The Chinese botanical gardens 9782759827015

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Current Natural Sciences

Hongwen HUANG

The Chinese Botanical Gardens

Edited by Hongwen HUANG Translated by Yunyun SHAO

This book was originally published by Science Press, © Science Press, 2021.

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Science Press, EDP Sciences, 2021

Ecological Civilization—Building a Shared Future for All Life on Earth This book is dedicated to the 15th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity

The Writing Team of The Chinese Botanical Gardens

Edited by HUANG Hongwen Translated by SHAO Yunyun Editorial Board Members (Alphabetically)

Chapter 1  Outline of the Chinese Botanical Gardens HUANG Hongwen  LIAO Jingping  ZHANG Zheng  ZHAO Tong

Chapter 2  A Brief Introduction of Botanical Gardens of China (investigated provinces in the brackets)

Questionnaire Surveyors: HUANG Ruilan  LIAO Jingping  NING Zulin  XIE Siming ZHAN Qingqing  ZHANG Zheng  ZHAO Tong

Field Interviewers: CUI Changjie (Ningxia, Gansu)  GAN Yangying (Shaanxi) KUANG Yanfeng (Hunan, Jiangsu)  LI Bingxin (Zhejiang, Shanxi) LIU Huanfang (Guizhou)  QIN Suqing (Zhejiang, Shanxi) SHAO Yunyun (Ningxia, Gansu) WANG Dandan (Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Henan) XU Fengxia (Guizhou)  XU Kai (Shaanxi, Xinjiang) YANG Guifang (Shandong, Hebei)  YU Qianxia (Guizhou) ZHAO Tong (Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Henan) ZOU Pu (Hunan, Jiangsu)

Initial Writers of the Introduction and Information: CHEN Yinjie (Jilin, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning)  KE Xiaoxia (Sichuan, Taiwan) YU Jinyun (Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Shanghai) ZHANG Jingfeng (Anhui, Beijing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Macao) ZHANG Yiqi (Chongqing, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Hong Kong, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang) ZENG Xiaoping (Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Hunan)

Proofreaders of the Introduction and Information: CHEN Xinlan (Anhui, Beijing, Gansu)  KE Xiaoxia (Hunan, Hubei) LI Biqiu (Shandong)  LI Suwen (Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan) LI Wenyan (Guizhou, Sichuan, Chongqing)  LIN Canjia (Hunan) LIU Hua (Zhejiang, Xinjiang)  SONG Zhengping (Guangdong) WEI Qiang (Guangxi)  XIE Jiumei (Tianjin, Hebei, Henan) XIE Siming (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning)  YU Jinyun (Jiangxi, Jiangsu) ZHAN Qingqing (Yunnan, Shanghai)  ZHANG Jingfeng (Fujian) ZHANG Yiqi (Jiangxi, Jiangsu)  ZHANG Zheng (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning) ZENG Xiaoping (Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai)

Final Compilers and Editors of the Introduction and Information: ZHANG Yiqi  NING Zulin  LIAO Jingping

Chapter 3  Status Quo and Developmental Prospects of The Chinese Botanical Gardens HUANG Hongwen  LIAO Jingping  ZHANG Zheng  ZHAO Tong

Preface There are about 2,000 existing botanical gardens (arboreta) in the world, with about 100,000 species of higher plants collected and preserved. Of these species, about 15,000 are endangered plants. These gardens receive 200 million visitors annually, promoting the advancement of plant science and public knowledge services. Due to the lack of systematic review of the historical and current data of Chinese botanical gardens, the basic status of the number of botanical gardens, conservation capacity, and plant ex situ conservation are unclear, and the national strategy for ex situ conservation of plant diversity is difficult to clarify. After more than four years of questionnaire survey, literature research, and field visits, the team of Ex Situ Cultivated Flora of China in South China Botanical Gardens carried out a comprehensive survey of the national botanical gardens and their ex situ conservation, analyzed the development status and existing problems of the Chinese botanical gardens, and proposed relevant suggestions. They expected to promote the joint development of the national botanical gardens through the implementation of the “Construction and Evaluation of the National Standard System of Botanical Gardens” and the compilation and research of Ex Situ Cultivated Flora of China, and to play an active role in integrating the protection and utilization of plant resources. Since the establishment of the Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens in Hong Kong by Westerners in 1871, the Chinese botanical gardens had experienced about 150 years. But before 1950, the botanical gardens and arboretums in China were mainly established by colonists, and secondly by the Chinese. The main purpose of the botanical gardens and arboretums established by the Chinese was to meet the needs of research of plant resources and teaching in China, and the period before 1950 was a difficult stage in the history of the construction of botanical gardens in China. Over the past hundred years, there are three stages in the large-scale construction of modern botanical gardens, namely the restoration and exploration stages from 1950 to 1964, the rapid development stage from 1980 to 1994, and the steady development stage since 1995. The main functions of the botanical garden change from the investigation of plant resources, introduction and domestication to the protection of rare and endangered plants and the protection of biodiversity. There are 161 botanical gardens and arboretums that cover the main climatic regions in China, such as the tropical humid regions, the subtropical regions, and temperate regions, but there is no botanical garden in the cold and temperate regions on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, especially since 1980, the Chinese botanical gardens have made great progress in plant ex situ conservation and staff construction, and have become an important force in the international botanical gardens. At present, the total area of Chinese botanical gardens has reached 102,007.2 hm2, of which the area of gardens for specific collections is 5,400 hm2, and the area of natural vegetation is 76,171.7 hm2. China has built ex situ conservation experimental facilities of a certain scale, of which the area of plant conservation or nursery is 1,014.9 hm2, the area of micro-propagation facilities is 36,745 m2, the area of seed banks or seed specimen banks with an area of 11,962 m2, and the area of specimen arboreta is 30.4 hm2. Chinese botanical gardens and arboreta have established a large-scale workforce. The

Preface

i

total number of employees is 11,227, including 2,876 scientific researchers, 2,937 landscaping and horticulture managers, 1,161 science popularization education personnel, more than 103 well-known botanical specialty experts, which have formed a certain influence in the field of international botanical gardens and plant ex situ conservation. According to a sample survey of ex situ conservation plants in China, there are 396 families, 3,633 genera and 23,340 species. Among them, 288 families, 2,911 genera and 22,104 species are native plants, accounting for 91% of the family, 86% of the genera and 60% of the species in native higher plants, respectively. The living collections and cultivation in the Chinese botanical gardens and arboreta have formed the core and backbone of China plant ex situ conservation. About 40% of rare and endangered plants of the latest checklist of China Plant Red Data Book have been conserved ex situ in the Chinese botanical gardens. The Chinese botanical gardens and arboreta currently have 1,195 gardens of living collections. According to the preliminary analyses and statistics, 51 families with more than 100 species, 34 genera with more than 50 species, and 15,199 species of living plants have been collected and ex situ cultivated in these gardens, which have played a positive role in the conservation of native plants in China. Due to their institutional characteristics, the botanical gardens of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) have long been engaged in the collection, research, discovery and utilization of specific genus and family, and some specialized plants. The botanical gardens of CAS have the characteristics of long history, rich accumulation, strong regional representation and strong systematic data accumulation, and play a significant leading role in the number of accessions, ex situ conservation species, nationally and locally endemic species, rare and endangered species. The 119 members of Chinese Union of Botanical Gardens have extensive coverage and regional representation. In the national botanical garden system, the top 50 botanical gardens in the number of ex situ conservation species, specialized living collection gardens, China and endemic species, and rare and endangered species have the botanical garden representativeness and the complete information of ex situ conservation, have an extensive representative of ex situ collection and play a central role in plant ex situ conservation in China. China’s huge resource platform for the introduction, ex situ cultivation and protection of plants at home and abroad in recent decades has played an important role in basic botanical studies, such as plant taxonomy, morphological anatomy, reproductive development, and genetic breeding. Based on living plant collection, the Chinese botanical gardens have made great progress in scientific research, and have played an extremely important role in the exploration and utilization of plant resources. The Chinese botanical gardens have become high-quality tourist scenic spots and important tourist destinations. A systematic service facility of public education and tourism has been established in order to facilitate and launch the public education courses for universities and middle and primary schools, and science popularization activities with unique features of botanical gardens. The number of tourists reached 160 million from 2012 to 2014, including 30 million young people, clearly suggests that the Chinese botanical gardens provided good social benefits. However, the history of the Chinese modern botanical gardens is relatively short, and some problems exist in the botanical garden construction and management. For example, the Chinese botanical gardens lack the overall planning and deployment at the national level and the management norms of botanical garden construction. Pan park-based phenomenon exists in the management of botanical gardens. The collection of living plants and the management of ex situ conservation in the Chinese botanical gardens are insufficient. The management and information recording of living plants in the Chinese botanical gardens have not received sufficient attention. Scientific researches on the collection of living plants are deficient, and the applications of plant resources need to be strengthened. Public education and knowledge dissemination mostly stay at the

ii

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

level of publicity, and it is urgent to construct and implement an educational curriculum system that is in line with international standards. During the investigation and compilation of The Chinese Botanical Gardens, a large number of materials have been searched, sorted and summarized. Many colleagues in each botanical garden have participated in the collection and sorting of the data and the investigation of the botanical gardens. Some of them have been indicated in the book, but many contributors may still be omitted. Thanks for the supports from projects of Construction and Evaluation of National System of Botanical Garden Standards (KFJ-1 W-NO1 and KFJ3 W-NO1-2), China-Compilation of Ex Situ Cultivated Flora of Botanical Gardens (NO. 2015FY210100), Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany. HUANG Hongwen Professor and Former Director, South China Botanical Garden, CAS General Secretary, International Association of Botanic Gardens June 2020

Preface

iii

Contents Preface Chapter 1  Outline of the Chinese Botanical Gardens.....................................................................1

Chapter 2  A Brief Introduction of Botanical Gardens of China ................................................23 Beijing Beijing Botanical Garden of Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences......24 Beijing Botanical Garden.............................................................................................27 Beijing Medicinal Botanical Garden............................................................................30 Beijing Teaching Botanical Garden.............................................................................32 Shanghai Medicinal Botanical Garden of the Second Military Medical University..................34 Shanghai Botanical Garden..........................................................................................36 Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences......................38 Chongqing Chongqing Medicinal Botanical Garden.....................................................................41 Nanshan Botanical Garden...........................................................................................43 Chongqing Botanical Garden.......................................................................................45 Botanical Garden of Chongqing University................................................................47 Anhui Huangshan Arboretum of Anhui Academy of Forestry...............................................50 Hefei Botanical Garden................................................................................................52 Fujian Fuzhou Botanical Garden.............................................................................................54 Xiamen Overseas Chinese Subtropical Plant Introduction Garden.............................56

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Xiamen Botanical Garden............................................................................................58 Teaching Botanical Garden of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University...............60 Gansu Minqin Desert Botanical Garden.................................................................................62 Maiji Botanical Garden................................................................................................65 Lanzhou Arboretum......................................................................................................67 Lanzhou Botanical Garden...........................................................................................69 Guangdong South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences..................................72 South Subtropical Botanical Garden............................................................................76 Dinghushan Arboretum of South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences........................................................................................................................78 Guangdong Tree Park...................................................................................................81 Arboretum of South China Agricultural University....................................................83 Shenzhen Fairylake Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences......................85 Dongguan Botanical Garden........................................................................................87 Zhongshan Arboretum..................................................................................................89 Medicinal Botanical Garden of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University....................91 Chaozhou Botanical Garden.........................................................................................93 Guangxi Arboretum of Guangxi Academy of Forestry..............................................................95 Guilin Botanical Garden of Guangxi Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences........................................................................................................................97 Guangxi Medicinal Botanical Garden........................................................................100 Arboretum of Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry.......................................................................................................................103 Nanning Arboretum....................................................................................................105 Qingxiushan Forestry Botanical Garden....................................................................107 Liuzhou Karst Botanical Garden................................................................................110 Guizhou Guizhou Botanical Garden.........................................................................................113 Arboretum of Guizhou Academy of Forestry............................................................115 Guiyang Medicinal Botanical Garden........................................................................117

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THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Rare and Plateau Botanical Garden of Guizhou Mid-Subtropics..............................119 Zunyi Botanical Garden.............................................................................................121 Arboretum of Dongfeng Forestry Farm.....................................................................123 Hainan Xinglong Tropical Botanical Garden.........................................................................125 Hainan Tropical Botanical Garden.............................................................................128 Hainan Fengmu Arboretum........................................................................................130 Xinglong Tropical Medicinal Botanical Garden........................................................132 Tropical Arboretum at Jianfengling...........................................................................134 Xinglong Tropical Garden..........................................................................................136 Hebei Shijiazhuang Botanical Garden..................................................................................140 Gaobeidian Botanical Garden....................................................................................142 Baoding Botanical Garden.........................................................................................144 Tangshan Botanical Garden........................................................................................146 Henan Jigongshan Botanical Garden.....................................................................................148 Luoyang National Peony Garden...............................................................................151 Zhengzhou Huanghe Botanical Garden.....................................................................153 Luoyang International Peony Garden........................................................................155 China National Flower Garden..................................................................................157 Luoyang Sui and Tang Relics Botanical Garden.......................................................159 Zhengzhou Botanical Garden.....................................................................................162 Heilongjiang Heilongjiang Forest Botanical Garden.......................................................................164 Xiaoxinganling Botanical Garden..............................................................................166 Jixi Zoological and Botanical Garden........................................................................168 Jinhewan Wetland Botanical Garden.........................................................................170 Hubei Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences........................................172 Moshan Landscape Botanical Garden........................................................................175 Central China Medicinal Botanical Garden...............................................................178

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Yichang Sanxia Botanical Garden.............................................................................180 Hunan Hunan Nanyue Arboretum.........................................................................................182 Hunan Forest Botanical Garden.................................................................................184 Chenzhou Nanling Botanical Garden........................................................................186 Arboretum of South Central Forestry Science and Technology University..............188 South Hunan Botanical Garden..................................................................................190 Guidong Botanical Garden.........................................................................................192 Jilin Changbaishan Botanical Garden................................................................................194 Changchun Forest Botanical Garden.........................................................................196 Changchun Zoological and Botanical Garden...........................................................198 Jiangsu Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Academy of Sciences........200 Pharmaceutical Arboretum of China Pharmaceutical University..............................203 Taihu Ornamental Botanical Garden..........................................................................205 Xuzhou Botanical Garden..........................................................................................208 Yangzhou Botanical Garden.......................................................................................210 Chongchuan Botanical Garden..................................................................................213 Jiangxi Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences........................................216 Gannan Arboretum.....................................................................................................219 Dagangshan Arboretum..............................................................................................222 Nanchang Botanical Garden.......................................................................................224 Liaoning Xiongyue Arboretum..................................................................................................226 Shenyang Arboretum of Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. .....................................................................................................................................228 Medicinal Botanical Garden of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University.....................231 Shenyang Botanical Garden.......................................................................................233 Dalian Botanical Garden............................................................................................236 Dalian Yinggeshi Botanical Garden...........................................................................238

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THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Shenyang Tree Specimens Garden.............................................................................241 Inner Mongolia Arding Botanical Garden............................................................................................245 Arboretum of the Inner Mongolia Academy of Forestry...........................................248 Chifeng Botanical Garden..........................................................................................250 Ningxia Yinchuan Botanical Garden.......................................................................................252 Qinghai Xining Landscape Botanical Garden.........................................................................254 Shandong Arboretum of Shandong Agricultural University......................................................257 Botanical Garden of Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine...............259 Qingdao Botanical Garden.........................................................................................261 Shandong Linyi Zoological and Botanical Garden...................................................263 Jinan Botanical Garden...............................................................................................265 Weifang Botanical Garden.........................................................................................267 Forest Botanical Garden of Taishan Forestry Research Institute..............................270 Herb Garden of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine..................272 Shanxi Wutaishan Arboretum.................................................................................................274 Datong Botanical Garden...........................................................................................276 Jinsha Botanical Garden.............................................................................................278 Taiyuan Botanical Garden..........................................................................................281 Shaanxi Yulin Hongshixia Sand Botanical Garden.................................................................283 Xi’an Botanical Garden..............................................................................................285 Baoji Botanical Garden..............................................................................................288 Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University Arboretum......................................290 Heilongtan Montane Arboretum................................................................................292 Yulin Woyunshan Botanical Garden..........................................................................294 Qinling National Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences........................296

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Sichuan Chengdu Botanical Garden........................................................................................298 Emeishan Botanical Garden.......................................................................................300 West China Subalpine Botanical Garden of Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences......................................................................................................................303 Xinjiang Turpan Desert Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences.............................305 Urumqi Botanical Garden..........................................................................................308 Tazhong Botanical Garden.........................................................................................311 Botanical Garden of Longkun....................................................................................313 Yunnan Kunming Botanical Garden of Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences......................................................................................................................315 Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences............318 Xishuangbanna Medicinal Botanical Garden............................................................321 Kunming Arboretum of Yunnan Academy of Forestry..............................................323 Kunming Landscape Botanical Garden.....................................................................325 Xishuangbanna Tropical Flower Garden...................................................................327 Shangri-La Alpine Botanical Garden.........................................................................329 Zhejiang The Botanical Garden of Zhejiang University...........................................................332 Hangzhou Botanical Garden......................................................................................334 Wenzhou Botanical Garden........................................................................................336 Anji Bamboo Garden..................................................................................................338 Zhejiang Bamboo Garden..........................................................................................341 Introduction and Domestication Botanical Garden of Zhoushan Island...................343 Botanical Garden of Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University.........................345 Tianjing Aquatic Botanical Garden............................................................................348 Jiaxing Botanical Garden...........................................................................................350 Tongxiang Botanical Garden......................................................................................352 Ningbo Botanical Garden...........................................................................................354 Hong Kong Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens.........................................................357

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THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden.............................................................................359 Shing Mun Arboretum................................................................................................362 Macao Macao Botanical Garden............................................................................................365 Taiwan Taipei Botanical Garden.............................................................................................368 Hengchun Tropical Botanical Garden........................................................................371 Chiayi Botanical Garden............................................................................................374 Taiwan Alpine Botanical Garden...............................................................................377 Siaping Tropical Botanical Garden............................................................................379 Shuangsi Tropical Arboretum.....................................................................................382 Fushan Botanical Garden...........................................................................................384 Shanping Forest Ecological Science Park..................................................................387 Kaohsiung Original Botanical Garden.......................................................................389 Neishuangxi Medicinal Herb Garden........................................................................391 Museum of Natural Science Botanical Garden..........................................................393 Yuan Sen Applied Botanical Garden..........................................................................396 Taimali Coastal Botanical Garden..............................................................................399

Chapter 3  Status Quo and Developmental Prospects of the Chinese Botanical Gardens......403 References............................................................................................................................................420

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Chapter 1

Outline of the Chinese Botanical Gardens

China is one of the most plantrich countries in the world, with about 33,000 higher vascular plants, second only to Brazil, ranking second in the world (Huang and Zhang, 2012). There are 2,322 ferns in China, 250 species of gymnosperms, and 30,503 angiosperms, accounting for 18%, 26%, and 10% of the world total respectively (Huang, 2011). China

is known as the “mother of gardens” (Wilson, 2004), with a long history of gardening and gardening civilization. The introduction and cultivation of plants in China’s botanical gardens are almost synchronous with the modern botanical researches in China. With the establishment of the early modern botanical gardens in China, the introduction and collection of

plants have begun as early as the beginning of the 20th century. The collection of living plants has inherited the trajectory and achievements of the scientific research of the modern botanical gardens and constituted the foundation and supporting platform for scientific research in China (Xu et al., 2008; Huang and Zhang, 2012).

1.1 Development, distribution and administrative subordination According to a survey conducted from 2014 to 2017, there are about 161 botanical gardens and arboreta in China, with three peaks of garden construction (Figure 1). 12 botanical gardens that were established before 1949 are still extant, accounting for 7.5% of the existing botanical gardens and arboreta in China, and two-thirds of which were established by foreigners, such as Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens (1871), Taipei Botanical Gardens (1896), Hengchun Tropical Botanical Garden (1906), Chiayi Botanical Garden (1908), Xiongyue Arboretum (1915), and so on (Xin, 2004; Huang and Zhang,

2012). At the same time, it was also a tough time for Chinese people to construct their own botanical gardens in China. For example, the arboretum of Jiangsu A-type Agricultural School (1915) founded by Chen Rong, and the Jianqiao Botanical Garden (1928, now the botanical garden of Zhejiang University) (Shan et al., 2008) founded by Zhong Guanguang, Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences (1934) founded by Hu Xiansu, Chen Fenghuai, Qin Renchang, etc., mainly take the teaching, plant resource investigation, and plant collection as the main goals. There were 47 botanical gardens

constructed from 1950 to 1964, which was the first peak for the botanical garden construction in China and also the stage of restoration, reconstruction, exploration, and development of modern botanical gardens in China. For example, the restoration of the Lushan Botanical Garden (Jin, 1964; Wang, 1986; Yang, 1994), and the restoration and reconstruction of Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-sen (Wang, 1986, 1991; Wang and Hu, 1993). In this period, the construction of botanical gardens in China was led by the modern botanical Gardens of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), such as Kunming Botanical Garden (1938), Shenyang

Figure 1 The development of Chinese botanical gardens and arboreta 2

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Arboretum of Institute of Applied Ecology (1955), South China Botanical Garden (1956), Beijing Botanical Garden (1956), Dinghushan Arboretum (1956), Wuhan Botanical Garden (1956), Guilin Botanical Garden (1958), Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (1959), etc., with the main task of plant resource investigation, introduction and domestication, research and resource application. These botanical gardens also became the core of Chinese modern botanical gardens and the leader of botanical garden construction. At the same time, the botanical gardens of other departments were established successively, such as Medicinal Botanical Garden of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University (1955), Arboretum of Shandong Agricultural University (1956), Beijing Teaching Botanical Garden (1957), Pharmaceutical Arboretum of China Pharmaceutical University (1958), Botanical Garden of Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine (1958) of education departments, the Arboretum of Guangxi Academy of Forestry (1956), Arboretum of the Inner Mongolia Academy of Forestry (1956), Heilongjiang Forest Botanical Garden (1958), Huangshan Arboretum of Anhui Academy of Forestry (1958), K u n m i n g A r b o r e t u m o f Yu n n a n Academy of Forestry (1959), Arboretum of Guizhou Academy of Forestry (1963), Nanning Arboretum (1963) of forestry departments, Beijing Botanical Garden (1956), Moshan Landscape Botanical Garden (1956), Hangzhou Botanical Garden (1956), Shenyang Botanical Garden (1959), Xiamen Botanical Garden (1960) of garden departments, Beijing Medicinal Botanical Garden (1955), Xishuangbanna Medicinal Botanical Garden (1959), Xinglong Tropical Medicinal Botanical Garden (1960), Guangxi Medicinal Botanical Garden (1959) of pharmaceutical d e p a r t m e n t s , H a i n a n Tr o p i c a l

Botanical Garden (1958) of agricultural departments, Xi’an Botanical Garden (1959) of science and technology departments. China has begun to explore the key points of the construction of botanical gardens, and their development and positioning in different industries and systems, and given supports for the development of various industries. The botanical gardens that were established during this period focused on plant investigations, introduction and domestication, and related basic botanic research, and played an active role in the modern botanical garden constructions and plant resource investigations in China, and the construction of modern plant science. Between 1965 and 1979, 16 botanical gardens were constructed. During this period, botanical gardens in China gradually transitioned from the relatively stagnant stage (1966–1976) to the restoration and construction stage. Many of the botanical gardens in this period suffered from the stagnant operations and deserted gardens. Botanical gardens and their management works were gradually restored after 1976. Between 1980 and 1994, 35 botanical gardens were constructed. The construction of botanical gardens in China entered a stage of rapid development, and the second peak of construction took place. Various industries and systems continued to establish new botanical gardens, which enriched plant types, optimized the structure of botanical gardens, and played the comprehensive functions of botanical gardens and supported the development of different industries. In order to meet the needs of the public, many botanical gardens continued to enhance the landscaping. Botanical gardens started to take the protection of native plants and rare and endangered plants as the main work, and strengthened public education and science popularization tourism.

Since 1995, Chinese botanical gardens have experienced the third peak of construction. Between 1995 and 2015, 51 botanical gardens were established. At present, the construction of Chinese botanical gardens has entered a stage of steady development (Figure 1), and takes plant collection, scientific research, ex situ conservation, public education and sustainable use of plant resources as the main purposes. The overall development of Chinese botanical garden is synchronized with the international modern botanical garden but unique, especially in the excavation and utilization of plant resources. Obviously, the conservation and sustainable use of plant diversity has become an important task in botanical gardens. The pattern of Chinese botanical gardens has entered the stage of scientific botanical gardens where multiple models of botanical gardens coexist. According to the distribution of natural geographical regions, the geographical distribution of Chinese botanical gardens has covered China’s major climate regions, 32 distributed in tropical humid regions, 68 in subtropical regions and 61 in temperate regions, but none in frigid zone of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. In the future, the construction of botanical gardens in the plateau frigid zone, cold temperate zone, and extreme environmental areas should be strengthened. The Chinese botanical gardens and arboreta are operated and managed according to an administrative affiliation, mainly including Chinese Academy of Sciences, education department, housing and urbanrural department, forest department, landscaping department, agricultural department, medical and medicinal department, science and technology department, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan (Figure 2). Among them, Chinese Academy of Sciences has 15 botanical gardens and arboreta,

Chapter 1  Outline of the Chinese Botanical Gardens

3

Hong Housing and Enterprises Education Forest Landscaping Agricultural Medical and Science and Kong, technology Macao and and other department urban-rural department department department Medicinal department department department Taiwan departments

Figure 2 Numbers and administrative subordination of the Chinese botanical gardens and arboreta accounting for 9.3% of the total number of existing botanical gardens. Fifteen in the education department, accounting for 9.3%. Seven in the housing and urban-rural department, accounting for 4.3%. Forty-four in the forest department, accounting for 27.3%. Thirty-four departments in the landscaping department, accounting

for 21.1%. Six in the agricultural department, accounting for 3.7%. Four in the medical and medicinal department, accounting for 2.5%. Eight in the science and technology department, accounting for 5.0%. Seventeen in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, accounting for 10.6%. Eleven in enterprises and other departments,

accounting for 6.8%. At present, the botanical gardens established and managed by enterprises are growing. Botanical gardens with different affiliations differ in the roles and focuses of botanical garden functions and biodiversity conservation, scientific research, horticultural display, and public education.

1.2 Cultivation facilities and staff The Chinese botanical gardens have made great progress in plant ex situ conservation and staff construction, and have become an important force in the international botanical gardens. At present, the total area of Chinese botanical gardens has reached 102,007.4 hm2, of which 5,400.1 hm2 are for specific collections, 1,014.8 hm2 for plant conservation or nursery, and 76,171.7 hm2 for natural vegetation. (Table 1). China has built ex situ conservation experimental facilities of a certain scale, 49 of which have micro-propagation facilities with an area of 36,745 m2, 26 of which have 4

seed banks or seed specimen banks with an area of 11,962 m2, 54 of which have specimen arboreta with an area of 30.4 hm2. In addition, 45 botanical gardens in China have herbaria with an area of 51,783 m2 and 104.46 million herbarium specimens. Chinese botanical gardens and arboreta have established a largescale workforce. The total number of employees is 11,227, including 2,876 scientific researchers, accounting for 25.6% of the total number, 2,937 landscaping and horticulture managers, accounting for 26.2%, 1,161 science popularization education personnel,

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

accounting for 10.3% (Figure 3). There are 103 well-known botanical specialty experts, eight internationally renowned botanical experts, 50 experts take up commissioner and above positions in the national botanical society, botanical garden society or association, and 38 experts take up deputy director and above positions in the provincial botanical society or association, which have formed a certain influence in the field of international botanical gardens and plant ex situ conservation.

Table 1 Acreage of botanical gardens, specific living collection gardens, conservation or nurseries and natural vegetations Total areas of botanical gardens (hm2)

Areas of gardens for specific collections (hm2)

Areas of conservation/ nursery (hm2)

Area of natural vegetation (hm2)

CAS

68,319.7

730.0

125.6

59,488.2

Education department

3,600.4

3.7

3.4

13.3

Housing and urban-rural department

3,472.3

184.6

31.4

116.9

Forest department

15,343.4

1,527.4

216.9

13,269.9

Landscaping department

4,691.0

887.7

139.8

793.8

Agricultural department

1,866.5

1,048.7

392.0

375.9

Medical and medicinal department

253.4

68.7

2.9

44.0

Science ang technology department

1,063.2

91.3

28.3

703.0

Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan

1,864.6

53.2

34.2

420.0

Enterprises and other departments

1,532.9

804.8

40.3

946.7

Total area

102,007.4

5,400.1

1,014.8

76,171.7

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

Figure 3 Staff composition of the Chinese botanical gardens and arboreta Chapter 1  Outline of the Chinese Botanical Gardens

5

1.3 Living collections and ex situ conservation The survey results of accessions, cultivated species, cultivated taxa, rare and endangered plants, medicinal plants, national and local endemic plants, specialized living collection gardens, trees and unidentified accessions of Chinese botanical gardens and arboreta showed that accession number of living collections and cultivated species is 387,749. Among them, the accession number of living plants registered by the botanical garden of Chinese Academy of Sciences is 303,450, which is the highest, accounting for 78.26% of the total number of registered living plants. The number of living plants is followed by the botanical garden of landscaping department, forest department, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, and medical and medicinal department with 39,276 (accounting for 10.13%), 20,305 (accounting for 5.24%), 11,296 (accounting for 2.91%) and 9,272 (accounting for 2.39%) respectively. The accession numbers of agricultural department and science and technology departments are fewer, being 1,800 and 2,350 respectively, accounting for 0.46% and 0.61%. No accession management in the education department, housing construction department and the enterprises and other botanical gardens (Table 2). It can be seen that the Chinese botanical gardens should strengthen the accession management of living plant collection. There are 250,829 species and 316,316 taxa of cultivated plants in Chinese botanical gardens and arboreta. The numbers of Chinese and local endemic plants, and rare and endangered plants of the cultivated plant are 33,634 and 10,556, respectively. According to a sample survey of ex situ conservation plants in 11 major 6

botanical gardens in China, there are 396 families, 3,633 genera and 23,340 species of ex situ conserved plants in Chinese botanical gardens, including. 288 families, 2,911 genera and about 20,000 species of native plants, accounting for 91% of the family (total 315 families), 86% of the genera (total 3,405 genera) and 60% of the species (total about 33,000 species) in native vascular plants of China, respectively (Huang and Zhang, 2012). According to the plant directory of Flora of China, we correct and eliminate the repeated species and infraspecific taxa, and the number of species of cultivated plants in the Chinese botanical gardens is about 20,000, which covers about 60% of the total number of plants in China (Huang and Zhang, 2012). The plants introduced from abroad are mostly landscape flowers, economic plants, and important resource plants. The living collections and cultivation of Chinese botanical gardens and arboreta have formed the core and backbone of China plant ex situ conservation. Based on about 18,000 plant species cultivated in 12 major botanical gardens with large scale and good data accumulation in China, a total of 15,812 species (including 181 subspecies, 932 varieties, 68 forms) were collected. Ferns (according to Qin Renchang’s system of 1978) include a total of 835 species, 168 genera and 59 families (including one subspecies, 26 varieties and five forms). Gymnosperms (according to Zheng Wanjun’s system of 1975) include a total of 12 families, 53 genera and 299 species (including 26 varieties and one form). Angiosperms (according to the Engler system of 1964) include a total of 241 families, 2,960 genera, 14,678 species (including 180 subspecies, 877

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

varieties, and 62 forms) (Huang, 2014). According to the preliminary analyses and statistics, the prior introduction and collection taxa, and cultivated taxa of the Chinese botanical gardens and arboreta have 51 families with more than 100 species and 34 genera with more than 50 species (Table 3). The results show that the concentrated collection and key ex situ cultivation of botanical gardens and arboreta in China are mainly distributed in the 51 families and 34 genera, and 15,199 species of living plants are collected and ex situ cultivated, which have played a positive role in the conservation of native plants in China. The introduction and conservation of rare and endangered plants in the Chinese botanical gardens and arboreta began in the 1980s, in sync with the international modern botanical gardens (Huang and Zhang, 2012). In the early days, it mainly focused on the rare and endangered plants listed in the Red List of Plants in China. In 1992, 388 rare and endangered plants were included in this book, of which eight species belong to the first class of protection plants, 159 species to the second class, and 211 species to the third class (Fu, 1992). Except for a few species that are difficult to trace in the wild or difficult to cultivate, most of them were cultivated and protected in the botanical gardens. In the past 30 years, with the rapid development of China’s economy and society and population growth, the pressure on the natural environment has increased, and the number of endangered species has increased. According to recent research, the number of endangered and threatened (including critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable species) plants in China is as high

Chapter 1  Outline of the Chinese Botanical Gardens

7

1,800/0.46

9,272/2.39

2,350/0.61

11,296/2.91

0/0

387,749

Medical and medicinal department / proportion

Science and technology departments / proportion

Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan / proportion

Enterprises and others / proportion

Total

20,305/5.24

Forest department / proportion

Agricultural department / proportion

0/0

Housing and urban-rural department / proportion

39,276/10.13

0/0

Education department / proportion

Landscaping department / proportion

303,450/78.26

CAS gardens / proportion

Accessions

250,829

9,970/3.97

8,911/3.55

15,595/6.22

12,289/4.9

5,642/2.25

35,309/14.08

61,351/24.46

7,341/2.93

16488/6.57

77,933/31.07

Species

316,316

12,974/4.1

12,614/3.99

15,595/4.93

14,484/4.58

12,818/4.05

47,115/14.89

90,445/28.59

8,211/2.60

22723/7.18

79,337/25.08

Taxa

1,195

69/5.77

84/7.03

38/3.18

19/1.59

37/3.1

186/15.56

355/29.71

28/2.34

117/9.79

262/21.92

Specialized living collection gardens

33,634

17/0.05

770/2.29

73/0.22

33/0.1

1,253/3.73

1,144/3.4

5,350/15.91

0/0

254/0.76

24,740/73.56

National and local endemic plants

10,556

298/2.82

108/1.02

111/1.05

111/1.05

938/8.89

1,819/17.23

2,176/20.61

7/0.07

760/7.2

4,228/40.05

Rare and endangered plants

33,097

1,020/3.08

185/0.56

620/1.87

11,900/35.95

1,320/3.99

2,038/6.16

5,784/17.48

78/0.24

6210/18.76

3,942/11.91

Medicinal plants

Table 2 Living collections of Chinese botanical gardens and arboreta

2,211,063

200,000/9.05

14,863/0.67

68,940/3.12

13,500/0.61

49,530/2.24

361,358/16.34

865,055/39.12

42,000/1.9

190112/8.6

405,705/18.35

Trees

40,980

400/0.98

145/0.35

265/0.65

3,180/7.76

810/1.98

840/2.05

18,703/45.64

38/0.09

4625/11.29

11,974/29.22

Unidentified accessions

Table 3 Largest families and genera in ex situ cultivation No.

Family Name

Species of the family (Huang, 2014)

1

Orchidaceae

695

2

Gramineae

602

3

566

4

Liliaceae

517

5

Compositae

507

6

Palmae

492

7

Euphorbiaceae

348

8

Zingiberaceae

365

9

Cactaceae

349

10

Bromeliaceae

281

11

Rubiaceae

297

12

Araceae

264

13

Lauraceae

255

14

Leguminosae

685

15

Labiatae

250

16

Gesneriaceae

246

17

8

Rosaceae

Magnoliaceae

142

No.

Genus name

Species of the genus (Huang, 2014)

1

Dendrobium

92

2

Bulbophyllum

79

3

Bambusa

76

4

Phyllostachys

42

5

Rubus

103

6

Rosa

73

7

Cotoneaster

56

8

Haworthia

43

9

Euphorbia

102

10

Alpinia

59

11

Zingiber

50

12

Aechmea

81

13

Neoregelia

43

14

Arisaema

45

15

Cinnamomum

32

16

Machilus

39

17

Lithocarpus

37

18

Chirita

71

19

Michelia

53

20

Magnolia

85

21

Manglietia

35

18

Crassulaceae

87

22

Sedum

45

19

Cyperaceae

209

23

Carex

69

20

Theaceae

164

24

Camellia

76

21

Asclepiadaceae

207

25

Hoya

77

22

Ericaceae

191

26

Rhododendron

137

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Continued No.

Family Name

Species of the family (Huang, 2014)

No.

Genus name

Species of the genus (Huang, 2014)

23

Begoniaceae

178

27

Begonia

160

24

Fagaceae

166

28

Quercus

52

29

Litsea

50

25

Acanthaceae

153

26

Ranunculaceae

172

30

Clematis

49

27

Apocynaceae

124

28

Urticaceae

146

31

Pilea

38

29

Moraceae

160

32

Ficus

110

30

Scrophulariaceae

141

31

Myrtaceae

131

33

Syzygium

57

32

Oleaceae

127

33

Umbelliferae

141

34

Verbenaceae

130

35

Rutaceae

111

36

Berberidaceae

132

34

Berberis

84

37

Caprifoliaceae

132

35

Viburnum

61

38

Araliaceae

121

39

Saxifragaceae

124

40

Polygonaceae

103

36

Polygonum

49

41

Agavaceae

104

42

Solanaceae

93

43

Aloaceae

119

37

Aloe

119

44

Vitaceae

84

45

Primulaceae

100

38

Primula

55

46

Cucurbitaceae

92

47

Iridaceae

109

39

Iris

64

48

Myrsinaceae

90

40

Ardisia

53

49

Rhamnaceae

90

50

Amaryllidaceae

66

51

Celastraceae

82

52

Aizoaceae

118

53

Aceraceae

106

41

Acer

103

54

Annonaceae

93

Chapter 1  Outline of the Chinese Botanical Gardens

9

Continued No.

Family Name

Species of the family (Huang, 2014)

No.

Genus name

Species of the genus (Huang, 2014)

55

Aquifoliaceae

87

42

Ilex

87

56

Cycadales

240

43

Cycas

46

57

Dioscoreaceae

66

44

Dioscorea

66

58

Costaceae

45

45

Costus

45

59

Actinidiaceae

65

46

Actinidia

60

Ebenaceae

48

47

Diospyros

47

61

Dryopteridaceae

151

48

Dryopteris

53

49

Polystichum

45

62

Polypodiaceae

102

63

Aspleniaceae

57

50

Asplenium

47

as 3,782 (Wang and Xie, 2004). The number of rare and endangered species in the botanical gardens lags behind the demand for endangered plant protection in China. At present, the number of endangered and threatened plants in Chinese botanical gardens is about 1,500, which is about 39% of the number of endangered and threatened plant species recorded in China. Among them, 483 genera and 1,428 species that cultivated in 11 botanical gardens, such as South China Botanical Garden are endangered and threatened plants (Huang and Zhang, 2012). The specialized living collection gardens are not only an important platform for plant collection, protection, excavation, and utilization, but also comprehensively experimental bases for further study of specific plant groups, and plays an important role in plant ex situ conservation and research (Huang and Zhang, 2012). The Chinese botanical gardens and arboreta currently have 1,195 specialized living collection gardens, of which the numbers of specialized living collection gardens established by the forest department, Chinese Academy of Sciences and 10

the landscape department are among the largest, with 355, 262 and 186, respectively, accounting for 29.71%, 21.92% and 15.56% of specified plant gardens (Table 2). The collection of living plants in Chinese botanical gardens covers all types of international modern botanical gardens, including taxonomic collections, biogeographical collections, conservation collections, native collections, research collections, and display collections. The taxonomic collection is the core type of living plant collection in Chinese botanical gardens, such as the Magnoliaceae garden, Palmae garden, rose garden, Rhododendron garden, kiwi garden, Camellia garden, medicinal plant garden, Pteridophytes collections, gymnosperm collections, and endemic plant collections. The biogeographic collection is another core type of living plant collection in Chinese botanical gardens, including plant collection of special ecological types based on similar ecological conditions, such as the aquatic botanical garden, rock garden, desert plant areas, halophyte garden, and plant collection of key groups or priority conservation groups

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

from the same geographical area or habitat, such as the Australian botanical garden, East China flora g a r d e n , a n d S o u t h w e s t Yu n n a n plant area. Conservation collection is the most important collection of ex situ conservation for endangered species, and is the plant collection for conservation biology research, public education, domestic or international plant protection projects. Native plant collection is the collection of endemic plants in specific areas. Research collections are collections of living plants based on specific research needs and research interests. In principle, the entire living plant collection of botanical gardens can be regarded as a research-oriented collection based on ex situ conservation, which can be used for scientific research based on living plant collection. Research collections based on research or research projects can enhance the collection of living plants in botanical gardens and enhance the species representativeness and scientificity of living plant collections. For example, the collections of Zingiberaceae and Magnoliaceae in South China Botanical Garden and the

compilation of Flora of China are close combination and mutual promotion, which eventually reach a higher level of species quantity and quality of conservation. Although the repeated numbers of living plant collections and specialized living collection gardens in the botanical gardens of different departments are large, the living plant collections and their specialized living collection gardens in the different botanical gardens are usually based on local climatic conditions from the differences

in plant groups and species of ex situ conservation. Different botanical g a r d e n s c o n d u c t e d t h e t a rg e t e d collection for plant groups that are suitable for local growing conditions, and have obvious flora characteristics. The specified plant gardens in southern China usually cover important endemic plant groups of the flora of South China and Southwest China, such as Zingiberaceae, Palmaceae, Cycas, Dipterocarpaceae, Magnoliaceae, Moraceae, Orchidaceae, the species of important genera distributed in

the tropical and southern subtropics. The botanical gardens in northern China mainly collected important gymnosperm, temperate, and arid plant groups in the flora of Northeast, North and Northwest China. Botanical gardens in Central and Southwest China have systematically collected the important groups of evergreen broad-leaved forests in China, such as Camellia, Fagaceae, Polygonaceae, and Rhododendron (Table 4). The collections of conservation groups in specified plant gardens focus

Table 4 Featured gardens of living collections in main Chinese botanical gardens belonging to CAS Gardens of living collections

Number of species

Living collections and taxonomic representatives South China Botanical Garden, CAS

259

The Magnoliaceae garden was founded in 1981 with an area of 20.7 hm2. It collects and displays all the genera of Magnoliaceae and the first, second class national key protected plants, such as Woonyoungia septentrionalis, Pachylarnax sinica, Michelia odorum, Paramichelia baillonii

307

The Zingiberaceae garden was founded in 1983 with an area of 7.3 hm2. It collects and displays the main genera of Zingiberaceae and Zingiberales, Costus, Alpinia, Heliconia, Musa, Amomum, Curcuma, Stahlianthus, and rare and economical species, Etlingera yunnanense, Orchidantha chinensis, Musella lasiocarpa, A. oxyphylla

1,327

The Orchidaceae garden was founded in 1983 with an area of 1.2 hm2. It collects and displays more than 200 species of wild orchids, about 1,000 species of tropical orchids, and threatened and endangered species, such as Paphiopedilum armeniacum, P. concolor, and P. purpuratum

395

The Palmae garden was founded in 1959. It consists of a display area and a conservation area, covering an area of 3.0 hm2. Endemic species, endangered species and economic species are planted in conservation area, such as Caryota obtusa, Chuniophoenix hainanensis, C. nana, Trachycarpus nana, Guihaia argyrata, Adonidia merrillii, Phoenix sylvestris, Arenga engleri, P. canariensis

300

The Bamboo garden was founded in 1961 with an area of 10 hm2. It collects and displays the endemic species, endangered species and economic species, such as Acidosasa chinensis, Chimonobambusa tumidissinoda, Bonia saxatilis, Oligostachyum shiuyingianum, O. nuspiculum, Phyllostachys aurea, P. nigra, C. quadrangularis, Bambusa multiplex cv. Alphonse-Karr, Dendrocalamus brandisii

95

The Cycas garden was founded in 1983 with an area of 3.0 hm 2. It collects and displays all the wild species and endangered species of Cycas, such as Cycas fairylakea, C. hainanensis, C. changjiangensis, C. panzhihuaensis, C. debaoensis

Bromeliaceae garden

203

The Bromeliaceae garden was founded in 1978 with an area of 1.7 hm2. It displays more than 200 species of ornamental pineapples and tropical fruit trees, such as Coffea arabica and Synsepalum dulcificum

Economic plants garden

205

The economic plants garden was founded in 1959 with an area of 5.3 hm2. It collects and displays the aromatic, oil and dye plants, such as Pimenta racemosa, Liquidambar formosana, Elaeis guineensis, Camellia polyodonta, C. crapnelliana, Vernicia fordii, Aleurites montana and Bixa orellana

88

The threatened and endangered plants garden was founded in 1983 with an area of 5.3 hm2. It collects and displays the rare and endangered species, such as Cathaya argyrophylla, Euryodendron excelsum, Taxus wallichiana var. mairei, Amentotaxus yunnanensis, Bretschneidera sinensis, Nyssa yunnanensis, Cephalotaxus oliveri, Calocedrus macrolepis, Keteleeria pubescens, Pinus kwangtungensis, Taiwania cryptomerioides, Hopea hainanensis

Magnoliaceae garden

Zingiberaceae garden

Orchidaceae garden

Palmae garden

Bamboo garden

Cycas garden

Threatened and endangered plants garden

Chapter 1  Outline of the Chinese Botanical Gardens

11

Continued Gardens of living collections

Number of species

Living collections and taxonomic representatives Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, CAS

Fragrant plants garden

Wild edible plants garden

Palmae garden

Tropical plant germplasm collection

Southern China medicinal plants garden

Ficus tree garden

Dipterocarp garden

Dracaena garden

104

The fragrant plants garden covers an area of 5.7 hm2, it has introduced 104 species of important spice plants at home and abroad, including the world famous spices, such as Cananga odorata, Syzygium aromaticum, Santalum album, Aquilaria sinensis, Vanilla planifolia, Myristica fragrans, Myroxylon pereirae, M. balsamum, Cinnamomum verum, C. cassia and Michelia × alba, etc., important local spice plants such as Cinnamomum tenuipile, Elsholtzia communis, Cinnamomum heyeanum, C. parthenoxylon, etc., and traditional ethnic spices of Dai people, such as Eryngium foetidum, Gmelina arborea and Mesua ferrea, etc.

400

The wild edible plants garden was founded in 2009 with an area of 10 hm2. It collects and preserves about 400 species of wild edible and cultivated plants, and it divides into wild edible fruit area, a wild edible flower area, wild edible stem and leaf area, wild edible root area. The relative species of wild cultivated plants are dotted in various areas. It has the largest collection of wild edible plants and the largest area in the world. Representative plants include Citrus maxima, Mangifera indica, and Musa cv. as well as famous tropical fruits and some wild fruit trees

458

The Palmae garden was founded in 1976 with an area of 9.3 hm2. It preserves with the national protected plants, such as Chuniophoenix hainanensis, Chuniophoenix nana, Caryota obtusa, Trachycarpus nanus, and the endemic species of China, such as Wallichia disticha. It also collects and preserves Salacca zalacca and Bactris gasipaes. Calamus caesius and C. exilis from the Philippines. The rattan collection area collects 35 species of Calamus, Daemonorops, and Plectocomia, and the high-quality vines include Calamus acanthospathus, C. tetradactylus, C. gracilis, and C. henryanus

1,000

The tropical plant germplasm collection was founded in 2001 with an area of 6.7 hm2. It collects and cultivates about 1,400 accessions of plant germplasm resources in tropical regions, and about 1,000 species in 130 families, including more than 20 species of national rare and endangered plants. Representative species include Rhododendron hancockii, Elaeocarpus prunifolius, Castanopsis calathiformis, Epiprinus siletianus, Celtis timorensis, Neonauclea griffithii, and Linodera ramiflora, etc.

500

The southern China medicinal plants garden was founded in 2001 and expanded in 2012 with an area of 3.3 hm2. It collects and preserves nearly 500 kinds of medicinal plants. It is a collection area for ethnic medicinal plants mainly containing southern China medicinal plants, Dai medicinal plants, and Hani medicinal plants. Southern China medicinal plant area preserves and displays more than 30 kinds of plants, including Dracaena draco, Areca catechu, Alpinia oxyphylla, Amomum villosum, Cinnamomum cassia, C. verum, Santalum album, Hydnocarpus kurzii, Strychnos nux-vomica, Rauvolfia verticillata, Caesalpinia sappan, Acacia catechu, Croton tiglium, Erythroxylum novogranatense etc. Chinese medicinal plants area preserves Catha edulis, Toricellia angulata, Datura stramonium, Aloe vera var. chinensis, Cyathula officinalis, Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis, Plantago major, Curculigo orchioides, and Flemingia prostrate etc. Ethnic medicinal area displays Thai, Hani and Jinuo medicinal plants, including Leea macrophylla, Tadehagi triquetrum, Passiflora wilsonii, and Hedychium flavum etc.

150

The Ficus tree garden was founded in 1996 with an area of 1.3 hm2. It collects and preserves about 150 species of Ficus plants. Among them, Ficus auriculata, F. oligodon, F. callosa, F.altissima, F. racemosa, F. vasculosa, F. virens, etc. are local wild woody vegetables or ethnic medicinal plants. F. altissima, F. benjamina, F. religiosa, F. curtipes, F. auriculata have formed a near-natural rainforest landscape

54

The dipterocarp garden was founded in 1981 with an area of 6.7 hm2. It successfully introduced seven genera and 34 species of Dipterocarpaceae plants, and representative plants include Dipterocarpus tuberculatus, Parashorea chinensis, D. gracilis, Hopea hainanensis, H. hongayensis, Vatica guangxiensis, D. retusus, etc.

78

The Dracaena garden was founded in 2002 with an area of 1.07 hm2. It collects and cultivates 78 species and varieties, including 31 species of the genus Dracaena, all species distributed in China. This garden also collects and cultivates 30 species of genus, such as Cordyline, Agave, and Yucca Wuhan Botanical Garden, CAS

Actinidia national germplasm repository

Aquatic plant garden

12

57

The Actinidia national germplasm repository covers an area of 4.0 hm2 and collects 57 species of Actinidia and 30,000 germplasm resources. It is the national resource with the largest collection of kiwi fruit species in the world

441

The aquatic plant garden consists of a community display area, lake ecological area, lotus variety storage area and display area, aquatic greenhouse, aquatic plant germplasm resources and water lily variety preservation area, including the main groups of aquatic plants in China, such as aquatic rare and endangered Isoetes japonica, I. sinensis, Oryza officinalis, Ceratopteris pteridoides, Ranalisma rostrata, Sagittaria tengtsungensis, Hygroryza aristata, etc., and aquatic vegetable germplasm resources such as Nasturtium officinale, Typha orientalis, Brasenia schreberi, Ottelia acuminate, Trapa natans, Zizania latifolia, Colocasia esculenta, etc.

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Continued Gardens of living collections

Central China relic and rare plant garden

Medicinal plant garden

Wild forest and fruit garden

Orchid garden

Domestic gardening plants garden

Number of species

Living collections and taxonomic representatives

1,750

The central China relic and rare plant garden covers an area of 14 hm2 and is a specialized living collection garden that preserves rare and endangered plants. There are nine areas including plant community area of the Three Gorges draw-down zone, endemic and rare plant display area of the Three Gorges, endemic and rare plant preservation area of the Three Gorges, China endemic plant ecological conservation display area, Red Maple Valley area, China endemic genus special area, Central China rare plant display area, ancient relict plant display area, and ancient rare and endemic plant preservation area with 1,750 species preserved. The national key protected wild plants that have been preserved and displayed are Ostrya rehderiana, Carpinus putoensis, Isoetes sinensis, Davidia involucrate, Bretschneidera sinensis, Pachylarnax sinica, Parakmeria omeiensis, Taxus wallichiana var. mairei, Gleditsia japonica var. velutina, Parakmeria yunnanensis, Pinus kwangtungensis, Tetracentron sinense, etc.

1,585

The medicinal plant garden was founded in 1956 with an area of 3.5 hm2. It includes shady plant conservation area, rock area and Li Shizhen medicine culture science popularization area with more than 1,500 kinds of medicinal plants mainly in Central China, including the national key protected wild herbs Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Coptis chinensis, Eucommia ulmoides, Houpoëa officinalis, H. officinalis cv. ‘Biloba’, Phellodendron sinii, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Scutellaria baicalensis, Asparagus cochinchinensis, Asarum sieboldii, Cornus officinalis, Forsythia suspense, and Central Chinese genuine medicinal materials Pinellia ternate, Tetradium ruticarpum, Belamcanda chinensis, Ligustrum lucidum, Chaenomeles sinensis, etc.

400

The wild forest and fruit garden covers 3.0 hm2 and has eight areas including wild vine fruit tree area, drupe area, pome fruit area, subtropical evergreen fruit tree area, dried fruit area, raspberry area, small fruit area and varieties improvement area. There are a total of more than 400 species with 263 new wild fruit tree germplasm resources. The important representative plants have endangered plant Actinidia suberifolia, and endemic plants Armeniaca hongpingensis, Prunus cantabrigiensis, Stranvaesia amphidoxa, Citrus hongheensis, Atalantia buxifolia, Actinidia melanandra, etc.

528

The orchid garden covers an area of 1.45 hm2 and has five areas including orchid germplasm resources nursery, Orchidaceae plant conservation area, the orchid varieties preservation area, orchid plant seedling propagation and product flower scale production area, and orchid plant facility conservation area. 266 species of orchids have been collected and preserved in Central and South China, and more than 60 species of rare and endangered plants have been preserved in vitro

500

The domestic gardening plants garden covers an area of 3.3 hm2 and collects and preserves 500 wild gardening plants of courtyard trees, street trees, vine plants, hedgerow plants, ground cover plants, wild flowers, shrubs and bonsai gardens. It is a comprehensive gardening plant germplasm resources nursery, and mainly collects the domestic gardening plant resources in Central China Beijing Botanical Garden of Institute of Botany, CAS

Arboretum

Magnolia and peony collections

Herb garden

1,000

More than 1,000 taxa of trees and shrubs of 196 genera belonging to 66 families are collected and cultivated. Different sections are divided into collections of the Rosaceae, Oleaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Berberidaceae, Moraceae, Ulmaceae and Aceraceae etc. Among them, 338 taxa of 45 species of Fagaceae. Excellent tree species have 27 species and 120 taxa, including Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Eucommia ulmoides, Pinus wallichiana, Berberis thunbergii cv. Atropurpurea, Rhus typhina, Kolkwitzia amabilis, Abelia chinensis, Chionanthus retusus, Kerria japonica, Wisteria sinensis f. alba and Syringa oblata. nine families, 30 genera and more than 200 species of gymnosperms including Ginkgoaceae, Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, Taxaceae, Ephedraceae are preserved, such as Pinus strobus, P. ponderosa, P. sylvestris, and Sabina occidentalis, Picea glauca, etc.

230

The Magnolia and peony collections cover an area of 0.6 hm2. The Magnoliaceae plants are the main scape trees, and more than 200 varieties of tree peony or moudan (Paeonia suffruticosa) and more than 30 herbaceous or Chinese peony (P. lactiflora) are grown

400

The herb garden covers an area of 1.5 hm2 and mainly collects medicinal plants in northern China, and takes into account the collection of famous foreign medicinal plants. There are more than 400 species in 76 families and 285 genera. According to the ecological habits of medicinal plants, herb gardens are divided into display areas for shady medicinal plants, foreign medicinal plants, sun medicinal plants, climbing medicinal plants, Chinese medicine prescription plants, toxic medicinal plants and aromatic medicinal plants. Representative species are collected and displayed, such as Polygonatum sibiricum, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Fallopia multiflora, Eucommia ulmoides and foreign pines Silphium perfoliatum, Digitalis purpurea, etc.

