The Chronicle of Hydatius and the Consularia Constantinopolitana: Two Contemporary Accounts of the Final Years of the Roman Empire 019184456X, 9780191844560

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OXFORD CLASSICAL MONOGRAPHS

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OXFORD CLASSICAL MONOGRAPHS The aim of the Oxford Classical Monographs Series (which replaces the Oxford Classical and Philosophical Monographs) is to publish outstanding revised theses on Greek and Latin literature, ancient history, and ancient philosophy examined by the faculty board ofLiterae Humaniores.

THE

Chronicle of Hydatius AND THE

Consularia Constantinopolitana TWO CONTEMPORARY ACCOUNTS OF THE FINAL YEARS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE ♦

Edited with an English translation by

R. W. BURGESS

CLARENDON

PRESS H)R. W. Burgess1993 All rightsreserved. Nopartofthispublication maybereproduced, storedin a retrievalsystem,ortransmitted, in anyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermission in writingof OxfordUniversity Press. WithintheUK,exceptions areallowedin respect ofanyfair dealing/orthe purposeofresearch orprivatestudy,orcriticism orreview,aspermitted undertheCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct, 14),20-41. 8 See below, p. 70, and Helm, 249-50.

HYDATIUS

AND HIS CHRONICLE

7

so as to form a single monolithic compendium. As the idea of'Christian' historiography spread and more Christian histories and chronologies were written, continuators continued continuators and originally separate chronicles, lists, and tables were collected together into single historical compendia. More often than not these continuations and compilations were anonymous, yet another practice unthinkable in the Classical world. Hydatius was in many respects one of the pioneers of the chronicle genre in Latin. As will be seen in Part Two below, the fasti or consularia genre, that is, historically annotated consular lists, gained a new impetus in the early fourth century after what would seem to have been a long period of neglect, though it was not until the end of the fourth century that it really became a popular mode of historical writing. The sole impetus for the popularity of Latin chronicles in the fifth century was the appearance of Jerome's translation and continuation of Eusebius' Chronicicanonesin ~ 382.9 Both chronicles and consularia thus made their first big impact at about the same time in the West, at the end of the fourth century. The early history of one tradition of consularia is discussed in Part Two; there were others, however, most notably those published together by Mommsen under the title 'Consularia Italica' in Chronicaminorai, the 10 related fragmentary RavennaAnnals, and the now-lost fasti of Ausonius, which went down to 379 in the first edition and 382 in the second. The chronicle tradition after Jerome probably first saw light in the West with, the chronicle of Ausonius sometime in the 38os. This work would seem to have survived only in the lost Veronensis manuscript of Ausonius' works and is now known only from a list of contents of that manuscript copied in c.1320 by Giovanni Mansionario (de Matociis) in the margin of a copy of 11 his own Historiaimperialis. The earliest surviving chronicle is that of Prosper, first written in 433. Prosper began with Adam, but for the period between the birth of Abraham and AD 378 he simply epitomized the Chronicicanonesand added his continuation to the epitome. He continued his own continuation twice, in 445 and 455.12 Internal evidence from the 9

For a brief, general account of Late Roman historiography, see Croke and Emmett (1g83)and their bibliography; for Latin chronicles, see Muhlberger (1990),8-47 (CLRE47-57 should be treated with extreme caution); for the development of the originally Greek genre of chronicles and chronography, see Mosshammer (1979),84-112, 128-68; and Croke (1g83a). 10 Published in Bischoff and Koehler (1939), 127-9. 11 The entry reads 'Item cronicam ab initio mundi usque ad tempus suum' and directly follows the notice of the fasti ('Item ad Hesperium filium concordie libri fastorum cum libris consularibus librum unum', a description which certainly seems to suggest that they were annotated). For this catalogue, contained in Vat. MS Chig. I. vii. 259, fo. 119•,see Weiss (1971)and S. Prete's 1978Teubner edition of Ausonius, p. xxvi. 12 There is no good evidence, in my view, for an edition of 451, paceMuhlberger (1990), n5-21.

8

THE CHRONICLE

OF HYDATIUS

chronicles of Hydatius and Prosper suggests that there once existed a now-lost Gallic chronicle which extended from c.410to c.439.This was a completely different compilation from the surviving ChronicaGallicaad annumCCCCL/1,or Gallic Chronicle of 452,which was put together in 452 by an unknown writer in southern Gaul. In 511another Gallic chronicler put together a document based mainly on Hydatius and an earlier source of the Gallic Chronicle of 452;this chronicle survives only in an epitome in a single manuscript. In the sixth century there were many other Latin chronicles written in both East and West which survive in whole or in part: Marcellinus comes(Eusebius-Jerome, then 379-518,then to 534),the anonymous continuator of Marcellinus (the manuscript breaks off at 548), Cassiodorus (chiefly an epitome of Prosper, then 456-519, all in a consularia format), Victor Tonnennensis (Prosper, then 444-567), Johannes Biclarensis (Victor, then 567-90),a now lost chronicle written in Caesaraugusta (from c.450to c.568),and Marius Aventicensis (Eusebius-Jerome, Chron. Gall. 452, Prosper 453-4, then 455-581).There were of course hundreds if not thousands of other unknown and now-lost chronicles written by all types ofindividuals in all parts of the Empire throughout the late-fourth to sixth centuries. And after these auspicious beginnings, chronicles went on to become the most popular form of historical writing in the Middle Ages. In making his continuation of Jerome Hydatius retained the major chronological system which he found in the text, the regnal years. The two Gallic chroniclers did the same, but other early chroniclers, influenced by the growing popularity of consularia and their apparent exactness and ease of use, adopted consular dates. After the end of the regular consulship in 541 chroniclers were forced to use post-consular systems, regnal years of barbarian kings, and, eventually, dates annodomini.Hydatius followed Eusebius and Jerome in their use of regnal years, years from the birth of Abraham, and Olympiads. He found Spanish aeras in his text and continued to use those as well; and added his own chronology involving Jubilees from the Ascension. All of these systems will be discussed below in Section 3. He also retained exactly the structure of Jerome's text 13 and even copied much ofJerome's wording. One thing that Hydatius did not imitate from his model, however, was its brevity. One of the fundamental aspects of the chronicle genre was its brevity and conciseness. Each chronicle was a record of fact and deed described in the simplest and most straightforward way. Analysis, causa13

On this, see below, pp.

12

and 59.

HYDATIUS

AND HIS CHRONICLE

9 tion, contingent episodes, and explanation were eschewed for a simple recounting of 'the facts'. This view of history chiefly grew out of theological concerns, but also out of practicality: if one set out to record all human history in one codex, there was just no room for detail or exposition. As Eusebius says, in Jerome's translation, he compiled his work 'ut facilis praebeatur inuentio, cuius Graeci aetate uel barbari prophetae et reges et sacerdotes fuerint Hebraeorum, item qui diuersarum gentium falso crediti dii, qui heroes, quae quando urbs condita, qui de inlustribus uiris philosophi poetae principes scriptoresque uariorum operum extiterint, et si qua alia digna memoria putauit antiquitas; quae uniuersa in suis locis cum summa breuitate ponemus' (Helm, 18-19). Hydatius, however, is easily the most detailed and verbose of all Late Antique chroniclers, especially in the second half of the chronicle when he was no longer following written sources; the ninety years of his chronicle take up more space than the final ninety years of any chronicle in Mommsen's Chronicaminoravolumes. It would seem that Hydatius was trying to write a more traditional historical narrative within the structural restrictions of the new chronicle genre. While we as historians may be grateful for the detail of the text, this may very well explain why the chronicle as a whole barely escaped oblivion: it was just too long and the Latin too compressed and complicated for the average reader. 14 And the fact that the chronicle chiefly involved an area of the world that few people were interested in or knew anything about cannot have helped either. The final question which I wish to address here is Hydatius' reasons for undertaking the extremely difficult task of composing a chronicle in the first place. He was not well placed geographically for the enterprise and there must have been times when his inability to discover what he wanted to know caused him great consternation. The first and most fundamental driving force behind Hydatius' urge to produce an up-to-date historical account comes from his belief in the impending end of the world. I do not have the space here to explain his eschatological views in any detail (they would require an entire chapter), 15 but it is sufficient for my purposes here to state that Hydatius had read and believed an apocryphal apocalypse, purporting to be a letter from Christ to Thomas, which revealed that the world would end 450 years from Christ's Ascension, i.e. on 27 May 482. The chronicle was thus intended as an eye-witness 14

A good example of what must have been a typical reaction to the length of the chronicle is provided by the Spanish epitomator (see Section 2 below), who copied far more from the beginning than the end. 15 See Burgess (1g8ga), 155-93.

10

THE CHRONICLE

OF HYDATIUS

account of the last years of Gallaecia and the Roman Empire, with the barbarians as the agents of the Antichrist, raging against the world amidst portents of growing evil and the fulfilment of Biblical prophecy. That these beliefs prompted him to write history rather than (or in addition to) sermons of preparation and repentance, suggests that he was already familiar with the genre and its importance for Christian eschatology. Indeed, Hydatius' admiration for Jerome and his chronicle has already been mentioned above. He felt that he could best fulfil his purpose on earth by finishing Eusebius and Jerome's account of human history. Whether he thought it would escape the end of the world or lead his readers to repentance, we cannot know, but one can be certain that by writing his chronicle he felt that he was glorifying God and his creation, and increasing the chances for his own favourable reception on Judgement Day. Hydatius was no dilettante or hopeless amateur: he possessed a great understanding of history-writing and its methods. His preface, for instance, is almost completely an historiographical introduction, with its concern for sources and whether or not Jerome had written any further than 378. Hydatius demonstrates an awareness and understanding of historical method, and a willingness to discuss such matters, matched by none of his contemporaries. His use of the Greek words 'chronografia' and 'singrafus' (pref. 2 and 3; - xpovoypaia, avyypaEvs)also demonstrates some experience with Greek, since both words are hapaxlegomena in Latin, 16 but he probably owes this to his connections with the port of Hispalis (Seville) and the still steady stream of Greek merchants there, Ii rather than to any exposure to Greek historiography. Thus it would seem that the writing of history was for Hydatius a natural reaction to the growing chaos which he saw around him. His historiographical background, whatever it was, prepared him well for the task which he set himself, that of recording the events leading up to the end of the world. Though it is to a certain extent faint praise, there is little doubt that Hydatius is the best Latin historian to survive between Ammianus Marcellinus and Gregory of Tours, and probably the best in his genre in all of Late Antiquity. 16

Though Jerome does use XPovoypatf,ia in his de uiris illustribus 52 (Richardson, 31). Also note in §232. These usages suggest that he may have picked up a Hydatius' use of'metabola' (- µ.ETa/10>..'7) few foreign words and was merely trying to impress his readers: 'metabola' apparently does not mean what he thought it meant (cf. Appendix 1, below, pp. 132-3). 17 § 170 and Burgess (1g88).

