The American Ethnographical Survey; Conestoga Expedition 1902

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PUBLICATIONS OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

AMERICANA GERMANICA MONOGRAPHS DEVOTED TO THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE Literary, Linguistic and Otiior Cultural Relations OF

Germany and America EDITOR

MARION DEXTER LEARNED University of Pennsylvania

D.

NEW YORK APPLETON & COMPANY PUBLISHING AGENTS

1

THE

American Ethnographical Survey ^

Conestoga Expedition

1902

Vn

MARION DEXTER LEARNED Director

^j

publications of the University of Pennsylvania

D.

APPLETON & COMPANY Publishing Agents

NEW YORK 191

1

COPYRIGHT

191

BY

M. D. Learned

UNIVERSITY

I

OF f^'FNNSYLVANlA

'

THE AMERICAN ETHNOGRAPHICAL SURVEY. The Conestoga

Summer

Expedition,

1902.

(Preliminary Report.)

year 1897 a new ethnographical inquiry was begun by the publication of question forms in the quarterly In

the

Americana Germanica (Volumes

I and II). The field opened by these studies proved so attractive as to justify a more sustained effort of inquiry in the same direction. Accordingly, the general plan of an Ethnographical Survey was presented by M. D. Learned at the general meeting of the American Philosophical Society, held in Philadelphia in April, Following up this paper a meeting of the representa1902.

tives of the various race societies of the City of Philadelphia

and State

of

Pennsylvania was called by invitation of Mr.

J. G. Rosengarten, at the University Club, this meeting the following participated

May

:

Mr.

17, 1902. J.

At

G. Rosen-

German American Historical Society George W. Atherton, President of State College Professor M. G. Brumbaugh, the first Commissioner of Educa-

garten, President of the

;

Dr.

tion

;

in

Porto

Rico

Dr.

;

W.

P.

Wilson,

Director of

the

Commercial Museum Dr. C. J. Hexamer, President of the German American Alliance Mr. Arno Leonhardt, President of the Junger Mannerchor Professor Hermann Collitz, of Bryn Mawr College; Mr. Stewart Culin, of the University ;

;

;

Museum

;

Mr. G. B. Keen, Librarian of the Pennsylvania

^^c'2- \^

:

Historical Society

;

Philadelphia, representing the

Levy,

of

Sachse,

Dr. Julius F.

Pennsylvania German Society

Mr,

;

Welsh

the Jewish Association

the University of Pennsylvania

;

Jenkins, of

Society; President L. E.

Professor E. P. Cheyney,

;

of the University of Pennsylvania

Treasurer of the

Howard M.

Dr.

;

Herman

V. Ames, of

Professor M. D. Learned, of

the University of Pennsylvania.

The general plan

American Ethnographical Survey was laid before the meeting by M. D. Learned, and those present expressed their views of the undertaking, emphasizing the value of the work from the point of view of the race elements represented by their respective societies and the importance of the survey for the State and country at large. The general plan of the survey was heartily endorsed and a committee was appointed to formulate a detailed method of procedure. The committee consisting of J. G. Rosengarten, Chairman ex-officio, Geo. W. Atherton, C. J. Hexamer, Arno Leonhardt, M. G. Brumbaugh, Stewart Culin, M. D. Learned, Secretary, presented a few days later a definite plan of work. This committee approved the organization of an expedition for the summer of 1902, and recommended that funds be The German American Alliance and solicited for the purpose. German American Historical Society proceeded to collect the of the

necessary funds for this

summer expedition.

to defray the expenses of the first expedition

A sum of money was contributed

by the following J.

G. Rosengarten, $100 00 Schemm, 200 00

Peter

Isaac H. Clothier,

50 50 50 Clarence S. Bement, 100 Solomon Blumenthal, 25

George C. Thomas, Joseph Wharton,

00 00 00 00 00

Arno Leonhardt, C.

J.

Heppe,

$25 00 10 00

G. A. Schwartz,

10 00

F. C. Rollman,

25 00

C. J.

Schmidt & Sons, Levering Jones,

25 00

50 00

Bergdoll Brewing Co., 25 00

Other important assistance was given by the Hon. George F. Baer and Mr. R. M. Oberteuffer, and in the beginning by Mr. Joseph S. Harris and the late John C. Sims.