Chapter 1  Outline of the Chinese Botanical Gardens

13

Continued Gardens of living collections

Number of species

Living collections and taxonomic representatives

600

The bulbs and tuberous rooted plants garden covers an area of 0.9 hm2 and collects nearly 600 species herbaceous flowers and climbing plants belonging to 138 genera and 46 families. The important groups are Hosta, Lilium, Iris, Clematis and Hemerocallis, etc. It is divided into the sun plants area, the shady plants area, the bulb flowers area, the rock plants area and the climbing plants zone based on the habitat requirements and habits of the plants. Four scenic spots named “Songshi-Xunfang” (In search of flowers among Pines and Rocks)”, “Yula-Yingchun” (Magnolias Facing Spring), “Guteng-Xinyun” (Old Vine with New Charm) and “Xuying-Songcui” (Evergreens in Morning Sunshine) are highlighted. Planted here are not only popular bulb flowers such as Tulipa gesneriana, Lilium brownii, and Hyacinthus orientalis, but also Chinese endemic wild plants Cardiocrinum giganteum and Hylotelephium spectabile with Chinese characteristics. New varieties of Hemerocallis cv., Clematis cv., Symphyyotrichum cv., Iris tectorum cv., Hosta cv., Phlox cv. That cultivated in the botanical garden are displayed

210

Aquatic flowers and vines from 25 families, 40 genera and 210 species are collected and cultivated. Among them, there are more than 100 varieties of lotus and water lily. Representative plants have ancient lotus, Sun Yet-sen lotus, Sino-Japanese friendship lotus, and Euryale ferox and Victoria amazonica that introduced from abroad. Vines have Wisteria sinensis, Campsis radicans, Lonicera maackii, Celastrus orbiculatus, Akebia trifoliata, Vitis vinifera cv. and Actinidia chinensis. The plants of Lagerstroemia, Populus, Salix, Hibiscus, etc. are also planted

80

The Lagerstroemia garden covers an area of 1.25 hm2 with more than 80 varieties of Lagerstroemia indica, which are divided into red Lagerstroemia indica area, silver Lagerstroemia indica area, spring flowers area, summer intoxication area, autumn color area, a Lagerstroemia indica square, and a poetry path. It combines plant collection, display, research and enjoyment and is one of the important ornamental plant areas in the botanical garden

82

The open field displays rare and endangered plants of 41 families, 57 genera and 82 species, most of which are unique to China, such as the Tertiary “living fossil” relict plants Davidia involucrate, Liriodendron chinense, Sinojackia xylocarpa, Calycanthus chinensis, Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Tapiscia sinensis, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Ginkgo biloba

Wild fruit trees resources garden

150

The wild fruit trees resources garden covers an area of 2.3 hm2 and is divided into nuts area, berries area, stone fruits area and pome fruits area. It collects and cultivates more than 150 species of 20 genera and 10 families of wild fruit trees in the northeast, northern and northwest areas of China. Malus, Pyrus, Crataegus and Amygdalus are the main taxa, and representative plants include Cerasus tomentosa, Padus avium, Amygdalus davidiana and Armeniaca sibirica, Crataegus pinnatifida, Malus spectabilis, Pyrus betulifolia, Cotoneaster acutifolius, Juglans sigillata, Castanea mollissima, Corylus heterophylla, Ziziphus jujuba, Diospyros kaki, Morus alba, Rosa rubus, etc., and are the important material for cultivating excellent varieties of fruit trees

Chinese rose garden

360

The Chinese rose garden covers an area of 0.6 hm2 and comprises nearly 400 varieties of modern roses. The most notable varieties growing here include ‘Yellow Peace’, ‘Super Star’, ‘Double Delight’, ‘Pink Queen’, ‘Princess’, ‘Golden Scepter’, ‘Garden Party’, ‘Big Purple’, ‘Facing Spring’ and ‘Crimson Glory’

Bulbs and tuberous rooted plants garden

Aquatic and vine plants garden

Lagerstroemia garden

Rare and threatened plants garden

Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-sen, CAS Arboretum

371

The arboretum covers an area of 10 hm2 and is a research base for the introduction and domestication of subtropical trees in the North and Central of Asia. It collects 371 species of 115 genera and 57 families of woody plants such as Fagaceae, Polygonaceae, Aquifoliaceae, Magnoliaceae and Mapleaceae

Pine and cypress garden

69

The pine and cypress garden covers an area of 7.0 hm2 and preserves about 69 species of 22 genera and seven families such as Pinaceae, Cedaraceae and Cypressaceae at home and abroad

Medicinal plants garden

800

The medicinal plants garden covers an area of 4.0 hm2 and is divided into the medicinal plants area of the root and stem, the flower and fruit, the whole plant, the vine and the shady plant according to the medicinal parts and ecological habits. Nearly 800 medicinal plants of 431 genera and 133 families were collected

Threatened and endangered plants garden

100

The threatened and endangered plants garden covers an area of 7.0 hm2 and preserves more than 100 species of national key preserved threatened and endangered plants

300

The systematic garden covers an area of 6.0 hm2 and is arranged according to the Bessey classification system. It is planted more than 300 species of 143 genera and 64 families according to ecological type and garden layout such as Torreya grandis and Pseudolarix amabilis, Tsuga chinensis, Liriodendron chinense, Ormosia hosiei, Magnolia obovata, Calycanthus chinensis, etc.

Systematic garden

14

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Continued Gardens of living collections Rose garden

Maple garden

Gramineae garden

Number of species

Living collections and taxonomic representatives

150

The rose garden aims at collecting rose with 150 varieties as well as the famous flowering plants such as varieties of Armeniaca mume, Magnolia denudata, Jasminum nudiflorum, Rhododendron simsii, Camellia japonica, Paeonia suffruticosa and P. lactiflora

20

The maple garden covers an area of 3.0 hm2 and is planted with more than 20 species of maple trees, such as Acer palmatum, A. buergerianum, A. henryi, A. sinopurpurascens, A. palmatum cv. Dissectum, Liquidambar formosana, Triadica sebifera, Rhus chinensis, Pistacia chinensis, Elaeocarpus decipiens, Lagerstroemia indica, Ulmus pumila, Zelkova serrate, Lindera glauca and other colored leaf trees

400

The Gramineae garden covers an area of 2.0 hm2 and collects more than 400 plants of more than 100 genera of Gramineae, and is divided into germplasm resources nursery, East China native plant display area, plant function display area and landscape display area. According to the topography and evolution of Gramineae, the main representative species of eight subfamilies such as Bambusoideae and Oryzoideae are planted in turn, showing the systematic evolution of Gramineae Guilin Botanical Garden, CAS

Gesneriad Conservation Center of China

Threatened and endangered plants garden

Rare and exotic plants garden

Golden Camellia garden

Rhododendron garden

Osmanthus garden

300

The Gesneriad Conservation Center of China was founded in 2014, and published the monograph of Gesneriaceae of South China. The display area of Gesneriaceae was established and more than 300 species of Gesneriaceae are collected and displayed according to the epiphytic, acidophil, and calciphilous types such as Primulina ronganensis, Oreocharis dayaoshanioides, O. sinohenryi, Petrocodon jasminiflorus, Anna rubidiflora, Primulina pupurrea, P. cardaminifolia, Litostigma coriaceifolium, etc.

420

The threatened and endangered plants garden covers an area of 2.0 hm2 and 420 species of threatened and endangered plants have been introduced and preserved. Flower shrubs and other ornamental plants are properly arranged to beautify and highlight the key endangered plants, making them have more ornamental garden value and become an important place for scientific research and science popularization education. It is also the first specialized living collection garden in China that combines the protection of threatened and endangered plants with the construction of gardening and science popularization facilities. The main representative plants have Parashorea chinensis, Taxus wallichiana var. chinensis, Malania oleifera, Dalbergia odorifera, Cephalotaxus fortunei, Vatica guangxiensis, etc.

200

The rare and exotic plants garden covered an area of 1.2 hm2 and was built in 1999 and completed in 2002. It mainly aims at collecting and displaying the precious, ancient, exotic and interesting plants distributed in the subtropics, especially mainly in Guangxi, which is characterized by rich local characteristics. This garden has three functional display areas according to the precious, rare and exotic features and has introduced more than 200 species of precious, interesting and ancient plants, including the precious ancient plants such as Alsophila spinulosa, Cathaya argyrophylla, Platycerium wallichii, Asplenium nidus, the exotic plants such as Cycas multifrondis, Codariocalyx motorius, Mimosa pudica, insect-trapping plants and carnivorous plants, and the special local plants such as famous Guilin Yanshan four treasures: varieties of Abrus precatorius, Chimonobambusa quadrangularis, Osmanthus fragrans, and Prunus mume cv. viridicalyx

134

The golden Camellia garden covers an area of 0.8 hm2 and collects 15 species and two varieties of sect. Chrysantha. In order to enrich the garden landscape, more than 50 precious Camellia varieties and Camellia polyodonta, which is unique to Guangxi are planted. The Camellia nitidissima and Camellia varieties are all undergrowth, and they are planted along the sightseeing trails with tall arbor camphor trees in the upper layer and shady ground-cover plants laying ground according to the high and low level of the garden planning. The representative species have C. nitidissima, C. euphlebia, C. pubipetala, and C. impressinervis, etc.

100

The Rhododendron garden was founded in 2000 and covered an area of 4.1 hm2. It is the first multi-functional Rhododendron specialized living collection garden in Guangxi with beautiful landscape, reasonable layout, preservation of germplasm resources, science popularization education and tourism. About 100 species and varieties of Rhododendron, including Rhododendron championae, R. discolor, R. moll, R. wumingense, etc., have been collected. It is the largest, most diverse and most abundant Rhododendron specialized living collection garden in Guangxi and some Rhododendron are unique to Guangxi. The Rhododendron in the garden are arranged according to the color and flowering period, and are also equipped with ornamental plants such as Cercis chinensis, Sophora japonica cv. Pendula and Jasminum nudiflorum

23

The Osmanthus garden was founded in 1997 and covers an area of 1.2 hm2. This garden collects and plants more than 10 varieties of Osmanthus fragrans, O. fragrans cv. Semperflorens. O. fragrans cv. Rixianggui, and is the highlight of the autumn tour of the botanical garden full of sweet-scented osmanthus fragrance

Chapter 1  Outline of the Chinese Botanical Gardens

15

Continued Gardens of living collections

Number of species

Living collections and taxonomic representatives

120

The bamboo garden was founded in 1997 and covers an area of 2.0 hm2. This garden introduces more than 120 species of bamboos from Guangxi and neighboring provinces, including Phyllostachys nigra, Chimonobambusa quadrangularis, Phyllanthus sulphurea, Bambusa ventricosa, and the unique Monocladus amplexicaulis in Guangxi

50

The peach garden was founded in 2002 and covers an area of 1.5 hm2. It is located in the flat of mountainous area in the south of the botanical garden. It introduces and cultivates more than 50 varieties with high ornamental value, such as Amygdalus persica cv. rubro-plena, Prunus persica cv. atropur purea. At the same time, this garden is supplemented by other ornamental shrubs of the family Rosaceae

Gymnosperm collection

200

The gymnosperm collection covers an area of 1.3 hm2, and it is the garden that is earliest established and is open to the public in the botanical garden. It displays more than 200 species of gymnosperms of 40 genera and 10 families. The national protected plants have Ginkgo biloba, Cathaya argyrophylla, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Cycas panzhihuaensis, Amentotaxus yunnanensis, Taxus yunnanensis, the foreign species have Araucaria bidwillii, Sequoia sempervirens, Taxodium distichum and the worldfamous ornamental species have Cedrus deodara, Pseudolarix amabilis and Araucaria cunninghamii

Palm and cycad collections

60

The palm and cycad collections cover an area of 1.3 hm2, and have collected 12 species of tropical and subtropical palm plants, five species of cycads, and nearly 200 plants in the open field

Bamboo garden

Peach garden

Kunming Botanical Garden of Kunming Institute of Botany, CAS

63

The bamboo garden covers an area of 0.22 hm2, and has planted 50 varieties of bamboo (including varieties and variants) and 13 species of ground-cover plants. Representative plants have the tall arbor-like bamboos such as Neosinocalamus affinis f. flavidorivens, Bambusa chungii, the low-lying ground-cover bamboos such as Shibataea chinensis, Sasa pygmaea, the ornamental stem bamboos Phyllostachys nigra and P. heterocycla and the ornamental foliage bamboos such as Sasa fortune and Indocalamus latifolius

160

The rose family collection covers an area of 2.0 hm2, and has collected and displayed more than 100 varieties of 25 genera of Rosaceae that are mainly tree-shrubs and vines, including winter-flowering varieties Cerasus cerasoides var. majestica, Armeniaca mume, early spring flowering varieties Cerasus cerasoides var. rubea, Malus halliana, mid-spring flowering varieties Amygdalus persica f. dulex, Chaenomeles cathaensis, late-spring flowering Varieties Cerasus yedoensis, Rosa banksiae, autumn ornamental fruit varieties Pyracantha fortuneana, Stranvaesia davidiana, Cotoneaster adpressus as well as Crataegus cuneata, Caltaegus pinnafifida var. major, Docynia delavayi, Eriobotrya japonica and other wild fruit trees that are of health or medicinal value

Camellia garden

672

The Camellia garden was completed in 2011, Covering an area of 10 hm2, it has collected and preserved more than 600 taxa of Theaceae (including varieties, variants, subspecies and cultivars). There are 160 varieties of Camellia reticulata, 400 varieties of C. longicaudata, 40 varieties of C. sasanqua, 16 varieties of C. nitidissima. It is an important germplasm resources nursery for collecting and storing Camellia horticultural varieties in the world. The important taxa have Camellia, Pyrenaria, Polyspora, Schima, Stewartia, Ternstroemia, Adinandra, Adinandra, Euryodendron, Eucalyptus and Eurya

Rhododendron garden

270

The Rhododendron garden was founded in 2009 and covers an area of 4.0 hm2. 243 varieties of Rhododendron were planted, including 127 native species, seven ornamental species, and 26 other plants

Begonia garden

460

The Begonia garden has collected 460 varieties with more than 5,000 pots, and selected 20 new varieties such as Begonia grandis cv. Plant Bird and Begonia grandis cv. Dabai. This garden is the largest introduction and taming base of begonia in China. Other plants including Conandron, Pedicularis, and Clematis

960

The arboretum covers an area of 10 hm2, and has collected and displayed Hamamelidaceae, Lauraceae, Fagaceae, Aceraceae, Anacardiaceae, Nyssaceae, Combretaeeae, Araliaceae, Sterculiaceae, Ulmaceae. More than 60 Magnoliaceae species from Yunnan are collected such as Lirianthe delavayi, Michelia chapensis, Manglietti insignis, and Yulania campbellii

950

Founded in 1979, it covers an area of 3.0 hm2 and has collected and preserved more than 950 species of 592 families and 592 genera of medicinal plants in southwestern China, including the Labiatae, Liliaceae. Magnoliaceae, Leguminosae, Ranunculaceae, Campanulaceae, Malvaceae, Cypress, Zingiberaceae, Trillium, etc.

2,000

The old “Fuligong” greenhouse was founded in 1986 and expanded in 2011. The expanded area of “Fuligong” is 0.65 hm2, which consists of the main tropical rainforest greenhouse and desert greenhouse, botanical doctors’ gallery, orchid greenhouse, begonia greenhouse, fern greenhouse and stone greenhouse. In 2015, it displayed plants and preserved more than 2,000 species of tropical plants

Bamboo garden

Rose family collection

Arboretum

Herb garden

Fuligong conservertories

16

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Continued Gardens of living collections

Number of species

Living collections and taxonomic representatives Lushan Botanical Garden, CAS

248

The coniferous garden covers an area of 3.0 hm2 and has collected 248 species (including varieties) of 48 genera, 11 families such as Pinaceae, Taxodiaceae, Cupressaceae, Podocarpaceae, Cephalotaxaceae, and Taxaceae. The representative species have Taxus wallichiana var. chinensis, T. chinensis, T. cuspidata, T. cuspidate, T. wallichiana var. mairei, Pseudotaxus chienii, Amentotaxus argotaenia, Torreya grandis, Sciadopitys verticillata, Cathaya argyrophylla, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Cephalotaxus sinensis, Cephalotaxus fortune, Abies firma, A. ferreana, Fokienia hodginsii, Chamaecyparis formosensis, Taiwania cryptomerioides, Pseudolarix amabilis, Pinus strobus, Chamaecyparis obtuse and Juniperus communis

320

The Rhododendron garden consists of Rhododendron classification area, international friendship Rhododendron garden, Rhododendron returning and introducing garden and Rhododendron valley. A total of more than 320 wild species of Rhododendron and nearly 200 varieties are collected, including Rhododendron fortune, R. jingangshanicum, R. simiarum, R. kiangsiense, R. liliiflorum, R. latoucheae, R. auriculatum, R. chihsinianum, R. annae, R. irroratum, R. ovatum and R. molle

Rock garden

600

The rock garden covers an area of 1.0 hm2 and has introduced more than 600 species of shady plants and medicinal plants. The garden has planed to be cleaned up, expand to 2.0 hm2, and has preserved the living plants more than 800 species (including varieties)

Fern and moss garden

300

The fern and moss garden covers an area of 1.0 hm2, and 285 species of 89 genera and 40 families of ferns and 15 species of seven genera and five families of moss have been introduced

Arboretum

140

The arboretum covers an area of 1.3 hm2 and has preserved 140 species of rare and endangered plants of China. Representative plants include Bretschneidera sinensis, Davidia involucrata, Cathaya argyrophylla, Taiwania cryptomerioides, Taxus wallichiana var. chinensis, Pseudotaxus chienii, Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Tapiscia sinensis, Emmenopterys henryi and Magnoliaceae plants

Endemic shrub garden

120

The endemic shrub garden covers an area of 1.2 hm2, and more than 120 species of native plants have been preserved in Jiangxi. This garden has planed to expand the area to 3.5 hm2, and preserves more than 180 native plants

Coniferous garden

Rhododendron garden

Turpan Desert Botanical Garden, CAS

20

The Tamaricaceae garden was founded in 1992 and covers an area of 2.0 hm2. It has collected and preserved three genera, 20 species of Tamaricacea, including 17 species of Tamarix, two species of Reaumuria, and one species of Myricaria, accounting for more than 50% of the species in China. This garden is an important resource bank and research base for the preservation of Tamaricaceae plants in the world

150

The ethno-medicinal plants garden was founded in 1992 and covers an area of 0.5 hm2. It has collected Uighur wild medicinal plants as well as herbal medicines from other ethnic minorities such as Xinjiang Kazakh and the Mongol. This garden highlights desert species and provides conditions for discovering wild medicinal plant resources in Xinjiang

50

The desert economical plants garden was founded in 1995 and covers an area of 1.2 hm2. It has introduced and preserved more than 30 species of wild economic fruits and varieties in arid desert areas, and will be developed into a germplasm conservation center of wild fruit trees and cultivated fruit trees in desert areas. It collects and preserves Malus sieversii, Rosa multiflora, Armeniaca vulgaris, Amygdalus communis, Prunus domestica, Crataegus sp., Cerasus sp., Juglans regia

150

The temperate desert rare and endangered plants garden covers an area of 6.0 hm2 and collects the endemic, endangered, rare and relic taxa in the temperate desert flora, the key species in typical desert ecosystems, the related species of important cultivated crops, and the wild species with potentially important value

Desert halophyte plants garden

110

The desert halophyte plants garden covers an area of 1.0 hm2 and has collected plants of Polygonaceae, Tamaricaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Plumbaginaceae, Salicaceae, Compositae, Leguminosae and Gramineae

Desert wild ornamental plant garden

100

The desert wild ornamental plant garden was founded in 1997 and covers an area of 1.0 hm2. Focusing on the collection of wild ornamental foliage, fruit and shape plants, it has collected and preserved shrub plants, as well as the collection of ground-cover plants and short-lived ornamental plants

Tamaricaceae garden

Ethno-medicinal plants garden

Desert economical plants garden Temperate desert rare and endangered plants garden

Chapter 1  Outline of the Chinese Botanical Gardens

17

Continued Gardens of living collections

Desert plant specimens garden

Calligonum collections

Number of species

Living collections and taxonomic representatives

400

The desert plant specimen garden was founded in 1976 and covers an area of 8.0 hm2. This garden has planted nearly 400 species of 200 genera in 60 families of desert plants. The main functions of the garden are the preservation of desert plant species resources, the systematic study of desert plants in arid areas, scientific popularization and teaching internships. The characteristic plant groups are Tamarix, Calligonum, Ammopiptanthus, Nitraria, Glycyrrhiza and Haloxylon, and their species account for more than 80% of the total distribution of desert areas in China. Many species are unique to China’s deserts and the constructive species in the distribution area

23

The Calligonum collections were founded in 2006 and covers an area of 10.45 hm2. This garden has the germplasm resources of Calligonum. It has collected and preserved the constructive species that are distributed in Xinjiang, such as Calligonum calliphysa, C. leucocladum, C. rubicundum, C. klementzii, C. ebinuricum and C. roborowskii. The garden also has planted with the main associated shrubs and perennial herbaceous plants, which constituted the natural community of Calligonum, covering all domestic species of Calligonum West China Subalpine Botanical Garden, CAS

Chinese Rhododendron garden

1,500

The Chinese Rhododendron garden was founded in 1986 and covers an area of 42.9 hm2. This garden collects and preserves more than 300 varieties of Rhododendron with more than 200,000 plants, including the Rhododendron core landscape area and the Rhododendron return display area. There are also three natural communities distributed at different altitudes of 1800–3400 m. It is the largest and most diverse wild Rhododendron resource collection and ex situ conservation base in China and even in Asia with Rhododendron and Davidia involucrata, Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Tetracentron sinense, and other rare plants

on the native and endemic plants, and the important plant groups of China, such as the Magnoliaceae garden, Palmae garden, Zingiberaceae garden, Camellia garden, Rhododendron garden, etc. These specialized living collection gardens are large in collection scale, standard in management, rich in research and accumulation, and reflect the floristic characteristics of plants in different regions, and have played a positive role in the protection of native plant diversity in China. For example, magnolia garden of South China Botanical Garden has collected 259 species of Magnoliaceae, which basically covers most of the species of Magnoliaceae distributed in China and important foreign species, and it is also the most comprehensive specialized living collection garden for collecting and conserving Magnoliaceae plants in the world. Most of the Chinese botanical gardens have rare and endangered specialized living collection gardens, which focus on the collection and conservation of endangered plants, especially the key endangered plants in 18

the region. Some large-scale endangered specialized living collection gardens have realized population collection and genetic diversity assessment studies of the key endangered plants in the region, which play a core role in the ex situ conservation of endangered plants in China. The specialized living collection gardens are also important parts of the botanical garden engaged in the exploration and utilization of plant resources, and has strong research and development capabilities. Chinese botanical gardens have carried out a considerable number of collection of economic plant groups and construction of specialized living collection gardens, such as medicinal plants, economic plants, fruit trees, ornamental flowers, and other specialized living collection gardens, which play an important role in the exploration and utilization of plant resources in China. Chinese botanical gardens and arboreta have carried out numerous studies on endangerment mechanisms, breeding strategies and methods, and the theory and technology of field

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

regression, and have made great progress. Chinese botanical gardens and related research institutes have conducted in-depth research on dozens of endangered plant catalogs, biological evaluations, endangerment mechanisms, ex situ and in situ conservation mechanisms and field regressions in China, and have obtained a number of cases of results that can be used for reference (Ren et al., 2012, 2014). For example, the South China Botanical Garden worked on the field regressions and population expansion of rare and endangered plants, such as Primulina tabacum, Tigridiopalma magnifica, Metabriggsia ovalifolia, Paphiopedilum wardii, Bretschneidara sinensis, Manglietia longipedunculata, Parakmeria lotungensis, Euryodendron excelsum, Tetrathyrium subcordatum, and others. Wuhan Botanical Garden studied the rare and endangered plants in Central China, such as Myricaria laxiflora, Berchemiella wilsonii var. pubipetiolata, Isoetes sinensis, Adiantum nelumboides, and Manglietia patungensis, Sinokeia rehderiana,

S. huangmeiensis, Eurycorymbus cavaleriei, and others. Kunming Botanical Garden studies the rare and endangered plants in Southwest China, such as Paphiopedilum malipoense, Pachylarnax sinica, Cyclobalanopsis sichourensis, Paraisometrum mileense, D i p t e ro n i a d y e r i a n a , M a g n o l i a odoratissima, Manglietia aromatica, Trigonobalanus doichangensis, Nyssa yunnanensis, Diploknema yunnanensis, and others. The natural regression

experiments and population restoration reconstructions of Hong Kong Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden on Doritis pulcherrima, Shenzhen Fairylake Botanical Garden on Cycas debaoensis, and Lushan Botanical Garden on Disanthus cercidifolius var. longipes and Nageia nagi have also been carried out (Ren et al., 2017). The National Project Planning for Rescuing and Conserving Wild Plants with Extremely Small Population (2011–2015) was

issued in recent years and promulgated 120 species of endangered plants with an extremely small population in China, and only about 10 species were relocated and conserved in the botanical garden (Huang and Zhang, 2012). The study on ex situ conservation and implementation technology systems for endangered plants with extremely small populations will be one of the important directions for the recent and future research of Chinese botanical gardens.

1.4 Plant records and ex situ cultivation Carrying out plant diversity collection and ex situ cultivation and conservation is one of the core tasks of the botanical garden, and also the biggest difference between the botanical garden and the park. The information recording and archive management of the ex situ conservation plants is the “soul” of the botanical garden. A comprehensive survey of the ex situ cultivation records and archives of botanical gardens in Chinese botanical gardens, including acquisition record, entry book, accession card, planting record, propagation record, phenological record, checklist of cultivated plants and computerized record system (Figure 4), shows that there are only 20 botanical gardens in China have accession data, accounting for 12.3% of the total number of botanical gardens. Seven of them are affiliated to Chinese Academy of Sciences, and only a few in other departments, for example, five botanical gardens in the landscaping department, three in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, two in the medical and medicinal department, one in the science and technology department and one in the agricultural department. The lack of accession data in the education

department, housing and urban-rural department, enterprises and other botanical gardens urgently needs to be highly valued. The information management of an introduction and ex situ cultivation in the Chinese botanical gardens is seriously inadequate. For example, only 78 botanical gardens have acquisition record, 49 botanical gardens have entry book 36 botanical gardens have accession card, 53 botanical gardens have planting record, and 42 botanical gardens have propagation record, 61 botanical gardens have phenological record, 69 botanical gardens have checklist of cultivated plants, and 41 botanical gardens have computerized record system, all of which are low in proportion (Figure 5). This indicates that most of the botanical gardens in China are imperfect in information recording and archive management. In particular, less than 30% of the botanical gardens have computerized record systems, which seriously lags behind the preservation and sharing of plant information records, meaning that the basic data of archives management and information records for the biodiversity protection of

China’s botanical gardens is seriously inadequate. And there is still no longterm, stable, and efficient national systems for plant ex situ conservation in China (Huang and Zhang, 2012). Acquisition, accession, propagation, planting, phenological observation, seed and material exchange, invasive biological monitoring, and cultivated plant cataloging in botanical gardens in the Chinese botanical gardens and arboretum need to be strengthened. According to the survey, only 102 (63%) of the Chinese botanical gardens carried out field investigations and introductions, and there were 49 (30.2%), 42 (25.9%) and 53 (32.7%) botanical gardens f or accession, propagation and planting management, respectively. 61 (37.7%), 49 (30.2%) and 34 (21.0%) botanical gardens carried out the phenological observation, seed and material exchange, and invasive biological monitoring, respectively. Only 69 (42.6%) botanical gardens carried out ex situ cultivated cataloging (Figure 5). Through investigation, the living plant collection of the botanical garden of Chinese Academy of Sciences and the main members of the Chinese Union of Botanical Gardens was analyzed

Chapter 1  Outline of the Chinese Botanical Gardens

19

90 80

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Number of botanical gardens Percentage (%)

Accession data

Acquisition

20 12.3

78 48.1

record

Entry book

Accession card

Planting record

49 30.2

36 22.2

53 32.7

Propagation Phenological record record 42 25.9

61 37.7

Checklist of Computerized cultivated record system plants 41 69 42.6 25.3

Figure 4 Statistics of plant record and archive management in Chinese botanical gardens (Table 5). The results show that the botanical gardens of Chinese Academy of Sciences have long been engaged in the collection, research, discovery and utilization of specific genus and specific family, and some specialized plants. The botanical gardens of CAS have the characteristics of long history, rich accumulation, strong regional representation and strong systematic d a t a a cc u m u la t io n, a n d pla ys a significant leading role in the number of accessions (303,450, accounting for 78.26% of the total number of national botanical gardens), ex situ conservation species (77,933 species, accounting for 31.07%), nationally and locally endemic species (24,740 species, accounting for 73.56%), rare and endangered species (4,228 species, accounting for 40.05%) (Table 5). The botanical gardens of Chinese Academy of Sciences continued to introduce species with 230,327 collections of new introduction from 2010 to 2016, namely 32,904 collections of annual introduction. The 119 members of Chinese Union of Botanical Gardens have extensive coverage and regional representation, and play a major role in the number of living plant accession (374,420, accounting for 96.56%), and ex situ conservation species (155,710 20

species, accounting for 62.08%), China and locally endemic species (8,173 species, accounting for 24.30%) and rare and endangered species (5,288 species, accounting for 50.09%). In the national botanical garden system, the top 50 botanical gardens in the number of ex situ conservation species, specialized living collection gardens, China and locally endemic species, and rare and endangered species have the botanical garden representativeness and the complete information of ex situ conservation, covering 100% of living collection accession, 56.93% of living collection species, 51.13% of taxa, 53.22% of specialized living collection gardens, 24.15% of endemic species, 46.27% of rare and endangered plants, 53.13% of medicinal plants. These top 50 botanical gardens have an extensive representative of ex situ collection and play a central role in plant ex situ conservation in China. There are about 2,000 species of ex situ conservation plants in 11 major botanical gardens in China (Huang and Zhang, 2012), and their living plant accessions covers 76.69% of the total accession of Chinese botanical gardens, 28.02% of living plant collection species, 23.5% of taxa, 17.49% of specialized

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

living collection gardens, 18.92% of nationally and locally endemic plants, 26.16% of rare and endangered plants, 13.37% of medicinal plants (Table 5). In addition, forest and landscaping departments have particular advantages in terms of the number of botanical gardens, specialized living collection gardens, living collection species and taxa, and trees, with 51 and 39 botanical gardens, 355 (27.27%) and 213 (16.36%) specialized living collection gardens, 61,351 (23.32%) and 37,582 (14.29%) living collection species, 90,445 (27.25%) and 49,443 (14.9%) taxa, respectively. The medicinal plants for ex situ cultivation have the largest number in the botanical gardens of the medical or medicinal department, with 13,100 species (33.84%), followed by the botanical gardens of the forest department, education department and Chinese Academy of Sciences, being 5,784 (14.94%), 5,130 (13.25%) and 3,942 (10.18%), respectively. The ex situ conservation of nationally and locally endemic plants has a clear advantage in the botanical garden of Chinese Academy of Sciences, with 24,740 endemic plants, accounting for 73.56% (Table 2).

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

Number of botanical gardens Percentage (%)

Exploration acquisition

Accession

Propagation

Planting

102 63.0

49 30.2

42 25.9

53 32.7

Phenological Seed and material exchange observation 61 37.7

49 30.2

Invasive biological monitoring 34 21.0

Cultivated plant cataloging 69 42.6

Figure 5 Statistics of acquisition and ex situ management in Chinese botanical gardens

Table 5 Comparative analysis of living collections for top 50 and top 11 botanical gardens of CAS and CUBG 161 botanical gardens

CAS gardens

CUBG member BGs

The top 50 gardens

The top 11 gardens

Accessions

387,749

303,450/78.26

374,420/96.56

387,749/100

297,364/76.69

Species

250,829

77,933/31.07

155,710/62.08

142,796/56.93

70,271/28.02

Taxa

316,316

79,337/25.08

83,646/26.44

161,717/51.13

74,337/23.50

Specialized living collection gardens

1,195

262/21.92

737/61.67

636/53.22

209/17.49

Nationally and locally endemic plants

33,634

24,740/73.56

8,173/24.30

8,122/24.15

6,364/18.92

Rare and endangered plants

10,556

4,228/40.05

5,288/50.09

4,884/46.27

2,761/26.16

Medicinal plants

33,097

3,942/11.91

18,509/55.92

17,583/53.13

4,425/13.37

Trees

2,211,063

405,705/18.35

1,689,603/76.42

1,681,440/76.05

176,864/8.00

Unidentified accessions

40,980

11,974/29.22

27,367/66.78

31,446/76.73

22,943/55.99

Chapter 1  Outline of the Chinese Botanical Gardens

21

Chapter 2

A Brief Introduction of Botanical Gardens of China

Beijing

Beijing Botanical Garden of Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Year Established: 1956 Brief Introduction: The Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, CAS, was prepared to construct in 1950, and founded in 1956 with the approval of the State Council. It is one of the first batches of botanical gardens to be constructed after the founding of the People’s Republic of China. Located at the foot of Xiangshan, a famous scenic spot in Beijing, the planned area is

24

119 hm 2. The existing land area is 74 hm2 with 20.7 hm2 of the display area, 17.2 hm2 of experimental field, 0.182 hm2 of the exhibition greenhouse and 0.3 hm 2 of the experimental greenhouse. Focusing on collection, preservation and evaluation of the rare and endangered plants, endemic plants, economical plants, ornamental plants and environmentally-repairing plants, Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, CAS, mainly

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

collects and preserves the plants of the temperate zones in northern China and their ecologically similar areas, the Hengduan Mountains and the eastern Himalayas, introduces and domesticates the important foreign plant resource, and explores and utilizes the resource plants. This botanical garden is positioned as a reserve of national strategic plant resources, a research base for ex situ conservation and sustainable use of plant diversity in northern China, and a national science education base. The main tasks and functions are to carry out ex situ conservation and biodiversity research of wild plant resources in the temperate zone and its ecological environment in northern China, to explore plant resources, to summarize the theory and technical methods of plant introduction and domestication, and to use plant ecology and garden aesthetics to configure and display plants. It is an

Beijing organization that is open to the public and serves the public, integrating plant scientific research, ex situ conservation, scientific popularization, and personnel training. This botanical garden is equipped with the Key Laboratory of Plants Resources and Huaxi Sub-alpine Botanical Garden. In total, 145,000 populations of 6,544 taxa, 3,475 species are cultivated, including ca. 800 species of arbor and shrubs, more than 2,000 species of tropical and subtropical plants, nearly 500 species (including varieties) of flowers, more than 400 species of fruit trees, aromatics, oilseeds, Chinese herbal medicines and aquatic plants, etc. There are 82 species of rare and endangered plants and 308 species endemic to China or endemic to the local region. The seed specimen collection contains more than 75,000 seed specimens and more than 22,500 species. Sixteen specialized living collection gardens have been constructed, and they are the Arboretum, the Bulbs and Tuberous Rooted Plants Garden, the Rose Garden, the Magnolia and Peony Garden, the Herb Garden, the Lagerstroemia Garden, the Wild Fruit Tree Resources Section, the Environmentally-Protecting Plants Section, the Aquatic Plants Section, the Rare and Endangered Plant Section, and the Tropical and Subtropical Plant Exhibition Greenhouse, etc. Among them, there are 338 taxa of 45 species of Fagaceae, 360 taxa of Rosaceae, 120 taxa of 27 species of Syringa, and 210 taxa of 42 species of aquatic and climbing plants with Nymphaea, Victoria, Wisteria, and Celastrus orbiculatus as representative plants, 97 species of gymnosperms with plants of Taxus, Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, and Taxodiaceae as representative plants, and 48 species of rare and endangered p l a n t s w i t h Ta p i s c i a s i n e n s i s , Sinocalycanthus chinensis, and Chapter 2  A Brief Introduction of Botanical Gardens of China

25

Beijing

Liriodendron chinense as representative plants. Since the establishment of the garden, more than 1,993 papers have been published and more than 70 patents have been applied. Besides, invasive species management system and plant introduction and ex situ

conservation management system, with a detailed record of plant acquisition, accession, planting, propagation, phenological record, and computerized record system, “Checklist of Cultivated Plants” and “Checklist of Seed Exchange”, are all documented. From

2010 to 2015, 674 species of plants were exchanged. 320 new varieties were cultivated, 31 new varieties were authorized, and 190 landscape and ornamental plants were also promoted.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 20, Nanxin Village, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing Tel: 010-62836063 Official Website: http://garden.ibcas. ac.cn Official Email: [email protected] Directors: Jing Xinming, xmjing@ibcas. ac.cn; Wang Yingwei, wangyw@ibcas. ac.cn Curator of Living Collections: Sun Guofeng, 010-62836890, sungf@ibcas. ac.cn Plant Records in Charge: Han Yi, 01062836658, [email protected] Number of Accessions: 145,000 Number of Species: 3,475 Number of Taxa: 6,544

26

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Beijing

Beijing Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1956 Brief Introduction: Beijing Botanical Garden was founded in 1956 and is located in the area of western hills of the Temple of Reclining Buddha. The mission and positioning are to become a professional organization that promotes plant display, conservation, and research based on rich plant resources and beautiful landscapes to enhance public plant awareness and environmental awareness. The main tasks and functions are plant protection, plant research, plant science education, and plant display. It covers an area of 400 hm2 and 200 hm 2 is currently opened to the public, which mainly aims to collect, display, and preserve plant resources, including a plant exhibition area, scenic spots and historical sites, nature reserves and scientific research areas. There are 15 specialized living collection gardens with more than 10,000 species (including varieties) of

plants that have been introduced and cultivated, and 100 research projects have been undertaken, of which 14 have won provincial and ministerial awards. Furthermore, 30 monographs and 300 papers have been published, four patents have been obtained, and three new varieties have been registered. Beijing Botanical Garden has achieved fruitful scientific research results in the introduction, breeding and resource conservation and utilization of plant resources. The plant exhibition is divided into three parts: the ornamental plant area, the arboretum, and the greenhouse area. The ornamental plants mainly include specialized living collection gardens, such as the Rose Garden, Ornamental Peach Garden, Peony Garden, Herbaceous Peony Garden, Lilac Garden, CrabappleCotoneaster Garden, Magnolia Garden, Bamboo Garden, Perennial Garden, and Plum Garden. The arboretum includes

Ginkgo and Conifer Section, Acer and Rosa Section, Tilia and Salix Section, Magnolia and Berberis Section, Platanus and Sawtooth Section, Paulownia and Fraxinus Section. The Beijing Garden exhibits excellent works of Penjing across the country. The historical sites are composed of the Sleeping Buddha Temple, the Cherry Valley, the Cao Xueqin’s Memorial, the Liang’s Cemetery, and the Longjiao Temple Site. There are 59 species of rare and endangered plants, 46 species endemic to China and endemic to local regions. The Rose Garden collects 1,500 taxa, with Chinese ancient rose and tree-like rose as representatives. There are 90 taxa in the Lilac Garden, such as Syringa oblata, S. pekinensis var. jinyuan. The Herbaceous Peony Garden collects 200 taxa, such as the varieties Paeonia lactiflora cv. Gold Wheel, P. lactiflora cv. Meiju, P. lactiflora cv. Qiao Ling. The Peach Garden collects 70 taxa, such as the varieties Prunus davidiana cv. Pin Hong, P. davidiana cv. Pin Xia. The Peony Garden collects 630 taxa, such as the varieties Paeonia suffruticosa cv. Two Qiao, P. suffruticosa cv. Hai Huang, P. suffruticosa cv. Golden Pavilion, Paeonia suffruticosa cv. Pea Green. The Bamboo Garden collects 70 taxa, including Phyllostachys vivax, Pleioblastus kongosanensis Pseudosasa japonica. The Crabapple

Chapter 2  A Brief Introduction of Botanical Gardens of China

27

Beijing

Garden collects 85 taxa, with Malus spectabilis, M. halliana, etc. The Mume Flower Garden collects 45 taxa, including the varieties Prunus mume cv. Fenghou, P. mume cv. Beijing Yudie, P. mume var. pendula cv. Danfenchuizhi, etc. The Crape Myrtle

28

Garden collects 16 taxa, including Lagerstroemia indica, L. limii. The Hosta Garden collects 122 taxa, such as Hosta undulata, H. plantaginea cv. August Beauty, H. plantaginea cv. Xiaoming. Records of acquisition, accession, planting, propagation, and

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

phenological management are carried out. There is a computerized record system and the “Checklist of Cultivated Plants” in Beijing Botanical Garden. Beijing Botanical Garden also has the “Checklist of Seed Exchange”, and 438 species have been exchanged in

Beijing

the past five years. The field return of Cymbidium hybridum was carried out, three new varieties were cultivated, three new varieties were authorized, and three ornamental garden plants were promoted.

Contacts: Mailing Address: Beijing Botanical Garden, Wofosi Road, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing Tel: 010-62591283 Fax: 010-82596707 Official Website: http://www.beijingbg.com Official Email: [email protected] Director: He Ran, 010-62591283, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Guo Ling, 010-62593209, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Wei Yu, 01062591283, [email protected] Number of Accessions: ca. 23,200 Number of Species: ca. 5,000 Number of Taxa: ca. 5,500

Chapter 2  A Brief Introduction of Botanical Gardens of China

29

Beijing

Beijing Medicinal Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1955 Brief Introduction: Beijing Medicinal Botanical Garden was founded in 1955, and formerly the specimen garden of the Institute of Medicinal Plant, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. It is affiliated to the Institute of Medicinal Plants, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. In 1988, it was renamed the Beijing Medicinal Botanical Garden. The total area is 19.62 hm2, which is mainly divided into 11 specialized living collection gardens,

30

i.e. Huoluo Garden, Compendium of Materia Medica Garden, Achievements and Gathering Garden, Ethnic Medicinal Plant Garden, Efficacy Classification Park, Chinese Medicine Knowledge Garden, Foreign Introduction Garden, System Classification Park, Germplasm Conservation Park, Functional Botanical Garden and Health Garden. Ca. 1,600 taxa of 1,500 species of medicinal plants, among which 14 species of rare and endangered plants, 15 species endemic to national and local, have

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

been introduced and protected. There are modern ecological greenhouses that are more than 0.52 hm2, housing more than 1,000 species of medicinal plants from the environment of tropical climates, sands, and others. More than 5,000 species of herbarium specimens and dried medicinal herbs specimens are preserved in the specimen room. Beijing Medicinal Botanical Garden is the largest medicinal botanical garden in northern China. It focuses on collecting and preserving the species contained in the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China, and is based on the guidelines of “Garden Appearance, the Intension of Sciences and National Characteristics”. It integrates four functions of introduction and preservation, scientific research, cultural communication, and sightseeing and health. There are conservation and cultivation practices, plant introduction and ex situ conservation management systems, the “Checklist of Cultivated

Beijing

Plants” and computerized record system in this garden, and plants introduction records are established and improved. Especially in recent years, acquisition, accession, phenological record management, and propagation record

have been gradually conducted. More than 160 species of plants have been exchanged in the past five years. Beijing Medicinal Botanical Garden is the eading garden of the National Medicinal Botanical Garden System. It is the

Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Cultural Tourism Demonstration Base, the Beijing Science Popularization Base, and the Beijing Science and Education Tourism Base.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing Tel: 010-57833195 Fax: 010-57833195 Official Website: http://www.implad.ac.cn Official Email: [email protected] Directors: Jianhe Wei, 010-57833358, [email protected]; Li Biao, 01057833195, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Wang Wenquan, 010-57833140, wqwang@ implad.ac.cn Plant Records In Charge: Zhang Zhao, 010-62899773, [email protected]; Wang Qiuling, 010-57833195, qlwang@ implad.ac.cn Number of Species: ca. 1,500 Number of Taxa: ca. 1,600

Chapter 2  A Brief Introduction of Botanical Gardens of China

31

Beijing

Beijing Teaching Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1957 Brief Introduction: Beijing Teaching Botanical Garden was founded in 1957, and is located at No. 3, Baiguoyuan, Longtanhu, Dongcheng District, Beijing. It covers an area of 11.65 hm2 and is affiliated with the Beijing Municipal Education Commission and is the only school in China that focuses on primary and secondary school students, carrying out the science popularization education activities of scientific and practical teaching, environmental education and ecological ethics. It is also an out-ofschool science education teaching unit that provides technical consultation for the construction of practical teaching facilities and greening and beautification of the campus. There are trees classification section, aquatic plant section and artificial simulated wetlands section, herbaceous plants section, a crop display section, wood fossil section, greenhouse plant section, bonsai plant section and other teaching functional sections. A total of 2,054 species of plants are collected and preserved, including ex situ conservation and cultivation. There are 47 species of rare and endangered plants, 49 species of endemic to national and local conserving in this garden. The Beijing Teaching and Botanical Garden always focuses on the purpose of garden construction, serving the quality education of primary and secondary school students 32

in Beijing, and gradually improving the teaching science facilities. There

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

are 1,500 m 2 of the plant science exhibition hall, 900 m 2 of student inquiry laboratory, 150 m 2 of the animal specimen exhibition room, and environmental monitoring station. In combination with the hardware resources of the park, a variety of extracurricular educational science activities for primary and secondary school students have been carried out. It has plant introduction and collection and ex situ conservation management systems, but no plant archives and information record management.

Beijing

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 3, Baiguoyuan, Longtanhu, Dongcheng District, Beijing Tel: 010-87550315 Fax: 010-87550312 Official Email: [email protected] Directors: Guan Yunfei, [email protected]; Li Guangwang, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Yu Zhishui, 010-87550311, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Wei Hongyan, 010-87550318, [email protected] Number of Species: 2,010 Number of Taxa: 2,054

Chapter 2  A Brief Introduction of Botanical Gardens of China

33

Shanghai

Medicinal Botanical Garden of the Second Military Medical University Year Established: 1956 Brief Introduction: Medicinal Botanical Garden of the Second Military Medical University is located in Yangpu District, Shanghai.

34

In 1956, it was founded by Mr. Li Chenghu, one of the pioneers of modern Chinese medicine. More than 1,200 species of medicinal plants are cultivated in medicinal

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

botanical gardens and greenhouses, including authentic medicinal herbs commonly found in East China, such as “Zhebawei” as well as national key protected plants, such as Taxus chinensis and Davidia involucrata. In addition, the herbarium, the infusion specimen room, and the raw drug specimen room have altogether a total of more than 20,000 specimens. Medicinal Botanical Garden of the Second Military Medical University has become a member of Botanical Garden Conservation International (BGCI), the main member of the Chinese Association of Botanical Gardens of Botanical Society of China and the main member of Shanghai Botanical Society, and is committed to protecting the global biodiversity. The Medicinal Botanical Garden is an important teaching and research base for medicinal botany and pharmacy at the Second Military Medical University. It undertakes the teaching tasks of 15 courses, including medicinal botany, pharmacognosy, and traditional Chinese medicine resources. Among them, pharmacognosy is a national key discipline and is one of the first doctoral degree programs in China. The main researches of medicinal botanical gardens are the identification of traditional Chinese medicine, quality evaluation, sustainable use of

Shanghai traditional Chinese medicine resources, medicinal plant bioengineering and the correlation between endophytic

fungi and medicinal materials quality. This medicinal botanical garden is mainly used for scientific

research, such as biopharmaceutical identification and quality evaluation research room, biopharmaceutical resource research laboratory, medicinal plant bioengineering research laboratory, medicinal plant endophytic f u n g i r e s e a r c h l a b o r a t o r y, a n d biopharmaceutical activity screening laboratory.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 325, Guohe Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai Director: Xin Hailiang, 021-81871300, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Jia Min, 021-81871305, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Jia Min, 02181871305, [email protected] Number of Species: 1,034 Number of Taxa: 1,059

Chapter 2  A Brief Introduction of Botanical Gardens of China

35

Shanghai

Shanghai Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1974 Brief Introduction: Shanghai Botanical Garden was founded in 1974 and covers an area of 81.86 hm 2 . Its predecessor was the Longhua Nursery, which was established in 1954. It was approved as Shanghai Botanical Garden in 1974, officially opened on April 1, 1978, and basically completed in 1988. Shanghai Botanical Garden has 15 specialized living collection gardens, such as Bonsai Garden and Herbal Garden, and has been expanded many times. In 2007, Shanghai Botanical Garden undertook the first Shanghai Flower Show. Shanghai Botanical garden has become a comprehensive botanical garden focusing on plant introduction, domestication and display, horticultural research and science popularization education. Plant introduction is mainly based on wild plants in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and a large number of horticultural varieties are collected for urban greening. Up to now, 4,000 s pecies and more than 3,000 varieties have been collected. Perennial plants, flowering shrubs, bromeliads and succulent plants are distinctive. This botanical garden has achieved fruitful results in the cultivation of traditional famous flower peony and camellia germplasm resources and new varieties cultivation, including six patents, two national awards, four Shanghai Science and 36

Technology Progress Awards, more than 150 papers, five monographs, two national and local vertical greening technical regulations, more than 30 new varieties of peony, rose, Camellia

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

and Chaenomeles cathayensis, 13 new varieties of Camellia, 10 new varieties of C. cathayensis and one new variety of peony.

Shanghai Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 1111, Longwu Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai Tel: 021-54363369 Fax: 021-54363460 Official Website: http://www.shbg.org Director: Feng Shucheng, 021-54363368, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Bi Qingsi, 021-54363369-1003 Plant Records in Charge: Huang Zengyan, 021-54363369-1090 Number of Accessions: 20,305 Number of Species: 4,000 Number of Taxa: 6,813

Chapter 2  A Brief Introduction of Botanical Gardens of China

37

Shanghai

Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Year Established: 2010 Brief Introduction: Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden was founded by Shanghai Municipal People’s Government, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and the State Forestry Administration. As a comprehensive botanical garden integrating scientific research, science popularization, and sightseeing, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden covers an area of 207 hm2. Based on East China, and East Asia, this botanical garden conducts the researches on the collection, protection, and sustainable use of regional plant resources with national and local needs. This garden consists of the central display section, plant conservation section, five

38

continents plant section and peripheral buffer section. The central exhibition section is equipped with 22 specialized living collection gardens, such as the Rose Garden, Xerophytes Garden, Rare Plants Garden, Mine Garden, Aquatic Plants Garden, Exhibition Greenhouse, Ornamental Grass Garden, Rock and Medicinal Botanical Garden, and Oleaceae Garden. The exhibition greenhouse covers an area of 12,608 m2, consisting of the indoor garden, the succulents greenhouse, and the rare and exotic plants greenhouse. It is the largest exhibition greenhouse in Asia, and the succulents greenhouse is the largest indoor succulents plants exhibition greenhouse in the world. At present, ex situ collection 25,106 plants of 8,328

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Shanghai

taxa (including varieties), 7,724 species, including Magnoliaceae, Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae, Rose, Cerasus, Malus, Iris, aquatic plants, xerophytes, medicinal plants, economic plants, rare and endangered plants and greenhouse plants, which makes Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden become one of the important conservation centers for plant germplasm resources in the world. There are 380 accessions of 250 taxa (including varieties) of 232 species in the East China flora garden. Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden is not only a National AAAA Tourist Attraction, a Shanghai and national science education base, and a Shanghai specialized science popularization Chapter 2  A Brief Introduction of Botanical Gardens of China

39

Shanghai museum, but also one of the most important scientific research bases for domestic plant research. It is also an important platform for China’s scientific research exchange with the world and an important window of showing technology and culture of Shanghai.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 3888, Chenhua Road, Songjian District, Shanghai Tel: 021-37792288-800 Official Website: http://www.csnbgsh.cn Official Email: [email protected] Director: Hu Yonghong, 021-67657802, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Wang Zhengwei, 021-37792288-232, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Wang Zhengwei, 021-37792288-232, [email protected] Number of Accessions: 25,106 Number of Species: 7,724 Number of Taxa: 8,328

40

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Chongqing

Chongqing Medicinal Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1947 Brief Introduction: Chongqing Medicinal Botanical Garden is affiliated to the Chongqing Municipal Science and Technology

Commission, and managed by Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant Cultivation. It is located at the northern foot of Chongqing Jinfoshan National Nature Reserve. It was founded in

1947 and was formerly known as the Changshan Planting Experiment Specimen Garden. The field specimen garden is the earliest established medicinal botanical garden in China. The existing land area of the garden is 6.7 hm2, and 2,500 species of living medicinal plants are preserved. With the goal of “Traditional Chinese Medicine Culture and Biodiversity Conservation”, it is mainly devoted to the introduction and cultivation of medicinal plants in China. The germplasm resources of authentic medicinal materials, rare and endangered plants and important economic plants in Southwest China are also collected, preserved, developed, and utilized. This botanical garden is also a teaching practice base for related specialties of pharmacy and botany in some universities of Southwest China and a science education base in Chongqing. The botanical garden is divided into tree section, shrub section, climbing plants section, herbaceous section, aquatic plants section, dark and wet plants section and intelligent greenhouse section according to plant growth habits. The traditional Chinese medicine efficacy display area preserves medicinal plants, such as Rehmannia glutinosa, Psoralea corylifolia, and Isatis tinctoria; the

Chapter 2  A Brief Introduction of Botanical Gardens of China

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Chongqing homology of medicine and food section preserves medicinal plants, such as Polygonatum sibiricum, P. odoratum and Lilium brownii var. viridulum; the tree section mainly includes Cinnamomum bodinieri, Eucommia ulmoides, Ginkgo biloba; the shrub section mainly includes Cornus officinalis, Mahonia fortunei, and Nandina domestica; the climbing plants section mainly includes Quisqualis indica, Pueraria peduncularis, and Millettia pachycarpa; the herbaceous section mainly includes Salvia miltiorrhiza, Aconitum carmichaelii, and Atractylodes macrocephala; the aquatic plants section preserves Alisma plantago-aquatica, Acorus calamus, and Phragmites communis; the dark and wet plants section preserves Epimedium brevicornu, Dysosma versipellis, and Bletilla striata; the intelligent greenhouse preserves characteristic medicinal plants of Jinfoshan, such as Corydalis tomentella, Schnabelia oligophylla, Euchresta japonica and southern medicinal plants, such as Amomum villosum, Alpinia oxyphylla, and Areca catechu.

Contacts: Mailing Address: Chongqing Medicinal Botanical Garden, Sanquan Town, Nanchuan District, Chongqing Tel: 023-71480004 Fax: 023-71480128 Official Website: http://www.cqsywyjs.com Director: Ren Mingbo, [email protected], QQ: 542147656 Curator of Living Collections: Yang Yi, QQ: 278663360 Plant Records in Charge: Li Qiaoling Number of Species: 2,500

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THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Chongqing

Nanshan Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1959 Brief Introduction: Nanshan Botanical Garden is formerly known as Nanshan Park, which was founded in 1959. In 1998, it was converted into Nanshan Botanical Garden. The main goal of Nanshan Botanical Garden is the collection and preservation of subtropical lowmountain plant germplasm resources,

and carrying out plant conservation, collection and cultivation centering on ornamental plant specialized living collection gardens, integrating scientific research and garden art. The landscape is displayed as one of the low-mountain ornamental botanical gardens. The altitude is 420–680.5 m, and the total planned area is 551 hm2. The garden is divided into ornamental

plant scenic forest section, specialized ornamental botanical garden section, scientific research nursery section, and plant ecological protection section. Rose Garden, Magnolia Garden, Plum Garden, Camellia Garden, Bonsai Garden, Central Landscape Park and other specialized living collection gardens have been constructed, with about 5,500 species (including varieties) of more than 1,200 genera of 240 families. The large-scale exhibition greenhouse was officially opened on October 1, 2009. The collection of species in the Camellia, Ericaceae, Calycanthaecae and Oleaceae is more prominent, and Camellia garden is awarded the title of “International Camellia Garden.” In 2002, it was rated as the National AAAA Tourist Attraction, the top ten tourist scenic spot in Chongqing, and was the main

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Chongqing

attraction of “Chongqing Charm Day Tour”. In 2003, the “One Tree” Management Section was awarded the National “May 1st” Labor Award. It was awarded the “First Class Standard Park” by Chongqing Municipality

in 2004; “National Key Park” by the Ministry of Housing and UrbanRural Development in 2008. It is a national youth science education base and a youth plant science education base in Chongqing. It is also an

important teaching practice base for universities, such as Chongqing University, Southwest University, and Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 101, Nanshan Botanical Garden Road, Nanan District, Chongqing Tel: 023-62479135 Fax: 023-62479564 Director: Zhang Shaolin, 023-62479138 Curator of Living Collections: Quan Junping, 023-62479448 Plant Records in Charge: Han Wenheng, 023-62479089 Number of Species: 5,500 Number of Taxa: 2,763

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THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Chongqing

Chongqing Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1985 Brief Introduction: Chongqing Botanical Garden is affiliated to the Chongqing Municipal Forestry Bureau and is managed by the “One Team, Two Brands” with Chongqing Jinyun Mountain National Nature Reserve, covering an area of 160.8 hm 2. Chongqing Botanical Garden is located in Beibei District of Chongqing, 29°49′ N, 106°22′ E, 35 km away from the downtown of Chongqing, with an annual average temperature of 13.6℃, annual rainfall of 1,611.8 mm, annual average relative

humidity of 87%, and annual average sunshine of 1,293.9 hours. Chongqing Botanical Garden is a forest botanical garden integrating scientific research, scientific influence and garden

appearance, and a national science education base and a national ecological civilization education base. The zonal vegetation in Chongqing Botanical Garden is well preserved and there are many kinds of plants. There are 2,407 species (including varieties and forms) of 1,117 genera of 137 families, among which, 51 species are under national protection, such as Davidia involucrate, Cathaya argyrophylla, Taxus chinensis and Alsophila spinulosa, and 38 are model plants, such as Dendrobenthamia ferruginea var. jinyunensis, Acer wangchii subsp. Tsinyunense, and Ficus beipeiensis. 10 functional sections including the rare plant exhibition

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Chongqing section and model plant exhibition section have been built. Chongqing Botanical Garden is the typical area for the growing of sub-tropical evergreen broad-leaved forest and the gene bank of plant species in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, which enjoys high value for protection and scientific research, and it has become the ideal place for scientific research,

teaching and environmental education. Over the past 30 years, 510 species have been introduced and domesticated, and three international cooperation projects have been completed, and 65 national and local projects have been completed. It has won four provincial science and technology achievement awards and scientific and technological progress awards, and 12 municipal science and

technology progress awards. In recent years, the Chongqing Botanical Garden has actively sought government support and has carried out cross-border cooperation with non-governmental organizations, enterprises, schools and communities, and has achieved good results in scientific research, science popularization, and infrastructure construction.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 56, Jinhua West 2nd Branch Road, Beibei District, Chongqing Tel: 023-68224497 Fax: 023-68347126 Director: Mou Weibin, 023-68224497 Curator of Living Collections: Deng Xianbao, 023-68347126 Plant Records in Charge: Liu Yufang, 023-68347116, [email protected] Number of Species: 1,966 Number of Taxa: 2,407

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THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Chongqing

Botanical Garden of Chongqing University

Year Established: 2012 Brief Introduction: Botanical Garden of Chongqing University is located at the Huxi campus, and is constructed according to the idea of “two in one” between the botanical garden and the campus. Botanical Garden of Chongqing University was founded in 2012 with

an area of 42 hm2, centering on Jinyun Lake and seven hills. Based on the principle of “ecological priority and integrated garden landscape”, Botanical Garden of Chongqing University strives to create a campus botanical garden that combines leisure and viewing, science and education, and provides a beautiful natural environment for

teachers, students, and the public. The garden aims to build a platform for understanding plant basic knowledge and ecological conservation knowledge, and to provide a certain scientific research foundation for relevant scientific research institutions and projects. Rose Garden, Peony Garden, Magnolia Garden, Fern Garden, Canna Valley, Bauhinia Forest, Lotus Garden, Rhododendron Garden, Camellia Garden, Bulbs and Tuberous Rooted Garden, Herb Garden, Tropical Plant Exhibition Area, Natural Succession Region and Nursery Garden have been completed. The Southwest Rare Trees Garden and Fruits Garden will be gradually improved in the later stage of construction. There are 1,050 species of more than 150 families of plants in the botanical garden, including more than 30 species of ferns, more than 10 species of gymnosperms, more than 1,000 species of angiosperms, and more than 10 species of protection plants of national grade Ⅰ, Ⅱand Ⅲ. The Botanical Garden aims to develop a world-class campus botanical garden by combining ecosystem maintenance, biodiversity conservation, plant resource reserve, and sustainable use to promote science popularization, to establish a science education base, and finally to achieve integration of the campus natural space environment and to improve the purpose of the school’s educational environment.

