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English Pages 46 Year 2006
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O xf ord U n iv ersity Press is a department o f the U n iv ersit y of Ox ford . It 1IIIthers the University's objective of excellence in research, I:h' dnrs h ip. and educa tion by p ub lis hing w or ldwide in
How to use Test it, Fix it Present tenses
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6
Used to, would, be used to, get used to
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Present pe rfect o r past simple?
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Present perfect simple o r present perfect continuous?
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Since, for and ago
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Past tenses
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T he fu t u re
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I l n l nil l " ;u riUlot Oxford University Press (maker)
Second and t hird conditiona ls
34
I II セ エ pnill fslwd 2003 I lwei 1I11pre% IUn 20 0 3
Reported speec h (1)
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N o un aut h ori zed pho toco py ing
Reported speech (2)
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T he passiv e (1)
46
T he passiv e (2)
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Have/Get something done
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Relative clauses
58
Modal verbs
62
Modals in the past
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Verb patterns
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Act ion and state verbs
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Confusin g ve rbs
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ll lu utratud hv Tamsin Cook
Phrasa l verbs
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Von must not Circu la te t h is book in any other binding or cov er '1I 1l1vou IIIl1s l impose t his same condition on any acqu ire r /\lIy wu hsi tus referred to in th is pu b licatio n are in the pub lic doma in I/Id Ih u il nclelrusses are provided by Oxford University Press fo r Iu tuunn tion only. Oxfor d U n iv ersit y Press disclaims any rlJlIllllllllilJlli ty for t he content
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State and action verbs
86
Table of verb forms
87
List of irregular vorb
88
1'I IIItuclill CI1I/I:'
Test it, Fix it is a ser ies of books desig ned to help you id ent ify any problems y o u may have in Eng lish, an d to fix th e problems. Each Test it, Fix it book has twenty tests which concen t ra te on m istakes commo n ly made by learners.
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Present tenses Present simple • You use th e prese nt si m ple to talk about peop le's rou tines and habits. David goes for a run every morning. We always spend the summer in Greece. • You also use the present simple to ta lk about th ings that are permane nt or always true, and in zero cond it ional sentences. The office opens at eight every morning. Water boils at 100°C. If I say I love you , I mean it. • Yo u use the present simple to ta lk about official scheduled or timetabled events, e.g. train timetables, television listings, etc . This train arrives in Newcastle at 08.28. The film starts at seven. • You usually use the present simple (not the present continuous) w ith certain verbs , e.g . agree, believe, feel, hate, hear, know, like, love, prefer, see, smell, taste, understand, etc. She doesn't understand the question. NOT She ·isn+tmderStBfld,'rJfj the qtJeStieff; I don 't believe in life after death. NOT l!.m-not believina in fHe after death.
Present continuous • You use the present continuous to talk about th ings that are happening at the moment of speaking , o r in the process of changing or developing . Look! The dog is digging up your flowerbed! MP3 p layers are getting cheaper. • You use the present continuous to talk about t hings that are temporary. Jane's drinking lots of fruit juice. She 's on a diet at the moment. I'm reading a great book by William Dalrymple. • You use the present continuous to talk about personal future arrangements, especially when yo u give the time and/or place. We're meeting Tony and Rupert outside the post office. I' m playing squash with John this evening.
Used to, would, be used to, get used to Test it セ
Used to, would, be used to. get used to
Test it again セ
o Find and correct the m istake in each sentence. /
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Whe n I was a chi ld, I didn't used to believe in Father Christ m as.
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8 At lastl I've so lved/been so lving the prob lem. b Jack has been trying/tried t o get his book pub lished for ages but so far no one has said 'Yes'. c So, what have yo u done/been doing recently? Anything interest ing ? d My friend has been buying/bought a new car. It looks great. e I've nev er believed/been believing in ghosts or witches or fairies. t Fantastic news! They've been agreeing/agreed to buy the house! 9 You lo ok well. Have you bee n taking/taken more exercise recently? h The ch ildren are tired becau se they've played/been playing al l day. Have you swu m/been swimming? Yo ur hair lo oks wet. Oh , there you are! I've looked/been lo oking for you everywhere !
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Present perfect simple or prese nt perfect continuous?
Check your answers. Wrong answer? Read the right Fix it note to find out why.
(I) a He's been working all night. b I've always known the dog was strange.
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B Use the present perfect simple whe n the result of a completed activity is im po rt ant.
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C Use the present perfect simple (no t the present perfect co nt inuo us) w ith verbs that are not usual ly used in t he continuous form , e.g . agree, believe, know, etc .
A A
A A
' j'e The correct sentences are:
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Use the present perfect continuous whe n the act ivity is im po rt ant, or is sti ll hap pening now.
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Answers to Test it again c f
Present perfect simple or present perfect continuous?
A
B
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Fix it notes
Answers to Test it
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': 2' a has been b 've been putting c has n't been d has been ringing e 've been answering f 've been trying 9 have bee n send ing/have sent h 've written I 've been servingl've served j have come
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Present perfect continuous I've been doing a report on the sales fig ur es. She's been running she looks tired! She's run th e Lo nd o n marathon twice. Have they rev ised for tomorrow's exam? Have they been rev ising or not? Present perfect simple I've done all m y work!
It can be difficult to know whether the simple o r continuous form is the correct one when you 're using the present perfect. Sometimes there isn't much d ifference and it won't matter which you choose. However, there are two things you can conside r whe n you're deciding between the two. • You use the pre sent perfect continuous when the activity that you're ta lking about is im po rt ant , The activity may have finished recently or it may still be going on. He's been running for two hours already. (And he's still running now.) They've been painting the ceiling. (That explains why they have paint on their clothes .) • You use the present perfect simple when you feel that the result of a completed activity is important. He's run the marathon. (This is an im po rt ant achievement.) They 've painted the ceiling. (The resu lt is important. It loo ks better now.) Note: Quite often it doesn't matter whether you use the si mple form or the continuous. The meaning is the same or very similar. Jim's worked all night. I've had a bad drea m . Jim 's been working all night. I've been having a bad dream. However, use the present perfect simple (not the present perfect continuous) with verbs that are not usually used in the continuous form, e.g. agree, believe, know, etc. I've known Pete for a long time . NOT J!-ve-eeen-know;ng'Pete-ffi-r 8 fona time.