2 Manuscriptsand Editions ♦ 1.

TheManuscripts

Unfortunately no complete text of Hydatius' chronicle exists, only one almost complete manuscript, a much later copy of this manuscript, and many epitomes and excerpts. The codexoptimus, or rather in this case, codex unicus, known today as B, is Phillipps 1829 of the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek in Berlin, a volume of 192 26-line folios, 287 mm X 262 mm, 1 containing the texts ofJerome's translation and continuation ofEusebius' Chronicicanones(fos. 1v-153v),the chronicle of Hydatius (153'-172v),the so-called ConsulariaConstantinopo/itana (173v-184r),and the Libergenera2 tionis(184v-192v).At some point the exemplar of B would seem to have contained a copy of a Latin version of Theophilus' paschal laterculus. 3 B itself was copied at Trier some time around 830.4 That it was copied in Trier is demonstrated by a unique laudatory interpolation of the first hand within an entry concerning Maximinus of Trier in the Chronici canones.This also suggests that the codex may have been copied at the monastery of St Maximinus in Trier. 5 Three short poems taken from the 6 GestaTreuirorum in thr~e different hands dating from the eleventh or 1

Though originally larger, since the pages have been trimmed and rebound at least once in the recent past. 2 The outer right edge of the last folio is lost, along with most offos. 192'b and 192•a.The liber ends on 192•aand 192'b is blank. In general the quality of the parchment towards the end of the manuscript is greatly inferior to that at the beginning. 3 This is made explicit by a marginal note in the first hand in the Consulariaat 38o. 1: 'Theofilus Alexandrie episcopus subiectum laterculum infra de pasche obseruatione conscribit.' Rose (1893:278) states, 'das infradieser von derselben Hand, die den Text geschrieben hatte, nachtriiglich am Rande wiederholten Anmerkung bezieht sich nicht auf die vorliegende Hs, sondem auf ihre Vorlage.' Cf. Mommsen (1892), 201 n. 1, 'adscripsit manus antiqua, sed non eius qui librum scripsit ... adfuisse aliquando in ipso codice laterculum inde uidetur colligi posse.' 4 On this manuscript, see Rose (1893),277-Bo;Mommsen (1892),78, and (1894),7-8; Fotheringham, pp. xiv-xv; and Helm, pp. xiv-xv. It is variously dated as eighth or ninth century; the date supplied here is my own and was kindly confirmed for me by Dr Bruce Barker-Benfield of the Bodleian Library ('second quarter of the ninth century'). The following section should be read in consultation with the stemma codicum (Figure I below). This manuscript is called Min the editions of the Chronicicarwnes, C in Mommsen's edition of the Consularia(Chron.min. i. 205-47), and Bin Mommsen's edition of the Libergenerationis (Chron.min. i. 89-138). 5 This interpolation can be seen in the apparatus criticus ofFotheringham's edition, 318. On these points, see Rose (1893),277. 6 MGH:SS viii: 131, 133(adapted), and 136.

12

THE CHRONICLE

OF HYDATIUS

twelfth centuries written on an empty part of fo. gr after Jerome's introduction show that it remained in Trier for at least three hundred years after it was written. At some point after the composition of the chronicle in 46g and before 613, probably in the late fifth or early sixth century, the EusebiusJerome-Hydatius book of chronicles which Hydatius had left fell into the hands of a Spanish compiler who added the Consularia,the Libergenerationis,and Theophilus to it (this text I call 8).7 The Spanish identity of this individual is proved by a number of factors. When 8 was copied out, someone added Spanish aeras to the text of the Consulariaand used the characteristically Spanish spelling 'octuber' in entry 386. 2, and to the Liber generationishe added an interpolation concerning the Balearic islands (§216), things no one outside Spain would have done. 8 8, or perhaps rather a copy of it, which I shall call 8 ', must have passed into Gaul at some date before the year 613 since the texts of EusebiusJerome-Hydatius and the Libergenerationis in the F tradition, i.e. the text of 'Fredegarius' which was originally compiled in c.613 (see below), derives from the same hyparchetype as B.9 This manuscript, 8', became badly damaged before it was copied at Trier in the early ninth century, though, for by then it had lost Theophilus' laterculus and chapters 332to 398 at the end of the Libergenerationis, the latter of which at least were still 10 extant in 613. Other damage to the chronicle of Hydatius will be discussed below, in Section 4. B is the only manuscript we possess which preserves the major body of the text along with the page format (26 lines per page) and at least some of the marginal chronology as it must have appeared in the original (that is, following the format of Eusebius-Jerome). 11 All other surviving texts (with the exception of C; see below) are epitomes or excerpts, rewritten and/ or condensed to some extent, generally containing interpolations and suffering from a fair degree of corruption. Some remain very close to the original, others do not. They are not so much 'manuscripts' of the 7 The Spanish compiler will be discussed below in Part Two. The Consularia and the Liberwere not written in a single, wide column across the whole page as is the case with Hydatius and the last half of Jerome (see below, n. 11), but in dual columns on each page, which would seem to have been the format in which the Spanish compiler found them (see below, pp. 2o8-9). 8 On the Consularia, see Part Two, below; on the Liber,see Chron.min. i. 110. 9 On this, see Mommsen (18C)2), 78-9 and Krusch (1888),4 and 6. This relationship is obvious from the content and the many conjunctive variants in the two texts. 1 Cf. MGH: SRM ii. 3o(§19)-33 (- Chron.min. i. 132-8, §§332-gS) for other material which probably appeared in 8'. 11 On the original 26-line format of the Chronici canones,see Helm, pp. xx and xxvii; Mosshammer (1979),49 and 72, and on the format in general, his 25-6 and 67-73; Fotheringham (1905), 7-13; and below, p. 59.

°

MANUSCRIPTS

AND EDITIONS

13 original text, as 'versions, of or 'witnesses, to it. Even so, B too has suffered corruption and is seriously lacunose in a number of places, most especially in the first six pages of the chronicle after the preface. 12 There are also many examples of material ranging in size from a single word to an entire entry dropping out of the text unnoticed and a great variety of scribal corruptions and later emendations. Nevertheless, in spite of its obvious deficiencies, B is the only starting point for any reconstruction of the chronicle. One question which must be addressed at this point is whether any of the great number of corrections made by later readers of B (which for convenience I classify together under the name ofB2, or 'a second hand,) were made from another manuscript or not. Most corrections are simply of a grammatical and orthographic nature: changes of singular and plural, agreement, or case in nouns and adjectives; active and passive, and singular and plural in verbs; adding or deleting letters; emphasizing correct word division; and adding punctuation. These hands were also responsible for the bizarre double-correction of the Olympiads, the addition of the missing years of Abraham in the margins, and the correction and alteration of a number of regnal years.13 These changes, not all of which are by any means correct, were probably accomplished through nothing more than a careful (or sloppy) reading of the text in front of the corrector. Some emendations are clever, such as 'Gaisericus enauigauit' for '[lacuna] sena uigauit' (So)and 'urbis, for 'ubi' (97).But the detectable errors in the alterations of a number of regnal years and in certain textual emendations 14 along with the numerous uncorrected errors ofB 1 prove that the second hands had no other codex from which to work and that all emendations were based on their own readings of the text. These emendations therefore are of no more value than those of a modern editor. There also exists a late sixteenth- or perhaps early seventeenth-century copy of B, MS 1792 of the Bibliotheque Inguimbertine, Carpentras (France), hereafter C. There is unfortunately no way of knowing for certain whether this copy was made before or after the discovery of B by 12

On this, see below, Section 4. On these, see below, Section 3. 14 These include, e.g., 'ydatius' for 'ignarus' (intro), the addition of the incorrect 'feria secunda' (26), 'prodidit' for 'potuit' (33), 'sancto primus' for 'sanctus et primus' (50), 'Extant operis ipsius' for 'Extant ipsius' (72), 'XXVI' for 'XXII' (73), 'edidicit' for 'edidit' (97), the deletion of'De Gallis' (137), 'depredatione grandi' for 'depredatione et grandi' (165), 'Idus' for 'Kai.' (1~), 'Dictyni Ospinione' for 'Dictynio Spinione' (1g6), 'omnes ciuis' for 'comes et ciuis' (212), and 'ordinatam et tabularum' for 'ordinata metabularum' (232). 13

THE CHRONICLE OF HYDATIUS

AUTOGRAPH

a

(H)

(F)

B

(0) Hm

E

\f\ T

Ht

s

Hn

FIG.1. Stemma Codicum

F2

cF

MANUSCRIPTS

AND EDITIONS

15

Key toStemmaCodicum (brackets indicate lost manuscript} a

/J K

G y

(H) IP (A)

Hm (0) Hb

(Ha) (He) Ht

Hn (Hs) 8 8' B C

B' E

T

s (F)

F

q, F2 cF

M

damaged apograph, source of fJand Kj pre-5u (may be autograph) apograph, common source of y and a (may be a) source of ChronicaGallicaadan.DXI (mutilated?) ChronicaGallicaadan.DXI (surviving only in Hm as an epitome) Spanish apograph; pre-57os autograph of the Spanish epitome; early 570s Isidorus' HistoriaGothorumWandalorum Sueuorum(fomuu:prolixioret breuior);626 Alcobaciensis; 8th-9th century Madrid, Biblioteca de la Universidad Complutense, 134; 13th century Osmensis; perhaps 13th century (represented in apparatus by siglum Ho) apograph made by Juan de Mariana; London, British Library, Egerton 1873;c.1590 apograph made by Juan Paez, 16th century apograph last owned by Ambrosio de Morales; 16th century apograph made by J.B. Perez; Toledo, Archivio y Biblioteca Capitulares, 27. 26; end of 16th century apograph made by J.B. Perez; Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional, 1376;end of 16th century apograph made by J. B. Perez, Segorbiensis; end of 16th century Spanish compiler, 5th-6th century apograph of a or a itself, enters Gaul pre-613 Berlin, Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Phillipps 1829;c.830 Carpentras, Bibliotheque lnguimbertine, 1792;late 16th century source for Hydatius in T (may be B) unknown and undated partial common source for S and T abbatiaePolidensis,Oxford, Bodleian Library, Theodorus' Chronicon Laud. Misc. 633; 1182 Sigebert's Chronographia; 1111 autograph of original text of'Fredegarius'; c.613 Paris, Bibliotheque National, Lat. 10910;715 hyparchetype ofF2 and cF: pre-8th to 9th century London, British Library, Harley 5251, late 9th century codices Fredegarii; groups 2, 3, 4; 8th-9th to 15th centuries source of M (early Gallic copy of 8' or compilation based on 8' or earlier tradition) ChroniconLuxoviense, Montpellier, Bibliotheque Interuniversitaire H151; 1039

