The Byzantine monuments and topography of the Pontos, Vol. 2 9780884021223, 9781597406772

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DUMBARTON OAKS STUDIES

xX THE BYZANTINE MONUMENTS

AND TOPOGRAPHY OF THE : PONTOS

THE BYZANTINE MONUMENTS AND TOPOGRAPHY OF THE

ANTHONY BRYER and DAVID WINFIELD With Maps and Plans by

RICHARD ANDERSON and Drawings by

JUNE WINFIELD

Volume Two PLATES

Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection Washington, D.C.

LE oe BIS |

Ly ee a/-

© 1985 DUMBARTON OAKS TRUSTEES FOR HARVARD UNIVERSITY WASHINGTON. D.C.

All correspondence and orders should be addressed to

Dumbarton Oaks Publications Office 1703 32nd Street, N. W. Washington, D.C. 20007

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Bryer, Anthony. The Byzantine monuments and topography of the Pontos.

(Dumbarton Oaks studies; 20) Bibliography: p. Includes index.

1. Trebizond Empire—Antiquities, Byzantine. 2. Pontus —Antiquities, Byzantine. 3. Trebizond Empire—Description and travel. 4. Pontus—Description and travel. 5. Names, Geographical—Trebizond Empire. 6. Names, Geographical—Turkey—Pontus. 7. Names, Geographical—

Byzantine. I. Winfield, David. II. Title. III. Series.

DF609.B78 1985 939’ .33 84-1661

ISBN 0-88402-122-X

OL 143020

21685

Table of Contents Volume Two

Listof Plates. . . . . . . 0... Listof Folded Maps... . . . . . ee XY

List of Plates

la—25c. Sinope Band of Bricks, Only Sign of Irregularity in

la. Tomb of the Ghazi Celebi Building b. Inscription 3 b. Section of Wall, showing Mortared Rubble Core and Inscription 4 Continuous Brick Bonding Courses

2a. Tower 29, NE. Face, Position of Inscription 5 17—24a. Balat Kilise

b. Inscription 5 17a,b. Looking NE. toward-Church Entrance

3a. Towers 1—4 (Types, B, C, and G), with Acropolis in a. General View

Background, from Tower 7 b. Note Springing of Cross Vault near Reused Marble

b. Towers 18—20 (Type D) from E. Sculpture

4a. Tower 16 (Types G and L) from E. 18. Vault, E. Side. Evangelist Symbols b. Section of Wall near Tower 22, showing Cribwork 19—20b. S. Wall.

(Type M) 19. Sacrifice of Isaac

Sa. Wall near Tower 22, Int. (Type M) 20a. Maccabees Abelbous and Ourias b. Wall bet. Towers 22 and 23, Int. (Type M), showing b. Sacrifice of Isaac and Annunciation

Blocked Archway 2la,b. Wide W. Arch, Reveal Entrance to Tower (Type M) b. St. Barbara b. View from Tower 24, looking W., showing Towers 25, 22a. S. Wall. Visitation 26, 40, and 29 b. Narrow W. Arch, Reveal. St. Eirene

6a. Wall near Tower 23, Int., showing Catwalk and a. St. Panteleimon

7a. View from Tower 43, looking E., showing Tower 42 23. S. Door, Int., Tympanum. Inscription (Types A and *C), and Towers 27—23 (Type M) 24a. Ext., S. Door, Lunette. Koimesis b. View from Tower 29, looking E., showing Towers 24b. Museum. Relief, Christ with Angels

28-23 25a. Balat Kilise, Narrow W. Arch, Reveal. Ismael

(Type M) Walled City

8a. Section of Wall near Tower 26, showing Cribwork b. Inscribed Pedestal found at Site of Church SW. of

b. Tower 30 from S. (Types A, B, C, E, and G) c. Balat Kilise, Ext., W. Wall, S. Side, Niche. Archangel 9a. Acropolis, N. Wall, Towers 40-43 and 30 (mostly 26a,b. Amisos (Samsun) Type A) (note V-shaped Towers, Type *C) a. Acropolis, Floor Mosaic in Golf Course Bunker of

b. Towers 30 and 29 from Tower 28 Military Base. Head of Spring

a.Exterior Interior b. 27a,b.Figure Oinaion

10a,b. Tower 29, Gate b. Erkek Sanat Enstitust, Floor Mosaic. Symbolic lla. Tower and Gate 29 from W. (Types A, B, C, E, L, a. Castle, Arch of Blocked Door in Byzantine Wall

and M) b. Islet of St. Nicholas from Mainland End of

b. Citadel, S. Wall, Towers 31—34 and Blocked Sea Causeway

Gate (mostly Types B and G) from Site of 28. Kekirkalesi, near Akkus, Jerphanion’s Kainochorion

Submerged Mole 29. Caleoglu Kale, near Oinaion, Rock-cut Painted Tomb

12a—16b. ‘“‘Palace,’’ Balat and Summit from NE. 12a. Cisterns, Blocked Opening bet. Areas XVII and 30a—40b. Neokaisareia

XVIII at T, det. 30a. Unidentified Ruin SW. of Town, possibly Pilgrim

b. Area VIII, S. Arm, showing Springing of Vault Church of St. Gregory Thaumatourgos

13. Area X, N. Wall, looking NE. b. Site of Roman Town, Wall with Brick and Stone 14a. Area X, N. Wall, showing Large Secondary Cutting Courses at Ground Level and Remains of Pilasters bet. 3la,b. General Views

Blind Arches a. Looking SW. from Tomb of the Melik Ghazi b. Area II, W. Wall from W. b. From E. (ca. 1890)

15a. Remains of Brick Barrel Vault 32a—34a. Castle “Church” b. Marble Column Base from Bema Screen or Ambo, 32a. Looking E—NE.

Reused over Church Entrance, det. b. Ruins of Lateral Chambers, S. Side, from SE. l6a. Wall at Q, N. of Area IX, showing Discontinued 33a. Int., looking N.

Vill LIST OF PLATES b.Int., looking NE. 53. View from N—NE., with Walled Town below 34a. Int., Corbel at NE. Angle and Earthenware Jar built Acropolis and Keep to W., Dikmen Tepe behind E.

into Masonry Suburb at c., and Gedik Kaya to E. (after

34b. Arch, possibly of S. Gate to Inner Citadel Tournefort, 1701)

35a,b. Citadel, S. Bailey 54a. View from E., with Ridge Wall and Keep at top 1.

a. Wall at SW. Corner (Walls down to Sea have largely disappeared (ca.

b. SW. End with “Church.” 19th-cent. Police Station 1893)

in foreground b. View from E.

36. Looking NE. toward Inner Citadel from S. Bailey 55a,b. E. Ridge Wall

37a—c. Citadel a. Int. looking S. with Cat-walk of Classical Masonry a. Inner Citadel, E. Wall b. Looking N. toward Keep with Monument to b. Inner Wall, SW. Corner Topali Osman Aga at 1. c. Inner Wall, NW. Corner 56a. “To the east ... the ancient walls may be traced

38a,b. Citadel, Wall bet. Inner Citadel and Inner Citadel almost the whole way from the castle to the sea,

Bailey where I observed an arched Hellenic gateway,

a. General View blocked up with masonry of the same style, as

b. Wooden Beam Work, det. shown in the accompanying woodcut; beyond 39a. Citadel, Fallen Walls of Inner Citadel Bailey on E. which was a high tower overgrown with ivy”

Side (Hamilton, Researches [1836], 263 f.). The

b. Town Wall, E. Side, Pentagonal Prow-shaped Tower (apparently Northern) classical gate no longer

40a. Citadel, Wall bet. N. and Inner Citadel Baileys, SUrVIVES. showing Ashlar Facing and Setting Beds, and later b. NE. Bastion below Keep, and Island of Ares

Repair above 57a,b. Western Classical Gate to Main Harbor

b. Cemetery of the Melik Ghazi, Byzantine capital a. View from Int.

4la,b. Evkaf Koyu Kale b. Det., Masonry on N. Side

a. Castle on Wooded Hill E. of Fatsa Dere 58a. Classical Gateway through E. Ridge Wall, N. Side overlooking Road S., View from W. b. E. Ridge Wall, Int., with Cat-walk of Classical

b. SE. Bastion Masonry below

42. Fatsa. Funerary Relief with Inscription 59a—60b. Citadel Keep

43a—c. Boloman Kale 59a. Int., N. Wall and Rock-cut Features

a. General View from E. b. Part of Window and possible Gate in NW. Wall, Int.

b. Cruciform Church, Exposed N. Wall and Door 60a. Niche in N. Wall

c. Cruciform Church, SW. Pendentive b. S. Entrance, Int.