Since, for and ago Test it セ
Test it again
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o Answer the questions. Use for or since and the words in brackets.
Find the incorrect sentences .
II II
This is the firs t time 1 ate crab.
He 'S been wor king here since three months.
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b / ' No on e has been in lh is ho use for years.
9 ( I ley ! Wat ch o ut ! Th at's t he "') th ir d ti m e you t ro d on my toe . /
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Harry a nd Sally h ave kno wn each other since two weeks.
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Pete and Ka t)' met at the schoo l reuni on . They h adn 't spoken to each other since 1990.
It's two years since my rab bit has d ied.
Ten years ago, an old woman lived here with her three cats.
e Complete the sentences. Use ago, for or since. It
How lo ng have you been see ing Jason? (two m o nt hs) How lo ng have yo u ow ned you r flat? (1999) How lo ng have th ey been here? (a coup le of days ) How long has Joh n been working t here? (t w o years) How long have th ey been on holi d ay ? (las t Saturday) How long has the shop been open? (n ine o'clock) How long hav e yo u bee n wai ting? (an ho u r) How long hav e you bee n studying Eng lish? (last autumn) How lo ng has he had his dog? (Septem ber) How lo ng have you known Tony? (Ch rist m as)
f) Write the correct form of the verbs in brackets. More than one tense m ay be possible.
I've been to Egypt nearly twenty years ago. We ' ve been in love w ith eac h other for years and yea rs .
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M ike 's had that o ld car
This is the second ti m e I (be) here. Ma ny yea rs ag o , I (see) t he Taj Mahal. I've never forgotte n it. It was at least two years since we (speak) to eac h other. (yo u / st ud y ) Engl ish for a long t im e? Sha kespeare (die) a very long ti m e ago. (you / write) any more poems since I last saw you? It (rain) sin ce Satu rday morn ing and I'm fed up w ith it . Tom and Lou ise (ma rry) for te n years. I (have) a t err ibl e hea dac he for thre e days and then it went. I (have) a headach e si nce I w o ke u p.
eight years.
.
b I last spoke to Tim tw o weeks
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c 'How long have you been waiting?' '
halfpast tw o .'
d I've felt much bette r
I sta rte d go ing for wa lks.
That film was m ad e over twenty yea rs
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This is t he f irst t ime I've see n you
the wedding .
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Answers to Test it
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o Review
Fix it notes
Check your answers. Wrong answer? Read the right Fix it note to find out why.
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n oZ キNZ [ セ セ N サ Ao Rage 23. Test yourself again.
Answers to Test it again
A Use since to say w he n so mething st art ed. It can be a date , a t ime o r an event.
B Use fo r t o say how long something w ent on or has been go ing o n.
C Use the past pe rfect in a ma in clause w ith since if the action is f in ished .
d For two years. o Since last Saturday. f Since nine o'clock. 9 For an hour. h Si nce last autumn. I Since September. I Since Chr istmas.
2 0 've been b saw
c had spoken d Have you been studying/Have vou studi ed/Did you study o dl od f Hovo yo u written 9 has boon roini ng/has rai ned h hnvo boon m nrriod w oro rnnrr lort
Since • You use since to say when something st arted. This is a point in t im e, e.g. Christmas, 1999, last Monday, I was ten, etc . I haven't seen Johnny since Easter. Tom's been waiting for you since three o 'clock. • You use the present perfect in a ma in clause with since if the action has a res ult in the present and you're talking about when it started . She's been on a diet since last Wednesday. We've seen Emma twice since the weekend.
D Use the past simple in a clause afte r sin ce if the act ion is fin ished .
• You use t he past perfect i n a ma in clause w ith since if the action is fin ished . We'd met several times since that party.
E
• You use the past simple in a clause after since if the action is fin ished. We'd met several times since we were kids.
Use t he p resent perfect or present perfect co nti nuou s w ith for if the action has a res ult i n the present and you're ta lking about a length of t ime.
' I , n Fo r two months.
b Since 1999 . c For a couple of days.
Since, for and ago
F
Use ago after a ti m e refe rence w ith the past si m ple. Don 't use the present perfect.
G Use the present perfect with This is the first/second/third time ...
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For more information, see the Review page opposit e.
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For You use for to say how lo ng someth ing went on or has been going on. David was at university for four years . Peter 's been studying French for a month. • You use t he present perfect simple or continuo us with for if the act io n has a resul t in the present and you're talking about a length of time . David has been at university for six months. (He's st ill at un iversity now.) I've been reading this report for hours. (I'm still read ing it.) You use t he past simple wit h for if the action is fin ished . David was at university for four years. (He's left university now.)
Ago • You lise ago after a ti me period with the past simple. Luke and I me t two weeks ag o. I lived in Brussels ten years ago.
This is th e first tim
Past tenses Test it セ
Test it again セ
o Choose the best option . II
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o Find the correct sentence in each pair.
He's go ne/He'd gone/He w as go in g shopping. He'll be back soon . We were late and th e match started/had started/has started. Teresa has never seeh/never saw/w as never seeing this fi lm before. The y were having/had/have had a picnic when it started to rain. Did you do/Have yo u done/Were yo u doing the wash ingup yet? He's wet because he swam/he's been sw imming/he'd swu m. I cras hed/ l'd cras hed/I've cras hed yo ur car last night. I'm really sorry. Had you met/Have you met/Did you mee t J im Ward yes te rday? I'm/I was/I've been in Rome since June. Th e dogs were barki ng and th e kids had laughed/were laughi ng/have laughed as I w al ked in to t he room .
a A I'm ti red because I've t rained for the marathon since six o'clock. B I' m tired because I've been tra ini ng for the m arat ho n since six o'clock. b A I'm sorry. J ill's not her e. She's bee n out. B I' m sorry. J i ll' s not here . She's gone ou t. c A Sid ney never met his fa ther. He died j ust before he was born . B Sidn ey has nev er met his fath er. He died just befo re he was born . d A Finally we fo und the shop bu t it had already closed. B Fi nally we fo und the shop b ut it already closed. e A It was a hot summer's day and t he bi rds sang. B It was a hot su mmer's d ay and the birds were singing.