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Chongqing

48

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Chongqing Contacts: Mailing Address: Room Z228, Compound Building, Huxi Campus, Chongqing University, No. 55, Daxuechengnan Road, Shaba District, Chongqing Tel: 023-65678751 Fax: 023-65678068 Official Website: http://huxi.cqu.edu.cn Director: Zhining Xia, 023-65678588, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Xiang Ya, 023-65678751, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Xiang Ya, 02365678751, [email protected] Number of Species: 1,050

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Anhui

Huangshan Arboretum of Anhui Academy of Forestry

Year Established: 1958 Brief Introduction: Huangshan Arboretum of Anhui Academy of Forestry formerly known as Anhui Provincial Institute of Forestry, Huangshan Branch. It is located at Huangshan Scenic Area and covers an area of about 2.0 hm 2. It was built in 1958 and moved to Hefei with the Forestry Department of Anhui

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Province in 1963, and was officially named as Huangshan Arboretum of Anhui Province. Huangshan Arboretum has been engaged in the research, introduction, domestication, and cultivation of rare tree species in East China. It has introduced and cultivated ca. 400 species of rare plants and characteristic trees. It is important for the introduction and domestication of

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

woody plants in Anhui Province. The base and important forestry research and experimental bases provide a place for inspectors and internships for forestry science and technology personnel and college teachers and students in East China. There are 37 kinds of national protection tree species, among which the national first-class protected plants have seven species, including Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Davidia involucrata, Ginkgo biloba, Taiwania cryptomerioides, Taxus chinensis var. mairei, Ostrya rehderiana, and Bretschneidera sinensis. The secondclass protection plants include 18 species: Pseudotsuga gaussenii, Pseudolarix amabilis, Calocedrus macrolepis, Pinus dabeshanensis, To r re y a g r a n d i s , C e p h a l o t a x u s sinensis, Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Liriodendron chinense, Magnolia

Anhui

officinalis subsp. biloba, Toona ciliata var. pubescens, Camptotheca acuminata, Fraxinus mandshurica, Emmenopterys henryi, Phellodendron amurense, Ulmus elongate, Magnolia zenii, Zelkova serrate, and Michelia wilsonii. The third-class protection plants include 18 species, such as Sinocalycanthus chinensis, Euptelea pleiosperma, Eucommia ulmoides, Yulania cylindrica, Magnolia amoena,

M. sieboldii, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, U l m u s c h e n m o u i , P t e ro s t y r a x psilophyllus, Sinojackia xylocarpa, and Stewartia sinensis. In addition, a large number of rare foreign tree species have been cultivated, such as Lilriodendron tulipifera, Abies firma, Sequoia sempervirens, Korean pine, Yulania kobus, Acer negundo, and Pseudotsuga menziesii. In recent years, the arboretum has

gradually improved the invasive species management system, conservation and cultivation norms or operational procedures, and plant introduction and ex situ conservation management systems, and successively established plant archives and information records, “Checklist of Cultivated Plants”, “Checklist of Seed Exchange”, and carried out botanical gardens. Interplant/seed exchange.

Contacts: Mailing Address: South Gate of Huangshan Scenic Area, Tangkou Town, Huangshan, Anhui Tel: 0559-5564875 Fax: 0559-5564875 Official Website: http://www.ahlky.com Director: Fang Denian, 0559-5564875 Curator of Living Collections: Jiang Guozhi, 379696986@qq. com Plant Records in Charge: Fang Weihua, 18055932595 Number of Species: ca. 400

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Anhui

Hefei Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1987 Brief Introduction: Hefei Botanical Garden was founded in 1987, and converted from Hefei City Horticultural Field. It is located in Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui and covers an area of 70.5 hm2. It is a peninsula garden surrounded by water, and a comprehensive botanical garden with the collection of plant germplasm

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resources, popularization of plant science knowledge and tourism. Hefei botanical garden has mergd with works system with the Hefei City Institute of Landscape Science. At present, 2,142 species (including varieties) belonging to 557 genera of 157 families are cultivated and conserved, including 29 rare and endangered plants, such as Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Sinojackia

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

xylocarpa, Tapiscia sinensis, Eucommia ulmoides, Parakmeria lotungensis, Yulania cylindrica, Pinus fenzeliana var. dabeshanensis, Taxus wallichiana var. mairei, Litsea auriculata, and Ulmus chenmoui. Hefei Botanical Garden has 10 plant specialized living collection gardens including Plum Garden, Osmanthus Garden, Bamboo Garden, Magnolia Garden, Megranate Garden, Waterscape Garden, Landscape Plants Demonstration Area, Autumn Garden, Bonsai Garden and Arboretum, and also has Three Folding Spring, the First Chime Stone, and Lakeside Green Corridor, Artistic Plum House and other scenic spots. Hefei Botanical Garden focuses on the collection of ornamental plants, such as varieties of Armeniaca, Chimonanthus, Osmanthus, Yulania, Malus, Cerasus, Rosa, Nelumbo, Nymphaea. Four new varieties in Hefei

Anhui Botanical Garden have been cultivated and approved, including the new varieties Nelumbo nucifera cv. Lingyun, N. nucifera cv. Luzhou Honglian and N. nucifera cv. Chuzhou Pink Lotus, and Osmanthus fragrans cv. Luzhou Yellow. One or two large-scale plant flower exhibitions are held every quarter. Hefei Botanical Garden has conservation cultivation or operation specification, plant introduction and ex situ conservation management systems, phenological record and cultivated plant cataloging, but lacks introduction records, plant accession management, and a computerized record system. Hefei Botanical Garden is the affiliated unit of Hefei City Landscape Architecture Society.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 123, Huanhudong Road, Hefei, Anhui Tel: 0551-65315007 Fax: 0551-65315007 Director: Zhou Yunfeng, 0551-65319155, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Tong Xiaoping, 0551-65319287, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Yang Pingping, 0551-65312510, [email protected] Number of Species: 1,026 Number of Taxa: 2,142

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Fujian

Fuzhou Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1959 Brief Introduction: Fuzhou Botanical Garden was founded in 1959, it was formerly known as Fuzhou Arboretum of Fujian. In 1988, it was renamed “Fuzhou Forest Park”. In 1993, it was upgraded to a national forest park, which is the first national forest park in Fujian Province. In 2006, Fuzhou National Forest Park was

54

combined with Fuzhou Beifeng Forest Farm and Huanxi Forest Farm, and renamed “Fuzhou Botanical Garden”, and “Fuzhou National Forest Park” was added. Fuzhou Botanical Garden covers an area of about 2,890 hm2 and has 14 specialized living collection gardens, including Ficus Tree Garden, Rare Plants Garden, Cycas Garden, Peach Garden, Sakura Garden, Palmae Garden, Crape

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Myrtle Garden, Ornamental Bamboo Garden, Ornamental Tree Garden, Shady Plant Garden, Leguminales and Camellia Garden, Zingiberaceae Garden, Osmanthus Garden and Litchi Garden. There are 5,125 taxa (including infraspecific taxa) 1,261 genera under 250 families. Among them, there are 147 species of pteridophyte in 39 families, 114 species of gymnosperms in 11 families, and 4,864 species of angiosperms in 200 families. More than 150 species of plants listed in the National Key Protected Wild Plants, and about 30 species endemic to China and the local. This botanical garden has acquisition records and phenological records, and the “Checklist of Seed Exchange”. 70 species of plants have been exchanged in the past five years. More than 200 landscape ornamental plants are promoted.

Fujian

Contacts: Mailing Address: Fuzhou Botanical Garden, No. 4, Shangchiqiao, Xindian Town, Jinan District, Fuzhou, Fujian Tel: 0591-87916444 Fax: 0591-87916444 Directors: Huang Yiping; Lian Qiaoxia, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Zhuang Libin, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Yan Qingmei, 0591-87916444 Number of Species: 5,000 Number of Taxa: 5,125

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Fujian

Xiamen Overseas Chinese Subtropical Plant Introduction Garden

Year Established: 1959 Brief Introduction: Xiamen Overseas Chinese Subtropical Plant Introduction Garden was founded in 1959, and was successively affiliated to East China

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Institute of Subtropical Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen Science and Technology Bureau, Gulangyu Scenic Spot Management Committee, and now it is affiliated to Xiamen Science and Technology Bureau.

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany is the department in charge. Since the establishment of the garden, ca.2000 species have been introduced and cultivated. It includes three specialized living collection gardens, i.e. Tropical

Fujian and Subtropical Fruit Trees Garden, Special Medicinal Plant Section, and Bromeliaceae and Marantaceae Garden. The important plants are collected with economic trees, flavor beverage plants, rare tropical orchids, rare tropical plants and shady plants. This garden has conservation cultivation or operation specification, plant introduction and ex situ conservation management systems.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 4, Gusheng Road, Gulangyu, Xiamen, Fujian Tel: 0592-2063336 Fax: 0592-2061150 Official Website: http://www.hqgarden.com Director: Kang Longquan, 0592-2069983 Curator of Living Collections: Liang Shi, 0592-2065016 Plant Records in Charge: He Lijuan, 0592-2069532 Number of Accessions: ca. 2,000 Number of Species: ca. 2,000 Number of Taxa: 2,160

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Fujian

Xiamen Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1960 Brief Introduction: Xiamen Botanical Garden was founded in 1960 and covers an area of 493 hm2 and is located in Xiamen, Fujian Province. It is affiliated to the Xiamen Municipal Bureau of Municipal Landscapes and is the first botanical garden in Fujian Province. It integrates plant landscape, natural landscape, and human landscape. Xiamen Botanical Garden includes 15 specialized living collection gardens, such as Araucaria Lawn, Gymnosperm Area, Palm Island, Rose Garden, Psammophytes Area, Rainforest World, Hundred-Flower Hall, Liana and Colorful Bush Zone. 6,852 species (including varieties) are collected and ex situ conserved.

The dominant groups are Palmaceae, Cactaceae, Cycadaceae, succulent plants, and liana. About 150 species of

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 25, Huyuan Road, Siming District, Xiamen, Fujian Tel: 086-592-2024785 Fax: 086-592-2029402 Official Website: https://www.xiamenbg. com Director: Zhang Wanqi, 601517900@ qq.com Curator of Living Collections: Liu Yuming, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Cai Bangping, [email protected] Number of Accessions: 12,800 Number of Species: 6,852

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rare and endangered plants, about 100 species endemic to China and local are ex situ cultivated. This garden has plant introduction and ex situ conservation management systems. Xiamen Botanical Garden has plant introduction and collection, ex situ conservation management systems, “Checklist of Cultivated Plants”, computerized record system, and “Checklist of Seed Exchange”. 818 species have been exchanged in the past five years. Five new varieties are cultivated, three new varieties are authorized, and 500 ornamental plants are promoted.

Fujian

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Fujian

Teaching Botanical Garden of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University

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THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Year Established: 2011 Brief Introduction: Teaching Botanical Garden of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University covers an area of 3,693 hm 2 and spans the south subtropical and midsubtropical regions of Fuzhou, Nanping, Sanming, Zhangzhou and Quanzhou. The altitude ranges from near sea level to more than 1,000 m. There are hills, mountains, plains, gullies, islands, and other topographical features. 2,676

Fujian species (including varieties, subspecies, variants) of 1,061 genera of 214 families are cultivated and displayed, among them, 1,275 species are endemic. It includes 45 species and two varieties of 36 genera of 30 families of pteridophytes, 59 species and 10 varieties of 31 genera of 10 families of gymnosperms, 2,433 species, 105 varieties, nine subspecies, and 13 variants of 994 genera of 174 families of angiosperms. China Plant Red Data

Book and Checklist of National Key Protected Wild Plants (The First Batch) contain 61 species, three varieties and one subspecies. It has built Botanical Garden with Chinese Famous, Special and Superior Plants, Forest Orchid Garden, Juncao Garden, Camellia Variety Garden, Hundred Bamboos Garden, Sugarcane Variety Garden, Bast Fiber Crops Garden and Banana Garden.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 15, Shangxiadian Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, Fujian Tel: 0591-83789865 Official Website: http://flora.fafu.edu.cn Director: Chen Shipin, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Guan Wenxu, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Wu Shasha, [email protected] Number of Species: 1,656 Number of Taxa: 2,676

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Gansu

Minqin Desert Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1974 Brief Introduction: Minqin Desert Botanical Garden is located at the southeastern margin of Badain Jaran Desert in Minqin County, and covers an area of 94 hm2 and is aff iliated to Gansu Sand Control Research Institute. It is the first desert botanical garden in China. Introduction, domestication, and cultivation of Psammophytes and Xerophytes are its core mission,

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and plant research, conservation and development are the main directions, providing the material basis and technical support for vegetation restoration and reconstruction in the desert and protection and utilization of plant resources. 642 species of Psammophytes, Xerophytes and Mesophytes have been introduced and preserved, including 26 national second-class and third-class protection plants. Minqin Desert Botanical

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Garden includes eight plant-specific sections f or Tamari x chinensi s, Caragana sinica, Calligonum mongolicum, Ephedra sinica, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Xanthoceras sorbifolium, Paeonia suffruticosa, and Ziziphus jujube, and eight germplasm r esou r ce conser va tion sections, including desert plant living specimen garden, desert medicinal botanical garden, desert plant functional garden, deserts economic forest garden, conifer garden, arbor tree garden, rare and endangered botanical garden, and foreign plant introduction garden as well as the exhibition hall for scientific and technological achievements, desert animal specimen exhibition room and desert plant and seed specimen room. More than 30 species of excellent Psammophytes and Xerophytes, such as Populus alba var. pyramidalis, Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, Caragana

Gansu

korshinskii, Haloxylon ammodendron, Atraphaxis bracteata and Tamarix ramosissima have been introduced, protected, and screened. These species have been carried out a large-scale promotion in the desert area, and good ecological benefits have been achieved. Minqin Desert Botanical Garden has published more than 100 papers, six monographs, and accumulated more than 30 years of transpiration water consumption data of more than 80 species, such as Haloxylon ammodendron, Elaeagnus angustifolia and Hedysarum scoparium. Minqin Desert Botanical Garden has germplasm resource exchange and information cooperation with more than 40 botanical gardens and scientific research institutions at home and abroad for a long time, and is a comprehensive scientific research base integrating scientific research, germplasm resources protection and

development, ecotourism, teaching internship and science popularization education. This botanical garden has had acquisition record, accession, propagation record and phenological record, computerized record system, “Checklist of Cultivated Plants” and

“Checklist of Seed Exchange”, 660 species of plants were exchanged in the past five years. More than 80 species of ornamental plants, more than 200 species of sand-fixing plants have been generalized.

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Gansu

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 390, Beibinghe West Road, Anning District, Lanzhou, Gansu Tel: 0931-7686822 Fax: 0935-4231346,0931-7686822 Official Website: http://www.gsdcri.com Director: Li Changlong, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Jiang Shengxiu, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Wu Hao, [email protected] Number of Species: 642 Number of Taxa: 660

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THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Gansu

Maiji Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1982 Brief Introduction: Maiji Botanical Garden was founded in 1982, formerly known as Maiji Arboretum, it was renamed Maiji Botanical Garden in 1990. It is affiliated to the Xiaolongshan Forestry Experimental Bureau of Gansu Province. It was officially opened to the public in 1987 and was approved as a provincial forest park by the Provincial Forestry Department in 1993. In

December 1997, it was approved as the Maiji National Forest Park, now known as the Botanical Garden Scenic Spot of Maiji National Forest Park. The main task is to introduce and domesticate the species in the Qinling Mountains, and to carry out investigation and protection research, garden construction technology research, plant introduction technology research, rare and endangered plant protection research and plant resource development and

utilization in Xiaolongshan forest area. The total area of the botanical garden is 372 hm2, and has 11 plant specialized living collection gardens, such as Pine and Cypress Garden, Broadleaved Tree Garden, Native Tree Garden, Peony Garden and Magnolia Garden. There are 942 species of arbors and shrubs and ca. 2,200 taxa of herbaceous plants, including 45 species of nationally endangered plants, 38 foreign plants, 103 varieties of Paeonia suffruticosa, 201 varieties of Rosa chinensis, and 34 varieties of Paeonia lactiflora cultivated. Monographs include Higher Flora of Xiaolongshan Mountain of Gansu Province, Checklist of Tianshui Plants, Tianshui Vegetation, Handbook of Medicinal Plants in Xiaolongshan Forest Area of Tianshui. More than 20 research papers on plant resources, introduction, cultivation, development and utilization have been published. Maiji Botanical Garden is

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Gansu

a comprehensive experimental base for carrying out research on trees, promoting cooperation and exchanges with research institutes and universities at home and abroad, and conducting science popularization education. There are plant introduction and collection and ex situ conservation management systems, acquisition record, and gradually establish ex situ conservation management record and archive information management.

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THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Contacts: Mailing Address: Maiji Town, Maiji District, Tianhui, Gansu Tel: 0938-2231029 Fax: 0938-2231025 Official Website: http://www.xlsly.com; http://www.xlsly.com/Home/Subsite/index/ subsiteid/113.html Director: Wang Ying, 0938-2231029 Curator of Living Collections: Sun Jianxing, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Chen Jiangquan, [email protected] Number of Species: 942 Number of Taxa: ca. 2,200

Gansu

Lanzhou Arboretum

Year Established: 1989 Brief Introduction: Lanzhou Arboretum was established on the basis of the initial greening of the arid barren hills in the north and south mountains of Lanzhou. The fullscale appropriation institution has been established by the Lanzhou City Editorial Committee, and is affiliated to the North and South Mountain of Lanzhou Environmental Greening Project Headquarters, which is located

in Jiuzhoutai Mountain, the highest peak of North Mountain. Lanzhou Arboretum focuses on the landscape afforestation governance of barren hills and its research. The Arboretum mainly introduces and domesticates excellent greening tree species, screens Psammophytes and Xerophytes tree species in northwestern areas, and carries out greening management of barren hills in the north and south mountain of Lanzhou. The existing greening

management and protection area is 153.3 hm2, and the arboretum area is 52 hm2 with eight specialized living collection gardens, including Platycladus Garden, Peony Garden, Picea Garden, Cedrus Garden, Psammophytes Garden, Hippophae Garden, Salix Garden and Tamarix Garden. 223 taxa (including infraspecific taxa) of 77 genera of 50 families have been cultivated. About 550,000 trees, such as the main tree species Platycladus orientalis and Tamarix austromongolica in the north and south mountains of Lanzhou are planted. The rare and precious ornamental plants, such as Ginkgo biloba, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Cedrus deodara, Albizia julibrissin, Cupressaceae, Paeonia suffruticosa var. papaveracea, Campsis radicans, Hibiscus syriacus, Lonicera japonica, Malus × micromalus, Phyllostachys and Wisteria sinensis have been cultivated. In 2000, it was listed as the “Lanzhou

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Gansu North and South Mountain Greening Te c h n o l o g y P r o m o t i o n S e r v i c e Center”. It regularly conducts technical training for the greening personnel of each contractor in the two mountains,

undertakes technical consultation, and improves the excellent tree species, technical measures and technology demonstration for the greening of the barren hills and slopes. About

10 species of green ornamental plants, such as Juniperus formosana, Platycladus orientalis, Picea asperata, Pinus tabuliformis, and Medicago have been promoted.

Contacts: Mailing Address: Luojiu Road, Anning District, Lanzhou, Gansu Tel: 0931-7759308 Fax: 0931-7759301 Official Website: http://lslhzhb.lanzhou. gov.cn Director: Lu Baojun, 0931-7759308 Curator of Living Collections: Wu Xuehong, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Huo Jumei, [email protected] Number of Species: 207 Number of Taxa: 223

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THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Gansu

Lanzhou Botanical Garden

Year Established: 2008 Brief Introduction: Lanzhou Botanical Garden is located in Anningxi Road, Anning District, Lanzhou. It was formerly known as Shijiawan Nursery of Lanzhou. The planned area is 63.75 hm 2 and the existing area is about 38.33 hm2.

At present, it has completed the supporting infrastructure, such as a road system, a main entrance plaza and a tourist service center as well as 10 specialized living collection gardens, such as Yulania Garden, Bamboo Garden, Malus Garden, Cherry and Plum Garden, Lonicera Garden, Pine

and Cedar Garden, Peony Garden, Rare Garden, and Rose Garden. 380 species suitable species and ground cover flowers of 65 genera of 48 families, such as Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Magnoliaceae, Lonicerae, Oleaceae, Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, Gramineae, Ranunculaceae, Celastraceae and Aceraceae have been collected and preserved. 80 species (including varieties) of the rare plants, such as Taxus wallichiana var. chinensis, Cephalotaxus sinensis, Abies fabri, M e t a s e q u o i a g l y p t o s t ro b o i d e s , Picea brachytyla var. complanata, G i n k g o b i l o b a , C e rc i d i p h y l l u m japonicum, Liriodendron chinense a n d Te t r a c e n t ro n s i n e n s e ; t h e ornamental plants, such as Yulania denudata, Cerasus spp., Armeniaca mume var. bungo, Malus spectabilis, Syringa spp., Amygdalus triloba, Paeonia suffruticosa and Paeonia lactiflora; newly introduced plants such as Ilex aquifolium, Liquidambar formosana, Lagerstroemia indica, Acer platanoides, ornamental Malus spp., Prunus yedoensis cv. Perpendens, Albizia julibrissin, Acer negundo cv. Aurea, Lonicera fragrantissima, Lonicera korolkowii, Euonymus alatus cv. Compacta have been cultivated. Lanzhou Botanical Garden will have 600 plant species after completion. Since 2008, the Golden Autumn National Day Chrysanthemum Exhibitions have been held from

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Gansu September to October every year. It is an important flower event during the National Day of Lanzhou City. It has undertaken a number of municipal-level scientific and technological projects and provincial-level seedling introduction projects, and promoted the application of ginkgo. This botanical garden has 158 species of ornamental plants, such as Ginkgo biloba, Prunus cerasifera cv. Pissardii, Yulania denudata as well as climbings, such as Parthenocissus semicordata, Euonymus fortune var. radicans, Celastrus orbiculatus. According to the overall plan, Lanzhou Botanical Garden will build an urban botanical garden that combines traditional and modern, scientific research with science and leisure, plant germplasm resources conservation and scientific research and development, reflecting the achievements and directions of modern plant research and highlighting the characteristics of the northwest region.

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Gansu Contacts: Mailing Address: Lanzhou Botanical Garden, Anningxi Road, Anning District, Lanzhou, Gansu Tel: 0931-7650250 Fax: 0931-7666798 Official Email: [email protected] Director: Yang Zhenkun, 0931-7666798, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Yang Yonghua, 0931-7613550, 1147310992@ qq.com Plant Records in Charge: Lu Juan, 0931-7613550, [email protected] Number of Species: 380 Number of Taxa: 380

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Guangdong

South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Year Established: 1929 Brief Introduction: South China Botanical Garden (SCBG), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), formerly known as Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Sun Yatsen University, was founded in 1929. It was renamed South China Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in 1954, and then to its present name in October 2003, in compliance with a new CAS developmental plan. SCBG is the largest botanical garden

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and one of the top plant germplasm conservation institutions in China, and consists of three divisions: ① A nursery and exhibition zone, occupying an area of 282.5 hm 2. It includes a modern exhibition greenhouse, a science popularization center, Longdongqilin of Canton Eight, and 37 specialized living collection gardens, including Magnoliaceae garden, Palmae garden, Zingiberaceae garden, etc. Plants of ex situ conservation have more than 14,500 taxa, 14,000 species and 32,123

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accessions. There are 259 conservation species in Magnoliaceae garden. The representative species include the national first-class key protected species Woonyoungia septentrionalis and Pachylarnax sinica, and the national second-class key protected wild plants such as Tsoongiodendron odorum and Paramichelia baillonii. It is the world Magnoliaceae center; Bamboo Garden has 300 conservation species, including the national second-class key protected wild plant Acidosasa chinensis, and Chinese endemic species Chimonobambusa tumidissinoda, Bonia saxatilis, Oligostachyum shiuyingianum, O. nuspiculum as well as ornamental and edible bamboo Phyllostachys aurea, P. nigra, Chimonobambusa quadrangularis, Bambusa multiplex cv. Alphonse-Karr and Dendrocalamus brandisii, etc. The Zingiberaceae garden has 307 species, such as the national second-class key protected

Guangdong

wild plant Etlingera yunnanensis, the rare and endangered plant Orchidantha chinensis, ornamental flowers of Costus, Alpinia, Heliconia, Musa and Musella lasiocarpa, and important southern medicine plants Amomum v i l l o s u m , C u rc u m a a ro m a t i c a , Stahlianthus involucratus, and Alpinia oxyphylla. ② A research and residential zone, covering an area of 36.8 hm2. It contains four research centers including Plant Science Center, Ecology and Environmental Sciences Center, Agriculture and Resource Plant Center and Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement Center, several support departments, such as an herbarium with more than 1,100,000 plant specimens, a library with more than 200,000 volumes of specialized books and periodicals, a computer network center and a public laboratory. ③ Dinghushan National Nature Reserve, is the first national nature reserve in China, established in

1956, and the only reserve affiliated to CAS. Over 2,400 plant species are conserved in the nature reserve (area of 1,153 hm2). In addition, SCBG runs three field research stations, including the Dinghushan National Field Research Station of Forest Ecosystem,

Heshan National Field Research Station of Forest Ecosystem, and Xiaoliang Research Station for Tropical Coastal Ecosystem, three key laboratories of CAS, namely, Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Vegetation Restoration and

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Guangdong

Management of Degraded Ecosystems, and South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, two key laboratories of Guangdong Province, namely, Digital

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Botanical Garden and Applied Botany, and several research platforms such as Development Engineering Technology Research Center of Characteristic Plant Resources of Guangdong Province,

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Guangdong Germplasm Bank, and South China Plant Identification Center. SCBG is affiliated with several national and international research and conservation societies. SCBG runs

Guangdong

the Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) China Program Office, Secretariat of International Association of Botanic Gardens (IABG). It is also an affiliated unit of the Botany Society, the Plant Physiology Society and the Ecology Society of Guangdong Province.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 723, Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou Tel: 020-37252711 Fax: 020-37252711 Official Website: http://www.scib.cas.cn Director: Ren Hai, 37252916, renhai@ scbg.ac.cn Curator of Living Collections: Ning Zulin, 020-85231900, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Zhang Yiqi, 85231968, [email protected] Number of Accessions: 32,123 Number of Species: 14,000 Number of Taxa: 14,500

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Guangdong

South Subtropical Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1954 Brief Introduction: South Subtropical Botanical Garden is located in Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, and is affiliated to the South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of

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Tropical Agricultural Sciences. It is a unit integrating scientific research, science popularization and tourism, known as the “National Science Education Base”, “National Leisure A g r i c u l t u r e a n d R u r a l To u r i s m Demonstration Base”, “The Education

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Base of Environmental Protection in Guangdong Province”, “Pilot School of Guangdong Provincial Natural Institute”, and an important scientific research base for subtropical crops. South Subtropical Botanical Garden is fascinating and the four seasons are fragrant. At present, ca. 1,000 species of tropical plants have been collected, 10 specialized living collection gardens have been established, and more than 300 species of rare and endangered plant species have been preserved. It is a national seed resource bank with abundant tropical plant resources and professionals. South Subtropical Botanical Garden offers numerous lectures about plants, such as “To Start a Journey of Magical Plants”, “Looking for the Magical Fruit that Changes the Taste”, “Antiaris toxicaria, One of the Most Poisonous Plants in the world”, “Nepenthes mirabilis, the Insect-catching Plant”, “Camptotheca acuminate, the Anti-cancer Plant”, “Knowing More Than 400 Different Types of Desert Plants and Tropical Flowers”.

Guangdong Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 1, Huxiu Road, Mazhang District, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Tel: 0759-2859140 Fax: 0759-2859140 Official Email: [email protected] Director: Chen Mingkan, 0759-2859140, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Feng Haifeng, 0759-2859140, 1227849171@ qq.com Plant Records in Charge: Jiang Meilan, 0759-2859140, [email protected] Number of Species: ca. 1,000

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Guangdong

Dinghushan Arboretum of South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Year Established: 1956 Brief Introduction: In June 1956, South China Institute of Botany received 1,154.7 hm 2 of natural forest of the state-owned Gaoyao Forest, and established the Dinghushan Nature Reserve, which was managed by the Dinghushan Arboretum of South China Institute

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of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Dinghushan Arboretum was decentralized to the Zhaoqing area from 1966 to 1976. From 1967 to October 1969, Dinghushan Arboretum was managed by the Forestry Service Station of Revolutionary Committee Production Group. In November 1969, it merged with Dinghu Travel

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Agency and other units, and became “May Seventh” Cadre School. From January 1972 to January 1973, it was transferred to the Forestry Department of Zhaoqing. From February 1973 to March 1974, it was transferred to the Zhaoqing Xinghu Tourism Management O ff i c e a n d r e n a m e d a s D i n g h u Arboretum of Zhaoqing. In 1974, Dinghushan Arboretum was re-assigned to the Guangdong Institute of Botany, but it implemented the dual leadership of the province and local. In 1978, the Guangdong Institute of Botany has renamed the South China Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Dinghushan Arboretum was reassigned to the South China Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. In October 1988, in order to strengthen the effectiveness of the Dinghushan

Guangdong

Nature Reserve Management Agency, the Dinghushan Nature Reserve Management Office was established to manage the Dinghushan Arboretum with the consent of the South China Institute of Botany. In June 1999, South China Institute of Botany changed the Dinghushan Nature Reserve Management Office to the

Dinghushan National Nature Reserve Administration. In April 2013, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Environmental Protection signed the “Agreement for the Construction of Guangdong Dinghushan National Nature Reserve by Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Environmental Protection”. Dinghushan Arboretum

focuses on in situ conservation and is affiliated to the South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences. It is the first nature reserve in China. In 1979, it became the first member of the UNESCO Man and Biosphere Reserve (MAB) protected area network in China. The vegetation of Dinghushan Arboretum has a typical zonal monsoon

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Guangdong evergreen broad-leaved forest of the south subtropical zone with a history of more than 400 years, and is one of the most concentrated areas of biodiversity in South China, with 1,972 species of wild higher plant species and 380 varieties of cultivated plants. Among them, 47 wild plants species are national key protected plants, 48 species are model specimens. Specialized living collection gardens include the Bamboo Garden, Rhododendron Garden, Medicinal Plants Garden and Camellia Garden.

Contacts: Mailing Address: Dinghushan Arboretum, Dinghu District, Zhaoqing, Guangdong Tel: 0758-2621169 Fax: 0758-2621169 Official Website: http://www.dhs.scib. cas.cn Official Email: [email protected] Director: Ye Qing, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Ouyang Xuejun, 0758-2625042, ouyxj@scbg. ac.cn Plant Records in Charge: Song Zhuqiu, 0758-2624396, songzhuqiu@ scbg.ac.cn Number of Species: 2,400 Number of Taxa: 2,408

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Guangdong

Guangdong Tree Park

Year Established: 1958 Brief Introduction: Guangdong Tree Park was founded in 1958 and covers an area of 20 hm2. The park has rich resources of trees. There are tree specimen areas, precious fast-growing tree species areas, cultural and recreational areas, water scenic areas, timber and herbarium specimen museums, and national key laboratories, modern tissue culture

workshop, etc. in the park, which is a tree specimen garden integrating ecotourism, fitness and recreation, and science popularization education. To date, Guangdong Tree Park has introduced and collected 1,104 species of 459 genera from 113 families, including eight families, 23 genera and 73 species of gymnosperms, and 105 families, 436 genera and 1,031 species of angiosperms. Guangdong

Tree Park is the largest arboretum in Guangdong Province with 56 species of national key protected trees and 12 species of provincial key protected trees. Th e herbarium has 8,344 specimens of 2,362 species, 977 genera and 214 families. The wood specimen collection contains more than 30,000 specimens of 2,598 species, 1,227 genera, 420 families, and more than 400 wood microsectioned specimens. 1,748 species of different species and different origins in foreign countries have been imported and exchanged. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization is the only provincial-level key laboratory in the forestry industry of Guangdong, covering an area of 4,000 m2. After years of upgrading and transformation, Guangdong Tree Park has become a tree park with Lingnan characteristics. It receives more than

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Guangdong

100,000 tourists a year and is a teaching base for primary school, middle school and tertiary education students, such as South China Agricultural University. In 2005, it was given the “National Forestry Science Popularization Base” award by the China Forestry Society. In 2008, it was given the “Science and Technology Science Popularization Base” award by the Guangzhou Municipal People’s Government. In 2015, it was recognized as “Guangdong Province Youth Science and Technology Education Base” by the Guangdong Provincial Department of Science and Technology, Propaganda and Education Department.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 233, Guangshan First Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Tel: 020-87031073 Fax: 020-87031245 Official Website: http://www.sinogaf.com Director: Guo Ledong, 020-87021073 Curator of Living Collections: He Chunmei, 020-87028081, 020-87028080 Plant Records in Charge: Liao Huangqin, 020-87033558 Number of Accessions: 2,319 Number of Species: 1,104 Number of Taxa: 1,237

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Guangdong

Arboretum of South China Agricultural University

Year Established: 1972 Brief Introduction: The Arboretum of South China Agricultural University was founded in 1972 with 1,202 species of 608 genera from 171 families, including 28 species of pteridophytes, belonging to 18 genera and 17 families; 48 species of gymnosperms, belonging to 25

genera and nine families; 849 species of dicotyledons, belonging to 443 genera and 124 families; 277 species of monocotyledons, belonging to 122 genera and 21 families. Of these, 88 species (including two varieties and one subspecies) from 75 genera and 46 families of rare and endangered plants, including three species of

pteridophytes, belonging to three genera and three families; 19 species of gymnosperms, belonging to 13 genera and seven families; 66 species of angiosperms, belonging to 59 genera and 36 families; among them, 14 are endangered, 49 are vulnerable, and 25 are rare species. 35 families, 39 genera and 58 species (including two varieties and one subspecies) of national key protected plants are introduced in the park, including four species of pteridophytes, belonging to four genera and four species; 17 species of gymnosperms, belonging to nine genera and six families; and 37 species of angiosperms, belonging to 26 genera and 25 families. 15 species are national first-class key protected plants, and 43 species are national second-class key protected plants.

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Guangdong Contacts: Mailing Address: Administration Centre of Teaching and Research Base of South China Agricultural University, No. 483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Tel: 020-85280256 Official Website: http://www.scau.edu.cn Official Email: [email protected] Director: Xie Zhengsheng, 020-8528256 Curator of Living Collections: Feng Zhijian, 020-8528256 Plant Records in Charge: Zheng Mingxuan, 020-8528256 Number of Species: 1,200

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Guangdong

Shenzhen Fairylake Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Year Established: 1983 Brief Introduction: Shenzhen Fairylake Botanical Garden is located in the eastern suburb of Luohu District, Shenzhen, with Wutong mountain on the east, Shenzhen reservoir on the west, covering an

area of 546 hm2. Shenzhen Fairylake Botanical Garden was founded in 1983 and officially opened on May 1, 1988. It is a comprehensive botanical garden jointly constructed by Shenzhen Municipal People’s Government and Chinese Academy of Sciences,

focusing on the preservation of tropical and subtropical plant germplasm resources, carrying out high-level botany research, and innovative science popularization education to provide technical support for urban landscaping. It has 21 specialized living collection gardens such as the National Cycad Conservation Center, Shady Center, Orchid and Butterfly Valley, Desert Plants Collection, Cryptogam Collection, Gymnosperm Collection, Herb Garden, Introduced Plants Collection, Bamboo Collection, Rare Trees Garden, Bonsai Garden, Magnolia Collection, Palm Collection, Fragrant Plants Garden, Aquatic Plants Collection, Peach Blossom Collection Garden, and Crape Myrtle

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Guangdong

Collection, and the first museum of ancient creatures named Shenzhen Museum of Paleontology. Fairylake Botanical Garden has 12,100 species, including 240 species of cycads, such as Cycas debaoensis, C. multipinnata and C. fairylakea; 190 species of palm plants, such as Roystonea regia, Chuniophoenix hainanensis, Bismarckia nobilis, Arenga westerhoutii, Didymosperma caudatum; 100 species of gymnosperms such as Araucaria heterophylla, Nageia fleuryi, Keteleeria fortunei, Thuja standishii, Pinus palustris; 140 species of Magnoliaceae such as Pachylarnax sinica, Yulania × soulangeana, Michelia gioii, Michelia odora.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 160, Xihu Road, Luohu District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Tel: 0755-25738430 Official Website: http://www.szbg.ac.cn Official Email: [email protected] Directors: Zhang Guohong, 075525709839; Zhang Shouzhou Curator of Living Collections: Wang Hui, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Qiu Zhijing, [email protected] Number of Accessions: 10,585 Number of Species: 12,100

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Guangdong

Dongguan Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1958 Brief Introduction: Dongguan Botanical Garden is located in Nancheng District, Dongguan, Guangdong, and was formerly known as “Dongguan Banling Forest Farm”, which was established in 1958. In 1986, it was changed to

“Dongguan Banling Horticultural Farm”. In 1998, it was changed to “Dongguan Botanical Garden”. In 2006, “Dongguan Botanical Garden” and “Green World City Park” were merged and renamed as “Dongguan Botanical Garden” and managed by Dongguan Municipal Comprehensive

Administration Bureau. It is a public welfare institution. The total area of Dongguan Botanical Garden is 425 hm2, with a planned area of the garden of 201 hm2. The new garden area is being planned on the basis of the original “Green World City Park” and started to construct the World Famous Trees and Flowers Garden, Children’s Botanical Garden, Aromatic Plant Garden, Litchi Garden, Aquilaria Garden, Orchid Garden, Herb Garden, Camellia Garden, Lingnan Arboretum, Rock Garden, Introduction and Domestication Garden, Coloured-leaf Plant Garden, Rubber Culture Garden and other specialized living collection gardens in August 2016. Dongguan Botanical Garden is positioned as a landscaped botanical garden with “plant conservation, ecotourism, science popularization education” as its main function. Dongguan Botanical Garden focuses on collecting domestic and foreign plants, and gardening and horticultural plants, enriching the world’s Litchi species resources (representative collection), creating a world famous trees and flowers landscape, Litchi landscape and rock plant landscape. Dongguan Botanical Garden aims to establish an ecological card, cultural card and tourism masterpiece in Dongguan. 3,300 taxa of 3,200 species from 209 families have been preserved, and number of accession is 4,831.

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Guangdong

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 99, Green Road, Nancheng District, Dongguan, Guangdong Tel: 0769-22985836 Fax: 0769-22985836 Official Website: http://dgcg.dg.gov.cn/zwy Official Email: [email protected] Director: Wu Yong, 0769-22985836, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Zhuo Shubin, 0769-22985031, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Feng Xinxin, 0769-22985002, 1037758218 @qq.com Number of Accessions: 4,831 Number of Species: 3,200 Number of Taxa: 3,300

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Guangdong

Zhongshan Arboretum

Year Established: 2003 Brief Introduction: Zhongshan Arboretum, formerly k n o w n a s t h e Z h o n g s h a n Tr e e Specimen Garden, it was established by Zhongshan Science and Technology Board in July 2003. In August 2005, the “General Planning of Zhongshan Arboretum in Zhongshan” passed the expert judgment and Zhongshan Tree Specimen Garden officially renamed as Zhongshan Arboretum, which is located in the southern suburb of Zhongshan, covering a total area of 111.6 hm2. It is a social public welfare theme park that integrates scientific research into plant systematics and evolution, science popularization, gene storage of germplasm resources, ecological tourism, leisure and fitness. According to different functions, Zhongshan Arboretum is divided into five functional areas, namely, a science popularization specialized living collection garden, a nursery demonstration area, a characteristic families and genera germplasm resource conservation area, an ecological forest construction demonstration area and an entrance management area. Twelve specialized living collection gardens have been established, such as Magnolia Garden and Hygrophytes Area, System Classification Area, Bamboo Garden, Woody Medicinal Grain and Oil Plant Area, National Key Protected and Rare and Endangered Plant Area, Rhododendron Garden,

Peach Valley, Cinnamon Garden, Fagaceae Garden, Camellia Garden, Golden Camellia Garden, and 2,027 species of 832 genera from 111 families have been collected and introduced. The Magnolia Garden has introduced 19

species of nine genera in Magnoliaceae, including the national first-class protected plant such as Woonyoungia septentrionalis and Pachylarnax sinica, and the national second-class protected plant such as Liriodendron chinense, Houpoëa officinalis cv. Biloba, H. officinalis, Yulania zenii, Michelia odora, Manglietia dandyi and Michelia shiluensis. A total of 983 species of plants have been introduced in the Systematic Classification Area, including six species of national firstclass protected plants, such as Ginkgo biloba, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Davidia involucrata, Bretschneidera sinensis, Hopea hainanensis and Woonyoungia septentrionalis, and

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Guangdong 39 species of national second-class protected plants. The Rhododendron Garden has collected 143 species (and varieties), including 25 species of original Rhododendron and 118 varieties of Rhododendron. Fifteen species of Lauraceae have been planted in Cinnamon Garden, including five

species of national second-class protected plants, i.e. Phoebe sheareri, P. zhennan, P. bournei, Neolitsea sericea and Cinnamomum japonicum cv. Chenii. The Fagaceae Garden includes 28 species (including infraspecific taxa) of Fagaceae. The Camellia Garden has introduced 450 species (including

infraspecific taxa) of Camellia and its cultivars. The Golden Camellia Garden has collected 19 species of sect. Chrysantha. 57 species of rare and endangered plants have been introduced in National Key Protected and Rare and Endangered Plant Area.

Contacts: Mailing Address: Zhongshan Institute of Forestry, Cha Qiao, East District, Zhongshan, Guangdong Tel: 0760-88201061 Fax: 0760-88201061 Official Email: [email protected] Director: Jiang Qiancai, 0760-88201061, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Sun Hongmei, 0760-88920450, 654041075@ qq.com Plant Records in Charge: Sun Hongmei, Liao Haobin, 0760-88920450, [email protected] Number of Species: 2,027

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Guangdong

Medicinal Botanical Garden of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University

Year Established: 2007 Brief Introduction: The Medicinal Botanical Garden of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University was founded in 2007 with an area of 0.7 hm2. It integrates cultivation, introduction, teaching, scientific research, science popularization, appreciation and leisure. The Medicinal Botanical Garden houses ca. 400 species of vascular plants from 93 families, including five species, four genera and four families of a

pteridophyte, four species, four genera and four families of gymnosperms, and more than 390 species, 85 families of angiosperms. Genuine medicinal materials in Guangdong, such as Aquilaria agallocha, Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis, Citrus grandis var. tomentosa, Cinnamomum cassia and Fallopia multiflora are planted. The Medicinal Botanical Garden carries out the introduction and conservation in varieties of Strobilanthes cusia, Salvia miltiorrhiza and Scutellaria baicalensis.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 280, East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Official Website: http://www.gdpu.edu.cn Official Email: [email protected] Director: Liu Jizhu, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Fan Runqiang, 020-39352128 Plant Records in Charge: Wang Honggang, [email protected] Number of Species: ca. 400

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Guangdong

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Guangdong

Chaozhou Botanical Garden

Year Established: 2008 Brief Introduction: In March 2008, “Revision of Huiru Park General Planning” passed the expert evaluation and proposed to change Huiru Park to Chaozhou Botanical Garden. It is recommended to add the “Chaozhou Botanical Garden” brand on the basis of the original Huiru Park. To date,

1,200 species from more than 140 families have been introduced from Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Kunming Botanical Garden, Shenzhen Fairylake Botanical Garden and Guangxi Botanical Garden. Specialized living collection gardens include the Peach Blossom Garden and the Rhododendron Garden. Chaozhou Botanical Garden plans to establish the

following specialized living collection gardens: Exotic Flowers and Trees Garden, Rare Plants Garden, Hibiscus Garden, Camellia Garden, Ixora Garden, Heliconia Garden, Chaoshan Folklore Plant Culture Garden, Southeast Asian Custom Garden, Rock Garden, Aquatic Garden, and raise the number of plants from the original 200 to 2,000 to 3,000.

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Guangdong Contacts: Mailing Address: Huiru Park, Dongshan Road, Xiangqiao District, Chaozhou, Guangdong Tel: 0768-2502663 Fax: 0768-2502663 Official Email: [email protected] Director: Li Zhiwei, 0768-2502663 Curator of Living Collections: Qiu Wenzhao, 0768-2502663 Plant Records in Charge: Qiu Wenzhao Number of Taxa: 1,200

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Guangxi

Arboretum of Guangxi Academy of Forestry

Year Established: 1956 Brief Introduction: The Arboretum of Guangxi Academy of Forestry covers an area of 40 hm2, and belongs to the Forest Management Institute of Guangxi Academy of Forestry. 1,300 species,

belonging to 379 genera and 109 families have been preserved. Among them, Guangxi famous excellent trees include Keteleeria fortunei, Castanopsis hystrix, Michelia macclurei, etc.; rare trees include Garcinia paucinervis, Excentrodendron

hsienmu, Erythrophleum fordii, etc. Arboretum of Guangxi Academy of Forestry enriches the germplasm resources of the fine and precious trees in Guangxi, has reached a relatively large-scale in the area of gardens and species. Arboretum of Guangxi A ca d em y o f F o r es tr y i s a g o o d base for tree genetic improvement, tree cultivation, forest ecology, economic forest development, forest protection, forest tree biotechnology, characteristics flower cultivation, forest resources utilization, biomass and ecological energy exploitation, and forestry research in South China. Arboretum of Guangxi Academy of Forestry is an important arboretum for wild germplasm resources used in

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Guangxi afforestation and greening. It promotes a number of afforestation trees such as Castanopsis hystrix, Michelia macclurei and Pinus elliottii, enriches afforestation trees in Guangxi, and accumulates rich experience and research data to provide a scientific basis for seedling afforestation in South China.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 23, Yongwu Road, Nanning, Guangxi Tel: 0771-2319804, 2319990, 2319811 Official Website: http://www.gxlky.com.cn Official Email: [email protected] Director: An Jiacheng, 0771-2319804, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Jiang Yi, 0771-2319811 Plant Records in Charge: Liang Ruilong, 0771-2319811 Number of Species: 1,300

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Guangxi

Guilin Botanical Garden of Guangxi Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Year Established: 1958 Brief Introduction: Guilin Botanical Garden was founded by famous botanists Chen Huanzhen and Zhong Jixin, and is located in Yanshan District, Guilin, Guangxi, with an area of 73 hm2 and at an altitude of 180 m to 300 m. It is located in the tourist hotspot of Guilin to Yangshuo and has a subtropical monsoon climate. Aiming to ex situ conserve karst plant resources, Guilin

Botanical Garden introduces and conserves plants in a limestone areas, endemic plants in Guangxi, rare and endangered plants and important economic plants. Guilin Botanical Garden is a comprehensive botanical garden that integrates scientific research, species conservation and science popularization tourism. About 5,100 species are collected and preserved, among which there are more than 420 rare and endangered plants.

Fifteen specialized living collection gardens have been established, such as Gymnosperm Garden, Palm and Cycad garden, Endangered Garden, R h o d o d e n d ro n G a r d e n , G o l d e n Camellia Garden, Bamboo Garden, Osmanthus Garden, Guangxi Endemic Garden, Karst Plants Garden, Typical Mid-Subtropical Evergreen BroadLeaved Forest Ecosystem Garden, Gesneriad Garden and Begonia Garden, with more than 5,100 species collected and preserved. The Gesneriad Conservation Center of China is established with more than 300 species of Gesneriaceae collected and exhibited; 120 bamboo species were collected in the Bamboo Garden; 276 species of karst plants were collected from the wild in the Karst Plants Garden. Guilin Botanical Garden has received the following awards: “National Science Popularization Education Base”, “National Youth

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Guangxi Science and Technology Education Base”, “National Youth Walk to Science World Science and Technology Demonstration Base”, “Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Youth Science and Technology Education Base” and “Guilin Youth Science and Technology Education Base”.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 85, Yanshan Street, Yanshan District, Guilin, Guangxi Tel: 0773-3550103 Fax: 0773-3550067 Official Website: http://www.gxib.cn Official Email: [email protected] Director: Huang Shixu, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Wei Yigang, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Cen Huafei, [email protected] Number of Species: 4,012 Number of Taxa: 5,100

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Guangxi

Guangxi Medicinal Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1959 Brief Introduction: Guangxi Medicinal Botanical Garden works with Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Institute of Medicinal Plants, covering an area of 202 hm 2 . It is a public welfare institution directly under the Health and Family Planning Commission of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The main research contents include collection, preservation, display and science popularization education of

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medicinal plant resources, special traditional Chinese medicine resources, development of national medicine resource products, quality detection techniques and standard research on Chinese medicinal materials products, drafting of the quality standards and detection services on Chinese medicinal materials products. Guangxi Medicinal Botanical Garden has been involving in the study of the collection, protection, development and utilization of medicinal resources

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for a long time, the comprehensive medicinal resource protection platform has been established, and a worldleading medicinal plant resource conservation system has been formed. Guangxi Medicinal Botanical Garden has preserved nearly 10,000 taxa of medicinal plants, of which nearly 150,000 specimens are preserved, nearly 8,000 living plants are preserved, and about 8,000 seeds are preserved for more than 3,000 species, 600 species are preserved in vitro, nearly 1,500 genes, and 16,000 fractions of 1,300 medicinal materials are stored. It is certified as the “largest medicinal botanical garden” in the world by the quantity and area of medicinal plants. The National Engineering Laboratory for Resources Development of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Southwest China and the Medicinal Plant Conservation Laboratory, the Selection and Breeding Laboratory of Improved Varieties of Chinese

Guangxi

Medicinal Materials, and the thirdlevel Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Administration, have been established as well as Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources

Protection and Genetic Improvement, Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangxi Chinese Medicinal Materials Production, Chinese Medicinal Materials Standardization

Technical Committee, Guangxi Chinese Medicinal Materials Products Quality Supervision and Inspection Station and the Achievement Transformation Base, and other scientific research platform

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Guangxi systems. Guangxi Medicinal Botanical Garden is vigorously promoting the core values of “Respect and Cooperation”, and gradually develops a development model that promotes scientific research with resource protection, leads industrial development with scientific research, and consolidates resource protection with industrial development. Guangxi Medicinal Botanical Garden will become an important place for the protection, development and sustainable utilization of medicinal plant resources with international influence in the field of biomedical research.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 189, Changgang Road, Nanning, Guangxi Tel: 0771-5611352 Fax: 0771-5637328 Official Website: http://www.gxyyzwy.com Director: Miao Jianhua, 0771-5611352, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Yu Liying, Huang Xueyan, 0771-5601290 Plant Records in Charge: Huang Danna, 0771-5601290 Number of Accessions: 20,000 Number of Species: 8,000 Number of Taxa: nearly 10,000

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Guangxi

Arboretum of Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry Year Established: 1959 Brief Introduction: In 1959, Arboretum of Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry established Xiashi Arboretum focusing on the introduction of tropical precious timber species. In 1980, Daqingshan Lime Stone Arboretum with a focus on trees that are resistant to lime was established. A total of 184 families, 754 genera and 1,696 species (including varieties

and subspecies) have been introduced and preserved. Among them, there are 22 families, 33 genera and 49 species of key protected plants in Guangxi; 31 families, 55 genera and 75 species of national key protected plants, including 20 species of national firstclass protected plants and 55 species of second-class protected plants. This arboretum reserves a lot of excellent tree species genetic resources for the development of precious tree species in

tropical and south subtropical regions of China, and for the control of karst rocky desertification. The area of the Xiashi Arboretum is 250 hm2, which is divided into six areas: forest introduction area, seedling breeding area, introduction experiment area, pilot generalization area, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest and economic forest area, and preserves 138 families, 518 genera and 1,098 species, of which 86 species are rare and endangered species of national protected plants. More than 30 species of promising timber species such as Tectona grandis, Castanopsis hystrix, Mytilaria laosensis, Michelia macclurei, M. gioii, Aster ageratoides var. leiophyllus, Erythrophleum fordii, Betula alnoides, have been promoted. Daqingshan Lime-stone Arboretum covers an area of 36.87 hm2, and is a karst arboretum with a focus on the introduction of trees that are resistant to the lime. It has introduced 118

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Guangxi families, 393 genera and 680 species, among which there are 334 trees that are resistant to the lime and 76 species of rare and endangered trees in this arboretum. More than 50 fine afforestation tree species have been selected, which have been widely applied in the controlling of karst rocky desertification in Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou and other provinces, and have achieved good ecological, economic and social benefits.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 8, Keyuan Road, Pingxiang, Chongzuo, Guangxi Tel: 0771-8521331 Fax: 0771-8526320 Official Website: http://www.rlzx.cn Official Email: [email protected] Directors: Liu Zhilong, water345@163. com; Chen Jianquan, chjquan0773@163. com Curator of Living Collections: Chen Jianquan, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Lyu Guangyang, 0771-8521331 Number of Species: 1,696 Number of Taxa: 2,030

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Guangxi

Nanning Arboretum

Year Established: 1963 Brief Introduction: Nanning Arboretum was formerly known as Liangfengjiang Botanical Garden. It was under the jurisdiction of the former Guangxi Forestry Institute in 1963. In 1979, it became the Nanning Arboretum after the combination of Nanning Demonstration Forest Farm and Lianshan Branch Farm of Qipo Forest Farm, and was affiliated to the Forestry Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. In 1992, the “Guangxi Nanning Liangfengjiang National Forest Park” was established. The area of Nanning Arboretum is 4,200 hm2, of which the core area of ex situ plant conservation is 253.3 hm2, which is an important green barrier in South Nanning. The arboretum has long been devoted to the ex situ conservation of tree species mainly introduced from Guangxi, and preserves 1,782 species of 740 genera and 180 families, including 1,283 trees, forming broadleaved forests, coniferous and broadleaved mixed forests, coniferous forests, economic forests and other forest categories structure. In the mid-1980s, the “Golden Camellia Gene Bank” was established, and 21 varieties of Golden Camellia were collected, which was awarded the first prize of Science and Technology Progress of Ministry of Forestry. While continuing to strengthen plant introduction and ex situ conservation, the arboretum expands the

scale of arboretum construction, carries out related research on conservation plant regression experiments, and gradually transforms the single forest of pure eucalyptus forest into the similar natural forest with ecologically beautiful, ecologically sound, and abundant biodiversity, which contributes

to the construction of national ecological civilization. Since the establishment of the arboretum, it has been awarded the first prize of Science and Technology Progress of Ministry of Forestry and the third prize of Guangxi Science and Technology Progress, and has published more than 70 papers.

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Guangxi Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 78, Youyi Road, Nanning, Guangxi Tel: 0771-2184836, 2184991 Fax: 0771-4842560 Official Website: http://www. gxliangfengjiang.com Director: Shi Fujun, 0771-2184991 Curator of Living Collections: Huang Songdian, 461454946 @qq.com; Wu Daonian, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Chen Lijing, [email protected] Number of Accessions: 3,000 Number of Species: 1,520 Number of Taxa: 1,782

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Guangxi

Qingxiushan Forestry Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1985 Brief Introduction: Qingxiushan Forestry Botanical Garden is affiliated to the Qingxiu Mountain Scenic Spot in Nanning, which was established in 1985. The feasibility report of the Nanning Qingxiushan Forestry Botanical Garden and the overall plan of the Nanning Qingxiushan Park was proposed. The Qingxiushan Forestry Botanical Garden and its specialized

living collection gardens were planned in the Qingxiushan Scenic Area. Qingxiushan Forestry Botanical Garden is a comprehensive botanical garden with ecological and environmental benefits as the core aims, taking into account social and economic benefits, and integrating plant protection, science popularization education, and ecological leisure. It has planned 28 specialized living collection gardens, such as Fragrance Plants Garden,

Banyan Wonder Garden, Exhibition Conservatory (Succulent Plants Garden), Aquatic Plants Garden, Fragrant Plants Garden, Shady Plants Garden, Fern Garden, Gymnosperm Garden, Liana Garden, Camellia Garden, Bamboo Garden, and Rare and Endangered Botanical Garden. The specialized living collection gardens cover an area of 117.3 hm2, and 4,229 species of plants have been introduced and preserved. Seven specialized living collection gardens including Cycas Garden, Orchid Garden, Guangxi Precious Tree Species Exhibition Garden, Rainforest Grand View Garden, Palm Garden, Fragrant Flowers Garden and Peach Blossom Garden have been established. At present, Cycas Garden has collected more than 40 species of Cycas, and cultivated more than 6,000 Cycas plants. It has formed the largest ex situ protection base of Cycas pectinata, C. miquelii,

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C. debaoensis and C. bifida in China. More than 70 palm plants are collected in the Palm Garden. Guangxi Precious Tree Species Exhibition Garden houses trees with high ornamental value, strong interest and rich cultural connotations, such as the precious and

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exotic plants Dalbergia odorifera, Bixa orellana, Aquilaria agallocha, Taxus wallichiana var. chinensis, Alsophila spinulosa, Camellia petelotii, Mayodendron igneum, Baccaurea rami f lora, J atro pha pod a grica , Moringa drouhardii, Excentrodendron

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tonkinense, Erythrophleum fordii, Mesua ferrea, Garcinia paucinervis, Cassia fistula, Markhamia stipulata var. kerrii, Cleidiocarpon cavaleriei, Saraca declinata, Datura stramonium and Synsepalum dulcificum. Orchid Garden collects 363 species of orchids.