44. Polemonion, Church of St. Constantine (after Laurens 61. Mosaic Floor

for Hell, 1846) 6la—63. Gedik Kaya Kilise

45a,b. Boloman Kale 62a. General View, looking W.

a. Castle Walls topped by Ottoman Selamlik, from b. Foundations of Church, General View

SE. c. Foundations of Church

b. Cruciform Church, Pentagonal Apse projecting 63. Rock-cut Tomb

through E. Wall of Castle 64a,b. Gedik Kaya Kalesi

46. Lykos Valley at Koyulhisar, looking NE., with Arrow a. General View, looking N

marking Yukari Kale b. SW. Tower, Ext.

47—48c. Koyulhisar, Yukari Kale 65a—67b. Giresun Adasi

47. Looking N., with Ruin of N. Gate in r. foreground 65a. N. Walls, Int., General View

48a. Citadel b. N. Walls, Interior Masonry, det.

b. N. Side, Outer Bailey c. SW. Tower, Int., with Kerasous at 1. and Dikmen c. Looking S. from Citadel to Lykos River ‘Tepe at c. background

49a,b. Cape Jason, Reused Blocks in Church of 1868 d. Niche in W. Wail, Int.

49c. Bayadi Koyu, Wall 66. NW. Tower

50a. Ordu, Bozuk Kale from W. 67a. Keep, Int.

50b. Hoynat Kale from S. b. Keep, Ext., from S. 5la. Rock-cut Tomb near Shore bet. Bulancak and Piraziz 68a. Andozkalesi (Holy Antony Castle) from N., with

51b. Dikmen Tepe, Vaulted Spring-head or Cistern on Coastal Road from Esbiye into Interior at |., Ford

Summit across Yagli (Esbiye) Dere at c., and Castle on 52-61. Kerasous Peak beyond

52. Looking E. from Ridge Wall of Acropolis, with Upper 68b. Kalecik-Hisartstu (Kenchrina?), General View from

Gate and Keep at 2. and Island of Ares below: E. W., with “‘Polichnion”’ on Wooded Slopes behind Harbor and Suburb at c.; Castle and Twin Peaks of Rock Promontory Gedik Kaya at r. (after Laurens for Hell, 1846) 69a—73. Tripolis

LIST OF PLATES 1X 69a. View from E—NE., with Kilise Burunu (r. 88a—89b. Gelida Kale background) and Ottoman Cirtk Kale below, 88a. Cesme Onii Kale (Libiopolis?) (on Promontory) from

Western Byzantine Kuruca Kale on Island (r.c.), E.

Mouth of Philabonites (foreshortened), and b. Yoros Burunu Kale from W. before building of New

perhaps Petroma (Rock at 1.) with Halkavala Coastal Road

below (after Tournefort, 1701) 89a. S. Wall, Ext., looking W.

b. Curuk Kale, Site of W. Castle b View from W.

70a—72b. Kuruca Kale 90a—92b. Kordyle

70a. View from SE., after building of New Coastal Road 90a. From S—SE. (ca. 1890) b. View from S., before building of New Coastal Road b. From S—SE., General View

71a. Pointed Projections E. of Entrance 91a. Walls of Westernmost Corner, Ext., looking NE.

b. Remains of Quay SW. of Kuruca Kale toward Projecting Tower

72a. Battery at NW. Corner b. Castle, Int. looking toward Westernmost Corner,

b. Steps to Entrance showing Break in Wall at r. indicating Projecting

73. Kuruca Kale, and Church of Panagia, looking NW., Tower, and Window in Wall at |. above Hidden

from Vantage Point at SE. Round Projection Door to Projecting Keep. (Entrance at bottom |.), and Tower at c. 1. replaced 92a. Keep, Ext. from SW.

by Lighthouse (after Laurens for Hell, 1846) b. Keep, Int., Middle and Upper Storey Windows

74a—75. Petroma 93a—d. Fol Maden, Church 74a. Castle, Steps to S. Entrance a. From SW. b. Castle, Int., looking E. to Vaulted Tunnel b. Apses, Ext.

75. Rocky Peak at 1, from W. Bank of Philabonites, c. Apses, Int.

looking E—-NE. d. N. Conch. Traces of Painting 76, From E. 94. Central Kalenima Dere, looking W. from near

76—77b. Suma Kale 94—96b. Trikomia

77a. N. Wall, showing Beams at Base Mimera, with Moutzoura (Mucura) and Chorobe

b. View from W. (Horovi) at |., and Hidir Nebi (Metinkaya Kale) at

78a—83a. Sebinkarahisar, Mavrokastron-Karahisar of top r.

Koloneia 95a. Visera, Church from SE. (1929) 78a. View from SW. b. Visera, Church from SW. (1959) b. E. Section of Castle Walls from S. c. Mimera (Sivri Kale) from W.

79a. Castle Walls from W., showing Position of Blocked 96a. Mimera (Sivri Kale), E. Wall

Former Gate (in Shadowed Angle at I.) and b. Platana (Akcaabat), Church of St. Michael, Apse.

Present Gate (bet. Round Towers at r.) Ropework Decoration, det. b. Int. of Castle, General View from S., showing Ext. of 97-99a. Mumya Kale

Present Gate (bottom 1.), Church Site 97. Walls, Int., looking S. down Cheriana (Siran) Valley to (foreground), Cistern Entrances (background), and Kelora (Kalur) and Upper Lykos (Kelkit) Valley in

Citadel and Keep (top r.) far distance, with Ulusiran at upper I.

80a,b. Blocked Former Gate 98a. View from S. a. Exterior b. Structure on Summit b. Interior 99a. Looking SW. to Norsun, at least Two Walls, Ext.

8la,b. Citadel Entrance 99b—-100. Tarsos (Asagi Tersun, now Giilceker)

a. Ext. from S. 99b. Fortified Church

b. Int. from N. 100. Fortified Church, N. Wall Painting, Martyr (1.) and

82a. Curtain Wall from near Blocked Former Gate (at I.) Military Saint (r.) to N. Tower of Present Gate (at r.) 10la,b. Agagi Akcali (formerly Asagi Haydiriuk),

b. Present Gate, Ext., with N. Tower at 1. Saraycik

83a. Cistern Entrance 10la. N. Piece of Masonry, det. 83b. Sebinkarahisar, Birogul, Byzantine Wall b. Basilica, looking SE. 84a—87b. Koralla 102a,b. Kelora (Kalur, now Cakirkaya)

Coastal Road River

84a. General View from S—SE, before building of New a. View from Village toward Forts on Lykos (Kelkit)

84b—85b. Inner Bailey b. Kalur Kale, Fort

84b. From SW. 103a—104b. Avarak (Haciahmetoglu), Castle

85a. Walls, SE. Corner 103a. Looking E. Fields in foreground bear Evidence of

85b. Walls, NW. Corner Vicus Settlement.

86. Middle and Inner Baileys from S. b. Looking E., General View

87a. Oil or Wine Press on W. Side 104a. Looking W. down Lykos (Kelkit) River b. Loopholes bet. Inner and Middle Baileys b. N. Wall, Masonry

X LIST OF PLATES 105a. Trebizond from E. (after Tournefort, 1701) 120—121a. Middle City

105b-106. Daphnous 120. Tabakhane KOprisii and E. Wall from N. (ca. 1893), 105b. From Lower Church of St. Sabbas, looking W. showing Complete N. Curtain Wall of Citadel, Top toward St. Eleutherios and Leontokastron. of Tower of John IV at I. and Structure Encasing

Original Drawing for Curzon (1843), pl. opp. Exedra at r. p. 175, from Coll. of Francis Witts Esq., Upper 12la. Byzantine Wall and Window N. of Chrysokephalos Slaughter Manor, inscribed: ‘‘The quarantine at 121b—124a. Citadel Trebizond, from a ruined chapel, to the N.E.— 121b. N. Wall Feature 3, Masonry E2 1843. The city of Trebizond lies just over the hill. 122. General View from SE., with St. Eugenios (No. 77) in

The high building on the rocky point, is an old Foreground and Gulbahar Hatun Camii beyond palace, now made use of, as the quarantine.” Citadel (telephoto lens distorts scale) 106. From W. (ca. 1893), with St. Philip’s (c. foreground) 123a,b. N. Wall (Feature 5) showing Ottoman Gate G.

and Site of Panagia Eleousa beyond, Frankish attached to Wall E2 Cemetery and Chapels of St. Sabbas below Boz a. View from NE. Tepe (r. background), and Mouth of Pyxites (1. b. View from NE. Corner background) with Hotz-Kymena District beyond 124a. N. Wall, Int. bet. Features 4 and 5, Masonry E2,