16

THE CHRONICLE

OF HYDATIUS

Jacques Sinnond, but I am tempted to suggest that it was made first and that the publication of San Llorente's edition of 1615 based on C prompted Sinnond to search for the original manuscript (B), which he found in Metz before 1619,believing it to be the manuscript used by San Llorente (see below). This is a strange manuscript, a collection of paper pages bound into a codex, which itself dates from the 1620sor 1630s,15 and it presents an excellent copy of B (omitting the introduction and the lacunae) from 13t-151r with a number of emendations and crossreferences to Isidorus noted in the margin. This is followed by three blank pages and then another copy of the same text from §§ 1 to 163in two other hands, different from that of the first. The first hand of this second text is thin, widely ruled and widely spaced, almost cursive, and extends from § 1 to 'tyrann-' of §40. This is followed by a thick, densely packed, ornate hand which follows from '-icus' of §40 to 137.The first hand of this text then continues from 138 to 163where it stops at the bottom of the page (159v).Folio 161rcontains an excerpt from the Consularia, the years 291337. The numerous similarities between the text of this manuscript and that of San Llorente's 1615edition make it virtually certain that this is the manuscript which he used to produce his editioprinceps(see below),16 but it is otherwise of no value for establishing the text of the chronicle. The sources available to us for reconstructing Hydatius' text can be divided into four groups, and B stands alone in Group I because of its relative completeness in content and structure. Group II consists of texts which are generally straight epitomes of Hydatius with a minimum of rewriting and interpolation, i.e. the traditions known as H and F; Group III consists of texts produced by compilers who used Hydatius as a source for works of their own: the Gallic chronicler of 511, Isidorus, the author of the ChroniconLuxoviense,Sigebert, and Theodorus; and Group IV 15

The volume had belonged to the library of the famous scholar Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc of Aix, who died in 1637, and it contains a great number of texts dating from the 15th to the 17th centuries, including a number in the hand of de Peiresc himself (though not that of the chronicle). generaldesmanuscrits desbibliotheques These were bound together at some point after 1621;see Catalogue pub/iquesdeFrance,Vol. 34 (1901),pp. xxiv-vi, and Vol. 35 (1899),330-7. The folios are numbered 13759, 320-43, and 1933-56, which suggests that they have been part of other codices or collections in the past. 16 Apart from innumerable other similarities shared only by San Llorente and C, the two points which clinch the connection between the two is the appearance of the meaningless 'collectam' in both at §97 for B's 'Calleciam', and 'Hunnericus' in San Llorente for C's 'Sunericus' (188, 192,1rf,,201,207). The scribe of the first version in C wrote 'h' in a single curved stroke; as a result it looks very much like an 'S'. San Llorente had obviously familiarized himself with this peculiar form after initial incomprehension (as I had to do myself) and since 'Hunericus' is a better-known name than 'Sunericus', he misread the 'S' as an 'h'. Attentive readers may note different readings cited for C and Sa in the apparatus. This is because in many cases C transmits the text ofB as well as many supralinear and marginal variants. In such cases San Llorente may not have accepted these variants which I report for C.

MANUSCRIPTS

AND EDITIONS

contains the ConsulariaConstantinopolitana and the Epitomechroniconof Prosper, witnesses to Hydatius' major written source. The earliest text of Group II is the tradition known as H; unfortunately this is rather short. It begins at §29 and ends with §231. The epitomator appears to have become tired of the text towards the end or was perhaps uninterested in the later material; in general many fewer entries are copied from the end of the chronicle than from the beginning. Even though it suffers from rewriting, condensation, and some interpolation, H still provides a valuable check upon the text of B and preserves four entries and four Spanish aeras which are not found in B, as will be seen below in Section 3. There are at least six conjunctive variants common to 8' and H (or y, the tradition from which HIP descend; see the stemma codicum)- 'exaurit' for 'exauriunt' (40; BH), 'Anaolso/ Anealso' for 'Anaulfo' (82; BH), 'VII' for '1111'(114; BHI), 'mox' for 'nox' (142; BH), 'Hispali' for 'Hispalim' (170; BH), and 'caesa/caesas' for 'caesam' (170; BFHm)-as well as common evidence of mutilation before § 29 (see below, pp. 47-50) and the appearance of the annusa natiuitateAbraham 2470in both at§ 141(see below, pp. 36-7). All suggest that both ultimately derive from a hyparchetype which I call fJ. The original text of H was copied in Spain some time in the early 570s, it would seem, and was briefly continued with the lengths of the reigns of the succeeding emperors and a final paragraph concerning Belisarius' conquest of Africa (533-4), the conquest of Italy by Narses (552),and the loss of Italy to the Langobards under Alboin (568).It has been suggested that the epitomator of this work was Apringius, the bishop of Beja in Portugal, but there is absolutely no evidence for such a claim.17 This epitome at one time survived in at least nine different manuscripts but only four remain today: Hm, Hn, Ht, and Hb. 18 For his text ofHydatius Mommsen used only the first two; Florez in the editioprincepsof the H tradition in 1756 used Hb, Hm, and Ht. The sources for these manuscripts are the now-lost Alcobaciensis (A) of the eighth or ninth century 19 and the Osmensis (0), perhaps of the thirteenth century, and also lost. Of the two, (A) is clearly the most accurate and valuable branch of the H tradition, and (0) must derive from a not-too-distant offshoot. Hm is a thirteenth-century manuscript of the Biblioteca de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 134 (fos. 4or-41v) copied directly from (A) and our 17

Fita (1

-

'""3

C

Cl)

3 Orthography

Because there is only one independent manuscript of the complete chronicle and therefore nothing against which to check its orthography, and because the orthography of the manuscript is itself inconsistent, it is virtually impossible to decide what should be accepted as the 'correct' orthography for the text. 1 Apart from the numerous regular types of orthographical variation in ordinary words, there is even great variation in the spelling of names, where one would usually expect more consistency. Theoderic, for instance, is spelled six different ways: Theodericus, Theodoricus, Theudericus, Theudoricus, Theodor, and Theodorus. I have decided therefore to use the general rules followed by editors of medieval Latin and vernacular texts as regards orthography: 'Si el manuscrito es unico, creo que se deben respetar todas sus lecturas, no retrocediendo incluso ante una edicion diplomatica; toda correccion, en effeto, se basara en un criterio arbitrario, con la desventaja de desfigurar el unico testimonio.n All spelling has therefore been left in the form in which it was written by B• except in the case of obvious mechanical errors and those which would seriously interfere with a clear understanding of the Latin. As regards the latter, usually only the variants which affect the number of verbs and certain endings of nouns and adjectives (e.g. '-o' and '-um', '-os' and '-us', '-sis' and '-ses') have been regularized, as well as a few others where changes create different words (e.g. 'aliquod' for 'aliquot' in n8); Hydatius' Latin is difficult enough without adding to the confusion. This method may of course impose orthography upon the text which is not Hydatian, but in many cases it probably is, and at least this method preserves an ancient orthography, following practices similar to those obtaining when Hydatius himself wrote; to correct everything to some modem 'dictionary' form is to my way of thinking even more untrue to the text, especially since the rigorous and consistent orthographic rules adhered to in modem editions of classical authors were not always followed even in the best periods of Latin literature. I have below compiled a list of the major orthographical variants from MS B.3 For the names, as a supplement to the apparatus criticus, I have also included the 1

That is, correct for us. In Hydatius' time there probably was no 'correct' spelling outside classrooms, gr:.mmatical handbooks, and the very best writers, since pronunciation had shifted so much. One need only examine the remains of vulgar Latin even as early as AD 79 to be aware of this. 2 Gil (1973), 194; on orthography in general, see 193-208. 3 For explanations of most of these changes, see Grandgent (1907), 6o-143, §§131-344, and Viiiinanen (11)81),29-71, §§42-137.

THE CHRONICLE OF HYDATIUS forms recorded in the F and H epitomes and in Isidorus; these are of little value for common names, however, as the known orthography seems to replace Hydatius' on most occasions. At the end I have compiled a list of the major orthographical characteristics of F and H. To avoid endless repetition neither these variants, nor those of the names, are cited in the textual apparatus.

AEandE/A The most common orthographical variant of B is the appearance of 'e' for 'ae'. These are too numerous to list here but are easily spotted in the text. The oddest aspect of this for the classicist is the inconsistency. For example, in entries 15,44, and 78 B has 'Romane ecclesiae' and in 72 it has 'uite beatae equatur'. But since 'ae' and 'e' sounded the same by the fifth century Hydatius (and later scribes) would simply have written the most familiar or convenient form for each word regardless of' consistency'. There are a number of copying errors which suggest that in many places Hydatius, or one of the copyists before B, used 'e' instead of 'ae': 203, where the ·scribe has written 'perfidere uertuntur', thinking the first to be an infinitive, when it should read 'perfid(a)e reuertuntur'; the meaningless 'seuium' of 229, which should read 's(a)euiunt'; the 'quae' of 81, 1()6,and 238, which has been read as '-que' (i.e. originally 'que'); the jumble 'ducetio' in 99, which is a combination of 'duce Etio' (for 'Aetio'); and the odd instance in 2o6,where the first hand (in a fit of absentmindedness?) has expunged the 'A' of RO MAE. On the other hand, B 1 readings of 'sancta electionis' and 'in Lusitania erigionibus' (pref. 1, 240) show that there were 'ae's in the text before B 1 came to copy it. A lesser orthographical variant is the opposite of this, 'ae' for 'e': caelebrantur (14), Caelenis (25), adsuaetae (40), Suaeui (41, 163), aecclesia (57, 179), caeperat (So), caeteris (168). These have all been retained. Other similar-appearing examples would seem rather to be examples ofhypercorrection, that is, 'e's which were mistakenly expanded to 'ae's: quae (- -que, 16),persae (i.e. 'per se' read as one word) (40), Spaliae uersa (- Spalie uersa - Spali euersa, 77), assiduae (91), ducae (102),(s)caelesta (155),speciae (179).These I have not retained. Five of the above were expunged by Bb (179 twice) or B 2 (14, 91, 102). There are also peculiar instances of'ae' for a long 'a' (ablative): pestilentiae (40), Lusitaniae (52), Spartariae (77), solitae (179), Galaciae (216),haec (240).I cannot explain why these changes were made, perhaps as a hypercorrection of'a' for 'ae' (see below), but they are probably all the result of confusion or correction on the part of the scribe in thinking that the words in question were in fact different cases, and as the changes in case only create confusion for the reader I have not retained them. There are only a few examples of 'ae' to 'a': historia (pref. 2), Gallacia (81, 166, 171,216), Lais (for 'Laeis', 247).'Gallacia' and 'Lais' have been retained.

CandG C for G: Creothingorum (12),Aucustas (17), crassatur, crassatio (40, 41).

APPENDIX

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145

G for C: Gallaecia/-cii (all examples except 41, 86, 97, 105, 191),indigata (19'>), Conymbriga (237). The vocalization of'c' to 'g' is quite regular and one naturally expects to find it in manuscripts (cf. e.g. the Consularia s.aa. 455,436,364,334,332,321,307, and 240 BC, and F below). As a result I believe that the forms 'Callaecia' and 'Conynbrica' (Conin-) are probably original. The appearance of'c' for 'g' in the first four words for example, 'Gordianus' is is less common, though not unusual: in the Consularia, twice spelt 'Cordianus' (s.aa. 239,241) and 'Gothi' is spelt 'Cothi' (s.a. 332).Three of these words are unusual and the scribe of B seems not to have noticed the misspelling. 'Crassatur' and 'crassatio' are supported by Hm, which proves conclusively that they existed at least before the end of the sixth century, certainly in {3; the same is therefore perhaps true for 'Creothingorum' and 'aucustus', though they may be a result oflater change.

