The Anti-Apartheid reader: The struggle against white racist rule in South Africa 0394554884, 9780394554884

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The Anti-Apartheid Reader

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THE ANTI-APARTHEID READER THE STRUGGLE AGAINST WHITE RACIST RULE IN SOUTH AFRICA

Edited

by

DAVID MERMELSTEIN

Grove Press New York

LIBRARY BROOKLYN FRIENDS SCHOOL

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Copyright © 1987 by David Mermelstein All rights reserved. No part of thiS book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, by any means, including mechanical, electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Published by Grove Press, Inc. 920 Broadway New York, N.Y. 10010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Anti-Apartheid Reader Bibliography, p. Includes index. 1. South Africa-Politics and government-19782. South Africa-Race relations. 3. South Africa­ Foreign relations-Africa, Southern. 4. Africa, Southern-Foreign relations-South Africa. 5. South Africa-Foreign relations-United States. 6. United States-Foreign relations-South Africa. I. Mermelstein, David, 193386-45242 305.8'00968 DT779.952.S66 1986 ISBN 0-394-55488-4 ISBN 0-394-62223-5 (pbk.) Manufactured in the United States of America Designed by Irving Perkins Associates First Edition 1987 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

CONTENTS

Maps ix South Africa in Brief xvii Chronology Introduction

xi

Part One: OVERVIEWS

13

Chapter I: PERSPECTIVES ON CONTEMPORARY SOUTH AFRICA

15

1. Apartheid: This Terrible Dream, by Chief Albert J. Luthuli 15 2. Guarding ''The Gates of Paradise," by Nadine Gordimer 20 3. The South .African Wasteland, by Breyten Breytenbach 27 4. Apartheid: An Evil System, by Bishop Desmond M. Tutu 38 Part Two: APARTHEID SOCIETY

45

Chapter II: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO APARTHEID

47

5. South Africa: From Settlement to Union, by Ernest Harsch 47 64 6. The Post-Colonial State, by Donald Denoon and Ba/am Nyeko 7. Internal Opposition, by Donald Denoon and Ba/am Nyeko 70 Chapter III: AFRIKANERDOM 76 8. The Apartheid Laws in Brief, by Fiona McLachlan 9. The Ascendancy of Afrikanerdom, by Robert L Rotberg

76 78 v

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vi

CONTENTS 10. Aspects of Repression, by International Defence and Aid Fund for 91 Southern Africa 94 11. Apartheid: Divine Calling, by D. F Malan

Chapter 1v, RACIAL CAPITALISM 99 12. The Development of Racial Capitalism, by Robert Davies, Dan O'Meara and Sipho Dlamini 99 13. Economic Growth and Political Change: The South African Case, by Stanley B. Greenberg 112 14. Economic Exploitation, by The International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa 119 15. Poverty in South Africa, by Aziza Seedat 123 16. The Growth of Unions, by Denis MacShane, Martin Plaut and David 126 Ward 17. The Sources of South African Oil, by Oluso/a Oja 133 18. Anglo-American Corporation, by John Howley 135 Chapter y, FORCED REMOVALS AND THE BANTUSTANS 138 19. Forced Relocation, by The Surplus People Project Report 138 20. Resettlement at Glenmore, by The Surplus People Project Report 146 21. The Future Means Death' Testimony of One Forcibly Removed, by The Surplus People Project Report 149 22. Bophuthatswan"' Poverty and Glitter, by Richard Knight 150 23. The Basic Historical Deception, by John C. Laurence 155 24. Life in the Bantustans-Forced Busing and Qwaqwa: Vest-Pocket State, by Joseph Lelyveld 159 Chapter VI, HEALTH AND EDUCATION 25. Health in Apartheid South Africa, by Aziza Seedat 169 26. Racism and Education in South Africa, by Ernest F. Dube 177 27. Black Education in South Africa, by John A Marcum 184

169

Part Three: OPPOSITION AND RESISTANCE

189

Chapter VII: BLACKS: ORGANIZATION AND IDEOLOGY IN THE FIGHT AGAINST APARTHEID

191 28. Revolution in the Making: Black Politics in South Africa, by Thomas G. 191 Karis 29. The Coloured and the Indians, by Gwendolen M Carter 203 30. Freedom Charter 208 3 1 . Massacre at Sharpeville, 1960, by Gail M Gerhart 211 32. Umkonto We Sizwe (Spear of the Nation) 218 33. "! am Prepared to Die," by Nelson Mandela �20 34. The Soweto Uprising, 1976, by Alan Brooks and Jeremy Brickhill 228

Contents Chapter VIII: WOMEN UNDER APARTHEID: BLACKS AND WHiTES IN THE STRUGGLE 236 35. Women in Apartheid Society, by Fatima Meer 240 36. Apartheid and the Role of Women, by Hilda Bernstein 21.i 37. Demonstration against the Pass Laws, by Mary Benson 244 38. Petition for the Repeal of the Pass Laws Chapter IX: THE "REFORMS" 39. Neo-Apartheid: Reform in South Africa, by Kevin Danaher 246 40. Reforms, Class Conflict, and the National Party Split, by Craig Charney 255 258 41. Off by a Thousand Miles, by The New Yorker

vii 236

246

262 X: THE DEEPENING CRISIS The Current Crisis, by Gay W. Seidman 262 Quickening Change in South Africa, by Peter Grothe 269 The Roots of South Africa's Credit Crisis, by Robert A. Bennett 272 The Emergence of Powerful Black Unions, by Roger Kerson 276 The Church, by Gail Hovey 282 Detentions under the State of Emergency, by Amnesty International 284 48. Police Conduct during Township Protests, by Southern African Catholic Bishops' Conference 287 290 49. A South African Fights from Exile, by Oliver Tambo

Chapter 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47.

Part Four: APARTHEID IN THE WORLD ARENA

295

Chapter XI: SOUTH AFRICA'S FOREIGN POLICY: SOUTHERN AFRICA, NAMIBIA AND ISRAEL

297

50. Pax Pretoriana: South Africa's Regional Policy, by Kenneth W. Grundy 297 51. Upside Down in Angola, by Michael Massing 306 52. South Africa's Occupation of Namibia: No End in Sight, by 312 TransA/rica 323 53. Repression in Namibia: A Lutheran View, by Martin A. SOvik 54. The Embodiment of National Unity, by SWAPO 328 55. Israel and South Africa: Business as Usual-and More, by Benjamin 329 Beit-Hallahmi Chapter XII: SOUTH AFRICA AND THE UNITED STATES: CONSTRUCTIVE ENGAGEMENT 56. U.S. Policy toward Apartheid: From Truman to Ford, by Thomas G. 334 Karis 57. The Carter Years: Option Two with Liberal Clothing, by Robert Fatton, Jr. 341 344 58. The Conservative World View, by Robert Fatton, Jr.

334

59. In Defense of-American Policy, by Chester A. Crocker 346 60. Why Constructive Engagement Failed, by Sanford J. Ungar and Peter 351 Vale 61. Don't Push South Africa to the Wall, by Karen Elliott House 369 62. The Strategic Importance of South Africa, by Larry Bowman 372 63. South Africa: A Story in Black and White, by E. Jmafedia Okhamafe 375 Chapter XIII' U.S. CORPORATIONS, DIVESTMENT, AND SANCTIONS 383 383 64. The Sullivan Principles, by Rev. Leon Sulliyan 65. The Sullivan Principles: A Critique, by Elizabeth Schmidt 387 66. Programming Oppression: U.S. Computer Companies in South Africa, by 400 NARMIC/American Friends Service Committee 405 67. South Afric"' Running Scared, by Brooke Baldwin 68. South Africa Looks Capable of Surviving Sanctions for Years-but at a 409 Stiff Price, by Steve Mu/son and Lawrence Ingrassia 412 69. South Africa-Free Investment, by Dollars & Sense 414 70. Dear Eartha Kitt, by African National Congress 71. Boycotting Apartheid: Entertainment and Sports, by United Nations Centre Against Apartheid 415 Part Five:

421

SOUTH AFRICA'S FUTURE

Chapter XIV: PROSPECTS AND SCENARIOS

72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78.

Guerrilla Prospects, by R. W. Johnson 423 The ANC Role Is Central, by Thomas G. Karis 428 What Can Become of South Africa? by Conor Cruise O'Brien A Black South Africa? by Xan Smiley 474 The Costs of Disinvestment, by Gavin Reily 490 498 South Africa: The Crisis Deepens, by John S. Saul 509 Seven Scenarios for South Africa, by Robert L Rotberg

Afterword: TWO VIEWS FROM WASHINGTON

516 I. Sanctions Are Immoral, by Ronald Reagan II. Why the Double Standard? by Representative William H. Gray 3d.

Glossary and Abbreviations Bibliography Index

534

528

525

423

430

514 520

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