:

The expedition was then organized

as follows

M. D. Learned, Ph.D., Director, University G. D. Luetscher, Ph.D., Charles F. Brede, A.M.,

"

A. Bole, A.B., Charles R. Miller, Ph.D.,

Pennsylvania.

of

"

J.

E.

Brooklyn, New York. Bethlehem, Pa.

M. Fogel, A.M.,

The ments

of

work began with the

initial

original

German

settle-

Lancaster County, along the Pequea and Conestoga

into the other German counties of Eastern Pennsylvania and to the Western end of the State into Ohio. In the township of Strasburg the Survey was applied

Creeks, and extended

in its

rigid form of

entire township.

the

summer were

house to house visitation throughout the lines of work conducted during

The general as follows

:

German

Industries, particularly the various such as grist mills, saw mills, fulling mills, etc., and the various forms of distilling, which constituted in the first decades of the century a most important industry not only in Lancaster County, but in other 1.

kinds of

mills,

counties of the State as well.

In this study, the results

be presented by Dr. Luetscher, the Court House records, data from old account books running back

of

which

will

to the eighteenth century,

and other family and personal

records have been freely used, and the whole illustrated

2.

is

to

be

by photographic reproductions and maps.

German Occupations and Trades before

In this study the Court

House records were

1830.

helpful to a

degree, but much of the material had to be gathered from other sources lying scattered around in

certain

and among the family records. The investigation show a great preponderance garrets

German make among

results of this of articles of

the inhabitants of inland Pennsyl-

vania during the Colonial and Constitutional periods.

A

clearly how the handcountry town finally yielded to the larger productive activity of the imported or invented machines.

comparison

work

of the

3.

of data

Germans

shows very

in the

German Agriculture and Rural Archi-

tecture

also received special attention. In this field a larger territory has been covered, extending not only

throughout the German parts

of Pennsylvania, but into

New Jersey and New York and down Here the survivals are

Valley.

in

into the

many

Shenandoah

cases

still

intact

and

could be photographed. Under this head much material has been collected illustrating the various forms of agricultural implements, domestic utensils, the German

house and barn, the Conestoga wagon and the

like.

Old German Domestic

Life was studied in its and an abundance of material was gathered which illustrates the tenacity of German customs in their resistance to all invasion of modern forms and modes of life. In the territory chosen the Survey was exhaustively carried out, every family was visited and as many exact details as could be had were collected. This material will also be illustrated by appropriate photo4.

survivals

in

detail

graphic reproductions.

has been the

It

dition to treat these matters historically

eflfort of

the expe-

and comparatively,

and, as far as possible, chronologically. 5.

The Literary Life

of the

Germans

in Colonial

Pennsylvania was also carefully studied; a number of diaries and a mass of unpublished manuscripts bearing

upon the literary, political and social life of the early periods was collected. In this inquiry many families placed at the disposal of the Survey their family records and relics of various kinds which could be made serviceable in

completing the study.

This material

new and important chapter

a in the history of Pennsylvania. will constitute

5

The Religious, Social and Political Life Germans in their contact with the Scotch Irish, the EngHsh Quakers, the Welsh and other nationaUties was 6.

of the

investigated.

It

is

reasonable to expect that this study,

too, will furnish a clear insight into the actual contributions

made by

these various race elements to the history of the

development of the Commonwealth. Here, also, material was collected. 7.

The Speech Conditions

pied the serious attention of

going over the ground

illustrative

of the territory occu-

a part of the survey.

in

After

person and examining the

dialect peculiarities of the various localities,

two members

compiled the dialect test-words characUpon the terizing the speech of the German inhabitants. basis of these words circulars were prepared asking for speech data from the different localities with a view to of the expedition

constructing a Dialect Map, particularly of the portions of Pennsylvania.

the dialect

still

spoken

is

It

German

has been demonstrated that

a safe guide to the origin of the

Germans who settled in the Colonial period. This map will show the lines of speech difference along which the various dialects meet.

method

It

is

the intention to extend this

Welsh and other

of inquiry into the Scotch, Irish,

English speaking territories, and also to the settlements occupied by the natives of other foreign countries. 8.