DandT D for T: aliquod (118),ed demolitis (for 'et dem-', 179). T for D: aut (pref. 4), aput (6), Fretiricus (for 'Fredericus', 214; cf. 'Fretimundus' (103),- 'Fredemundus'?). Only 6 and 214 have been retained.

E/AEforOE 'caeperat' (So)and 'cepta' (98). Both of these exhibit the usual vowel shift of'oe' to long 'e', though the former suffers from an additional hypercorrection (see above). Cf. 'foederatos' (133),and 'fodere' and 'foederis' (163), where the second is probably a simple mechanical error.

FforPH Always, except Symphosius (25, 92), blasphemissimam (25), prophetas (40), prophetiam (110; cf. 'profetia', 49), and blasphemiis (127). The misreading of 'profetia' as 'profecti a' suggests that this 'f' for 'ph' dates back at least to 8'.

H- missing and added Missing: Ydatius (intro., pref. 1, 33, 86, 88, 122,19'>,202),is (pref. 2), aud (pref. 4, So, 82; cf. 'baud', 142,247), pasca (5), ydropis (22), Cartaginiensis (25), Atauulfus (37, 49, 52), debaccantibus (40), exauriunt (40),Terasia (72), lspalis (79), Vni (1o8, 142, 145, 146),spatorius (152),Eruli (164, 189),Esycius (170),ora (184, first), Antimius (230,231, 241). Added: Archadius (24), Danihelis (49, 110;this is the standard Vulgate spelling), Rechimer (169, 205, 241).

IandE I for E: disscripsi/-tio (intro., pref. 5), Callicia /-i (2, 41, 6o,66, 86, 87, 183,191,213, 215), Carthaginiensis (for '-em', 41; for '-ses', 126), Baliaricas (77), Merobaudis (120), Hispaniensis (127), Terraconensis (150), familiaris (154), iurationi (163),

THE CHRONICLE OF HYDATIUS Richiarius (166),spirat (18o),Fretiricus (for 'Frede-', 214), ligati (220),mensi (220), Antimius (230, 231, 241), rigionibus (240). E for I: Lemica (for 'Lim-', pref. 1), uenientes (97), presedere (100), Emeretensem (122), Elerdensi (for 'Iler-', 134), Asturecensis (for 'Asturi-', 166, 243), Rechimer (16(),205, 241), nationes (179); ordinationes (179), ciues (212).

IandY I for Y: Hieronimus (intro., pref. 3, 32, 33, 97), Assiriis (pref. 2), singrafus (pref. 3), presbiter (pref. 3, 32, 97), Hierosolima (pref. 4, 31, 33, 50, 58, 97), 0rtigius (25), Siagrius (93). Y for I: Hyeronimus (51), Epyfanius (31; cf. Epifanius, 116),Conynbrica (225, 237; cf. Coninbrica, 227).

I for Il Mediolani (8; cf. Mediolanium, 22), Agresti (93), Thoribi (127), Eufroni (143), Theodosi (157), Egidi (220), Procopi (230), Antimi (241), Gallis (8, 13, 17, 86, 137, 238; cf. Galliis, 145, 156, 205).

M- missing and added Missing: subdita (pref. 3), blasphemissima (25), interitu (40), ecclesia (79), Betica (115),Hispali (170),caesa (170),Scallaui (201), relicta (211), Septebri (220),Conynbrica (225), sanguine (238), degratu (241), omniu (246). Added: cognitionem (pref. 5), Carthaginem (48), pacem (s2), conflictum (Sg), preceptionem (120), inruptam (134), responsam (137), pertendentem (167, 195), multitudinem (179), ordinantem (230), occasum (238), telam (238), regem (243), formam (247). None of these has been retained.

MforN quemdam (130), Conymbriga (237).

N- mi1sing and added Missing: consummada (pref. 6). Added: succendens (52), coniunge (72, 222; cf. 'coniuge', 155). OandA 0 for A: spatorium (152),Vandoli (63, 186, 195, 220, 234, 236, 241). A for 0: Arvagastes (17, 20). OandV 0 for V: Eodoxiam (29), consulato (68), Anaolso (82), Censorius (88, 103, 131), Mansuetos (147), exercito (166), Sonericus (188), interito (193), legatos (215, 233). V for 0: 0ctubris (34, 143, 166),episcopus (58), supradictu (88), Augustudunensis (for 'Augusto-', 143).

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147

For 'Octuber', note the modem Spanish 'Octubre'. Only 'Mansuetos', 'legatos', 'episcopus', and 'Censorius' in 131 (based on JI) have been corrected.

OandVM 0 for VM: eodem (137), imperio (155), Framtano (181), prolixo (247). VM for 0: Marcellinum.(230), paruum (247).Cf. also 'succedit in regno' (37, 52, 62, 67, 79, 144, 148)and 'succedit in regnum' (106, 129, 234).

TandC T for C: prouintia (25, 97, 125, 142, 165), patritius (52 twice, 75), pemitiosa (136), Martianus (146 twice, 158, 159),conditiones (147), Galletios (192), ditionem (219). C for T: Aquacuncia (61), Aecium (88), Bonifacius (89),sacerdocii (242). In all cases except 6I (a mechanical error) the 'c' and 't' are interchangeable because of palatalization which made them sound the same. All but 61 are retained.

VforB Aruagastes (17, 20), Scallaui (201)

Double Consonants Added: disscripsi/-tio (intro., pref. 5), commitem (17, 82, 143, 214), Arrianus (29, 33, 79, uo, u2 twice, 228), camellorum (167), famma (214), pressidet (217), Affricam (232). Missing: quinquenalia (14), ingresus (19), quatuor (40), Galiam (43), efecta (65), brachium (So),alata (100),succesor (120),ilas (126),Paladio (155),rediderant (161), misi (192), Galaciae (for Call(a)eciae, 216), inoportunitate (232).

Confusion of singular and plural verbs Singular for plural: omatur (pref. 1), exaurit (for 'exauriunt', 40), agebat (61), ordinatur (93), mittitur (for 'mittuntur', 103), iugulatur (152), remanserat (174), occiditur (for 'occiduntur', 194). Plural for singular: retinentur (intro.), habentur (5, 15, 18, 27, 32, 45, 72, 96,100), agebant (86). These would appear to be mechanical errors, probably the same as the added and missing 'n's above, though more than just an 'n' is missing in 40, 103, and 194. The frequency of 'habentur' in simple sentences with one obvious subject is a puzzle, and I cannot explain it. All are corrected in the text.

Aduenum and aduenus 'aduersum' (51 twice, 89,u2, 195, 232, 241 twice), 'aduersus' (48, 214, 229).

Locative 'Constantinopolim' II, 29, 97, 100, 138, 178 (cf. usual 'Constantinopoli', 75, and 'De Constantinopolim', 230).

This is an odd development, to say the least, but can be paralleled from virtually

THE CHRONICLE

OF HYDATIUS

every other manuscript I have examined which has the locative.4 It must have been seen as some abbreviated form of 'apud Constantinopolim' but why it tends to appear for Constantinople so much more than any other city is a mystery. There is also the strange case of the locative 'Ravennam' reported in F and Hm (68), which, if not Hydatian, is at least the result of the same process.

Hispaaia, Spanus, and Spall■ B always reads 'Hispania' and 'Span us'. 'Spanus' is earlier than B since at one point a scribe wrote 'nationes panus' (2) instead of'natione spanus' thus concealing the adjective from correction. In every case but one B reads 'Hispalis' (including once where the 'H' was omitted, 79). The sole case of 'Spalis' appears because a scribe before B had confused the text of 77, 'Carthagine Spartaria et Spali euersa', and read it as if it were one noun and two adjectives, 'Carthagines partariae et spaliae uersa' and as a result the name of the city Hispalis was not seen and therefore was not corrected. A similar error occurs in H which also reads '(H)ispalis' in every place but one (131). Here the text should read 'Spali Censurius iugulatur' but the scribe has written 'Spalicem Surius iugulatur' and thus hidden the reference to the city. These two errors strongly suggest that Hydatius wrote 'Spalis' (at least it was in p). Other points 'Terraconensis' and 'Terracona' instead of 'Tarra-' (6(),n7, 150, 163, 165). secuntur (intro.), subsequuntur (pref. 5). 'ut' for 'et' (intro., 214, 246) and 'et' for 'ut' (pref. 5). Confusion with 'per': praetium (82, 88, Sg),imprator (154), proceanum (220). Susscriptione (25). indignussimus (intro.). Optinet (147, 201), elabsam (219). Added 'c' in 'predictus' (18) and 'profectia' (49). Copying first letter of next word at end of previous word, e.g. 'uolumines subdito' (pref. 4), 'migrata ad' (124), 'legatia ad' (163), 'directas sueuos' (196), 'manus sueuorum' (196), and 'urbes suscipiunt' (215). 'z' for 's' in 'vizu' (247). 'Terra-', 'indignussimus', 'secuntur', 25, 147,201,219, and 247 have been retained.

Names (all variants have been retained except where marked with *) Aetius (15 times)/ Aecius (88) / Etius (99) F Agecius Hm Aecius, Abetius (once)/ Ho Aetius I Aetius 4

One can also often find hypercorrections of a correct 'Constantinopolim'.

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3

149

Agiulfus F Agyulfus H Agiulfus Aioulfus F Agiulfus JordanesAgriuulfus ( Get.233) Antimius (231, 241)/ Antimus (230) F Antimius; Antemius (F2) Hm Ancumius / Ho Anthemius Atauulfus F Ataulfus (first), Adaulfus Hm Ataulfus / Ho Athaulfus, Ataulfus, Athaulphus, Ataulphus C Ataulfus IP Athaulfus Barcilona FP Barcilona HI Barcinona (Ho sometimes Barchinona) Betica F Betica (first), Beteca, Betega (once); Beteta (F2), Hm Betica (first), Bethica / Ho Baetica (Hb), Betica, Bethica IBaetica Callecia (97, 105)/ Callicia (41)/ Gallecia (pref. 1, pref. 6, 16,25, 122, 123,141, 151, 165,167, 170,173, 174,179, 188,196,209,215thrice, 247)/ Gallicia (2, 6o,66, 87, 183, 213, 215) / Gallacia (81, 166, 171)/ Galacia (216) FGallicia Hm Gallecia / Ho Gallecia, Galleria I Gallicia, Gallecia (once) Callici (86, 191)/ Galled (91, 127,216) / Gallecii (181, 199)/ Galletii (192) F Gallicies (86, - Galliciis) I Gallici Censurius (91, 113)/ Censorius (88, 103, 131*) F Caesarius (131) H Censurius (113, 131),(Hm Consurius 113) Coninbrica (227)/ Conynbrica (225)I Conymbriga (237) FConembra I Conimbrica Cyrila F Cyrola (influenced by eh. 6o, MGH· SRM ii. 84-5) Hm Chirilla, Cirila / Hb, Hn Cyrilla / Ht Cirilla I Ceurila (abl.), Ceurilas (nom., P)