107—192b. Trebizond with Traces of Earlier Foundations

107. SE. Suburb from N. (ca. 1893), with Enclosure of 124b. Middle City, Gate of St. Eugenios, Unknown

Panagia Theoskepastos in r. background Structure above Gate (Feature 6), possibly Shrine 108. Genoese Leontokastron from the Air (1971), with of St. Athanasios the Exorcist Daphnous Harbor (I. foreground), Meydan (dark 125a—148b. Citadel square at upper r.): at r. New Coastal Road which 125a. NE. Corner, Ext. (Feature 8), showing Curve at r.

destroyed E. Foreshore, although Former Greek mostly reconstructed after 1893, and Masonry E3

Frontisterion survives in r. foreground on D3, with Blocked Crenellations Midway up 109a. Santa Maria, Tombstone of Titus Aurelius Wall, on about Five Courses of A at |. on corner Apolinaris of Legio XV Apollinaris b. NE. Corner, Int., looking along Feature 8 toward b. Lower City, E. Wall. Malediction of 1302, and Feature 13, showing Crenellations Unblocked Regulations of 1314 for Corps of Nightwatchmen since 1893 (now in Archaeological Museum, Istanbul), 126. View from E. Ravine (before 1893), showing Tower

photographed in situ (ca. 1890) of John IV at 1. (s.) Corner; Wall (now lost) leading 110a. Middle City, Foot of NW. Wall, Classical Masonry to Angled Bastion (Features 14, 13), Wall with b. Lower City, Zagnos Kapisi Tower and Gate (at 1.) Course of Oinaion Stone (Feature 12), and

from SW. Buttress (Feature 11), All of Masonry D1, to r. of

lla. Exedra bet. Middle City and Citadel, Classical Tower; Substantial Parts of Wall (now lost),

Masonry, from E. including Polygonal Bastion at Feature 10, at I.

b. Zagnos Koprisu, S. Side, Classical Masonry (NE. Corner at Feature 8, since rebuilt); Stages of

(arrows) Building Features 10, 9, and 8 at r.: Masonry A

112a,b. Walls of Alexios Il, Towers 2—4 Base, D3 Darker Walls with Blocked Crenellations,

a. View from S—SW. (ca. 1940) surmounted by Lighter E3 Walls with b. View from SW. Crenellations unblocked

113. Lower City, W. Wall, Tower 4, with Inscription of 127a. View from E. Ravine (before 1914) Alexios II, and Two Relief Blocks, perhaps related b. View from E. Ravine (1963)

to Tower (double exposure, 1893) 128a—130b. East Wall

114. Relief Blocks 128a. Feature 12, Masonry D1, det., showing Water 115a—116b. Lower City Drains and Course of Oinaion Stone at top 115a. Molos Kapisi from N. b. Angled Bastion (Feature 14) from S., showing b. Tower E. of Molos Kapisi, Upper Register, Int. Position of Two Christian Reliefs 116a,b. Sea Tower at NE. Corner (now destroyed) from 129. View from Feature 13, looking N. toward Feature 8

NW. 130a,b. Angled Bastion (Feature 14). Plaques

a. From NW. a. Expulsion from Garden of Eden

b. From SE. (Hunter, 1899) b. Elijah and the Raven

117a—118b. Middle City, Zagnos Koprisu 13la. View from S., showing ““Theodora’s Bedchamber’”’

117a. S. Side, Masonry, det. (Feature 22) at l., and Tower of John IV (Feature

b. S. Side, Masonry 16) at r.

118a. Ravine Stream, S. Side b. Angled Bastion (Features 13-14), Int. from W., with

b. Ravine Stream, N. Side St. Eugenios in Background

119a,b. Middle City, W. Wall 132. Tower of John IV (Feature 16) from SE. (1916),

a. S. of Zagnos Koprusu showing Classical Masonry A at Base, Darker b. N. of Zagnos Koprusu 13th-century Masonry D3 with Ghost

LIST OF PLATES Xi Crenellations, Courses of 14th-century Masonry One or More Types of Earlier Indeterminate

E3, and Main Tower in Masonry F of 1458-60 Masonry (top lost bet. 1893-1916) above 148a. Exedra (Feature 32), mostly refaced, Blocked Door

133a,b. SE. Corner, Inner and Outer Walls from S.

a. View from W., showing Feature 22 (with b. Bastion 30 from S., showing possible Masonry E]1 Overhang of ‘““Theodora’s Bedchamber’’) at I. and E3 above Earlier Footing

and Masonry A below 149. Leontokastron from W. (ca. 1893), with Church B in

b. View from E., showing Feature 22 (““Theodora’s foreground Bedchamber’’) above Courses of E3, Six or 150a,b. Bedesten Seven Blocked Crenellations of Inner Wall in a. View from E-SE. (ca. 1893)

Masonry D3, and Footings of Masonry A b. N. Facade 134a,b. Features 17, 18, 19, and 22 from S. 1Sla. Leontokastron, SW. Structure and Gate, with

a. General View (1971) Entrance to Modern Tunnel to Daphnous below

b. Ghost Crenellations of D3 surmounted by E3, b. Tomb of Alexios IV from S—SE. (1916), with especially on Outer Wall bet. Features 19 and Kulakli Cesme bet. Tomb and N. Apse of

18 (1916) Chrysokephalos

135a. SW. Buildings from NE., showing Features 21 1S2a. E. Seaboard, looking W. from Leontokastron

(foreground), 22 (I. background), and 23 (before 1923). In foreground W. Wall of

(r. background) Leontokastron (No. 14), then Venetian

b. Upper Chamber, Fenestration (Feature 22), Int. Concession of 1319, Kanitou (No. 12), Church B 136a. Feature 23, Masonry D2, Fenestration from SW. (No. 31), St. Gregory of Nyssa (Large 19thb. Feature 22 from Feature 25, showing Fenestration Century Church) (No. 88), S. Croce Point and of Feature 23 in Profile, and Part of Fenestration Venetian Concession and Castle of 1367 (Nos. 21

of Feature 24 at r. and 28), Venetian Concession of 1364, and Molos

137a. Features 26 and 27, looking N. from Feature 25, b. Supposed Site of Venetian Castle (No. 28) from

showing Modern Facing over Masonry types Frontisterion and SE. (1958) 137b. NW. Hall (Feature 28) from S—SE. 153a,b. Soguksu, Church L. (No. 39)

138a—139a. Feature 28 a. View from SE. 138a. Masonry C, Lower E. Facade, Window at 1. b. View from SW.

b. N. Face, Windows in Lower Register (r.-hand 154. Kaymaklh, Armenian Monastery (No. 48) (ca. 1893),

Window refaced) with Belfry at 1., “Milk Fountain” below, and W.

139a. NE. Corner, showing Masonry C (below) and D1 Zhamatun of Main Church of 1424 at r.

Times Hamam!

(above), Oinaion Stone Course, and Three Stone 155a. Gate of St. Dynamis and Cifte Hamami (No. 42)

Cannon Balls presumably inserted in Ottoman from SW., with Chapel M (No. 40) NW. of Cifte

139b-144. W. Wall 155b-157b. Kaymakli, Armenian Monastery 139b. Ext., Face of Feature 28 bet. Features 27 and 29, 155b. In 1959, showing Main Church (and Lost

showing Later D or E Work Zhamatun) at |., and Chapel of 1421 and

140a. Ext. (Feature 24), Fenestration, Face in Masonry Monastic Buildings of 1688 at r.

D2 (telephoto view) 156. Smaller Chapel, Inscription of 1421 over Lintel

b. View of Features 17 to 24, showing Ghost 157a,b. Main Church, Pentagonal Apse Crenellations bet. Masonry D3 and E3 at r. and a. From E—NE.

D2 at I. b. Int., before reroofing (1929)

141. View of Features 19 to 27 158a,b. Main Church

142. Bastion 26, Ext. a. W. Wall. Painting above Central Door,

143. View of Features 24 to 32 Hetoimasia (1959)

144. View of Features 27 to 32, including Outer Face of b. Zhamatun, E. Wall, N. Side. Painting, Crucifixion

Exedra (Feature 1), and Section bet. 30 and 32 (at (ca. 1893) I.) pitted with Windows of Later Private Houses 159a. Khach‘k‘ar near Lintel of Smaller Chapel

and much refaced in H b. Khach‘k‘ar in Main Church

145a. N. and W. Walls from Zagnos K6pritsit 160a—d. Manglavita (No. 49) b. Bastion 20 from Feature 25, showing E3 Work on a. Upper Chapel, from NE. Masonry D3, and Blocked Door at bottom 1. b. Upper Chapel, Masonry, det. 146a. Join bet. Masonry D3 and E3 NW. of Bastion 19, c. Rock-cut Steps to Monastery Platform S. of

det. (telephoto view) Rock-cut Chapel

b. Bastion 19 from Feature 20, showing E3 Work on d. Rock-cut Chapel from S.