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6 Write the correct past tense fo rm of the verbs in brackets. Char li e (drive) when the accide nt happened. b What on eart h (you! do) ? You're covered in m ud! c Marta (not / rid e) a camel before and she was terrified . d (you! ever / see) th e Taj Mahal? I hear it's incred ibly bea utiful. How long (you / learn ) English? Our hamster (die) last week. Shakespeare (write) poems as well as plays. h I (just! speak) to Ja n. She t ol d me th e news. I Tho jury (not! agree) wi th t he j ud ge's decision . J I (road) a book when she called m e.
A Did you pay t he gas bill last m o nt h? B Have yo u paid the gas bill last month ?
II
9 A I was play ing the piano till I was twenty, then I gave it up. B I played t he piano till I was twenty, then I gave it up . h A Tara did n' t be lieve a word Henry said. B Tara wasn't bel ieving a wo rd Henry said. A I was sure I' d met Ja mes befo re. B I was sure I met Ja mes before.
6 Choose the best captio n for the cartoon .
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I do n't know w ho they be long t o. T hey had followed me around all day! I don't know w ho they belo ng to . T hey've been f oll ow in g me around all day! I don't know who t hey be long to. T hey followed me aro und all day!
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Past tenses
Chec k your answers. Wrong answer? Read the right Fix it note to find out why.
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Answers to Test it again a B b B cA dA セ
A Use the past simple fo r completed act ions in t he past. B Use the past co ntinuous to ta lk about past actions w hich weren't fin ished at a past t ime or to describe wha t was happening at a particular time in the past .
C Use the present perfect simple (not the past simple) to ta lk about genera l ex periences, especially when it isn't important w he n so mething hap pened. D Use the present perfect simp le (not the past simp le) t o ta lk about recen t past ev ents th at hav e a resul t in t he present.
g B
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I don't know w ho they belong to . They 've been fo llowi ng me around 011 dayl
Past tenses Past simple and continuous • You use the past simp le for completed act ions in the past, often with a t ime expression . We met in June 1998. He didn't go to school yesterday. • You use the past con tinuo us to ta lk about past actions which weren't f ini shed at a past time or t o desc ribe what was happening at a part icula r tim e i n the pas t. You use the past simp le and past co nt inuous together when one action int err upt s ano t her longer act ion in th e past . What were they doing last night? The sun was shining and a band was playing. As I was driving along, a cat ran into the road.
Present perfect simple and continuous • You use the present pe rfect to talk about genera l experiences. It isn't usually im po rt ant when so mething happened. I've been to some wonderful places. Have you ever used this software? N o t e: The re's a d ifference in mea ni ng between the pa rticiples been and gone.
Yolchi has been to the States. (He went t o the States and now he's back.l
E Use t he present perfect simple to ta lk about an act ion th at began in the past but is still go ing o n now.
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f A
o Review
Fix it notes
Answers to Test it
Yoichi has gone to the States. (He's in the States now.)
• You use the present pe rfect (not the past simple) to ta lk about recent past events that have a result in the present. The plane has just landed at Heathrow. Hasn 't she finished that painting yet?
F Use the present perfect contin uous when th e activ ity is i m port ant, or st ill happening now .
• You use the present perfect to tal k about an action that began in the past but is still going on now. We've lived in Singapore for a month. (We still live here.)
G
• You use the present perfect continuous when you want to f ocus on t he activity. The activity may still be going on now, or it may recently have fi nis hed. I've been writing emails all day.
Use th e past perfec t (no t the past simple) when one past act ion happened before another past act io n.
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For more in formation, see th e Rev iew pag e oppos it e.
Past perfect Yo u use the past perfect (no t the past simple) when one past actio n happened before another past action. By the time we arrived, the plane had take n off. (Fir st the plnno look orr, then we arrived .) Noto: YO II u uu al lv l/q O th ll ·, illl ll ill Io rm 111 0 1 Ilw rrmtlnu n un fo r m l with cnrtnin
The future Test it セ
Test it again
o
o
Choose the best op tion.
Find and correct the mistake in eac h speec h b ubbl e.
a
If it 'll rain on Saturday, we'll stay at home.
b
Jane can 't meet you to nig ht because she'll babysit fo r Sarah and Mike.
c
1'11 1 slo p p i ng eatillg all
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things tom orrow.
My puppy is going to chew anything you give him. He destroys things all the time.
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The plane takes off at 1&.05 from Pisa and is landing at Heathrow at 18.05.
a I think I'm ta king/I' ll take Fred to the doctor. He's got a temperature. b Watch out! That ladder will/is going to fall on you . c Don't lend Beatrice your toys. She' ll break/she's breaking them. d Patrick's going to/will read law at university. e We'll golWe're going out for a drink tonight. Do you fancy com ing along? f If you don 't study, you're fai ling/you'll fail your exams. 9 David's starting/going to start cycling to work. He wants to get fi t. h This time next week, ,'II be/l'rn on the beach. The ten o'clock news starts/will. start in a m inute. Lucy and Jim will get married/are getting married on Saturday.
e Find t he correct sentence in each pair. a A You look tired . I' m washing up. B You look tired . I'll wash up .
h
b A Howald are you in 2035? B Howald will you be in 2035?
I'll go sho pp ing. Do you want to come?
c A I can't come next weekend . I'm working. B I can't come next weekend . "II work. d A Banks will win the election . I' m sure of it. B Banks is winning the election. I'm sure of it.