150

THE CHRONICLE

OF HYDATIUS

Egidius F Aegidius / Aegidius Epyfanius (31) / Epifanius (116) Frarntane (nom. 182)/ Framtano• (accus. 181) / Frantan (accus. 181),Frantan (abl. 182) Fredericus (148, 150)/ Fretiricus (214) F Fredericus, (Fridericus F2) (148), Fridericus (214) H Fredericus (148) / Frigdaricus (148) Gaisericus F Gaisiricus H Gaysaricus, Gaysericus (twice: Hm, Hb) / Gesericus (Geisericus, P) Heremigarius F Ermengarius H Ermigarius Hermericus F Ermenric(h)us H Hermericus / Hermericus Hieronimus (intro., pref. 3, 32, 33, 97) / Hyeronimus (51) F Hieronimus Hierosolima (pref. 4, 31, 33, 50, 58, 97) / Hierusalem (167)(cf. the same variants in the Vulgate) Hm Ihierosolima / lib, Hn Hierosolyma / Ht Hierosolima Hispalis (115, 116, 131•, 170)/ lspalis (79) / Spalis (77) F Spalis, Spala, Spalens Hm lspalis, Yspalis (77, 79), Spalis (131), lspalensis (187) / Ho Hispalis 79), Spalis (131),Hispalensis (187) /PSpalis

(77,

Hispania / Hispaniensis FSpania Hm Ispania, Yspania / Ho Hispania IP Spania (Hispania, P, once) Maldras (nom. 190, 193) / Maldras (accus. 174, 181)/ Maldarem (accus. 181)/ Maldare (abl. 188)/ Maldere (abl. 183) F Maldra (accus. 174),Maldare (abl. 188),Maldras (nom. 190, 193) I Masdram / Maldra / Maldram (accus. 174),Maldram (accus. 181),Maldra (abl. [183], [198]),Maldra (nom. 193)

APPENDIX

3

P Maldrum (accus. 174), Masdram (accus. 181, 183), Masdram (nom. 181), Masdras (nom. 193),Masdrae (gen. 198)

Marcianus (139, 146, 149, 154, 162, 163, 170, 177}/ Martianus (146twice, 158, 159) F Marcianus Hm Marchianus, Marcianus / Ho Martianus /Marcianus Massilia /Massila Rechiarius (129, 132, 134, 165, 168, 171)/ Richiarius (166) FRicharius Coins:Richiarius H Rechinarius (129), Rechiarius (132 [Hm Reciarius], 134) I Recciarius Rechila (decl. '-a, -ae') F Rychila, Rachila (F2); Richyla, Richila (F2), Rychila (F2) (decl. '-a, -ae') H Richila (n3; Hm, Recila) (decl. '-a, -anis') I Reccila (decl. '-a, -anis') Rechimer (16g, 205) I Rechimerius (241) F Richymer (205), Rychimirus (241) I Reccimerus (205) Rechimundus F Richymundus I Reccimundus Remismundus F Remusmundus (233), Richymundus, Richimundus (F2) (245) I Remismundus Spanus FSpanus Hm Ispanus I Ho Hispanus /Spanus Sueui (59 times) / Suaeui (41, 163) FSuaeui HSueui /Sueui Sunericus (192)/ Suniericus (up, 201, 207) / Sonericus (188) F Sunnericus (188),Sunnaricus (1g6) H Sunericus (188, 207) I Sumericus (1g6, - Suniericus) P Sunericus (188),Suniericus (1g6) Theodericus (108, 148twice) (1o8 ref. to Theoderic I)/ Theodor (gen. '-is') (121, 134, 142,.144) (Theoderic I only) I Theodorus (132, 142) (Theoderic I only) I

THE CHRONICLE OF HYDATIUS

Theodoricus (62, 166, 170, 229, 233) (62 ref. to Theoderic I)/ Theudericus (150, 163,168, 175,200,203, 2o8, 214, 216, 226)/ Theudoricus (167, 16g, 171, 179, 185, 188, 192,212, 222) F Th. I: Theudorus, Theodericus (F2) (62); Theudericus, Theodericus (F2) (108); Theudor (132); Theudor, Theudorus, Theodorus (eh. 53 interpolation). Th. II: Theudericus (eh. 53 interp.); Theudericus, Theodericus (F2). HTh. I: Theudericus (62), Theudericus (132, 134 [-dor- Hn]), Theodorus (Ho 142 twice, 144), Theodorius/-eus (Hm, 142 twice), Theodoredus (Hm 144). Th. II: Theudericus (148 twice, 166, 175,208), Theodericus (188, [2o8 Hm]) IP Th. I: Theodoridus (P), Theoderidus (IP). Th. II: Theudericus, Theudoricus, Theodericus Theodosius F Theudosius, Theodosius (twice) Hm Theodosius, Theudosius / Ho Theodosius Thurismo F Thorismodus, Thoresmodus, Tursemodus (eh. 53 interp.); Turismo, Torsimodus (F2) (148) H Thurismundus I Turismundus I P Turismodus Vallia FVallia (Vallea F2) HWalia /Vallia Vandali (20 times) / Wandali (170) / Vandoli (63, 186, 195, 220, 234, 236, 241; genitive and accusative plural only) FVandali, Wandali (F2 always) Hm Wandali / Ho Vandali /Wandali Vni FChuni Hm Hugni / Ho Vgni /Huni Ydatius F Adacius, Adatius (F2), Vdacius (F) Hm ldatius / Ho ldacius

MajorOrthographical Variantsin F and H Not CitedinApparatusCriticus F

e for ae iae for ii y for i gfor C

ae fore i for ii t for C Aetalia

i fore u for o C fort Agustus

e for i o foru t forth

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153

Ho

Generally follows modem conventions, except the names noted above

Hm

fort Affrica C

t for C Cartagin-

e for ae Hemerita (once)

eh for c

4 The Texts of F, H, Ale, M, G, and IP

The Textofthe F Epitome Adacius serous domini nostri Iesu Christi uniuersis fidelibus in domino nostro Iesu Christo et seroientibus se in ueritate salutem. Probatissimorom in omnibus uirorom studio, quos praecipue in fide catholica et conuersatione perfecta testis ueritatis diuine cultus docet adsertio (pref. 1). Hucusque ad sancto Hieronimo, et ipso, sicut in capite istius uoluminis praefatio prima declarat, cognomine Eusebio hestoria in aliquantis Spaniorom prouinciis conscripta retenetur. Cui si quid postea subdedit in locis quibus decuit, certo stili studio declaratur. Verom ad haec ignarus indignissimus omni um seroorom dei Vdacius serous Iesu Christi et domini nostri quae secuntur ab anno primo Theodosi Agusti et conperet descripsi breui ante factae praefationis indicio (intro.). 50. Romanorom XXXVIIII Theudosius per Gratianum regnat ann. XVII (1). Theudosius natione Spanus prouinciae Gallileae ciuitatis a Gratiano Agustus appellatur (2). Inter Romanos et Gothos multa certamina conseruntur (3). Theudosius secundo regni sui anno Agustus appellatur (4, 2). Tercio regni Theudosiae an. Atanaricus rex Gotorom Constantinopolae quinto decimo diae ex quo a Theudosio fuerat receptus interiit (6). Quarto rigni Theudosiae in foeda Romanis pace se tradunt (7). Martinus in Galliis Toroniae episcopus et uitae meretis et patratis miracolis uirtutum habetur insignis (8). Theudosius quinto rigni sui an. Arcadium filium suum Agustum appellans consortem regni sui fecit esse (9). In sexto regni Theudosiae an. Honorius filius nascetur (10). Octauo ann. regni Theudosiae Graotingorum gens a Theudosio superatur (12). Vndecemo anno Theudosius regni sui Romam cum filio Honorio ingressus est, legisque Romanorom integra emendacione ededit (19). Quarto decimo regni sui ann. Valentinianus iunior apud Viennam scelere comitis Aruagastis occidetur (20). Septimo decimo ann. Theudosius ualetudine metropis Mediolano defunctus est. Ann. regni sui septemo decimo aromatus sancti eclesiae Laurencii sepultus est (22). Romanorom XL Arcadius et Honorius filii Theudosio defuncto patri regnaueront an. XXX (24). An. VIII regni eorom Theudosius Arcadi filius nascetur (28). An. XI regni Arcadiae Martinus episcopus sanctus et uir apostolicus transit a domino came deposita. Cuius uita et mirabilia quae fecit Seueros uir summus, discipulos ipsius, qui et cronicam alias quam haec sunt ab inicio Genesis pemiciosissime scripsit (30). XV an. regn. Arcadiae et Honoriae Alani, Vandali, et

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Suaeui Spanias ingressi tercio Idus Octobris, Honorio et Theudosio Arcadi filio consolebus (34). Alaricus rex Gothorum Romam ingressus. Cum intra et extra urbe cedes agerentur, omnibus indultum est qui ad sanctorum limina confugerunt (35). Placidia, Theudosiae filia, Honoriae imperatore soror, a Gotis in urbe capta est (36). Alaricos moretur; cui Ataulfus succedit in regno (37).An. XVI imperiae Honoriae, debaccantibus per Spanies barbaris, pestelentiae malo, opes condeta in urbis substantiam tirannecus exactor derepit. Famis dira grassatur ut humani camis ah humano genere famis fuerunt deuoratae; matris quoque negatis uel coctis natorum suorum sint baste corporibus; bistiae occisorum gladio, fame, pestelentiae, bestiarum infestatione interementur homines. His quattuor plagis ferri, famis, pestelentiae, infestatione bistearum ubique in toto urbe saeuientibus, praedictae a domino per profetas suos adnuntiantes impletur (40). An. XVI Honoriae regni Gallicia Vandali occupant et Suaeui in stremitate succedunt. Alani Lusitania et Chartageninse prouincias, Wandali coinomento Silingi Beticas sorciuntur (41).Constantinus post triennium inuasit tirannidem; ah Honorio duci Constantio in Gallicia occidetur (42). Iuuianus et Sabastianus tiranni ah Honori ducibus Narbona interfecti (46). Ann. XX imperiae Honoriae Adaulfus apud Narbonam Placidiam duxit uxorem; in quo prophetia Danihelis putatur impleta, ut agit, filiam regis austri sociandam regi aquilonis, nollo tamen ex ea semine subsistenti (49). XXII an. imperiae Honorie Adaulfus a patricio Constantio pulsatur, ut relicta Narbona Spanias petiret. A quendam Gotho Barcilona iugulatur; cui successit Vallia in regno. Cum patricio Constantio pax mox facta Alanis et Vandalis coinomento Sylingis in Lusitania et Beteca sedentibus aduersatur (52).Constantius Placidiam duxit uxorem (54).Fredibalum regi gentis Wandalorum sine ullo certamine ingeniose captum ad imperatorem Honorium destinat (-[Mommsen's 62a]). An. XXVII Honoriae regni Wandali in Beteca per Valliam regem plurimae sunt extincti (59). Alani adeo caesi a Gothis, fortiter uallati Addacher regem ipsorum, pauci qui superfuerant oblito regni nomine Gunderico regi Wandalorum, qui in Gallicias resedebat, se patrocinio subiugauerunt (6o). Gothi sedentes in Aquitania Tholosa sibi sedem elegunt; a mare Terrenum et fluuio Rodano per Ligerem fluuium usque Ocianum possident (61). Vallia eorum regi defuncto Theudorus succedit in regno (62). XXV imperiae Honoriae an. inter Gundericum Wandalorum regi et Ermenricho Suaeuorum helium orto Suaeui in Neruasis montibus obsedentibus a Wandalis (63). Valentinianus Constanti et Placidiae filius nascitur (64). Wandali, Suaeuorum obsidione demissa, relicta Gallicia, ad Betecam transierunt (66). Honorius apud Rauennam Constantium consortem regni facit (67). Constantius imperatur Rauennam moritur in suo tercio consolatus anno (68).XXVIII imperiae Honorio an. Castinus magister militum cum magna manu in auxiliis Gothorum helium Betece Vandalis infert; quos cum ad inopia obsidionis artaret et tradere se pararent, inconsulto publico certamine confligens auxiliorum fraude deceptus Terragona uictus fugit (6g). XXX Honorio imperiae an. Rauenna obiit (71). Romanorum XLI Theudosius Arcadi filius post obetum Honori patrueli obnarchiam tenit, imperans ann. XXII (73). Theudosius Valentiniano ametae suae

