The Accusative With Infinitive and some Kindred Constructions in English 9780231891769

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COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY STUDIES IN ENGLISH SERIES II. VOL. H I , N o . 3.

THE ACCUSATIVE WITH INFINITIVE AND SOME KINDRED CONSTRUCTIONS IN ENGLISH

T H E ACCUSATIVE WITH INFINITIVE AND SOME KINDRED CONSTRUCTIONS IN ENGLISH

BY

JACOB ZEITLIN, PH. D.

ißeto gorb THE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS 1908 All rights reserved

Copyright,

1908

B Y T H E COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS P r i n t e d from t y p e August, 1908

PBKSS J. H. FL'RST

or COMPANY

BALTIMORE

The Monograph hat been approved by the Department of English in Columbia University at a contribution to knowledge worthy of publication. A. H. THORN

DIKE, Sü veit i minum hfise vera

Hrafnk., 9.

dcema: dcemdan ySr vitislauasan cefSa

Gitl., 44, 123.

Verbs of speaking: segja:fc>eirsogSu oklcr eiga bora saman

Kristn., 22.

|>eir sogiu hann svikit hafa länardrottinn sinn

Hervor., 24.

Heiirekr segir son Haralds konungs vera ceztan

Hervar., 25.

eigi nennir Darius heSan af at segja hamingja blinda vera IcvcSa: hann kvai >ai eigi vera Ülfr kvafi Hann mundu gört af Haraldi

Alex., 46. Hrafnk., 13.

rtfia, en kyai ser mart hafa vtrii i möt Gid., 44, 60.

H i kveii ek alb« kvena vergjarnasta vera

jEgisdr., 17.

at )>ü )>er Frey kveftir öleifiastan lifa

Skirnism., 19.

kalla: kalla ek yfir vera yfirkomna konungr kallaiSi eon HeiSreka vera oeztan

Sn. Edda, 28. Hervar., 25.

telja: tel ek brteSr |>tna hafafallit ügilda ä själfra sinna verkum Egilss., 163. taldi \>rada Steinars hafa nögar sakir til gört

Egilss., 216.

)>eir tolSu hann veriSa mundu ägsetan mjok at afli

Sn. Edda, 19.

Construction with predicate participle or adjective: bidja: konungr baft hann velkominn

Fonun., I, 16.

v ü j a : >eir er Jni yilja feigan

Dropl., 35.

sjä: |>eir sä Romveya nSr alia laupa >>ar väpnaSa

Gid., 44, 149.

trüa trüir )>ü. ^ann gvX

Sn. Edda, 4.

vienta: ventir ek H* mer ok t>eim aUrautUm

QUI., 44, 122.

39 deema: dcema hinn vesta mann teijan, t j d f , ok mtmdrapmann

slrilja: jarlinn skildi 1 >>vi kominn endadag tmn

Fornm., y, 388.

vita: hann vissi ml eigi t«r til mjok uiiian ok tanfcrran ga maSr er yer vitum matan ok agmztan

i>i konu er hann yissi vmntta segja : hon segir Jxx »alia

Band., 18.

Stjorn., 2.

Sn. Edda, 5.

Selg. Hjorr., pref. Band., 14.

fring skal UiuM segja

drag., 107.

Icvetta: SteingerSr kvai hann vBnan ]>ik kvei ek oblauHaslan alinn telja : J>eir telja hana fullmjok djarfa ok uviira

Korm., 18. Fnfnism., 23. FlaUy, I, 40. Sn. Edda, 4.1

jata : jatum ver hann yuS

This very free use of the construction in Old Norse is highly interesting in view of its greatly restricted limits in modern Danish. With verbs of mental perception and declaration the use has been almost extinct since the Renaissance, finde being practically the only verb of these categories which now admits the construction.2 (8)

Summary

From a brief survey it appears that a number of the Indo-Germanic languages at a very early period in their history possessed the construction of an accusative with infinitive in its simplest and most limited form after verbs of causation—a construction in which accusative and infinitive were at first separately dependent on the main verb. In some dialects, such as the Sanskrit, it developed very little beyond 'All the Old Norse examples are taken from Lund's Oldnordisk Ordf; erst der Zusammenhang gibt zu erkennen, ob die active oder passive gemeint werde. . . . " Grimm : Deutsche Grammatik, I V , 61-63. See also Wilhelm, 3 6 ; Wülfing, I I , 191; S t e i g : ZtfdPh., X I I , 311. ' Of none of the examples classed in this way can the positive assertion be made that the infinitive is passive. I have here included all examples in which the passive interpretation is probable.

45

leton him )>a betweonum loan wurian Swi bitS gomena gehwam ee oftost his unwcrlice on Ins Uenan tld lif bisceawafi, lietett hine beewlcan burh swetne stenc Swa strife nearwelice he hit lett tit atpyrian )«et. . eauUlas he let vyrcean

1099.

Andr.,

Whale, 62. .

Chronicle,

216.

lb., 220.

he let \rtagan mid heardum broce, )«t hi leornigen J>one crseft get>yldellcu Boethiu», 133, 26. alios duns agilari, ut virtuteB animi. . . oonfirmant gif hi letafl hi telfe btbyrgan on haligre stowe Gregory : Dialogue», 341, 36. eume

si in Bacro loco »epeliri te faciant Leet At ealU fordun

^Elfric, 96, 155.

ne let )>u me naht bemncan, ne nSfre min gewit fram be gehwerfao, ne min mtzg^had afylan

And ne lit )>u me nsfre mine saule bvntnain don (active infinitive) : Oc se ilee Heanri dide >one king to understandene

lb., 172, 67.

175, 175.

lb.,

Chronicle,

257 ; 259.

dide him gyuen up toet aSJrice of Burch andfaren ut of lande lb., 262.

dide heom eumen bider \>om eadigan Maiheum

lb.,

he gedyde gangan t5 J>am east-dele BlicJc. Horn.,

266. 239.

utan biddan selmihtine Godfteie eardian deft )>a eadmodan in his feeder huse Bede, 602, 18.1 In Middle English the construction spread rapidly to all verbs of causing and became the regular syntactical combination after these words. •Cited by Wülfing, II, 184. The examples after don here quoted are exhaustive for the texts examined.

46 let (passive infinitive) ; He let kym, J>o he was ded, burye at )>ilke gate

Kobt. o( Glouc., 44.

Ober radde, tat he schulde al myd be kyndome Jb., 89. late ys dogter spousi to an hey prince of Rome lete his doughtur be y spoused

Ib., note.

A myehel tour longe & brade ID Ierusalem he let be made

Curt. Mundi, 7877.