Old Colonial Roads,

as the forerunners of the

commerce and travel represented by the railroad lines to the far west,

great thoroughfares of at the present time

received the attention of the expedition. will

In this study

be presented representing the trade

and

maps

travel routes

during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Incidental to these commercial routes will be given a historical account of the various forms of vehicles and means of transportation employed both on land and water ways. These studies will be accompanied by appropriate illustrations.

Incidentally a 9 Archaeological Collections. considerable number of objects of an archaeological character were collected

more

and

will constitute the

beginning

of

a

attempt to collect all obtainable objects life of Pennsylvania during the Colonial and later periods. The expedition had no special funds at its disposal for purchasing such articles, and was able to collect only such as were presented during the progress still

definite

relating to the early

of the

work.

members of and

it is

The ready

clear that with a

the most characteristic illustrated

co-operation which greeted the

the expedition, however,

moderate

was most

forms of Colonial

by an exhaustive

gratifying,

effort practically all of life

could be

collection of this character.

Maps, Charts, Tables, Etc. A large number of maps, and other illustrated matter are now in process of preparation, and will constitute valuable addition to what already exists. The work of the Survey demonstrated to the satisfaction of all the members that this method of inquiry is a most fruit ful one, and that this beginning is most timely. During the course of the summer, the members frequently came just too late to rescue some valuable document, some old diary, or charts, statistical tables,

old series of accounts, or historical chronicle from destruction

Not unfrequently we were greeted with the inforyou had only come a little earlier we could have given you barrels of stufT only a short time ago we burned a whole mass of books and records as old rubbish." So long as this state of things exists and the records of the people lie scattered over the State, it will be impossible to write a complete history of the State of Pennsylvania, or of any other State or oblivion.

mation, "

If

;

in the It

Union.

was the experience also

slightest recognition

on the part

of

the expedition

of the State, or

given by the State to the Survey, would

that the

any authority

make

accessible a

mass of material in the way of private and semi-private records, which were naturally withheld from the members

large

more or less private expedition. Quite often the was asked whether we were collecting under the If we could have said we had been authority of the State. sent out by the State, the people generally would have opened their garrets and cellars with even greater willingness to the inquiring members of the expedition. of

this

question

In this connection it is but fitting that public recognition should be given to all who assisted directly and indirectly in A complete list of the names of the work of the expedition.

be published with the full report. The first results of this preliminary survey will appear in The following pages the forthcoming issues of this monthly. contain Benj. Herr' s Journal i8jo, one of the documents loaned all

such

will

the expedition by Mr. A. A. Herr, of Lancaster, Pa.

M. D. Learned,

Director.

AN AMERICAN ETHNOGRAPHICAL SURVEY. The

plan of an American Ethnographical Survey has been

evolving for a decade and a half.

In the year 1888 the present

writer published a comparative study of the dialect of the Ger-

mans of Pennsylvania, basing Rhenish Palatinate

in the

spoken in Pennsylvania. in

the

his

results

upon data

collected

in their relation to the

German

At

clear that even

German population

that time

of the

it

State

became

more or

defined dialect territories, or speech islands, ten years later a definite plan

still

was formulated

less

existed.

dialect

sharply

Some

for special investi-

gation not only into the language, but also into the other cultural survivals of the

Germans

Circulars were

in this country.

accordingly issued from time to time in the quarterly Americana

Germanica,

answers to

asking for

specific

inquiries touching

Meanwhile much progress had been made by other countries in this and related fields. The growing activity of the various Ethnological and Ethnographical Societies of Europe, England and America had made continuous advance in many directions. The epochal work of Wencker, conducted under the patronage of the German Government and with the co-operation of some thirty thousand German schoolmasters and published, in part, in Wencker's Sprachatlass, marking the these subjects.

present boundaries of the del

of

German

dialects of the

Rhine the commission appointed

German and French speech

man

lower and mid-

to establish the

boundary

line

as spoken along the Franco-Ger-

border and the dialect studies in Switzerland represented

the Schweizerisches Idiotikon and the

of Swiss

German

texts

more

in

recent collections

found in Sutermeister's Mundart-Literor-

tur, as well as related studies in the dialects of

other

German

:

An

2

provinces,

all

American Ethnographical Survey

placed the Germans in the forefront of such philo-

and glottographical studies. Then followed meanwhile the mammoth plan of the English Dialect Dictionary under the editorship of Professor Wright, successor to the chair so long

logical

held by Professor societies of

Miiller.