6 Writ e the correct fo rm of the verbs in brackets. a b c d o f lJ h
e A Please go to Gate 19. The plane is going to take off at 14.20. B Please go to Gate 19. The plane takes off at 14.20.
I think Japan (win) the Wo rld Cup. Wh en (you J be) back home? Do you have any idea? Look at those storm clouds. It (rain) most of the weekend . I (bu y) my girlfriend a present. It's her birthday on Tuesday. T hat child never takes any exercise. He (be) very overweight. The bank has announced that interest rates (fall) next year. The class (start) at nine and finishes at eleven . I (visit) my Spanish friends soon . I've booked the ticket. If you don't stop tha t, I (call) the police. I (help) you. I'm good with computers .
9 Choose t he best caption for t he cartoon.
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I'm going to be one of those when I grow up . I'll be one of those wh en I grow up. I' m one of those w hen I grow up .
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The future
Check your answers. Wrong answer? Read the right Fix it note to find out why.
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H C A D
will winl's going to w in f !.Hheve 's going to have 9 isgeifttt4e will
+ F, B + 8 + F
h !1ItJo
+ A
'rn going (to go)
+ F + G + 8 + A + B + G + 0 + A + H + E
f2' a will win b will you be c 's going to rain d 'm going to buy e 's go ing to be f w ill fal l 9 sta rt s h 'rn goi ng to visit I 'II call I '11 he lp I
.
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: N()w,J g21R,page 31. iTest yourse lf aga in.
Answers to Test it again I'll ta ke b is goi ng to c She'll br eak d 's goi ng to e We're go ing out f you ' ll fail 9 goi ng to sta rt h I'll be I sta rts I arc ge tt ing married Q
2 n B
b B
cA
dA
o Review
Fix it notes
Answers to Test it
A Use going to to talk abo ut gen eral plans yo u'v e already made for the future.
C Use th e prese nt con tinuo us to ta lk abo ut f ixed plans and arrangements yo u'v e made f o r th e future, especially when you menti on a t im e o r place .
Going to and will • You use going to t o ta lk abo ut general plans you 've alr eady made for t he f ut ure. You also use going to to m ake log ical prediction s abo ut the future based on th i ngs yo u know or can see now. She 's pregnant. She 's going to have a baby. We're going to watch the match.
o Use th e present simple to ta lk about ti m et ab led o r schedu led events.
• You can also ask quest ions w ith going to when you thi nk that the pe rson you' re talking to probably kno w s t he answer. What are you going to say to Sheila? (I expect yo u've thought abo ut it .)
E Use will to make a de cisi on at t he m oment y o u speak. F Use will ('II ) and won 't to say w hat yo u t hi nk o r guess w ill happe n in t he futu re .
G Use will {'II} and w on 't to talk about f utu re f act s, or t o ask questions about th e future.
H Use will to ta lk about future possibilities in first cond itiona l sentences. Use the prese nt tense in t he if clause an d will or won 't in the ot her clau se.
3 I' m goi ng to bo o no of t hose wh en
Fo r 1I10 / n in fo rma tio n, see the Il ll vl rlW ll'I II U o pposite .
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Present simple and con t inuous • You use the present simple to talk abo ut officia l fi xed timetables and schedu led events, e.g . train timetables, TV programmes, cine ma schedules, etc . You use the present con tinuo us to t alk abo ut persona l plans and arrangements yo u've made fo r t he future . Often you mentio n the time or place . When does the coa ch arrive in Bristol? Sp iderman starts at 77.70. I'm meeting my brother at ten. (That 's what we ar ranged.)
B Us e go ing to to make a prediction about the f ut ure based on someth ing you kn ow o r can see now.
eS
The future
Note: Somet imes it doesn't matter w het her you use the pre sent contin uo us or going to . T he mean ing is the same . If you're in doubt, use going to. I'm tra velling by coach to London. I' m going to travel by coach to Lo ndon.
• You use w ill ('/I} t o make a decision at th e mome nt yo u speak . Ott en you' re offering to do someth ing fo r someone . I'll come with you. I'll get you a cup o f coffee. Pete w ill help you. • Yo u use w ill ('II) and won't to say w hat you th ink or t o make a gu ess about t he fu t ure. You can also use will ('II) and woor t o t alk about futu re facts . I'If be 2 7 soon. You won 't be at school next week. You 'll be on holiday. Baker will score the first goal. (That's w hat I th ink .) The dog will eat the biscuits. (That's w hat I guess. He's done it before .) • Yo u can also use will to ask questions about t he future :vhen you aren 't sure w het her t he person you 're talki ng to knows the an swer. Do yOll think Ben will marry J ill? (Wh at's yo ur opinion?)
Not e: Sometimes it's po ssible t o use ei t her going to or w ill wit h o nly a very sm all d iff erenco in m onnln u . If you 'ro i n doubt. foll ow tho ru les above.
Test it セ
Test it again セ
o
o Choose the best option . a b c d e f 9 h
Ma tch the two halves of each sentence.
If I did n't/don 't hav e to w o rk, I'd spend all m y t im e travell ing . We wou ldn't have been/W on 't be late if you hadn't for gotten yo ur t ie. If you t ook/t ake m or e exercise, you'd fee l better. I'd lendl'll lend yo u some money if I had any . If I am/we re yo u, I'd laug h about it. If you win/won the lott ery, w o uld you te ll me? If I w in/won th e lo tte ry, I'd share it w ith vou , I wouldn't have bee n/wasn't angry if you had n' t t ol d m e about it. If the capta i n saw/had seen t he iceberg, he wou ldn 't have hit it. I'd babysit for yo u if I do n't/d idn't have a m eet in g.
a If you' d tho ugh t abo ut it, b St eve w o uld be lo nely c d e f 9 h
9 Complete the sentences w ith th e correct form of t he verbs in brackets. a If Li nd say
a Life isn't easy. I haven' t go t any mo ney .
_
_
.
(not / meet) you .
,
,
..