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Placidiae filio Constantinopole Caesarem facit; quern contra Iohanne tyranno mittit, a ducibus suis Rauenna occidetur. Felix patricius ordenatur (75). Valentinianus Caesar Romam Agustus appellatur (76). Ann. 1111Theudosi regn. Gundericus rex Wandalorum capta Spali cum insidias aeclesiarum intenderit, mox dei iudicio correptus, interiit; cui Gaisiricus frater succedit in regno (79). 51. An. V reg. Theudosiae Gaisiricus rex Wandalorum cum Vandalis cunctaque eorum familia Mauritania in Africam transiit. Interfecto Ermengario regi Suaeuorum iniuria sancti Eulaliae in eodem, ac si nollens, ulciscetur. Consederunt W andali in Betaca an. LIIII (So). Septimo anno imperiae Theudosiae Agecius dux utriusque miliciae (85). Suaeui inita cum Gallicies pacem libeta sibi occansione conturbant (86). An. VIII regni Theudosiae Agecius dux utriusque miliciae patricius appellatur (94). An. X regni Theudosiae Burgundiones qui reuellabant Romanis a duci Agiecio sunt perdomati (99). XIII an. regni Theudosiae ab Agecio duci et magistro militum Burgundionum caesa XX milia (102); Gothorum qui eis auxiliauerant VIII milia caesa sunt (104). XIIII an. regni Theudosiae Suaeui cum parte plebis cui aduersabantur pacis iura confirmant (105). Ermenricus rex Suaeuorum morbo oppressus Rychilam filium suum substetuit in regno; quern postea Betece fluuio Gothi prostrauerunt auri et argenti opibus occopatis (1o6). Cartago magna fraude decepta (107). Bellum Gotheco sub Theuderico regi apud Tolosa Litorius dux Romanus inconsulcius cum auxilia Chunorum manum magna inruens caesis parte plurima suis ipse uulneratus a Gothis capetur et post dies paucos occidetur (1o8). Gaisiricus rex Suaeuorum multas in sacerdotibus fecit stragis (110). Richyla rex Suaeuorum, qui Gaisirico successerat, Aemereta ingreditur (111). XVI an. regni Theudosiae Richyla Spale optenta Beteca et Cartagine capit (115). An. XXIIII regni Theudosiae solis facta defectio (128). Richyla rex Suaeuorum Aemereta gentilis moretur; cui mox filios suos Richarius succedit in regno (129). Agyulfum nobilem Gothum in Spalae Caesarius corn. iugulatur (131). Richarius rex, acceptam in coniugium Theudoris Gothorum regis filiam, Vasconias depraedatur (132).An. xxvnmregni Theudosius imperatur moretur Constantinopulae annus aetatis suae quadragensimo nono (138). 52. Post quern XLII Marcianus a militantibus et ab exercito, instante etiam Pulceriam sororem Theodosiae regina, efficitur et ipsi sublimatur in regno; eamque Valentinianus in coniugium adsumpsit (139). Valentinianus et mater Placidia moriuntur Romam (140). Gallia terre motus factus. Tercia feria post solis occasum ab aquilonem plaga e caelo ruens quasi ignis aut sanguis efficetur (141). 53. Gens Chunorum pace rupta ruunt in Galliis (142).Quos cum Agecius patricius uenientes conperisset, sanctum Anianum Aurilianinsium episcopum ad Theudorum regi Gothorum in legacionem dirigit petens auxiliare contra Chunis: si praeualebat resistere, mediam partem Galliae Gothis daret. Cum a Theudoro regi huius peticionis annuens auxilium fuisset promissum, Agecius legatus mittens ad Attilanem regem Chunorum obuiam petens auxilium contra Gothis, qui Galleas conabant inuadere: si praeualebant Chuni haec contra Gothis defendere, medietatem Galliae ab Agecio perciperint. Attila rex cum Chunis 0

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festinans et parcens ciuitatebus Germaniae et Galliae, contra Gothus super Legere fluuio nee procul ab Aurilianes confligit certamine. Caesa sunt Gothorum ducenta milia hominum; Theudor rex hoe proelio occubuit. Caesa sunt Chunorum CL milia. Ciuetas Aurilianes oracionibus beatissimi Aniani liberata est. Chuni repedantes Trecassis, in Mauriacensim consedentis campaniam. Thoresmodus filius Theodorus qui ei successit in regnum collectum Gothorum exercito patrem ulcisci desiderans, cum Attilanem et Chunis Mauriaco confligit certamine; ibique tribus diaebus uterque falange in inuicem proeliantes et innumerabiles multitudo genti occubuit. Agecius cum esset strenuosissimus consilii, per nocte ad Attilanem ueniens dixit ad eum: 'Optabilem duxeram, ut tua uirtute regionem bane a perfidis Gothis potuissem erepere, sed nullatenus fieri potest; usque nunc cum menimis pugnatoribus proelias, hac nocte Theudericus germanus Thoresmodi cum nimia multitudinem et fortissimus Gothorum pugnatores aduenit. Haec non sustenis; adque utinam uel euadere possis!' Tune Attila dedit Agecio decem milia soledorum et per suo ingenio Pannoniam repedaret. lpsaque nocte Agecius ad Thorismodo idque perrexit; dicensque ei causam consimilem, quod apud uilis Chunorum pugnatores usque nunc pugnauerat: nam maxima multitudo et fortissimi pugnatores a Pannonies ipsaque nocte Attilanem aduenerant et audissent fratrem suum Theudericum tinsauris Gothorum occupasse regnumque uellit adrepere; nisi festinus ad resedendum pergerit, periculum ad degradandum haberit. Acceptis idemque Agecius a Tursemodo decim milia soledus ut suo ingenio a persecutionem Chunorum liberati Gothi ad sedis proprias remearint, protinus abigerunt. Agecius uero cum suis, etiam Francos secum habens, post tergum direxit Chunorum, quos usque Toringia a longe prosecutus est; praecepitque suis ut unusquisque nocte ubi manebant decim sparsim focus facerint, ut inmensa multitudine semolarint. Quieuit hoe proelium Ageci consilium; Gallia ab aduersariis liberatur. Postea cum a Tursemodo regi et Gothis haec factio perlata fuisset requirentis promissionem Ageci emplendam, et ille rennuerit, per pacis iura urbiculum aureum gemmis ornatum, pensante quingentas liberas, ab Agecio conposiciones causa transmittetur Tursemodo; et haec iurgia quieuerunt. Quae species deuotissime usque hodiernum diem Gothorum thensauris pro ornatum ueneratur et tenetur (Interpolation). An. II princepis Marciani Chuni in Aetaliam inruunt (145), eamque depraedant. Aliquantis ciuitatibus inruptis, diuinetus parte fame, parte morbo quadam plagis caelestibus finiuntur, iussu Marciani ab Aiecio duci caeduntur, in sedibus suis quoacti reuertunt; et mox Attila moretur (146).Turismo rex Gothorum a Theuderico et Frederico fratribus interficitur. Cui Theudericus succedit in regno (14,8).Tercio regni anno princepis anni Marciani regina moretur Pulcerea (149). Agecius dux et patricius fraudolenter Valentiniani imperatorum manu propria occidetur (152). Quarto regni anno princepis Marciani per duos barbarus Ageci familiaris Valentinianus imperator occidetur (154). Post quern mox Maximianus ex consolebus XLIII Romae Agustus appellatur. Qui cum imp. factus relicta Valentiniani sibi duxit uxorem. Maximianus quarto regni sui mense urbe Romae tumulto militare occidetur (155).

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54. In ipso anno Auitus Gallus ab exercito Gallicano primo Tolosa, dehinc apud Arlato Agustus appellatur, Romam pergit (156). Romanorum XLIII Marcianus quarto iam regni sui anno obtenta monarchia (158). Per Auitum, qui a Romanis aeuocatus et susceptus fuerat imperator, legati ad Marcianum pro unianimitate mittuntur imperiae (159). Gaisiricus sollicitatus relicta Valentiniani, et malum fama dispergit, priusquam Auitus Agustus fieret, Romam ingreditur ditatusque opibus Romanorum Cartaginem redit, relicta Valentiniani et filias duas et Agece filium Gaudentium secum ducens (16o). Suaeui Cartagenensem regionem quas Romanis reddederant depraedantur (161). Marcianus et Auitus concordis principato Romano utuntur imperio (162). Suaeui Taragoninsem prouinciam uastant. Theudericus rex, initam fidem imperiae, in Suaeuis legatus mittit ut se a prouincias quas inuaserant remouerint (163). Consilio et consinso Auiti imperatores Theudericus rex contra Suaeuis mouit exercitum et in Taragoninsem campaniam super Vrbecum fluuium cum Richario regi Suaeuorum confligit certamine, plurimisque Suaeuis extinctis, ipso regi placato in Gallicias fugaciter fecit adgredi (166). lpsoque itinere Theudericus cum Gothis Romanis qui in Spanias consedebant captiuitatem uastauit et multas deripit ciuitatis; sanctasque baselecas aefranguntur (167). Richarius ad loco ubi Portugale appellatur profugus regi Theuderico captus ducitur et in custudia redagetur. Suaeui oblito regno se tradent Theuderico, ibique regnum eorum distructum est (168). Auitus imp. legatum ad Theudericum cum sacris muneribus mittit, nuncians in Corseca caesa multitudine Wandalorum, Auitum de Aetalia ad Gallias Arelate secessisse. Orientalium nauis Spalens uenientes per Marciano exercito caesa nunciant (170). Occiso Richario rex Theudericus de Gallicia ad Lusitaniam uenit (171). Suaeui dinuo rege Maldra sibi constituunt (174). Theudericus Emeretam depraedare molliens (175). Auitus tercio anno, quam a Gothis et Gailis factus fuerat imp., carit imperium; Gothorum promissa destitutus, et auxilia carit et uitam (176). Septimo an. imperiae suae moretur Marcianus (177). 55. Romanorum XLIIII Maiorianus in Aetaliam et Constantinopole Leo Agusti appellantur (178). Theudericus aduersis sibi nuncies territus mox post dies paschae de Emereta egreditur, Gallias repetens partem ex ea quae habebat multitudine uariae nationis cum ducibus suis ad campos Galliciae dirigit, qui dolis et periuriis instructus, ad Suaeuos qui remanserant iussam sibi expeticionem, ingrediuntur pace fugata soleta arte perfidiae. Nee mora illic cedetur multitudo Romanorum; sanctae aefranguntur eclesiae; sacer omnes omatus et usus aufertur; episcopi, clerici captiuantur; domebus dantur incendia (179). Agiulfus dum regnum Suaeuorum sperat, Portugale moritur (18o). Suaeui in soletam perfidiam uersi regionem Galliciae adherentem fluuium Durio circa litora manentes depraedantur (183). Gothecus exercitus dud suo Cyrola ad Theuderico regi Spanias missus succedit ad Betega (185). Theudericus dud suo Sunnerico exercitus sui aliquantam partem ad Betecam dirigit. Cyrola reuocatur ad Gallias. Suaeui Lusitaniam cum Maldare regi et alii cum Richymundo Gallicias depraedantur (188). Aeroli ad Betecam pertendentes (18g).Maldras germano sonm fratre interfecit et Portugali castro inuadit (190). Legati a Maioriano Agusto et