Masonry D3 161. Undated Stone Plaque (diam. 0.39 m, depth 0.08 m)

147a. Feature 24, Blocked Door at Base from St. George Kourtza (No. 82) probably

b. Bastion 26, S. Face, showing possible E3 Work on originally from Chrysokephalos (No. 120), with

Xil LIST OF PLATES Inscription b. E. Wall, S. Side

162. Panagia Chrysokephalos, Int., looking W., show- 180a. John the Baptist in Apse, and Part of S. Wall

ing Narthex and Exonarthex, below, and b. E. Wall, S. Side, det. Katechoumena of 1214-35 and 1342—51, where 181. E. Wall, N. Side Emperor and Empress appeared for Coronation 182a. W. Wall. Dormition

Acclamations, above 182b-d. Dormition, details

E-NE. c. Head of Mourner

163. St. Akindynos (No. 57), Apse and N. Porch from b. Head of Angel Who cuts off Hand of Jephonias

164. St. Anne (No. 61) from S. (ca. 1893) d. Head of Mourner

165a,b. St. Andrew (No. 60) 183—184b. S. Door a. Chapel from NE. (1963) 183. Keystone of Arch

b. Arch over N. Door, Ext. (1963) 184a. E. Side. Baptism

166a—167b. St. Anne b. W. Side. Transfiguration

1893 185a. Annunciation

166a. S. Door, Tympanum. Relief Plaques Inserted after 185a—188b. S. Wall

b. Relief, Warrior at 1.; Winged Figure (Head at top, b. Annunciation, det., the Virgin Wings behind, Legs below at r.); and Inscription 186a—c. Nativity, dets.

167a. Reused Capital, from SE. a. Detail b. Reused Capital, from NE. b. Sheep

168a,b. St. Basil (No. 66) c. Ox and Ass Warming the Christ Child

a. View from S. 187. Presentation

b. Reused Classical Block over W. Door, with 188a—b. Pentecost, dets.

Supposed Justinianic Inscription a. Cosmos Painting, details 189. N. Window, Arch. Pattern in top c. 169. Painting, exposed in 1973 190a—191. N. Wall 169-170c. St. Eugenios (No. 77), N. Gallery, W. End Wall b. Ears and Tongues

170a. Angel 190a. Crucifixion b. Head of Christ b. Epitaphios Threnos c. Left Hand of Christ c. Anastasis

171. St. Gregory of Nyssa (No. 88), Cathedral of 1863 19]. Base at E. End. Standing Figure with Ship and Other

from SE. (photo of ca. 1893) Graffiti on Robe

172. St. John the Theologian (Mum Hane Camii) (No. 94) 192a,b. Zeytinlik Camii (No. 125)

from N—NE. (ca. 1893) a. S. Apse

173a—c. St. Philip (No. 108) b. C. and N. Apses a. First Church, N. Wall, Ext., Molding 193a—c. Phantak (Cakilca Koyii) b. Apse and Drum from NE. a. Chapel from SE.

Door c. S. Wall. Painting

c. N. Capital and Moldings around Former W. b. Apse. Wall Painting

174. St. Sabbas (No. 111), E. Cave Chapel. Sts. 194a-197. Pipat (Bibat Koyt), Church B

Constantine and Helena (ca. 1893) 194a. S. Wall. Large Figure

175. Possible Remains of W. Extension of “‘Sea Wall” b. N. Wall. Inscription

near S. Croce (?), E. of Molos (1932) c. N. Wall. Two Female Saints

176a—191. Hagia Sophia (No. 112) 195-196. W. Wall.

176a,c. Views of Tower 195. Narthex, Two Martyr Saints a. From E-SE. (ca. 1836) (after Texier and Pullan) 196. Ext. Mounted Saint b. From Roof of Church, after Restoration of 1880s 197. S. Wall, Ext. Warrior Saints and immediately before Restoration of 1961-62 198. Monastery of St. George Peristereota (Kustul,

c. From E-SE. (1972), showing Apse of Chapel of Simsirli) from N. 1443 above Panel with Imperial Portraits 199a—204c. Sarmasikhi (Geyikli), Upper Church 177. Vaulted Gatehouse, now destroyed (1893) 199a. General View from S., showing Dark Line of Bushes 178a. Tower, Base of E. Wall. Inscription: “Etous ,¢ ~A&’ marking Buried Church (i)v(StKtL@VvoOc) &’ HpyOu (A.D. 1427, Indiction 5) b. Nave and Main Apse, looking NE., showing

b. Tower, E. Face, Ext. Panel. Painted Inscription of Paintings of Cross at top and Mother of God

John IV: ... B)aoirebds kai adtoKpatwp (hacked away to reveal Underlayer) below on

‘P(@pai)a@v Kai Wepateias 6 (ME)yac Archway

Kopv(n)voc Kai 0(1)0¢ Tob edvVoEeBEoT&TOU 200a. N. Door and Ruined Porch, Ext., Looking SE.

(Ba)otAéa@(c) kvp(ijov AAsEiov b. N. Door, Int.

179a—191. Tower, Chapel 201la. W. Door, Int.

179a. Apse, Conch b. Nave, N. Side, before Destruction of Painting of

LIST OF PLATES xiii Mother of God b. Anastasis (11)

202a. N. Aisle and Apse, showing Paintings of Archangel 225a. St. Gregory the Theologian (14) and St. Basil (15),

Gabriel in Apse and Cross on Pier det. (note Graffiti) b. N. Apse, Archangel Gabriel b. Sts. Constantine and Helena (27)

203a. N. Wall, E. End. Lower Register 225c. St. Theodore (29), St. Eugenios of Trebizond (30),

b. NE. Pier, W. Face. Foliated Cross and St. George (31)

204a. SW. Pier, E. Face. St. Theodore Stratelates, after 226a. Pyxites, NW. Slope, General View, showing Panagia

Mutilation Kremaste at center and stasis of Aitherisa

b. SW. Pier, E. Face, looking SW. from Center of (Sevimli) above

Naos. St. Theodore Stratelates; and Center Bay, b. Upper Matzouka, General View from Palaiokastro,

S. Wall. Sts. Constantine and Helena looking N., with Krenasa, Giannakanton,

c. Center Bay. S. Wall. Sts. Constantine and Helena, Pontyla, and Giannanton at r., and Kounakalin

after Mutilation to |. of Prytanis River

205. Spelia (Ispela, Ocakli), Church from SE. 227a,b. Palaiokastro 206. Angurga (Dianeiacha?), Chapel from NW. a. On Spur, General View, looking N. from Chapsa

207a—c. Doubera (Libera, Yazlik) (Hamsikoy) a. Castle b. Castle of Palaiomatzouka (Hamsikoy) Kale, Dik b. Grotto of St. John the Baptist Kaya from E. c. Grotto. St. Zosimas and St. Mary of Egypt 228. Lefka (Hamsikoy), Holy Savior, Chapel from NE.

208—210b. Soumela (Meryemana) 229a,b. Zigana (Kalkandere)

208. Monastery and Mt. Mela from NE. a. View of Village on S. Side of Pass (above) and

209. Monastery (1929) Ruined Han (below) from Castle

210a,b. Katholikon b. Castle a. S. Wall. Panel, Manuel II], Alexios III, and 230. Imera, Monastery of St. John from NW. (1893) Andronikos (1929) 231,b. Nacarli (Mochora?), Yagli Dere Kale

b. N. Wall. Earliest Layer of Painting (revealed in a. View from S.

1970) b. Upper and Lower Towers

211. View from Kipla Mahalle, looking S., showing 232a—c. Kromni Castle (Kurum Kale)

Beginning of Old Summer Road to Castle at a. View from NW. Center Horizon b. NE. Wall, Crosses

212a,b. Chortokopion (Hortokop Kale) c. From NE.

a. Gate Tower 233a—d. Ardasa (Torul)

b. Wall overlooking Valley a. View from NE. and Zigana Road, showing Castle 213a,b. Gantopedin (Labra), Castle at l., above Gorge where Philabonites becomes

a. View from W. Kanis (Harsit) River

b. Chapel from SE. b. Castle from N., showing Curtain Wall at 1.