But if he let hit so be hid

Ib., 9279.

do (active infinitive) : and his up ariste do me tsiepen uwward in heie and boli t>eawes Horn., i, 207. forte don him

widerstanden

Ib., 221 ; il, 57 ; 145, etc.

he do3 men hungren and hauen "Srist

O. E. Misc., 17, 543.

benne dot> him pyne nyhtes wake

Ib., 95, 60.

and don hem monen his sinfulhed 2351 ; 2752 ; 2927 ; 3482.

Gen.-Ex.,

don (passive infinitive) : And to her ynne dud hit be bom

180.

Cur». Mundi, 4856.

And dude her saeket to be vndone

Jb.,

5004.

Forgyue me )>at I dud you take In to bondes wi^outen sake

Jb., 6079.

I shal you do aqueynted to be

Ib.,

his modir dud him for to hide

Ib., 5609.

A cofur of yerdes dud she be wrougt

Ib.,

5614.

Do hit in (>e fuyr be brini

Ib.,

6086.

And have my trouthe, but thou it finde so, I be thy bote, or that it be ful longe, To peces do me drawe, and sithen honge

Troilus, 1, 831.

flor thei seyn thow dedist their brother to be slain

Merlin, 41.

and how ye sholde do hym be brent

lb.,

5298.

51.

comaunde her that she do the childe to be delyuered

lb.,

89.

do the to be bore in a lytier

lb.,

92.

dide hym to bt baptised

lb., 112, etc.

47 malte (active infinitive) : >ine licome >e hit )x makerS don

Hom., I, 21.

and makede aritm mid him alle )>a )>et him efden er ihereumed Ib., 141 ; 205 ; 267 ; 269. he m&keS \>e unbilefulU man to leuen make« him to foriate his aihte

Ib., il, 11. Ib., 13 ; 29 ; 111 ; 213.

t>e blynde he makede loki and )>e dede aryse he make> e» don sunnen

O. E. Mise., 39, 54. Ib., 72, 7, etc.

Alle men owe )>at lord to drede )«t made mon io haue mede

Curi. Mundi, 271.

slegely he made Adam to siepe Ib., 626 ; 808 ; 1865 ; 2517, etc. make (passive infinitive) : feimesse and lufsum neb, fiesch hwit under schrud makes moni mon beo luued te raSer and te mare Hom., I, 269. He made va alle in baie be brougt

Ourt. Mundi, 614.

Si|> he made him alle ou t dryue Foule & beest mon & wyue

Ib., 1909.

Alle speke of hir she was so shene And so hir prevsed to )>e kynge >at he hir made to him brynge

Ib., 2416.

)>is verrei knowlechynge schal make men to ben approued of crist at J>e day of dome Wyclif, 22. ve knoweth well that he maketh hem to ben imisahen in a water Merlin, 2. make iitobe baptùeih

Ib., 14.

The kynge made hem alle be thett in a stronge house 76., 29 ; 26 ; 40 ; 57 ; 62 ; 64 ; 68 ; etc. nede (active infinitive) : man him wile neden his sinnes lo forleten >ei neden prestis to figtte & werre

Hom., li, 75. Wyclif, 99.

& nedid alle presti* to leue )>e betre & take the worse lif nede (passive infinitive) : & 80 Ni neden hem to be dampnyd

Ib., 57.

gar (active infinitive) : Til Gregory gerte elerkes to go here and precbe

Pieri Pi,

Ib., 190.

xv, 436.

48 gar (passive infinitive) : Thyne absens gars Ihi sauli be shent

Tovmlty, 350, 299.

(com)move (active infinitive): And many tymes haue moeued (x to fcinie on

ende

Pier» PL, xii, 4. and this commeveth me to tpeJce

Troilvs, v, 1783.

hy the whiche he moaed gretely hit goodne* for to /orgyue hym Fisher, 73, 29. forsothe it sholde moue vtt to haue pyte & oompassyon lb., 280, 28 ; 299, 1 ; 344, 3 1 ; 374, 8 ; 389, 2. b r i n g : H e o b r o g t e oure lord Jhem

Christ to dye on |>e r o d e

Robt. of Glouc., 61.

bind: thou hast vtterly bounde me by thy grace and many-folde Fisher, 40, 14. benefytes to be thy seruaunt. cause (active infinitive) : cause me to dye

Troilus, HI, 1505.

Yet, er that ye me cause so to merle

lb., iv, 1448.

This prison caused me not for to erye

C. T., A, 1095.

I shall not do nothinge that sholde cause hym to be angry

Merlin,

51.

and that sholde cause hym to foryete a grete partie of his sorowe lb., 71. cause (passive infinitive): be about to cause tynnee to be done Fisher, 20, 29. that may so spedefully cause any ereature to be blyssed

lb., 23, 19.

h e m a y c a u s e the kynges pyte in h i s b e s y n e s to be obteyned and had

lb.,

73, 13.

99, 7; 102, 16; 133, 6 ; 155, 36; 398, 1. causing some of them to be taken

More, 346 G.

whiche els he shal cause to be done unto us himself

lb., 369 F, etc.

c a u s e them to be so instructed and furnitshed F o r h e c a u s e d the countrayes . . . to be discribed

causinge them to be taught that lerninge

E l y o t , 27.

and paynted

lb.,

78.

lb., 168, etc.

compel: bat he compelle not for his pride }>u suget topulte bihynde )>e betre worschipynge of god Wyclif, 33.

49 compel! them by his ponysshement to do penaunce compellynge her to eryt

Fisher, 40, 35.

lb., 300, 22 ; 385, 6.

constrain: A noon obedience scholde oonstreyne a prat to witteneue a faishede Wyclif, 36. a port man J*i constreynen to tynne bi manas

lb., 63.

hou schalde Inn ony synful wrecche . . . oonstreyne men to bileue )«t he is heayd of holy chirche ? certis tei constreynen men nantyme to bileue . . . Wyclif, 84 ; 85 ; etc. He that hath done bis doty and constrayned hynudfe so besyly and many tymes to maJte satysfaccyon Fisher, 26, 18. draw : what thyng drawee hym for to ordayne his will all at goddes will Hampole, I, 21. enforce : They enforced theyr ennemies to dryIce on lande

Elyot, 180.

stir: t>e fadir of lesyngis )*t stirede J>e heige prestit & phariteei in criitis tyme to putt on hym & his disciplis . . . Wyclif, 27. god almygtty stire|> prutit, lordit & amunes to btowe ypocrisie lb., 140; 176; 189. And that lyght of grace stereth . . . the fouUt to brynge forth the fruyte of good werkes Fisher, 37, 27. stereth the aynner to do penaunce 276, 7 ; 374, 29.