"
.
b Eat more fruit. That 's my advice.
__ (not / inv ite) us to
the party.
c Barbara rev ised. She passed the exa m .
o If Bill y w eren't so good looking, I ........" .,, ... .. you "" "'"''
......... ._.. .. _ (not / fa ncy) him .
.
................" (say) if you'd been at
, .,
,
.." . "
,
,
.
d W e w er e late. You lost you r key s.
the m eetin g?
9 If she
If t he guard had n' t fall en asleep , If I we re a bi rd, Wh at would you do T hey' d hav e been upset How would he have felt If I had more ene rgy, If you loved her, I'd take an asp iri n
(be) you .
e If I had n't go ne to the part y, I .._........._ d We wo uldn 't hav e met Jeff if Simon .. _
1 yo u'd call her stra ightawa y. 2 if we had n't go t th e tickets . 3 if he'd been th ere? 4 you w o uld n't have said it. S if you w ere m e? 6 I'd enter t he m arat hon . 7 if he didn 't ha ve his dog . 8 I'd em igrate eve ry winter. 9 t he car w o u ld n't hav e been stolen. 10 if I were y o u.
f) Rewrite these statements as conditional sentences.
.. (stop) smoking, she 'd feel bette r.
b I'd go ro und and apologi ze at once if I
Wh at .
...... ........ .... ,
_" .. (wo rk) harder, she'd get better m ar ks.
,
,.. ..
_
"
.. , ,, , ,, , , . , ' . , , .., '
.
e Yo u never ema il m e so I don't em ail yo u.
(not / know) about th at book if you had n't
h reco m m ended it. If Gu y
__ __ ." (take) more exercise, he'd be thin ner.
If the tra in hadn't been de layed, we ""''' '''''' ''' '' ' __ ' __ '__ '''' __ '' '' (not / m iss) the locture.
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Second and t hird conditionals
o Review
Fix it notes A
Second and third conditionals
Use second condi tional sen tences when yo u're th ink ing abou t present situations.
For information about zero and f irst condi tiona l sentences, see Test it, Fix it: English Verbs and Tenses Pre-intermediate pages 53 and 61.
B Use second conditional sentences w he n you 're thi nking about future situations. C Use second co nditio nal sentences wi th If I were you to gi ve advice. D Use third condi t ional sentences to talk abo ut thi ngs th at have already happened in the past.
E Use the pas t tense in the if cl ause of second co nd itio nal sentences and would/wouldn 't in the othe r cla use.
Second conditional • Yo u can use second cond itional sen tences to ta lk about unreal situations i n the present. You use t he past tense in the if clause and would/wouldn 't in the other clause . If I didn't have to work, I'd lie on the beach all da y. (But I have to work, so I can't.) If we had lots of time, we'd travel. (But we haven't, so we don't .) • You can also use second condi tional sentences to ta lk about un likely events in the future . If I won the lottery, I'd shere it with you. (But I probably won 't win it, so I won't share it with you .) If I saw a ghost, I'd speak to it. (But I' m not very like ly to see a ghost, so I won 't speak to one .) You can use second co ndi tional sentences with If I were you to give advice. If I were you, I'd see a doctor. I wouldn't forget Jo 's birthday if I were you.
Third conditional F Use the past perfect in t he if cl au se of th ird co nd itio nal sentences and would/wouldn 't have in th e other clause.
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For more info rm ati o n, see the Review page opposite.
• You use thi rd cond it iona l sentences to talk about things that have already happened in the past and their consequences. You use the past perfect in the if clause and would/wouldn 't have in the other clause. If we hadn't smashed the car up. we wouldn't have got into trouble. (But we did smash the car up and we d id ge t i nt o tr o u bl e.) If I'd told you, you 'd have been furious with me. (So I didn't tell you and you weren't furious.) T he i f clause often comes first in condi tional sentences. However, you can reverse the two clauses w ithout chang ing the meaning . If James didn't have suc h a good sense of humour, I wouldn 't like him as much. = I wouldn't like J am es as much if he didn't have such a good sense of humour. When the if cl ouso co m es first, yo u put a comma between the two clauses. You don't need ana if it comes second . Note, however, that native speakers often leavo tho commn out. You may see examples of this in newspapers and rllflg tlzinas, find O il the in ternet. If it rnIn lid . I'l l イN エ セ Ov III henna. l'cI stnv fit tun nn if it rnlnntl.
Reported speech (1) Test it セ
Test it again セ
o
o
Find t he incorrect sentences .
Rewrite the sentences as reported speech . Imag ine you 're reporting them a week lat er.
Sue told me she enjo ys last nigh t's party . Carol asked what the tim e wa s. Kei th said he can hear me but t here was a fu n ny noise on the line. Bill said I speak Frenc h. He's l iv ed in To ul o use fo r five years. 8 They asked if we'd be at ho me . Th e man asked me wh at was m y name. 9 He said m e he lo v ed m e. h I called Mi ck last Sat urday. He said he'd seen Pete yesterday. Tom asked where d id I liv e. T he kids said the y were happy.
a b c d
a b c d e f 9 h
e
Complete the repo rted speech ,
' I' ll be at the off ice t o m o rr ow .' ' Has Ma rtin sent the lett er?' ' M ars is called the Red Planet.' ' Do yo u p refe r red o r w hite w ine?' 'Where's the ho spi tal ?' 'The President has been sho t !' 'We went to Joh n's ho use yes terday.' 'W hen d id yo u get back? ' ' Do ch ickens have teeth? ' 'This mobile can't be working .'
He said I asked the lette r. She to ld us the Red Planet. He asked her red or w hit e wi ne, The y asked us . She said He told me .. She asked m e .. The child asked teeth. He said
e
Complete the sentences. Use one word in each space .