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Theuderico regi, pacem inter se initam, ad Suaeuis et Vandalis diriguntur (192). An. 1111regni Maioriani Maldras rex iugulatur (193).Mense Madio Maiorianus imp. Spanias ingreditur, ad Cartagininsem prouinciam pertendens nauis ad transiendom aduersus Wandalus praeparare iuhet, quas Wandali suhripiunt. Maiorianus imp. sua ordenatione frustrata ad Aetaliam repetit (195). Gotecus exercitus a Sunnarico et Nepuciano comitehus uertetur, Suaeuos depraedantur (1g6). A Theuderico legati ad Suaeuos ueniunt et recurrunt (200). Theuderico legati ad gentis, pacem postulatam et optentam, reuertunt (203).Quinto Maioriani regni an. Gaisiricus rex a Maioriano imp. per legatos postulans (204).Maiorianum de Gallies ad Romam redeuntem Romano imperio uel res necessarias ordenantem Richymeris uaedorum consilio fultus fraude interficetur (205). 56. Romanorum XL V Seuerus a senato Romae Agustus appellatur an. imperiae Leonis V (206). Atrepennus Gallies comis et ciuis inuedus Aegidio insignis inimicus, ut Gothorum fideretur, Narhonam tradit Theuderico (212). Mense lunio in Gallicia coruscationem uillae exuste; gregis ouium concrematae; carnis concise pluuiae de caelo mixtae cadent; duo aduliscentes came in inuicem soledati adhaerentes sunt mortui (213a). In Armoricana prouincia Fridericus frater Theuderici regis insurgens cum his cum quihus fuerat superatus occidetur (214).Luna XV tune conuersa est in sanguine (209).In speciae lunae quinta sol ah hora tercia usque nona ohscuratus (221).Wandali per Marcellinum in Sicilia caesi aefugantur (223). Aegidius comes ueneno perit (224). Romanorum XLVI regnat Antimius; Romam Agustus appellatur an. Leonis imperiae VIII (231).Expedicio ah Africam aduersus Wandalus ordenatur (232). Per Theudericum Salla legatos mittetur Remusmundum regem Suaeuorum; qui reuersus eum a fratri suo Teuderico nuntiat interfectum (233).Gothi qui ad Wandalus missi fuerant supredicte expediciones romore perterreti reuertuntur (236).Conemhra ciuetas in pace decepta, domehus destructis cum aliqua parte murorum, hahitatores capti atque dispersi, et regio dissolatur et ciuetas (237).An. II regni Antimiae medio Tholose ciuetatis sanguis erupit de terra et tota diae fluxit, signeficans Gothorum dominatione suhlata, Francorum adueniente regno (238). Exercitus Leonis aduersus Wandalus cum trihus ducihus discendit. Rychimirum generum Antimiae imperatores et patricium factum, adfatim degradato ad priuatam uitam, filium eius occiso, aduersus Romanorum imperium, conuentique sunt Wandali consolentis (241). Gothi eundem tempore hoste legate deseuiunt, partem etiam Lusitaniae depraedantehus (244). Richymundum cum Suaeuis ad imperatore transeuntem (245). Durissimus extra soleto hoe eodem an. hihernus hiemis et aestatem, autumni fructuumque mutatione defundetur (246).

The Textofthe H Epitome Constantinopoli Iohannes episcopus predicator insignis cognomento os aureum; qui oh fidem catholicam Eudoxiam uxorem Archadii infestissimam patitur Arrianam. (29)

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Beatissimi Martini uitam et mirahilia quae fecit Seuerus uir summus, discipulus ipsius, qui et chronicam aliam quam bee sunt ah initio Genesis usque ad sectam Priscillianistarum pemitiosissimam conscripsit, exequitur. (30) Alani et Wandali et Sueui lspanias ingressi era CCCCXLVII, 1111° idus Octohris, Honorio VIIl et Theudosio Archadii filio 111°consulihus. (34) Alaricus rex Gothorum Romam ingressus. Cum intra et extra urhem cedes agerentur, hominihus indultum est qui ad sanctorum limina confugerunt. (35) Placidia, Theodosii filia, Honorii imperatoris soror, a Gothis in urhe capta. (36) Alaricus moritur; cui Ataulfus succedit in regno. (37) Dehaccantihus lspanias harharis et Sueuis Galleciam ante nichilominus pestilencie malum opes conditas in urhihus suhstanciasque tirannicus exactor diripit et milites exhaurit. Fames dira crassatur a deo ut humane cames ah humano genere ui famis fuerint deuorate. Matres quoquo necacis uel coctis per se natorum suorum fuerunt paste corporihus. Bestie, occisorum gladio fame pestilencia cadauerihus assuete, quo usque homines forciores interimunt eorumque camihus paste passim in humani generis efferuntur interitum. Ita quatuor plagis ferri famis pestilencie hestiarum uhique in toto orhe seuientihus, predicte a domino per prophetas suos annunciationes implentur. (40) Era CCCCL VII suhuersis memorata plagarum crassatione lspanie prouinciis harhari ad pacem ineundem domino miserante conuersi, sorte ad inhahitandum prouinciarum sihi diuidunt regiones. Galleciam W andali occupant et Sueui sitam in extremitate marls Oceani occidua. Alani Lusitaniam et Cartaginem prouinciam et Wandali cognomine Selingi Beticam sortiuntur. lspani ciuitates et castella residua plagis harharorum prouincias dominantium sue suhiugant seruituti. (41) Eraclianus mouens exercitum de Affrica aduersus Honorium Vtriculo in Italia in conflictu superatus effugit ad Affricam, cesis in loco supradicto uno XX (uno et uiginti Ho) armatorum. (,JS) Gothi Narhonam ingressi uindemie tempore. (47) Ataulfus apud Narhonam Placidiam duxit uxorem, nichil tamen ex eius semine suhsistente ex ea. (49) Ihierosolimis Johanne episcopo presidente sanctus et primus post Christum dominum martyr Stephanus reuelatur. (50) Ataulfus a patricio Constancio pulsus relicta Narhona lspanias petens per quendam Gothum apud Barcinonam inter familiares fahulas iugulatur; cui succedens Walia in regno cum patricio Constantio pace mox facta Alanis et Wandalis Silingis in Lusitania et Bethica sedentihus aduersatur. (52) Constancius Placidiam accepit uxorem. (54) ldatii ad deum conuersio peccatoris. (- [Mommsen's 62h]) Walia rex Gothorum Romani nominis causa intra lspanias cedes magnas efficit harharorum. (55) Wandali Silingi in Bethica per W aliam regem extincti. (59) Alani, qui W andalis et Sueuis potentahant, adeo cesi sunt a Gothis ut extincto Atace rege ipsorum pauci qui superfuerunt Gunderici regis Wandalorum, qui in Gallecia resederat, se patrocinio suhiugarent, ohliti regni nomine. (6o) 0

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Gothi intennisso certamine quod agebant per Constancium ad Gallias reuocati sedes in Aquitania a Tholosa usque ad Oceanum acceperunt. (61) Walia eorum rege defuncto Theudericus succedit in regno. (62) Valentinianus Constancii et Placidie filius nascitur. (64) Honorius apud Rauennam Constancium sibi facit in regno consortem. (67) Constancius imperator Rauennam moritur. (68) Bonifacius palacium deserens Affricam inuadit. (70) Honorius actis tricenalibus suis Rauenna obiit. (71) Paulinus nobilissimus et eloquentissimus dudum, conuersione ad deum nobilior factus, uir apostolicus, Nola Campanie episcopus habetur insignis; cui Tharasia de coniuge facta soror testimonio uite beate equatur et merito. (72) Romanorum XL usIllu• Theudosius Archadii filius ante aliquot annos regnans in partibus Orientis defuncto patre post obitum Honorii patrui monarchiam tenuit imperii cum esset annorum XXI. (73) Theodosius Valentinianum amite sue Placidie filium Constantinopolim Cesarem facit. (75) Valentinianus, qui erat Cesar, Rome Augustus appellatur. (76) Wandali Balearicas insulas depredantur quique Cartagine Spartaria et lspali euersa et Ispaniis depredatis Mauritaniam inuadunt. (77) Gundericus rex Wandalorum capta Ispali cum impie elatus manus in ecclesiam ciuitatis ipsius extendisset, mox dei iuditio demone correptus interiit; cui Gaysaricus frater succedit in regno, qui, ut aliquorum relatio habuit, effectus apostata de fide catholica in Arrianam dictus est transisse perfidiam. (79) Gaysaricus rex Wandalorum de Bethice prouincie littore cum Wandalis omnibus eorumque familiis mense Maio ad Mauritaniam et Affricam relictis transiit Yspaniis; qui priusquam pertransiret, admonitus Ennigarium Sueuorum regem uicinas in transitu suo prouincias depredari, recurso cum aliquantis suis facto predante Lusitaniam ultio consequitur diuina; qui aud procul de Hemerita cum sancte martyri Eulalie iniurias prebuisset, maledictis per Gaysaricum cesis cum eis quos secum habebat, arrepto, ut putauit, euro uelocius fuge subsidio in flumine Ana diuino brachio precipitatus interiit; quo ita extincto mox quo ceperat Gaysaricus enauigat. (8o) Aetio comite haut procul de Arellato quaedam Gothorum manus extinguitur Anealso optimate eorum capto. (82) Era CCCCLXX Bonifacius in emulationem Aecii de Affrica per Placidiam reuocatus in Italiam. (8g) Sanctus insignis Augustinus recedit e corpore (go); qui uno eodemque tempore Alexandrie Cirillo episcopo presidente et Constantinopoli Nestorio eretico Ebione Cirilli ipsius epistolam eorumdem heresem destruentis et regulam fidei exponentis ostendit. Hee cum aliis habetur allata. (100) Gothorum cesa VIII .M. sub Aecio duce. (104) Cartago magna fraude decepta XV (XXV Ho) die XIIII kalendarum Nouembris omnem Affricam rex Gaysaricus inuadit. (107) Inter Romanos et Gothos pax efficitur. (109)