Fisher, 159,16.

blind : >e fend blyndi> ypoeritii to ezeu»e hem by feyned contemplatif lif Wyclif, 188.

(2)

Verbs of Advising,

etc.

In verbs of advising, teaching, persuading, and the like, the causative element is sufficiently prominent, but it is modified by a secondary notion. In Old English Iceran and tcecan generally are followed by a direct object in the accusative case and by a clause in which the substantive is repeated, e. g., hint ISrde, Jmi he aceolde drihten to deafte belewan -£lfric, 153, 45.

But the briefer accusative with infinitive construction is sometimes employed. 4

50 lieran : God tu laere« uxtecan

jEliric, 168, 404.

God üs liercS fculan and selmessan n/Uan earmum mannum Ib., 168, 108. üecan : tiec me )>inne willall to wyreenne

Boeth., 149, 21.

ac Crist aylf and his apoetolas ¿s tühton SgBer to healdenne ^Elfric: Pentateuch, 24.

In Middle English, however, the latter construction becomee the more common, soon supplanting the other completely. leren : K> )>e leren t>e folc to widerstanden god noht mid weldede ac mid wise speche

Ham., II, 93.

and leren eich man to helpen him seluen )>e hwile he mai •5e läge tu lere« to don god And tome he lered to laboure 242 ; 244.

Jb., 185.

O. E. Mite., 10, 297. Piers PL, XIX, 231.

learn (passive infinitive) : I shalle be j o u r rescowe and lerne hym to be ruled as a knyghte Malory, 197, 10. teach : Gif he seolf nule don swa swa he heom techetS to donne Horn., i, 109. techen t>e folke godes hesne to done n, 7 5 ; 119.

Ib.,

139.

AUe men he tauhte to holde treowe laue

O. E. Misc., 38, 45.

And wisse us and theche To im/ten vs wyj> J>an vnwihte

Ib., 72, 3.

how worschipen J>ei and techen o^ere to worchipe

Wyclif, 9.

wissen (and filsten) : wisseb us to leden ure lif on clennesse

Horn., ii, 7.

wisse'S hem to widerstanden wat is uuel

Ib.,

39.

wisse and fulste tu swo to folgen his holi eor gliche procession

Ib., 93.

" Holy writt," quod bat weye, " wisseth men to suffrt" Piers PL, XI, 374. wissen (passive infinitive) : bat wissen rs to be saved

Piers PL, x n , 271.

51 k e n n e n : if m o n k e n n e i y o v h o m io knowe

Henne me bi somme craft x, 338 ; xiv, 16.

to Icnove

reden : readett u» ant leareS forte

Gavaine,

J>e fata

geme

Pier»

men

redde Resoun Jo

lo haue Pier»

I rede

ye

not youre broker

But, after wo, I rede 1t»

n , 4.

PL,

Intel alle fallisele t>ing i, 255.

Hom.,

Ic rede Ve Kng, nu faer bi-foren, To maken lattea and gaderen coreo Somme

1484.

2133.

Oen.-Ex.,

reuthe on t«t achrewe PL,

iv, 110 ; x, 266 ; u n ,

»lo

Cura.

to be mene

C. T.,

442.

4128.

Mundi,

A, 3068.

counsel : Gif )>ei counseilen men to be bysi a-boute worldliche richessis . . . and conseilen men more to taken vengaunce Wyclif, 16 ; 17. Conseilled eaym to billeri bis brother rx, 195 ; xv, 337 ; x i x , 195 ; 389. adviae : wherfore they aduyaed

(hem

Pier»

in no wyse

I, 66.

PI.,

to mette

Malory, 175, 13. alway I wolde aduyse hym noi lo longe in tbat tedious laboura

the childe to Elyct, 55.

detayne

m u n e g e n : Ihadede men h e munege'S wel to lerene ilewede m e n Hom.,

Ah ure drihten >et munege'S neddre

ut to fediten

i, 131.

te-geines t>et alde

Ih., 155.

and muneged ut alle io ben warre J>arof Ib., n , 5. 7 ; 9 ; 11; 1 5 ; 39; 51; 67; 139; 169; 201; 215. De mire munefi tu mete to tilen

0. E.

enspiren : first god enspires Jxim conforten : counforten causes for J>ei conforten

hem lo don

hem to figtte

io fwsake

J>is worlde

extorcions . . . and

9, 273.

Mùc.,

Hampole, I, 48. false Wyclif, 6.

to meyntene

ayenst cristene men in false werris Ib.,

enelynen : tbat it ne enelynede

som juge

to han

176.

pitee or compassioun C h . Boeth.,

136, 261.

52 gloaen : Ye shal eek seen, yonr fader shal you gloae To been a wyf

(3)

Verbs of Allowing

and

Troilut, iv, 1471.

Preventing

Old English l s t a n : he let hint swa micles vealdan

Gen., 253.

tonne lete he hi* hint lange weaidan

lb., 258.

And >u, HuoferB, Uet ealde late, wrietlic wsgsweord, vndeiflSnt man heard-ecg habban

Banc., 1488.

letaC hildebord her onbidian 1728; 1996 ; 2389 ; 2550; 3082 ; 3132. l£t nu gtferan fibtan uacme . . . ond bonne gdndan beornas J>Ine 831; 1180 ; 1330.

lb., 397.

Andr., 397.

ond forhwy se goda god lete smig yfd bam Boeth., 6, 9. 26, 6 ; 49, 26; 49, 29 ; 67, 0 ; 117, 5 ; 123, 26 ; 136, 9. leton eall«8 tteodscipes getu/incg t>us leohtlice forwurSan )>a lett he «urn (xme here faren to heora agene I&nde

Ckron., 139. Chum., 216. 1

ltetan (passive infinitive) : \xmne hwmfrrc he ne lietet> na bion forholene sefter deabe Greg. Dial., 294, 5. quo» tamen post mortem cuius sanctitati fuerint Don patitur eelari he sette soole, & on '¡Sere he let cnihtas Sran Bede, 545, 45.' forlictan : ba hine halig god ece upp forlet edmonne streamum sftgan strSferhft cyning

Gen., 1404.

forleton eorla gestreon, eorSan heaJdan gold on greote

Beow., 3167.

J>a. se beorg tohlad, eorSscnef egesllc, ond J « r in forlet fidd fceSmian

Andr., 1587.

For other examples, see Juliana, 200 ; 622; Elene, 818; Brunnan., Maldon, 7 ; 108 ; 140 ; Wülfing, II, 184. »Wülfing, II, 192. 1

60;

53 oC Het dryhten forlet dcegcandeUc scire trina»

Ib., 836.

