The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 11: The High Empire, AD 70-192 [2 ed.] 0521263352, 9780521263351

Volume 11 of the second edition of The Cambridge Ancient History covers the history of the Roman empire from AD 70 to 19

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Table of contents :
Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
List of maps
List of tables
Preface
PART I NARRATIVE
CHAPTER 1 The Flavians
I . Vespasian
1. Vespasian before his accession
2. Source problems
3. Rome in the absence of Vespasian
4. Flavian ideology
5. Financial policy
6. Short-term vs long-term aims
7. Foreign policy
8. Opposition to Vespasian
II. Titus
1. Continuity with Vespasian
3. The clemency of TitusThe attribute that Titus most needed to acquire in
4. Appointments
5. Relations with Domitian
6. Later repute
III. Domitian
1. The ancient evidence and its uses
2. Chronology
3. Flavian continuity
4. Causes of tyranny
5. The revolt of Saturninus and its aftermath
6. Domitian’s finances: rapacious through need
7. The careful administrator?
8. Dominus et deus
CHAPTER 2 Nerva to Hadrian
I. Nerva
1. Clemency, compromise and conciliation
2. Liberality and frugality
3. The adoption of Trajan
II. Trajan
1. A problematic tradition
2. An ambiguous image
3. Chronological problems
4. Accession in absence
5. Civilitas
6. Continuity with Domitian
7. Attitude to Nerva
8. Trajan the soldier
9. The Dacian Wars
10. Imperial benefits
11. Imperial paternalism
12. The eastern campaigns
13. The succession
III. Conclusion
CHAPTER 3 Hadrian to the Antonines
I. The accession of Hadrian
II. The first provincial tour, 121–125
III. The second provincial tour, 128–132
IV. The succession crisis
V. Antoninus Pius
VI. The accession of Marcus and Verus
VII. The Parthian war of L. Verus, 162–166
VIII. The Marcommanic war
IX. The rebellion of Avidius Cassius
X. The last years of Marcus’ reign, 177–180
XI. A Caesar born to the purple
XII. The ascendancy of Perennis, 182–185
XIII. The ascendancy of Cleander, 185–190
XIV. The last years of Commodus, 190–192
PART II GOVERNMENT AND CIVILADMINISTRATION
CHAPTER 4 The emperor and his advisers
CHAPTER 5 Emperor, Senate and magistrates
CHAPTER 6 The growth of administrative posts
CHAPTER 7 Provincial administration and finance
PART III THE EMPIRE
CHAPTER 8 Frontiers
I. Ancient and modern concepts of space and frontiers
II. Frontiers and imperialism
III. The western frontiers
IV. The eastern frontiers
V. Why did Roman frontiers stop where they did?
APPENDIX ON THE SOURCES
CHAPTER 9 The army
I. Distribution
II. The legions
1. Organization
2. Officers
3. The centurionate
4. The legionary soldier
5. Pay
6. Patterns of recruitment
III. The auxiliaries
1. Organization
2. Officers and other ranks
3. Pay and conditions of service
IV. The military role of the army
V. The role of the army in peacetime
CHAPTER 10 Local and provincial institutions and government
CHAPTER 11 Rebels and outsiders
I. Insiders and outsiders
1. Introduction
2. Citizenship and culture
3. Ethnicity and ‘barbarism’
II. Outlaws, aliens and outcasts
1. Marginal social groups in the rural world
2. Marginal social groups in the urban world
PART IV ROME, ITALY AND THE PROVINCES
CHAPTER 12 Rome and Italy
I. The city of wonders at the heart of a mobile world
II. The religion of centrality in the greatest Antonine city
III. The cities of Italy: an imperial anomaly
IV. The economic foundations
V. Culture without ethnicity?
CHAPTER 13 Spain
I. Provincial government and army
II. Economy
III. Urbanization and cities
IV. The economic foundations
V. Cultural life
VI. The age of the Flavians and Antonines: diachronic aspects
CHAPTER 14 Gaul
I. The Gauls and Rome
II. The Gallic provinces: physical and human geography
III. The romanization of the countryside
IV. Mining, craft production and trade
V. The lifestyle and horizons of the aristocracy
VI. ‘Gaul was covered in Roman monuments’
VII. Religious practices
VIII. Art and culture, Romanitas and provincialism
IX. Conclusion
CHAPTER 15 Roman Germany
I. Economic history
II. Social history
III. Religious history
CHAPTER 16 Africa
I. The emperors and Africa
II. Frontiers
III. The army
IV. Tribal territories
V. Agrarian legislation and estates
VI. The African corn supply
VII. The African economy
VIII. Cities
IX. Romanization and resistance
CHAPTER 17 Cyrenaica
I. A.D. 70–117
II. A.D. 117–193
CHAPTER 18 Britain
I. The frontier
II. Urban development
III. Rural development
IV. Economy
CHAPTER 19 The Danube provinces
I. The frontier
II. Provincial and local government
III. Settlements and economy
IV. Society and culture
CHAPTER 20 Greece and Asia Minor
I. Vespasian’s reorganization of the Greek East: recovery and