'I' m going to Hull to m o rro w .' (said o n Friday ) Hilary said she w as going t o Hull (repo rt ed on Tuesd ay) b ' Bo rdeaux is in southwe st France.' Tony to ld me in so uthwest France. c ' How ald are yo u?' M r Jo nes asked d 'We can 't fi nd our cat !' (said on Saturd ay) T he children said the y cat. (reported on Sunday ) 'Do yo u read poetry ?' J ul io asked me poe t ry.
a James
,........ ........ me he w as nervo us .
b M y son asked me
I dre am t in co lour.
c Ian asked m e w here the post off ice
.
ca ll me at ten but he did n't.
d M y dad said he e Natalie
..
..
s he felt unw ell. . school unifo rm s.
T he twi ns told us t hey couldn't fi nd 9 Co let te asked if I' d seen Adam the day .. . h Help! I told you I Ben said he
.
..
swim ! ma rry m e. Th e wed d ing's pla nne d f o r
Ju ne next y ear. Jill asked me
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old I was.
D3QI
Report ed speech (1)
o Review
Fix it notes A
Reported speech
Usually go bac k a tense when you repor t speech .
Reporting statements
B Change can to could and will to would in reported speec h.
C Chang e the pronouns whe n yo u repo rt speech .
o Change words like today, tom orro w, etc. if the time period has changed .
E Always put a perso na l d irect ob ject o r someone's nam e afte r tell. Never put a persona l direct object after say .
• If the sit uat ion is still true, it isn't always necessa ry to go back a tense. However, you'll always be righ t if you go back a tense so if you're in doubt, change the present to th e past . The earth is round.' The teacher said that the earth is/was r ou n d. • You change can to could and will to would in reported speech . He said he cou ld/couldn't see me. 'I can/can't see you!' '/'fl/ l won't call you.' She said she'd/she wouldn't call me. You usuall y need t o change th e pron ou ns w he n you repo rt speech. 'We can't find our toys.' They said they cou ldn't find their to ys.
F
Use no r mal word order (subject + v erb) t o report q uestions with a q uest ion word. Don't use do and don't, did and didn't. G Use ifor whetherto report yes/no questions.
For more information, see the Review page opposite. !
• W hen you repo rt speech, you us ually need to go back a te nse. See Test It, Fix It: English Verbs and Tenses Pre-intermediate page 81 for f urther deta ils . She said she was hungry. 'I'm hungry.' 'We' ve been to Rome. ' They said they'd been to Ro m e. Note that the past perfect doesn't cha nge. It rem ains past perfect. No te also th at yo u can use that in reported speech or you can leave it out. Zack told me (that) he'd fallen over. Belinda said (that) she was hungry.
J>
• Words like today, tomorrow, nex t Saturday, next year, etc . also cha nge if the time period has changed. 'We'r e going to France today. ' (said on Tuesd ay ) They said they were going to France that day. (said on Sat urday) Always pu t a perso na l d irect object or someone's name after tell. Never put a persona l di rect ob ject after say. Peter told me/Ann he was happy. NOT Peter told he was happy. Peter said he was happy. NOT Peter said me he WBS haDDV.
Reporting questions • When yo u're reporting questions w it h a question w o rd. (who, what, where, when, whose, how), you use normal wo rd order: subject + ve rb . Don't use do and don't, did and didn't. 'Whem RTO you? ' Sho askea me w here I was . NOT where-wes -t. 'Whom rio you live?' Sho Rskad me where I IiVCl d. NOT where -did I live; • Whnn vn , .' " , "" 1
Orders, requests, promises, etc. • You can use the in finitive or ob ject + infinitive to report orders, requests, promises, offers, advice, agreements, etc . 'I'll write! ' Jill promised to write. 'We'll wash up for you .' They offered to do the washing-up. 'Keep quieti' Mr Sykes ordered the children to keep quiet. ' Yo u shouldn 't call again. ' He advised me not to call again. In negative statements not goes between the object and the infin it ive. She told me not to do it. NOT She-told·me-w fwt do it.
Say and suggest You don 't use the infinitive or ob ject + infi niti ve after the reporting verbs say and suggest. Use told or suggest + -ing form . NOT He said me-to leave; He told me to leave. Mum told us not to qo to the park. NOT Mum sai£J-us-not-to 'gO-fa-fhe park. I suggested trying the new cafe. NOT .J--stJggested to -try--the--ttew--ettk: They suggested using their car. NOT -Rtey-suggested--us-ttruse tReir ear.
Would, could, should, etc. • You don 't usuall y change the form of the verbs after would, could, should, ouqiu to, must, might and had better after past report ing verbs . 'I could buy some fruit. ' She said she could buy some fruit. NOT -She said-she-e8t:Jld l'Ja·.'e botlgM some fruit. ' Yo u'd better stay the night. ' He told me I'd better stay the night. NOT He told-me t'd better Rave stayed-the-night:
The passive (1) Test it セ
Test it again
o Which answer is best, A or B?
o Wr ite passive sentences. a So m eon e sell s ti ckets at the bo x office.
a Do these computers com e from Japa n or Taiwan ? A People make t hem in Taiwan . B They're made in Taiwan.
.
,
.." ., .. , ..,
"
,
,
,
,
b Peo pl e bui lt the pyram ids ove r 4,500 ye ars ago.
b So, w hat happened w hen the dog saw the bone? A It was eaten by th e dog. B The do g ate it .
.
_
_.. _
.
_.__
c Someon e is me ndi ng my bike.
c How often is the restaurant kitchen cleaned? A Peop le clean it every day . B It 's cleaned ev ery day.
d A printer printed t he document i n th ree seconds. .,.. ,
d What happened to the burglar? A He w as arrested a few minutes later. B The po lice arrested him a few m inut es later.
.
"
e So m eo ne's intervie win g th e President. ....
,
W hat do doctors do ? A The y help people who are sick . B People w ho are sick are helped by them .
.. ,
...__
.
_
_.. __
.
e Rewrite t he notices as act ive sentences . Start each sentence with We. Sec reta ry wan ted
a
o find the inco rre ct sentences.