Di Sine rio fièmne forlet after brach wile bjstra neosan

Jul., 553.

Hio on sybbe forlét teean gehwylene ägenne eard

Elene, 598 ; 793.

Holy Rood, 61 ; Father's Advice, 74.

Chron., 5.1

hé forlet his here abidan mid Scottum Middle English

After lei our construction is too common to require citation in the later stages of the language. leun : leue me vnderttonde )>i dol and berteli to jelen som hwat of t>e

sorhe

Horn., I, 285.

Ure lonerd ihesu criat leue tu BWO are synnentobeten

Ib., n , 59; 97. God leve kim merken as he gan devyse

Troilus, in, 56.

)>olen : (ole tu to bi-wepen tire sunne

Ham., I, 71.

)*t tu ne Jttledes ham noht fui li fainen of me

lb., 277.

ne nalde he nawt )>olien \>efco/fortebrtoien hire

Ib., 245.

and ne M e m* neauer nan otter )>ing again >i wille luuie

Ib., 285.

\xtf cold tren t>u boledeat in )>i syde of >e spere kene to >in herte glyde

0. E. Mite., 140, 45.

For elle* he sal noght thole (am lyeft

Pr. Con., 4352.

suffer : )>is may be said be all )* \>at Ood suffersfolow vanyteae bat God wald suffer (x devel of helle, Apere til hymaelf bat es of myght mast

Ib., 1581. Ib., 2275.

wibouten childe ofte suffre> he

mm & vxrmmon longe to be 1

For other examples, see Wülfing, II, 185.

Curs. Mundi, 10325.

54 whi schulde t>ei suffre so grete eost of kechenee and gate hoaais and wast chambris for lords and ladies and riche men, and a frere to haue a chambre (or an erl or dak Wyclif, 15. but oertis it is foal ypocrisie >ag to suffre synne regne lb., 9 ; 14 ; 17; 26 ; 3 0 ; 3 2 ; 56; etc. suffer (passive infinitive): " Loverd, )>ou suffers here," says he, "Be writen bitter syns ogaynes me"

Pr. Con., 5496.

suffren cristate souiu be stranglid wi|> woluys of helle

Wyclif, 104.

suffer her mule* be forlorne In thenever brynnyng fyre of hell

Gaw. & Bagn., 840.

And wol nat suffren hem, by noon assent, Neither to been y-buried nor y-brent

C. T., A, 945.

that he wolde not suffer her to be shamed here in this worlde Merlin, 10. the voide place of the table, thai I suffred to be assaide why suffrest me so longe to be vexed with this trouble

lb., 71. Fisher, 13, 16.

neyther to suffre the shyppe of his chirche to be to shaJcen lb., 58, 33; 132, 3 4 ; 171, 4 ; 193, 17 ; 231, 3 0 ; 379, 15 ; 389, 12, etc. who shal nat suffre, in the childes presence, to be shewed any aete or taehe dishonest, or any wanton or undent worde to be spoken Elyot, 29. grant: lord us graunte to dvctUe him wi>

Ours. Mundi, 5466.

Ther mighty god yet graunte us see that houie

Troilus, n, 588.

Wherfore we beseke yow to graunte us to live

Merlin, 37.

Graunte me good lorde my soule to be replete with the fatnes of charyte Fisher, 147, 30. let ( = prevent) : Ageyn vs shal he haue no mygt Or at J>e lest holde him stille And lett vs not to do oure wille God bad hem to wildernes wende Or philistiens wolde wi)> hem mete And let hem for to wende her strete

Ours, ifundi, 2234.

lb., 6180.

55 Gif J>ei maken prelatis and lordia . . . to lette pratis

to prtdic goddis lawe and to lette >e peple to knovx

and to kept ) * comaundementia of god

Wyclif, 5.

Gif bei let ten curatu and pore prettii to Uehen men godis lawe

lb., 9 ; 23; 50 ; 6 7 ; 73; etc.

but noon of the clerkes ne cowde ae the cause that

letted the write to hold«

Merlin, 31.

he wold bren them or any other christen man that he thought myght let his opinions to go forward* Fisher, 346, 6. let (passive infinitive) : but )>ei leuen & dispiaen J * gospel & letten it to be preehid Wyclif, 70. )>ei putten here owen cursed synnes vpon trewe men to lette

goddia Icuee to be Icnowm

Wyclif, 138.

But doubtlesae neyther of these may let vs to be herde Fiaher, 237, 26. warnen : And he wernede Hi* fole ui-gon And na thing salle )x»m warn ne lett, To do J>air wille whare-swa it es sett

Qen.-Ex., 2966 ; 3000. Pr. Con., 7985.

I maye not warne peple to tpeke of me what it pleaseth hem Malory, 198, 2. bireven : for no wight may bireve A man to love, til that him list to leve Troilu», I, 686.

(4)

Verbs

of

Commanding

Old English hatan :

Metod engla heht,

llfes brytta leoht fori euman Heht Hi lifes weard on mereflode middum aeorSan

hyhtlie heofcmiimber

Gen., 121.

lb., 144.

157; 345 ; 499; 516; 525; 537 ; 830 ; 864 ; 943 ; 1047; 2039; 2504 ; 2783 ; 2798; 2867.

Heht Hi ymb twa niht llrftatne Kadefi ymbmdgean werodes bearhtme

het Hi his seealeas teufan )& hyasas

Ezod., 63 ; 254,

Dan., 231; 79 ; 431.

56 hüte'S hehenght hlüdre stefne bëman bläwan ofer barga geseotu häUfS hy upp ästandan

Or. & Sal., 601. Crût, 889 ; 294 ; 1025 ; 1342 ; 1375.

(«et hë heaireced hätan wolde medo-tsm micel men gewyrcean hët hint mid )«m lâcum leode swsege tecum on gesjntum, snúde eft cuman 293 ; 1045 ; 1807 ; 2812.

Berne., 68. Ib., 1868.

hitan (passive infinitive) : Hêr Offa Myrcena cining hët jESelbrihte Jxit hêafod ofslian Chron., 55. Hë hët hine t>i gebindan and gebrxngan on Jœt land J>â hët hé byâ hët hë hint héafde beeeorfan hét hint N leon & ISdan to íám déofolgyldum ad simulacros eum jussit pertrahi hét íam íSearfan )xeí hon syllan praecepit equum pauperi darí & se cyning hi oftléan hét atque oeeidi jussit.1

jElfric, 104, 153.

Greg. Dial., 194, 17. Bede, 478, 3. Ib., 477, 17. Ib., 540, 21. Bede, 584, 28.