Guangxi Contacts: Mailing Address: Management Committee of Nanning Qingxiushan Scenic Spots, No. 6, Fengling South Road, Nanning, Guangxi Tel: 0771-5560648 Fax: 0771-5560648 Official Website: http://qsgw.nanning. gov.cn Official Email: qxsdzb5560611@126. com, [email protected] Director: Lan Fei, 0771-5560611, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Li Dexiang, 0771-5560646, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Ou Zhenfei, 0771-5732611 Number of Accessions: 8,200 Number of Species: 4,229

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Guangxi

Liuzhou Karst Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1981 Brief Introduction: Liuzhou Karst Botanical Garden is affiliated to Liuzhou Longtan Park, and formerly known as the Yangjiaoshan Nursery of Liuzhou Forestry Management Office. In 1981, Longtan Park was established with an area of 306 hm2. It was opened in 1986. In early 1990, the “Preparation Office of Liuzhou Karst Landscape

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Botanical Garden” was established. In October 1992, the “General Planning of Liuzhou Subtropical Karst Landscape Botanical Garden” prepared by the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences passed the expert evaluation. The planning suggested that Longtan Park be renamed “Subtropical Karst Landscape Botanical Garden” (Liuzhou Karst Botanical Garden), in order to effectively preserve rare plant

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resources, carry out scientific research, science popularization education, establish a greening model in karst areas and develop tourism. The Karst Botanical Garden highlights the plant characteristics of the karst area. Based on the plants with high ornamental value and high economic, scientific research and conservation value in the subtropical karst area, it collects and protects rare, endangered and endemic plant species and has become the first large-scale subtropical karst landscape in China. The botanical garden plans to establish the specialized living collection gardens, such as Karst Natural Vegetation Succession Area, Karst Rare and Endangered and Endemic Plants Area, Karst Coniferous Trees Area, Rocky Plants Area, Karst Red-leaf Area, Karst Economic Plants Area, Karst Plants Specimen Area, Osmanthus Area, Camellia Area, Ficus Area, Rose Area,

Guangxi

Southland Ormosia Area, Bamboo Area, Liana and Shady Plants Area and Aquatic Plants Area. The original vegetation in and around the garden is very well preserved. Flowers and trees are evergreen and lush. Eight specialized living collection gardens have collected 1,032 species of 627 genera and 175 families of trees, shrubs and lianas. The best growth plants have Acacia confusa, Castanea, Ficus and Arecaceae. There are 318 species of medicinal plants, 95 species of timber plants, 96 species of fiber plants, more than 50 species of fragrance and oil plants as well as some greening ornamental plants. Chapter 2  A Brief Introduction of Botanical Gardens of China

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Guangxi Contacts: Mailing Address: Longtan Park Management Office, No. 43, Longtan Road, Liuzhou, Guangxi Tel: 0772-3171720 Fax: 0772-3171720 Official Email: [email protected] Director: Huang Jingdong, 0772-3171720 Curator of Living Collections: Xie Taojie, 0772-3171720 Plant Records in Charge: Tang Shunhong, 0772-3171720 Number of Species: 1,880

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Guizhou

Guizhou Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1963 Brief Introduction: Guizhou Botanical Garden was founded in January 1963. It was originally affiliated to the Guizhou Science and Technology Commission. In 1979, it was transferred to the Guizhou Academy of Sciences. In 2007, the “Guizhou Landscape Institute” was added. In 2014, the “Guizhou Institute of Botany” was added, and the mode “three brands and one set of people” was implemented. Guizhou Botanical

Garden covers an area of 88 hm 2 , and is located in Luchongguan, the northern suburb of Guiyang. Guizhou Botanical Garden is the only provinciallevel comprehensive public welfare institution that specializes in plant science research, plant germplasm resources conservation and science popularization education, botanical garden construction and development, and it is a scientific research unit that focuses on investigation, collection and identification, introduction,

domestication, conservation, utilization and extension of plant resources, and an important place of conservation and utilization of plant diversity and ex situ conservation of plant resources in China. Since the establishment of the garden, it has been committed to research on the conservation and utilization of rare and endangered and endemic plant germplasm resources in Guizhou, the introduction, domestication, cultivation and breeding techniques of important economic plants at home and abroad as well as the promotion and demonstration of industrialization technologies. After more than 50 years of development, it has undertaken more than 100 scientific research projects, was awarded more than 40 national, provincial and ministerial scientific and technological achievements, and published more than 20 academic monographs and more than 400 research papers in academic journals at home and abroad. More than 3,000 species

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have been collected and conserved, 1,880 species (including varieties) have survived, and 12 specialized living collection gardens have been established, which initially form a “living gene bank” for research on plant biodiversity conservation and plant germplasm conservation in subtropical plateau mountains. Rare, Endangered and Endemic Plants in Guizhou and other monographs have been published. Guizhou Botanical Garden has received the following awards: “National

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Base of Science Popularization and Education”, “National Youth Science and Technology Innovation Education Base”, “Guizhou Youth Science and Technology Education Base” and “Guizhou Youth Science and Technology Innovation Education Base”. Guizhou Botanical Garden has 62 employees, and among them, three have senior titles, 13 have associate senior titles, one has doctor’s degree, three are doctor candidates and 24 have master’s degree.

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Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 86, Luchongguan Road, Guiyang, Guangzhou Tel: 0851-86762512 Fax: 0851-86762512 Official Website: http://www.gzszwy.org.cn Director: Zhou Qing, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Tang Shenghu, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Li Sha, [email protected] Number of Accessions: 3,520 Number of Species: 1,880 Number of Taxa: 2,855

Guizhou

Arboretum of Guizhou Academy of Forestry

Year Established: 1963 Brief Introduction: When the Guizhou Academy of Forestry was established in 1959, it planned to establish a tree specimen garden. A small amount of tree introduction work began in 1961. In 1963, the arboretum was built, but destroyed later. In 1974, the construction of the arboretum was back on the right track. The arboretum construction was officially listed as a project and began formal introduction res earch in 19 78. A fter s ev eral generations of efforts, the arboretum has begun to take shape. The arboretum

covers an area of 13.3 hm2, and collects and preserves 400 species of tree gene banks. It is now managed by

Landscape Institute, Guizhou Academy of Forestry. The arboretum is divided into four areas: gymnosperm area, angiosperm area, specimen area and nursery area. There are eight families, 20 genera and 91 species in the gymnosperm area, mainly Pinaceae and Cupressaceae. Pinaceae have 10 genera and 28 species and varieties, with four genera and 13 species from Guizhou, and Cupressaceae have eight genera and 29 species, including six genera and seven species from Guizhou, Sequoia sempervirens, Taiwania cryptomerioides, Keteleeria davidiana

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Guizhou var. chien-peii, Pseudotsuga sinensis, Pseudolarix amabilis, Cupressus lusitanica, Cephalotaxus fortunei, Thuja standishii, Chamaecyparis obtusa var. breviramea f. crippsii and Metasequoia glyptostroboides. There are 63 families, 139 genera and 264 species in angiosperm area, mainly Magnoliaceae and Lauraceae. Magnoliaceae have six genera and 29 species, and Lauraceae have eight genera and 24 species, such as Michelia odora, Manglietia insignis, Houpoëa officinalis, Michelia foveolata, M. macclurei, Cinnamomum bodinieri, Phoebe bournei, Cyclocarya paliurus, Bretschneidera sinensis, Davidia involucrata. At present, 456 species of tree species have been collected in the arboretum, belonging to 87 families and 182 genera, including 15 species of national first-class protected plants and 25 species of national second-class protected plants.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 382, Fuyuan South Road, Nanming District, Guiyang, Guizhou Tel: 0851-83929254 Fax: 0851-83929171 Official Website: http://www.gzslky.com Contact Person: Li He, 1043630529@ qq.com Director: Deng Lunxiu, 0851-8392740 Curator of Living Collections: Deng Lunxiu, 0851-8392740 Plant Records in Charge: Deng Lunxiu Number of Species: 456

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Guizhou

Guiyang Medicinal Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1984 Brief Introduction: In July 1984, upon the approval o f G u iy an g M u n icip al P eo p l e’s Government, Guiyang Medicinal Botanical Garden was founded. It is affiliated to Guiyang Science and Technology Bureau. It is positioned as a municipal medicinal botanical garden with natural medicinal resources research and development as well as tourism, with the function of scientific research, science popularization, production, and tourism. Guiyang Medicinal Botanical Garden is located in the junction of Nanming District and Xiaohe District in the downtown area of Guiyang, and has the Guiyang advantages of natural geographical environment for urban garden construction, scientific research, and science popularization work. The planned area of the botanical garden is 80 hm2, and the actual area is 66.7 hm2. The ecological environment of

the garden is good. About 60% of the area is covered by forests. The elevation range is 1,070 m to 1,232 m. The climate is mild and humid, and it has beautiful three-dimensional ecological landscape features of the subtropical plateau. The introduction and protection of resource plants focus

on the introduction and protection of Guizhou rare and endangered medicinal plants as well as basic research on cultivation and domestication. Guiyang Medicinal Botanical Garden has introduced and protected 1,600 species of medicinal plants, such as Davidia involucrata, Dendrobium nobile, Polygonum capitatum, Gastrodia elata, Epimedium brevicornu, Phellodendron chinense, Coptis chinensis, Dysosma versipellis, Isoetes japonica, Brainea insignis, Camptotheca acuminata, Arundina graminifolia, Calanthe discolor, Aloe vera var. chinensis, Taxus wallichiana var. chinensis, and Osmanthus fragrans, including more than 40 rare and endangered plants. Guiyang Medicinal Botanical Garden has been awarded “National Science

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Guizhou

popularization Education Base”, “Guizhou Science Popularization Education Base” and “Guiyang Science Popularization Education Base”. Guiyang Medicinal Botanical Garden has established many specialized living collection gardens, including Miao Nationality Medicine Garden, Berberidaceae Garden, Undergrowth Shady Medicinal Plants (mainly Aspidistra elatior) Garden, Taxus Garden, Lycoris Garden, Vine and Fruit-tree Garden, Flowering Cherry Garden, Camellia Garden and Bamboo Garden, and receive tens of thousands of people from primary schools, middle schools, universities, and other industries every year. At present, it has

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scientific and technological advantages from the protection of traditional Chinese medicine resources, breeding of seed and seedlings, research of planting techniques to the development of new Chinese medicines, the testing of pharmaceuticals, and the technical services of pharmaceutical companies. In 2006, “Guiyang Medicinal Resources Museum” was built with a building area of 9,470 m 2. It is a professional museum featuring Guizhou medicinal plant resources and ethnic medicine culture. Guiyang Medicinal Botanical Garden has collected more than 25,000 items of medicinal plants, animals and minerals with more than 10,000 items on exhibition. Since

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2005, more than 30 key scientific research projects have been completed, including one provincial-level scientific and technological progress award, five municipal-level scientific and technological progress awards. More than 70 academic papers in national core journals and key journals, and five monographs have been published. Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 202, Shachong South Road, Nanming District, Guiyang, Guizhou Tel: 0851-83832053 Fax: 0851-83832053 Official Website: http://www.gyyyzwy.com Official Email: [email protected] Director: Xiang Shijun, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Song Peilang, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Liu Xuelan, [email protected] Number of Accessions: 1,269 Number of Species: 1,600 Number of Taxa: 1,500

Guizhou

Rare and Plateau Botanical Garden of Guizhou Mid-Subtropics

Year Established: 1997 Brief Introduction: Rare and Plateau Botanical Garden of Guizhou Mid-Subtropics is affiliated to Forestry Department of Guizhou and is managed by Guizhou Longli Forest Farm. The forest farm was founded in 1957 with a management a r e a o f 1 , 4 6 6 . 7 h m 2. U n d e r t h e botanical garden, the institute pf rare plants was set up. In 1997, it added the “Plateau and Rare Botanical Garden of Guizhou Mid-Subtropics”. The former Ministry of Forestry approved the establishment of the “Guizhou Plateau and Endangered Plant Breeding Center of Guizhou”. After more than 20 years of hard work, the botanical garden has established a rare plant introduction and breeding base with an area of 233.3 hm2, and the core region with an area of 33.3 hm2. More than 100,000 plants of 758 species from 448 genera and 156 families have been introduced, including 32 species of national firstclass protected plants, such as Cathaya argyrophylla, Cycas revoluta, Abies fanjingshanensis, Bretschneidera s i n e n s i s a n d H a n d e l i o d e n d ro n bodinieri; 57 species of national second-class protected plants such as Calocedrus macrolepis, Taiwania cryptomerioides, Zelkova serrata, Alsophila spinulosa, Liriodendron chinense; 44 species of provincial endemic protection plants such as Michelia maudiae, Parakmeria lotungensis, Oyama sieboldii,

Manglietia insignis, Acer laevigatum. Some specialized living collection gardens have been constructed, such as rare plants area, energy plants area,

phytochemistry area, fragrant flowers area, grass-skating area, conservatory, and forest and medicated diet area.

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Guizhou Contacts: Mailing Address: Longli Forest Farm, Sanlin Road, Longshan Town, Longli County, Guizhou Tel: 0854-5632777 Fax: 0854-5632777 Official Website: http://www.forestry.gov. cn/gylch/GZLL.html Director: Wang Longquan, 0854-5632777 Curator of Living Collections: Wang Tao, 0854-5632777 Plant Records in Charge: An Jing, 08545632777 Number of Species: 758 Number of Taxa: 758

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Guizhou

Zunyi Botanical Garden

Year Established: 2002 Brief Introduction: Zunyi Botanical Garden is located in the north of the central city of Zunyi with an area of 120 hm2 and a built-up area 86.7 hm2. This botanical garden belongs to Zunyi Landscaping Bureau and is managed by Zunyi Fenghuangshan Forest Park. Zunyi Botanical Garden has 14 specialized living collection gardens such as Flowering Cherry Garden, Osmanthus

Garden, Rhododendron Garden, Hibiscus Garden, Peach Blossom Garden, Autumn Garden, Plum Garden, Bamboo Garden and Rare Plants Garden. More than 300,000 plants of 500 taxa have been introduced. There are 108,817 seedlings, including 13,375 trees, 83,157 shrubs and 12,285 Rhododendron plants planted. 458 species from 58 genera and 40 families, such as Osmanthus fragrans, Camellia spp., Michelia foveolata,

Manglietia insignis, Cinnamomum japonicum, Elaeocarpus decipiens, Viburnum odoratissimum var. awabuki, Rhus chinensis, Amygdalus persica cv. Atropurpurea, have been introduced. It has a recreation house and a number of platforms, with a circular main road of 6,000 m and a walking trail of 12,000 m. It is a comprehensive botanical garden integrating education, sightseeing, leisure and walking.

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Guizhou Contacts: Mailing Address: Renming Road, Zunyi, Guizhou Tel: 0851-28234796 Fax: 0851-28234796 Official Website: http://www.zyfhsgy.com Director: Zhao Xiaogang, 085127672299, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Zhao Xiaogang, 0851-27672299, 583735119@ qq.com Plant Records in Charge: Zhang Dan, 0851-28234796 Number of Species: 458 Number of Taxa: 500

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Guizhou

Arboretum of Dongfeng Forestry Farm

Year Established: 1978 Brief Introduction: Arboretum of Dongfeng Forestry Farm was founded from 1978 to 1986, and is affiliated to the state-owned Dongfeng Forest Farm in Liping County, Guizhou. It is a joint project of the former Ministry of Forestry and the Provincial Forestry Department, with a total area of 13.3 hm2. It focuses on collecting precious, rare, endangered

tree species and native tree species of Guizhou, Hunan and Guangxi. The main purpose of the arboretum is to collect and preserve woody plant germplasm resources, greening tree species selection and rocky desertification afforestation tree species selection. According to the classification system, it is divided into different areas with family as a unit, and trees are planted by the patterns of strips or small

blocks in areas with species as a unit. A total of 510 species of 87 families have been preserved, including four species of national first-class protected trees, and 30 species of national secondclass protected trees. The arboretum has become a science popularization education base with distinctive regional characteristics, and a great place for plant knowledge popularization, tourism, leisure, and vacation.

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Guizhou

Contacts: Mailing Address: Dongfeng Forest Farm, Gaotun Street, Liping County, Guizhou Tel: 0855-6320784 Fax: 0855-6321467 Director: Shi Yangwen, 0855-6320784 Curator of Living Collections: Shi Yangwen, 0855-6320784 Plant Records in Charge: Yang Yueji, [email protected] Number of Accessions: 365 Number of Species: 510 Number of Taxa: 516

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Hainan

Xinglong Tropical Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1957 Brief Introduction: Xinglong Tropical Botanical Garden is affiliated to Spices and Beverages Research Institute, Chinese Academy

of Tropical Agricultural Sciences. It was founded in 1957 and opened to the public in 1997. The garden covers an area of 42 hm2 and is divided into five major functional areas: plant viewing

area, experimental demonstration area, science and technology research and development area, three-dimensional breeding area and ecological leisure area. Tropical spice plants, tropical beverage plants, tropical fruit trees, tropical economy forest trees, tropical ornamental plants, tropical medicinal plants, palm plants, tropical aquatic plants, tropical endangered plants, tropical exotic plants, tropical sand plants and vegetable crops have been collected and cultivated. 2,380 species of 988 genera and 246 families have been preserved, with six specialized living collection gardens of black pepper, cacao, coffee and so on. Xinglong Tropical Botanical Garden is mainly engaged in the research and development of Vanilla, black pepper, coffee, cacao and other typical tropical plants. The garden has now become a comprehensive botanical garden that combines scientific research, science popularization, production, processing, sightseeing, and germplasm resources conservation. It has been awarded a series of honors, including “National Agricultural Tourism Demonstration Site”, “National Science popularization Education Base”, “National Five-Stars Leisure Agriculture and Rural Tourism Garden” and more than 30 honors and titles. In terms of resource introduction and conservation, it has published more than 100 papers, obtained six invention patents, and bred three state-approved varieties.

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Hainan

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Hainan Contacts: Mailing Address: Xinglong Tropical Botanical Garden, Wanning, Hainan Tel: 0898-62554410 Fax: 0898-62554410 Official Website: http://www.xlrdzwy.com Official Email: [email protected] Director: Tang Bing, 0898-62554410 Curator of Living Collections: Deng Wenming, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Zhu Feifei, [email protected] Number of Species: 2,380

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Hainan Tropical Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1958 Brief Introduction: Hainan Tropical Botanical Garden is located in Danzhou, Hainan, and is affiliated to Tropical Crop Germplasm Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, covering an area of 20 hm 2. It has

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introduced 1,220 species from 681 genera and 168 families of tropical and subtropical economic plants from 47 countries and China. It is the treasury of China’s tropical plant resources, and also the epitome of the world’s tropical crop resources. There are six areas with tropical precious trees, tropical

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spice plants, tropical medicinal plants, tropical fruit trees, tropical oil plants and tropical ornamental plants in this garden. 42 rare and endangered plants of national protection and more than 500 tropical flowers have been ex situ protected.

Hainan Contacts: Mailing Address: Baodao New Village, Danzhou, Hainan Tel: 0898-23300623, 23300370 Fax: 0898-23300440 Official Website: http://www.catas.cn/ index.html Official Email: [email protected] Director: Wang Yizhao, 0898-23300370 Plant Records in Charge: Wang Qinglong, 0898-23300370 Number of Species: 1,220

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Hainan

Hainan Fengmu Arboretum

Year Established: 1958 Brief Introduction: Hainan Fengmu Arboretum is affiliated to the Hainan Academy of Forestry and was founded in 1958. It is located at the Fengmu Experimental Forest Farm in Fengmu Town, Tunchang County, Hainan. The

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arboretum covers an area of 16.7 hm2. A total of 835 species of 433 genera and 112 families have been collected, of which 560 species are native to Hainan, and 75 species are endemic to Hainan, such as Cephalotaxus mannii, Firmiana hainanensis, Madhuca hainanensis, Hopea hainanensis. The

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arboretum has a wide variety of plants, dense forests, diverse landscapes, rich natural resources, and a nearnatural management mode. It has high scientific research value, and is the only arboretum in Hainan that collects more native trees and forestry systems in Hainan.

Hainan Contacts: Mailing Address: Fengmu Experimental Forest Farm, Fengmu Town, Tunchang County, Hainan Tel: 0898-36396750 Fax: 0898-65900934 Official Website: http://www.hnlinye.com Official Email: [email protected] Director: Nong Qianshou, 271147601@ qq.com Curator of Living Collections: Lin Ling, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Chen Houxin, [email protected] Number of Species: 835

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Hainan

Xinglong Tropical Medicinal Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1960 Brief Introduction: X i n g l o n g Tr o p i c a l M e d i c i n a l Botanical Garden is also known as “Xinglong South Medicine Garden”, and is affiliated to Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. It was founded in 1960, and it is the Hainan Medicinal Plant Test Station of Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. In 1983, with the approval of the Ministry of Health, the Hainan Medicinal Plant Test Station was changed to the Hainan Branch. Xinglong Medicinal Botanical Garden is a medicinal plant introduction and research base of Hainan Branch. There are 1,598 preserved species of medicinal plants that have been introduced, including 19 families and 34 species of a pteridophyte, eight families and 23 species of gymnosperms, 174 families and 1,541 species of angiosperms. The imported south herbs garden have successfully introduced 22 species, such as Syringa spp., Myristica fragrans, Strychnos spp., Scaphium wallichii, Acacia catechu and Rauvolfia vomitoria, from abroad. The rare and endangered garden has introduced 136 species of rare and endangered plants and Hainan native plants, such as Gymnosphaera podophylla, Hopea hainanensis, Aquilaria sinensis, Cycas hainanensis, Firmiana hainanensis, Madhuca 132

hainanensis, Cephalotaxus mannii, Paranephelium hainanense, Stephania hainanensis, and Antiaris toxicaria. The original ecological garden has 58 species of native plants, such as 21 plants of Litchi and longan of hundred years, and the Hainan ethnic medicine

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garden has 1,116 species. There are 156 species introduced from Yunnan, Guangdong and Guangxi. Since 2014, four papers have been published, one patent has been filed, and two new varieties have been validated.

Hainan

Contacts: Mailing Address: Xinglong Overseas Chinese Tourist Economic Zone, Wanning, Hainan Tel: 0898-31589011 Fax: 0898-31589011 Official Website: http://www.hn-implad. ac.cn Official Email: [email protected] Director: Zhu Ping, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Zheng Xilong, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Li Rongtao, [email protected] Number of Species: 1,960

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Hainan

Tropical Arboretum at Jianfengling

Year Established: 1973 Brief Introduction: Tropical Arboretum at Jianfengling was founded in 1963 and it is affiliated to the Experimental Station of Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry. After 1965, the arboretum was destroyed. In 1973, it was reestablished on the original site. 1,420 species from 134 families and 528 genera of tropical and south subtropical trees have been collected and preserved, including more than 120 species of national and provincial protected trees and 46 species of endangered trees; about 60% of species are collected from Hainan and 20% of the species are collected from tropical and south subtropical regions, such as Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Yunnan, and another 20% are collected from the tropics in Asia, Africa and America. It is divided into 14 areas according to the tree usage and category.

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Hainan Contacts: Mailing Address: Experimental Station of Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Jianfeng Town, Ledong County, Hainan Official Website: http://www.ritf.ac.cn Official Email: [email protected] Director: Chen Renli, 115206781@ qq.com Curator of Living Collections: Chen Renli, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Shi Guozheng, [email protected] Number of Species: 1,420

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Hainan

Xinglong Tropical Garden

Year Established: 1992 Brief Introduction: Xinglong Tropical Garden was founded in 1992, and it covers an area of 386.7 hm 2 and is located in the southeast of Hainan, which is the northern margin of the IndonesiaMalaysia tropical region, one of the world’s three major tropical regions. It is well-protected and closest to the low coastline altitude tropical

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rainforest area in Hainan east line. The garden has been collected ca. 4,000 species of tropical plants, including 65 rare and endangered plants, including 27 species listed in the China Plant Red Data Book, such as Hopea hainanensis, Chuniophoenix hainanensis, Chuniophoenix nana, Ixonanthes reticulata, Hydnocarpus hainanensis, Gmelina hainanensis, Camellia reticulata. Xinglong Tropical

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Garden mainly includes tropical plant sightseeing area, tropical rainforest sightseeing area, biological feeding area, reconstructed tropical rainforest area (celebrity tree planting area), horticultural sightseeing areas, forest camping areas. In recent years, orchid and vine flower sightseeing areas and open public greenways and Bougainvillea garden have been established. Xinglong Tropical Garden has been awarded more than 20 honors and titles, such as “Tropical Rainforest Restoration” National Base of Introducing Intelligence Promotion, Leisure Agriculture Demonstration U n i t , N a t i o n a l A A A A To u r i s t Attraction, National Leisure Agriculture and Rural Tourism Demonstration Site, Hainan Science Popularization Education Base.

Hainan Contacts: Mailing Address: Xinglong Tropical Garden, Xinglong town, Wanning, Hainan Official Website: http://www. tropicalgarden.cn Director: Zheng Wentai, 0898-62571890, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Zheng Wentai, 0898-62571890, tropicalgarden@ sina.cn Plant Records in Charge: Huang Jing, 0898-62571890, [email protected] Number of Species: ca. 4,000

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Hebei

Shijiazhuang Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1998 Brief Introduction: Shijiazhuang Botanical Garden is a modern botanical garden integrating scientific research, sightseeing, recreation, social production, and other functions. The total area is 200 hm2, including 38.7 hm2 of water, 102 hm2

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of green space, in which 1,136 species of plants are preserved. There are more than 40 scenic spots, such as Bocheng Lake Scenic Spot, Bonsai Art Museum, Tropical Plant Ornamental Hall, Desert Plant House, Flower House, Plant Science Museum, Rose Art Plaza, Lotus Flower and Tree Fossil Forest,

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and 15 specialized living collection gardens, such as Tree Peony Garden, Bamboo Garden, Flowering Cherry Garden, Crabapple Garden, Tulip Garden, Perennial Flower Garden and Medicinal Herb Garden in Shijiazhuang Botanical Garden, which equips with advanced research institute, science popularization museum, and modern production greenhouse. More than six large-scale flower shows are held every year, especially the “Tulip Flower Show”. More than 100 varieties of tulips have been exhibited in the show. The annual planting scale of tulips reaches one million, forming a brand flower show. The annual number of tourist receipts is more than 800,000. It has been awarded the honors of “National Science Popularization Education Base”, “Youth Science Education Base”, “National Primary and Middle School Environmental Education Social Practice Base”, “Biodiversity Protection Base”, “Environmental Protection Education Base” and “Science Popularization” of Hebei and Shijiazhuang. Shijiazhuang Botanical Garden will gradually move toward the ranks of the country’s first-class botanical gardens with the orientation of artistic appearance, the extension of science and cultural display, and gradually realize the goal of “national influence, Hebei characteristics, Shijiazhuang excellence”.

Hebei Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 60, Botanical Garden Street, Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Tel: 0311-83631094 Fax: 0311-85672642 Official Email: [email protected] Director: Su Fucheng, 0311-83631094 Curator of Living Collections: Hu Wenfang, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Zhang Chen, [email protected] Number of Accessions: 1,243 Number of Species: 1,136

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Hebei

Gaobeidian Botanical Garden

Year Established: 2002 Brief Introduction: Gaobeidian Botanical Garden is located in the southeast of Gaobeidian, and opened in September 2004 with an area of 30 hm2. Gaobeidian Botanical Garden has eight functional areas, including central landscape area, waterscape area, youth activities area, aged recreational activity area, science

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popularization education area, European garden area, rare plant area and integrated service area. 200 species and nearly 650,000 plants of trees, shrubs and flowers have been planted. The botanical garden is divided into many scenic spots, such as Splendid Plant Garden, Rose Garden, Peony Garden, Crabapple Garden, Medicinal Herb Area, Endangered Plant Area, Aquatic

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Plant Area, Colored Plant Area, Leaf, Flower and Fruit Ornamental Area. In 2004, it was designated as Baoding Youth Experience Education Base. In 2009, it was named “Hebei Landscape Advanced Collective” by the Hebei Society of Landscape Architecture. It is a comprehensive botanical garden integrating science popularization, fitness, leisure and entertainment.

Hebei Contacts: Mailing Address: North Side of Middle Section of Shiji Street, Gaobeidian, Hebei Director: Wang Jianxun, 0312-6396890 Curator of Living Collections: Zhang Shaojun, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Zhang Shaojun, [email protected] Number of Species: 200

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Hebei

Baoding Botanical Garden

Year Established: 2003 Brief Introduction: The total area of Baoding Botanical Garden is 110 hm2. It is a large-scale ecological garden integrating scientific research, science popularization,

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and outdoor leisure activities, with “landscape appearance and intension of science”. It was planned by Yu Shuxun and opened in 2003. The botanical garden adopts the gardening form of local planning and overall natural. 15

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specialized living collection gardens are planned, including Main Gate Square, Garden Avenue, Spring Garden, Autumn Garden, Flower Garden, Bonsai Garden Rock Aquatic Garden, Bamboo Garden, Arboretum, Couple Garden, Medicinal Herb Garden, Gymnosperm Garden, Sports Activity Area, Introduction and Domestication Area, Production and Management Area. At present, 500 species have been collected and preserved, forming a distinctive plant landscape. The Arboretum is the main extent part of the botanical garden. It includes Magnolia Garden, Salix Garden, Oleaceae Garden, Acer Garden, Robinia Garden, Rose Garden, Firmiana and Tilia Garden. According to the Engler system classification, 35 families and 15 orders have been planted to form a sparse forest grassland landscape, a dense forest landscape and a mountain landscape in Baoding.

Hebei Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 2121, Yangguang North Street, Jingxiuqu District, Baoding, Hebei Director: Li Bin, 0312-3139003 Curator of Living Collections: Yang Yingyao, 0312-3139003, bdszwy@163. com Plant Records in Charge: Wang Hongshuang, 0312-3139003 Number of Species: 500

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Hebei

Tangshan Botanical Garden

Year Established: 2010 Brief Introduction: Tangshan Botanical Garden is located in the south of Nanhu Park, with a total area of 55.45 hm2. It is a new interactive botanical garden with six functions of ornament, science popularization, ecology, economy, culture and scientific research. Tangshan Botanical Garden was originally a coal mining subsidence area. The Botanical Classification Garden composes a tour route according to the Cronquist Classification System. Each division focuses on displaying the same family, genus or class of plants. Various plant landscapes are formed according to the color and flowering time of different species or varieties. Combined with the layout of landscape space, 22

specialized living collection gardens have been set up, such as Magnolia Garden, Pine and Cypress Garden,

Contacts: Mailing Address: Tangshan Botanical Garden, 50 m South-west of Intersection of Construction South Road and Fengjing Road, Lunan District, Tangshan, Hebei Tel: 0315-6818565 Official Website: http://www.tszwy.com Director: Xu Xiuyuan, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Wang Lijun, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Zhu Jiayuan, [email protected] Number of Species: 1,233 Number of Taxa: 1,853

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Peony Garden, Flowering Peach Garden, Crabapple Garden, Hibiscus Garden, and Plum Garden.

Hebei

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Henan

Jigongshan Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1976 Brief Introduction: Jigongshan Botanical Garden is affiliated to Henan Jigongshan National Nature Reserve Administration, and is located in the transitional zone from the north subtropical zone to the warm temperate zone with a planned area of 100 hm2. It plans to introduce and preserve more than 2,000 species of native higher plants and rare plants in the transitional zone from North to South. After more than 30 years of construction and development, Jigongshan Botanical Garden has formed nine massive distribution areas: cypress area, pine and fir area, magnolia area, economic plant area, rare plant area, bamboo area, mountain flower garden, native plant area and breeding nursery. Now it has completed

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3.6 hm2 of cypress area, 8.0 hm2 of pine and fir area, 5.0 hm2 of magnolia area, 3.0 hm2 of bamboo area, 3.5 hm2 of

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economic plant area, 14 hm2 of native plant area, 4.0 hm2 of mountain flower garden and 0.5 hm 2 of the breeding nursery. The total completed area is 44 hm2, which accounts for 44% of the total planned area. More than 200 rare tree species have been introduced from home and abroad, and more than 400 native tree species have been preserved. The introduced and preserved rare plants are Taiwania flousiana, Davidia involucrata, Emmenopterys henryi, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Taxus wallichiana var. chinensis, Cinnamomum japonicum,

Henan Changnienia amoena, Gastrodia elata, Ginkgo biloba. The responsibilities of the botanical garden are: to carry out the collection, conservation and comprehensive breeding of rare plant germplasm resources in the climate transition zone of Dabie Mountains; to carry out scientific research on rare plant breeding, comprehensive utilization of wild plant resources and protection of biodiversity; to carry out the introduction and domestication of rare plants in a planned and purposeful way, breeding and forestry production in the North-South transition zone; to show the importance of protecting plant species resources and ecological environment, provide services for the popularization of science knowledge and popular science tourism of forest ecology, and to provide experimental research and teaching practice institutes for scientific research and teaching units at home and abroad.

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Henan Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 68, Jigongshan, Shihe District, Xinyang, Henan Tel: 0376-6991359 Fax: 0376-6991359 Official Email: [email protected] Director: Fu Jueming, 0376-6991359, 6807188 Curator of Living Collections: Ha Denglong, 0376-6991359, 6991316, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Fang Chengliang, 0376-6991359, 6991316 Number of Species: 2,708 Number of Taxa: 2,900

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Henan

Luoyang National Peony Garden

Year Established: 1984 Brief Introduction: National Peony Garden, also known as National Peony Gene Bank, covers an area of 33.3 hm 2. It is the only comprehensive peony garden in China that integrates peony technology research and development, sightseeing, international exchange, and science

popularization promotion. National Peony Garden has collected 1,365 peony varieties, covering the four major peony populations of China’s Central Plains, Northwest, Southwest, the south of the Yangtze River, and the world’s major peony varieties. It is one of the most important scenic spots in the Luoyang Peony Culture

Festival. The core resources of nine peony color series include Peony Variety Group of Central Plains, Peony Variety Group of Northwest China, Peony Variety Group of Southwest China, Peony Variety Group of south of Yangtze River, Peony Variety Group of Japanese, Peony Variety Group of European, Peony Variety Group of American, Peony Variety Group of French, Herbaceous Peony × Tree Peony Variety Group (Itoh Hybrid peonies), with a full range of varieties and 300,000 high-quality peony flowers with large and colorful flowers. At present, it is the largest domestic production base for the introduction and domestication of wild peonies, cultivation of new varieties and commercial peony reproduction.

Contacts: Mailing Address: Zhonggou West, Mangshan Town, Old City Area of Luoyang, Henan Director: Sun Guorun, 0379-62261024 Curator of Living Collections: Liu Gaixiu, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Zhao Guodong, [email protected] Number of Taxa: 1,365

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Henan

Zhengzhou Huanghe Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1984 Brief Introduction: Zhengzhou Huanghe Botanical Garden was established in 1984 on the basis of the Zhengzhou Huanghe Tourist Area, with a specialized living collection garden research institute to carry out the introduction, domestication, and cultivation of garden plants. Over the past 30 years,

combined with the construction of scenic spots, a large number of garden plants have been introduced and domesticated, and nearly 30 species of national key protected plants have been preserved. Four people have senior titles of professional technicians, eight have intermediate titles, 15 have junior titles, and there are 120 garden technicians. A total of 1,520 species

have been introduced and cultivated, 35 books of various garden books have been written, more than 120 papers have been published, and 24 garden research projects have been completed. Zhengzhou Huanghe Scenic Area is now a national AAAA Tourist Attraction, a national-level scenic spot, a national geological park, and a national water conservancy scenic spot.

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Henan Contacts: Mailing Address: Zhengzhou Huanghe Scenic Area Garden Office, No. 1, Jiangshan Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Tel: 0371-68222222 Director: Huang Mingli, 0371-68222365 Curator of Living Collections: Sun Zhiguang, 0371-68222101, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Han Xinhua, 0371-68222101 Number of Accessions: 2,050 Number of Species: 1,520 Number of Taxa: 1,562

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Henan

Luoyang International Peony Garden

Year Established: 1999 Brief Introduction: Luoyang International Peony Garden was founded in 1999, with an area is 25.3 hm 2. The peony garden is divided into two functional areas: peony ornamental area and seedling production area. There are more than 680 domestic and foreign famous peony varieties, and more than 300 varieties of herbaceous peony. It integrates flower appreciation, scientific research, production and leisure. It is known widely for its “excellent variety, late flowering, long flowering period and good landscape”, including peony space breeding research projects, nine large color series of black, red, yellow, green, blue, purple, pink, white, complex, especially with large flowers, long flowering period, rich colors, and

established the ornamental features of excellence and late opening of International Peony Garden. From 1999 to 2016, a total of 1,200 plants had been introduced, belonging to 91 families, 63 genera, 91 species, and 1,200 varieties, among which 350 varieties of

tree peony and herbaceous peony were introduced from abroad. The planned construction of Peony Garden is unique, consisting of six major gardens, including Cathaysian Garden, Wanfang Garden, Jinxiu Garden, Nine-color Garden, Herbaceous Peony Garden, and Production Technology Garden. The main attractions are National Flower Square, Famous Flower Avenue, Space Breeding, Flower King Square, 20 Ancient Peony, Nine-Color Peony Picture, Cold Peony Area, Assorted Peony and Luoyang Orchid Nursery. Every year from April 5th to May 15th, the ornamental period of Luoyang International Peony Garden lasts for 40 days, which is the longest peony ornamental garden in Luoyang.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 22, Airport Road, Old Town, Luoyang, Henan Tel: 0379-60628669 Official Website: http://www.peony86.com Official Email: [email protected] Director: Huo Zhipeng, 0379-62136227, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Zhang Shuling, 0379-62136227, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Liu Shaodan, 0379-62306228, [email protected] Number of Accessions: 1,200 Number of Species: 91 Number of Taxa: 1,200

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Henan

China National Flower Garden

Year Established: 2001 Brief Introduction: China National Flower Garden is located on the ruins of Luoyang Sui and

Tang Dynasties. It starts from Luoyang bridge in the east to peony bridge in the west, Luoyi road in the south, and the south bank of Luopu Park in the north.

It was founded in September 2001 and opened in April 2003. China National Flower Garden is based on the history and culture of Sui and Tang Dynasties, and integrates historical culture, peony culture and garden landscapes. It is a multi-functional comprehensive park integrating science popularization, science education, tourism, and cultural heritage protection. The total planned area is 103.2 hm 2 and the east-west length is 2,500 m. From west to east, it is divided into six major scenic spots: West Gate Scenic Area, Peony Culture Area, Peony History and Culture Area, History and Culture Area, East Gate Scenic Area and Production Management Area. There are more than 600,000 plants of 1,080 Chinese and foreign peony varieties in the garden; 3,800,000 trees and flowers of 180 species, with an area of 2.0 hm2 of the lawn, 25,346 hm2 of lake area, which has 21 pavilion and scenic gallery spots, such as Yaohuang Pavilion, Feiliu Waterfall and Yanxiu Lake. It is currently the largest peony ornamental garden in China with the largest area, the highest flowering quality, the best ornamental effect, the maximum number of rare peony varieties and a most beautiful environment. The single peony variety is planted in a large area in the garden, and the overall viewing effect is marvelous. Just like the poem said, “Only the peony is really the

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Henan national color, when the flowers bloom, they startle the capital”. The annual Luoyang peony grand gathering draws

hundreds of thousands of Chinese and foreign tourists. In the grand gathering, people like the tide, flowers like the

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 1, Longmen Avenue, Luolong District, Luoyang, Henan Tel: 0379-65522119 Official Website: http://www.zgghy.com Director: Liang Xianghong, 037965512634, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Zheng Tao, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Zheng Tao, [email protected] Number of Taxa: 1,260

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sea, presenting an unprecedented flower viewing picture in the national flower garden.

Henan

Luoyang Sui and Tang Relics Botanical Garden

Year Established: 2005 Brief Introduction: Luoyang Sui and Tang Relics Botanical Garden is located at a historical site of Luoyang Sui and Tang Dynasties and it was founded in December 2005 and officially opened to the public in August 2006, with a total area of 190.9 hm2. It is a comprehensive botanical garden based on the regional plants of Western Henan and the culture of Sui and Tang Dynasties. It combines scientific protection and rational utilization, and integrates scientific research, science popularization, culture, and entertainment. There are more than 1,000 species of plants in the garden with a total green area of more than 130 hm 2. In the plant configuration, trees, shrubs, flowers and grasses are reasonably matched to form a large-scale botanical garden where the north-south gardens are confluent, the natural and the rules are blended, and the Chinese and foreign gardens are gathered. It has established 17 specialized living collection gardens including Peony Garden, Waterscape Garden, Magnolia Garden, Willow Garden, Rock Garden, Herb Garden, Plum Garden, Bamboo Garden, Crabapple Garden, Osmanthus Garden and Aroma Garden. Among them, Peony Garden covers an area of 26.7 hm 2, consisting of Hundred Flowers Garden, Nine-color Garden, Characteristic Garden, Science and Technology Demonstration Garden. It

has planted more than 300,000 plants of more than 2,200 varieties of ninecolor peony. At the same time, through the use of stone, landscape gardening

and other artistic techniques, poems and allusions about Luoyang peony are fully displayed in the form of couplets and sculptures, which enriches the

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Henan cultural intension of peony. At present, Luoyang Sui and Tang Relics Botanical Garden has the largest number of peony varieties, the complete color, and the strongest cultural atmosphere in Luoyang. It is a “National AAAA Tourist Attraction” and a “Henan Civilisation Scenic Spot”.

Contacts: Mailing Address: Botanical Garden Administration Office, Sui and Tang Relics Site, Wangcheng Bridge South, Luolong District, Luoyang, Henan Tel: 0379-65917101 Official Website: http://www.stzwy.cn Official Email: [email protected] Director: Ji Tao, lyzwy65917101@163. com Curator of Living Collections: Pan Zhihao, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Shen Gaixia, [email protected] Number of Species: 1,000 Number of Taxa: 2,200

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Zhengzhou Botanical Garden

Year Established: 2007 Brief Introduction: Zhengzhou Botanical Garden was founded on the basis of the former second nursery of Zhengzhou.

Construction started on September 3rd, 2007. On October 1st, 2008, the trial opening was realized. On April 30th, 2009, the garden was officially opened, covering an area of 57.45 hm2.

It mainly aims to be a plant park with the intention of scientific discovery, artistic appearance and cultural display, integrating scientific research, science popularization and education, introduction and domestication, leisure and entertainment, and tourism. The eastern area of the garden is mainly based on the collection and display of plant germplasm with 15 specialized living collection gardens, such as Magnolia Garden, Tree Peony and Herbaceous Peony Garden. The western area of the garden is based on the application of plant science, reflecting the “teaching goes together with pleasure”, with 10 specialized living collection gardens such as Children’s Discovery Garden and Bonsai Garden. It also has 30 attractions and eight scenic spots, including “flower oceans welcome guests”, “Elephant Lake”, “Yu Mountain”, “Flower Likes Song”, “Sun set glow” “Pine Bank”, “Bamboo Shadow and Stone Rhyme” and “Mountain and Water”. Zhengzhou Botanical Garden has 15 specialized living collection gardens, more than 1,200,000 plants of 1,800 species are currently collected, it is the botanical garden of “Plant Gene Bank in Central Plains”.

Contacts: Mailing Address: 1 km south of the intersection of Zhongyuan West Road and West Fourth Ring Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Official Email: [email protected] Director: Song Lianghong, 037167888569, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Guo Huanghuang, 0371-67888925, zz_ [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Li Xiaokang, 0371-67888923 Number of Species: 1,800

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Heilongjiang

Heilongjiang Forest Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1958 Brief Introduction: Heilongjiang Forest Botanical Garden was founded in 1958 and officially opened to the public in 1988. In 1992, it was approved by the former Ministry of Forestry as the Harbin National Forest Park. Heilongjiang Forest Botanical Garden is located at Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, with an area of 136 hm2. It is

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the most representative northeast cold temperate botanical garden in China, and a comprehensive botanical garden integrating plant scientific research, science popularization, tourism, and leisure. It is the only botanical garden of the national forest parks located in the urban area of the city, there are 15 specialized living collection gardens with different styles, such as Tree Specimen Garden, Tulip Garden,

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Medicinal Herb Garden and Wetland Garden. 1,000 species introduced from Northeast China, North China, Northwest China and some foreign countries are planted in garden. It is known as the window and miniature of the vegetation of the Greater and Lesser Khingan Ranges and Changbai Mountain.

Heilongjiang Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 105, Haping Road, Xiang Fang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Tel: 0451-86681442 Official Website: http://www.hljfbg.com.cn Director: Wang Shuqing, 0451-86681442 Curator of Living Collections: Zhang Yingxin, 0451-86681442 Number of Species: 1,000

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Heilongjiang

Xiaoxinganling Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1978 Brief Introduction: Xiaoxinganling Botanical Garden was founded in 1978, is affiliated to Yichun Academy of Forestry. The total area of the botanical garden is 345 hm2, and there are 10 specialized living collection gardens with an area of 77 hm2 established, including Natural Forest Area, Artificial Coniferous Forest Area, Native Tree Garden, Introduced Tree Garden, Medicinal Herb Garden,

Economic Forest Area, Forest Natural Variation Collection Area, Flowers and Shrubs Breeding Area, Marshland and Wetland Plants Area, and Seedling Cultivation Area. The area of the Nursery Area is 0.3 hm 2 , and 455 species of ex situ plants are cultivated, including 110 species of native trees

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 8, Linshan Road, Yimei District, Yichun, Heilongjiang Tel: 0458-6118810 Official Website: http://www.yclky.net Official Email: [email protected] Director: Yao Yanwen, 0458-6118810, [email protected] Curators of Living Collections: Xu Jun, Shi Liming, 0458-6118810 Plant Records in Charge: Zhang Pengda, Lin Guoying, 0458-6118810 Number of Species: 455

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and 345 species of medicinal plants, 34 species endemic to China, and 34 rare and endangered plants. Pinus banksiana has been widely used in a large area. It is a comprehensive botanical garden integrating scientific research, science popularization and tourism.

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Heilongjiang

Jixi Zoological and Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1966 Brief Introduction: In 1966, Jixi Garden Nursery was founded. In 1999, the Jixi Garden Nursery was transformed into the Jixi Zoological and Botanical Garden. The total area is 133.3 hm 2 with 700 m 2 of the greenhouse, 6.67 hm2 of plant introduction area, 1,500 m 2 of a shady area. There are 10 specialized living collection gardens and 300

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species of ex situ plants (including infraspecific taxa), including three rare and endangered species. Three new varieties have been cultivated, and 43 species of ornamental plants have been promoted. Plant applications such as Salix × ‘Chuibao109’, Populus alba cv. Berolinensis, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, Picea asperata, Betula platyphylla, Syringa spp., Amygdalus triloba, and Forsythia suspensa

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have been promoted. There are 10 gardening staff and four management staff. It was opened to the public on August 1st, 2003. On average, about 50,000 people visit the garden each year, including 20,000 adolescents. In 2005, it was named the Heilongjiang Youth Science Popularization Base. In 2012, it was rated as the national AAA tourist attraction.

Heilongjiang Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 43, Xiangnan Street, Jiguan District, Jixi, Heilongjiang Tel: 0467-2690709 Fax: 0467-2670188 Director: Li Changde, 0467-2690709 Curator of Living Collections: Gu Quanxin, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Gu Quanxin, [email protected] Number of Species: 300

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Heilongjiang

Jinhewan Wetland Botanical Garden

Year Established: 2008 Brief Introduction: J i n h e w a n We t l a n d B o t a n i c a l Garden is affiliated to Harbin Water Investment Group Co., Ltd., which is a demonstration area for water ecological protection and restoration in Harbin. It is located in the main urban area of Harbin, Songhua River, with an area of 350 hm2, of which natural vegetation is 180 hm2. There are five specialized living collection gardens, such as Lotus Pond, Water Chestnut Pond, Duckweed Pond, Reed Community and Cinnamomum rigidissimum Community in this garden. Through artificial supplementary measures and natural reproduction, 300 species of terrestrial plants, psammophytes, hygrophytes and aquatic plants have been restored. There are more than 30 rare species in the garden, such as Glycine soja, Allium japonicum, Nymphaea tetragona, Morus alba, Tamarix chinensis, and Alnus japonica. Jinhewan Wetland Botanical Garden has formed natural plant communities with lotus flowers, more than ten species of aquatic plants, reeds and sedges.

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Heilongjiang Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 5000, Jiangwan Road, Songbei District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Official Website: http://www.hrbgongshui. com Director: Wang Youwei, 0451-58567206 Curator of Living Collections: He Xiaohu, 0451-58567206 Plant Records in Charge: Xiao Xiangxing, 0451-58567206 Number of Species: 300

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Hubei

Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Year Established: 1956 Brief Introduction: Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences was founded in 1956. Based on Central China, it collects and protects plant resources of subtropical and warm temperate zones. The botanical garden covers an area of 59.1 hm2, with 11,726 species of living plants and 15 specialized living collection gardens. 441 species of aquatic plants are collected, and the

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representative species include lotus, Thalia dealbata, water lily, waterpoppy, duckweed, water hyacinth, Hydrilla verticillata, and Ceratophyllum demersum. 57 species of kiwi fruit are collected, and the representative species include Actinidia chinensis, A. chinensis var. deliciosa, A. arguta, A. eriantha, and the cultivated kiwi fruit varieties ‘Jintao’ and ‘Jinyan’ which dominate the world kiwi fruit market; 1,585 species of medicinal plants have

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been collected, and the representative plants include Papaver somniferum, Datura stramonium, Phyllanthus chekiangensis, Epimedium brevicornu, Mentha canadensis, Isatis tinctoria; 528 species of orchids have been collected, and the representative genera include Vanda, Cattleya, Phalaenopsis, Oncidium; 396 species of ancient relict, and rare and endemic plants in Central China have been collected, and the representative species include Davidia involucrata, Gleditsia japonica var. velutina, Berchemiella wilsonii, Rhamnus tzekweiensis, Heptacodium miconioides; 291 species of wild forestry specialty fruit plants have been collected, and the representative species include Diospyros kaki, Eriobotrya japonica, Carya hunanensis, crabapple, Padus brachypoda, Sorbus folgneri, Cornus kousa subsp. chinensis, Malus baccata; 177 species of native garden plants have been collected,

Hubei

and the representative species include Castanea mollissima, Ziziphus jujuba, Cinnamomum camphora, Firmiana simplex; 110 species of bamboo have been collected, and the representative species include Phyllostachys edulis cv. Heterocycla, Bambusa vulgaris cv. Vittata, Phyllostachys nigra, Chimonobambusa quadrangularis, etc.; 82 species of Rhododendron have been

collected, and the representative species include Rhododendron latoucheae, Rhododendron molle, etc.; 409 species of Camellia have been collected, and the representative species include Camellia fraterna, C. azalea, C. petelotii. It is one of China’s important strategic plant resource conservation bases and one of the three core botanical gardens. It is also an important

national science popularization and education base, a national youth science and technology education base, science popularization and education, environmental education, patriotism education base of Wuhan, Hubei, and a national AAAA Tourist Attraction. Wuhan Botanical Garden has published nearly 3,000 papers, 142 patents, and 27 new varieties.

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Hubei Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 1, Lumo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei Tel: 027-87700812 Fax: 027-87700877 Official Website: http://www.whiob.ac.cn Official Email: [email protected] Director: Zhang Quanfa, 027-8751059, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Wu Jinqing, 027-87510637, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Wu Jinqing, 027-87510637, [email protected] Number of Accessions: 5,638 Number of Species: 11,726

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Hubei

Moshan Landscape Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1956 Brief Introduction: Moshan Landscape Botanical Garden is also known as Moshan Scenic Area, and is the core scenic spot of the National Scenic Area and the National AAAAA scenic spot Donghu Ecotourism Scenic Area, covering an area of 451.29 hm2. It is composed of Chu Culture Tourist Area and Four Seasons Flower City. It is the location of China Plum and Lotus Research Center and one of the world’s three largest scenic spot for cherry blossoms. At the end of the year and early spring, there are nearly 10,000 plants of 340 species of plum blossoms in Donghu Plum Garden, which are full of fragrance. In

the spring, Donghu Flowering Cherry Garden, which is known as the world’s three major flowering cherry spots,

with Hirosaki, Japan, and Washington, USA, is full of colorful, dropping and fluttering flowers, like rosy clouds; in the summer. More than 700 varieties of the lotus flowers have also been maintained in this garden. As the largest Chu Culture Tourist Area in China, “Chu Cheng”, “Chu Shi, “Chu Tiantai”, “Chu Caiyuan” and other scenic spots are deeply loved by tourists. The unique Chime Bell choreography performances show the ancient Chu. The Moshan Scenic Area is surrounded by water on three sides, with six peaks and a total area of 1,437 hm2, of which the water

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Hubei surface area is 270 hm2, which is like a beautiful peninsula. Moshan Landscape Botanical Garden is praised as a “green treasure house” where plants are in bloom in all seasons, such as cherry in the spring, lotus in the summer, osmanthus in the autumn and plum in the winter.

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Hubei Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 665, Lumo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei Tel: 027-86793760 Official Website: http://www.whdonghu. gov.cn Director: Li Zhengxing, 13871534499 Curator of Living Collections: Mao Qingshan, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Yan Xiaolan, [email protected] Number of Species: 396 Number of Taxa: 1,600

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Hubei

Central China Medicinal Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1979 Brief Introduction: Central China Medicinal Botanical Garden is affiliated to the Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences. From 1979 to 1999, it was named “The Germplasm Nursery of Medicinal Plants of the Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Hubei Academy of

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Agricultural Sciences”. It was named “Changlinggang Medicinal Botanical Garden” from 2000 to 2003. In 2004, it was renamed as “Medicinal Botanical Garden of Central China”. In 2015, it was included in the main garden of the National Medicinal Botanical Garden as “Hubei Branch National Medicinal Botanical Garden”. The garden covers an area of 112 hm2 with

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an average elevation of 1,680 m, and 1,680 species of medicinal plants have been conserved. The garden is mainly based on the medicinal plant resources in Enshi and Wuling mountainous areas of Hubei Province, and more than 1,500 species of living specimens of medicinal plants have been introduced, including 38 species of national key protected, rare and endangered medicinal plants. Ten specialized living collection gardens of herb, woody, climbing, shady plants, aquatic plants, rare and endangered plants, a living fossil, national medicine, authentic medicinal materials and dietary medicine according to their ecological habits and suitable environment, have been established; 13 germplasm nurseries of Houpoëa officinalis, Panax japonicus, Trillium tschonoskii, Paris polyphylla, Fritillaria, Coptis chinensis and so on have been established; among them, germplasm nursery of Houpoëa officinalis is the largest in China with an area of 37 hm2.

Hubei

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 253, Xueyuan Road, Enshi, Hubei Tel: 0718-8410985 Official Website: http://www.hbzyc.com.cn Director: Guo Hanjiu, 805285932@ qq.com Curator of Living Collections: You Jinwen, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: You Jinwen, [email protected] Number of Accessions: 1,800 Number of Species: 1,680 Number of Taxa: 1,680

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Hubei

Yichang Sanxia Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1998 Brief Introduction: Yichang Sanxia Botanical Garden is affiliated to the Yichang Forestry Bureau and it was founded in 1998. It was jointly constructed by the Yichang Municipal People’s Government and the Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In 2006, it was approved by the Hubei

Provincial Editorial Board as a deputy county-level institution and a social welfare institution. In May 2009, it was approved by the editorial board of Yichang, Sanxia Botanical Garden and Yichang Institute of Forestry were co-located. The main functions of this botanical garden are to collect, preserve, relocate, display, develop and utilize the rare and endangered endemic plants and

biodiversity in the Sanxia, and carry out conservation research. At the same time, it undertakes the works of rescue and preservation of important wild animal and plants germplasm resources, the research of forestry technology, the transformation and promotion of scientific research achievements, the demonstration of forest tree breeding and the management of forest resources in the garden.

Contacts: Mailing Address: Jinyingang, Tumen, Yiling District, Yichang, Hubei Tel: 0717-7780252 Fax: 0717-7780252 Official Email: [email protected], [email protected] Director: Song Zhengjiang, 07177780252 Curator of Living Collections: Gao Benwang, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Li Wei, [email protected] Number of Species: 164

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Hunan

Hunan Nanyue Arboretum

Year Established: 1978 Brief Introduction: Hunan Nanyue Arboretum is located in the hinterland of Hengshan Scenic Spot in Nanyue. It was organized by Hunan Forestry Department in May 1977 and officially established in September 1978. It covers an area of 668 hm 2, and has collected and preserved 2,666 species of 1,040

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genera, 230 families in subtropical vascular plants, including 119 national key protected plants, basically including the national key protected wild plants produced in Hunan. There are 10 specialized living collection gardens in the arboretum: Gymnosperm Garden, Magnolia Garden, Camellia Garden, Fagaceae Garden, Aceraceae Garden, Rhododendron Garden,

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Rose Garden, Lauraceae Garden, Energy Oil Plant Germplasm Garden and Lauraceae Plantation Garden. It has an area of 200 hm2 with high, medium and low mountain research and experimental forest. Since the establishment of the arboretum, 25 provincial and municipal scientific research projects have been completed, and 21 scientific and technological achievements awards have been won, including three provincial and ministerial scientific and technological progress second prizes, eight third prizes and 10 sector awards. It rescues, breeds and promotes the rare and endangered plant, the unique and endangered plant—Gleditsia japonica var. velutina in Nanyue, which is unique in the world. It has found two new record species of Rhododendron viscidum and Ilex ficifolia, published

Hunan three monographs and 274 papers. The arboretum has excavated, cultivated and displayed 617 plant varieties with excellent traits and suitable for different purposes. Now it is the “National Forestry Science Popularization

Base”, “Hunan Provincial Science Popularization Base” and “Provincial Rural Science Popularization Base”. Scientific knowledge in environmental protection, botany, tree cultivation and ecology is widely spread to the

public through tree listing, science popularization propaganda, report pictures, TV publicity, students’ practice, quality education for primary and middle school students.