214—215b. Sachnoe (Koprutyan, ““Kurt Boghan,” the c. Castle, Curtain Wall, Int.

Taxiarchai Church (1929) d. Castle, Tower at Summit

214. View from NE. 234. Kuirkilise, Chapel from SE.

215a. Apse, Conch. Theophany 235a—238. Dipotamos ({kisu Kéyi) b. N. Wall. St. John the Prodromos of Vazelon, the 235a. Double Church from SE., with Chapel B in

Christ Child, and Mother of God with Donor foreground (not Abbot Nikodemos Lazaropoulos of Vazelon b. Chapel B, Apses

of 1391) below 236a. Door from Chapel B to Chapel A, S. Side

216a—225c. Vazelon Monastery (Ayana Manastir) b. Chapel A, E. End, in foreground, and Castle (Ikisu

216a. N. Terrace, Chapel of St. Elias from above Kale) in background b. Monastery and Mt. Zaboulon from SE. 237a. Chapel B, N. Wall (former Ext. S. Wall, Chapel A).

217a—225c. Chapel of St. Elias Red and Black Decoration to |. of Door

217a. Ascension (2) b. Chapel A, W. Wall, Head of Saint b. Koimesis (4), det. 238. Castle (Ikisu Kale) from SW

218. Heavenly Host (5), det. 239. Godaina (Kodil), Tomb below Castle

219a. Annunciation (6), det. 240. ““Treacherous Cave of Chaldia’’ (cf. Panaretos, ed.

220. Nativity Road

b. Annunciation and Nativity (7), dets. Lampsides, 77, January 1379), on the Cheriana

221. Presentation (7) 241. Golacha (?) (Colosana), Castle from W.

222. Baptism (8) 242a—b. Sorogaina (Soruyana), Castle

223a. Raising of Lazarus (9) a. From S.

b. Raising of Lazarus, det. b. Lower Gate from Upper Gate

224a. Crucifixion (10) 243a—c. Bayana Kale

XIV LIST OF PLATES a. From NW. 265a. N. Gate, Masonry with Cornice, det.

b. View from W. b. N. Gate, Upper Storey, Springing of Arch c. View from NE. c. S. Gate, Upper Storey, Decorated Floor 244a—248c. Tzanicha (Canca) 266a—c. Aho-Zavzaga Kale on the Kara Dere 244a. Castle from W. a. Gorge below Pazarcik (ca. 2500 m), with b. Castle, W. Walls from E. artificially enlarged Caves at }.

245. Chapel A from E. b. View from SE.

246. Chapel B (1.) and Chapel A (r.) from W. c. Fortification at S. Entrance

247a. Chapel B, View from S. 267. Rosi Kalesi, Of, from E.

b. Chapel B, Window Soffit, Acrostic 268. Fetoka, Church, from W.

248a—c. Chapel A 269. Fetoka, Inscription a. Apse, N. Side, Decoration 270a—273. Rhizaion

b. W. Wall, N. Side. Two Standing Saints 270a. Lower and Upper Citadels, looking S. from Walled

c. Church Fathers (top) and Decoration (bottom) Town

249a—25lc. Kog Kale b,c. Upper Citadel 249a. View from E. b. SW. Tower, Ext. b. View from S. c. NW. Tower, Brick Arch

250a. View from SW. 27la—c. Lower Citadel, W. Wall

b. View from N. a. Ext., Feature 1 (Bastion) and Tower 2

251a. NW. Tower and Main Gate b. Int., looking S, Relieving Arches.

b. Int., Kitchen Wall and Fireplace c. Int., looking N, Relieving Arches and Tower 2

c. Int., NE. Corner 272a—c. Walled Town 252. Central Cistern b. Early Masonry at Base of Tower 9

252—255b. Kouazi (Kovans) a. W. Wall, Tower 5, Brick Arches and Vaulting 253a. View from SW, showing Blocked Cave (below) and c. NW. End, Tower 8

W. Tower (above) 273. Traces of Harbor Mole at Seaward End of Walled

b. E. Entrance Town, with Modern Rize to E. in background

254a. View from SW. 274. Bozuk Kale near Gundogdu, E. Wall

b. View from S., showing Upper (1.) and Lower (r.) 275. Kodyla-Kalecik (Sivri Kale), Tower from S.

Fortifications 276a—277b. Athenai-Pazar, Kiz Kulesi

255a. W. Tower, Int., looking E. 276a. General View from S. b. From S., showing Lower Fortifications in b. W. Wall, Gateway

foreground c. W. Wall, Second and Third Storeys

256a,b. Kovans Koyu 277a. N. Wall, First and Second Storeys

a. From S. b. N. Wall, Upper Storey

b. Chapel, Apse 278a—279. Cihar-Kise Kale

Camii) b. Outer Walling

257a—261. Lerin, Hagia Sophia (Kabakoy, Ayasofya 278a. From N., showing Typical Housing and Barns

257a. W. Wall 279. Central Tower, Stonework imitating Brickwork b. S. Wall, partly hidden by Roof of Cottage in 280a—c. Sapo-Mahallesi, Eski Trabzon

foreground a. Church from W.

258a. S. Wall, Blocked Door b. Door, Arch, Int.

b. S. Door, Lintel c. Door, Arch, Ext. c. S. Door, E. Jamb. Inscriptions 281la—282c. Zil Kale 259. S. Wall, Window 28la. General View from N. 260a. E. Wall b. General View from S.

b. Main Apse, Window, Ext. c. Inner Bailey, Herringbone Work and Niches c. NE. Corner showing Blocked Pastophory 282a. Keep and Wall of Inner Bailey from W.

261. Int., looking SE. b. Keep, Window on N. Side 262. Hosmesalos, Church A, Rock-cut Apse c. Keep, Interior, E. Wall

263a—d. Kalecik on Arakli Burunu 283a—284. Varos Kale

a. View from W. 283a. N.W. Side, Door

b. View from E. b. View from Varos Kale, looking S. to Bas Hemsin

c. View from S. and Tatos Mountains

d. View S. from Kalecik on Arakli Burunu, showing c. General View, from S.

Attached Walled Site 284. Possible Cistern

264—265c. Sousourmaina-Canayer on Araklh Burunu 285. Ardesen, Church, Main Apse, Masonry 264. General View from W., showing N. Gate at Edge of 286. Apsaros, Castle from S. (VizVrem, 20 [1961], 233)

Slope 287a—288c. Ispir Castle

, LIST OF PLATES XV 287a. Church from SW. c. Sultan Melik Mescit. NW. Corner and Minaret b. Castle and Akampsis (Coruh) River from N. Base, showing Narrow, Tall Blocks of Coarse c. From NW, showing Church (top left) and Covered Yellow Stone above and Herringbone Work

Stairway from near Sultan Melik Mescit (top below

center) to River (below) 289a,b. Castle near Norgah, Ispir 288a. View from W., showing Sultan Melik Mescit (at r.), a. Entrance from NW. Church (at 1.), and Lower Town (behind Citadel) b. NE. Side, Masonry b. Church, Main Apse from SE., showing Narrow, 290a,b. Bayburt, Castle of Mugith al-Din Tufgrilsah

Tall Blocks of Coarse, Yellow Stone (robbed a. View from W.

elsewhere) b. Masonry and Inscription

List of Folded Maps I. Byzantine Pontos II. Hinterland of Trebizond (Indicated on Figure 1) III. Trebizond, Overall

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19. South Wall. The Sacrifice of Isaac Sinope, Balat Kilise

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eee eteat eee : SSE Pas ORM &.™ fé€bene get Be Spey eatseef =ee oeaay tate Ee arse atop ae Fs Pe MP ian CO Pen gepcg © a ae eee be ra tae "a haeE° Eg al ie bat td if nn oe ‘"éeae : ‘, on rae ee

Baineae Bs oe ae iy Ee ‘ at:. “as +aTA %ae fet ee ee eeto.aOES ael ittencn oeeresgem aeis wy reee Sous < oe) te*4ae: ore 1a> eegodsaeres te aee4 are PO 3ee»iSE 5 eeie 3Sk at

July ne oe ee ee me m, § F f. ere "os em af eg eer, ie a: Hees PAR. rar aat - ia Mey aeakAah :om+, ; on ee ae geUk at AU ke nan Saad ae iaee” wat i ees, er | + aeCAR rol fi CSEP é ren tet i

ee ee ee i , ee. aa fy ee a ae ‘toe te °° oT LOD ec a ee a Bo let hoo eet Me a, mY eo oe

ee Wag ee oe ae BEE ree oe Bt Ske Snee tl CGE eaeer Ae aahae: aSre aw~ >~+ 5:Fy 1aay nheT re— 5i.fs be" ' are && 6 ee ee eee th? me . ‘*eyt Pad a SF, ee fas mE Saeny SS ee ee i a | re Se ; wt A BOT yi, oF a“HE ae a Sie ae FRea : . 1°ME See:etAare cmd id aaa ai v‘ + aa Bae yaa?stex