The verb (be)béodan is ordinarily followed by a dative case with a clause or by a dative with an infinitive, e. g., Swá ic nü bebéode bearnum mínum, )>egnum ^ryifullum, %od hü Se hnxgen béodan Häbrahäme mid his eaforum twSm of eorSscnefe Srest fremman

Andr., 1328. lb., 779.'

But a few times, probably by the analogy of hätan, this verb also takes the accusative with infinitive. Nü ic bebéode beaten ceiywan, vrundor geweor&an on wera gemange

Andr., 729.

For other examples, see Wülfing, II, 189, 191. *Halan, also, is occasionally found with a dative and infinitive, e. g., Gen., 1858, 1865, 2223; Dan., 126; ifetra, I X , 9. 1

57 o i Moyws bebead eoHas on nhttid i m u m bemum

folc »omnxgtan, fretan druon, habban heorm hlencan, hyegan on elleo,

bcran beorht searo, baecnnm cigean

Exod., 215.

het )* & bebead hra^e men tneingan & tmtrcgian Sone godes andettere Bede, 477, 42. oaedi sanctum dri amftuarem a tortoribus praeoepit1 bebeodan (passive infinitive): i a bebead Be biscop 'Cyme to him IBdan ¡tunc ergo adduei praecipit Episcopus1

Bede, 615, 1.

Eroonbryht bebead deofolgyld bem touorpcne lb., 531, 2. ut £. idola deitrui praeoepit bebead t*el Jeoaertigliee fatten healdm bam ter fiastrom lb., 531, 10.

jejunium Qaadraginta diernm observari praeoepit'

Biddan, which in Old English receives the same syntactical treatment as bebeodan, has ask, request for its primary meaning, and will be best considered with that class of verba. But sometimes, in late Old English, it approaches very closely to the idea of commanding, and in this sense it is followed at least once by the accusative with infinitive. ofsende se cyng Godwine eorl ond bred hint faran in to Cent mid unfriSa to Dofran Chron., 173. forbeodan: and he ne a b j h i na us, Het he ui ne torbeode ealle unrihtwisnjssa and yfel to donne JElfric, 9, 212. t>eflihalgan boceras forbudon to teegenne

lb., 24, 9.

Middle English haten: hehte hint swrSe stille »teoien vt of hirede A hehte hint farm to )>on tune Lajamon, 100. ah god almihtin >e hat don >in god on-gein his nnel ah )>enne be preost hint hat agefen )*t hit er ahte 1

Horn., I, 15.

ehte H>n monne lb., 31; 121; 229 ; n, 201.

For other ezamples, see Wülfing, II, 182. ' Wülfing, II, 179. 'Ibid., 188-189.

58 As l>is dragones fogte J>us, J* kynge hette Merhfn )>ere, Forte teggt, gef he cou^e, wat |>e tokonyng were he het men to gyue hem mode

BobL Oloue., 131. Ours. Mundi, 7121.

Hym, or ysaak myn ayre t>e which he higte me kulie Piers PL, xvi, 232.

haten (passive infinitive) : Quik he het At» tone take, And tpoili him of clothes nake, And beten him with scourges stronge, And afterward him hegghe an-honge

Seven Sages, 499.1

In Middle English biddan and beodan were completely leveled under the form bidden, and the latter verb was followed by the accusative with infinitive much more frequently than were either of the Old English verbs. To this extension of the construction the leveling of the accusative and dative cases must have distinctly contributed: bed heom for heora wurSscipe urcken hire teonan

Layamon, 104; 115 ; 128 ; 132 ; etc.

bed hine witen )>one forwundede Mon

Hum., I, 85.

>u biddes me bihalde hu |>u faht for me On testing he bit u> u* tumen 65 ; 87 ; 139 ; 147 ; 173 ; 211; 215.

lb., 277 ; 279. Horn., n, 63.

he bit u£ don ure bukes wille 43, 227 ; 160, 38; 166, 81.

0. E. J f i l e . , 14, 432.

fto bad god wufSen tlund and stale

Gen.-¿Sr., 41.

So god bad ben He firmament lb., 95. 120 ; 137 ; 163; 787 ; 979 ; 1085 ; 1219 ; 1269; 1549; 1595; 2121; 2141; 2143 ; 2238 ; 2255 ; 2290 ; 2376 ; etc. bid (passive infinitive) : Bad hire $or wis hir heuod ben hid

Gen.-Ex., 1193.

He bad him ben tperd fast dun And hoiden harde in prisun Do bad monophis pharaun urimmen ben set in eaerilc tun l

Ed. Weber.

lb., 2039. lb., 2569.

59 Do bad Si> king ml opelike, In alle bulges modilike, Eucrik knape child of fiat kin ben a-non don He flod wilS-in

Ib., 2683.

Ghe bad it ben to hire brogt

Ib., 2605.

H t help may avayle |>e sanies son For his sake, fat biddes übe dm

Pr. Con., 3662.

charge : Gif >ei Chargen men more to teke blynde stocky« or ymagis and to offre to hem more k>*n to pore bed rede men Wyclif, 7. J>es worldly prelatis chargen men to tpeie not agenst here pride and coueitise Wyclif, 31 ; 67; 112, etc. And )>anne he charged chapmen to chatten her childeren Pier» PL, v, 34. This amorous quene chargeth her meynee The nettes dreue L. Q. W., 1189.

Command was often followed by a dative with infinitive or by a dative and a clause in recollection of its customary construction in French. The expression commander a, quelqu'un is imitated in sentences like the following: For God til ilk man commandes right To helps his neghebur after his myght

Pr. Con., 5862.

& f>erfore crist comaundid to alle men f>at J>ei tchulde not bileue Wyclif, 29.

But the prevailing construction, even in the earliest documents in which the word occurs, is the accusative and infinitive, although very often it is impossible to distinguish this usage from the former when the dative is not marked by a preposition. )« )>ridde mora commaundide he A gederyng of J>e lond to be

Cur». Mwndi, 4925.

Bremely commaundide he and bad Midunfuet to be of t>at same lond

Ib., 5542; 11559.

sit> he comaundid a man to leue )>e beriynge of his fadir and go preche t* gospel Wyclif, 31. 55; 57; 79; 90; 111; 158, etc.

60 And cominded a comtable >at come atte furst To " attache )>o tyrauntx"

Pier$ PI., n, 198.

And how J>e kynge commanded coiutabla and »erianiz, Falsenesse and his felawschip tofetiren an to bynden iv, 86 ; xi, 175 ; m , 358 ; 361. Comaundeth me, how sore that me smerte, To doon al that may lyke un-to your berte command (passive infinitive): Putifar comaundide sone Ioteph for to take and done In kyngis prisoun for to ly

lb., II, 206.

Troilut, v, 132.

Curi. Mundi, 4417.

& in leuynge werkis of mercy where god comaundi)> hem to be don Wyclif, 176. The duke comaundeth, schortly for to seyn, Hit handet hyni be-hinde to be bounde De Beg. Princ., 2626. Thus Merlyn, on the Witsonday, chese fifty knyghtes, and comaunded hem to be tettt at that table Merlin, 60. When the kynge herde hem thus sey, he hadde grete merveile, and comaunded hem to be terued lb., 61. We wyll command the gate« to be kept aboute

Digby, 50, 422.

The physycyen also commaundeth a man to be let blode by a certayne mesure or quantyte Fisher, 218, 21. statutes & ordynaunces . . . vMehe by her offycers she commaunded to be redde lb., 296, 18. whan our sauyor commaunded this double trybule to be payed Ib., 318, 24 ; 375, 7. for hymselfe & tor Peter he commaunded the bridge to be broken say ( = command) : Sey him on Sin stede to gon forbid : 8e lage us lerC don god, and forbede5 u> tinne And pharaon stirte np anon And for-bed tSi» fole to gon Hem taugte kynde him wolde forbede To haue done so cursed a dede Dauid seide god hit forbede \>e to )>enke to do }«t dede 3203 ; 4372 ; 1956 ; 2830.

Elyot, 178. Qen.-Ez., 4114. O. E. Mite., 10, 297. Gen.-Et. 2932. Cur«. Mundi, 1105. Our*. Mundi, 7723.

61 forbid (passive infinitive) : his highnes by his proclamacions forbode any maner tnglith bote» printed beyonde the sea to be brought* into thys realme, or any to be »Me, prynted within this realme More, 343 6 . defend : I deffende yoie to tpeke ther-of

Merlin, 64.

forbear and prohibit: no more than it were to forbeare or prohibite a man to come into a faire gardein Elyot, 129.

(5)

Verbs of Requesting

This class is represented in Old English by biddan and is sometimes found with accusative and infinitive. bed him }>recrdfe, •d rineae ^es ned aJncgan

Gen., 2030.

bedon blettian beam Israels, eall landesceaft iene drihten

Dan., 369.

bed hint areeetm, hwcet seo run bude

Dan., 542.

bed gangan for$ gode geferan

Maldon, 170.

bed haligne belpe gtfremman

Andr., 1614.

bsed hine |>urh mihta scyppend, gif he his wordewida wealdan meahte, spriece ahebban

Guthlae, 1131.

bed him engla weard geopenigean uncirSe wyid

EUne, 1101.

bed hint Cristenne beon

Bede, 475, 24. 1

biddan (passive infinitive) : bed Scs. Albanus from Gode him meter teald beon

Bede, 478, 25.'

In Middle English, it has been pointed out, biddan merges with beodan in meaning as well as in form. There are, however, numerous examples in which the primary force of biddan is still strong. And bad hire fader graunl hym 1

Wulfing, I I , 182.

gode Cordeille 'Ibid.,

II, 188.

Robt. Oloue., 31.

62 And bed hire, for

loue of God, his wra)+e hym forgeue

beseech : >o )>is castel gare was, Hengist To come to hys caatol

king bisogte Robl

lb., 35. Oloue., 116.

bisougte t* knygtes Telle )>e comune )>at )«re cam a compaignye of his apostoles Fieri PL, XIX, 149. And hir bisoughte on thee to han som routhe

Troilus, i, 769.

But nathelees, yet gan she him biseche . . . For to be tear of goosish peples speche iv, 7 2 5 ; v, 857.

lb., i n , 582.

pray : )>ou him preye sum word me sende And preye him to do you bote

Curs. Mundi, 1271. lb., 4734 ; 4943.

he prcide Jx peple of his cite to taken >e rentis agen And preide eyuile to se and tymonye to rtde it

Wyclif, 118.

Pirn Pi., II, 70.

And preyed peronelle her purfyle to lete vi, 199; 2 0 2 ; x m , 1 1 2 ; x v i , 73.

Piers PL, v, 26.

I t nedeth nought to preye him freend to be

Troilut, n, 1451.

pray him with us dyne

lb.,

II, 1458.

And after this, she may him ones preye To ben good lord lb., II, 1657. III, 124 ; 546 ; 632; 718; iv, 294 ; 1384 ; v, 305, etc.

Verbs such as to will, desire, summon may be considered as stronger verbs of requesting, containing an element of command. will: God hem andsw&rede '' iosue Ic wile ben loder-man after tSe "

Oen.-Ex.,

4109.

I wool noon o)>ere do outrage

Curs. Mundi, 1972.

For wille J>is menworld se, thurgh HowGod unstable es hereswilk takens sere,

Pr. Con., 1428.

Monket and rrumyals and alU men of Religioun Her ordre and her reule wil to han a certeyne noumbre Piers PL, x r s , 262. Holi Scripture wole a man to loue al what God wole him lone Pecock, 114.

63 my fader of heuen will it no be

Tovmiey, 369, 82.

For he sayd that all inch lawes be contrary to the goapel, which wil no man to dye More, 345 H. win (passive infinitive): and Cryst will nathyng be done bot wele, at we in lyue Wol furste oure elder dougter be gyue

Ours. Mundi, 3883.

God wolde haue men . . . be stirid toward religiouo

Pecock, 523.

Euery one (sayth he) that worketh wyckednesse doth abhorre that lyghte, because they wyll not their mytchieues therby to be knoume Leland : New Year's Gift, 8. desire: Whan the kynge herde hem desire Vlfyn to be of here counseile Merlin, 83. He desyrth you?, and preyyt on eche party, to fvlfyll his commavndment and desyre

Digby, 62, 215.

I desyer

lb., 136, 2143.

redars to be my frynd

the mother of Achilles desired Jupiter importunately to inelyne his fauour to the parte of the Troyanes Elyot, 48. desire (passive infinitive) : desyre a lettre of supplycacyon for to be made dylygently Fisher, 73, 12. he desyred the tame to beper/ourmed

lb., 136, 3.

Quintilian, instructyng an oratour, desireth ruche a chiide tc be given unto hym Elyot, 51. covet (passive infinitive) : he coueyteth more hi» mercy to be magnefyed than the power of his Iustyce Fisher, 230, 20. require : ye requeren me To come ayein I requere yow sone to helpe myn hertes desire e x h o r t : Exhort tham to be of gud chere

Troilwi, v, 1600. Merlin, 75. Digby, 220, 1492.

And therefore scripture in many places exhorteth vs to seeke after him Fisher, 364, 26.