In 1898 the following great

England,

The The The The The The The The united,

Max

Anthropological Institute, Folklore Society, Society of Antiquaries of London,

Royal

Statistical Society,

Dialect Society,

Cambrian Archaeological Society, Society of Antiquaries of Scotland,

Royal Irish Academy,

under the auspices of the British Association for the

Advancement of

Science, in the projection of an "Etlinographical

Survey of the United Kingdom," following up the work of the This Photographic Survey of Birmingham and other places. Survey contemplated the examination of some three hundred and fifty selected centres throughout the United Kingdom and issued circulars soliciting information concerning the following

general subjects 1.

Physical Types of the Inhabitants.

2.

Current Traditions and Beliefs.

3.

Peculiarities of Dialect.

4.

Monuments and Other Remains

5.

Historical Evidences as to Continuity of Race.

of Ancient Culture.

Closely related to the researches in the English dialects, a

number of Americans organized the American Dialect Society One of the for the purpose of studying American English. officers

of this Society, Professor George Hempl, set about the

study of the territorial distribution of English dialects in the

United States.

An

American Ethnographical Survey

3

In April, 1902, the present writer presented the plan of an

American Ethnographical Survey before the general meeting The plan was definitely formulated and a sum of money was collected under the auspices of the German American Historical Society and the German American Alliance and an expedition was sent out during the summer of 1902 to investigate the history and condition of the German and other settlements of Pennsylvania and to furnish of the American Philosophical Society.

incidentally accurate data for an estimate of the cost of such a

The

survey, extending over the entire State.

results of this sur-

vey were most gratifying and encouraged the representatives of the enterprise to present a

amount of twenty thousand

asking for State aid to the

bill

dollars to defray the expenses of an

Ethnographical Survey of Pennsylvania. ing to have a commercial value, was

This

bill,

not appear-

in the committee.

stifled

Another opportunity, however, was offered by the Executive Committee of the Pennsylvania Commission of the Jamestown Exposition (of which Governor Pennypacker was President) to incorporate

some of the

ideas of the

Survey

in the

Pennsylvania

History Exhibit at the Jamestown Exposition.

Character and Plan of Survey. The term "Ethnographical" selected because the

instead of "Ethnological"

Survey has the

a Culture Census, and differs accordingly, from surveys both in aim and method.

by most

was

clearly defined character of

It will

specialists in these lines, that

all

preceding

be admitted, doubtless,

much

of the ethnological

and ethnographical work done on both sides of the Atlantic has been more or

less

and there many It will

antiquarian in character with, to be sure, here

brilliant

comparative studies of

specific subjects.

be noted that even the proposed Ethnographical Survey

of the United Kingdom, referred to above, selected certain central

An

4 points for

its

American Ethnographical Survey

inquiry, instead of sweeping the entire territory

of the relatively small compass of the British

with a view

Isles,

to mapping and charting the speech and culture boundaries and

The American Ethnographical Survey, on

overlappings.

the

contrary, contemplates a sweeping and exhaustive examination

by the census method of the entire territory selected and the collection of all available data relating to public

and private docu-

ments, domestic occupations, trades and industries, geographical

and sociology,

distribution of race elements, education, politics,

language, literature, architecture, and domestic

life;

and upon

the basis of these data the construction of maps, charts,

race elements in the

and

migration and interaction of the several

tables, illustrating the

American population and thus furnish

a

culture census of the country at large.

The terms

"American people," "American

"American,"

Nation," "American Commonwealth," are stupendous composites

and mean something different

in

every State of the Union. There

among

has been a strong tendency

to treat the History of the United States as sistent whole.