advance under the Flavians
II. Philhellene emperors: the interventions of Trajan
III. Philhellene emperors: Hadrian, Athens and the Panhellenion
IV. The Antonines: a marred prosperity
CHAPTER 21 Syria and Arabia
I. The integration of the client states and the process of
provincialization
II. The development of the land and the organization of the
indigenous societies
1. The sources
2. General conditions
3. The ‘limestone massif ’ and Hauran: two regional examples
4. Rural societies
III. The spread of the civic model and the urbanization of the
region
1. Foundations and elevations to city status
2. Municipal institutions and civic life
3. The spread of Graeco-Roman culture
IV. The success of the artisan class and the apogee of Syrian trade
1. The artisan class
2. The exchanges
CHAPTER 22 Judaea
I. The great revolt and its aftermath
II. The rebuilding of Judaea
III. The diaspora revolt under Trajan
IV. The Bar Kochba War
V. Management and labour
VI. Religious changes
PART Va ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
CHAPTER 23 The land
I. Introduction
II. Climate and crop
III. Expansion and innovation in agriculture
IV. Social and geographical distribution of property
V. Management and labour
VI. Productivity
CHAPTER 24 Trade
I. Introduction
II. The geographical setting
III. Expansion and innovation in agriculture
IV. Commodities
1. Cereals
2. Olive oil
3. Wine
4. Other foodstuffs
5. Slaves
6. Metal ores and artefacts
7. Textiles
8. Timber
9. Pottery and glass
10. Construction materials other than timber
11. Papyrus
12. Exotic plant-products
13. Ivory, pearls and precious stones
V. The geographical patterns of trade
VI. Personnel
VII. Companies and guilds
VIII. Commercial finance
IX. Governmental intervention and its limits
X. The character and scale of Roman trade
XI. Changes over 120 years
CHAPTER 25 Industry and technology
I. Industry
1. Pottery
2. ‘Terra sigillata’
3. Metals and mining
The organization of mining
Metallurgy and technology
4. Textiles
Technology in cloth production
II. Technology
1. Water transport
2. Land transport
3. Hydraulics
Aqueducts and siphons
Water-lifting devices
Water-mills
Water power and industry
4. Agriculture
5. Architecture
6. Quarrying and stoneworking
III. Conclusions
1. Technology and society
2. An industrial revolution?
CHAPTER 26 Commerce and finance
CHAPTER 27 Demography
I. Mortality
1. Probable life tables
2. Causes of mortality
3. The age structure and differential mortality
4. The perception of aging
II. Fertility
1. The gross reproduction rate
2. Marriage
3. The fertility pattern
4. Fertility control
5. The level of fertility
6. Mortality, fertility and household structure
7. Reproduction among slaves
III. Migration
1. Within the empire
2. Across the empire’s borders
IV. Population
1. Regions and cities
2. Growth and decline
CHAPTER 28 Status and patronage
I. Ordines: the Romans’ conception of their social order
II. Legitimation of the ordines
III. Wealth, exploitation and classes
IV. Status and competition
V. Social mobility
VI. Patronage
1. Imperial patronage
2. Aristocratic patronage
3. Patrons and protégés
VII. Social change
CHAPTER 29 Family and household
I. Language and ideals
II. The family in law and in practice
1. Marriage in law and in practice
2. Fathers, mothers and children
III. Kin beyond the household
IV. Lineage and inheritance
V. Conclusion
PART Vb ART AND CULTURE
CHAPTER 30 Literacy
I. Sophistic rhetoric
II. The uses of writing
III. An empire of words?
CHAPTER 31 Literature and sophistic
I. Sophistic rhetoric
II. Philosophy and philosophical rhetoric
III. The written and the read
IV. Poetry
V. The Latin world
CHAPTER 32 Philosophy
I. Introduction
II. The philosophical schools
III. Principal doctrines and tendencies
IV. The philosopher in society
CHAPTER 33 Medicine
CHAPTER 34 Art and architecture
I. Introduction
II. The Flavians
III. Trajan
IV. Hadrian
V. The Antonines
CHAPTER 35 Religion
I. Introduction
II. Emperors and religion
III. Imperial cult and religion in the western provinces
IV. The diaspora cults
V. The East
VI. The changing mood
VII. Conclusion
Chronological table
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abbreviations
Frequently cited works
Part I: Narrative (chapters 1–3)
Part II: Government and civil administration (chapters 4–7)
Part III: The empire (chapters 8–11)
Part IV: Rome, Italy and the provinces (chapters 12–22)
12 ROME AND ITALY
13 SPAIN
14 GAUL
15 ROMAN GERMANY
16 AFRICA
17 CYRENAICA
18 BRITAIN
19 DANUBE PROVINCES
20 GREECE AND ASIA MINOR
21 SYRIA AND ARABIA
22 JUDAEA
Part Va: Economy and society (chapters 23–9)
Part Vb: Art and culture (chapters 30–5)
Recommend Papers