GセN inG|i NnB
The money w as stole from the bank. b My ho use is being painted at th e m om ent. c l like it w hen peo pl e agree w it h m e. d T he candi dates are bei ng intervie we d. My frien d Tom is having a nice house. I Yo u know, yo u are resembled by so m eone famous. 9 Spanis h spoken in Lati n A m erica. h A lovely swim in the sea w as had by us. T hese glasses are m ade in Denma rk. Did y o ur fam ily ag ree w ith yo u?
b
_ _" " _
..
Keys cut while you .
• Alwa ys use the acti ve form un less there's a very good reason to use the passive . I've been offered a fantastic job.
NOT
A fBntBstie--jtm-hes-been-offered -to-me;
• You use by + agent (person or thing) if you wan t t o say who does the action . Sometimes it's important to say who did it . This statue was created by Henry Moore. The 'Difference Engine' was invented by Charles Babbage. • If a verb has two objects. you usually use the person as the sub ject in the passive. No one gave me any directions. Active Passive I wasn't given any directions. (more common) No directions were given /0 me . Basil taught me history. Active Passive I was taugh t history b y Basil. (more common) History WllS taught to me by Basil.
Test it セ
Test it again セ
o Match the statements. a b c d e t 9 h
I got the car serviced. She had her ha ir cut. He'll develop the fil m. Pam painted her ho use . I serviced the car. Our house was burgled. He'll have the film developed. We burg led the house . She cut her hair. Pam had he r house pai nted.
o Write the correct torm of have + the object in brackets + a suitable participle 1 She pai d so meone to paint it. 2 He's a pho tograp her. 3 We're the victims of a burglary. 4 She wen t t o th e haird resser's. 5 I w ent to a garage. 6 We' re bu rg lars . 7 She cut it herself. 8 She likes pain ting. 9 He' ll take it to th e camera shop. 10 I'm a m echanic.
e Find the best sentence in each pa ir. 8 Sarah went to t he hairdr esser's and her hair w as cut . b Sarah w ent to the haird resser 's and had he r hair cut.
from the list . coloured valued a b c d e t 9 h
restr un g mended
trimme d taken
pa inted drawn up
put up broken in to
I wonder what th is bracel et is wo rt h. I th ink I' ll (it) . Shall we (the baby's room ) blue or pink? You reall y m ust (your g uitar). It sounds terrible! I (the contract) last week. Next sp ring we (t he roof) . Your hair's looki ng rather grey. Whe n di d vou last (it) ? Gregory never (his beard). It drives me cra zy. I' d like to (so m e shelves) . There isn't enough room fo r my boo ks. YOLI ever (yo ur picture) by a profes sio nal photog rapher? Th at's t he second ti m e we (garden shed ). Next ti m e, I' ll call th e po lice .
e Choose the best option, A or B.
e My ho use w as burgled. d I had the ho use burg led .
playing footbal l. He was running t oo fast. a Keit h A broke hi s leg B 's leg was broken b Jan ine on her parents' land. A bui lt a sm all ho use B had a small house bu ilt c I' m sorry but . A I crashed th e car B I had t he car cr ashed . d Lucy we nt to the bea utician's and A her nails w ere painted B had he r nails painte d e Tim o nce a yea r. A 's ho use is decorated B has his ho use decorated
e It's time we serv iced o ur car . It' s time we had ou r car serviced. 9 J ack pa inted my kitch en. h My kitchen was pai nted by a painter. Ou r wi ndow was smashed last nigh t. We had our wi ndow sm ash ed last nigh t.
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Have/Get something done
o Review
Fix it notes A Use have (or get) + object + past participle to say that you arrange for someone to do something for you .
8 Use the passive (object + be + past participle) when something happens that you d idn't arrange.
C Use the active (subj ect + verb + object ) when the subject does the action.
,
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For more in forma tion, see the Review page opposite.
Have/Get something done Unlike some other languages, in English you can't say that you do, did or wi ll do something if yo u mean that someone else does the action. So , for example, you can 't say 'I'm going to service the car' if you mean that yo u're going to take it to a garage and a mechanic is going to service it for you . Instead. you can use the str ucture have/get something done: ' I' m going to have the car serviced.' • You use have l or get) + object + past particip le to say that you arrange fo r someone to do so m ethi ng for you . Often it's a service t hat you pa y for. I'm having my hair cut next week . Let's get the dog shampooed. Note that get is more informal than have but the meaning is the same . I'm going to get m y computer fixed. = I'm going to have my computer fixed.
• You use t he passive (object + correct form of be + past participle) when something happens that y o u didn't arrange and didn't want. Ou r house was broken int o last nigh t. (I di d n't arrange f o r this to happe n.) My wallet w as stolen in the shopping centre. • You can also use have + object + past participle to ta lk about experiences . Often these experiences are unpleasa nt. Peter had his mo torbike stolen last sum m er. (He didn't arrange for this to happen. It w as something that happened to him.) We've had our car vandalized five times this year. • You use the active (subject + verb + ob ject) when the subject does the action. I cut my hai r last night. It looks a mess! John's repaired my computer. (I did it myself.) (He's a computer engineer.) You can use have/get + object + past participl e in all tenses . I'm having my hair cut at the moment. I have my car serviced twice a year. I was having the house valued when he arrived. I had the windo w mended. I've had my house broken into twice. I' ve been having the kitchen painted. I'd had m y portrait painted once before. I'd bean IllIving my films processed there for years. I'm going to hnve tho ciog shampooed. I'll I lo'I ve thl» jm;kllt dry clennad, pleflS().
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Relative clauses L セ G⦅Z[セNZ ' Z NᄋGセョ . . .." Test it セ
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Test it again セ
o Find a nd correct the mistake in each speech b ubble. a
b
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o Choose the best opt ion .
f
'TJ1e farm, who I liv ed in for nearly twenty year s, has been sold.
g
A corkscrew is a thing who you open bottles with.
lan, mot her lives next door
to me, is emigrati ng to '> OUl!1 Afr'ica .