Contacts: Mailing Address: Zhimutan, Nanyue District, Hengyang, Hunan Director: Peng Zhenbao, 0734-5661400 Curator of Living Collections: Kuang Baigen, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Xia Jianglin, [email protected] Number of Species: 1,095 Number of Taxa: 2,666

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Hunan

Hunan Forest Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1985 Brief Introduction: Hunan Forest Botanical Garden is a provincial-level public welfare scientific research institution established in 1985 with the approval of the People’s Government of Hunan Province and the former State Science and Technology Commission. It is affiliated to the Hunan Forestry Department. It is a comprehensive botanical garden integrating species conservation, scientific research, science popularization education, ecotourism and development and

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utilization. The whole garden covers an area of 120 hm 2 and the forest coverage rate is over 90%. In 1991, the

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Hunan Provincial Wildlife Rescue and Reproduction Center was approved by the State Forestry Administration. In 2009, the Nanling Branch of the Hunan Forest Botanical Garden was established in Chenzhou. In 2011, a rare plant flower and seedling breeding base was established in Donghutang, Ningxiang, with an area of 20 hm2. It has successfully collected 3,200 species of 906 genera from 208 families, including 176 rare and endangered species, including Davidia involucrata and Cathaya argyrophylla, which is known as the “Panda” in the

Hunan plant world. There are 14 specialized living collection gardens including Rare Plants Garden, Sakura Garden, Magnolia Garden, Shady Plants Garden, Azalea Garden, Bamboo Garden, Camellia Garden, Osmanthus Garden and Colorful-leaves Garden, and so on. Hunan Forest Botanical Garden has undertaken over 127 scientific research projects of the national, ministerial (provincial) and departmental levels with 35 researching projects. 49 achievements awarded the Ministerial-level Science and Technology Progress Prizes, including 13 second prizes. 278 papers and 14 monographs and five patents have been published or obtained. 15 new species have been discovered and published, and 18 new varieties have been registered. It has formed its own advantages and characteristics in the aspects of animal and plant ex situ conservation, improved seed breeding, rapid propagation, development and utilization.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 111, Botanical Garden Road, Yuhua District, Changsha, Hunan Tel: 0731-85621321 Fax: 0731-85052295 Official Website: http://www.hnfbg.cn Official Email: [email protected] Director: Peng Chunliang, 073185586043, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Yan Lihong, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Yan Lihong, [email protected] Number of Species: 3,200 Number of Taxa: 4,000

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Hunan

Chenzhou Nanling Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1963 Brief Introduction: Chenzhou Nanling Botanical Garden was established on the basis

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of the Chenzhou Institute of Forestry in 1963. The core management area is 40.2 hm2, and the collective joint area is 766.6 hm2. There are 2,232 species

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of 860 genera from 188 families that have been collected and preserved. 12 specialized living collection gardens have been established, including Crape Myrtle Garden, Crabapple and Cherry Garden, Orchid Garden, Cupressaceae Garden, Magnolia Garden, Osmanthus Garden, Bamboo Garden, Azalea Garden, Ginkgo Garden, Rare Plant Area, Fruit Tree Demonstration Area and Cold-resistant Eucalypt Collection Area. More than 300 papers have been published, 59 scientific research results and two patents have been obtained, and 11 new varieties have been cultivated. It is the fourth batch of national forestry science bases.

Hunan Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 12, Luoxian Road, Chenzhou, Hunan Tel: 0735-2812006 Fax: 0735-2812006 Official Website: http://www.nlzwy.com/ index.asp Official Email: [email protected] Director: He Caisheng, 0735-2812006 Curator of Living Collections: Zhou Zhiyuan Plant Records in Charge: Li Yuming, 0735-2812006 Number of Species: 2,232 Number of Taxa: 2,432

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Hunan

Arboretum of South Central Forestry Science and Technology University

Year Established: 2003 Brief Introduction: The total campus area is 146 hm2, with more than 200,000 trees and

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shrubs, 18 hm 2 of artificial lawn, 90 hm 2 of campus green, 20 km of hedges, and 62% of green coverage. There are ca. 1,400 species of plants

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in the university, including 64 species of national first-class and second-class protected plants. A nursery base of nearly 3.0 hm2 has been established.

Hunan

In addition to the purchase of a small number of seedlings for introduction, the majority of planting afforestation is self-supply. Two specimens arboretum with an area of 30 hm2 are established, and the representative plants include rare tree species, such as Cathaya argyrophylla, Taxus wallichiana var. mairei, Paulownia spp., Davidia involucrata, Bretschneidera sinensis. Three specialized living collection gardens have been established, of which 96 species have been collected in Bamboo Garden, 179 species

of Camellia plants are planted in Camellia Garden, and 88 species from nine families of gymnosperms have been collected in Gymnosperm Garden. It is planned to continue to develop a Magnolia Garden, Ilex Garden, Plum Garden, Rose Garden and Autumn Garden, which have mid-subtropical characteristics. The Arboretum strives to collect more than 1,800 species of plants, and make university form a new look of “garden appearance, teaching base, scientific research”.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 498, Shaoshan South Road, Changsha, Hunan Tel: 0731-85623096 Fax: 0731-85623038 Official Website: http://www.csuft.edu.cn Director: Liu Chunlin, 1252507941@ qq.com Curator of Living Collections: Cao Jiwu, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Cao Jiwu, [email protected] Number of Species: ca. 1,400

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Hunan

South Hunan Botanical Garden

Year Established: 2008 Brief Introduction: South Hunan Botanical Garden is located in the Dongjiang Scenic Area, adjacent to the famous attractions of Dongjiang Lake and Shoufo Temple. It is a comprehensive botanical garden with plant introduction and

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domestication as well as science popularization education and ecotourism. It is a supporting project for tourism, leisure, and sightseeing in Dongjiang Scenic Spot of Zixing. It is connected with Xiaodongjiang Wetland Park, Shoufo Temple and Farming Museum. It is built by artificial

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transformation and protection on the basis of maintaining the original plants. This botanical garden has collected 361 species of native plants belonging to 242 genera, 149 families, 296 species of introduced plants belonging to more than 100 families, and established five specialized living collection gardens.

Hunan Contacts: Mailing Address: Institute of Forestry, Dongjiang Street, Zixing, Hunan Tel: 0735-3322033 Official Email: [email protected] Director: Cao Dianping, 1511931515@ qq.com Curator of Living Collections: Chen Yuelong, 0735-3322033 Plant Records in Charge: Huang Zheng, 0735-3322033 Number of Species: ca. 1,400

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Hunan

Guidong Botanical Garden

Year Established: 2013 Brief Introduction: Guidong Botanical Garden is affiliated to the Institute of Agricultural of Guidong, Chenzhou, located at 106 National Highway of Shuiwan Village, Zhaiqian Town, Guidong County, Chenzhou, Hunan. It is close to the center of Baili Flower and Seedling Industry in Guidong, with a total area of 200 hm2, of which the core area 13.3 hm 2. There are 159 species of 48 families in this botanical garden, and the total number of plants is about 300,000. It has Famous Tree Garden, Rose Garden, Red Leaf Garden, Osmanthus Garden, Crape

Myrtle Garden, Red Maple Garden and Podocarpus Garden. It is the platform of rare and endangered plant protection, collection, breeding center and flower

Contacts: Mailing Address: Shuiwan Village, Zhaiqian Town, Guidong County, Chenzhou, Hunan Tel: 0735-8671309 Director: Guo Qin, 0735-8671309 Curator of Living Collections: Guo Huixiong, 0735-8671309 Plant Records in Charge: Huang Cunzhong, 0735-8671309 Number of Species: 159

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seedlings display, integrating plant landscape, technology demonstration, science popularization education and ecotourism.

Hunan

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Jilin

Changbaishan Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1958 Brief Introduction: Changbaishan Botanical Garden is located in Maoershan National Forest Park, Yanji, Jilin. It covers an area of 40 hm 2 and belongs to the Institute of Forestry of Yanbian (Changbai Mountain Forest Industry Group). It

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is mainly engaged in the cultivation of Changbai Mountain wild plants and scientific research activities. In 1987, the arboretum was established. In 2000, it was changed to a botanical garden. In 2007, it was heavily damaged. In 2009, small-scale investment was resumed and restorative construction was carried

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out. At present, 700 species of wild plants from Changbai Mountain have been introduced, and four specialized living collection gardens such as Tree Specimen Garden, Herbal Garden, Color Leaf Garden and Jindalai Garden have been established.

Jilin Contacts: Mailing Address: Maoershan National Forest Park, Yanji, Jilin Official Website: http://www.cbssgjt.com Director: Yao Lei, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Wang Ying, 0433-2859606 Plant Records in Charge: Wang Ying, 0433-2859606 Number of Species: 700

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Jilin

Changchun Forest Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1982 Brief Introduction: Changchun Forest Botanical Garden is affiliated to Changchun Academy of Forestry, at an altitude of 220 m to 378.5 m and an annual average temperature of 4.8℃. Established in 1982, the area is 53 hm2. It is located in the beautiful Jingyuetan National Forest Park. At present, there are 1,200 species in the garden, including more than 300 species of woody plants, more than 350 species of herbaceous plants, and 500 rare and endangered plants. It has a tree specimen area, specimen area, lilac garden, rose garden, pteridophyte garden, and an economic plant cultivation area.

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Jilin Contacts: Mailing Address: Jingyuetan, Jingyuetan Tourism Economic Development Zone, Changchun, Jilin Tel: 0431-84513642 Fax: 0431-84551405 Official Website: http://www.cclky.com Official Email: [email protected] Director: Chen Xingling, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Chen Xingling, [email protected] Number of Species: 1,200

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Jilin

Changchun Zoological and Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1938 Brief Introduction: Changchun Zoological and Botanical Garden was founded in 1938 and named “Xinjing Zoological and Botanical Garden”. Construction resumed in 1984. In 1987, some animal houses were opened to the public and it was renamed Changchun Zoological and Botanical Garden, with a total area of 72 hm2. There are 134 existing plants species and four plant specialized living collection gardens. It is a garden with animal and plant protection and exhibition as its main social functions. It also has the function of science popularization of wildlife, conservation education, animal and plant research,

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and macroscopic observation of earthquakes, leisure and entertainment. Changchun Zoological and Botanical

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Garden is a comprehensive service site with the dominant role of animal and the subsidiary role of plant.

Jilin Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 2121, Freedom Avenue, Nanguan, Changchun, Jilin Tel: 0431-81903938, 0431-81903935 Official Email: [email protected] Director: Wang Ge, 0431-81903938 Number of Species: 134

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Jiangsu

Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Academy of Sciences Year Established: 1929 Brief Introduction: Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat sen was formerly known as “Sun Yat sen Memorial Botanical Garden”, which was established by FU Huanguang in 1929, and the “Institute of Animal and Plant Academia Sinica”, which was established in 1934. In 1954, it was received and reconstructed by Eastern China Research Station, Institute of Plant Taxonomy Academia S in i c a an d r e n a me d a s N a n ji n g Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat sen, Academia Sinica. In 1960, the Nanjing Institute of Botany of the Chinese Academy of Sciences was established. By this time, the garden and the institute of botany have merged into a single entity. After 1970, the

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ownership of the garden belonged to Jiangsu Province and was named Jiangsu Institute of Botany (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat sen). It was under the dual leadership of Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Science since 1993 and renamed Institute of Botany Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat sen). Located in the Zhongshan Scenic Area of Nanjing, the botanical garden covers an area of 186 hm2. It is a comprehensive modern botanical garden integrating scientific research, science popularization, and tourism. It is a plant research center in the middle and north subtropics of China, and a comprehensive public welfare institution integrating plant scientific

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research, plant resource collection and protection, botanical garden construction and science popularization education. It mainly studies the basic theory, the introduction, domestication, cultivation, promotion, application and production of new varieties, and deep processing technology of plants in Jiangsu, especially of economic plants. At the same time, it also studies the investigation, collection, preservation and sustainable utilization of plant resources diversity in East China. The main objectives are collection, introduction, development, utilization and protection of plant resources. The research includes plant classification, medicinal plants, economic plants, ornamental plants, phytochemistry, plant environment and species protection, and ecological restoration of plants. The garden also conducts research on plant diversity and ecology in urban landscapes, introducing advanced technologies in garden and landscape construction, promoting urban ecological civilization development, providing technical consultation and technical services for the formulation of plant diversity protection policies, industry development involving plant resources,

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and promoting scientific development in the fields of agriculture, biomedicine, urban and rural ecological construction. It has Research Center of Plant Diversity and Systematic Evolution, Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Research Center of Economic Plants, Research Center of Ornamental Plants, Research Center of Plant Landscaping Ecology as well as the Key Laboratory of Plant ex situ Conservation of

Jiangsu Province, Research Center of Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, and Information Center. Emphasizing on international exchange and cooperation, the garden has set up an exchange program of seeds, plants, specimens and books with over 600 agencies of more than 60 countries in the world. It has successfully hosted the first international botanical garden academic conference in Asia and the

11th Conference of the International Association of Botanical Gardens. The number of accessions is 26,000, of 4,380 species and more than 7,000 taxa (including varieties). 19 specialized living collection gardens have been established, of which 120 species have been collected in the Coniferous Garden, such as Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Taxodium distichum var. imbricatum, Juniperus chinensis

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Jiangsu and Fokienia hodginsii; 150 species have been collected in the Rose Garden, such as rose, Malus hupehensis, etc.; 100 species are collected in the Rare And Endangered Gardens, such as Davidia involucrata, Acer miaotaiense, etc.; 104 species are collected in the Ornamental Grass Garden, such as Cynodon dactylon, Cortaderia selloana cv. Pumila, and ornamental Miscanthus spp. It has the earliest established herbarium in China, with more than 700,000 sheets of herbarium specimens. Its characteristics are the complete collection of vascular plants in East China, and Plant specimens collected by the older generation of botanists Qin Renchang, Yu Dezhen, Cai Xitao and Wang Qiwu in the 1930s in Yunnan and Xikang Province (now Xizang) were completely preserved and widely used for research and teaching by Chinese and foreign botanists. In 1987, the new 3,000 m 2 herbarium was equipped with advanced cartridge-type specimen cabinets and managed by a computer management system. The botanical garden integrates mountains, water, city and forest within a beautiful landscape. It is an interesting plant world and also a beautiful tourist attraction. It is a national popular science education base and a youth science and technology education base with the science education of plant and environmental protection. Contacts: Mailing Address: P.O. Box1435, No.1, Qianhu Houcun, Zhongshanmen Wai, Nanjing, Jiangsu Tel: 025-86185103 Official Website: http://old.cnbg.net Official Email: [email protected] Director: Xue Jianhui, 025-84347001 Curator of Living Collections: Ren Quanjin, 025-84347098 Plant Records in Charge: Yin Qian Number of Accessions: 26,000 Number of Species: 4,380 Number of Taxa: more than 7,000

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Pharmaceutical Arboretum of China Pharmaceutical University

Year Established: 1958 Brief Introduction: Founded in 1958, it was located in the Yanziji area of the northern suburbs of Nanjing, and was originally named “Nanjing Medicinal Biological Garden”. In 1964, it was renamed as “Nanjing Medicinal Botanical Garden”. In 1985, it was renamed “Pharmaceutical Arboretum of China Pharmaceutical University”. In 2009, it was moved to the Jiangning New

Campus of China Pharmaceutical University. The area has now reached 21.3 hm2, and is divided into northern garden and eastern garden. The western garden is about 11.3 hm2, and is the key construction area in the early stage of the relocation. It adopts the imitative wild cultivation mode, which aims to reflect the original growth environment of the plants more realistically, and plant medicinal woody and herbaceous plants commonly found in East China.

It has living specimens of medicinal plants in East China and is used for teaching students to recognize, identify, master relevant knowledge and understand the habits of those species. The area of the eastern garden is about 10 hm2. Based on the design concept of “natural ecology, scientific connotation, and traditional Chinese medicine culture”, and the artificial introduction cultivation model to display the characteristics of garden ecological landscape and the cultural connotation of traditional Chinese medicine. It includes Shizhen Square and TaijiBagua Planting Area, Woody Plant Area, Greenhouse Plant Area, Herb Garden, Climbing Plant Area, Rocky Plant Area, Aquatic Plant Area, Tree and Herbaceous Peony Garden, Medicinal Plant Germplasm Resources Nursery and Medicinal Plant Introduction and Domestication Test Area. There are 1,000 m2 of greenhouses and 1,100 m2

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Jiangsu of shade frames. After more than 10 years of construction, the botanical garden has taken shape, with more than 1,000 species of medicinal plants, including nearly 200 species of trees and shrubs, 800 species of herbaceous plants, and more than 100 species of greenhouse plants have been planted. There are many hills and lotus in the botanical garden, which has a great ecological environment and humanities environment. Since the establishment of the garden, research on the protection, growth and development, introduction and domestication, cultivation and breeding of medicinal plants have been carried out. The research on “Saffron bulb rejuvenation, stimulation technology and promotion

research” won the second prize of National Science and Technology P r o g r e s s Aw a r d , a n d “ J i a n g s u Gastrodia Introduction and Cultivation Research” won the third prize of Jiangsu Science and Technology Progress Award. More than 100 research papers have been published and several textbooks compiled. As an important medicinal plant training base in the university, it plays an important role in practical teaching. In 1997, it won the second prize of national teaching achievement and the first prize of teaching achievements of Jiangsu Province. The purpose of the medicinal botanical garden is to use medicinal plants as the main framing elements, with the Chinese medicine

culture as the background, to display the ecological garden landscape, and to reflect the cultural connotation of Chinese medicine. The culture elements “Yin-Yang Taiji”, “Harmony Between Human and Nature”, “Four properties and Five tastes, Ascending and Descending” of traditional Chinese medicine are displayed through one thing, one scene, one grass and one tree, generating a medicinal botanical garden with beautiful ecological landscape and excellent humanities environment as well as integrating education and scientific research, and horticultural display. This garden strives to become a national medicinal plant training and teaching center and demonstration base.

Contacts: Mailing Address: China Pharmaceutical University (Jiangning Campus), No. 689, Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Tel: 025-86185103 Official Website: http://zyxy.cpu.edu.cn Director: Qin Minjiang, 025-86185130, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Gao Feng, 025-86185103, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Chen Jingxin, 025-86185103, [email protected] Number of Species: 1,000

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Taihu Ornamental Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1993 Brief Introduction: Taihu Ornamental Botanical Garden is affiliated to Wuxi City Landscape Bureau and is located at the TurtleHead Peninsula Scenic Spot of Taihu Lake in the southwest of Wuxi. It covers an area of 150 hm2. Its main function is to protect native tree species and introduce exotic species to enrich the plant species in Taihu

Lake region. There are 2,500 species (including varieties) and 903 genera of 180 families in the garden, which are divided into eight sections, such as Orchid Garden, Bamboo Garden, Cherry Blossom Area, Camellia Area, Greenhouse, Aquatic Plant Area, Natural Vegetation Protection Area and Island Plant Area, and four specialized living collection gardens, Plum Garden, Rhododendron Garden,

Bonsai Garden and Horticulture Center, with more than 2,000 plant specimens of Wuxi are preserved. Jiangnan Orchid Garden, Taihu Cherry Valley and Flower Calamus Garden are quite characteristic gardens. Jiangnan Orchid Garden is China Orchid Growing Resources Protection and Research Center with more than 500 traditional orchid varieties of China, and more than 100 foreign orchid varieties. Taihu Cherry Valley covers an area of 20 hm2, planting more than 30,000 cherry trees of 68 varieties. Flower Calamus Garden collects 18 species of Iridaceae, and 20,000 plants of 157 varieties of Iris ensata var. hortensis. There are also a number of specialized living collection gardens, such as Magnolia Garden, Aquatic and Wet Plant Display Area, Arboretum, Bamboo Garden, Perennial Plant Flower Mirror and Tropical Plant Ornamental Greenhouse.

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Jiangsu Contacts: Mailing Address: Taihu Ornamental Botanical Garden, Management Office of Turtle-Head Peninsula Scenic Spot of Taihu Lake, No. 1, Chongshan Village, Wuxi, Jiangsu Tel: 0510-85550807 Fax: 0510-85558396 Official Website: http://www.ytz.com.cn Official Email: [email protected] Director: Shi Mingdong, 0510-85558841, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Gu Xu, 0510-85554507 Plant Records in Charge: Ding Guoqiang, 0510-85553575, [email protected] Number of Taxa: 2,500

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Xuzhou Botanical Garden

Year Established: 2011 Brief Introduction: Xuzhou Botanical Garden is affiliated to Xuzhou Municipal Bureau of Landscape, located at the south side of Jiuli Mountain, covering an area of 40 hm2. It was formerly known as Xuzhou Nursery. Since 1958, it has carried out the investigation, collection, introduction, cultivation and reproduction of plant resources in Xuzhou and surrounding areas. The construction of the botanical garden began in 2011 and was completed in 2012. The landscape of the botanical garden combines plant diversity and landscaping techniques. On the basis of plant protection, research, education and science of botanical gardens, urban parks and leisure green spaces are developed. The combination between the functions of botanical gardens and the leisure function of parks, the arbor and the shrub, especially the application of perennial ground cover flower mirror, with rich regional characteristics, excellent ecological benefits and stable community. In terms of plant varieties, Xuzhou Botanical Garden takes full advantage of the geographical advantages of north-south borders on the basis of collecting local suitable plant resources, collecting some transitional varieties and enriching plant diversity. The completed botanical garden is a comprehensive botanical garden integrating plant protection, scientific research, 208

popular science education, tourism and leisure. The garden is divided into five sections: Specialized living collection gardens, Arboretum, Bonsai Garden, Ornamental Greenhouse and Popular Science Education Area and Flower Trade Exhibition Area. The specialized living collection gardens

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include Rose Garden, Clover Garden, Magnolia Garden, Grass Garden, Coniferous Garden, Colorful Leaf Garden, Bamboo Garden, Aquatic Grass Garden, Medicinal Herb Garden and many other small specialized living collection gardens. The arboretum mainly preserves Xuzhou native tree species, which are planted according to varieties and landscape construction methods, with a special south margin arboretum of warm temperate plants. There is also a parent-child section in the garden, planting 477 species of 79 families of trees and shrubs. 294 species of 72 families of ground cover plants have been planted in the garden. The bonsai garden is a specialized living collection garden that integrates various functions such as preservation,

Jiangsu cultivation, teaching and display of bonsai art. The popular science education area is mainly composed of exhibition greenhouses, covering an area of about 3,456 m2, and cultivates 850 species of succulent plants, tropical flowers, aromatic plants, tropical ferns, Pandanaceae, tropical rainforest plants, fruit energy plants and aquatic plants. It is divided into the cycad and pineapple

exhibition area, the rare plant display area, the palm display area, etc., and there is a multimedia exhibition hall that combines the sound, light and electrics to display the growth process of plants. The Flower Trade Exhibition Area covers an area of approximately 8,000 m2 and serves as a platform for flower trade exhibitions and also serves as a greenhouse for science education.

In 2012, it signed an agreement with Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-sen to jointly build the Xuzhou Branch of Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-sen. In 2013, it was n a m e d “ X u z h o u Yo u t h S c i e n c e Education Demonstration Base” and “Jiangsu Science Popularization Education Base”.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 3, Pingshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Tel: 0516-82166106 Fax: 0516-82166106 Official Website: http://www.xzszwy.com Official Email: [email protected] Director: Ma Liang, 0516-82166169, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Xu Wantai, 0516-51286019 Plant Records in Charge: Zhang Jie, 0516-85686808 Number of Accessions: 1,350 Number of Species: 850 Number of Taxa: ca. 1,200

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Yangzhou Botanical Garden

Year Established: 2011 Brief Introduction: Yangzhou Botanical Garden is located in Zhuyuwan Scenic Spot of Yangzhou, with an area of 64 hm2. It was built as a nursery in 1982. In 2011, it was upgraded to a botanical garden. 450 species of 180 genera and 110 families of cultivated plants have been cultivated. It has established several specialized living collection gardens, such as Cornaceae Garden, Herbaceous

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Peony Garden, Osmanthus Garden, Qionghua Flower Garden, Crape Myrtle Garden, and Plum Garden. The Cornaceae Garden covers an area of 15,000 m2, and plants such as Cornus controversa, C. wilsoniana, C. kousa subsp. chinensis, C. alba, C. walteri, Tetradium ruticarpum are cultivated. The Plum Garden covers an area of 1.3 hm2 and has more than 2,000 old trees with more than 40 years, such as the varieties Armeniaca mume f.

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viridicalyx. The Herbareceous Peony Garden covers an area of 2.7 hm2, and more than 100 varieties of cultivated peony are cultivated. Yangzhou Botanical Garden also has six scenic forests, such as Cornus Forest, Cedrus Forest, Euonymus Forest, Metasequoia Forest, Diospyros Forest and Cinnamomum Forest. The Cedrus Forest covers an area of 2.0 hm2 and is formed by more than 2,000 tall Cedrus deodara trees of 40 to 50 years old. The Metasequoia Forest has a beautiful landscape and elegant leaves. The Cinnamomum Forest is evergreen in four seasons, with a grand tree posture and a strong crown. The Diospyros Forest has flourishing branches and large leaves, autumn leaves are red, and fruits like fire. The Euonymus Forest is unique and the autumn leaves are dazzling. The botanical garden pays attention to the protection of historical relics. The restored historical relics include the “North Palace of the Yang Emperor in the Sui Dynasty” site, the “First Jungle” site in Yangzhou’s “Twenty-four Jungles”, the “control and manage the river” tablet and pavilion, and the “Lotus and Curved Bridge” site, Well of the Song Dynasty, Cornus Pagoda, Lingyi Hall, Cornus Hall, and the ancient canal scenery belt retain a large number of precious cultural landscapes.

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Jiangsu Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 888, Zhuyuwan Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Tel: 0514-87291539 Fax: 0514-87297217 Official Website: http://www.yzzyw.com Official Email: [email protected] Director: Li Wenbin, 0514-87290448, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Gao Yanbo, 0514-87297882, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Wang Zhenxing, 0514-87291539, [email protected] Number of Accessions: 420 Number of Species: 450 Number of Taxa: 450

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Chongchuan Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1924 Brief Introduction: Chongchuan Botanical Garden was expanded into a botanical garden on the basis of the Seyuan, which was built in 1924. The old garden has a total area of 15.7 hm2 and covers an area of 34.7 hm2 after the expansion. There are more than 10,000 trees of 59 families and more than 140 species in the garden with many rare trees, such as Juniperus chinensis cv. Kaizuka, Cedrus deodara, Pinus densiflora, Cupressus funebris,

Cinnamomum camphora, Taxodium distichum var. imbricatum, Ilex cornuta, Davidia involucrata, Cryptomeria japonica, Taxus wallichiana var. chinensis, Xylosma congesta, Eucommia ulmoides. The ancient trees in the garden are towering, and the Juniperus chinensis cv. Kaizuka on both sides of a tomb are more than 200 years old. In addition, there are many tree species with individuals over 100 years old, such as Cedrus deodara, Pinus densiflora, Podocarpus

macrophyllus, and Cryptomeria japonica. The environment of Chongchuan Botanical Garden is pleasant with elegant and peaceful scenery. There are scenic forest belts composed of characteristic forests, such as Metasequoia Forest, Plum Forest, Ginkgo Forest and Cinnamomum Forest, and Bamboo Garden. The whole garden is full of poetic charm. There are Zhangjian’ Tomb, Zhangjian’ Memorial Hall, Zhang Temple, Lotus Pond, “Cranes’ Shadow at the river”, “Enjoy Fish Around the Stream”, Yingshan Tower, Pine and Crane Hall, Flowery Brook and other tourist attractions. The featured and themed plant exhibits combine nature with history, tradition and modernity to form a tourism feature of “celebrity, birds, flowers, fishes and green casual”. More than 100 varieties of lotus flowers and more than 50 varieties of water lily with five colors, such as white, red, blue, yellow and pink, have been

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Jiangsu exhibited in the summer lotus show, which is very colorful and beautiful. The Spring Flower Show is held every year from March 25 to May 25. It is mainly composed of tulips, tree peony and herbaceous peony. More than 100 species of exotic flowers create a flowery and colorful romantic flower sea. An autumn fruit show is held every year from September 25 to November 25, with dozens of crops such as corn, pumpkin, peanuts and more than 20 kinds of fruits, such as orange and pomegranate exhibited to show the harvests. Chongchuan Botanical Garden is a National AAAA Tourist Attraction, a National Key Cultural Relics Protection Unit, a Jiangsu Environmental Education Base, a Jiangsu Eco-civilization Education Base, and a Nantong Municipal Voluntary Tree Planting Base.

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Jiangsu Contacts: Mailing Address: Nantong Seyuan Scenic Spot, No.150, Nanjiao Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu Tel: 0513-85580358, 85705980 Fax: 0513-85705061 Official Website: http://www.ntseyuan.com Official Email: [email protected] Director: Zhu Jianming, 0513-85705061 Curator of Living Collections: Wang Wei, [email protected] Number of Species: ca. 250 Number of Taxa: ca. 450

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Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Year Established: 1934 Brief Introduction: Lushan Botanical Garden, formerly known as Lushan Forest Botanical Garden, was founded in August 1934 by the famous botanists Hu Xiansu, Ching Renchang and Chen Fenghuai. It focuses on the collection and preservation of montane plant resources. It has an area of 333.3 hm2 (including Poyang Lake Botanical Garden), with 15 specialized living collection gardens, such as Coniferous

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Garden, Rare Plants Garden, Rhododendron Garden, Fern and Moss Garden, Conservatory, Rock Garden, Kiwi fruit Garden, Grass Flower Area, East Asia and North America Disjunction Plant Garden, Tea Garden, Endemic Shrub Garden, Maple Garden, Medicinal Plant Garden and Nursery Garden established. The gardens have about 5,400 species of living plants, including 115 species of nationally protected plants. Lushan Botanical Garden is a characteristic garden,

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especially in the introduction and conservation of conifers, Rhododendron and ferns. There are 248 species under 48 genera and 11 families in the Coniferous Garden, which include Taxus wallichiana var. chinensis, T. cuspidata, T. wallichiana var. mairei, Pseudotaxus chienii, Amentotaxus argotaenia, Torreya grandis cv. Merrillii, Sciadopitys verticillata, Cathaya argyrophylla, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Cephalotaxus sinensis, Cephalotaxus fortunei, Abies firma, A. ferreana, Fokienia hodginsii, Chamaecyparis formosensis, Taiwania cryptomerioides, Pseudolarix amabilis, Pinus strobus, Chamaecyparis obtuse cv. Crippsii, Juniperus communis. T h e R h o d o d e n d ro n G a r d e n h a s sections consisting of Rhododendron classification area, international friendship Rhododendron Garden, Rhododendron return and introduction garden and Rhododendron Valley, with more than 320 species of wild

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species and nearly 200 varieties, such as Rhododendron fortunei, R. jingangshanicum, R. simiarum, R. kiangsiense, R. liliiflorum, R. latoucheae, R. auriculatum, R. chihsinianum, R. annae, R. irroratum, R. ovatum, R. molle. Fern and Moss Garden has 300 species, 89 genera and 40 families, among them 15 species under seven genera and five families of ferns with nearly 10,000 individuals. Representative fern species include Alsophila spinulosa, Chapter 2  A Brief Introduction of Botanical Gardens of China

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Jiangxi Cibotium barometz, Pentarhizidium o r i e n t a l e , P y r ro s i a s h e a re r i , Nephrolepis cordifolia, Cyrtomium fortunei, Lycopodium japonicum, Botrychium ternatum, and Humata griffithiana. Lushan Botanical Garden is an important base for biodiversity

conservation in China and has an irreplaceable position in the subject arrangement and geographical location of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Adhering to the concept of “scientific connotation, beautiful appearance and cultural heritage”, Lushan Botanical

Garden receives 800,000 Chinese and foreign tourists every year. It has been awarded “National Science Education Base”, “Science and Technology Activity Demonstration Base of National Youth Entering the Science World”, “National Wild Plant Science Education Base” and the first batch of “Popular Education Base” in Jiangxi Province. In 1999, it was awarded the title of “National Advanced Unit of Popular Science” at the National Science Popularization Conference.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 9, Zhiqing Road, Hanpokou, Lushan, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Tel: 0792-8282223 Official Website: http://www.lsbg.cn Director: Huang Hongwen, huanghw@ scbg.ac.cn Curator of Living Collections: Zhang Lehua, [email protected] Number of Species: 5,400

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Jiangxi

Gannan Arboretum

Year Established: 1976 Brief Introduction: Gannan Arboretum is located at the Doushui Lake National Forest Park at the junction of Shangyou County and Chongyi County of Cangzhou, Jiangxi, and belongs to the Gannan Academy of Sciences. It is a local arboretum with a beautiful natural environment and rich scientific importance. Gannan Arboretum mainly focuses on collecting, protecting, researching, displaying, and developing wild tree species resources in the South Jiangxi and southern subtropical regions, especially rare and endangered tree species, establishing a regional tree species gene bank, and striving to become the center for tree species conservation and research in South Jiangxi and southern subtropical regions. More than 1,300 species of trees have been conserved, accounting for 72% of the total number of woody plants in the Nanling Mountains, including more than 50 species of

nationally protected trees, and more than 90 species of key protected species in Jiangxi. Functional areas such as tree collection area, tree display area, tree test area and forest tree fine varieties base are established. The herbarium contains nearly 20,000 herbarium specimens and more than 1,800 seed specimens. It is one of the most complete and largest herbariums in Jiangxi. The Gannan Arboretum focuses on the collection, conservation, development,

and utilization of tree species resources in the South Jiangxi and southern subtropical regions. Basic researches on plant classification, rare tree species protection, economic tree species, and plant environment have been carried out around biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization, and have achieved certain achievements, and many projects have won provincial and municipal scientific and technological progress awards.

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Jiangxi Contacts: Mailing Address: Doushui Town, Shangyou County, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Tel: 0797-8501148 Fax: 0797-8501148 Official Website: http://www.gnas.cn Official Email: [email protected] Director: Hu Xiaokang, 0797-8501526, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Li Ganrong, 0797-8501148, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Zhan Junming, 0797-8501148, [email protected] Number of Species: 1,305 Number of Taxa: 1,316

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Dagangshan Arboretum

Year Established: 1979 Brief Introduction: Dagangshan Arboretum is affiliated to the Experimental Center of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy o f F o r e s t r y, a l s o k n o w n a s t h e Arboretum of Experimental Center of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, with 40 employees. The arboretum covers an area of 212.5 hm2 and aims to establish the largest ex situ conservation bank of forest germplasm resources in the central and northern subtropical regions of China. The main nissions of this arboretum are to introduce, domesticate and promote the central and northern subtropical trees and shrub species, and carry out ecological forestry intellectual property rights protection and popular science education. At present, there are nearly 1,100 species under 270 genera in 98 families, including about 600 species of native trees of Jiangxi Province, 330 species of trees from other provinces, 71 species of trees from abroad. 117 species of bamboos have been collected and preserved. 11 species are national first-class protected species, such as Taxus wallichiana var. chinensis, Pseudolarix amabilis, Ginkgo biloba, Taiwania cryptomerioides. 25 species of national second-class protected species, such as Ormosia hosiei, Cyclocarya paliurus, Toona ciliata, Liriodendron chinense. More than 30 rare and endangered plants are national key protected species. The arboretum 222

has undertaken and participated in many research projects, such as the introduction experiment of subtropical excellent tree species, the construction

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of Chinese fir seed orchard, the determination experiment of Chinese fir progeny, the provenance test of Camellia oleifera, the provenance test of Fokienia hodginsii, the introduction experiment of Cupressus lusitanica, Cupressus torulosa, and the test of ectomycorrhizal fungi on foreign pines, the construction of subtropical forest plant germplasm resource bank. The arboretum has 12 achievements and six awards. Since 2005, it has been awarded the Youth Science and Technology Education Base of Jiangxi, the Youth Ecological Education Base of Jiangxi, and the Science Education

Jiangxi Base of Xinyu, Jiangxi. In 2006, the East China Branch of the Plant New Varieties Testing Center of the State Forestry Administration was approved. Since 2008, it has been rated as a civilized unit in Xinyu. In 2012, it was awarded the title of National Popular Science Education Base.

Contacts: Mailing Address: Shantangxia, Fenyi County, Xinyu, Jiangxi Tel: 0691-8715071, 0790-5895689 Fax: 0691-8715070, 0790-5895689 Official Website: http://ylzx.caf.ac.cn Director: Chen Chuansong, 07905895909 Curator of Living Collections: Wang Liyun, 0790-5895877 Plant Records in Charge: Lu Yuansheng, 0790-5895595, [email protected] Number of Species: 1,100 Number of Taxa: 1,095

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Nanchang Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1980 Brief Introduction: Nanchang Botanical Garden is affiliated to Jiangxi Academy of Forestry. In 1956, the Jiangxi Institute of Forestry was established. In 1980, the Arboretum of Jiangxi Institute of Forestry was established on the basis of the original afforestation experimental team. In 2001,

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it was renamed as “Nanchang Botanical Garden of Jiangxi Academy of Forestry”. It is located at the southern end of Meiling Scenic Area in the northern suburb of Nanchang. The highest elevation of the garden is 530 m, and the whole garden covers an area of 133.3 hm2. After more than 60 years of scientific research and construction, it has achieved fruitful

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scientific and technological advances in the collection and preservation of plant resources, has undertaken substantial conservation research, and has cultivated and developed a high-level scientific and technological team. 1,300 species (including subspecies, varieties, forms and cultivars) woody plants under 109 families and 301 genera have been collected. Twelve specialized living collection gardens, which include the Camellia Garden, Bamboo Garden, Magnolia Garden, Maple Garden, Rhododendron Garden, Rare and Endangered Tree Garden, Jiangxi Rare Tree Gene Bank, Ginkgo and Osmanthus Gene Bank, have played an important role in the protection, research and display of regional plant germplasm resources, resource utilization and ecological protection, and forest knowledge and forest culture

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popularization. The Jiangxi Rare Tree Species Gene Bank has collected 93 rare tree of national and provincial protected species and preserved 985 genetic resources from central Chinese subtropical regions. More than 160 species and 19 genera of bamboo have been collected and preserved in Bamboo Garden and nearly 600 varieties of Camellia have been collected in Camellia Garden. In September 1999, the Jiangxi Science and Technology Commission awarded the gardens with the title of “Jiangxi Biology Popularization Education Base.” In December, it was recognized as a “National Youth Science and Technology Education Base”.

Contacts: Mailing Address: Changbei Economic Development Zone, Nanchang, Jiangxi Tel: 0791-83833728 Fax: 0791-83833718 Official Website: http://www.jxlky.cn Official Email: [email protected] Director: Du Qiang Curator of Living Collections: Du Qiang, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Wen Ye, 079183833728 Number of Accessions: 2,650 Number of Species: 1,300 Number of Taxa: 1,526

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Xiongyue Arboretum

Year Established: 1915 Brief Introduction: Xiongyue Arboretum is affiliated to the Liaoning Institute of Pomology and was founded in 1915. It is one of the earliest built gardens in Chinese botanical gardens, and it is one of the complete arboreta in collections of northern trees. In 1915, the Japanese Kusama Masayoshi began to construct an arboretum with an area of 1.47 hm2,

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which mainly cultivated trees of Northeast China as well as trees of Japan, D. P. R. Korea, and North America. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the arboretum has been highly valued by leaders and has adopted multi-channel introduction work. It has now grown to 6.5 hm2 and has been preserved 550 species under 63 families and 163 genera of rare trees from Asia, Europe, and North America. In 1980, the

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daughter of Kusama Masayoshi, carrying his father’s seal and key to Xiongyue Arboretum, buried these artifacts under a Pinus strobus tree planted by Kusama Masayoshi to commemorate him. The Xiongyue Arboretum preserves various resources of northern trees in the form of living specimens, providing physical specimens for agricultural and forestry scientific research and to teachers and students studying the species classification and ecological habits of northern trees. It also supplies important raw materials for selecting and breeding of forest and fruit trees. It has become an important ecological and cultural education base of Liaoning. Seven specialized living collection gardens have been established, including Magnolia Garden, Rose Garden, Rhododendron Garden, Tree Peony Garden, Cherry Blossom Garden, Coniferous Garden, and Color Leaves Garden. 52 papers

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have been published by the gardens, and five new plant varieties have been cultivated. Nearly 200 species have been protected in the ex situ conservation areas. Contacts: Mailing Address: Xiongyue Town, Bayuquan District, Yingkou, Liaoning Tel: 0417-7033419 Official Website: http://www.lngss.com.cn Director: Yu Delin, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Wang Dong, 0417-7033419 Plant Records in Charge: Liu Xiaoju, [email protected] Number of Species: 550 Number of Taxa: 670

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Shenyang Arboretum of Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Year Established: 1955 Brief Introduction: The Shenyang Arboretum of Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, was founded in 1955 by famous botanist Prof. Liu Shen-e and ecologist Prof. Wang Zhan. It lies at the center of Shenyang, covering an area of 5.0 hm2. In 2005, the construction of the Huishan Branch

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of the Arboretum was established, with a construction area of 160 hm2, located in the suburbs of Shenyang. Based on Northeast China, it is a botanical garden that contains the regional flora, and tasked with collecting, preserving, and studying the germplasm resources of native plants in Northeast China. After several generations of scientists’ e ff o r t s , t h e r e a r e m o r e t h a n 1 0

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specialized living collection gardens established, such as Gymnosperm Area, Rare and Endangered Plant Garden, Non-Legume Nitrogen-Fixing Plant Area, Metasequoia Area and Maple Area. It is engaged in collecting and conserving arboreal, shrubby and herbaceous plants, including rare and endangered plants in the flora of Changbai, North China and Mongolia. More than 1,000 ex situ cultivation species have been planted, including 672 species of woody plants and 60 species of endangered plants. There are 356 species collected in the Urban Suitable Tree Area with representative species Quercus mongolica, Pinus tabuliformis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Phellodendron amurense, Syringa oblata, and Weigela florida. The Medicinal Plants Area has 86 species collected, with representative species

Liaoning

Eucommia ulmoides, Ampelocissus glandulosa var. brevipedunculata, Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Thymus quinquecostatus, Pulsatilla chinensis, Platycodon grandiflorus. 56 species have been collected in the Rose Garden with representative species Cerasus serrulata, Armeniaca sibirica, Malus spectabilis, Spiraea salicifolia, Kerria japonica, Neillia thyrsiflora, Potentilla chinensis. 20 species have been collected in the Nitrogen-Fixing Plant Area with representative species Robinia pseudoacacia, Sophora japonica, Lespedeza bicolor, Caragana Chapter 2  A Brief Introduction of Botanical Gardens of China

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Liaoning sinica, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Elaeagnus umbellate, Elaeagnus umbellata. 16 species have been collected in the Gymnosperm Area with representative species Ginkgo biloba, Pinus tabuliformis, Taxus cuspidata. After managing for 50 years, the arboretum has become a city forest community that took zonal vegetation as the main feature and honored as a “small forest in the metropolis”.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 52, Wanliutang Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning Tel: 024-24811558 Official Website: http://www.iae.cas.cn Directors: He Xingyuan, [email protected], Chen Wei, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Huang Yanqing, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Li Yan, ly_ [email protected] Number of Species: 701

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Liaoning

Medicinal Botanical Garden of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University

Year Established: 1955 Brief Introduction: The Medicinal Botanical Garden of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University was founded in 1955, and it is located at the east side of the campus’s central axis (north-south direction). It is rectangular in shape, 120 m long from north to south, 110 m wide from east to west, and covers an area of about 13,000 m2. The Medicinal Botanical Garden of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University is in the north latitude 41°46′ and east longitude 123°6′ with 40 m altitude, and belongs to a warm temperate semi-humid monsoon continental climate. The annual average temperature is 7.5℃, with extreme maximum temperature 40.1℃, extreme minimum temperature -30.7℃. The annual average precipitation amount is 756 mm. The Botanical Garden serves as the teaching and testing base of medicinal botany, Chinese pharmacy, pharmacology and related disciplines of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University. It also acts as a supply base of scientific research materials, and a popular science base of Liaoning and Shenyang. It also does research on introduction, domestication, and plant protection. Since the establishment of the garden, 900 species of 132 families of medicinal plants in Northeast China have been collected and preserved, and five specialized living collection gardens, including Specimen Area, Liana Area, Shade Plant Area, Introduction Test Area and Greenhouse have been built. Chapter 2  A Brief Introduction of Botanical Gardens of China

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Liaoning Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning Tel: 024-23986472 Official Website: http://www.syphu.edu.cn Director: Sun Wei, 024-23986472, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Sun Wei, 024-23986472, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Sun Wei, 02423986472, [email protected] Number of Species: 900

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Liaoning

Shenyang Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1959 Brief Introduction: Shenyang Botanical Garden was founded in 1959 by Jiao Ruoyu, the first secretary of the Shenyang Municipal Party Committee. It was originally affiliated to the Shenyang Urban Construction Bureau. It was taken over by the Shenyang Garden Office in 1962. It was merged with the Donghui Forest Farm from 1966 to

1976 and restored the organizational system in 1973. In 1981, the Shenyang Garden Department and the Shenyang Greening Department were divided into two groups. The botanical garden was divided into the greening department. In 1988, it was changed to the Shenyang Institute of Landscape Architecture. In 1994, it was re-owned by the Shenyang Urban Construction Bureau and became a directly affiliated institution. In 2001,

it returned to Qipanshan International Scenic Tourism Development Zone in Shenyang. In 2013, it was placed under the Hunnan District of Shenyang. There are 600 species, 20 specialized living collection gardens as well as more than 150 species (including varieties) of tree peony and herbaceous peony introduced. 1,700 existing species have been preserved in Shenyang Botanical Garden.

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Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 301, Shuangyuan Road, Hunnan (Dongling) District, Shenyang, Liaoning Tel: 024-88038035 Official Website: http://www.syszwy. com.cn Director: Wei Chunwei, 024-88038001, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Zhang Yan, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Zhang Yan, [email protected] Number of Species: 600 Number of Taxa: 650

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Dalian Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1920 Brief Introduction: Dalian Botanical Garden is affiliated to the Dalian Landscape Architecture Department and it was founded in 1920. It was called “Nanshanlu Park”. In 1930, it was renamed “Yishenggechi Park”. After the liberation, it was renamed “Nanshan Park” after being rebuilt on May 14, 1950. On September 5, 1966, the monument of Mr. Lu Xun was moved to Nanshan Park from Dalian Zoo. The park was renamed “Lu Xun Park” again. On July 21, 1980, in order to adapt to the development of the garden industry, the park was named “Botanical Garden” and this name is still used today. Dalian Botanical Garden occupies an area of 32.4 hm2 with an exhibition area of 15.9 hm2. The total number of employees is 82, including 32 garden technicians and eight popular science workers. The total area of the botanical garden is 25.7 hm2,

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of which the plant specialized living collection garden area is 0.6 hm2, the introduction of the conservation area is 0.5 hm2, and the natural vegetation is 16.5 hm2. There are four specialized

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living collection gardens, such as Bamboo Garden, Plum Garden, Cherry Blossom Garden, and Aquatic Plant Garden. 113 species have been ex situ cultivated and conserved.

Liaoning

Contacts: Mailing Address: Wanghai Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian, Shenyang Tel: 0411-82735136, 83684091 Official Website: http://www.cjj.dl.gov.cn Official Email: [email protected] Director: Han Jicheng, 0411-82735136 Curator of Living Collections: Dong Keyu, 0411-82721856 Plant Records in Charge: Liu Deqing, 0411-82735136 Number of Species: 113

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Dalian Yinggeshi Botanical Garden

Year Established: 2003 Brief Introduction: D a l i a n Yi n g g e s h i B o t a n i c a l Garden was founded in 2003 and officially opened in 2014. Located in Yinggeshi Village, Longwangtang Street, High-tech Park, Dalian, it is the first comprehensive botanical garden invested on by private enterprises in China. The total area of the botanical

garden is 95.57 hm2, and 3,021 species of 365 genera in 126 families have been conserved. The total number of plant varieties here ranks first among all of the botanical gardens of Northeast China. 14 specialized living collection gardens such as Peony Garden, Shibazakura Garden, Crabapple Garden, Magnolia Garden, Ornamental Peach Garden, Spring

Garden, Tulip Garden, Herb Garden, Garden Horticultural Exhibition Area as well as Children’s Garden have been established. Dalian Yinggeshi Botanical Garden is a comprehensive botanical garden integrating scientific research, popular science, tourism and leisure, and has been named “National Forestry Popular Science Base” by the State Forestry Administration.

Contacts: Mailing Address: Yinggeshi Village, Longwangtang Street, High-tech Park, Dalian, Liaoning Tel: 0411-86286766 Fax: 0411-86286766 Official Website: http://www.ygszwy.com Director: Sun Hongkui, 1738235651@ qq.com Curator of Living Collections: Li Xiangli, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Tong Tieqiang, [email protected] Number of Species: 3,021

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Liaoning

Shenyang Tree Specimens Garden

Year Established: 2009 Brief Introduction: Shenyang Tree Specimens Garden covers an area of 9.7 hm2, and belongs to Shenyang Institute of Landscape Architecture. It is a park integrating living plant collection, plant scientific research, protection, display, and popular science education. It was completed in May 2009 and was freely accessible to the public in August of

that year. Relying on the Shenyang Institute of Landscape Architecture, it collects and displays plant resources in the northern region of China, with sections such as the tree specimen area, the flower display area and the plant recreation area. The tree specimen area was established in 1963, and it mainly introduces and domesticates the northern garden trees. It has collected a large number of plant resources to

reflect the beautiful garden landscape through the scientific gardening method. The flower display area was established in 2005 and focuses on the demonstration of ground cover plants such as perennial flowers. In 2008, combined with the transformation of the tree specimen garden and the flower display area, the specimen garden was re-planned. The plant recreation area focuses on the construction of ecological garden landscapes, and displays the social and ecological benefits of urban gardens through the formation of several characteristic plant landscapes. The garden has collected 600 species of plants, including more than 330 species of trees and 300 species of herbaceous plants. The national rare and endangered plants include 22 species, such as Yulania amoena, Pinus sylvestris var. sylvestriformis, and Paeonia rockii, and

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Liaoning the national first-class and second-class protected plants include Metasequoia g l y p t o s t ro b o i d e s , L i r i o d e n d ro n chinense, Eucommia ulmoides and Picea neoveitchii. This garden not only becomes an important base for the protection and research, development and application of plant diversity, but also an ideal place for popular science education, people’s cultural literacy improvement, and tourism and leisure.

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Liaoning Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 199, Qingnian Street, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning Tel: 024-23915429, 23915341 Fax: 024-23899437 Official Website: http://www.sysyky.cn Official Email: [email protected] Director: Gen Xingliang, 024-23916637, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Gen Xingliang, 024-23916637, 35926187@ qq.com Plant Records in Charge: Li Na, 02423917046, [email protected] Number of Species: 600

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Inner Mongolia

Arding Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1956 Brief Introduction: Arding Botanical Garden was founded in 1956, and was formerly known as the third nursery of Baotou. It was converted into a botanical garden in 2002 and officially opened

to the public in 2003. It covers an area of 90.4 hm2 and is divided into two gardens, namely the east garden and west garden. Arding Botanical Garden is a comprehensive garden integrating popular science and scientific research, culture and leisure. It has four sections,

which are the popular science tour area, scientific research test area, flower and artificial lake area, and greenhouse area. There are 14 specialized living collection gardens, such as Coniferous Garden, Autumn Garden, City Tree Garden, Lilac Garden, Rose Garden, Lonicera Garden, Spring Flower Garden, Sophora Garden, Color Leaf Garden, Crabapple Garden, Herb Garden, Herbaceous Peony Garden, Grass Garden and Aquatic Plant Garden in the popular science tour area. It plans to introduce 450 species of plants under 65 families. By 2017, 187 species of 65 families of various plants have been collected, including 12 conifer species, 100 broad-leaved trees and 75 herbaceous plants.

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Inner Mongolia Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 3, Qingnian Road, Kundulun District, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Official Website: http://www.baotou.gov. cn/info/1215/16298.htm Official Email: [email protected] Director: Zhang Yao, 0472-5118148 Curators of Living Collections: Chang Yushan, 0472-5188487; Mo Hongyan, 0472-5120980 Plant Records in Charge: An Jun, 04725155472 Number of Species: 187

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Inner Mongolia

Arboretum of the Inner Mongolia Academy of Forestry

Year Established: 1956 Brief Introduction: Founded in 1956, the Arboretum of the Inner Mongolia Academy of Forestry is located in Saihan District, Hohhot, covering an area of 22 hm2. Currently, 530 species (including varieties) of 122 genera under 53 families of arbors and shrubs are conserved. It is an important scientific research base for the preservation of tree germplasm resources in semiarid areas of northern China and the introduction and domestication of trees. The arboretum is divided into five exhibition areas and one nursery: the gymnosperm area covers an area of 7.5 hm 2, with more than 60 coniferous species including 20 species of Picea; the angiosperm area covers an area of 9.5 hm2, with Populus area, Ulmus area, Rose area, etc., with more than 300 species of various arbors and shrubs planted, and rich in Populus, Ulmus, Cotoneaster, Fraxinus, Syringa and Lonicera. The xerophyte area is 1.5 hm 2, and more than 60 species of desiccationtolerant and cold-tolerant shrubs are planted, mainly in the genus Tamarix and Caragana. The aquatic plant area is 0.2 hm 2 with Nymphaeaceae and Lythraceae planting. The conservatory mainly breeds and preserves tropical tree species, seedlings and flowers. The nursery mainly carries out plant introduction and breeding. After decades of construction, the 248

arboretum of the Inner Mongolia Academy of Forestry has now become a comprehensive arboretum with plant

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conservation, research, and popular science education. Now it is a member of the Botany Garden Societies of Botanical Society of China and the Botanical Garden Protection Branch of the Chinese Society for Environmental Sciences. It has direct business contacts with more than 50 botanical gardens and arboretums at home and abroad, and receives more than 500 experts and scholars every year. It is an important popular science education and publicity base in Inner Mongolia. It regularly receives students of the Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, the

Inner Mongolia Inner Mongolia Normal University and other colleges as well as primary and middle school students to develop botany internships and biology classes. Each year, it cooperates with the Science and Technology Association

of Inner Mongolia and Hohhot to organize environmental protection and ecological education, and other related activities. In October 1999, it was named “National Popular Science Education Base” by China Association

for Science and Technology. It was one of the first six popular science bases in Inner Mongolia. In 2009, it was named “National Forestry Science Base” by China Forestry Society.

Contacts: Mailing Address: Inner Mongolia Academy of Forestry, No. 288, Xinjian East Street, Saihan District, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Director: Liu Pingshen, nmlkylps@163. com Curator of Living Collections: Liu Pingshen, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Chen Jianhong, [email protected] Number of Species: 530 Number of Taxa: 650

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Inner Mongolia

Chifeng Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1987 Brief Introduction: Chifeng Botanical Garden is affiliated to Hongshan National Forest Park of Chifeng, and is located at the bank of Hongshan Mountain in the eastern suburbs of Chifeng. Covering an area of 26.7 hm2, it is a northern botanical garden integrating scientific research, science education, popular science, tourism and amusement. It was founded in 1987, and formerly known as Chifeng Arboretum. In 1998, it was renamed Botanical Garden and opened in May 1999. There are 245 species of 94 genera in 44 families of trees, more than 200 species of flower bonsai, and more than 500 species of plants have been planted. 16 scenic spots such as specialized tree area, children’s entertainment area,

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ornamental flower area, rare plant area, water park area, forest function area, ornamental bonsai area, meditating area, and different scene area have been

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established. Chifeng Botanical Gardens have become an ideal place for Chifeng people to recognize, study, and love nature.

Inner Mongolia

Contacts: Mailing Address: Sandao East Street, Hongshan District, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia Director: Shao Yongsheng, 0476-8667385 Number of Species: 245

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Ningxia

Yinchuan Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1986 Brief Introduction: Yinchuan Botanical Garden is located in southwest of Jinfeng District, Yinchuan, capital of Ningxia

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Hui Autonomous Region. The elevation of Yinchuan Botanical Garden is 1,115 m and covers an area of 286.7 hm2. It is located in the lower sandy land of proluvial fan of

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the east side of Helan Mountain. The annual average temperature is 8.5℃, and the annual average precipitation is about 180 mm. Founded in 1986, i t i s n o w a ff i l i a t e d t o N i n g x i a Institute of Forestry Co., Ltd. The garden carries out the collection, preservation, development, and utilization of germplasm resources and the construction of botanical gardens based on the germplasm resources of Psammophytes and Xerophytes of Northwest China. After 30 years, the desert has become an oasis, and the Yinchuan Botanical Garden has a vegetation coverage rate of 85%. It has now developed into a comprehensive garden integrating scientific research, scientific and technological demonstration, popular science education, industrial production, and ecological sightseeing. The botanical garden has five National level research and development platforms, namely National Economy Forest Tree Seed Rapid Propagation Engineering Technology Research Center, National Key Laboratory of Seedling Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Forest Seedling Engineering, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Northwest Economic Forest Cultivation and Utilization, Chinese Wolfberry Engineering Technology Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration. At present, there are 800 species of plants in the botanical garden, which has established specialized living collection gardens, such as Psammophytes and Xerophytes Garden, Liupanshan Garden, Garden and Landscape Plants Garden, Lilac Garden, Crabapple Garden, and other specialized living collection gardens. Nine new varieties have been cultivated and 12 national and Ningxia forest tree fine varieties have been approved. It has become a conservation

Ningxia base of rare and endangered plants in Northwest China and a gene bank for selection and breeding plants in semidesert regions.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 1350, Qinghe South Street, Jingfeng District, Yinchuan, Ningxia Tel: 0951-5667119 Fax: 0951-5667116 Official Website: http://www.senmiao.com Director: Shen Xiaodong, 0951-5667119 Curator of Living Collections: Zhu Qiang, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Zhu Qiang, [email protected] Number of Species: 800

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Qinghai

Xining Landscape Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1981 Brief Introduction: Xining Landscape Botanical Garden was founded in 1981 and officially opened to the public in 1994, covering an area of 66.67 hm2. It has established some specialized living collection gardens, such as Introduction and Domestication Area, Rose Garden, Lalic Garden, Bonsai Garden,

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Coniferous Garden, Grass Garden as well as elegant garden architecture. There were only Populus cathayana, Pinus tabuliformis, and Picea asperata before the 1970s. The vegetation was sparse with few tree types. From 1984 to 1987, 215 species of 81 genera in 41 families of wild ornamental plants had been introduced from Beishan Forest Area, Datong Baoku, Dongxia

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Forest Area, and Xunhua Mengda Forest Area, Qilian Xianmi Forest Area and Huangnan Maixiu Forest Area and Introduction and Domestication area, Lalic Garden and Rose Garden were established. From 1989 to 1994, Management Zone, Grass Garden and Bonsai Garden as well as the entrance area of Coniferous Garden, Lilac Garden and Rose Garden had been constructed. The garden has collected and introduced shrubs, flowers, bonsai and subtropical plants from Lanzhou, Beijing, Jiangsu and Guangzhou to improve the plant arrangement of Grass Garden, Coniferous Garden, and Bonsai Garden. At present, Xining Landscape Botanical Garden has cultivated 630 species of 279 genera in 97 families, and has become one of the concentrated areas for plant germplasm resources conservation in Northwest China.