American History a more or less con-

writers of

Fortunately special investigation

tending toward

is

one of two extremes, namely, toward purely documentary tory

on the one hand or toward antiquarian

other.

It

can hardly be said as yet that

local study

we have

his-

on the

entered the

field

of culture history as a distinct science, save in the field of the

aboriginal races.

There

is

manifest to be sure an interest, more

keen than well-informed, in the general race problems of America. Such works as Houston Stewart Chamberlain's recent study of the Heirs of the Ages, and Michaud's article in a recent volume of the Century are based either upon very general

phenomena or upon

and generalizations are often wide of the philosophical generalization scientific

value

unless

both method

insufficient data, so that

is

based

interesting in

upon

specific

The broad

truth. itself,

and

but has no

accurate

and

An

American Ethnographical Survey

The composite photograph

minute data.

5

presents an interesting-

picture as the camera reproduces composite types, but

we have

no evidence that such a composite has been or ever w^ill be reproduced by the processes of natural generation. Nature reproduces varieties by processes as yet imperfectly understood and makes combinations by laws as yet only dimly apprehended and in all of her reproductive processes manifests a principle of evo-

lution giving endless variety without perhaps a single pase of

exact duplication. If

we wish

to

know what

the influences of a given race

element or of a group of race elements in their interaction are in

why

the process of naturalization,

should

we go

to those

remote

periods, which have left but scanty records of their events, while

the greatest naturalization process the world has ever

now going on

own

before our eyes in our

land, offering

told wealth of fact only awaiting the investigator?

to trace the influence of the trade,

and

Jew upon

known

If

is

an un-

we wish

the history of commerce,

finance, the inexhaustible sources of material in

Amer-

ican history furnish the inquirer with materials far richer than

those scanty records of the Middle Ages.

we wish

If

to test

the persistence, endurance, commercial or industrial prowess or the state craft or intellectual fibre, the moral or physical character

of a given nationality, where can

it

be

more advantageously

studied than in this seething cauldron, which

is

doing over the

nationalities of the old world into the commonwealths and free

republics of It is

America?

a striking fact that

we

are relatively

more thoroughly Amer-

informed concerning the culture of the aboriginal races of

who have built up the Of these various seeds of a new civilization

ica

than about those more recent peoples,

life

and

institutions of the

nationalities in

American

American Republic.

which have planted the soil

duced a type of

and, by the blending of ethnical traditions, pro-

civilization,

able culture of the

which bids

fair to

Old World, we have,

outrank the vener-

at best, only general

An

6

American Ethnographical Survey

What

documentary information. tail

of the

accurate data have

we

in de-

New

even of the successors of the Puritans in

life

England, of the Cavaliers of Virginia, of the Dutch on the Hud-

Swedes on the Delaware, of the French in Louisiana and in the Mississippi Valley and in Canada, of the Spaniards in the South and Southwest, of the Germans, who have in the course of a century and a half grown to a tenth of our population, and in the various States of the Union engrafted a new culture upon our English stalk and bid fair in the near future to bring the great American Republic into cultural rivalry with the great German Empire? While we have scanty information of these older race elements in our population, we are still more scantily instructed as to the actual significance, tendencies, and possibilities of more recent immigrations, such as the Hungarians,

son, of the

Poles, Italians, Russian Jews,

the

main

who

others,

many of our industrial interests. known that whole districts of many

are

now

stays in

It is well cities

and hosts of

of our large

are occupied by these newly imported foreign elements,

speaking their

own

language, retaining their

own

habits of

life.

and purposes, forming miniature foreign settlements under the protection of the American flag. What do we know of the actual process by which these elements are Americanized ? It is possible, that in the near future a President and, to

all

intents

with a German, Italian or other foreign name

White House,

just as

now

may

sit

in the

a Knickerbocker directs the Ship of

State; but of the circuitous course leading from the Bowery, or the corner fruit stand, to Congress or the

White House, we have

as yet but an inadequate account.