Bee ae f pe Ge ede aee“8eer, ro; Saf : -aebeet . i 2 ; e eee . . =, Voy o : 4 . f i ‘ . “ae . a oo : i f , o "% A i ° cam ar : nd . “. . a ~ “4 2 Z. fi 4 oe "oh . ‘ ; . a 2 re ."] 4 ' >. : ral : 1 . er . : coy ’ Tre ‘ — A , oe » > ae ( 4 3 ‘ ; im — " 7 x, 7 “! er nen eo: , * 4m 7 ac , Ly , & We £. x am a ; bo . ; * ‘ ft Pet. “fa ”=3 q " : by we : ’ wee ‘ ae a. : 4, . yi ty cars | ae LF ; . : ’ . ‘4 7 vee a. . aee CE Se id _ ae tous i es » . « : FS a + " . ' ~— i a . opt ol. ” ; _ : * Fe cD) : i . hd t 2 : + / “ti ny % . . Natit anergeoi *. “aaSe, 7 det ee osSe RESUE IN TE Mewe moi OF . , uo ea a]eee BD) araocee * nd . , 7 . . . 4 ryt. a is a o— al * ae } 7 j F’ * - a -_ yy : . 5 Me a 4 i a Fo)

. i £ a. ry {| oe a.

.me ; %os. ‘tea |i,ne : ota 8) w 2 y ; . . fe a om. | : ay Fs 2 dl fe a 1 é ; , . ae ; oe DN a ey: Me, ; a a0 ar 4 x wi fe, at ad ; . ae . fe foe Ton eh , 4 : th Tie: ti die idee : . cot ug = a +. aid Po oo ; an a : ee se Fie te ; ‘ . . 3 — rome ef i » a Ste f ew S ‘—E i. ae i a re . oo “ . * a > Hee hin ig Le we . : . : ; “ ~ . tm Go} :¥, §‘cy Sor oe ; e. a ree: co) AL fie Tak 2 Se | | . he ee ey ; . Sy an ; ov i ae ‘a ve . an . * . . ms “ : a “ . * — aM " aa ; " a Fy : Bh ht) ae bed : ; oe ; . id Y ‘i an ae: eee ne tee ¥ a) eee. og ee at, : | a ar 3 wlth oe Behe To gee oo feat : Lt , . A? en Se. ” . oll rte’ = . & v ¥ us, , ‘ Ce] Rie eg | me ; St S) & pa er ae ce ‘ *

a ee yt .. aeee a "tie. i a we ty ; Wi) y so, nn fe at nes. aanae - ans ™~ te. a, tyi teCee vegies ee a nal ee “ok 2 oe is cide ofKa : Sum, jae y Se . 9oe on - hy RRR ORE... ig .ye a” ane Leeim a Ladin” we Ee at i ee. he ee ‘’ iFwtittec gee " oad ag . Mae . # a ae hedgM a ft — te , . Jog, wi L m,a“ llERI ae 5 ae coin, 6 Pet fs te i“ _ we & gat a et { *. he PS i me #4 pe gaa anit § a neil. ae ‘ja nee. ::: aa i yern TLE 4, Cs nt Let eet aclfyarea ‘ ™~ - i ojpe+£et: a ap. a -©ie. Eu, : ae at aewe ea zain.Joye ariiewee!

Me ee ee mE gaan OT Mipig g ® Be te ne . a Wale ean ac & 0 Pe my es oata

“a uei eae . ae oeoe weesng epi ig, a. eee, i ; ee. Ye -, nn - a, iFeT; ‘ee ne t wee uf ofraeree ‘Smeee 4 baititec’s at‘Bhea4e4 coPeom

ml _ ien, es i;ro, ° - ‘af kh.fe . . \Pte SS “.:araPa 6 ‘ f:we “i fo. ein 2 Nn . »7 «, » annefaye ne”. : ss ne a;ue
aors by“yeas ae = " 2aee be |iez> Sea ae Te . ae aw

ae Sd a en es en , i: ne Fea aE a Moe Boe ee Sc in rs a” vy 2 ;Nee ; . aay es $7 oe ge RE Re Sager os .ae :, ie ee oe 4F> e o :ea , oSeee we )a ae FF gle ey ~oe yo See Ran ee 77 ome sas : 3 Py ral é. 4 op . : ™eee ac Se . ‘;%ae TRIPOLI. % en i

P ' am .Tt. i. 2. e: . *‘&5e.,. , ‘, wt enPYoeEe > a 5er .F a. 2*iA ‘vo ' :m,vey .: Ca . ’Pa 4sa.PTC eer ?% “4staeoS

aea, RRR ha a ; iy haeU gsCES J. ed tL g ¢° ’ # %, " ergs pF : : * 7 ; a AEA Le ry, ve 7s - Prt, .

RK : an ) Ni & ss . oo ra, ; , . i aj 4 Weregte Syl ey 4 . | — / . » ak" cael gt FO mes , oo stay Bo a ~ na voi gi “TY * ioe

| as ra me sot yy - -¢ tt ira a rage : e ae ‘ , oy es et cea; ae —_

:7eR - lyse A ’yks Boece be OE. "a. ao ~ore :% are ? ?.wh . in Ts ea am “te age ay -.7.esaéOP a” i ae ee ty. ty_a.a-ee oe -: 7.i _— "4 j r et oe —— te ad oe “Ae _ cat res : . 4 , ao , f ae : . Tak " ee eee pa ~ ont ia * = ene + bi

teat ifni. .:-ig. ersNe a i- ng 8 eS eg sy ty ogc ae = fyek_,eee Bs Faley ;OE, cr. reLSS “. ey Dee ' ca 7 es. ft PE eea SY iFag ee aAe #289 : “e - ro . ar-ckscagny aoe aue | 2h eee aee ® afoe iaeg. D LS, aa:fee ifrre: anF.Meego ?’ 1LeF_.eey ol ar. Soe oe ineWit ‘Ea? r .ee, eeeeee

ia.Fay Re|) Ee ogee aie ahe -eahi eeaT+ bees ion —2 ae4feat. @iq;: so ee A soe ee4:.. 7 i|aoa re ee Ey a‘4 rf.:it: sets RS ks: ~adh a, ;pave i .re: = 3':8 iSees ee A eeeoer w= att = "4 ret. .on se Te Ee #s abe er4ae el aj pes, oaEES ee oe ao aes: oF -pa.4aMe -glo 3eg Bly aS *aeaFatt tee Ra. ees OSES Se8aNT na Fhe ep Sn ee a228 ty4 ™ , of S*: ee Pe RE Be RE eee . Gone pas Pa ge ae. CR eer is air PPR 2 PSA ger lid ga” ae eo Bk. Bille Ses . p ' ee ly SSB SP alate . an : ~ ye ge 3 i. # fig aA * a a . Wire = 4 a: oe - rs > @ if t 33 - Se Megs a ae: ae Ey me

= a : #7) rege ee ee ae ey fa iis. Be tie : at . Jf : é Me hee BE wedi PE i, Poe 4 8 ote. per cas ’ an ome . an . ae Tae go. Ba Pe : fe * 4 Sy ai i . . B ee 4 0 fk a : ‘ a 2 7 oe per PERE we te oS Ye ** i! aa:2“Ek f a) so a.; Fes ae -ae toe Usasead : ren “’as ;rn eyawa fe *eeeiner aire a:: iain _* +e *d .oo . 0: oan an a.: yet ~ _ Tey itT:wo oe o-g*gn ve ‘+-. =eS wee, er ee i. ra ~ F . Ji. ogh a a it«vee *y ailwa. a Z*aea.fe’ . eresallete Se ag ee— 4 |=Sa gsrd ug7gage - ; co nn SO wet i rs . ee ws. . oa Boe eg? mye “ee Ree es - = a | : aE £.

a BES BE! i e 0 eRe cs” ie I eR Ro ek Re ee EE eee lu) fp iia % » Ogg eg ERR OR ge a

ateao. a‘tet . ee

. =©en hoe "lesigns yt Tua FE ae esee aeee2FE gee a an Es i. . ee FR. ote EER Pao.-ee omg ia ee FF i he. 2 | ears :*orPe ” WEE a ai * wR TEs aaba apne aat a ge ae pis ay .BE +Ee: Bad ae a te eige ehsgh oe aa arEge whe A7,bia. ;de flO . anéPs gti Seagate Pee dae e-.BEE ae: ~~, ahp. -is oyOY a we catrites RE ep aeS ana