Qinghai Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 5, Xishan Three Lane, Chengxi District, Xining, Qinghai Director: Fan Yuqin, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Liu Guoqiang, [email protected] Number of Species: 630

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Shandong

Arboretum of Shandong Agricultural University

Year Established: 1956 Brief Introduction: Arboretum of Shandong Agricultural University was founded in 1956, and was formerly known as Arboretum of Shandong Forestry School. In 1999, it merged with Shandong Agricultural University and changed its name to Arboretum of Shandong Agricultural University. Covering an area of 4.13 hm 2, it is located in the south of Wangmu Pond in Southern Tai Mountains at the Hongmen Road. It mainly serves as a teaching practice base. It collects various plants in the tropical, subtropical and cold temperate zones, and plants some foreign plants such as Carya illinoinensis. There are many kinds of bamboo in the arboretum, and most of them are from the north of the Yangtze River.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 32-1, Hongmen Road, Tai’an, Shandong Tel: 0538-8242291 Fax: 0538-8226399 Official Website: http://www.sdau.edu.cn Official Email: [email protected] Director: Xie Lanyu, 0538-8242291 Number of Species: 300

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Shandong

Botanical Garden of Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Year Established: 1958 Brief Introduction: Botanical Garden of Shandong C o l l e g e o f Tr a d i t i o n a l C h i n e s e

Medicine is located in Laiyang, the old campus of the college, and it has planted 620 species of medicinal plants with an area of 14 hm2. It has

built four teaching areas of medicinal plant identification area, medicinal plant growing area, medicinal plant ornamental area, and medicinal plant cultivation greenhouse. The greenhouse covers an area of 300 m2. More than 200 species of medicinal plants have been planted on Yantai new campus, including frigid plants, temperate plants, and subtropical plants. The planting area is 2.0 hm2, and medicinal plants are everywhere on the campus. The medicinal plant standardized planting demonstration base is located in the foothills of Longhai Town, Muping District, Yantai. It was built in 2016 and covered an area of 7.73 hm2. It is divided into high-yield cultivation area of genuine Chinese medicinal materials, the experimental cultivation area of new varieties of Chinese medicinal materials, cultivation techniques and models demonstrative area of Chinese medicinal materials, breeding area of genuine Chinese medicinal materials. There are more than 20 kinds of Shandong or local Chinese herbal medicines, such as Glehnia littoralis, Trichosanthes kirilowii, Lonicera japonica, Platycodon grandiflorum, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Strobilanthes cusia, Atractylodes macrocephala, Rehmannia glutinosa, Scutellaria baicalensis, Carthamus tinctorius. The base adheres to the principle of “maximum continuous production” and uses standardized management and quality monitoring methods to carry out soil conservation, germplasm breeding, improved breeding, cultivation management, protection of wild medicinal materials and ecological environment, and sustainable use of resources. The base will be built into a standardized planting base for Chinese herbal medicines, a breeding base for Chinese herbal medicines, a scientific and technological achievements transformation base, and an education and teaching practice training base.

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Shandong Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 508, Binhai East Road, Longhai Town, Muping District, Yantai, Shandong Tel: 0535-5136965 Official Website: http://www.stcmchina.com Director: Jiang Xiaoming, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Zhang Qinde, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Xiang Dongyun, 0535-5136965 Number of Species: ca. 620

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Shandong

Qingdao Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1976 Brief Introduction: Qingdao Botanical Garden was founded in 1976 and covers an area of 81.38 hm2. It is located at the south of Taiping Mountain Scenic Spot in the urban area with undulating terrain, complex landform, and diverse ecological environment. It is a comprehensive tourist attraction integrating scientific research, popular science, seedling propagation, and tourism, showcasing ornamental flowers and trees. The natural landscape is diverse, the climate is warm in winter and cool in summer, and there are more than 400 kinds of flowers and trees of high value in China, including nearly 80 rare and endangered plants. Qingdao Botanical Garden is based on the protection of plant resources, the introduction and domestication of fine varieties and the popularization of plant science. After more than 40 years of hard work, it has become a beautiful garden for sightseeing, while at the same time preserving some rare and endangered species. There are 237 species of trees, such as Pinus parviflora, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Flowering Cherry, Rhododendron obtusum, and Camellia japonica. In 2013, the third phase of Taipingshan Central Park was transformed according to the general requirements of “world vision, international standards and local advantages”, taking the construction

of green Qingdao as the center, the protection of ecology as a principle, protecting the beautiful natural environment, demolishing the old dilapidated buildings and rides. Qingdao Botanical Garden aims to

bring back the green to the people, to fully explore the history and culture of the battlefields of the First World War, the famous flowering cherry of the Taiping Mountain, the unique plant landscape resources, and the ancient trees with high cultural and historical values. Qingdao Botanical Garden uses rich mountainous resources such as the topography and the gully valley to make the botanical garden of Taipingshan Central Park, a top-notch plant display park with outstanding theme, ecological protection, perfect function, and cultural heritage, making it an important part of the 2014 Qingdao International Horticultural Exhibitions in Taipingshan.

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Shandong Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 33, Yunyang Road, Shinan District, Qingdao, Shandong Tel: Liu Zhaoming, 0532-83866406 Official Email: [email protected] Director: Wang Anping, 0532-83866406 Curator of Living Collections: Song Jian, 0532-83866406 Plant Records in Charge: Yang Yanyan, [email protected] Number of Species: 400

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Shandong

Shandong Linyi Zoological and Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1999 Brief Introduction: As national AAAA level tourist attraction, Linyi Zoological and Botanical Garden is at the core location and is the core item of eastern ecotourism resort in Linyi, Shandong Province. It is the only large-scale integrated ecotourism destination with influence on southern Shandong Province and the northern Jiangsu Province, benefiting a population of 30,000,000 people. More than 260

million tourists can be accommodated each year. As the important part of “Shuhe River—Malingshan Mountain” Scenic and the “Mengshan Mountain—Yihe River” large travel pattern, it has a total planned area of 145.6 hm 2, a total investment of 70 million yuan. It was committed to creating the garden to be a national ecological and healthy resort, a national youth education practice platform, a research and exhibition base of flora and fauna in Shandong Province, an

important travel destination in the south of Shandong Province and be a Yimeng culture epitomized district. Based on three themes—educational practice, conservation and research of animals & plants and culture & leisure, Linyi Zoological and Botanical focuses on mining and showing local characteristics, and becomes a personality distinctive scenic sight with rich layers and the architectural landscape dotted.

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Shandong Contacts: Mailing Address: Intersection of Xiamen Road and Shuhe Avenue, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Linyi, Shandong Tel: 0539-8878839 Official Website: http://www.lydzwy.cn Official Email: [email protected] Director: Guo Weifang, 0539-8878901 Curator of Living Collections: Meng Qinghai, 0539-8878905, [email protected]

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Shandong

Jinan Botanical Garden

Year Established: 2004 Brief Introduction: Jinan Botanical Garden is located in Zhangqiu District, Jinan with an area of 80 hm2. It was funded by Jinan Landscape Bureau in March 2004 and officially opened on September 26, 2006. It is the “National AAAA Level Tourist Attraction” and “Shandong New Ten Scenes”. Jinan Botanical Garden has been rated as “National Popular Science Education Base”, “Shandong foreign new achievements demonstration and

promotion base of introduced foreign flowers and seedlings”. The Cronquist classification system is used to display the special species of plants, and the temperate tree species in the Northeast China, Northwest China, North China and Central South China are mainly introduced. 533 species (including infraspecific taxa) of 200 genera in 88 families have been introduced. It has also collected more than 10 species of rare and endangered plants, such as Styrax obassis, Phellodendron

amurense, Fraxinus hupehensis, Zelkova serrata, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, Liriodendron chinense, and Eucommia ulmoides. There are more than 10 specialized living collection gardens, such as Magnolia Garden, Olea Garden, Crabapple Garden, Peony Garden, Bamboo Garden and Rose Garden as well as colorful plants garden and children paradise. There are Summer Lake, Autumn Lake and lake-to-lake stream form a dynamic and static ecological system with a green coverage rate of 86.43%. Jinan Botanical Garden has many functions, such as plant science research, preservation of germplasm resources, popularization of plant knowledge, familiarization of new and excellent plants, sightseeing and recreation, and demonstration of ecological demonstration.

Contacts: Mailing Address: Bu Village Office, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong Tel: 0531-80950818 Fax: 0531-80950818 Official Website: http://www. jinanzhiwuyuan.com Official Email: [email protected] Director: Pan Piqi, 0531-80950801 Curator of Living Collections: Chang Beibei, 0531-80950823, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Chang Beibei, 0531-80950823, [email protected] Number of Accessions: 533 Number of Species: 416 Number of Taxa: 480

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Weifang Botanical Garden

Year Established: 2007 Brief Introduction: We i f a n g B o t a n i c a l G a r d e n i s affiliated to the Weifang Landscape Management Office. It is located in

the southeastern part of Weifang. It was built in 2007 and has a total area of about 46 hm 2. It is mainly for sightseeing and popular science, and has scientific research functions

with the concept of “science, ecology, l a n d s c a p e , h u m a n i t y ” . We i f a n g Botanical Garden has the four major elements of the terrain, water, plants, and buildings. It consists of four scenic spots, including ornamental trees area, aquatic plants area, bonsai science museum, and rock garden. More than 4,000 trees have been planted in the area of ornamental trees. The plants in the botanical garden are mainly planted with warm temperate woody and herbaceous plants of 935 species of 270 genera in 103 families. According to the Cronquist classification system, they are divided into low-grade to high-grade, and are divided into 10 specialized living collection gardens, such as Coniferous Garden, Magnolia Garden, Peony Garden, Rose Garden, Olea Garden and Bamboo Garden. The aquatic plants boast a collection of aquatic species, such as floaters, emergents and submerged plants. The rock garden simulates natural rock and rock plants, combined with shrubs, vines and herbaceous plants to reveal mountain plant landscapes. The Bonsai Science Museum has the traditional Chinese folk style of “white walls, black tiles, maroon doors and windows”, and inherits the unique art of Chinese bonsai. The Popular Science Museum consists of a popular science area and a greenhouse, revealing the mysteries of plant evolution from lower to higher.

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Shandong Contacts: Mailing Address: Northwest corner of the intersection of Beihai Road and Baotong Street, Kuiwen District, Weifang, Shandong Tel: 0536-8890635 Official Email: [email protected] Director: Xu Xiangmei, 0536-8893932 Curator of Living Collections: Wang Yonglian, 0536-8890635 Plant Records in Charge: Yu Xiuqin, 0536-8890635 Number of Species: 935 Number of Taxa: 948

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Forest Botanical Garden of Taishan Forestry Research Institute

Year Established: 2009 Brief Introduction: Forest Botanical Garden of Taishan Forestry Research Institute was founded in 2009. It was formerly known as the Luohanya Compartment of Hongmen Forest area of Taishan Forest Farm, with a total area of 116.7 hm2. When the Tai’an Institute of Forestry was established in 1978, it was allocated

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by the government as an experimental forest farm for scientific research. It is now renamed Tai’an City State Experimental Forest Farm. The forest farm was managed by Tai’an Academy of Forestry Sciences. In 2009, in order to strengthen the collection, protection, and utilization of forest germplasm resources, the National Forest Tree Germplasm Resource Bank of Tai’an

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City’s native ornamental tree species was approved by the State Forestry Administration in October 2016 to bring local ornamental trees to the botanical garden area. There are 635 species of plants and seven specialized living collection gardens. 105 papers, 11 invention patents have been published or obtained, and 36 new varieties and improved varieties have been cultivated.

Shandong Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 1, Luohanya Road, Taishan District, Taian, Shandong Tel: 0538-6215136 Official Website: http://www.tslykxyjy.com Institute Contact: Jiang Yunsheng, 05386217769, [email protected]; Wang Ying, [email protected] Director: Zhang Lin, Lkyzhanglin@163. com Plant Records in Charge: Zhao Qingsong, [email protected] Number of Species: 635

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Herb Garden of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Year Established: 2013 Brief Introduction: Herb Garden of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine was founded in 2013, and has planted 602 species of 98 families of medicinal plants, and preserved 800 species of wild plant germplasm resources in Shandong. The Herb Garden covers an area of 0.53 hm2 and employs 10 people. The Herb Garden has provided good practical teaching services for undergraduate and graduate students of Chinese pharmacy, traditional Chinese medicine, pharmaceutical engineering, Chinese herbal medicine cultivation and nutrition science, and has cultivated a large number of excellent students o f m e d i c i n a l b o t a n y. T h e H e r b Garden also provided a good place for extracurricular activities for teachers

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and students in the school, such as the educational activities of party members of the Basic Medical College, Qilu Xingyuan’s “Visiting Garden, Knowing Medicine” activities, and the “Text Notes and Medicine Explanations” activities of the Basic Medical College. The Three Rural Association’s “Herb Garden Farming” activities. The Herb Garden also attracted the attention of relevant personnel outside the school. At present, the Herb Garden was frequently visited by teachers Shandong University, Shandong Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Food and Drug Vocational College, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Linyi University, Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

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Contacts: Mailing Address: Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changqing University Science and Technology Park, Jinan, Shandong Tel: 0531-89628081 Official Website: http://www.sdutcm. edu.cn Director: Gao Deming, gdm0115@163. com Number of Accessions: 602 Number of Species: 800

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Wutaishan Arboretum

Year Established: 1985 Brief Introduction: Wutaishan Arboretum is located in Taihuai Town, Wutai County, Xinzhou, Shanxi. It is affiliated to the Forestry Department of Shanxi Province. Since 2010, it has been entrusted by the Wutai Mountain State-owned Forest Administration of Shanxi. Wutaishan Arboretum covers an area of 22.1 hm2 and the tree introduction and domestication functional area is 20.2 hm2. Wutaishan Arboretum has 16 employees and four departments,

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including the office, planning and finance, scientific research technology, and publicity and education. Wutaishan Arboretum is the first introduction and domestication base for trees in the subalpine mountainous area of North China. Its main missions are to carry out scientific research and introduction and the domestication of rare trees, study the adaptation and distribution of plant populations in Wutai Mountain, and carry out research on and protection of the subalpine meadow plant populations

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of the Wutai Mountain. There are more than 180 species of coniferous and broad-leaved trees planted in the arboretum, including rare trees such as Rhododendron mucronulatum, R. micranthum and Abies nephrolepis. Specimens of more than 220 species of trees in the Wutaishan area were displayed in the arboretum. In 2016, Wutaishan Arboretum was recognized as the “Shanxi Science Popularization Base” by the Science and Technology Department of Shanxi.

Shanxi Contacts: Mailing Address: Wutaishan Arboretum, Yangbaiyu Village, Taihuai Town, Wutai county, Xinzhou, Shanxi Tel: 0350-6596496 Official Email: [email protected] Director: Han Jinbin, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Guo Yongqiang, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Zhao Jianru, 0350-6596496 Number of Species: ca. 220

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Datong Botanical Garden

Year Established: 2006 Brief Introduction: Datong Botanical Garden is located in the north of Mafang Village, Duzhuang Town, Datong County, and is affiliated to the Datong Forestry Bureau, occupying an area of 33.3 hm2. It aims to collect and protect rare tree species, to cultivate and manage plants, and to provide cultural and leisure places for people. At present, 300 species of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants have been collected and cultivated. Representative plants include various deciduous trees, such

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as poplar, willow, elm and Sophora japonica; various coniferous species, such as Picea wilsonii, P. meyeri, Pinus tabuliformis and P. sylvestris var. magnolia; various greening tree species such as Euonymus hamiltonianus var. maackii, Amygdalus triloba, A. davidiana Syringa spp., Armeniaca sibirica, and Gleditsia sinensis; various colored-leaf trees such as Ulmus pumila cv. Jinye, Betula platyphylla, Prunus × cistena, Prunus virginiana cv. Canada Red, Malus × robusta; various flowers and grasses, such as Rosa davurica × rugosa, herbaceous peony, Alcea rosea;

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and some economic plants, such as apricots, grapes. Datong Botanical Garden is in the first batch of popular science education bases in Shanxi. It will actively introduce wild plants, protect plant diversity resources, popularize plant science knowledge, provide scientific support for urban greening, and strive to become an important base for species conservation, pl ant res ear ch, po pular s cience education, and the rational development and utilization of plant resources.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 1223, 12th Floor, Hualin Xintiandi Office Building, Datong, Shanxi Tel: 0352-6016084 Director: Liu Zhiguang, 0352-5333266 Curator of Living Collections: Zhang Xiaoguang Plant Records in Charge: Li Zhuqin, 0352-6016084 Number of Species: 300

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Jinsha Botanical Garden

Year Established: 2009 Brief Introduction: Jinsha Botanical Garden is located in Shanyang West Street, Shuocheng District, and the planned area is 266.7 hm2. The first phase of the project covers an area of 173.3 hm2, began construction in 2010 and now it has been completed. The construction of 20 specialized living collection gardens has been completed, and 4.3 million trees have been planted, including 700,000 trees and 3.6 million flowering shrubs, belonging to ca. 2,000 species of 75 families and 115 genera. The second phase of the project covers an area of 93.3 hm2, and began construction in April 2012. The project includes landscape mountain construction, gardening landscape project, water system construction project, landscape pavement project, road lighting project, and garden road construction.

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Shanxi Contacts: Mailing Address: Shanyang West street Shuocheng District, Shuozhou, Shanxi Director: Li Junheng, 496946563@ qq.com Curator of Living Collections: Li Chao, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Li Chao, [email protected] Number of Species: ca. 2,000

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Taiyuan Botanical Garden

Year Established: 2014 Brief Introduction: Taiyuan Botanical Garden is located in Jinyuan District, Taiyuan, and the planned construction area is 182 hm2. The landscape in the garden is divided into five functional areas, namely the scientific experimental area, the entrance management area, the plant science classification area, the plant science application area, and the plant evolution display area. Taiyuan

Botanical Garden is divided into 28 specialized living collection gardens, such as the Rose Garden, Perennial Flower Garden, and Sophora Garden. At present, the introduction and domestication base of endangered and rare plants covers an area of 4.7 hm2 and a large number of precious plants, including Taxus wallichiana var. mairei, Elaeagnus mollis, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, and Sinowilsonia henryi has been introduced.

Contacts: Mailing Address: Introduction and Domestication Base of Endangered and Rare Plants in Taiyuan Botanical Garden, 1 km east of Huata Temple, Jinyuan District, Taiyuan, Shanxi Director: Cao Jianting, 0351-7775766 Curator of Living Collections: Ma Hongshuang, 0351-7775767 Plant Records in Charge: Ren Baoqing, 0351-7775766 Number of Species: 270 Number of Taxa: 410

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Yulin Hongshixia Sand Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1957 Brief Introduction: Yulin Hongshixia Sand Botanical Garden (also known as Yulin Sandy Botanical Garden) is affiliated to the Shaanxi Institute of Sand Control. It is located in the Hongshixia Sandy Land, 6.0 km north of Yulin City, with a total area of 300 hm2. It is divided into five functional areas, namely collection and introduction test area, psammophytes and xerophytes area, sandy plant demonstration area, artificial ecological area and sealing area, with the original dune landform characteristics totally maintained. At the beginning of the construction in 1957, it was all mobile sand, with less than 3% vegetation cover and single plant species. There were only scattered Artemisia salsoloides and Salix cheilophila at that time. After half a century of hard work, it has been completely converted into fixed sandy land, with vegetation coverage of more than 85%. A total of 167 species of 45 families have been collected in the garden, including 93 species under cultivation and 74 species growing naturally. The sand botanical garden is an experimental study and sand control demonstration base of the Shaanxi Institute of Sand Control. It has obtained a large number of research results and supporting technologies, such as aerial seeding against desertification, plant introduction, and sandy vegetation construction. It has also selected several dozen of forest-

grass plants which are suitable for arid and semi-arid regions in northern China, including Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, P. tabulaeformis, Picea

asperata, Juniperus rigida, J. chinensis, Platycladus orientalis, Robinia pseudoacacia, Amorpha fruticosa, Hedysarum scoparium, Caragana

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Shaanxi korshinskii, Hedysarum fruticosum var. mongolicum, Sabina vulgaris, Amygdalus pedunculata, Euonymus hamiltonianus, and Astragalus laxmannii, and these plants have been widely used in production. Yulin Hongshixia Sand Botanical Garden is an important experimental research and demonstration base of the Shaanxi Institute of Sand Control. It is also

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a demonstration area for showing the achievements and technologies of desertification control in Mu Us Sandland. At the same time, it provides a site for scientific research experiments and teaching practice for scientific and technological personnel of scientific research, teaching and production units at home and abroad.

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Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 37, Renming West Road, Yulin, Shaanxi Director: Li Fuguo, 0912-3882480 Curator of Living Collections: Liu Xidong, [email protected] Number of Species: 167 Number of Taxa: 173

Shaanxi

Xi’an Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1959 Brief Introduction: Founded in 1959, Xi’an Botanical Garden was the first botanical garden constructed by the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Northwest China. It is

also one of the eight major botanical gardens under key construction in China after liberation. The Xi’an Botanical Garden and the Shaanxi Institute of Botany implement the management of “one institution

and two brands”. Xi’an Botanical Garden is mainly engaged in plant resource ex situ conservation, plant science research, and popular science education, and is the “Engineering and Technology Research Center for Plant Resources Conservation and Utilization of Shaanxi”, the support organization of the “Engineering Research Center for Biological Resources Conservation and Utilization in Qinba Mountain Area of Shaanxi”, and the post-setting organization of the “Tri-Qin Scholars” of Shaanxi Plant Resources Protection Discipline. The original site of Xi’an Botanical Garden is located beside the Dayan Pagoda in Xi’an, covering an area of 20 hm 2. It has collected more than 3,400 species of plants and preserves more than 70 rare and endangered plant species under state protection. In 2011, Xi’an Botanical Garden reserved 12 hm2 in the original site, and a 43 hm2 land expropriation in Qujiang New District of Xi’an was used to construct the New Park of Xi’an Botanical Garden, which has been included in the key projects of Shaanxi Province and Xi’an City. In July 2014, the construction task was officially initiated and on October 1, 2016, the garden was opened to the public. Up to now, more than 4,300 species (including intraspecific taxa) have been introduced, and the number of accessions has been 13,200. Since the

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Shaanxi establishment of the botanical garden, more than 100 awards for scientific and technological achievements at the provincial and ministerial level have been obtained, including awards on ex situ conservation, biodiversity conservation, plant science research, and popular science education. Xi’an Botanical Garden has made important contributions to China’s and Shaanxi’s economic construction and social development. It currently maintains

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scientific and technological cooperation and business contacts with more than 100 botanical gardens in more than 40 countries. Good progresses have been made in the introduction and cultivation of lavender and American ginseng, the introduction rare Magnoliaceae and breeding of new varieties, research on the introduction and cultivation of garden plants, and the construction of Shaanxi Chinese herbal medicine GAP base and its standardized cultivation

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techniques. It has been awarded the “National Youth Science and Technology Education Base”, “National Yo u t h S c i e n c e a n d Te c h n o l o g y Innovation Education Base”, “Shaanxi Popular Science Education Base” and “Xi’an Popular Science Education Base”. It is also a teaching and research practice base for many colleges and universities and a practice outside the classroom field for primary and secondary school students in Shaanxi.

Shaanxi Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 17, Cuihua South Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi Tel: 029-85251800 Official Website: http://www.xazwy.com Director: Shangguan Jianguo, 02985212963, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Xun Lulu, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Zhang Ruibo, [email protected] Number of Accessions: 13,200 Number of Species: 4,300

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Baoji Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1979 Brief Introduction: Baoji Botanical Garden, formerly known as Baoji Nursery, was founded in 1979. It was officially renamed as Baoji Botanical Garden in 1985, opened to the public in 2000, and opened free of charge on New Year’s Day in 2007. It is a comprehensive garden institution integrating sightseeing, plant introduction protection and demonstration promotion, scientific research, and popular science. The botanical garden covers an area of 70.2 hm2 and is divided into a tourist area and a nursery area. The green area of the garden is 66.56 hm2, and the ratio of greening land is 94.82%. 136 families, 440 genera, and 1,561 species of ornamental plants have been introduced. The tourist area is arranged in the form of specialized living collection gardens. Eleven specialized living collection gardens have been

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established, including the Gymnosperm Area, Aquatic Plant Area, Colorful Leaf Area, Tree Peony Garden, Crabapple Garden, Flowering Peach Garden, and Lilac Garden. Since 2010, the “Baoji Spring Flower Festival” and “Baoji Golden Autumn Festival” have been held continuously, and the annual tourist reception volume has reached

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more than one million. The scientific research projects of the introduction, cultivation, and technology promotion of Magnoliaceae, the development and utilization of Aesculus chinensis in Qinba Mountain, the introduction, domestication, demonstration, and popularization of wild plants in Qinling Mountains, the introduction, domestication and breeding techniques of ornamental crabapple have been carried out, and awarded second and third prizes of Baoji. More than 40 scientific papers have been published in national and provincial publications, and the garden has promoted research on garden plants and popular science plants, and played an important role in the construction of Baoji ecological civilization and the creation of a national ecological garden city.

Shaanxi Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 5, Tanfu Road, Baoji, Shaanxi Official Website: http://www.bjzwy.cn Director: Yan Changsong, 0917-3390674 Curator of Living Collections: Bai Fangfang, 0917-3390674 Plant Records in Charge: Bai Fangfang, 0917-3390674 Number of Species: 1,561 Number of Taxa: 2,511

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Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University Arboretum

Year Established: 1984 Brief Introduction: The Arboretum was constructed at the beginning of Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University. In the 1980s, with the appeal of tree scientists Niu Chunshan and Qu Shizeng, the original Northwest Forestry College was restored in 1984. At that time, more than 200 trees of 56 families were collected. In 2006, combined with the construction of the Expo Park, the construction of the arboretum began. The collections have been from Qinba Mountain, Xiaolong Mountain, Liupan

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Mountain, and North Shaanxi, North China and South China, and strive to reach 700 to 800 trees in 100 families in the near future. As of June 2016, tens of thousands of plants of 542 species in 281 genera and 99 families, with a large number of national first-class and second-class species and rare wild protected trees of Shaanxi, such as Davidia involucrata, Taxus wallichiana var. mairei, Cupressus gigantea, Tetracentron sinense, Ormosia hosiei, Cinnamomum camphora, Cephalotaxus sinensis, Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Acer miaotaiense and Sargentodoxa

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cuneata, have been successfully introduced and conserved in the North and South China. Among them, 509 trees of 43 species in 29 families are national and Shaanxi protected trees (227 trees of nine species in seven families are national first-class protected trees, 158 trees of 20 species in 14 families are national secondclass protected trees, and 124 trees of 14 species in 13 families are Shaanxi protected trees). The arboretum has completed the construction of the woody plant germplasm resource bank of Magnolia and Syringa of Yangling, Shaanxi of the State Forestry Bureau and the construction of five specialized living collection gardens, namely the Rose Garden, Tree Peony Garden, Chinese Herb Garden, Grain Garden and Herb Flower Garden. At present, the arboretum is not only an important place for practical teaching and scientific research in the fields of botany, forestry, and gardening for the Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, but also the most

Shaanxi abundant, diverse, and complete woody resource bank in the region. It is an important base for the protection of plant germplasm resources and diversity, and the plant introduction and domestication. In 2016, the arboretum created the “Digital Arboretum”, including the “Arboretum Overview”, “Live View”, “Tree Search” and “Tree Graph Library”, and recorded 99 families, 263 genera, 454 species, 11 subspecies, 27 varieties, 13 variants and 37 cultivars, with 4,875 photographs and 128 distribution sites of 542 trees, and 14,528 photographs in the 360° live view system.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 3, Taicheng Road, Yangling District, Xianyang, Shaanxi Tel: 029-87050559 Fax: 029-87082858 Official Website: http://smy.nwsuaf.edu. cn/xnsmy Director: Zhu Rongke, 029-87050559 Curator of Living Collections: Li Hongxing, 029-87080668 Number of Species: 542 Number of Taxa: 671

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Heilongtan Montane Arboretum

Year Established: 1988 Brief Introduction: Heilongtan Montane Arboretum covers an area of 200 hm2, including a 3.37 hm 2 exhibition area, and 166.7 hm2 in seven specialized living collection gardens. There are five green areas of Pinus tabulaeformis, Platycladus orientalis, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, Picea asperata, and Juniperus sabina and two introduction areas where shade-tolerant and intolerant tree species have been planted separately. It also has a courtyard area, a rare tree species area, a specimen area, an endangered tree species area, a good species demonstration area, and an economic forest area, and areas of Juniperus sabina, Elaeagnus

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mollis, Malus sieversii, tree peony and herbaceous peony, Amygdalus communis, Hedysarum scoparium, H. fruticosum var. mongolicum, and Ribes

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mandshuricum. There are about 170 species of ex situ cultivated species, including 31 national endangered species and 15–20 economic plants.

Shaanxi

Contacts: Mailing Address: About 1 km east of Wuding River, the southern end of Zhenchuan, Yuyang District, Yulin, Shaanxi Director: Wang Wanxiong, 0912-3461001 Curator of Living Collections: Liu Zhihou, 0912-3461001 Plant Records in Charge: Wang Lei, 0912-3461001 Number of Species: 170

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Yulin Woyunshan Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1995 Brief Introduction: In 1995, the Yulin peasants headed by Xu Dengtang established Woyunshan Botanical Garden on the southern margin of the Mu Us Desert. At the end of 1996, it began to take shape and compiled a list of plants, including 524 species of 298 genera in 94 families. By 2000, the botanical garden has covered an area of 200 hm2 with 9.0 km of new roads and a greenhouse, and a nursery with an area

of 1.3 hm2. Ten plant cultivation areas and 20 characteristic local communities have been constructed, and 118 families, 361 genera, and 1,252 species have been introduced. The plant cultivation areas include an improved species cultivation area (500 plants of eight species), greening and beautifying area (more than 270 species), Chinese herbal medicine planting demonstration area (more than 70 species), economic forest area (more than 600 plants of 60 species),

tree introduction and domestication area (more than 120 species), endangered plant protection and reproduction area (56 species), wild flower area (29 species), sandy cypress breeding area (more than 3,000 plants), and lowyield forest transformation and pasture areas (20 species). Yulin Woyunshan Botanical Garden has opened up many small areas of Berberis spp., Euonymus alatus, Amygdalus pedunculata, Allium mongolicum, Pugionium cornutum, Ephedra sinica, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Xanthoceras sorbifolium, Belamcanda chinensis, Robinia × ambigua cv. Idahoensis, Rhus typhina, Populus × hopeiensis, Periploca sepium, Caryopteris mongholica, Eupatorium, Pinus armandii, Acer saccharum, etc. At present, the area of the specialized living collection gardens is 66.7 hm2, the area of the nursery is 2.0 hm2, and 2,055 taxa (including infraspecific taxa) of trees, flowers, and grasses have been planted. The plant list printed in 2012 contains 153 families and 643 genera and 1,123 species.

Contacts: Mailing Address: Silisha, Guta Town, Yuyang District, Yulin, Shaanxi Director: Xu Buhai, 15353868444 Curator of Living Collections: Zhu Yuli, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Zhu Yuli, [email protected] Number of species: 1,123 Number of Taxa: 2,055

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Qinling National Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Year Established: 2001 Brief Introduction: Qinling National Botanical Garden was jointly established by the People’ s Government of Shaanxi Province, the State Forestry Administration, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Xi’an Municipal People’s Government. It is located in Zhouzhi County, Xi’an, with a total area of 63.9 hm2 and ranging from 480 m to 3,000 m in elevation. It mainly focuses on scientific research, popularization, protection, biodiversity tourism with the functions of scientific research, popular science education, biodiversity protection, and ecotourism. This botanical garden has a lot of natural landscapes, such as rivers, a grand canyon, a waterfall, a stone sea, and mountain landscapes. It collects plants in the Qinba Mountains and areas at the same latitude, and carries out both ex situ and in situ conservation. There

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are four sections, namely the plant ex situ conservation area, animal ex situ conservation area, biodiversity in situ conservation area, and agricultural tourism and ecological vacation area. A total of 1,514 plants of 902 species were collected as well as 570 seeds and branches. 58 species in 36 families are conserved ex situ in the Qinba

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specialized living collection garden, and the characteristic representative plants are Acer miaotaiense, A. davidii and Emmenopterys henryi. Two genera and 82 species are cultivated in the Salicaceae garden, and the representative plants include Salix integra cv. Hakuro Nishiki. 151 species and 30 families have been cultivated in the medicinal plants specialized living collection garden, and the representative plants include Distylium racemosum, Taxus wallichiana var. chinensis, Houpoëa officinalis, etc. Seven genera and 63 species have been ex situ cultivated in the Magnolia garden, and the representative plants include Yulania zenii, Oyama wilsonii, Houpoëa officinalis, Liriodendron chinense, Tetracentron sinense, Y. amoena and Y. cylindrica.

Shaanxi Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 3, Xiaozhai East Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi Tel: 029-87907108 Fax: 029-87907108 Official Website: http://www.qinlingbg.com Official Email: [email protected] Director: Zhang Qinling, 029-87907111 Curator of Living Collections: Zhu Lin, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Yang Ying, [email protected] Number of Accessions: 1,514 Number of Species: 902

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Sichuan

Chengdu Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1983 Brief Introduction: Chengdu Botanical Garden is located in Tianhui Town, Jinniu District, Chengdu, with an area of 42 hm 2 . It is bordered by Dajian Road, the Sichuan-Shaanxi Highway, and is 10 km away from the urban area. The

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coverage rate of green land is over 90%. It is affiliated to the Chengdu Forestry and Landscape Administration and is the first botanical garden in Sichuan Province. In February 1987, it worked with the Chengdu Institute of Landscape Science and Technology in one office and became a professional

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science research institute for garden research. The area of the specialized living collection garden is 13.3 hm2 and that of the nursery is 2.7 hm 2. There are more than 10 specialized living collection gardens, including the Cotton-rose Garden, Protected Plants Botanical Collections, Magnolia Garden, Cherry Garden, Camellia Garden, Mume Garden, Crabapple Garden, Osmanthus Garden, City Flower Garden, Conifer Garden, and Pear Garden. Rare and endangered plants include Cathaya argyrophylla, Davidia involucrata, Pseudolarix amabilis, Alsophila spinulosa, Camellia petelotii, and Taxus wallichiana var. chinensis. More than 1,000 species of woody plants have been planted, such as Yulania denudata, Lirianthe delavayi,

Sichuan Magnolia grandiflora, Michelia chapensis, M. wilsonii, Japanese cherry, red Camellia japonica, C. fraterna, Malus halliana, Chaenomeles speciosa, Malus × micromalus, Osmanthus fragrans (Aurantiacus Group), O. fragrans (Thunbergii Group), O. fragrans (Latifolias Group), and O.

fragrans (Fragrans Group). More than 800 horticultural varieties and more than 30 city flowers, such as Hibiscus mutabilis, have been collected. The botanical garden undertakes the tasks of plant ex situ conservation, introduction, domestication and breeding, urban garden plant cultivation, and plant

pest warning. It has the functions of scientific research, introduction, domestication, and tourism services. Since the establishment of the garden, more than 60 scientific research projects have been completed. It has the Chengdu Youth Plant Science Museum, which is a standardized science facility.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 1116, Rongdu Avenue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, Sichuan Tel: 028-83585552 Fax: 028-83585552 Official Website: http://www.cdzwy.com Director: Liu Xiaoli, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Li Fangwen, [email protected] Number of Species: 1,800 Number of Taxa: 2,000

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Sichuan

Emeishan Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1984 Brief Introduction: Emeishan Botanical Garden is also known as the Emeishan Biological Resources Experimental Station, and is located on the east side of the Wannian Temple parking lot in the Emei Mountain Scenic Area, covering an area of 3.6 hm 2 . It was jointly established by the Sichuan Science and Technology Commission and the Emei Government in 1984, and was managed by the Sichuan Institute of Natural Resources Research and the Emei Science and Technology Commission. In 2004, the Emeishan Municipal

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People’s Government withdrew from management. In 2007, the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan reclaimed all management authority and it has been fully administered by the Sichuan Institute of Natural Resources Science Research. Since the establishment of the garden, with the favorable conditions in the core scenic spot of Emei Mountain, the investigation, collection, conservation, and deep excavation and utilization of wild plant resources in Emei Mountain and its surrounding areas have been carried out. So far, 2,600 species of living plants have been collected

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and preserved, including 78 species of national protected wild plants, 155 species of endangered species in Appendix II of CITES, and 120 species of endemic plants in China. Five specialized living collection gardens, such as the Rare Plant Garden and Fern Garden, and a second base with 6.7 hm2 have been established. The Sichuan Botanical Garden is currently under re-construction. After more than 30 years of hard work, nearly 100 research projects have been completed, more than 100 academic papers have been published, more than 10 patents have been obtained, and six

Sichuan monographs have been edited. It has established cooperation and exchanges with botanical gardens (arboreta) of the United States, Germany, Japan, etc., and has extensive cooperation with institutes of botany and universities in China. It has been rated as a “Sichuan Science Education Base” and “Emeishan Patriotism Education Base”.

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Sichuan Contacts: Mailing Address: Side of Wannian Temple, Group 5, Wannian Village, Huangwan Town, Emeishan, Sichuan Tel: 0833-5090508, 5090373 Official Website: http://www.scpri.ac.cn Director: Xiong Tieyi, 646809078@ qq.com Curator of Living Collections: Li Xiaojie, 0833-5090373, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Li Xiaojie, 0833-5090373 Number of Accessions: 2,750 Number of Species: 2,600

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Sichuan

West China Subalpine Botanical Garden of Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Year Established: 1986 Brief Introduction: Construction of the West China Subalpine Botanical Garden started in 1986 and it was eventually established in 1988. In 1992, it was officially r e n a m e d We s t C h i n a S u b a l p i n e Botanical Garden and listed in the Botanical Gardens of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Located in Dujiangyan, Sichuan, it includes the Yutang Base in Yutang Town, and the Longchi Base in Longchi Town, covering a total area of 55.3 hm 2 . After the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, the Yutang base was rebuilt in the Dujiangyan scenic spot. Yutang Base is a comprehensive base for the introduction, conservation, scientific research, popular science, and garden display of rare and endangered plants

based on low-altitude rhododendrons. The 10 planned specialized living collection gardens include the Colorful Leaf Plants-Rhododendron Area, Rare and Endangered Plants-Rhododendron Area, Rhododendron Square, Rose G a r d e n , R h o d o d e n d ro n S l o p , Rhododendron Lake, Rhododendron Meadow Area, Ecological Science Experimental Area, Shady Plant Area, and Aquatic Plant Area. More than 20 species of national key protected wild plants, such as Pseudolarix amabilis, Davidia involucrata, Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Manglietia dandyi, M. aromatica, and Liriodendron chinense as well as dozens of rare a n d e n d a n g e r e d R h o d o d e n d ro n species, such as R. hunnewellianum, R. decorum, and R. discolor, have been introduced and preserved.

Yutang Base of West China Subalpine Botanical Garden is an important place for carrying out biodiversity science education. The core area of Longchi Base covers an area of 41.9 hm2. It is located in the Longchi National Forest Park in Dujiangyan, the transition zone from the western Sichuan Plain to the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. The base and its adjacent areas have thousands of hectares of natural habitats, which is an excellent place for biodiversity research. It has formed an outdoor display area, outdoor nursery and a protected area, which are mainly based on the returning garden and the Rhododendron forest landscape corridor. It has introduced more than 400 species of domestically produced rhododendrons. In 2001, it was named “Chinese Rhododendron Garden”. It is a characteristic botanical garden that collects, preserves and studies the Rhododendron resource plants, and the rare and endangered plants in the Hengduan Mountain and East Himalayas. It has also collected 2,200 species of plants in the western region for scientific research, popular science, conservation and tourism and leisure. The representative species include Rhododendron species, Primula pulverulenta, Cardiocrinum giganteum, etc. The Low-altitude Rhododendron

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Sichuan Collection conserves 200 species, and the representative species include Rhododendron hemsleyanum, R. argyrophyllum subsp. omeiense, R. discolor, Manglietia dandyi, Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Nyssa sinensis, Davidia involucrata and Cephalotaxus oliveri. Two national new varieties have been authorized, three national invention patents have been obtained, and more than 20 papers have been published.

Contacts: Mailing Address: Baima Community, Yutang Town, Dujiangyan, Sichuan Tel: 028-87133653 Fax: 028-87133653 Official Website: http://eco.ibcas.ac.cn/ huaxi Directors: Zheng Yuanrun, 010-62836508, [email protected]; Zhang Chao, 02887133653, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Wang Fei, 028-87133653 Plant Records in Charge: Shao Huimin, 028-87133653, [email protected] Number of Accessions: 2,488 Number of Species: 2,200 Number of Taxa: 2,251

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Xinjiang

Turpan Desert Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Year Established: 1976 Brief Introduction: Located in the southeastern part of the Turpan Basin in Northwest China, Turpan Desert Botanical

Garden covers an area of 150 hm 2. Situated in the extremely arid region of the warm temperate zone of the Eurasia continent, it is the world’s lowest botanical garden. The main

geomorphological types in the garden are wind-erosion Yardang landforms, flat drifting sand land, and barchan dunes. Turpan Desert Botanical Garden focuses on the introduction, collection, and conservation of temperate desert plants of the world. At present, 610 species of desert plants and 90 species of rare and endangered plants have been collected. The preserved plants have the characteristics of typical arid regions and unique temperate desert flora. Thirteen specialized living collection gardens have been established, including Desert Plant Living Germplasm Specimen Garden, Calligonum Germplasm Nursery, Tamarix Garden, Ethnical Medicinal Plants Garden, Desert Rare and Endangered Endemic Plant Garden, Desert Economic Fruit Tree Garden, Salt Desert Plant Garden, Grass Garden, Limonium Garden, Iris Garden, Junggar Desert Landscape Area, and Arid Grape Germplasm Resources Area. There are 230 accessions of 175 taxa and 170 species of typical desert plants in these specialized living collection gardens, such as Calligonum mongolicum, Ta m a r i x c h i n e n s i s , H a l o x y l o n ammodendron, Nitraria tangutorum, Capparis spinosa, Caragana sinica, Reaumuria soongarica, Halimodendron halodendron, Hedysarum scoparium, Krascheninnikovia ceratoides. A total of 95 species have been collected in the Ethnical Medicinal Plants Garden, such as Lycium chinense, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Ephedra sinica, Apocynum venetum, Capparis spinosa, Rheum officinale, Acorus calamus, Astragalus propinquus, Plantago asiatica, Carthamus tinctorius, Oenothera biennis, Ocimum basilicum var. pilosum, Mentha canadensis; 95 taxa of 60 species of desert wild ornamental plants have been collected, and the representative species include Hedysarum scoparium, Berberis nummularia, Rosa laxa, Apocynum

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Xinjiang venetum, Caragana korshinskii, Caryopteris mongholica, Oxytropis aciphylla, Astragalus vulpinus , Limonium otolepis, I. lactea, I. tenuifolia and Linaria bungei. 50 species of desert rare and endangered

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endemic plants have been collected, and the representative species include Ammopiptanthus nanus, Ammodendron argenteum, Tamarix taklamakanensis, Eremosparton songoricum, Tetraena mongolica, Amygdalus nana, Malus

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sieversii and Populus euphratica. 30 species of salt desert plants have been collected, and the representative species include Kalidium foliatum, Halocnemum strobilaceum, Halimodendron halodendron, Tamarix

Xinjiang karelinii, Nitraria sibirica and Suaeda glauca. 90 taxa of 65 species of desert economic fruit trees have been collected, and the representative species include Malus sieversii, Crataegus pinnatifida, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa, Z. jujuba, Pyrus sinkiangensis, Cerasus pseudocerasus, Amygdalus communis, Juglans regia, and Punica granatum. Turpan Desert Botanical Garden shows the characteristics of typical arid regions and the unique desert ecological landscape of temperate wild flora. It has reached the leading international level in the research on plants such as Tamarix chinensis, Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, and Calligonum mongolicum as well as the research on Eremosparton songoricum, a rare and endangered plant in the desert. From 1989 to 2016, a total of 1,770 species has been introduced; 832 species of 87 families and 385 genera had been introduced from China, and 496 species had been introduced from abroad, including 52 species of trees, 91 species of shrubs, and 326 species of herbs.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 818, Beijing South Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang Official Website: http://www.tebg.org/ category_1/index.aspx Director: Guan Kaiyun, 0991-7885464, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Duan Shimin, 0991-7885389, [email protected]. ac.cn Plant Records in Charge: Zhang Daoyuan, 0991-7823109, zhangdy@ ms.xjb.ac.cn Number of Accessions: 1,170 Number of Species: 610 Number of Taxa: 650

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Xinjiang

Urumqi Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1986 Brief Introduction: Urumqi Botanical Garden is affiliated to the Urumqi Landscape Bureau. It focuses on collecting and domesticating the wild plant resources of Xinjiang, protecting the rare and endangered plants in Xinjiang, carrying out plant science education, and establishing urban green spaces with garden appearance and scientific connotation. The Botanical Garden is divided into the South Garden and the North Garden. The South Garden is located at Beijing Middle Road and the North Garden is located at Yingbin Road, with an area of 85.3 hm2. It is a comprehensive botanical garden, integrating scientific research, popular science, science education, and tourism. A total of 811 species (excluding varieties) have been collected, 39 species of rare and endangered plants of China have been conserved ex situ. More than 10 specialized living collection gardens have been established in the South Garden, including the Tianshan Mountain Plant Area, Flower Garden, Perennial Flower Area, Planting Demonstration Area, Fruit Tree Area, Lonicera Area, Lawn Tour Area, Medicinal Plant Area, Coniferous Garden, and Aromatic Nectariferous Plant Area. A grapebased fruit tree resource collection area has been established in the North Garden. The botanical garden takes the protection of wild plants as its 308

main task, and continues to enrich the landscaping and beautifying plants in Urumqi. The main research activities of Urumqi Botanical Garden are to continuously develop the application

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of Xinjiang wild ornamental plants in landscaping and greening. It introduces Xinjiang wild plants and expands their numbers through various means of reproduction, and gradually applies them to landscaping. Since the establishment of the botanical garden, more than 20 projects, including the “Introduction and Breeding Techniques of Perennial Flowers”, “Introduction, Domestication, Development and Utilization of Wild Ornamental Plants in Xinjiang”, “Introduction, Domestication and Application of Wild Iris Plants in Xinjiang”, and “Construction of Introduced Specific Plant Nursery”, have been carried out.

Xinjiang

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Xinjiang These projects have won awards for research projects from the Ministry of Construction, autonomous regions, and municipalities. In recent years, “Study on the Introduction of Rosa and Rejuvenation of Rose” and “Introduction and Hybrid Breeding of Chrysanthemum and Related Plants” have been carried out. The focus of future research is to increase the introduction and protection of rare and endangered endemic plants in Xinjiang, and to build the Urumqi Botanical Garden into a key protection center and protection base for rare and endangered endemic plants in Xinjiang and even in Central Asia. With global warming, the application and development of drought-resistant plants must be one of the key points of plant application research. The Botanical Garden will use Xinjiang native plant resources to study the introduction and application of suitable xerophytes.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 916, Beijing Middle Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang Tel: 0991-6626697 Fax: 0991-5840422 Official Website: http://www.urumqi.gov. cn/znsx/ggssxx/169179.htm Official Email: [email protected] Director: Gu Zhongyi, 0991-7626831 Curator of Living Collections: Sun Wei, 0991-6638085-807, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Zhang Guanshan, 0991-6626697 Number of Accessions: 3,000 Number of Species: 811 Number of Taxa: 1,411

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Xinjiang

Tazhong Botanical Garden

Year Established: 2002 Brief Introduction: Tazhong Botanical Garden is located in Tazhong, the center of the Taklimakan Desert, also known as the “Sea of Death”. Before 1980, it was still an inaccessible desert. The Tazhong Botanical Garden covers an area of 20 hm2. It is a botanical garden in the hinterland of the desert in the world. It is also the botanical garden with the worst natural conditions in the world. It uses 4-5 g/L salt water to irrigate plants. It is currently a monitoring station for special environments of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The main purpose of the botanical garden is to introduce new plants that are adapted to the desert environment in Northwest China and even in Central Asia, and to screen out the plants which are drought tolerant, salt and alkali tolerant, wind erosion and sand burying resistant, and have good growth, to enrich desert highway protection forests. At the same time, research on blown sand transport, plant introduction, seedling cultivation, and environmental monitoring is carried out, and a large number of research results in irrigation technology, afforestation technology, forest belt layout, tree species allocation, soil improvement, and water and salt transport have been obtained, which provide germplasm resources for the exploration and development of oil and gas resources, improving the environmental conditions for

the production and living of oilfield workers, the greening and beautifying oilfield bases as well as the high-quality

germplasm resources for enriching plant species and upgrading of desert highway shelterbelt ecological projects.

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Xinjiang Up to now, 400 species have been introduced and 245 species survive, including more than 20 species of ornamental plants and more than 50 species of economic plants. Excellent sand-fixing plants have been selected to be widely promoted and some have been promoted for urban landscaping in South Xinjiang.

Contacts: Mailing Address: Qiemo County, Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Director: Xu Xinwen, 0991-7823139, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Chang Qing, 0991-7823145, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Chang Qing, 0991-7823145, [email protected] Number of Accessions: 400 Number of Species: 245

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Xinjiang

Botanical Garden of Longkun

Year Established: 2009 Brief Introduction: The Botanical Garden of Longkun is located in Bayituohai Township, Yining County, central Ili River Valley, Xinjiang, with an altitude of 720-730 m and a soil thickness of 0.5-2 m. The terrain slopes from northeast to southwest. It is a continental temperate arid climate with severe climate variation. The total solar radiation is 136.8 kcal/cm2, which is 20 kcal/cm2

more than North China and Northeast China at the same latitude. The annual sunshine reaches 4,443 hours, the annual effective light reaches 2,810.83,000 hours, and the percentage of sunshine is 63%-68%. From April to September, the sunshine hours reaches 1,600-1,800 hours, the annual average temperature is 7.9℃, the annual range of temperature is 35.2℃, and the daily range of temperature is 15.6℃. The maximum temperature is 39.5℃,

and the minimum temperature is –43.2℃. The frost-free period is 146 d, the accumulated temperature more than 10℃ is 3,400℃, and the annual precipitation is 150-200 mm. The botanical garden covers an area of 7,500 hm 2, focusing on the introduction, collection, and conservation of rare forest germplasm plants in the Ili Valley. At present, more than 50 species of forest tree germplasm resources have been collected, which have the characteristics of typical continental temperate arid regions and unique temperate arid flora. Three specialized living collection gardens, namely the living plant germplasm specimen garden, economic fruit tree garden, and ornamental plant garden, have been established, including 52 species of living plants, and the representative species include Fraxinus bungeana, Fraxinus chinensis subsp. rhynchophylla, Quercus robur, Acer negundo, Gleditsia sinensis,

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Xinjiang Picea schrenkiana, Malus sieversii, Armeniaca sibirica, etc. 30 species of ornamental plants have been collected, including Fraxinus bungeana, Fraxinus chinensis subsp. rhynchophylla, Malus × purpurea, Sophora japonica, Ulmus pumila cv. Changzhi, Ulmus pumila cv. Jinye, Platanus orientalis, etc.; 35 taxa of seven species of economic fruit trees have been collected, including Malus pumila, Crataegus pinnatifida, Armeniaca vulgaris, Amygdalus persica, Prunus salicina, Juglans regia, Pyrus × michauxii, etc., showing the typical continental temperate arid zone regional characteristics and the ecological landscape of unique temperate arid flora characteristics.

Contacts: Mailing Address: Bayituohai Township, Yining County, central Ili River Valley, Xinjiang Official Website: http://www. xjyllknlkfyxgs.com Director: Chen Longgui, 13899709605 Curator of Living Collections: Liao Shujiang, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Kang Jihong, [email protected] Number of Species: 52

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Yunnan

Kunming Botanical Garden of Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Year Established: 1938 Brief Introduction: Kunming Botanical Garden is affiliated to the Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences,

which was originally called the Yunnan Provincial Institute of Agricultural and Forestry Botany, and was founded in July 1938. In 1951, the ornamental garden plant area was opened up

in the original site of the Yunnan Provincial Institute of Agricultural and Forestry Botany. In 1955, the botanical garden with an area of 80 hm2 was officially expanded. In 1975, the overall planning and design of the plant introduction and domestication research base were carried out, and the area was reduced to 33.4 hm2. Kunming Botanical Garden is composed of the Arboretum, Economic Plant Test Area, Medicinal Herb Garden, Camellia Garden, Rhododendron Garden, Monocotyledon Garden, Raw Material Nursery, and Greenhouses. Kunming Botanical Garden is based on the Yunnan Plateau in China and faces the southwestern mountainous area and the southern section of Hengduan Mountain. It takes the introduction and conservation of rare and endangered plants, endemic groups, and important economic plants in the southern part of Yunnan Plateau and Hengduan Mountains as its main mission, and the introduction and domestication of resource plants and the ex situ conservation of germplasm resources as its main research directions. It is a comprehensive botanical garden, integrating scientific research, species preservation, science popularization, and public cognition. It also manages Lijiang Alpine Botanical Garden. The park has an open area of 44 hm2 and is divided into east and west sections. Fifteen specialized living collection gardens have been established, such as the Camellia Garden, Rock Garden, Bamboo Garden (a bamboo landscapebased water landscape garden), YueSai Rhododendron Garden, Ornamental Foliage and Fruit Plants Garden, Medicinal Herb Garden, Magnolia Family Garden, Hamamelis Family Garden, Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations Garden, and Gymnosperm Garden, with more than 7,000 species and varieties collected and conserved. Since the establishment

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Yunnan

of Kunming Botanical Garden, it has won 40 awards at the provincial and ministerial level, published more than 600 papers, issued more than 50 invention patents, registered more than 100 new plant varieties, and published more than 60 monographs. Kunming Botanical Garden has been named as a “National Science Education Base”, “Yunnan Science Popularization Education Base”, “National Youth 316

Entering Science World Science and Technology Activity Demonstration Base”, “National Youth Science and Technology Education Base”, “Kunming Science Popularization Base”, etc. It has won the title of “International Camellia Garden of Excellence”. Now it is the chairman affiliated unit of the International Camellia Association. In 2012, the first “Famous Garden, Famous Flower

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Exhibition” of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden was successfully held, which opened the first high-standard flower exhibition of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In recent years, it has organized more than 50 science activities, such as the high school student science camp “Study on the Microfamily of the Plants”, the parent-child science activities “Looking for Plant Baby”, the special themed science activities “Rerecognizing the Botanical Garden”, “Where to Go on Summer Holiday”, and “Botanical Garden Night Tour”. Since 2012, Kunming Botanical Garden has successfully hosted the 4th Chinese Union of Botanical Garden “Horticulture Training Course”, providing professional technical training for high-level horticulture for more than 100 students from 40 botanical gardens and related units in China. From these people, 12 outstanding students were selected to go to the Royal Botanic Garden in Edinburgh, UK for further study and improvement.

Yunnan Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 132, Lanhei Road, Heilongtan, Panlong District, Kunming, Yunnan Official Website: http://www.kib.ac.cn; http://kbg.kib.cas.cn Director: Sun Weibang, 0871-65223628, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Kong Fancai, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Gao Fu, [email protected] Number of Accessions: 10,001 Number of Species: 6,500 Number of Taxa: 7,700

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Yunnan

Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Year Established: 1959 Brief Introduction: Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (XTBG) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) was

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founded under the leadership of the late eminent botanist Cai Xitao in 1959. XTBG covers an area of 1,125 hm2. Based on Yunnan as well as South China and Southeast Asia, XTBG

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grows 21,052 accessions of 10,361 species in its 38 specialized living collection gardens including 290 species of tropical fruits, such as mango, pomelo, and banana; 406 species of palms, such as Sabal causiarum, Verschaffeltia splendida, and Raphia vinifera; 259 species of bamboos, such as Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, Gigantochloa albociliata, and Gigantochloa felix; 127 species of South Yunnan plants, such as Litsea glutinosa, Xantolis stenosepala, and Parashorea chinensis; 850 species of endemic plants in South Yunnan, such as Horsfieldia kingii, Ficus altissima, and Pterospermum menglunense; 149 Ficus species, such as Ficus drupacea, F. virens, and F. macrophylla; 50 species of Dipterocarpaceae, such as Shorea assamica, Vatica guangxiensis, and Dipterocarpus intricatus; and 329 species of Zingiberaceae such as Amomum repoeense and Zingiber menghaiense. XTBG includes a 250-hectare patch of well-preserved primary tropical rainforest. It is the largest tropical botanical garden with the largest collection of species and the largest number of plant specialized

Yunnan

living collection gardens in China, and also the botanical garden with the largest number of outdoor plants and the largest number of displayed plants displayed to the public in the world. Over 50 years of scientific research have accumulated in XTBG, more than 900 scientific research projects have been completed, more than 100 achievements have been awarded ministerial or provincial prizes, more than 3,000 academic

papers and 40 monographs have been published, more than 90 patents have been applied for, and more than 50 patents have been granted. XTBG has developed substantial ties with international organizations and with botanical gardens, universities, and academic research institutions in more than 50 countries and regions, and its international influence is expanding. Now it is a “National Knowledge Innovation Base”, a “National Base for

Environmental Protection and Popular Science”, “National Popular Science Education Base”, “National Youth Science and Technology Education Base”, “National AAAAA-level Tourist Attraction”, “National Civilized Unit”, and “Yunnan Excellent Science Popularization Base”. In 2016, XTBG was awarded the honor of Best Chinese Botanic Garden 2016—“Fenghuai Award”. After more than 50 years of hard work and the unremitting efforts of

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Yunnan several generations, XTBG has become China’s most important tropical plant science research base, tropical plant germplasm resources preservation bank, and scientific knowledge dissemination center. It has achieved fruitful scientific and technological achievements in the development, utilization, and protection of tropical plant resources, and has an important role in the academic circles at home and abroad. XTBG has cultivated a high-level scientific and technological team, who have made positive contributions to the development of economic society and ecological balance in tropical regions, especially in Xishuangbanna.

