Test of English Language (Magical Book Series) 9383186348, 9789383186341

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● -r run away fled (person) bear = put up with bore bore = to make a hole; to make tired or uninterested bored And = to discover found found = to establish founded fell faU ° fell = cut down (a tree); to knock down felled felt feel filled fill awake (intransitive) awoke awake (transitive) awaked

flown fled borne

bored found founded fallen felled felt filled awoke awaked

Finite Verb and Non-flnite verbs (i) A finite verb is one that has tense. Further, it has to agree with its subject in person and number, so its form changes accordingly. For example. He loves Mary. They love Mary. But the forms of non-fmite verbs are invariant because they are not affected by the concord (subject and verb agreement) system. For example. He likes to swim. They like to swim. He likes swimming. They like swimming. Having worked hard he/they felt tired, (ii) The subject and its finite verb depend on each other. A plural subject requires a plural verb. Similarly, a plural finite verb requires a plural subject. In other words, the relation between the subject and its finite verb is one of interdependence. But the relation between the subject and a nonflnite verb is one of independence, so they are often .. called absolute verbs, (iii) A finite verb is an essential ingredient in a sentence. Even the simplest form requires subject+finite verb to make a sentence. For example. Birds fly. Fire bums. But non-finite verbs are not essential. They are needed just to expand a sentence in order to express various kinds of meanings, so we can’t have a sentence with subject+non-finite verb without a finite verb. We don’t say. Children to fly kites. Instead we say: Children like to fly kites.

Grammar Kinds of Non-finites There are three kinds of non-finites (i) Infinitive (ii) Gerund (iii) Participle, (i) Infinitive: The structure of the infinitive can be the following: (a) Pull Infinitive: An infinitive used with its sign *to’ is called a full infinitive or to-infinitive, therefore a full infinitive consists of two items, ie to+verb. For example, It is easy to learn English. This tea is too hot to drink, (b) Bare Inflnitive: It consists of only one item viz, the verb, it has no i:o’ preceding it, nor -ing following it. For example, I saw him cross the road. He watched the ship sink. A bare infinitive has a deceptive form because it looks like a finite verb, which it is not. Bare Infinitive Usage Rule 13 A bare infinitive is used as a complement of the following verbs: bid, behold, feel, find, hear, know let, make, notice, see, watch For example. We felt the earth shake. I heard her sing. We saw the plane land. He made us laugh. I let them play in the park. Note: (a) These verbs take full infinitive in the passive voice. For example, She was made to sing, (not, sing) He was heard to murmur, (not, murmur) (b) But ‘let’ is used without ‘to’ even in a passive construction. For example, I let him go. (active voice) He was let go. (passive voice) Rule 14 Bare infinitive is used as* complement of ‘have’ meaning *want’ or *wish’. For example, I would have you learn manners, (ie, to learn) I like to have them reach in time, (ie, to reach) I would have him keep his promise (ie, to keep) Note: In this construction *want/wish* takes a full infinitive but ‘have’ takes a bare infinitive. For example. Want you to do.... .but have you do Wish him to look. ....but have him look....

63 Rule 15 In the construction prefer....rather than, ‘prefer’ takes a full infinitive but ^ther than’ takes a bare infinitive. For example, I prefer to die rather than beg. I would prefer to fight rather than surrender. We don’t say: I would prefer to say here rather than to go for walk. Rule 16 In the construction better/had better/had or would rather or sooner...than a bare.infinitive is used. Look at the sentences given below: ■“ had better I had rather die than live in disgrace. would rather — would sooner Note: (a) In these constructions a bare infinitive is used before and after than, ie die than live. We don’t say: I had sooner to resign than to flatter my boss, (b) better is a short form of had better. So, better too takes a bare infinitive. We don’t say: You better to stay in bed for a week. Rule 17 In the construction a8....as/not so....as/, the second ‘as’ takes a bare infinitive and in the construction comparative form....than, ‘than’ takes a bare infinitive. For example. It is as easy to run as swim. It is not so ea^ to cook as eat It is easier to eat than cook. We don’t say: It is not as easy to keep a promise as to make one. It is easier to make a promise than to keep it. Rule 18 The following elliptical expressions, too, take a bare infinitive. For example. Why hire a taxi? Why not start now? We don’t say: Why to worry/to huny? Why not to have a picnic? Rule 19 The verb ‘help’ can be used with ‘to’ or without ‘to’. In American English it is usually used without ‘to’. The omission of ‘to’ is on the increase. For example. He helped me carry/to cany the luggage. She helped me find/to find my purse.

Test ofEnglish Language

64 Rule 20 In the following constructions ‘but/except* takes a bare infinitive. For example, She does nothing but watch TV all the time. He does nothing except talk all the time. I can do anything but lell a lie. Rule 21 In the construction do+be+infuvtive (complement), the use of ‘to* is optional when an infinitive is used as a complement of the verb ‘be’. For example. All 1 can do is to inform/do is inform the police. The only thing necessary to do is to expel him/expel him. Rule 22 The construction object+infiniUve(bare)can be used to express a completed activity. For example, We watched the plane land. 1 saw the plane take-off. We saw them hop and jump. I heard her hum a tune.

1. He asked me to briefly state my case. He asked me to state my case briefly. 2.1 advised her to at once leave for home. I advised her to leave for home at once. Note: (a) Split infinitive can be acceptable only when a recasting or reordering is not possible, (b) ‘not’ as an adverb is placed before an infinitive. For example, I asked them not to make a noise. To put *not’ between ‘to’ and the verb is a kind of split infinitive. A split infinitive of this kind is intolerable because in this construction ‘to’ and verb are inseparable. For example. The teacher asked me not to sleep in the class. We don’t say: The teacher asked me to not sleep in the class. Full Infinitive The full infinitive is made up of to + the bare form of the verb. As we know that infinitive manifests no tense. Rule 25

Anaphoric To Rule 23 Sometimes ‘to’ alone is used instead of to+verb (full infinitive). In this construction the verb is omitted and ‘to’ is used as a substitute for a full infinitive. It is called an anaphoric use of to because it has a backward reference, ie, a reference to an earlier mention of the verb. For example. Would you like to have a cup of tea? Yes, I would love to. (ie to have tea) She wanted to lock up the house but she forget to. (ie to lock up house) I didn’t want to go to the cinema but I had to. (ie to go) Can they play now? If they want to. (ie to play) This device is used to avoid the repetition of a verb. Split Infinitive Rule 24 An infinitive consists of two items viz. to+verb. When a to + verb is split into two parts and an adverb is put between the two, it is called a split infinitive. For example, He asked me to briefly state my case. Here ‘to’ has been separated from the verb ‘state’ and an adverb *briefiy’ inserted between them. But sometimes, in the sentences like given below, an adverb is usually placed after an infinitive or its object to avoid the separation of *to’ from its verb and is demanded a recasting or reordering as given below:

An infinitive (to+verb) can be used as a subject in sentence. For example,' To tell a lie is wrong. To smoke in public place is not proper. Note: An infinitive without ‘to’(bare infinitive) cannot be used as subject. We can’t say: Tell a lie is wrong. Rule 26 When a long infitive/infinitive phrase sounds awkward, the sentence usually begins with ‘it*. The construction then changes to It+be+noun/ adjective+infinitive. For example. For children to see a monkey dancing is great fun. It is great fun for children to see a monkey dancing. Note: It + be construction is mandatory in questions. Fox example. Is it uncivil to smoke? Is it true that she has resigned her post? Rule 27 An infinitive can be used to express purpose. For example. We read this book to understand their culture. We go to college to gain knowledge. She has come here just to see me. Note: (a) ‘for + object* is added to this construction to

65

Grammar

denote a beneficiary distinct from the subject. For example, John bought a book to read. John bought a book for Mary (her) to read.

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(b) to/in order to *to* is used to express a general purpose. For example, We go to the post office to buy stamps. We ^ould eat to live, not live to eat.

He isn't able to run fast. We are eager to know the result They are ready to fight. . Adjectives like these don’t take a gerund. We don’t say: He is anxious getting news. I’m glad seeing you. Rule 30

*in order to* is used to express a specific purpose. For example, I went to hospital in order to see my friend. *In order to* is not used after for + object. We don’t say: This is a gold chain for her in order to wear. We say: This is gold chain for her to wear.

Rule 28 Following verbs take an infinitive as object or complement. decide agree hope promise decline appear long rejuse determine seem attempt manage care threaten expect offer choose vow fan plan dcdm want happen pretend consent wish Look at the sentences given below: The earth appears to stand still. He seems to know the secret. He hopes to win a medal. The two Prime Ministers agreed to meet again. The prisoner attempted to escape. He didn’t choose to stand for the election. He claimed to be an expert in astrology. The girl didn’t consent to marry her cousin. We decided to vote for Mr Sethi. The workers determined to go on strike. Mohan expects to get a first class. She longed to return to India after twenty years abroad. Anil offered to go and post the letter. The boy pretended to be ill. My fiiend promised to lend me the money. The child refused to take the medicine. The Inspector threatened to put the man in jail. He wanted to study medicine. I wish to buy a TV set. These verbs don’t take a gerund. We don’t say: 1. He claims knowing the truth. 2. Prisoners managed escaping.

Rule 29 Following adjectives take on infinitive: able, anxious,easy,eager,glad, happy, hard,ready For example.

Following verbs take object + infinitive: ask instruct request command invite see make corral urge enable warn oblige order watch encourage remind force Look at the sentences given below: I asked him to wait a minute. He compelled/forced me to open the door. I made him sing a song, (bare infinitive) We saw/watched the plane land, (bare infinitive) Notice that in sentences like these the object can’t be left out. We don’t say: I asked to make tea. He commanded to open fire. Rule 31 Verbs that take an infinitive or gerund are: advise hate remember aan intend require allow learn start like begin stop cease love try continue want prefer fear forget

propose regret

Look at the sentences given below: He began working hard. He began to work hard after the warning from his teacher. He continued writing. He continued to write even after the bell. He likes watching cricket matches. He likes to watch cricket matches with his cousin. The child feared going near dogs. The child feared to go near my dog. She loves listening to film music. She loves to listen this song. He intends joining a college. He intends to join the dty college. She learnt dancing. She learnt to dance. We prefer travelling by air. We prefer to travell by train on this occasion. He ffid not remember seeing me. Please remember to send an invitation to Mr Javed. He tried selling vegetables, but didn’t make much profit.

66 Test ofEnglish Languc^e He tried to sell the stolen watch. He stopped watching the TV. He stopped to watch the TV. Note: (a)In Americ^ English 'aim'usually takes an infinitive, but in British English both forms (infinitive and gerund) are equally acceptable: He aims to rise high in life. He aims at rising high in life, (b) Infinitive is the more usual. He intends to paint the house. He intends painting the house, (c) stop + infinitive indicates purpose: They stopped writing, (cease) They stopped to have a rest, (halt) He stopped to buy petrol, (d) An infinitive refers to an action on a particular occasion but a gerund indicates a habitual action: He likes to play the violin. He likes playing the violin. Rule 32 Adjectives that take an infinitive/gerund are: be afraid, be sorry, be ashamed For example, 1. He is afraid to fight. He is afraid of fighting. 2.1'in Sony to hear the news. I’m sorry for interrupting you. 3. I’m ashamed to grant your request Ihi ashamed of telling a lie. Gerund and Present Participle A gerund has the same form as a present participle ie verb^ing[writing,playing, speaking, typing,singing etc). The forms of the gerund and the present participle are the same but their functions are different. A gerund functions as a noun, so it is called a Verbal Noun. A participle functions as an adjective, so it is called a Verbal Affective. For example. Running is a good exercise. Smoking does harm to the body. Praying every day is a habit with my mother. In the above sentences bold words are gerunds used as subjects. Now, look at the sentences given below: We have no running water at our house. Coming events cast their shadow. That was an interesting film. In these sentences bold words are present participle and they function as Adjectives. They quaUfy the nouns that are put after them. For example,the phrase *ruiming water* is like the phrase ‘cold water*, (an adjective + a noun).

Rule 33 Following verbs always take a gerund, not an infinitive: cwoid er^y ke^(continue) put off consider escape resent mind(object) excuse miss complete resist defer finish risk pardon delay forgive practise stop(cease) deny favour prevent suggest dislike give up putoff For example. He avoids seeing me. (not, to see) I don’t mind waiting here, (not, to wait) She enjoys feeding her pets, (not, to feed) The baby kept crying, (not, to ciy) He considered applying for the job. He completed writing the novel last month. The inspector denied receiving a bribe. My father dislikes going to films. He favoured putting off the meeting. At the stroke of the hour he finished writing his answers. He gave up drinking on the advise of his doctor. We missed seeing the test match. The minister put off going to the USA. He practised singing every day. The boys suggested going for a picnic during the week end. Rule 34 Following adjectives/expressions always take a gerund, not an infinitive: busy, happy, worth i^s no usejgood, can’t help/stand Look at the sentences given below: He is busy packing up. She is happy playing with her children. This sight is worth seeing. It’s no use repenting now. We couldn’t help laughing. Participles When verb+ing forms are used in certain ways, for example, as parts of verb forms, or like adjectives (see below), they are called ‘present participles’. Forms like broken, gone, opened, started are called ‘past participles’. These are not very suitable name : both forms can be used to talk about the past, present or future. For example. She was crying when I saw her. Who is the man talking to the Principal. This time tomorrow I will be l3ring on the beach. It was broken in the storm. The kids are excited. The new school is going to be opened next week.

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Rule.35

a fallen leaf (°a leaf that has fallen) advanced students (^students who have advanced to a high level, Not students who have been advanced) developed countries a grown-up dau^ter Increased activity an escaped prisoner vanished civilizations faded colours a retired general swollen ankles Rescuers are still working in the ruins of the collapsed hotel.

Participle as a verb (i) As a verb it is always psut of a finite verb. The present participle is used to form progressive tenses. For example, He is/was/will be/has been pla}ring. The past participle is used to form perfect tenses. For example, He has/had/will have stolen my watch, (ii) *be+past participle* is used to form the passive voice. For example.

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Letters are being typed. Letters have been ^ed already. !

*be+past participle* form is the marker of passive voice, (iii) *have+past participle* is used to form a perfect infinitive. For example, You ought to have obeyed your parents. He could have passed the examination.

iRiiie 36 When verb+ing forms are used like adjectives or adverbs they have similar meaning to active verbs. For example, ! falling leaves ("leaves that fall) a meat-eating animal (=an animal that eats meat) She walked out smiling. ("She was smiling) Most past participles, have passive meanings when they are used like adjectives or adverbs. For example, a broken heart (=a heart that has been broken) He lived alone, forgotten by everybody. ("He had been forgotten by every body).

Past participles like interested, bored, excited etc say how people feel. Present participles like interesting, boring etc describe the people or things that cause the feelings. To compare, look at the sentences given

below: I was very interested in the lesson. (Not, I was very interesting in the lesson) The lesson was really interesting. I did not enjoy the party because I was bored. (Not because I was boring). It was a terribly boring party. The children always get excited when Dada ji comes, (not. The children always get exciting ) Dada ji takes the children to exciting places. His explanations make me very confiised. (Not make me very confusing) He is a very confusing writer.

A few past participles can be used as adjectives with active meanings especially before nouns. For example.

Rule 39 Some more past participles can be used with active meanings, but only with adverbs. For example, a well-read person. (But not a read person) a much-travelled man. a recently arrived immigrant. Some active past participles can be used after *be’. For example, She is retired now. Ihose curtains are badly ihded. My family are all gronw up now. This class is the most advanced. Note; Recovered, camped, stopped,finished and gone are used in this way after ‘be’, but not usually before nouns. For example. Why are all those cars stopped at the crossroads? (But not,....a stopped car) I hope you are fully recovered from your operation. We are camped in the field across the stream. I will be finished in a few minutes. Those days are gone now.

Rule 40 We often use participles after nouns in order to define or identify the nouns, in the same way as we use identifying relative clauses. For example. We couldn't agree on any of the problems discussed. (" the problems that were discussed.)(Not,....the discussed problems) The people questioned gave very different opinions. ("The people who were questioned...)(Not, the questioned people...) I got the only ticket left. (Not,....the only left ticket) ‘Those’ is often used with a participle to mean *the ones who are/were’. For example. Most of those questioned refused to answer. Those selected will begin training on Monday.

Rule 41 A few participles change their meaning according to their position. Now,look at the sentences given below: a concerned expression ("a worried expression) the people concerned ("the people who are/were affected)

Test ofEnglish Language

68 an involved explanation (°a complicated explanation) the people involved (° the same as the people concerned) an adopted child (°a child who is brou^t up by people who are not his/her biological parents) the solution adopted (°the solution that is/was chosen)

Rule 42 (i) When a past participle is part of a passive verb, we can put‘much* or Very much’before it, but not Very’. For example. He is (very) much admired by his students, (not very admired....) India’s trade position has been (very) much weakened by inflation. (Not....very weakened....) (ii) When a past participle is used as an adjective, we usually prefer Very’. This is common with words referring to mental states, feelings and reactions. For example, a very frightened animal, (not, a much frightened animal) a very shocked expression. The children were very bored. She looked very surprised. Common exceptions: That is Rcyesh, unless I am (very) much mistaken, (not unless I am very mistaken) He is well known in the art work, (not, very known....) (iii) With Vmnsed’, very and (very) much are both possible. For example, I was very amused/much amused/very much amused by Miras’ performance.

Rule 43 A participle (present/perfect) can be used to combine two simple sentences into a sin^e simple sentence. In this process a finite verb is replaced by either: (a) present participle or (b) perfect participle Present Participle The finite verb of the first sentence is replaced by a present participle when two action by the same subject occur at the same time (simultaneously). For example, 1. He was walking in the field. He came upon a peacock. Walking in the field he came upon a peacock. 2. She was working in the laboratory. She fell unconscious. Working in the laboratory, she fell unconscious. Notice that the present participle that replaces the finite verb of the first sentence is placed first in the new sentence.

participle refers to the two actions. Notice that the perfect participle like the present participle is placed first in the sentence. For example, 1. Ravi finished his homework. He went out to play. Having finished his homework, Ravi went out to play. 2. Seema worked all through the day. She felt tired. Having worked all throu^ the day, Seema felt tired.

Rule 44 Dangling Participle A participle is used as a substitute for a finite verb only when both the sentences have the same subject, ie, when the subjects of the finite verb and that of the participle are the same. For example, John was going to office. He had an accident. While going to office, John had an accident. When this is not the case, the use of a participle gives rise to a dangling participle, so called because it hangs loosely, unattached. Now,look at the sentences given below carefully: John was going to office, a dog jumped at him. (While) going to office, a dog jumped at John. These sentences have different subjects, ‘John* and *a dog*; therefore the participle cannot be used to combine them. The participle here dangles. The sentence can only mean that the dog was going to office, which is unlikely.

Transitive Verbs A transitive verb is one that is used with a direct object. An object may either be expressed or understood. For example. He loves DoUy/her. (object, Dolly/her) A cat likes fish, (object, fish) She is singing very sweetly, (understood object) An object is a noun/noun phrase. It may assume any one of the following forms: 1. He knows/speaks English, (noun) A mother loves her children, (noun) 2. He knows me/us. (pronoun) She always helps him/them, (pronoun) They enjoy themselves, (pronoun) 3. He likes to collect stamps, (infinitive) I don’t like to see him (infinitive) 4. She likes swimming, (gerund) He loves singing, (gerund) 5. I don’t know what to do now. (phrase) She is learning how to fly a plane (phrase) 6. I don't know where he lives, (noun clause) Tell me when you will get back, (noun clause) Kinds of Transitive Verb

Perfect Participle The finite verb of the fist sentence is replaced by a perfect participle when the first action is completed before the second action begins; so the perfect

Transitive verbs are of five kinds: (i) Monotransitive A transitive verb that is used with only one object

Grammar (direct object) is called mono-transitive,(mono means one). For example. He is writing a letter. They are learning English, (ii) Ditransitive A transitive verb that takes two objects (indirect object) is called ditransitive, (di means two). For example. He gave me a pen. I bought her a ring, (iii) Complex-transitive A transitive verb that takes direct object + complement is called complex-transitive. For example; They made him king. We elected her monitor. A complement placed after a direct object is called an object complement, (iv) Causative Verb A transitive verb that acts as a cause is called causative. It means ‘cause something to be done by somebody else’. For example, I will have my hair bobbed. 1 will get my hair bobbed. 1 got him to repair my watch. I had him repair my watch, (v) Reflexive verb A transitive verb that takes a reflexive pronoun as its object is called a reflexive verb. (A reflexive pronoun in English has the form x+self, where x is him/her/your/my etc.) For example. She prides herself on her hair. He availed himself of that chance.

Intransitive Verbs An intransitive verb is one that is used without an object. Note: Transitive means ‘passing over’ to an object. So a transitive verb denotes an action which passes over from the subject to the object. But an intransitive verb denotes an action which does not pass over from the subject to the object. Kinds of Intransitive Verbs

69 (ii) Intransitive verbs of incomplete prejdication An intransitive verb that requires a word/phrase (complement) to complete its sense is cjalled an incomplete verb of incomplete predication. For example, He appears to be a doctor. This car is red. This story is amusing. Verbs without a complement, like these below, are incomplete and therefore meaningless: He is/was She seems She appears He became Note: (a) Subject complement When a complement (noun/adjective) refers to the subject of an intransitive verb it is c^led a subject complement. For example, He is a doctor. She became a minister She is tall. She grew old. (b) Object complement When a complement (noun/noun phrase) refers to the direct object of a transitive verb it is called an object complement. For example. He was elected chairman. She was nominated minister. She is called Noor. Forms of Complement A complement can appear in any one of the following forms: 1. This is a book, (noun) That is a pen. (noun) 2. It is me. (pronoun) That is him/her. (pronoun) 3. Milk is white, (adjective) Sugar is sweet, (adjective) 4. This story is Interesting, (present participle) He feels tired, (past paniciple) 5. The earth seems to stand stW. (infinitive) She loves to play the piano, (infinitive) 6. His hobby is playing tennis, (gerund) The children are eating ice cream, (gerund) 7. He is here/there, (adverb) She is in/out. (adverb) 8. This is how he became poor, (clause) It seems that the bad days are over, (clause)

Mood

Intransitive verbs are of two kinds: (i) Intransitive verb of complete predication An intransitive verb that does not require a word/ phrase (complement) to complete its sense is called an intransitive verb of complete predication. For example. Fire bums. Dogs bark. Birds fly. Lions, roar.

The different modes or manners in which a verb may be used to express an action are called moods. The word ‘mood’ comes from a Latin word which means ‘manner’. When we apply the term ‘mood’ to verbs, we mean the manner in which the verb expresses the action or state of being. Kind of Mood There eure three moods in English, (i) Indicative Mood: The indicative mood is used to

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make statements and to ask questions. Most of the verbs that we commonly use are in the indicative mood. For example, The secretary wrote the letter. (A statement of fact) Did you hear the Principal’s address? (Question) The bold words ‘wrote’, ‘hear’ mentioned above are the examples of verbs in indicative mood, (ii) Imperative Mood: The imperative mood is used to express a command or a request or an advice. The imperative mood is found only in the present tense, second person. The subject is always the pronoun ‘you’ which is seldom expressed. For example. Stop the car at once, (command) Come here, Ravi, (request) Work hard, (advice) Note: The imperative mood can strictly be used in the second person. In the first and third persons, a similar sense is denoted by the use of the auxiliaiy verb ‘let’. For example. Let us get into the room. Let them play, (iii) Subjunctive Mood: The subjunctive mood is used to express a wish or a condition which is contrary to the fact. By contrary fact we mean something which is not true. A condition contrary to the fact is usually introduced by the word ‘If or ‘as if. For example, If he were here, 1 would give him the keys. (He is not here) 1 wish 1 were in Hong Kong, (expresses a wish)

The indicative and imperative moods do not present any problems in English. The verb has the same form to express to a statement or to ask a question. You can identify the imperative mood easily because the subject is ‘you’, which is usually understood. Uses of the Subjunctive Mood Although most of the forms for the subjunctive have disappeared from day-to-day usage, there are a few forms left that you should be able to recognise and to use as well. The careful writers and speakers use the subjunctive to express a wish, a condition that is contrary to fact (not true), and a condition of uncertainty (it may be true or not true). Sometimes careful writers and speakers also use the subjunctive in making a suggestion, in making a demand or in expressing a need. For example, I wish I were a king, (wish) If I were you. I should give up the contest, (contrary to fact). If this plan fail, we shall give up the project, (condition of fact). I suggest that he work full time in the future, (suggestion) The judge insists tliat the accused prove his report, (a demand) It is imperative that the play begin at once, (a necessity) Note: The two most important use of subjunctive are the subjunctive expressing a wish and the subjunctive in a contrary to fact condition after if, as if and as though.

Tense Introduction Actions and events happen in time. So when a verb expresses these, it also expresses the time of the action, event or state. It tells us, for example, whether an action takes place now, ie in the Present, or whether it took place some time ago, ie in the Past, or whether it will take place some time from now, ie in the Future. The verb indicates the time by certain changes in its form. These changes are called Tense changes. For example, look at the following sentences: 1. He eats mango. 2. He is eating mango. 3. He has eaten mango. 4. He ate mango. 5. He was eating mango. 6. He will eat mango. 7. He will be eating mango. The same verb (eat) is used in all these sentences. But you find different forms of the verb in the sentences. The forms in sentences (1),(2) and (3)(eat, is eating, has eaten) show the present time (“now). The verb forms in sentences (4) and (5) (ate, was

eating) show the past time (“before now). The forms in sentences (6) and (7) (will eat, will be eating) show the future time (=after now). These different forms are called tenses. From the above discussion it is clear that the word ‘tense’ stands for a verb form or series of verb forms used to express a time relation. The word ‘time’ stands for a concept with which all mankind is familiar. 'Time' is divided into past, present, and future. It is something independent of language. Tenses may indicate whether an action, activity or state is/was/ will be complete or whether it is/was/will be in progress over a period of time. Verb Forms There are four principal forms which English verb take in order to indicate ‘tense’, (a) The unchanged form, ie the bare or dictionary form. This is the form which the verb takes to indicate the tense known as the Present Simple. For example, 1 feel tired. 1 see an aeroplane over the hill. 1 hear the sound of a gun.

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Note: This form of verb takes on ‘s’ after it when the subject of the verb is in the third person singular. For example, He feels tired. He sees ghosts in his dreams Raju hears strange noises sometimes,

I am writing a letter now. Rahul is practising on the sitar.

i

(d) The past participle form: This is the form which the verb takes after the auxiliary has, have, or had in order to express the “Present Perfect” and “Past Perfect” tenses. For example,

(b) The simple past form, as seen in the sentences given below: I felt tired. He saw an aeroplane over the hill. I heard the sound of a gun.

Kind of Tense

(c) The present participle (-ing) form: This is the form which the verb takes after a form of the auxiliary he’ to express a continuous action. For example. The boys are playing a cricket match.

There are three kinds of tense.(1) Present Tense,(2) Past Tense, and (3) Future Tense. The verb forms that are used in different tenses as given below should be carefully studied:

Names of Tenses (1) Present Tense (i) Present Simple/Indefinite (ii) Present Continuous/Progressive (iii) Present Perfect (iv) Present Perfect Continuous (2) Past Tense (i) Past Simple/Indefinite (ii) Past Continuous/Progressive (iii) Past Perfect (iv) Past Perfect Continuous (3) Future Tense (i) Future Simple/Indefinite (ii) Future Continuous/Progressive (iii) Future Perfect (iv) Future Perfect Continuous

Raju has taken away my bicycle. The bell had rung five minutes earlier. The boys have drawn some nice pictures.

Verb Form Used in Tenses verb/verb + s/es is/am/are + verb + ing has/have + past participle has/have + been + verb + ing past form only (eg went, did) was/were + verb + ing had + past participle had been + verb + ing shall/will + verb shall/will + be + verb + ing shall/will + have + past participle shall/will + have been + verb + ing

The Correct Usage of the Tenses Here are some of the chief uses of the various tenses.

Present Simple/Indefinite The Present Simple Tense consists of the base form of the verb (for example, work, go, eat etc.) with ‘s’ or ‘es’ added for the third person singular (for example, works, goes, eats etc). That to say with I, you, we and they, we use the base form; with he, she, it, the verb ends in ‘s’ or ‘es’. For example, I write. He/she writes. They write. You write. We write.

Rule 1 The Present Simple is mainly used (i) to express actions which are repeated and are habits. This is one of the main uses of this tense. The form of the verb in this tense is the bare or

dictionaiy form except, of course, when the subject is in the third person singular. The verb then is singular in form. For example, I always take my coffee without sugar. Mohan gets up at five o’clock eveiy day. School begins at 10 o’clock. My brother often goes to see English films, (ii) to express facts which are “timeless”, that is, facts which are true all time. We use this tense to describe permanent facts, especially observed facts of science. For example. Water boils at 100° C. Ice melts above 0°C. A drop in the mercury column of a barometer indicates a change in the atmospheric pressure. The human body, when normal, keeps a temperature of 98.4° F. The day is short in winter and long in summer The evening sun casts long shadows. The Ganga rises in the Himalayas and flows into the Bay of Bengal Sri Lanka lies to the south of India.

Test ofEnglish Language

72 (ill) to express a present or existing state of affairs, one that is regarded as permanent at the time of speaking. For example, Mohan’s brother works in a bank. Rice costs Rs 5 a kilo in my town. Express buses don’t stop at this place. Vegetables come to our town from the ville^es near by. (iv) to describe events that are going on in running commentaries. For example, Vijay steps forward and drives the ball, and it goes to the boundary, (v) when we are talking about a future action, usually an ofiicial programme or timetable. For example. The Prime Minister arrives here on 12th. Ihe school opens on 15th June, (vi) to tell about past events in a dramatic way. When the present tense is used in this way, it is called ’Historic Present’. For example, India wins freedom. New long Paurus leads his army and attacks Alexander, (vii) for general facts, ie statements of what was true in the past, is true at present and will be true in the future. For example. The sun rises in the east. The earth moves round the sun. Oil floats on water. They live in Patna. Rajesh speaks English well. The first three are examples of “eternal truths”. The other two (ie the last two sentences) refer to things that stay the same for a long time, (viii) when we quoting from books, notices etc. For example, Shake^eare says, “Give every man thy ear but few thy voice". The notice says, “No parking”, (ix) in newspaper headlines to describe a past event. For example, PRESIDENT RESIGNS (= The president resigned) FIRE DESTROYS CLUB (= A fire destroyed the club) (x) This tense is also used to express ideas like these: (a) Proverbs/saying. For example, A bad carpenter quarrels with his tools. dOne swallow does not make a summer, (b) Natural or inherent qualities/ characteristics. For example, A mother loves her children. The sun gives us light and heat. Sugar Is sweet,

He leaves for Delhi tomorrow, stays there for two days, and gets back the next day. The Prime Minister lands at 8 am, inaugurates the Athletic Meet at 8.15 am, visits the Science Museum at 10 am and flies back for lunch. Note: (1) Adverbs of future time are normally used in such sentences to indicate future plan/ programme. For example, tomorrow, next day/week/month etc. (2) Simple present used to express a definite future plan is more formal than present progressive because simple present indicates a future programme as part of a plan not necessarily made by the speaker or writer. But present progressive indicates involvement of the speaker/writer in making an arrangement. For example, I am going to my village tomorrow, (e) With verbs expressing ownership/relationship. For example. This house belongs to me. She has two brothers. Ramu owes me Rs 500. (f) With verbs of perception (/eel, hear, smell, taste, see). For example. We see the poor suffering. We hear daily of the atrocities on the weak. The rose smells sweet, (g) With verbs of cognition (knowing). For example, believe,forget, know, mean,remember,suppose, think, trust, understand. For example, He believes in himself. I understand what you say. He knows English, (h) With verbs of emotion, feeling. care,desire, hate, hope,like, love, mind,feel,fear, prefer, want, wish For example, A cat likes fish. A mother wants her children to prosper. Note: These four classes of verbs (e)-(h) are known as stative verbs.They do not generally take -ing’ form of a verb, (i) Some miscellaneous verbs: appear, consist of, contain, deserve, matter, resemble,seem For example. This committee consists of five members. The bottle contains poison. Rajiv resembles his mother.

(c) Professional activities. For example, A baker bakes bread. A cobbler mends shoes,

Present Continuous (Progressive) Tense

(d) A fliture plan/programme (a planned action or a series of actions). For example.

Many students confuse the Present Progressive and Present Simple Tense. It would therefore be useful

Grammar to place these tenses side by side and make a further study. The Present Progressive is usually used for actions that are going on at the time of speaking. The Present Simple is mainly used to talk about actions which happen again and again or all the time, or at any time. Compare the following: 1. (a) He is swimming, (b) He swims eveiyday. 2. (a) The water is boiling; shall I make tea? (b) Water bolls at lOO^C. Sentence 1(a)describes an action going on at the actual moment of speaking. Sentence 1(b) means, he swims regularly as a habit; it is not known whether he is swimming now. Sentence 2(a) describes an action happening at the present moment. Sentence 2(b) refers to something which is true for all time.

73 speaking. In other words, it indicates an activity that extends over a period of present time. For example, 1 am directing a film these days. He is writing a novel. She is studying law. (iii) It is used to express a definite plan/programme in near future. An adverbial of future time is always mentioned to avoid confusion between present time and future time, viz tomorrow, next day, next week, next morning etc. For example, I am leaving for Delhi tomorrow. She is giving a party next Sunday. Note: (a)When the time of an action/plan/programme is not mentioned, present progressive indicates present time. We are playing a match.(We are playing a match now.)

Form of Present Progressive Tense (a) The present progressive form of a verb is: am/is/are+present participle (verb+ing) (b) The present progressive form of *have* is: am/is/are+having (have+ing) (c) The present progressive form of *be + adjective* is: being + adjective You are being too formal. (This use is rare). Note: (a) *-ing» form of a verb necessarily occurs with a form of *be’. For example. The children are going to school. The soldier is singing a song.

(b)

Present progressive form of have + noun is having+noun. In this construction having + noun is used as a substitute for taking/receiving/experiencing. For example. She is having a bath. (She is taking a bath.) We are having a lot of hardships. (We are experiencing a lot of hardships.) But have + noun indicating ownership/ relationship/characteristics is not put into the progressive form. For example. He has a brother, (not, is having) This elephant has a long trunk, (not, is having) ●

Rule 2 (i) Present progressive indicates a temporary activity, ie an action going on now, but not likely to continue or occur again. The progressive aspect refers to a particular occasion — the moment of speaking or writing. For example, I can’t go out. It’s raining now. What are they doing? They are feeding the fish. She has no house of her own. She is living with her aunt, (ii) Present progressive is also used for an action going on these days, not necessarily at the moment of

(b)

Present progressive is more personal and informal than simple present because if(present progressive) indicates that a speaker/writer is party to a future arrangement, (iv) Present progressive is used to denote a change of present state/situation into another. Some of the verbs of this class are: become, go, get, grow, turn. The problem is getting more and more complicated. Cars are becoming costlier by the day. Note: (a) Verbs expressing ownership/relationship/ perception/emotion/cognition etc are not usually used in progressive aspect. These verbs are stative (as opposed to dynamic) and therefore incompatible with the idea of progressive aspect However, a progressive form can be used when the reference is to a temporary activity. For example. She is smelling a rose. The court is hearing the case today.

(b)

In questions about habitual/normal activities present progressive is not used with *when*. We don’t say: When are you going for a walk usually? When are they going to office eveiyday? In questions like these simple present is used instead. But ‘when’ can be used to indicate immediate future time. For example. When are they getting married?

(v) We can have the distinction between verbs of involuntary action and verbs ofvoluntary action when, for example, we compare the verb ‘see* and ‘look at*. For example, I see a parrot in that tree. (It happens that I do.) (One doesn't voluntarily start or stop seeing.) I am looking at a parrot in that tree. (I can of course stop looking at it if I want to.)

Test ofEnglish Langucige

74 Similarly, you can compare ‘hear* and ‘listen to*. For example, I'hear a noise in the next room. (It happens that 1 do.) ^^e noise reaches my ear, so I hear it, whether I want it or not.) 1 am listening to the lecture. (1 can stop listening to it if I want to.) (vi) There are two classes of verbs which are rarely used in the continuous tense. (a)Verbs which express activities of the mind or of the senses or which express feelings or emotions. For example, admire, believe, cxire, dislike, expect,feel,forget, hate, hear,imagine, know,like, love, mean, notice, realise, recall, recognize, remember, see, smell, taste, think, want, wish. (b) Verbs which expresses a state or condition which, at the moment of speaking, is regarded as permanent. For example, appear, belong, consist, contain, cost, equal, have (^possess), include, keep, possess, remain, resemble,stand(==remainorbeinacertainsituatbn), signify, owe, own. In the Present Tense, we use these verbs in the Present Simple and not the Present Progressive. For example. I remember your name. (Not, I am remembering your name). He wants a new fountain pen. (Not, He is wanting a new fountain pen). This house belongs to Dr Rajesh Talwar. (Not, This house is belonging to Dr Rajesh Talwar) The box contains my clothes, (Not, The box is containing my clothes). Note: Some of the verbs listed above may, however, be used in the progressive form in certain special uses. (a)When they have a special meaning. For example, I am thinking about a problem in algebra. (The verb here expresses the activity going on in my mind at the present moment, for solving the problems). 1 am having all kinds of bad dreams. (° experiencing.) (b)When we express the action of the verbs as happening gradually or by degrees. For example. The patient has recovered consciousness and is slowly remembering the things that happened. It is usual to use some adverb such as ‘slowly’ in such sentences, in order to express the gradualness of the action. (c)When the verb is used transitively. For example. He is smelling the scent to judge its quality, (compare this sentence with This scent smells very nice’.)

(d) When the verb expresses repeated occurrences of the action. For example, He is saying all kinds of things about me. (compare this sentence with ‘He says I am dishonest’.) He is seeing strange visions. (Repeated occurrence.)

Present Perfect Tense The present perfect form of a main verb is has/have + past participle. The present perfect form of ‘have* as a main verb is has/have + had. The present perfect form of ‘he* is has been/have been. The present perfect form of‘can* is has been/have been + able to. (i) When ‘have+noun* means ‘to experience/to receive/to take* its present perfect form is has/ have+had+noun. For example, I have had a lot of calls today, (have received) He has had a lot of opposition, (has experienced) I have had rice and fish for lunch, (have taken) (ii) The Present Perfect form of verb be+noun/adjective is: has/have+been+noun/adjective. For example. Raja has been a teacher for ten years. They have always been kind to me.

Rule 3 (i) Present perfect expresses the completion of an action by the time of speaking or writing. For example. The holidays are over. Schools have reopened. 1 have written a book on En^sh grammar. (U) Present perfect is used to refer to an activity or experience which has occurred in the past. For example, Mr Baneiji has been to England. Have you ever seen a rainbow? Have you been to this restaurant? (iii) The present perfect in English does not(generally) take an adverb of past time, viz. last week, yesterday, last month. For example. We don’t say: Jyoti has finished her work last week. They have got back from Nepal yesterday. Note: Simple past is chosen when an adverb of past time is mentioned: I saw Kulkami yesterday, (not, have seen) We found a treasure last week, (not, have found) (iv) However, present perfect is used with adverbs/ prepositional phrases of time like these: sofar, up till now,for, since,just, yet, already. For example, 1 haven’t received any reply so far. (not, I didn’t receive) . The team hasn’t arrived up till now. (not, didn’t arrive) I haven’t written to mother since January, (not, didn’t write)

Grammar

75 Note: In a question, present perfect is not used with when, Simple Past is used instead. For example. When did you buy this camera? (not, have bought)

We can’t say: He is sleeping for five hours. We should say:

(V) Present perfect can be used with adverbs of frequency like these: always, ever, never, often. For example. Have you ever seen a zebra? I have always paid attention to music lessons. Note: Instead of the standard has/have, a be with past participle is allowed in sentences like the following: Spring is come. The ball is gone. The sun is risen. The wound is swollen. Sentences of this pattern refer to a change of state/ situation and not only to a completion of activity in the present. This pattern occurs with a few verbs like come, go,fall, rise etc.

He has been sleeping for five hours, (b) Remember the correct use of ‘since’ and ‘for’. ‘Since’ is used with ‘a point of time* (eg, since 8 o’clock, since last month, since 1980.)‘For’ is used with *a period of time*(eg for three hours, for several years, for a long time.)

Rule 4 (i) The present perfect progressive indicates that an action began in the past and is still going on, ie continuing upto the time of speaking or writing. For example. The baby has been cr3dng. What have you been doing?

(id) Present perfect, like present simple is used in an adverb clause oftime when the main clause is in future time. For example,

(ii) The present perfect progressive is used for an action

I will get off when the bus stops/has stopped. They shan’t go home until they finish/have finished the job.

I am very tired. I have been pla3dng tennis. Have you been working in the garden? (Your shoes are muddy.)

In adverb clauses like these, simple future is replaced by simple present and future perfect by present perfect. The use of present perfect makes completion of an activity emphatic. For example, I (will) switch on the light when it grows dark, (nonemphatic) 1 (will) switch on the light when it has grown dark (emphatic)

already completed. The results of the action happen or are noticed in the present. For example,

“Why are your clothes dirtyl” - “I have been cleaning the store - room”, (ill) It can be used with time phrases like these: for, since, long, how long, all the time, all day, all week. For example. Lata has been talking all'the time. We have been playing chess all evening. People have been waiting for a long time.

Notice hpvv simple present/present perfect in such sentences indicates future time, not present time.

Note: In questions in present perfect progressive ‘since when’ is used instead of *when’. For'example.

Present Perfect Continuous/Progressive

Since when has the child been missing? Since when have you noticed the symptoms of this disease?

The present perfect progressive form of a verb is: has been/have been+present participle. For, example, I have been writing. You have not been writing. He/she has been writing. We have been writing. This tense shows that an action began in the past and is still continuing. Now look at the following sentences: Ruchika is working in the garden now. He began to work in the garden at 9’o clock. The idea of the above two sentences can be expressed in one sentence, as: Ruchika has been working in the garden since 9 o’clock. Note: (a)Remember that the Present Continuous Tense should not be used with time phrases.

We don’t say: When have you been writing this novel?

Past Simple Tense The past simple form of regular verbs is verb+d/ed: For example, love - loved, work - worked, pull - pulled The simple past ofirregular verbs is formed in irregular ways. For example, go - went, draw - drew, give - gave The simple past of‘have’is ‘had’, of ‘be’ is ‘was/were’ and of ‘can’ is ‘could’ or ‘was/were+able to.’ Note: Except for the forms was/were, all the past simple tense forms remain invariant, no matter I what the number person of the subject is. *Was* j is the past tense form of *be* when the subject is the first or third person singular. In all other cases the form is ‘were*.

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I !

Ninnala never came late for dance classes. The staff often complained,

Rule 5 (i) Past Simple is used for a past action when the time of in action is mentioned. In such a sentence an adverb of time is often used. For example,

(vii) Past Simple is also used in conditional sentences to indicate an improbable condition. For example, If a ghost appeared we would scream. I wish 1 knew typing.

Mrs Rao left this place a month ago. The sn’ indicates contact Of one thing with another; in contact with, ie, touching a thing. For example, ● She placed her hand on his head. The cups are on the table. He is standing on the road, (ii) ‘Over* indicates absence of contact; not touching a thing, ie, higher than something. For example. There is a spider over his head, (not, on) A lamp is hanging over the door, (not, on) Note: ‘over’ and ‘above’ can often be interchanged in this sense. For example, A plane is hovering over/above the field, (iii) ‘Above’, like ‘over’ can mean ‘more than’ (in price, age, or weight). For example. She is above twenty. This suitcase weighs above 70 kilos. Rule 13 ‘Before’ and ‘Within’

Rule 9 In’ and *Within’ (i) In’ indicates ‘at the end of period of time’. For example. He will get back home in a week, (at the end of the week) (ii) Within’ indicates ‘before the end of a period of time’. For example. He will get back home within a week, (before the end of the week)

‘Before’ denotes point of time.‘Within’ denotes period of time. For example. He will reach before next January. He will come back from UK within a month. Rule 14 ‘At’ and ‘About’ ‘At’ denotes a fixed moment. ‘About’ suggests proximity to a certain time. For example. He left work at 3 o’clock. It is about seven now.

Rule 10 Rule 15 ‘In’ and With’ ‘Till’ and ‘By’ (i) with + a pen or a pencil ‘With’ is used before ‘pen’ and ‘pencil’ to express means or instruments when these nouns are preceded by ‘a’. For example. She is writing with a pen/pendl. (not, in a pen/pendl) (ii) in + pen;or pencil ‘pen’ and ‘pencil’ without ‘a’ take ‘in’ to express medium. For example. We often write in pencil/ball point pen. (not, with) Rule 11

I

‘On’ and ‘Upon’ ‘On’ is used in speaking of things at rest and ‘upon’ of things in motion. For example. He sat on the chair. The dog sprang upon a cat.

"rill’ means ‘not earlier than’. ‘By’ means ‘not later than’. For example, 1 was kept waiting till 5 o’clock. I shall return home by 10 o’clock. Rule 16 Within’ and ‘By’ Within’ is used for space of time. ‘By’ is used for point of time. For example, I shall submit my thesis within ten days. He will come back by 8 o’clock Rule 17 ‘Between’ and ‘Among’ (i) between + two people or things ‘Between’is usually used with reference to two people

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or things. For example, Aligarh is between Lucknow and Delhi. We have to choose between two evils, (ii) between more than two people or things (a) between’ is used vwth reference to more than two people or things when modified by a definite numeral. For example, He divided his properly equally between his four sons, (b) between’is also used with reference to more than two when mutual or reciprocal relationship is indicated. For example. There is a treaty of friendship between the five great powers, (among is not acceptable here), (iii) between + noun + and + noun ‘And’ is always used to join two nouns or pronouns, so ‘and’ cannot be replaced by *to’. For example. Please see me between 4 pm and 5 pm. (not, Please see me between 4 pm to 5 pm) (iv) among + more than two people or things ‘Among’ is usually used with reference to more than two people or things when a definite number is not mentioned. For example. She is happy to be among her people again. He likes to work among little children, (v) among + collective noun ‘Among’ is also used for more than two people or things considered as a group. For example. He distributed sweets among the class. She is standing among the crowd, (between is not possible here). Rule 18 ‘But’and‘But for’ (i) ‘But’ meaning ‘except’ is a preposition. It is not a conjunction. For example. None blit him can tackle this problem, (not, but he) None but me passed the test. (not. but I) Note that, after preposition, we use pronouns in objective case. Note: ‘But’ indicating contrast is a conjunction. For example, John is tall but Rosie is short. His writing is good but not his spelling, (ii) ‘But’ for meaning ‘without or except for’ and ● expressing a negative condition is a preposition. For example. But for your cooperation I couldn’t have arranged this function. (If you had not cooperated I would not have been able to arrange this function.) \

■

Rule 19 ‘For* and *8ince’ (i) ‘for’ and ‘since’ are used with present perfect, present perfect progressive, past perfect, and past perfect progressive forms. Present perfect is used for an action that began at a definite time in the past and extends into the present (till now). For example. He has lived in India for ten years. India have not won the world cup in cricket since 1983. I have been here for half an hour/since 9 O’ dock. Present perfect progressive is used for an action that began at a definite time in the past and is continuing and may extend into the future as well. For example. He has been living in India for ten years. He has been living in Belgium since 1980. She has been waiting here for one hour/since 8 O’ clock, (not, she is waiting) Note: (a) *for» or ‘since’ is not used with a simple present or progressive tense. For example. We don’t say: She is absent for a week. It is raining since Tuesday, (b) ‘for’ (but not *since*) is used with simple past tense when it indicates that an action began in the past and terminated. For example. She worked here for twenty years. (She doesn’t work here now.) (ii) ‘for’ is used of a period or length of time, ‘since’ is used of a point of time. For example, Leena has been working here for 10 years since 1988. It has been raining for weeks since the end of June. People have been demanding an inquiry for a long time. We have been waiting to see you since morning. Rule 20 ‘From’ and ‘Since’ (i) ‘From’ and ‘since’ indicate a point in time. For example. He has been ill since Monday. He will be absent from Monday, (ii) ‘Since’ is always used with reference to past time, not present or future time. For example. She has been watching TV since 7 pm. (not, from) He has written ten letters since morning, (not, from) From is used with reference to present/future time as well. For example. He will report for work from Monday, (not, since) (iii) ‘From’ is used to indicate the time at which an action starts. For example. The toumanment will be on from Monday.

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Grammar (iv) Trom’ is also used in combination with *to* or 1:111’. For example, She has to work from 9 am to/till 5 pm. (since is not possible here.)

Rule 21 Dpposite’ and In firont of (i) ‘Opposite’ means ‘on the other side^ Look at the sentences given below: There is restaurant opposite my house. The library is opposite the park, (ii) ‘In front of indicates ‘nearness’ (opposite of *behlnd*). Look at the sentences given below: In firont of the museum, there is a statue of a great man. Right In firont of the main building stands an old banyan tree.

Rule 22 ‘Beside’ and ‘Besides’ ‘Beside’ means ‘by the side of or ‘near’ or ‘next to’. ‘Besides’ means ‘in addition to’. For example. He stood beside the RT bus. He gave me a watch besides a pen. He is sitting beside his wife. . The hut is beside the river. There are nine students here, besides the teacher. We cannot go-we have no torches. Besides it’s rainning.

Expressions Without Prepositions Rule 23 The following words do not take a preposition after them: barring, considering, concerning, during. notwithstanding,pending,regarding,rejecting,touching. For example, Barring a few incidents, the atmosphere was otherwise peaceful. Notwithstanding his weak position, he stood his ground manfully. Considering his age, he should be given light punishment. Pending the resoloution of UNO, the two parties have agreed to maintain peace.

Rule 24 No preposition is used before expressions of time beginning with next, last, this, that, every, any, all, each, today, before, tomorrow, yesterday. For example, I met him last Sunday. He comes home every Saturday. I will see him next week. He promised to come today. He returned this morning. I saw her yesterday.

Come any day you like. I will help you tomorrow. The meeting lasted all night. I was bu^ that evening. They stayed here all week. He stood there all day long. We almost always leave out the preposition before phrases beginning with last, next, this, I3wt, also, before, today, yesterday, tomorrow.

Rule 25 When used in the active voice the following verbs do not take preposition after them: accompany,afford, answer,ascend,ask,assist,attack, benefit,cUmb,combat, de^ribe,discuss,enter,examine,inform,investigate,love, obeyt order, pervade, pick, precede, probe, reach, recommend, request, resemble, resign, resist, sign, soared, violate. For example, He accompanied me. Let’s discuss this problem. He attacked his enemy. He reached his destination. He resisted all temptation. He Investigated this case. I ordered his dismissal. He has signed the document. Don’t Violate the rules. He asked me several questions. iVe examined the answer-books. An uneasy calm pervades here.

Rule 26 Expressions containing words like height,lenght,shape, size, colour, age, area, volume are usually connected to the subject of the sentence by the verb ‘be’, without a preposition. For example, He is the same age as me. What colour are his eyes? Both the buildings are the same size. YouVe the same weight as you were last year. He’s the right height to be a boxer. It is the same shape as your box.

Rule 27 We use a/an instead of a preposition in expressions such as three times a day,fifty miles an hour, twenty rupees a kilo, and similar expressions. For example. Take this medicine three times a day. He drives his car fifty miles an hour. He sells coal sixty rupees a kilo. He fasts twice a week.

Rule 28 The preposition ‘at’ is usually left out in (At) what time...? For example. What time does he get up? What time does the Delhi Express arrive?

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Rule 29

*Durlng* also means 'at some point in a period of time*. For example,

The preposition I:©’ is not used before ‘home* provided the word ‘home* is preceded by come, go, arrive, get, bring, send. For example. Let’s go home. When does he get home? He comes home daily. They brought the dead home. But we say. My brother is at home. 1.shall go to his home. Pray, stay at home. They’ll come to Ravi*s home.

We returned to the base camp during the night (!) ‘For* indicates *a period of time thought of as a whole*. For example, I was detained for five hours. I waited for you for four days, (g) ‘Since’ denotes ‘some point of time*. For example, I have not seen him since March last. He has not met me since Monday last (h)‘From* is used before a noun or a phrase denoting some point of time; it is used with other tenses except the perfect tense. For example.

Prepositions of Time and Date The prepositions of time and date are by, at, in, on, during,for,since, from,after, before. They are used in a variety of situations expressing different shades of meaning. We must,therefore,know where and when to use a particular preposition of time and date, (a) *By* means ‘not later than a given time*. For example. You must be back by four o’clock. He must finish this work by 10 o’clock, (b) ‘At* indicates ‘enact point of time*. For example, I got up at six o’clock in the morning. He went to the tea party at six o’clock in the evening, (c) ‘In* indicates ‘a period of time*. For example. He works in the morning. This project will be completed in 2021. (d)“On* indicates‘a day*,or‘a part ofa day*, considered as a unit, on which some event occurred. For example. The meeting was held on the 15th of July, 1990. We met him on the occasion of his marriage, (e) ‘During* means ‘throughout the length of a period of time*. For example, Europe was in the throes of war during 1914 to 1913.

He started his work firom the 1st of August Our examintion will commence firom 15th April 2013. (i) ‘After* is used in reference to the past space of time. For example, I met him after a long time. He came after a long gap. (j) ‘Before* refers to ‘a point of time*. For example. The sun will rise before six o’clock. He will come before five o’clock. Caution: ‘But at nighf, indicateds ‘in or during the night*. For example, I came home late at night. The child is very restless at night. We sleep better In the day than at night, (also, by day than by nighty (k) ‘On time* means ‘exactly at the appointed hour*, ‘punctually*. For example. The 10.30 train arrived on time. He is on time. But ‘in time* means ‘not late*. For example. We were in time for the train. Thus in English, different prepositions are used with different expressions of time and date. Here is a chart. It will help you know which preposition to use.

Rules

Examples

1.‘in* before months years seasons special expressions

in March in 1990 in spring in the morning in the next few days

in February in 1988 in winter in the afternoon in the last century

in July in 1857 in summer in the evening

2. *on* before days of the week dates

on Friday

on Monday

on Saturday

on April 5th

on the 25th of December

3. *at* before the time of day special expressions

at 8.30 at night

at 6.15 at midnight

at half past five at noon

Orammar

109

Dififerent Use of Some Prepositions The same preposition can be used in a variety of situations to express different shades of thoughts. Let us take, for example, the prepostion ‘in’. He lost his way in the dark, (physical surroundings or circumstances) It is a novel In four parts, (from, shape, arrangement) It is a statue In marble, (material) He is in poor health, (condition) Have you seen the woman in white? (dress) There are seven days in a week, (inclusion) The papers are in my bag. (position) He is in the Indian army, (occupation) He lives in London, (large town) He is young in years but old in wisdom, (relation, reference)

He pulled a da^er on the traveller. There is now a focus on eradicating corruption m public life, (x) membership of an institution or organization (part of something) He is on the staff of our college. She is on the finance committee. (3d) concerning (about) Everything you wanted to know on dinosaurs is here r' in this book. This is a filn^on how to take good care of cats. (3cii) time (on+day, date or special occasion) She goes home on Sundays. He will get back on the morning of June 5. On weekends we go to the gym.

Here is a list of some of the commonly used prepositions with their different uses.

2.AT

l.ON

(i) place (a definite point in space) She is at home. He is at the cinema,

(i) static position (in contact-with the surface; touching something) There is a cap.on his head. There are cups on the table, (ii) close to a place There is a market here on the main road. There are trees on either side of this canal, (iii) means'of travel (public vehicle in transit) They are on the train to Puri. He is on the plane to Amsterdam. Note: in/on ‘in’ indicates a static position, ‘on* indicates movement/in transit. For e3cample. She is sitting In the bus/plane. She is on the plane to Bangalore, (iv) possession (having) I have no money on me at the moment, (v) means (with the help of an instrument) She is playing rap music on the guitar. I spoke to her on the telephone,

(vi) support oneself wit^

€>C somftl^ljag

He has to live on a small pension. Students find it difficult to live on their meagre stipends, (vii) state of being; professional acitivity He is on tour today. They are on holiday,

(viii) cause He was acquitted on the verdict of the jury. The driver stopped the bus on my request. We congratulated her on her success.

(^) d^ection You can see the zoo on the left.

(ii) place of learning or work or worship She is at 03cford. They are at ofBce. They are at church. Note: In American English ‘in’is usually used instead of ‘at’ with a place of learning. For escample. They are in school. She is in Oxford. In British English ‘in’ means inside % building. For example. They are in school, ip. They are inside the school' building, (iii) direc^ioi\ (towards) tie ia Kaamg at the He rawed at the enemy.

(iv) roaoMpn I am delisted at your success. He was alarmed at the news. We were amused at his funny stories, (v) standard or norm (used with a noun or adjective) He is a genius at chess. She is hopeless at tennis. , He is clever at cards, (vi) measurement (price or rate) Bananas sell at ten rupees a dozen. The train is running at 80 kilometres per hour, (vii) state/condition They are at play now. He is at work. Note: ‘at’indicates a temporary activity, ‘in’ indicates a permanent occupation. (He is in the army.)

110 (viii) age At 90, Shridhar is hale and hearty,(at the age of ninety) Noam Chomsky became famous at 27. (at the age of twenty seven) (ix) time (point in time) at + clock time (without the) at + dawn or night (without the) At noon or midday or midnight (without the) The plane lands at 7 o’clock. He left for France at night, (not, at the night) Note: ‘in’ is used with ‘morning’ or ‘evening’ or ‘afternoon’ preceded by ‘the’. For example, In the evening we vdll visit the zoo. (not, in evening.) 3,BY (i) means of travel or transport I am going to Srinagar by bus. (ii) a person as an agent or doer ’Adonis’ is a poem by Shelley. ‘ShakuntaJam’ was written by Kalidasa, (iii) energy, power, natural phenomenon as an agent In the 18th century the streets qf London were lighted by oil lamps. He was struck by lightning, (iv) part of one*s body or olotbcs I seized him by the collar. She caught her by the hair, (v) means of doing something (by + gerund) She earns a lot by singing folk songs. He amuses himself by drawing cartoons, (vi) mode of payment He gets his salary by cheque. Note: We make payment in cash or kind, (not, by) (vii) unit of measurement (price or rate) We buy bananas by the dozen. They are paid wages by the week. Note:‘the’is always used with a unit of measurement For example, We buy butter by the pound,(not, by a pound) (viii) result (because of) The payment was made by mistake. We can achieve great success by will power, (ix) extent We won the match by 3 goals to nil. They won the match by 7 runs, (x) profession She lives by her pen. (xi) accompaniment She was accompanied on the guitar by Eric.

Test ofEnglish Language (xii) division or multiplication of numbers 4 divided by 2 equals 2. 5 multiplied by 3 equals 15. (xiii) dimensions or size This room is 10ft by 20ft, (ie 10ft x 20ft) (xiv) route or passage (via or through) He went to Srinagar by the Jawaher tunnel. He got a promotion by the back door, (jcv) according to (by clock/watch) It is just 9 by my watch, (xvi) at the side of (beside) She came and sat by her husband, (nvii) with respect to (someone’s birth, marital status, or profession.) She is an Indian by birth. She is an Italian by marriage. She is a politician by profession, (nviii) time (before) He can finish his work by 4 pm. He ought to get back by tomorrow. 4.FOR (i) purpose/beneflciary This is a surprise gift for you. Note: ‘for’ indicating purpose is also used before an indirect object. For example. He bought a engagement ring for her. She made coffee for us. (ii) function What’s tjiis gadget for? |t’$ a machine for washing clothes, (iii) dpptipgi^i^}^ This is q They are passengers ipf ^ne. (iv) price I bought this sari for Rs 725.

(v) exeliunge He exchanged his old cycle for a new one.

(vi) ehoiee, prufuremBie or She has a ta^e for classical music. He has a liking for tasty di^es. (vii) support (opposite of against) The External Affairs Ministry is for a new foreign policy. They are working for the consensus candidate, (viii) cause (because of) They are dancing for joy, Kerala is famous for its hq^itality.

111

Grcunmar (ix) concession (in spite of) For all his wealth he is not happy. For all her qualifications Rajani fared poorly at the interview, (for all + noun is used in this construction) (x) representative of or abbreviation of something He is speaking for his country, not for himself. What does CRY stand for? (xi) distance She walks (for) two kilometres every day. Note: ‘for’ denoting a specific distance is usually omitted; Yor’ is not omitted when a vague distance is indicated. For example, She walks two miles every day.

(v) origin or source The plays of Rabindrananth Tagore are as great as his poems. The people of this country are wise, (vi) cause They died of cholera. She is proud of her noble birth, (vli) concerning (about) The results of the examination have not been announced yet. John Smith is a teacher of En^sh. (viil) measurement She bought 5 kilos/pounds of fish. Give me a sheet of paper, (ix) distance

But, This river flows down for mUes and miles, (not, flows down miles.)

There is a swimming pool within 2 kilometres of my house. This town is to the south of Patna,

(xii) time (duration) I will be with you for an hour or so. Note:(a) While denoting a definite period of time ‘for’ is usually omitted. For example. The meeting lasted three hours, (not, for three hours) Would you wait a minute, please? (not, for a minute) (b)‘for’ is not omitted when it indicates that an actiqn began in the past and terminated or extends into the present (till now). For example, She (has) lived here for twenty years. It has been raining for a wee^ (not, It has been'raihmg a'^e'ek). (o) ‘for’ is not onp^te^ duration is vague. So itis hot omittiedm phrases likefor hours;days; weaks; months;years;centuries,for ages;for ever. (xii) time (whole period of time is mentioned)

(x) time Their first child was horn within a year of their marriage. I made many resolutions on the first of January, (xi) age He \s a hoy of ei^teon (years),

(xii) material This is a house of stone, fhis window is made of glass. HQle; not ‘of is used to indicate an ingredient: We make sweets with sugar,

(xiii) collection of people o' things Here is a bunch Of keys diat will unlock any door. This is a team of internationalpayers.

He stayed at home for the summer, (ie from ^e beginning to the end)' (I) pggltfou (higher than; not in contact with the

sur-feoo)

5.OF (i) relationship or c^^i^prs^^p He is a cousip qf nm^. She is a friend pf Rpni.

P

ef a pain?

He is a n^qn Uf letters. He is a man qf his word.

TTiia is work |a 9f foe fogheat calibre, (ill) part of sometliing key of fois lack la inlaaing, Tiie br^e of car ia weak-' (i¥) part of wbefo |Pf m institution or organization) i^ji'v la a member of this club. Mili is a teacher of this schqpV

When it started drizzling, someone held an umbrella over our heads. Many in our country have no roof over their heads. ‘Over’ and ^above* are interchangeable in this sense, (li) position (in contact with, and covering someone or something) *niere is a carpet over the floor. Shf spread a blanket over her husband, (above is not possible here), (iii) position (on the other side) May I go over the lawn and collect my things? Can we come oyer to your house this evening? (iv) position (from one side to the other) There is a long bridge over this river,

112 (v) in every part of something (all over + noun) There is water all over the playing field. The police conducted a search all over the premises,

(ix) mode of payment

(vi) cause

(x) quality of a person mentioned

The brother often quarrel over their ancestral property, (vii) control or authority In this office there is no one over Mr Rao. The Chairman of the Board presided over the meeting, (viii) more than This road is over 500 miles/kilom(^es long. She is over forty now. (over can be replaced by above in this sense) (ix) period of time (during) ^

Test ofEnglish Language

We can sort out our problem over lunch/a cup of tea. Think about what I told you, over the weekend.

They are paid wages in cash/kind. Payment will be made in dollar/rupee, You will always find a friend in Mr Ray. The poet in her is alive, (xi) part of something Ihere are 11 players in a team. There are twelve months in a year, (xii) reference (about) India is rich in manpower. He is weak in Mathematics, (xiii) time (during a period of time) She got back in the morning/evening. He will finish his new novel in a week/month, (xiv) time (within a period/length of time)

(i) place (within an area, ie, within enclosures or boundaries) They are working in the fields. He lives in Agra. In’ is always used with a large town; city ; state; province; country; continent; world; or universe, (ii) place (indicating volume or capacity of a container) In the cage, we saw a hungry lion. There is milk in this bottle. The pronuniciation of words is given in a dictionary. In a newspaper, one often gets to read views, not news. (Ill) porfesslon or occupation He is in the army/airforce. She is in business/poUtics. (Iv) state or condition (static) She is in the canteen. He is in trouble/in a spot Everything was in a mess when the new vicechancellor took over. He is in good/poor health, (v) clothes or colours Today, she is in jeans/tights/shorts. They are all in black/white/red. (vl) form, shape or order They are.standing in rows/circles. This novel will be telecast in thirteen episodes. The runs were being scored in ones and twos. Arrange the names in order of merit, (vll) medium He is writing the answers in ink. He can speak in English, (vlll) means of travel/transport He came here in a red cari We were taken to the venue in three buses.

You can learn English in a few months. She will leave for home in a few hours. Note; (a)*within’ means Isefore the time ends*. ' He will come here within a few hours. (b)’In’ and ’aaer’ In’ meaning ‘after* or ‘at the end’ of is used with a period of time, ^fter* is not used in this sense: He will leave for home in a few minutes/ in an hour, (not, after) 8. FROM (1) starting point (place) From Delhi I will be flying to Hyderabad. The procession is from the Boat Club to India Gate. (11) starting point In time She is on leave from 15 January. He lived in Shillong £rom 1980 to 1990. (Hi) origin or source This gentleman is from Bihar. This is a letter llrom my friend. This is a quotaion from Hamlet*. (Iv) reparation or removal We draw water from a nearby tank. Leaves are falling from this tree. They regularly borrow books from the public library, (v) distance (between two places) It is more than two kilometres from here to the top of the hill. The bus stop is just a kilometre from my house, (vi) lower limit (of number, price, weight) She has to type from 20 to 25 letters a day. Apples are available from Rs 30 to Rs 60 a dozen, (vii) cause He is suffering from fever/cold. The shoot-out victim died from his injuries.

Grammar (viii) protection/prevention He saved the child from kidnappers. This new mask reduces risk from air pollution, (ix) point of view From a financial point of view your project is not viable, (x) considering or judging From his appearance he seems to be innocent. From what they say it seems to be a nice place, (xi) material Soap is made firom coconut oil. Most Ayurvedic medicines are made firom herbs.

9.OFF (i) separation (away from something) She fell off the horse/ladder. Keep off the grass, please, (ii) at a distance from something My house is off the main road, (iii) state or condition (not engaged in an activity) He is off duty now. It is off season now for coolers, (iv) off is the opposite of on. Turn off the light. Switch off the fan, please. 10. WITH

113 (vii) opposition (against) She had a quarrel with her nei^bour last night India play a test match with England next week, (viii) reaction He is angry with Mary/her. Note:In British English *with’ is always used when the cause or stimulus is a person. In American English *at' is the more usual preposition. For example, He is angry at Maiy/her. 'At' is used in British English as well as in American English when the cause of a reaction is not a person. For example, He is angry at the delay. I am delighted at your success, (with is not possible here), (ix) separation It is really painful to part with someone you love. I cant afford to dispense with his services, (x) manner The village headman listened to the farmers with patience. She can speak English with ease. Note: with + noun is equivalent to an adverb of manner. For example. Handle glass with care. (Handle glass carefully) (xi) cause

(i) in the company of She has gone for a walk with her child. He is living with his aunt. Note: ,Therefore we must go with it 229. 5; Look over r^kUful 3) Swift Deft Vigorous Swift Deceilful

2) Vigorous 4) Deceitful = skilful and quick in one's movements,especially ofthe hands = strong, active orfull ofenergy - quick or rapid; prompt = often deceiving people; dishonest; intended to mislead.

23. MELD 1) Glisten

Glisten Merge

= to become or make something part ofsomething else;to combine U> mix. = to shine brightly = to combine or make two or more things come together and combine

24. INDIGENOUS 1) Normal 2) Internal Native 3) Natural Indigenous = belonging naturally to aplace;native Native = associated with the place and circumstances of one's birth 25. MERELY 1) Some 2)Empty 4) Complete ^nly Merely ° only; simply 26. DESTITUTION 1)Beggary '2]T^verty 3) Humility 4) Moderation Destitution = having without money, food and other things necessary for life Humility “ a modest or low opinion of one's own importance; modesty 27. COMPETENCE 1) Efficiency

1) Disrespectful

1) Harmful 3) Splendid Sordid

Meld

2) Purchase 4) Soothe

2) Competition 4) Compensation Competence ° being able to do something well 28. SYNTHETIC

JHAbiUty

1) Scientiilc

2) Fake 4) Superficial = not genuine, though intended to appear so Superficial = appearing to be true or real until looked at more carefully 29. MAGNANIMOUS Generous 1) Loyal ^3)"'^(itificial Fake

3) Kind 4) Loving Magnanimous °very generous or forgiving especially towards a rival, an enemy etc. 30. ERADICATE 1) Complicate 2) Indicate Eliminate 3) Dedicate Eradicate = to destroy something completely; to put an end to something 31. TIMID .ifCowardly 3) Veteran Timid Plucky Veteran

2)Plucky 4) Fearful = easilyfrightened; shy = having or showing courage; brave “ a person with a lot of experience especially as a soldier.

32. ERROR ^Blunder 3)Ambiguity

2) Misadventure 4) Misgiving Misadventure =bad luck; misfortune Ambiguity ° the state of having more titan one possible meaning Misgiving ° doubt or anxiety about the outcome or consequences of something 33. RAIMENT 1) tranquillity 2fclothing 4) unrestrained 5) aimless

3) teasing

283

Synonyms Raiment

= clothing Tranquillity ° quietness and peacejulness 34. PLUSH 1) Comforting c^Hbujcurious Plush

2) Tasty 4) Delicious ●= extremely comfortable expensive

Impasse Stalemate

and

35.

DECIMATE

36.

1) Disseminate 2) Dissipate 3) Disfigure .^TDestroy Decimate = to kill or destroy a large part of something Disseminate ° to spread ideas, beliefs etc widely. Dissipate ° to disappear or cause something to disappear; to waste something foolishly Disfigure = to spoil the appearance of somebody/something LISSOME 1) Dainty JJ)^hin Lissome Dainty Supple

37.

Manifest Venture

Astigmatic

Urfold Unhinge

41.

^T^hort-sighted 4) Cross-eyed = unable to see distant things clearly; unable to consider or plan for the future == a fault in the eye that prevents it seeing things dearly

UNTIE 1) Unfold 3) Undo Untie

40.

-^Daring 4) Venture ° showing or willingness to take risks; bold ° dear and obt/ious; to demonstrate something = to dcwe to go somewhere dangerous or unpleasant

MYOPIC 1) Blind 3) Astigmatic Myopic

39.

42.

RANT

43.

1) Treat with screen -2)^each noisily 3) Formalise 4) Praise inordinately Rant = to speak loudly or angrily especially for a long time Formalise = to make an arrangement, the status of somebody/something etc official Inordinate = beyond proper or normal limits; excessive TERSE 1) Local 4) Holy Terse Shrewd

44.

-Sf Unchain 4) Unhinge =* to undo somebody/something that is tied = to spread flat something that has been folded. ° to make somebody mentally UL

I^TY Flippancy 2) Gentleness 3) Pleasantness 4) Prophetic Levity = the treatment of a serious matter with humour or lack of resped Flippant “ not showing a serious attitude or sufficient resped. Prophetic = describing or showing what will happen in the future I^ASSE ^fStalemate 3) Difficulty

Decay

45.

Sacred MOLLIFY

-^Sacred 4) Ancient = treated withgreat respect especially because of being old. = to become or make something bad; to rot; to decompose ° regarded with great repeat.

1) Flatter ^Appease 3) Sympathise 4) Avenge Mollify = to reduce somebody's anger; to make somebody calmer Flatter = to praise somebody too much or in an insencere way in order to gain favour for oneself. Appease ° to reduce the intensity of somebody's feelings, usually by satisfying their needs or demands partly or in full. Avenge = to take or get revenge 46. EXTRICATE 1) PuU 3) Tie Extricate

47.

4) Complicate “ to free or release oneself/ somebody/something from something; to disentangle.

COY 1) Beautifiil 3) Talented Coy

48. 2) Impossibility 4) Confrontation

2) Shrewd Compact = using few words or perhaps not friendly or polite. = having orshoumggood andregUs^ judgement.

HALLOWED 1) Decayed 3) Historical Hallowed

AUDACIOUS 1) Obvious 3) Manifest Audacious

38.

2) Supple 4) La^ = thin and graceful in movement - small and pretty . = that bends or moves easily; not stiff, flexible

Confrontation

= a d^ficult position or situation Jrom which there is no way out = a stage of a dispute, contest etc at which Jurther action or progress by either side seems impossible = angry disagreement or opposition.

2) Sweet ^hy “ pretending to be shy or modest, although really liking the attention one is receiving.

EXTRANEOUS 1) Shallow 3) Irrelevant

2) Superficial 4) Nonsensical

284

Test ofEnglish Language

Extraneous = not belonging to or directly connected with the subject or matter being dealt with Shallow “ not deep Irrelevant ° not relevant to something 49. TRAVESTY

58. PLACID

^-IfLong journey 2) Of clothes 4) Parable 3)Parody Travesty “ a false, absurd or distorted representation of something; an inferior substitute for somethmg Parody ° a thing that is done so badly that it seems deliberately to mock what is intended. Parable ° a story told to illustrate a moral or spiritual truth. 50. IMPASSIONED Ardent 2) Impressive

2)Triumphant 4) Demonstrative = having or showing a desirefor revenge; notforgiving ° very successful showing great Triumphant satisfaction or Joy about a victory Demonstrative ° showing feelings especially affection readily. 60. MEDIOCRE

4) Irresponsible 3) Sympathetic Impassioned °showing strong deep feeling Ardent ° very enthusiastic or passionate about something RROGATE 51. IN l)Xlown = a comicperformerpartnering a down, whomhewwtatedinancmvusingway

62. ^IGENT 2) Intelligent ^Industrious 4) Energetic 3) Modest Diligent ° showing care and effort in one’s work or duties Industrious = working hard 63. SCINTILLATING 2)Touching

^^Uttering ^4) Smoulderin Scintillating ° brilliant; amusing in a clever way Glittering ° magnificent, splendid or extremely successful Smoulder = to bum slowly without aflame. 64. EMPHASISE 1) Suggest ^ Stress Plead

2) Plead 4) Force ° to make repeated urgent requests to somebody for something.

65. SYCOPHANT 1) Suppliant ^Flatterer Sycophant

66. VINDICATE 2) Unsteady 4) Dreamy = drunken = likely to fall, move, or shake; not regular ° to surprise or shock somebody; to make somebody unable to think or feel properly; to make somebody’s senses less sharp.

4) DuU = calm and peaceful with very little movement

59. VINDICTIVE

1) Warming

2) Trial ^Knowledge 4) Ignorance 3) Witness ICen ° to know; knowledge 55. INORDINATE

,2fCalm

1)Judge 3)Argue Vindicate

67. BESIEGED Encircled 3)Troubled

2) Follower '4) Admirer = a person who tries to gain people’s favour by insincerepraise or always agreeing with them.

d)

Justify 4) Explain = to show or prove the truth. Justice, value etc of something that has been disputed; to clear somebody/ something of blame or suspicion. 2) Skirted 4) Destroyed

285 Synonyms Besiege Encircle Skirt

= to surround somebody/something closely = to surround something = to be on or move around the edge of something

68. GERMANE 1) Cruel 3) Obstinate Qermane Obstinate

,^2fT?elevant 4) Smart = connected with something: relevant = refusing to change one’s opinion or decision, despite attempts to persuade one; difficult to overcome, remove etc.

69. CATALOGUE 1) Menu List 70. SAGACITY 1) Morality 3) Sanity Sagacity Sanity

2) Record 4) Pamphlet >sf^sdom 4) Uprightness = wisdom and good judgement ° the state ofhar/ing a normal healthy mind; the state of being sensible or reasonable:good soundjudgement.

71. SALACITY .2f1ndecenqr 1) Recession 4) Bliss 3) Depression “ treating sexual matters in a frank Salacity and obscene way iTE 72. E IT) Trying to do as well 2) Enable 3) Likely to be late 4) Inspire to win Emulate ° trying to do as well as or better than somebody 73. FRAGMENT 2)Cut 1) Dissection ^/ifScrap 3) Crumble 74. FILLIP j2fstimulus 1) Complete 4) Neglect 3) Large dose = a thing that stimulates or FilUp encourages something; a boost Stimulus ° a thing that encourages or exxtited somebody/something to activity, greater effort etc. 75. VORACIOUS 2)Angry 1) Quick 4) Wild jungly Voracious = hungryfor knowledge or information 76. INEVITABLE 2) Probable yl) Unavoidable 4) Fixed 3) Expected Inevitable “ certain to happen^ unavoidable 77. PECCADILLO 1) scarcity 2)^pport slight offense 3)very poor 5) aristocratic Peccadillo ° a small unimportant thing that somebody does wrong. 78. LAPIDARY 2) Abusive 1) High-sounding 4) Harmful 3)/f)ignified

= elegant and predse = offensive and insulting; criticizing harshly and rudely 79. CONSOLIDATE Lapidary Abusive

1) Contrive 2) Connive ^Vnite 4) Conspire Consolidate = to unite or combine things into or^ Contrive = to manage to do something vnspite of difficulties Connive - to work together with somebody in order to do something wrong or Ulegal = to make secret plans with others Conspire especially to do something illegal or harmful 80. COGNOSCENTI ^.^^jfreacher 1) Speculator 4) Preacher 3) Critic Cognoscenti - people who have a lot ofknowledge or experience of something especially art,food, wine etc. Speculator = person whoforms opinions without having definite or complete knowledge or evidence. 81. AVARICIOUS 1)Abundant

2) Envious

si^edy

4) Unwilling

Avaricious ° hxwing an extreme desirefor wealth or gain. 82. APLOMB ^ 1) adventure ^;2fassurance 3)a powerful bomb 4) fear Aplomb = confidence especially in difficult situations. 83. RISQUE 1) slightly humorous a feeling of hatred for somebody that causes a desire to harm them Rancour = feelings of hatred and a desire to

320

Test ofEnglish Language

Malevolent Dereliction Despot

hurt other people, especially because you think that somebody has done something unfair to you = having or showing a desire to harm other people = thestateofbeing not used or cared for and in bad condition = a ruler with great power, especially one who uses it in a cruel way

105. MANIFEST (A) evince (B) delirium (C) multifarious (D) intrepid 1) Only (A) 2) Both (B) and (C) 3) Both (G) and (D) 4) Only (A),(B) and (C) 5) All (A), (B),(C) and (D) Manifest = toshowsomething dearly, espedaUy afeeling, an attitude or a quality Evince = to show clearly that you have a feeling or quality Delirium = a mental state where somebody becomes extremely excited and happy Multifarious = ofmany different kinds;having great variety Intrepid = very brave; not afraid of danger or difficulties 106. MANY (A) contrive (B)compound (C) magnitude (D) sundry 1) Only (A) 2) Both (A) and (C) 3) Only (C) 4) Both (C) and (D) 5) AU (A), (B),(C) and (D) Sundry = various; not important enough to be named separately Contrive “ to manage to do something despite difficulties 107. MASK (A) cover (C) conceal 1) Only (A) .

(B) hide (D) disguise 2) Both (B) and (D) 3) Only (B),(C) and (D) 4) Only (A),(B) and (C) 5) All (A), (B), (C) and (D) 108. MAZE (A) labyrinth (C) bewilderment l)Only(B)

(B) intricacy (D) confusion 2) Both (B) and (D) 3) Only (A), (B) and (D) 4) Only (A),(B) and (C) 5) AU (A), (B),(C) and (D) Labyrinth = a complicated series ofpaths, which it is difficult tofind your way through Intricacy = the complicated parts or details of something Bewilderment = a feeling f being completely confused; confusion 109. MEAN (A) imply (C) average malice

(B) understand (D) characterized by

1) Only (C) 2) Both (A) and (D) 3) Only (A), (C) and (D) 4) Only (B),(C) and (D) 5) AU (A), (B),(C) and (D)

110. MEDIUM (A) means (B) intermediaiy (C) mediocre (D) submissive 1) Only (A) 2) Both (B) and (C) 3) Both (A) and (D) 4) Only (A),(B) and (C) 5) All (A), (B),(C) and (D) 111. NAIVE (A) inexperiened (B)unworldly (C) callow (D) artless 1) Both (B) and (C) 2) Only (D) 3) Only (A) 4) Only (A),(B) and (C) 5) Only (B),(C) and (D) Callow = young and without experience; inexperienced 112. NATURE (A) character (B) essence (C) creation (D) universe 1) Only (D) 2) Both (A) and (D) 3) Only (A), (C) and (D) 4) Only (A),(B) and (C) 5) All (A), (B),(C) and (D) 113. NOTE (A) mark (C) register 1) Only (A)

(B) heed (D) conspicuous 2) Both (A) and (C) 3) Only (A),(B) and (C) 4) Only (A),(C) and (D) 5) All (A), (B), (C) and (D) Conspicuous° easy to see or notice;likely to attract attention 114. OBJECT (A) protest (C) goal 1) Only (B)

(B) thing (D) end 2) Both (B) and (C) 3) Only (A),(B) and (C) 4) Only (B),(C) and (D) 5) All (A), (B),(C) and (D) 115. OBSCURE (A) cover (B) hide (C) murky (D) unknown 1) Only (B) 2) Both (A) and (B) 3) Only (A), (B) and (C) 4) Only (B),(C) and (D) 5) AU (A), (B),(C) and (D) Obscure = not well known; unknown = not clear Murky 116. OCCUPY (A) possess (B)^ab (C) seat (D) busy 1) Only (A) 2) Both (A) and (D) 3) Only (A),(C) and (D) 4) Only (A),(B) and (D) 5) AU (A), (B),(C) and (D) Grab = to take advantage ofan opportunity to do or have something 117.ODDS (A) disparity (C) advantage 1) Only (D)

(B) lUceUhood (D) classification 2) Both (A) and (B) 3) Only (A),(B) and (C) 4) Only (A), (B) and (D) I 5) AU (A), (B), (C) and (D) 118. ONLY (A) barely (C) merely

(B) but (D) soUtaiy

Multiple Meanings ofa Word 2) Both (C) and (D) 1) Only (C) 4) Only (B),(C) and (D) 3) Both (A) and (C) 5) All (A), (B),(C) and (D) ° done alone; without other people; Solittxry alone, with no otherpeople or things around 119. OPEN (B) unfasten (A) commence (D) free (C) reveal 2) Both (A) and (D) 1) Only (A) 3) Only (A), P)and (D) 4) Only (A),(C) and (D) 5) AU (A), (B),(C) and P) 120. ORDER P) discipline (A) decree (D) sequence (C) arrangement 2) Both (A) and (D) 1) Only P) 3) Only (A), P)and (D) 4) Only (A),(C) and P) 5) All (A), P),(C) and P) 121. OUTSTANDING p)great (A) due (D) noticeable (C) unsettled 2) Both P)and (D) 1) Only (A) 3) Onlyj(A), P)and (C) 4) Only P),(C) and p) 5) All (A), P).(C) and (D) 122. PAPER P) sheet (A) periodical (D) document (C) article 2) Both (A) and (D) 1) Only (A) 3) Only (A), (C) and (D) 4) Only (A), P) and (D) 5) All (A), P), (C) and P) 123. PART (B) depart (A) break (D) participation (C) ingredient 2) Both P) and (C) 1) Only (C) 3) Only (A), p) and (C) 4) Only P), (C) and (D) 5) All (A), P), (C) and P) 124. PARTICULAR P) detail (A) accurate (D) partial jc) rupture 2) Both (A) and P) 1) Only (A) 3) Only (A), P) and (D) 4) Only (A), (C) and P) 5) All (A), P), (C) and (D) » a situation when something breaks Rupture or bursts; an injury in which something inside the body breaks apart or bursts 125. PASSAGE P) tour (A) route (D) paragraph (C) corridor 2) Both (A) and (D) 1) Only P) 3) Only (A), (C) and P) 4) Only P), (C) and (D) 5) All (A), P), (C) and P) 126. PEOPLE P) race (A) nation (D) rabble (C) persons 2) Both (A) and (C) 1) Only (C) 3) Only (A), P) and (C) 4) Only P), (C) and (D) , 5).A11(A), P), (C)andp) Rng orevU 134. PRESENT p) available (A) now P) introduce (C) gift 2) Both (A) and (C) 1) Only (A) 3) Only (A), P) and (C) 4) Only (A), (C) and P) 5) All (A), P). (C) and P) 135. PRESS p) force (A) squeeze (D) surmise (C) journalism 2) Both (A) and P) 1) Only (A) 3) Only (A), P) and (C) 4) Only (A), (C) and P) 5) All (A), P), (C) and P)

322

Test ofEnglish Lcmguage Surmiae

= to guess or suppose something using the evidence you have, without definitely knowing

136. PROJECT (A) cast (B) plan (C) protrude (D) proposal 2) Both (B) and (D) 1) Only (D) 3) Only (B),(C) and (D) 4) Only (A),(B) and (D) 5) All (A), (B),(C) and (D) Protrude “ to stick outfrom a place or a suTface 137. PRIMARY (A) principal (B) primordial (C) preparatory (D) aboriginal 1) Only (A) 2) Both (A) and (B) 3) Only (A),(B) and (C) 4) Only (B),(C) and (D) 5) AU (A), (B),(C) and (D) Primordial =■ existing at the beginning of time Aboriginal ° existing in a countryfiom the earliest times 138. PROPERTY (A) assets P) attribute (C) wealth (D) virtue 1) Only P) 2) Both (A) and (C) 3) Only (A), (C) and (D) 4) Both P) and (D) 5) AU (A), P), (C) and P) 139. PROVISION (A) arrangement P) condition (C) eatables (D) supply 1) Only (A) 2) Both (A) and P) 3) Only (A), P) and (C) 4) Only (A), p) and (D) 5) AU (A), P), (C) and (D) 140. QUESTION (A) ask (B) chaUenge (C) query (D) examination 1) Only (C) 2) Both (A) and (C) 3) Only (A), P) and (C) 4) Only (A), (C) and P) 5) AU (A), P), (C) and (D) 141. RACE (A) contest p) pursuit (C) clan (D) run 1) Only P) 2) Both (A) and P) 3) Only (A), P) and P) 4) Only (A), (C) and P) 5) AU (A). P). (C) and P) 142. RADICAL (A) root p) reformer (C) fundamental (D) thorough 1) Only P) 2) Both (C) and (D) 3) Only (A), (C) and (D) 4) Only P), (C) and (D) 5) AU (A), P). (C) and P) 143. RATE (A) assess (B) scold (C) ratio (D) speed 1) Only P) 2) Both (C) and (D) 3) Only (A), (C) and P) 4) Only P), (C) and P) 5) AU (A), P), (C) and P) 144. REACH (A) attain P) stretch (C) efface (D) bleak

1) Only (A) 2) Both (A) and (B) 3) Only (A),(B) and (D) 4) Only (A),(B) and (C) 5) AU (A), (B),(C) and (D) Efface ° to make something disappear; to remove something Bleak = not encouraging or giving any reason to have hope 14S. REAR (B) tail (A) rescind P) breed (C) reproach 2) Both (B) and (D) 1) Only (B) 3) Only (B),(C) and (D) 4) Only (A),(B) and (D) 5) All (A), (B),(C) and (D) Rescind = to offictally state thata law, contract, decision etc is no longer valid Reproach - blame or critidsmfor something you have done 146. REGULAR (A) present (B) common (C) indiscriminate P) uniform 1) Only (D) 2) Both P) and p) 4) Only P), (C) and (D) 3) Both (A) and (C) 5) AU (A), (B), (C) and (D) 147. RETURN (A) refund P) reply (C) profit (D) revert 1) Only (A) 2) Both (A) and-p) 3) Only (A), (C) and (D) 4) Only (A), (B) and (C) 5) AU (A), (B), (C) and (D) Revert = to return to the original owner again 148. RIGHT (A) suitable P) true (C) straight (D) vindicate 1) Only (B) 2) Both (A) and p) 3) Only (B), (C) and (D) 4) Only (A), (B) and (C) 5) AU (A), (B), (C) and (D) ' Vindicate ° to prove that something is true or fhatyou were rghtU) do something, especially when other people had a different opinion 149. RING (A) brim P) girdle (C) sound (D) circle 1) Only P) 2) Both (C) and (D) 3) Only P), (C) and (D) 4) Only (A), (C) and P) 5) AU (A), P), (C) and P) Brim ° the top edge of a cup, bowl, glass etc; to be full of something Girdle ° to surround something 150. SACK (A) destroy P) d esolation (C) pouch (D) dire 1) Only (C) 2) Both (A) and (C) 3) Only (A), P) and (C) 4) Only (A), (C) and P) 5) AU (A), P), (C) and P) Dire = very serious Desolation - the state of a place that is ruined or destroyed and offers no joy or hope to people

323

Multiple Metmings ofa Word 151. SACRIFICE (A) offering (B) surrender (C) renounce (D) relinquish 1) Only (B) 2) Both (B) and (D) 3) Only (A),(B) and (D) 4) Only (B),(C) and (D) 5) All (A), (B),(C) and (D) Renounce ■=» to give up Relinquish = to stop having something, especially when this happens unwillingly 152. SAT (A) assert (B) adage (C) dictum (D) suppose 1) Only (A) 2) Both (A) and (D) 3) Only (A), (B) and (C) 4) Only (A), (C) and (D) 5) AU (A), (B), (C) and (D) Adage ° a well known phrase expressing a general truth about people or the world Dictum . “ a statement that expresses something that people believe is abvays.true or should be followed 153. SCALE (A) ascend P) gradation (D) scud (C) layer 1) Only P) 2) Both (A) and P) 4) Only (A), P) and (C) 3) Both p) and (C) 5) AU (A), P), (C) and P) Scud = to move quickly across the siqf 154. SCHEME P) intrigue (A) redolence (D) plan (C) pageant 1) Only P) 2) Both P) and (D) 3) Only (A), (C) and (D) 4) Only (A), P) and P) 5) AU (A), P), (C) and (D) Redolent = making you think of the thing mentioned; smelling strongly of the thing mentioned Intrigue ° to secretly plan with other people to harm somebody Pageant “ a competition for young women in which their beauty, personal qualities and skUls are judged 155. SENTENCE P) doom (A) judgement (C) punishment (D) clause 2) Both (C) and P) 1) Only P) 3) Only P), (C) and P) 4) Only (A), (C) and P) 5) AU (A), P), (C) and P) 156. SERVICE P) ovehaul (A) duty (D) utility (C) rite 2) Both (A) and P) 1) Only (A) 4) Only (A), (C) and P) 3) Both (A) and P) 5) AU (A), P), (C) and P) Overhaul “ to examine every part of a machine, system etc and make any necessary changes or repairs Rite “ areUgious ceremony, or other solemn procedure 157. SHOOT (A) emit P) fire (D) scion (C) germinate

1) Only (B) 2) Both (A) and (B) 3) Only (A),(C) and (D) 4) Only (A),(B) and (C) 5) AU (A), (B),(C) and (D) Scion » a piece ofa plant, especially one cut to make a new plant 158. SPOT (A) stain (B) site (C) frisk (D) wanton 1) Only (A) 2) Both (A) and (B) 3) Only (A), (B) and (C) 4) Only (A), (B) and (D) 5) AU (A), (B), (C) and (D) FHsk ° to pass your hands ove r somebody’s body to search themfor hidden weapons, drugs etc Wanton ° causing harm or damage deliberately and for no acceptable reason 159. SPRING (A) fountain (B)jurap (C) recoil (D) the season after winter and before summer 1) Only P) 2) Both (A) and P) 3) Only (A)^ (B) and (D) 4) Only (A), (C) and (D) 5) AU (A), (B), (C) and P) 160. SQUARE P) even (A) quadrilateral (D) resolve (C) agree 1) Only (A) 2) Both (A) and P) 3) Only (A), (C) and (D) 4) Only (A), P) and (D) 5) AU (A), (B), (C) and P) 161. STABLE (A) fixed (B) a buUding in which horses are kept (C) seciu-e (D) weU balanced 2) Both (A) and P) 1) Only (A) 3) Only (A), P) and P) 4) Only (A), P) and (C) 5) AU (A), P), (C) and P) 162. STALL P) stand (A) delay (C) procrastinate P) compartment 2) Both (A) and P) 1) Only (A) 3) Only (A), p) and P) 4) Only (A), P) and (C) 5) AU (A), P), (C) and P) Procrastinate » to delay doing something that you should do, usually because you do noj want to do it. 163. STATION P) deploy (A) fix (C) terminal (D) channel 1) Only (C) 2) Both (A) and (C) 3) Only (A), P) and (C) 4) Only (A), (C) and (D) 5) AU (A), P), (C) and P) 164. STAY P) sojourn (A) delay P) remain (C) stop 2) Both P) and (C) 1) Only (C) 3) Only (A), P) and (C) 4) Only P), (C) and (D) 5) AU (A), P), (C) and p)

\

Test ofEnglish Longusige

3^4 Sq/oum

° a temporary stay in a place away from your home

165. STICK (B) allay (A) glue (D). muffle (C) cane 2) Both (A) and (C) 1) Only (C) 3) Only (A),(C) and (D) 4) Only (A),(B) and P) 5) All (A). (B). (C) and P) ° to make something, espe^lly a Allay feeling, less strong = to wrap or cover somebody/ Muffle something in order to keep them/it warm 166. STIR P) agitate (A) mix (D) spur (C) excitement 2) Both (A) and P) 1) Only P) 3) Only (A), P)and (C) 4) Only (A), P)and P) 5) All (A), P),(C) and P) ° a fact or an event that makes you Spur want to do something better or more quickly 167. STAPLE p) a small U-shaped (A) main metal bar (D) precise (C) predominant 2) Both (A) and P) 1) Only p) 3) Only (A), P)and P) 4) Only.(A), P)and (C) 5) AU (A), P),(C) and P) 168. STRIKE P)mutiny (A) hit (D) wonder (C) affect 2) Both (A) and P) 1) Only (A) 3) Only (A), P)and P) 4) Both (A) and (C) 5) AU (A), P),(C) and P) 169. SUBJECT P) citizen (A) topic P)put through (C) discipline 2) Both (A) and P) 1) Only (A) 3) Only (A), P)and (C) 4) Only (A), P)and P) 5) AU (A), P).(C) and P) 170. SUIT (A) outfit P)legal action (C) to be convenient for(D) fashion 2) Both (A) and p) 1) Only P) 3) Only (A), P)and P) 4) Only (A), P)and (C) 5) AU (A), P),(C) and P) 171. SUMMIT P)peak (A) meeting (D) sumptuous (C) facUe 2) Both (A) and P) 1) Only P) 3) Only (A), P)and (C) 4) Only (A), P)and P) 5) AU (A), P).(C) and P) Fadte = produced without effort or careful thought Sumptuous ° very expensive and looking very impressive 172. SWEEP P)spread (A) mop (D)cany (C) extent

2) Both (A) and (B) 1) Only (A) 4) Only (A),(C) and (D) 3) Both (A) and (C) 5) All (A), (B),(C) and (D) 173. TABLE (A) schedule (B)graph (C) sets of multiplication sums (D) to present 2) Both (A) and P) 1) Only (A) 3) Only (A), P)and (C) 4) Only P),(C) and P) 5) All (A), P),(C) and P) 174. TEAR P) seize (A) rupture (D) deride (C) weeping 2) Both (A) and P) 1) Only (A) 3) Only (A), P)and (D) 4) Only p),(C) and (D) 5) All (A), P),(C) and P) Deride ° to treat somebody/something as ridiculous and not worth considering seriously 175. TEMPER P)modify (A) mood (D) mundane (C) irritation 2) Both (A) and P) 1) Only (A) 3) Only (A), P)and (C) 4) Only (A), P)and (D) 5) All (A), P), and P) Mundeme = not interesting or exciting 176. TIE P)lace (A) draw (D) restriction (C) link 2) Both (A) and P) 1) Only (A) 3) Only (A), P)and (C) 4) Only (A),(C) and P) 5) AU (A), P),(C) and P) 177. TRADE P)occupation (A) commerce (D) aspersions (C) docUe 2) Both (A) and P) 1) Only (A) 4) Only (A), (C) and P) 3) Both (A) and (C) 5) AU (A), P),(C) and (D) Docile "quiet and easy to control Aspersions ° critical or unpleasant remarks or judgemertts 178. TRIAL p) difficulty (A) hearing (D) accolade (C) test 2) Both (A) and (C) 1) Only (A) 3) Only (A),(B) and (C) 4) Only P),(C) and P) 5) AU (A), P),(C) and (D) Accolade => praise or an award for an achievement that people admire 179. TURN P)change of direction (A) rotation (D) chance (C) bend 2) Both (A) and (C) 1) Only (A) 3) Only (A),(C) and P) 4) Only (A), P)and P) 5) AU (A). P),(C) and P) 180. UNIFORM P) similar (A) constant p) regalia (C) costume

Multiple Meimings ofa Word 1) Only (A) 2) Both (A) and (C) 3) Only (A),(B) and (C) 4) Only (A),(C) and (D) 5) All (A), (B),(C) and (D) Regalia ° the special clothes that are worn or objects that are Carried at official ceremonies 181. URGE (A) encourage P) advise (C) desire (D) immense 1) Only (C) 2) Both (A) and (C) 3) Only (A), P)and (C) 4) Only P),(C) and (D) 5) All (A), P),(C) and P) Immense = extremely large or great; enormous 182. OTTER (A) say P) enunciate (C) extreme (D) complete 1) Only (A) 2) Both (A) and P) 3) Only (A), P)and P) 4) Only (A), P)and (C) 5) All (A). P),(C) arid P) Enunciate ° to say or pronounce words dearly 183. VARY (A) change P) motley (C) disagree (D) adorn 1) Only (A) 2) Both (A) and (C) 3) Only (A), P)and (C) 4) Only (A),(C) and (D) 5) All (A). P),(C) and P) Motley ° consisting of many different types ofpeople or things that do not seem to belong together Adorn ° to make something/somebody look more attractive by decorating it or them with something 184. VENTURE (A) risk p)chance (C) enterprise (D) dare 2) Both (C) and (D) 1) Only (C) 3) Only P),(C) and (D) 4) Only (A),(B) and (C) 5) All (A), P),(C) and P) 185. WAGE (A) pay P)shake (C) swing (D) conduct 1) Only (A) 2) Both (A) and P) 3) Only (A), P)and (C) 4) Only P),(C) and P) 5) All (A), P).(C) and P) 186. WARD (A) protect p) confinement (C) minor (D) division 1) Only (C) 2) Both (C) and P) 3) Only (A),(C) and P) 4) Only P),(C) and (D) 5) All (A), P),(C) and P) 187. WARM (A) hot (B) passionate (C) hearty (D) eager 1) Only (A) 2) Both (A) and (C) 3) Only (A),(C) and (D) 4) Only (A), P)and (C) 5) All (A), P),(C) and P)

325 188. WARRANT (B) voucher (A) order (D) guarantee (C) justify 2) Both (A) and (D) 1) Only (A) 3) Only (A),(B) and (D) 4) Only (A),(C) and (D) 5) All (A), (B),(C) and (D) 189. WATCH P)spy on (A) observe (C)guard (D) timepiece 2) Both (A) and P) 1) Only P) 3) Only (A),(C) and (D) 4) Only (B),(C) and (D) 5) All (A), (B),(C) and P) 190. WAY P)behaviour (A) path p) beckon (C) method 2) Both (A) and (C) 1) Only (A) 3) Only (A), P)and (C) 4) Only (A),(C) and P) 5) All (A), P).(C) and P) Beckon » to give somebody a signal using yourfinger or hand,e^edaUytotell them to move nearer or tofollow you 191. WIND P)wrap (A) current of air (D) close down (C) twist 2) Both (A) and P) 1) Only (A) 3) Only (A), P)and (D) 4) Only (A),(C) and (D) 5) All (A), P),(C) and (D) 192. WING P)part (A) hit P) gUde (C) branch 2) Only P),(C) and (D) 1) Both P)and (C) 3) Only (A), P)and (C) 4) Only (D) 5) All (A), P),(C) and P) 193. WORD (B) statement (A) expression (D) information (C) promise 2) Both (A) and p) 1) Only (A) 3) Only (A), P)and (C) 4) Only P),(C) and (D) 5) All (A), P),(C) and P) 194. WORK P)job (A) toil P) composition (C) task 2) Both P)and (C) 1) Only P) 3) Only (A), P)and (C) 4) Only P),(C) and P) 5) All (A), P),(C) and P) Toil “ to work very hard and/orfor a long time, usually doing hard physical work 195. WELL P) borehole (A) nicely (D) successfully (C) healthy 2) Both (A) and P) 1) Only (A) 3) Only (A), P)and (C) 4) Only (A), P)and P) 5) All (A), P),(C) and P)

326

Test ofEnglish Languttge

Answers 1.3 2.5 6.5 ' 7. 1 11.2 . 12.3 16.5 17.5 21.3 22.3 26.2 27.3 31.4 32.5 36.3 37.2 ’ 41.5 42.2 46.3 47.2 51.5 52.4 56.3 57.5 61.2 62.2 67.3 66.5 71.5 72.5 76.5 77.5 81.5 82.5 86.3 87.5 91.4 92.5 96.5 97.5

3.3 8.3 13.5 18.5 23.5 28.2 33.3 38.3 43.5 48.5 53.3 58.4 63.3 68.5 73.5 78.5 83.3 88.4 93.5 98.5

4.5 9.3 14.2 19.5 24.5 29.5 34.5 39.5 44.5 49.5 54.4 59.3 64.5 69.5 74.5 79.5 84.5 89.5 94.3 99.5

5.3 10.5 15.5 20.5 25.3 30.5 35.5 40.3 45.5 50.5 55.5 60.3 65.2 70.5 75.5 80.2 85.5 90.5 95.4 100.5

101.3 106.3 111.5 116.2 121.5 126.5 131.5 136.5 141.5 146. 1 151.5 156.5 161.5 166.5 171.2 176.5 181.3 186.5 191.5

102.5 107.5 112.5 117.3 122.5 127.2 132.5 137.5 142.5 147.5 152.2 157.5 162.5 167.4 172.5 177.2 182.3 187.5 192.5

103.3 108.5 113.3 118.5 123.5 128.5 133.2 138.5 143.3 148.5 153.4 158.2 163.5 168.2 173.5 178.3 183.2 188.5 193.5

104.2 109.5 114.5 119.5 124. 1 129.5 134.5 139.4 144.2 149.3 154.2 159.5 164.5 169.5 174.2 179.5 184.5 189.5 194.5

105. 1 110.4 115.s 120.5 125.5 130.5 135.3 140.5 145.2 150.3 155.2 160.5 165.2 170.5 175.3 180.5 185.2 190.3 195.3

Chapter 10

Idioms and Phrases Idioms

Phrasal Verbs

An idiom is an expression or a phrase whose meaning cannot be easily understood from the individual meanings of the words it contains. Idioms can be defined as expressions which are peculiar to a language.They play aii important part in all languages. The expression *A bullin China*s shop*literally would make one wonder what a bull is doing and that too in a shop when ‘China’ actually is a city but such an idiomatic expression is peculiar to a language. These are words which when taken together, mean something different from the literal meaning and so is called an *idiom*. In an idiom the grammatical construction and the vocabulary used is fixed. If we change them we lose the meaning of the idiom. *The cat among the pigeons* means ‘some troublesome idea orperson*. If we change the grammatical construction of this idiom and write it or say it as *Be careful there is a cat here save the pigeons’ then we have actuedly changed the idiomatic meaning altogether. In the expression *throw the toweV one can easily understand the meaning of the various individual words without realizing that the phrase means ‘to giue in*, *to admit defeat. This idiom comes from the world of boxing in which ^throwing in the towel* indicates a method of conceding defeat. People use idioms to make their language richer and more colourful and to convey subtle shades of meaning or intention. The idiom better describes the full nuance meaning. Idioms and idiomatic expressions can be more precise than the literal words, often using fewer words but saying more.

A ‘phrasal verb’is a combination of a verb and one or more prepositions. The defining characteristic of a phrasal verb is its specialized meaning; it is not a simple union of the meanings of the verb and the preposition. Look at the examples given below: *Giue in* means ‘to surrender* 'Set out means 'to start[ajourney)* 'Put up with means ‘to tolerate/suffer* The preposition in a phrasal verb is also called aparticle sometimes. There is now an increasing tendency to replace a single-word verb by a phrasal verb, particularly in speech. It is even considered as a mark of the user’s higher proficiency of the language. The only way one can master the use of phrasal verbs.

Phrasal verbs:Position of object (i) Verb + Preposition is always transitive. In this construction a noun (object) is usually placed after the preposition, not between the verb and the preposition. For example. She is looking after the children well, (not. looking the children after well) count You can count on my help, (not, my help on.) / (ii) However if the object is a pronoun, ft has to come between the verb and the preposition. For example. He will back me up.(not, .... back up me.) She put it off, (not, .... put off it.) (iii) A phrasal verb can be intransitive as well. For example. Their wedding comes off next weak.

Type I to add fuel to the flames to back the wrong horse to bark at the moon to bark up the wrong tree to bask in the sunshine of to bear a charmed life to bear the brunt ot

: : : : : : :

to excite the fury to help the wrong person to rail uselessly at men in high places < to direct one’s attack, criticism or efforts in the wrong quarter to enjoy the favour or good graces of to be almost incredibly fortunate, to be iitvulnerable to endure the shock of

328 to bear the palm to beat about the bush to beg the question to beggar description to bell the cat to be in the driving seat to be taken for a ride to be tied to somebody’s apron string to be left out in the cold to bide one’s time to bite the dust to bite off more than one can chew to blow hot and cold to blow off steam to to to to

blow one’s own trumpet break new ground break the back of something break the ice

to to to to

break the news bring down the house bring to the book bum one’s boats / bridges

to bum the candle at both ends to call a spade a spade to call one’s shot to call it a day to cany eveiything before one to cany the day to cast aspersions on somebody to cast into the shade to cast one’s net wide to cast pearls before swine to catch a person napping to catch a Tartar to catch at a straw to cause a flutter to change colour to chew the cud to clear the deck to to to to to to to

clip a person’s wings close in upon come a cropper come full circle come of age come off with flying colours come to the cmnch

to come to a head to come through / off with flying colours to come to grips to create a scene

Test ofEnglish Language to win to approach a matter in a roundabout way assume the truth of the matter that is in question to be so extraordinary as to make description impossible to take great personal risk in control to be cheated or deceived too long or too much under somebody’s control be ignored or neglected wait for a favourable opportunity to suffer defeat or humiliation attempt too much to be inconsistent and unreliable to find an outlet, by action or speech, for pent-up energy and emotion to speak highly of oneself to begin operations or a new course to finish the hardest or larger piece of work to commence conversation where there has been an awkward silence to disclose information tactfully to call forth general and loud applause : to punish; to call to account : to destroy all means of going back, so that one must go forward use up too much of energy; wbrk very early and very late to speak the plain truth to state exactly what one intends to do to stop work or an activity be completely successful to be victorious slander him; say false things about him to eclipse to spread one’s efforts in all directions to offer people things that they are incapable of appreciating to take a person unawares to deal with too troublesome an opponent to avail oneself of even the slightest phance of rescue to cause excitement to shift allegiance to to reflect, to meditate to get ready for action to reduce his power or authority to approach and surround to fail completely end at the starting point to mature, to reach the age of twenty-one to emerge from an affair splendidly and creditably a difficult moment when something important must be decided : to reach a crisis : make a great success of something : to master the difficulties in dealing with a situation ●' : to make an exhibition of excited feelings

Idioms and Phrases

329

to cross swords to ciy from the house-tops to ciy over spih milk to cudgel one’s braip to curry favour to cut a figure to cut a Sony figure to cut no ice to cut someone down to size

: to enter into a dispute or an argument : to announce to one and all

to cut the Gordian knot to dance attendance on / upon a person

: :

to die in harness to dole out

: :

to do something off orie’s own bat to draw a blank

: : : : : :

to tiy to win attention by insincere means to make a conspicuous appearance to create poor impression to make no impression to show someone to be less good and important than they think they are to solve a difficult problem to be constantly in his company, paying attention to his every wish and whim to die while actively engaged in one’s regular work to distribute at intervals in small quantities with a suggestion of charity do it without help get nothing (after hoping to win or find something) try to force an agreement favourable to oneself do something that will bring his death or ruin nearer to employ, to hint to cause one to become mad

: : : :

to force one to a helpless or desperate position to submit meekly and apologetically to blame or humiliation to urge on, to incite to end in confusion /

to drive a hard bargain to drive a nail into somebody’s coffin to drive at to drive mad to drive one to the wall to eat humble pie to egg on to end in fiasco to fall back upon to fall fiat to fall in with to fall to pieces to feather one’s nest to fight with one’s back to the wall to fill / fit the bill to find a snug berth to flog a dead horse to foot the bill to force an issue to gatecrash to get down to brass tacks to get in the way to get into hot water to get into somebody’s good graces to get no change out of somebody to get off somebody’s back to get on one’s nerves to get the hang of to get the jitters to get the sack to get / grow too big for one’s boots to get wind of to gird up one’s loins to give a free hand to to give a good account of oneself

: to repent for the wrong that Cannot be'corrected : force oneself to think hard : : : : :

: to depend upon : to fail to meet with any response : to agree with ^ : to breal^ up completely : to take advantage of one’s opportunities, to benefit oneself : to make a final, desperate struggle : do all that is required or expected : an easy or pleasant job : to pursue an argument when the matter is settled : to pay the bill : to compel a decision to be reached : to attend a party without having been invited : to come to the really important facts or business : to obstruct : to get into difficulties : to tiy and make a favourable impression on somebody : get no help, information, or advantage from : stop being a burden or hindrance : to make one irritated : to understand a situation, scheme, story, etc. : to become nervous : : : : : :

to be dismissed from emplo3mient become conceited to catch the scent or hear rumours of to brace oneself up for vigorous action to allow a person complete liberty to show worth, to impress favourably

\

'

330 to give a person a piece of one’s mind to give a person rope to give a person the sack to give a wide berth to to give no quarter to to give somebody a blank cheque to give the slip to give vent to to gloss over to go abegging to go against the grain to go at it hammer and tongs to go back on to go berserk to go down the drain to go off the air to go pit-a-pat to go places to go through fire and water to go through thick and thin to go to dogs to go to rack and ruin to go to the winds to go wool gathering to hang by a thread to hang fire to harp on the same string to have an affair with somebody to have a bash at something to have a bowing / nodding acquaintance with to have a cold feet to have a field day to have one’s name bandied about to have somebody at one’s beck and call to have the ball at one’s feet to have one’s back to the wall to to to to

have a card up one’s sleeve have a chip on one’s shoulder hold / keep one’s card close to one’s chest have one’s cake and eat it

to to to to

have a bee in one’s bonnet hit below ffie belt hit the nau bn the head hit the headlines

to to to to to to to

hit the jackpot hold a man to ransom hold no brief for hold all the cards hold out the olive branch hold water - » husband one’s resource^'

Test ofEnglish Language to scold; to tell^im in strong terms one’s unfavourable opinion of his conduct or character to allow him freedom to act independently and take initiative to dismiss a person from employment to keep one at a distance from, to avoid to attack relentlessly, to offer no shelter full power to act as he thinks best to escape and remain uncaptured to express openly to tiy to minimise by ignoring or excusing to go in vain against human nature to engage in an undertaking or quarrel with energy to betray, to desert to go uncontrollably wild to be wasted stop broadcasting (applied to one’s heart) to beat irregularly through fear to be increasingly successful to pass through difficulties to go through both good and bad times * to be ruined implies wreckage, decay and destruction to be utterly lost to become absent-minded to be in an extremely delicate condition to hesitate; to delay to dwell persistently on one subject have an emotional(and sexual) relationship with somebody to whom one is not married attempt it have some acquaintance with a person or a subject feel afraid or reluctant to do something involving risk to get the greatest possible advantage be talked about in an unfavourable way have somebody always waiting to obey one’s order make a good chance of attaining success being in a difficult position; forced to defend oneself have a secret plan in reserve have a defiant air, ready to accept a challenge be secretive preserve something unchanged and allow it to change (that is, an impossibility) be obsessed by an idea give an unfair blow to guess light; to come to the right conclusion get into the news to have a big success keep him as captive and ask for ransom not to support or be in favour of to have a very strong advantage to make a gesture of peace to be sound to use economically all if^e Capital one has

Idioms and Phrases to join forces with to join issue with to jump to a conclusion to keep abreast of to keep a straight face to keep at bay to keep body and soul together to keep late hours to keep one’s powder dry to keep the ball rolling to keep the pot boiling to keep the wolf from the door to keep track of to keep up appearances to kick against the pricks to kick up a row to knit one’s eyebrows to knock the bottom out of to know where the shoe pinches to lay down one’s arms to lead a cat-and-dog life to let oneself go to lick someone’s boots to lick the dust to lick the ground to lie in ambush to lie in state to live fast to live on slops to look askance at somebody / something ta look black at somebody to look blank to look off colours to look through coloured spectacles to look sharp to lose one’s bearings to make a clean breast of to make a clean sweep of to make a face to make a hash of to make a mess of to make a mountain out of a molehill to make amends for to make an ass of oneself to make both ends meet to make capital out of to make good to make much ado about nothing to make no scruples to make one’s blood boil ' to make one’s blood creep

331 to become associated with to take an opposite position in a dispute to assume rashly and without justification on a conclusion to keep oneself up-to-date to remain intentionally inexpressive or serious to keep in check to manage a bare existence to be late in retiring to bed at night to be prepared for action to continue or maintain some progress to secure means to live to avoid starvation or acute poverty to keep oneself informed to maintain outward show to struggle against what cannot be prevented to create a disturbance to frown to make a scheme, arrangement etc ineffective; t6 make a theory invalid to know the circumstance that is the cause of trouble to surrender one’s weapons as a conquered person to quarrel constantly to allow fullxfreedom to emotion humble oneself to gain someone’s favour to yield to abject subjection to be abjectly subservient to conceal oneself for the purpose of attacking said of a corpse of a royal or distinguished person that is displayed to the general public to lead a life of dissipation to live on bare minimum look at with suspicion look at him angrily to seem puzzled or distressed seem unwell, in low spirit to see things not as they are to hurry, to act promptly to get lost, to be bewildered to confess the whole truth to get rid of or dispose of everything concerned to show a strong distaste by a contortion of the features to make a mess of, to bungle to muddle to exaggerate a small matter to compensate for some injustice or wrong behave stupidly so that one is ridiculed to live within one’s income to take advantage of to repair or replace what has been destroyed or injured or is deficient to exaggerate to have no hesitation

i

to make one furiously anmy to fill one with terror

332 to make one’s blood run / cold to make one’s brain reel to to to to to

make one’s flesh creep make the best of a bad bargain meet half-way mince matters miss the bus

to muster strong to nip in the bud to out-herod Herod to pat someone on the back to pay a man back in the same / his own coin to pay lip service to pin faith to to pin one’s faith on to play a person false to play fast and loose with to play into the hands of another to play one’s trump card to play second fiddle to pay through the nose to play to the gallery to play truant to pull one’s weight to put a spoke in one’s wheels to put on airs to put / turn something to good account to put one’s cards on the table to put someone through his paces to put the cart before the horse to rest on one’s oars to ride roughshod over to ring a bell to ring down the curtain td^ rise from the ranks to rule the roost to run counter to to run amuck to scotch the rumour to see no farther than one’s nose to see something in its true colours . to sell like hot cakes to separate the sheep from the goats to shed crocodile tears to shilly-shally to show a clean pair of heels to show one’s mettle to sit on the fence to snap one’s fingers at to speak volumes to spill the beans

Test ofEnglish Language : : : : : : : : : :

to frighten to stagger mentally to give one a feeling of fear and horror to try to get any good out of unfortunate circumstances to compromise not to talk plainly and frankly to be late for, to lose the last chance when it comes to assemble in large numbers to destroy before it develops to exceed in wickedness even the most notoriously wicked character : to show him appreciation : treat him as he has treated you : to pretend to be faithful : to rely on A to put complete belief in ; to deceive : to say one thing and do another : to act in such a way as to benefit another : to make one’s most powerful or effective move : to play subordinate role : to pay an excessive price : to aim at impressing the vulgar crowd : to absent oneself from school : to do one’s share in contributing to a result : to stand in the execution of one’s design : behave in an unnatural way in the hope ofimpressing people : use money, abilities, talent etc profitably : make one’s plan, intentions, etc known : to make someone do something in order to show his abilities : to reverse the natural or proper order : to stop work for a while and rest : to treat without any consideration of hurting a person’s feelings : recall to memoiy something half-forgotten : to briiig an affair to an end : to be a.,self-made man : to have full power and authority over others : to be opposed to : to go mad, run about wildly and act violently : to destroy the cause of evil : to be lacking in mental vision : see a thing as it really is : very fast : to divide the good or useful people from the bad or useless ; shed insincere tears : to waver : escape from pursuit to show one’s spirit : to hesitate between what to do and what not to do : to defy : to reyeal a great deal in a few words : to give away information, specially something not intended to be made known

333

Idioms and Phrases to spin a yarn to split hairs to stand in good stead to stand in the way to stand one’s ground to start from scratch to start with a clean slate to steal a march on to steer clear of to stew in one’s own juice to stick in one’s throat to stick to one’s colours to stick to one’s guns to stir up a hornet’s nest to stoop to conquer to strike a bargain to sweep something under the carpet to take a back seat to take a man at his word to take heart to take something amiss to take something with a pinch of salt to take the bitter with the sweet to take the bread out of one’s mouth to take the rough with the smooth to take time by the forelock to take to heart to take up the cudgels to talk shop

to make,up a stoiy to make subtle and useless distinction to prove useful to obstruct to refuse to change One’s statement or opinion to start again from the beginning to begin anew to surpass to avoid, to evade to suffer the results of difficulties one has got into to be extremely offensive to one refuse to change one’s opinion or party to remain faithful to the cause to excite the adverse criticism of many to humiliate oneself to achieve success in the end to reach a final compromise hide/ignore something in order to delay action to occupy a subordinate position to believe a man’s word to cheer oneself up take offence at it feel some doubt whether it’s altogether true accept misfortune as well as good fortune to deprive one of the means of livelihood to accept bad things as well as good things without complaining to act promptly to be deeply affected to defend tenaciously to discuss one’s business or professional affairs on ordinary social occasions

to tell things or persons apart to tell upon to throw down the gauntlet to thrust down a person’s throat

distinguish one from the other to affect to throw a challenge to force on a person’s attention an opinion, a fact or an act that is unwelcome

to tilt at wind mills to tread stately measure to turn a blind eye to something to turn one’s coat to turn over a new leaf to turn the comer to turn tail to welcome somebody with open arms to win laurels to work against the clock to work around the clock to worship the rising sun to write off

to waste energy in combating imaginary evils to walk majestically to pretend not to see it to change loyalty to change for the better to overcome the critical stage in a difficulty or trouble to withdraw cowardly warmly, with enthusiasm to acquire distinction or glory work fast to fipish before a certain time work all day and night to honour the m^ who is rising in power to reduce or wipe out a debt

Tsrpe n ABC

: Basic facta of a subject, to be learnt first

a beast of burden

: one who has to carry a lot of burden

a black sheep

: a good-for-nothing person

334 a bolt from the blue a bone of contention a burning question a close call

Test ofEnglish Languc^e ; something unexpected and unpleasant .: something that causes contention : a live issue : almost an accident, disaster or failure

a close shave

: a narrow escape from collision or accident

a cold-blooded murder

: pitiless murder

. airs and graces a fair-weather friend apple of discord a shot in the dark

: foolish, exaggerated ways of behaving : a person who ceases to be a friend when one is in trouble : cause of quarrel : a guess unsupported by arguments

a sleeping partner a slow coach

: a silent partner

at one’s wit’s end

: not knowing what to do or say : confused and disordered

at sixes and sevens at snail’s pace a turncoat

: a person who thinks, moves or acts slowly

: very slow speed or rate of activity : one who deserts one party to join another for safety and advantage

a wet blanket

: person who by being gloomy himself prevents others from enjo3dng themselves

a wild goose chase

: a sefiirch, expedition etc.

a white elephant at full blast

: something which is costly but useless and unwanted : with maximum activity

at the eleventh hour

: at the latest possible time

be-all and end-all

: the most important

bird’s eye view

: blow-by-blow account (of the match or meeting)I : by fits and starts : by hook or by crook :

wide view seen from high up, with full details minutely detailed account in short periods, not regularly by one means or another

by leaps and bounds cakes and ale

: merry-making

cheek by jowl (with)

: very close together; closely connected

chip of the old block few and far between

: son who is very like his father

: very rapidly

flesh and blood

: few and widely scattered or separated : one’s relation

for want of

: lack

from pillar to post

: from one resource to another

in the long run in the teeth of

: in the end : against the strength of

on pins and needles on the cards

: in a state of anxious expectation

on the horns of a dilemma

: having to choose between two unpleasant things or courses

the apple of one’s eye

: somebody or something dear to one

storm in a tea cup with no holds barred

: much excitement over something trivial

: likely or possible

: not keeping to any rules or limits

«

Idioms and Phrases

335

Type m Account for (to explain):You will have to accountfor your indiscipline on the play ground, back out (fail to keep a promise): He promised to help me but soon backed out back up (support): You must back up my claim to this property, bear away (win): Who bore away the first prize in that competition? bear down (crush by force): During her lifetime Mrs Indira Gandhi bore down all opposition, bear out (confirm): His confession bears out the truth of my statement, bear up (to keep up courage): In my misfortune God gave me strength to bear up. bear upon (to have connection with): His evidence does not bear upon the case, bear with (tolerate, endure): I am no saint. Please bear with me. blow out (extinguish): Let me blow out this candle, blow over (pass away): The storm of misfortune will soon blow over. blow up (explode): They are trying to blow up this bridge, break away :They do not want to break away from the tradition of the past, break down (stop because of mechanical defect): The Patna-bound bus broke down at Fatwa. break into : A.thief has broken into that house. ^ break off(to stop abruptly):The talks between the Punjab and Harayana chief ministers have broken off. break out (spread): Cholera has broken out in Ranchi, break up (end, disperse): Our college breaks up at 5 pm. break with (quarrel): Why did you break with your neighbour? bring about (introduce): Our Prime Minister wants to bring about changes in our education policy, bring forth (produce): This tree brings forth sweet fruits, bring out (publish): He has brought out a new book of essays, bring round (cause to regain consciousness): Or Raj brought the patient round. bring under (suppress): Macbeth brought under the rebellion of the Thane of Cowder. bring up (nourish): Who brought this child up? call at (visit) : I called at Sanjeev’s place this morning, call for (demand or require): The present situation calls for a drastic change in our policy, call in : Let us call in Dr Verma. V

call on : I shall call on my ailing friend this evening, call off(postpone): The teachers have called off their strike, call over (read out): My class teacher called over the names of students, call up (recollect): I cannot call up memories of my childhood, call upon (invoke): The Principal called upon the students to serve the countiy. carry away (elope with): Prithivi Raj carried away Sanyogita. carry on (continue): He carried on his work despite his health, carry out (execute): You must carry out my order come across (meet): I came across my old friend in the Sonepur fair, come by (get): How did you come by such a beautiful diamond? come down (decrease): The price of gold has come down. come off(take place):The ceremony comes offon Sunday next come out (appear): The sun has not yet corhe out come round (regain consciousness): He fainted but soon came round. come upon (meet with): I came upon a wild bear in this forest, cut down (curtail) : He had to cut down his expenses due to price-rise, cut off(to shut off, to die):The telephone operator cut me off. How sad! He was cut off when he was still veiy young. Swami Vivekanand was cut offin the prime of life, do away with (abolish, get rid of): Let us do away with these social evils, do up : Let me do my shoes up.

336

Test ofEnglish language

draw back (retreat) : He will not draw back whatever the difficulties, fall back (retreat): The advancing Chinese army had to fall back. fall back upon (depend upon): My neighbour has nothing to fall back uporu foil in (go on parade): The captain asked the soldiers to fall in. foil in with (concur): I did not fall in with his views, foil on (attack): He fell on the pick-pocket and overpowered him. foil out (quarrel): The two friends fell out this afternoon, foil through (come to nothing): The scheme fell through for want of money, foil upon (attack): The vultures fell upon the dead body, get along (be friendly): The two neighbours are getting along quite nicely, get at (reach): It is not easy to get at the truth, get away (leave): I want to get away from this nasty place, get back (return):You should get back by 5 pm. get down (leave): He is too weak to get down the stairs, get on with (live together pleasantly): He does not know how to get on wifh his neighbours, get over (overcome): He easily got over these difficulties, give away (distribute): Who gave away the prizes? give out (emit): This flower gives out sweet smell, go-after (chase): The cat went after the rats, go against (oppose):The party workers have gone against their leader, go for (chase): My dog always goesfor the strangers, go into (examine) ; Let us go into the causes of rise in crime, go off(explode): A powerful bomb has just gone off. hold in (restrain) : The horse grew restive but he managed to hold it in. hold off(remain at a distance): The rain held offfor three months, hold on (stand firm): He held on despite attack from all sides, hold out (offer) : He holds out hopes of doing well in life, hold up (stop): The traffic constable held up the traffic, keep down (hold under control): Our government must keep down the price of grains, keep on (continue): He kept on tr3ong despite repeated failures, keep to (adhere to): He kept to his word. Keep to the point, keep up (maintain): He kept up his courage even in the face of difficulties, look after (take care of): There is none to look after this child, look for (search): What is he looking fof? look up (consult): Look up the meaning of this word in your dictionary, look upon (regard): I look upon you as my younger brother, make for (move towards):The ship madefor the port, make out (understand): Can you make out the meaning of this passage? Put down (subdue): It is not easy to put down a rebellion. Put out (extinguish) : Let me put out the light. Put up (stay): Where is he putting up these days? put up with (tolerate) : I cannot put up with this insult, run after (pursue): Why do you run after money? run down (become weak and exhausted): On account of overwork he is run doum. run over (crush): An old man was run over by a taxi, run into : He has run into debt, set off(start): He set offlor Bombay this evening, set in (begin): The winter season has set in. set up (establish) : Who has set up this college? take after (resemble): A son takes after his father.

1

Idioms and Phrases take down (note down): Let me take down your name and address, take to (become addicted to): He has taken to drinking take up (occupy): You have taken up too much of my valuable time, turn against (become hostile to): Why have you turned against me? turn down (reject) : I turned down his request, turn up (come): About fifty candidates turned up for interview, work out (solve): Can you work out this sum? work up (excite): Do not work up the mob.

337

Chapter 11

One Word Substitution Introduction Brevity is the soul of wit. Then, you have to be precise and to the point. Youjust cannot put your ideas across succinctly — without mincing words — unless you are direct ^d forthright. Too many words (verbositi^ and roundabout statements (circumlocution) impede

the smooth flow of thoughts and often create confusion. So,in exhibiting your sentiment by speech, the narrower the compass of the word is, the more energetic is the impression. You have, in English, different words for group of people in the different situations of life. For example.

A COLLECTION OF PEOPLE '*■ '»■ '*■

'*■

at a lecture or concert at a match in the street in a riot in a church, mosque, temple in a rowdy scene watching a TV programme attending a funeral listening to a broadcast programme

audience spectators crowd mob congregation rabble viewers mourners listeners

It is, therefore, advisable to study the list of one-word substitution to help add ‘pep’ to your expression. A minister representing a sovereign or a state in a foreign country €unbassador A person sent on a mission emissary «A person who spends his money recklessly ^endtkrift «- A person who can neither read nor write illiterate to do or give something very Grudge unwillingly = to become attached to something; CUng to stick to something Imitate = to copy somebody/something; to take orfollow somebody/something as an example. Cherish = to keep afeeling or an idea in one's mind or heart and think of it unth pleasure. Reiterate = to r^eatsomething that has already been said, especially for emphasis

Passage 4 Trust is the basis of human relationship. As trust between people grows,(1) change and interpersonal dynamics are transformed. Diverse skills and abilities become(2)and appreciated as strengths. People begin to one another’s attitudes and feelings. They learn to be instead of playing roles. As trust grows the (5) that prevent and openness lessen. People become more expressive, impulsive, frank and (7). Their communication is efficient and clear. They risk (8) and confrontation, opening the doors to deeper communication, involvement and commitment. Congestion and (9) lessen. The flow of data is open

and (10). 1. 1) mo^y^tions 3)'patterns 5) commitments

2) behaviours 4) aspirations

2.

2) necessary 1) obvious 4) recognised 3) essential 5) prominent 3. 2) participate 1) accept 4) inculcate 3) pronounce 5) relate 4. 2) possessed 1) advocates 4) indifferent 3) exponents 5) themselves 5. 2) beliefs 1) seriousness 4) masks 3) barriers 5) chains 6. 2) egoism 1) snobbery 4) boasting 3) brashness 5)candour 7. 2) spontaneous 1) projective 4) cavaliers 3) pious 5) callous 8. 2) persuasiveness 1) conflict 4) propensity 3) dedication 5)jealous 2) boundaries 9. i 1) pervasiveness 4)blocking 3) sluggishness 5) enthusiasm 2) uncritical 10. 1) pnanimous 4)uncanny 3) uninhabited 5) unusual Interpersonal = existing or done between two people = notedfor or mvoluing sudden action Impulsive wihtout careful thought Prominent = distinguished or important; easily seen Pronounce = to declare or announce something especially formally, solemnly or offidally Inculcate = to fix ideas, principles etcfirmly in somebody's mind especially by often repeating them = a person who supports and Ebq>onent promotes a theory, belief, cause etc = attitudes and behaviour that are Snobbery characteristic ofa snob. Snob = apersonwho believes he orshe has superior taste or knowledge Brash - confident in a rude, noisy or aggressive way. Candour = the quality of being frank and honest in one’s behaviour or speech. Pious = having or showing a deep respect for God and religion Cavalier = showing a lack ofproper concern Callous = having or showing no sympathyfor other people’sfeelings or suffering Propensity = a tendency to do something especially something undesirable. Pervasive = present and seen orfelt everywhere = moving slowly; not alert or lively Sluggish Unanimous = agreedwitiiby everybody in a group = not natural; mysterious and sl^htiy Uncanny frightening.

412

Test ofEnglish Language

Passage 5 A good percentage of the population of India is tribal. The tribals live in the hills and forests of the country and have been little (1) by the (2) currents of the plains. Practically all the states of India have their tribal population. The tribes are numerous, computed to be about 200, some living in regions in dense forests, and others on the borders of villages. Some tribes are (4) to a few souls, while others like the Santhals, run into millions and are steadily (5) in numbers. During the British period some of them were known as ‘criminal tribes* for they showed (6) respect for the Indian Penal Code. After independence they have been named Scheduled Tribes. Under modem conditions isolation, however, has become(7) and the hill tribes are getting (8). The cultural traffic is twoway. Social reformers are taking civilization to the hills, and the tribes, (9) their old occupations of hunting and (101 farming, are settling in villages, townss and cities as labourers and industrial workers, 1. affected domiciled 3) motivated 4) deprived 5)favoured 2. 1) financial 2)proud Jjj^cultural 4)unruly 5) swift 3. 1) comfortable 2fmarshy* 3) wild H)unpopulated 5) inhospitable confined 4. 1) devoted 3) susceptible 4) related 5^attached 5. 1) constant 2)^eteriorated 3) developing ^increasing ^^i^ecreasing 6. jrfabundarit 2) genuine 3) superficial ^exorbitant 5) scant 7. 1) crucial 2) necessary 3) difficult 4^convenient 5) indispensable 8. «l)^ivilized 2) demoralised 3) wiped-out 4) entertained 5) reduced 9. 1) escaping 2) with 3) enhancing ^leaving 5) continuing 10. 1) productive J2)^primitive 3) profitable 4) cultivable 5) scientific Unruly = not easy to (x>ntrol or manage Marshy = wet and muddy Inhospitable not giving a friendly or polite welcome to guests Susceptible = easily influenced or harmed by something: sensitive Exorbitant = much too high or great; unreasonable

Scant Primitive

= hardly enough; not very much “ of or at an early stage of social development Passage 6

India’s (i) over the past half century since independence has been unique and (2)in many ways. Yet the record is (3) in relation to what the country set out to achieve and could certainly have been (4). It is (5) to look at both sides; the alternative is to be (6)down by unrelieved gloom or unwarranted (7). The fact is that after eight 5-year plans, about 40 per cent of population is(8) below the poverty line. The human development indices are (9) low, placing India at the 126th position in the world table, far below many countries that came into (10) much later than it did. 1. 1) development 2) domination 3) predicament 4) history 5) excellence 2. 1) dubious 2) insignificant 3) desperate 4) special 5) commendable 3. 1) outshining 2) broken 3) disappointing 4) brighter 5) played 4. 1) underplayed 2) accomplished 3) tampered 4) noteworthy 5) exaggerated / 5. 1) proposed 2) futile 3) impracticable 4) necessary 5) suggested 6. 1) laid 2) struck 3) cooled 4) weighed 5) brought 7. 1) progress 2) debating 3) meticulousness 4) haste 5) complacency 8. 1) much 2) still 3) obviously 4)found 5)far Jd. 1) deplorably 2)admirably 3) surprisingly 4) not 5) amusingly 10. 1) world 2) being 3) independence 4) compete 5) India Unrelieved = not changing; continuing Gloom = partial darkness; a feeling of sadness and depression Unwarranted =notjustified or necessary Dominate “ to have control orpower over or very strong influence on somebody/ something Predic€unent° a difficult or unpleasant situation especially one in which it is difficult to know what to do. Dubious = doubtful Commendable = deserving praise Accomplished == skilled Tamper = to interfere with or alter something

I

t

413

Cloze Test ivithout authority Exaggerate = to make something seem larger, better, worse etc than it really is Futile - producing no result; having no purpose Metieulous = giving or showing great care and attention to detail Complacency =a calm feeling ofsatisfaction with oneself, one's work = to be shocked or offended by Deplore something; to condemn = causing laughter orsmile;enjoyable Amusing Weigh down ° to make somebody/something bend by being heavy.

Passage 7 ln,the thirties and forties, geography was(1)subject in schools. Children spent hours tracing maps and (2) about strange places, peoples and customs. Harvard University(3)its geography department after World War II. A string of leading universities in the United States(4)suit. Geography has been tarred with the racist brush, and no one wants to be (5). David S Landes, professor of history and economics at Harvard University, makes a forceful for geography in his book, The Wealth and Poverty ofNations. Geography, he says, tells the unpleasant truth that nature is unfair, unequal in its (7) and that its unfairnesses are not easily (8). For Landes, there is nothing racist in a geography that links(9)and group behaviour to nature, no one can be praised or(101 for the temperature of the air, the volume or timing of rainfall, or the topography. 1. 1) full-fledged 2) resourceful 4) boring 3) decent 5) famous 2. 1) knowledge 2)drawings 4) learned 3)ignored 5) figures 3. 1) established 2) nurtured 4) developed 3) intensified 5) abolished 4. 1) followed 2) cleared 4) wore 3) prepared 5) filed 5. 1) learned ,. 2) contaminated 4) prepared 3) neglected 5) knowledgeable 6. 1) decision 2) impeachment 4) plea 3) lesson 5) plan 7. 1) behaviour ,2) favours 4) deal 3) sources 5) functions 8. 1) sensed 2) placated 4) over-ruled 3) remedied 5) understood 9. 1) expediency 2) sentiments 4) acquisition 3) performance 5) obedience

10. 1) credited 2) implored 4) flattered 3) admired 5) blamed Tarred with the = having or considered to have same brush the samefaults as somebody (as somebody) Decent ° proper, acceptable, satisfactory Nurture = to help the development of something Abolish = to end the existence of a law, a practice, an institution etc Contaminate °to make something/somebody impure by adding substances that are dangerous or carry disease - to raise doubts about something; to Impeach question something Placate = to make somebody less angry; to calm or satisfy somebody. = to correct, change or improve Remedy something undesirable = to ask or beg for something in a Implore serious way Flatter = to praise somebody too much or in an insincere way esoedally in order to gainfavourfor oneself

Passage 8 Fourteen centuries ago when the world was much younger, the ruler of all India, Rajah Balhait, was(1) about his people. A new game of dice, called nard, had (2) the imagination of his subjects. Teaching them that chance alone - a roll of the dice - guided the (3) of men. All who played this game of fortune lost their (4) in the virtues of courage, prudence, wisdom and hope. It bred a fatalism that was (5) the spirit of the kingdom. Rajah Balhait commissioned Sissa, an intelligent courtier, at his court, to find an answer to this (6). After much(7)the clever Sissa invented another game, chaturanga, the e>mct (8) of nard, in which the four elements of the Indian army were the key pieces. In the game these pieces - chariots, horses, elephants and foot soldiers - joined with a royal counsellor to defend their king and defeat the enemy. Forceful (9) was demanded ofthe players notluck. Chaturangasoon became more popular than nard, and the (10) to the kingdom was over. 1. 2) confident 1) concerned 4) indifferent 3) ignorant 5) partisan 2. 2) enshrined 1) propelled 4) activated 3)captured 5) enhanced 3. 1) communities 2) ways 4) destinies 3) abnormalities 5)groups 4. 1) bravado 2) interest 4) wealth 3) peace 5) faith

414

Test ofEnglish Language

5.

1) appalling 2) crushing 3) moistening 4) promoting 5) overwhelming 6. 1) apprehension 2) risk 3) problem 4) game 5) destiny 7. 1) deliberation 2) absorption 3) insight 4) hesitation 5) reluctance 8. 1) nature 2) equivalent 3) picture 4) opposite 5) replica 9. 1) prediction 2) concentration 3) manipulation 4) attack 5) fortune 10. 1) devastation 2) anxiety 3) impeachment 4) nuisance 5) threat Virtue = behaviour that shows high moral standards; goodness Prudent = acting with or showing care and thought for the future; showing good judgement Fatal ° causing or ending in death Counsellor = an adviser especially one who has professional training Partisan = showing too much support for one person, group or cause; biased Propel = to move, drive or push something/ somebodyforward Enshrine = to preserve something in a place or from it will be remembered and respected. Bravado = a display of bold talk or behaviour to impress other people. Appalling = shocfangr; extremely bad Moisten = to become or make something moist Overwhelming = very great; very strong Replica = a close or exact copy of something ofa painting; a model ofsomething made on a smaller scale Anxiety = anervousfeeUngcausedbyfearthat something bad is going to happen; worry Nuisance “ a thing, a person or behaviour that is annoying or causes trouble Passage 9 As the country embarks on planning (1) the 12th Plan (2012-17) period, a key question mark (2) hangs over the process is on the energy requirements. Growth is energy-hungry and the aspirations of growing at 9-10% will(3) huge demands on the energy resources of the country. In this energy jigsaw, renewable energy will (4) like never before in the 12th Plan and the (5). By the rule of the thumb, India will (6) about 100 gigawatts(Gw)-100,000 megawatts ofcapacity addition in the next five years. Encouraging trends on energy efficiency and sustained (7) by some parts of the government—the Bureau of Energy Efficiency, in

particular, needs to be complimented for this-have led to substantially lesser energy intensity of economic growth. However,even the tempered demand numbers are (8) to be below 80Gw. As against this need, the coal supply from domestic sources is unlikely to support more than 25 Gw equivalent capacity. Imported coal can add some more, but at a much cost. Gas-based electricity generation is unlikely to contribute anything substantial in view of the unprecedented gas supply challenges. Nuclear will be (101 in the foreseeable future. Among imported coal, gas, large hydro and nuclear, no more than 15-20Gw equivalent can be fill to be added in the five-year time block. (12)(131 this, capacity addition in the renewable energy based power generation has touched about^Gw a year. In the coming five years, the overall capacity addition in the electricity grid (141 renewable energy is likely to range between 20Gw and 25Gw. Additionally, over and above the grid-based capacity, off-grid electricity applications are reaching remote places and (IS) lives where grid-based electricity supply has miserably failed. 1. 1) against 2)for 3) onwards 4) at 5) on 2. 1) that 2) inside 3) always 4) who 5) where 3. 1)forward 2) subject 3) place 4)demand 5) replace 4. 1) pass 2) publish 3) feature 4) find 5) Ught 5. 1) likewise 2) publicity 3) next 4) after 5) earlier 6. 1) waste 2) require 3) highlight 4) generate 5) consumed 7. 1) structures 2) efforts 3) projections 4) practices 5)>^evelopmental 8. 1) sure 2) unsure 3) unexpected 4) unlikely 5) likely 9. 1) nominal 2) excelled 3) higher 4) lower 5) expected 10. 1) failure 2) success 3) dangerous 4) maximum 5) marginal 11. 1) certain 2) linked 3) remarked 4) expected 5) sure 12. 1) When 2) But 3) However 4) If 5) As

\ 415

Cloze Test 6.

2) attitude 1) companion 4) friend 3) calling 5) abode 7. 1) absorbed 2) alarmed 2) project 4) attached 3) attacked 4) against 5) awed 8. 2) brute 1) empowered 2) making 15. 1) listening 4) high 3) tall 4) saving 3) touching 5) exhibited 5) generating 9. 1) domestic 2)durable Embark on “ to start or engage in something 4) delicate new or difficutt 3) devastating = to express praise or admiration CompUment 5) dubious ofsomebody 2) puncture 10. 1) hoist = to make the effects of Temper 4) attack 3) disturb something less severe by 5) deflate balancing it with the else 2) tender 11. 1) protect Unprecedented ° never having happened, been 4)pluck 3)abandon done or been known before 5) touch Over and above ° besides something; in addition Stubborn = determined not tg change one’s to something attitude or position; having a strong “ having little importance; not . Marginal will central Passion = a strong feeling eg of hate, love or “ a picture printed on cardboard Jigsaw or wood cut into various anger Awe = to fill somebody with a feeling of different shapes that have to respect combined with fear or befitted together again;jigsaw wonder puzzle. Brute ° involving physicalforce only and not thought or reason Passage 10 Outrun = to run faster or further than Bret Bonson loved animals (i) on a family owned somebody/something Instinct = a naturalfeeling that makes one act Zoo. He had grown up caring for antelope, deer and or respond in a particular way. wildcats. He was (2), at times stubbornly, protective. Hoist = to raise something to a higher Once, when a tiger cub was bom with a deformed leg, position the local veterinarian and Bret’s parents(3)the animal = to make somebody feel less Deflate would never live a full life. Even so, the boy bottle-fed confident than they were or less the cub and cared for it. Bret's mothering, the cub important than they thought they died, but Bret’s mothering (5) lived on. were. He worked at a Safari park where, in 1980, he Tender - hiring; gentle; easily moved to pity trained his first African elephant and found his true or sympathy Fbick = to hold something with the fillers From the beginning Bonson was(7) by elephants. and pull it They have the(8)force to uproot trees and can outmn the fastest human sprinter. But they also have (9) Passage 11 fine motor skills. The same trunk that could(1^ the front end of an automobile or fracture a predator’s Gandhiji once said, “I would say that if the village

13. l)for 3) is 5) against 14. 1) through 3) versus 5)capacity

2) with 4) ever

skull could gently(11) a peanut from the fingers of a small child. 2) constructed 1. 1) created 4) erected 3) built 5) raised 2) carefully 2. 1) methodically 4) suitably 3) fiercely 5) actually 2) valued 3. 1) believed 4) imagined 3) expressed 5) exhibited 2) Unless 4. 1) Until 4) Despite 3) Instead 5) Although 2) instinct 5. 1) belief 4) passion 3) love 5) care

perishes, India will perish too. India will be (1) more India. Her own mission in the world will get (2). The (3) of the village is possible only when it is no more (4). Industrialisation on a mass scale will (5) lead to passive or active exploitation of the villagers as the problem (6) competition and marketing come in. Therefore, we have to (7) on the village being selfconteiined, manufacturing mainly for use. Provided this character of the village industry is (8) there would be no objection to villagers using even the modern machines and tools that they can make and (9) to use. Only, they 1101 not be used as a means of exploitation of others.” 2) scarcely 1. 1) certainly 4) no 3)^uch 5)any

416

Test ofEnglish Language

2.

1) lost 2) extension 3) elevated 4} flourished 5)jeopardy 3. 1) rehabilitation 2} pruning 3) revival 4) devastation 5) atonement 4. 1) denuded 2) exploited 3) contaminated 4) populated 5) ruined 5. 1) passionately 2) surprisingly 3) scarcely 4) never 5) necessarily 6. 1) forming 2) enhancing 3) between 4) of 5) with 7. 1) concentrate 2) ponder 3) imagine 4) ensure 5} decide 8. 1} regained 2) neglected 3) maintained 4) thwarted 5) abolished 9. 1) prepare 2) afford 3) hesitate 4) propose 5) plan 10. 1) can 2) could 3) need 4) would 5) should Perish = to be destroyed; to die Revival * a recovery; the process of bringing something back = at risk Jeopardy Rehabilitate = to restore somebody/something to their/its former higher status or position Prune = to reduce the extent of something by cutting unnecessary parts. Atone = to act in a way that compensatesfor a previous wrong or error. Denude = to make something bare Ponder = to think about something carefully and for a long time especially in trying to reach a decision; to consider Thwart = to prevent somebody doing what they intended to; to oppose a plan etc successfully. Passionate “ caused by or showing strong feelings

Passage 12 (1) stringent anti-pollution laws, mass awareness levels in India about the need to (2) the environment are low. Which is (3) many people insist that mere laws won’t do; what we (4) need are “environment conscious” citizens. It is in this context that the University’s (5) to introduce environment studies as a compulsory paper at the undergraduate level (6) significance. There was some (7) initially about who would teach the paper because financial (8) make it impossible for colleges to(9) approval for new teaching posts. In fact, in August 1999, the University Grants Commission (UGC) imposed a ban on the creation of

new teaching posts in colleges.(101 with this problem, authorities at the university have decided that serving teachers belonging to various disciplines will teach the paper. 1. 1) Despite 2) Having 3) Enacting 4) Adopting 5) Although 2. 1) contaminate 2) clean 3} filter 4) protect 5) pollute 3. 1) resulting 2) why 3) obvious 4) as 5) because 4. 1) seldom 2) don’t 3) hardly 4) perfectly 5) actually 5. 1) inability 2) deferral 3) decision 4) failure 5} reluctance 6. 1) extracts 2)accord 3) expects 4) loses 5) assumes 7. 1) displeasure 2) antagonism 3) hurdles 4) confusion 5) priority 8. 1) losses 2) constraints 3) apathy 4) soundness 5) independence 9. 1) receive 2) establish 3) emphasize 4) expect 5) sanction 10. 1) Down 2) Familiarity 3) Faced 4) Convinced 5) Solution Stringent = that must be obeyed;strict or severe Assume = to accept something as true before there is proof Deferral = delaying something until a later time Antagonism = a feeling of hostility or opposition Constraint = a thing that limits or restricts Apathy = a lack of interest, enthusiasm or concern

Passage 13 A friend in need is a friend indeed. A man who stands (i) his friend in (2) is a true friend, Selfless love is the base of true friendship. True friends share each other’s joy and sorrow, pain and pleasure. They do not fall (3) in adversity. They have full confidence in each other. They never (4) each other. (5) makes friends, adversity tries them. A selfless friend is (6); a selfish friend is a curse. The first is an angel and the second is a devil. One makes your career while the other (7) it. True friendship means great self-sacrifice on the part of both. A true friend (8) pleasure and convenience. He goes cut of his way and faces difficulties in his way with joy and even with pride. Joy and sorrow, success and failure, good fortune and

417

Cloze Test misfortune, are equally (9) by a pair of true friends. They (101 the burden of life equally for they feel that they sail in the same boat and that they have to sink and swim together. 2) with 1. 1) to 4)by 3) for 5) of 2) commotion 2. 1) adversity 4) happiness 3)change 5) growth l)by 3) off 5) through 4. 1) postulate 3) danger 5) betray 5. 1) Wealth 3) Man 5) WeU-bring 6. 1) boon 3) blessing 5) message 7. 1) throws 3) constructs 5) lacks 8. 1) foregoes 3) evolves 5) prospers 9. 1) built 3) admired 5) shared 10. 1) expect 3) dislike 5) project Stand by Adversity Commotion Fall off Postulate

3.

2) to 4) with 2) commit 4) deplete 2) Prosperity 4) Providence 2) force 4) calamity 2) develops 4) mars 2) mitigates 4) appraises 2) pleased 4) advocated 2) shoulder 4) propose

= to support or help somebody = difficulties; trouble; misfortune = noisy confusion or excitement “ to decrease in quantity or quality = to accept or suggest that something is true, especially as a basis for reasoning or discussion = to reduce greatly the quantity size, Deplete power or vabxe ofsomething. ° to show a lack of loyalty to Betray somebody/something Providence ° the way in which God or nature caresfor and protects all creatures “ God’sfavour and protection Blessing Curse >= a magical word or phrase spoken with the aim ofpunishing, injuring or destroying somebody/something JIfar = to damage or spoil something = to give up or do without something Forego especially something pleasant = to make something less severe, Mitigate violent or painful “ to assess the value quality or nature Appraise of somebody/something

Passage 14 The Government seems to be in right earnest to ensure more (i) in governance. The Prime Minister’s announcement that his Government is (2) drafting legilsation to the citizen’s right to information is indeed welcome. Though the talk on the right to information is not new, we may the bill to be brought early this time. The previous Government had set up a high-level committee to (S) a draft bill. But nothing has been heard about the matter since, (6) the committee did quite some work. The issue, however, has come to such a pass that a solution cannot be(7)further. Sunlight is the best disinfectant, a foreign judge once said, while (8) the unwarranted secrecy in an administrative system. When those in authority know that people have the right to ask questions and the government is under the (9) to provide them with answers, (101 of authority, or of public finances,for personal or party ends is less likely to happen. 1. 2) rudeness 1) strictness 4) economy 3) leniency 5) transparencty 2) busy 1) personally 4) reluctantly 3) not 5) absolutely 3. 2) absolve 1) presumption 4) question 3)curb 5) establish 4. 2) wait 1) expect 4) frustrate 3) try 5) appeal 5. 2)regard 1) level 4) enact 3) prepare 5) unearth 6. 2) as 1) even 4) until 3) because 5) though 7. 2) expected 1)found 4) looked 3) delayed 5) longed 8. 2) criticising 1) nurturing 4) appreciating 3)demanding 5) upholding 9. 2) affect 1) pretentious 4) obligation 3) substance 5) property 10. 1) misuse 2) governance 4)curbing 3) dishonour 5) breach In earnest = to a greater extent; with more determination and energy Disinfectant = a substance that cleans something by destroying the bacteria that cause disease Lenient = not severe, espedally in punishing people. Presumption = the action of supposing something to be true.

2.

418

Test ofEnglish Language Absolve

“to declare that somebody isfree of guilt, blame etc. Curb “ to prevent something from getting out of control Long “ to wentsomething very much;to have a strong desire for something or to do something Uphold “ to support or confirm a decision, belief etc which has been questioned Pretentious - claiming importance, value or style, especially without good cause.

Passage 15 Man in his (1) of nature and universe has made the world polluted. The air we breathe is polluted, the water we drink is (3). There is felling of trees, clearing of jungles, (5) natural barriers like the mountains and drying up the oceans by way of (6). This(7)of nature by man is a grave mistake for which mankind has to pay the price. Rapid industrialisation means (8) the industrial effluents into the rivers and seas. The river water has turned murlqr. Marine life has been The toxic chemicals have made the air that we breathe polluted. Pesticides and insecticides sprayed on plants and the chemicals and fertilizers used for flO)plant yield have poisoned our food. Hence what we eat today has high toxic fill. Nature’s plentifulness is a heritage not to be(121 with impunity. It must be conserved for future generations or its(131 will extinguish all. 1. 1) pursuit 2) view 3) conquest 4) victim 5) want 2. 1) foul 2) diluted 3) poor 4) precarious 5) critical 3. 1) disturbed 2) pure 3) counterproductive 4) suffocated 5) contaminated 4. 1) dubious 2) wanton 3) careful 4) planned 5) useless 5. 1) attacking 2) projecting 3) cutting 4) blasting 5) sizing 6. 1) reclamation 2) inhabitation 3) stabilisation 4) destruction 5)damage 7. 1) provocation 2) adventure 3) vandedism 4)abundance 5) evasion 8. 1) relocating 2)divulging 3) menacing 4) culminating 5) diverting 9. 1) evaporated 2) endangered 3) devalued 4) eliminated 5) forfeiting 10, 1) managing 2) developing

3) maintaining 4) doubling 5) minimising 11. 1) damage 2) variable 3) content 4) yield 5) refuge 12. 1) squandered 2) preserved 3) doubled 4) engulfed 5) coerced 13. 1) equilibrium 2) existence 3) failure 4) proportion 5)bankruptcy Conquest “ the action or an instance of conquering somebody Foul “ very unpleasant; very bad; terrible Wanton “ done deliberatelyfor no good reason Reclamation^ the action of making land fit to cultivate, eg by draining it or bringing water to it Grave “ serious and importarO;giving cause for worry Vandalism “ behaviour character ofaperson who deliberately destroys or damages works of art, public and private property, the beauties of nature etc for no good reason. Eiffluent ° liquid waste matter, sewage etc that pours out ofafactory into a river Murky “ dirty; not clear Endangered “ in danger of becoming extinct Extinct “ no longer in existence Squander “ to waste something foolishly or carelessly Impunity “freedom from punishment or injury Extinguisir “ to end the existence of a feeling, condition etc Pursuit “ the action oflookingfor or trying to find something Precarious “ not safe; dangerous Provocation “ the action of making somebody angry by deliberately doing something annoying or offensive. Evasion “ the act or process of avoiding something that is legally or morally required Divulge “ to make something known especi ally a secret JIfenaee = a thing or person that threatens to harm somebody/something Culminate “ to reach the highest point or specified conclusion or result Forfeit “ to give up something or have something taken away as a consequence of or punishment for having done something wrong. Refuge “ shelter or protection from danger, trouble etc Engulf = to surround somebody/something especially so that they are completely covered Coerce “ to make somebody do something by using force or threats Bankruptcy “ the state of being unable to pay one's debts

419

Cloze Test

Passage 16 Once Gurudev Tagore asked Gandhiji:“Gandhiji,are you Cl)unromantic? When in the early(2)the morning sun rises does it not(3) your heart with joy to see its reddish glow? When the birds does not your heart thrill with its (5) music? When the rose opens its petals and blooms in the garden, does its sight not bring to your heart?” The Mahatma replied, “Gurudev, I am not so dumb or(7)as not to be moved by the beauty of the rose or the morning rays of the sun or the music of the birds. But what can I do? My one (8), my one anxiety, my one ambition is: When shall I see the red tint of the rose on the cheeks of (9)(10) millions of my people? When shall I hear the sweet and melodious song of the birds in place of their (11) sighs - when will such music (1^ out of their soul? And when will that (13) come, when the light of the morning sun will (14) the heart of the common man in India? When will I see its lustre and (15) on his face?” 1. 2) genuinely 1) not 4) so 3) seldom 5) fairly 2. 1) season 2)dawn 4) climate 3) monsoon 5) days 3. 1) involve 2)impeach 4) fill 3) move 5) penetrate 4. i)fly 2) nestle 4)cry 3) flock 5) sing 5. 2) fearful 1) alarming 4) irritating 3) divine 5)loud 6. 1) aroma 2) cheer 4)agony 3)fragrance 5) fear 7. 1) insensitive 2) lethargic 4) idle 3) ambitious 5) romantic 8. 1) slogan 2) request 4) desire 3) interpretation 5) demand 9. 1) old 2) rich 4) noble 3)happy 5)hungry 2) fashioned 10. 1) naked 4) fellow 3) poor 5) playful 2) flourishing 11. 1) encouraging 4) agonizing 3) prosperous 5) cheerful 2)bring 12. l)play 4)drop 3) come 5) sing

2)day 13. 1) Ught 4) person 3) authority 5) sun 2) shine 14. 1) scorch 4)bum 3) bright 5) illuminate 2) shade 15. 1) brightness 4) strength 3) dullness 5) stairs Tint = a shade or variety ofa colour ° an act or sound oftaking long deep Sigh breath that can be heard, expressing sadness, relief, tiredness etc Lustre = the soft brightness of a smooth or shining surface; glory; distinction Dawn = the time of day when light first appears Flock = a group of sheep, goats or birds of the same type either kept together orfeeding and travelling together Divine = wonderful; beautiful Aroma ° a distinctive usually pleasant smell Lethargic ° lazy Scorch = to bum and damage a surface by making it too hot Wuminate = to shine Ught on something

Passage 17 Man has always considered himself to be the ruler of his planet. This (1) and the attendant superiority feeling has made him look down (2) other creatures who co-exist with human on this earth. The so-called civilized human^ race has(3) and ill-treated small and large animal sp'ecies and birds in an attempt to prove his (^. It is common knowledge that (5) number of animals have been(^ for centuries under the (7) of conducting scientific experiments or for sports. Till recently, in the (8) of scientific experiments, monkeys and frogs have been (9) to dissection and (10)in the laboratory. 1. 2) fact 1) pleasure 4) force 3) achievement 5)arrogance 2. 2)upon 1) in 4) for 3) with 5) into 3. 1) criticised 2) devalued 4) abused 3) protected 5) enlarged 4. 1)supremacyr 2) wisdom 4) instinct 3) cleverness 5) possession 5. 1) tall 2) plenty 4) diverse 3) countless 5) numerous 6. 1) tortured 2) exposed 4) vanished 3) treated 5) extinct

420

Test ofEnglish Language

7.

1) projection 2) criticism 3) pretext 4) game 5) study 8. 1) matter 2) set 3) scheme 4) virtue 5) name 9. 1) confined 2) subjected 3) condemned 4) allied 5) performed 10. 1) cruelty 2) deformation 3) study 4) vivisection 5 ) proliferation Look down upon = to consider somebody/ something inferior to oneself; to regard somebody/something with contempt Under the pretext of = giimg the specified reason as one's justification. Dissection = thepractice ofcutting up dead body, a plant etc in order to study Vivisection ° the practice of performing operations etc on live animals for the purposes of scientific research. Vanish = to disappear completely and suddenly Extinct = no longer in existence Condemn ° to say that one disapproves strongly ofsomebody/something; to criticize somebody/something Proliferation =a rapid growth or increase in numbers

Passage 18 In these days of economic liberalisation, globalisation, etc. materialistic values have assumed (1)importance. Money,physical comforts and luxuries are the most sought after aspects. There has been (2) competition. Such competition (3) undue stress. The stress leads to (4) of health of the people. Indian culture has (5) its striking uniqueness, as against the Western culture, in the fact that there is a place for spiritualism in the value system in all walks of life. The spirituality is a very (7) force which helps us in maintaining our physical and mental health. It gives us (8) to cope with the stress. Westerners have now (9) the importance of spirituality and, therefore, they have started (101 us in the matter of spirituality. 1. 1) usued 2) little 3) tangible 4) least 5) greater 1) critical 2) unhealthy 3) unequalled 4) no 5) absolute 3. 1) releases 2) deserves 3) generates 4) demonstrates 5) suppresses 4. 1) peglect 2) illness 3)!^eneration 4) deterioration 5) encroachment

m

5.

1) maintained 2) illustrated 3) marginalised 4) bestowed 5) forsaken 6. 1) vast 2) brief 3)formal 4) clean 5) distinct 7. 1) dormant 2) dedicated 3) vital 4)common 5)dynamic 8. 1) strength 2) tips 3) clearance 4) sermons 5) ideals 9. 1) informed 2) narrated 3) intensified 4) realised 5) invented 10. 1) encouraging 2) imitating 3) blaming 4) preaching 5) assuming Deteriorate = to become worse in quality or condition Bestow ° to present something as a gift to somebody Vital ° essential to the existence, success or operation of something. Sermons = a talk on a moral or religious subject usually given by apriest during a religious service.

Passage 19 The social fl) of the Web lifestyle and work style are enormous. A lot of people that computers and the Internet will depersonalize experience, creating a world that is less warm. But these are unfounded as we know that some people were (3) afraid that the telephone would reduce face-to-face contact £ind will (4)society to fall apart. But the(5)actually came true. Just as phone and e-mail have increased contact between people living in different communities and between people on the go, the PC and the Internet give us(6) way to communicate. They do not take any away. In reality, the ability to use the Internet to redefine (7) in our communities is strengthening personal and cultural (8). The Web lifestyle is about broadening (^, not narrowing them. Community building is going to be one of the biggest growth areas bn the Web. It dramatically increases the number of communities you can bond to because of its ability to flOl groups of like-minded people independent of geography or time zones. 1. 1) groups 2) needs 3) factor 4) teaching 5) implications 2. 1) accept 2) dare 3) fear 4) propose 5) reject 3. 1) strongly 2) initially 3) always 4) never 5) possibly 4. 1) let 2)decay 3) develop 4) cause 5) destroy

421

Cloze Test 5.

1) opposite 2) found 4) different 3)finding 5) negative 6. 1) cheaper 2) economical 3) another 4) second 5) many 7. 1) groups 2) ethics 3) culture 4fbonds 5) boundaries 8. 1) distances 2) connections 4) implications 3) differences 5) suggestions 9. 1) horizons 2) values 3) nations 4) means 5) status 10. 1) reduce 2) focus 4) connect 3) prepare 5) develop Enormous =● very large; huge; immense Implication ° the conclusion that can be drawn from something, although it is not e^pUdtly stated. Ethics ° moral principles that govern or influence a person’s behaviour.

Passage 20 The urgent need of the hour is to (1) up the moral (2) of our society in general and of our student community in particular, if we want to save ourselves and our society from the present of mass indiscipline and of basic human values, which has become a (5) phenomenon. We must, therefore, (6) and practise the most basic human values like co operation, tolerance, patriotism, generosity, truth, justice and excellence—the ideals which are universal in nature and which are (8) in themselves and which are worthy of (9) for their own sake. These ideals are both personally as well as socially flOl. 1. 1) give 2) stand 3) jack 4) climb 5) tone 2. 1) fibre 2) enactment 3) reconstruction 4) situation 5) appreciation 3. 1) polarisation 2) degradation 3) chaos 4) provocation 5) sentiments 4. 1) calamity 2) focus 3) realisation 4) erosion 5) criticism S. 1) durable 2) universal 3) perpetual 4) segmental 5) prolific 6. 1) incorporate 2) induce ' 3) implicate 4) inculcate 5) involve 7, 1) absorbing 2) cherished 3) introspective 4) famous 5) productive

8.

1) distinctive 3) formative 5) end 9. 1) evolving 3) esteem 5) popularity 10. 1) desirable 3) redundant 5) possible Tone up

2) appreciated 4) helping 2) spreading 4) wisdom 2) manageable 4) vulnerable

=● to make one’s body stronger, fitter etc Chaos = Complete disorder or confusion Calamity = an event that causes great harm or damage; a disaster Perpetual = without interruption; continuous Induce = to persuade or influence somebody to do something = to show that somebody is involved Implicate in something, especially in crime. Inculcate = to fix ideas, principles etc firmly in somebody’s mind especially by often repeating them Cherish = to keep a feeling or an idea in one’s mind or heart and think of it with pleasure Vulnerable ° that can be hurt, harmed or attacked easily especially because of being small or weak. Redundant = no longer needed; unnecessary

Passage 21 Studies (IJ the impact of computer models to support policy-making processes in organisations have (2) that client involvement in the model-building process is often a for effective model-building. One important reason is that the process of model-building is frequently more important than the resulting model. Model-building itself is largely a process about the problem. Most (5) about the characteristics of an illstructured problem are gained during^e (6) process of designing a computer model, rather than after the model is finished. Another important reason is that most information in an organisation (7) in the mental models of organisation members. To support policy making in organisation it is this knowledge which needs to be and represented in the model. An important topic in client-oriented or (9) model building thus becomes the (10) of relevant knowledge contained in the mental models of participants. 2) focussing 1. 1) evaluating 4) advocating 3) projecting 5) directing 2) exhibited 2. 1) devised 3) convinced 4) attributed 5) indicated 2) valuation 3. 1) support 4) material 3) prerequisite 5) blueprint 4. 2) durable 1) valuable 4) learning 3) tedious 5) critical

422

Test ofEnglish Language

5.

1) thinking 2) insights 3) planning 4) appreciation 5) opinion 6. 1) elongated 2) concentrated 3) iterative 4) evolving 5) consummate 7. 1) resides 2) follows 3) settles 4) lies 5) committed 8. 1) extended 2) bisected 3) subjected 4) captured 5) attributed 9. 1) revolving 2) interactive 3)dogmatic 4) accentuated 5) formative 10. 1) demarcation 2) formation 3) proliferation 4) association 5) elicitation Attributed = to regard something as belonging to, caused by or produced by somebody/something Prerequisite ° a thing required as a condition for something to happen or exist Blueprint “ a detailed plan or scheme Elongate “ to make something longer Iterative = relating to or involumg the repetition ofa process or utterance espedaUy of mathematical or computational process. Consummate = highly skilled; perfect Dogmatic ° insisting that one’s beliefs are right and that others should accept them, withoutpaying attention to evidence or to other opinions Accentuated ° to make something very noticeable or prominent; to emphasize something. Formative = having an important and lasting influence on the development of somebody’s character Elicit = to draw facts, a response etcfrom somebody, sometimes with difficulty.

Passage 22 In the decade since reforms were introduced, India has achieved substantial success in the sphere of macroeconomics. Overall growth rate has been (i) except for the last couple of years. It bears pointing out that we have now come to view a 6 per cent (2) rate as a slowdown! This is a far cry from pre-reforms rate of growth of 3 per cent. The price level has by and large remained (3) both as measured by the WPI and CPI. India’s (4) of payments position has been comfortable. Exports, while(5)some sluggishness this fiscal, have been growing. Imports, in spite of (6) liberalisation, have not gone out of hand.This is amply reflected in the comfortable current account deficits (GAD); the CAD-to-GDP ratio has remained way below the crisis (7) that it had achieved in 1991. The rupee has weathered external turbulence rather well even

when East Asia was experiencing (8) difficulties. However, the one unambiguous Achilles’ heel of the reforms has been the state of gbvemment finances. One of the two crises that India faced in 1990-91 was the unsustainable imbalance between government revenues and unwilling and therefore slow to act, agree etc Accrue = to allow something to collect over a period oftime; to accumulate Eager = full ofinterest or desire; keen Antagonistic^ showing or feeling opposition; hostile; aggressive

Passage 24 Actually everyday we are engaged in this business of ‘reading’ people. We do it (1). We want to figure others out. So we msike guesses about what others think, value, want and feel and we do so based on our beliefs and understandings about human nature. We do so because if we can figure out (4) and intentions of others the possibility of them or hurting us and this will help us to (7) a lot of unnecessary pain and trouble. We also make secondguesses about what they will do in future, how they will (8) if we make this or that response. We do all this second-guessing based upon our (9) of what we believe about the person’s inner nature (101 his or her roles and manners. We mind-read their (111 motives. Also, everyday we misguess and misread. Why? Because ofthe complexity,(121. and multidimensional functioning of people. After all, how well do you ‘read’ your own thoughts, aims, values, motives, beliefs, etc? How well do you Imow your own structuring process — your own thinking and (131 styles? 1. 2) practically 1) vehemently 4) incessantly 3) actually 5) virtually 2. 2) constantly 1) ably 4) largely 3) partly 5) positively 3. 2) proactive 1) hituristic . 4) decorative 3) reactive 5) assumptive 4. 2) expressions 1) manifestations 4) hopes 3) motives 5) prospects 5. 2) blaming 1) tricking 4) alarming 3) furthering 5) criticizing 6. 2) happens 1) lessens 4) deepens 3) questions 5) laments 7. 1)approach 2) direct 4) implement 3) avoid 5) prepare 8. 2)apply 1) solve 4)approach 3) plan 5) respond 9. 2) exhibition 1) projection 4) prediction 3) situation 5) attribution 10. 1) organizing 2) underneath 4) proposing 3) appreciating 5) outside 11. 1) cunning 2) visible 4) obvious 3) deeper 5) proposed 12. 1) abnormality 2) angularity 4) layeredness 3) focus 5) contribution

424

Test ofEnglish Language

13. 1) proposing 3)upbringing 5) emotive Vehement Incessant Virtually Proactive

2) developing 4) lamenting = showing orcaused by strongfeeling; passionate = not stopping; continual = almost

“ creating or controlling a situation by causing things to happen rather than reacting to events Manifestation ° an event, an action, an object or a statement that shows something clearly, eg illustrating or resulting from an abstract idea Lessen “ to become or make something less Laments “ to feel or express great sorrow or regret for somebody/something Underneath = beneath something; below something Cunning “ clever at deceiving people Angular “ thin and having prominent bones; stiff and awkward Emotive = arousing or able to arouse intense feeling; tending to affect the emotions

Passage 25 The study of accountancy is (1) in demand in the view of (2) of greater complexity in our business organisation. Formerly a(3)of day-to-day income and expenditure was more than (4). A business organisation today has to a clear account of the it uses, the amounts that are owing to it, the amount that it owes to others, the profit or loss it has made and the (7) it employs. Without a scientific (8) of accounting no businessman can be fully of his real flOl position and tun his organisation. 1. 1) progressing 2) getting 3) powering 4) moving 5)growing 2. 1) demand 2) growth 3) status 4) position 5) slackness 3. 1) mixture 2) map 3) measure 4)record 5) transaction 4. 1) sufficient 2) anticipated 3) expected 4) required 5) necessary 5. 1) gather 2) observe 3) maintain 4) organise 5) assimilate 6. 1) manpower 2) infrastructure 3) money 4) resources 5) capabilities 7. 1) capital 2) strength 3) authority 4) strategies 5) principles 8. 1) way 2) plan 3) system 4) goal 5) purpose

9.

1) ignorant 2) alert 3) prepared 4) vigilant 5) aware 10. 1) administrative 2) financial 3)capacity 4) business 5) hierarchical Slackness ° laziness Anticipate = to ejqpect something Assimilate ° to absorb ideas, information etc in the mind

Passage 26 The first proposal I submitted for my dissertation at UCLA was to write a theory of personality. My chairman, a kindly man, smiled (1) and told me that perhaps this was a bit ambitious for a young graduate student. (2), I accepted his verdict and changed my topic, but not my desire. It(3)later, when I had a chance to begin to a theory in my research on group d3mamics for the Navy during the Korean War. As I (5) on the reasons for the persistence of my interest in the overarching theory, I had an (6) memory. When I was around eight years old, I was a (7) baseball fan, as was my father. My hero was Lou Gohrig. I would approach my father in an attempt to prove to him how good Gohrig really was:“He hit 363, had 49 home runs, batted in 165 runs. He’s terrific!" My father’s response caught me off guard :“Yes, but he can’t field.” I wasn’t prepared for that. From then on, my way of(8) with my father’s responses was to make sure I knew everything about any topic I wanted to talk to him about. Partly as a(^,I became a holist. I had to make sure I had flOl for everything. 1. 1) usually 2) profusely 3) benignly 4)abruptly 5) decidedly 2. 1) Indolently 2) SkdlfuUy 3) Enchanted 4) Constrained 5) Chagrined 3. 1) lEimented 2) resurfaced 3) appreciated 4) provided 5) projected 4. 1) inject 2) involve 3) exhibit 4) formulate 5) establish 5. 1) pondered 2) evaluated 3) developed 4) perfected 5) appreciated 6. 1) interesting 2) obvious 3) engulfing 4) esteemed 5) evolving 7. 1) precarious 2) haunting 3) deliberate 4) pervasive 5)rabid 8. 1) patience 2) alliance 3) influence 4)coping 5) questioning

425

Cloze Test 2)capacity 1) custom 4) preference 3) defence 5) posterity 2) accounted 10. 1) consideration 4)regard 3) longing 5) established Dissertation = a long essay on a particular subject espedaUy one written for a higher university degree = kindly; gently; mildly; pleasantly Benignly Indolent = lazy Persistence = corxtinumg to do something in spite of difficulties Overarching = Covering a wide range of topics, interests, activities etc = violent or extreme Rabid Off guard = not prepared for attack, a surprise or a mistake Accountfor = to give a satisfactory record of money, etc in one's care. = in large amounts; abundant Profuse Enchanted = filled with delight Chagrined = affected with a feeling of disappointed or annoyance at havingfailed, made a mistake etc. Ponder = to thing about something carefully and for a long time especially in trying to reach a decision;to consider = to surround somebody/something Engulf especially so that they are completely covered. Evolve = to develop naturally and usually gradually Esteem = to have a high opinion of somebody/something; to respect somebody/something greatly Precarious = not safe; dangerous => beautiful and sad, making a strong Haunting impression and remaining in the thoughts. Pervasive = present and seen orfelt everywhere Deliberate = done intentionally = all future generations ofpeople Posterity

9.

Passage 27 In the past, it was thought learning knowledge took place in school and for some also in further education. Then it was a matter of(1) practical sl^s at work at the beginning of a career, and with a bit of luck, that (2) it. Now things have changed. Global competition is (3) the shelf-life of products and the knowledge and skills that (4) behind them. The pace of change can be (5). Knowledge that was leading edge at one minute can become (6) the next. Therefore, it is the (7) rather than knowledge that is the key. Successful organizations have to learn, adapt and change continuously as do the (8) within them. This is (9) in the rapid growth of knowledge workers. It is (101 all levels of organisations. 2) projecting 1. 1) fostering 4) manipulating 3) acquiring 5) culminating

2.

2) was 1) for 4) with 3)from 5) may 3. 2) retailing 1) replacing 4) re-regulating 3) rotating 5)reducing 4. 1) lie 2) profess 4) manifest 3) exhibit 5) express 5. 2)absorbing 1) anal3Ttical 4) frightening 3) interesting 5) valuable 6. 1) critical 2) obsolete 4) devastating 3) modem 5) lamentable 7. 1) durability 2) reactivity 4) proactivity 3) activity 5)capacity 8. 1) systems 2) managements 4) individuals 3) processes 5) units 9. 1) echoed 2) supported 4) provided 3) adjusted 5) developed 10. 1) directing 2) providing 4) questioning 3) affecting 5) projecting - to make something suitable for a Adapt new use, situation etc. Foster = to help the development of something; to encourage or promote something Culminate = to reach the highest point or specified conclusion or result Obsolete = no longer used; out ofdate = the length oftimefor which a stored Shelf-life item, especially food, remains in good condition

Passage 28 In (1) of constitutional guarantees relating to equality of opportunity and various other guarantees of equality before the law, the social and economic(2) of women, especially of poor women in India, is wellknown.We are referring mainly to the poor rural women who have little or no assets and who (3) the bulk of the female population in rural areas. It is not as if only poor mral women get less wages or suffer from social because they belong to a particular community. Even at higher levels of the socio economic hierarchy among the well-to-do groups, women are not (S) to men. Among the,economically sections of society, women’s proper place is (7) to be the home. In rural areas, women of status families, normally do not go out to work. In the value system, there is a gradation of economic activities, which is (101 in the socio-economic status of the family. Thus, if the women of the family do manual labour in the fields, it denotes low status. Women earning a

426

Test ofEnglish Language

living, or supplementing their family income through economic activities like stitching, garment-making, or some handicraft work,are also considered low because it clearly shows that their family is poor and they are forced to make ends meet. It is considered right and proper for a woman to cook, sew and take up activities like pickle-making for her own family. But, if she were to earn a wage through these same activities, it denotes poverty and also, often, low socio-economic status. 1. 1) support 2) spite 3) contrast 4) wake 5) view 2. 1) condition 2) prosperity 3) progress 4) deprivation 5) value 3. 1) constitute 2) deploy 3) measure 4) define 5) exploit 4. 1) status 2) service 3) indifference 4) ignorance 5) discrimination 5. 1) dedicated 2) accountable 3) equal 4) responsible 5) antagonistic 6. 1) marginal 2) significant 3) well-off 4) affordable 5) dependable 7. 1) entitled 2) decided 3) indicated 4) debated 5) considered 8. 1) economic 2) appropriate 3) ample 4) higher 5) social 9. 1) unequal 2) prevailing 3) appropriate 4) commendable 5) deplorable 10. 1) reflected 2) exempted 3)barred 4) considered 5) neglected Deprivation = the state of not having the benefits that most people have, such as a home and enoughfood, money etc Deploy = to use something effectively Antagonistic^ showing or feeling opposition; hostile; aggressive Prevailing = most usual or widespread Commendable °deserving praise Deplorable = that is, or should be condemned Exempt “ to make somebody/something free from an obligation, duty orpayment

Passage 29 After ten years of (1) inflation, prices have hiked 7.5% in the third we^ of July. This looks scary—after all, Indians had got used to prices crawling up by 2% in the last two years, and a 10-yesir average inflation rate of about 5%—^but you shouldn’t worry. This burst of inflation is the result of three factors that have come together unexpectedly,,are unlikely to (2) for

long and are unlikely to(3)up together again: a(n)(4) rise in global oil prices, a monsoon that arrived late and a spike in global metal prices. North Sea crude has crossed $42 per barrel, driven up by low petroleum (5) and soaring demand in the US as war production heats up. Oil markets are also spooked by the (6) of Russian oil supplies falling on the back of the YukosSibneft probe. There's little that the government can do to users from soaring oil prices—indeed, it shouldn’t, if it wants to(8)efficiency. Higher transport costs have pushed up rates of vegetables and fruits. Farm produce could also get affected by rains that arrived too late for kharif sowing. China is(9)up steel and other metals from all over the world to 1101 a construction boom ahead of the 2008 Olympics, making metal prices soar all over the world, and sparking inflation in India. 1. 1) mere 2) moderate 4) vehement 3) retarding 5) dull 2. 1) obstinate 2) constitute 3) persist 4) repeat 5) normalise 3. l)go 2) scramble 3) mount 4) yield 5)crop 4. 1) sustained 2) suspicious 3) horrific 4) erratic 5) favourable 5. 1) lists 2) trades 3) services 4) inventories 5) details 6. 1) prospect 2) progress 3) view 4) extent 5) deposit 7. 1) support 2) ignore 3) propel 4) prolong 5) insulate 8. 1) position 2) promote 3) process 4) pass 5)form 9. 1)hunying 2) passing 3) pairing 4)gobbling 5) throwing 10. 1) keep 2) make 3) feed 4)grow 5) fight Scary = causingfear or alarm crop up ° to appear or occur especially unexpectedly Persist ° to continue to do something especially with determination and inspite of difficulty, opposition, argument orfailure Soar = to rise quickly to a high level or standard Spook “ to become suddenly frightened by something Probe = a thorough and carejulinvestigation of something \

427

Cloze Test Gobble up Vehement Obstinate

Horrific Inventory Propel Prolong Insulate

= to use up all of something very quickly. = showir^ orcaused by strongfeeling; passionate = refusing to change one’s opinion or decision, despite attempts to persuade one. = causing horror ='a detailed list eg ofgoods,furniture orjobs to be done. = to move, drive or push something/ somebodyforward = to make something last longer = to protect somebody/something from the unpleasant effects of something.

Passage 30 In recent years, the banking industry has been undergoing rapid changes, reflecting a number of(1) developments.The most significant has been advances in communication and information technology. Which have(2)and broadened the(3)offinancial information while lowering the costs of many financial activities. A second key (4) for change has been the increasing competition among a broad(5)of domestic and foreign institutions in providing banking and (6) financial services. Third, financial activity has become larger relative to overall economic activity in most economies. This has meant that any (7) of the financial markets or financial infrastructure has broader economic (8) than might have been the case (9J. These developments have f 101 consequences for the institutional and systemic structure of the financial sector in general and banking in particular. 1. 1) challenging 2) subjective 4) underlying 3) situated 5) principled 2. 1) measured 2) motioned 4) processed 3) habituated 5) accelerated 3. 2) disagreement 1) concealment 4) sowing 3} dissemination 5) differentiation 4. 1) force 2) impetus 4) movement 3) pull 5) energy 5. 2)rank 1)group 4) range 3) place 5) row 6. 2) relegated 1) personal 4) noticed 3) related 5) referenced 7. 1) disruption 2) dissociation 4) split . 3) shattering 5) dissection 8. 1) branches 2) clusters 4) ramifications 3) arrangement 5) subdivisions

2) previously 1) closely 4) hastily 3) timely 5) questioningly 2) manifold 10. 1) stately 4) applicable 3) shrinking 5) functioning Underlying = exiting in relation to a situation but not immediately obvious Disseminate ° to spread ideas, beUefs etc widely Impetus = aforce that encourages a process to develop more qukMy Ramification “ any ofa large number ofcomplex or une)q)ected results thatfollow an action or a decision. Disrupt = to make it difficultfor something to proceed, eg by causing noise, problem, interruptions etc. Systemic = done or acting according to a system or plan Relegate = to give somebody/something a lower or less important rank, task or state. Hcistlly ° hurriedly Stately ° having dignity; impressive; grand

9.

Passage 31 Tea prices in the domestic (J.) continue to rule high in the year despite the expectation of a (3j production as compared to the previous year. According to a preliminaiy assessment on the weather (5) in recent months, tea output in the next year may reach 800 tons as 780 tons last year. During the past three months tea prices have shown an (7). Unlike last year when tea prices were dramatically low, this year prices seem to have (8) at rather high level. In the subsequent four months, the (9) average price showed a downtrend, but in September the price has flOl hardened to a considerable extent. 1. 2) area 1) market 4) profit 3) sector 5) production 2. 2) first 1) last 4) second 4) earlier 3) current 3. 1) lower 2) large 4) maximum 3) higher 5) reasonable 4. 1) shared 2) based 4) strategy 3) carried 5) conducted 5. 1) pattern 2) forecast 4) outbreak 3) condition 5) out bursts 2) per 6. ^ 1) to 4) against \ 3) above \S)compared 7. 1)upgrade 2) uptrend 4) increment 3) increased 5) incline 8. 1) stabilised 2) surfaced 4) moderated 3) increased 5) synchronised

428

Test ofEnglish Language

9.

1) annual 2) weekly 3) daily 4) quarterly 5) monthly 10. 1) now 2) then 4) never 3) since 5)again Subsequent ° later;following Incline = to lean or slope or cause something to lean or slope,in a certain direction Synchronise ° to operate, move, turn etc at the same time, speed etc.

Passage 32 A National Horticulture Mission is proposed to be launched with a goal to QL) horticulture production by 2011 -12. States have been (2) to join (3^ with the Centre in launching this mission and establish a State Level Cooperative Society for promoting horticulture. Farmers will be (4) to (5) into oilseeds through promotion of superior seed technology and through an (6) policy of price support. A model law on(7)of agricultural produce has been circulated and, so far, ten States have (8) legal or (9) action for ‘direct marketing’ and ‘contract farming’ arrangements in line with the model law. The Budget urged all the States to flOl the model law at an early date. 1. 2) market 1) channelise 4) double 3) mobilise 5) sell off 2. 1)found 2) invited 4) noticed 3) reported 5) dedicated 3. 1) hands 2) themselves 3) them 4) along 5) pipducts 4. 1) empowered 2) encouraged 3) paid 4) granted 5) authorised 5. 1) look 2) turn 4) involve 3) diversify 5) invest 6. 1) independent 2) encouraging 4) exact 3) expensive 5) appropriate 7. 1) distribution 2) storage 4) marketing 3) harvesting 5) investment 8. 1) precipitated 2) speculated 4) prohibited 3) initiated 5) enforced 9. 1) penal 2) conforming 4) informal 3) legitimate 5) administrative r 10. 1) enact 2) explain 4) clarify 3) interpret 5) elaborate Speculate ° to guess; to buy and sell goods or \ stocks and shares in the hope of

maMng a profit through changes in their value, but with the risk of losing money. Conform = to follow generally accepted rules, standards etc; to comply Legitimate = in accordance with law or rules;legal Enact ° to make orpass a law

Passage 33 First aid ejcperts stress that (1) what to do for an victim until a doctor or other trained person gets to the accident scene can a life, especially in cases pf stoppage of breathing, severe bleeding, and shock. People with special(4) problems, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, epilepsy, or allergy, are (5) to wear some sort of emblem identifying the problem, as a safeguard against administration of medication that might be injurious or even (6). When emergencies do occur,(7) first aid within the first few minutes often life or death. administering of first aid flOl medical professionals to provide better care. 1. 2) attempting 1) before 4)knowing 3)regarding 5) about 2. 2) inquiring 1) injured 3) efficient 4) important 5) accidental 3. 2) comfort 1) harm 4) soothe 3) take 5) save 4. 1) mental 2) ethical 4) accident 3) medical 5) moral 5. 2) invited 1) prohibited 4) allowed 3) compelled 5)urged 6. 1) appropriate 2) dangerous 4) fatal 3) beneficial 5) remedial 7. 1) expecting 2)providing 4)ignoring 3) avoiding 5) neglecting 8. 2) offers 1) determines 4) reflects 3) vanishes 5) begs 9. 1) Hasty 2) Careless 4) Probable 3) Proper 5) Reasonably 10. 1) resists 2) instigates 3) hinders 4) prevents 5) enables Epilepsy = a disease of the nervous system that causes a person to fall unconscious, often with violent movements of the body. Emblem = an object that represents something; a symbol Fatal = causing or ending in death Safeguard = a thing that serves as a protection from harm,risk, or danger

429 Cloze Test Urge Remedial

Instigate Hinder

= to recommend or advise something strongly = providing or intended to provide a treatment, medicine etc that cures of disease or relieves pain. = to make something begin or happen = to prevent or delay the progress of somebody/something

Passage 34 New technology has led directly to (1) standards of living, yet science tends to follow market forces as well as to (2) them. It is not surprising that the rich get richer in a continuing cycle of(3)while the poorest are often left behind. A special(4) should be made by the powerhouses of world science to address the unmet challenges of the poor. Ending (5) poverty can relieve many of the pressures on the environment. When impoverished households are (6)(7) on their farms,for example,they face less pressure to cut down neighbouring forests in(8)of new farmland. Still, even as extreme poverty ends, we must not fuel prosperity with a lack of(9) for industrial pollution and the (10) burning of fossil fuels. 2) declining 1. 1) visible .4) amicable 3)improved 5) rigorous 2) claim 1) fail 4) avoid 3) market 5) lead 2) growth 3. 1) wealth 4) improvement 3) poverty 5) economy 2) care 4. 1) effort 4) occasion 3) practice 5) sanction 2) apparent 5. 1) marginal 4) extreme 3) superficial 5) dismal 2) less 6. 1) abnormally 4) excessively 3) more 5) unreasonably 2) meticulous 7. 1) efficient 4) dependent 3) careful 5) productive 2) search 8. 1) view 4) lust 3) expectation 5) place 2) mobility 9. 1) attitude 4) concern 3) initiative 5) ease 2) repeated 10. 1) unchecked 4) occasional 3) periodical 5) limited Unmet = not satisfied Dismal = less good than expected; very poor; miserable; gloomy Impoverish = to make somebody poor; to make somebody poorer or worse in quality = based on or achieved through polite Amicable

2.

Meticulous

discussion and without quarrelling = giving or showing great care and attention to detail.

Passage 35 If an (1) is genius, he (2) the penalty of genius. If he has only talent, various cares and worries make life extremely (3). He takes great pains (4) compose. He meets with continuous(5) at his inability to reveal (6). Also he is often (7) with the difficulty of (8) the public ear. A literary life (9), therefore, mostly an unhappy(10). 2) ideal 1. 1) individual 4) event 3) invention 5) author 2) prevents 2. 1) tolerates 4) imposes 3) suffers 5) inflicts 2) impatient 1) miserable 4)happy 3) comfortable 5) bearable 2) with 4. 1) about 4) to 3) in 5)and 2) disappointment 5. 1) admiration 4) criticism 3) disapproval 5) satisfaction 2) them 6. 1) public 4) literature 3) himself 5) others 2) engaged 7. 1) down 4) leading 3) busy 5) faced 2) sounding 8. 1) entering 4) gaining 3)awakening 5) listening 2) governs 9. 1) is 4) begins 3) leads 5) wishes 2) one 10. 1) thing 4) event 3) ending 5) incidence = to make somebody/something Inflict suffer something; to make somebody expect something that is unpleasant or not welcome

3.

Passage 36 The Indian Meteorological Department has sought permission to (1) a Doppler weather radar system used for long-range weather forecasting. The Government had (2) the equipment in the wake of 26/7 and (3) to find a suitable location have been on (4) then. The key factor is that the radar’s antenna is to be installed in an(5)area of a few square kilometres far from highrises,(6) at an altitude. The radar would also need to be (7) near the coast as it would be used to (8) high-intensity storms or cyclones. MHCC has hinted it is willing to (9) clearance for the Colaba site.

430

but only after(10)the location. It was after(11)around for locations across the city that the office proposed to locate the radar near the observatory. But the problem of finding a suitable site within the (12) still remains. The area is very congested. We will have to locate a site not only from the heritage (13) of view but also the radar needs to be at a height which is , higher than all the buildings in the area. The naval residential buildings which are in the area are 13-14 storeys high. If at all it is to be set up at Colaba then it must be above the 1141 structures so that signals reaching the antenna are not (15). 1. 1) detach 2) install 3) launch 4) fix 5) attach 2. 1) granted 2) realised 3) abstained 4) seen 5) sanctioned 3. 1) tiy 2) project 3) commission 4) efforts 5) worked 4. 1) since 2) until 3) already 4) at 5) for 5. 1) inseparable 2) encumbered 3) unencumbered 4) unpossessed 5)occupied 6. 1) hopelessly 2) hoping 3) enacting 4) preferably 5) undesirably 7. 1) erected 2) located 3) stalled 4) tied 5) build 8. 1) deduct 2) examine 3) feel 4) evaluate 5) detect 9, 1) advocate 2) launch 3) pass 4) grant 5)grand 10. 1) examining 2) study 3) scanning 4)combing 5) watching 11. 1) marching 2) chasing 3) scouting 4) pursuing 5) hunting 12. 1)campus 2) premises 3) area 4) perimeter 5) precinct 13. 1) site 2) point 3) angle . 4) out 5) sight 14. 1) existing 2) enacted 3) demolished 4) planned 5) conceived 15. 1) stopped 2) hurdled 3) blocked 4) paused 5) halted In the wake of = coming after or following something

Test ofEnglish Lcmguage Encumber Scout around Abstain Precinct

to prevent somebody/ something from moving or actingfreely and easily to look in various places tofind somebody/something to keep oneselffrom doing or having something that one Ukes or enjoys, an area in a townforspecific or restricted use, especially a shaping area where vehicles may not enter.

Passage 37 Several studies have (1) that folks who (2) engage in mentally challenging activities—^like reading, doing crossword puzzles or playing chess—(3) less likely to (4) dementia later in life. The difficulty comes in figuring out (5) their good fortune is a direct ((^ of their leisure activities or whether their continuing pursuit of these pleasures merely (7) good genes for cognitive function. A 20-year survey of 469 elderly people living in the Bronx, New York, tried to get to the(8)of this chickenor-egg question by following subjects who(9)no signs of dementia in the first seven years of the study. The results, which were published in 2003, showed that reading and playing board games or a musical instrument was (10) with a decreased risk of Alzehimer’s disease or other forms of dementia. IIH. those with the strongest habits fl2I the greatest benefits. Participsints who solved crossword puzzles four days a week, for instance, had a 47%(13)risk of dementia than those who do the puzzles once a week. By the same (14). several studies have suggested that older folks who are socially active — 1151. for example,do volunteer work or attend.religious services — have a reduced risk of dementia. 1. 1) done 2) performed 3)found 4) led 5) ensured 2. 1) seldom 2) never 3) absently 4) reluctantly 5) regularly 3. 1) seem 2) have 3) were 4) refrain 5) ascertain 4. 1) cure 2) engage 3) embarrass 4) develop 5)form 5. 1) that 2) low 3) when 4) why 5) whether 6. 1) goal ’2) result 3) measure 4) route 5) offer 7. 1) encourages 2) reflects 3) enhances 4) engenders 5) threats

431 Cloze Test 8.

9,

10.

11,

12.

13.

14.

15.

1) height 3) bottom 5) anxiety 1) had 3) reserve 5) accumulate 1) bereft 3) envisaged 5) anticipated 1) Luckily 3) Intriguingly 5) Obviously 1) targeted 3) deserved 5) expected 1) more 3) sharper 5) lower 1) token 3) analogy 5) author 1) they 3) same 5) many Dementia

Demonstrate

2) cause 4) dilemma

=to show something clearly by giving proof or evidence

Passage 38 2) conceal 4) force 2) together 4) associated 2) Certainly 4) Unfortunately 2) demonstrated 4) demanded 2) greatly 4) steeper 2) way 4) example 2) always 4} who

a serious disorder of mind caused by brain disease or injury understand somebody/ Figure out = to something by thinking about them/ it. Pursuit = the action of looking for or trying to find something. = only; simply Merely = ofor relating to the action orprocess Cognitive of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience or the senses By the same = exactly the one or ones referred to or mentioned; not different; token ● identical = to stop oneself doing something, Refrain especially something that one would like to do. Ascertain = to investigate something so that one knows and is certain; to find out something = to be the cause of a situation or Engender condition a situation in which one has to Dilemma choose between two undesirable things or courses of action. Conceal ~ to hide somebody/something = without or having lost a particular Bereft power or quality; lacking hope, support or ideas = to imagine something as a future Envisage possibility; to form a mental picture of something Anticipate = to expect something; to see what is going to happen or what will need to be done and take action to preparefor it in advance. = interesting especially because Intriguing unusual;fascinating or mysterious

The growth story in any developing country cannot be (i) without (2) its impact on the poverty and employment situation. The Planning Commission has (3) that India should strive for ‘more inclusive growth’. The number of people living below the poverty line has(4)from 36 per cent in 1993-94 to 22.0 per cent in 2004-05. Again, the issue is to bring more and more people out of poverty by (5) them productive employment opportunities. The Approach Paper to 11 th Five Year Plan suggests that doubling the growth of agricultural GDP to 4 per cent per annum will(6) rural employment conditions, by raising real wages and reducing underemployment. However, even if this is attained, sui overall growth of 9 per cent will further increase income (7) between agricultural and nonagricultural households,(8)around 10 million workers noncurrently in agriculture find remunerative agricultural employment. This (9) a m'^jor challenge not only in terms of generating non-agricultural employment but also in (10) its required location and type. 2) retold 1. 1) completed 4) constructed 3) achieved 5) narrated 2) assessing 1) generating 4) counting 3) realising 5) finding 3. 2) estimated 1) desired 4) verified 3) focused 5) stressed 2)degraded 4. 1) uplifted 4) decreased 3) vanished 5) enhanced 5. 2) providing 1) absolving 4) ignoring 3) nurturing 5) refusing 2) diversify 6. 1) impact 4) aggravate 3) lay 5) improve 2) assessment 7, 1) opportunity 4) parity 3) disparity 5) tax 2) for 8, 1) unless 4) despite 3) in spite ol 5) by 2) meets 9. 1) addresses 4) recognises 3) poses 5) solves 2) acquitting 10. 1) exploring 4) matching 3) reciprocating 5) solving Strive = to try very hard orfor a long time to obtain or achieve something; tofight hard against somebody/something Remunerative =for which one is well paid

2.

432

Test ofEnglish Language Absolve PaHty Disparity Explore Acquit

= to declare that somebody isfree of guilt blame etc ° the state of being equal especially as regards status or pay = a difference = to examine something thorouglUy in order to test it orfind out about it = to declare somebody to be not guilty of a crime etc; to free or clear somebody of blame responsibility etc

9,

10.

11.

12.

Reciprocate = to give and receive something in return; to make a mutual exchange of something 13.

Passage 39 Though I had hired cabins in Bandra and a house in Andheri, divinity would not let me settle down.(1) had I moved into my new house when my brother Balmukund, who had already been through an (2) attack ofjaundice some years back, had a (3) attack of typhoid, (4) with pneumonia and signs of restlessness at night. The doctor was (5) in. He said medicine would have effect, but eggs and chicken both might be given. Balmukund was only five years old. To confer with his wishes was out of the question. Being his(7)I had to (^. The doctor was very good. I told him that we were all vegetarians and that I could not possibly give either ofthe two things to my brother. Would he therefore(9)something else? *Your brother’s life is in danger,’ said the flOl doctor. *We could give him milk diluted (111 water, but that will not give him enough (121. As you know, I am called in by many vegetarian families, and they do not(13)to anything I (141. I think you will be well advised not to be so (151 on your brother.’ 1. 1) Then 2) Hardly 3) Wherever 4) Quicker 5) Why 2. 1) heart 2) big 3) acute 4) hard 5) harsh 3. 1) unforgiving 2) hard 3)burly 4) severe 5) tou^ 4. 1) couple 2) felt 3) combined 4) joint 5) adjoining 5. 1) brought 2) called 3) invited 4) sent 5) commissioned 6. 1) negligent 2) soothed 3)rough 4) little 5) deep 7. 1) doctor 2) attendant 3) nurse 4) forefather 5)guardian 8. 1) plead 2) hide 3) pressurise 4) decide 5) proceed

14.

15.

1) resolve 2) order 3) observe 4) diagnose 5) recommend 1) casual . 2)good 3) surgeon 4) handsome 5) insincere 1) with 2) for 3) at 4)upon 5) in 1) dose 2)drug 3) intake 4) nourishment 5) punishment 1) oppose 2) protest 3) subject 4) care 5) object 1) oppose 2) take 3) prescribe 4) describe 5) propose l)hard 2)unkind 3) easy 4) wise 5) careful Divinity = the quality of being God or a god. Confer with ° to have discussions especially in order to exchange opinions or get advice Nourishment °food that keeps somebody/ something alive and well. Prescribe ° to advise or order the use of a medicine or medical treatment. Burly ° big and strong; heavily built.

Passage 40 In our ^stem, a vast gap (1) the life children lead at school and what they experience outside. The space where they are(^ to learn about life is so far removed from (3) that we might as well ask (4) to buy spacesuits for their little ones, instead of school uniforms. (5) they read, listen to and copy from the blackboard is so meticulously deodorised and (6) that it carries no resonance of experienced reality and (71 in life. The school day becomes a(8)of didactic songs and memorised information. Special (9) are marked by elaborate acts of sycophancy and preaching. School authorities (101 stop talking about values, but ignore the cynicism felt by the young over the high levels of chicanery and verbosity they find in adult talk. 1. 1) occurs 2) separates 3) bridges 4) escapes 5) finds 2. 1) about 2) worried 3) compelled 4) supposed 5) deprived 3. 1) reality 2) school 3) fantasy 4) imagination 5) existence 4. 1) teachers 2) principals 3) schools 4) coaching classes 5) parents

433

Cloze Test

5.

1) When 2) How 3) What 4) Whether 5) Whenever 6. 1) sanctified 2) written 3) emphasised 4) memorised 5)imbibed 7. 1) demand 2) culture 3) miseries 4)joy 5) applicability 8. 1) programme 2) ritual 3) consult 4) tradition 5) store 9. 1) persons 2) leaders 3) locations 4) occasions 5) indications 10. 1) always 2) deliberately 3) seldom 4) relentlessly 5)invariably Spacesuit = a sealed suit covering the whole body and supplied with air, allowing somebody to survive and move about in space. ScuicHfg = the state of being holy or sacred; to make somebody/something holy;to justify something Resonance = thepower to bring, images,feelings, memories etc into the mind of the reader, listener etc. Deodorise - to hide or remove unpleasant smells from something Didactic = designed for the purpose of teaching something Sycophancy = the action ofgaining people’sfavour by insincere praise or always agreeing with them Cynic = a person who questions whether something will really happen, whether something is important etc Chicanery = the use ofclever but misleading talk in order to trick somebody;false argument Verbosity = noun of the word ’verbose’ Verbose = usirg or containing more words than are needed Imbibe = to adsorb something Misery = greatsuffering or discomfort ofmind or body. Relentless = never ending; constant Invariably ■= always

Passage 41 One of the most brutal features of gender inequality takes the form of physical violence against women. The (1) of such violence is remarkably high, not only in poorer and less developed economies but also in wealthy and modern societies. Indeed the (2) of battering women even in the richest 'and most developed economies is high. Turning to India, it must be (4) first that the frequency of assaults on women is high in the country. To that (S) general recognition has to be added the special role of violence connected with particulsir features, such as dowry

and economic settlements. Even though the numbers involved in violent deaths are(7)by the larger numbers that (8) from f9) of healthcare, the crude and brutal nature of this form of gender inequality makes it a particularly severe flOl of the deprivation of women. 1. 1) expectations 2) counting 3) incidence 4) acceptance 5) responses 2. 1) frequency 2) occurrence 3) event 4) chance 5) blocking 3. 1) relatively 2) clearly 3) surely 4) undoubtedly 5) astonishingly 4. 1) accomplished 2)acknowledged 3) cleared 4) understand 5) assured 5. 1) anxiety 2) terrible 3) surprise 4) power 5) form 6. 1) national 2) visible 3) social 4) category 5) personal 7. 1) fewer 2) outshine 3) lean 4) dwarfed 5) horrible 8. 1) perish 2) develop 3) spoil 4) incline 5) direct 9. 1) omission 2) attention 3) care 4) effort 5) neglect 10. 1)remark 2) indication 3) happening 4) manifestation 5) rise Brutal = cruel; savage; without mercy Incidence = the extent to which something happens or has an effect Remarkable = unusual or exceptional; worth noticing Batter ° to hit somebody/something hard and repeatedly. Astonishingly = very surprisingly Terrible ° very unpleasant and serious; causing one to feel very unhappy or upset Dwarf = to make somebody/something seem small by contrast or distance. Perish = to be destroyed; to die Manifestation ° an event, an action, an object or a statement that shows something clearly eg illustrating and resulting from an abstract idea. Accomplish = to succeed in doing something; to complete something successjiilly. Accomplished = skilled; well trained or educated in social skills such as conversation, art, music etc.

Test ofEnglish Language

434

Passage 42 With the US military tied down on two fronts and the rest of the world growing tl) to American power, the challenges for Rice are as (2) as they have been for any Secretary of Stave in the past three decades. After six years of tussling with others on Bush’s national-security team, Rice has seen off her rivals and (3) as the principal spokesperson for Bush’s foreign (^. Her reward has been to (5) responsibility for selling a failed policy in Iraq and (6J a legacy for Bush at a time when (7) in the world are m the mood to help her. “Bush is severely (8) and has very little (9) or support at home or abroad,” says Leslie Gelb, former president of the Council on Foreign Relations. “That is 1101 true for his Secretary of State. So they are 1111 flailing around.” That’s a grim assessment, since the (1^ to international order are 1131 today than at any other time since the end ofthe cold war. The most immediate source of(14) emanates from where the country civil war risks 1151 a region-wide conflict. 2) subservient 1. 1) resistant 4) cordial 3) immune 5) indifference 2) trivial 2. 1) obvious 4) daunting 3) superfluous 5)rewarding 2) emerged 3. 1) renamed 4) entrusted 3) appointed 5) visited 2) recognition 4. 1) aid 4) acceptability 3) policy 5) minister 2) avoid 5. 1) shirk 4) visualize 3) transfer 5) inherit 2)framing 6. 1) focusing 4) salvage 3) escaping 5) demolishing 2) few 7. 1) people 4) autocrats 3) diplomats 5) most 2) master-minded 8. 1) intensified 4) projected 3) weakened 5) supported 2) difficulty 9. 1) credibility 4) power 3) majority 5) enthusiasm 2) uniformly 10. 1) not 4) partially 3) remotely 5) also 2) inadvertently 11. 1) effectively 4) aimlessly 3) basically 5) not 2) threats ^12. 1) admirations 4) demands 3) pleasantries 5) accolades

2) fewer 13. 1) louder 4) most 3) magnificent 5) bigger 2) fuel 14. 1) instability 4) peace 3) energy 5) atrocity 2) demolishing 15. 1) defusing 4) igniting 3) terminating 5) extinguishing Tie down = to restrict somebody/oneself to certain conditions or a fixed occupation or place. Tussle = to struggle orfight to get something ° toforce somebody to leave a place See off Grim = very bad;of very low quality Emanate = to come or flow from something/ somebody orfrom a place. = to start to bum or make something Ignite start to bum Subservient = giving too much respect, obedience etc Trivial = of little importarwe; concerned with unimportant thing Daunt =*'to discourage orfrighten somebody Entrust = to give responsibilityfor somebody/ something to somebody Shirk *= to avoid doing work, one’s duty etc because one is lazy, cowardly, not interested etc. Inherit ° to havefeatures or qualities similar to those of an ancestor. Visualize ° to form a mental picture of somebody/something Salvage = to save something from harm, disaster, difficult circumstances etc. Autocrat = a person who expects to be obeyed at all times and pays no attention to the opinions,feelings etc of others Inadvertent = not done deliberately or intentionally Pleasantry = a friendly casual remark usually made in order to appear polite Accolade = an award of praise, approval or honour Atrocity = a very wicked or cruel act. Extinguish = to cause something to stop burning = money or property left to a person Legacy when sorrwbody dies.

Passage 43 Delinking of jobs from degrees is one of the (1) features of our education (2). There has been a(^ fall in (4) in the academic field in recent years. There is a of degree holders in the country. As a result, university degrees have(6)their value and charm while the number of students in colleges and universities of the country has been (7) rising.. Consequently, thousancls of graduates and postgraduates come out of these institutions and stand in queues waiting to get some (8)jobs (9) in the country. Moreover, these degree holders do not have siny technical or vocational knowledge needed for a particular job. As a result.

Cloze Test

435

the number of educated unemployed has been rising (10). It has created a very serious problem. 1. 1) minor 2) trivial 3) unachievable 4) irrelevant 5) salient 2. 1) process 2) policy 3) development 4) guideline 5) procedures 3. 1) expected 2) sheer 3)rough 4) steep 5) gentle 4. 1) assessment 2) evaluation 3) competence 4) fees 5) value 5. 1) flood 2) class 3)party 4) mob 5)rabble 6. 1) mislaid 2) lost 3) increase 4)found 5) establish 7, 1) slowly 2) hastily 3) deeply 4)gradually 5) steadily 8. 1) prestigious 2) trivial 3) menial 4) academic 5) managerial 9. 1)occurring 2) posted 3) created 4) available 5) advertised 10, 1) exponentially 2) awfully 3) terribly 4) fast 5)incalculably Salient = most noticeable or important; main Consequently =as a result therefore Vocational = of or relating to the qualifications and preparation needed for a particular job Sheer = complete; nothing more than Rabble = a large disorderly group ofpeople;a mob. Menial = not requiring much sldll and often boring Awful = extremely bad or unpleasant; terrible

Passage 44 Mass migration has produced a huge worldwide economy of its own which has (IJ so fast during the past few years that the figures have (2) experts. Last yeeir remittances sent home by migrants were expected to(^ $232 billion according to the World Bank which (4) these figures. (S) though the flow of remittances is to alleviate the plight of the migrant’s family it . cannot on its own lift entire nations out of poverty. Those who study the (6) of remittances argue that the money allows poor countries to put off basic decisions of economic management like (7) their tax collection systems and building schools. Remittances to poor countries can also (8) the fact that they do not produce much at home. The challenge is now to

find programmes that(9)the benefits of remitted cash while (10) some of its downside. 1. 1 accelerated 2) grew 3 expand 4) increase 5 escalating 2. 1 strike 2) encouraged 3 astonished 4) convinced 5 disturb 3. 1 rise 2) represent 3 project 4) exceed 5 recover 4. 1 record 2) tracks 3 estimate 4) report 5 surveys 5. 1 Detrimental 2) Minor 3 Profuse 4) Benefited 5 Vital 6. 1 circumstance 2) profit 4) status 3Jmpact 5 Quality 7. 1 declaring 2) established 3 Pleasuring 4) reforming 5 govern 8. 1 mask 2) hid 3 review 4) display 5 supported 9. 1 launch 2) predict 3 optimum 4) appreciate 5 maximize 10. 1 augmenting 2)avoiding 3 suspend 4) protects 5 detracting Astonish “ to surprise somebody greatly Remittance = asumofmoney sent inpaymentfor something;the sending ofmoney in paymentfor something Alleviate ° to make something less severe; to ease something PUght = a serious and difficult situation or condition ■ Put off = putsomethmgtoalatertimeordate; to delay something Mask “ to hide or disguise something Remit ° to send money etc to a person or place espedaUy by post Escalate ° to increase or develop by successive stages Detrimental ° harmful Profuse ° in large amounts; abundant Optimum ° best or mostfavourable Augment = to make something larger in number or size; to increase something Detract ° to make something seem less good oroflower value

Passage 45 Some places are so beautiful that they(IJ the viewer for all eternity. So it was for Emperor Muhammad Zahiruddin Babur, the 16th-centuiy monarch who(^ away his time in the pleasure gardens of Kabul before heading south to India in 1525 to (^ the Mughal

Test ofEnglish Language

436 Empire.Though Babur built a dynasty that was to last for 300 years, he never(4) his beloved Kabul, and (S) vast riches to recreate the gardens (6j the subcontinent. Those Mughal gardens, as they are now (7), grace ancient capitals from Delhi to Srinagar with their(8)vistas and strict architectural symmetry. But, Babur never really (9) at home in India and asked that(10)his death his body be returned to Kabul and laid to rest in his favourite garden. 1. 2) haunt 1) attracted 4) accommodate 3) fascinated

Fragrant Dwell

= having a pleasant or sweet smell = to live in or at a place

Passage 46 At just(1) midnight on July 1, 1997 in a glittering and poignant ceremony, Hong Kong passed from being a jewel of the British empire to a(^ of a new global power. Hong Kong people(3)their city’s handover from the UK to China with feelings: apprehension over the future, joy at a fresh start, sadness at seeing the British go, pride over returning to their motherland. On the eve of the handover, the stock market index, a

5) implore key barometer of Hong Kong’s wealth,(5) at a record 2) fed 1) cast 15,200 points and today it(^ near the 21,000 mark. 4) whiled 3) gave Being a part of a booming China almost guarantees 5) deported that Hong Kong will remain (7). But mainland China 3. 2) travelled 1) establish is a (8) as well as a partner. China’s new ports, for 4) situate 3)crown example, will siphon trade (9)from Hong Kong and its 5) find lower labour costs will impact the jobs. However, there 4. 2) visited 1) reached is little doubt that Hong Kong is fortunate to have 4) remembered 3) saw become a part of China at a time when mainland China 5)forgot can provide (10) opportunity. 5. 2) confiscated 1) accumulates 2) near 1. 1) recorded 4)demanded 3) exhausted 4) past 3) close 5) looted 5) quite 2) over 6. 1) into 2) premises 2. 1) component 4) throughout 3) overlooking 4) merger 3) captive 5) encroaching 5) list 7. 2) dilapidated 1) destroyed 2) decided 3. 1) encounter 4) inhabited 3) rebuilt 4) restrained 3) viewed 5)known 5) told 8. 2) notorious 1) elegant 4. 2) emotional 1) flexible 4)fragrant 3) obnoxious 4)changed 3) mixed 5) infrequent 5) negative 9. 2) dwelt 1) went 2) rose 5. 1) plunged 4) rested 3) felt 4) climbed 3) valued 5) enjoyed 5) stood 2) upon 10. 1) before 2) pauses 6. 1) follows 4) in 3) till 4) hovers 3) fell .5) at Haunt => to return repeatedly to somebody’s 5) measure 2) prosperous mind;to be impossibleforsomebody 1) marginalised to forget 4) friendly 3) orderly “ time without end; endless life after Eternity 5) poor death 2) representative 8. 1) competitor While away “ to pass a period oftime in a relaxed 4) colleague 3) adversary way 5) member Grace ° a quality of simple elegant beauty 2)away 1) against and smoothly controlled movement. 9. 4) moving 3) illegally ° graceful and attractive in Elegant appearance or manner 5) through ° a beautiful view eg of natural Vistas 2) risky 10. 1) full scenery, a dty etc. 4) unfair 3)lucky = in one’s own country At home 5) immense = to ask or beg for something'in a Implore = magnificent, splendid or Guttering serious way extremely suaxssjul Confiscate = to take somebody’s property away = affecting one’sfeelings deeply; Poignant from them by the use of one’s making one sad orfull ofpity authority usually as a punishment Apprehension - anxiety about something in the Dilapidated = falling to pieces; in a bad state of future,fear that something will repair be unpleasant or that Obnoxious = very unpleasant; offensive

2.

Cloze Test

437

On the eve of

°

Hover

=

Siphon away

°

Captive

“

Adversary

°

something unpleasant will happen. the day or evening before an event, especially a religious festival or holiday. to remain near something or in an uncertain state. to transfer somethingfmm one place to another often unfairly or illegally having little or no freedom to go elsewhere or to make choices an opponent in a contest, an argument or a battle.

Passage 47 India’s approach towards treatment of(1) b^ks is yet another interesting issue. Rather than closing them down, policymakers in India have shown a preference to(2)such banks with healthy public sector banks. It has been (3) in certain circles ^at such an approach may give rise to a moral hazard problem. However, two issues need (4) in this context. First, commercial banks are the most dominant and systemically important segment of the financial system. Second, over 70 per cent of the bank depositors in India are small depositors. Therefore, systemic concerns coupled with the necessity to (S) the interest of small depositors have been (6) in the minds of policy makers while(7) with insolvent banks. This issue had not much attention in the context ofa predominantly government-owned banking system. As the weight of private banks increases further thinking will need to be done on this subject, both in terms of(9) of insolvency through advance regulatory supervision and action, and post-insolvency measures that flOl moral hazard and eventual fiscal cost. 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

1) insolvent 3) cooperative 5) private 1) dissolve 3)anchor 5) connect 1) resolved 3) promised 5) done 1) resolutions 3) approaches 5) consideration 1) enhance 3) safeguard 5) evolve 1) paramount 3) extradited 5)imbibing 1) conniving 3)absorbing 5) conversing

2) foreign 4) small 2) relegate 4) merge

8.

1) paid 2) offered 3) deserved 4) distracted 5) received 9. 1) enhancement 2) prevention 3) attachment 4) refurbishment 5) expedition 10. 1) anticipate 2) provoke 3) discourage 4) envisage 5) create Insolvent = unable to pay debt; bankrupt Hazard = a thing that can be dangerous or cause damage;a danger or risk Safeguard = a thing that serves as a protection from harm, risk or danger Paramount = more important than anything else; supreme Predominantly = mainly;for the most part Eventual = happening at last as a result Dissolve = to cause an organization or arrangement to end officially Relegate ° to give somebody/something less important rank, task or state Anchor = a person or thing that gives security and confidence Extradite = to send back somebody accused or found guilty ofa crime to the country where the crime was committed. Imbibe = to absorb something; to drink something especially alcohol Connive = to work together with somebody in order to do something wrong or illegal Cope = to deal successfully with something difficult; to manage Converse = to talk to somebody especially in informal way. Distracted = unable to concentrate because of being worried or thinking about something else = to restore and decorate a building Refurbish etc; to develop and improve something Expedition = an organizedjourney or voyage with aparticular aim Envisage = to imagine something as a future possibility; toform a mental picture of something

2) felt 4) identified

Passage 48

2) decisions 4) priority

Although he is no longer alive, (1) his influence can be felt in the studio he created cartoons and feature films which made him known and around

2) increase 4) rationalize 2) superficial 4) vested 2)coping 4) dealing

the world. many people who work to create humour he took it very seriously. He would sit sadly (5) the funniest cartoon concentrating or some way to improve it. Walt Disney the opinions of those working with him but the (7) judgement was always his. He demanded a lot people but he gave a lot too. When the economy was not doing well he gave every one a (9)and though some 1101 ofthis, it gave his employees' morale a boost.

Test ofEnglish Lcmguage

438 1.

l)yet 3)and 5) besides 2. 1)from 3) which 5) that 3. 1) respect 3) loved 5)laughed 4. l)For 3) Without 5) Like 5. 1) on 3) front 5) in 6. 1) saw 3) discussed 5) valued 7. 1) final 3) important 5) lasting 8. 1) by 3) with 5) many 9. 1) advance 3) fee 5) profit 10. 1) credit 3) criticized 5) paid Raise Morale

2) even 4) till 2) where 4) while 2) seen 4) entertained 2)To 4) Not 2) until 4) through 2) concluded 4) discouraged 2) ultimately

4) hasty 2)from 4) to 2) share 4) raise 2) disapproved 4) offended = an increase in amount, number or intensity = the amount of confidence, enthusiasm, determination etc that aperson or group has at aparticular time.

Passage 49 Traditional bank architecture is based on bank branches. These branches ensure the physical (1) of a customer’s savings. A customer may go there to deposit and withdraw money, loans and in other financial transactions. In the past two decades banking architecture has changed- the Automated Teller Machine (ATM) has been a big (4) and credit and debit cards have created new financial spaces. (5) the bank branch has remained the bedrock of the banking system-after all a person needs a bank account in a branch before he can operate a debit or ATM ceird. This may be about to change as technocrats now cell phones as the new architecture of virtual banks. This has the potential to make branches (7). Cell phone banking looks especially relevant for India since it can penetrate the countryside cheaply and (8). The world over cell phones are spreading at a rate and in India alone new cell phone connections are growing at the rate of six million a month-a rate of customer flOl that no bank can dream of.

1.

2) security 1) knowledge 4) confidentiality 3) presence 5) guarantee 2. 2) advance 1) negotiate 4) disburse 3) credit 5) sanction 3. 1) pursue 2) interact 4) enable 3) operate 5) engage 4. 1)drawback 2) hurdle 4)luxury 3) consequence 5) innovation 5. 1) Despite 2) Although ■ 4) Yet 3) Even 5) Until 6. 1) view 2) realise 4) engineer 3) display 5) assess 7, 1) essential 2) obsolete 4) retreat 3) extant 5) expired 8. 1) moderately 2) occasionally 4) indiscriminately 3) compulsorily 5) effectively 9. 1) phenomenal 2)gradual 4) competitive 3) proportionate 5) projected 10. 1) discount 2) base 4) satisfaction 3) expansion 5) relationship Bedrock = basicfacts or principles Virtual = almost ornearly the thing described, but not completely Obsolete ° no longer used; out ofdate Phenomenal = i/ery remarkable;extraordinary Disburse “ to pay out money especiallyfrom a fund collected for a purpose = still in existence Extant = to move back or withdraw when Retreat faced with danger or difficulty

Passage 50 Our company has set up a foundation which is (JL) to spreading literacy. To this cause the foundation has a project called ‘A Library for Every School’through the foundation donates books mainly to government school libraries so that children have easy(4)to books on a variety of subjects. In my (5) as Chairperson of the Foundation I travel in rural areas. All this travelling has(7)me to understand what children want to read in different parts of the country.(8) my travels I frequently stay in the houses of people I meet as(9) there are no hotels in small towns and villages that I visit. In India a guest is always treated well; an old Sanskrit saying is Atithi Devo Bhava (101 that God comes in the form of a guest. ^ 2) responsible 1) dedicated 4) catered 3)trying 5) involved

Cloze Test

439

2.

1) awaken 2) further 3) aim 4) contribute 5) perform 3. 1) those 2) which 3) whom 4) where 5) these 4. 1) opportunity 2) admission 3) purchase 4) access \ 5) contact 5. 1) feeling 2) decision 3) role 4) knowledge 5) order 6. 1) extensively 2) somehow 3) extremely 4) hastily 5) sometime 7. 1) ensured 2) provided 3) enabled 4) deprived 5) made 8. 1) During 2) Since 3)From 4)Through 5) Besides 9. 1) while 2) usual 3) neither 4) often 5) either 10. 1) threatens 2) meaning 3) fearing 4)imply 5) naturally Cater ° to provide whatis needed or desired by somebody/something

Passage 51 Can an experiment conceived, carried out, and reported in kids-speak with pencil-coloured figures and hand-written tables by school children aged 8 to 10 years get published in a highly rated international journal following a peer-reviewing process? Twentyseven schoolchildren from a primary school in UK have proved this is — if a simple but novel scientific question raised is(^ in a scientific way. Their paper was published in the Royal Society’s Biology Letters journal. Their (3) was that bumble-bees can use a “combination of colour and spatial relationships in deciding which colour of flower to forage from.” Considering that our understanding of how bees perceive coloured patterns and scenes is inadequate, this inspiring outcome has shown that schoolchildren guided by gifted teachers can think and (4) out experiments like any hard-wired scientist. For these kids, doing science changed their (5) of the subject. Science also became “cool and fun.” This refreshing approach turns the spotlight on the best methods of teaching science. The (6) learning system adopted by most schools in India, even classroom study combined with some laboratory work with pre-defined outcomes, does very little to (7) curiosity and interest in science. Is that one of the (8) why out-of-the-box thinking that produces path-breaking science rarely comes out of Indian laboratories? The children at the UK school had their gifted teacher to guide them.

Scientists from India’s space and atomic energy departments and in some other places where serious science is done can take (a/an)(9) out of the school’s book and (101 the way in engaging witii school pupils and getting them to do real science. 1. 1) done 2) unlikely ■ 3) potential 4) promising 5) possible 2. 1) questioned 2) aaid 3) retorted 4) answered 5) address 3. 1) question 2)finding 3) methodology 4) result 5) studies 4. 1) wage 2) create 3) execute 4)cany 5) attempt 5. 1) option 2) lives 3) visual 4) demands 5) perception 6. . 1) revolutionary 2) radical 3) rote 4) adequate 5) bore 7. 1) stimulate 2) simulate 3) make 4) peek 5)judge 8. 1) cause 2) root 3) reasons 4) issues 5) sources 9. 1) thread 2) leaf 3) example 4) look 5) pages 10. 1) lead 2) start 3) deliver 4) paved 5) ahead Peer “ to look closely or carefully at something especially when unable to see it well Bumble-bee = a large hairy bee that makes aloud noise as itfUes Forage ° to search or hunt for something especially food and suppUes Spatial “ related to space as a physical dimension Carry out = to do something as required or spedfied; to fulfil something Rote learning clearing something in order to be able to repeat itfrom memory,rather than in order to understand it Retort = to make a quick, especially angry, reply to an accusation ora challenge Stimulate = topretend to have orfeelan emotion; to create certain conditions by means of model etc; to take the appearance of something/ somebody

Passage 52 Does Indian industry need democracy? The Indian economy’s sustained growth today is(1)by incomplete democracy. While millions of Indians endure poverty,

440 only a tiny majority(2) prosperity. On the other hand, many Latin American countries have registered (3) growth rates under military dictators and today one of the fastest growing economies in the world — China — has an rather than a democratic government. So why does India need democracy for sustained growth? To many, democracy (5) slower decision making with corrupt politicians and red-tapeism etc. Industry should therefore be (|^ with less, not more, democracy. However, while China (7) consumption in order to save and invest more than half its output to produce 10% growth, India almost two-thirds of its output and manages to achieve 9% growth from one-third of its output. (9) India’s democracy is not inefficient when it comes to making (101 use of resources. 1. 2) hampered 1) deprived 4)faced 3) eliminated 5) threaten 2. 2) acquisition 1) pursuit 4) enjoy 3) benefit 5) value 3. 2) insignificant 1) acceptable 4) inflated 3) variable 5) affordable 4. 1) autonomous 2) economical 4) egalitarian 3) authoritarian 5) orthodox 5. 1)imply 2) mentions 4) features 3) attracts 5) means 6. 1) gracious 2) adapted ● 4) pleased 3) fascinated 5)urged 7. 1) bans 2) curtails 4) ceases 3) regulate 5) discourage 8. 1) consumes 2) selects 4) disperse 3) indulges 5) hoard 9. 1)Accordingly 2) Totally 4) Even 3)Thus 5) Likely 10. 1) ultimately 2)capably 4) secure 3) modest 5) effective = to prevent somebody’s free Hamper ● movement or activity; to restrict or hinder somebody/something Endure = to suffer patiently something that is painful or uncomfortable Authoritarian °favouring complete obedience to authority especially that ofthe state at the expense ofpersonalfreedom Acquisition = the action or process of acquiring something = to make something mare important, Inflate impressive etc than it really is; to exaggerate something

Test ofEnglish Language Egalitarian = showing or holding a beliefin equal r^hts, benefits and opportunities for everybody Orthodox = following strictly the older, more traditional practices. = to suggest something indirectly Imply rather than stating it directly Gracious = kind,polite and generous especially to somebody of a lower social position = to become involved in an activity Indulge especially one that is illegal or disapproved of. = to go in different directhns or make Disperse somebody/something do this

Passage 53 A factor that air passengers give little thought to but which is a serious threat to air safety is (i) maintenance. In the current global airline boom competition is (2). Which compels airlines to(^ costs and (4) output. In India with a seat capacity considerably of the demand all airlines practise severe cost-cutting to (6). Faced with having to cut costs to the bone and maximise aircraft utilisation, a surprising number of airlines may cut on aircraft maintenance, even at the (8) of compromising safety. While commercial aircraft are to take much punishment, for example, in the event of pilots fl3dng into thunderstorms there is a limit to the punishment that even the toughest aircraft can take when profitability takes (10) over safety. 1. 1) expedient 2) incessant 4) laborious 3) routine 5) poor 2. 2) intense 1) optimise 4) guarantee 3) destined 5) profitable 3. . 2) lavish 1) falsify 4) incline 3) minimise 5) ration 4. 1) depress 2) productive 4) available 3)curb 5) maximise 5. 1) ahead 2) less 4) saturated 3) more 5) above 6. 1) invest 2) survive 4) appraise 3) five 5) reinforce 7. 1) out 2) taxes 4) comers 3) across 5) short 8. 1) claim 2) formality 4) strain 3) reminder 5) risk 9. 1) designed 2) unable 4) originally 3) rotated 5) standard

441

Cloze Test

2) influence 10. 1) encouragement 4) cover 3) precedence 5)guard To cut to the °to reduce something greatly bone To cut comers=to do something in the easiest, quickest or cheapest way, often by ignoring rules or omitting something Precedence = the right or requirement to come before somebody/something else in time, order etc; priority Expedient = useful or convenientfor a particular purpose,though not necessarilyfair or moral Incessant ° not stopping; continual Lavish = giving or doing something generously or excessively; great in extent, rich in quality and usually costing a lot of money Ration = to Umit the amount ofsomething that somebody is allowed to have Curb ° to prevent something from getting out ofcontrol; to restrain something Appraise = to assess the value, quality or rwture of somebody/something Reinforce = to strengthen or emphasize a feeling, an idea, a hcdnt etc

Passage 54 Mobile banking (M banking) involves the use of a mobile phone or any other mobile device to (1.) financial transactions linked to a client’s account. M banking is new in most countries and most mobile payment models even in developed countries to date operate on a (2) scale. A mobile network offers a (3) available technology platform onto which other services can be provided at low cost with effective results. For example, M banking services which use (4) such as SMS can be carried at a cost of less than one US cent per message. The low cost of using existing infrastructure makes such services more (5) to use by customers with lower purchasing power and opens up access to services which did not reach them earlier due to (6) cost of service delivery. Although M banking is one aspect in the wider of e-banking there are reasons to single it out for focus—especially because there are a lot more people with mobile phones than bank accounts in India. M banking could provide a(8)solution to bring more “unbanked” people to the financial mainstream. Without traditional credit, individuals are (9) to exploitation by abusive lenders offering very high interest rates on short term loans. Also ofconsiderable importance are public safety implications for the unbanked—they are often victims of crime because many operate on a cash-only basis and end up canying significant amounts of cash on their(101 or store cash in their homes. 2) undertake 1. 1) disburse 4) lure 3) subscribe 5) amass

2.

2) voluminous 1) full 4) limited 3) substantial 5)rapid 3. 2) tangible 1) readily 4) securely 3) routinely 5) unique 4. 2) waves 1) process 4) connection 3) deliveries 5) channels 2) answerable 1) valuable 5. 4) exposed 3) amenable 5) responsible 6. 2) stable 1) waning 4) marginal 3) proportionate 5) high _ 2) domain 1) archive 4) component 3) purpose 5) aspect 8. 2) tried 1) law-abiding 4) cost-effective 3) reassuring 5) stop-gap 2) immune 1) inclined 4) surrendered 3) vulnerable 5) pressured 2) own 10. 1) person 4) purses 3) relatives 5) self = without hesitating; willingly Re = =

an event tiud causes grecdharm or damage; a disaster a sudden great disaster to receive the mainforce, sock or impact of something to tolerate an event to be destroyed; to die causing harm to somebody/ something to urge or persuade somebody to do something by making them very angry or exdte/d; to create or cause something especially conflict or violence

Passage 78 Hundreds of plants and animals are (i) every day due to deforestation and urbanization. What might happen if this continues in the future? The last mass extinction of plant and animal species occurred 65 million years ago with the dinosaurs. In all, five mass extinctions have occurred and scientists earth is in the sixth mass extinction. The world as it is now is threatened, including people, who are reisponsible for earth’s (3J. Pesticides contaminating water; overharvesting of animals and plants; air pollution;

illegal fishing and the clearing of land are direct results of urbanization and deforestation. People have (4) and damaged almost half of earth’s land, at a very unsustainable rate. Global warming is having a serious impact as well. A six-degree Celsius increase in global temperature killed 95% of all species on Earth 251 million years ago. An increase of six-degree Celsius is forecast this century if a change is not made to (5) the damage done to earth. Humans will be one of the 95% of species lost. Noticeable, changes of global warming include migration and the change in season timings. Migrating birds are migrating earlier which in turn is causing them to hatch eggs and (7) young earlier than they did at the beginning of this century. While this is just the tip of the iceberg many other (8) regarding the extinction of plant and animal species need addressing. It is more important now than ever before to pull our heads out of the sand and make changes for the (9) of the earth. Future generations are (101. as they are a species as well. 1. 1) killing 2) alive 3) bom 4) left 5) lost 2. 1) speak 2) told 3) estimation 4) believe 5) consider 3. 1) shape 2) development 3) deterioration 4) warmth 5) expansion 4. 1) altered 2) created 3) produced 4) made 5) brought 5. 1) void 2) dissipate 3) augment 4) reverse 5) increase 6. 1) delay 2) birds 3) slowdown 4) hasten 5) acceleration 7. 1) spare 2) bear 3) destroy 4) amend 5) generation 8. 1) animals 2) difficulty 3) issues 4) humans 5) problem 9. 1) extinction 2) better 3) wealth 4) stigma 5) demand 10. 1) endangered 2) threaten . 3) evaluated 4) living ● 5) compared BxUnct = no longer in existence Deterioration ° the action of becoming worse in quality or condition Contaminate = to make something/somebody impure by adding substances that are dangerous or carry disease Hatch = to come out of an egg. Bear = to give birth to somebody

456

Test ofEnglish Language ° to cause danger to somebody/ something; to put somebody/ something in danger. Hide one*s head ° to pretend that an obvious in the scutd problem or danger does not exist

Endanger

» a sudden great disaster ° empty; without something; lacking something A figment of some- ° a thing that is not real but only imagined body*s imagination Catastrophe Void

Passage 80 Passage 79 India has become, in purchasing power parity terms, the fourth largest economy in the world. India’s economic(1)since 1980 has been among the(2)rapid. Although India managed its one incipient crisis in the early 1990s, it avoided the catastrophic losses (^. While many(4) that exposing India’s economy to global competition would reveal India’s economic(^ it has rather revealed strengths and often unexpected strengths in new areas no planner would have (6) of. India is increasingly taking its (7) on the global stage and in international forums as a 21st-century superpower. The generations of politicians and policy m^ers who have been (8) of leading India to where it is today can be justifiably (9) of the transformation. But achievements create new (101 , two of which are improving service delivery, particularly to the poor, through greater accountability and expanding the benefits of rapid growth—across sectors, regions, and people. 1. 2)'policy 1) decline 4) treaty 3) crisis 5) growth 2. 1) several 2) very 4) much 3f most 5) so 3. 1) end 2) deterioration 4) together 3) thus 5) elsewhere 4. 1) asked 2) feared 4) spoke 3) think 5) believe 5. i)growth 2) space 4) weakness 3) gain 5) void 6. 1) questioned 2) dreamed 4^ plan 3)arranged 5) wanted 7. 1) matter 2) place 4) generation . 3) life ark 8 2) issues 4) figment 3) humans 5) thought 2)angry 9. 1) worried 4) distinguished 3) honoured 5)proud 2) evaluations 10. 1) impossibilities 4) comparison 2) challenges 5) dangers = in its early stages; beginning Incipient to happen

The world is witnessing food price turbulence again. A bad drought in Russia, rising demand in the US and developing countries, and Pakistan’s blitted crop prospects after its floods are keeping prices of commodities such as cereals, sugar, oil and meat hi^. The Food and Agriculture Organization’s monthly food price (1) is heading north. India is not(2)from this problem even at the best of times. For the week that ended on 11 September, food prices (as (3) by the Wholesale Price Index) rose by 15.86%. Given the robust demand for foodstuffs, a time of price volatility calls for a careful look at the “design” issues surrounding food supply management. At times, even huge food stocks are not able to (4) rising food prices. The fault lies in how food is released to traders by government agencies such as the Food Corporation of India (FCI). This problem is apart from FCI’s high carrying cost offoodgrains. But this is not the problem at(^. For example, under the open market sales scheme (OMSS) a fixed quantity of grain, usually in multiples of 10 metric tonnes, is sold to traders, flour mills and other buyers when supplies are or there is price volatility. But a combination of price rigidity, terms of sale and the quantity sold under OMSS defeats its purpose. One reason for this is the large volume in the hands of very few individual buyers. This (7) to perverse economic incentives. Often, the grain sold under this scheme winds up back with food (8) agencies because of price differentials (the price at which it is sold and the prevailing market price). This has been observed many times in states as diverse as Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. If the number of buyers is (9) and the quantity sold to each buyer reduced, or the price fixed but the amount of grain that can be bought kept flexible, these problems can be (10). This makes for a sensible menu of options. But it needs careful implementation. And if, for some reason, changes are required to suit 1111 conditions in different states, the economic logic behind these ideas should not be lost 1121 of. 2) state 1. 1) index 4) rate 3) scheme 5) value 2) above 2. 1) affected 4)away 3) immune 5) separate 2) increased 3. 1) developed 4) measured 3) reported 5) handled

Cloze Test

457

4.

1) arrest 3) find 5) stop 5. 1) this 3) all 5) hand 6. 1) nil 3) plenty . 5) least 7. 1) rises 3) gives 5)jumps 8. 1) hoarding 3)supply 5) procurement 9. 1) controlled 3) constant 5) decreased 10. 1) neglected 3) overcome 5) highlighted 11. Ijgood 3) all 5) bad 12. 1) weight 3) value 5) significant

Turbulence

2) identify 4) slow

= disturbance, confusion or conflict Blight ° to affect the plant with a disease; to spoil or ruin something Immune = not affected or influenced by something Robust = strong and able to survive rough treatment Call for = to require, demand or need something Volatile = likely to change suddenly or sharply; not stable At hand = near in place or time Perverse = showing a deliberate and stubborn desire to behave in a way that is wrong, unreasonable or unacceptable Wind up = to end up; to arrivefinally in a place Overcome = to succeed in dealing with or controlling something To lose sight = to fail to consider of somebody/ something; to forget something something At this Juncture = at a particular especially important, stage in a series of events Procurement = the process of obtaining something

2)juncture 4) best 2) short 4)enough 2) leads 4) is 2) storing 4)producing 2) promoted 4) increased 2) solve 4) indicated 2) local 4) similar 2) look 4) sight

Answers 1. S 6.3

2.4 7.4

Passage 1 3.2 8. 1

4.2 9.5

5.3 10.2

1. 5 6.5

2.4 7.2

1.3 6.4

2.4 7. 1

Passage 2 3. 1 4.5 8.2 9.5

5.2 10.3

1.2 6.3

2. 1 7.4

Passage 3 3.5 4.3 8. 1 9.5

1.2 6.2 11.4

5.4 10.3

1.2 6.5

2. 5 7.2

1. 1 6.5 1.4 6.4 1.3 6.4

2.3 7.3 2.5 7.5 2.4 7. 1

3. 1 8. 1 Passage 5 3. 2 8.5 Passage 6 3.3 8.2

4.5 9.4 4.2 9.4 4.2 9. 1

Passage 7 3.5 4. 1 8.3 9.2

5.3 10.2 5.4 10.2 5.4 10.2 5.2 10.5

Passage 8 3. 1 8. 1

4.3 9.2

5.3 10.2

2. 1 7.2 12. 5

Passage 9 3.3 4.3 8.4 9.3 13.5 14. 1

5. 3 10.5 15.3

1.5 6. 3 11.4

2.5 7.5

Passage 10 3. 1 4.4 8.2 9.4

5.4 10. 1

1. 4 6.4

2. 1 7. 1

Passage 11 3.3 4.2 8.3 9.2

5. 5 10.5

1. 1 6.5

2.4 7.4

Passage 12 3.2 4.5 8.2 9. 1

5.3 10.3

1.4 6.3

2. 1 7.4

Passage 13 3. 3 4.5 8. 1 9.5

5.2 10.2

1. 5 6. 5

2.2 7. 3

Passage 14 3. 5 4. 1 8.2 9.4

5. 3 10. 1

458

Test ofEnglish Language

2. 1 7.3 12. 1

Passage 15 3.5 4.2 8.5 9.2 13.5

2.2 7. 1 12.3

Passage 16 3.3 4.5 8.4 9.5 13.2 14. 5

5.3 10. 1 15. 1

2.2 7.3

Passage 17 3.4 4. 1 8.5 9.2

5.3 10.4

2.2 7.3

Passage 18 3.3 4.4 8. 1 9.4

5.2 10.2

2.3 7.4

Passage 19 3.2 4.4 8.2 9. 1

5. 1 10.5

2. 1 7.2

Passage 20 3.3 4.4 8. 1 9.3

5.2 10. 1

2.5 7.4

Passage 21 3.3 4.4 8.4 9.2

5.2 10.5

1.3 6. 1

2.4 7.4

Passage 22 3. 1 4.2 8.3 9.2

1. 1 6.3

2.3 7.5

Passage 23 3.5 4.4 8.4 9. 1

1.4 6. 1 11.3

2.2 7.3 12.4

Passage 24 3.5 4.3 8.5 9. 1 13.5

1. 5 6.3

2.1 7. 1

1.3 6. 1

1.4 6.3

2.5 7. 1

Passage 30 3.3 4.2 8.4 9.2

5.4 10.2

1. 1 6.4

2.3 7.2

Passage 31 3.3 4.2 8. 1 9.5

5.2 10.5

1.4 6.5

2.2 7.4

Passage 32 3. 1 4.2 8.3 9.5

5.3 10. 1

1.4 6.4

2. 1 7.2

Passage 33 3.5 4.3 8. 1 9.3

5.5 10.5

1.3 6.3

2.5 7.5

Passage 34 3.2 4. 1 8.2 9.4

5.5 10. 1

1. 5 6.3

2.3 7.5

Passage 35 3. 1 4.4 8.4 9. 1

5.2 10.2

1.2 6.4 11.3

2.5 7.2 12.3

Passage 36 3.4 4. 1 8.5 9.4 13.2 14. 1

5.3 10. 1 15.3

5.5 10.5

1.3 6.2 11.3

2.5 7. 1 12.2

Passage 37 3. 1 4.4 8.3 9. 1 13.5 14. 1

5.5 10.4 15.4

5.2 10.2

1. 1 6.5

2.2 7.3

Passage 38 3.5 4.4 8. 1 9.3

5.2 10. 1

5. 1 10.2

1.2 6.4 11. 1

2.3 7.5 12.4

Passage 39 3.4 4.3 8. 1 9.5 13.5 14.3

5.2 10.2 15. 1

Passage 25 3.4 4. 1 8.3 9.5

5.3 10.2

1.2 6. 1

2.4 7.5

Passage 40 3. 1 4.5 8. 1 9.4

5.3 10.3

2. 1 7.5

Passage 26 4.4 3.2 8.4 9. 1

5. 1 10.2

1.3 6.5

2. 1 7.4

Passage 41 3. 5 4.2 8. 1 9.5

5.2 10.4

1.3 6.2

2.2 7.4

Passage 27 3.5 4. 1 8.4 9. 1

5.4 10.3

2.4 7.2 12.2

Passage 42 3.2 4.3 8.3 9. 1 13.5 14. 1

5.2 10.5 15.4

1.2 6.3

2. 1 7.5

Passage 28 3. 1 4.5 8.4 9.2

1. 1 6.4 11.4

5.3 10. 1

2.2 7.5

Passage 43 3.4 4.3 8. 1 9.4

5. 1 10.4

1.2 6. 1

2.3 7.5

Passage 29 3.5 4.4 8.2 9.4

1.5 6.2

5.2 10.3

1.1 6.3

2.3 7.4

Passage 44 3.4 4.2 8. 1 9.5

5.5 10.2

1.3 6. 1 11.3 1.4 6.2 11.4 1.5 6. 1 1.5 6.5 1.5 6.3 1.5 6.4 1. 1 6.3

5.3 10.2

Cloze Test

459

1.2 6.4

2.4 7.5

Passage 45 3. 1 4.5 9.3 , 8.1

5.3 10.2

1.3 6.4

2.2 7.5

Passage 61 3.5 4.4 8.3 9.2

5. 1 10. 1

1.4 6.4

2. 1 7.2

Passage 46 3.3 4.3 8. 1 9.2

5.5 10. 5

1.2 6. 1

2.5 7.5

Passage 62 3.3 4.4 8. 1 9.2

5.2 10.4

1. 1 6. 1

2.4 7.4

Passage 47 3.2 4.5 8.5 9.2

5.3 10.3

1.5 6.3

2. 1 7.3

Passage 63 4.4 3.2 8.2 9. 1

5.5 10.2

1.1 6.5

2.2 7. 1

Passage 48 3.3 4.5 8.2 9.4

5. 1 10.2

1.4 6.3

2.2 7.5

Passage 64 3.3 4. 1 8.4 9. 1

5.2 10.3

1.3 6. 1

2. 1 7.2

Passage 49 3.5 4.5 8.5 9. 1

5.4 10.3

1.2 6.5

2. 5 7.3

Passage 65 3. 3 4.4 8.4 9. 1

5. 1 10.5

1. 1 6. 1

2.2 7. 3

Passage 50 3.2 4.4 8. 1 9.4

5.3 10.2

1.5 6.2

2.4 7.4

Passage 66 3. 1 4.2 8.3 9. 1

5.3 10.5

1.5 6.3

2.4 7. 1

Passage 51 3.2 4.4 8.3 9.5

5. 5 10.4

1.2 6.5

2.5 7. 1

Passage 67 3.4 4.2 8.3 9.4

5.3 10. 1

1.2 6.4

2.4 7.2

Passage 52 3. 1 4.3 8. 1 9.3

5.5 10.5

1.2 6.2

2.5 7.4

Passage 68 3.3 4.4 8.5 9. 1

5. 1 10.3

1.5 6.2

2.2 7.4

Passage 53 3.3 4.5 8.5 9. 1

5. 1 10.3

1.2 6.4

2. 1 7.5

Passage 69 3.4 4. 1 8.3 9. 1

5.3 10.4

1.2 6.5

2.4 7.2

Passage 54 3. 1 4.5 8.4 9.3

5.3 10. 1

1.5 6.3

2.3 7.5

Passage 70 3.4 4.2 8.2 9.4

5. 1 10. 1

1.4 6.3

2.2 7.4

Passage 55 3.3 4.5 8. 1 9.2

5. 1 10.5

1.2 6.4

2.3 7.2

Passage 71 3. 1 4.3 8.3 9.5

5.5 10.4

1.2 6. 1

2.4 7.3

Passage 56 3. 1 4.5 8.2 9.5

5.3 10.3

1.4 6.3

2.2 7. 1

Passage 72 3.5 4. 1 8.4 9. 1

5.5 10.5

1.4 6.4

2. 1 7. 1

Passage 57 3.2 4.3 8.5 9.4

5.3 10.2

1.2 6.3

2.4 7.2

Passage 73 3. 1 4.3 8. 1 9.5

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Passage 74 3.3 4. 1 8.2 9.5

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460

Test ofEnglish Language

1.2 6.2

2.4 7.3

Passage 77 3.3 4.5 8.5 9.4

5. 1 10. 1

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Passage 78 3.3 4. 1 8.3 9.2

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Passage 79 3.5 4.2 8. 1 9.5

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Passage 80 3.4 4. 1 8. 3 9.3

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Chapter 14

Theme Completion f

Directions: In each of the following questions a short paragraph or a short story is given with one of the lines in the story missing and represented by a blank. Select the best out of the Hve answer choices given to make the story complete and coherent. 1. India is a long way from the 21st century.(. But, look at the tens of crores of illiterate poor. With so many people spending their lives in a struggle for their next meal, how can the country get anywhere? 1) It is a really poor country. 2) This is 1997 - so, 3 years away 3) You might argue otherwise, pointing out numerous technical advancements. 4) I think you will agree with me 5) None of these 2. Raman looked at himself in the mirror, and was pleased. He loved to spend money on good clothes, and it showed. ( ). 1) There was mud on hi^shoes. 2) The gleaming leather belt complemented the subtle shade of his trousers, perfectly . 3) The yellow shirt, though creased, matched the creased brown pants that he wore. 4) He was getting late for his appointment. 5) None of these Gleaming = shining because it is dean Subtle = fine; difficult to detect or describe 3. “Politics”, it is popularly said, “is the. last resort of criminals”. With this kind of a popular perception, the election of Mr Shwazee came as a breath of fresh air. ( ). 1) He is a popular man. 2) He is honest, hardworking and dedicated. 3) He had grown up in that locality, and was still living in the same house that he was bom in. 4) He promised to eradicate cormption in his area office. 5) None of these 4. It seems unthinkable to Americans, that we actually need a law against spitting. The redspattered paths will tell them why. An uninformed foreigner could be forgiven for thinking that there is an epidemic of tuberculosis here ( ). 1) he sees people coughing a lot. 2) people casually spit out blood-red mouthfuls of saliva.

5.

6.

3) the uncleared mounds of garbage would strengthen the thought. 4) he needs to learn more about our habits. 5) None of these Spit Jo make liquid,food etc come out of one's mouth often with force. = to scatter drops of something over Spatter somebody/something Melghat tiger reserve is supposed to be a participant of Ae ambitious Troject Tiger’. But on any given day, a visitor is considered extremely lucky if he catches a glimpse of even .)● a tiger.( 1) Tigers abound, but they are shy, and uncommonly fierce. 2) Rampant poaching, many a time in collusion with officials, have made the tiger very rare. 3) With its thick, striped coat and majestic stride, the tiger is truly the king of the jungle. 4) He is even luckier if he doesn’t end up as . one! 5) None of these Abound = to exist in great numbers or quantities Fierce = violent and angry . Rampant = existing or spreading everywhere in a way that cannot be controlled. Poach = to catch birds, animals or fish on somebody else's property without permission Collusion = secret agreement or understanding between two or more people with the aim of deceiving or cheating others. This is the surge economy, where more business is condensed into seconds than used to get done in a day. The only constant is change. ( ). 1) The only way you can have your way is by remaining steadfast and not giving in to fads. 2) The only way to thrive is to be flexible. 3) Businesses are not what they used to be. 4) It is the age of the Internet where you can check mails every second. 5) None of these = a sudden rush or increase Surge Steadfast = firm and not changing; constant Fads = afashion, an interest, a preference, an enthusiasm etc that is not likely to last. Thrive - to live, continue, grow or develop well and vigorously

462

7.

8.

9.

Test ofEnglish Language Give in (= to somebody/something) to allow oneselfto be defeated or overcome by somebody/something I loved passwords as a kid. Secret codes and special Imocks played a vital role in securing the sprawling network of sheds, tents and dens. I commanded from my suburban bedrooms.( ). 1) But Passcenter.com promised I would never have to remember another password again. 2) But I was known as the king of passwords. 3) But today they are the bane of my life, every other website wants the magic word before allowing me in. 4) But I loved passwords so much that I have a password for the lock in my wardrobe, my refrigerator, my music system. 5) None of these Sprawl = to spread in an untidy way in different directions over a large area. Bane = acause ofgreattrouble orannoyance Strokes don'tjust strike the elderly. These brain attacks, as the expert will tell you, can happen to anyone.( ). 1) But some are at more risk than others. 2) But the elderly are 90% more likely to get an attack than the young. 3) People in Hong Kong are more likely to get an attack than those in India. 4) Pollution leads to an increase in strokes. 5) None of these In today’s volatile IT environment, mere learning of tools will not suffice. It can give you an entry, it can’t enable you to succeed and sustain it.

of achievements, however small at the individual level; and team building exercise. 1) These need to be addressed as part of a strategic communications plan. 2) These may give rise, ultimately, to serious labour problems. 3) It is then that is the way the cookie crumbles. 4)'It may result in the proliferation of hitherto unheard of management tools. 5) None of these Misgiving = doubt or anxiety about the outcome or consequences of something Apprehension = anxiety about something in the future;fear that something uM be unpleasant or that unpleasant will happen. Take on something - to begin to have a particular characteristic, quality or appearance; to assume something That*s the way = the route along which some the cookie crumbles body/something is moving or would move if there was space. Proliferation = a rapid growth or increase in numbers Hitherto ° until now;until aparticular time 12. Every organisation has rules that are never written down and seldom discussed. These

.)● 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

It can give you a headstart in the rat race. You may win the race but not be satisfied. It can give you a job, not a career. You need to grow into a complete professional. None of these Mere = nothing more than; no better or more important than / 10. A global shortage in knowledge workers translates into fatter paychecks. While low skill employees at the bottom of the scale tend to earn ordinary wages. ( ). . 1) Doctors walk away with millions. 2) Those who are not doing run-of-the mill jobs earn much more.

11.

3) Those in responsible positions command higher salaries. 4) The higher the salary the greater the responsibility. 5) None of these Run-of-the-mill = not special; ordinary Despite the openness of management in dealing with change, there are bound to be misgiving and apprehension at various levels. ( ). This can take on various forms: the display of sales statistics on a day-to-day basis; the celebration

13.

pertain to the expectations of the employees in the organisation.( ). Thus the onus is on the employees to piece them together by observation, trail-and-error and insightful questioning. 1) The employees are frequently the ones who actually perpetuate these rules. 2) These unwritten rules can play a major role in an employees success—or failure. 3) The employers expect the employees to adhere to these spelled-out rules. 4) Never underestimate the power of the unvmtten rules of the organisation. 5) None of these Pertain = to be connected with or relevant to something; to belong to something as a part of iL Onus “ a duty or responsibility for doing something To piece something together = to discover a story, facts etcfivm separate pieces of evidence; to make or assemble something from individual pieces. Perpetuate ° to make something continue Adhere = to obey something; to hold or follow a set ofprinciples, course of action etc. Twenty years ago, SK Shelgikar, the Videocon group’s chief financial strategist, took a decision. Two decades later he would walk away from it all to fulfil his moral obligations to society. ( ).

463

Theme Completion

14.

Over the past few months, he has quietly withdrawn from an active role in the group, and now operates in a purely advisory capacity. 1) And two decades is a long, long, time. 2) It took great courage to do so. 3) And he has kept his word. 4) But he obviously stayed on for forty years. 5) None of these To walk away ° to avoid doing something or from something rejuse to do something. = to remain at a place of study, To stay on employment etc after others have left I agree with the contention that management theories were not invented because management J. Perhaps gurus had nothing better to do. ( the confusion and criticism would end if we called these theories too, philosophies. After all theories must be proved; philosophies may just be beliefs.

16. The trade mark law grants the manufacturer or trader an exclusive right in the use of a mark to identify his goods and thus distinguish them ). Legislation all over from other goods.( defines and protects this property. 1) The trademark should be distinctive and not descriptive. 2) Trade mark as a property is registerable in India under the Trade Marks Act.

17.

1) That would be like suggesting that the philosophies of Plato and Aristotle evolved because these people were too la^ to work! 2) This would be like the pot calling the kettle black. 3) This causes a lot of resentment against the management gurus who are actually trying to do something good for the corporate world today. 4) Otherwise so many people would not have believed in them so much. 5) None of these Contention “ a statement of belief or opinion The pot calling = the person who accuses somethe kettle black body of having a fault has the same fault herself or himself. Resentment = the action or an instance of feeling bitter or angry about something insulting, offensive etc. 15.

The general character of all these novels may be described, in the author’s own terms, as ). Moreover it was psychological realism. ( the development of the soul, its slow growth or decline that chiefly interested her. 1) Sigmund Freud later had tried the same thing. 2) This was because she was a realist as well as a psychotic case herself. 3) The Ubermensch, or the Oversoul, as explicated by Nietzche, also fascinated her. 4) That is, to represent the inner struggle of a soul and to reveal its motive and impulses. 5) None of these Psychotic = of or suffering from severe mental illness. Explicate “ to explain and analyse something especially an idea, a principle or a work of literature, in detail = a sudden urge to act without Impulse thinking about the results.

18.

3) Devising a good trademark and obtaining registration for the same creates an intellectual property in the trade mark. 4) It may be intended to be used or already in use, but it should be sufficiently unlike any other trademark used by other people. 5) None of these Devise ■= to create or invent a plan, a system, an object, etc by carefid thought As organisations move increasingly towards self directed employees, directive behaviour in terms of giving a complete set of instructions to be followed like an automaton will no longer be ). The CEO must be prepared necessary. .( instead to preach the importance of shared effort to bring forth involvement and commitment. 1) The new leader must not only be tolerant of mistakes, but also leave room for them in his strategic planning. 2) These forms of the new leadership are already prevalent in parts of corporate India. 3) Within the company too, changes are redefining the concept of leadership. 4) That can neutralise the power that can be unleashed by empowered employees and defeat the very purpose of these groupings. 5) None of these Automaton ° a person who seems to act in mechanical manner, without thinking To bring forth = to produce something Prevalent ° existing or happening generally; widesprecul Unleash = to release somebody/ something powerful or destructive. In alternating layers of experiment and theory these three men built up the modem theory of electromagnetism and demonstrated the identity ). The of light with electromagnetic waves. ( mechanical details, which remained to be adjusted in order to utilise their discoveries for a practical system of telegraphy, needed considerable ingenuity. 1) The machine that they discovered is one of profound intellectual interests. 2) They brought together and unified an endless variety of apparently detached phenomena and displayed a cumulative mental power which cannot but afford delight to every generous spirit.

464

Test ofEnglish Language 3) The instance of wireless telegraphy will serve to illustrate the difference between the two points of view. 4) Almost all the serious intellectual labour required for the possibility of this invention is due to three men, Faraday, Maxwell and Hertz. 5) None of these Demonstrate = to siww something clearly by giving proof or evidence In order to do = with purpose or intention or something doing something Ingenuity “ the talentfor solving problems in a clever original way. Profound = having or showing great knowledge or understanding ofa subject. Apparently = os it seems; according to what one has read or heard

19. Indeed some of the developments which contributed most to the growth of industrial America were a positive disadvantage to labour. ( ). Mechanisation tended to the whole to lower the standard of labour. 1) The skills which working men had painfully acquired ceased to have their old time value for the machine could do better. 2) Machinery had a tendency to usurp the place of the worker in the economy of industry. 3) Two of these we can note briefly, the mechanisation of industry and the rise of the corporation. 4) Working men were reduced to a mere part of the mechanical process. / 5) None of these To tend to something = to take a certain direction Usurp = to take somebody’s position of power or importance illegally or byforce. 20. The simple fact is that civil aviation operates by its own set of diktats.( ). An airline lives or dies by its knowledge or ignorance of the special rules of the game. 1) The conventional management mantras of production, marketing, labour economies do not apply in the air. 2) More have died than survived especially in the US after deregulation of routes and fares disrupted the peace of the club. 3) The first law of airline economics is that as many people as possible must be placed on seats. 4) complexities arise if the airlines tiy a two tier salary system to drive down costs. 5) None of these Diktat ° an ordergiven by a ruler or aforeign power, that people are forced to obey. 21. The order of reality that interests the scientists is the empirical order, that is the order of data and phenomena revealed to us through

observation or experience.( ,). And therefore. often it is necessary for our natural powers of observation to be supplemented by the most intricate of mechanical aids for a given object to be empirical in the sense just used. 1) To be precise or explicit about what is, and is not, revealed by observation is not always easy to be sure. 2) What,is empirical and observable today may have been non-existent in scientific consciousness a decade ago. 3) Moreover empirical data is often inferred from direct observation. 4) That the electron is not immediately visible as the mountain range, does not mean obviously that it is any less empirical. 5) None of these Empirical - based on observation or experiment, not on theory. Intricate = composed of many small parts put together in a complex way Explicit = clearly and fully expressed; saying something clearly, exactly and openly. 22. It is argued that women have their domestic duties to perform and that if they were educated, would bury themselves in their books and have little time for attending to the management of their households. { ). But women are not more liable to this temptation than men and most women would be able to do their household work all the better for being able to refresh their minds in the intervals of leisure with a little reading. 1) It is the height of selfishness for men who fully appreciate in their own case the great disadvantage of a good education, to deny the same advantages to women. 2) There is no valid argument by which the exclusion of the female sex from the privilege of education can be defended. 3) Education would even help them in the narrowest sphere of womanly duty. 4) Of course it is possible for men as it is for women to neglect necessary work in order to spare more time for reading sensational novels. 5) None of these Leisure = timefreefromwork or other duties; spare time 23. What demotees fail to see is that they have taken a career hit and that has caused damage.( ). In my experience, nobody recovers from a demotion by den3dng it. 1) For most people the immediate response to a demotion is to wipe the dust off their resumes and start looking for a new job. 2) This is a logically emotional reaction. 3) If they don’t do something to repair that damage, they will eventually sink.

465

Theme Completion Beckon

4) As an employer who has demoted people over the years this is not the response I try to elicit.

24.

5) None of these Elicit ° to draw facts, a response etc from somebody, sometimes with difficulty. None was more vigUant than he in study and in whatever else he undertook inasmuch as his wife

26.

and family were annoyed thereby until they grew accustomed to his ways and after that they paid no heed thereto. (. .). When however there was cause he was eloquent and fluent in speech and possessed of an excellent and ready delivery. 1) in both his domestic and public demeanour he was admirably composed and orderly and in all things courteous and civil beyond any other. 2) Nor did he show more epicurism in one thing than another. 3) Led on by this delight he composed many poems which he made them clothe in pleasing and masterly melody. 4) He rarely spoke unless questioned and then thoughtfully and then in a voice suited to the matter thereof he treated.

3) One problem with the collision h3rpothesis is the question of how a satellite formed in this way would have settled into the nearly circular orbit that the moon has today. 4) Fortunately the collision hypothesis is testable.

5) None of these Vigilant

25.

° looking outforpossible danger, trouble etc. Inasmuch as = since; because; to the extent that Accustom somebody ° to make somebody famiUar to something with something or accept something as normal or usual Heed ° careful attention Eloquent = having or showing expressive language especially to impress or persuade an audience Demeanour ° a way of behaving; conduct Epicure ° a person who takes a special interest in and gets great pleasure from food and drink of high quality. Epicurean ° relating to or intended for special pleasure and enjoyment Freedom and power bring responsibility. ( ). Before the birth of freedom we have endured the pains of labour and our hearts are heavy with the memory of this sorrow. 1) That responsibility rests upon this assembly, a sovereign body representing the sovereign people of India. 2) Some of those pains continue even now. 3) Nevertheless the past is over and it is the future that beckons us now. 4) The future is not one of ease or resting but of incessant striving. 5) None of these Endure = to suffer patiently something that is painful or uncomfortable.

= to make a gesture to somebody with the hand, arm or head usually to make them nearer or tofollow Incessant =■ not stopping; continual Strive ° to try very hard orfor a long time to obtain or acheive something; to fight hard against somebody/something Theorists are divided concerning the origin of ]. But, unlike the cores of the the moon. ( inner planets, the moon’s core contains little or no iron, while the typical planet forming materials were quite rich in iron. 1) Some hypothesis that the moon was formed in the same way as were the planets in the inner solar system, from planet forming materials in the pre-solar nebula. 2) Other theorists propose that the moon was ripped out of the Earth’s rocky mantle by the Earth’s collision with another large celestial body after much of the Earth’s iron fell to its core.

27.

5) None of these Rip something out ° to remove something roughly and quickly Before Verdi, there were rarely any character at all in musical drama, only a series of situations which allowed the singers to express a series of emotional states. ( J. The only coherence was the singers’ vocal technique : when the cast changed, new arias were almost always substituted, generally adapted from other operas. 1) Verdi's characters, on the other hand, have genuine consistency and integrity, even if, in many cases, the consistency is that of pasteboard melodrama. 2) Any attempt to find coherent psychological portrayal in these operas is misplaced ingenuity. 3) The integrity of the character is achieved through the music. 4) When Verdi revised his opera, it was only for dramatic economy and effectiveness. 5) None of these Aria = a song for one voice especially in an opera. ° a dramatic work in which all or most Opera of the words are sung to music Pasteboard = a type of thin board made by fastening thin sheets of paper together Melodrama = drama full of exciting events and exaggerated characters; events, behaviour or language resembling drama of this kind

466

Test ofEnglish Lcmguage Ingenuity

= the talentfor solving problems in a clever original way 28. The elements of intelligence and consciousness come together marvellously to produce different styles in predator and prey.( ). Although in both kinds of animal, arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores, it is aggression. 1) For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is ahead. 2) Perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it, but the animal does experience something like it 3) The herbivore prey is of a different kind. 4) Herbivores and carnivores develop different kinds of arousal related to escaping and chasing. 5) None of these Predator ° an animal that kills and eats other animals. Prey ° an animal, birdetchunled and killed by anotherforfood. Arouse “ to provoke a particular feeling or attitude Stimulate = to makesomebody/something more active or alert; to encourage somebody/something Attune = to make something/somebody adjust to something new and becomefamiliar or in harmony with it.

Reinforce

= to strengthen or emphasize a feeling, an idea, a habit etc. 30. Extraordinary creative activity has been characterised as.revolutionary, fl3dng in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will be accepted.( ^). However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though may be valid for the sciences. 1) Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from a ' difference in their goals. 2) Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways. 3) According to this formulation highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organisation. 4) More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music had little bearing on its aesthetic worth.

( ). Canon and Islamic law, on the contrary, were dominated by the dualism of religion and state.

5) None of these Transcend = to be or go beyond the normal limits of something. Aesthetic = appreciating beauty and beautiful things. Bear on something ° to relate to something; to affect something. Worth = having a particular value 31. The extraction of case histories is not, however, the only use to which court records may be put. ( ). This use of the records does yield some information about the non-elite, but little insight into their mental lives.

1) Its rules are a direct expression of this feeling of cohesion tending toward the accommodation of dissent.

1) The number of indictments in pre-industrial Europe bears little relations to the number of actual criminal acts.

2) There merely existed discordance between application of the sacred law and many of the regulations framed by Islamic states. 3) Islamic law was never supported by an organised institution. 4) Jewish law was buttressed by the cohesion ofthe community,reinforced by pressure from outside.

2) Historians who study pre-industrial Europe have used the records to establish a series of

29. In its relation to the secular state, Jewish law differs from both Islamic law and canon law.

5) None of these On the contrary - used at the beginning of a clause or sentence to emphasize that whatfollows is true, and is the opposite of what was said previously Dissent = holding opinions which differ from common or officially held ones Discord = disagreement; quarrelling Buttress = to support or strengthen something

categories of crime. 3) Given these inadequacies, it is clear why the case history use of court records is to be preferred. 4) Aggregate population estimates are very shaky, which makes it difficult for historians to compare rates of crime per thousand in one decade of the pre-industrial period with rates in another decade. 5) None of these Extraction ° the origin ofa person'sfamily Indictment - the action of accusing somebody officially of something; an accusation;a written statement that accuses somebody < 32. Well designed and well maintained sites for billboards, kiosks and bus shelters, and other signs should be placed at locations that do not

Theme Completion .). And therefore their obstruct or irritate, t value and, as a result, their rates. 1) The number of sites may fall but their impact is certain to increase. 2) Since the proof of the pudding is in the eating, let us put this idea to test. 3) Advertising agencies should collaborate with the outdoor companies to set up an ideal set of outdoor boards in one or two localities. 4) Pre-and post-research could be used to validate the contention that such an approach will result in a win-win situation. 5) None of these Billboard = a large out door board for advertisements; a hoarding Kiosk = a small shop, open at thefront, where newspapers, sandwiches, sqfldrinks etc are sold = a sweetfood eaten at the end Pudding ofa meal 33. On their own,human eyes are focused for infinity; that is, any distance over six metres. ( ). But our lifestyles have changed drastically from that kind of simplicity, adding reading, writing and idiot box watching to the things our eyes must now do. 1) When we read or look at a screen, what our eyes are doing is performing two tasks in conjunction; accommodation and convergence. 2) To look at the object in focus, we need accommodation. 3) That is a function of our evolutionary background, when we needed to hunt, spot predatory movements and so on. 4) The closer you bring an object to the eye, the more effort it has to make at convergence. 5) None of these 34. Finally the way we combine resources affects ,). Similarly ample their productivity. (. supplies of mechanical equipment are useless without skilled labour. 1) In many underdeveloped countries, moreover, a shortage of managerial skills is a big problem. 2) This scarcity of entrepreneurship is manifested in public and private life, causing stagnation in industry and inefficiency in government. 3) An one time, shortage of capital was thought to be a decisive barrier to rapid growth in underdeveloped areas. 4) A country rich in land but poor in water cannot produce food of fibre. 5) None of these Manifest = to show something clearly; to demonstrate something Stagnate ° to stop developing or progressing 35. From observation or discovery, we move on to explanation. ( ). The scientist is not

467

interested in ultimate, transcendental or divine causes of what he sets himself to explain. 1) The scientist is obliged to offer his explanation in terms of factors which are empirically real as the phenomenon of crime itself. 2) The explanation sought by the scientist is of course not at all like the explanation sought by the metaphysician or the theologian. 3) A satisfactory explanation is not only one that is empirical, however, but one that can be stated in terms of a casual proposition. 4) The order or reality that interests the scientists is the empirical order, that is the order of data and phenomena revealed to us through observation or experience. 5) None of these Transeendental^ going beyond the limits of human knowledge, experience or reason, especially in a religious or spiritual way. = Based on observation or Empirical experiment, not on theory = the branch of philosophy Metaphysics dealing with the nature of . eMStence,truth and knowledge Metaphysician = an expert in metaphysics = thestudy ofthe nature of God Theology and of the foundations of religious beliefs = an expert in theology Theologian 36. There is blatant disregard of the effect of boards of all sizes and shapes appearing haphazardly J. Creating a wild disorder all over the place.( that turns a street, a locality, in fact the entire city into a disgrace. 1) Teetering at crazy angles, jostling each other in a mad scramble to usurp any space that is available. 2) Matching this mess is the crop of signs that identifies shops and offices that cover the facade of buildings in the new and not so new commercial complexes. 3) The solution to this dilemma is not to ban or proscribe outdoor signs. 4) Bans do not work as we haye an unceinny knack of finding loopholes or influencing people to look the other way. 5) None of these Blatant done openly and without shame; very obvious the state in which,one has lost Disgrace honour or the respect ofothers, especially because of something one has done; shame to stand or move in an Teeter unsteady way Jostle to push roughly against somebody usually in a crowd, Scramble a rough struggle to get something

468 Test ofEnglish Language Usurp

° to take somebody's po^on of power or importance illegally or byforce Mess “ a difficult or confused state or situation; a state of disorder Crop of something = a group ofpeople or quantity of things appearing or produced at the same time, Facade the front of a building; an outward appearance especially one that creates a false impression, Proscribe to state officially thatsomething is dangerous orforbidden Uncanny not easily explained; extraordinary; not natural; mysterious and slightly frightening Knack a skill at performing some special task; an ability Knack of doing to become gradually less or smaller Sear «“ afeeUng ofgreat sadness, guilt etc after an unpleasant experience; a mark left on the skin by a wound, bum etc after it has headed Run out of to be used up orfinished; to use up orfinish a supply ofsomething 87. A certain man planted a rose and watered it faithfully and before it blossomed, he examined it. He saw the bud that would soon blossom, but noticed thorns upon the stem and he thought,“How can any beautifulflower come from a plant burdened with so many sharp }, and just before it was ready to thorns?" ( bloom, it died. 1) So,he pleaded with the rose to drop its thorns. 2) Quickly the man examined the thorns on the rose. 3) The man smelled the rose. 4) Saddened by this thought, he neglected to water the rose. 5) Excited, he poured a lot of water into the pot. 88. A wise woman who was travelling in the mountains found a precious stone in a stream. The next day she met another traveller who was hungry and the wise woman opened her bag to share her food. The hungry traveller saw the precious stone and asked the woman to give it to him. She did so without hesitation. The traveller left, rejoicing his good fortune. He knew the stone was worth enough to give him security for a lifetime( j. “IVe been thinking,” he said. “I know how valuable the stone is, but I give it back in the hope that you can give me something even .more precious, give me what you have within you that enabled you to give me the stone.”

Theme Completion 1) The wise woman visited him a few days later and forced him to return the stone. 2) But, after a few days, the stone started giving him a lot of trouble and he considered it unludty. 3) But, a few days later, he came back to return the stone to the wise woman. 4) He went back to the mountains to look for another stone. 5) A few days later, he came back and asked for mother stone from the wise woman. Rqjoice “ tofeel or show greatjoy Enable ● to make somebody able to do something by giving them the necessary authority or means. 89. Poverty is the state of majority of world’s people and nations. Why is this?( ). Have they been la^, made poor decisions, and been solely responsible for their own plight? Whatabout their governments? Have they pursued policies that actually harm successful development? Such causes of poverty and ihequality are no doubt real. But deeper and more global causes of poverty are often less discussed. Behind the increasing inter-connectedness promised by globalisation are global decisions, policies and practices. These are typically influenced, driven or formulated by the rich and powerful. These can be leaders of rich countries or other global actors such as multinational corporations, institutions and influential people. In the face of such enormous external influence, the governments of poor nations and their people are often powerless. As a result, in the global context, a few get wealthy while the majority struggles. 1) Is it enough to blame poor people for their own predicament? 2) What is the government doing about it? 3) Are the wealAy ones in the nation even aware of this? 4) The government has already taken measures to eradicate the same. 5) The huge gap between the rich and the poor in the nation is now narrowing. ■> a serious and d^jpeuU situation or Pttght condition Prediecunent^ a difficult or unpleasant situation, especially one in which it is difftcult to know what to do. 90. Women’s rights around the world are an important indicator to understand ^obal well being. A mqjor global women’s rights treaty was ratified by the majority of the world’s nations a ). These range from the few decades ago. ( cultural, political to the economic. For example, women often work more than men, yet are paid less; gender discrimination affects girls and women throughout their lifetime; and women and girls are often the ones that suffer the most

477 poverty. Many may think that women’s rights are only an issue in countries where religion is law. Or even worse, some may think this is no longer an issue at all. But reading the report about the United Nation’s Women’s Treaty and how an increasing number of countries are lodging reservations will show otherwise. Gender equality furthers the cause of child survival and development for all of society, so the importance of women’s rights and gender equality should not be underestimated. 1) This treaty tackled and solved a number of issues related to women. 2) Why is it then, that women still face a number of problems on the domestic front? 3) Thus, the woman today is ten times more empowered as compared to a woman say about a decade ago. 4) Women’s activists across nations have implored the respective governments to take this seriously. 5) Yet, despite many successes in empowering women, numerous issues still exist in all areas of life. “ to ask or beg for something in a Implore serious way 91. Research has shown that air pollutants from fossil fuel use make clouds reflect more of the sun’s rays back into space. This leads to an effect known as global dimming whereby less heat and ). However, it is energy reaches the earth. ( believed that global dimming caused the drou^ts in certain parts of the world where millions died, because the northern hemisphere oceans were not warm enough to allow rain formation. Global dimming is also hiding the true power of global warming. By cleaning up ^obal dimming-causing pollutants without tackling greenhouse gas emissions, rapid warming has been observed and various human health and ecological disasters have resulted, as witnessed during the European heat wave in 2003, which saw thousands of people die. 1) This, thou^, does not bring any relief in the problems associated with climate change. 2) This phenomenon thus is part of the climate change problem. 3) Scientists thus believe that this phenomenon goes hand in haind with global warming. 4) At first, it sounds like an ironic saviour to climate change problems. 5) The answer to all our problems with respect . to climate- change is definitely here. Hcmd in hand = closely assodated Saviour = a person who rescues or saves somebody/something from danger; failure, loss etc. 92. Next to China, India is the most populated J. Particularly, rush to countiy in the world. (

478

Test ofEnglish Language

technical and higher education has increased as the scope for arts and science has become lesser and lesser due to lack of reforms and upgradation in the course structure and materials according to the developments of the world. Also, qualification in higher education gives added advantage to face competition successfully in the job market. 1) Keeping this in mind, the government has provided concessions in the admission fees for the arts and science streams in the countiy. 2) Naturally, there is too much rush and competition in every field. 3) Despite this the rush to higher education is lesser. 4) This population increase,though,has not kept pace with the knowledge expansion around the world. 5) In the next decade, it will become the most populous. 93. Analysts and industry pundits forecast that the notebook market which has been growing faster than the desktop market for the past three years is expected to overtake the desktop market by the year 2011-12. A fall in prices, large deals from governments and institutions and demand from consumers and sectors such as education are expected to help the notebook numbers. According to research agencies, the year 201011 saw notebook volumes rise and for the first

time, a million-plus notebooks were sold in India in a single quarter. The market has grown nearly four times for notebooks. The demand is driven by all sectors and a very buoyant consumer market, which prefers mobile computers. Entiylevel notebook prices have dropped below the ?25,000 mark; this has helped break the ice with new customers. This drop in notebook prices has been helped by the drop in the prices of the building blocks that make a notebook. It’s simple. With notebook volumes growing, the prices of the components are also bound to come down.( ). 1) All this has resulted in a noticeable change in a number of large government tenders for notebooks; which were traditionally for desktops. 2) Because of this the government still prefers desktops to notebooks and has passed tenders for the same. 3) Thereby making them more expensive. 4) Thus, the forecast for the coming year states that desktops will be the preferred technology choice only for consumers who cannot afford the exorbitantly priced notebooks. 5) Thus, notebooks will become obsolete after a decade or so. Buoyant tending to rise or remain at a high level, indicating success Exorbitant - much too high or great; unreasojiabte Obsolete “ out of date; not in use

Answers and explanations 1. 3; The author is talking ,of development issues, not of actual number of years. So, we can rule out option (2). The sentence after the missing sentence starts with ‘but’ and is about the illiterate status of a large section of the population, so the previous sentence miist provide a contrast. The only option which does that is option (3), which is about technical advancements. 2. 2; As Raman’s outfit showed that he had spent money on it. The answer has to be option (2). 3. 2; As the election of Mr Shwazee came as a breath of fresh air, he was obviously not a case of ‘politics being the last resort of criminals’. 4. 2; While option (1) would seem a f»'asible option, the second statement about ‘red-spattered paths’ clearly connects up to option (2). 5. 2; Option (2) is the only one that gives a reason why tigers are not seen too frequently. 6. 2; Note the last sentence, ‘the only constant is change’, option (1) runs contrary to the theme of the passage, as ‘steadfast’ is the opposite of change. Option (3) would be a repetition of the

same idea. Option (4) is irrelevant to the context. 7.3; I ‘loved’ (past tense) implies that he may not feel the same now, option (2)is ridiculous, why would a kid be known as the king of passwords. Option (4) says he still loves password which is contr^ to the tone of the sentence. Option (1) jumps a step (from a kid’s bedroom to passecenter.com is not coherent). Only option (3) mentions the change in the author’s liking for passwords. I^ok at option (2), 90% is a large majority, therefore they can happen to ‘anyone’ is negated, thus option (2)is ruled out. No reason is tpentipned for option (3) - why should people ip IfQirig l?|B pipre affected? It is common knowledge that pollution does not lead to strokes. 9. 3; Note tffe opposing ideas in the sentence. Option (1) is therefore contrary to the tone of the sentence, ‘winning’ would imply the person’s havipg learnt things successfully, thus option (2)is out. Only option (3) n^ntions a opposition similar to the opposition mentioned.

Theme Completion 10. 3;The sentence talks of knowledge workers in general ‘doctors’ is just one specific example, thus option (1)is out. Option (2) mentions those who do not do ‘run-of-the-mill jobs' but we cannot conclude that they are ‘knowledge workers'. Option (4) does not get with the flow of thought. 11. 1; From the given sentences we can see that the topic being discussed is the misgiving and apprehension in companies despite the managements’ openness in dealing with change. In the options given option (1) is the most correct option as it states that the apprehensions that arise need to be addressed as part of a strategic communications plan, so we can see that it follows in continuity to the point raised in the first statement. Options (2), (3)and (4) when read do not fit as correctly into the context of the given sentence, 12. 2;From the given sentences we can see that the topiic discussed is the unwritten rules that eveiy company has and the relevance they have in the employees work appraisals. Option (2) is the correct answer as it continues with the thought expressed in the opening sentence about the unwritten rules, here the relevance of the unwritten rules are discussed, and this option also precedes the concluding sentence as it states that it is for the employees to piece the rules together. Option (1) which states that the employees are the ones who perpetuate these rules if it were so then the concluding sentence which says that the employees have to find them out by trial-and-error is contradictoiy to this statement so this option can be ruled out as the answer. Option(3) which states that the employers expect the employees to adhere to the spelled out rules, cannot be considered as the answer option as we are told that the rules are unwritten and have to be deciphered. Option (4) can also be ruled out as the correct answer option as it states that the power of the rules should nev^r be underestimated and does no^ ^t ipto the given sentence with contmuity. 13. 3;The given sentences inention the Videocon - Group’s chairman S K Shelgikar, here we are told ^at he took a deoieiou and iulfiled it two decades later^ ^he decision was to fulfil his moral obUgabona to society, so he now operates on a purely a^viaeiy capacity. Option (1) here the sentence atates that the time span is a lot, this has no particular relevance in the sentences so can be ruled out. Options (2) and (4) also when read do not make any sense in the context of the given sentence and be ruled out as the correct answer option. On the other hand option (3), which states that he has kept his word, fits with continuity in the context of

479 the given sentences and is therefore the correct answer. 14. 3; From the given sentences we can see that the criticism of management gurus and their theories is being discussed. Options (1) and (4) can be ruled out as the correct answer options as both talks about philosophies which are not mentioned in the first opening sentence and only later,so both do not keep the continuity of the sentence. Option (2) can also be ruled out because the phrase 'the pot calling the kettle black' is only used when we refer to someone finding fault in another for the veiy same fault which he or she has, here this option can be ruled out as it does not fit into the context of the given sentence. Option (4), which states that there are a lot of beliefs in the theories can also be ruled out as the correct answer as in the opening sentence the criticism of these theories is what is being discussed by the author. Lastly option (3) which states that the criticism of these management gurus is causing a lot of resentment against them when all they are actually trying to do is better the corporate world today. Therefore this option fits most correctly and coherently into the context of the given sentences and can be taken as the answer. 15.4; From the given sentences we can see that the topic discussed is a certain author’s book and the character’s in her book. Option (1), which mentions that Sigmund Freud later tried the same thing, is totally out of context with the continuity of the given sentences. Option (2), which states that the author was realist as well as a psychotic case, is again out of context because the word 'p^chological realism' does not mean that at all. Similarly, option (3), which talks about the Oversoul by Nietzche, is also not relevant in the context of the given sentence and can be ruled out as the correct answer. Option (4) is the correct answer as it explains the meaning of the word 'psychological realism', and so fits in continuity with the sentence. 16. 3;From the options (1), (2) and (4), none is as correct as option (3) which completes the given sentence correctly, hence the answer. 17. 4;The first sentence in the question talks of self directed - empowered employees. The sentence after the blank talks ofshared effort - groupings. Thus, only option (4) is the most coherently connecting statement. 18. 2; Option (2) is the most correct option as it continues by further elaborating on the experiment that the three men in question have developed hence the answer. 19. 3; Option (3) is the most correct option as it specifies the two factors that were a

480 disadvantage to labour. 20. 1; Option (1) is the answer option as it affirms the first sentence by elaborating that the diktats (rules) of conventional management mantras that apply eveiy where do not apply in civil aviation, and is the most correct answer. 21. 1; Option (1) is the answer as it follows in continuity to the previous sentence by further elaborating on the data and phenomenon mentioned in the sentence. The words revealed by observation are again mentioned in this sentence, and can be used as clues in selecting this option as the answer. 22.4; Option (4) is the answer option as it mentions that even men are liable to neglect their duties and read. The next sentence then continues by stating 'but women' which me,ans that this sentence is the correct one, which follows in continuity, hence the answer. 23. 3; Option (3) is the answer as it continues by stating that the ‘damage’ mentioned in sentence 1 is something that is to be repaired and also precedes the next sentence. 24.4; Option (4) is the answer as it precedes the next sentence in which it is mentioned that *when there was cause’ the individual in question spoke or was eloquent. Option (4)also correctly follows the previous sentence as it states that he spoke only when questioned and the opening sentence states that the characteristic of this individual was being more vigilant in study than in other things. 25. 1; Option (1) elaborates further on the ‘responsibility’ mentioned in the opening sentence, hence the answer. 26. 1; Option (2) cannot be considered as it states that ‘other theorists', whereas in the opening sentence it is generally 'theorists’ and not the debate by different types of theorists. Option (3) mentioned the ‘problem with the collision hypothesis’ and in the opening sentence there is nothing mentioned about the ‘collision hypothesis’. Option (4) is again incorrect as it states that ‘the collision theory' is testable and the previous sentence does not mention any such theory. Therefore we can see that option (1) is the most correct and concise option and is therefore the answer. 27. 2; Option (1) cannot be considered as the answer as in the previous sentence i': is mentioned that there was no character in musical drama. Option (3) is again not to be considered as it states that there was ‘integrity in character’, whereas in the previous sentence it is clearly mentioned that ‘there is no character’ in musical drama before Verdi. Option (4)is again not correct as it states that Verdi only revised his opera for dramatic economy,and we are told , in the previous sentence that Verdi was an

Test ofEnglish Language exception to drama and lack of character. Therefore we can see that option (2)is the most correct option as it fits into the sentence and is in continuity with the thought expressed in the first sentence. 28. 4; Options (1), (2) and (3) all can be ruled out as the correct answer whereas option (4) which sub characterises the predator and prey into both carnivores and herbivores. Therefore we can see that this option is the correct answer as it completes the sentence most coherently. 29.4; Option (1) cannot be taken as the answer as it states that ‘its rules are a direct expression of this feeling of cohesion’, whereas,in the previous sentence no feeling of cohesion is mentioned. Option (2) cannot be taken as the correct answer as it uses the words framed by Islamic states whereas the previous sentence mentions Jewish law. Option (3) is again incorrect as the answer as it states that‘Islamic law was never supported by an ....’ Whereas in the previous sentence we are talking about Jewish law and what makes it different from the laws of canon and Islam. Therefore we can see that option (4) which states what Jewish law consisted of is the correct answer as it completes the given sentence coherently and is therefore the answer. 30. 3; Option (1) cannot be taken as the answer as it mentions the differences between ‘highly creative art and highly creative science’, whereas in the opening sentence there is no mention ofcreative science. Option(2)can again be ruled out as the answer as it again mentions ‘innovative science’ and in the previous sentence only creative activity is mentioned. Option (4)is totally out ofcontext with the given sentences, as it mentions ‘music’ and nowhere is music mentioned. Therefore we can see that option (3) which further elaborates on ‘highly creative activity’ is the most correct option and is therefore the answer. 31. 3; Option (1) is incorrect as it states that ‘the number of indictments....’ and in the previous sentence it is just stated that the extraction of case histories is not the only use to which court records may be put Option (2) is again not the answer as it again mentions ‘pre industrial Europe’ and in the first sentence nothing about Ehirope is mentioned. Option (4) can also be ruled out as the answer as it states that ‘population is shaly* and in the previous sentence population is not at all mentioned. Therefore we can see that option (3)is the most correct option as it follows in continuity by further elaborating on the ‘records’ mentioned in the previous sentence. 32. 1; Option (1), which continues after the previous sentence by stating that though the number of

Theme Completion sites may fall, the impact will increase. 33. 3; Option (3) is the answer as it continues by further elaborating on the functions mentioned in the previous sentence. 34.4; Option (4) is the answer as it completes the sentence by stating that a country rich in land and poor in water cannot produce food or fiber. 35. 2; Option (2) is the answer as it continues by further talking about the explanation mentioned in the previous sentehce. 36. 1; Option (1) is the answer as it further elaborates on the boards mentioned in the previous sentence. 37. l;The first sentence talks of analysts and the only option which coiltinues to talk of the subject is (1). Therefore the right answer is option (1). 38.1;The answer can be reached by elimination. Option (2) can only follow the third sentence and not the first since it begins with ‘but it equally needs.’ Option (3) talks of the operating managers who are not in anyway related to the first sentence. 39. 1;The first line is positive whereas the line after the blank is negative therefore the most appropriate choice is option (1)as it begins with ‘but’ thereby indicating a transition in the line of thought. 40. 1;The first line talks of the good things in Indian educational system. The only option that lists the good things in Indian educational system is option (1). 41. 1; From the given sentence we can see that option (2) which states that the publications turned out by the director were often criticised... is not correct as the given sentence does not mention anywhere that he was a writer. Option (3) is again not correct in the context of the given sentence and option (4) again the word ‘publications’is not mentioned anywhere in the given sentence. Therefore we can see that option (1) his tenure proved that there was superiority of brains over technical writing completes the sentence most correctly and in continuity by further describing the tenure of the director and is therefore the answer. 42. 1; From the given sentences we can see that option (1) is the most apt answer as it further goes on to describe the switch made by Roosevelt, which was mentioned in the previous sentence. 43.4; From the given set of sentences we can see that option (4) is an ex£unple to show that the opinion that nuclear fusion power is free of radioactivity is a misconception. Therefore it is the answer, or hire one of them....voyage 44. 2; live, suggests a house boat. Hence, option (2) is the correct answer.

481 45. 2; Since the first sentence t^ks about polipaffected children and the last time about our cooperation, the blank takes a sentence that shows our cooperation. Hence option (2). [Option (1) is not suitable because children don’t need help to take the vaccine. We must ensure that they ‘get’ the vaccine so we must take them to the hospital]. 46. 2;The sentence that follows the blank talks about viewers increasing, hence option (2) which also talks of viewers fits the blank. 47. 3;This electricity ’ in the line th^t follows shows that the word ‘electricity’ must come in the blank. The sentence preceding the blank has mentioned solar panel, hence option (3) which mentions converting sunlight into electricity fits the blank. 48. 1;The sentence preceding the blank talks of ‘oi^e source of pollution’. Obviously the blank mpst have ‘another source of pollution’. The sentences that follow mention vehicle. 49. 3;....force them to take... legal action’ in the line that follows su^ests that the blank refers to some one who,has the authoriW to take action. 50.4; regarding actors as gods’, in the previous sentences suggests that the blank, has a sentence which shows people doing some thing in excess. 51. 2;The blank has a sentence which exemplifies the ‘simple truth about the importance of hygiene’. 52. 1;The line preceding the blank shows that the monkeys act like human beings. The line that follows says ‘In that case.... called monkey man’. So the sentence in the blank must show the monkeys acting more like humans. 53. 3; Qandhiji called the down cast people Harijan. The line that follows the blank says‘But now it is a word of insult’. So the blank must have the meaning of Harijan asintended by Gandhiji. 54. 2;The line preceding the blank says ..... relatives, will become Tewer.... The blank must show what happens in consequence. Hence option (2) or option (3) is also a possibility but option (2) seems better than option (3) in the context because we are talking about not having more relatives. 55. 5;The line preceding the blank says.... Increase This can be done only if computer literacy, people have ‘Access to computer ’. 56.4;The line preceding the blank says‘Goods have now flooded the Indian market’. The logical result is ‘Indian products are unable to withstand the competitiop.....’. 57. 4; Since the preceding line says that chess has ‘Umited appeal’ and the qext line says that is not ‘for the average person’, the blank is obviously option (4), 58. 4; Since the line that follows the blank says ‘But

482 we receive impressions through the other senses.... The blank obviously focuses on visual impression. 59. 3; Since the previous line talks about ‘uniform rules’ and the succeeding line about ‘foreign businesses’, the blank is about ‘rules for the native people’. 60. 2;The first sentence is about people who are passionate about technology.The third line says ‘consequently they never miss seminars...’ So the second line must give some reason for their attending seminars. 61.5;The first line talks about change in the education sector. The third about demand for teachers rising. So the second line has to be about the need for teachers despite the change in the education sector. 62.4;The first line is about globalisation. The third about MNCs dictating their will on the developing countries. The second line forms a bridge between globalisation and MNCs. 63.3;The first two sentences are about the dominance of Latin, then the national languages. The last line is about English being the best. The blank therefore is about the chslnge from national languages to English. 64.4;The sentences preceding the blank is about the agents of erosion-glacier, frost, wind. The sentence following the blank is about the effects of water. Hence the blank zeros in on water also being an agent of erosion. 65. 2;The first line is about the earthquake striking. The sentence that follows is its effect on a modern city. Hence the blank makes the transition from the earthquake to its results. 66. 3;The first sentence says that there can be no life without the Sun. The line that follows the blank says The sun also... provides’. Hence the blank is about the beneficial effects of sunlight. 67.5;The first sentence emphasizes the importance of hierarchy among humans and monke^rs. The sentence that follows focuses on a leader helping to arrive at a decision. Hence, the blank is about leadership. 68. 1;The first two sentences say that pests get used to pesticide. The line following the blank says Therefore .... a new method to control the pests.... So the blank is about pests becoming immune to the existing pesticides. 69. 3;The opening sentence is about heart diseases being an enemy of human body, the sentences that follow say ‘In developing countries as well.... So the blank is about heart diseases in developed countries.

Test ofEnglish Languttge 70. l;The first sentence says the poor are unconcerned about the size of the family. The sentences that follow the blank go on to give reasons why they are unable to appreciate the effects of over population. The blank is therefore about the primary reason why the poor have large families - and that is illiteracy. 71.4; We are talking about the creative child and what can nurture this talent. Hence the answer is option (4) which is about the school stimulating creativity. ; 72. 3;The first two sentences are about greed and corruption - they can be suppressed not eliminated. The final sentence says public life would becx)me cleaner. The blank is therefore about something done to suppress corruption, 73.4;The first two sentences are about colleges working more number of days. The last sentence says success cannot be measured only by results. So, the blank must balance quantity (number of working days)and quality (success). 74.5;The first statement speaks about hosting parties in the past. Option (5) speaks about the present trend in hosting parties and the specialised staff who are appointed for the purpose. 75. 1;The last statement indicates that the NRIs look for counter guarantees before investing in India. Option (1) is the best complement of this statement. 76.4;The paragraph is about the drought situation and the lack of snowfall. Option (4) is about the importance of snowfall to counter the drought situation. 77. 1;The fourth statement talks about the need for imagining one’s moods. Option(1)complements this statement and perfectly precedes the last statement. 78. 2; Option (2) meaningfully is perfectly precedes the third statement which talks about the player’s safety. 79. 5; Only option (5) precedes second statement perfectly because it says that a single qualification is not sufficient in getting a job. 80. 1; Only option (1) is a continuation of the idea expressed in the first sentence. 81. 1; Only option (1) speaks about the importance of spiritual workshops. 82.2; Option (2) is the ideal complement for the idea expressed in first statement. 83. 3; Option (3) speaks about the third category of people and ^eir attitude towards the loss of a life. 84.4 85.4 86.5 87.4 88.3 89. 1 90.5 91.4 92.2 93. 1

Chapter 15

Choosing the Suitable Filler Exercise-1 Direction: In each question, an incomplete statement followed by two fillers is given. From among fillers, pick up the one which can meaningfully complete the sentence. 1. Last night some people had their dinner in a ). But there were many people good hotel.( who suffered from food poisoning. A. The host paid lavish tips to the waiters. B. The hotel management, however, was careless about the hygienic conditions in the hotel. 2) Only B 1) Only A 4)Both A and B 3) Either A or B 5) None of these Lavish ° giving or doing something generously or excessively 2. Certain mammals live in ocean.( ). Their giant size is matter of curiosity for all of us. A. Whale is an example of such mammals. B. They look like fish and some of them like whales are of enormous size. 2) Only B 1) Only A 4)Both A and B 3) Either A or B 5) None of these 3. She is very much fond of children. (. J. The fact that she enjoys teaching them can be attributed to this factor. A. Though she doesn’t get opportunity to interact with them, she observes them carefully. B. She glows with happiness while teaching them and some emotional bond is generated between her and the children. 2) Only B 1) Only A 4)Both A and B 3) Either A or B 5) None of these Fond of “feeling affection for somebody; finding something pleasant or enjoyable Attribute ° caused by or produced by somebody/something; to regard something as belonging to 4. Eradication of illiteracy has been one of the primary objectives of planning in India.( ). Unless we have strong will-power for taking such a vital step, the realization of the objective is not possible.

A. Every student should come forward on his own for educating at least twelve illiterate persons in a year. B. Non-availability of funds and lack of manpower are the major problems. 2) Only B 1) Only A 4)Both A and B 3) Either A or B 5) None of these 5. India has made rapid strides in promoting ). Development of 26 cultivatioii of potato.( ● high-3delding varieties in the last one decade has changed the scenario of potato production considerably . A. During the last three decades, use of nine hybrid varieties has increased the 3deld. B. Besides, use of pesticides has reduced the loss in yield. 2)Only B 1) Only A 4)Both A and B 3) Either A or B 5) None of these Stride « one long step; the distance covered by one long step 6. Last night riot broke out in certain parts of the city.(_ ,). Now the situation is tense but under control. A. The administration swung into action in no time. B. Several people were hurt in clashes and taken to hospital. 2) Only B 1) Only A 4)Both A and B 3) Either A or B 5) None of these Swinsr into action ° to act quuMy 7. The debate was held in a proper manner.( ). They were given prizes by the organising committee. A. A group of college students participated in it and expressed their views on the given subject. B. The subject was of everyone’s interest. 2) Only B 1) Only A 4)Both A and B 3) Either A or B 5) None of these 8. Owing to heavy rain the cricket match was ). Otherwise they will have to postponed.( return the money of the spectators.

484 A. Spectators want to see a fresh match. B. Authorities will have to reorganise the match. 1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Either A or B 4)Both A and B 5) None of these Outing to “ because of or on account of something Spectator “ a person who watches a show or game. 9. Eradication of poverty is a serious issue. ( ). This is an alarming situation for any government. A. Poverty cannot be controlled by any government as it is natural. B. Poverty is the creation of governments. 1) Only A 2) Only p 3) Either A or B 4) Both A and B 5) None of these 10. The terrorists are hiding inside the mosque. ( ). Th^ uxe waiting for the response of the terrorists. A. The police have encircled the entire area. B. They are continuously firing from there. 1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Either A or B 4) Both A and B 5) None of these 11. I rushed to the spot where the accident occurred. t ) He was still breathing. A. I checked the victim’s pulse. B. The police were still to arrive. 1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Either A or B 4) Both A and B 5) None of these 12. The new police commissioner took over from Thursday. ( ) The commissioner resigned from his post by the following Monday. A. The spate of armed robberies in the city increased all of a sudden. B. There were also stray incidents of looting and arson in certain sections of the city. 1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Either A or B 4) Both A £md B 5) None of these Take over = to take control of or responsibility for something especially in place of somebody else Spate = a large number of things or events that occur suddenly and urithin a short period Stray ° separated from a group; not in the right place Arson ° the deliberate criminal act of settmg fire to a house or other building 13. The crow snatched the morsel of food from the dog’s mouth. (. ) It retaliated by chasing the crow. A. The crow was alone in the sense that there were no other crows wth it B. The dog seemed to have been taken aback by the audacity of the crp^^v.

Test ofEnglish Language 1) Only A 2) Only B . 3) Either A or B 4)Both A and B 5) None of these Morsel ° asmallamountorpiece ofsomething especially food. Retaliate “ to harm, injure etc somebody because they have upset one or caused one harm or injury Take somebody obaelc ° to shock or surprised somebody Audacious ●> showing a willingness to take rislq bold Audacity “ the wiUingness to take bold risks; rude or cUsrespectJul behaviour 14. The filmstars attended the premiere show on the condition that they would be provided VIP security at the auditorium. ( ) However fifteen minutes intp the show, a melee ensued due to some unknown reasons and there were no securitymen anywhere! A. When the filmstars arrived, there was a huge crowd waiting to receive them, along with a

15.

posse of policemen >yho seemed to have dampened the crowd's spirits to a certain extent. B. The stars arrived over an hour late but the police battalion managed to keep the crowd in control during that time. 1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Either A or B 4) Both A and B 5) None of these Melee = a confused crowd of people; a confused struggle Ensure ° to happen afterwards or as a result; to follow Posse “ o group of people brought together by an officer of the law to find a criminal, maintain order etc Deui^n ° to make somethirig less strong The most invigorating experience in a day is to wake up in the morning when the sun is just rising. ( ) The entire world seems to be a different place and one wishes to be Tar from' the maddening crowd’. A. The morning sun’s soft golden rays seem to add life to all objects on the earth — both animate and inanimate. B. The breeze seems fresh and one starts looking forward to the day with vigour and hope. 1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Either A or E 4) Both A and B 5) None of these Invigorqte ° to make somebody feel more lively and healthy Idgdden ° to make somebody angry or annoyed

488

Choosing the Suitable Filler 16. The participants at the meeting were very excited. ( __)Thqr were very shocked when the meeting ended. A. It was the Annual General Meeting of the company and there was a strong rumour that there would be increased bonus to the shareholders this time. B. But the MD said tbfat the company had suffered huge losses and so there was no question of bonus. 1) Only A 2) Only B 3)Both A and B 4) Either A or B 5) None of these 17. It started raining today early in the morning. ( )Office-goers had a harrowing time in going to and comiing back from office. A. The rain picked up as the day progressed and large areas of the city were.inundated. B. By night, however, the rains stopped. 1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Both A and B 4) Either A or B 5) None of these Harrowing = very distressing Inundate ° toflood aplace;to coveran area with a very large amount ofwater. 18. Initially, the entire prospect of sitting for the examination seemed veiy difficult.( )It was really a drilling experience. A. My nervousness declined. B. I had to appear in a lot of practice tests under simulated test environments to get a feel of the actual test. 1) Only A 2) Only B 3)Both A and B 4) Either A or B 5) None of these Drill ° to be trained or train somebody thoroughly by means of regularly repeated exercises. Simulated » artifldal but made to look,feel, etc Kke the real thing 19. I boarded a very crowded bus from the bus stop I )The conductor lost his temper. A. Some people were arguing with the conductor for no plausible reason. B. After the bus had travelled for some time, one of the tyres got punctured. 1) Only A 2) Only B 3)Both A and B 4) Either A or B 5) None of these 20. Five days after his operation, Vinoo was released from the hospital. (_ .) He started going to school within a week. A. On his way back home, he suddenly felt a pain in his leg. B. The doctors at the hospital were relieved that Vinoo had finally recovered. 1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Both A and B 4) Either A or B 5) None of these

Plausible

21.

22.

23.

24.

seeming to be right or reasonable; that can be believed Relieved » feeling or showing relief Some books leave’ us free; some books ‘make’ J In diction clear and in cadence us free, t fascinating the author has lucidly explained what fascism is. A. This volume belongs to the liberating category. B. The great depression is round the comer. 2) Only B 1) Only A 4)Both A and B 3) Either A or B 5) None of these Diction a style or manner of speaking; the choice and use ofwords Cadence “ the rise and fall of the voice in speaking Fascinating ° hairing great attraction and diarm Round the comer = very near With the enormous rise in incidence of hypertension, research on this topic has become ) Hence it becomes all too common.( necessary to sift through the merits and demerits of such research. A. However, the research we are talking about here is relatively better. B. This covers the salient points of what this all-too-silent disease is about. 2) Only B 1) Only A 4)Both A 8ind B 3) Either A or B 5) None of these Salient ° most noticeable or important; main Body language is a critical subtext in any communication.( )Both the negative and positive aspects of the approaches to the interpretation f body languages are discussed. A. The tips on interpretation and the summary pointers offer gist of the relevant texts. B. And the predominance of a particular mode in .an individual can be identified by certain cues. 1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Either A or B 4)Both A and B 5) None of these This focuses on enrichment and enlargement of knowledge and skill of the learners. ( ) However, that is more than just the ability to think about an issue which is only the first step. A. It is well accepted by the educators that it is important to develop self-direction in students. B. This leads to a continuation of their learning without constant supervision or assistance from an adult. 2) Only B 1) Only A 4)Both A and B 3) Either A or B 5) None of these

486

25. Apart from the mind-boggling population explosion, it is the phenomenal rise in the number of vehicles that has made a mess of the city.( )The number ofvehicles pl3dng on Delhi roads is equal to the number of vehicles in Chennai, Mumbaii and Calcutta put together! A. The NDMC has allowed parking of cars on footpaths in its jurisdiction. B. The 32 lakh vehicles in the city not only spew tonnes of pollutants into the air daily, but are also gradually eating into the road space. 1) Only A 2)Only B 3) Either A or B 4)Both A and B 5) None of these ilttnd-boggUng - extraordinary or astonishing Mess = a state of disorder; a difficult or confused state or situation Ply = to go regularly from one point to another and back again Spew = to rush out or make something rush out in a stream Bat into something to penetrate and destroy something gradually; to dissolve or corrode something; to use up a part ofthe available money, time etc 26. The interiors of DTC buses have only worsened as there is no upkeep worth the name.( ) Though a majority ofthe routes were thrown open to private operators in a bid to provide better service to commuters, they are as good as the DTC. A. E!ven the break in DTC’s monopoly over the city bus routes has not helped much. B. The Corporation has also placed orders for 500 new buses. 1) Only A 2) Only B 3)Both A and B 4) Either A or B 5) None of these Upkeep= the cost or process of keeping something in good condition and repair 27. Gandhiji tried to break the barrier between the small Westernised elite group at the top and the vast majority, especially rural people.( ) Our Westernised elite with borrowed and imported ideas are not likely to bring about the necessaiy changes in food security. A. The first step of the NGO was to win the trust from the villagers and to learn from them. B. He discovered the living elements in the old roots and tried to build upon them to awaken the masses out of their slumber and static condition and to make them dynamic. 1) Only A 2) Only B 3)Both A and B 4) Either A or B 5) None of these Slumber = a sleep

Test ofEnglish Language 28. The theme could have become too gloomy for children.( )It was honest in exposing the weaknesses of adults which percolate down to the children when they return to school. A. But humour kept the balance as did the effervescence of the depiction. B. Initially, the children bait one another, one boy even threats another with a paper toife. 1) Only A 2) Only B 3)Both A and B 4) Either A or B 5) None of these Gloomy = making somebody feel sad and depressed; nearly dark; not well Ut Percolate = to moi/e gradually through a surface containing tiny holes or spaces Effervescent = lively, excited and enthusiastic Depict = to show or represent somebody/ something as a picture; to describe something in words Bait = to try to annoy somebody by making cruel or insulting remarks. 29. There are two aspects of the question of reasonableness that have to be taken into account.( )Thus, if only certain portions of a film or writing are objectionable, the restrictions must be limited to those portions only. A. The restriction imposed must have a reasonable relation to the object it seeks to achieve. B. A total prohibition would be an unreasonable and excessive restriction on the freedom of speech and expression. 1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Both A and B 4) Either A or B 5) None of these 30. The way the organisation went about gaining the trust and confidence of the people, listening respectfully to their views and experiences, the consequences of their approach were enormous. I ). Their approach meant the restoration of the social fabric of their villages. A. Should a person trespass the protected areas, it is the gram sabha which takes action. B. It is they who see to the planting of the sacred. 1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Both A and B 4) Either A or B 5) None Restoration = the work ofbringing something back to aformer condition Trespass “ to entersomebody's land orproperty without their permission or other authority

487

Choosing the Suitable Filler

Exercise-2 Directions (Q. 1-17): In each question below, an incomplete sentence is given which is followed by three possible fillers denoted by (A), ((B) and (C). Find out which one, two or three of these fillers can make the sentence meaningfully complete and grammatically correct. 1. when the audience started throwing rotten eggs towards him. A. No sooner did he stand up to address B. No much before he stood up C. He had hardly stood up 1) Only C 2) Only B 3) Only A or B 4) Only B or C 5) Any one of the three 2. sacrifice their own self for the welfare of the common man. A. Not all men devoted to social service B. Only dedicated men C. In exceptional cases certain anti-social elements 1) Only C 2) Only A or C 3) Only B or C 4) Only A or B 5) Any one of the three 3. Natui^ calamities such as fioods, earthquakes, etc occur so suddenly and unexpectedly that A. people get hardly any time to save themselves B. man realises his limitations and supremacy of nature C. devastation cannot be prevented 1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Only A or B 4) Only A or C 5) Any one of the three 4. the poor students had managed to come out successfully with fl3dng colours. A. Despite lack of resources B. Owing to adverse circumstances C. It was a mere coincidence that 1) Only A 2) Only A or C I 3) Only B or C 4) Only A or B 5) Any one of the three Flying colours ° with great and obvious success 5. They appreciated my act of bravado because the life I saved was A. insignificant for them B. extremely precious C. reverent to them 1) Only B 2) Only C 3) Only A or B 4) Only B or C 5) Any one of the three Bravado = a display of bold talk or behaviour to impress other people Reverent = feeling orshowing great respectand admiration 6. In cultivating team spirit, one should not forget the importance of discipline( ). It is the duty

7.

8.

9.

of all the members of the team to observe discipline in its proper perspective. A. A proper team spirit can seldom be based on discipline. B. It is a well-known fact that team spirit and discipline can never go hand in hand. C. Discipline in its right perspective would mean sacrificing ‘self to some extent.’ 2)B and C only 1) A and B only 4) Either A or B only 3) C only 5) None of these Hand in hand ° closely associated; linked together By reading books even our natural talents are also developed because they get inspiration from these( ). Bacon has rightly said that some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested. A. Reading is an intellectual food for mind. B. There is no doubt that different persons choose different books according to their taste. C. Good and inspiring books can lead us to a noble and successful career in life. 2)B and C only 1) A and B only 4) A or B and C 3)A and C only 5) None of these Mr Raman is undoubtedly a competent ). So did the other professional. ( professionals in the company. A. Still he contributed significantly to the growth of the company. B. At times he has had serious differences with the Chairman regarding the corporate policies. C. He was not considered for the post of the Chairman. 2) Only A and C 1) Only A and E 4)B or C and A 3) Only B £ind C 5) A and B or C One of the major concerns of many European physicians today is the alarming increase in the incidence of suicides across the continent ( ). Among some age groups in Ireland, the increase is of the order of 700 per cent. A. In many parts of Europe, suicide has long been common among older people. B. Recent studies indicate that more Europeans take their own lives than they die on the highways. C. While the traditionally high suicide rates in Austria, Hungary, Switzerland and Scandinavia have remained relatively stable, the low rates in Latin and Catholic countries have begun to grow dramatically in the'last 20 years.

488

Test ofEnglish Language

1)Aand B 2) B and C 3) A and C 4) A, B and C 5) None of these Cf/ln the order » about something; of something approximately something 10. There has been pressure on employees for increasing profits.( ). Of these two, the latter seems to be more appropriate and keeps in well with social objective also. A. Profits can be increased by raising the selling price of the products. B. Reducing cost of raw materials is another strategy. C. It can also be achieved by augmenting labour productivity through employee motivation. 1) Only A and B 2) Only B and C 3) Only A and C 4) A and B or C 5)B and C or A Augment to makesomething largerin number or size; to increase something 11. It is pointed out that stable, matured companies generally distribute hi^ dividends.( ). It is suggested that matured firms, instead of distributing their earnings should put them to strategic uses for the long term vitality and survival. A. This displeases the shareholders of the company. B. This is not a sound policy in the long ran. C. The company should retain some portion of its earnings. 1) A and B only 2)B apd C only 3)A and C only 4) Either A or B and C together 5) Either C or A and B together 12. Ironically enou^,the very ‘success’of Operation Flood which is to make the cities flush with milk, has proved its undoing.( ). Does this mean that the needs of consumers at home are met? A. Farmers in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka and Kerala are now faced with a surplus of supplies for which there are no takers. B. Operation Flood requires genetically superior cattle which in turn have to be provided with fodder, now in short supply all over the country. C. Indeed, some experts in the Union Agriculture Ministry are even going so far as to surest that the country should export to neighbouring countries like Bangladesh. l)AandB 2) A and C only 3) A and B and C 4)B and C 5)A,B and C IronicaTIg ° it seems happening in the opposite way to what is expected, and often causing amusement because ofthis. Undoing = a person’s ruin or failure, or the cause ofthis. S3

13. It is good to remember that we won our struggle for freedom in a unique manner( ). But it is not good for diplomats to talk about this always. A. It is also good that our diplomats repeatedly make this known to the people world over. B. It is also good to remember that in some ways our foreign policy is unique. C. This is intensely exasperating and in the end becomes just boring. 1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Only C 4) Either A or B 5) None of these Exasperating = extremely annoying 14. Forests are gifts of nature.( ). Yet with the spread of civilisation man has not only spumed the forests but has been ruthlessly destro3dng them. A. It is on historical record that the vast Sahara desert of today once used to be full of thick forests. B. A large part of humanity still lives deep inside forests, particularly in the tropical regions of the earth. C. Human evolution itself has taken place in the forests. 1) Only A and B 2) Only C and A 3) Only C and B 4)C and A or B 5)A, B and C Spurn = to reject or refuse somebody/ something in a way that shows contempt for them/it. 15. The function was presided over by a wealthy industrialist who was alleged to be a tax evader. He had agreed to donate a huge sum.( ). They were of the opinion that both means and ends should be pure. A. He was invited not because he was genuinely interested in the activity, but he had agreed to donate a huge sum. B. Many organisers had reluctantly taken this decision because they felt that so long as they are doing good cause, it does not matter where the money comes from. C. Some of the organisers were opposed to this strategy of the other section of organisers. 1) Either A or B 2) B and C only 3) Either A or B or C 4) Either A and B together or B and C together 5) Either A and C together or B and C together Allege » to state something as a fact but without proof. Evade = to find a way of not doing something, especially something that legally or morattyoutto be done. Reluctant = unwUUng and therefore slow to act, agree etc 16. Commuting was not the only problem for the city dwellers.( ). Telephone exchange officials claimed that no complaints were received.

Choosing the Suitable Filler A. A number of‘down’trains were cancelled and *up’ trains were running behind schedule. B. C^ers to some exchanges were told that all lines were busy. C. Even the phone lines played truant. 1) Only A and B 2) Only B and A 3) Only A and C 4) Only B and C 5) Only C and B Commute « to travel regularly by bus, train or car between one’s place of work and one’s home. To play truant = to stay awayfrom doing his or her work or duty 17. In advanced countries, true professionals speak out against irrational and subjective decisions and actions ( ,). We are servile when we confront our superiors. A. In our country we do not disagree with our superiors. B. This is a terrible combination and makes us totally ineffective. C. We are feudalistic when we deal with our subordinates. 1) A and B only 2)B and C only 3) A and C only 4) Either A or B 5) A, B and C Servile = showing somebody too much respect Confront ° to face somebody so that they cannot avoid tt; toface and deal with a problem, difficulty etc Directions (Q. 18-22): In each question below, a theme is partially presented in two sentences. The complete theme comprises four logically arranged sentences. Out of these four the middle two sentences are not given. Three possible fillers denoted by (A), (B) and (C) are given below the partially provided theme. You have to find out which two or none can fill the gap between the two given sentences in the proper order to make the theme complete. Study the five alternatives (answer choices) carefiiUy and select one of them. 18. All our diverse experiences are manifestations of the mind. . The quality of that action depends on whether your mind is disciplined or not A. The internal environment, the individual’s physical body, and the place where it abides, the external environment, arise through the force of action. B. Depending on whether our mind is pacified or unruly, positive or negative, actions are committed. C. This is why advice about reading someone’s body language is so important. 1) Only B and A respectively 2) Only C and A respectively 3) Only B and C respectively 4) Only A and B respectively 5) Only A and B or C respectively

489 Abide “ to remain or stay in a place Pac^ = to make somebody calm and quiet Unruly = not easy to control or manage Mcuiifestation ° an event, an action, an object or a statement that shows something clearly for example, illustrating, or resultingfrom an abstract idea. 19. People of India want more implementation, not more promises and plans. , . This is because the approach to implementation and skills required must suit what has to be done. A. They want executives who can implement and institutions that can get things done. B. Aligned plans are required to accelerate progress on many fronts in India C. But first we must understand what is to be implemented 1) Only A and C respectively 2) Only B and C respectively 3) Only C and B respectively 4) Only B and A respectively 5) Only A and B respectively 20. Information sharing plays a critical role in .A facilitating industrial processes, strong distribution network in FMCQ sector is essential to ensure that supplies reach retailers on time and in the right quantities,avoiding either over supply or under supply. A. This sharing is the first step towards developing a high efficiency supply chain. B. In the fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) sector,a company’s operations depend largely on the effectiveness and efficiency of its supply chain. C. However, this is often one ofthe most focused industrial aspects, leading to demand forecasting and losses for the company. 1) Only B and A respectively 2) Only C and A respectively 3) Only B and A or C respectivly 4) Only A and B respectively 5) None of these FaciUtate ° to make something especially an action or a process easy or easier 21. Buying a new car isjust like a dream come true. . . Timely maintenance increases its life, dependability and value. A. A car depicts the personality of its owner. B. Once bought, though, a car involves high investment. C. Expenditure on car maintenance becomes imperative 1) Only B and A respectively 2) Only B and C respectively 3) Only C and B respectively 4) Only C and A respectively 5) None of these Imperative - xrery urgent or important

490 22. Agriculture has been commanding a pivotal .. As position in the Indian economy. a result of reforms, India’s potential for export of agro-products is now being seriously explored. A. India has been an agricultural exporter, for a fairly long time. B. Besides, any suggestion for producing just for export was seen unpatriotic. C. So far, it was strongly felt that we are just self-sufficient on the agro-products front. 1) Only A and B 2) Only A and C 3) Only B and C 4) Only C and A ; 5) Only C and B ^ Pivotal = of great importance because other things depend on U; central JSSxpIore = to examirie soniething thoroughly in order to test it or find out about it Directions (Q. 23-27): In each question below, two sentences or parts of sentences are g^ven with two blank spaces between them. From the three parts/sentences denoted by (A), (B) and (C) given below each, find out which two can fill up the blanks in proper sequence (ie the order in which these are given in the answer options) to make the sentence/group of sentences meaningfully complete. 23. Four years ago, I had a m^’or surgery, t ). ( ). I was too ill. (A) It left me disabled. (B) My attempts to go back to work could not succeed. (C) I had fully recovered except for some minor weakness. 1) Only (B) and (A) 2) Only (C) and (A) 3) Only (B) and (C) 4) Only (A) and (B) 5) Only (A) and (C) 24. Based on scientific research, scientists conclude that ( )( ), they will live even more than a hundred years. (A) keep themselves active all through (B) exercise more, ensure proper vitamin intake (C) human species, if they regulate their diet, 1) Only (A) and (B) 2) Only (A) and (C) 3) Only (C) and (A) 4) Only (C) and (B) 5) Either (C) and (A) or (C) and (B) 25. The Central Government’s plans to ( )( ) despite the fact that the opposition parties’ united front had mobilised support of general public at the outskirts of Mumbai. (A) defy the curfew imposed to prevent the proposed rally from protesting against the hike in petrol prices

Teat ofEnglish Language (B)curb the rally called for by the opposition succeeded due to ruling party’s ■announcement to (C) cancel all the trains entering Mumbai, 1) Only (A) and (B) 2) Only (B) and (A) 3) Only (B) and (C) 4) Only (A) and (C) 5) Either P) and (C) or (A) and (C) Outskirts = the parts of a town or dty that are farthest from the centre. Dqfy = to refiise to obey or show respect for somebody/something. Curb “ to prevent something from getting out ofcontrol; to restrain something. To call for ° to require, demand or need something 26. The economic gloom was exacerbated yesterday by Greek Prime Minister’s surprise announcement ( )( ), and vote might put the torturously conceived package in jeopardy. (A) that was struck last week (B) that he would recommend the P^liament to strike down the obnoxious deal (C) that his country would hold a referendum on the European debt deal 1) Only (C) and (A) 2) Only (B) and (A) 3) Only (A) and (C) 4) Either (C) and (A) or (B) and (A) 5) None of these Gloom = afeeling ofsadness and depression Exacerbate = to make a pain, a disease or a situation tvorse; to aggravate In Jeopardy ° at risk Strike down ° to make somebody unable to lead an active live Obnoxious = very unpleasant offensive Referendum = a vote taken on an important issue by all the people of a country, etc. 27. The world’s most powerful nations were warned )( ) and trigger mass social unrest. (A) that' could cost millions of jobs around the globe I (B) that international economy was on the brink of a deep new economic crisis (C) that the only solution was pumping a huge amount of monqr in the economy 1) Only (C) and (A) 2) Only (B) and (A) 3) Only (B) and (C) 4) Only (C) and (B) 5) None of these Unrest « a state of disturbance in which people are ar^ry or dissatisfied and likely to protest or fight On the brink of « the point or state very dose to the unknown, dangerous or exciting

491

Choosing the Suitable hitler Exercise-3 Directions: In each question, there is a group of sentences. There is a blank epace denoting a gap of a part of full sentence. Bach question has five alternative anstvers* Find out from the given answers, the one that exactly fits iiito the blank in the context of the group of sentencea ill the question. 1. A messenger from *X’ bank’s chairman called on the manager of our branch to deliver a special letter. The secretary to the manager requested as the manager was busy the messenger to in meeting with some other VIPs. 1) go to the manager of our branch 2) report to his chairman 3) return to his ofBce after handing over the letter 4) wait for a while in the lounge 5) discuss the matter with the branch manager 2., Mahesh goes out for a walk daily in the morning and crosses Ramesh exactly at the garden gate and wondered whether without fail. Mahesh Ramesh got indisposed or was out of town^ 1) met him yesterday exactly at the gate 2) missed him yesterday and day before 3) failed to go out for a walk today 4) had crossed him yesterday and day before 5) having met him yesterday, after a week Indisposed » ill 3. My friend had borrowed from me a loan of hundred rupees on 25th January, with a promise to repay it within three days. He repaid it on 31St January 1) as per his promise. 2) quite in time, with a thank-you note. 3) with a note of regrets for the delay. 4) with an appreciation for keeping the promise. 5) with a reminder to keep the promise. 4. I received my friend’s letter from Hyderabad on 25th May.The envelope containing the letter had a date stamp of Hyderabad post office with 19th that letter on or before May as the date. He _ 19th May. 1) obviously did write 2) ought to have obviously written 3) should have obviously written 4) could have obviously posted 5) must have obviously written 5. The landlord said to his servant,“Let’s not make a fool of ourselves by adopting such a stance”. The servant shot back, “What 1) other course would you suggest, sir 2) else can he do in these circumstances 3) other choice do we have 4) if we do not have other choice 5) should he do then Stance ° a moral or intellectual attitude to something especially one that is ejq>ressed publicly

r

6.

When we reached the crash site, we were delighted .. 1) on seeing no survivor 2) we saw eveiyone living 3) to seeing no one breathing 4) to see eveiyone alive 5) None of these 7. E^ven though the school premises had a lot of space, . 1) there were plenty of play areas for the children 2) there was no playground for the children 3) yet it remained underutilised. 4) there was no shortage of classrooms 5) None of these 8. but today, his performance was fairly interesting and riveted eveiyone to their seats. 1) He is a brilliant performer 2) He tried his best to entertain eveiyone 3) His performances are generally boring 4) Although he performed after a veiy long time 5) None of these Rivet “ to fasten something: to fix somebody/something in one place so that fhey/it cannot move 9. In order to help the organization come out of the huge losses, the employees . 1) demanded a compensatoiy package 2) started an agitation against the management 3) decided to join the rival organization 4) decided to file a case against the organization 5) None of these 10. before being packaged for distribution in the market. 1) The milk is pasteurized 2) After the milk is pasteurized 3) Until the milk is pasteurized 4) Firstly the pasteurization of milk 5) None of these 11. to control industrial pollution, the pollution from small scale industries has eluded solutions. 1) Instead of doing good job 2) While a commendable job has been done 3) Despite being succeeding 4) Even after failing 5) None of these Elude = to avoid somebody/something Commendable = deserving praise 12. Owing to the scare of the highly contagious disease widespread in the town, . 1) many people thronged to the multiplexes and malls during the long weekend 2) people have been advised to gather at the town square 3) government has failed to make any arrangement for vaccination 4) most of the people decided to stay indoors during the weekend 5) None of these

\

492

Test ofEnglish Language

“ to move as a crowd in a certain direction Square = an open area in a town, usually with four sides, surrounded buildings Although information technology has entered the homes offices and hearts of many citizens of India, . 1) India provides the highest number of IT experts to the world every year 2) many people in rural areas still remain ignorant of its immense benefits 3) government has done its best by funding research in this field appropriately. 4) the face ofcommunication in the years to come would change completely from the bygone years 5) None of these Bygone = past While the environment-friendly nuclear energy could make a large addition to the energy resources, . 1) experts have a lot of expectations from this cleaner method of producing energy 2) the government is determined to extract maximum out of this technology in the near future 3) international lobby has been pressurising the developing nations to shift their energy production from coal to nuclear power. 4) the problem of locating adequate numbers of uranium reserves to run the reactors is yet to be sorted out 5) None of these , experts proposed the idea of a common school system. 1) Overlooking the fundamental right of quality education of every child in India 2) Since the curricular requirements of a rural child is different from an urban child 3) Based on the fact that difference in the quality of schools acts as a ground for discrimination 4) Since a large percentage of Indian children are getting free education 5) None of these Curriculum the subjects included in a course of study or taught at a particular school, college etc. ,the soil today is nowhere as rich in native minerals as it used to be some centuries ago. 1) As there is a growing consent among farmers regarding limiting the use of chemical fertilizers 2) As the chemical inputs in agriculture improved the yield many folds 3) Owing td the uninhibited use of chemical inputs in agriculture 4) Awareness among farmers regarding the sideeffects of chemical farming grew when 5) None of these Throng

13.

14.

15.

16.

17. As allegations ofcrores ofrupees changing hands to permitillegal mining began to fly thick and fast, 1) government ordered an enquiry which exposed a nexus between mine operators and bureaucrats 2) it caused great damage to the surrounding ecosystem and the environment in general 3) the officials have been irresponsible in failing to bring it to the notice of Ae court in time 4) the powerful mining lobby had bribed the officials to obtain perihit for mining on ecologically sensitive land 5) None of these 18. Refuting the rationale behind frequent agitations for formation of separate States, a recent report 1) proved that such agitations result in loss of governmental property 2) indicated that the formation of small states does not necessarily improve the economy 3) suggested that only large-scale agitations have been effective in bringing out desired change in the past 4) recommended dividing large States into smaller ones to improve governance 5) None of these Refute “ to deny something; to say that something is wrong or not true; to prove something to be wrong Rationale = the prindples or reasons on which something is based 19. Overlooking the fact that water scarcity intensifies during summer, . 1) the government issued guidelines to all builders to limit their consumption to acceptable limits 2) provision for rainwater harvesting has been made to aid irrigation in drought-prone areas 3) the water table did not improve even after receiving normal monsoon in the current year 4) many residential areas continue to use swimming pools, wasting large quantities of water 5) None of these Overlook ° tofail to see or notice something; to miss something 20. He has lost most of his life’s earning in the stock market but . 1) he still seems to be leading his life luxuriously and extravagantly 2) he could not save enough to repay his enormous debts 3) stock market is not a safe option to invest money unless done with caution 4) experts have been suggesting to avoid investments in stock market because of its unpredictable nature 5) None of these

493

Choosing the Suitable Filler 21. Achieving equality for women is not only a laudable goal, . 1) political reforms are also neglected preventing women from entering legislatures and positions of power 2) the problem is also deep-rooted in the society and supported by it 3) their empowerment is purposefully hampered by people with vested interests in all sections of the society 4) it is also equally difficult to achieve and maintain for a long term 5) None of these Laudable “ deserving praise or admiration Hamper = to prevent somebody’s free movement or activity;to restrict or hinder somebody/ something Vested interest “ a personal interest in a state of affairs usually with an expectation and gaining something 22. or else thqr would not keep electing him year after year. 1) The party ledder gave a strong message to the mayor for improving his political style 2) Owing to numerous scandals against the mayor, he was told to resign from the post immediately 3) The mayor threatened the residents against filing a complaint against him 4) The residents must really be impressed with the political style of their mayor 5) None of these 23. How much a mem eeims is as important as 1) when does he do so 2) how does he do it 3) where does he earn 4) why does he earn of all 5) how well he spends it 24. He is so lazy that he . 1) always extends help to others to complete their work 2) dislikes to postpone the work that he undertakes to do 3) can seldom complete his work on time 4) can’t delay the schedule of completing the work 5) can’t depend on others for getting his work done 25. The doctor warns him that unless he gives up smoking . 1) will he be able to recover 2) he will not suffer 3) his health will soon be recovered 4) he will not recover 5) None of these 26. In order to raise the company’s profit, the employees . 1) demanded two additional increments

2) decided to go on paid holidays 3) decided to raise the cost of raw material 4) requested the management to implement new welfare schemes 5) offered to work over time without any compensation 27. The more we looked at the piece of modem art,

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

1) it looked better 2) the more we like it 3) we liked it less 4) the less we liked it 5) better we liked it I would not have helped such an ungrateful man. 1) Had I asked him for his help 2)Though he did not deserve any help at all 3) Had I been in your place 4) Even after knowing that he was ungrateful 5) If he had shown due respect to me To succeed in a difficult task, 1) one needs to be persistence 2) persistent is needed 3) you need a person of persistent 4) one needs to be persistent 5) persistent is what one needs Persistent = continuing without interruption Persistence = continuum ti> do something in spite of difficulties: the continuing existence of something The Chairman rejected the proposal ofincreasing employee’s salary because . 1) the number of employees in the company was very small. 2) the employees had been demanding it for a long time. 3) the company had already gained three thousand crore profit. 4) the company did not have sufficient funds to afford the rise. 5) it was not difficult for the company to bear additional burden. He always stammers in public meetings, but his today’s speech . 1) was surprisin^y fluent 2) was fairly audible to everyone present in the hall 3) was not liked by the audience 4) was not received satisfactorily 5) could not be understood properly Stammer = to speak with sudden pauses and a tendency to repeatthesamesound or syllable rapidly, either because ofhaving a speech problem orfrom I fear, excitement etc. Audible “ that can be heard clearly If you are unable to pay the amount by the specified date . 1) your name strike off our registers

494

Test ofEnglish Language

2) however your name will be strike off our registers 3) and your name will be struck off our register 4) your name will be struck off our register 5) None of these Strike off ° to remove somebody's name from something especially from membership ofaprofessionalgroup. 33. Many people have law degrees 1) and some of them do have practice also 2) but some of them do not practice it 3) but not all of them practice law 4) however it isn’t practised by all 5) yet some are not undergoing practices

34. Every person must learn . 1) to make wise use of his time 2) to using his time in a wisely manner 3) that his time needs a wise use 4) wise ways in his time’s use 5) that how wisely his time can be used 35. If they share burden alternately, they 1) can’t feel tiring 2) will get tired soon 3) won’t get tired 4) will get fatigued 5) don’t get tired “ very tired Fatigued

Exercise-4 Directions (Q. 1-5): In each sentence there is a blank. To fill up the blank, three words are given below the sentence which are denoted by (A),(B) and (C). Find out which one or two or three can be used to fill up the blank and make the sentence meaningfully complete. 1. This is the common followed by employees in many companies. A. sense B. practice C. outcome 3) Only C 1) Only A 2)Only B 4) A or B only 5) B or C only 2. In such a changing scenario, the outdated methods should be dropped. A. fast B. speed C. rapidly 1) A or B only 2) B or C only 3) A or C only 4) Any one 5) Only A this novel method in 3. He was the first to, our factory. A. initiate B. start C. implement 1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Only C 4) A or B only 5) Any one 4. After spending a small amount on medicines, he refunded the entire money to his father. A. remained B. balance C. residual 1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Only C 4)B or C only 5) A or C only 5. It happened inadvertently; he didn’t do it A. deliberately B. purposefully C. intentionally 1) Anyone 2) A or B only 3) A or C only 4) B or C only 5) None of these

Inadvertent

not done deliberately or intentionally Directions(Q. 6>10): In each of these questions, a set of3 or 4 sentences which convey an idea is given. Of these, one or two is/are suppressed. To flU up the spaces of the suppressed sentence(s) two possible fillers as (A) and (B) are givon. Find out which one, two or none can fill up the space of the suppressed sentence(s) to make the paragraph meaningful and mark your answer accordingly. Caution: While marking your answer please also consider the sequence of the sentences if both the sentences are required to fill up the spaces. 6. As far as aircraft maintenance procedures are ). Such a case concerned,they are rigorous.( may end up in disastrous results, though exceptionally. A. All problems are immediately corrected on almost every occasion. B. Only due to urgency or want of siircraft for substitution, certain ones are overlooked. 1) A and B 2)B and A 3) A only 4) B only 5) None Want of something = lack of something 7. The interrogation lasted for about nine full working days. I ). The judge observed that he was iippressed with the outcome as the involvement of the accused in the crime was crystal clear. A. Hardly anything worth the name came out of such a marathon interrogation. B. The prosecution lawyier, though in vain, had relentlessly applied all his wit to expose the accused. 1) A and B 2)B and A 3) A only 4)B only 5) None Marathon => a tasK event etc that lasts a long time and requires a lot of effort or patience. In vain ° without success Relentless = never ending; constant Wit ° quick understanding; intelligence

495

Choosing the Suitable Filler 8.

9.

J. It Autoriding is a veiy fascinating hobby.(. is obvious that they consider the hobby more important than anything else. A. Low or even middle income group people can’t afford it. B. I know many people who had missed many important cases or opportunities for pairicipating in autoriding. 3) A only l)AandB 2)Band A 4) B only 5) None There is no doubt that we must be fair and honest J. What you really are in all our dea][ings. (. is less important than what you are perceived by people around you. A. It means that perception assumes greater importance than reality. B. But even more important is how you are perceived by others.

3) A only 1) A and B 2)B and A 4)B only 5) None 10. The admiration for those who fight against corruption in high places has always been veiy spontaneous amongst the common people in India.( ). They unhesitantly appreciate such acts but.are afraid of openly doing so for fear of the higher-ups. A. They hold such people in high esteem who make sacrifices on principles and moral issues. B. They make verbose speeches of admiration and appreciation of such acts. 3) A only 2)Band A l)AandB 4)B only 5) None Sponteuieous °natural, not deliberately used or developed Verbose = using orcontaining more uxjrds than are needed

Answers and explanations Exercise-1 1. 2; Paying tips has got nothing to do with food poisoning. 2. 2: (A) is ruled out because the subsequent sentence has a plural pronoun whereas“whale” is singular. 3.2; (A) is ruled out because it says that there is no interaction between her and the children. Which, certainly, is not true about teaching.

4. 1; The clue lies in the phrase “such a vital step” in the subsequent sentence. 5. 4; Both the sentences are in tune with the general idea of the passage. 10. 1 7. 1 9.5 8.2 6.4 15.4 14.3 11.2 12.4 13.2 20.5 18.2 19.4 16.3 17. 1 25.2 24.4 21. 1 22.5 23.5 30.5 27.2 28. 1 29.4 26. 1

Exercise-2 1.1 6.3 11.2

2.5 7.3 12.2

1.4 6.4 11.2 16.3

2.2 7.2

4. 1 9.2 14. 3

5.4 10. 1 15.5

3* 3,

4.5

8.3

3.3 13.2 13^3

2-S 16.^ 10.4

10,31

3.4 8.4 13. 1

16.3

21.2

17.3 22.5 27.2

18.4 23.4

19. 1 24.5

20.4 25.3

22.4 27.4 32.4

23.2 28.3 33.3

24.3 29.4 34. 1

25.4 30.4 35.3

7.5

8.4

9.4

10.3

Exercise-3 12.4 17. i

18.3 20.1

21.S 26.8 31.1

Exercise-4 2-3

3:8

4.2

8.3

6.1

Chapter 16

Theme Detection Exercise Directions : Bach of the following questions contains a small paragraph followed by a question on it. Read each paragraph carefiilly and answer the question given below it. 1. The function of business is to increase the wealth of the country and the value and happiness of life. It does this by suppl3dng the material needs of men and women. When the nation’s business is successfully carried on, it renders public service of the highest value. The parcigraph best supports the statement that 1) all businesses which render public service are successful.

2.

;

3.

2) human happiness is enhanced only by the increase of material wants. 3) the value of life is increased only by the increase of wealth. 4) the material needs of men and women are supplied lay well-conducted business. 5) business is the only field of activity which increases happiness. Carry on = to continue doing something Render = to give something in return for something or because U is expected Enhance = to increase or improve further the good quality, value or status of somebody/something Education should not stop when the individual has been prepared to make a livelihood and to live in modem society. Living would be mere existence were there not appreciation and enjoyment of the riches of art, literature and science. The paragraph best supports the statement that true education 1) is focused on the routine problems of life. 2) prepares one for a full enjo3rment of life. 3) deals chiefly with art, literaturo mid science. 4) is not possible for one who does not enjoy scientific literature. 5) disregards practical ends. Through advertising manufacturers exercise a high degree of control over consumers’ desires. However, the manufacturer assumes enormous risks in attempting to predict what consumers will want and in producing goods in quantity and

4.

5.

distributing them in advance of final selection by the consumers. The paragraph best supports the statement that manufiicturers 1) can eliminate the risk of over-production by advertising. 2) completely control buyers’ needs and desires. 3) must depend upon the final consumers for the success of ttieir undertakings. 4) distribute goods directly to the consumers. 5) can predict with great accuracy the success of any product they put on the market. Bnormoua « very large; huge;immense It is often the case that our friends share beliefs and attitudes similar to ours. Indeed, this may have been one reason for becoming friends in the first place. For example, non-smokers tend, by and large, to have non-smoking friends and supporters of the same football team may have this common feature as one basis for their liking of each other. The paragraph best supports the statement that 1) most of the people live in similar conditions. 2) adversity brings the people of differing views together. 3) liking others is the inherent characteristic of people. 4) people always try to rest on their laurels. 5) birds of a feather flock together. By and large ° in general; generally speaking Adversity “ difficutties; trouble; misfortune Inherent = existing as a natural or permanentfeature or quality of something/somebody Laurels = honour and distinction following a great achievement Flock = to go orgather together in great numbers Rest on one*s laurels ° to feel so satisfied with what one has already done or achieved that one does not try to do any more Honest people in one nation find it difficult to understand the viewpoints of honest people in another. Foreign ministries and their ministers exist for the purpose of explaining the viewpoints of one nation in terms understood by the

Theme Detection

6.

7.

ministries of another. Some of their most important work lies in this direction. The paragraph best supports the statement that 1) people of different nations may not consider matters in the same light. 2) it is unusual for many people to share similar ideas. 3) suspicion prevents understanding between nations. 4) the chief work of foreign ministries is to guide relations between nations united by a common cause. 5) the people ofone nation must sympathise with the viewpoints of the people of other nations. The 26-day-long nationwide strike of university and college teachers was called off on Saturday evening after a settlement between the government and the teacher’s representatives. The government assured the representatives that no punitive action will be taken against those who took part in the strike. The paragraph best supports the statement that 1) The teachers had called an inordinately lengthy strike. 2) The government was very polite in dealing with the striking teachers. 3) There was some sort of an understanding arrived at between the teachers and the government. 4) The government had intended to punish the teachers for their strike. 5) None of these Call something off » to cancel or abandon something Punitive ° intended as punishment; very severe; harsh Inordinate = beyond proper or normallimits; excessive Almost two-thirds of US medical schools now teach alternative therapies, including chiropractic, acupuncture, herbal remedies, and mind-body medicine,a survey found.It also found that 75 of the 117 responding schools offered elective courses in alternative medicine or included those topics in required courses. The paragraph best supports the statement that 1) The US is on the verge of adopting an alternative medicinal system. 2) Surveys such as these are eye-openers to the changing society of our times. 3) Alternative medicinal systems are more effective than the usual medicinal system, for them to be adopted in a country like the US. 4) Schools in the US have brought about a change in medical courses, by incorporating them in their syllabi. 5) None of these

497 Chiropractor

“ a person whose pb is treating disorders in people's joints especially those of the spine by using her or his hands to press and move the bones Chiropractic the work ofa chiropractor. On the verge of ° at or dose to the point where something new begins or takes place Bring about to make something happen 8. According to the American Express Global Shopping Monitor for 1998, Indians will feature as the highest spenders amongst those travelling abroad this year. They will be spending largely on electronics — the highest amongst all nationalities. Further, unlike the British or the Brazilians — among 13 nationalities covered in the just released survey — Indians won’t do an3Tthing so unbusinesslike like lazing on the beach, but will do some determined sightseeing in their leisure time. The paragraph best supports the statement that 1) The British and the Brazilians do not spend much abroad. 2) Indians do not waste their time in leisure activities abroad. 3) Indians are veiy businesslike when they are abroad, and are the top spenders in foreignmade consumer durable goods. 4) Sightseeing on a foreign travel is not a leisurely activity. 5) None of these 9. A majority of today’s youngsters feel they are in control of their lives and are confident about their future. They seem to understand well that in today’s competitive world one should learn to stand on one’s own two feet. The paragraph best supports the statement that 1) Today’s youngsters are more farsighted than their ancestors about their present and future. 2) There is a need to be competitive in today’s world. 3) Youngsters are the torch-bearers of the society. 4) Standing on one’s feet is veiy important today. 5) None of these 10. Consumption of adulterated mustard oil in Delhi has led to over 40 deaths due to dropsy in the past few days. This has eventually led the Delhi government to ban the sale of mustard oil in all forms in the capital. Similar orders to ban the sale of mustard oil have also been issued in other states as well. The paragraph best supports the statement that 1) Drop^ is a deadly disease. 2) Adulterated mustard oil is a cause for dropsy.

498

Test ofEnglish Language was all a vital part of their learning. Exploitation of children at work or making them work at the expense of education has always attracted the flak of sensible people. The passage is concerned with thefact that 1) Child labour is the bane of India. 2) Ancient education system involved the active participation of child labour. 3) The phenomenon of child labour in India is not recent.

3) Drop^ has spread to other states apart from Delhi. 4) The Delhi government has banned the sale of adulterated mustard oil in all forms due to

11.

the outbreak of dropsy. 5) None of these Adulterate = to make something poor in quality by adding another substance “ a condition characterised by an Dropsy excess of watery fluid coUecting in the cavities or tissues of the body. Also called edenuu Bventually ■=■ in the end; at last No sane person can call it fun to make a fresher walk on the ledge of a building and ask him to jump off. Nor can one find anything amusing in asking a girl to strip in public. The boy fell off the wall and suffered irreparable injuries and the girl went through untold mental agony. Is it possible that such experiences would make them “feel at home" in their new environs and build a

13.

strong bond with their seniors? Obviously not. What it does, instead, is to blight a bright career or even end it altogether as the victim is driven to suicide.

12.

>1

The following statement can be best made on the basis of the passage: 1) We are living in an increasingly violent society. 2) Ragging should be banned at all costs. 3) Sensitivity to human and social problems must be inculcated in our youth. 4) Society today is beset by the competitive urge. 5) The problem mentioned has psychological and socio-cultural roots. Sane « having a normal healthy mind; not mad Ledge “ arwarrow shelfprojectingfromawaU, cliff etc. Strip “ to remove a layer or layers of coverings, clothes, etc from something/somebody especially so that it/they is/are completely bare. Untold ° too many or too much to be counted, measured etc At home ° at one’s ease, as if in one*s own home Blight = to spoil or ruin something Inculcate ° to ^ ideas, principles, etc firmly in somebody's mind especially by often repeating them Beset = to trouble or threaten somebody/ something constantly and from all sides Urge “ strong desire or impulse Even a long time back children were being sold and purchased as slaves to the rich. Poor children were also employed in well-to-do houses. Generally, parents would involve their children in their own professions. In the Gurukul system of education, the students were asked to perform various tasks for their teachers like begging for food, collecting fuel and milking cows, though it

4) Indian children can be bullied easily. 5) There are a large number of child labourers in India. At the ejq>ense of ° with loss or damage to something something Flak = severe critidsm The bane of somebody » a cause of great trouble /something and annoyance Bully ° to frighten or hurt a weaker person or group Parents are willy-nilly the consenting parties to the hurtful experiences of the children. They plant in their wards a hawkish competitive spirit, which can cause neurotic disorders. The violence thus committed by the society on children has its own fallout. Education which is supposed to be rich, constructive, creative and a dialogical process becomes monotonous and mechanical and is reduced to a mere merchandise. Pleasure of learning seems to be a thing of the past. The basic idea of the passage is that 1) Education seems to be only achieving a more distorted society. 2) Education involves strengthening of character and consolidation of the moral fibre. 3) Remedial measures must be taken to make children’s education more creative.

14.

4) Education policies should be better handled. 5) Education must lead to a better life. because of What role should the US play in slowing down environmental destruction? 1) Compromise on funding of scientific research into alternative energy sources. 2) Create a forum for nations to arrive at a consensus on how to deal with environmental threats. 3) Bring pressure on middle-income countries to draft an environmental policy.

8.

5) Concentration of carbon will reach pre industrial levels. To bear the brunt of something = to receive the mainforce ofsomething unpleasant Which of the following is a means to reduce the environmental threat to growth? (A) Governments should conduct a cost-benefit' analysis of various environmental protection measures and implement tliose which are cost-efficient. (B) Participation of all countries in arriving at a consensus on measures necessary to combat environmental challenges to growth (C)Scientists not economists should ^tennine the risks to globalisation. 1) None 2)OnlyB f> . 3) Both A and B 4) All A, B^C 5) None of these Combat = to stop something unpleasant or harmful frorrvi^gfpening or from getting worse What is the view of scientists on the current climate change? 1) Rich countries are solely responsible for global ' warming.

616

Test ofEnglish Language

2) Pre-industrial levels of carbon concentration are unachievable. 3) Controlling rise in global temperature is possible by maintaining carbon concentration below a certain level. 4) Massive climate instability is unavoidable and the focus should be on measures to cope with the fallout. 5) None of these Fall-out = the bad results of a situation or an action 9. What impact has globalisation had on India? 1) It has exacerbated the fallout of environmental degradation. 2) Its economic benefits are not felt by all its citizens. 3) India has ignored infrastructure development. 4) Professionals have left to seek better employment in foreign countries. 5) None of these Exacerbate ° to nudoe something worse,especially a disease orproblem; to aggravate 10. Which of the following factors has contributed to global wanning? (A) Failure to provide incentives to poor countries to implement environmental policies. (B) Sanctioning tradeable emission permits. (C)Environmental policies adopted by rich countries have not been successful in middleincome countries. 1) None 2)Both Aand B 3) Only C 4) Both A and C 5) None of these Directions (Q. 11-13): Choose the word which is most nearly the SAME in meaning as the word printed in bold as used in the passage. 11. ABATING 1) relaxing 2) alleviating 3)vaiying 4) intensifying 5) contracting 12. STAKE 1) perspective 4) gamble 13. PROVOKE 1) cause 4) irritate Exasperate

2) chance 5) share

3) support

2) inspire 3) exasperate 5) tempt = to annoy or irritate somebody very much; to infuriate Directions (Q. 14-15): Choose the word which is most OPPOSITE in meaning of the word printed in bold as used in the passage. 14. PROPEL 1) sanction 2) collapse 3) discourage 4)abhor 5) deplete Abhor = to hate something,forexample a way of behaving or thinking, especially for moral reasons Deplete = to reduce something by a large amount so that there is not enough left i

15. EMULATE 1)copy 4) originate

2)fake 5) rival

3) replace

Passage 36 Political ploys initially hailed as masterstrokes often end up as flops. The Rs 60,000-crore farm loan waiver announced in the budget writes off 100% of overdues of small and marginal farmers holding up to two hectares, and 25% of overdues of larger farmers. While India has enjoyed 8%-9% GDP growth for the past few years, the boom has b3rpassed many rural areas and farmer distress and suicides have made newspaper headlines. Various attempts to provide relief (employment guarantee scheme, public distribution ^stem) have had little impact, thanks to huge leakages from the government’s lousy delivery systems. So, many economists think the loan waiver is a worthwhile alternative to provide relief. However, the poorest rural folk are landless labourers, who get neither farm loans n^ waivers. Half of small and marginal farmers get no loans from banks and depend entirely on moneylenders, and will not benefit. Besides, rural India is full of family holdings rather than individual holdings, and family holdings will typically be much larger than two hectares even for dirt-poor farmers, who will, therefore, be denied the 100% waiver. It will thus fail in both its economic and political objectives. IRDP loans to the rural poor in the 1980s demonstrated that crooked bank officials demand bribes amounting to one-third the intended benefits. Very few of the intended beneficiaries who merited relief received it. After the last farm loan waiver in 1990, many banks went slow on fresh farm loans for some years. This waiver will similarly slow down fresh loans to deserving farmers. While overdues to co-operatives may be higher, economist Suijit Bhalla says less than 5% of farmer loans to banks are overdue, ie overdues adst for only 2.25 million out of 90 million farmers. If so, then the 95% who have repaid loans will not benefit. They will be angry at being penalised for honesty. . The budget thus grossly overestimates the number of beneficiaries. It also underestimates the negative effects of the waiver—encouraging wilful defaults in future and discouraging fresh bank lending for some years. Instead of tiying to reach the needy through a plethora of lealty schemes we should transfer cash directly to the needy, using new technology like biometric smart cards, which are now being used in many countries, and mobile phone bank accounts. Then benefits can go directly to phone accounts operable only by those with biometric cards, ending the massive leakages of current schemes. The political benefits of the loan waiver have also been exaggerated since if only a small fraction of farm families benefit, and many of these have to pay bribes to get the actual benefit, will the waiver really be a

617

Reading Comprehension massive vote-winner? Members of joint families will feel aggrieved that, despite having less than one hectare per head, their family holding is too large to qualify for the 100% waiver. All finance ministers, of the central or state governments, give away freebies in their last budgets, hoping to win electoral regards. Yet, four-fifths of all incumbent governments are voted out. This shows that beneficiaries of favours are not notably grateful, while those not so favoured may feel a^^ieved, and vote for the Opposition. That seems to be why election budgets constantly fail to win elections in India and the loan waiver will not change that pattern. Ploys = words or actions that are carefully planned to get an advantage over somebody else Hail = to describe somebody/something as being very good orspecial, especially in newspapers etc Masterstroke ° something clever that you do that gives a successful result To write off = to cancel a debt Lousy = very bad Demonstrate “to show something clearly by giving proof or evidence Crooked “ dishonest Bribe “ a sum of money or something valuable that you give or offer to somebody to persuade them to help you, especially by doing something dishonest Beneficiary = a person who gains as a result of something Plethora = an amount that is greater than is needed or can be used; excess Biometric = using measurements of human features, such asfingers or eyes, in order to identify people Aggrieved = feeling that you have been treated unfairly Freebie “ something that is given to somebody without payment, usually by a company Incumbent = having an official position 1. Why do economists feel that loan waivers will ‘ benefit farmers in distress? 1) It will improve the standard of living of those farmers who can afford to repay their loans but are exempted. 2) Other government relief measures have proved ineffective. 3) Suicide rates of farmers have declined after the announcement of the waiver. 4) Farmers will be motivated to increase the size oftheir family holdings not individual holdings. 5) The government will be forced to re-examine and improve the public distribution system. Exempt = to give or get somebody’s'official permission not to do something or not to pay something they would normally have to do orpay

2.

What message will the loan waiver send to farmers who have repaid loans? 1) The Government will readily provide them with loans in the future. 2) As opposed to moneylenders, banks are a safer and more reliable source of credit. 3) Honesty is the best policy. 4) It is beneficial to take loans from co operatives since their rates of interest are lower.

3.

4.

5) None of these What is the author’s suggestion to provide aid to farmers? 1) Families should split their joint holding to take advantage of the loan waiver. 2) The government should increase the reach of the employment guarantee scheme. 3) Loans should be disbursed directly into bank accounts of the farmer using the latest technology. 4) Government should ensure that loan waivers can be implemented over a number of years. 5) Rural infrastructure can be improved using schemes which were successful abroad. Disburse = to pay money to somebody from a large amountthat has been collected for a purpose What was the outcome ofIRDP loans to the rural poor? 1) The percentage of bank loans sanctioned to family-owned farms increased. 2) The loans benefited dishonest moneylenders, not landless labourers. 3) Corrupt bank officials were the unintended beneficiaries of the loans. 4) It resulted in the government sanctioning thrice the amount for the current loan waiver.

S.

● 5) None of these What are the terms of the loan waiver ? (A) One-fourth of the overdue loans of landless labourers will be written off.

6.

(B)The Rs 60,000-crore loan waiver has been sanctioned for 2.25 million marginal farmers, v (C)Any farmer with between 26 per cent and 100 per cent of their loan repayments overdue will be penalised. 1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Both B and C 4) All A, B and C 5) None of these What is the author’s view of the loan waiver? 1) It will have an adverse psychological impact on those who cannot avail of the waiver. 2) It is a justified measure in view of the high suicide rate among landless labourers. 3) It makes sound economic and political'sense in the existing scenario. 4) It will ensure that the benefits of India’s high GDP are felt by the rural poor. 5) None of these

618 7.

Test ofEnglish Language Which of the following cannojt be said about loan waiver? (A) Small and marginal farmers will benefit the most. (B) The loan waiver penalises deserving farmers. (C)A large percentage ie ninety-five per cent of distressed farmers will benefit.

8.

9.

1) Only C 2) Both A and C 3) Only A 4) Both B and G 5) None of these Which of the following will definitely be an impact of loan waiver? (A) Family holdings will be split into individual holdings not exceeding one hectare. (B) The public distribution system will be revamped. (C)Opposition will definitely win the election. 1) None 2) Only A 3) Both A and B 4) Only C 5) All A, B and C Revamp = to make changes to the form of something, usually to improve its appearance What impact will the loan waiver have on banks? 1) Banks have to bear the entire brunt of the write-off. 2) Loss of trust in banks by big farmers 3) Corruption among bank staff will increase. 4) Farmers will make it a habit to default on loans.

10.

5) None of these Write-off = an act of counselling a debt and accepting that it witt never be paid According to the author, what is the government’s motive in sanctioning the loan waiver? 1) To encourage farmers to opt for bank loans over loans from moneylenders 2) To raise 90 million farmers out of indebtedness 3) To provide relief to those marginal farmers who have the means to but have not repaid their loans

4) To ensure they will be reelected 5) None of these Directions (Q. 11-13): Choose the word which is most nearly the SAME in meaning as the word printed in bold as used in the passage. 11. INCUMBENT 1) mandatory 4) la^ Officious

12.

2) present 3) incapable 5) officious = to ready to tell people what to do or to use the power you have to give orders; sefl-important

Mandatory ° required by law; compulsory ploys 1) surveys 2) entreaties 3) ruses 4) conspiracies 5) assurances Entreaty = a serious and often emo tional request

Ruse

= a way of doing something or of getting something by cheating somebody

13. aggrieved 1) vindicated 4) wronged Vindicate

2) intimidated 3) offensive 5) disputed ° to prove thjcA something is true or that you were right to do something, especially when other people had a different opinion Intimidate = tofrighten or threaten somebody so that they wUl do what you want Directions (Q. 14-15): Choose the word/phrase which is most OPPOSITE in meaning of the word printed in bold as used in the passage. 14. PLETHORA 1) dearth 4) sufficient Dearth 15. MERITED

2) missing 3) superfluous 5) least = a lack ofsomething; scarcity

1) ranked 2) unqualified for 3) lacked 4) inept at 5) unworthy of Inept at ° acting or done with no sIdU

Passage 37 Over the past few decades, many Asian nations transformed from poverty into global competitors. From 2003 to 2007,Asian economies expanded at an average annual rate of8.1%,triple that ofadvanced economies. Over the same period, inflation in Asia averaged only about 3.5%. But Asia could be facing turbulent economic times. In May, the average 'nflation rate . throughout the region reached nearly 7° ^d by spikes in oil and food prices! In India, inflation jumped to an 11.6% annual rate in June, according to die latent government figures, the highest in 13 years. Policymakers&hd central bankers are forced to rai^e interest rates and limit credit to get inflation under control. But these same measures suppress the investment and consumption that generates growth. The combination of slowing growth and soaring inflation makes economic policymaking tricky. Inflation stirs up the middle classes because it can quickly erase years of hard-won personakeains. Inflation is cruel to the poor, because famili^ have to spend a larger share of their meagre incomes on necessities. In the Philippines, farmers, unable to afford fuel for tractors, use water buffaloes to plough their fields. But to avoid unrest, leaders cannot blindly adopt rigid anti-inflation measures. Voters:^bn’t hesitate. to remove from office any politician wha^b’esn’t deliver the goods. So they cannot overreact to thq .●infja’tion threat and scale down economic growth in the process. Developing nations need to grow quickly to create, jobs and increase incomes for their large populations. With prices soaring, doing nothing is not an optioii; hlost central banks in Asia have started raising interest rates. The Reserve Bank of India increased its

619

Reading Comprehension benchmark rate twice last month to st Sfac-year high of 8.5%.

(A) Increase in benchmark interest rate by a central bank

The challenge is especially difficult because currently, inflation is not of domestic origin. Prices are being driven higher by a global surge in oil and food prices, which individual governments can do little to control. Of course, inflation is not just a problem in Asia. World Bank President Robert Zoellick called

(B) Checks on lending (C)Subsidising fuel for farmers 2) Both A and B 1) Only C 4) Only B 3) Both B and C 5) None of these What makes it difficult for Asian countries to control inflation?

3.

rising food and oil prices a man-made “catastrophe” that could quickly reverse the gains, made in overcoming poverty over the past seven years. For now, though, there is more talk than actidii on the international front, so Asian governments are on their own. Even though inflation throughout the region is likely to continue to rise in comirig moriths, no one is expecting an economic calamity. According to the Aslaft Development Bank, Asian countries have large hard currency reserves and relatively healthy banks, and so Eire far better prepared to absorb external shocks than they were during the region’s last recession ten years ago. Asian policymakers have learned their lessons and are more alert. Turbulent ■=■ in which there is a lot of sudden change, confusion, disagreement and sometimes violence Spike “ a sudden large increase in something Soar “ if the value, amount or level of something soars, it rises very quickly Stir up = to encourage somebody to do something; to make somebody feel they must do something; to make people feel strong emotions Meagre ° smallin quantity and poor in quality Unrest = a political situation in which people are angry and likely to protest or fight Scale down = to reduce the number, size or extent of something = a sudden increase in the amount or Surge number of something Catastrophe^ an event that causes one person or a group ofpeople personal suffering, or that makes difficulties Calamity ° an event that causes great damage to people’s lives, property, etc 1. Which of the following can be said about Asian economies during the period 2003-07? (A) Though inflation was rising at the time politicians did not pay much attention. (B) Many of the poor countries were able to compete internationally. (C)The growth rate of Asian countries was facilitated by growth in advanced countries. 1) All A, B and C 2) Only) A 3) Only B 4) Both A and B 5) None of these 2. Which of the following is not an anti-inflation measure being used by Asian countries?

1) Restrictions by organisations like the Asian Development Bank 2) Governments are indecisive and adopt counter-productive measures. 3) The problem is global in nature and not restricted to their individual countries. 4) Countries have never faced a financial crisis 5) Economic growth cannot occur in the absence of inflation. 4.

5.

Why are experts not very concerned about the impact of inflation on Asian economies? (A) Asian countries have not maintained substantial hard currency reserves. (B) The condition ofAsian banks is currently both Stable and strong. (C)The Asian Development Bank will bail them out of any trouble. 2) Both A and C 1) Only A 4) Only B 3) Both A and B 5) None of these Bail out = to rescuefrom a difficult situation Taper off “ to become gradually less in number, amount, decree, etc On your own = without help; alone; without anyone else What is the author’s advice to politicians regarding the handling of inflation? 1) They should focus on preventing agitations among their citizens not implementing anti inflation measures. 2) They ought to implement anti-inflation measures even at the cost of losing office. 3) They must focus on maintaining high economic growth rate as inflation will taper off on its own.

6.

7.

4) Countries should handle the problem independently and not collectively. 5) None of these What could the impact of stringent inflation measures be? 1) Increased consumption as families spend a larger part of their income on essential goods. 2) Politicians may be voted out of power 3) Economic growth rate remains constant 4) Oil prices within the country remain stable despite high global prices. 5) None of these Stringent =● very strict and that must be obeyed Why is high economic growth necessary for developing countries?

620

Test ofEnglish Language 1) To catch up with the growth rate of the advanced countries 2) To sustain their economies despite the illeifects of inflation 3) To provide better educational opportunities to their citizens. 4) To create employment opportunities for citizens 5) None of these To catch up with = to reach the same level or standard as somebody who was better or more advanced

8.

Why has inflation been referred to as a “catastrophe*? 1) Prices of essential commodities are un^ordable for all. 2) Our past efforts to reduce poverty will be

nullified. 3) Governments are unstable and do not take stringent decisions. 4) It has divided countries rather than ensuring co-operation among them. 5) None of these = invalidate Nullify 9.

Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? (A) Growth rate in advanced countries was low so the effects of inflation were not felt. (B) Closing the economy to global markets will reduce inflation. (C)India has been the most severely affected by inflation.

1) None 2) Only A 3) Only B 4) Both B and C5) AU A, B and C 10. Which of the following factors was responsible for inflation in India? 1) Reserve Bank of India raising the interest rates very frequently 2) High population growth 3) Sudden rise in prices of oil worldwide 4) Reckless competition with China 5) None of these Directions (Q. 11-13): Choose the^word which is most similar in meaning to the word printed in bold as used in the passage. 11. STIRS 1) trembles 4) inspires Tremble

2) moves 3) mixes 5) agitates = to shake in a way that you cannot control, especially because you are very nervous, excited,frightened etc

12. SCALE 1) descent 4) cut Hindrance

13. ORIGIN 1) ancestry 4) down

2) climb 3) hindrance 5) measure = the act ofmaking it more difficultfor somebody to do something or for something to happen

\

2) source 5) heritage

3) inauguration

Heritage

= the history, traditions and qualities that a country or society has hadfor many years and that are considered an important part ofits character Directions (Q. 14-15): Choose the word which is most opposite in meaning to the word printed in bold as used in the passage. 14. TURBULENT 1) quiet 4) stormy 15. GAINS 1) decreases 4)frauds Deprive

2) rest 5) lawful

3) soothes

3) deprives 2) fails 5) losses = to prevent somebody from having or doing something, especially something important

Passage 38 It is difficult to compare countries because various factors such as size, culture, history, geography, natural endowments, geopolitics and internal poli^ come into play. There are some goals which can be achieved by smaller countries; but sometimes smaller countries find it difficult to embark upon certain big technological plans even if they have the funds, because the size of the domestic market is too small. If we consider the bigger countries, the closest comparison to India is China, though there are many crucial differences. The Chinese vision is to prepare the country for entry into the ranks of mid-level developed nations by the middle of the twenty-first century. Acceleration of the nation’s economic growth and social development by rel3ring on advances in science and technology is pivotal in this. Documents describing the Chinese vision state that science and technology constitute premier productive forces and represent a great revolutionary power that can propel economic and social development. It is interesting to note that the main lessons the Chinese have drawn from their past performance is their failure to promote science and technology as strategic tools for empowerment. They also point to the absence of mechanisms and motivations in their economic activity to promote dependence on science and technology. Similarly, they hold that their scientific and technological efforts were not oriented towards economic growth. As a consequence, they conclude, a large number of scientific and technological achievements were not converted into productive forces as they were too far removed from China’s immediate economic and social needs. The Chinese vision is therefore aimed at exploiting state-of-the-art science and technology to enhance the nation’s overall power and strength, to improve the people’s living standards, to foms on resolving problems encountered in large-scale industrial and agricultural production and to effectively control and alleviate pressures brought on by

621

Reading Comprehension population, resources and the environment. Byjthe year 2000, China had aimed at bringing the rffein industrial sectors upto the technological levels achieved by the developed countries in the 1970s or ’80s, and by 2020 to the level they would have attained by the early twenty-first century. The aim is to bridge the overall gap with the advanced world. There is a special emphasis on research and development of high technologies that would find defence applications. Some of these technologies are critical for improving the features of key conventional weapons. Some technologies are meant for enhancing future military capabilities. Other efforts are aimed at maintaining the momentum to develop capabilities for cutting-edge defence technologies. They call for unremitting efforts in this regard with the aim of maintaining effective self-defence! and nuclear deterrent capabilities and to enable parity in defence, science and technology with the advanced world. Endowments ° a quality or an ability that you are bom with Embark upon = to start to do something new or difficult ° to need or depend on To rely on somebody/something Pivotal = of great importance because other things depend on it Orient towards = to direct somebody/something towards something;to make or adapt somebody/something for a particular purpose State-of-the-art ° using the most modern or advanced techniques or methods; as good as it can be at the present time Enhance = to increase or further improve the good quality, value or status of somebody/ something Alleviate ° to make something less severe = never stopping Unremitting = a thing that makes somebody Deterrent less likely to do something = the state of being equal, Parity especially the state of having

3.

4.

5.

6.

1) remain dysfunctional. 2) be transformed into productive forces. 3) be utilized for motivating economic activities. 4) be promoted through political wijl. 5) None of these Accomplishment = an impressive thing that is done or achieved after a lot of work; achievement

equal pay or status 1.

Comparison between two countries becomes difficult because (A) the countries differ in their internal political systems. (B) each country has its own culture and natural resources which differ from those of others.

2.

(C)the countries with homogenous backgrounds are many in number. 1) A only 2) B only 3) A and B only 4) All the three A, B and C 5) None of these Why can’t smaller countries take up big technological plemning?

1) They have other goals to achieve.. 2) They have smaller domestic market size. 3)Smaller countries lack technological knowhow. 4) Bigger countries do not permit them to do so. 5) None of these What is the goal of China to be accomplished by the middle of 21st century? 1) To become one of the most developed nations 2) To surpass the level of all middle-level developed nations by a good margin 3) To be the most influential superpower 4) To be the most developed nation 5) None of these Accomplish = to succeed in doing or completing something What according to the Chinese vision can boost socio-economic development? 1) Science and Technology 2) Minds united with revolutionary powers 3) Premier productive forces 4) A vision which propels development 5) None of these Which of the following have the Chinese identified as their pitfall(s) from their past? (A) Lack of orientation of science and technology towards economic growth (B) Lack of mechanisms in their economic activities to promote use of science and technology (C) Neglect of science and technology as a strategic measure for empowerment 1) A and B only 2) B and C only 3) A and C only 4) All the three A, B and C 5) None of these = a danger or difficulty, especially or\e Pitfall that is hidden or not obvious atfirst The scientific and technological accomplishments of China could

7.

Which of the following is/are the expected result/s of China’s new visions? (A)To augment people's standard of living (B) To tackle effectively pressures brought on by the population (C)To utilise modem technology for bringing the latent power under control 1) A and B only 2) B and C only 3) A and C only 4) All the three A, B and C 5) None of these

622 8.

What according to the passage is the gap in terms of number of years between the targeted developments in China and in other developed countries? 1) 5-10 years 2)20 -30 years 3)40 - 50 years 4) More than SO years 5) Less than 5 years 9. Which of the following is the essence of the contents of the passage? 1) Enormous population of the country can be positively utilized for developments. 2) Scientific and technological principles may not necessarily be instrumental in economic growth. 3) Harmonious development of a country can take place even in the absence of technology upgradation. 4) Economic growth needs to be driven by science and technology. 5) Countries should not be compared with each other. Essence = the most importantquality orfeature ofsomething, that makes it what it is 'Enormous = extremely large; huge Directions (Q. 10-12): Choose the word which is most nearly the SAME in meaning as the word given in bold as used in the passage. 10. ENDOWMENTS 1) Powers 2) Measures 3) Habitats 4) Findings 5) Gifts 11. ORIENTED 1) Stated 2) Tempting 3) Deciding 4) Leaning 5) Sure 12. CONVENTIONAL 1) Functional 2) Activist 3) Deliberate 4) Adventurous 5) Traditional Directions: (Q. 13-lS): Choose the word which is OPPOSITE in meaning of the word given in bold as used in the passage. 13. CRUCIAL 1) Central 2) Trivial 3) Decisive 4) Pundaipiept^, 5) Imperative Imperative = very important and needing immediate attention or action; vital

14. PIVOTAL 1) Irrelevant 2) Unmanageable 3) Irreparable 4) Inauspicious 5) Irritating Inauspicious^ showing signs that the future will not be good or successful 15. PARITY 1) Impropriety 2) Impartiality 3) Inequality 4) Similarity 5) Homogeneity Impropriety = behaviour or actions that are dishonest, morally wrong or not appropriateforaperson in aposition of responsibility

Test ofEnglish l^guage Passage 39 Though the Cold War has ended, selective tactics are still continuing for ensuring the military and economic dominance of developed countries. Various types of technology denial regimes are still being enforced which are now being mainly targeted against developing countries like India. Today, we in India encounter tvwn problems. On one side there is a large-scale strengthening of our neighbours through supply of arms and clandestine support to their nuclear and missile programmes and on the other side all efforts are being made to weaken our indigenous technology growth through control regimes and dumping of low-tech systems, accompanied with high commercial pitch in critical areas. Growth of indigenous technology and selfreliance are the only answer to the problem. Thus in the environment around India, the number of missiles and nuclear powers are continuously increasing and destructive weapons continue to pile up around us, in spite of arms reduction treaties. To understand the implications of various types of warfare that may affect us, we need to take a quick look at the evolution of war weaponry and the types of warfare. I am highlighting this point for the reason that in less than a century we could see change in the nature of warfare and its effects of society. In early years of human history it was mostly direct human warfare. During the twentieth century up to about 1990, the warfare was weapon^driven. The weapons used were guns, tanks, aircraft, ships, submarines and the~nuclear weapons deployed on land/sea/air and also reconnaissance spacecraft. Proliferation of conventional nuclear and biological weapons was at a peak owing to the competition between the superpowers. The next phase, in a new form, has just started from 1990 onwards. The world has graduated into economic warfare.The means used is control of market forces through high technology. The participating nations,apartfrom the USA,are Japan,the UK,France, Germany, certain South-East Asian countries and a few others. The driving force is the generation of wealth with certain types of economic doctrine. / The urgent issue we need to address collectively as a nation is, how do we handle the tactics of economic and mUitaiy dominance in this new form coming from the backdoor? Today technology is the main driver of economic development at the national level. Therefore, we have to develop indigenous technologies to enhance our competitive edge and to generate national wealth in all segments of economy. Therefore, the need of the hour is: arm India with technology. Dominant = more important, powerful or noticeable than other things Clandestine = done secretly or kept secret Pitch = talk or arguments used by a person

623

Reading Comprehension trying to sell things or persuade people to do something Indigenous = native; belonging to a particular place rather than coming to itfrom somewhere else Evolution = the gradual development of something Warfare = the activity of fighting a war, especially using particular weapons or methods ° to move soldiers or weapons into a Deploy position where they are ready for military action Reconnaisscmee = the activity ofgetting information about an areafor military purposes, using soldiers, planes etc Proliferation =the sudden increase in the number or amount of something; a large number ofa particular thing Owing to =■ because of Doctrine = a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a diurch, a political party, 1.

2.

3.

etc; a statement ofgovernmentpolicy Why do certain countries use selective tactics against developing countries? 1) To help developing countries gain military and economic independence 2) to help developing countries govern themselves and be economically independent 3) To ally with developing countries to dominate over other developed countries 4) To curtail their domination over developing countries 5) None of these Ally = to give you support to another group or country Which are the issues of great concern that India is facing at present, according to the author of the passage? (A) The supply of high-tech weaponry by other countries to India’s neighbours who are likely to use the same against India. (B) Other countries secretly helping India’s neighbours to strengthen their nuclear might. (C) Obstruction of India’s genuine efforts to develop its own nuclear technology. 2) B and C only 1) A and B only 4) All A, B and C 3) A and C only 5) None of these Obstruction = the fact of trying to prevent something/somebody from making progress Enforcement of technology denial regimes by developed countries implies which of the following? 1) Dominance of developing countries over developed ones 2) Exploitation of developing nations by the mightier ones 3) Targeting of developed countries by developing countries

4.

4) Sympathising with underprivileged countries . 5) None of these The striking difference in warfare before and after. 1990 was the shift from 1) guns, tanks, etc to nuclear weapons. 2) ships and submarines to spacecrafts. 3) weaponry to economic warfare. 4) economic forces to high technology-drive warfare.

5.

5) None of these Why, according to the author, is it necessary to examine how weaponry and warfare have evolved? (A)To understand their implications for us. (B)To learn the rapid changes that have taken place in weaponry and warfare. (C)To master them and enable us to attack our enemies. 2) A and B only 1) All A, B and C 4) B and C only 3) A and C only 5) None of these Implication ° apossible effect or result ofan action or a decision

6.

7.

8.

According to the author, the most effective way to counter our major problems is to (A) develop indigenous technologies. (B) compete with other countries in their warring tactics. (C)generate national wealth in all segments of economy. 2) A and B only 1) AUA, BandC 4) A and C only 3) B and C only 5) None of these What, according to the author, is the solution to our problems in the international field? (A) Importing up-to-date technology and nuclear equipments from developed countries (B) Developing our own in-house technology (C)Eliminating dependence on developed countries 2) A and C only 1) A and B only 4) All A, B and C 3) B and C only 5) None of these What is the general outcome of arms reduction treaties as a whole according to the author of the passage? 1) They seem to have become totally defunct. 2) They have achieved the desired outcome in most cases. 3) They have resulted in curbing the trade of destructive weapons. 4) Piling up of weapons has significantly reduced due to such treaties. 5) None of these Defunct = no longer existing, operating or being used Curb = to control or limit something, especially something bad; to check

624

9.

Test ofEnglish Language

What, according to the author, is the immediate problem to be collectively resolved by our ‘country? 1) To counter the dominance of developed countries through money and muscle power 2) To eradicate poverty and become economically self-reliant

3) To control the exorbitant rate of population growth 4) To develop indigenous technology to manufacture mightier weapons 5) None of these , Exorbitant - much too high Directions (Q. 10-12): Choose the word which is MOST nearly the SAME in meaning as the word printed in bold as given in the passage. 10. Reconnaissance 1) Investigation 3) Recognisable 5) Attack 11. Proliferation

2) Reserved 4) Remedy

1) Explosion 2) Devastation 3) Discomfiture 4)Abundance . 5) Extraction Devastation = great destruction or damage, especially over a wide area Discomfit = to make somebodyfeel confused or embarrassed Extraction ° the act or process of removing or obtaining something from something else 12. EVOLUTION 1) Magnification 2) Expansion 3) Progression 4) Modification 5) Changing Magnification °the act of making something look larger Directions (Q. 13-15): Choose the word which is MOST OPPOSITE in meaning of the word printed in bold as given in the passage. 13. INDIGENOUS 1) Local 4) Foreign 14. DOMINANCE

2) Domestic 5) Exported

3)Abroad

1) Aggression 2) Submission 3) Assertion 4) Ignorance 5) Lethargy 15. CONTINUOUSLY 1) Illegitimately 2) Unconditionally 3) Insensitively 4) Uninterrupted 5) Intermittently Illegitimate ° unauthorized; lot allowed by a particular set ofrules or by law Intermittent = stopping and starting often over a period of time, but not regularly; sporadic

Passage 40 As India and other energy-importing countries strpggle with runaway oil prices, Russia has earned more than $ 300 billion in oil export earnings. This

has driven its economic growth. Today, Russia is the eighth largest economy in the world in Purchasing Power Parity, according to the World Bank, and it is poised to overtake France to become the world’s sixth largest economy. The oil industry was the prime target of a sweeping privatisation drive launched after the break-up of the Soviet Union. However, not all Russians have been rolling in oil wealth. The Russian government has failed to do for its people even a fraction of what the Soviet Union, with twice the population, did with the revenue generated from oil. While the Soviet Government bought grain and other foreign consumer goods to be sold in domestic markets at heavily subsidised rates, Russia rejected socialism. Instead, it embraced capitalism in which money earned from oil has enriched only tycoons and corrupt government officials. Oil tycoons in Russia have made huge fortunes by using gaping holes in tax legislation to pay far below the standard 24 per cent corporate rate. Recently, Russia introduced a stiff tax system in which the government takes eighty per cent of the oil revenues. With the oil wealth trickling down to other sectors, millions have been lifted out of poverty in the last ten years. Russia has also overtaken Germany as Europe’s biggest car market. Demand has outpaced supply, with Russians having to wait a yeeir to get the car of their choice. But the gap between the rich and the poor continues to widen with 19 million people still below the poverty line. The fact that Russia has the second larg^t number of billionaires in the world does not measure up to the size of the economy and the level of the country’s development. Revenue generated from oil is now going to play a key role in overcoming Russia’s ‘oil curse’ over dependence on energy. Russia is one of the few places in the world with significant unexplored and unexploited reserves of oil. In order to lay a stable foundation for the economy when the oil price boom comes to an end, Russia is slowly moving from a resources-dependent to a science-based economy.The government has raised funding to infrastructure— outmoded transport networks put a brake on the economy, aviation and nuclear energy among other sectors. The biggest challenge is to manage this huge investment programme without fuelling rapidly rising inflation. Driven by high global energy and food prices, the Russian central bank has been forced to raise the interest rate four times this year in order to keep inflation down. Runaway “ happening very easily or quickly, and not able to be controlled Poised = in a position that is balanced but likely to change in one direction or another Sweeping ° having an important effect on a huge part of something Instead = In the place of somebody/ something

Reading Comprehension Embrace

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

= to accept an idea, a proposal, a set of beliefs etc especially when it is done with enthusiasm Enrich “ to improve the quality ofsomething often by adding something to it Tycoon = a person who is successful in business or industry and has become ridi and powerful Stiff ° more difficult or severe than usual Trickle down = to spreadfrom rich to poor people through the economic system of a country Outpace = to go, rise, improve etcfaster than somebody/something To lay some thing down ° to put something down, especially on thefloor, ready to be used Curse ° something that causes harm or evU Why are a large number of the world’s veiy rich people found in Russia? 1) Russia is one of the most developed countries in the world. 2) Russia is the world’s largest automobile supplier. 3) Russian oil businessmen took advantage of ambiguity in Russia’s tax laws. 4) Russia is the world’s largest supplier of oil. 5) None of these Which of the following is/are impact(s) of Russia’s economic growth? (A) Russia’s population has doubled. (B) Foreign consumer goods are heavily subsidised. (C)There is a huge gap between the haves and the have-nots. 2) All A, B and C 1) Only A 4) Both A and C 3) Only C 5) None of these Which of the following factors is responsible for Russia’s economic growth? 1) Russia imports fuel from developing countries like India at low cost. 2) Receiving aid worth 300 billion dollars from energy-importing countries 3) Funding received from the World Bank and developed countries like France 4) The revenue Russia has earned from exporting oil 5) Russia has been able to control inflation What step(s) has the Russian Government taken to control inflation? (A) It has raised the amount of money allocated for exploring new oil reserves. (B) Taxes have been hiked. (C)Subsidies on essential commodities like food have been introduced. 1) None 2) Only A 4)Both-A and B 3) Only C 5) None of these Which of the following can be said about Russia’s economy?

625 1) Russia is the fastest growing economy in the world. 2) The Russian economy is being transformed into a technology-based one. 3) Oil wealth has been invested in Russia’s energy sector only. 4) Russia’s economy is more developed than ttiat of Germany. 5) Russia has the least number of poor in the world. 6. What does the phrase ‘Russia’s oil curse’imply? 1) High prices of oil products have'meant that common people in Russia cannot afford them. 2) Russia’s oil resources will be completely depleted in the next ten years. 3) Mismanagement of the Russian oil industry led to the fall of the Soviet Union. 4) Exploring new oil resources takes? a substantial amount of Russia’s GDP, 5) None of these = to examine something completely or Ejqplore carefully in order to find out more about it 7. Which of the following factors is responsible for inflation in Russia? 1) Depleted Russian oil reserves 2) Low investment in new Russian oilfields 3) Utilisation of nuclear energy which is expensive 4) High prices of food all over the world 5) Raising taxes for the oil industiy 8. Which of the following is TRUE in the context of the passage? 1) Russia is a Communist country. 2) Most of Russia’s wealth has gone into exploring new oilfields. 3) There is a great demand for automobiles in Russia. 4) Privatising the oil industry has lifted 19 million Russians out of poverty. 5) Currently Russia has the highest corporate tax in the world. 9. Why has Russia increased its spending on its transport system? 1) It is outdated and will hinder Russia’s economic growth. 2) To boost tourism, which has been falling 3) To create jobs and reduce the high rate of unemplo3nnent 4) There have been a substantial number of accidents. 5) None of these Hinder “ to make it difficultfor somebody to do something or for something to happen 10. Why was the Russian oil industry privatised? 1) As part of the agreement with the Soviet Union 2) It was not profitable in the long term. 3) The Government wanted to concentrate on developing other sectors.

626

Test ofEnglish Language

4) Lack of funds from the World Bank for developing this sector 5) None of these Directions (Q. 11-13): Choose the word which is most similar in meaning to the word printed in bold as used in the passage. 11. SWEEPING 1) Waving 4) Extensive Discard

2) Clearing 3) Removal 5) Discarding “ to get rid ofsomething that you no longer want or need

12. EMBRACED 1) Hugged 2) Encompass 3) Held 4) Covered 5) Accepted ^ ^ Encompass = to surround or cover something completely;to include a large number or range ofthings 13. STRUGGLE 1) Compete 4) Exert Exert

2) Battle 3) Rival 5) Hostile = to use power or influence to affect somebody/something Directions (Q. 14-lS): Choose the word which is most opposite in meaning of the word printed in bold as used in the passage. 14. ENRICHED 1) Improved 3) SoUed 5) Criticised IS. STIFF 1) Lenient 4) Yield Lenient

Yield Supple

2) Injured 4) Disadvantage

2) Formal 3) Light 5) Supple = not as strict as expected when punishing somebody or when making sure that rules are obeyed = to agree to do something that you do not want to do = soft and able to bend easily without cracking

Passage 41 We have witnessed several disasters in recent times— some natural, others man-made. The frequency of such calamities has inured us and deadened our collective sensitivity, but that does not reduce the enormity of the personal tragedy of each victim’s family and community. The economic loss is only secondary to the human suffering, but is also substantial. The Government, whether State or Central, has standardised its response. This consists of reacting late, blaming others, visits by VIPs announcing a relief package including compensation for those affected, and then forgetting all about it. There seems to be little attempt at drawing lessons from each disaster, storing the knowledge for future use, and long-term planning for possible pre-emptive action. Preparedness for disasters thus falls short of what is possible using today’s technologies. Floods in many parts of India like the states of Bihar and Assam are a yearly phenomenon. Yet the

government seems to be caught by surprise year after year. It is obvious that tarpaulins, vaccines and other medicines, clothes, satellite phones, large numbers of doctors ahd paramedical staff, etc will be needed as will boats and buses for evacuation. This is known to all those who have combated emergencies, yet the non-availability of these essential services and commodities occurs. Worse, the organisational structure and mechanisms for dealing with disasters are lethargic and ill-defined. The National Disaster Management Agency set up a short time ago, being a Central Government agency, has its limitations relating to infringing the jurisdiction of states. It could have aggregated and disseminated experiences and knowledge, stocked many of the essential items required in an emergency or worked with agencies to ensure sufficient stocks, but hasn’t. While the reaction to major disasters is dismal, the response to emergencies like accident is equally sad. Victims lie unattended since passers-by are wary of getting caught in a labyrinthine of police and legal systems. The resulting delay in treatment converts injuries into deaths. Of late, unique and free service to provide assistance in emergency cases is operational. Emergency Management and Research institute (EMRI) is a professionally managed operation— initiated by the vision and grant from Ramalinga Raju. The service, which is a successful example of public-private partnership, is likely to become operational in a few states in the near future. Given the sad failure of conventional government organisations in handling disasters, it is time we looked at the PPP model as an alternative without the government seeking in any way to abdicate its responsibility. While the state provides the funding, private organisations will provide the drive, professionalism, competent management and outputlinked efficiency of a good corporate organisation. Combining the sensitivity and purpose of an NGO with private entrepreneurial drive to handle disasters together is thus a worthwhile challenge for both corporates and the government? Calamity ° an event that causes great damage to people’s lives, property etc Inure somebody/yourselfto something ° to make somebody/yourself get used to something unpleasant so that they/you are no I6h0f. strongly affected by it Deeulen = to make something such as a sound, f afeeling etc less strong; dull ^ Enormity = the very great size, effect etc of something; the fact of something being very serious Pre-emptive = done to stop somebody taking action, especially action that uM be harmful to yourself Tarpaulin = a large sheet made of heavy waterproof material used to cover thing^with and to keep rain off

627

Reading Comprehension Combat

1.

2.

=« to stop something unpleasant or harmful from happening or from getting worse Lethargy = the state of not having any energy or enthusiasm for doing things Infringe = to limit somebody’s legal rights Aggregate = to put together different items, amounts, etc into a single group of total Disseminate = to spread information, knowledge etc so that it reaches many people Dismal = not skilful or successjul; of very low quality Passer-by, = a person who is going past somebody/something by chance, especially when something unexpected happens Wary = careful when dealing with somebody/something because you think that there may be a danger or problem Labyrinth - a complicated series ofpaths, which it is difficult to find your way through = recently Offate Abdicate = tofail or refuse to perform a duty Why do bystanders not help accident victims? 1) They lack the necessary medical knowledge. 2) It is the responsibility of the driver of the vehicle. 3) Cumbersome police formalities 4) Medical attention via satellite phones can be provided promptly. 5) None of these Bystander ° a person who sees something that is happening but is not involved Cumbersome =slow and complicated Which of the following is NOT true in the context of the passage? 1) Man-made disasters occur more frequently than natural disasters.

4.

5.

6.

5) People have become indifferent to disasters. Which of the following has been the customary government reaction to disasters? (A) It has handled disasters with utmost sensitivity. \ (B) It responds in a professional, efficient manner which has been standardised over time. (C)It ensures monetary aid reaches those afflicted by disasters. 1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Both A and B 4) Only C 5) None of these Utmost = greatest; most extreme Afflict = to affectsomebody/something in an unpleasant or harmful way

1) The government has not been able to handle disasters and should seek foreign aid. 2) A Central Government agency should be set up to speed up coordination in rescue efforts. 3) It has failed to utilise donations effectively to provide relief. 4) The government is apathetic and has not managed to handle disasters effectively. 5) None of these Apathetic - showing no interest or erdhxismsm Which of the following is TRUE about EMRI? 1) It is run by a philanthropist 2) It has widespread operations all over India. 3) The government has no say in its functioning. 4) EMRI is a.non-govemmental organisation. 5) It is an emergency management service. Philanthropist = a rich person who helps the poor and those in need, especially by giving money Why is there a lack of medical care at disaster sites? 1) Inadequate transportation facilities 2) Lack of disaster management training for medical staff 3) Loss of medical supplies due to dangerous conditions

7.

4) Safety of medical staff cannot be assured 5) None of these What does the author consider “a worthwhile challenge for both corporates and the government”? 1) Governments should gradually transfer disaster management to corporates. 2) Their working together to manage disasters competently, keeping public interests in mind 3) Reducing the incidence of man-made disasters

2) The Public Private Participation model has been successful in' handling emergencies. 3) Floods occur every year in some Indian states. 4) Analysis of previous disasters will help us cope with future ones. 3.

What is the author’s view of the government’s current reaction to natural disasters?

4) Mitigating the financial losses sustained during natural disasters 5) None of these = to make something less harmful, Mitigate serious etc 8.

Which of the following can be inferred about the National Disaster Management Agency? (A) It has a substantial experience in dealing with disasters. (B) It has been successful in sharing information with other disaster management agencies. (C)It disburses funds to disaster management organisations to procure emergency stocks. 1) None 2) All A, B and C 3) Only A 4)Both A and B 5) None of these Disburse = to pay money to somebody from a large amountthat has been collected for a purpose

628 9.

According to the passage, which of the following will be the likely impact/s of the Public Private Participation model of disaster management? (A) Politicians will not be able to interfere with relief efforts. (B) Aid will be effectively deployed. (C)Professional approach to disaster management efforts 1) Only A 2) Both B and C 3) All A, Band C 4) Only C 5) None of these Deploy = to use something effectively 10. Which of the following has/have been the impact/s of consistently occurring natural disasters? (A)The Government has initiated a long-term planning process to handle them. (B) Use of technology in combating disasters has increased in India. iC)The Government is not caught unawares / when such disasters occur. 1) None 2) Only B 3) Both A and C 4)Both A and B 5) All A, B and C Combat ° to stop something unpleasant or harmful from happening or from getting worse Directions (Q. 11-13): Choose the word which is most similar in meaning to the word printed in bold as used in the passage. 11. infringing 1) breaking , 2) violating 3) provoking 4) hampering 5) disobeying Provoke = to cause aparticular reaction or have a particular effect Hamper ° to prevent somebody from easily doing or achieving something 12. frequency 1) sound 3) recurrence 2) habit 4) average 5) occasion 13. pre-emptive 1) widespread 2) seizing 3) restrained 4) preventive 5)commanding Restrained = showing calm control rather than emotion; not too brightly coloured or decorated Preventive ° intended to try to stop something that causes problem or difficulties from happening Directions (Q. 14-15): Choose the word which is most opposite in meaning of the word printed in bold as used in the passage. 14. lethargic 1) healthy 2) active 3) favourable 4) awake 5) intense 15. dismal 1) depressing 2) upset 3) competent 4j animated 5) smiling

Test ofEnglish Language

Passage 42 The current global food situation is very serious and hence we need to understand the reasons for such a dramatic increase in food prices in a short period. It is argued that increases in energy costs are resulting in cost-push inflation but the contribution of energy costs to overall costs in agriculture may not explain the huge increase in food prices. Related to the current elevated energy prices, there has been a diversion ,of com and edible oils to bio fuels, which is significantly influenced by policy mandates. Veiy clearly'this diversion to bio-^els is a policy-induced new reality, which coincided with price escalation in precisely those products and hence is noteworthy. The financialisation ofcommodity trade and current extraordinaiy conditions in global financial markets could have influenced the spurt in prices. The recent reductions in interest rates in the US and the injection of liquidity have resulted in investors seeking new avenues such as commodity markets, in view of the turbulence in financial markets and the low returns in treasuries. The relative!^ easy liquidity and low interest rates, by themselves, make holding of inventories attractive and thuls ihduce greater volatility in commodity markets. The weakening of the US dollar is also advanced as a reason for the recent volatility in commodity markets, including food items. It is evident that this phenomenon is now also coinciding with the across-the-board rise in food prices. In brief, while there are demand and supply side pressures on food items, there is considerable merit in the argument that thfe recent extraordinary increases in food prices are closely linked to public policy responses to high energy costs in advanced economies, and the turbufcnce in finsincial markets and financial institutions./It is said that the impact of such policy-induced diversion of food to bio-fuels is significant at thisjuncture and reflects a preference to fill the fuel tanks of automobiles rather than fill the empty stomachs of people. Similarly, it is sometimes held that the weight accorded to financial stability in public policy may now be at the expense of stability in real sector - especially of sensitive commodities like food. At the same time, there is a general consensus that public policy in regard to food in many economies around the world has not provided adequate incentive to farmers to increase the supply of food and other agricultural products to comfortably match the growing demand over,the medium term. Elevated = higher than normal Mandate = an official order given to somebody to perform a particular task Precisely = accurately or carefully Noteworthy = significant Spurt = a sudden increase in speed, effort, activity or emotionfor a shortperiod of time

629

Reading Comprehension

1.

Turbulence - a situation in which there is a lot of sudden change, confusion, disagreement and sometimes uiolence; upheaval Inventory = stock Induce = to persuade or influence somebody to do something;to cause something Across-the-board = involving everyone and everything in a company,an industry etc. Juncture - a particular point or stage in an activity or a series of events Accord = to give sdmebody/something author^,status or a particular type of treatment At the expense of somebody/something = with ● loss or damage to somebody/ something Consensus => an opinion that all members of a group agree with Incentive = something that encourages you to do something The passage lays emphasis on which of the following central theme(s)? (A) The abysmally throwaway prices offered for food commodities

5.

6.

(B) The worldwide acute shortage of food commodities

2.

3.

(C)Promoting the use of bio-fuel for automobiles 2) B only 1) A only 4) All the three 3) C only 5) None of these = extremely bad or of a very low Abysmal standard Throwaway = disposable In what way are bio-fuels responsible for the increasing cost of food? (A) It is a policy mandate to use bio-fuel in place of petroleum products, especially in developing countries. (B) Certain essential food commodities are being used for manufacturing alternative fuels. (C)The low cost of bio-fuels has created fluctuation in prices of other agricultural commodities. 2) B only 1) A only 4) A and B only 3) C only 5) None of these Which of the following situations has/have prompted investors to look towards commodity markets? (A) Dip in rates of interest in the US (B) Easy liquidity (C)Volatility in commodity prices 2) B and C only 1) A and B only 4) All the three 3) A and C only

4.

5) None of these Dip = to fall Which of the following shows a cause-effect relationship between its two components? 1) Reduction in interest rates and abundance of food commodities

7.

8.

2) Reduction in energy prices and increase in food commodity prices 3) Turbulence in financial markets and escalation in production of.food commodities 4) Dipping of US dollar value and volatility in commodity markets 5) Injection of liquidity and the drop in investor contidence Escalate ° to become or make something greater, worse, more serious, etc Which of the following can be inferred from the contents of the passage? (A) At present the demand for food items exceeds the supply. (B) Fuel production has been given higher priority than caring for the millions who are starving. (C)Farmers have not been motivated to increase their production of food. 2) B and C only 1) A and B only 4) None of these 3) A and C only 5) All A, B and C Which of the following can be thought of as a measure to remedy the global situation mentioned in the passage? (A) Reducing the production of cars and thereby the demand for energy (B) Inducing farmers to increase their food and other agricultural produce (C)Increasing the prices of food items to compensate farmers for their losses. 2) A and B only 1) A only 4) B and C only 3) B only 5) None of these Which of the following statements is TRUE in the context of the passage? 1) Commodity markets have become erratic due to easy liquidity and low interest rate. 2) Governments of many countries have begun paying better prices for food commodities to ensure their farmers are taken care oom = to make certain to fail, suffer, die. etc

3) It utilises the vast bank network already existing in a country. 4) Group members can sanction loans and verify if borrowers have sufficient collateral. 5) Backing that borrowers receive from other group members Dispense with =to stop using something because 1 you no longer need them or it ^ Collateral ° property or something valuable that you promise to give to somebody if you cannotpay back money that you borrow 9.

Which of the following is most similar in meeining to the word “ELUDED” as used in the passage? 1) Avoided 2) Duped 3)Abandoned 4) Intangible 5) Betrayed Dupe = to trick or cheat somebody Betray = to hurt somebody who trusts you, especially by not being loyal or faithful to them Abandon = fo leave somebody, especially somebody you are responsible for, with no intention of returning Intangible ° that does not exist as a physical thing but is still valuable to a company 10. Which of the following is most opposite in meaning to the word “COLOSSAL” as used in the passage? 1) Short 2) Lavish 3) Minority 4)Frugal 5) Insignificant Lavish = large in amount, or impressive, and usually costing a lot of money Frugal ° using only as much money orfood :as is necessary

Passage 51 In a welcome development, small cities and towns appear to be doing more to power India’s growth stoiy than big metros. Confirming this are the latest income tax statistics, which indicate that Tier II and Tier III

647

Reading Comprehension

Amenity

cities like Patna, Lucknow, Meerut and Kanpur have far outstripped Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata in terms of growth in personal and corporate tax collections. In fact, Patna has seen as much as 95 per cent growth in personal income tax figures over . the 2009-10 period compared to a mearly 4 per cent for Delhi and 6 per cent for Mumbai. Such a shift towards growth driven by regional centres can help mitigate the problems ensuing from unequal development and, therefore, needs to be encouraged. The current growth and development model centred on big metros is unsustainable. Having experienced years of economic migration, these large cities are literally bursting at the seams. They are left with creaking infrastructure - compounded by shoddy urban planning - and poor civic amenities, all of which is reflected in the fast depreciating quality of life. Yet people continue to be drawn to metros due to the allure of better career prospects. The only way to reverse this trend is to have multiple growth poles spread across the length and breadth of the country. It is encouraging that many of the small cities showing robust economic growth are located in the backward regions. They could serve as magnets for intra-state migration and take the burden off traditional metropolitan hubs. As emerging meirkets within the Indian economy, these small urban centres can become hotspots for new investment opportunities. Many outsourcing companies are already setting up operations in Tier II and Tier III cities to minimise their running costs. Conducive conditions need to be created to encourage India Inc as well as foreign investors to increasingly invest in small cities and townships. Crucial to this is creating sound infrastructure. There needs to be a significant number of quality schools and colleges to chum out skilled professionals to cater to the needs of emerging businesses. This in turn will have a positive trickle-down effect and galvanise the rural economy of the respective states. In planning these new urban hubs, errors of the past that have giveri rise to chaotic and dysfunctional cities must not be repeated. Our metros may have reached a point of saturation. While Aey should by no means be ignored, pay attention to Tier II and III cities as well to continue India's growth story and make it more inclusive^- . Outstrip surpass; to become large more . important etc than somebody/ .something Mitigate ° to make something less harmful, serious, etc; to alleviate Ensue p to happen after or as a result of another event To be bursting at the seams = to be very full, especially ofpeople Creaking “ a soundfor example thatsometimes made by a door wheri it opens or shuts Shoddy = made or done badly and with not enough care; second-rate

1.

= a feature that makes a place pleasant, comfortable or easy to live in Allure “ the quality of being attractive and exciting Robust ° strong and not Kkely tofan or become weak Hotspot = aplace where(here is a lotofactivity or entertainment Conducive to some thing ° making is easy, possible or likely for something to happen Chum out = to produce something quickly and in large amounts Cater to somebody /something - toprovide the things diat aparticular type of person wants, especially things that you do not approve of Oalvanise ° to make somebody take action by shocking them or by making them excited Trickle-down =the theory tivat ifthe richestpeople in society become richer, this will have a good effect on poorerpeople as well,forexample by creating more jobs Dysfunctional = not Working normally or properly Which of the following is definitely true as per the passage? 1) The tax collections from Patna were the highest for 2009-10. 2) Growth in corporate tax collections is always followed by growth in personal tax collections. 3) The growth in personal tax figures for Chennai and Kolkata was not more than 4% for 200910 4) Patna had seen 95% growth in corporate tax collections in 2009-10.

2.

3.

5) None is true Which of the following indicators has been used to highlight growth? 1) Per capita growth 2) MortaUty rate 3) Density of population 4) Tax collections 5) Rate of migration Which of the following would be one of the major impacts of development of many regional cities’ and centres? 1) The income level of people will increase. 2) The living conditions in existing metros will become worse.

4.

3) The migration to far-off bigger cities across different states will be reduced. 4) Tax collections will increase. 5) None of these Far-off = a long distance away; a long time away i Which of the following cities has been classified as Tier III City as per the passage?

648

5.

6.

Test ofEnglish Language

1) Lucknow 2) Patna 3) Chennai 4) Cannot be determined ● 5) None of these Which of the following would be the most appropriate meaning of the phrase "bursting at the seams” as used in the second paragraph of the passage? 1) Pilled beyond normal capacity 2) Have become fast-faced centres 3) Facing exodus from these cities 4) Bubbling with energy 5) None of these Exodus = a situation in which many people leave a place at the same time Bubble = to befull ofa particularfeeling Which of the following may not be an objective of developing Tier II/III cities? 1) To have more inclusive growth 2) To have growth acfoss the length and breadth of the country 3) To improve the quality of schools and colleges to produce skilled professionals Jl) To take off pressure from the over-burdened ' infrastructure of metros

7.

5) To check inter-state migration The length and breadth of° in or to all parts ofa place Which of the following would be the advantage of setting up operations in Tier II and Tier III cities? 1) The operating costs would be lower. 2) It will attract better investment. 3) It will attract tax exemptions from the government. 4) The manpower available for employment would be better, 5) The metros will face healthy competition for improving their infrastructure.

8.

What attracts people to the metros? 1) Better living conditions 2) Improved source of income 3) Better education facilities 4) Seamless economic and social activities 5) Enhanced social security Seamless = ivith no spaces or pauses between one part and the next Directions (Q. 9-12): Choose the word which is most nearly the same in meaning as the word/ group of words printed in bold. 9. CENTRED ON 2) revolves around 1) gets boost 4) thrives on 3) inspired from 5) gets away with To thrive on something = to enjoy something or be successful at something that other people would not like To get away with something = to steal something and escape with it 10. MITIGATE 3) out 2) take off 1) migrate 4) miss out 5) reduce 11. ALLURE 3) attraction 1) obligation 2) demand 5) inclusion 4) deceit 12. ENSUING FROM 2) ensuring from 1) emerging from 4) having impact on 3) dealt with 5) leading to = dishonest behaviour that is Deceit intended to make somebody believe something that is not true Directions (Q. 13-14): Choose the word which is most opposite in meaning of the word printed in bold. 13. EMERGING 3) modem 2) profiting 1) satisfied 5) dull 4) saturated 14. REVERSE 3) motivate 2) destroy 1) remove 5) establish 4) suppose

Answers and explanations 1. 1

2.2

Passage 1 3. 5

muscles in the face’. Hence the word ‘flinching’ and “wincing’ are synonymous.

4.3

5.1; The meaning ofthe word ‘bestow’as mentioned in the passage is ‘to present something as a gift to somebody’. Hence the words “bestowed’ and ‘conferred’ tire S3monymous. 8.3 6.4 7.2 10.4 9.3 11. 1; The meaning of the word ‘flinch’ as mentioned in the passage is ‘to make a sudden automatic movement because of pain, fear or shock’. Out of the given words,* meaning of the word ‘wince’ is ‘to show pain, distress or embarrassment by a slight movement of the

12. 3 13. 2; The meaning of the word ‘dispel’ as mentioned in the passage is ‘to make something go away’. Hence the word ‘dispelling’and ‘accumulating’ are antonymous. 15.4 14. 3

1-4

Passage 2 2. 2

3. 4; As given in the passage, planning and problem-solving are the most important aspects of the management, and not of the leadership.

649

Reading Comprehension 4. 3;“Inwardly focussed employees 'can have difficulty seeing the veiy forces that present threat and opportunities.” This sentence of the last paragraph makes option (3) wrong. S. 1; Bureaucratic culture is against any transformation; so it suppresses those who want to bring any change in organisations. Note: The meaning of the word ‘smother’ as mentioned in the passage is ‘to prevent something from developing or being noticed’; ‘to suppress of stifle something’. Hence the words ‘smother’ and ‘suppress’ are S3mopymous. 6.3; Planning can be defined as ‘creating a vision’, which is an important aspect of management. 7.5 8. 5; For most of this c^tuiy, as a large number of organisations were created for the first time in human history, emphasis was given on memagement and leadership was overlooked. 9.4; Managers are also bureaucrats. 10.2 11. 2; The meaning of the word ‘nurtured’ as nientioned in the passage is ‘to help the development of something’. Hence the words ‘nurtured’ and ‘developed’ are synonymous. 12.3 13.5 14.3 15.2 Passage 3 1.1; Ascertain the hidden meaning of the sentence: “but no one would be able to realise that a terroristattackhas occurred”. So,undoubtedly the culprit’s act can be classified as a terrorist attack. 2. 2;“New terrorism has no long-term agenda but its ruthless in its short-term intentions”. This statement from the passage supports (B). While, in the light of passage,(C) also seems suitable. 3. 5; The immediate provocation for the meeting held in August 1998 has not been given among the options. It was the incidents of bombing the US embassies in Nairobi and Dar-esSalaam. 4. 5; Bio-attack will result in several deaths which will lead to political turmoil creating social unrest. 5.3 6. 1; ‘Religious intolerance’, as cited in the last paragraph, stands behind terrorism. 9. 1 8.4 7.4 10. 3; The meaning ofthe word ‘gloom/as mentioned in the passage is ‘nearly dark’; ‘not well lit’. Hence the word ‘gloomy’ and ‘bright’ are antpn3rmous. 11. 2; The meaning of the word ‘cacophony’ as mentioned in the passage is ‘a mixture ofloud unpleasant sounds’. Hence the words ‘cacophonous’ and ‘melodious’ are

antonymous. 12. 1; The meaning of the word ‘intolerant’ is ‘not willing to accept ideas, opiiiions behaviour etc. different from one’s own. Out of the given words, ‘forbearance’ means patience, restraint, tolerance etc. Hence the words ‘intolerance! and ‘forbearance’ are anotnymous. 13. 2; The meaning of the word ‘perpetrator’ as mentioned in the passage is ‘a person who commits a crime and does something considered wrong’. Hence the words ‘perpetrators’and followers’are nearly similar in meaning. . 14. 4; The meaning of the word ‘elusive’ is ‘tending to escape or disappear’; ‘difficult to find or capture’. Out of the given choices, ‘baffle’ means ‘to be too difficult or strange for somebody to understand, solve or explain’. Hence the words ‘elusive’ and ‘baffling’ are nearly similar in meaning. 15. 2; The meaning of the word ‘inflict’ is ‘to make somebody accept something that is unpleasant or not welcome’. Hence the words ‘inflicting’ and ‘imposing’ are synon3rmous. Passage 4 1. 3; The author feels this to be the most significant part of Lord Chancellor’s paper. 2.4; This is what is implied by “greater transparency”. 3. 2; Note the context carefully. ‘ 4. 5; The passage does not give any specific reason. 5.2 6. 3; See the first sentence of the passage. 7. 4; See the last sentence of the passage. 8. 1; The meaning of the word ‘jettison’ as mentioned in the passage is ‘to abandon or reject something that is not wanted’. Hence the words ‘jettison’ and ‘sacrifice’ are synonymous. 9. 3;“The best person available” implies the supremacy of merit. 10. 1 il. 2; The meaning of the word lest’ as mentioned in the passage is Tor fear that’; ‘in order that ... not’.

12. 5; When youjumpJmmthefirying-paninto thefire, you move from a bad situation to one that is /worse. Passage 5 1. 3; Go through the last line of the first paragraph. 2. 4; While much had been said and written on establishing “new order”, little has actually been done. 5.2 4.2 3. 5 6. 2; These are complex issues and the Milan conference would perhaps be more fruitful if it were to discuss such specific subjects.

650

Test ofEnglish Language

7, 1; More complicated ailments can be referred to properly equipped centres in district towns, cities etc. 8.2; There is resistance from the medical establishment which sees them as little more than licensed quackeiy. Here reference is made to traditional healers. 9.3 10, S; The meaning ofthe word launch’as mentioned in the passage is ‘to put into action*; ‘to start*. Hence the words launched* and ‘started* are synonymous. 11. 1; The meaning of the word ‘muster* as mentioned in the passage is ‘to succeed in creating a particular feeling or attitude in oneself or in other people*. Out of the given words,;‘enlist* means ‘to obtain something as help, support etc.*; ‘to get somebody to provide help, support etc*. Hence the words ‘muster* and ‘enlist* are S3mon3rmous. 12. 3; The meaning of the word ‘entrench* as mentioned in the passage is ‘to establish somebody/something very firmly with the result that the change is very difficult and unlikely*. 13. 4; The meaning of the word ‘condense* as mentioned in the passage is ‘to put something in fewer words*. Hence the words ‘condensed* and lengthened* are antonymous. 14. 1; The meaning ofthe word ‘crucial* as mentioned in the paragraph is ‘very important especially for its effect on something*. Out of the given words, ‘trivial* means ‘of littie importance*; ‘concerned with unimportant things*. Hence the words‘crucial’and ‘trivial* are anton3nnous. 15.4; The word ‘resistance’ and ‘acceptance* are anotnymous. Passage 6 1.3; From the last paragraph of the given passage. 2. 3; From the fourth line of the second paragraph. 3.3 4. 1 5. 5; In the last sentence of the second para. 6. 4; Second and third para tells about Indian concept of life and treatment while the. last para tells about western concept of life and knowledge about medical science. 7.5; It is clearly given in the last sentence of the passage: “the contribution of this science in the field of non-communicable diseases is remarkably poor....** 8.2 9. 1 10. 4; The meaning of the word ‘inevitable* as mentioned in the passage^ is ‘impossible to avoid*; ‘certain to happen*. Hence the words ‘inevitable* and ‘avoidable* are antonymous. Meaning of the word ‘detest* is ‘to have a strong feeling of dislike for somebody/ something*, therefore, ‘detestable* means

*that one detests*. 11. 3; The meaning of the word ‘concerned’ as mentioned in the passage is ‘to have a connection with or responsibility for something*. Out of the given words, ‘indifferent* means ‘having no interest in somebody/something’; ‘not caring about something*. Hence the words ‘concerned* and ‘indifferent* are antonymous. 12. 1; The meaning of the word ‘degenerative* as mentioned in the passage is ‘(of medical condition) getting or likely to get worse*. Out of the given words, ‘recuperative* means ‘helping one to recuperate*. The meaning of the word ‘recuperate* is ‘to recover after being ill, tired, weak etc’; ‘to regain health, energy or strength*. Hence the words ‘degenerative* and *recuperative* are anton3nnous. 13. 5; The meaning of the word ‘connote* as mentioned in the passage is ‘to suggest something in addition to the main meaning*. Out of the given words, ‘imply* means ‘to suggest something indirectly rather than stating it directly*. Hence thie words ‘connotes* and ‘implies* are synon3nnous. 14. 3; The meaning of the word ‘aberration* as mentioned in the passage is ‘departure form what is normal, usual or expected, typically one hat is unwelcome*. Hence the words ‘aberration* and ‘deviation* are synon3rmous. 15.2 Passage 7 1. 3; Eminent British economists and political scientists have strongly attacked the tradition of budget secrecy. 2.5; It leads to the control of public expenditure in order to set realistic taxation implications. 3. 2; He has presented the example of both, the open budget system and the secret budget system, practised by various countries and has looked into all their aspects. 4.4 S.5 6. 1; Sir Richard Clarke was the originating genius of nearly every important development in the British budgeting techniques during the last two decades. 7.2 8. 1; The statement goes against the idea of the passage. 9.4; An open public debate on budget proposals should be held before introducing the appropriate bill. 10.3; The meaning of the word ‘scourge* as mentioned in the passage is ‘ a whip used especially formerly for punishing people*. Hence the words ‘scourge* and ‘whip’ are S3ni9nymous. 11.4; The meaning ofthe word ‘m3n4ad*as mentioned

Receding Comprehen^on in the passage is‘an extremely large number’. Hence the wqrds ‘myriad’ and ‘abundant’ are s3mon3rmou9. 12. 1 13. 2; Hie meaning ofthe word fiourish’as mentioned in the passage is ‘to grow in a healthy way’. Out of the given words ‘degenerate’ means ‘to pass into a worse physical, mental or moral state than one which is considered normal or desirable’. Hence the words ‘flourish’ and ‘degenerate’ are antonymous. 14.3 15.5 Passage 8 1. 3; The meaning is implied in the last sentence. 2. 1; The Japanese ambassador acknowledges that the vastness of the Indian market is a great inducement for investment in the manufacturing industry. 3. 2; The author describes the Indian investment scenario in toto. He presents a comparative analysis regarding foreign investmentin India. 4. 1 5. 5; Comparatively though labour is inexpensive in India, but at the same time productivity is not high. Therefore, it cannot be cited as an advantage here. 6.4; If foreign investment is to be wooed assiduously, we will have to meet exacting international standards. 7. 1; The author is a political commentator because he talks about the government policy and makes various proposals regarding foreign investment in India. 8.4 9. 2; The passage reflects the views of the Japanese ambassador who also talks about the problems faced by foreign investors in India. 10. 4; The meaning ofthe word ‘assiduous’is‘working hard and the shewing careful attention to detail’. Meaning of the word ‘persistent’ is ‘refusing to give up’. Hence the words ‘assiduously’ and ‘persistently’ are s3monymous. 11. 4; The meaning of the word ‘idiosyncrasy’ is ‘a person’s particular way of thinking, behaving etc that is clearly different from that ofothers’. Hence the words ‘idiosyncrasies’ and ‘ideologies’ are synonymous. 12; 3;JThe meaning ofthe word ‘shoddy*as mentioned in the passage is ‘of poor quantity’; ‘done or made badly^. Out of the given words,‘shabby’ means ‘in poor condition through much use of being badly cared for’. Hence the words ‘shoddy’ and ‘shabby’ are synonymous. 13. 5; The meaning of the word ‘inducement’ as mentioned in the passage is ‘a thing that persuades somebody to do something’; ‘an incentive’. Out of the given words.

6S1 ‘impediment’ means *a person or thing ,that delays or stops the progress or movement of something’. Hence the words ‘inducement’ and ‘impediment’ are anton3onou8. 14,4; The words justifiable’ and ‘unreasonable’ are antonymous. The meaning of the word ‘unscrupulous’ is ‘without moral principles’; ‘not honest or fair’. 15. 3; The root word of‘contemptuously*is‘contempt’. Meaning of ‘contempt’ is ‘the feeling that somebody/something is completely worthless and cannot be respected’. Hence the words ‘contemptuously’ and ‘respectfully’ are antonymous. The meaning of the word ‘amicable’ is ‘based on or achieved through polite discussion and without quarreling’. Passage 9 1. 2; Japanese business circles represented by the Ishikawa Mission called attention of their Indian counterparts to what they considered to be the major impediments in India. 2. 1; The Indian government put into effect revolutionary reforms to remove the hurdles. 3.4 4. 1; India deserves a far bijg^er share of world trade considering its vast resources. 9. 1 8. 1 7.2 5.3 6.3 10. 5; The meaning of the word ‘steadfast’ as mentioned in the pass^e is ‘firm and not changing’; ‘constant’. Hence the words ‘steadfastly’ and ‘faithfully’ are synon3mious. 11.4; The meaning of the word ‘resilience’ as mentioned in the passage is ‘the ability of people to recover quickly from shock, injury etc’. Hence the words ‘resilience’ and. ‘adaptability’ are synonymous. 12. 2; The meaning of the word ‘prune’ is ‘to reduce . the extent of something by cutting unnecessary parts’. Out of the given words, ‘trim’ means ‘to make something neat or smooth by cutting away untidy parts’. Hence the words ‘pruning’ and ‘trimming’ are synon3rmous. 13.4; The meaning of the word ‘stiff* as mentioned in the passage is ‘to an extreme degree’; *veiy much’. Out ofthe given words,fielding’means ‘(of a substance) that can bend or move when pressed’; ‘soft rather that stiff. Hence the words ‘stiff and gelding* are antonymous. 14.2 15. 5; The meaning of the word ‘impediment’ as mentioned in the passage is ‘a person or thing that delays or stops the progress or movement of something’. Out of the given words, ‘furtherance’ means *the process of helping the progress or development of something’. Hence the words ‘impediment’' and ‘furtherance’ are antonymous. Meaning of the

/ Test ofEnglish Language

652 given word 'compendium’ is ‘a collection of detailed items of inforrnation especially in a book’. Passage 10 2. 3 3.2 4. 2; During the Renaissance, education passed more from the clutches of the priest into the hand of the prince. 5.3 6.4 7. 1; During the Christian era, the ecclesiastics controlled the institution of education. 8. 1 9.4 10. S; Go through the last sentence of the passage. 1. S

Passage 11 1.4 2. 3; The colonial powers tried to divide people on linguistic and religious lines. 3. 1 4. 4; The impact of colonialism had on the whole been in the direction of transcending localism and unifying supra-local economic structures through the introduction of market relations. 5. 2; It originated as anti-colonial struggle. 6. 4; It was meant to deny the existence of any overarching national consciousness. 7. 1; Colonialism was the cause behind the awakening of the spirit of nationalism among the masses of a country. 8. 3 9.2 10. 3; The meaning of the word ‘trajectory’ as mentioned in the passage is ‘the curved path of something that has been fired, hit, thrown into the air, eg a missile’. Hence the words ‘trajectory’ and ‘path’ are synonymous. 11. 4; The meaning of the word ‘transcend’ is ‘to be or go beyond the normal limits of something’. Hence the words ‘transcending’ and ‘surpassing’ are s3monymous. 12. 5 13. 2 14.3 IS. 5; The meaning of the word ‘subvert’ as mentioned in the passage is ‘to destroy the authority of a political system, religion etc’. Hence the words ‘subvert’ and ‘strengthen’ are antonymous. Meaning of the given word ‘emanate’ is ‘to come or flow from something/ somebody or from a place’. Passage 12 1. 2; The passage presents a comparative sketch of rural and urban life focussing on the risks associated with the urban life. 2.4 3. 1;, Generally, the gains of living in urban areas are less than the disadvantages and risks that are in-built in urban life. 4. 3; Urban living often releases the individual from community restraints. i 5. 2; Life in urban society is more impersoi lalized.

6.2 7. 5; Traditional societies, i.e. villages. 8.4 9. 1; In ‘traditional societies’ there is always community restraint over the individuals. 10. 1; Minor offences in small town or village are often handled without resort to official police action. 11. 2 12. 5; All the others contribute to higher crime rates in urban areas. 13. 2 14.2 15. 1 16.4 17.4 18. 2 19.3 20. 5; Meaning of the word ‘rampant’ is ‘existing or spreading everywhere in a way that cannot be controlled’. Passage 13 1. 1; A contented man devotes himself to virtues like truth, beauty, love goodness, kindness and charity. 2. 5; Go through the second para. 3.4 4. 3; Our countless desires which are hard to be satisfied meike us sad in life. 5.2; Perfect happiness is the result of renunciation. 6. 4; ‘Fleeting’ meeins ‘passing quickly, lasting only a short time’. ‘Momentary’ means lasting for a very short time’. 7. 2; It is only by cultivating the spirit of renunciation, self-sacrifice, contentment and sincere work that one can really be happy. 8. 5; Cow when used as verb means make somebody do as one wants by frightening him;intimidate somebody. Mould (Verb) means guide or control the development of somebody/ something; shape or influence. 9.2 10.4 Passage 14 1. 2;(b) The worth of agricultural products like cereals in the diets of the poor have significant potential impact on poverty, (c) Poverty can be reduced by expanding agriculture which will also result in industrial growth. 2. 4; With increase in agricultural output, the urban workers would benefit by both increased industrial employment and price deflation. 3.3 4. 1; Here the word ‘deflation’ has been used with price, and means lowering or ‘reducing’ price. 5. 5; The supply of labour can be affected at the I subsistence wage rate. 6. 4; Low productivity in agriculture has led to the concentration of the poor in this sector. 7. 4; All the points are mentioned in the second para. 8. 3; Increase in the prices of industrial products.

Redding Comprehension in the absence of adjustments through exports, would result in demand deficiency. 9. 2; An increase in non-agricultural production would lead to an immediate increase in demand for intermediate andfinal agricultural goods. 10.3 11.3 12.4 13. 4; Poodgrain price usually determines the subsistence wage rate in agricultural as well as in the urban informal sector. 14. 2; Since food accounts for a major share in the budget of the poor and any reduction in the food price leaves a significant proportion of income for other items, a lower food price stimulates employment in industrial and service sectors. 15.4 ]^ssage 15 1. 4; Clear from the way he is linked with IIT. 2. 1; The author clearly said to his old friend,“Your market-friendly policies hve forced us to raise the fee, so we have 50% fewer PhD applicants this year.” 3. 2; This is what the author deduces from what “Ron Brown’s remarks summarise”. 4.'5; Read the last para. 5. 3; Read the second sentence of the second para. 6.2 7. 4; Read the last sentence of the third para. 8. 5; 1 is more of a restatement. The real outcome was the prospering of the US economy. 9.2 10.2 11.4 12.2 13.5 14. 1 15.4 Passage 16 1. 3; Read the first sentence of the passage carefully. 2,2; In terms of gross fertilizer consumption, India ranks 4th in the world after USA, Russia and China. 3. 5; Adverse agro-climatic conditions 4. 4; Though 1, 2 and 3 are true, they are not relevant to the question. 5. 3; Read the first sentence of the sixth para. 6.4; Read the first sentence of the seventh para. 7.5 8.4 9. 1; The author talks of “distancing of farm technologies from requirements of the market”. 11.4 12.2 10. 1 15.5 13.2 14. 3 Passage 17 1. 3; The author says “there’s a perception that outsourcing could adversely impact the quality of service.” 2. 5; If an outsource is unable to reach an anticipated sales level, he will be compensated for the balance £imount.

653 3. 1; “It’s like a marriage,” says general manager, marketing. 4.4; Veiy few enterpreneurs are willing to take on a new outsource, unless it comes with a guarantee of a certain level of sales. S. 4; The author says at one point: “This may put off consumers who seek variety.” 6. 3; See Q. 2 above. 7. 2; Read the last para carefully. 8. 3; Read the first sentence of the fourth para. 9.4; 3 seems to be too simplistic an explanation. 12.3 11.5 10.4 15.3 14. 1 13. 1 Passage 18 1. 3; The problem was not (A) but its failure. 2. 4;(B) is not what she had decided to but what she now thinks. 3. 4; Reiter says: “All my energy started coming back. Suddenly I could read. I could take a walk.” 4. 5; to emphasise the miraculous effect of Gleevec. 5. 2; “It’s the dream of any cancer patient in the world to be able to take a pill that works like this.” 6.4;(A) is a misinterpretation. 7. 3; 1 is false while 2 and 4 are probably true. 8. 2; They have limited effectiveness and leave patients weak and nauseated. 9.2 10. 5; The meaning of the word ‘figure’ as mentioned in the passage is ‘to be likely or able to be understood’. 11. 2; The meaning ofthe word ‘caveat’as mentioned in the passage is ‘a warning that certain factors needed to be considered before something is done, accepted etc’. 12. 1; The meaning of the word ‘amass’is ‘to gather together or collect something especially in large quantities’. 13.2 14. 5 15. 4; The meaning of the word ‘rapacious’ as mentioned in the passage is ‘greedy especially for money’. Passage 19 1. 2; The author says: “Around the world, stocks have been on a tear.” 2. 4; The passage says: “... Mumbai’s main equity index hit an all-time high... Hong Kong shares reached a five-year high ... indices in Singapore, Jakarta and Sydney set new records.” 3. 1; B is only a potential impact while C is the measure itself. 4.4; The passage says: “... the Sep 11 terrorist attacks in 2001 spurred a prolonged period of very low interest rates.”

654 5. 2; When rates are high, stocks will die. 6. 1 7. 3; The passage says:“And though stocks in Asia, in particular, are on fire, they are not alone.” 8. 1 9.5 10.5 11. S 13. 3 12.2 V 14.4 15. 1 Passage 20 1. 1;(A)follows because the passage talks of"water conflicts" between developing countries. However, we are told, such conflicts have not escalated into wars. As for (C), the alteration has been done by water, not by water conflicts. 2. 5; Because they are logical developments. 3. 3 4. 3; The passage says that "the victims are likely to be the poorest of the poor." 5. 4; Note that the Prime Minister urges the state govts to show "an appreciation of the other point of view." 6. 4; Water conflicts divide every segment of our society. 7. 5 8. 1; This can be inferred from the last sentence of the third para. 9. 5; Water is a divisible resource. 10. 3 11.4 12.4 13. 2 14.2 15.3 Passage 21 1. 1; The phrase refers to the students. 2. 2; A suitable curriculum is one of the four essential factors. 3. 1; The late 1990s brought the role of curriculum into focus. 4. 3; A medley of different foods or other things is a mixture of them. 5. 1; Ossification of an idea, system or organisation refers to its becoming fixed and difficult to change. Such hardening may lead to its decay in due course. 6. 3; Read the first few lines of the third para. 7. 2; If one thing underpins another, it helps the other thing to continue or succeed by supporting and strengthening it. 8. 3; Notice how the last sentence emphasises on "the professional need for curriculum review". 9. 2; Clear from the last sentence of the second para. 10. 3; This is the idea conveyed by the last two paras as a whole. Passage 22 1. 3; The 21st century is supposed to be all about human capital. 2. 5; to keep the domestic education sector protected. 3. 3; As for (B), the author laments not on the paucity of foreign exchange, but on the loss

Test ofEnglish Language of it. 4. 1; Look at the subsequent sentence. 5. 3; The only constraint seems to be .in what is implied in "if allowed". 6.4;(A) is false because "we are waking up to the realisation that trade is a revolving door." (B) is true because the bill has regulations "designed to keep foreigners out." (C) is false because the "Indian affinity” for education gives us "a competitive edge". 7. 1; Look at the divergence in the two ministries, points of view. 8. 1; Skill shortage will be reduced. 9. 5; Only A 10. 1 11. 1 12.5 15.5 13.2 14. 3 Passage 23 1. 4; And that too only on a small scale. 2. 3; A is not true: cost is not a factor with China. 3. 3; In absence of these the competitor gets an unfair advantage over the innovator. 4. 4; It provides tax benefits up to 46 per cent for research carried out within the country. 5.5 6. 4; Huge expenditures are incurred overseas, draining precious foreign exchange.... 7. 4; Read the last para carefully. 8. 4; Read the first sentence of the ast para. 9. 3; China does not have a large pool of scientists. 10.4 11. 3 12.5 13.4 14.2 15.4 Passage 24 1. 5; for going to war with too few troops. 2. 2; The whole of the first para deals with this. 3. 4;(A) does not follow because we are told that the US forces are “already stressed”. (B) is nobody's perception.(C)simply reverses what the generals said in the past and what they say in the present. 4. 1; The mantra was repeated with the following gist: "Who, after all, knew better than the generals on the ground?" 5.2 6. 1; Read the last sentence. 7. 4; Clear from the' last sentence of the second para. 8. 2;(A) is the apprehension raised by those who back the surge. 9. 2; Can be deduced from the first sentence of the second para. 10. 1 11.3 12.5 13.4 14. 1 15.4 Passage 25 1. 1; Read the first two sentences of the second para. 2. 5; Aid agencies send study groups instead of requisite personnel.

Reading Comprehension 3. 4; Stability will come only when economic opportunities exist. 4. 3; Too much time can't be taken as “the window of opportunity closes quickly." 5.4; Since most economies in post-conflict countries are based on agriculture. 6. 2; Read the third para carefully. 7.4 8. 1 9.2 10. 1 Passage 26 1.4; The passage says: “... traditionally China's politics have been defined by the need for economic development above all else." 2.4; The Chinese President “has formally developed a theoiy of international relations; the concept of harmonious world." 3. 3; The passage says: “China’s growing influence has caused a shift in the geopolitical status quo and its influence is beginning to replace that ofthe United States and European powers in Africa." 4.5;(A) is ruled out because it is in fact China that is in need of this supply. And this helps us eliminate 2,3 and 4. No connection C£m be made out with (C) either. Hence 1 is ruled out. 5.4; When the US needed help in Korea,they turned to China. 6,2; The passage says:“To ensure a stable security environment within the region.and thus facilitate economic growth China played an active role in facilitating negotiations with North Korea." 7.4; There is no clue regarding this. 8. 3; The crux of the matter is that China has been unwilling to compromise on what it thinks to be correct. 9. 1; China is getting the better of both the US and Europe in Africa. 10. 3; Read the first half of the second para. 11.3 12.5 13.2 14. 4; The meaning of the word ‘commendable’ is ‘deserving praise’. IS. 1; The meaning of the word ‘allay’ is ‘to make something less’. Passage 27 1. IrJapan found itself in a disastrous deflationary spiral after this jeopardy. 2. 1; Read the last sentence of the first para. 3. 1; It was made in desperation. 4.2 5. 3; The purpose of reduction was nothing specific but a general one. ^ 6.5; Such a claim was made by Fukui's predecessor. 7. 2; Read the last few sentences of the passage. 8.4 9.5;(A) does not follow because even this reduction had little impact for years. (B) is

655 also not true because Fukui is making efforts with an assumption that is contrary to this. 10.4 11.5 12.3 13. 3 14.4; The meaning of the word ‘exacerbate’ is ‘to make a pain, a disease or a situation worse’; ‘to aggravate’. 15.4 Passage 28 1. 3; Refer to the study done by the economists in Buenos Aires. 2.4; This is what the entire passage deals with. 3. 3; This is a natural corollary to the question above. 4. 5; It will empower the poor to invest and plari ahead. 5. 2; Since the allocation does not come with a proper title, there is always the fear ofeviction. 6. 1; Planning policies discourage building homes. . 7. 4; The commission is exploring ideas to extend enforceable legal rights to impoverished members of society and is seeking to bring about a consensus on incentives for national and local leaders. 8. 2;(B) does not follow because of the word any. 9. 3; The passage says: “As the growth of illegal settlements amply demonstrates the poor are not helpless...." 10. 5; They are discouraged by red tape. 11. 1 12. 2; The meaning of the word ‘beget’ is ‘to cause something’; ‘to result in something’. 13. 3 14. 1; The meanirig of the word ‘pei^severe’ is ‘(of people or their actions, intentions etc) showing a deliberate and stubborn desire to behave in a way that is wrong, unreasonable or unacceptable’. 15. 1 Passage 29 1. 5; The author returned to that incredible lovely world below. 2. 3; The author uses the word diving in the last sentence of the first para. 3. 2; The author says:“Indeed,it would not be much of an exaggeration to say that... I have rarely been anywhere else.” 4.4; This is the best answer when considered in totality. 5. 2; This is what made diving a passion for him and later led to an interest in underwater photography. 6. 3; The passage says: “Furthermore, the water of the Red Sea, like the Caribbean, the South Seas and parts of the Indian Ocean, is so transparent ..." 7,4;"Read the first two sentences of the third para. 8. 3; Read the first three sentences of the second para.

656 9. 1; Read the third para. 10. 1; The meaning of the word ‘gingerly’ is ‘in a careful or cautious manner especially so as to avoid causing harm or making a noise’. 11. 5 12.4 13.3 14. 1 15.5 Passage 30 1. 5; Rigid indifference to individual differences is the major flaw of the present system. 2. 3; Read the first sentence of the passage. A and B are contrary to this. ’ “ 3. 3; Most teachers are trained mainly to cover the syllabus in a mechanical exam-oriented manner. 4. 3 5. 4; Read the last sentence of the passage. 6. 1; This may be inferred from the third sentence of the first paragraph. 7. 1; Note the adjective essential. 8. 2; Practices of splitting unified topics into arbitrary bits carrying small marks value encourage teachers to concentrate on scoring topics. 9. 5 10. 4; This is implied by “its flexibility and respect for individual differences in learning”. 11. 1 12. 2 13.4 14. 2 15. 5 Passage 31 1. 3; The widest divergence between India and China is the profitable horticultural sector China's added advantage lies in the more diversified composition of its agricultural sector .... 2. 1; In all of these China has outdone India. 3. 2; The passage talks only about agricultural growth rate, not economic growth in general. 4. 5; None of these is fully true. 5. 5 6. 3; India is placed favourably when compared to china in terms of quantity of arable land, average farm size, farm mechanisation etc. 7. 5; Majority of the budget is eaten up by staff salaries with only 3 per cent being allotted for research. 8. 3; There has been much debate about subsidies and their utility; the opposing view being that subsidies are against the market reforms and distort the market as well as reduce resource efficiency. 9.4 10. 1: China has concentrated on investment rather than on subsidies. 11.4 12. 5; The meaning of the word ‘pertinent’is‘relevant to something’. 13. 2 14. 1 15. 3 Passage 32 1. 2;(A) was a restriction because “entrepreneurs

Test ofEnglish Language needed permission to invest.” (C) was also a restriction as “to get these licences was tough.” 2. 3; The passage says: “After 1997 and the East Asian crisis there was global slowdown, which had an impact on the Indian industry,” 3. S; All other choices can be ruled out. 4. 2; The passage says: “The success of the software sector has created much higher expectations from ... what Indian industry can do.”

5. 4;“Entering certain areas was prohibited” for the private sector “as these were reserved for the public sector.” 6. 1; This is the optimistic tone that runs through the passage. 7. 5; The passage says: “... the software sector's performance was outstanding in an almost totally global market.” 8. 3;(A) is not true: the reason lay in global economic slowdown. (B)is not true: 12% is the growth rate projected for the future. The passage doesn't even mention it as a past benchmark. (C) is true: The passage says: "... perrpission was unavailable if somebody was already producing it in India.” 9. 4; Read the last sentence of the second para. 10. *; None of the choices is appropriate. 11. 1 12.2 13. 3 14. 5 15.5 Passage 33 1. 2; Read the last sentence of the second para. 2. 1; Read the last two sentences of the first para. 3. 3; Read the second sentence of the first para. 4. 3; The passage says: "... Archimedes was able to tell his king how much pure gold was in his crown.” 5. 4; The passage says that “the scientific puzzle worried him intensely.” 6. 2; The spontaneity is evident as he didn’t think of putting on his clothes even. 7. 1; Read the last sentence of the ird para. 8.4; This is the first fundamental law in hydrostatics discovered by Archimedes, 9. 4; B and C are definitely true. So, by elimination, we go for (4). A may be false because this is corroborated only by some people. 10. 1 11. 5 12.4 13. 2 14. 1 15. 3 Passage 34 1.5; 1, 3 and 4 are false while 5 is more comprehensive than 2. 2. 5; Both (B) & (C). 3. 3; The passage says, “For 25 years, the bank tried to get governments out of agriculture ... the result ... farm productivity stagnant for decades.” 4. 5; 1 is quite close but China does not restrict

6S7

Reading Comprehension the private sector. 5. 5; In fact, the passage is silent on transportation though it talks about roads. 6. 1; Rather, it is “agednst the practiced lessons of development successes in China eind the rest of Asia.” 7. 4;(A)is not true because China is even financing and constructing basic infrastructure.(B) has simply not been mentioned an3rwhere in the passage. 8. 5; No such outcome has been mentioned or hinted at. 9. 3; The African governments have declared their intention to invest in infrastructure, agriculture modernisation, public health, and education. 10.4; Practical development strategy recognises that public investments are necessary complement to private inves^nent. 15. 3 14. 1 12.5 13. 1 11.2 Passage 35 1. 4; The passage says: “growth fuelled by energyintensive industry, urban crowding, and deforestation has added to ... bringing extreme weather” 2. 5; A collective effort is required on the part of all countries. 3. 5; We don't have concrete evidence to come to any of these conclusions. 4. 2; Rich countries like the US must propel mitigation measures to improve energy efficiency and protect the environment. 5. 1; The clue lies in the following sentence: “The gains are also spread over time, beyond the horizon of politicians' interest.” 6. 4; You may infer this from the last sentence of the passage. 7. 2; The passage says that “such situations call for collective action.” 8. 3; Read the tenth and eleventh sentences of the first para. 11.2 10. 1 9.5 14.3 13. 1 12. 5 15.4; The meaning of the word ‘emulate’ is ‘to try to do as well as or better than somebody’. Passage 36 1. 2; Read the last two sentences of the first para. 2. 5; In fact, they might feel that honesty is not the best policy. 3. 3; Read the third para. 4. 3; Read the fifth sentence of the second para. 5. 5; Even (B) does not follow because it is not a term.. 6. 1; Note that the passage is a criticism of loan waiver. 7. 2;(A) does not follow: in fact more than half of the small and marginal farmers will not benefit. (C) sort of confuses the data.

8. 1 9.4; 4 has been explicitly mentioned while 3 is only an extrapolation of what happened with IRDP loans in the 1980s. 10.4; The author sees the loan weaver as a “political ploy.” 15.5 12.3 13.4 14. 1 11.2 Passage 37 1. 3;(A) does not follow as inflation was in fact low. (B) follows from the very first sentence. (C) does not follow as no such relationship has been established between the Asian countries and the advanced ones. 2. 1;(A) and (B) are measures mentioned in the first sentence of the second para. 3. 5; Read the first half of the second para. 4.4; Clear from the last para. 5. 1; Read the beginning of the third para. 6. 2; Same as above. 7.4; The passage says: :Developing nations need to grow quickly to create jobs ...” 8. 2; It “could quickly reverse the gains made in overcoming poverty over the past seven years.” 9. 1 10. 3; Th^ answer can be found in the beginning of the fourth para. 15.5 11.5 12.4 13.2 14. 1 Passage 38 1. 3; Clear from the first sentence of the passage. 2. 2; Obvious from the second sentence of the passage. 3. 5; To prepare the country for entry into the ranks of mid-level developed nations. 4. 1; Clear from the first sentence of the third para. 5. 4; Read the second, third arid fourth sentences of the third para. 6. 2; 2 is more comprehensive than 3. 7. 1;(C) does not make sense. 8. 2; Can be concluded from the seventh sentence of the third para. 12.5 11.4 10.5 9.4 15.3 14. 1 13.2 Passage 39 1. 5; To ensure their (the developed countries') owii military and economic independence. 2. 4; The second para contains all these poinf:s. 3. 2; This is the selective tactics employed by the mighty, developed countries. 4. 3; Look at the fifth and sbcth paras. 5. 2; Given in the fourth para. 6.4; Read the last para. 7. 3; Read the last sentence of the second para. 8. 1; Read the third para. 9. 5; To develop indigenous technologies to generate wealth in all segments of the economy. 10. 1; The meaning of the word ‘reconaissance’ is ‘a

658

Test ofEnglish Language

survey of an area espcially for military purposes’ 11.4 12.3 13.4 14.2 IS.5 Passage 40 1. 3; Can be inferred from the last sentence of the second para. 2. 3; Money earned from oil has enriched only tycoons and corrupt government officials. 3. 4; Clear from the first two sentences of the passage. 4. 1; Russian Central Bank has raised the interest rate. 5. 2; The passage says: "Russia is slowly moving from a resources-dependent to a sciencebased economy.” 6. 5; Russia has been too dependent on oil to develop other sources of revenue. 7. 4; Can be inferred from the last sentence of the passage. 8. 3; Russia has overtaken Germany as Europe's biggest car market. 9. 1; The passage says:“The government has raised funding to infrastructure — outmoded transport networks put a brake on the economy.... “ 10. 5; No reason has been given. 11.4 12.5 13.2 14.2 IS. 1 Passage 41 1. 3; They “are wary of getting caught in a lab3rrinthine of police and legal systems.” 2. 1; The passage doesn’t make any such comparison. 3. 5;(A) does not follow because the govt reaction has been an5rthing but sensitive. (B) does not follow because the response, though standardised, is far from being a professional one. (C) does not. follow because the govt merely announces the package; it does not ensure the implementation part—at least that is what the passage says. 4. 4; This is the essence of the criticism vented out in the passage. 5. 5; Clear if we read the fourth and fifth sentences of the third para together, 6. 5; The problem lies in the non-availabilify of the desired goods and services at the disaster site. 7. 2; Read the last sentence of the passage. 8. 1; All of these are only negated by the passage. 9. 3; This model will have the “professionalism, competent management and output-linked efficiency of a good corporate organisation.” 10. 1; Unfortunately, none of these good impacts are in place as yet. 11.2 12.3 13.4 14.2 15.5 Passage 42 1. 2; The very first sentence sets the theme: “The

current global food situation is very serious....” 2.4; Both A and B can be inferred from the third para. 3. 1; If you read the fourth para ceirefully. A and B are causes of investment in commodity markets while C is a sort of consequence. 4. 4; The passage says: “The weakening of the US dollar is also advanced as a reason for the recent volatility in commodity markets....” 5. 5; A and C follow from the last sentence of the passage. B follows from the expression: “a preference to fill the fuel tanks of automobiles rather than fill the empty stomachs of people.” 6.3 7. 1; Read the third sentence of the fourth para, 8. 3; Refer to the expression highlighted in the solution to Q. 5. 9.4; “This phenomenon” used in the Isst sentence of the fourth para refers to the preceding sentence. 10.4 11. 5 12.2 13.3 14.5 15. 1 Passage 43 1. 2; Read the second sentence of the first peira. 2. 1; Read the first para carefully. 3. 5; They are pumping money into a recession-hit economy. 4. 1; The passage talks about “the ethereal goodsand-services engine that Keynes called “aggregate demand” ...”. 5. 3; The author calls them “a trillion dollars’ worth of bad ideas”. 6. 2; Clear from the first sentence of the third para. 7. 5; These projects require major investments as they are employment-oriented. 8. 1;(C) is a sort of restatement of the question part. 9.4; The budget deficits exploded under George W Bush. 10. 3; The meaning of the word ‘moribund’ is ‘no longer operating effectively and about to stop or come to an end completely. 11. 1; The meaning of the word ‘beleaguered’ is ‘worried by repeated attacks or criticism’. 12. 5; The meaning ofthe word ‘raucous’is ‘(ofsound) loud and rough’. 13. 2; The meaning of the word ‘apocalyptic’ is ‘describing or prophesying a great disaster or the total destruction of something especially the end of the world’. 14. 4; The meaning of the word ‘resuscitate’ is ‘to bring something/somebody back to consciousness’. 15. 1; The meaning of the word ‘fren^’ is ‘a state of extreme, excitement’; ‘extreme and wild activity or behaviour.’

Reading Comprehension Passage 44 1. 2; The last sentence talks of "social dissolution". 2.4; Before mentioning "the task for most of us is hard enough", the author talks about how the society is slow in its transformation. 3. 1; The author cautions us how our zeal for transformation should not blind us to the realities that exist. 4. 4; "Beliefs" are what one preaches. To "apply" them is to practise them. 5. 3; The passage says: "It is not one, but many generations. Each of the seven ages of man is neighbour to all the rest." 6. 2; Read the second sentence of the third para. 7. 3; The author says that these originated "in a certain real or supposed fitness" and then relates the fitness to "satisfying need". Passage 45 1. 5; They find their oil import bills decline. 2. 3; Read the fourth sentence of the second ,para. 3.5 4. 1;(B) is true from the last sentence of the passage. 5. 3; Read the last sentence of the second para. 6. 2; Clear from the very first sentence of the passage. 7. 4; Read the last two sentences of the first para together. » n 8.4; The passage clearly says But there is little evidence that geopolitical uncertainties'in west Asia have improved to weaken the price of oil." 9. 1; The passage does not mention when the OPEC was founded. 10. 5; However, this role has been weakened. 15.4 13. 1 14.2 12. 3 11. 5 Passage 46 1. 1; The passage says; "For this unprecedented rise in oil is creating a most demanding environment for alternative fuels." 2. 4; Read the third sentence of the first para. 3. 2; Read the preceding sentence. 4. 5;(1) is true from the first sentence of the third para. For (2), read the second sentence from the end of the second para. (3) follows from the fourth sentence of the second para. (4) follows from "India showing the way with its nuclear deal". 5. 2; Read the complete sentence in which the idiom has been used. 6. 3; The reasons for this "vested interest" have been dealt with in separate paras. 7. 3; Read the first half of the second para. 8. 5; It might become more expensive to invest in newer technologies to conform to the emission norms. 9. 1; Refer to Q. 6 12.5 11. 2 10.4 15.4 14. 1 13.3

659 Passage 47 1,4; This it not responsible directly at least. 2. 3; Read the first two sentences of the passage. 3. 5;(A) follows because this scheme is meant for "workers". (B) has not been mentioned in the passage. (C) is evident from the latter half of the first para. Hence (A) & (C). 4. 1; The passage says that bank payments have made it "much harder to embezzle NREGS funds." 5. 4;(A) is not true because the author has rather true downplayed banking problems.(B)i^otnefit because the motive is certainly not "tcrbe workers." (C) is not true because of "every". 6.3; Read the fourth sentence of the last peiragraph. 7.4; This measure has been suggested for droughtprone areas. 8. 4; Clear from the second sentence of the last paragraph. 9. 1 10. 3; Read the last sentence of the third paragraph. 11.4 12.5 13.2 14.5 15.1 Passage 48 1. 3; Read the second sentence of the third paragraph. 2. 1; This is the thread that runs throughout the passage. 3.5 4. 2; Can be deduced from the last sentence of the second paragraph. 5. 5; Only D 6. 5; Only this choice gives a comprehensive picture 7.5; The scenario is not so positive as to accommodate the words“completely*,“drastic” and “universally”. 8. 2; The power grids have not yet shifted thus. 9.5 10. 1 11.2 12.4 13.5 14. 3 15. 1 Passage 49 1. 4; Note how the author concludes: “Another green revolution is the need of the hour ...” 2. 2; The passage says: “Farming got starved of -resources and investment.” 3. 1; The target seems to be ambitious. 4. 2; Don’t go for (B), because it talks about the “protests” not mentioned in the passage. 5. 2; Read the first two sentences of the fourth paragraph. 6. 3; Read the fourth paragraph carefully. 7. 3; Read the last sentence of the first paragraph. 8. 1; Read the first two sentences of the fifth paragraph. 9. 5; Read the second half of the third paragraph.' 10. 3;(B) is true from the Goldman Sachs report. 11.1 12.2 13.4 14.5 15.3

660

Test ofEnglish Language Passage SO

1.4; The passage conclude^ at one point: enticing the unbanked ;Won’t be easy.” 2. 3; Read the second sentence of the third paragraph. 3. 3; This may be inferred from the vein in which the passage says about the US that “it is still a nation of 1,00,000 bank branches.” 4. 5; In fact, the author is sceptical about the success of Grameen America. 5. 1;(A) is doubtful.(B) is contrary to the passage. (C) has not been mentioned. 6,3; The passage discusses things and leaves room open for conclusion. 7. 2; Read the sixth and seventh sentences of the third paragraph. 8. 5; As the passage says’ "... group members are tremendous sources of support to one another.” 9. 1 10.4

Passage 51 1. 5; Read the first paragraph carefully. None of the statements definitely follows. 2. 4; The first paragraph clearly highlights tax collections; no other indicator has been used to highlight growth. 3. 3; The passage clearly highlights the problem of overcrowding in metros and establishes the need to decongest cities by uniform growth in different parts of the country. 4.4; Read the first paragraph. No city has been clearly specified in Tier III. 5. 1; Read the second sentence of the second paragraph. It clearly means that cities are filled beyond capacity. 6. 3; To improve quality ofschools and colleges may be a “process” to achieve the objective but not the “objective”. 7. 1; Read the second sentence of the third paragraph. 8. 2; Read the fourth sentence of the second paragraph. 9.2 10. S 11.3 12. 1 13.4 14.5

Chapter 20

Transformation Exercise-1 Directions: In each question there is a statement followed by three starters which are denoted by A, B and C. Each starter is a group of first few words of the sentence which, on proper completion, is supposed to convey the same meaning of the original statement. Find out which one or more starters can form grammatically correct sentence(s) to convey the SAME meaning of the original statement. 1. The hijackers’ real identity will always remain a secret. (A) No one will ever know the hijackers’ (B) The secret identity of the really (C)The real identity of the hijackers would have remained 2) Only (B) 1) Only (A) 4) Either (A) or (C) 3) Only (C) 5) Any one of the three 2. “I’m extremely sony: I’m late,” said Sushma. (A) Sushma apologised for my being (B) Sushma tendered apology for her (C)Sushma apologised for her being 2) Only (B) 1) Only (A) 4) Either (A) or (C) 3) Only (C) 5) Either (B) or (C) Tender something = to offer or present something formally 3. They have displayed arrogant behaviour;they will therefore be punished. (A) As a result of their arrogance, they (B) They will be punished because (C)They will punish because they have 1) Only (A) 2) Only (B) 3) Only (C) 4) Either (A) or (B) 5) Any one of the three 4. Not everyone among them was able to perform the act flawlessly. (A) None among them could (B) Few of them could not perform .; (C)Some of them could perform 2) Only (B) 1) Only (A) 4) Either (A) or (B) 3) Only (C) 5) Either (B) or (C)

5.

Most US citizens have made generous donations for rehabilitation of the victims of war. (A) These generous donations (B) The generous donations made by the victims of (C)The rehabilitation of victims of war was generous 2) Only (B) 1) Only (A) 4) Either (A) or (B) 3) Only (C) 5) None of these Generous = giving or ready to givefreely RehabiUtate = to help somebody to have a normal life again after they have been in prison or hospitalfor a longtime. 6. It was too dark for us to be able to see anything. (A) We could not see (B) Since we could not see . (C)For us, it was so dark to 2) Only B 1) Only A 4) Either A or B 3) Only C 5) Either A or C 7. You must act as per my instructions only. (A) Only you act (B) My instructions (C)You must do 1) Any one of the three 2) Either A or B 3) Either B or C 4) Either A or C 5) None of these 8. Even if you dislike him you must not be rude to him. (A) You must be polite (B) Although you must not be rude (C)Since you don’t like 1) Any one of the three 2) A only 4) C only 3) B only 5) None of these However, often I tried my best, I could not succeed in my endeavour. (A) Despite (B) In spite of (C)Though I could not succeed 2) Only B 1) Only A 4) Either A or B 3) Only C 5) None of these Endeavour = an attempt or effort

662

10. So terrible was the earthquake that all the skyscrapers in the locality were completely ruined. (A) Owing to the intensity (B) None of the skyscrapers in the (C)The intensity of ....... 1) Only A 2) Only B 3) All the three 4) Either A or B 5) Only C Skyscraper = a very tall modem dty, buildup 11. If you are diligent, you can master any skill in a short time span. (A) Unless you master (B) If you can be mastering (C)In spite of being diligent 1) None of the three 2) Either A or B 3) Either B or C 4) Either A or C 5) Any one of the three Diligent = showing care and effort in one’s work or duties 12. Do whatever you think appropriate. (A) Don’t do (B) Do you think . (C)You don’t think 1) Any one of the three 2) Only C 3) Eittier B or C 4) Only B 5) None of these 13. Thqr lost to their opponents although thqr played most valiantly. (A) Their opponents (B) Despite the opponents (C)The opponents played valiantly 1) Any one of the three 2) Only A 3) Only B 4) Only C 5) None of these Valiant = bmve or determined Opponent = a person who is against another person in a game,afight, a struggle or an argument 14. No sooner did he offer the bouquet to the guest than he left the dai$. (A) Hardly had he left the (B) As soon as he left (C)He left the dais immediately 1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Either A or B 4) Only C 5) Either B or C 15. That social worker is the most respected person in our district. (A) All other persons (B) Most other social workers (C)All the social workers in our 1) None of the three 2) Either A or B 3) Either A or C 4) Either B or C

5) Only A

Test ofEnglish Language 16. The sound of police sirens made it difficult to hear an3dhing else. There was a major trafficjam as the police had blocked off the stretch of the road where the accident occurred. (A) The sound of police sirens (B) After the accident (C)One could not hear anything but the police sirens 1)(A) and (B) only 2)(B) and (C) only 3)(A) and (C) only 4) All the three 5) None of these 17. It was the first stage-show of the newcomer actor. The actor was a bundle of nerves. (A) Since it was the (B) The newcomer actor was a bundle (C)The first stage show 1)(A) and (B) only 2)(A) and (C) only 3)(B) and (C) only 4) None of (A), (B) or (C) 5) All the three A bundle of nerves = in a very nervous condition 18. The earthquake ruined the city. Almost eight hundred people were killed. (A) Almost eight hundred (B) Ruining the city (C)The earthquake ruined 1)(A) only 2)(C) only 3)(A) and (B) only 4)(A) and (C) only 5)(B) only 19. The incident occurred very fast. I was flabbergasted. (A) The incident occured (B) I was flabbergasted (C)The fast incident 1)(B) only 2)(C) only 3)(A) and (B) only 4) None of these 5)(A) and (C) only Flabbergast° to astonish somebody completely; to shock or surprise somebody very much 20. The club was filled with people of all ages. Most of the visitors were unknown to me. (A) Most of the visitors were (B) People of all ages (C)The club was filled 1)(A) and (B) only 2)(B) and (C) only 3)(B) only ' 4)(C) only 5)(A) and (C) only

663

Transformation

Exercise-2 Directions: In each question, there are two statements which can be combined into a single statement in a number of different ways without changing their meaning. Below them are given three probable starters of such combined sentence. One, two three or none of them may be correct. Decide upon which is/are correct, if any, and answer the questions. 1. Mahesh was extremely impressed by the fascinating paintings. He purchased all of them although they were very expensive. . (A) Since the paintings were expensive (B) Mahesh was so (C)Although Mahesh was 1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Only C 4) Only B and C 5) Only A and B 2. Raju observed all the Yogic exercises very carefully. He could not succeed in practising even a single one. (A) Raju’s careful observation of (B) In spite of observing all the (C)Though Raju had not succeed 1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Only C 4) Only B and C 5) Only A^and B 3. He possesses all the qualities of a good leader except one. He is very shy. (A) Despite his shyness (B) Had he been a good leader (C)But for his shyness 1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Only C 4) A and B only 5) B and C only 4. Shyam faced all the problems with utmost courage. Any other ordinary person would have been ruined. (A) Shyam was extraordinary enough .... (B)Though Shyam was not extraordinary (C) Unlike any ordinary person 1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Only C 4) Only A and C 5) None Utmost = greatest; most extreme 5. With his persevering practice of classical, he would have been a famous singer. He lacks melody in his voice. (A) Had his voice been melodious (B) Though his voice is not melodious (C)Since he lacks persevering practice 1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Only C 5) None 4) Only B and C Persevering = shxnving continued steady effort 6. He always delays in taking any action. It makes others suffer a lot.

7.

8.

9.

(A) His taking action on time makes .... (B) Others suffer a lot because of (C)On account of his procrastination .. 1) A. BandC 2) A and B only 4) A and C only 3) B and C only 5) None of these Procrastinate » to delay or postpone action Don’t add so much chilli powder to the soup. Consumers are only small children. (A) Because small children do not allow chilli powder (B) Since small children do not consume more soup (C)Adding more chilli powder to soup makes the small children like 2) A only 1) None 4) C only 3) B only 5) A and C only The quality of the fabric was not impressive. We changed our plan of purchasing. (A) The quality of the fabric being (B) We changed our (C)In spite of the unimpressive 1) Only A 2)Only B 4) A and B only 3) Only C 5) All the three A, B and C Madhuri has been consistent in her studies. Her performance in the examination was nothing else but excellent. (A) Despite being consistent in her studies

(B) Madhuri’s performance in the examination was not excellent because i. (C)Because Madhuri was only consistent and not intelligent, her performance 1) Only A 2) Only B and C 3) Only A and C 4) All the three A, B and C 5) None of these 10. It is very cold here. You must bring warm clothes with you. (A) Since you must (B) As it is very (C)If it is very . 2) Only B 1) Only A 4) A and C only 3) Only C 5) B and C only 11. The officials were very busy. The CM was to visit the locality the next day. (A)The officials were very (B) Busy officials (C)In the locality 2) Only C 1) Only B 4) Only A 3) Both B and C 5) All the three

664

Test ofEnglish Language

12. You must sign your railway pass, write your name -and age on it. According to the railway . authorities, it becomes valid only after that. (A) To make your railway pass valid, the railway authorities should (B) Without validating your railway pass, you cannot sign (C)To validate your railway pass, you must 19. 1) Only A 2)Only B 3) Only C 4) A and B only 5) B and C only 13. The doctor says that Ramesh has lost his immunity. Therefore, he is vulnerable to any disease. (A) Ramesh’s loss of immunity (B) Because of his vulnerability to his (C)His vulnerability to any disease 1)Only A 2) Only B 3) Only C 4) Only A and C 5) A and B only Vulnerable = that can be hurt, harmed or attacked easUy, especially because of being small or weak 14. How much you speak is less important. What is more important is how relevant you speeik. (A) How relevant you speak is (B) How much you speeik is as importeint (C)How releveuit you speedc is not as important 1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Only C 4) Only A and B 5) None of these 15. You mustsubmit a copy ofyour ration ceu*d. Only then your application for telephone connection will be considered. (A) Unless you submit (B) Unless your application for (C)Without your application for 1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Only C 4) Only A eind B 5) None of these 16. You need two tickets? Please stand in the queue. (A)If you need (B) In case you need (C)Should you need 1) Only A and B 2) Only B and C 3) Only A and C 4) All the three 5) None of these 17. It was a rainy day. It was not easy to go outside. (A) As it was a rainy day (B) Being a rainy day (C)Outside was not 1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Only C 4) Only A and B 5) None of the above 18. He performed superbly at the concert. The entire audience appreciated his talent. (A) Having superbly performing

20.

21.

22.

(B) His talent was appreciated (C)Appreciation was given 1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Only C 4) Only A and B 5) None of the above Superb “ excellent; splendid Concert = a musical entertainment given in public by one or more performers Do not behave cruelly with animals. They have a right to a decent existence. (A) Do not behave (B) Animals have a right (C)A decent existence 1)Only A 2) Only B 3) Both B and C 4) Both A and B 5) Only C There is always heavy rush at the Kumbh Mela. The sacred bath is very popular. (A)There is heavy rush (B) The sacred bath (C)At the Kumbh Mela 1) Only A 2)Only B 3) Both A and C 4) Only C 5) None of these There were no tickets available at the counter. But the touts were all brandishing their tickets. (A) Brandishing their tickets (B) Availability of tickets with the touts . (C)Even though there were no tickets .... 1) Only A 2) Only A and B 3) Only C 4) Both A and C 5) None of these Tout = to try to get people to buy one’s goods or services, especially by approaching them direhly Brandish = to wave something in order to threaten somebody or because one is angry, excited etc Nobody should be certain about achieving something. There are so many uncertainties in

life. (A) Achieving something (B) Certainty about achieving ... (C)With so many uncertainties 1)Only C 2) Both A and B 3) Only B 4) All the three 5) None of these 23. Are you satisfied with this information? Please contact me for any further clarification. (A) If you need (B)In case you need (C)Should you need 1) None 2) All the three 3)(A) and (C) only 4)(A) and (B) only 5)(B) and (C) only 24. How much you earn is less important. What is more important is how you earn,ie your methods of earning.

665 Transformation '2) Only B 1) Only A (A) How you earn is as important I 4)A and B only* f; 3) Only C (B) How much you earn is as important 5) Band C only (C)How you earn is not as important 31. He has to submit his application. He cannot go 1) Only (A) 2) Only (B) on leave otherwise. 3) Only (C) 4) All the three (A) Unless he submits 5) None of these (B) Being his application 25. You must submit the proof of your being a US (C)As he submits leave citizen. Only then your NRI account will be made 2) Only B 1) Only A operative. 4) Only A and B 3) Only C (A) Unless you prove .... 5) None of the above (B) Unless your NRI account is made operative 32. The student was late. He was denied entry into the classroom. (C)Without your NRI account, you must.... (A) The student was unable 2) Only (B) 1) Only (A) (B) The student was out 4) All the three 3) Only (C) (C)Being late, the student 5) None of these 1) Only A 2) Only B 26. Your income tax returns for the past three ye^s 3) Only C 4) Only A and C are required. Only then your, passport application 5) None of the above will be considered. 33. The delivery was a loose one. The batsman hit it (A) Unless you submit for a six. (B) After your passport application for (A) A loose delivery was (C)Without your passport appli^tion for (B) As the delivery was 2) Only B 1) Only A (C) A loose"delivery was scored 4) All the three 3) Only C 2) Only B 1) Only A 5) None of these 4) Only A and B 3) Only C 27. He has lost his ration card. Therefore, he has 5) None of the above been facing certain problems. 34. He always procrastinates the needful action. It (A) His loss of ration card makes others suffer a lot. (B) Because of his loss of ration card (A) His taking action on time makes (C)The problems that he has been (B) Others suffer a lot because of 2) Only B 1) Only A (C) On account of his delay in taking 4) Only A and C 3) Only C 1) A, B and C 2) A and B only 5) All the three 3) B and C only 4) A and C only 28. The volume of your speech is less important. 5) None of these What is more important is how relevant is the Procrastinate = to delay or pos^one acthn speech. 35. RBI is concerned about the risk of investing in (A) How relevant you speak is more important mutualfunds. RBI.is likely to ask banks to reduce (B) How much you speak is as import^t their investments in mutual funds. (C)How relevant you speak is not as important (A) At the risk of investing 2) Only A 1) All the three (B)To reduce investments 4) Only C 3) Only B (C)Concern for the risk 5) None of these 2) Only (B) 1) Only (A) 29. You need a ticket? Please stand in the queue. 4) Only (A) and (B) 3) Only (C) (A) If you need 5) None of these (B) In case you need 36. Twelve million youth enter the Indian work force (C)Should you need every year, Eighty per cent of these youth are 1) A and B only unskilled. 2) B and C only (A) While eighty per cent 3) A and C only (B) Since twelve million 4) All the three (C)Of the twelve million .5) None of these 1) Only (A) 30. You must sign the correction made on your 2) Only (C) cheque. The correction becomes valid only after 3) Only (A) and (C) that. 4) All (A),(B) and (C) (A) To authenticate the correction on your 5) None of these cheque, you must 37. Food inflation is touching twenty per cent. The (B) Without authenticating the correction on government wUl have to tighten monetary policy your cheque, you cannot to prevent further rise. (C)To authenticate your cheque, you must

666 Test ofEnglish Language (A) Although food inflation is (B) With the tightening of monetary (C)Given that food inflation 1) Only (A) 2)Only (B) 3) Only (C) 4) Only (A) and (B) 5) None of these 38. The government has decided to install renewable energy devices at prominent sites. Citizens will be more aware of their benefits. (A) The goveniment’s decision (B) Deciding to instal , (C)By making citizens 1) Only (A) 2) Only (A) and (B) 3) Only (B) 4) Only (C) 5) None of these

Prominent

= easily seen; distinguished or important 39. The company’s sales were low at the beginning of the year. Its sales have picked up in the past few months. (A)Though the company’s sales were low, (B) Despite low sales at (C)However the company’s sales have picked 1) Only (A) 2) Only,(A) and (B) 3) All (A),(B) and (C) 4) Only(B) and (C) 5) None of these

.I

I“

Exercise-3 Directions (Q. 1-6): In each of the foUowing questions two/three sentences are given. These sentences are combined into a single sentence and given as four alternatives below each question. You have to select one sentence which is grammatically correct and conveys the same meaning as conveyed by the two/three sentences and mark the number of that sentence as your answer. If none of the four sentences given as alternatives below each question is correct mark *5*. None of the above sentences is correct, as the answer. 1.

3) Getting up, he wound the cloth around his head.

4.

Her father was listening keenly. Rupa noticed this 1) Rupa noticed that her father had listened keenly 2) Rupa had noticed that her father was listening keenly 3) Rupa noticed that her father is listening keenly.

2.

4) Rupa noticed that her father was listening keenly. 5) None of the above sentences is correct Keenly = eagerly The sun is very important to men. Men have long known this. 1) Meri have long known how important the sun is to them. 2) The sun is very important to them is known to men. 3) The sun has been very important for men is known to them. 4) The men know the sun is very important to them.

3.

5)-None of the above sentences is correct He got up. He wound the cloth around his head. 1) Having got up, he had wound the cloth around his head. 2) Getting up he did wound the cloth around his head.

5.

4) Having getting up, he wound the cloth around his head. 5) None of the above sentences is correct They watched. They wondered. They were unable to find the reason. 1) They watched and wondered till they were unable to find the reason. 2) They watched and wondered but were unable to find the reason. 3) They had watched and wondered but were unable to find the reason. 4) They watched and wondered despite being unable to find the reason. 5) None of the above sentences is correct I was veiy much overwhelmed. I did not make any decision. 1) I was so overwhelmed to make any decision. 2) I could not make any decision as I was very much overwhelmed.

3) I was too overwhelmed to make any decision. 4) Being very much overwhelmed I do not make any decision. 5) None of the above sentences is correct Overwhelm = to have a very strong emotional effect on somebody 6. He is sure to receive his pay. It is due to him. Why then does he worry? 1) Why does he worry, till he is sure to receive / his pay due to him? 2) Why should he worry as the pay due to him is sure to be received? 3) Why does he worry as he should be sure to receive the pay due to him? 4) Why does he worry,;since the pay due to him is sure to be received? ' 5) None of the above sentences is correct Directions (Q. 7-11): In each question below, there are two or three sentences. Those are to be synthesised in one sentence. Such synthesised

\

Trcuisformation sentences are denoted by (A),((B) & (C). You have to And out which one or more of these three are most similar in meaning of the original two or three sentences. 7. Petroleum industry is going to face certain challenges. These challenges would be imminent in the next two decades. For success, it must predict these challenges now. (A) In the next two decades, petroleum industry must face the challenges which it has now predicted. (B) If petroleum industry determines to succeed in facing the challenges which are likely to be posed in the next two decades, it must be able to predict them now. (C)If petroleum industry wants to predict the challenge it is likely to face in the next two decades, it must successfully face them. 2) Only B and C 1) Only A and B 4) Only A 3) Only A and C 5) Only B Imminent ° about to happen; likely to happen Pose ° to create or present a difficulty, a threat, a question etc 8. Two men can now do this job. Previously it required sbcteen men. (A) Two men can now do ajob formerly requiring sixteen. (B)Two men, instead of the previously sixteen, can now do this job.? (C)In place of two men who can do this job now, there is a requirement of sixteen men in the past. 1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Only C 4) Only A and C 5) Only B and C 9. They were curious. They asked us a question. They wanted to know why we had left the comfortable hotel and gone to the desert. (A) Out of curiosity they inquired why we had gone to the desert leaving the comfortable hotel. (B) They asked us why we were curious to leave the comfortable hotel and go to the desert. (C)They were curious to know the reason for our leaving the comfortable hotel and going to the desert. 1) Only A and B 2) Only B and C 4) All the three 3) Only A and C 5) None of these 10. They could play exceedingly well. They were defeated in the last round.The captain motivated them to overcome the defeat. (A) The captain’s motivation helped them to overcome the earlier defeat and play exceedingly well. (B) Despite earlier defeat they played exceedingly well due to the captain’s efforts to motivate them.

667 (C)Despite the captain’s motivation, they were defeated earlier but could play exceedingly well now. 2) Only B 1) Only A 3) Only C 5) None of these 4) Only A and B 11. His marriage is at a far-off place. I do not want to undertake such a long journey to attend it. In fact, there is no earthly reason to justify such a long journey. (A) There is no reason to justify such a distant place for his marriage as it would take me a long time to reach it. (B) There is no earthly reason for me to undertake a long journey to attend his marriage. (C)Because his marriage is at a far-off place, I would not be able to undertake such a long journey as it is not justifiable. 2) Only B and C 1) Only A and B 3) Only A and C 5) Only B 4) Only C “(usually in negativesentencesfor Earthly emphasis)possible;remote Directions(Q. 12-16): For each statement there are three different sentences given below it. Pick out the sentence(s) that most appropriately convey(s) the meaning of the statement. The number of that sentence or combination of sentences is the answer. 12. I could not observe his unwillingness while donating to charity. (A) I observed his willingness to donate to charity. (B) I failed to detect his reluctance, if there was any, while he was donating to charity. (C)I noticed his enthusiasm while donating to charity. 2) Only B 1) Only A 4) Only A and B 3) Only C 5) Only B and C Rehictemt = umvilling and therefore slow to act, agree etc = strong, active orfull of energy Vigorous 13. If you hesitate to participate freely and vigorously, your performance will be adversely affected. (A) Participate freely and vigorously if you desire to demonstrate your full performance. (B) Do not participate with reservations if you want your participation to be affected adversely. (C)Your free and vigorous participation is most likely to affect your performance adversely. 2) Only B 1) Only A 4) All the three 3) Only C 5) None of these 14. Who do you think will be able to handle the work effectively?

668 (A) In your opinion, there is none who can handle the work effectively. (B) Who, in your opinion, can handle the work effectively? (C)Can you name the person who, as per your assessment, can handle the work effectively? 1) Only A 2) Only ^ 3) Only C 4) Only A and B 5) Only B and C IS. How much you speak is less important than how well you speak. (A) The quality of your talk is less important than the quantum of your talk. (B) How good you speak is as important as how much you speak, (C)The quality of your talk as also the quantum are equally important. 1) Only A and B 2) Only B and C 3) All the three 4) None 5) Only A 16. All our efforts were wasted due to the negligence of the clients. (A) The negligence of the clients was responsible for making our efforts futile. (B) Our efforts would have been fruitful had there been no negligence on the part of the clients. (C)The negligence of the clients saved all our efforts from being wasted, 1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Only A and B 4) Only B and C 5) All the three Futile = producing no result; having no pujpose Directions(Q. 17-24): For each statement there are four different sentences given below it. Pick out the one that most appropriately conveys the meaning of the statement. The number of that sentence is the answer. If none of them bonveys the meaning of the statement the answer is (5), i.e. ‘None of these*. 17. Should you need a duplicate licence you must submit an application along with a copy of your ration card. 1) Unless you submit an application along with a copy of your ration card you will not get a duplicate licence. 2) You should require a duplicate license if you submit an application along with a copy of your ration card, 3) If you submit your application along with your ration card you do not need duplicate license. 4) If you submit an application along with your ration card you will get only a license. 5) None of these 18. Although the strike of transporters continues, I shall come. 1) I shall come if the strike of transporters continues.

Test ofEnglish Language 2) I shall not be able to come if the strike of transporters continues. 3) Even though I come, the strike of transporters is going to continue. 4) Whether or not the transporters strike continues I shall come. 5) None of these 19, The Manager would like you to help him locate the default. 1) If you help him locate the default, the Manager would like you. 2) The Manager desires that you should provide him the necessary assistance to locate the default. 3) The Manager feels that if you do not help him the fault will not be located. 4) The Manager expects that the default should be located only with your help. 5) None of these 20. Thejudge remarked that not all the accused were really guilty. 1) The judge remarked that some of the accused were guilty while others were not. 2) The judge remarked that all the accused were not innocent. 3) The judge remarked that all those accused cannot be necessarily guilty. 4) The judge remarked that all those who are accused may contain some who are really

guilty. 5) None of these 21. Unlike the tribals who are very hardworking, the urban communities cannot withstand physical strain. 1) The tribals do not like to withstand physical I strain as the urban communities do, 2) The urban communities are hardworking but they do not like to undertake physical strain. 3) The tribals can withstand physical strain whereas urban communities cannot. 4) Because the tribals are hardworking they can tolerate physical strain. 5) None of these Withstand = to resist something 22. You would have won the *Best Paper Award’ if . you had Used transparencies and blackboard in your presentation. 1) You lost the ‘Best Paper Award’ because you did not use transparencies in your presentation. 2) Using oftransparencies and blackboard during presentation always fetches the award. 3) Without using transparencies and blackboard in the presentation it is veiy difficult to win the award. 4) “Best Paper Award’ is a prestigious one and the presentator should ensure to use transparencies during presentation. 5) None of these

669

Trcm^formation Fetch

“ to go and find and bring back somebody/something 23. The Minister told his secretary that at present, he was not interested in making any announcement which he couldn’t fulfil. 1) The Minister told to his Secretary that presently, he would make that announcement which he would fulfil. 2) Secretary advised the Minister that better avoid making any announcement at present. 3) At present, making announcement only is not sufficient for the Minister, observed the Secretary. 4) The Minister told his Secretary that he would not make any announcement at present, but would fulfil them. 5) None of these ,

24. Had all the call letters been sent earlier, more candidates would have appeared in the examination. 1) Call letters were sent earlier with a hope that all the candidates would appear in the examination. 2) Since the call letters were not sent earlier, fewer candidates appeared in the examination. 3) Many candidates did not appear in the examination because call letters were not sent when they should have been sent. 4) More number of candidates appeared in the examination because call letters were despatched to them. 5) None of these

Answers and explanations E^ercise-1 5.5 4.3 3.4 2.5 6. 1; We could not see anything as it was very dark. 7. 3; My instructions must be the basis of your actions. You must do only as I tell you. 8,2; You must be polite to him even if you dislike him. 9. 4; Despite often trying my best, I could not succeed in my endeavour. In spite of often trying my best, I could not succeed in my endeavour. 10. 3; Owing to the intensity of the earthquake all the slq^scrapers in the locality were completely ruined. None of the skyscrapers in the locality could escape being completely ruined by the intensity of the earthquake. The intensity of the earthquake was so much that all the skyscrapers in the locality were completely ruined.

11.1 Don’t do what you do not think 12. S;(A) appropriate. 13. 2; Their opponents defeated them although the latter played most valiantly. 14. 4; He left the dais immediately after offering the bouquet to the guest. 15. 5; All other persons in our district are not as respected as that social worker. cannot be 16. 5; Actually the two sentences combined. 17. 1;(A) Since it was the first stage-show of the newcomer actor, he was a bundle of nerves. (B) The newcomer actor was a bundle of nerves as it was his first stage show. 19.3 18.4 20.4

E^ercise-2 1. 2; Mahesh was so extremely impressed by the fascinating paintings that he purchased all of them although they were very expensive. 2. 2; In spite-bf observing all the Yogic exercises very carefully, Raju could not succeed in practising even a single one. 3. 3; But for his shyness, he possesses all the qualities of a good leader. 4.4; Shyam was extraordinary enough to face all the problems wi^ utmost courage. Unlike any ordihitry person, Shyam faceh the problems with utmost co;qjagq. 5.2

6. 3;(B) Others suffer a lot because of his procrastination in taldng any action. (C) On accpunt of his procrastination others suffer a lot. 7. 1 8.4;(A) The q^my of the fabric being upipipressiivq, we changed our plan of p^irchasing. tm iJe changed our plan of purchasing on finding the quality of the fabric unimpressive. 9.S

670 Test ofEnglishLanguizge 10. 2;(B) As it is very cold you must bring warm clothes with you. 11. 4;(A) The officials were veiy busy as the CM was to visit the locality the next day. 12. 3 13.4 14. 1 15. 1 16. 1 17. 1 18. 5; Only B and C 19. 4;(A) Do not behave cruelly with animals as they have a right to a decent existence. (B) Animals have a right to a decent existence and so do not behave cruelly with them. 20. 5; Actually the two sentences cannot be combined to form a sentence. 21. 3;(C) Even though there were no tickets available at the counter, the touts were all brandishing their tickets. 22. 1;(C) With so many uncertainties in life, nobody should be certain about achieving something. 23. 1 24. 3 25. 1 26. 1; Unless you submit your income tax returns for the past three years, your passport ●application will not be considered.

27. 5; His loss of ration card has led to his problems. Because of his loss of ration ceird he has been facing certain problems. The problems that he has been facing are due to the loss of his ration card. 28. 2; How relevant you speak is more important than how much you speak. 29. 1; If you need a ticket, please stand in the queue. In case you need a ticket, please stand in the queue. 30.4 31. 1 32.3 33.2 34. 3 35. 3; (C) Concern for the risk of investing in mutual funds may prompt the RBI to ask banks .... 36. 2; (C) Of the twelve million youth that enter ... eveiy year, eighty per cent are unskilled. 37. 3; (C) Given that food inflation ... twenty per cent, the government ... 38. 1; (A) The government’s decision to instal ... at prominent sites will make citizens more aware .... 39. 1; (A) Though the company’s sales were low at the beginning of the year, they have ....

Eacercise-3 1. 4 6. 5 11.2 16.3

2. 1 7. 5 12.2 17. 1

3. 3 8. 1 13. 1 18.4

4.2 9. 3 14.5 19.2

5.3 10.4 15.4 20. 1

21.3 23. 1

22.3

24. 2; Thou^ 2) and 3) both are implicit, 2) conveys the direct meaning.

Chapter 21

Miscellaneous Exercise-1 Directions (Q. 1-40}: In each sentence below, one word has been printed in bold. Below the sentence five words are suggested, one of which can replace the word printed in bold without changing the meaning of the sentence. Find out the appropriate word in each case. 1. The secretaiy ofthe director has rough manners. 3) hard 2) coarse 1) uneven 4) unpleasant 5)dry She defended herself with a knife when robber 2. attacked her.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

2) shielded 3) attacked 1) protected 4) brandished 5) helped Brandish = to wave something in order to threaten somebody or because one is angry, excited etc Being a member of this committee, he has certain rights. 2) status 1) responsibilities 4) privileges 3) gains 5) interests Ashok’s father was wild at his misbehaviour. 3)angry 1) disappointed 2)happy 5) sorry 4) dejected We have to conceal the fact from her due to some reasons. 3) avoid 2) hide 1) tell 5) steal 4)bury His inflexible attitude is the root cause of most of his problems. 3) hesitant 2) nasty 1) negative 5) annoying 4) rigid = not nice; unpleasant Nasty If you familiarize yourself with the culture of that area, you will be able to enjoy life there. 2) acquaint 1) submit 4) look after 3) associate 5) instill into = to make somebody/oneselffamiliar Acquaint with or aware ofsomething Look after = to deal with or be responsible for something Instill into = to cause somebody gradually to acquire a usually desirable quality. For such a gigantic task, there should be some special task force. 2) important 3) huge 1) trivial 5) victorious 4) gallantry

= very great size or extent; huge = of little importance; concerned with unimportant things => courage, especially in battle; polite Gallantry attention given by men to women 9. If you are required to handle things under stress, mistakes are inevitable. 2) detectable 1) correctable 4) acceptable 3) unpardonable 5) unavoidable Inevitable = impossible to avoid; certain to happen 10. People who trespass this gate will be fined. 1) cross without permission 2) climb up and cross over 3) break unlawfully 4) pass on 5) pass by = to entersomebody’s land orproperty Trespass without their permission order authority Pass on = to movefrom one activity, stage etc to another = to go past Pass by 11. In a hole below a mango tree, a snake was staying. 3) living 2) stopping 1) halting 5} creeping 4) sitting 12. It was a useless attempt on her part to appear in this examination. Gigantic Trivial

2) unjustified 3) future 1) fruitful 5) last 4) futile 13. He is going to destroy you. 3) dust 2) spoil 1) ruin 5) engulf 4) hit = to surround somebody/something, Engulf especially so that they are completely covered 14. He was confldent that his plan would work well. 3) sure 2) careful 1) doubtful 5) determined 4) upset 15. This is the proper time to eat food. 3) exact 2) accurate 1) wrong 4) appropriate 5) perfect 16. There is an immense difference between hand made and machine-made paper. 2) negligible 3) insignificant 1) huge 4) unreasonable 5) extremely Immense = extremely large or great

672

Test ofEnglish Language

17. I felt irritated at his rude remarks. 1) nervous 2) impatient 3) humiliated 4) annoyed 5) sad 18. Eacessive use of salt and spicy foods should be avoided. 1) Abnormal 2)Too much 3) Unreasonably less 4) Miserly 5) Accurately weighed 19. Anti-social elements can bring many good systems in jeopardy. 1) utility 2) control 3) defamation 4) immorality 5)danger In Jeopardy = at risk 20. People in vulnerable positions generally have police protection. . 1) highly popular 2) politically famous 3) exposed to damage 4) easy-to-mould 5) sheerly notorious Vulnerable thatcan be hurt, harmed or attacked easily, especially because of being small or weak 21. A very stubborn attitude in life cannot prove helpful. 1) uncooperative 2) rigid 3) unsuitable 4) unhelpful 5) inapplicable Studbborn ° determined not to change one’s attitude or position, having a strong will 22. Travel will familiarise you with new customs. 1) adjust 2) popularise 3) satisfy 5) acquaint / 4) influence 2j3. His appearance was extremely misleading. 1) attractive 2) depressing 3) deceptive 4) sad 5) normal 24. He was a cunning businessman. 1) crafty 2) successful 3) dishonest 4)corrupt 5) respected Cunning = clever at deceiving people Crafty = clever in using indirect or deceitful methods to get what one wants 25. The affluence of Hindi film actors has no match. 1) handsome appearance 2) brave action 3) healthy physique 4) wealthy condition 5) intelligent deed Affluence = the state of having a lot of money and possessions: wealth. 26. The professor requested the Dean to visit his house.

29. Shivaji always excelled in the use of the sword. 3) ahead 1) surpassed 2) speeded 4) skilled 5) defeated 30. You must stay with your son when he is ill. 1) reside 2) remain 3) stop 5) rest 4)occupy 31. His attempts to equivocate the subject under discussion were thwarted. 1) balance 4) adjust Equivocate

2) defend 3) mislead 5) reconcile to talk about something in a way that is deliberately not dear in order to hide the truth or mislead people Thwart ° to prevent somebody doing what they intended to; to oppose a plan etc successfully Reconcile = to find a way to make two or more ideas,situations, etcagree with each other when actually they seem to be in opposition 32. The minister’s clandestine meeting with the opposition party leader was severely criticised. 1) unofficial 2) authentic 3) periodical 4) secret 5) purposeful Clandestine = done secretly; kept secret 33. They returned after their ignominious defeat in the foreign country. 1) irreversible 2) impertinent 3) indecisive 4) impulse 5) disgraceful Ignominious = deserving or causing one to feel public shame or disgrace Inq>ertinent = not showing respect; rude Impulse = a sudden urge to act without thinking about the result = the state in which one has lost Disgrace honour or the respect of others, espedaUy because ofsomething one has done;shame Disgraceful = causing disgrace; very bad 34. He was conceptually clear about the problem and therefore could provide a pragmatic solution. 1) diplomatic 2) practical 3^ analytical 4) tolerable 5) acceptable ● Pragmatic = treating things in a senile and realistic way to produce results; concerned with actual circumstances rather than general theories 35. She came in utter disrepute due to her vindictive act.

1) get in 2) welcome 3) see 4) call on 5) call at 27. She knew that he will not be able to slip past the watchful custom officials.

1) fall 4) chit

2) run 3) hide 5) escape Slip = to fail to be noticed, thought of remembered by somebody 28. At night Romesh complained of severe pain in his stomach. 1) serious

4) biting

2) deep 5) intense

3)bad

36.

1) revengeful 2) ungrateful 3) unpardonable 4) uneventful 5) derogatory Utter = complete: total absolute Disrepute = the state ofhaving a bad reputation Vindictive = having or showing a desire for revenge; notforgiving The accident victim was taken to the hospital where he succumbed to his injuries. 1) got treatment 2) was operated 3) recovered 4) died owing to 5) None of these

«73

Miscetlaneous Succumb

= tofail to resist an illness, an at^ck, etc 37. The doctors are cautiously optimistic about the effects of the new surgery technique. 2) strangely 1) carefully 4) silently 3) secretly 5) None of these 38. Because of his weak condition, the large dose of drugs proved lethal. 2) ineffective 1) heavier 4) costly 3) deadly 4) None of these Lethal =■ causing or able to cause death; harmful or causing damage

39. The capt^’s mediocre performance in the final match canie as a surprise. 2) unejq>eeted 3) superb 1) victorious 5) None of these 4) stunning Mediocre ° no very good; off^ly low quality “ attracting: beautiful; surprising or $tunn