The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 11: The High Empire, AD 70-192 [2 ed.]
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THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY

VOLUME XI

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY SECOND EDITION

VOLUME XI

The High Empire, .. – edited by ALAN K. BOWMAN

Student of Christ Church, Oxford PETER GARNSEY

Professor of the History of Classical Antiquity in the University of Cambridge and Fellow of Jesus College DOMINIC RATHBONE

Reader in Ancient History, King’s College London

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sa~ o Paulo Cambridge Univeristy Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 8ru, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521263351 © Cambridge University Press 2000 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2000 Reprinted 2007 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Catalogue card number : 75-85719 isbn-13 978-0-521-26335-1 hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

CONTENTS

List of maps List of tables Preface

page xiii xv xix

PART I NARRATIVE  The Flavians by  , Fellow and Tutor in Ancient History, Somerville College, Oxford



I Vespasian II Titus III Domitian

  

 Nerva to Hadrian by  

   

I Nerva II Trajan III Conclusion

 Hadrian to the Antonines by . . , Professor of Ancient History, University of Düsseldorf I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X

The accession of Hadrian The first provincial tour, – The second provincial tour, – The succession crisis Antoninus Pius The accession of Marcus and Verus The Parthian war of L. Verus, – The Marcommanic war The rebellion of Avidius Cassius The last years of Marcus’ reign, –

v

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

          

  

vi

XI A Caesar born to the purple XII The ascendancy of Perennis, – XIII The ascendancy of Cleander, – XIV The last years of Commodus, –

   

PART II GOVERNMENT AND CIVIL ADMINISTRATION  The emperor and his advisers  by  , Professor of Ancient History, University of Cologne  Emperor, Senate and magistrates by  



 The growth of administrative posts by  



 Provincial administration and finance by  



PART III THE EMPIRE  Frontiers by . . , Fellow of Churchill College, University of Cambridge I II III IV V

Ancient and modern concepts of space and frontiers Frontiers and imperialism The western frontiers The eastern frontiers Why did Roman frontiers stop where they did?

     

 The army  by  , Reader in Archaeology, University College London I II III IV V

Distribution The legions The auxiliaries The military role of the army The role of the army in peacetime

    

 Local and provincial institutions and government  by  , Professor of Ancient History, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

    Rebels and outsiders by  . , Professor of Classical Studies, University of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia I Insiders and outsiders II Outlaws, aliens and outcasts

vii   

PART IV ROME, ITALY AND THE PROVINCES  Rome and Italy by  , Fellow and Tutor in Ancient History, St John’s College, Oxford I II III IV V

The city of wonders at the heart of a mobile world The religion of centrality in the greatest Antonine city The cities of Italy: an imperial anomaly The economic foundations Culture without ethnicity?

 Spain by  , Professor of Ancient History, University of Heidelberg I II III IV V VI

Provincial government and army Economy Urbanization and cities Society Cultural life The age of the Flavians and Antonines: diachronic aspects

 Gaul by . , Professor of the Collège de France I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX

The Gauls and Rome The Gallic provinces: physical and human geography The romanization of the countryside Mining, craft production and trade The lifestyle and horizons of the aristocracy ‘Gaul was covered in Roman monuments’ Religious practices Art and culture, Romanitas and provincialism Conclusion

 Roman Germany by . , Rheinisches Landesmuseum, Trier I Economic history II Social history III Religious history

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

     

      

         

   

  

viii  Africa by . .  I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX

The emperors and Africa Frontiers The army Tribal territories Agrarian legislation and estates The African corn supply The African economy Cities Romanization and resistance

         

 Cyrenaica by  , Fellow of Newnham College, and Emeritus Reader in Roman Historical Epigraphy, University of Cambridge