T h e man" who/which eve ryo ne was ex pecting fina lly arrived . He was wearing a d ark suit h who/ that. made h im loo k twice th e size he re ally was. lIe lo oked o elel. Everyb od y turn ed a nel stared at h im. l Iis mo us tac he ," wh ere /which was red and c u rly, move d sligh tly eve ry time he sp ok e. A young woman , "whi ch/ wh ose face we nt wh ite when she saw the man, suddenly fainted in a co rn er of tire ro o m. II was th en th a t I be ga n to understand: She W' LS th e wo ma n •. which/that he 'd C O !ll C to se e . Sh e was the Lady o f Castle Doo rn , セ
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T he ra bbit h ut ch what I bu ilt is falling 10 p ieces,
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a Th at' s the man . His car was vanda lized ,
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b T he laborat o ry is usual ly locked. It's a very big labo rato ry.
This is the translator
.
.
.
_
_. .
.
c 'The Liar' is a good book. Step he n Fry w rote it.
who I met her in London.
Is th:u th e girl yoii tukl JIl l' a b o u t her
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re lative cla us es .
.......... .. "
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9 Wr ite each pa ir of sente nces as o ne sentence. Use defi nin g and nondefini ng
house.
army b rother's,
The bo o k, that yo u lent m e is g rea t.
,
_
. . _.
"
,
..
,
__
" . "
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d He's th e man . Kate told you about him.
e T ho m as lives in Los Angeles. He is my cousin.
Writo who, that, which, where or whose where necessa ry, Sometim es m o re t ha n one answer is possible .
u Isn' t that the boy ...... b This vill ag e,
gave you th e flowers?
Jo hn w as bro ug ht up, is now a to ur ist attract io n.
c Th e m o bile ph one,
yo u pr omised to del iver yest erday, still has n't
irrived . d I roall v wan ted the ca r .. " ..... vou bo ught. o What 's th e nam e of that girl
..... fat her is a vet ?
C@]
DJ:Q]
L セュ
Relat ive clauses
Answers to Test it セ I t,
a wftteft セ
who/no pronou n b lan;metfler lan, whose mother c what that/which/no pronoun 、セィ。エ
f." B セ
C. B
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E, B
The book (that)
+ D + C
you told me about? f who which 9 whe that/which/no pronoun h whieh who/that I which who J "methefffil:ellooFt; I m et in London.
2 0 who/that b wh ere c w hich d that/w hich/ no pronoun o w ho se
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A, B A C
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G A,B A
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2
A This sen tence incl udes a defin ing relative clause. Begin these clau ses w ith who/that for people; that/which for objects; where for places; wh ose for possession . B You can leave out who, that, which, etc. i n a defining rela tive clau se th at is th e ob ject of the sen tence . You can't leave it out in a defining relative clause that is the su bject of the sentence. You can neve r leave it out of a nondefining relative clause. C This sentence includes a nondefin ing relative clause . Begin the se clauses with who for people; which for objects; where fo r place s; whose for pos session. D Don't use more than one subject or object pronoun (he, her, etc.) in a relative clause .
Answers to Test it again o w ho b th at c w hich
o Review
Fix it notes
Check your answers. Wrong answer? Read the right Fix it note to find out why.
d whose e that
whose car was vandalized. b Th e laboratory, wh ich is very big, is usuallv locked. C 'The Liar', which Stephen Fry w rot e, is a good book. d He's the m an (that/w ho) Kate told y ou abou t.
E Use commas before and after no ndefining relative clauses. Don 't use them before and after defi ning relative clauses.
0 Tha t's the man
For more information. see the Review page opposite. !
J>
Relative clauses Defining relative clauses • You use defini ng rel ati ve cl auses to add essential information to a sentence . The clause goes immediately after the noun it describes. This is the man. This is th e m an who sold me the car. (The clause answers the question 'w hich man?') • You use rela tive pronouns (who, which, that, etc.) to introduce defining relative clauses. Use w ho or that for people; that or which for obj ects; where to talk about a place; whose to talk about possession . Here's the book thatjwhich you lent me. He's the man who/that owns the sho p. He's the man whose dog bit me. This is the place where I was born. • You can leave out who, that, w h ich, et c. in a defining relative clause when the clause is the object of the sentence. Here's the book (that) you lent me. She's the girl (that) / told you about. You can't leave it out in a defining relative clause when the clause is the subject of the sentence. This is the man who got the job. Rome is the city where I was born. You can never leave it out of a no ndefining rela tive clause . The fan s, who were waiting anxio usly, finally saw the rock star. NOT セ。ョウLキ・イ」 waiting XョクゥッオウLGセ finally-s8w--t:he--reck ster: • You don't use more than one subject or object pronoun in a relative clau se. The relative pronou n (who, which, etc .) rep laces the subject or ob ject pronouns (he, her, etc.). One pronoun is enough . Jack's the boy who won the prize. NOT daek!s-the boy who -he won the prhe.
Nondefining relative clauses • You use nondefining relati ve clauses to add nonessentia l information to a sen tence. The clause goes im mediately aft er the noun it describes. If y ou removed the relativ e clause, the sentence would still make sense on its own . David, who is a professor at the Universi ty of Barcelona, is a fri end of mine. Note that non defining relative clauses are much more .com m on in writing t han they are in speech. You use relative pronouns (who, which, where, etc.) to introduce non defining re lat ive clIlUSOS. Usa who for people; which for object s; where to talk about a ptnco: wnos« In talk nbo ut possession . .. ,J, I .,
I ,U / l h ' U
11 11 1
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Modal verbs Test it セ
Test it again セ
o
o
Find t he incorrect sentences.
Choose the best option.
I th ink you sho uld work harder. Do yo u can spea k J apan ese? M ary th in ks it may rai n later. The twins m ust tidy their bedroom . Sall y musts go to the dentist soon . I'm sor ry but w e m ust to go now. That can' t be th e postma n. It' s m uch t oo early. The dog d id n' t sho uld stea l food fro m th e fridge. We ma y ing go to France in Sep tember. