . . ,p 1 .1 1 ,25 -O bv .

5 3

2 ) 1 )

1 0 ,32 6 , 07

2 3 mm 1 9 mm

I i

1 ) 2 )

5 , 82

27 mm

G IM 6 723 BMC , 1 889 ,p l .D ( ,6

C -g H -h

1 ) 1 )

3 , 63 6 , 90

1 8 mm 1 8n un

G IM G IM

K I

1 )

1 0 ,69

E -e

GE GE

C op

2 7768 2 7769

p l .XXX IV , 10 p l .XXX IV , 11

P ub l . b yP od sh iwa lov , C o in s . . . ,p 11 ,24 -O bv . , 2 5 Rev .

p l .XXX IV , 12 p l .X)O C IV , 14

6 724 p l .XXX IV ,13 1 38 /NE , XV , 1 989 ,p l . IV ,20 1 6 T ype I I

O bv . D o lph in r . ;b eh ind ,t r iden t ;b o rde ro fd o t s . R ev . Monog ram B E ( 6 4 )i nc en t re ;b o rde ro fd o t s . G ie l , K le ine B e i träge , p . 9 , p 1 . 1 1 , 19 ; P od sh iva lov , T he C o in s . . . , p . 20 , N 2 12 ; B u ra chkov , p . 227 , N 236 , p 1 XX IV ,20 ;Z og raph ,p l .XL IV ,19 ;A noh i n2 58 ; F ro lova , NE , XV ,p lIV ,21-24 ; S tan comb 9 64 . D ies A -a B -b A c

B -b

1 ) 1 ) 1 )

Wt . 3 , 32 2 , 93 5 , 29

D ia . 1 6t nm 1 6 mm 1 6 mm

1 1 )

3 , 79 3 , 91

2 0 mm

Mu s . Mu s . N o . GE 2 7770 GE 2 777 1 A n t iken Münzen . A uc t ion I X ,F .S te rnbe rg . Z ü r ich , 1 981 , S . 16 ,N 295

P la te p l .XXX IV , 15 p l .XXX EV , 16 p 1 MO C IV , 16a

N o te s

A noh in 2 58

NE ,X 11 2 7 , p . 66 ,N 2347 ,p 1 . 1 1 ,347 We l ls C o l l . p l .X 3O C IV , 16b T ype I V

O bv . H ead o fH e l ios 1 . ;b o rde ro fd o t s . R ev . Monog ram A t ( 64 )i nc en t re . G ie l ,' An ew a cqu is i t ion i nm yc o l lec t ion ' , 1 89 1 ,p l .V 1 ,59 ;F ro lova , NE , XV ,p l .V , 1 . A -a

1 )

p l .XXX IV ,17

T he c o in w a sn o ts e en b yZ og raph

S er ie s 2-t h e m onogram a s as e condary e l emen t T ype V O bv . H ead o fH e l io s , r . ;b o rde ro fd o t s . R ev . C rescen t moon ; a bove , 8 rayed s t a r ; a bove 1 . ,m onog ram ( 64 ) . K öhne , 1 , p . 45 , N 2 1 ; B u ra chkov , p l .XX IV ,17 ; P od sh iwa lov , C o in s . . . , p 1 .1 1 , 18 ; G ie l , K le ine B e i träge ,

B E

p l .V ,9 ; B e r t ie rd el aG a rde , ZOOID , XX IX ,11 ;Z og raph p l .XL IV ,2 0 ;A noh in 2 70 ;F ro lova , NE , XV ,p l .V ,2 . D ies A -a

1 )

Wt . 2 8 ,40

D ia . 3 2 mm

Mu s . GE

Mu s . N o . 2 7772

P la te p l . XXX IV , 18

T ype V I O bv . H e lme ted b u s to fA thena r . ;b o rde ro fd o t s . R ev . S e rpen tw i th r a ised h ead , 1 . ;b e low , m onog ram ( 64 ) ;b o rde ro fd o t s . P od sh iwa lov , C o in s . . . , p . 19 , N 27 , p 1 . I I ,21 ; B u ra chkov , p . 226 , N 232 ; A noh in 2 7 1 ; F ro lova , NE , XV ,

B E

p l .V ,3 -5 . A -a

1 )

1 3 ,40

2 6 mm

GE

2 7775

p l . XXX IV , 19

B -b A -c

1 ) 1 )

1 2 ,96 1 2 ,05

2 6 mm 2 5 mm

GE G IM

2 7776 6 725

p l .XXX IV ,20 p l .XXX IV ,2 1

2 7

G o lenko Ky . , ' Co in sf r om t h e E xcava t ion o fN ymphaeum 1 939 -1970 ' , NE , X I , 1 974 .

S pec imen o f P od sh iwa lov , ' C o in s . . . ' , p . 29 ,N 27

5 4

T ype V I I O bv . H ead o fD eme te rr .w ea r ing k a la tho s , w i th in w rea th ;b o rde ro fd o t s . R ev . P ro tome o fb u l lr . ;t o1 . , monog ram B E ( 6 4 ) ;b o rde ro fd o t s . P od sh iwa lov , C o in s . . . , p . 19 , N 218 , p 1 . 1 1 ,26 ,27 ; P od sh iwa lov , B e schr e ibung d er u ned ir t en u nd w en ig b ekann t en Münzen , p . 10 , N 231 , p 1 . 1 ,18 ; K ähne , I ,p . 46 , N 22 ; B u rachkov , p . 227 , N 240 , p l .XX IV ,6 , A noh in 2 72 , F ro lova , NE , XV ,p l .V ,6 14 . D ie s A -a A -b A -c A -d B -e B -f C -h

1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 )

W t . 1 ,64 1 ,57 8 , 8 1 9 , 28 7 , 75 8 , 66 7 , 34 9 , 15

D ia . 2 3 n un 2 2 mm 2 2 mm 2 2 mm 2 0 mm 2 3 mm 2 0 mm 2 2 mm

Mus . GE G IM G IM G IM G IM GE GE GE

Mu s . N o . 2 7777 6 726 6 728 6 727 6 729 2 7778 2 7779 2 7780

P la te p 1 .30 (XV ,1 p 1 .30 CXV ,2 p 1 .30 CXV ,3 p l .X 300 1 ,4 p l .XXXV ,5 p l .XXXV ,6 p l .XXXV ,7 p 1 .30 CXV ,8

A noh in 2 72

D ie s n o t d e te rm ined : 1e xp . f r om G o rg ipp ia e xcava t ion -F ro lova , ' C o in s f r om t h e e xcava t ion o f G o rg ipp ia 1 973 1977 ' ,S ympo s ium , G org ipp ia . K ra snoda r , 1 980 ,p . 125 ,N 27 . T ype VI I I O bv . H e lme ted b u s to fA thena r . ;p a r to fs h ie ld s e en o nl ef ts hou lde r ;b o rde ro fd o t s . R ev . P ro tome o fh o r se r . ;t o1 . , monog ram B E ( 64 ) ;b o rde ro fd o t s . K ähne , v o l .1 1 , p . 52 , N 2 11 p l .V I I 1 ,2 -3 ; P od sh iwa lov , C o in s . . . , p . 18 , N 26 , p 1 .1 1 ,28 ; p l .XX IV ,12 ;A noh in 2 73 ;F ro lova , NE , XV ,p l .V ,15 -23 ,p l .V 1 ,1-7 . A -a B -b C -c D -d E -e H -h I i G -g C -a

1 ) 1 0 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 7 )

8 , 08 8 , 22 1 0 ,29 8 , 32 5 , 68 6 , 54 7 , 48 6 , 74 8 , 52 8 , 40 8 , 84 8 , 80 7 , 20 6 , 40 1 ,35

2 1 2 0 2 0 2 1 1 8 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 1

mm mm mm mm n un n un mm n un mm n un mm

2 1 mm 2 0 ,5 mm 2 0 , 8mm 2 0 mm

GE GE GE GE GE G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM OGAM OGAM OGAM OGAM G IM

2 4 /27781 2 5 /27782 2 6 /27783 2 7 /27784 2 8 /27785 6 730 6 731 6 732 6 737 6 733 6 734 2 5170 2 5296 2 5325 2 5329 1 29 / 12692

p l .XXXV ,9 p l .XXXV ,10 p l .XXXV ,11 p 1 .30 CXV ,12 p l .XXXV ,13 p 1 .30CXV ,14 p l .)00 (V ,15 pDO CXV ,16 p 1 .300 (V ,19 p l .XXXV ,17 p l . XXXV ,18 p l .XXXV ,20 p 1 .30 CXV ,21 p 1 .300 CV ,22 p l .XXXV ,23

B u ra ch l cov ,

A noh in 2 73

K oz iev sky C o l l . ; P ub l ished b yF ro lova , NE , XV , 1 989 ,p l .V 1 ,7

F -f

1 )

7 , 59

A

p l .LX I 1 ,9

D ie so ft h ef o l low ing c o in sh ave n o tb een d e te rm ined : 1 ) 2 ) 3 )

6 , 18 4 , 59 8 , 71

1 8 mm

F ro lova , ' C o in s f r om e x cava t ion o fP hanago r ia 1 962 1975 ' , p . 108 , N 2201 A FM , L eak 1 605 p l .LX 1 1 ,10 C o l l .

5 5

T ype 1 X O bv . H ead o fZ eu s Ammon r .w i th in b o rde ro fl i nes & d o t s . R ev . S e rpen tw ea r ing c r own o fI s is r i s ing u p ,r . ;t o1 . , monog ram S I ZE ( 64 ) ;b o rde ro fd o t s . K öhne , v o l .1 1 , p . 49 , N 26 ; P od sh iwa lov , C o in s . . . , p . 3 , N 23 ; B u ra chkov , p l .XX IV ,22 ; O res lm ikov , C a ta logue . . . , p . 57 , N 2423 ; B rab i t ch , ' Mo t if s o fE gyp t i nt h e C o inage o ft h e K ingdom o fB ospo ru s ' , NE , I , 1 960 , p 1 . I ,1 ; G o lenko , ' T he K e r ch H oa rd o f B ospo ran C o in s o f t h e 1 s t C en tu ry BC , NE , I X , p 1 . 1 ,2 -4 ; A noh in 2 74 ; F ro lova , NE , XV ,p l .V 1 ,7a 17 . D ies A -a

A -b A -c

B -d

C -e

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 1 )

W t . 6 , 59 5 , 10 5 , 00 6 , 15 5 , 44 4 ,86 6 , 11 5 , 50 5 , 28 5 , 78 5 , 50 5 , 7 1 6 , 36 5 , 80

D ia . 2 0 n un 2 0 n un 1 9 mm

1 9 , 1 mm

5 , 43

1 8 mm

4 , 98 4 ,78

1 8 mm

2 0 1 9 1 9 2 0 1 9

n un mm n un n un mm

Mu s . GE G IM GE

Mu s . N o . P la te 2 9 /27786 p l .XXXV ,24 6 735 p l .XXXV ,25 3 1 /27788 p l .XXXV ,26 NE ,I X ,p . 49 ,N 21 ,p l . I , I . K e r ch NE ,D C ,p . 49 ,N 22 . K e r ch BMC , 1 889 ,p .44 ,N 29 ,p l . lX ,4 G IM 6 736 p l .XXXV I , 1 G IM 6 738 p 1 .3000 / 1 ,2 GE 3 0 /27787 p l .XXXV I ,3 GE 3 2 /27789 p 1 .300 CV I ,4 G IM 6 737 p l .XXXV I ,5 NE ,D C ,p . 49 ,N 23 ,p 1 . 1 ,3 ( Ke r ch ) NE ,L X ,p . 49 ,N 24 ,p 1 . 1 ,4 ( Ke r ch ) OGAM 2 7268 p l .XXXV 1 ,6 OGAM 2 7446 p l .XXXV 1 ,7 G IM 1 25 / 12688 G IM 1 2689 F , g ene ra l c o l lec t ion

N o te s A noh in 2 74

K oz ievsky C o l l . ; NE , XV ,p . 14 ,p l .V 1 , 17 K oz iev sky C o l l .

p l .LX 1 1 , 11

T ype X O bv . H ead o fA r tem is ,r . ;b o rde ro fd o t s . R ev . D og s ea ted ,r . ,h ead t u rned t or e a r ;t o1 . ,m onog ram

B E( 64 ) ;b o rde ro fd o t s .

K öhne , v o l .I I ,p . 47 ,N 23 ;B u rach l cov ,p . 127 ,N 237 , p l .XX IV ,18 ; G o lenko , NE ,D C , p 1 .1 ,5 ,N 2 12 ; G o lenko , S he lov ,N S , I ,p 44 , p l .1 1 ,352 ;A noh in 2 75 ;F ro lova , NE , XV ,p l .V 1 ,18 -24 . D ie s A -a

A -b

A -c

1 28

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 )

Wt . 2 , 95 3 , 65 3 , 17 3 , 46 3 , 55

D ia . 1 6 mm 1 6t nm 1 6 mm 1 5n im

Mu s . G IM GE GE GE

1 5 mm 1 6 mm 1 6 mm

G IM A G IM GE

Mu sN o . P la te 6 740 p 1 .300 CV 1 ,8 3 8 /27790 p l .X ) CXV I ,9 3 5 /27792 p 1 .30 CXV 1 ,10 3 6 /27793 p l .XXXV 1 ,11 N S ,I ,p . 44 ,N 2352 ,p 1 . 1 1 ,352

6 ) 7 ) 8 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 )

3 , 39 3 , 69 3 , 63 3 , 49 3 , 84 4 , 99 4 , 10

5 ) 6 )

3 , 76 3 , 56

7 ) 8 ) 9 ) 1 0 ) 1 ) 1 )

2 , 85 3 , 95 3 , 55 2 ,75 2 , 55 3 , 80

2 ) 3 ) 4 )

4 , 67 4 , 52 4 , 11

NE ,I X ,p . 49 ,N 95 NE ,I X ,p . 49 ,N 26 NE ,D C ,p . 49 ,N 27

5 )

4 , 11

NE ,D C ,p . 49 ,N 28

N S ,I ,p . 44 ,N 2353 1 32 p l .XXXV I , 14a 6 739 p l .XXXV I ,12 3 4 /27791 p l . XXXV 1 ,13 NE ,I X ,p . 49 ,N 292 ,p 1 . 1 ,5 NE ,D C ,p . 49 NE ,I X ,p . 49 NE ,I X ,p . 49

1 5 mm 1 4 ,7 mm 1 4 ,8 mm 1 4 ,7 mm 1 6n un

OGAM OGAM OGAM OGAM GE

NE ,1 11 2 8 , p . 119 ,N 2 1147 2 7990 2 8229 2 5167 2 5300 3 7 /27794 p l XXXV I , 14

S he lov D .B . ,' Co in sf r om t h eE x cava t ion o fP hanago r ia ' , NE , I I , 1 962 .

N o tes A noh in 2 75

K oz ievsky C o l l .

5 6

A -d

1 )

3 , 69

1 4 mm

G IM

1 2695

K oz iev sky C o l l .

S er ie s 3-c o ins w i th m onogram F I XE ( 6 4 ) a nd s i gn o fv a lue T ype X I : I= 1 0 O bv . H ead o fH e rac les r . R ev . L ion 's s k in o n c l ub ; t or . ,b ow i nc a se ; t o1 . , monog r am B E ; b e low 1 . , I( 10 ) ; b o rde r o fl i ne s & w rea th . B e r t ie rd e l aG a rde , ZOOID , XXD C ,O de s sa , 1 9 10 ,p 1 . 1 ,12 D ie s A -a

1 )

W t . 2 7 ,07

D ia . 3 2 mm

Mu s . GE

Mu s . N o 3/27795

P la te p l .X >C M C , pH : 1 1 ,44 ; N av i l le , V ,N 22340 O res lm ikov , C a ta logue ,p 1 .1 1 : 1 , 5 36 ;Z og raph ,p l .XL IV ,16 ; G a jdukev ich ,p l . IV ,61 A noh in 2 84 B er t ie rd e l aG a rde ,N Sph ,I 1 , 1 9 13 , p . 106 ,N 265

-3 06 B .e . -AD 9 / 10 1 ) 2 )

7 , 92

p l .XL ,23 p l .XL ,22

ZOO ID , XXD C , p l .M ,45 S o theby ,A uc t ion C a ta logue , C o l lec t ion o fR u s s ian N ob le , p i :V [ 1 ,258 ; c f . A noh in 2 85

3 ) 4 )

7 , 88 7 , 82

B e r t ie rd el aG a rde ,N Sph ,1 , 1 9 13 ,p . 106 ,N 266

6 4

S ta ter s w i th m onogram

i g e o r

( 6 8 )

3 07 -3 10 B .e . =1 0 / 11 -A l ) 1 3 / 14 Z T -3 07 B .e . -AD 1 0 / 11 1 ) 2 ) 3 )

7 , 19 7 , 92 7 , 80

München , S t a te Mu s . BM

p l .XL ,24 p l .XL I ,1 p l .XL I ,2

ZOOID , XX IX , p 1 .1 1 I ,46 BMC , 1 889 ,p l .X ,13 ;A noh in 2 88 ; RPC I ,1 879

I T -3 10 B .e . -AD 1 3 1 )

8 , 02

p l . XL I ,3

G ie l , ' An ew A cqu is i t ion . . . ' , p l .V 1 ,64 ; ZOOID , XXIX , p 11 1 1 ,47 ;A noh in 2 89

§ 11 S ta ter s o fA spurgu s w i th m onogram B P ( 6 9 ) 3 11 -3 34 B .e . = AD 1 4 / 15 -3 7 /38 m A IT -3 11 B e = AD 1 4 /15

1 )

W t 6 , 7 1

Mu s

Mu s . N o .

P la te p l .XL I ,4

N o tes G ie l , ' AN ew A cqu is i t ion . . . ' , p l .V I ,64 ; ZOOID , XX IX , p la 1 ,48 ; c f . A noh in 2 97

1 77

p l .XL I ,5

ZOOID , XXIX ,p 11 1 1 ,49

2 2

p l .XL I ,6

Anoh in 2 98

p l .LX 1 1 ,5

E n la rged ; c f . A noh in 2 99

p l .XL I ,7

ZOOID , XX IX , p l .1 1 1 ,50 ; Anoh in 3 00

p l . XL I ,8

B u rachkov ,p l .XXV I ,73 ; ZOOID , XX IX ,p l .I I 1 ,51 ; M inn s ,S cy th ians a nd G r e ek s , p l .V 1 1 ,4 ; S ch less inge r , 1 , p l .V E L199 ;A noh in 3 0 1

p l .XL I ,9 p l . XL I ,10

ZOOID , XX IX ,p 1 . 11 1 ,52 A noh in 3 02

F IT -3 13 B .e . = AD 1 6 /17 1 )

7 , 96

2 )

7 , 92

München , S ta te Mu s . C op

A IT -3 14 B .e . = AD 1 7 /18 1 )

7 , 85

Moscow , P r iva te c o l lec t ion E IT -3 15 B .e . = AD 1 8 /19

1 )

7 , 98

g IT -3 16 B .e . = AD 1 9 /20 1 )

7 , 96

Z IT -3 17 B .e . = AD 2 0 /21 1 ) 2 )

1 3 1

8 , 00 7 , 99

GE Gi l v I

6 51 3 99

S ee f u r ther RPC I1 881-1901 . T he i s sue w i th t he d a te B IT - 3 12 B .e . = AD 1 5 /16 d oe sn o to ccur i nt he c ur ren tc a ta logue . S . 1 .

6 5

H IT -3 18 B .e . = AD 2 1 /22 1 )

7 , 95

2 )

8 , 00

GE

6 52

p l .XL I , 11

A noh in 3 03

p l .XL I ,12

B u ra chkov ,p l .XXV I ,74 ; S ch les s inge r , 1 , p l .V I I ,200

p l .XL I ,13 p l .XL I ,14

ZOOID ,) 0 CD C ,p 1 . 1 1 1 ,54 G a jdukev ich ,p 1 . 1V ,62 ; A noh in 3 04

p l .XL I ,15

W . Wro th , BMC , 1 889 , p l .X I ,1 ; A noh in 3 05

p l .XL I , 16

S o theby , 1 924 ,P rope r ty o f R u s s ian N ob le s ,p l .V 1 1 ,261 Z OO ID , XXIX , 01 1 1 ,56 ; N av i l le , V .N 22341 ;c f . A noh in 3 06

KT -3 20 B .e . = AD 2 3 /24 1 ) 2 )

7 , 90 7 , 91

( u IM

4 00

AKT -3 21 B .e . = AD 2 4 /25 1 )

7 , 98

BM

rKT -3 23 B .e . = AD 2 6 /27 1 )

7 , 92

2 )

7 , 94

L oca t ion u nknown

p l .XL I , 17

AKT -3 24 B .e . = AD 2 7 /28 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 )

7 , 36 7 , 92 7 , 97 7 , 98

GE G IM

6 53 4 0 1

p l .XL I , 18 p l .XL I , 19

Z OOID , XX IX ,p 1 .1 1 1 ,57 A noh in 3 07 B e r t ie rd e l aG a rde ,N S ,I , 1 9 13 , p . 61 ,N 284

p l .XL I ,20

BMC , 1 889 ,p l .X I ,2 ; ZOOID , XX IX , A noh in 3 08 , RPC I ,1 892

E KT -3 25 B .e . = Al 2 8 /29 1 )

7 , 94

1 3M

2 ) 3 )

7 , 95 7 , 97

G 1M

4 02

p l .XL I ,2 1 B e r t ie rd el aG a rde ,N S , 1 9 13 ,p . 107 ,N 285

( KT -3 26 B .e . = AD 2 9 /30 1 )

7 , 90

2 )

6 , 80

p l .XL I ,22

Z OO ID , XX IX , p 11 1 1 ,59 ; N av i l le , V ,N 2234 ;N av i l le XV I ,N 221329 ; c f . A noh in 3 09 B e r t ie rd el aG a rde ,N S ,I , 1 9 13 ,p . 107 ,N 286

p l .XL I ,23

ZOOID , XX IX ,p 1 .I I I ,60 Z og raph ,p l .XLV ,15 ,c f . A noh in 3 10 S o theby , 1 924 ,P rope r ty o f R u s s ian N ob le s ,p l .V1 ,260

P

Z KT -3 27 B .e . = AD 3 0 /31 1 ) 2 )

7 , 89 7 , 90

3 )

GE

6 54

L oca t ion u nknown

p l .XL I ,24

F IKT -3 28 B .e . = AD 3 1 /32 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 )

7 , 91 7 , 92 7 , 90 7 , 90

P

p I .XL1 , 1

A noh in 3 11 B e r t ie rd e l aG a rde ,N S ,I , 1 9 13 ,p . 61 ,N 288 H e lb ing , Mün chen , 1 928 , N 2324

6 6

OKT -3 29 B .e . = Al 3 2 /33 1 )

7 , 89

G E

6 55

p l .XL1 ,2

2 ) 3 )

7 , 915 7 , 88

GM 1 1 BM

5 185

p l .XL I 1 ,3 p l .XL 1 1 ,4

Z OO ID ,3 00 ( ,p 11 1 ,62 ; A noh in 3 12 N S ,I ,p . 51 ,N 25 17a ,p l .I I , 5 17a BMC ,p . 50 ,N 23

A T -3 30 B . e . = AD 3 3 /34 1 )

7 , 90

p l .XL1 ,5

Z OO ID , XX IX ,p 1 . 1 1 1 ,63 ; A noh in 3 13

AAT -3 3 1 B . e . = AD 3 4 /35 1 ) 2 ) 2 ' ) 3 )

7 , 96 7 , 85

G IM GE

4 03 6 56

7 , 76

BM

p l .X .L1 ,6 p l .XL 1 1 ,7 p l .XL 1 1 ,8 p l .XL I 1 ,9

4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 7 )

7 , 96 7 , 94 7 , 98 7 , 9 1

B e r l in Mu s . B e r l in Mu s .

p l .XL I I , 10 p l .XL1 , 11

S o theby , 1 924 ,p l .V 1 1 ,259 BMC , 1 889 ,p l .X I ,3 ;R PC I , 1 898 ;c f .A noh in 3 14

B e r t ie rd el aG a rde ,N S ,I , 1 913 ,p . 108 B AT -3 32 B .e . = AD 3 5 /36

1 )

7 , 92

2 ) 3 ) 4 )

7 , 95 8 , 00 7 , 86

G IM

p l .XL I 1 , 12

B u ra chkov ,p l .XXV I ,80 ; A noh in 3 15 Z OOID , XX IX ,p l . IV ,65 B e r t ie rd el aG a rde ,N S ,I , 1 913 ,p . 108 ,N 292

p l .XL1 , 13

A T 1 ) 2 )

4 04

7 , 84 7 , 83

-3 33 B . e . = AD 3 6 /37

G IM

4 05

p l .XL 1 1 , 14 p l .XL I 1 , 15

A noh in 3 16 Z OO ID , XX IX ,p l . IV ,66

A AT -3 34 B . e . = AD 3 7 /38 1 ) 2 )

7 , 87 7 , 90

G E

6 57

p l .XL I 1 , 16 p l .XL I I , 17

A noh in 3 17 Z OO ID , XX IX ,p l . IV ,67 ,b u ti ti s p o s s ib le t h a tp l .XL I 1 , 16 a nd 1 7a re o ne a nd t h es ame e x amp le

B ron ze c o in s o fA spurgu s T ype I V ar ia t ion I O bv . KA IZAPODT IBEP IOY . H ead o fT ibe r iu sr ;b o rde ro fd o t s . R ev . H ead o fA spu rgu sr . ;t o1 . ,m onog ram el : .( 6 9 )t or . ,I B( 1 2 ) ;b o rde ro fd o t s . Z og raph ,p l .XLV ,16 ;A noh in 3 19 ;S t an comb 9 66 -7 . D ie s A -a A -b A c B -d C e D -f F g

1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 )

W t . 7 , 08 4 , 97 5 , 60 8 , 97 5 , 58 6 , 25 6 , 98 8 , 54

D ia . 2 3 mm 2 3 mm 2 3 mm 2 3 mm 2 1 mm 2 0 mm 2 1 mm 2 1 mm

Mu s . G EM G IM GE UM G IM GE GE GE

Mu s . N o . 6 787 6 789 2 7844 6 788c 6 970 2 784 1 2 7842 2 7843

P l a te p l .XL I 1 1 , 1 p l .XL I1 ,2 p l .XL I I I ,3 p l .XL I 1 1 ,4 p l .XL1 1 ,5 p l .XL II I ,6 p l .XLE 1 ,7

N o t e s A noh in 3 19

6 7

H -a I a

1 ) 1 )

9 , 55 8 , 12

2 5 mm 2 4 mm

GE GE

2 7845 2 7846

2 ) 3 )

3 , 74 1 2 ,28

2 1 mm 2 4 mm

G IM G IM

1 2731 1 2733

p l .XLL EL8 p l .XL I I 1 ,9 K oz ievsky C o l l . K oz ievsky C o l l

V ar ia t ion I O bv . KA IZAPOI T IBEP IOY . L au rea te h ead o fT ibe r iu s ,r . ;b o rde ro fd o t s . R ev . H ead o fA spu rgu sr . ;t o1 . ,m onog r am ( 69 ) ;t or . ,I B( 1 2 ) ;b o rde ro fd o t s . R PC I ,1 903 .1 3 2

B e

D ie s A -a

B -b C -c D -d E c

H -h

G -g Ci

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 )

W t .

D ia .

Mu s .

Mu s . N o .

P la te

1 0 ,96 7 , 18 9 , 95 7 , 49 7 , 99 6 , 23 7 , 25 6 , 82 8 , 11 8 , 00 8 , 04 7 , 34 7 , 85 7 , 58 7 , 37 9 , 7 1

2 4 mm 2 3 mm

GE G IM

1 0 /27833 6 794

p l .XL I 1 1 ,10 p l .XLI1 ,11 p l .XLI E ,18

2 1 mm 2 3 r t im 2 4 mm 2 3 mm 2 3 mm 2 4 mm 2 1 mm 2 2 mm 2 2 n un 2 1 mm 2 2 mm 2 2 mm 2 2 ,5 mm

G IM

8 , 24 8 , 87 6 , 88

2 0n un 2 3 mm 2 2 mm

G IM GE G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM OGAM G EM GE G IM

1 2732 6 791 6 792 6 793 6 795 1 /27834 6 796 6 797 6 798 6 799 6 800 6 80 1 6 802 2 3766 6 804 2 7835 6 806

G IM G IM G IM

6 803 6 805 1 2730

G IM G EM

am

N o te s

BMC , 1 889 ,p l .X 1 ,5 K oz iev sky C o l l .

p l .XL II I ,12 p l .XLL 1 1 ,13 p l .XL1 1 1 , 14 p l .XL M ,15

p l .XL I I I ,16

p l . XL1 1 1 ,17 p l .XL M ,18 p l . XL I 1 1 ,19 p l .XLI I 1 ,20

C o in s i np oo rc ond i t ion : 1 ) 2 ) 3 )

8 , 82 5 , 79 6 , 08

2 2 mm 2 1 mm 2 1 mm

p l .XL M ,21 p l .XLI I ,20

V ar ia t ion I I O bv . A sp rev iou s . R ev . A sp rev iou s ,b u t monog ram w r i t ten a s D ies A -a

A -b

A c A -d

A -e A -f B -h B -g

1 32

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 )

W t . 6 , 27 6 , 41 7 , 55 6 , 90 7 , 58 8 , 56 6 , 32 7 , 94 5 , 09 5 , 67 7 , 72 6 , 44 6 , 41 6 , 50 8 , 47 1 0 ,54

D ia . 2 0 mm 2 1 mm 2 1 mm 2 1 mm 2 1 mm 2 3 m rn 2 1 ,5 mm 2 3 mm 2 2n un 2 2t r im 2 3 mm 2 1 mm 2 0 mm 2 1 mm 2 4 mm 2 3 n un

RPC 11 903 r e co rd s 1 4o t he rs p ec imen s . S . I .

Mu s . G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM GE GE GE

B e( 70 )a nd s i gn o fv a lue r .B I ; b o rde ro fd o t s . Mu s . N o . 6 807 6 808 6 617 6 809 6 8 10 6 813 6 6 18 6 811 1 2734 6 8 12 6 8 17 6 8 18 6 814 2 7837 2 7838 2 7839

P la te p l .XL IV , 1 p l .XL IV ,2

N o te s

p l .XLI I ,2 1 p l .XL IV ,3 p l .XL IV ,4 K oz ievsky C o l l .

p l .XL IV ,5 p l .XL IV ,6 p l .XL IV ,7 p l .XL IV ,8

V a lue ma rk 1 3

6 8

V ar ia t ion I V O bv . A sp rev iou s . R ev . A sp rev iou s ,b u th ead o fA spu rgu s1 . ;t or . , monog ram A -a A -b A -c A -d B -d

1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 )

8 , 66 5 , 69 6 , 68 8 , 12 7 , 92

2 1 2 0 2 1 2 1 2 2

mm mm mm mm mm

G IM G IM GE GE GE

6 815 6 816 2 7847 2 7848 2 7849

( 7 0a ) ; t o1 . ,

b o rde ro fd o t s

p l .XL IV ,9 p l .XL IV ,10 p l . XL IV ,11 p l .XLIV ,12 p l .XL IV ,13 1 3

C o in si np oo rc ond i t ion : 1 ) 2 )

6 , 7 1 8 , 84

G IM G IM

6 819 6 820

3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 7 ) 8 ) 9 )

6 , 65 5 , 42 6 , 23 5 , 45 7 , 46 6 , 87 5 , 73

G IM G IM G IM G IM UM G IM G 1M

6 821 6 822 6 823 6 824 6 825 6 839 6 840 T ype I

O bv . rA IOY KA IEAPOC r EPMAN IKOY . H ead o fC a l igu la r . ;b o rde ro fd o t s . R ev . H ead o fA spu rgu sr . ,t o1 . , monog ram l i aP (6 9 ) ,t or .I B( 1 2 ) . B o rde ro fd o t s . Z og raph ,p l .XLV , 17 ;A noh in 3 20 ; RPC I ,1 904 . ' D ie s A -a

1 ) 2 ) 3 )

W t . 8 , 11 8 , 8 1 7 , 09

D ia . 2 1 mm 2 2 n im 2 0n un

Mu s . G IM G IM GM

Mu s . N o . 6 826 6 827 6 855

P la te p l .XL IV ,14

4 ) 1 )

7 , 48 7 , 52

2 7 mm 2 3 mm

G IM G IM

6 829 6 828

p l .XLIV ,15 p l .XL IV ,16

2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 1 ) 2 )

9 , 95 7 , 27 5 , 56 6 , 62 7 , 86 7 , 70 8 , 12 7 , 09 4 ,80 7 , 15

2 6 2 7 2 3 2 3 2 1 2 1 2 3 2 0 2 1 2 0

G IM GE G IM G IM G IM G IM GE G IM G IM G IM

6 867 4 6 /27866 6 861 6 870 6 837 6 831 4 2 /27862 6 865 6 832 6 836

p l .XL IV ,17 p l . XL IV ,18

3 ) 4 ) 1 ) 2 )

6 , 70 8 , 19 8 , 28 6 , 11

6 835 6 838 6 842

8 , 28 7 , 23 5 , 06 6 , 93 7 , 43 7 , 27 8 , 48

2 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 0 2 0 2 5

2 786 1 6 843 6 844 6 845 6 846 6 847 2 7863

p l .XLV ,3 p l .XLV ,4 p l .XLV ,5

G -g E -g

1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 1 )

G IM G IM G IM F6 2 G en . C o l l . GE G EM C AM G IM G IM G IM GE

Fi I k

1 ) 1 )

7 , 54 9 , 79

2 1 mm 2 2 mm

G IM G IM

6 834 6 830

p l .XLV ,7 p l . XLV ,8

B -b

C c

D -d

A j

D -h E -e H -e

1 33

1 3 4 I"

i nm m in mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm

2 1 mm 2 0 ,5 n un 2 2 ,5 mm 2 2n un n un mm mm mm mm mm mm

T h em onog ram o nt h i sc o in i sc l ea r ly t h e mo r en o rma lI tt l . S . 1 . RPC I1 904 r e co rd s 1 4o t he rs p ec im en s . S i . A noh in ' sr e f e r ence w ou ld e qua t eh i sc o in 3 20 w i th G IM 6 828 . S . I .

p 1 .3, 1 1V ,19 p l .XL IV ,20

p l .XLV , 1

p l .XLV ,2

p l .XLV ,6

N o tes

A noh in 3 20 ' 3 5

6 9

K 1 L -m M -n N -o P -p

0 r

R r S s T t U -u X -z X -w A B -w Z t Z -ph W -ph A Ca b

1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 )

6 , 79 1 0 ,50 1 0 ,85 8 , 50 7 , 81

2 4n un 2 4 mm 2 1 mm 2 2 mm 1 9 ,5 n un

2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) I) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) I ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) I ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 )

9 , 70 5 , 96 4 , 49 1 0 ,65 6 , 60 1 0 ,99 8 , 39 8 , 03 8 , 13 7 , 60 8 , 96 8 , 01 6 , 35 8 , 01 6 , 16 8 , 63 9 , 00 8 , 03 7 , 62 8 , 60 7 , 67 7 , 60 8 , 07 7 , 55

2 3 mm 2 3 n un 2 2n un 2 4 mm 2 1 mm 2 2 ,5 mm 2 1 ,5 mm 2 4n un 2 1 mm 2 1 mm 2 3 mm 2 2 mm 2 2 mm 2 2 mm 2 3 mm 2 2 mm

3 )

9 , 07

2 5 n un

2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 3 2 5 2 3

m in n un n un n un mm n un n un

G IM GE GE G IM G IM G IM

6 834 2 7864 2 7865 6 854 6 856 6 855

p l .XLV ,9 p l .XLV ,10 p l .XLV ,11 p l .XLV ,12

GE G IM G IM GE G IM G IM G IM GE G IM G IM GE G IM GE G IM GE G IM OGA M GE A GE GE GE GE FG en . C o l l . G IM

2 7952 6 856 6 858 2 7954 6 859 6 868a 6 864 3 3 /27858 6 860 6 862 3 1 /27851 6 857 2 7855 6 876 2 7857 6 877 2 20 16 2 7850

p l .XLV , 14 p l .XLV , 15

2 7858 2 7859 2 7860 2 7868

p l .XLV I ,4 p l .XLV I ,5 p l .XLV I ,6 p l .XLV I ,7

G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G EM

6 868 6 869 6 87 1 6 872 6 873 6 874

p l . XLV ,13

p l .XLV ,16

p l .XLV ,17 p l . XLV ,18 p l .XLV ,19 p l .XLV ,20 p l .XLV ,21 p l .XLV I , 1 p l .XLV I ,2 p l .XLV I ,3

1 2735

K oz ievsky C o l l .

C o in si np oo rc ond i t ion : 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 )

5 , 51 4 , 99 7 , 79 7 , 68 9 , 97 8 , 03

2 0 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 4 2 2

mm n un n un mm n un n un

T ype i f i O bv . H e lme ted h ead o fA re s ,r . ;t o1 . , R ev . T rophy o fw eapon s ;t o1 . ,m onog ram Anoh in 3 18 ; RPC I ,1 902 . A -a

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 )

6 , 36 5 , 46 5 , 11 4 , 46 5 , 17 5 , 09

1 6 1 6 1 8 1 5 1 5 2 0

mm mm n un mm mm n un

G IM G IM G I NA G IM GE GE

7 ) 8 ) 9 ) 1 0 )

6 , 03 5 , 86 5 , 76 5 , 06

1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8

mm mm mm n un

GE

G IM

( 7 1) .

r a p( 69 ) ;t or . , g( 6 ) ;b o rde ro fd o t s . 6 878 6 879 6 880 6 881 2 7830 2 7831

p l .XLV I ,8 p 1 .3CLV I ,9 p l .XLV I ,10 p l .XLV I ,11 p l .XLV I ,12 p l .XLV I ,13

2 7838 p l .XLV I ,14 N S ,I ,p . 52 ,N 2520 , pH : 1 ,520 G o re l i j p r iva te c o l le c t ion 1 2728

A noh in 3 18 ; RPC I , 1 902

7 0

§ I2 G o ld s t a ter s o fG epa ipyr i s AAT -3 34 B .e . = AD 3 7 /38 O bv . H ead o f Empe ro rr . ;l i ne b o rde r . R ev . R oman h ead r . ;t o1 .monog ram A noh in 3 24

1 )

Wt . 7 , 80

2 )

7 , 88

3 )

7 , 87

D ia .

_ ( 72 ) ;b e low , SAT ; l i ne b o rde r .

6 7 0 p

Mu s . Mün chen

Mu sN o .

BM 2 0 mm

P la te p l .XLV I ,15 p l .XLV I ,16

GE

6 58

E AT -3 35 B .e .

p l .XLV 1 ,17

N o t e s B er t ie rd el aG a rde , ZOOID ,} C M ,p 1 . 1V ,68 BMC . 1 889 ,p . 50 ,N 25 , p l .X 1 ,4 ;R PC I ,1 905 A noh in 3 24

AD 3 8 /39

O bv . A sp rev iou s . R ev . A sp rev ious ;t oI .BP ( 72 ) ; b e low , E AT . A noh in 3 25 1 )

7 , 56

2 0 m in

OGAM

5 2304

p l .XLV I , 18

2 )

7 , 88

2 0n un

GE

6 59

p l .XLV I ,19

M inn s ,p l .V 1 1 ,6 ; B er t ie rd el aG a rde , ZOOID , XXD C , p lIV ,69 ;c f . RPC I , 1 906 A noh in 3 25

B ron ze c o ins o fG epa ipyr i s AD 3 7 -3 8 T ype I O bv . BAC IA ICCHC FH IlA IT IYPE S /C . D iademed b u s to fQ ueen G epa ipy r is r . ;b o rde ro fd o t s . R ev . H ead o fA ph rod i te U ran ia w ea r ing k a la tho sa nd v e i l ,r . ;t or .o r1 .I B( 1 2 ) ;b o rde ro fd o t s . K öhne ,I ,p . 216 ,N 28 ; B u ra chkoy , XXV 1 ,94 ;Z og raph , p l .XLV I ,7 ;A noh in 3 26 ; RPC 1 ,1 907 .1 3 6 D ie s A -a

A-b B -c C -d

B -b D -a D -e D -c E -f

1 36

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 )

Wt . 6 , 65 8 , 05 6 , 68 7 ,74 7 , 31 8 , 48 1 0 ,71 8 , 69 6 , 84 7 , 80 1 ,73 8 , 37 4 ,97 1 0 ,15 7 , 57 7 , 96 6 , 63 6 , 32

D ia . 2 4 m in 2 4m in 2 1 m in 2 3 mm 2 3 n un 2 3 i nm 2 4 mm 2 4n un 2 3 mm 2 4m in 2 3 n un 2 4n un 2 3 n un 2 5 mm 2 5 m in 2 5 mm 2 1 mm 2 1 mm

8 , 27 8 , 25 8 , 13 5 , 7 1

2 4 2 2 2 3 2 4

n un mm mm mm

Mu s . G IM G IM G IM GE G IM A G IM A G IM G IM GEV ' G IM G IM GE G IM GE G IM G IM OGAM GE G IM G IN ' ! G IM

RPC 1 1907 r e co rd s 1 4s pec imen sn o tr e co rded h e r e . S . I .

Mu s . N o . 6 992 6 993 6 994 2 7912 6 995

P la te p l .XLV E L 1

N o te s

p l .XLV 1 1 ,2

I Br .

6 996

p l .XLV 1 1 ,3

I Br .

6 997 6 704 6 898 6 999 6 7 19 2 7916 6 723 2 7918 6 700 6 701 2 3629 2 7914 6 7 16 6 702 6 7 15

p l . XLV I I ,4 p l .XLV 1 1 ,5

p l .XLV 1 1 ,6 p l . XLV I I ,7 p l .XLV I 1 ,8 p l .XLV 1 1 ,9 p l .XLV 1 1 , 10 p l .XLV 1 1 ,11 p l .XLV 1 1 ,13 p l .XLV 1 1 ,12

L BI .

I B 1 _ I B I I B 1

I B1 I B I .

O bv . o n ly I B1 .

7 1

E -h H -g G I

G -k

K 1

1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 )

7 , 01 8 , 00 1 0 ,84 7 , 73 7 , 82 7 , 70

2 3 2 4 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 3

mm mm mm mm n un mm

5 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 1 ) 2 )

8 , 01 9 , 95 8 , 40 8 , 87 6 , 86 7 , 80 1 0 ,55

2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 4 2 3

mm mm mm mm mm mm mm

1)

G IM GE G IM G IM GE FM M inn s ,64 , G en C o l l . G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM

6 703 2 7915 6 706 6 7 10 2 7917

1 2726 6 707 6 708 6 709 6 7 11 6 704 6 705

p l .XLV I I ,I4 p l . XLV I I ,15 p l .XLV I I ,16 p l .X I ,V1 ,17

p l .XLV I 1 ,18 p l . XLV I I 2 ,1 p l .XLVI 1 1 ,2 p l .XLV I I I ,3

I B1 . 1 BI . 1 B1 . ;A noh in 3 26 P oo rc ond i t ion I BI .

K oz ievsky C o l l . 1 B1 . P oo rc ond i t ion 1 BI .

T ype H , b rockage 1 3 7 O bv . BAC IA ICCHC F HT IAHTYPEQC . B u s to fG epa ipy r is r ;b o rde ro fd o ts R ev . T he s ame i mage o fG epa ipy r is i ni n tag l io . D ie s A -a

1 )

Wt . 9 , 62

D ia . 2 5 n un

Mu s . GE

Mu s . N o . 2 7919

G IM

6 7 17 6 7 18 6 7 19 6 720 6 721 6 722a 6 722b

P la te p l .XLV I I I ,4

C o in s i np oo rc ond i t ion : 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 7 )

6 , 91 1 0 ,00 4 ,97 8 , 36 5 , 00 5 , 55 7 , 98

2 3 n un 2 3 ,5 mm 2 2 mm 2 3 mm 2 1 ,5 mm 2 2 ,5 mm 2 4 mm

G IM

G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM T ype D J

O bv . BAC IA ICCHC 1 1 11 1A 1 1TYPE C IC . B u s to fG epa ipy r is r . ;b o rde ro fd o t s . R ev . BAC IAE S IC M ITHPAAATOY . D iademed h ead o fM i th rada te sr . ;b o rde ro fd o t s RPC I .1 911 ; S tancomb 9 68 .1 3 8 D ie s A -a

Wt . 1 ) 2 ) 3 )

B -b

1 ) 2 )

8 , 60 1 ,26 6 , 57 8 , 67

D ia . 2 6 2 5 2 3 2 5

mm mm mm mm

M i s s . GE GE G IM GE GE

Mu s . N o . 2 7902 2 7903 6 724 2 7905 2 7904

P la te p l .XLV I I I ,5 p l .XLV I 1 1 ,6 p l .XLV I EL7 p l .XLV 1 1 1 ,8

O ne m igh tq ue s t ion w he the rs uch m is tak e si nm in t ing a r et ob ec l a s s ed a s as e pa ra t et y pe . S A . T he r ei s ap o t en t ia lp rob lem i na s s ign ing t h e se c o in s . F ro lova g i v e st h em t oG epa ipy r i s , wh i le a s s ign ing s im i la ri s sue sb e low t o M i th rada t e s( B ronze c o in so fM i th rada te s ,T ype I ) . T he t wo i s sue sd if e ri nt h a tt h ec o in si lu s t ra ted o np l . XLV I I I , 5 -8 h ave n om a rk o fv a lue ,w h i le t h o se a tp l .XLV I I I , 9 18 d o( 1 B ) ,a nd t h ei n sc r ip t ion o nt h eM i th rada t ic s i d ei sd if e r en t ly p o s i t ioned o nt h et wo i s sue s . T he c o in si lu s t ra t ed b y RPC Io s t en s ib ly b e long st ot h es e r ie sl i s t ed h e r e ,w h i le S t ancomb ' sa ppea r st oc omb in et h et wo i nh av ing a m a rk o fv a lue ( IB )b u tt h eM i th rada t ic i n s c r ip t ion p o s i t ioned a sh e r e . H ow eve r ,w he the rt h i si se noug ht oa s s ign t h ec o in st od i f f e r en t i s sue r si so pen t oa rgumen t . S . I . 1 37

1 38

7 2

§ 13 C o in s o fM i thrada te s ( AD 3 9 -4 5 ) G o ld s t a ter s3 36 B .e . =A l )3 9 /40 O bv . L au rea te h ead o fC a l igu la r . ;b o rde ro fd o t s . R ev . BAC IAEQC M ITHP IAATOY ; N ike a dvan c ing 1 . ,h o ld ing p a lm b ranch i n1 .h and , w rea th i nr . ;i n f i e ld ,g -A T( 336 B .e .) ; b o rde ro fd o t s . A noh in 3 27 . D ies A -a

Wt .

Mu s .

P la te

N o tes

1 )

7 , 85

p l .XLV I ,21

2 )

6 , 45

L oca t ion u nknown BM , a cqu i red

G ie l ,Z RAO , V I I , p . 225 ,N 262 ,p 1 .30 C ,62 ;M inn s , p l. V1 ,10 T h is s pe c imen may h ave b een p ub l ished b yB e r t ie r

p l .XLV 1 ,20

1 931 3 )

7 , 86

G IM 4 06

p l .XLV I ,22

d el aG a rde , ZOOID , XX IX , p . 229 ,N 270 ,p 1 . 1V ,70 ; RPC I ,1 908 P resen ted b yT h .P . P rowe t ot h e Moscow S t a te H is to ry Museum 2 8A ugu s t 1 9 17 ; Anoh in 3 27

S ta ter s3 37 B .e . = AD 4 0 /41 O bv . A sp rev iou s . R ev . A sp rev iou s , Z -A T . A noh in 3 28 .

1 ) 2 )

Wt . 7 , 85 7 , 87

Mu s . Y a l ta Y a l ta

Mu s . N o . 2 7818 2 7819

N o te s A noh in 3 28 F ro lova ,T he g o ld c o in 38 B .e . =AD 4 1 o f M i th rada te sI If r om GMT , V D/3986 ,4 ,p 1 , 1 ,N 25 -6

S ta ter s3 38 Be . = AD 4 1 /42 O bv . L au rea te h ead o fC laud iu s r . ;b o rde ro fd o t s . R ev . BAC IAEQC M ITHP IAATOY . N ike a dvanc ing 1 . ,h o ld ing p a lm b ranch i n1 .h and , w rea th i nr . ;i n f i e ld , H -A T( 338 B .e .) ;b o rde ro fd o t s . A noh in 3 29 ; RPC I ,1 909 . A -a

1 )

7 , 91

L oca t ion u nknown

2 )

7 , 88

2 0 mm

p l .XLV I ,23

G ie l ,Z RAO , V ,p l .V 1 ,67 ;B er t ie rd el aG a rde ,Z OOID , XXIX , p . 229 ,N 271 , p l . IV ,71 ;R a t to ,L ugano , 1 926 , p . 121 ,N 2 1687 =XLV I ,24 ;A noh in 3 29 1 0 164 p l .XLV 1 ,25 R ece ived b yG IM f r om

G IM

A .V . G o re l i j i n1 981 B ronze c o ins o fM i thrada te s T ype I O bv . BAC IARQC M ITHPAAATOY . D iademed b u s to fM i th rada tes r . ;b o rde ro fd o t s . R ev . BAC IA ICCHC I ' I MAN IYPE .QC . B u s to fQ ueen G epa ipy r i sr . ;t or . , I B( 12 ) ;b o rde ro fd o t s . A noh in 3 31 . D ie s A -a B -b C -c D -d E -e A -e H -f

F -g

1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 2 )

Wt . 8 , 33 8 , 95 7 , 55 7 , 51 9 , 03 9 , 65 1 ,05 9 , 17 6 , 59 8 , 41

D ia . 2 3 mm 2 5 mm 2 3 mm 2 5 mm 2 4 mm 2 7 mm 2 5 t r im 2 4 mm 2 1 mm 2 2 mm

1 0 ,13

2 2 mm

Mu s . GE G IM GE G IM G IM GE GE G IM G IM G IM OGAM G 1M

Mu s . N o . 2 79 11 6 725 2 7909 6 728 6 729 2 7908 2 7910 6 726 6 727 6 730 2 3932 1 2727

P la te p l .XLV I I 1 ,9 p l .XLV I1 ,10 p l .XLV1 1 ,11 p l . XLV IR ,12 p l .XLVD 1 ,13 p l .XLV I I I ,14 p l .XLV I 1 1 ,15 p l .XLV I I 1 ,16

N o t e s

A noh in 31

p l .XLV IT E ,17 p l .XLVD 1 ,18 K oz iev sky C o l l .

7 3

T ype I -brockage 1 3 9 O bv . B AC IAEQC M ITHPAAATOY . D iademed b u s to fM i th rada tes r .B o rde ro fd o t s . R ev . B u s to fM i th rada te si ni n tag lo ; [] .ATOY ;b o rde ro fd o t s . A -a

1 )

7 , 45

2 5 mm

GE

2 7896

p l .XLTX ,1

T ype i f i O bv . BAC IAEQC M ITHPAAATOY . D iademed b u s to fM i th rada tes r . ;b o rde ro fd o t s . R ev . C lub o fH e ra c le s ; s k in d raped o ve r ; t o1 . ;b ow i nc a se ;t or . ,t r iden t ;b e low ,I B ;b o rde ro fd o t s . A noh in 3 30 ; RPC I ,1 910 I 4 ° ; S tancomb 9 69 . D ie s A -a A -b B -d C c D -e D -f E -g F -h H 1 I k K 1 L -m N -n N -o N -p N r N s 0 t P -u P -x

R -z

S -w Sa b T -ph U -ad W -a c W -ae Z -af Z -ag Za h A b -ap

1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) I ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) I ) 2 ) 1 )

W t . 1 ,41 5 , 36 8 , 85

D ia . 2 7r un 2 3 mm 2 4 mm

Mu s . G IM G IM G IM

Mu s . N o . 6 731 6 732 6 733

P l a te . p l .XLD < ,2 p l .XL IX ,3 p l .XLD ( ,4

7 , 0 1 8 , 33 9 , 06 9 , 62 9 , 72 8 , 68 8 , 57 8 , 74 6 , 24 5 , 85 7 , 11 7 , 32 8 , 12 8 , 58 8 , 55 7 , 55 8 , 12 8 , 30 7 , 19 7 , 05 7 , 32 5 , 50 7 , 18 9 , 45 9 , 38 8 , 87 8 , 15 8 , 65 8 , 10 8 , 11 9 , 40 7 , 96 8 , 73

2 1 mm 2 3 mm 2 1 mm 2 3 ,5 mm 2 4 ,5 mm 2 4 mm 2 5 mm 2 4 mm 2 2 mm 2 3 mm 2 2 n un 2 2 mm 2 3 mm 2 3 mm 2 3 n un 2 3 n un 2 2 mm 2 2 mm 2 3 mm 2 3 mm 2 3 n un 2 0 mm 2 3 mm 2 3 n un 2 4r nm 2 3 mm 2 5 mm 2 4 mm 2 4 mm 2 1 mm 2 5 mm 2 1 mm 2 3 mm

6 734 6 735 6 736 6 737 6 738 6 739 6 740 6 741 6 742 6 759 6 743 1 2734 6 744 6 745 6 746 6 747 6 758 1 2736 6 748 2 7881 2 7891 2 7892 6 776

p l .XL 1X ,5 p l .XL IX ,6 p l .XL 1X ,7 p l .XLD C ,8 p l .XLD ( ,9 p l .XLD ( ,10 p l .XL IX ,11 p l .XLD C ,12 p l .XLD C ,13

1 3 ,00 8 , 22 6 , 68 9 , 02 5 , 42 9 , 04 8 , 84 8 , 73 1 0 ,47

2 5 mm 2 3 mm 2 2n un 2 5 m 2 3 n un 2 3 n un 2 3 mm 2 5 mm 2 6 mm

G IM UM G EM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM GE GE GE GE G IM A G IM G IM GE A G 1M G IM GE G IM G IM OGAM G IM GE G IM GE G IM G IM G IM GE G IM

6 749 6 750 2 7889 6 751 6 752 2 7883 6 756 6 757 2 3602 6 760 2 7894 6 762 2 7895 6 768 6 761 6 764 2 7886 6 766

N o te s

p l .XL 1X , 14 K oz iev sky C o l l . p l .XL IX ,15 p l .XL 1X ,16 p l .XL 1X ,17 p l .XLD < , 18

R ev . o n ly K oz iev sky C o l l .

p l .L ,I p l .L ,2 p l .L ,3 p l .L ,4

p l .L ,5 p l .L ,6

A noh in 30 1 4'

p l .L ,7 p l .L ,8 p l .L ,9 p l .L ,10 p l .L , 11 p l .L , 12 p l .L , 13

p l .L , 14 p l .L , 15 p l .L , 16

A sw i th t h eb rockag ec o in so fG epa ipy r i s ,i ti sd oub t f u li fs uch c o in sr e p r e sen t as e pa ra t et y pe . T h ep o s i t ion ing o ft h ei n sc r ip t ion a s so c ia t e st h ec o in w i th T ype I Io fG epa ipy r i so rT ype I Io fM i th rada t e sS . I . 1 4 ° R PC Ir e co rd s2 2s pec imen sn o tr e co rded h e r e . S i . 1 41 A noh in ' sc o in imag ei st h es ame a st ha to fG IM 6 750 ,t h ough t h e mu s eum n umbe rh eg i ve si s6 744 =p l .XL IX , 1 5 . S A . 1 39

7 4

A b -ak A c -a l A d -am A ha n A f -aa A e -bb A g -dd A k -cc A l -kk Am s s A n t t A s -gg

1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 )

1 ,16 9 , 10 7 , 22 5 , 79 6 , 80 8 , 16 8 , 88 6 , 78 1 0 ,18 7 , 32

2 7 2 5 2 7 2 1 2 4 2 5 2 4 2 5 2 5 2 3

mm mm mm n un mm i nm n un mm mm mm

1 0 ,88

2 3 mm

GE GE GE GE GE GE GE GE GE GE OGA M GE

A t t t

1 )

8 , 86

2 0 mm

A

2 7878 2 7876 2 7879 2 7880 2 7882 2 7884 2 7885 2 7888 2 7893 2 7891 2 3867 2 7899

p l .L , 17 p 1 . 11 ,1 p l .L I ,2 p l .L I ,3 p l .L I ,4 p l .L I ,5 p l .L I ,6 p l .L I ,7 p l .L I ,8 p l .L I ,9 p l .L I ,10 p l .L I ,11 p l .L I , 12

C o in si np oo rc ond i t ion : 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 )

5 , 63 5 , 94 8 , 12 6 , 94

2 0 2 1 2 1 2 0

mm mm mm n un

G IM

G IM G EM G EM

6 753 6 754 6 755 6 765

§ 14 C o ins o fK o ty s I G o ld c o ins o fK o ty s I BMT -3 42 B .e . = AD 4 5 O bv . L au rea te h ead o fC laud iu sr . ;l i ne b o rde r . R ev . H ead o fB r i tann icu sr . ;t o1 .Eag . ( 73) ;b e low , BMT ; l i ne b o rde r . B u rachkov , p . 249 , d raw ing i nt e x t ; BMC , 1 889 , p l .X I ,9 ; B e r t ie r d e l aG a rde , ZOOID , XX IX , p . 229 , N 272 ,p l . IV ,72 ;K a ry szkovsk i , V DI , 1 953 , 3 ,p l . I ,1 ,A noh in 32 ; RPC I ,1 9 12 . D ie s A -a

Wt .

D ia .

Mu s .

1 )

7 , 84

2 0 mm

G IM

2 )

7 , 85

1 9 mm

BM

Mu s . N o . 4 07

P l a te

N o te s

p 11 1 , 13

S ch les s inge r , 1 ,B e r l in , 1 934 ,I , N 9 .201 , A noh in 32 BMC , 1 889 ,p l .X I ,9 ;B e r t ie rd e l a

p 11 1 , 14

G a rde , ZOOID , XX IX , p 1 .1V ,72 ; RPC I ,1 9 12 3 ) 4 )

7 , 84 7 , 86

2 0 n un

GE B e r l in S ta te

6 65 p 11 1 ,15

Mu seum EMT -3 45 B .e . = AD 4 8 O bv . L au rea te h ead o fC laud iu s ,r . ;l i ne b o rde r . R ev . H ead o fB r i tann icu sr . ,t o1 .at I C( 73) ,b e low , EMT ;l i ne b o rde r . B u rachkov , p l .XXV I ,95 ; Anoh in 3 33 ; RPC I ,1 9 13 . D ie s A -a

1 ) 2 ) 3 )

4 )

Wt . 7 , 86

D ia . 2 0 mm

Mu s . G I NA

Mu s . N o . 4 08

P l a te p l .L I ,16

N o te s O reshn ikov ,C a ta l cgue . . . , A noh in 33 7 , 82 2 0 mm B e r l in S t a t e p l .L I , 17 B e r t ie rd el aG a rd e , ZOOID , Mu seum XX IX ,p l . IV ,73 7 , 80 1 9 mm p l .L I , 18 A . H e ss ,L u ce rne , 1 9 35 ,p l . I , 17 ; t h is s pec imen i sf r om t h e B ura chkov C o l l . -p l .XXV I ,95 ; S ch le s s inge r , 1 ,p l .V 1 1 ,202 O ne c o in o ft h is y ea rw a sf o und a t av i l lage i nt h eK ra snoda rr eg ion . I ti sk ep ti nt h eK ra snoda r Mu seum o fH is to ry . We igh tu nknown .

7 5

MT -3 46 B e = AD 4 9 O bv . L au rea te h ead o fC laud iu sr . ;l i ne b o rde r . R ev . H ead o fB r i tann icu sr . ;t o1 .P IK ( 73 ) ;b e low qMT ; l i ne b o rde r . A noh in 34 ; RPC I ,1 914 . D ie s A -a

1 ) 2 )

W t . 7 , 94 7 , 91

2 )

7 , 9 1

D ia . 2 1 mm 2 0 mm

Mu s . GE

Mu s . N o . 6 60

P la te p l .L I ,19 p l .L I ,20

NM

4 318

p l .L I ,21

N o te s c fAnoh in 3 34 B e r t ie rd el aG a rde , ZOOID , XX IX ,p . 230 ,N 274 ,p 1 . 1V ,74 F ound i nt h eM is cha l co n ec ropo l is

OMT -3 49 B .e . = AD 5 2 O bv . L au rea te h ead o fC laud iu sr . ;l i ne b o rde r . R ev . L au rea te b u s to fN e ro r . ;t o1 . ,E aK ( 73) ;b e low , ®Mr , l i ne b o rde r . B u rachov , XXV I ,96 ;A noh in 35 ; RPC I ,1 9 15 . D ie s A -a A -b A -c

1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 )

W t . 7 , 90 7 , 89 7 , 79 7 , 796

D ia . 2 1 n un 2 1 mm 2 1 mm 2 0 mm

A -d

1 )

7 , 88

2 0 mm

Mu s . G IM GE G IM München S ta te Mu seum BM

Mu s . N o 4 09 6 61 4 10

P la te p l .L I ,22

N o te s

p l .L I ,23 p 1 . 11 ,24

A noh in 3 35

011 , 1

BMC , 1 889 ,p l .X 1 ,10 ;B e r t ie rd el a G a rde , ZOOID , XX 1X ,p . 230 , N 275 ,p 1 . 1V ,75 ; RPC I ,1 9 15

NT -3 50 B .e . = AD 5 3 O bv . L aurea te h ead o fC laud iu sr . ;l i ne b o rde r . R ev . L au rea te b u s to fN e ro r . ;t o1 . ,I r itK ( 73 ) ;b e low , NT ; l i ne b o rde r . A noh in 3 36 ; RPC I ,1 916 . D ie s A -a

W t . 7 , 89

D ia . 2 0n un

Mu s . B e r l in S ta te Mu seum

Mu s . N o

1 )

P la te p l .L 1 1 ,2

2 )

7 , 91

2 0 mm

P

1 27

p l .L 1 1 ,3

N o tes B e r t ie rd el aG a rde , ZOOID , VOX ,p . 230 , 176 ,p l .W ,76 ; A noh in 3 36

B NT -3 52 B .e . = AD 5 5 O bv . B u s to fA g r ipp ina ,r . ;l i ne b o rde r . R ev . L au rea te b u s to fN e ro 1 . ;t or .St I( ( 73) ;b e low ,B NT ; l i ne b o rde r . A noh in 3 37a ; RPC I ,1 917 . D ie s A -a

1 )

W t . 7 , 92

D ia . 2 0m in

2 ) 3 )

7 , 85 7 , 80

2 0 mm 1 9m in

Mu s . München S ta te Mu seum G IM

Mu sN o . 1 78

P la te p l .L1 ,4

N o tes

4 11

p l .L I 1 ,5 p l .L 1 I ,6

A noh in 37a A .He s s ,L u cer ne , 1 935 ,p . 2 ,N 2 18 , p l . I ,18 ;S ch le s s inge r , 1 , p l .V 1 1 ,203 ;B u ra chkov , p l .XXV 1 ,98

O bv . A sp rev iou s . R ev . A sp rev iou s ,b u tb u s to fN e ro r .a nd t o1 .m onog ram 1 3 2 :K . -B u ra chkov , XXV I ,98 ,A noh in 3 37 . 1 )

7 , 87

1 9 mm

GE

6 62

p 11 1 1 ,7

B e r t ie rd el aG a rde , ZOO ID , XXD C ,p . 230 ,N 277 ,p 1 . 1V ,77

7 6

ENT -3 53 B .e . = AD 5 6 O bv . L au rea te h ead o fC laud iu sr . ;l i ne b o rde r . R ev . L au rea t eb u s to fN e ro r . ;t oI . , ( 7 3 ) ;b e low ,E NT ; l i ne b o rde r . RPC I ,1 9 18 .

a t z

A -a

1 )

7 , 94

2 0 mm

L o ca t ion u nknown

T he c o in so ft h i sy ea ra r ev e ry r a se . B e r t ie rd el aG a rde k new o n ly o ne s pe c imen f r om 3 53 B .c . ( N S ,I , p . 109 , N . 2 114 ; Z OOID , XX IX , p . 230 , N 278 , K a r y s zkov sk i ( VD I , 1 9 53 , 3 ,p . 189 , p 1 . I ,9 ) r e ga rd ed t h i s c o in a sb e ing i nt h eH e rm i tage C o l le c t ion ,b u tt h is i sn o ts o . ANT -3 54 B .e . = AD 5 7 O bv . L au rea te h ead o fC laud iu sr . ;l i ne b o rde r . R ev . L au rea t eb u s to fN e ro r . ; t o1 . , Ba( (73 ) ;b e low , ANT . L ine b o rde r . A noh in 39 ;R PC I ,1 9 19 . D ie s A -a

1 )

W t . 7 , 89

D ia . 2 0 mm

Mu s . BM

P l a te p l .L1 ,9

2 )

7 , 80

2 1 mm

L oca t ion u nknow n

p lI 1 1 , 10

N o te s BMC , 1889 ,p l .X I ,11 ;B e r t i e rd el a G a rde , ZOO ID , XXIX ,p . 230 , N 279 ,p 1 . 11 / ,79 ;A noh in 39 T he c o in w a si nt h eB u r a chkov C o l l . ,p l .XXV I ,99 ; S ch le s s inge r , 1 ,p l .V IR ,204

ENT -3 55 B . c . =A l )5 8 O bv . L au rea te h ead o fC laud iu sr . ;l i ne b o rde r . R ev . L au rea te b u s to fN e ro r . ,t o1 . ,1 : 2K ( 7 3 ) ;b e low • ENT ,l i ne b o rde r . B u ra chkov , XXV I ,100 ;A noh in 3 40 ; RPC I ,1 920 . D ie s A -a

1 )

W t . 7 , 9 1

D ia . 2 0 mm

Mu s .N o .

2 0n un

Mu s . München S t a te Mu seum BM

2 )

7 , 91

3 )

7 , 87

2 0r n rn

GE

63

P l a te p lI 1 1 , 11

N o t e s

p lI 1 1 , 12

BMC , 1889 ,p l .X I , 12 ;B e r t ie rd el a G a rde , ZOOID , XX IX ,p . 230 , N 280 ,p l .TV ,80 ;A noh in 3 40

p 1 . 1 ,1 , 13

c , NT -3 56 B .c . =AD 5 9 O bv . L au rea te h ead o fC laud iu sr . ;l i ne b o rde r . R ev . L au rea te b u s to fN e ro r . ;t o1 . ,H U ( 7 3 ) ;b e low , • Q ‘ IT ; l i ne b o rde r . B u ra chkov ,p l .XXV I , 10 1 ;R F 'C I ,1 92 1 . A -a

1 ) 2 )

7 , 88 7 , 86

3 )

7 , 95

G a idukev ich ,B o sp .R e ich ,p . 588 ,N 268 ,p l . IV ,68 . H es a id t h a tt h i si s ac a s tf r om GMI E 2 0m in L oca t ion p l .Ll , 14 B e r t ie rd el aG a rd e ,Z OOID , u nknown XX IX ,p . 231 ,N 28 1 ,p l . IV ,81 V ienna ZNT -3 57 B . c . = AD 6 0

O bv . L au rea te h ead o fC laud iu sr . ,l i ne b o rde r . R ev . L au rea te h ead o fN e ro r . ;t o1 . ,W e ( 7 3 ) ,b e low , • ZNT ; l i ne b o rde r . B u ra chkov ,p l .XXV I E ,102 ;A noh in 3 42 ; RPC I ,1 922 . D ie s A -a

W t . 7 , 93

D ia . 2 0 mm

Mu s . P

Mu s .N o . 1 29

P l a te p l .L I I , 15

N o t e s

1 ) 2 )

7 . 92

2 1 mm

P

1 30

p l .Lf l ,16

B e r t ie rd el aG a rd e , ZOO ID , XX IX ,p . 231 ,N 282 ,p lIV ,82

7 7

3 )

7 , 94

2 0 mm

G IM

4 12

p 1 . 1 . 1 1 , 17

4 ) 5 ) 6 )

7 , 91 7 , 90 7 , 88

2 0 mm 2 0 mm 2 0 mm

G IM GE B e r l in S ta te Mu seum

4 13 6 64

p 1 . 1 , 1 1 ,18

7 )

7 , 89

O reshn ikov , C a ta logue . . . , v o l .f i l , 5 60 A noh in 3 42

p l .L 1 1 ,19 p l .L I I ,20

S o theby ,P roper ty o fR u s s ian N ob les ,p l .V I I ,262

ONT -3 59 B .e . = AD 6 2 O bv . L au rea te h ead o fC laud iu sr . ;l i ne b o rde r . R ev . L au rea te h ead o fN e ro r . ;t o1 . , 1 ( 74 ) ;b e low , eNT ; l i ne b o rde r . B u ra chkov , p l .XXV I 1 ,103 ,A noh in 3 43 ; RPC I ,1 923 . D ie s A -a

1 )

W t . 7 , 93

D ia . 2 0 mm

2 )

7 , 96

2 1 mm

3 ) 4 )

7 , 87 7 , 03

2 0 mm 1 9 mm

5 )

7 , 04

1 9 mm

6 )

7 , 96

Mu s . P

GE

Mu s . N o . 1 3 1

6 66

P la te p l .LI ,21

N o te s RPC I ,1 923

p l .LI , 2 2

B e r t ie rd el aG a rde , ZOO ID , 3 0GX ,p . 231 ,N 283 , p 1 . 1V ,83 Z og raph ,p l .XLV I , 13 A uc t ion c a ta logue , XV I , G eneve , 1 933 A u c t ion K a ta log , C a lm , F r .A .M . , 1 932 ,N 2354 M inn s ,p l .V I I , o bv 2 3 ,r e v2 2

p l .L1 ,23

p l .L1 ,24 B ronze c o in s o fK o ty s 1 S er ie s 1( AD 4 5 -5 0 ) D enom ina t ion A = 4

O bv . F ema le h ead r . ;t o monog ram B± F '( 72 ) ;b o rde ro fd o t s . R ev . H ead o fA ph rod i te U ran ia w ea r ing k a la tho sa nd v e i lr . ;t o1 . ,m onog ram BM ( ( 7 3) ; t or .A . B u rachkov , p l .XXV I I ,113 ; RPC I ,1 928 .1 4 2 Wt .

1 )

5 , 12

D ia . 2 0n un

P la te p l .1 1 1 , 1

N o tes B e r t ie rd el aG a rde ,p . 162 , d raw ing i nt e x t ,p . 224 ,N 231 , pH : 1 ,31

D enom ina t ion G = 6 O bv . D iademed h ead o fA spu rgu s ,f a the ro fK o ty sI ,r . ,t or . ,m onog ram B e ( 69 ) ;b o rde ro fd o t s . R ev . D iademed h ead o fK o ty s Ir . ;t or . ; monog ram ( 73) ; a bove , p a r t o fb ow , b e low G ( 6 ) ; b o rde r

R I K

o fd o t s . A noh in 3 46 ; RPC I ,1 927 .

1 42

1 )

Wt . 3 , 73

D ia . 1 7r um

Mu s . G EM

Mu s .N o . 6 9 14

P la te p l .L IH ,2

2 )

3 , 46

1 7 mm

GE

6 7 /27980

p l .L I 1 1 ,3

3 )

3 , 65

1 7 mm

G IM

1 2738

RPC IS upp l . 1 928 r eco rd s af u r the rs pec imen i nP a r is ( w t . 5 . 48g ) . S . I .

N o tes B u rachkov ,p l .XXV I I , 106 ; RPC I ,1 927 B er t ie rd el aG arde , ZOO ID , XX IX ,p . 224 ,N 230 ,p 1 .1 1 ,30 ; Z og raph ,p l .XLV I ,12 ; K a ry szkovsk i j , VD I , 1 953 , 3 , p 1 . 1 ,16 ;c fAnoh in 3 46 K oz iev sky C o l l .

7 8

D enom ina t ion H = 8 O bv . BR ITANN IKOY KA ICAPOC . H ead o fB r i tann icu sr . ,b o rd e ro fd o t s . R ev . D iademed h ead o fy oung K o ty s Ir . ,t o1 . , monog ram 1 3 2 I C( 7 3) ;t or . , H( 8 ) ;b o rde ro fd o t s . B u ra chkov ,p l .XXV I E ,105 ;Z og raph ,p l .XLV I ,11 ,A noh in 3 45 ;R PC I ,1 926 .1 4 3 D ies A -a

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 )

A -b A -c

W t . 4 , 95 4 ,75 5 , 70 4 , 07 5 , 39 5 , 37 4 , 93 5 , 58

D ia . 2 0 mm 2 1 mm 2 0 mm 2 0m in 2 0 mm 2 0 mm 2 0 mm 2 0n un

Mu s . G IM GE GE G IM GE G IM GE G IM

Mu s ,No . 6 911 2 7977 2 7970 6 912 2 7978 6 913 2 7979 1 2739

P la te p 111 1 ,4 p 1 .11 1 ,5 p l . II I I ,6 p 1 . 12 1 ,7 p 1 . 11 1 1 ,8 p l .L1 1 1 ,9 p l .L I 1 1 ,10

N o t e s

A noh in 3 45 K oz ievsky C o l l .

D ie so ft h ef o l low ing c o in sn o td e te rm ined 1 ) 2 )

4 ,70 3 , 10

1 9 ,6 mm 1 8 ,8 mm

OGA M OGAM

2 4350 2 3304

S er ie s I( AD 4 9 -5 4 ) D enom ina t ion I B =1 2 -a s se s T ype I O bv . T I •KAAYA IOY KA ICAPOC . L au rea te h ead o fC laud iu sr . ;b e low , I B ;b o rde ro fd o t s . R ev . I OYA IAN KA ICAPOC . H ead o fA g r ipp ina 1 . ;t o1 . , monog ram 1 3 2 :K . ( 7 3) ; b o rde ro f d o t s . BMC , 1 889 , p l .X 1 ,14 ;A noh in 3 44 ; RPC I ,1 924 .1 4 D ies A -a B -b

C -c

D -d D -e E -f F -h

H -g

G I

1 43 1 44

1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 )

W t . 8 , 52 7 , 45 7 , 94 7 , 40 9 , 04 7 , 15 8 , 91 7 , 00 6 , 50 9 , 12 7 , 95 6 , 20 5 , 82 9 , 88 9 , 67 9 , 55 1 0 ,45 5 , 92 7 , 22 8 , 36

D ia . 2 4 mm 2 5 mm 2 4 mm 2 4n un 2 5 mm 2 4 mm 2 5 mm 2 4i nm 2 4 n un 2 3 mm 2 5 n un 2 3 mm 2 3 mm 2 4 mm 2 4 mm 2 5 mm 2 5 n un 2 5 mm 2 5 mm 2 4 mm

Mu s . G IM G IM G IM G IM GE G IM GE GE A G IM GE G IM F G IM GE GE GE GE GE GE

Mu s . N o . 6 87 1 6 872 6 873 6 899 4 5 /27958 6 874 2 7955 2 7954

P la te p 11 1 1 1 ,11

p l .L I I I ,13 p 1 . 11 1 1 , 14 p l .LI 1 1 ,15 p l .LL E I ,16

6 875 2 7953 6 876

p il l : 1 1 , 17 p l .L I 11 ,18 p il l : 1 1 ,19

6 877 2 894 1 2 8942 2 8956 2 7960 2 7961 2 8959

p l .LI 1 1 ,20

N o t es

p l .L I 1 1 , 12

M inn s , 6 6

RPC Ir e co rd ss pec imen sa l so i nL ondon . S i . RPC 1 1924 r e co rd ss pec imen sa l so i n Mun ich , V ienna a nd N ew Y o rk . S . I .

p l .L1 1 1 ,21 p l .L I [ 1 ,22

p l1 1 1 ,23

O bv . o n ly

7 9

T ype 1 O bv . T I •KAAYA IOY KA ICAPOC . L au rea te h ead o fC laud iu sr . ;b e low ,I B ; b o rde ro fd o t s . R ev . I OYA IAN KA ICAPOC . H ead o fA g r ipp ina r . ;t or . ,m onog ram E i g :K ( 73) ; b o rde ro f d o t s . B u ra chkov ,p l .XXV I I ,107 ; RPC IS upp l 1 925A .1 4 5 A -a B -b B -c C -d D -e

1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 )

7 , 85 5 , 92 7 , 22 5 , 22 9 , 32

2 4 2 5 2 4 2 0 2 0

mm mm mm n un mm

G IM GE GE GE G IM

6 879 2 7960 2 796 1 2 7962 1 2746

p l .L 11 1 ,24 p l .L IV ,1 p l .L IV ,2 p l .L IV ,3 K oz ievsky C o l l .

T ype D I O bv . T 1 •KAAYA IOY KA ICAPOC . L au rea te h ead o fC laud iu sr . ;b e low ,1 3 ;b o rde ro fd o t s . R ev . I OYA IAN A FP IHFINAN C EBACTHN . H ead o fA g r ipp ina 1 . ;t o1 . ,m onog ram Ba( ( 7 3) ; b o rde ro f d o t s . B u ra chkov , p l .XXV 1 1 ,109 . ,A noh in 3 48 1 4 6 ; RPC I ,1 925 .1 4 7 A -a

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 )

7 , 93 7 , 52 8 , 74 1 0 ,87 8 , 17 9 , 13 9 , 70 5 , 01 5 , 20

2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 4 2 4 2 5 2 5 2 3

mm mm mm mm n un mm mm mm mm

G IM G IM GE G IM GE F G IM G PM GE

6 882 6 888 2 8938 6 905 2 7939

p l .L IV ,6

6 89 1 6 884 2 7947

p l .L IV ,7 p l .L IV ,8 p l .L IV ,9

2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 1 ) 2 )

5 , 24 4 , 86 8 , 08 7 , 80 5 , 64

2 5 2 3 2 3 2 4 2 2

mm mm mm mm mm

G IN I G EM G IM GE A

6 883 6 908 1 2747 2 7946

p l .L IV , 10

B -f B -h B -g C I

1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 )

7 , 11 1 0 ,05 7 , 62 6 , 04

2 3 2 3 2 5 2 5

i nm i nm mm n un

G IM G IM G IM G IM

6 892 6 895 6 896 6 848

p l .L IV , 12 p l .L IV , 13 p l .L IV , 14

A -k

2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 1 )

9 , 80 8 , 38 1 0 ,21 6 , 03 8 , 31 6 , 27 5 , 97 1 ,27 8 , 20

2 5 2 3 2 6 2 5 2 5 2 3 2 2 2 5 2 5

mm mm mm i nm i nm i n in n un n un mm

GE G IM G IM GE G IM G IM F GE GE

2 7933 6 887 6 878 2 8934 6 625 6 899

p l .L IV , 15 p l .L IV , 16

2 7937 2 7944

p l .L IV ,19 p l .L IV ,20

1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 )

4 , 86 5 , 37 6 , 05 6 , 46

2 5 2 2 2 4 2 5

mm mm n un mm

GE G IM GE G IM

2 7945 6 626 2 7940 6 889

p l .L IV ,21

6 , 63 6 , 75 6 , 97 9 , 75 6 , 08 8 , 67 6 , 35 7 , 90

2 4 2 4 2 4 2 5 2 4 2 5 2 4 2 3

mm n un n un mm mm mm mm mm

G l IV I G IM GE G IM G EM G EM G IM A

6 902 6 893 2 7941 6 90 1 6 890 6 908a 6 904

p l .LV ,3 p l .LV ,4 p l .LV ,5

F a -f a

1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 )

I x

1 )

7 , 01

2 3 mm

OGA M

2 4364

A -b B -c B -d

B -e

A 1 D -m B -n E -o F r F s H t G -u F ph

1 45

1 46 1 47

p l .L IV ,4 p l .L IV ,5

O bv . o n ly

K oz ievsky C o l l . p l .LTV ,11

p l .L IV , 17 p l .L IV ,18

p l .LV ,1 p l .LV ,2

p l .LV ,6

p l .LV ,7

RPC Iw rong ly i n t e rp re t st h er e v e r se i n sc r ip t ion ,s ugg e s t ing t h a tt h ec o in i nS am sun mu seum ,T u rk ey b e long st oT ype I I . S . I . A noh in ' sr ef , GE 2 7967 i sr e co rd ed b yF ro lova a s aT ype I Vc o in . S . I . RPC Ir e co rd sn ume rou so t he rs p ec im en s . S . I .

8 0

K -z A -w Z -f

Z -aa M -ab

1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 1 ) 2 )

6 , 80 8 , 75 5 , 62 3 , 66 4 , 90 6 , 88 8 , 91 4 , 43 6 , 10

2 4 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 4 2 1 2 1 2 0 2 0

mm mm mm mm mm mm mm n un mm

1 ) 2 ) 3 )

5 , 93

2 1 mm

9 , 33

2 0 mm

OGAM G IM GE G IM G 1M G IM G IM GE OGA M

2 2117 6 886 2 7950 6 897 6 910 6 881 1 2744 2 7952 2 4334

p l .LV ,8 p l .LV ,9 p l .LV ,10

G IM GE G IM

6 907 2 8906 6 900

p l .LV ,13 p l .LV ,14

K oz ievsky C o l l . p l .LV , 11 p l .LV ,12

D ies o ft h ef o l low ing c o in sn o td e te rm ined : 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 7 )

5 , 89 6 , 79 8 , 43 8 , 38 6 , 89 6 , 86 9 , 09

2 3 2 6 2 5 2 4 2 4 2 1 2 4

mm m in mm n un mm mm n un

G IM G IM G IM G IM

6 880 6 909 6 894 6 885 6 883a 6 951 1 2745

G rm

G IM G IM

K oz ievsky C o l l .

T ype 1 V O bv . T I •KAAYA IOY C ERACTOY KA ICAPOC . L au rea te h ead o fC laud iu s r . ; b e low , I B , b o rde r o f d o t s . R ev . I OYA IAN AFP I II IT INAN C EBACTHN . H ead o fA gr ipp ina 1 . ;t o1 . , monog ram EaK ( 73) . ; b o rde r o fd o t s . Bu ra chkov ,p l .XXV I I ,110 . Anoh in 3 49 .1 4 8 D ie s A -a

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 )

A -b A -c A -d B -e

W t . 5 , 25 6 , 98 5 , 46 7 , 02 6 , 77 4 , 67 4 , 88 8 , 35

D ia . 2 2 m in 2 2 mm 2 2 mm 2 3 mm 2 3 n un 2 2 mm 2 2 mm 2 2 mm

Mu s . GE GE G IM GE GE G IM G IM GE

Mu s . No . 2 7963 2 7964 1 2745 2 7965 2 7966 6 921 6 918 2 7967

P la te p l .LV , 15 p l .LV ,16

N o t e s

K oz iev sky C o l l . p l .LV ,17 p l .LV ,18 p l .LV ,19

A noh in 3 49

p l .LV ,20

D ies o ft h ef o l low ing c o in sn o td e te rm ined :

1 )

Wt . 9 , 20

D ia . 2 4 ,5 m in

Mu s . OGA M

Mu s . N o . 2 4343

8 ) 9 )

6 , 30 5 , 80

2 6 mm 2 5 mm

OGAM OGAM

2 2 102 2 4336

2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 )

8 , 70 8 , 25 8 , 20 7 , 50 7 , 30

2 3 ,5 2 4 ,6 2 4 ,9 2 2 ,5 2 5 ,6

OGA M OGA M OGA M OGAM OGA M

2 2112 2 4340 2 4338 2 5121 2 4342

1 0 ) 1) 1 2 ) 1 3 ) 1 4 )

5 , 75 5 , 70 5 , 40 5 , 50 5 , 50

2 3 n un 2 4 ,6 mm 2 3 mm 2 1 ,7 mm 2 5 ,1 m in

OGAM OGAM OGA M OGA M OGA M

2 4385 2 2 101 2 4326 2 4329 2 4351

7 )

6 , 60

OGA M

2 4337

1 5 )

5 , 40

2 1 ,5 mm

OGA M

2 4367

1 4 8

mm mm mm mm mm

2 2 mm

T h et y pe i sa b sen tf r om RPC I .S . I .

8 1

S er ie s I l l ( AD 5 4 -5 9 ) D enom ina t ion I B =1 2 a s se s O bv . NEP WNOC KAAYA IOY C EBACTOY KA ICAPOC . L au rea te h ead o fN e ro r . ;b o rde ro fd o t s . R ev . ArP 1r 1 I I INHC C EBACTHC . H ead o fA gr ipp ina , 1 . ;t oI . ;m onog ram E it I C ( 7 3) ; b e low , I B ( 12 ) ; b o rde ro fd o t s . Z og raph ,p l .XLV I , 1 0 ;A noh in 3 50 ; RPC I ,1 929 '4 9; S t ancomb 9 72 D ies A -a A -b A -c

B -d A -e A -h B -f

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 )

Mu s .

Mu s . N o .

P la te

1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 2 )

5 , 92 5 , 74 8 , 30 4 ,45 6 , 90 7 , 90

Wt .

2 5 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1

D ia . mm i nm mm n un mm mm

G IM GE GE G IM GE G IM

6 915 2 7970a 2 7969 6 922 2 7968 1 2746

p l .LV ,21 p l .LV ,22 p l .LV ,23

3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 )

5 , 18 5 , 60 6 , 35 5 , 48 6 , 48 5 , 89 4 ,9 1 5 , 70

2 1 2 1 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3

mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm

G IM G IM G IM GE GE G IM G IM G IM

6 917 6 916 6 955 2 797 1 2 7972 6 952 6 953 6 954

D ie so ft h ef o l low ing W t . D ia 4 ,60 2 2 ,4 mm 3 , 40 2 1 ,5 mm 7 , 90 2 4 ,2 mm 6 , 15 2 3 ,7 mm

c o in sn o td e term ined : Mu s . Mu s . N o . OGAM 2 4388 OGA M 2 4386 OGAM 2 4323 OGA M 2 3308

5 ) 6 ) 7 ) 8 ) 9 )

p l .LV ,24

N o te s

P oo rc ond i t ion C f A noh in 3 50 K oz ievsky C o l l .

p l .LV 1 ,1 p l .LV I ,2 p l .LV 1 ,3 p l .LV I ,4 p l .LV I ,5

5 , 90 5 , 19 4 , 80 4 , 30 4 , 15

2 2 ,3 mm 2 1 mm 2 1 mm 2 0 ,5 mm 2 0 ,5 mm

OGA M OGAM OGA M OGAM OGA M

2 4325 2 4352 2 3310 2 4327 2 4348

S er ie s I V( AD 6 3 ) D enom ina t ion I B = 1 2 -a s se s O bv . NEP WNOC I CAAYA IOY C EBACTOY KA ICAPOC . L au rea te b u s to fN e ro r . ;b o rde ro fd o t s .

R ev . r i onmeAc CEBACTHC . B u s to fP oppaea , 1 . ;t o1 .l ax ( 7 3) ;b e low , 1 B ;b o rde ro fd o t s . B u ra chkov ,p l .XXV1 ,111 ;A noh in 3 51 . ( See ,h oweve r , RPC Ip . .334 ) D ie s A -a

B -b

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 1 )

Wt . 7 , 59 7 , 82 5 , 28 5 , 98 8 , 98

D ia . 2 4n un 2 2 mm 2 2 mm 2 2n un 2 0 mm

Mu s . G IM GE GE GE G IM

Mu s . N o . 6 920 2 7973 2 7974 2 7975 1 2740

P la te

N o tes

p l .LV I ,6 p l .LV I ,7

Anoh in 3 51

K oz ievsky C o l l .

S er ie s V( AD 6 3 -6 8 ) D enom ina t ion MH = 4 8 -s e s ter t i i O bv . NEP WNOC KAAYA IOY KA ICAPOC C EBACTOY . L au rea te h ead o fN e ro r ;b o rde r o fd o t s . R ev . Wrea th ; i nc en t re , MB ;b o rde ro fd o t s . B u ra chkov ,p l .XXV I E , 114 ;A noh in 3 52 ; RPC I ,1 932 & S upp l . D ie s A -a

1 49

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 )

Wt . 1 4 ,42 1 4 ,33 1 0 ,85 1 3 ,54

D ia . 3 0n un 3 0 mm 2 8 mm 3 0 mm

Mu s . G IM G IM G IM GE

Mu s . N o . 6 923 6 930 6 927 2 7983

RPC Ir e co rd ss pec imen s i nC openhag en , V ienna , Ox f o rd a nd P a r i s . S . I .

P l a te p l .LV I ,8 p liV 1 ,9

N o te s

8 2

A -b A -c

A -d

5 ) 1 )

1 2 .93 1 4 ,91

3 0 mm 2 8 mm

2 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 )

1 7 ,79 I 5 , 28 1 ,39 8 , 74 1 4 ,66 1 4 ,58

3 0 3 1 3 2 3 0 3 0 3 0

1 5 ,06 1 4 ,85 9 , 90

m rn mm mm n un mm n un

3 1 mm 3 2 mm 2 8 ,2 mm

G IM G IM

1 2747 6 924

G IM G IM G IM G IM GE GE OGA M G IM GE OGAM

6 928 6 926 6 925 6 623 2 7982 2 7984 2 5130 6 929 2 7981 2 277 1

A napa , A r chaeo log ica l Mu seum K e r ch , A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum

5 )

K oz ievsky C o l l . p l .LV I ,10

p l .LV 1 ,11 p l .LV I ,12 p l .LV I ,13 p l . I .N 1 ,14 p l .LV 1 , 15 p l .LV 1 ,16

A noh in 3 52

p l .LV 1 , 17 p l .LV I I , 1

D enom ina t ion KA = 2 4 -d upond i i T ype I O bv . NEP WNOC KA 1CAPOC . B u s to fN e ro r . ;b o rde ro fd o ts . R ev . N ike h o ld ing w rea th a nd p a lm b ranch ;K -A ;b o rde ro fd o t s . B u ra chkov , p l .XXV I I ,115 ; Anoh in 3 53 ; RPC I ,1 933 . D ie s A -a A -b A -d A -c

Ai

A -e

1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 1 )

W t . 9 , 90 1 ,50 1 0 ,40 1 ,86 1 2 ,80 9 , 26 9 , 36 9 , 06 1 4 ,02

1 0 ,50

-

D ia . 2 8 mm 2 8 mm 2 7 mm 2 6n un 2 7 mm 2 6 mm 2 6 mm 2 6 mm 2 8 mm

2 7nun

Mu s . G IM GE GE GE GE GE G IM G I IV I G IM

Mu s . N o . 6 932 2 7985 2 7986 2 7987 2 7988 2 7989 1 2748 6 931 6 935 K e r ch , A r chaeo log ica l Mu seum A

P la te p liV 1 1 ,2 p l .LV I E ,3 p l .LV I I ,4 p l .LV1 ,5 p l .LV1 ,6 p l .LV I E ,7

N o te s O bv . o n ly

K oz ievsky C o l l p l .LV I 1 ,8 p l .LV I I ,9 p l .LVI , 10

A r ioh in 3 53

T ype 1 O bv . T emp le o ff i ve c o lumn s ; KA -I 1E ;b o rde ro fd o t s . R ev . Wrea th ; i nc en t re , monog ram K U ( 73 ) ;b e low , KA ; b o rde ro fd o t s . B u ra chkov , p l . XXD ( ,117 ;A noh in 3 70 ; RPC I ,1 930 ; S tancomb 9 73 . D ie s A -a

W t .

D ia .

Mu s .

Mu sN o .

P la te

N o te s

1 )

6 , 55

2 2 mm

G IM

6 936

p l .LV I 1 , 11

A r toh in 3 70 ;R PC I ,

2 ) 3 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 )

7 , 81 7 , 26 9 , 39 6 , 78 4 , 42 5 , 90 5 , 36 8 , 19 6 , 25 4 , 24 5 , 81

2 2 2 2 2 4 2 5 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1

1 930

B -b A -c B -d D -e E -f H -h B -g J I

mm mm n un mm mm mm mm m in n un mm

G IM 4 034 G IM 1 2749 G IM 6 944 G IM 6 947 G IM 6 941 G IM 6 940 G IM 6 988 G IM 6 937 C op 5 3 G IM 6 043 G o re l i j p r iva te c o l lec t ion

D ies o ft h ef o l low ing c o in sn o td e te rm ined : 1 ) 2 )

8 , 22 7 , 80

2 5 n un 2 3 n un

GE GE

2 8407 2 8411

p lIV I I ,12 K oz ievsky C o l l . p l .LVI I ,13 p l .LV I I ,14 p l .LV 1 1 ,15 p l .LV I I ,16 p l .LV I I , 17 p lIV I I I ,1 a p l .LV 1 1 ,18 p l .LVI 1 1 ,1

T emp le o fs i xc o lumn s

8 3

3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 7 ) 8 ) 9 ) 1 0 ) 1 ) 1 2 ) 1 3 ) 1 4 ) 1 5 ) 1 6 ) 1 7 )

4 , 60 9 , 80 7 , 05 6 , 20 8 , 52 6 , 45 4 ,77 4 , 81 5 , 10 6 , 70 7 , 60 6 , 35 6 , 70 4 , 30

2 2n un 2 2 mm 2 3 mm 2 3 mm 2 5 r nm 2 1 mm 2 1 m in 2 3 mm 2 2 mm 2 3 mm 2 3 m rn 2 4 mm 2 1 ,2 mm 2 1 ,5 mm

GE GE GE GE GE G IM G IM G IM G IM OGAM OGAM OGA M OGA M OGA M G IM T ype

2 8413 2 84 14 2 8415 2 84 16 2 8417 6 973 6 948 6 950 6 974 2 3317 2 3326 2 4331 2 3642 2 3305 p l .LV I 1 , 19

i n

O bv . T emp le o ff i ve c o lumn s ; KA -H E ; b o rde ro fd o t s . R ev . Wrea th ; i nc en t re ,m onog ram 1 7 4 CEY ( 7 5 ) ;a bove , NO ;b e low , KA ;b o rde ro fd o t s . B u ra chkov , p l .XX IX ,201 ,A noh in 3 7 1 ; RPC I ,1 931 ; S t ancomb 9 74 . D ie s A -a

F f I i K -k L 1 M -m N -n

1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 )

W t . 1 ,34 9 , 34 1 0 ,76 7 , 99 9 , 03 6 , 94 8 , 83 9 , 77 5 , 06 6 , 41 8 , 92 3 , 20 6 , 78 5 , 92

D ia . 2 5 mm 2 5 mm 2 4 mm 2 6 mm 2 6 mm 2 5 mm 2 5 mm 2 5 mm 2 0 mm 2 0 n un 2 4 mm 2 1 mm 2 0 mm 2 3 n un

Mu s . G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM

Mu s . N o . 6 939 6 942 6 97 1 6 972 6 949 6 984 6 975 1 2750 6 976 6 977 6 982 6 980 6 98 1 6 983

p l .LV I I I ,6 p lIV I I I ,7 p l .LV I I I ,8 p l .LVI I 1 ,9 p l .LVD 1 ,10 p l .LV I I I ,11

0 -o P -p

1 ) 1 )

6 , 26 8 , 80

2 2 mm 2 6 mm

G IM G IM

6 985 6 990

p lIVER ,12 p lIV I I I ,13

B -b C -c D -d E -e H -h

P la te

N o te s

p l .LV I I I ,2 p lIV I 1 1 ,3

p l .LV I I I ,4 p l .LVIa ,5

O bv . o n ly K oz ievsky C o l l .

O bv . o n ly

O bv . o n ly

D ie so ft h e f o l low ing p oo rq ua l i ty c o in sn o td e te rm ined : 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 ) 6 ) 7 ) 8 ) 9 ) 1 0 ) 1 ) 1 2 ) 1 3 ) 1 4 ) 1 5 ) 1 6 ) 1 7 )

4 , 40 9 , 23 5 , 43 7 , 28 7 , 03 8 , 22 8 , 23 9 , 85 8 , 45 6 , 99 8 , 62 7 , 72 7 , 42 4 , 24 5 , 42 5 , 86 6 , 15

2 0 2 3 2 1 2 3 2 5 2 4 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 4 2 5 2 3 2 4 2 0 2 1 2 1 2 1

n un mm mm mm mm n un mm mm mm mm mm mm mm n un mm mm mm

G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM G IM GE GE GE GE GE GE GE GE GE GE GE

6 978 6 979 6 986 6 987 6 988 6 989 2 8522 2 8525 2 8528 2 8530 2 8531 2 8532 2 8535 2 8533 2 8529 2 8534 2 8536

1 8 ) 1 9 ) 2 0 ) 2 1) 2 2 )

8 , 20 1 2 ,56 6 , 94 1 ,20 8 , 03

2 4 2 8 2 3 2 6 2 4

mm n un mm n un n un

GE GE G IM OGAM OGA M

2 8523 2 8524 6 984 2 3315 5 849

p lIV I I I , 14

p l .I NM ,15

O bv . o n ly

8 4

2 3) 2 4 )

7 , 50 7 , 92

2 5 ) 2 6 ) 2 7 ) 2 8 ) 2 9 ) 3 0 ) 3 1) 3 2 ) 3 3 ) 3 4 ) 3 5)

6 , 44 7 , 85 7 , 14 7 , 70 6 , 00 5 , 70 3 , 80 8 , 57 1 0 ,40

2 4 mm 2 2mm

2 4 2 2 2 2 2 1

n un mm mm mm

OGAM BM

2 4155 p lIV E 1 1 , 16

BMC , 1 889 , p l .XV ,10 ;R PC I , 1 931

1 980 G o rg ipp ia e xcava t ion -N 2212 1 982 G o rg ipp ia e xcava t ion -N 2598 1 982 G o rg ipp ia e xcava t ion -N 2655 1 986 G o rg ipp ia e xcava t ion -N 2 10 13 OGAM 2 4333 OGAM 2 4261 OGAM 2 3313 OGAM 2 4370 F p l .LV1 1 2 , 17 1 983 G o rg ipp ia e x cava t ion p lIV 1 1 1 ,19 C op 6 2 p l .LV I I I , 18 T ype I V

O bv . T emp le o ff i ve c o lumn s , KA - HE ; b o rde ro fd o t s . R ev . Wrea th ; i nc en t re ,m onog ram E itt lY ( 76 ) ; b e low KA ;b o rde ro fd o t s . B u ra ch l cov , p l .XX 1X ,202 ;A noh in 3 72 . D ie s A -a

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 )

W t . 7 , 41 8 , 95 1 2 ,52 5 , 94 7 , 58

D ia . 2 3 mm 2 5 mm 2 5 mm 2 5 m in 2 4m in

Mu s . Mu s . N o . P la te G IM 6 991 p l .LV1 1 1 ,20 GE 2 8537 GE 2 8538 1 983 G o rg ipp ia e xcava t ion -N 27 14 G o re l i j p r iva te c o l lec t ion p l .LV IE ,2 1

N o te s A noh in 3 72

P oo rc ond i t ion

8 5

A ppend ix P roof s o fg o ld s t a ter s f r om t he G IM C o l lec t ion I nven to ry

N2

B ospo ran e r a

Moder n c h rono logy

We igh t

P roof

8 , 05

8 00

7 , 88 7 , 90 7 , 93

8 00 7 50 7 50

D ynam i s 1

3 93

2 8 1

1 7 / 16 B .C . Uncer ta in R u ler s Monog ram

2 3 4

3 94 3 95 3 96

2 93 3 02 3 04

2 S

( 2 )

4B .C . AD 5 AD 7

n (67)

m onog ram 5

3 97

3 05

A l) 8

7 , 88

6

3 98

3 05

A l) 8

7 , 92

7 50 7 50

7 , 99 7 , 91 7 , 92 7 , 95 7 , 96 7 , 92 7 , 84

8 00 8 00 8 00 8 00 8 00 8 00 8 00

7 , 56

9 , 18

7 . 86

8 00

7 , 84 7 , 86 7 , 90 7 , 79 7 , 85 7 , 94 7 , 91

8 00 8 00 8 00 8 00 8 00 8 00 8 00

A spurgu s 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 2 1 3

3 99 4 00 4 0 1 4 02 4 03 4 04 4 05

3 17 3 20 3 24 3 24 31 32 33

AD AD AD AD AD AD AD

2 0 2 3 2 7 2 7 3 4 3 5 3 6

G epa ipyr is Monog ram 1 5

5 2304

35

BP ( 72 )

AD 3 8 M i thrada te s

1 4

4 06

36

AD 3 9 K o ty s 1 Monog ram Vä ( 7 3 )

1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2

4 07 4 08 4 09 4 10 4 11 4 12 4 13

3 42 3 45 3 49 3 49 3 52 3 57 3 57

AD 4 5 AD 4 8 AD 5 2 AD 5 2 AD 5 AD 6 0 AD 6 0

8 6

Abbreva t ions A JA A JN BMC C IRB D revno s t i 1 AK

Amer ican J ou rna l o fA rchaeo logy Amer ican J ou rna l o fN um isma t ic s AC a ta logue o ft he G r eek C o in s i nt h eB r i t ish Mu seum , L ondon C orpu sI n scr ip t ionum R egn i B o spo ran i D revnos t i ( An t iqu i t ie s ) , p ub l ished b yt h e Mo scow A rchaeo log ica l S oc ie ty

I TUAK

l z ve s t iya A rkheo log iche sko i K om is s i i =R epo r t s o f t h e A rcha eo log ica l C om iss ion , Mo scow —S tP e te r sbu rg I z ve s t iya T avr iche sko i U chono i A rkh ivno i K om is s i i = R epor t s o f t h e

K l io KS I IMK

B e i t rage z u ra l ten G e sch ich te , München K ra tk ie S oob shchen ia I n s t i tu ta I s to r i i

T aur ic C om is s ion f o r S cho la r ly R eco rd s , S imphe ropo l Ma ter ia l 'n o i

Ku l tur i

= B r ief

K SOGAM

C ommun ica t ion so ft h e I n s t i tu te o fH i s tor yo f Ma ter ia l C u l tu re , Mo scow K ra tk ie S oob shchen ia O de s skogo G o suda r s tvennogo A rkheo log iche skogo Mu sea = B r ief C ommun ica t ion s o f t h e O de s sa A r chaeo log ica l Mu seum ,

M IA

O de s sa Ma ter ia l i ii s s ledovan iya p o A rkheo log i i S SSR = Ma ter ia ls a nd R e sea rch I nqu ir ie so nU SSR A r chaeo logy , Mo scow -L en ing rad

NC NE

Num isma t ic C h ron ic le , L ondon N um isma t ica iE p ig ra f ica = Num isma t ic sa nd E p ig raphy , Mo scow

N S NSph NZ RN

N um isma t iche s ld j S born ik = Num isma t ic S ympo s ium , Mo scow , 1 9 18 N um isma t ica iS ph rag i s t ica , K iev N um isma t i sche Z e i t sch r i f t , W ien R evue Num isma t ique , P ar i s

R PC VD I SNG ,

R oman P rov inc ia l C o in s I& S upp lemen t V e s tn ik D revne i I s tor i i =A nc ien tH is to ry H e ra ld , Mo scow T he R oya l C o l lec t ion o f C o in s a nd Meda ls . D an ish N a t iona l Mu seum .

C openhagen S A ZOO ID

V o l .IV , B o sporu s -B y thyn ia , 1 982 S ov ie t skaya A rckheo log ia = S ov ie tA r chaeo logy , Mo scow Z ap isk i O de s skogo O b she s tva I s tor i i iD revno s te i =P roceed ing s o f t h e

ZRAO

O de ssa S oc ie ty f o rH is to ry a nd A n t iqu i ty Z ap isk i R u s skogo A rkheo log iche skogo O b she s tva = R eco rd s o f t he R u s s ian A rchaeo log ica l S oc ie ty

8 7

A bbreva t ion sf o rt he C a ta logue o fC o in s A noh in B er t ie rd el a G a rd e

-

B u rachkov

G ie l ,K l e ine B e i t räg e G ie l , ' De sc r ip t ion '

-

G ie l , ' An ew a cqu i s i t ion ' I mhoof -B lume r

-

K azamanova K öh le r

-

K ähne M inn s M ionne t , D e sc r ip t ion M ionne t , s upp l . I V N an teu i l O re shn ikov , C a ta log ue P od sh iwa lov , B e sch re ibu rg

-

-

P od sh iwa lov , S a l le t S e s t in i , C l . G en . S e s t in i , H ede r v . S i b ir sk i j

S pa s sk i , A r ch . N um . S ymp . S pa s sk i , C immer ian B o sphoru s

F .I mhoof -B lume r ,P or t ra i tköpf ea uf a n t iken Münz en h e l l en ischer u nd h e l l en is ier t er V ö lk er ,L e ipz ig , 1 885 . L .N . K azamanova ,E inf ührung i nd i ea n t ik eN um isma t ik . Mo scow , 1 969 . H .K .E . K öh le r , ' S u i t ed e sm eda i l le sd 'A sande r , d 'abo rd d ea r chon t , a p r e s r o id uB o spho r eC imme r ien ' . S erap is , I ,S tP e t e r sbu rg 1 850 . B .V . K ähne , ' De sc r ip t ion o f t h e Mu seum o f P r ince V .V . K ochube i ' , S t P e te r sbu rg , 1 857 . H .E . M inn s . S cy th ian sa nd G r eek s . C amb r idg e , 1 913 . T .E . M ionne t ,D esc r ip t ion d es mM a i l l es a n t iques g r ecques e tr oma ines . S uppL I ,P a r is , 1 822 . M ionne t T .E . D esc r ip t ion d es m eda l / / es a n t iques g r ecques e tr oma ines . S uppL I V , P a r i s , 1 829 . H . d e . N an t eu i l , C o l l ec t ion d es m onna ies g r ecques . P a r i s , 1 925 . A .W . O r e shn ikov , C a ta logue o ft h e C o l l ec t ion o fA n t iqu i t ies o fC oun t A .S . U va rov . V I I , Mo scow , 1 887 . A . P od sh iwa lov . B eschr e iburg d e r u ned ir t en u nd w en ig b ekannn t en Münz en v on S arma t ia E uropaea , C her sonesus T aur ica u nd B osphorus C immer ius a us d er S amm lung A .M P od sh iwa lov , Mo scow , 1 882 . A .M . P od sh iwa lov . T he Moscow P ub l ic a nd R um i janz ev Mus eum . N um isma t ic D epa r tmen t . V oLI , Mo s cow , 1 884 . A . v on S a l le t , B e i t räge z ur G esch ihch t e u nd N um isma t ik d er K ön ig e d es C immer ischen B osporus u nd d es P on tus , B e r l in , 1 886 . D . S e s t in i , C la s se sG ene ra le s ,F i r enz e , 1 821 . D . S e s t in i ,D esc r iz ione d e l l em ed ag l ie a n t iche d e l Mus e° H ed erva r iano d e lB o sf or e C immer iof ino a l l' A rmen ia R omana . P .I .F i r enze , 1 8 38 . P r in ce A . S i b i r sk i j , C a ta logue d es mk la i l l e sd uB osphor eC immgr ien p r écéd éd ' d . tud es s ur l ' h is to ir ee tl e sa n t iqu i t gs d ec ep ay s . S tP e t e r sbu rg , 1 859 . G . S pa s sk i ,A rchaeo log ica lN um isma t ic S ympos ium , Mo scow , 1 846 . G . S pa s sk i , T he C immer ian B osporu s , Mo scow , 1 848 .

S t ancomb

-

T r e so r

-

Wadd ing ton

-

Z og raph

V .A . A noh in , T he C o inag eo ft h eB o sporus ,K iev , 1 986 . A . B e r t ie r d e l aG a rde , ' Ma t e r ia l sf o r Me t ro log ica l S t udy o ft h e Mon e ta ry S t anda rd so ft h e A nc ien tG r eek C i t ie sa nd K ing s o fS a rma t ia a nd T auru s ' , NS , I , Mo scow , 1 913 . P .O . B u rachkov , G enera l C a ta logue o fC o ins P er ta in ing t ot h e H e l l en ic C o lon ie s w h ich E x is t ed i nA n t iqu i ty o n t h e N or thern C oa s t o ft h e B lack S ea . O d e s sa , 1 884 . C h r . G ie l , K l e ine B e i t räg e z u r a n t ik en N um isma t ik S üd rus s land s , Mo scow , 1 886 . C h r . G ie l , ' De sc r ip t ion o fC o in sw h ich h ave e n te r ed m yC o l lec t ion i n1 892 a nd 1 893 ' ,Z RAO , V I I , 1 895 , s e p a ra t eo f f p r in t . C h r . G ie l , ' AN ew A cqu i s i t ion i nm yC o l lec t ion , Z RAO , V . 1 892 .

S y l log eN ummorum G raecorum , v o lume X I , T he W i l l iam S t ancomb C o l lec t ion o fC o ins o ft h eB lack S ea R eg ion , Ox f o rd 2 000 . THsor d eN um isma t ique e td e G lyp t ique o uR ecue i lG dw e 'ra ld e Meda i l l es , Monna ies , P ier r r es G ra l4es , B a sR e l ief se t c . P a r i s , 1 849 . W .H . Wadd ing ton , ' S u rl ac h rono log ie d e sr o i sd uP on te td uB o spho r ee t d e sp r in ce sd 'O lb ia ' ,R ev . N um . 1 886 . A .N .Z og raph ,A nc ien tC o inag e . P a r tI , BAR . S upp lemen ta ry S e r ie s3 . Ox f o rd , 1 9 33 .

8 8

C o l lec t ion s A A napa ANS B aku B ru s se l l s C op

BM S NG BM

FMC GE G IM GM I I K e r ch K r Mün ich NM OGAM V ienna Y a l ta

A shmo lean Mu seum , O x f o rd A napa R eg ion Mu seum T he C o l lec t ion o ft h e Am e r ican N um i sma t ic S oc ie ty P a chomov C o l lec t ion B ib l io theque R oya le A lbe r t 1 .C ab ine td e s Mcda i l le s T he R oya l C o l lec t ion o f C o in s a nd Meda ls , D an i sh N a t iona l Mu seum . C openhagen S t aa t l iche Mu seen z uB e r l in , Münzkab ine t t . B e r l in B r i t i sh Mu seum S y l log e N ummorum G ra ecorum , I X . B r i t i sh Mu seum , p t . 1.B la ck S ea . L ondon ,1993 F i tzw i l l iam Mu seum , C amb r idg e F i tzw i l l iam —Macm i l lan C o l lec t ion G o suda r s tvenny E rm i tazh = S t a t eH e rm i tage , S tP e t e r sbu rg G o suda r s tvenny I s to r iche sky Mu se i =S t a t eH is tor ica l Mu seum , Mo scow G o suda r s tvenny Mu s e i I z ob raz i te lnykh I s ku s s tv i m . A .S . P u s l ik ina P u shk in S t a t e Mu seum o fF ine A r t s , Mo scow K e r ch H i s to r ica l -A r cha eo log ica l Mu s eum K ra snoda r Mu seum S t aa t l iche Münz samm lung , Mün ich N ovo ro s s i j sk i Mu seum O de s sa S t a t eA r chaeo log ica l Mu seum B ib l io theque N a t iona le ,P a r i s B unde s samm lung v on Meda i l len u nd Münzen , G e ldz e ichen Y a l ta R eg iona l Mu seum

8 9

A uc t ion C a ta logue s A r sC la s s ica , X I A r s C la s s ica AG B oud in C ahn ,6 0 C ahn , 7 5 E gge r 1 904 H ambu rg e r , 1 930

-

-

H e lb ing , 1 928 H e s s , 1 931 H e s s , 1 935 H e s s , 1 957 H e s s , 1 966 H e s s 1 968 H e s s 1 970 H e s s 1 978 J ame son K rau s L anz G raz 1 L an zG raz 2 8 L anz G raz 4 2 L eu L eu Mye r s N av i l le , V N av i l le , X I I N av i l le , X I I I N av i l le , XV N av i l le , XV I N av i l le , XV I I R a t to R oux S ch le s s ing e r . 1 S o theby 1 844 S o theby 1 898 S oheby 1 909 S o th eby S o theby 1 990 S chu lman S t ernbe rg

-

-

-

-

-

-

C a ta logue Monna ie sA n t ique , G eneva , 1 930 Z ü r ich . 2 7 .02 .1991 A uc t ion B oud in C o l le c t ion , P ar i s , 1 911 A .E . C ahn . A uc t ionKa ta log ,F r . a .M . , 1 928 A .E . C a lm . A uc t ion sKa ta log , 3 0 .0 .9 . F r . a .M . , 1 9 30 B r üde rE gg e r . A uc t ion sKa ta log , W ien , 1 904 L eo H ambu rge r . A uc t ion sKa ta log . A l te A u s länd i sche S amm lung . F r . a .M . , 1 930 0 . H e lb ing , N a ch t . A u c t ion sKa ta log . München , 1 928 A . H e s s , N a ch t . A uc t ionKa ta log , 2 08 . G r iech i sche Mün zen a u s d em B e s i tz e i ne sA u s länd i schen Mu seum s . F r . a .M . , 1 931 A .H e s s . A uc t ion sKa ta log . Monna ie s G r ecque s . L uce rne , 1 9 35 A .H e s sLeu . A uc t ion sKa ta log , XV I , 1 957 A .H e s sLeu . A u c t ion sKa ta log , 1 36 , 1 966 A . H e s sLeu . A uc t ion sKa ta log , 1 968 . L uce rne , 1 7 / 18 .04 .1968 A .H e s sLeu . A u c t ion sKa ta log , 1979 , L uce rn e , 1 2 / 13 .05 1 970 A uc t ion H e s s2 47 . 2 0 .06 .1978 C o l lec t ion R .J ame son . Monna ie sg r ecque sa n t ique s . P a r i s , 1 924 A uc t ion K rau s , 1 928 A uc t ion L anz G raz , 1 . München , 8 / 9 .12 .1972 A uc t ion L anz G raz , 2 8 . Mün chen , 0 7 .05 .1984 A uc t ion L anz G raz , 4 2 . München , 2 3 .11 .1987 A uc t ion B ank L eu , 2 9 .03 .1959 A uc t ion B ank L eu . N um . F ine A r t . T he G a r r e tC o l . , 1 984 A uc t ion R . Mye r s , N .Y . , 1 3 .09 .1976 C a ta log ue d em onna ie sG r ecque sA n t ique s . G eneva , 1 923 C a ta logue d em onna ie sG re cque s ,X I I . G eneva , 1 926 C a ta logue d em onna ie sG r ecque s , X I I I . G eneva , 1 928 C a ta logue d em onna ie sG r ecque s , XV . G eneva , 1 930 C a ta logue d em onna ie sG r ecque s , XV I . G eneva , 1 933 C a ta logue d em onna ie sG r ecque s , XV I I . G eneva , 1 9 34 A uc t ion R a t to . L ugano , 1 927 A uc t ion C o l lec t ion R oux . Monna ie s G r ecqu e s . P a r i s , 3 1 .5 .1911 F . S ch le s s inge r . MünzAuc t ion , 1 , S amm lung a u s a u s länd i schen Mu seumbe s i tz . B e r l in , 1 934 S o theby 2 9 .07 .1844 ( Thoma sC o l lec t ion ) S o theby 2 0 .01 .1898 S o theby -W i lk in son -Hodge 2 0 .04 .1909 S o theby , W i lk in son , H odge . C a ta logue o fr a r e c o in s . T he p rop er ty o f R u s s ian N ob leman . A u c t ion 2 3 J une 1 924 S o theby ' sA ddendum 1 9 .06 .1990 A uc t ion S chu lman . 2 6 .09 .1906 A uc t ion F .S t e rnbe rg ,) 0 C , Z u r ich 2 0 .04 .1988

9 0

B IBL IOG RAPHY Ag u ide t ot he P r inc ipa l C o in so ft h eG reek s . L ondon , 1 959 . A lf ö ld i A . ' Ha s ta -Summa I mper i i ' , AJA , 6 3 .1 , ( 1959 ) , p p .1-27 . A noh in V .A . C o inage o fB osporus . K iev , 1 986 . B a ldu sH .R . ' D ie D a ten v on Münzp rägung u nd T od d e rK ön ig in P y thodo r is v on P on to s ' , C h iron , 1 3 , ( 1983 )p p .537 -43 . B e i-t i e rd el aG a rde A .L . ' The C o in so ft h eK ing so ft he C imme r ian B o sporu sD e term ined b y Monog ram s ' , ZOO ID , 2 9 ( 1910 )p p .117 -232 . B e i-t i e rd e l aG a rde A .L . ' Ma te r ia ls f o rt h e Me t ro log ica l S tudy o ft h e Mone ta ry S t anda rd so ft he Anc ien tG reek C i t ie sa nd K ing so fS a rma t ia a nd T aur is ' ,N um . S born ik , I . Mo scow , 1 913 , p p .19 -134 . B ib l io theque N a t iona le C ab ine td e Meda i l le s . G u ide . P ar i s , 1 929 . B lava t skaya T .V . ' A spu rgu sa nd B o sporu si n AD 1 5 ' , S A , 3( 1965 ) p p .26 -37 . B lava t skaya T .V . ' I n sc r ip t ion so fK ing A spu rgo s ' , S A , 2( 1965 ) p p .197 -209 . B lava t sk i V .D . P an t icapaeum . Mo scow , 1 964 . B lava t sk i V .D . ' On R he scupo r is I ' ,S A 4 ,( 1976 )p p .56 -62 . B o l tunova A . 1 . ' On t he i n scr ip t ion I OSPE , I ,4 00 ' , V D I( 1954 ) . B r i t ish Mu seum C a ta logue . R oman C o in sI .L ondon , 1 965 . B u rachkov P .O . G enera lC a ta logue o ft h e C o ins P er ta in ing t ot h e H e l len ic C o lon ies w h ich e x is t ed i n A n t iqu i ty o nt h eN or thern C oas to ft h eB lack S ea . Ode s sa , 1 884 . B urne t tA . , Amand ry M . , R ipo l lä sP .R oman P rov inc ia lC o inage . V o l . I ,L ondon -Par is , 1 992 . C a l la tay F .d e . ' La P o l i t ique mone ta i re d eM i th r ida te V I , r o i d uP on t ' , R y thmes d e l ap roduc t ion m one ta ire d e l ' an t iqu i t e än os f our s ,L ouva in -La -Neuve ( 1987 )p p .55 -66 . C a l la tay F .d e .L 'h is to ire d es g uer r es M i thr ida t iques v ue p a rl e sm onna ies . L ouva in -La -Neuve , 1 997 . C ohen H . D escr ip t ion h i s tor ique d es m onna ies , m eda i l les i mper ia les I .P a r is , 1 880 . C om s tock M . , V ermeu le C . Museum o fF ine A r t sB os ton . G reek C o ins 1 950 -1963 . B o s ton , 1 964 . C rawf o rd M .H .R oman R epub l ican C o in Hoard s . L ondon , 1 959 . D ew ing A .S . C o l lec t ion o fG reek C o ins . N ew Y o rk , 1 985 . E ckhe lJ . Doc t r ina N umorumV e t erum V indobone I . F or re rL . T he C o l lec t ion o fW eber . V o l . I I , p a r tI ,1 926 . F r ied lände rJ ,v on S a l le tA . Das k ön ig l ishe Münzkab ine t t . B e r l in , 1 877 . F ro lova N .A . ' The C oppe rC o in so fC o ty s Ia s aH is tor ica l S ou rce ' , S . A , 3( 1976 )p p .103-11 . F ro lova N .A . ' The C o inage o fC o ty sI ,t h e S on o fA spu rgu s( 45 -68 AD ) ' , N um isma t ichesk iS born ik G IM , 5( 1977 ) . F ro lova N .A . ' On t he P e r iod o ft he R e ign so fG epaepy r i sa nd o fM i th r ida te sI I ' , V D I( 1977 ) 3 , p p .156 -74 =E ssay so n t h eN or thern B lack S ea R eg ion N um isma t ic s , Ode s sa 1 995 , p p .110 -127 . F ro lova N .A . ' On t he P er iod o ft h eR e ign o fD ynam is ' ,S A , 2( 1978 )p p .49 -61 =E s say so n t h e N or thern B lack S ea R eg ion N um isma t ics , Ode s sa 1 995 , p p .41-67 . F ro lova N .A . ' Da t ing t he B eg inn ing o fA spu rgu s 's R e ign i nB o sporu s ' , V DI ( 1979 ) 1 ,p p .139 -47 E s say so n t h eN or thern B lack S ea R eg ion N um isma t ics , O de s sa 1 995 , p p .68 -90 . F ro lova N .A . ' Co in sf r om t he E xcava t ion o fG o rg ipp ia 1 9731977 ' ,S ympos ium " Gorg ipp ia " . K ra snoda r , 1 980 . F ro lova N .A . ' Co in sf r om t he E xcava t ion o fP hanagor ia 1 962 -1975 ' , VD I( 1981 ) 1 ,p p .100 -113 . F ro lova N .A . ' The G o ld C o in so fM i th rada te sI I ( 3 38 B e = AD 4 1 )f r om t he C o l lec t ion o fG 1M ' , VD I ( 1986 )4 ,p p .54 -9 . F ro lova N .A . ' B ronze C o in so ft h eB o sporu sf r om t h eE nd o ft h e l tC en tu ry B .C . t ot he B eg inn ing o f t h e 1 g C en tu ry AD ' , NE , 1 5 ( 1989 )p p .3-18 . F ro lova N .A . E s say o n t h eN or thern B lack S ea R eg ion ' sN um isma t ic s , Ode s sa , 1 995 . F ro lova N .A . ' Towa rd s aH is to ry o fB o sporan C o inage ( 15 tC en tu ry BC ) ' , Anc ien tC iv i l iza t ions , 3 , ( 1996 ) , p p .151-68 . F ro lova N .A . ' The H is to ry o ft h eB o spo ran C o inage o ft h eI s tB .C . ' , N um isma t ichesk iS born ik G IM , 1 3 ( 1998 ) . F ro lova N .A . , Ka ry skov sk i j P .O . , D e lf sM . , ' Zu rC h rono log ie d e rH er r schaf tA sander s i mB o spo ros ' , C h iron , 2 3 ( 1993 ) p p .63-81 . F ro lova N .A . , Ma s lenn ikov A .A . ' The H oa rd o ft h e 1 s tC en tu ry B .C . B o spo ran C o in sF ound a tt h e A nc ien tS e t t lemen to f" Po l janka " ( t he K e rch R eg ion ) ' ,S ympos ium T he E xac tS c iences Me thod si n A rchaeo logy , S tP e te r sbu rg , 1 994 . F ro lova N .A . , S he lov D .B . ' Co in sf r om e xcava t ion sa tK epo i 1 958 1963 ' , A l Sph , 3( 1965 ) p p .168 -93 .

9 1

G a jdukev ich V .F . T he K ingdom o fB osporus , Mo scow -Len ing rad , 1 949 . G a jdukev ich V .F . Da sB osporan ishe R e ich ,B e r l in -Am s te rdam , 1 971 . G ie l C h r . K le ine B e i t räg ez ur a n t iken N um isma t ik S üd rus s land s . Mo scow , 1 886 . G ie l Ch r . T he B osporan C o ins w i th Monog rams BAE , BA M a nd O de s sa , 1 888 , p p .104 -13 .

l e,

G ie l C h r . ' AN ew A cqu i s i t ion i n My C o l lec t ion ' , Z RAO , 5( 1892 )p p .343-60 G ie l C h .Ch . ' De scr ip t ion o fC o in s Wh ich H ave E n te red My C o l lec t ion i n1 892 a nd 1 893 ' , Z RAO , 7 1 895 , s epa ra te ofpr in t . G o lenko K .V . ' The D a t eo ft h eB ronze C o in so fP an t icapaeum . T he E nd o f 3r d —rd C en tu ry B .C . ' , KS I I MK , 5 8 ( 1955 ) p p .131-8 . G o lenko K .V . ' On t he H i s tory o ft h e C u r rency o ft h eB o sporu si nt h e p p .20 -44 .

i s t

C en t . B .C . ' , NE , 2( 1960 )

G o lenko K .V . ' B ronze C o in s o ft h eT ime o fP ha rnace s ' , NE , 2( 1960 ) . G o lenko K .V . ' B ronze C o in so ft h e C i t ie so fP on to sa nd P aph lagon ia i nt h eT ime o fM i th r ida te s E upa to r among B o spo ran F ind s ' ,P a les t ina S ympos ium 1 ( 74 ) . Mo scow -Len ing rad , 1 964 p p . 5 8 -73 . G o lenko K .V . ' The P han ta lov sk iH oa rd o fB o spo ran D id rachm so ft h e I s tC en t . B .C . ' , V D I( 1965 )4 , p p .141-58 . G o lenko K .V . ' S ta te r sf r om N ew A cqu is i t ion so f GM 1 I ' , GM I IR epor t s , Vo l .I I . Mo scow , 1 965 . G o lenko K .V . ' Two C o in so fP an t icapaeum o ft h e rd C en tu ry . B .C . ' , NE , 5( 1965 ) p p .56 -61 . G o lenko K .V . ' The B ronze C o in so fP on tu si nt h eB o sporu s ' ,K l io , 4 6 ( 1965 )p p .307 -22 . G o lenko K .V . ' On t he C o inage o ft h e Anonymou sB o sporan O bo l s ' , NSph , 3( 1965 ) p p .41-9 . G o lenko K .V . ' Im i ta t ion so ft h eB ronze C o in so fP on to sa nd P aph lagon ia i nt he T ime o fM i th rada te s E upa to r ' , V D I( 1966 ) 3 ,p p .142 -9 . G o lenko K .V . ' S ome S i lve rC o in so fP an t icapaeum Du r ing t h e rd C en t . B .C . w i th T race so f O ve r s t r ik ing ' , NE , 7( 1968 )p p .37 -42 . G o lenko K .V . , ' Anonymou sP on t ic C oppe r ' , V D I( 1969 ) , p p .130 -54 . G o lenko K .V . ' The K e rch H oa rd o fB ospo ran C o in so ft h e i s t C en tu ry . B .C . ' , NE , 9( 1971 ) p p .38 -50 . G o lenko K .V . ' The S ta te r so fA sande ri nt h e2 0y ea r so fh i sR e ign ' , NE , 1 0 ( 1972 )p p .103-6 . G o lenko K .V . ' Co in sf r om t he E xcava t ion sa tN ymphaeum 1 939 -1970 ' , NE , 1 ( 1974 )p p .61-93 . G o lenko K .V . , Ka ry szkow sk iP .O . ' The G o ld C o inage o fK ing P ha rna ce so ft he B o spo ru s ' , NC , 1 2 ( 1972 )p p .25 -38 . G o lenko K .V . , S he lov D .B . ' Co in sf r om t h eE xcava t ion o fP an t icapaeum 1 945 -1961 ' , NSph , 1( 1963 ) p p .3-65 . G o lubzova E .S . T he N or thern B lack S ea L i t tora lB e tween t h e C en tur ies BC a nd AD . Mo scow , 1 951 . H e inen H . ' M i th r ida te sv on P e rgamon u nd C ae sa r sb o spo ran ische P läne ' , S tud ien z ur G esch ich t e u nd K u l tur d es A l t er tums . B and 8 .P ade rborn - München-W ien -Zür ich , 1 994 , p p .63-79 . H enn ing R . ' D ie R eg ierung sze i td e sA sande r ' ,B er l iner Münzb lä t t er 1 908 . I mhoof -B lume rF .P or t ra i tköpf e a uf a n t ik en Münzen h e l l en ischer u nd h e l len is ier t er V ö lker . L e ipz ig , 1 885 I mhoof -B lumer F .' D ie K upf e rp rägung d e m i th rada t ischen R e iche su nd a nde re Münzen d e sP on to s u nd P aph lago iüen s ' , NZ ( 1912 )p p .169 -92 . I r e land S .F ro lova N . ' Two H oa rd so fB o spo ran C o in so ft h e 1 s tC en tu ry B .C . f r om t he A nc ien t S e t t lemen to fP o l janka ( Ke rch ) 1,H erma thena 1 66 ( 1999 )p p .31-43 . K a ry szkov sk iP .O . ' Bo sporu sa nd R ome i nt h eF i r s tC en tu ry AD i nt h eL igh to f Num isma t ic Da ta ' , V D I( 1953 ) 3 ,p p .179 -90 K a ry szkov sk iP .O . , F ro lova N .A . ' On t he H i s to ry o ft h eR e ign o fA sande ri nB o sporu s4 9 /48 —2 1/20 B .C . ' , T he A nc ien tB lack S ea L i t tora . Ode s sa , 1 989 . K a ry szkov sk iP .O . , F ro lova N .A . ' The R e ign o fA sande ri nt h eB o spo ru sB a sed o n N um isma t ic D a ta ' , ( Sympos ium ) T he B lack S ea L i t tora l , I . Ode s sa , 1 990 , p p .89 -112 . K a ry szkov sk iP .O . , F ro lova N .A . ' On t h eH i s to ry o ft he R e ign o fA sande ri nB o sporu s ' , N um isma t i c I nves t iga t ions o ft h eH is tory o fS ou th -eas tE urope ,K ish inev , 1 990 , p p .89 -100 . K azamanova L .N . E inf ührung i nd i e a n t ike N um isma t ik . Mo skow , 1 969 . K lawan sZ .N . An O u t l ine o fA n c ien tG reek C o ins . W iscon s in , 1 959 . K öh le rH .K .E . , ' S u i te d e sm eda i l le sd 'A sande r , d 'abo rd d ea r chon t , a p re s r o i d uB o spho re C immer ien ' . S erap is , I , 1 850 . K öhne B .V . ,D escr ip t ion o ft h e Museum o fP r ince V .V . K ochube ia nd I nves t iga t ion i n to t h eH is to ry a nd N um isma t ics o ft h e G r eek C o lon ies i nR us s ia a nd L ik ew ise o ft h eK ingdoms o fP on tos a nd o ft h e C immer ian B osporus , V o l . I .S tP e te r sbu rg , 1 857 .

9 2

K ru shko l Y u .S . ' Co in sw i th Monog ram sf r om t h eP a t raeu sH oa rd o f1 950 ( Taman ) ' , VD I( 1952 ) 3 ,p p . 1 39 -46 . K ru shko l Yu .S . ' The P a t raeu sH oa rd o f1 950 ' , KS I I MK , 6 6 ( 1956 )p p .116 -17 . K un i sz A .A . R echerches s ur l em onnayage e tl ac i rcu la t ion m on&a ire s ous l e rene d 'Augus t , Wa szawa , 1 976 . L a ty shev V .V . 1 7ONT IKA , S tP e te r sbu rg . , 1 909 . L e schhorn W .A n t ike i ren .Ze i t rechnung , P o l i t ik u nd G esch ich t e i mS chwar zmeer raum u nd i n K le ina s ien , n örd l ich d es T auros . S tu t tga r t , 1 993 . Ma shk in N .A . T he P r inc ipa t e o fA u gus tus . Mo scow -Len ing rad , 1 949 . Meyner t s .R evue B e ige d eN um isma t ique , 3 ,1 847 . McG ing B .C . T he F ore ign P o l icy o fM i thr ida t es V IE upa tor K ing o fP on tus . L e iden , 1 986 . M ionne tT .E . D escr ip t ion d es m Ma i l les a n t iques g recques e tr oma ines . S upp l . I ,P ar is , 1 822 . M ionne tT .E .D escr ip t ion d es m g 'da i l les a n t iques g recques e tr oma ines . S upp l . I V , P ar is , 1 829 . M inn sH .E . S cy th ians a nd G reek s . C ambr idge , 1 913 . Mo lev E .A . ' The P owe ro fM i th r ida te si nt h eB o sporu s ' , S ympo s ium , T he Anc ien t W or ld a nd A rchaeo logy , I . S a ra tov , 1 974 . Mo lev E .A .M i thr ida t es E upa tor , S a ra tov , 1 976 . Mo lev E .A . B osporus i nt h eH e l len is t ic P er iod , N izhn i j N ovgo rod , 1 994 . Mo lev E .A . T he R u ler o fP on tos , N iz luü j N ovgo rod , 1 995 . N an teu i lH . d e . C o l lec t ion d es m onna ies g r ecques . P a r is , 1 925 . N awo tka K . ' The A t t i tude T owa rds R ome i nt h eP o l i t ica lP ropaganda o ft he B o spo ran Mona rch s ' , L a tomus , 4 8 ( 1989 )p p .326 -38 . N awo tka K . ' A sande ro ft he B o spo ru s : H is C o inage a nd C h rono logy ' , AJN , 3 -4 ( 1991-2 ) p p .21-48 . N ov ichenkova N .G . ' AN ew F ind o ft h eY a l ta A rchaeo logy E xped i t ion i n 1 983 ' , S ympos ium o ft h e I ns t i tu te o fArchaeo logy o fR us s ia , Ma rch , 1 984 . O re shn ikov A .V . Z ur Münzkund ed es C immer ischen B osporus . Mo scow , 1 883 . O re shn ikov A .V . T he C immer ian B osporus i nt h eP er iod o ft h eS pa r toc id sf rom I nscr ip t ions a nd R oya lC o ins , Mo scow , 1 884 . O re shn ikov A .V . C a ta logue o ft h e C o l lec t ion o fA n t iqu i t ies o fC oun tA .S . U varov . V I I . Mo scow , 1 887 . O r e shn ikov A .V . ' P y thodor is a nd h e rO r ig in i nt he P on t ic K ingdom ' ,1 4K , 3 4 ( 1902 ) . O re shn ikov A .V . E xcusus o n t h eA nc ien tN um isma t ics o ft h eB lack S ea C oas t , Mo scow , 1 914 . P e r l G . ' The E ra so ft he B i thy tüan , P on t ic a nd B o spo ran K ingdom s ' , V DI ( 1969 ) 3 ,p p .39 -69 . P ink K . ' D ie T r iumv ir i Mone ta le su n te rA ugu s tu s ' , NZ , 7 1 ( 1946 ) . P od sh iva lov A . B eschre iburg d er u ned ir t en u nd w en ig b ekannn ten Münzen v on S arma t ia E uropaea , C her sonesus T aur ica u nd B osphorus C immer ius a us d er S amm lung A .M . P od sh iwa lov , Mo scow , 1 882 . P od sh iwa lov A .M . T he Moscow P ub l ic a nd R um i janzev Museum . N um isma t ic D epar tmen t , V o l .I , Mo scow , 1 884 . P od sh iwa lov A .M . ' The C o in so ft h eC imme r ian B o spo ro sK ing so ft h e S par toc id a nd A chaemen id D yna s t ie s ' , ZOO ID , 1 5 ( 1889 )p p .112 -40 . P r ice M .J . ' M i th r ida te s V IE upa tor ,D iony su sa nd t he C o inage so ft h eB lack S ea ' , NC , 1 968 , p p .1-12 . P r ice M .J . S y l loge N ummorum G raecorum D C , B r i t ish Museum . T he B lack S ea . L ondon , 1 993 . R e inach T h . T ro is R oyaumes d e l ' As ie M ineur e . P a r is , 1 888 . R ob in son - Wa lke r -Jenk in s , C a r son . T he B r i t ish Museum Q uar t er ly . XV , 1 952 . R o s tov tzef fM .I . ' AB ronze B u s to ft he B o spo ran Queen D ynam is a nd t he H is to ry o ft he B o spo ru s a t t h eT ime o fA ugu s tu s ' , D revnos t i , 2 5 ( 1916 ) , p p .1-31 . R o s tov tzef fM . I . ' The B ronze C o in so fD ynam is a nd A spu rgo s ' ,I TUAK , 5 4 ( 1918 ) . R o s tov tzef fM . I . ' Queen D ynam is o fB o sporu s ' , JHS , 3 9 ( 1919 )p p .82 -109 . R o s tov tzef fM . I .I ran ians a nd G reek si nt h eS ou th o fR us s ia . Ox f o rd , 1 922 . R o s tov tzef fM . S cy th ien u nd d er B osporus . B and I . W iede ren tdeck t eK apze lu nd v erwand te s . S tu t tga r t , 1 993 . S a l le tA . v on . B e i t räge z ur G esch ihch t eu nd N um isma t ik d er K ön ig ed es C immer ischen B osporus u nd d es P on tus ,B e r l in , 1 886 . S e s t in iD . L e t t ere ed i s ser taz ione n um isma t iche V I . B e r l in , 1 804 . S e s t in iD . D escr iz ione d e l le m edag l ie a n t iche d e l Muse° H ed erva r iano d e lB osf ore C immer io l ino a l l' A rmen ia R omana . P .I .F i renze , 1 838 . S he lov D .B . T he A nc ien t W or ld i nt h eN or thern B lack S ea L i t tora l , Mo scow , 1 956 .

9 3

S he lov D .B . ' Ma t e r ia l st owa rd t h eH i s to ry o f Mone ta ry C i r cu la t ion i nt h eC i t ie so ft h eB o sporu s i nt h e V I th —I s tC en tB .C . ' NE , 5( 1 965 )p p .31-50 . S he lov D .B . T ana is a nd t h eL ower D on i nt h e1 1 rd —I s tc en t . B .C . , Mo scow , 1 970 . S he lov D .B . ' Macha r e sa sK ing o fB o sporu s ' , V D I( 1 978 ) , 1 ,p p . 5-72 . S he lov D .B . C o inag eo ft h eB osporu s V I I IC en tur ies BC , Ox f o rd , 1 978 . S he lov D .B . ' On t h eH i s to ry o ft h eC u r r ency o ft h eB ronze C o in so fP an t icapaeum ' , S ympo s ium , N um isma t ic so ft h eN or th B lack S ea C oa s t . K iev , 1 982 , p p .45 -50 . S he lov D .B . ' The C i t ie so ft h eB la ck S ea C oa s ta nd M i th r ida t e sE upa to r ' , V D I( 1983 ) 2 ,p p .40 -58 . S herw in - Wh i t eA .N .R oman F or e ign P o l icy i nt h eE a s t1 68 B .C . t o AD I .L ondon , 1 984 . S i b i r sk i j —P r ince A . S i b i r s ld j . C a ta logue d es m eda i l l es d uB osphor e C immer ien p r eced ed ' e tud es s ur ' h i s to ir ee tl e sa nan t iqu i t es d ec ep ay s . S tP e t e r sbu rg , 1 859 . S pa s sk i G .A rchaeo log ica lN um isma t ic S ympos ium , Mo scow , 1 846 . S pa s sk i G . T he C immer ian B osporus , Mo scow , 1 848 . T r esor d eN um isma t ique e td e G lyp t ique o uR ecue i lG enera ld e Meda i l l es , Monna ies , P i er r r es G ravees , B a sR e l ief se t c . P a r i s , 1 849 T e r leck i W .D ie Münz en d es K immer ischen B osporus u n t er R heskoupor is / Z ap isk iN um i zma t ic zne . Lwöw , 1 928 . V inog radov Y .G . ' Ep ig raphy i nt h eU SSR 'A rcheo logy sk V es tn ik /Ac ta A rchaeo log ica , XXX I , 1 980 . V on A u lock H . S y l log eN ummorum G raecorum , D eu t sch land . S amm lung v .A u lock ,B e r l in 1 957 -68 . W ro th W . P on to s ,B i thyn ia , P aph lagon ia a nd t h eK ingd om o fB osporus IBMC , L , 1 889 . Wadd ing ton W .H . ' S u rl ac h rono log ie d e sr o i sd uP on te td uB o spho r ee td e sp r ince sd 'O lba ' ,R evN um 1 886 . Wadd ing ton W .H . ,B abe lon E . ,R e ina ch T h . ,R ecue i lg enera ld e sm onna ies g r ecques d 'As ie M ineur e . 1 . 1 , f a sc .1 .P a r i s , 1 925 . Y azenko I .V . ' The Q ueen G epaepyr i sD ish f r om S cy th ian N eapo l is ' , I s tor iko -Archaeo log iche sk i S born ik . Mo scow , 1 962 . Z ag ina i lo A .G . ' The G o ld B o spo ran C o in o fM i th r ida t e sE upa to r ' ,I C SIGA M , 1 963 . Z hebe lev S .A . ' The L a s tP a ir i sade sa nd t h e S cy th ian U pr i s ing i nt h eB o spo ru s ' , T he N or the rn B lack S ea L i t tora l . Mo scow -Len ing rad , 1 953 . Z og raph A .N .A nc ien tC o ins , MIA , 1 951 . Z og raph A .N .A nc ien tC o inag e . P a r tI , BAR . S upp lemen ta ry S e r ie s3 . O x f o rd , 1 977 .

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P la te XL

P la te XL I

P la te XL I I

P la te XL I I I

P la te XL IV

P la te XLV

P la te XLV I

P la te XLV I I

P la te XLV I I I

P la te XLLX

P la te L

P la te L I

P la te L I I

P la te L I I I

P la te L IV

P la te LV

P la te LV I

P la te LV I I

P la te LV I I I

P la te L IX

P la te LX

P la te LX I

P la te LX I I