Then,

too,

the relative efficiency of these race elements

requires investigation.

conditions political

is

Their capacity for adaptation to new and

varied, their religious, moral, ethical, social,

points of view are of the greater importance in the

growth of American

institutions.

In a general

way we

are

most ready to pass judgment and form generalizations upon the

An American relative

Ethnographical Survey

7

merits of the respective nationalities, but

it

must be

evident to every careful observer that present conditions alone are not safe indications of race tendencies which have developed

during the course of one or more generations and that the

real

interpretation of the race propensities can be determined only

by historical treatment of the

life

of these nationalities

from and

even before their arrival upon American shores.

Culture Census. It

doubtless sufficiently clear, that a thorough analysis

is

and interpretation of the

civilization of

our American Republic

cannot be made until a systematic plan for collecting data, both

and

in the present

earlier periods has been inaugurated.

The

proposed American Ethnographical Survey presents such a plan.

The work

is

manner of a census, and two separate problems, both of which could be

to be conducted after the

to be divided into

solved at the same time.

The

first

phase of the work contemplated

is

a Race Census,

representing the ethnical distribution and cultural characteristics of the population as

it

now

exists;

and upon the basis of the

data thus collected the construction of an Ethnographical

Map,

showing not only the numbers of the several foreign elements, which can be gained roughly from the United States Census, but also the specific cultural features of these race elements, such as

language,

occupation,

industrial

distribution,

as they actually

exist.

The second phase

of the survey consists in collecting, in

connection with the census above mentioned,

all

available data

for the reconstruction of the race conditions in the earlier periods

of our history.

One most important

result of this

work would

be the construction of an Ethnographical Census of the colonial period,

together with race

maps showing

the distribution of

the foreign elements in different epochs of the colonial period,

An American

8

Ethnographical Survey

now missing census up to made by the government.

thus furnishing the systematic census

the time of the

first

In connection with this census and series of ethnographical

maps

it

show

will be possible to

the causes influencing the geo-

graphical distribution of these various nationalities in the

and to geography and

ican colonies

trace their migration,

local

official

warrants, deeds, tax

by the closer study of and private documents, such as land

military rolls, and the like,

lists,

Amer-

and thus

present graphically to the eye the results of the interaction of

geographical industrial, commercial, and economic conditions in

and

the respective periods

localities.

The Preliminary Survey. The Conestoga In the

summer

Expedition, 1902.

of 1902 a preliminary test of this survey

was made by the inauguration of the Conestoga Expedition. The work of the expedition was limited for the most part to those parts of interior Pennsylvania first settled by the Germans. The plan of work was to select a small territory, which could be compassed within the brief space of the vacation, and to

thorough house-to-house canvass. prepared

in

make

Specific question blanks

name of the owner or members of both sides of the

advance, asking for the

of the wife and the earlier

a

were

tenant,

family,

the origin of the respective branches of the family, the

names and number of children, the type of house and barn, the present and traditional occupation of the family, the religious persuasion, the habit of dress, the political and social attitude, beliefs and superstitions, physical

fare

and other family

and mode of cooking, education,

As

traits,

the language, the

etc.

a result of this thorough-going inspection a great mass

of interesting and valuable material was collected and

presented in brief form. possible to

make many

From

is

the data thus obtained,

generalizations.

now it

is

An

American Ethnographical Survey

In the settlement of a

9

new country geography, both

and physical, plays an important

poHtical

determining to a great

role,

degree the distribution of the population. turn, often

Political geography, in undergoes great changes in consequence of its own

determinative influence upon early settlement.

original

United States, as related

The

geography

in the colonial period to the

of Spain, England and France, will furnish a good example of this.

The

War,

Civil

and economical,

partly racial and social, and partly industrial

furnish another instance in which the at-

will

tempt to change geographical boundaries proved

Indeed,

futile.

from the part of the negro, in the Civil War, still awaits adequate treatment. The influence of the Germans in forming the flame of abolition sentiment and in actually aiding in the victories of the North were most significant. The great force of the German press of America in the the race factor, apart

who had

hands of men.

new

Republic,

was

themselves sought political liberty in the

directed against the institution of slavery.