Contacts: Mailing Address: Menglun Town, Mengla County, Yunnan Tel: 0691-8715071 Fax: 0691-8715070 Official Website: http://www.xtbg.ac.cn Director: Chen Jin, 0691-8715457, cj@ xtbg.org.cn Curator of Living Collections: Shi Jipu, 0691-8715005, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Su Yanping, 0691-8716464, [email protected] Number of Accessions: 51,982 Number of Species: 10,361 Number of Taxa: 11,807

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Yunnan

Xishuangbanna Medicinal Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1959 Brief Introduction: Located in the center of Jinghong, the capital of Xishuangbanna Prefecture, Xishuangbanna Medicinal Botanical Garden is affiliated to

the Yunnan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plants of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. It covers an area of 16.7 hm 2 and currently preserves more than 1,200 species of southern medicinal plants,

ethnic medicines, and other medicinal plants. It has preserved more than 30,000 medicinal plant specimens, including Amomum villosum, Scaphium scaphigerum, Amomum testaceum, Santalum album, Dracaena draco, Acacia catechu, Cinnamomum cassia, Cinchona ledgeriana, and dozens of other precious southern medicinal plants. Xishuangbanna Medicinal Botanical Garden has the largest germplasm resource bank of Scaphium scaphigerum, Strychnos nux-vomica, and Rauvolfia vomitoria in China, and more than 200 species of native orchids as well as the most long-lived Aquilaria sinensis, Pterocarpus indicus and other important southern medicinal plants. The southern medicinal plants garden is mainly engaged in the introduction, domestication, and cultivation of tropical and subtropical medicinal plants, the protection of rare and endangered medicinal plants, and the excavation and utilization of ethnic folk medicines. In November 1958, a tropical medicinal plant research base was established in Xishuangbanna. For more than 50 years, the introduction, domestication and cultivation of southern medicinal plants, and the excavation and utilization of ethnic medicines have been studied, and achieved good social and economic benefits.

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Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 138, Xuanwei Avenue, Jinghong, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Director: Li Xuelan, 0691-2134865, 2122161 Curator of Living Collections: Yu Jiayuan [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Xu Anshun, [email protected] Number of Accessions: 1,272 Number of Species: 1,589 Number of Taxa: 1,784

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Yunnan

Kunming Arboretum of Yunnan Academy of Forestry

Year Established: 1959 Brief Introduction: Kunming Arboretum is located in the northern suburb of Heilongtan. Geographically, it lies at 25°08′ N,

102°45′ E, with an elevation of 1,9502,050 m above sea level. The Arboretum covers an area of 52 hm 2. Kunming Arboretum was founded in 1959. After several generations of forestry

experts and scholars, it has established 10 introduction and cultivation areas, including the Introduction and Cultivation Area of Subtropical Trees, Magnoliaceae Plant Cultivation Area, Ex Situ Conservation Area of Rare and Endangered Trees, Bamboo Cultivation Area, Fine Germplasm Resources Protection Areas of Pinus yunnanensis, Fine Germplasm Resources Protection Areas of Eucalyptus robusta, and Collection Areas of Economic Forests and Woody Oil Trees. 1,000 species of cultivated trees have been introduced into the arboretum, including more than 170 rare and endangered species, 72 national protected plants, and more than 200 species for landscaping and afforestation. In the arboretum, there are more than 2,000 living genes of fine germplasm resources of 57 Pinus

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yunnanensis, and 106 superior families of Eucalyptus globulus and 77 of Eucalyptus maidenii. The Kunming Arboretum is a very important base for

the research and development of forest trees and the ex situ conservation of rare and endangered tree species in Yunnan. It is actively carrying out scientific

popularization work and has basically realized the combination of scientific research, teaching, popular science, demonstration, and promotion. In 1997, it was named “Yunnan Popular Science Education Base” by the People’s Government of Yunnan Province. In 2005, it was named “National Science Education Base” by the China Forestry Society. Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 2, Cibalanan Road, Panlong District, Kunming, Yunnan Official Website: http://www.ynlky.org.cn/ index.php Director: Zhang Jinfeng, 1910323166@ qq.com Curator of Living Collections: Zhang Jinfeng, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Shao Jinping, [email protected] Number of Species: 1,000

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Yunnan

Kunming Landscape Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1978 Brief Introduction: Kunming Landscape Botanical Garden is located in the Jindian Scenic Spot, Mingfeng Mountain, Northeast Suburb of Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan with an area of 120 hm2. It is a comprehensive garden integrating cultural relics, garden plants display, and garden research. It is one of the top ten outstanding tourist attractions in Yunnan, with the largest ancient bronze

building, Taihegong Taoist Temple, and the smallest and most complete Ming Dynasty ancient city wall and the Forbidden City as well as many plant specialized living collection gardens. It was awarded the title of provincial civilized unit for 20 years. In 2001, it was listed as the National AAAA Tourist Attraction. In June 2002, it was awarded the Yunnan Civilized Tourism Scenic Spot. In August of the same year, it passed the two certifications of

the quality environment of international ISO 9001/14001 at one time. Contacts: Mailing Address: Jindian Scenic Spot, Mingfeng Mountain, Northeast Suburb of Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan Director: Li Su, 0871-65018306 Curator of Living Collections: Hu Ming, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Yang Lifen, 0871-65018306 Number of Species: 700

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Xishuangbanna Tropical Flower Garden

Year Established: 1999 Brief Introduction: Located in the west of Jinghong, Xishuangbanna Tropical Flower Garden is affiliated to the Yunnan Institute of

Tropical Crops and covers an area of 120 hm2. It is a National AAAA Tourist Attraction, a National Popular Science Education Base, and a National Patriotic Education Demonstration Base. It is

also an important part of the tropical crop germplasm nursery of Yunnan Institute of Tropical Crops as well as “Jinghong Rubber Tree Germplasm Nursery of the Ministry of Agriculture” and “National University Student Field Practice Base”. It preserves more than 300 varieties of nearly 100 species of tropical flowers and nearly 7,000 germplasms of more than 600 tropical economic plant species. It is a theme plant garden integrating scientific research, popular science, patriotism education, tourism, leisure, and vacation. The garden includes tropical plants and flowers, tropical rubber and tropical fruits, and the Premier’s Monumental Relics Area, Open Leaf Garden, Savanna Area, Tropical Palm Area, Hanging Garden, Tropical Fruit Germplasm Garden, and Five Trees and Six Flowers Garden. The flower garden focuses on the collection and preservation of tropical flowers and tropical economic plants. It has preserved plant germplasm resources such as tropical special economic forests, tropical flowers and tropical fruits, and classifies and displays these closely related plants with human life by unique creativity and a novel garden layout.

Contacts: Mailing Address: Yunnan Institute of Tropical Crops, No. 99, Xuanwei Avenue, Jinghong, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Official Website: http://www.yitc.com.cn Director: Gu Zhiping, [email protected] Number of Species: 100 Number of Taxa: 600

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Shangri-La Alpine Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1999 Brief Introduction: Shangri-La Alpine Botanical Garden is the only public welfare botanical garden in the Tibetan region, and the first botanical garden established in China at the low latitude and high altitude. It therefore has unique geographical and regional advantages.

Shangri-La Alpine Botanical Garden was established in 1999 and was officially opened to the public in 2005. It fulfills the role and functions of a botanical garden in terms of protection, scientific research, popular science, academic exchanges, and public experience. The private non-enterprise unit is responsible for the construction,

operation, and management of the garden. The garden has adhered to the concept of “protection and utilization through breeding”, introduced and collectd alpine and sub-alpine species from Northwest Yunnan, Southeast Xizang, and Southwest Sichuan, and carried out the breeding of wild flowers, herbs, vegetables, edible fungi, and

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Yunnan spices. It covers an area of 67 hm2, and has theme gardens, such as Xiangxue Medicinal Garden, Plant Maze Area, Extraterrestrial Plant Area, Rose Garden, Gunqing Temple Relics, In Situ Conservation Area for Cypripedium, Science Exhibition Hall, Nursery Base, and Expert Building. More than 720 species of higher plants on the ShangriLa Plateau have been conserved in situ, and more than 300 species have been ex situ conserved.

Contacts: Mailing Address: 118 Mailbox, ShangriLa County, Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province Tel: 0887-8227786 Official Website: http://www.sabg.com.cn Director: Fang Zhendong, 1246288594@ qq.com Curator of Living Collections: Liu Lin, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Hai Xian, [email protected] Number of Species: 1,020

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The Botanical Garden of Zhejiang University

Year Established: 1928 Brief Introduction: The Botanical Garden of Zhejiang University was founded in 1928. It was the first botanical garden of Chinese universities established by China’s famous plant taxonomist Zhong Guanguang when he was teaching at Agricultural College of Zhejiang University, which, at that time, was affiliated to Agricultural College of the Third Sun Yat-sen University (the predecessor of Zhejiang University) in Jianqiao, Hangzhou. In 1934, the Agricultural College moved to the current site of Huajiachi, Hangzhou. D u r i n g t h e A n t i - J a p a n e s e Wa r, Zhejiang University temporally moved westward and the Botanical Garden was closed. After the demobilization of Zhejiang University in 1946, the Botanical Garden resumed. In 1952, the department was reformed in China and became the Botanical Garden of Zhejiang Agricultural University. In 1998, the four universities merged back to the Botanical Garden of Zhejiang University, which is under the management of the College of Life Sciences. In 2016, it was transferred to the Management Committee of Huajiachi Campus of Zhejiang University. The botanical garden covers an area of 0.93 hm2, and has been cultivated 1,015 species of 120 families, including 45 species of 20 pteridophyte families, more than 70 species of gymnosperm, 900 species 332

of 92 angiosperm families, and more than 30 species of rare and endangered plants. It has been divided into the Fern Area, Gymnosperm Area,

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Monocotyledon Area, Dicotyledon Plant Area, Scientific Research Plant Growing Area and so on.

Zhejiang Contacts: Mailing Address: College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 388, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Director: Zhao Yunpeng, 0571-88206463, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Li Pan, 0571-88206463, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Zhao Yunpeng, 0571-88206463, ypzhao@zju. edu.cn Number of Accessions: 3,000 Number of Species: 1,015 Number of Taxa: 1,015

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Hangzhou Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1956 Brief Introduction: Hangzhou Botanical Garden is located in Taoyuan Ridge, West L a k e S c e n i c A r e a, H a n g z h o u . I t lies between 30°15′ N, 120°07′ E with an area of 248.46 hm 2. It is a comprehensive botanical garden, integrating scientific research, public access, popular education programs of plant and environmental science with “scientific content, park appearance, and cultural connotation”. Hangzhou Garden Research Institute of Garden Science was established in January 2015, and co-working with Hangzhou Botanical Garden. It is affiliated to the Management Committee of Hangzhou West Lake Scenic Area of Hangzhou Garden and Cultural Relics Bureau. There are Plant Classification Section, Economic Plants Section, Ornamental Plant Section, Bamboo Garden, Rare and Endangered ex situ Conservation Section, Natural Ecological Section, Introduction and Domestication Section, Scientific Research Section and other specialized living collection gardens as well as many facilities for leisure, production, scientific research, and tourism. The two scenic spots of Admiring Plum Blossom at Lingfeng, Fish Jumping at Jade Spring are wellknown locally and abroad. Since 1956, Hangzhou Botanical Garden has conducted extensive academic exchange and seeds and seedlings exchange with domestic and foreign 334

counterparts. Plants have been introduced from 369 institutes in 48 countries, including the United States, Japan, Australia, France, Germany, and

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Russia; and seed and seedling exchange relationships have been established with more than 40 institutes in 28 provinces and municipalities.

Zhejiang

Contacts: Mailing Address: Taoyuan Ridge, West Lake Scenic Area No. 1, Taoyuanling, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Official Website: http://www.hzbg.cn Director: Yu Jingliang, 0571-87962483, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Wang Ting, 0571-87961657, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Liu Jin, 057187976075 Number of Accessions: 4,600 Number of Species: 4,400 Number of Taxa: 7,600

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Wenzhou Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1963 Brief Introduction: Wenzhou Botanical Garden is affiliated to the Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops. It is located in Jingshan, Wenzhou, covering an area of 20 hm 2. Its predecessor was the Plant Specimen Garden of Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, which

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was founded in 1963. It was approved by the former Wenzhou Municipal Science and Technology Commission in 1998. There are 300 planted species, including more than 60 species of national key protected plants. It has eight plant display areas with distinctive characteristics, including Palmae, Araucariaceae, Magnoliaceae,

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fast-growing southern species, native tree species, sympodial bamboo, flowering plants, and horticultural facilities. It is the first comprehensive botanical garden in South Zhejiang with subtropical landscape features and scientific research and popular science.

Zhejiang Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 334, Xueshan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Tel: 0577-88522861 Official Website: http://www.zjyzs.cn Official Email: [email protected] Director: Wang Jinwang, 0577-88524697 Curator of Living Collections: Wang Jinwang, 0577-88524697 Plant Records in Charge: Lei Haiqing, 0577-88524697 Number of Species: 300

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Anji Bamboo Garden

Year Established: 1974 Brief Introduction: Anji Bamboo Garden is located in Anji County, Huzhou, Zhejiang. It was jointly established by Anji County Forestry Bureau, Lingfeng Temple Forest Farm and China Institute of Subtropical Forestry in 1974 to collect bamboo germplasm resources locally and abroad. Tourism began to develop in the 1990s. It currently covers an area of 80 hm2 and is divided into six main

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areas: Main Entrance Area, Ornamental Bamboo Variety Area, Anji Giant Panda Pavilion, Chinese Bamboo Museum, Recreation and Entertainment Area, and Tropical Rainforest Greenhouse. To date, more than 450 kinds of bamboo have been introduced, and more than 300 bamboo species of 30 genera have been preserved. It is a bamboo garden with the largest number of varieties and most diverse species of cluster bamboos and mixed bamboos. In 2002,

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the garden was rated as “National AAAA Tourist Attraction” by the National Tourism Administration. In 2004, it was awarded the “National Science Education Base” by the China Association for Science and Technology. In 2005, it became the “National Agricultural Tourism Demonstration Site”. In 2009, it became the first national bamboo germplasm resources protection bank.

Zhejiang

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Zhejiang Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 1, Bamboo Garden, South Dipu Town, Anji County, Huzhou, Zhejiang Tel: 0572-5338988 Fax: 0572-5338988 Official Website: http://www.cnbamboo.cn Director: Zhou Changping Curator of Living Collections: Hu Jiaoli Plant Records in Charge: Hu Jiaoli Number of Accessions: 501 Number of Species: 251 Number of Taxa: 362

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Zhejiang Bamboo Garden

Year Established: 1982 Brief Introduction: The bamboo garden of Zhejiang Academy of Forestry is located at the Xiaoheshan Higher Education Park in the west of Hangzhou. It is affiliated to the Zhejiang Academy of Forestry. It was founded in 1982 and covered an area of 2.4 hm2. It is one of the complete collections of bamboo in China and also a well-known bamboo introduction garden in China. It is mainly used for the cultivation and conservation of subtropical cluster bamboos and characterized by ornamental bamboos, shoot bamboos and bamboos used as ‘timbers’. It is a first-class domestic bamboo garden with multi-functional value for the preservation of germplasm resources, scientific research, teaching, production, popular science, tourism, and academic exchanges at home and abroad. In 1988, it was listed in the International Organization of the New

York Botanical Garden. The bamboo species in the garden have been from all parts of the country as well as India, the United States, Germany, and other countries. Since its establishment,

the garden has been used for bamboo introduction and cultivation, and resource conservation research for a long time. After several generations of scientific and technical workers’ unremitting efforts, it has collected a large number of bamboo germplasm resources suitable for subtropical areas, archiving many running and clumping bamboos. There is a total of 244 bamboo species (including varieties) of 25 genera that have been introduced and preserved. After more than 30 years of development, a number of bamboo species with high economic value, such as Acidosasa edulis, Phyllostachys fimbriligula,

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Zhejiang Phyllostachys aurea, Phyllostachys violascens, and Phyllostachys parvifolia have been developed, and five new varieties have been cultivated, and two new varieties (Zhezhu No. 1, Zhezhu No. 2) have been granted by the State Forestry Administration. The Bamboo Garden of Zhejiang Academy of Forestry is a test base for high-level personnel training in scientific research institutions, such as Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, and Bamboo Research and Development Center of the State Forestry Administration. The garden has carried out a number of experimental research work, such as biological characteristics of bamboo, excellent economic bamboo selection, introduction and domestication, and has obtained a number of major scientific research results. Since the establishment of the bamboo garden, the activities of science education, bamboo culture academic exchanges, teaching internships, summer camps and others have been increasingly conducted. More than 40 foreign celebrities, 120 leaders at all levels, 200 well-known bamboo scholars in China and 600 interns have visited Zhejiang Bamboo Garden.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 399, Liuhe Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Tel: 0571-87798205 Fax: 0571-87798221 Official Website: http://www.zjforestry.ac.cn Official Email: [email protected] Director: Wang Bo, 0571-87798081, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Wang Bo, 0571-87798081, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Wang Bo, 0571-87798081, [email protected] Number of Accessions: 258 Number of Species: 244 Number of Taxa: 269

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Zhejiang

Introduction and Domestication Botanical Garden of Zhoushan Island Year Established: 1993 Brief Introduction: Introduction and Domestication Botanical Garden of Zhoushan Island is

the first arboretum for the introduction and domestication of island trees in China. It is located at the hilly slope of forest land of the Zhoushan Institute of

Agriculture and Forestry and Zhoushan Forest Farm, from Tuditang, the north gate, to Tengkengwan, the west gate of Dinghai. It covers an area of 28 hm2 and belongs to the maritime monsoon climate in the southern margin of the northern subtropical zone. There are six areas and four specialized living collection gardens. Among them, the foreign tree area mainly holds Pinaceae, Ta x o d i a c e a e a n d C u p r e s s a c e a e of foreign countries with Sequoia sempervirens growing the best; the area of alpine trees is located on the high hills of the island with strong wind, which makes Pinus thunbergii and Cunninghamia lanceolata grow poorly, but Chamaecyparis obtusa, Abies firma, and Cryptomeria japonica grow well. The in situ conservation area of rare and excellent native trees preserves the national first-class or second-class wild protected trees, such as Carpinus putoensis, Neolitsea sericea, and Cinnamomum japonicum cv. Chenii; The ex situ conservation area of rare trees has planted 48 national rare and endangered trees; domestic excellent broad-leaved trees area has a wide variety of trees with a total of 43 families, of which Rosaceae species are the most, followed by Lauraceae. Fabaceae, Aceraceae, Theaceae, and Caprifoliaceae. 201 species have been planted in broad-leaved trees area; Magnolia Garden has successfully introduced 65 species, 61 of which are planted in the garden, with Michelia and Magnolia as the main composition; the Cycad Seed Garden can produce more than 100 kilograms of cycad seeds per year, and systematically studies the cultivation of cycad seedlings; the Clumping Bamboo Garden has introduced a total of 81 species, but only 42 of which (some with high ornamental value) have been introduced successfully; the Parental Famous Fruit Tree Garden mainly introduces excellent varieties of pomelos,

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persimmons, pomegranates and oranges for the famous fruit promotion of Zhoushan Islands. Over the past 20 years, most of the tree species have blossomed, and some species have been successfully cultivated to the supply market. This botanical garden provides a scientific basis for enriching the diversity of landscaping species in the new area of Zhoushan Islands, and produces good social, ecological, and economic benefits.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 65, Tengkengwan Road, Dinghai District, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Director: Yu Ciying, 0580-2031647@163. com Curator of Living Collections: Yu Ciying, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Yu Ciying, [email protected] Number of Species: 501

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Zhejiang

Botanical Garden of Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University Year Established: 2002 Brief Introduction: Botanical Garden of Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University was founded in May 2002 with a total planned area of 130.13 hm2. It follows the planning concept of “ecological priority, the combination of landscape and education, unique collection, and integration of two gardens”. Plant species are collected according to the principle of “diversity, uniqueness, and interest”. The botanical garden highlights “ecological, ornamental, systematic, and advanced research”. It takes the scientific selection of plants as a basis, landscape optimization as a characteristic, serving teaching and research as a goal, and supporting the construction of campus as a task. To address plant science and plant culture, the two corridors of “ecological culture corridor” and “plant evolution road” have been constructed. The implementation of

four major projects, plant resources, plant landscape, plant culture, and plant information will make it a first-class university botanical garden in China with landscape appearance, scientific connotation, ecological characteristic, humanistic trait, and combination of science and education. The 14

specialized living collection gardens cover an area of 88.7 hm2, including the Coniferous Garden, Magnolia Garden, Rose Garden, Hamamelis Garden, Acer Garden, Rhododendron Garden, Osmanthus Garden, Camellia Garden, Bamboo Garden, Fruit Tree Garden, Palmae Garden, Bonsai Garden, and Tianmu Garden (including Tianmushan characteristic plants, rare plants, medicinal plants, etc.) and Agricultural Garden (Crop Specimen Garden), and have been collected 2,550 species (including varieties), including more than 1,300 woody plant species. There are more than 60 species of national key protected plants, such as Parrotia subaequalis, Ostrya rehderiana, Carpinus putoensis, Abies beshanzuensis, Acer miaotaiense,

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Zhejiang Calycanthus chinensis, Davidia involucrata, Taxus wallichiana var. mairei, Cibotium barometz, Litsea auriculata. Rare plants include more than 100 species, such as Sinojackia microcarpa, Chimonanthus c a m p a n u l a t u s , M e l l i o d e n d ro n xylocarpum, Ardisia violacea, Daphne grueningiana, Photinia magnolifolia, and Sequoia sempervirens.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 88, Huancheng North Road, Lin’an City, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Tel: 0571-63740033 Fax: 0571-63740033 Official Email: [email protected] Director: Liu Shouzan, 0571-63740088 Curator of Living Collections: Ye Xiyang, 0571-63740033, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Zou Han, 0571-63740032 Number of Species: 2,550

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Tianjing Aquatic Botanical Garden

Year Established: 2003 Brief Introduction: Tianjing Aquatic Botanical Garden is a private specialized botanical garden specializing in aquatic plant

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resources survey, species collection, endangered species protection, seedling production, garden application, and breeding of new varieties. It has an area of 94.2 hm2 and 22 employees,

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including 15 research and development personnel. 1,400 species (including varieties) have been collected including the national first-class key protected plants, namely Ranalisma spp., Isoetes sinensis, and wild Brasenia schreberi, and second-class key protected plants, namely Trapa incisa, Oryza rufipogon, Fagopyrum dibotrys, Nymphoides peltata, Ceratopteris thalictroides, Nymphaea candida, ordinary Oryza rufipogon. At present, there are four research groups, which are engaged in the collection of water lily, lotus, Canna and Iris, and aquatic plants. They have completed a number of provincial and municipal projects, published more than 40 papers on the applications of aquatic botanical gardens and six monographs, and granted 35 patents. The forest application system of the aquatic botanical garden has been constructed. A total of 72 new lotus varieties have been cultivated, 14 of which have been awarded the “New Varieties Award of China Lotus Branch”, and 27 varieties have been awarded “International Registration of Nymphaea Varieties”; 10 new varieties of tropical water lily have been cultivated, and awarded “International Registration of Nymphaea Varieties”; the selected variety of Iris hybrids cv. Ruyu has been awarded “International R e g i s t r a t i o n o f I r i s Va r i e t i e s ” . Tianjing Aquatic Botanical Garden usually organizes a national academic conference every year, which is the

Zhejiang chairman unit of the Hangzhou Aquatic Plant Society. From 2014 to 2016, it won three second prizes and one third prize of Science and Technology Progress Award of China Landscape Architecture Society. Hangzhou Tianjing Aquatic Botanical Garden is one of the first member of the Chinese Union of Botanical Garden, a member of the International Botanical Garden Conservation International (BGCI), and an excellent science education base in the Xihu District.

Contacts: Mailing Address: Hualian Village, Sandun Town, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Tel: 0571-56301656 Fax: 0571-56301657 Official Website: http://www.tjss2003.com Official Email: [email protected] Director: Chen Yuchu, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Chen Yuchu, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Shen Yan, [email protected] Number of Accessions: 3,176 Number of Species: 286 Number of Taxa: 1,400

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Jiaxing Botanical Garden

Year Established: 2007 Brief Introduction: Jiaxing Botanical Garden is aff iliated to the Jiaxing City Construction Committee and is located in the wedge-shaped green area of the south section of the Jiaxing Economic Development Zone. The total planned construction area is 80 hm 2. Based on the specific natural conditions of “Jiangnan Water Town and River Net Plain” in Jiaxing, the garden focuses on the collection, preservation, display, and utilization of plants in Jiaxing and East China, especially the plant resources with both ornamental and economic values, and builds exquisite garden environment. It aims to form a municipal botanical garden with leisure tourism and science education as its main functions and scientific research. Construction started in June 2007 and began to take shape. Plant resources have been enriched with diversified preservation forms, and collected and conserved 500 species (including varieties) in Jiaxing Botanical Garden. The landscape of the park has gradually improved, and has established several specialized living collection gardens, such as the Zueili Plum Garden, Osmanthus Garden, Plum Garden, Orchid Garden, Classification Garden, Tree Peony Garden, and Color-leaf Garden. Cultural activities such as “Plum Blossom Exhibition”, “Tulip Flower Exhibition” and “Summer Lotus Exhibition” have been hosted. 350

Hongyue Gardening has been introduced, and made Jiaxing Botanical

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Garden achieve both economic and social benefits.

Zhejiang Contacts: Mailing Address: Jiaxing Botanical Garden, Changshui Road, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Tel: 0573-82876393 Person to contact: Xue Jialin, 057382876393 Number of Species: 500

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Tongxiang Botanical Garden

Year Established: 2008 Brief Introduction: Tongxiang Botanical Garden is a comprehensive botanical garden with a landscape appearance and scientific connotation, and covers an area of 26.13 hm2. The garden is owned by the company and has 10 employees, and two of the employees are

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horticulture personnel, one personnel for science popularization education and 10 personnel for management. At present, the garden has planted more than 200 species of plants. Bamboo Garden has collected many bamboos, such as Phyllostachys sulphurea var. viridis, P. nigra, P. aureosulcata cv. Spectabilis. Aquatic Plants Area has

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collected a variety of aquatic plants, such as lotus and water lily. Another feature of the botanical garden is planting a large number of different varieties of Osmanthus across the whole garden, such as Osmanthus fragrans (Thunbergii Group), O. fragrans (Latifolias Group), O. fragrans (Fragrans Group) and

Zhejiang O. fragrans (Aurantiacus Group). Osmanthus fragrance of the garden in the flowering season makes Tongxiang more beautiful. There are thousands of pines planted in Wansongling, such as Pinus thunbergii and Cedrus deodara. Tongxiang Botanical Garden introduces plants every year to enrich its garden. The number of visitors to the garden from 2012 to 2014 was 3.9 million.

Contacts: Mailing Address: Tongxiang Fenghuang Lake Tourism Development Co., Ltd., No. 209, Huanyuan Road, Tongxiang, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Tel: 0573-88138887 Director: Ma Deliang, 107765906@ qq.com Curator of Living Collections: Shen Hong, 0573-88130932 Plant Records in Charge: Chu Lingyan, 0573-88130932 Number of Accessions: 353 Number of Species: 205

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Zhejiang

Ningbo Botanical Garden

Year Established: 2011 Brief Introduction: The planning and design of Ningbo Botanical Garden was completed in 2010, the construction started on September 26, 2011, and the first phase was opened on September 28, 2016. Ningbo Botanical Garden is located in Zhenhai District, Ningbo with an area of 322 hm 2. It is divided into three major areas: Popular Science and Sightseeing Area, Sports and Leisure

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Area and Flower and Horticulture Area, which are constructed in three phases. The Popular Science and Sightseeing Area covers an area of 120 hm2 with 18 specialized living collection gardens and six sections, including a FourSeason Landscape Experience Area and a Spring Flowers Area (Magnolia Garden and Zhong Guanguang Memorial Garden, Orchid Garden, Rose Garden, Cherry and Crabapple Garden, Lily Garden), Summer

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Landscape Area (Aquatic Plants Area and Climbing Garden), Autumn Landscape Area (Maple Garden, and Osmanthus and Crape Myrtle Garden), Winter Landscape Area (City Tree and Flower Garden, Coniferous Garden, Plum Garden, Bamboo Garden), Specialized Plant Area of East Zhejiang (Oriental Herb Garden and Ancient Tree Garden), Plant Evolution Road, and Entrance Display Area (Four Seasons Flowers Garden). It has several special landscapes, such as the “Plant Evolution Road”, the “Water Forest” and the “Climbing Gallery”. The “Plant Evolution Road” is located in the center of the core area of the botanical garden. It displays the bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms from the west to the east with the waste railway as the axis. The angiosperms are arranged according to the Cronquist system. The Dicotyledons are divided into the Magnoliidea,

Zhejiang Hamamelidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and important families and genera are selected to display the approximate outline of the “Plant Evolution Road”. The “Water Forest” is intended to create a specialized living collection garden for collecting waterresistant wet woody plants with the largest number in China. The “Climbing Gallery” is characterized by Wisteria as well as various exotic melons and fruits, and lets visitors enjoy the sight of Wisteria in spring and melons in autumn. About 650 native species and about 2,500 cultivars have been collected, belonging to 142 families and 390 genera.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 1177, Beihuan East Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Tel: 0574-86385111 Fax: 0574-86567662 Director: Zheng Xiaoqing, 1773848989@ qq.com Curator of Living Collections: Xu Rongdi, [email protected] Number of Accessions: 1,400 Number of Species: 650 Number of Taxa: 2,500

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Hong Kong

Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens

Year Established: 1960 Brief Introduction: The Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens are part of the Hong Kong Leisure and Cultural Services Department and located in Albany Road, Hong Kong, with an area of 5.6 hm2. Built in 1860 and partially opened in 1864, the gardens were fully completed and opened to the public in 1871, with Mr. Charles Ford appointed as its first Superintendent in the same year. Since 1876, the gardens have been building its zoological collection comprising birds and mammals. In 1975, they were officially renamed the Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens. There are ca. 1,000 species in the garden. Most of them are indigenous to tropical and sub-tropical regions. The botanical collection includes members

of the major plant groups, such as Conifer, Ficus carica, Trachycarpus, E u c a l y p t u s , Yu l a n i a , C a m e l l i a , Rhododendron, Araucaria, Ravenala, Roystonea, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Dillenia, Thaumatophyllum

bipinnatifidum of exotic origin, and native flora. Rare plants include M e t a s e q u o i a g l y p t o s t ro b o i d e s , Ailanthus fordii, Camellia crapnelliana, Camellia granthamiana, and Camellia petelotii. The gardens have several specialized living collection gardens, such as the Medicinal Herb Garden, Bamboo Garden, Camellia Garden, Yulania Garden, Palmae Garden, Cercis Garden, and Rhododendron Garden. They also have Old and Valuable Trees (OVTs) Trail, including 24 old and valuable trees, such as Pterocarpus indicus, Nauclea orientalis, Agathis dammara and Taxodium distichum. The greenhouse has collected more than 150 plant groups of native and exotic plants,

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Hong Kong including orchids, ferns, bromeliads, climbing plants, and indoor plants. The main purpose of the Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens is to promote the gardens’ contribution to flora and fauna. Through education, conservation, research projects, and exhibitions, the public’s awareness

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and attentions to various organisms can be promoted to lead the public to appreciate the coexistence of species and nature. It has provided educational activities for 10,000 students and enabled students and the general public to better understand animals, plants, biodiversity, and environment.

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Contacts: Mailing Address: Albany Road, Central, Hong Kong Tel: 852-25300154 Fax: 852-25371207 Official Website: http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/ tc/parks/hkzbg Official Email: [email protected] Number of Species: ca. 1,000

Hong Kong

Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden

Year Established: 1956 Brief Introduction: Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden (KFBG) spreads over 148 hm 2 of land at the northern slopes of Tai Mo Shan, Hong Kong’s highest mountain, near the town of Tai Po. In 1956, the Kadoorie Agricultural Aids Association (KAAA) established an experimental and extension farm at Paak Ngau Shek (the present site of KFBG) as a center to demonstrate effective and profitable

crop production and animal husbandry techniques, to improve livestock breeds and to train local farmers and Hong Kong-based Gurkha soldiers in farming so that they could have income when they returned home to Nepal. The original goal of the farm was to provide agricultural assistance to poor farmers to help them become self-reliant. The theme gardens were designed and planted from the 1960’s onwards, and through planting, natural process, and

protection from fire. In January 1995, the Legislative Council passed an Ordinance that established the Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden Corporation (KFBG CAP 1156), and Kadoorie Farm officially became a non-profit organization, shifting its focus to nature conservation and education. Although Kadoorie Farm is a public company, its funds and management are operated by private individuals and are managed independently by the board of directors appointed by the trustee of “Kadoorie Foundation”. The Kadoorie Farm spends about HK$80 million a year and is allocated by the Kadoorie Fund. The 148 hm2 farm and botanic garden is a government lease. Kadoorie Farm has several collaborative projects with various governmental organizations, universities, and non-governmental organizations. The botanic garden has 1,000 species and more than half of Hong Kong native plants; it cultures

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Hong Kong most of Hong Kong’s large mammals, insects, reptiles, and amphibians. The botanical garden often organizes a variety of activities for different ages or groups, and organizes a variety of training courses and workshops.

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Hong Kong Contacts: Mailing Address: Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong Tel: 0852-24837200 Fax: 0852-24886702 Official Website: http://www.kfbg.org/chi/ index.aspx Official Email: [email protected] Director: Bo Anzhe, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Da Shangguan, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Chen Beile, [email protected] Number of Species: 1,000

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Hong Kong

Shing Mun Arboretum

Year Established: 1970 Brief Introduction: The Shing Mun Arboretum occupies a total area of 4.0 hm 2 of abandoned terraced fields and is located in the Shing Mun Country Park. Various representative native trees planting began in the early 1970s. To date, the arboretum has a total collection of more than 7,000 plants of 269 species, most of which are indigenous to Hong Kong or South China. The arboretum plays a significant role in flora conservation and preserves specimens of various plant species, including the rare and endangered plants of Hong Kong, including a collection of bamboos, protected plant species, plants named after Botanists, plants first discovered in Hong Kong, and camellias found in Hong Kong Countryside. The arboretum indeed provides an excellent place for learning plants in the countryside. The Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD) has set up a field study garden and a butterfly garden in Shing Mun. Interpreting signs have been installed along the way to help visitors understand the flora, fauna, and various ecology of the countryside. In places where wild animals, such as birds, butterflies, and dragonflies appear in the garden, visitors can discover the wildness of nature through personal contact. To encourage visitors to explore nature, 362

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Hong Kong

the AFCD has organized a series of nature education activities for the public and students to participate.

Contacts: Mailing Address: Room 737, 7/F, Cheung Sha Wan Government Offices, No. 303, Cheung Sha Wan Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong Tel: 0852-21506900 Fax: 0852-23763749 Official Website: http://www.afcd.gov.hk/ tc_chi/ conservation/con_flo /con_flo_shing/con_flo_shing.html Director: Peng Quansen, 0852-21506900 Curator of Living Collections: Zhang Yongyu, 0852-21506900 Plant Records in Charge: Zhang Yongyu, 0852-21506900 Number of Accessions: 260 Number of Species: 269

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Macao

Macao Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1985 Brief Introduction: Macao Botanical Garden was founded in 1985 and it is located in the Seak Pai Wan Country Park in Macao, covering an area of 20 hm2. It consists of six specialized living collection gardens, such as the Fragrant Flower Garden, Medicinal Herb Garden, Novel Plant Garden, Introduction Area, Coloane Arboretum and Fern Area, as well as Ecological Simulation Area of Dieshi Valley Wetland. The Fragrant Flower Garden was opened in 1985 and was later closed in 2010 due to changes in the reorganization of Seak Pai Wan Country Park. The Medicinal Herb Garden and Novel Plant Garden were founded in 1994. The Medicinal Herb Garden has collected nearly 200 species of wild or cultivated medicinal plants in Macao, including some herbs of the famous herbal teas “Five Flowers” and “Twenty-four Herbs” in Guangdong. In the Novel Plant Garden, there are insectivorous plants Nepenthes mirabilis, viviparous plant, Aegiceras corniculatum as well as the products of Chinese and Western cultural exchanges. One avocado in the Novel Plant Garden was an exhibit of “Botanical Journey and Discovery of Portuguese Navigation” of Portugal in 1996. The Coloane Arboretum began construction in 1986 and was officially opened to the public in 1997. It has planted nearly 90 species and 39 families of trees, and is the only

tree species gene bank in Macao and preserves the main tree species of replanted forests in Macao. The fern

area was founded in 2001 and has been collected about 50 species of ferns. The Ecological Simulation Area of Dieshi Valley Wetland was originally a river in the valley, which is dry in the dry season. After the addition of dams and pools in 2007, it was transformed into a wetland ecological research station with abundant water resources and rich biodiversity. Shipaiwan Country Park is the largest natural green area in Macao. It is affiliated to the Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau, and was formerly known as a farm. In 1981, this area was designated as protected area.

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Macao It was reestablished in November 1984 to become a country park, which is the first country park in Macao and the largest natural country park in Macao with the values of education, ecology, landscape, and science. The Shipaiwan Country Park follows Coloane Alto, which is the richest area of biodiversity. The Shipaiwan Country Park carried out a rationally plan on the division of the botanical garden and the route of the garden on the original basis at the end of 2014 to meet the demands of ecological protection and education as well as the hobbies and recreation of tourists. The plans reflect the

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Macao

characteristics of fauna and flora, and highlight the history of Macao and the culture of native plants. There are 100 species and 40 families of trees planted in the Arbor Garden. The Medicinal Herb Garden has planted nearly 200 species of wild or cultivated medicinal plants in Macao. 29 special plants were planted in the Novel Garden. The Fragrant Flower Garden has 32 species that can emit fragrances. The

exotic varieties have been planted in the Exotic Seed Exchange Area, such as Koelreuteria elegans subsp. formosana, and Psidium cattleianum. The orientation and mission of the Macao Botanical Garden are to protect the native plants of Macao, with emphasis on science popularization and education; the main tasks are plant protection, science promotion and education, and country leisure. The

botanical garden has specifications for conservation, cultivation or operating instructions, plant introduction and ex situ conservation management systems, “Checklist of Cultivated Plants”, acquisition record and accession management, but no computerized record system, and printed “Checklist of Seed Exchange”. In the past five years, 2,008 seeds have been exchanged.

Contacts: Mailing Address: Natural Protection Research Division, Landscaping Department, the Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau, Shipaiwan Country Park, Coloane, Macao Tel: 0853-28880087 Fax: 0853-28882247 Official Website: http://nature.iacm.gov.mo Official Email: [email protected] Director: Pan Yonghua, 0853-28870278, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Hong Baoying, 0853-28870277, pihong@ iacm.gov.mo Plant Records in Charge: Chen Yufen, 0853-28870277, [email protected] Number of Species: ca. 640

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Taiwan

Taipei Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1895 Brief Introduction: The Taipei Botanical Garden is affiliated to the Forestry Experimental Institute. It is located on the Nanhai

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Road, Taipei, Taiwan. It covers an area of about 8.2 hm2. In 1895, the nursery was first established in the outer space of Xiaonanmen, managed by the forestry testing ground of the Bureau

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of Reproduction and Production, and the area was less than 5.0 hm2, and then expanded by the purchase of 15 hm2 lands. In addition to the areas for breeding seedlings, the land is used for a mother tree garden, and the low-lying land is excavated as a pond. The mother trees from Taiwan Province of China or Japan are planted in the garden, and inserted a brand name to popularize plant education. In 1921, the Taipei Institute Sinica was established, taking over the forestry testing ground, and set up the Taipei Forestry Department. The nursery was officially renamed to become the botanical garden. In addition to continuing the original work, the botanical garden also sent personnel to Europe, the United States, Australia, Africa, and Southeast Asia to collect trees and ship them back for cultivation. By the year 1930, 1,120 species of plants had been planted in the garden, most of which were imported from abroad, a great contribution to academic and natural science education. During the construction of the garden amid the World War II, the trees were ruined. Later, under the management of the Forestry Experimental Institute, the whole personnel and financial resources were used to reorganize the garden and to actively introduce plants. At present, the buildings and plant species in the garden are far more than the past. The Taipei Botanical Garden

Taiwan

has a complete record documentary of plant collection, and is a good place for scientific research, conservation, display, and education. The main tasks and functions are to provide complete plant conservation information through systematic scientific research and records, through a wide range of plant collecting and cultivation to conserve plants, through vivid display and inspiring education to strengthen the public’s conservation awareness, through the international botanical garden network system, and through work on global plant diversity conservation. The botanical garden has the Succulent Plant Area, Livelihood Plant Area, Poetry Plant Area, Gymnosperm Area, Fern Area, Idiom Plant Area, Greenhouse, Plant Celebrity Parks, Terminalia Square, Plant Classification Garden, Chinese Chapter 2  A Brief Introduction of Botanical Gardens of China

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Zodiac Signs Plant Area, Buddhist Plant Area, Sympetalous Plant Area, Plant Experience Garden, Aquatic Plant Area, Dicotyledons Area, Bamboo Area, Lotus Sightseeing Square, Lotus Pond, Literature Plant Area, Ethnic Plant Area, Ginger Area, Palm Area, collecting plants of up to 2,000 species. The total number of employees is 31, including 11 staff, 10 technicians, seven gardenings (outsourcing), one environmental education (outsourcing), and two employed staff.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 53, Nanhai Road, Taipei, Taiwan Tel: 02-2303-9978 ext. 1420 Fax: 02-2307-6220 Official Website: http://tpbg.tfri.gov.tw/ index.php Official Email: [email protected] Director: Xu Jiajun, 02-2303-9978 ext. 2905, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Lin Qianyou, 02-2303-9978 ext. 2706, cylin@ tfri.gov.tw Plant Records in Charge: Chen Jianwen, 02-2303-9978 ext. 2700, [email protected] Number of Accessions: 4,800 Number of Species: 1,200 Number of Taxa: 2,000

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Taiwan

Hengchun Tropical Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1906 Brief Introduction: Hengchun Tropical Botanical Garden was founded in 1906. The third mother tree garden and tropical useful plant specimen garden were set up at the early test area of Guizaijiao, which was the predecessor of Hengchun Tropical Botanical Garden. Later, in 1945, the Forestry Laboratory renamed the “Tropical Useful Plant Specimen Garden” in the Guizijiao Experimental Site to “Hengchun Tropical Botanical Garden”. At present, Hengchun Tropical Botanical Garden has 17 themed display areas, including the areas of Lanyu Plants, Folk Plants, Lianas, Aquatic Plants, Hengchun Peninsula Plants, Cycads, Tropical Fruit Trees, Rare Plants, Fabaceae Plants, Ficus benjamina, Ficus Plants, Coconut Plants, Fagaceae Plants, Lauraceae Plants, Codiaeum Plants, Araceae Plants, and Ferns. The mission is to

collect and preserve abundant tropical plant resources, and to undertake the conservation bank of low-altitude rare

plants on the Hengchun Peninsula. The garden mainly focuses on the preservation of plants, support of research, development of plants resources and horticultural techniques, and implementation of plant and ecological education research, education, conservation, and recreation. Covering an area of nearly 64 hm 2, Hengchun Tropical Botanical Garden also includes an outdoor nursery base, such as the Mother Tree Garden, which is under the jurisdiction of the Hengchun Research Center of the Forestry Laboratory.

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Taiwan Contacts: Mailing Address: 203 Park Road, Hengchun Town, Pingtung County, Taiwan Official Website: http://tfrihc.myweb. hinet.net Official Email: [email protected], [email protected] Director: Wang Xianghua, 08-8861157 ext. 123, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Wu Shuhui, 08-8861157 ext. 107, wsh@tfri. gov.tw Plant Records in Charge: Wu Shuhui, 08-8861157 ext. 107, [email protected] Number of Accessions: 3,917 Number of Species: 74 Number of Taxa: 1,664

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Taiwan

Chiayi Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1908 Brief Introduction: Chiayi Botanical Garden is affiliated to the Zhongpu Research Center of the Taiwan Forestry Laboratory, including three gardens namely the Sihu Coastal Botanical Garden, the Chiayi Arboretum and the Pizitou Botanical Garden. Chiayi Arboretum was founded as a metropolitan botanical garden in 1908 with an area of about 8.3 hm2.

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The garden introduced economic trees from various tropical regions of the world and mainly studies rubber trees and tropical economic trees. The whole area is dominated by tropical trees, and is called “Chiayi Arboretum”, which is used for the adaptive observation of introduced trees, and also functions as the Mother Tree Garden. The botanical garden includes 175 vascular plant species of 62 families and is

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divided into 14 areas according to the characteristics of planting and current conditions, among them, eight areas are plant display areas. Chiayi Arboretum is the third botanical garden established in Taiwan and the first of the three largest tropical arboreta in Taiwan. Chiayi Arboretum is regulated and protected to some extent, and has become a rare urban botanical garden after a hundred years. In 1993, the Sihu Coastal Botanical Garden was established. It is located in the coastal area of Sihu Town, Yunlin County with a coastal nursery, coastal plant specimen garden, coastal wetland plant area, and coastal windbreak forest. Sihu Coastal Botanical Garden conserves 141 species of 61 families, mainly serves as the research base of coastal plant collection. The main works and researches are used to promote the renewal of the coastal windbreak

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Taiwan forests and to improve the composition and structure of the windbreak forests. In the future, it will develop into a coastal plant research and education garden, with the establishment of coastal ecology and silvicultural system as well as the environmental interpretation education and resource conservation. The Pizitou Botanical Garden covers an area of about 4.6 hm2. It was completed in 2001 and was officially opened to the public on April 22, 2005. It is the newest and most beautiful botanical garden in the eastern part of Chiayi. The botanical garden is adjacent to Shan Pond of the cultural center. In the early days, it was the rubber tree breeding test nursery (established in 1907). Later, it became a bamboo specimen garden, which changed from time to time and then used as a place where afforestation trees and green beautification seedlings were cultivated. There are 154 species of 57 families of vascular plants planted. In the botanical garden, there are currently plans to develop several plant areas, such as shrubs, lianas, fragrant flowers, bamboos, and turf, as well as urban multi-layer forest landscape areas, which are used by the public for leisure, recreation, teaching, and research.

Contacts: Mailing Address: Zhongpu Research Center, Forestry Laboratory, No. 65, Lane 432, Wenhua Road, Chiayi, Taiwan Official Website: http://cytfri.tfri.gov.tw Official Email: [email protected] Director: Huang Zhengliang, 05-2311730211, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Zheng Shulin, 05-2311730-330, [email protected] Plant Records in Charge: Huang Zhengliang, 05-2311730-211, jlhwong@ tfri.gov.tw Number of Accessions: 2,579 Number of Species: 273 Number of Taxa: 273

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Taiwan

Taiwan Alpine Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1912 Brief Introduction: Taiwan Alpine Botanical Garden was founded in 1912 with an area of 0.015 hm 2 and displayed hundreds of plants. There are 100 species of plants in the hot, warm or cold regions of Taiwan, such as Chamaecyparis o b t u s a v a r. f o r m o s a n a , P i c e a morrisonicola, Juniperus formosana,

and Chamaecyparis formosensis. There is an old tree each on the left and right side of the tree-spirit tower, which is dedicated to tree-spirit faith. One of them, the thousand-year cypress is about 40 m tall and is estimated at the age of about 2,000 years old. The other is a Guangwu cypress, which is over 2,300 years old. The Alpine Museum displays specimens of animals, plants,

butterflies, soils, minerals, and tools of early felling and skidding that are commonly used in the Ali Mountains.

Contacts: Mailing Address: Left side of the gate of Ciyun Temple, Chiayi County, Taiwan Number of Species: 100

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Taiwan

Siaping Tropical Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1923 Brief Introduction: In June 1923, the “Siaping Arboretum” was established to cultivate tropical trees. It is located in Zhushan Town, Nantou County, Taiwan. In 1960, it was turned into an orchard. In 1966, a specimen garden was set up.

In 2002, it was turned into the Siaping Tropical Botanical Garden. The goal of Siaping Tropical Botanical Garden is to establish a basic research base for native plant resources in central Taiwan, and it has become an ex situ conservation center of local endangered plant resources in the central region. The

garden has set up natural classrooms, combined with teaching resources to develop natural teaching plans, to be used as an outdoor classroom for natural teaching in the central region and to provide a complete natural education system. The garden combines tourism resources to provide ecotourism activities with regional characteristics, and establishes and improves the botanical management system to make Siaping Tropical Botanical Garden a demonstration of regional botanical garden management. Siaping Tropical Botanical Garden is divided into seven areas, including Central Plant Provenance Area, Species Rearing Area, Bamboo Specimen Area, Aquatic Plant Display Area, Nature Teaching Area, Plant Teaching Area, and Landscape Recreation Area, according to the four main themes of species conservation, s p e c i a l s p e c i e s d i s p l a y, n a t u r e education, and ecotourism. These seven areas cooperate with the management

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Taiwan center, the natural classroom and the visitor-guiding system to give full play to the functions of the garden. The garden mainly focuses on experimental research, teaching internship, demonstration management, and environmental conservation. It is managed by the Experimental Forest Management Office of the Bioresources and Agricultural College of Taiwan University. The total area is 8.87 hm2 and the exhibition area is 5.87 hm2.

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Taiwan Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 12, Section 1, Qianshan Road, Zhushan Town, Nantou County, Taiwan Director: Cai Mingzhe, 049-2655362, [email protected] Curator of Living Collections: Yang Zhikai, 049-2642183, eflora.yang@gmail. com Plant Records in Charge: Yang Zhikai, 049-2642183, [email protected] Number of Species: 850 Number of Taxa: 750

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Taiwan

Shuangsi Tropical Arboretum

Year Established: 1935 Brief Introduction: Founded in 1935, Shuangsi Tropical Arboretum introduced various types of trees from South America, Australia, Africa, and other places. More than 270

species have been introduced. It was formerly known as “Shuangsi Tropical Seed Stand” and “Zhutoujiao Tropical Arboretum”. The Seed Stand covers an area of 7.0 hm2, and mainly bases on the introduced of tropical plants.

Shuangsi Tropical Arboretum has ex situ conserved 96 species of trees, 28 of which are endemic to Taiwan, and covers an area of 26 hm2. Due to the protection of the bag-shaped closed terrain, Shuangsi has slowed down the interference and destruction of the local ecosystem from road penetration and artificial development, so that some of the magnificent natural landscape has been preserved today. The most famous of which are the island’s only tropical seed stand, the yellow butterfly valley with millions of butterflies and the endangered species of plants and animals that inhabit the tropical rainforests of the valley.

Contacts: Mailing Address: Shuangsi, Meinong Town, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Number of Species: 96

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Taiwan

Fushan Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1979 Brief Introduction: Fushan Botanical Garden is affiliated to the Fushan Branch of the Forestry Laboratory, with the main goal of collecting, researching, and displaying mid-altitude plants of Taiwan. The establishment of the Fushan Botanical Garden was based on the early planning of the Taipei Botanical Garden. The natural broadleaved forests of Taiwan’s middle and low altitudes have been gradually reduced due to the development of forest land. Therefore, the experimental sites of natural broad-leaved forests in the north and the plant specimen garden were set up for the purpose of experimental research and provenance conservation. It is a comprehensive functional botanical garden that provides research opportunities, international conservation, gene

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conservation, ecotourism, and environmental education, and serves as a comprehensive functional garden for conservation, research, education, and recreation. The main task and function

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are to establish a long-term ecological monitoring system for protected areas, and continuously collect and preserve the genes of native plants in Taiwan’s middle and low altitudes. The garden combines the characteristics of local environmental resources and research results, develops natural exploration education courses and related teaching materials, and trains seed teachers for outdoor teaching. It also establishes and updates the selfguided commentary system to enhance the natural experience of visitors and deepen the concept of conservation. Fushan Botanical Garden covers an area of nearly 409.5 hm2, with a

Taiwan

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Taiwan natural vegetation area of 390 hm2, and specialized living collection gardens area of 20 hm2. It has 20 specialized living collection gardens, including the gardens of Lauraceae, Fagaceae, Theaceae, Magnoliaceae, gymnosperm, pteridophyte, Rosaceae, Ericaceae, etc., which are under the jurisdiction of the Fushan Research Center of the Forestry Laboratory. The total number of employees is 29, including eight horticulture staff, 10 environmental education staff, six research staff, and five management personnel.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 1, Fushan, Shuangpi Road, Huxi Village, Yuanshan Township, Yilan County, Taiwan (Yilan Post No. 132) Tel: 03-9228900 Fax: 03-9228904 Official Website: http://fushan.tfri.gov.tw Official Email: [email protected] Director: You Hanming, 03-9228900 ext. 101, [email protected] Curators of Living Collections: Fan Yibin, Chen Zhengfeng, 03-9228900 Plant Records in Charge: Fan Yibin, Chen Zhengfeng, 03-9228900 Number of Species: 700 Number of Taxa: 750

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Taiwan

Shanping Forest Ecological Science Park

Year Established: 1993 Brief Introduction: Shanping Forest Ecological Science Park was established in 1993 and is affiliated to the Taiwan Forestry Laboratory. It covers an area of 933 hm2, with an exhibition area of 400 hm2, at an altitude of 400 m to 1,400 m, with an annual average temperature of 21℃ and holds 658 species of 129 families of plants. Shanping Forest Ecological Science Park is divided into Bamboo Specimen Garden, Tree Specimen Garden, Phoebe Display Area, Landscape Plant Area, Natural Forest Display Area, Plantation Management Display Area, Climbing Plant Display Area, Ethnic and Special Plant Area, Stream Ecology Display Area with the functions of research, conservation, education, and leisure. The Bamboo Specimen Garden makes bamboo garden management the goal of research and promotion, and it is a botanical garden with functions such as academic research, forestry promotion, leisure and ecological conservation education. The displayed species include bamboo, Phoebe, liana, Cinchona, coffee tree, stream ecological plants and landscaping plants. In addition to the display area, many places are left for natural growth.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 198, Zhongxing Village, Liugui District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Number of Species: 658

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Taiwan

388

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Taiwan

Kaohsiung Original Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1994 Brief Introduction: Founded in 1994, Kaohsiung Original Botanical Garden covers an area of 4.66 hm2. It is the first green park with the theme of Taiwan’s native plants. It has more than 60 species of native plants. It is a living plant museum with local characteristics in Taiwan. In addition, it also has the function of education and leisure.

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Taiwan Contacts: Mailing Address: Beside the longitudinal railway in Zuoying District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Tel: 07-3497538 Fax: 07-3497538 Official Website: http://pwbmo.kcg.gov. tw/NaturePark/Default.aspx Number of Species: 60

390

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Taiwan

Neishuangxi Medicinal Herb Garden

Year Established: 1995 Brief Introduction: Neishuangxi Medicinal Herb Garden was founded in 1995. In order to promote the concept of forest ecological

conservation and strengthen the understanding and conservation of wild plants, a medicinal herb garden was planed to set up within the Neishuangxi Forest Nature Park with an area of

0.3 hm2. Specialized areas include the herbal tea plant area, the Chinese Zodiac Signs plant area, the original medicinal plant area, the toxic plant area, the five elements medicinal plant area, and the fruit tree and health medicinal plant area.

Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 27, Lane 150, Section 3, Zhishan Road, Shilin District, Taipei, Taiwan Tel: 02-27593001 ext. 3313 Official Website: http://www.herb.nat.gov. tw/index.asp Official Email: [email protected]

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Taiwan

392

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Taiwan

Museum of Natural Science Botanical Garden

Year Established: 1999 Brief Introduction: Museum of Natural Science Botanical Garden was founded in 1999 and belonged to the Museum of Natural Science, covering an area of 4.5 hm2. It is divided into outdoor gardens based on Taiwan’s low-altitude plant

ecology. The outdoor gardens take the Hengchun Peninsula as the starting point and counterclockwise, rounding the island, the themed gardens are in sequence of Coral Atoll Garden, Lanyu Garden (outer island), Littoral Forest, Monsoon Rainforest Gully, Taitung Cycad Garden, Northern

Taiwan Lowlands, Central Taiwan Lowlands, Southern Taiwan Lowlands, and Monsoon Rainforest Gully, and each garden has different topographical landscapes and simulates the original fertile environment. The nine gardens together present a complete map of Taiwan lowland plants. At the center

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Taiwan of the botanical garden, there is a Tropical Rainforest Conservatory with a height of about 40 m, with a glass cone suspended by steel texture. It displays different plant species of the tropical rainforest, Amazonian fish and poison dart frog ecology. Among them, the garden simulates the environmental characteristics of tropical rainforest. There are over 400 trees known as super-high trees in riverside rainforests, rainforest beds and lowland rainforests.

394

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Taiwan Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 1, Guanqian Road, North District, Taichung, Taiwan Tel: 04-23226940 Fax: 04-23236139 Official Website: http://www.nmns.edu.tw Official Email: [email protected] Director: Sun Weixin, 04-23226940

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Taiwan

Yuan Sen Applied Botanical Garden

Year Established: 2005 Brief Introduction: Yuan Sen Applied Botanical Garden was officially opened in early March 2005. It covers an area of over 200 hm2 and is planted with more than 2,000 species of herbs. It has several areas, such as herb area, yuan sen exploration botanical garden, aquatic plant area, fragrant plant area, herbal tea plant area, and health care medicinal herb area, the medicated diet plant area and the ground cover medicinal plant area. The garden has research, conservation and education functions. Contacts: Mailing Address: No. 8, Test Site, Mingfeng Village, Beinan Town, Taitung County (954), Taiwan Tel: 800-385858 Fax: 089-571667 Official Website: http://yuan-sen.com.tw Number of Taxa: 2,000

396

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Taiwan

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Taiwan

398

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Taiwan

Taimali Coastal Botanical Garden

Year Established: 2009 Brief Introduction: Taimali Coastal Botanical Garden was founded in 2009 and is affiliated to the Taiwan Forestry Test Center. The exhibition area is 11.82 hm 2 , which is divided into the Taitung

Coast native plant area, the aquatic plant area, the coastal beach plant area, the coastal rock plant area, and the Taitung ethnic plant area. The functional orientations are academic research and gene conservation of plant species, supplemented by leisure and

environmental ecological education functions. The garden’s objectives are based on experimental research functions, collecting plant species from the eastern coast for preserving plant genes, and developing recreation and natural environment interpretation education functions in line with the eastern natural ecotourism network. The plant species are concentrated on the plant native area, aquatic plant area, coastal rock plant area, Taitung folk plant area and coastal beach plant area on the eastern coast of Taiwan. There are 171 species of plants for conservation and display.

Contacts: Mailing Address: Taimali Town, Taitung County, Taiwan Tel: 05-7720281 Fax: 05-7720471 Official Website: http://cytfri.tfri.gov.tw, http://tcbg.tfri.gov.tw/index.php

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Taiwan

400

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Taiwan

Chapter 2  A Brief Introduction of Botanical Gardens of China

401

402

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Chapter 3

Status Quo and Developmental Prospects of the Chinese Botanical Gardens

Chapter 3  Status Quo and Developmental Prospects of the Chinese Botanical Gardens

403

There are about 2,000 botanical gardens (arboreta) in the world, preserving over 100,000 species of higher plants, and among them 15,000 are endangered. These gardens receive 200 million visitors annually, promoting the plant science study and public botanic literacy (Huang, 2017; Costa et al., 2016; Mounce et al., 2017). Due to the lack of historical and current data of Chinese botanical gardens, the number and capacity of botanical gardens as well as the plant ex situ conservation are unclear, and the national strategy for ex situ conservation of plant diversity is difficult to clarify. To change this situation, the team of ex situ Cultivated Flora of China from South China Botanical Garden spent over

four years finishing a comprehensive survey of the national botanical gardens and their ex situ conservation. They did questionnaire survey, literature research, and field visits, analyzed the status quo and problems of the Chinese botanical gardens, and proposed relevant solutions They expected to leverage the “Construction and Evaluation of the National Standard System of Botanical Gardens” and the compilation and research of ex situ Cultivated Flora of China, so as to promote the joint development of all national botanical gardens and play an active role in protecting and utilizing the plant resources. I n r ecent d ecades , Ch i na h as built a huge resource platform for

the introduction, ex situ cultivation and protection of plants at home and abroad, which greatly supports the basic botanical studies, such as plant taxonomy, morphological anatomy, reproductive development, and genetic breeding. Despite the fact that the study focus varies from different researches and systems, the scientific studies carried out by the botanical gardens and arboreta have covered all disciplines of modern botanical garden research. At the same time, the Chinese botanical gardens have made great progress in resource discovery and evaluation, new variety selection, plant new variety rights, and invention patents, and have played a crucial role in the exploration and utilization of plant resources.

3.1 Scientific research Modern botanical garden is a specialized research institution for botanical research. Scientific research, especially that based on living plant collections, is not only the defining feature of botanical gardens, but also an important guarantee for biodiversity conservation and plant ex situ conservation that are carried out by modern botanical gardens. This survey shows that the scientific researches carried out by the Chinese botanical gardens cover all the fields of the international modern botanical garden studies, including ex situ conservation projects, reintroduction projects, conservation biology, conservation genetics, molecular genetics, ecology, ecosystem protection, restoration ecology, urban environment, floristic geography, plant systematics and taxonomy, ethnobotany, horticulture, pollination biology, seed/spore biology, invasive biology and control, plant 404

inspection and introduction, seed exchange directory, international seed exchange in botanical gardens, data management systems, and information technology, and public education. The survey shows that although the research fields and disciplines are comprehensive, the study focus varies from different researches and systems (Table 6). For example, among the 161 botanical gardens identified in the survey, the numbers of botanical gardens which carried out the research of plant taxonomy, horticulture, e t h n o b o t a n y, a n d c o n s e r v a t i o n biology are 68 (accounting for 42.24%), 77 (47.83%), 32 (19.88%) a n d 5 8 ( 3 6 . 0 2 % ) , r e s p e c t i v e l y, and 54 (33.54%) and 24 (14.91%) botanical gardens implemented ex situ conservation projects and reintroduction projects. The Botanical Gardens of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) have the highest share of research

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

outputs in taxonomy, horticulture, ethnobotany, ex situ conservation, field regression, and invasive biological monitoring, clearly displaying a leading role in those disciplines. China’s botanical gardens boast fruitful results in the scientific researches that are based on living plant collection and specialized living collection gardens. They also make stunning progress in plant physiology and ecology, genetic improvement and variety cultivation, plant resource evaluation, and plant diversity conservation research. For example, South China Botanical Garden compiled a total of four volumes of Flora of Hong Kong (English version), containing nearly 3,000 recorded native, naturalized and cultivated plants in Hong Kong. The standard of compilation is clear and unified, the descriptions are concise and practical, and the literatures and specimens are

Chapter 3  Status Quo and Developmental Prospects of the Chinese Botanical Gardens

405

14/20.59

7/10.29

0/0

17/25.00

12/17.65

3/4.41

3/4.41

5/7.35

5/7.35

2/2.94

68/42.24

CAS

Education department

Housing and urbanrural department

Forest department

Landscaping department

Agricultural department

Medical and medicinal department

Science and technology department

Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan

Enterprises/others

Total

Taxonomy

77/47.83

5/6.49

5/6.49

5/6.49

4/5.19

1/1.30

14/18.18

21/27.27

3/3.90

6/7.79

13/16.88

Horticulture

32/19.88

1/3.13

1/3.13

4/12.50

3/9.38

0/0

4/12.50

5/15.63

0/0

5/15.63

9/28.13

Ethnobotany

54/33.54

2/3.70

6/11.11

4/7.41

3/5.56

0/0

6/11.11

17/31.48

1/1.85

3/5.56

12/22.22

Ex situ conservation

24/14.91

1/4.17

1/4.17

1/4.17

1/4.17

0/0

2/8.33

8/33.33

0/0

3/12.5

7/29.17

Reintroduction

58/36.02

2/3.45

3/5.17

6/10.34

4/6.90

1/1.72

8/13.79

16/27.59

0/0

4/6.90

14/24.14

Conservation biology

Table 6 Scientific research of the Chinese botanical gardens and arboreta

31/19.25

0/0

3/9.68

3/9.68

0/0

0/0

4/12.90

9/29.03

0/0

2/6.45

10/32.26

Invasive monitoring

161/100

11/6.83

17/10.56

8/4.97

4/2.48

6/3.73

34/21.12

44/27.33

7/4.35

15/9.32

15/9.32

BG Number

detailed and accurate. It is the best of its kind in China and beyond, and is even regarded as a model of the 21st century floristic research (Ma and Liu, 2009). As early as 1927, South China Botanical Garden started to prepare for the compilation of the Flora of Guangdong. The first volume was published in 1987, the second in 1991, and the third in 1995. At the end of 2011, all the ten volumes of Flora of Guangdong were published. In the Flora of Macao compiled by South China Botanical Garden (Volume One in 2007; Volume Two in 2008; Volume Three in 2009), each species has a color picture, and some species even have several color pictures of different stages, which was the first time in the history of the Flora of China. Flora of Macao contains 600 species of exotic plants, accounting for 2/5 of the total number of about 1,500 species, which is very difficult to identify (Ma and Liu, 2009). Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-sen revised the Flora of Jiangsu, focusing on wild plant surveys and specimen collections on the coastal beaches in Jiangsu Province, and published Volume Two and Volumes Three of Flora of Jiangsu (Revised Edition) in 2013 and 2014. Shenzhen Xianhu Botanical Garden compiled the Flora of Shenzhen, which contains four volumes and includes 237 families, 1,252 genera, 2,732 species, 3 subspecies, 96 varieties, 1 variant and 87 cultivars of lycophytes, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms. It introduces wild plants, foreign plants that have been naturalized in Shenzhen, garden plants and other economic plants commonly cultivated in Shenzhen. Each plant is described with an anatomical diagram, and 65% of the species have color photographs. Volumes Two, Three and Four were published in 2010, 2012, and 2016, respectively. Guangxi Guilin Botanical Garden edited and published Volume 406

Six of Flora of Guangxi (Pteridophyta). The Botanical Gardens of the Chinese Academy of Sciences have also compiled Plants Endemic to Guangxi Province (Volume One), Bryophyte Flora of Guangdong, Flora of Jiangxi (Volume Three), Economic Plants of China (Volume One), and Vegetation of Guangxi (Volume One). From 2010 to 2016, the Botanical Gardens of CAS published 235 monographs or volumes and their research conditions have been significantly improved. They have made outstanding achievements in the research of plant gene function, principles and techniques of preservation and ex situ conservation, plant physiology and ecology, genetic improvement and variety cultivation, energy plants, restoration ecology and other aspects, showing the innovation capabilities of CAS botanical gardens. The Chinese botanical gardens continue to make use of geographical advantages to collect specific family, genus, and specialized plants and carry out ex situ conservation of rare and endangered plants. For example, South China Botanical Garden surveys the unique biological resources of tropical islands and coastal zones; Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden studies the comprehensive protection of orchids; Wuhan Botanical Garden works on a collection of lotus, the aquatic economic plant and germplasm innovation; Beijing Botanical Garden works on collection and evaluation of Hosta and tulip resources and germplasm innovation; Lushan Botanical Garden carries out the investigation and species collection of Rhododendron, and investigation and resource collection of wild plant resources in the central and western Tianshan Mountains; Guilin Botanical Garden studies phylogeny and species diversity of Chloranthaceae and Aspidistra; Qinling National Botanical Garden studies the cultivation and

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

t ech n o l o g y o f Pr im u la ; X ian h u Botanical Garden researches on ferns; Shenyang Arboretum focuses on the selection of suitable and excellent trees in Shenyang urban gardens and the enhancement of urban forest ecological function; South China Botanical Garden carries out field rehabilitation and application researches on rare and endangered plants; Xianhu Botanical Garden has completed the rehabilitation of Cycas debaoensis, etc. These botanical gardens make positive and effective efforts for the collection and conservation of rare and endangered plants in local areas and special environments in China. The Chinese botanical gardens have collected 81,417 records of ex situ cultivated plant species and 160,000 images, representing about 21,341 species (including varieties). The Checklist of ex situ Cultivated Flora of China, a catalog of China’s ex situ cultivated plants was published in 2014. The catalog includes 340 families, 3,633 genera and 23,340 species of ex situ conservation plants in Chinese main botanical gardens, accounting for 91% of the families, 86% of the genera, 60% of the species of higher plants in China. About 40% of rare and endangered plants of the latest Checklist of China Plant Red Data Book have been conserved ex situ. Nine volumes out of the thirteen volumes of Encyclopedia of Chinese Garden Flora have been published, including 16,226 species (including infraspecific taxa) of 311 families and 3,168 genera of cultivated plants in the Chinese botanical gardens. During the project, the South China Botanical Garden launched the compilation of The ex situ Cultivated Flora of China in 2012, and received continuous support from the Special Program for Key Basic Research of the Ministry of Science and Technology. In 2015, the kick-off meeting entitled Compilation

of the Cultivated Flora of Botanical Garden (2015–2020) was held, and the guideline of sustaining the “objectivity of the plant characteristics, applicability of the plant functions, and serviceability of basic data of the cultivation of living plant species from individuals to groups under the conditions of planting in the same garden” was established. The Ex situ Cultivated Flora of China focuses on the collection of living plants’ biological information, phenological information, cultivation and reproduction information, fully excavates the collected information of introduction and accession, standardizes classification information, and illustrates the characteristics of living plant stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds with color images. The Magnoliaceae Volume and Myrsinaceae Volume of Ex situ Cultivated Flora of China have been published, and the compilation and research of 25 volumes have been started with the contribution made by 186 scientists and garden managers from 22 botanical gardens. The project of Ex situ Cultivated Flora of China will enhance the collection and standard management of living plants, promote the identification of difficult species, facilitate the sharing of plant data for ex situ conservation, and promote cooperation among botanical gardens. The Chinese botanical gardens continue to strengthen the collection and protection of native plants. With the support of the Science and Technology Service Network Initiative of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (STS), Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden launched the project of “Chinese Union of Botanical Gardens”, which combines the botanical gardens of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and others systems to carry out “Native Plant Full-Coverage Conservation Plan for Native Plants in China (pilot)” in eight geographical regions of China, so

as to explore effective ways to protect plant species in China and improve native plants preservation in botanical gardens. The Chinese botanical gardens continue to explore the collection of plant resources and the construction of national germplasm resources. The Wuhan Botanical Garden has been investigating and collecting kiwi fruit resources since 1980. At present, it has collected 58 species (including varieties and variants), including six of the eight endangered species, namely Actinidia chrysantha, A. grandiflora, A. melanandra, A. latifolia, A. chinensis var. deliciosa, and A. indochinensis, accounting for about 80% of the 54 Actinidia species in the world. It conserves more than 80 varieties and more than 10,000 hybrid offspring. The Actinidia National Germplasm Repository has become the world’s largest and most genetically rich germplasm gene bank, and has made important contributions to the conservation of Actinidia. It has become the leader in the scientific research and an industrial model of Actinidia conservation at home and abroad, and established the leading position of China in the theoretical study of Actinidia in the world. In terms of creating the germplasm of Actinidia, a high-density genetic linkage map for Actinidia was constructed, and three gender identification markers were developed for early sex screening and molecular-assisted breeding of Actinidia plants. The English monograph of The Genus ACTINIDIA: A World Monograph was published. The Chinese botanical gardens continue to protect rare and endangered plants. Kunming Botanical Garden began to research and protect “wild plant species with extremely small populations” in 2004. In 2013, significant progress was made in the research of extremely small population

plants. The Practice and Exploration of Conserving Wild Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations of Yunnan Province, edited by Sun Weibang, was published in 2013, which is also the first monograph of wild plant species with extremely small populations. Kunming Botanical Garden introduced the Pachylarnax sinica from Xichou County in 1983, and after nearly 30 years of ex situ cultivation one plant of 13-meter-high first flowered on March 14, 2013. It signifies the success of ex situ conservation of Kunming Botanical Garden, and is meaningful for the in-depth research and practice of ex situ conservation of typical wild plant species with extremely small populations of Yunnan. The project of “Study on the High-risk Extinction Mechanism and Protection Effectiveness of Wild Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations” was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Joint Fund of Yunnan Province, and the project of “Investigation and Germplasm Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations in Southwest China” was supported by the National Science and Technology Basic Resources Survey, which lays an important foundation for the effective protection of important species resources in Southwest China. It will support the implementation of the “Rescue and Protection Project of Wild Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations” at the national level, promote the basic theories and key technologies of effective protection and sustainable utilization of wild plant species with extremely small populations in Southwest China, carry out research of pioneering comprehensive protection system, and serve the scientific and technological development of the protection and utilization of biological germplasm resources in China.

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The Chinese botanical gardens continue to monitor and control invasive plants. Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden has made remarkable progress in the research on invasive plants. In 2014, it completed the construction of a literature database that includes more than 3,000 papers and 10 monographs on invasive plants in China and abroad. Consulting 53 herbaria (rooms) of institutes, colleges and museums, it built a specimen database of 130,625 invasive plants. It published The Checklist of the Chinese Invasive Plants (2013) and The Survey Reports on Chinese Alien Invasive Plants (Part Ⅰ and Part Ⅱ) (2014), which have comprehensively summed up the invasive plants in China, listed 806 species, 449 genera and 93 families, and classified the Chinese invasive species for the first time. In 2014, the project “Alien Invasive Flora of China” hosted by Chenshan Botanical Garden was supported by the basic research project (B) of the Ministry of Science and Technology. After more than five years of basic data collection, classification and identification, Illustrations of Invasive Plants in China was officially published in 2016. This book introduces 254 species (including infraspecific taxa) of 153 genera and 51 families of alien invasive plants in China. The book uses a lot of pictures to demonstrate the habitats, plants, seedlings, roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds of invasive plants and their similar species. The Chinese and scientific names, identifying points of invasive plants and other important information are also listed, and providing accurate identification evidences of the invasive plants. The Chinese botanical gardens continue to collect and protect the special plant habitats. Guilin Botanical Garden takes full advantage of the diversity of karst cave plants in Guangxi and establishes a karst cave 408

plant conservation base. There are 489 species (including infraspecific taxa) of 268 genera and 101 families of vascular plants in the karst caves known in Guangxi. In 2013, Guilin Botanical Garden carried out research on the conservation and sustainable utilization of endemic rare and endangered medicinal plants of karst in Guangxi, conducting a survey on the rare medicinal plant resources of karst in Guangxi, and establishing a 5.06 hm2 ex situ conservation base of biodiversity. Guilin Botanical Garden has collected and preserved 135 species of endemic rare and endangered medicinal plants of karst in Guangxi and bred 65,000 seedlings. They did various researches on tissue culture and rapid propagation techniques, photosynthetic physiological characteristics, and genetic diversity of some endemic rare medicinal plants of karst in Guangxi. They used Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and modern stoichiometry method to carry out the authenticity identification and rapid evaluation and analysis of the active ingredients of plants, such as Maytenus guangxiensis and Mahonia breviracema. Based on the investigation of the resource and endangered conditions of Chinese karst plants centered in Guangxi, Guilin Botanical Garden ex situ conserve the karst cave plants by introduction, cultivation, and breeding. The karst plant germplasm conservation area was established by simulating its natural growing environment. At the same time, Guilin Botanical Garden used the natural cave habitats in Jinzhong Mountain, Yongfu County, Guangxi, to preserve and cultivate karst cave plants that were returned into the wild. In 2015, the “Construction of Karst Plants Specialized living collection garden in Guilin Botanical Garden” was successfully completed. The specialized living collection garden

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

covers an area of 4.3 hm 2, collects 1018 species of karst plants in Guangxi and surrounding areas, and takes the collection, preservation, introduction, and domestication of karst plants and its ex situ conservation as the main purpose, and it will also become an important place for karst plant display, popular science education, tourism, and leisure. The Chinese botanical gardens continue to combine scientific research and production applications, and explore the development strategy of botanical gardens. Nanjing Botanical G a r d e n M e m . S u n Ya t - s e n h a s made new progress in the research of turfgrasses. The aluminumtolerant mechanism in centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides) was reported for the first time that the secretion of citric acid from the roots is mainly used to reduce the absorbed aluminum ions by chelating the aluminum ions in the rhizosphere soil. A comparative proteomics study on the low temperature stress of Zoysia japonica was carried out, and a protein network of low temperature stress response of Zoysia japonica was constructed by using cold resistance materials. The genetic maps were constructed by molecular markers of centipedegrass for the first time, and the QTL of its importance was analyzed. There are four marker sites associated with cold resistance, and five marker sites associated with the green period were detected. The marker sites associated with cold resistance and the marker sites associated with the green period did not overlap, meaning the cold resistance and the green period were two independently inherited traits. Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-sen also published the English version of Phytohortology in 2016. The book discussed the professional positioning, contents and development directions of the botanical gardens,

summarized the achievements of introduction and domestication of economic plants, medicinal plants and environmental plants in the botanical gardens and put forward the principles

and techniques of species protection of botanical gardens and the development strategy of botanical gardens in China. It summed up the unique and pioneering function of botanical gardens in science

popularization and tourism, and pointed out the complexity and diversity of the management in the botanical gardens.

3.2 Plant evaluation and utilization This questionnaire surveyed the status of technology and product research and development in the Chinese botanical gardens, including the cultivation and declaration of new varieties, the number of new granted varieties, the number of ornamental garden and greening plants, the number of drugs and medicines developed, the number of functional foods developed, and the number of fruit trees. The results showed that from 2012 to 2014, 1,352 new varieties were cultivated in the Chinese botanical gardens, 494 new varieties were declared, 452 new varieties were state granted, 17,347 kinds of ornamental garden and greening trees were promoted, and 748 drugs and medicines were developed. 281 functional foods, 653 species of fruit trees were promoted, and the achievements in plant resource utilization were significant (Table 7). T he b ot a n ica l ga rde n s of t he Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Forest Department and the Landscape Department are among the top in the cultivation, declaration, variety rights obtained and ornamental plant promotion. Among them, the botanical gardens of the Chinese Academy of Sciences have obvious advantages. They cultivated 564 new varieties (41.72%), declared 115 new varieties (23.28%), obtained 208 new varieties rights (46.02%), and promoted 6,069 kinds of ornamental garden plants (34.99%). The botanical gardens of the

Forest department cultivated 482 new varieties (35.65%), declared 136 new varieties (27.53%), obtained 78 new varieties right (17.26%), and promoted 4,212 kinds of ornamental garden plants (24.28%). The botanical gardens of the landscape department cultivated 157 new varieties (11.61%), declared 170 new varieties (34.41%), obtained 140 new varieties rights (30.97%), and promoted 3,937 ornamental garden plants (22.70%). In the development of plant medicines (drugs), the botanical gardens of the forest department, the landscaping department, medical and medicinal departments are among the top, 390 (52.14%), 206 (27.54%) and 101 (13.50%), respectively. In terms of functional food development, the botanical gardens of the forest department are clearly leading followed by the botanical gardens of the medical and medicinal department, having developed 213 (75.8%) and 30 (10.68%) foods, respectively. In the development of fruit tree varieties, the botanical gardens of the forest department, the landscaping department and the agricultural department have obvious advantages, followed by the botanical gardens of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, having developed 191 (29.25%), 188 (28.79%), 160 (24.50%) and 51 (7.81%) fruit trees, respectively (Table 7). Resource evaluation, excavation and utilization based on living plant collection have become the

characteristics and new hotspots of the Chinese botanical gardens. According to statistics, between 2010 and 2016, the botanical gardens of the Chinese Academy of Sciences had 540 patents licensed with an average of 77 per year, and 322 new varieties were validated or registered. For example, in 2012, four new orchid varieties, “Paphiopedilum SCBG Red Jewel”, “Paphiopedilum SCBG Yunzhijun”, “Renantanda SCBG Smurfs” and “Dorthera SCBG Sulphur Butterfly” were registered internationally; the new Taxodium distichum × T. mucronatum varieties of ‘Zhongshanshan 27’, ‘Zhongshanshan 9’, ‘Zhongshanshan 405’, ‘Zhongshanshan 406’ passed the provincial forest species identification; and six drought-resistant genes with independent property rights were obtained and registered from the local drought-resistant species Tamarix chinensis, Eremosparton songoricum and Tortula caninervis, and the droughtresistant moss. In 2013, the Chinese botanical gardens approved, registered, cultivated, and transformed a number of new varieties and new germplasms, including Lavandula angustifolia cv. Jingxun 1, Lavandula angustifolia cv. Jingxun 2 and Hosta cv. Huangzhouye, Hosta cv. Huanglyubobian, Hosta cv. Lyuyuanye. In 2014, a series of new varieties of Lilium, Vitis, Leymus chinensis, Gesneriaceae, Michelia, and Mentha were approved and registered, and the excavation and

Chapter 3  Status Quo and Developmental Prospects of the Chinese Botanical Gardens

409

410

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS 564/41.72

8/0.59

79/5.84

482/ 35.65

157/11.61

18/1.33

31/2.29

1/0.07

0/0

12/0.89

1352

CAS

Education department

Housing and urban-rural department

Forest department

Landscaping department

Agricultural department

Medical and medicinal department

Science and technology department

Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan

Enterprises/others

Total

Developing new varieties

494

5/1.01

0/0

0/0

31/6.28

10/2.02

170/34.41

136/27.53

24/4.86

3/0.61

115/23.28

Registration of new varieties

452

3/0.66

0/0

0/0

1/0.22

6/1.33

140/30.97

78/17.26

15/3.32

1/0.22

208/46.02

Plant variety rights

17,347

1,155/6.66

2/0.01

133/0.77

302/1.74

550/3.17

3,937/22.70

4,212/24.28

341/1.97

646/3.72

6,069/34.99

Ornamental plants extended (species times)

748

10/1.34

0/0

19/2.54

101/13.50

0/0

206/27.54

390/52.14

0/0

0/0

22/2.94

New drugs or compounds from medical plants

281

0/0

0/0

5/1.78

30/10.68

0/0

5/1.78

213/75.80

2/0.71

15/5.34

11/3.91

Functional foods from plants

Table 7 Statistics of utilization of plant resources in Chinese botanical gardens and arboreta

653

20/3.06

0/0

5/0.77

21/3.22

160/24.50

188/28.79

191/29.25

14/2.14

3/0.46

51/7.81

Fruit crop plants (CVs)

study of functional genes were carried out simultaneously. In 2015, a number of new varieties and new germplasms were cultivated, transformed and made publicly available including new varieties of Hemerocallis and Lavandula angustifolia. In 2016, a series of new varieties of Melastoma and new varieties of Chinese medicinal materials and flowers were cultivated and promoted to society; and six new lotus varieties, such as ‘Zhongshanshenyun’ were exhibited at the National Lotus Exhibition. Wuhan Botanical Garden is leading the research on the genetic resources and the development of new varieties of Actinidia. In the development and industrial application of new Actinidia varieties, yellow-flesh and red-flesh varieties have been successfully selected and promoted, such as ‘Jinxia’, ‘Jinzao’, ‘Jintao’, ‘Moshan No. 4’ (male plant), etc. Among them, ‘Jintao’ and ‘Jinxia’ have been approved by national varieties. ‘Jinyan’, the first international hybridization breeding variety, has become the yellowflesh variety with the largest planting area and yield in the world, and its cultivated area has occupied more than 50% of the cultivation of foreign yellow-flesh varieties. ‘Jintao’ has obtained international patent protection in Europe, Chile and Uruguay, and realized the international transfer of reproduction rights. It is the first new crop variety that goes global due to its independent intellectual property rights and provides a reference for improving Chinese agricultural crop varieties and accessing international practices. To assist poverty alleviation of China, Wuhan Botanical Garden established eight industrial demonstration bases in the national key poverty alleviation counties, such as Liupanshui and Bijie of Guizhou, Huayuan of Hunan, and Jinzhai of Anhui. The new kiwi fruit varieties

‘Jinyan’ and ‘Donghong’ have been promoted to an area of 13,333.3 hm2, which drives the kiwi fruit industrialization and high-end trade in those areas. Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden accelerates the industrialization of Plukenetia volubilis. Plukenetia volubilis is an economic crop that was introduced from South America to Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden in 2006. After many years of expanding propagation and trial planting, it has successfully settled in Xishuangbanna. It has passed the achievement appraisal by the Kunming Branch of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and was certified as an improved variety by the Seed Certification Authority of Yunnan Province. It also obtained the improved varieties certificate and six patents. Multi-point regional trial planting and demonstration planting of Plukenetia volubilis were carried out in Xishuangbanna, and a high-yield cultivation demonstration base was established with a planting area of 66.7 hm 2 . Scientists from Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden also visited the northern part of Laos for investigation and cooperation, and have been initially determined to promote the planting in northern Laos. In 2012, the industrialization of Plukenetia volubilis was included in the Action Plan of CAS to Support China’s New and Strategic Industries with Science and Technology, the “Three Rural Issues” of the Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture People’s Government, and the “Party and Government Leaders” project of Xishuangbanna, which supported and accelerated the industrialization of Plukenetia volubilis. The industrialization of Plukenetia volubilis has been included in the three major breakthroughs in the “One Three Five” strategic plan of

the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden. It is expected that the planting will achieve an output value of 500 million yuan. South China Botanical Garden continues to make gratifying progress in rice breeding and orchid genetic resources research and development. Scientists regulated two parents of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo and Dendrobium huoshanense C. Z. Tang et S. J. Cheng to let them flower and hybridize in the test tube, and successfully obtained a batch of hybrid progeny seedlings. Hybrid Rice Zhiyou 523 (Guangdong Approved Rice 2011014) and Dendrobium officinale cv. Zhongke 1 (Guangdong Approved Medicine 2011001) have been approved by the Guangdong Crop Variety Approval Committee. In the planting production test in 2010, the production of Hybrid Rice Zhiyou 523 in the early cropping season was 10.73% higher than that of the control group Yuexiangzhan, reaching a very significant level. Four new Paphiopedilum varieties, n a m e l y, P a p h i o p e d i l u m S C B G Xiyang, Paphiopedilum SCBG Sun, Paphiopedilum SCBG Comeliness and Paphiopedilum SCBG Xia, were successfully registered with the Royal Horticultural Society and they received a certificate for the registration of new orchid varieties. The South China Botanical Garden and Congduyuan Dendrobium officinale plantation field in Aotou, Conghua, Guangzhou cooperated in the past 10 years, and bred a new variety of medicinal Dendrobium, Dendrobium officinale ‘Zhongke, Congdu’, which has passed the expert identification by the Guangdong Provincial Seed Management Station. Kunming Botanical Garden has been committed to the study of ex situ conservation and new variety cultivation of Begonia, and has ex situ

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conserved more than 460 species and varieties of this genus, including more than 160 original species. It reported the species of dormant seeds in this genus for the first time, and carried out the experiment of regress nature of Begonia gulinqingensis. At present, it has cultivated 27 new varieties with independent intellectual property rights. In 2011, seven new varieties of Begonia, namely, ‘Baiyunxiu’. ‘Canlyu’, ‘Kaiyun’, ‘Lihongmao’, ‘Mao’, ‘Xingguang’, and ‘Yinjiao’, were approved and registered with the technology transfer completed. Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-sen has been working on the research of blackberry and blueberry for many years. Since the introduction of blackberry from the United States in 1986, it has selected several improved varieties, such as ‘Hull’, ‘Chester”, “Young’, ‘Boysen’ and ‘Triple Crown’, which are suitable for cultivation in the hilly areas of Jiangsu. The new variety of ‘Ningzhi 1’ blackberry with independent intellectual property rights was selected, and the comprehensive cultivation techniques and fruit processing were studied. The planting area of blackberry was 3,333.3 hm2 in Jiangsu, and the economic benefit was 1,585 million yuan. The blackberry industry realized the integration of “research and development-productionacquisition-processing-sales” in Lishui, Nanjing. In 2011, it won the second prize in the agricultural technology promotion of Jiangsu. Blueberry breeding and comprehensive cultivation techniques have also made great progress. In 2013, the first southern high-bush blueberry variety ‘Xinxin 1’ was successfully selected. In September 2013, it was approved by the Jiangsu Provincial Crop Variety Approval Committee. The average yield of this variety is 4.5 kg/plant, which is 50% higher than that of the control ‘Sharpblue’. The fruit has stable traits 412

and has strong adaptability to high temperature, humid climate, and sticky soil in southern Jiangsu. It is suitable for promotion in the acid soil of Jiangsu and its surrounding areas. At the same time, Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-sen has carried out crossbreeding of Taxodium since the 1970s, and is the only scientific research institution engaged in Taxodium research in the world. It has cultivated the ‘Zhongshanshan’ with independent intellectual property rights and won the national new forest variety right in 2010. The supporting technology for improved varieties was awarded the national invention patent in 2016, providing technical support for the large-scale breeding of Zhongshanshan. Demonstration afforestations were carried out in the hydro-fluctuation belt of Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Wanzhou, Chongqing with an area of 13.3 hm 2 , coal subsidence area of Jining, Shandong with an area of 19.3 hm2, Baguazhou River Beach of Nanjing with an area of 20 hm2, a the coastal beach of Jiangsu with an area of 16.7 hm2. That will play an exemplary role in the future demonstration of Zhongshanshan in the hydro-fluctuation belt of Three Gorges Reservoir Area, the coal subsidence area, the coastal beach, and the Yangtze River marshland.. Guangxi Guilin Botanical Garden's “Research and demonstration of compound planting patterns of Chinese medicinal materials and forests in the karst area of Guangxi” passed the acceptance test. Fully evaluating the biological characteristics of the medicinal materials in Guangxi, the project took the lead in the research and demonstration of the composite planting patterns of Chinese medicinal materials and forests in the karst area of Guangxi, and selected 12 species of Chinese herbal medicines suitable for planting under the forest, such as

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Polygala fallax, Ardisia japonica, and Mahonia breviracema. It develops eight composite planting patterns of Chinese medicinal materials and forests in the karst area of Guangxi for the first time, namely China fir-Polygala fallax, Paraphlomis javanica var. coronateArdisia japonica, Paraphlomis javanica var. coronate-Maytenus guangxiensis, Paraphlomis javanica var. coronateMahonia breviracema, pine-Camellia petelotii, Ginkgo biloba-Premna fulva, China fir-Lysimachia foenumgraecum, and Keteleeria davidiana var. calcarea-Ardisia gigantifolia. The Li-6400 portable photosynthetic system was used to investigate the photosynthesis-light response curves and photosynthetic diurnal variations of Salvia prionitis and Maytenus guangxiensis in the compound planting patterns, which provided a theoretical basis for the compound planting models. Guangxi Guilin Botanical Garden has built a breeding demonstration base of Chinese medicinal materials with an area of 0.48 hm2 and a demonstration base of compound planting mode of Chinese medicinal materials and forest trees with an area of 3.4 hm2. It also established the complete cultivation technique of China fir interplanting Polygala fallax and Lysimachia foenum-graecum, and Sophora interplanting Ardisia japonica. The research results are of great significance to promote the economic development of Chinese herbal medicines in Guangxi and to help increase farmers’ income. However, the proportion of botanical gardens that can exploit and utilize the plant resources is not optimistic (Table 8). Only 43 (26.71%) botanical gardens cultivated new varieties, 35 (21.74%) declared new varieties, 33 (20.50%) obtained certificate of new varieties, 65 (40.37%) promoted garden ornamental/ greening trees, 25 (15.53%) developed drugs/medicines, 17 (10.56%) developed functional foods, and 39

(24.22%) promoted fruit tree varieties. The Chinese botanical gardens should

be encouraged to strengthen resource discovery and application research to

serve the construction of Chinese bioeconomy and ecological civilization.

Table 8 Data of plant evaluation and utilization in Chinese botanical gardens Numbers of botanical gardens

Percentage (%)

Developing new varieties

43

26.71

New varieties registration

35

21.74

Plant variety rights

33

20.50

Ornamental plants extended

65

40.37

New drugs and compounds from medicinal plants

25

15.53

Functional foods from plants

17

10.56

Fruit crop plants (CVs)

39

24.22

3.3 Public education and tourism The Chinese botanical gardens have become a quality scenic spot and an important destination. The botanical gardens set up systematic facilities for public education and tourism, provide courses for universities and schools as well as the general public, and launch science events with unique botanical features. From 2012 to 2014, botanical gardens received 160 million visitors, an annual average of 52 million persontimes, including 30 million young people, with an annual average of 9.9 million person-times. The CAS gardens have carried out scientific and educational activities, including education programs and public services, such as lectures, courses, and consultations. They received a total of 55 million visitors from 2011 to 2016, with an annual average of 7.8 million person-times. The social benefits provided by the CAS gardens are significant (data from the Annual Report of Botanical Gardens of the

Chinese Academy of Sciences 2011– 2016). The questionnaire has been designed according to the International Modern Botanical Garden Science Education, which comprehensively covers various aspects and materials of science education of the Chinese botanical gardens, such as visitor center and education center, interpretation and signage, lectures, education pamphlets and booklets, guided tours, permanent science exhibitions, themed exhibitions, school, college, and public education and other education programmes (Table 9). The results showed that 93 (57.76%) botanical gardens had visitor centers or education centers, 118 (73.29%) had interpretation and signage, 89 (55.28%) held lectures, 66 (40.99%) printed education pamphlets or booklets, 95 (59.01%) conducted guided tours, 70 (43.48%) had permanent science exhibitions, 70 (43.48%) held themed

exhibitions, 42 (26.09%) had school education, 46 (28.57%) had college education, 43 (26.71%) had public education, and 65 (40.37%) had education programmes. In the past three years (2012–2014), the total number of visitors from 152 botanical gardens (arboreta), who answered the questionnaires, was 150 million, including 29 million young people, 20,479 popular science volunteers, and 10,346 plant conservation volunteers. Among them, the visitor numbers of botanical gardens from the landscape department, the forest department, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and housing or urban-rural department were among the top four, with 67 million, 34 million, 19 million and 17 million person-times, respectively. The numbers of young visitors of botanical gardens from the landscape department, the forest department, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the agricultural

Chapter 3  Status Quo and Developmental Prospects of the Chinese Botanical Gardens

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Table 9 Data of public education in Chinese botanical gardens Numbers of botanical gardens

Percentage (%)

Visitor center/education center

93

57.76

Interpretation and signage

118

73.29

Lectures

89

55.28

Education pamphlets/booklets

66

40.99

Guided tours

95

59.01

Permanent science exhibitions

70

43.48

Themed exhibitions

70

43.48

School education

42

26.09

College education

46

28.57

Public education

43

26.71

Education programmes

65

40.37

department were among the top four, with 17 million, six million, three million and one million person-times, respectively. Chinese botanical gardens are equipped with better facilities and talents for public education. Taking advantage of their living plant collections, the botanical gardens organize various events to educate the public and attract visitors, so as to promote scientific communication and enhance social benefits. The botanical garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has launched six “Famous Garden and Famous Flower Exhibitions”. More than 30 botanical gardens from 26 cities around the country, including Guilin Botanical Garden, Beijing Botanical Garden, Lushan Botanical Garden, Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-sen have held a series of public education events for students and social groups, such as “Rare and Endangered Plant Protection Science Exhibition”, 414

attracting more than 5,000 participants and tens of thousands of visitors. Nearly 20 botanical gardens, including South China Botanical Garden, Beijing Botanical Garden, Shanghai Botanical Garden, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden and Hunan Forest Botanical Garden have carried out environmental education activities, such as night tours of botanical gardens, summer camps, winter camps, and bird watching festivals. The featured events such as the “Langyuan Qiuyun” Maple Leaf Culture Festival of Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yatsen, “Calligonum • Mulberry”of Turpan Desert Botanical Garden, International Orchid Exhibition and “Plant Cell Microscopic Observation Experiment”of Chenshan Botanical Garden, “Introduction to Transgenosis” of Beijing Botanical Garden, and “Come into the Hengduan Mountains and Discover Rhododendrons”of West China Subalpine Botanical Garden have achieved remarkable results.

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

Enjoying the flowers of Mucuna in South China Botanical Garden in March has become a habit for the citizens of Guangzhou. With the rich collection of living plants, South China Botanical Garden holds the themed flower festivals on New Year’s Day, Spring Festival, May Day, Children’s Day and National Day. The botanical garden also organizes seasonally available exhibitions, such as Camellia Exhibition, Magnolia Exhibition, Mucuna Exhibition, May Day Flower Exhibition, Rhododendron Exhibition, Zingiberales Exhibition, Crassulaceae Exhibition, and Bougainvillea Exhibition. At the same time, South China Botanical Garden works with the media to showcase the high-end scientific and technological achievements. For example, three episodes of the documentary “Track the Matchmaker of Plants”, which was jointly produced with CCTV, was broadcasted on CCTV’s “Technology Garden” in January 2014. Based on

the latest research results in the field of pollination biology at home and abroad, the documentary recorded the whole process of flowering and other interesting biological phenomena of various plants, such as Victoria amazonica, Barringtonia fusicarpa, Alpinia and Ficus, and tracked the detailed pathways of insects for their roles in pollination. “Track the Matchmaker of Plants” won the Best Picture of Nature Award in the 2014 China (Qinghai) World Mountain Documentary Festival. Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden organized the “Natural Orchids” Wild Orchid Exhibition in 2014 and 2015, displaying more than 100 species of orchids collected and stored in the Botanical Garden. During the Water Pouring Festival of Dai people in 2017, the Botanical Garden offered a series of exhibitions themed by “Natural Orchid–the Gift of Nature”, which included themed exhibitions, individual exhibitions, “Darwin’s Orchid” science exhibition, and the orchid painting exhibition. These exhibitions displayed the conservation, horticulture, science, and art of more than 200 species of tropical orchids. The forms of the events vary greatly, including orchid exhibition, orchid competition, and exhibits arrangement competition. The highlight of the series events is "sending orchids to the village". The Botanical Garden donated the orchid seedlings to 70 households in the neighboring villages, and provided training to the households on orchid conservation and cultivation management. Through these events, the Botanical Garden is continuously promoting the awareness and action of protecting the orchids, and increasing the income of the villagers, so as to create beautiful villages with “the fragrance of Dai orchids”.

Since 2009, Wuhan Botanical Garden has held a chrysanthemum cultural festival every autumn. More than 10,000 plants of 300 varieties of chrysanthemum have been exhibited, displaying various shapes and colors of chrysanthemums. The five traditional varieties, namely, “Green Peony”, “Mo He”, “Shizhangzhulian”, “Lyuyihongshang” and “Shuaiqi” remain the focus of attention. The famous “Lyuyihongshang”, “Oufengtuogui”, “Huangqilin”, “Chixianjinzhu”, “Wusefurong” d i s p l a y t h e d i ff e r e n t c h a r m o f chrysanthemums. The festival features an array of activities and events. “A Bite of Chrysanthemum” is a big event for foodies to explore the flower’s food value. “Youran Pavilion” and “Tea House” are decorated in Chinese style. At the same time, leveraging its rich scientific resources, Wuhan Botanical Garden hosts expert forums to communicate the science, history, and culture of chrysanthemum. The Botanical Garden also initiates the concept of “Chrysanthemum Exhibition for all”. It distributes the seedlings for free to communities in the city, and invites the citizens to participate the flower competition organized by the Botanical Garden. The Chrysanthemum Festival has become a stunning landscape during the National Day holiday, bring beauty and knowledge to all the citizens. The Kunming Botanical Garden takes advantage of its Theaceae collections to host the Camellia flower expo. The Camellia Garden of Kunming Botanical Garden was built in 1950 and covered an area of 4.4 hm2. It is the first Camellia garden in China with 5,037 plants and 680 taxa. Most Camellia reticulata in the botanical garden are over 70 years old. In 2012, the Camellia

expo featured the Kunming City’s symbolic flower “Camellia reticulata”, and included various events, such as the “Culture and Comprehensive Utilization of Camellia” Exhibition, Flower Exhibition, National Costume Exhibition, Calligraphy and Painting Art Exhibition, etc. Some of the events are highly interactive, such as the Garden Tour with Science, Camellia Knowledge Forum, tree planting, etc. The expo was reported over 30 times by seven TV stations, six newspapers, and 20 online media. Beijing Botanical Garden takes 20 years to master the regulation of peony flowering, flower physiology, and resistance breeding. It has collected and preserved thousands of varieties of tree peony and herbaceous peony and has become one of the botanical gardens that have the most abundant germplasm resources of tree peony and herbaceous peony in China. In 2014, the Garden host the Peony Scientific and Technological Culture Festival and displayed more than 200 peony varieties with different colors and shapes. Themed by “Wonderful Peony & Amazing Science”, the festival included four parts, namely, peony variety resources exhibition peony culture art exhibition, history and peony science and technology achievements exhibition and science popularization activities. The exhibitions displayed precious peony resources and introduced great peony knowledge. It also host special exhibition of “Intangible Cultural Inheritor of Traditional Flower Arrangement and the Taiwan “Art Exhibition of Pressed Flower”, and showcased the work of art “Peony Stone” and “Peony Porcelain”. The festival caused a sensation, attracted more than 100,000 tourists and was reported in the national press.

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3.4 Challenges and prospects The Western modern botanical gardens have a history of nearly 500 years (Hill, 1915). From 1317 to 1320, the Giardino dela Minerva was set up in the oldest university in Salerno, Italy. From 1277 to 1278, the medicinal botanical garden was built by Pope Nicholas Ⅲ in Rome. More than 500 botanical gardens were established in medieval Venice (Heywood, 2015). The botanical gardens have played a significant role in understanding, domesticating and using plants (Huang, 2017). The modern botanical gardens could date back to the period of the medicinal botanical gardens at European universities (Heywood, 1987). Medieval monastery gardens and physic gardens are regarded as the predecessors of modern botanical gardens, and are inextricably linked with ancient gardens in some forms (Hill, 1915). Heywood (1987) divided the modern botanical gardens into the early European medicinal gardens, the classic European gardens, the colonial tropical botanic gardens, the civic and municipal botanic gardens, and the special kinds of botanic gardens, which clearly demonstrates the origin, development patterns, and functional changes of the botanical garden (Figure 6). Over the period of 500 years, modern botanical gardens have evolved from the collecting, identifying, and utilizing medicinal plants and promoting the development of plants in the 16th to 17th centuries, to the classic European botanical gardens, the colonial tropical botanical gardens and later to the comprehensive scientific botanical gardens. In 1759, the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew was established. It was later transformed into the National Botanical Garden in 1842, and 416

became the Botanical Research Center, establishing the research institution model that integrates research, display and education (Raven, 2006), and transforming the classic European gardens into the modern botanical gardens. In terms of plant introduction and domestication, modern botanical gardens in the 19th and 20th centuries tended to be more specialized, institutionalized, professional and network-based. They have transformed from highly integrated functions, such as the introduction and domestication of agricultural and forestry plants, to more specialized functions, such as the collection and preservation of crop relatives, horticultural plants, medicinal plants, and native plant resources, which results in the special kinds of botanic gardens. At the same time, with the development of people’s material and cultural needs, the civic and municipal botanic gardens that focus on the ornamental values of plants and the needs of public leisure have emerged. In the 1970s and 1980s, the collection and preservation of the threatened rare and endangered plants, and the protection of plant diversity in the 1990s, have became an important topic and comprehensive function of modern botanical gardens. They started to focus on raising public environmental awareness, and entered the era of scientific research and conservation. China could be the real creator of the botanical garden concept (Hill, 1915). The earliest botanical gardens can be traced back to the Xia Dynasty (ca. 2070BC–ca. 1600 BC), and even earlier Shennong Herb Garden (about 2800 BC) (Xu, 1997), which focused on collecting and utilizing medicinal plants. Shennong collecting the edible and medicinal plants and teaching

THE CHINESE BOTANICAL GARDENS

people the cultivation techniques is undoubtedly the beginning of the primitive botanical garden (Liao, 1999). Shanglin Garden is a typical palace garden in the Qin and Han dynasties (Li and Chen, 1982; Wang and Hu, 1993), in which more than 2,000 species of fruit trees were planted. It is an imperial garden with typical botanical garden features. The “Dule Garden” of Sima Guang (1019–1086) in the Song Dynasty was a herbal medicinal garden, which exhibited the original form of botanical gardens (Wang and Hu, 1993; He et al., 2005). However, the Chinese modern botanical gardens with Western scientific significance started from modern times. The first modern botanical garden established in China is the Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Garden, which was opened in 1871 and mainly based on animal and plant displays. In 87 years from then on, all the Chinese botanical gardens were built in the colonial period and had colonial features (Huang and Zhang, 2012) such as Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens (1871), Taipei Botanical Garden (1895), Hengchun Tropical Botanical Garden (1906), Chiayi Botanical Garden (1908), and Xiongyue Arboretum (1915). The modern botanical gardens established independently by the Chinese served the purpose of teaching such as The Botanical Garden of Zhejiang University (1928) (Huang and Zhang, 2012), or the purpose of plant resources investigation and research. The Chinese forestry scholars first paid attention to the importance of botanical garden construction for plant science teaching and research. For example, in 1915, Professor Chen Rong, the president of Jiangsu A type Agricultural School, founded an arboretum for teaching in

Nanjing. In 1928, Zhong Guanguang established the “Jianqiao Botanical Garden” for the Labor and Agriculture College of the Third Sun Yat-sen University in Jianqiao, Hangzhou. In 1929, the forest scientist Fu Huanguang created the “Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum Memorial Botanical Garden” (also known as “Nanjing Prime Minister’s Mausoleum Botanical Garden”). In 1934, the Lushan Forest Botanical Garden was jointly established by Fan Memorial Institute of Biology hosted by Hu Xiansu and Jiangxi Academy of

Agricultural Sciences in Jiangxi, which was intended to research and apply botany (Wang, 1985, 1986, 1991; Wang and Hu, 1993). The Chinese botanists, botanical garden experts and botanical field horticulturalists have always acknowledged the importance of the development of Chinese botanical gardens (Yu, 1951, 1954, 1959, 1983; Chen, 1965; Sheng, 1980; Yu and Sheng, 1983; Sheng and Yu, 1984; He, 2002; Xu, 1998; Huang and Duan, 2005, 2006; He et al., 2005; He, 2007,

2012; Xu et al., 2008). They strive to create and explore the construction, development and management of Chinese botanical gardens, and play a guiding role in plant collection, domestication, utilization, and scientific research. However, despite the great progress made in various fields, there are still some problems to be solved in the Chinese botanical gardens. Objectively speaking, compared with international modern botanical gardens which have a history of nearly 500 years, the history of the Chinese

History and Evolution of the Botanical Gardens Ancient Gardens

Leisure was the main purpose, collect and display ornamental plants, fruit trees, vegetables and medicinal plants, such as Shanglin Garden in Qin Dynasty and Han Dynasty

Middle Ages: Physic Gardens, Monastery Garden

Plant domestication, such as the St. Gall monastery garden in Switzerland (the 9th century), the Roman orchard in Italy (Pomarium, 1277/8), and the Al-Rusafa garden in Spain (the 8th century)

The early European Medicinal Gardens

Focused on teaching, displayed, identified and used the medicinal properties of plants, promoted the development of plant classification, such as Pisa (1544), Padua (1545)

The Classic European Gardens

The plant science research institute, opened the modern botanical garden model, carried out global plant exploration and collection, promoted the research of modern plant taxonomy, economic plant cultivation and utilization, such as Kew (1759)

18th—19th century

The Colonial Tropical Botanic Gardens

Focused on the spread and utilization of economic plants, colonial expansion and trade development, and played an important role in establishing agricultural models, such as St. Vincent (1735/64)

19th—20h century

Civic and Municipal Botanic Gardens

Focused on horticultural development, plant collection, plant listing, and seed exchange. Have no research facilities and scientific research, for example, many botanical gardens in France, England, Italy, and North America

19th—20h century

Specia Kinds of Botanic Gardens

Focused on collection, display, maintenance and research of crops and related species, horticultural plants and special plants, such as agricultural botanical gardens, experiment stations in Europe and the United States, and regional botanical collection botanical gardens in China

Since 1980

Scientific/Conservation Gardens

Focused on Biodiversity conservation, research, observation, and information management. Carried out plant collection, ex situ conservation, science education, scientific research, and evaluation and utilization

Antiquity

A.D. 476—1453

16th—17th century

18th century

Figure 6 History and evolution of the botanical gardens Chapter 3  Status Quo and Developmental Prospects of the Chinese Botanical Gardens

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modern botanical gardens is relatively short, with just over 100 years. The independent construction of botanical gardens started in 1915 and the scale began to enlarge in 1950. Drawing lessons from history and looking into the future, the Chinese botanical gardens have enormous opportunities and challenges. (1) The Chinese botanical gardens lack the overall planning at the national level and professional management. Due to the lack of unified planning and coordination, the botanical gardens in important areas or extreme habitats are few, whereas botanical gardens in similar environmental areas have been constructed repeatedly. Many botanical gardens in China, especially the newly built ones lack plant introduction and conservation facilities, and even the professional personnels. According to the questionnaire, only 84 botanical gardens had official websites, 30 botanical gardens lacked contact information or lost contact with the academia, and 37 botanical gardens did not return questionnaires because they lacked basic information. Many botanical gardens are unclear about their missions and tasks, and lack basic knowledge and information on the construction and management of botanical gardens. Many Chinese botanical gardens are still being constructed. For example, the survey found that the Housing and Urban-Rural Department of Fujian will build new botanical gardens in each prefecturelevel city, including Quanzhou Haixi Botanical Garden, Longyan Botanical Garden, Ningde Botanical Garden and Zhangzhou Botanical Garden. It is imperative to carry out the overall planning and deployment at the national and provincial levels and establish the construction and management norms of botanical gardens as soon as possible. (2) The management of collection 418

of living plants and ex situ is insufficient. At present, only 102 botanical gardens carry out field investigations and plant introductions, accounting for only 63.4% of the total number of botanical gardens in China; 42 botanical gardens conduct plant propagations (26.1%); 61 botanical gardens have phenological observations (37.9%), 49 botanical gardens have seed exchanges (30.4%), 34 botanical gardens carry out invasive biological monitoring (21.1%), 69 botanical gardens (42.9%) have the Catalogue of Cultivated Plants, and 36 botanical gardens (22.4%) have the “Seed Exchange Directory”. About 6% of native species and 12% of foreign species in the Chinese botanical gardens have not been identified. The collection and digitalization of basic biological data, phenological observation data, cultivation management data and resource evaluation data of ex situ conservation can not meet the need. This has led to the inefficient conservation of native plants, endemic plants and rare and endangered plants in China, reducing the significance of botanical gardens in the collection of wild plants and ex situ conservation as well as the biological economic development and national economy. It is of paramount importance to formulate plant introduction, collection and ex situ conservation standards that are suitable for the Chinese botanical gardens. It is urgent to standardize and unify the introduction, registration, breeding, planting, identification and verification, phenological observation and monitoring and evaluation of ex situ conservation plants in China. It is vital to collect and protect the native plants, especially the endemic plants, rare and endangered plants, medicinal plants, and other economic plants in China. Only by doing so, can the botanical gardens support the protection and sustainable use of plant resources

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and facilitate national economic and social development and bio-industry upgrading. (3) The management and information recording of living plants in the Chinese botanical gardens have not received sufficient attention. Since the 1960s, the Chinese botanical gardens have paid attention to the management of living plant information (Yu and Liu 1965), but the standardization, uniformity, and persistence of living plant collection have not reached the level they should have. The information management of plant introduction and accession is insufficient. Only 48.5% of the botanical gardens (78) have acquisition records, and 30.4% of the botanical gardens (49) have entry booklets. Accumulation and long-term preservation of planting, propagation, and phenological observations are insufficient. Only 53 botanical gardens (32.9%) have planting records, 42 botanical gardens (26.1%) have propagation records, and 61 botanical gardens (37.9%) have phenological observations, and the living plant information records are inadequate. At present, only 41 botanical gardens (25.5%) have computerized record systems, and the level of living plant information management in botanical gardens is low. As a result, the scientific data preservation and information sharing are lagging behind, and there is no stable and efficient national information system for plant ex situ conservation. Chinese botanical gardens should aim at the comprehensive management of ex situ conservation plants, information and scientific data, collect information on biological characteristics and phenology, introduction and accession, cultivation and propagation, pests and diseases, and resource utilization of ex situ conservation plants, and establish information platform to promote the

management of living plant information and plant ex situ conservation. ( 4 ) S c i e n t i f i c re s e a rc h e s o n the collection of living plants are deficient, and the applications o f p l a n t re s o u rc e s n e e d t o b e strengthened. The Chinese botanical gardens have made remarkable achievements in the exploration and utilization of plant resources, cultivating 1,514 new varieties, obtaining 502 new national variety rights, and promoting a large number of ornamental or greening tree species, but there are still major problems in scientific research based on collections of living plants. For example, the taxonomic study is the most basic research in modern botanical gardens, but only 68, 74 and 34 botanical gardens in China have carried out plant taxonomy, horticulture, and invasive biological monitoring research, accounting for only 42.2%, 46.0% and 21.1% of the total number of botanical gardens in China; only 43, 35 and 33 botanical gardens cultivate

new varieties, declare new varieties and obtain new variety rights, accounting for 26.7%, 21.8% and 20.5% of the total botanical gardens in China. Thus the botanical gardens fail to play fundamental and supporting roles in Chinese bio-industry development, resource conservation, and sustainable use. It is urgent to strengthen scientific research and resource evaluation based on living plant collections. It is crucial to improve the catalogue and identification, phenological observation, new varieties and fine species screening of ex situ cultivation plants, and the monograph research, so as to promote ex situ conservation and resource development and application. (5) Public education and knowledge dissemination are limited to publicity, and it is urgent to construct and implement an educational curriculum system that is in line with international standards. The Chinese botanical gardens have become quality tourist attractions

and important destination. They have owned systematic facilities for science tourism and attract 51,860,768 persontimes per year. The botanical gardens organize lectures, courses, consultation and other public and education services. However, many botanical gardens confuse popular science education with tourism, and the public education is just limited to publicity. They fail to create a standardized curriculum system that is in line with international standards, and fail to meet the needs of the public and young people for science education. The Chinese botanical gardens should leverage the collection of living plants and the science education resources, to build a curriculum and sustain a team of talents for science education. They should establish a stable and flexible mechanisms to promote the development of science workers and enhance the public education and knowledge dissemination.

Chapter 3  Status Quo and Developmental Prospects of the Chinese Botanical Gardens

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