 Britain by  , Yates Professor of Archaeology, University of Reading



I .. – II .. –

I The frontier II Urban development III Rural development IV Economy

 The Danube provinces by . . , Yates Professor of Greek and Roman Archaeology, University College London I The frontier II Provincial and local government III Settlements and economy IV Society and culture

 Greece and Asia Minor by  , Fellow and Tutor in Ancient History, St Hilda’s College, Oxford Vespasian’s reorganization of the Greek East: recovery and advance under the Flavians II Philhellene emperors: the interventions of Trajan III Philhellene emperors: Hadrian, Athens and the Panhellenion IV The Antonines: a marred prosperity

 

   

    



I

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

   

    Syria and Arabia by  , Professor of Ancient History, François Rabelais University of Tours The integration of the client states and the process of provincialization II The development of the land and the organization of the indigenous societies III The spread of the civic model and the urbanization of the region IV The success of the artisan class and the apogee of Syrian trade

ix 

I

 Judaea by   , Fellow of Wolfson College and Reader in Jewish Studies, University of Oxford I II III IV V VI

The great revolt and its aftermath The rebuilding of Judaea The diaspora revolt under Trajan The Bar Kochba War Jewish settlement, – Religious changes

   

      

PART Va ECONOMY AND SOCIETY  The land by  , Fellow of Jesus College and Professor of the History of Classical Antiquity, University of Cambridge I II III IV V VI

Introduction Climate and crop Expansion and innovation in agriculture Social and geographical distribution of property Management and labour Productivity

 Trade by . . , Professor of History, Columbia University, New York I II III IV V VI VII

Introduction The geographical setting Commercial transport Commodities The geographical patterns of trade Personnel Companies and guilds

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      

       

  

x

VIII Commercial finance IX Governmental intervention and its limits X The character and scale of Roman trade XI Changes over  years

 Industry and technology by  , Senior Lecturer in Archaeology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne I Industry II Technology III Conclusions

   

   

 Commerce and finance by . , Directeur d’Etudes, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris



 Demography by  . , Professor of Classical Studies, University of Michigan



I Mortality II Fertility III Migration IV Population

 Status and patronage by  , Professor of History and Classics, University of Chicago I II III IV V VI VII

Ordines: the Romans’ conception of their social order Legitimation of the ordines Wealth, exploitation and classes Status and competition Social mobility Patronage Social change

 Family and household by   I II III IV V

Language and ideals The family in law and in practice Kin beyond the household Lineage and inheritance Conclusion

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

   

       

     

  

xi

PART Vb ART AND CULTURE  Literacy by   , Professor of Greek, Latin and Ancient History, University of St Andrews I The extent and significance of literacy II The uses of writing III An empire of words?

 Literature and sophistic by  , Tutorial Fellow in Greek Literature, Corpus Christi College, Oxford I II III IV V

Sophistic rhetoric Philosophy and philosophical rhetoric The written and the read Poetry The Latin world

 Philosophy by . . , Professor of Classics, Trinity College, Dublin I Introduction II The philosophical schools III Principal doctrines and tendencies IV The philosopher in society

   

     

    

 Medicine by  , Professor of Ancient Medicine, The Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London



 Art and architecture by   . .   , Professor of Classics, Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London



I II III IV V

Introduction The Flavians Trajan Hadrian The Antonines

 Religion by . . . . , Professor Emeritus of Classics and Ancient History, University of Nottingham I Introduction II Emperors and religion

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

    

  

  

xii III IV V VI VII

Imperial cult and religion in the western provinces The diaspora cults The East The changing mood Conclusion

    

Chronological table



BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbreviations Frequently cited works Part I: Narrative (chapters –) Part II: Government and civil administration (chapters –) Part III: The empire (chapters –) Part IV: Rome, Italy and the provinces (chapters –) Part Va: Economy and society (chapters –) Part Vb: Art and culture (chapters –)

       

Index



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MAPS

          

The Roman world in the time of Marcus Aurelius Italy Spain Africa Cyrenaica Britain The Danube provinces Greece and Asia Minor The Roman East in the second century Syria and Arabia Judaea

page xvi      ‒ ‒   

  

Perceptions of the ‘barbarian’ as inverse of the insider The Roman theatre as a social world

xiii

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 

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

TABLES

     

Model West, level : a life table for the Roman empire? Reported mortality rates in Roman North Africa Age distribution of Egyptian population Reconstructed fertility rates, Roman Egypt An estimate of the empire’s population in ..  An estimate of the empire’s population in .. 

     

  Egyptian fertility rates and natural fertility pattern

xv

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

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

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