—s *Oe :awee TeeeBF ry oh ‘ihe PL Sei LD. he" :"-sm le *Fa ie .owing +a =REET eee Pen co eas 2: 2gee he EME Fe Ve TAR Oowi eae OF, we ae .:bgt ...apees tspe Taagbe aOMe enagee Ge .aleed a3aTEER # a02 OF ae Bunt oe, OE :iefp. —“;, om.aw ia Re Saat i Be . Se oe mae 7ee, ' Bos Ba Ee gaa Dae aa

ee ee Fe Oo ES OD ag eee’ Foote i So a ae of. pd 0 ok ED Boe ee _ J

we. PA * ‘537 *a,. x¥7 7y“.y%° aefee peePs . ye poe etateeny rs ar a, ;aoMe wteee cana raay ]es: .a*_leies. /en a 7 -_er Feag eae Pid Fi | vin fetig yo ete ge oof? a a Bre 7h F A 1 age Pe an . ny : 2 . ad ; iia Py FF ia 3 OME—— GbE BOE pe « aa naPh a:: .af F ce Fesp aaaBO saepo2 “3asTt Fe “/ =f ‘¢ or»|», me ia — aehet .:.. 4)ff4 Trj: pies aahof: aeeon :. .“:

...

Cw ery joe ee wp... to geaid mas 44g, 4 ‘ Poe . oe : : ‘fo ~. et .i Be q ee t os i fart : iia+oeo* ts. a Eethe! ee ee ; Fe i ES oe3ee. ee ee:, a ae

70b. View from South, before building of New Coastal Road

Iripolis, K Kal rIpOHS, Kuruca Kale

“aei.: _

AeFy| 3-‘ |" =Xgt ‘§ a ook oe AM, . 7 3 wi. 27 ee we: ~ ‘ . a » mand SL * an . ‘ *. an , a, < we . eee te ai le : t SS a 2? w

Pex : . “y . : a _™ ee

cam. ’ a .

ae mm | -*ee add on.a .at i. Pad a ro ee ae 2, all ro oy aA]; aRe ne . aape Tae , by and feaLd oe ao #3.. . a 4 _ . gr sa : Ve ” ae ; 7 ae

a a ae *- ae . - a oe a i A . wit . = ; ee & = : ~ a - “ea sig ”

se ‘ rae ‘ a oe ‘ x a>ut-4.ea . El- ioe —_ = : -: :ie.

71a. Kuruca Kale, Pointed Projections East of Entrance

- re ‘ a ae cs

gen : r ? ie

‘aul; *ie OF 3» oe oe wd “gal ¥*f my ’' tt ae : Fig : 2 d " a ad ¢ ;amd -“fy"+ Wg “ega) ’ ;*TRE! yO+ “i... DERE ee aao. ee oe7=f ages 4 iii anyy is :ay, re ©1:Satala ho .ieag 7 “at ‘on 2»we. .i ie. aeAs mes ~~tae : ‘ol my4Se ts *ea fe ,yatM Fa:" * “S a”: ‘"y .awa

pti an ie . ri . ‘a . * bo iia i ee i . a it sae! Sf ‘ Z ; : +, , i Bh . ' ia a Pai ‘ 7 y ve _ om tr ; “ad 4 2 i Te

a ee‘tatip . Th gun 7 us er,aloe oe #- @i}tyoT : i “-.7 |.4 aaere aoo oe aoh my: Raith ‘wn “e aeM 4 irlatt es‘he a rae “les oH wy.:o";ce 4 aa _ at ; cial“ .ital ‘er"tiRLY -i: ip ee a a=oi a4 a¥ rr 7 a *‘4f¥. we i + an 2 H7 a. ef i [ent . rl i ~ il v. mg : woe

a ey — : Pt en! eatin. eee ye 7

ata .veRtas an ee, Ta . aPee gentiin iFSt 7ee §Ot4ae : yO yee pieSE LENE eg. :wine a °=: ad GES rtt eee Wee Fare _sta ars fe Specs ake Be oo * -a “3° yg ieee 2+Ft ose “vee aoe oa vet kare aethee oFaa: |-éape

“o tet iSog gt.Si = es hz i oD .eg_I .ier

te oars a ee aay ~& E ee tee woe VS . igh ae ee oe -2.ae 3. ‘ESBS Ee E iy Us aS oe” a ee rh 2a gh oe" 7 : , . ae . ' ii OS : : be i Ge ane © “PS F at. a ge ° 3 Ct ee ee ne| ls & ae: Fe a é.+ + . a nT yy Wee mod F a | ” fe “a Py a oem ois ae Na " >: = ee SP ed Be . “Eire pes > 3° foe er Rg Sen a Be ee , re ‘ Agta ce, FR oda hae . eee ge oF ss a .=... * ade aanaHh i~ ae 7 aie. oFMMR pg veppaiplta re eit aalsa me#'pesaeeegto a, AT + . oy = ao ae.=rae aStae: Fai25 Coe wt A Pi. ge ie a POT LEgee ate Le —— 3 ed: :rs ra aae2: “Ea SE ge ae PEs ee -Py +eOe a3-ee ed : Tipe , ee A 4} fei .he. Bay pe ae nega pega SSge - 4inige: 9:

pe eS ec ee oe i aaa’ i eee UE Re Big, - ie wes, Pa yy”. - sf . VAP iv 7s - “@r aS ris. car,

bis Peeea3s eS ret “glco Dya. 4. eee 4 slew 3 aldcee enefile eee “e sel ete . “s~ot * ‘e P a * rot en. ter3oe Ee ?i, Free er iwn RA gk 3;ne a a233 ant ; cate “Esyytt Cwi? ww otRe FR baxSee: ete On oooe p, _os tan #a 3of, Py ial * :3 * Sat pee ae , ans : to a Stee xc laa ; JS. ae tS mS ae » wg 3: Ng ri 7s es he ets ee ta 4 Mag : = eh e/ + ay awry = PR he, | eters) 4 4 a one Or Me, ae Lh tg Ps ae ; . ~rf, ; et Y yo aeadi.Re- ea Js- “at. aCe nyreyAy - yea ge :on. as gee#* ; - Me ta : 23 ci ips ” oetle : faeas : =oe neue as, vf 6s a . a. . ‘. < nt gt a bi ae ‘ st he. ae ha At * i ? tr oe 3 io fone ‘, 7 * . eee “ . ss ne at. he =eeiaie : . % ng, Wer ly . ben :Mo a :et‘ia eS i /aty Fitate aS A GOT Bland oY dri tee age (a ie#92 ue -~:awe agwin ze :: 8al ?zs may We by t,Wee ff .4;,we -Lee . rn dke Me :fatrs3:,tf. y. _ ee * . a i Om fy ig bf Fe eae rf : ; an . fte*ares ‘ ws hee : i” ne, } f/"a ed .. iB. Loe Be. Co. ree - try = - oe sate gare oe a _ f 7 eo » no , 3 te Oe a ar ad fe eR on oe

.......

i? Oa Ae gee EE ae ss J Pe ag Va OR .2:: ee * pee en Baa tapeere ROWE ‘ Pa . ot 23h Ro eae al fo ‘ © a bo, Sa. pee _ ed . ot a i UE : Pat oe oe ¥ r ro _ a on if P a, te” AO ae x bone ¥. ran 4 wee i - ee we al ee

a4 “OT esaf: a a—* . ia” “ te pan “erSts . ‘ TEM gf ie or, mk eaeS 4 4ae “een ore -. coe ~= a aw = tn ats sa.OO ed . in PUREE lode ad ae ‘jee ‘4 ‘get ent chien ag PF . : Ee Een eee : Pe e+eadand " Ae a... ~~ eo ;oo Ret ee ryt Be a*See: ro eee yewe So a .ae .a~ae. PA . :_eee fe we .2ae >» aehee es. E+iasane aFaa Ro a erry oe*ea : ad cm

ray ae E _ sone ae Vo ea 4 colar aseee: SeeSe a 0 ote wat > ee gage BEE. . .ete at “res ieoeaeaiai :: ' ;.