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Gaysericus rex elatus episcopum clerumque Cartaginis depellit ex ea et iuxta prophetiam Danielis demutatis misteriis sanctorum ecclesias tradidit Arrianis. (110) Richila rex Sueuorum Emeritam ingreditur. (111) Censurius comes, qui legatus fuerat ad Sueuos, rediens Myrtili obsessus a Recilane in pace se tradidit. (113) Hermericus rex Sueuorum diutumo per annos VII morbo afllictus interiit. ( 114) Richila Yspali obtenta Bethicam et Cartaginensem prouinciam in suam redigit potestatem. (115) Sabino episcopo de lspali factione depulso in locum eius Epiphanius ordinatur fraude non iure. (116) Era CCCCLXXXI Constantinopolitane ecclesie depulso Nestorio preside et episcopus Flauianus. (119) Richila rex Sueuorum Emerita degens moritur mense Augusto; cui mox filius suus catholicus Rechinarius succedit in regno, nonnullis quidem de gente sua emulis. ( 129) Latenter (129) per Agiulfum Spalicem Surius iugulatur. (131) Reciarius accepta in coniugio Theuderici regis filia in initio regni Vasconias depredatur. (132) Rechiarius mense Iulio ad Theudericum socerum profectus Cesaraugustam regionem cum Basilio in reditu depredatur. Per dolum Yllerdense urbe acta est non parua captiuitas. (134) De Galliis epistole deferuntur Flauiani episcopit ad Leonem episcopum misse cum scriptis Chirilli episcopit (ttom.HtHn) Alexandrini ad Nestorium Constantinopolitanum Tebionem; quo depulso substitutus Flauianus scribit ad Leonem de Euticete. (137) Theodosius XL us 111115 imperator moritur Constantinopoli anno etatis sue XL 0 111°.(138) Post quern statim apud Constantinopolim Marchianus XL us llllus a militibus et ab exercitu, stante etiam sorore Theodosii Pulcheria regina, efficitur imperator; qua sibi in coniugio assumpta regnat in partibus Orientis. (139) Valentiniani imperatoris decadas (-dat Hm) 11·CCCCLXX. (-) Era CCCCLXXXX (-LX Hm) gens Hugnorum pace rupta depredatur prouincias Galliarum. In campis Catholonicis et Mettis cum gente eius duds gens regis Theodori, quibus erat in pace societas, aperto Marte confligens diuino cesa superatur auxilio. Bellum mox ea tempestate societatem dirimit. Rex illic Theodorus prostratus occubuit. CCC .M. ferme hominum in eo certamine cecidisse memorantur. (142) Occiso Theodoro Thurismundus filius eius succedit in regno. (144) Thurismundus rex Gothorum spirans hostilia a Theuderico et Frederico fratribus iugulatur; cui Theudericus succedit in regno. (148) Anno primo principis Marchiani regina moritur Placidia mense Iulio. (140, 149) Valentinianus Rome imperator occiditur anno etatis sue XX0 Vl0 et regni XX0 1°

APPENDIX

4

(11°Hm); (154) post quern mox Maximus ex consulibus XL"" V""Rome Augustus appellatur. (155) Usque ad Valentinianum Theodosii generatio tenuit principatum. (157) Romanorum XL usVI""Marcianus 1111° iam regni sui anno obtinet monarchiam. (158) Gaysaricus sollicitatus a relicta Valentiniani, ut malum fama dispergit, priusquam Abitus Augustus fieret, Romam ingreditur direptisque opibus Romanorum Cartaginem redit, relictam Valentiniani et filias duas et filium Gaudencium nomine secum ducens. (16o) Sueui Cartaginenses regiones quas Romani reddiderant depredantur. (161) Marcianus et Abitus concordes principatum Romani utuntur imperii. (162) VI annis Marciani era CCCCLXXXXIIII (-LXIIII Hm) Ispanias rex Gothorum Theudericus cum ingenti exercitu suo cum uoluntate et ordinatione Abiti imperatoris ingreditur. (166) Orientalium naues Ispali uenientes per Marciani exercitum cesa nunciant (caesae nuntiantur Ho). (170) Theudericus Emeritam depredari moliens beate Eulalie martyris terretur ostentis (175);VII anno imperii sui moritur. (177) Romanorum XL VI1° regnauit Maiorianus in Italia et Constantinopoli Leo Augusti appellantur. (178) Gothicus exercitus duce suo Chirilla a Theuderico rege Yspanias Inissus mense Iulio succedit ad Bethicam. (185) Era CCCCLXXXXV (CCCCXV Hm) Sabinus episcopus lspalensis, post annos XX quam certauerat expulsis, de Galliis ad propriam redit ecclesiam. (187) Theodericus cum duce suo Sunerico exercitus sui aliquanta ad Bethicam dirigit manum. Cirila reuocatur ad Gallias. (188) Romanorum XL"" VIII"" Seuerus a senatu Rome Augustus appellatur anno imperii Leonis V0 (om. HtHn). (2o6) Sunericus redit ad Gallias (om.HtHn). (207) Nepocianus Theoderico ordinante Arborium accepit successorem. (208) Era D in conuentu Bracharense duorum natorum portentum uisum; 1111 Legione simile memoratur. (213b) Romanorum XL usVllllu• Anthemius Augustus appellatur anno Leonis imperii quarto mense Augusto. (231) Fiunt simul omnes anni Leonis XI. Romanorum LusZenon, cuius anni non inueniuntur. Romanorum LI"" Anastasius regnat annis XX tribus. Romanorum Lllua Iustinus regnat annis VII. Romanorum LIIIu• Iustinianus regnat annis XXX tribus [Alipius Tagastensis Augustinus Yppone regio et Possidonius Chalamensis (+ Hm)] qui Iustinianus cum patricio Belesario exercitum in Affricam dirigens super Wandalos et regem 0

regnat lustinus Ho: Losericus regnauit Hm lustinianus regnat Ho: regnauit lustinianus Hm patritio Ho Belisario Ho africam Ho:affrica Hm

THE CHRONICLE OF HYDATIUS eorum Gelimirum quern celeriter oppressum una cum gente sua uinctum cathenis aureis Iustiniano imperatori presentandum direxit. Narsen eunuchum in Italiam contra Thothilem regem dirigit cumque Thotila per XII annos manus Romanorum diutissime dimicauit, sed Narseus Thotilam superans omnem Italiam Romano imperio subiecit, qui postremo tempore uite sue ipsam prouinciam ltaliam Alboino regi Longobardorum tradidit. Gelumirum Ho uinctum cum cathenis Hb praesentandum HbHn Narsem HtHn:Narcem Hb Italia Hm regem Totilam Ho cumque] cum Ho Totila Ho Narses Ho Tolitam Ho Italia Hm uitae suae tempore Ho prouintiam HtHn Albino Hm

The Textof theLost Alcobaciensis asRecordedbyJohannesVasaeus

In Alcobaciensi codice antiquo dicitur Idacius Galleciae episcopus. [s.a. 420; 81v] Hie postea fuit, ut inquit Sigebertus, Lemicae Hispaniarum urbis episcopus, et Chronicon scripsit a primo Theodosii consulatu usque ad annum quadragesimum [scr.quadringentesimum] nonagesimum, quod auspicatur a diuo lohanne Chrysostomo. [420;81v] Idem [concerning the invasion of Spain in 409] dicunt Severns [i.e. the Gallic Chronicleof 511] et Idacius, sed addunt, quod aera quadringentesima quadragesima septima, hoe est, anno Domini quadringentesimo nono et dicit ldacius, quod quarto idus Octobris: D. Isidorus, quod aera quadringentesima quadragesima sexta, hoe est, anno Domini quadringentesimo septimo [scr.octauo]. (34 [410; 77v]) Idacius scribit Athaulphum Narbone Placidiam uxorem duxisse et inde a Constantio Patritio pulsum, Hispanias petiisse. (49, 52 [416;81r]) Eodem anno Idacius scriptor Hispanus ad dominum conuersus est, ut ipse de se testatur. [420;81v]/ Siquidem ldacius in chronico suo testatur se anno demum Honorii decimo, hoe est, anno Domini plus minus quadringentesimo decimo septimo, ad Deum esse conuersum. (Mommsen's 62b [388; 7f]) ... a Tolosa usque ad Oceanum, ut inquit Idacius. (61 [421; 82r]) Hermericum Sueuorum quern ... ldacius Ermigarium appellat. (63, 8o [423; 82r]) Gizerichus quern Idacius Gayzaricum nominat. (79 [430; 82v-cf. 429; 82v]) Traiectus uero Vandalorum in Africam fuit mense Maio, ut inquit ldacius ... Sed ldacius autor est, praedantem Lusitaniam, quum baud procul Emerita Sanctae Martyri Eulaliae iniurias inferret, ultione diuina peremptum. Cuius depraedationis, quum Gaysaricus (ita enim appellat, ut diximus, Gizericum Vandalorum regem) in Africam transire parans admonitus esset, recursu cum aliquam multis suorum facto, maleficos et impios fudit fugauitque. Ermigarius uero (ita Hermericum idem nominat) cum eis, quos secum habebat, arrepto, ut putauit, euro uelocius fugae praesidio, in flumine Ana diuino brachio praecipitatus interiit. Quo ita extincto, mox quo caeperat Gaysaricus enauigat. Haec ille. (89[433;83']) ... Idacio Theodorus dicitur. (108 [437;83'])

APPENDIX 4

165

Sabino episcopo Hispali per factionem expulso, in locum eius Epiphanius ordinatur fraude, non iure. Idacius. (116 [441;84']) D. Isidorus, et ante ilium Idacius atque utrumque sequuti scriptores Hispani produnt supra trecenta hominum millia caesa. ldacius et S. Isidorus bane pugnam praecedenti anno ponunt. (142 [453;Sf]) ... mense lulio, ut inquit Idacius. (185 [457;86v]) Eodem anno Sabinus episcopus Hispalensis, post u1gmn annos, quam certauerat, expulsus ex Galliis ad propriam rediit sedem. Idacius. (187 [457;86v]) ldacius scribit hoe anno in conuentu Bracarensi uisum portentum duorum natorum, sed quae subiungit, assequi non potui, ita mendosus erat liber. (213b [462;81]) Euricus principio regni continuo Lusitaniam depraedatur, ac missis exercitibus, Pompelonem, Caesaraugustam, Tarraconensem prouinciam, atque etiam Hispaniam superiorem in potestatem suam redigit. Sanctus Isidorus. ldacius decimo sexto Leonis anno factum dicit, ut suo loco dicemus. (-? [46