Physical Geography. is

determined

quality of the tains

—

all

The

selection of a place of settlement

to a great extent by physical geography. soil,

the location of waterwa3^s, valleys and

Accordingly

influence.

found ample material, showing

the

how

Conestoga

arable

lands

were found the

forces

In the fertile thirfty

German made

In the mine regions, where iron and other ores

farmers.

mining

of the valleys

Expedition

these geographical

had affected the distribution of race elements

The moun-

profitable in the colonial period,

In the regions where

distilling

was

in

were found the Welsh.

vogue was the Irishman.

In the centres of industry and trade and on the frontiers of enterprise

were found the Englishman, the Yankee and the Scotch

Irishman.

The landmarks of in

these early settlements are

the local geography, in the

still

names of persons and

preserved

places.

—

:

An American

lo

Personal Names.

It

Ethnographical Survey Is

a striking fact that

the

country

regions, notwithstan(hng the flux and flow of population inci-

dent upon modern progress, have retained conservatively the

names of the

The proportion

ealier families.

represented in the districts examined,

was

of family names

as follows

In the Township. Proportion of

German names

Proportion of English,

etc.,

in

names

lOO.

.

.

.

in 100.

Proportion of French names in 100

79 19 2

100 In the case of place names the

Place Names.

found

in

many

instances

still

in local use,

German was

although the

map no

German name, but employs the more Of local names still found on the map

longer has any trace of the recent English instead.

and indicating original race settlements, the following are nificant 1.

sig-

:

Names

of foreign places whence the settlers came.

Strasburg, Heidelberg, Manheim, Lititz, Lancaster, York, Little Britain, Caerenvon, gal,

Colerainey,

Dunmore, Cumberland, Done-

Conroy. 2.

Names

pointing to Biblical traditions

of

the

sects.

Bethlehem, Nazareth, Lebanon, Gnadenhiitten, Emaus, Ephrata,

Mt. Nebo, Bethesda; of also Eden, Providence, Paradise. Hosensack, Klaffcrthal, Hesseldal, German 3. Locol Color. Valley, Grofsteddel, Habentozvn, Schafersteddel.

Census of the Conestoga Expedition,

A

preliminary report of the Conestoga Expedition was pub-

lished in the first

1903.

1902.

number of German American Annals,

Jan.

Since that time the statistics gathered have been collated

and may be presented more that these statistics should

in detail.

now

It is the

more opportune

take the form of an

official report,

since the work of the survey has found a wider recognition in

An

American Ethnographical Survey

ii

its Director and Albert Cook Myers to prepare the Pennsylvania History Exhibit at the Jamestown Exposition of 1907. What the original Conestoga Expedi-

the State, in the appointment of

tion inaugurated will thus, in an extended form, find expression in a series of historical

maps, showing the movements and

racial

elements of the population of Pennsylvania and Western Mary-

To

land and the great valley of Virginia.

the results as repre-

Myers

sented in these maps, the independent studies of Mr.

maps showing

constructing

in

frontier lines of settlement have been

an important contribution.

The work

of the Conestoga Expedition centered

in

the

Conestoga and Pequea Valleys of Lancaster County, more particularly

the

in

cultural census

Township of Strasburg, of which was made, with a view to showing

a careful, the actual

survivals of the life of the original settlers, the statistics for

which

will

be given farther on.

investigations

were carried on

In addition to these in various directions

statistics,

throughout

members of the expedition. Much of work is still going on, and will be published in more extended form when completed. Another member of the expedition, John A. Bole, made a thorough investigation at his own expense of the history of the German Community Settlement at Ecomemy, the country by the several

this

which have been published

Pa., the results of

American Annals, and Monograph

Series,

are

reprinted

in a

1902.

Strasburg Borough

Stasburg

Township

233I

if Man

\

i

._ .,_, census taker)

German

volume of the

Americana Germanica.

CULTURAL CENSUS Families

in the

._

German

141 16

Swiss Other^

335 242

48

16 52

122

213

5

13 S3

} J

]

Wife

I

German Swiss Other

* Fifteen additional families were not families, three refused to };ive data, nine were » Scotch, Irish, English, etc.

88 examined

for various reasons; three were not seen for good reasons.

away or were

negro

An American

Ethnographical Survey

CULTURAL CENSUS German

Origin (as known by

the

people themselves)

I

....

Swiss

Families

Other

Families / Individuals .

41 21 14 12 12

Painters

Laborers

Tobacco Workers

...

etc.)

Millers

7

6

Merchants (Storekeepers, etc.)

6

Bakers

5

Butchers

5

Bricklayers

Cabinetmakers Druggists

Coach Painters Shoemakers Miners Plasterers

Blacksmiths Jewelers Insurance Agents Driver Confectioner

Postmaster

Liveryman Dressmaker

Occupations

Veterinary Minister

..........

Brickmaker Engineer Plumber Dentists

Tinsmiths

Wagonmakers Coachmakers Saddlers Hotelkeepers Contractor Bank Cashier

....

Bank Tellers Journalist Masons Weavers Railroad

Men

Coopers Teachers Presbyterian Clergyman Methodist Clergyman

.

.

.

....

Sexton Florists .

Surveyor

.

.

.

87

•

•

9

•

•

•

39

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

•

•

•

.

.

.

30

Carpenters

Cattlemen (Drovers,

Strasburg Township

ID 14

.

Farmers

r

1902.

Strasburg Borough Families 28 Individuals .... 38

222 5 I

37 I

An

American Ethnographical Survey

CULTURAL CENSUS

13

1902.

Strasburg

Strasburg

Borough Families Individuals

45' i8

.

Methodists Presbyterians '

13

| ?T'-if' Individuals

20

Old f Families Mennonites \ Individuals

18 25

New

15*

1

(.

.

Families Individuals f Families Brethren \ Individuals / Families Lutherans \ Individuals German ( Families Reformed ( Individuals f

Mennonites United

.

(

.

Religious Status

.

Episcopalians i

{f„X>'-^,^ /

Catholics

Families

(

(

.

Worldly

Att

i t u Social

in

the

signs

de on

tions

,

(Actual practioners)

.

.

4

4

9

o

o

I

13

I

o

I

o

I

4

I

I

o o 20 66

6 4 67 42

37

96

3

3

.

Families \ Individuals f

Liberal

19

179 9

249 24

66

107

4

f Families \ Individuals

Strict

Ques-

27

13

.

regularly \ Individuals

SpeakPenna. Ger-

f

man occasionally \ Understand Penna.

f

German \

Families Individuals .

Families Individuals

Speak English

.

f Families only t Individuals

Speak High German

New

o 57 o

.

Speak Penna. Ger- j Families

Language

8

8

,

not vote

man

78 23 16

the

of

moon

Do

2

9

Vote

Politics

.

I

Plain Liberal

Powwowers

.

13 12

.

.

Believe

,

3

.

Superstition

18 12

o

Families Individuals

t Individuals River Brethren j Families (Dunkers) \ Individuals Non-Commu- f Families nicants \ Individuals

Dress

.

2

.

/Families

Baptists

.

.

611

\ Individuals

Quakers

.

.

9 3 II

.

I

Township .

.

27

34 66

36

27

19

39

22

41 85

33 63 46

61

i

«4

75

' Fifteen families and four individuals of theie Methodists were not connected with the Mennonite families. * Seven of these were the female heads of the families. * Ten of these were female heads of the families. * Lately immigrated from Germany.

—

An American

14

Ethnographical Survey

Schnitz un nepp

o 76 o 6 9 o 82 24

Fassnachts Deitschakas Haffekas

23 81 5

Pannhas

71

40 35 o 84 74 74

Sauerkraut

85

87

Kopkas Ballekas

Schmirkas

LSdw6r6k

Dialect Words, Familia

in

Both Forms.

Bamgarde/^bungert Blooge/^zackere Fahrt/^falder Forbe/^forbau/^forschusz dirche/^^derche wegelche/^piidche

Emer/^

kivel

Dunkler/^triver/^ Wolkicher (dag)

\ '

tit-

r

^^

9^

Dafe/^dunke Ladera^lutzer Ebm61s/