73. Tripolis, Kuruca Kale, and Church of Panagia, looking Northwest, from Vantage Point at Southeast Round Projection (Entrance at bottom left), and Tower at center left replaced by Lighthouse (after Laurens for Hell, 1 846)

kf ae, e

€ an

. as aa ty‘s i i| ?ae tee aid Lo. are. - : +ae Ce 2 a =a” eee,let -f * i “kg

eee etyhe, Se Ee eS aS Be yo. cat BX ee ~ ‘a Fe Ee ee = : Neal ‘ e 4 i. a “a sy . ae = : + —_—s a oe Ho 3°. Oh re a

ro Pa "ae. ¢ 3 SEincre en ™ —— =o ee | (ee OF er, aswe _eaceinmmerigge eects ee meine sees :cecgemme eae _— te seamen ; i wed ee =amis cere i Se

——

ascerns"uugieninen mailman Ds aeens MRT . eee wee OFA Ty pT:UU le. 6 “= eee ea oa rn cenit mie ef Tat, ete Bayes Ps E 7 ald ie ea _ aE. al a. a . . cemerie eo es ; : . wogtts Scutye ad 2 ili . ni i ae ee - a ls el— -ee 2 -Sitesnapd Pail agg ee 7 : a —fit : =a >iii. vila ite Qo a mndientiidiin ~ a iedsae “ ‘ acaid eeie — = # = foes an * -aan 75. Petroma (Rocky Peak at left) from West Bank of the Philabonites, looking East-northeast

= E

Bites

re 2p as 2 Ae

we Bee

“e a ee eS ee a a we eT 2225 a =o vy rs ee are pee Foe oer ae oe : el iS Ze, eae oe , Shee ae J : _ . _ Se ee eo ea ee ’. ed ne er! 7 i.eae us:2ee neeg . cube, Fo ee ke. eeaie ee re eee 2 pees eee See: ae a7" Eel i;

eens!

=gra Te agoeere‘Sagat JF 2a ee ee ee | ELae. pp = fp EE a%, ce ; _ De ro, vag oe oobed rn, an 2 Ke BF et 7 er) ieee ae a cart ora See ; |“3 pambidee 1H 0 Bex gee eB : ls + Bo we. “ae “ee eS hee _SfSlefa fey OR 2we.wee $bee ae .f&Sig (= .: :.on tsim * *TE Ss =eS a Poe =ee pe et - Ee aed oe : #: oe-Pe #a” #wp Boa ‘Bes igos Prae. 2 ee ieFSS x. yl? wee afi a ee ay eeoo fa, Bowe ee eR Tendge “va; 3er .ee ee +ee ae Jae Dig a eFe OE ae ee eae wha oe Eo 2 5, a ‘es. :fe ;pe : a2 an ipee Sa, .St a .SS eee eels «Bw, 3) ge 5=ee (gee oe Bee fo dots cf"eat ks. as 2 FOE Wee :* eS + = fo2 got See t + E+ gS ee ee a a as 2 eR ein a 3 eae | 2. ee Se ee ee ee ee gegen pe . ae =: | ae “7 ae oF veBae “6% ee OS ne gee eeee) >. :' 2.i ae eee. Se JeT oo *; -eek, ee a=aaee 3& 2. eee ey"27 ee Sees calieg Oe Te OF Seeree ee :sae aerd Sa -Be og KE : kere 2 ear 2) ae ee: ; , ey 2: See a ee Sati oY geen. Toa, aeoes oe” a ; :we ie: eee tae an eed *ee .ata ee ae cy ‘ wee Ea =v,eee og eget a ee * ee: Se eae “a ’ Te. » “43ae i 2 Beg |3\ i.—— v ee, ee - =e 7, 7a#i7

rea aa 9 CA eee oe Se ee ne ae i EPA Ms ee So ee eee ene meer: eae sf Bee 2 . 4 i Mas. ore aan fT a | a Sy : ak. a ei 3 auc Fe Fee : ig" Se i x - eo a = FF

- ~.eeee. sage Pe ;7iis onSar ee ae ,ie aeBoe eo7 ae jeter EF | eee4) See ea * y=: 2* aiOF ~~ft-2-BOO” : -Pa ‘eee I epee FBR e -‘oa ASs: Ee.:ant epg pete Se -~tg BR ee gs “SS-oo oe aten&. ;eae, eas : =ee, Et ME: ae. Pa a. aE , zTS v° y -py a,a i ae ¥gP 4 a.idies i eed, if_. baboa , .ae‘ ae =a ibe - 2:TS hee ee amy te Pees ao Fae ag £3 etFnfe5oe 1:ail ae i:— ae Ps, -70 Sseree“tsi = -ag. s o- —+ies|ee af Jee ae &7‘tie,

Some a se eg ee . ire fk es Ce . oF ee ae OL pe a et ie ae eet Ce ee r : = Og, = a aSet ee > wet , a irr © A ee: Wee es Se ? cess ate an ¥ , : es See a : AS eee * es ee ee st 2 32! Ugo 7 “ey TSB Cel Faget, .26 eh “Fer heAg” eeeee; ~e« eryES eg SE Po |he 7as r a7aee, ae.—e a a ee. See, a i ge My ee eee a EY ee es ee es ee en ae get BR ‘uy cele hs te ae ee ee BR ig aec? neo Pe TeLee ete 2Beet eeey5: Sa” ies dtTe Cae aa.fae we VE Lee "ye 2p tee ae See oe _ ees 4 : Me a ; . wat cer se: ee coe nF 7 og #53 0c re bn eS gna adPeax2 7eh.Be roe roe faeRA ‘ie wet . e 3 ca 2 7 : ty mn rc ;pg. .Pee Fy mae Be t. «, eee . fe =.) eee og fn rE “ a roe get ae "i , RE ey Tee = —_ ate ER ey’, pee re: =~ se ee .-es tere a ao” ; ed *: ; . . NM ety [ney fa a ereee a esee nsae Z78Pee we. peat > ae Ugh goa .A 1 oo ffae Loe ee; ~ie ; ; ar . . oe ot: ae ‘;ay . es é .7.: ee ;. flo, oe , a Tl oe din AED hogs | - = or ae 7 gee Eile, ae ae = : . eh oF oe. a. ee a S eg . Gs, fet . car a Re, i a 5 aa ¥ - ' Ae shes Bae ; 1 # . a . . ‘ay *" © othe a a 7 *

, . ee Se -aeaySa ie:eePeee: _s e. Oe . £¢; ”Aa

66 j ve er, ae #.5iG.ae le! “? i_vel «tated .awe — Pe eee oo eSZL =m i aeh ies om” Se ,© ¥anos aaa: "eg we ME Dee L ie 2 ..? a * oe > Sa , tie aOs tet sig We ry elke! a eae a ek ety oyla4 5 eae . 2 “ fo aa a UE et ee re ee .4vo alll ‘ ¢ : a . * af af ARS a Ae to . Poe ee ee eg, . :an , *aA z a .Res, pee 1" 2Mite. ae A a, a9a ‘: :_HH icree we cae 7 ve leeds. . oe¢an*.{sis ..2.Fa - BP we eg Oe ae + ee ae et (os ; wy te ney ve a aee on=e uy

ra ;- "? a a i a

: 7 2 gar 4 R os es 4m eo Soe. ;ae go e -1 oat we ~ Tem a . . a, : eo ee . a ; i: a Cae ad L Pte et “ , edge wZ * 2 ’ ° . . “ts * ae — i o ae a 7. . ®. Pui 7 . en i . . * . “oo. aft :=vee #2 La . ma . : ons .s ee ?4 .;“T A a‘a! ,. “-* .aeee ;totn wg ~“ear of oe a?ra ino. “ ae -,A. ; 2». ;*: A;+-2ee4. . va*¥”a= ia“ie ah>7 oy re a ed I -eae 3 a aae: o . whe tl : . 3 Lo 4, ha SS, oa. : pe ca Beya2ax We a

. en

78b. Eastern Section of Castle Walls from South

Sete > o af a e od Ww hd

cet ae ey i : |“4 Psae” :, aaet mo4 ave os “FL : 4aea Soe ir ‘a. -. * ne

Sebinkarahisar, Mavrokastron-Karahisar of Koloneia

yt EEN SUS LUE ee Sang ee ote i oe

Lo wri LS | eto pi Tg a aR oh ge eda iced gh ee aS 2 ee re ee ee eet ei ;

af :!Ne, :a ghee .=fg.Pe, 4ater ve 7a -ate tee 4 ze Fe . rd ” ‘ : nd wt ra ane . 7 1 a f 3 ars . we tamed = ; . . Me + ioe re naps . # LO a les~~ : ites no a %a/ ~~ _- oe Pee . *.oe2. is edM2 P "Pee ‘ -. ‘. *. *: a: ae ana”Pag ei]

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