64 exhorted Ptholomee, kyng of Egipt . . . to haunte and embrace histories Elyot, 82. exhort and call: whiche mekenease our prophete remembrynge, calleth and exhorteth entry creature to do penaunce Fisher, 38, 15. d e p a n : clepede hem to shrifte, )*t is to reusende and to forleten and to beten here sinnes Horn., n , 129. la)>en: J>ere-fore ure drihten ne laieS ui noht to beren swiche rode lb., 207. >enne he hine latSett to drinken more

(6)

Verbs

of Creating,

lb., 213.

Choosing,

ordain : For oure lord had ordeyned yete A ehitde to rite in his ospringe

Appointing,

etc.

Curt. Mundi, 1198.

Alswa he ordaynd man to dwelle And to lyf in erthe, in flesshe and felle

Pr. Con., 81.

First what it es to fele and se, And whar God has ordaynd it to be

lb., 3956.

(>us ordaynd God )>am to serve man

lb., 6382.

|>oug god of his rigtwisnesse ordeyne yere or mo

toule to abide )>ere fourty Wyclif, 102.

he hadde ordeyned thai ehiide to haue his arte and witte that thus hath ordeyned with-outen ende Me in his blisse euer for to reigne

Merlin, 14.

Di/fry, 146, 190.

If almyghty god had not ordeyned the tyme of Antecryste to be short« Fisher, 191, 35. for whome crystes chirche hath ordeined specially tki* ptalme to be tayd lb., 209, 6. choose : chese vow soehe a man to be youre kynge and lorde here is the man that god hath chosen to be youre kynge

Merlin, 96. lb., 106.

a Lorde, that thus hath appoynted and chosen you to bee his creature Fisher, 369, 30. a p p o i n t : hath appointed you to be & Christian woman, & to be partaker of all those graces Fisher, 372, 6.

65 when it should like him to appoynte any of them to come to his Ib., 375, 11. presence who appointed to them Savl to be their kynge

Elyot, 14.

constitute : his heuenly ministres, whom, as the churehe affirmeth, he hath constituted to be in diuers degrees called hierarches Elyot, 4. elect : dvd nat they by one assent electe Agamemnon to be their Ib., 16. eniperour devise : And thenne hadde she me deuysed to be kyng in this land and soo to regne Malory, 133, 7.

In Modern English all verbs of express or implied causation are regularly followed by an accusative with infinitive. Detailed illustration is unnecessary. A partial enumeration of the verbs is enough to indicate the wide extent of the locution. (a) Verbs of pure causation: bring, cause, compel, constrain, dispose, drive, enable, enforec, force, ®r h e t>set wlf geseah on eorSrice Euan stondan

Gen., 133. lb.,

547.

geseo ic him his englas ymbe hweorfan lb., 669. 772 ; 1320 ; 1820 ; 2087 ; 2403 ; 2577; 2777 ; 2877 ; 2926. si'5'San hie gesawon of sirSwegum fyrd Faraonis foriS ongangan

Exod., 155; 471.

1 Grimberg remarks that the nominal form was the one originally employed as predicate in cases of this kind and that the similar use of the infinitive is of later origin. T h e transition, he thinks, was supplied by those forms in which a participle was the predicate. W h e n the infinitive to be was joined to this participle, the relation between accusative and predicate was made more definite, and the development of this infinitive construction was assisted, moreover, by the analogy of the accusative with infinitive after verbs of causing. Arkiv fur Nordisk Filologi, X X I , 226.

67 Ni geseah ic Ni gtdrihl in gedwol&n hvxorfan, Israhela cyn unriht don, wommas wyrcean hwaet se béam bude N he btican geseah Net hie sweotollice geséon militen Nére wlitegan byrig weallas btican Sioh nú sylfa geond )>ñs sidan gesceaft swylce rodores hróf rúme yeonduTitan Geségon hi on heah^u hlaford silgan 506 ; 522 ; 554 ; 1249 ; 1292.

Dan.,

22.

Ib., 545 ; 553 ; 601 ; 726. Jud.,

136.

Crist, 59. Ib., 498.

mie re maj^umsweord manige gesawon befo ran beorn beran Seow., 1023. 1347 ; 1425 ; 1516 ; 1585 ; 1661 ; 2542 ; 2604 ; 2756 ; 2767 ; 2822 ; 3038 ; 3128. ( g e ) s e o n (passive infinitive) : Ni of wealle geseah weard Scildinga, sé )>e holmclifu healdan scolde, beran ofer bolean beorhte randas

Beow., 229.

)>úhte me Net ic gesàwe syllicre trèow on lyft lèèdan léohte bewunden

Holy Rood, 4.

Ni hé geseah (JOTK hlàf ofdüne latan Greg. Dial., 99, 9. cum quadam die submitti panem conspiceret for>am hé gesyhj» hint syl/ne byrnan Ib., 304, 7. quia concremari se aspicit by ma J>e hi geséoí éac ¡>á mid heom blissian Ib., 311, 12. qui secum eos laetari conspiciunt Ni geseah hé Germanes sàwle . , . fram senglum bìon borne Ib., 171, 19 ; 272, 13. vidit Germani . . . animara . . . in coelum Jerri Net he gesüwe Petium bcon bnrenne lb., 319, 17. se etiam Petrum . . . magno ferri pondere religatum . . . vidisse . . . swii hi geséoj» è i r a j/flu bèon witnode in écnesse lb., 333, 23. quanto in aetemum mala puniri conspiciunt 1 geséon (other predicate) : Geseah )>¡i Ufes weard drtge stòwe, dugoSa hyrde wide cetiowde 1

F o r other examples, see Wülfing, I I , 185-186.

Gen., 163.

68 Bare hie gesù won heora lichaman

Gen., 783.

geseah unrihte corSan fnile strie sUluongas svnnum gehladcnc wldlum geiicnule

lb., 1292.

Geseah |>à swISmód cvning, t>i lie his scfan ontrGowde u-undor on wite agangen Dun., 269. GesvhlS sorhcearig on his snna hiire vìntele ucxtne, windge reste reote bernfene syiSSan \vi gesfgon under swegles gang uindas and ttagas oiid uieterbrogan forhte gewordne for frean égesan hreher innan swearc hyge hrfowcearig, h?cs be lit- his hliiford geseah ellorfùsne

Beow., 2455.

Aiulr., 455.

Guth.. 1025.

hé gesàwe i>one for\>ryc?edne and geburuiennc mid mycelre byrSene and ofdiine t'tuorpene in hi sweartestan stowe Greg. Dial., 319, 18. Petrum . . . deorsum positum . . . magno ferri pondere religatum ac depressimi vidisse confessus est behealdan : syllic tefter sunnan sellrade behéold ofer léodwerum tige scinan, byrnende beam

Exod., 109.

behealdan (predicate adjective) : t>d stowe behéold d rèa ma lease

Gen., 107.

sceawian : )>onne )>e he sceawaj> t>à gòdan fremian and weaxan to Godes wuldre Greg. Dial., 206, 26. (ge)hyran : ic gehyrde hine )>ine d i d and word lojian on his leolite and ymb )>m llf sprecan

Gen., 507.

Ic on biase byrig bearhtm gehvre, 8ynnigra cyrm swiiSe hludne, ealogalra gylp, yfele sprivce werod under weallum habban

lb., 2406.

gehyreS cyning nurSlan, roderà ryhtend sprecan ré]>e word

Crist, 797.

69 hwilum ic gehere helle f.ealcas, gnorncnde cynn grundas msenan

Cr. rêatad flëag fugla cyn, Jœr hy feorhiure wkude fundon

Ib., 888.

Fonde )>â his mondryhten àdlwêrigne

Ib., 980.

fond )>â hlingendne fume on fortSsîl» frêan unwenne gœsthâligne in godes temple

Ib., 1120.

hy gesunde set hâm findaS uritode him wisie and bliue

Riddla, XLIV, 7.

hé mœg s i ï ï a n on his rûncofan rihtwimesse findan on ferkSe fseste gehydde

Metra, x xn, 58.

gemëtan : Hîe t>â set burhgeate beorn gemitton syl/nt tiUan «unu Arônea gif >u bydicrtt t>egn gemittest mmian in wlcum

Gen., 2426. Bi Manna Mode, 45.

Hië Si gemëtton modes glâume, hàligne haie, under heolstorlocan bîdan beadurô/ne

Andr., 143.

oft ftaet hê gemêtte be mearcpaSe standan striête nëah stapul ïêrenne

Ib., 1061.

forSœm hê hine gemêtte sittan on gerênedum scridwâëne Boeth., 61, 18. hâ gemêtte hê hine liitian in ânum serapfe

Greg., 99, 23.

and )>â brôSru gecigde tô him, J>e hë gemêtte baer mid (>âm scînlâcan fyre bysmrian Ib., 124, 9.

72 gemétan (passive infinitive) : t>à gemette héo hire hicmte ealne bèon neah gedaledne

fram hire agenum suna («arfendum mannum Greg., 68, 22. omne trilieum . . . invenit a filio suo pauperibus ezpensum gemétan (predicate adjcctive) : le nséfre Jwoden leofesta, hyslicne Sr gemette )>us mèSne

Gvih., 986.

geiélan : )>à semninga geféldon hi an nicyn yrnan hider and tider betwyh heora fotum

Middle

Greg., 236, l . 1

English

see : hwenne ho isegen höre emcritUne wandrede i>olie. Horn., I. 157. t>o>ehe sah Martha and marie Magdalene )*> two austrea wepen for here brofires deaC Ib., II, 147.

i, 257 ; 259 ; 261 ; II, 115; 209. Peter iseyh \>e Gywes vre louerd vaste bynde Ye mowen iseo \>e world aswynde

0. E. Misc., 43, 211. lb., 94, 39.

And 8lep and sag, an softe drem, fro tSe eriSe up til heuene bem, A leddre atonden, and Sor-on Angeles dun-cumen and up-gon

Gen.-Ez.,

1605.

1911 ; 1951; 2773 ; 3872. Loverd when saw we i>e Kaf hunger or thrist Or of any herber haf grete brist 611; 2644 ; 2906 ; 3778 ; 5145, etc. whenne be baronage of egip Say him haue suche worship

Pr. Con., 6204.

Ours. Mundi, 4627.

I seygh neuere palmere with pike ne with scrippe Axen after hym er til now in J>is place Pier» PL, v, 542. J>ow shalt see in >i-selue treuthe situ in J>ine herte Ib., v, 615. Resoune I seighe sothly men alle bestes

Ib., XI, 326.

vi, 328 ; x, 3 6 2 ; x v , 219; x v i , 3 9 ; XYII, 106, etc.

That knew this worldes transmutacioun, As he had seyn it ehaungen up and doun

C. T., A, 2839.

Ne at this tale I saugh no man him grete

Ib., 3859.

For other examples after findan, genietan and yeftlan, see Wülfing, II, 187,

73 Whan he saugh so benigne a creature Faile in disese and in misayenture lb., 6 , 615 TroUut, r, 628 ; ir, 333 ; 574 ; m, 153 ; L. G. W., 978, ctc. see (-ing infinitive) : Rebecca seide what man is he i*tt towarde vs comyng I se

Curt. Mundi, 3356.

On hat ladder say be (tie) boun Aungelt clymbynge vp & doun

lb., 3781.

yonder I se hit dougter rachel Dryuynge his beestes to |>e wel

lb., 3831.

1 saugh cominge of ladyes nyntene

L. G. W., B, 283.

My body ye seen, within a whyle, Right in mote the haven of Athenes fleiinge Ther ma ¡stow seen coming with Palamoun

lb., 2551.

Ligurge him-self

C. T., A, 2128.

Yet saugh I woodneue laughing in his rage

C. T., A, 2011.

Saw I conquett sittinge in greet honour

lb., 2028.

For sikirly I saugh him nal stiringe

lb., 3672.

see (passive infinitive) : To se our" dere Children that be so yong, With these Caytyves thus sodeynly to be sloyn

Digby, 13, 31.

To se hym that regnyd in blisse . . . Thus to be tlayn in al giltlesse

lb., 193, 659.

this is a dooleful syghte to see the yonder knyghte to to be entreted Malory, 146, 1. called hym coward knyghte that he wold for shame of his Itnyghthode see a lady too thamefuliy be taken aweye lb., 296, 18. see (other predicate) : hwen )>ai sehen me swa wak and swa forhuhande and buhande toward ham Horn., I, 277. bat seh tocUue his heorte witf (>e speres ord

lb., 285.

and segh \>ot tueie brodren in )>e se on here shipe uerpinde ut here liwanne (>u iseve

fishnet

lb.,

II, 175.

heouen-king

Of be ibore wi>-vte wo

0. E. Misc., 51, 495.

God sag his faslcfair

Gen.-Ei..

and good

127.

74 "So pharaun sag is land al fre

lb., 3098.

Quan he segen Kit hird al eumen

lb., 3222.

And kyng Cassibel y sei to muche folk y-lore, and adreyni of his fon, glad he was ber fore

Robt. Glouc., 52.

H e sey J>€ cmptrour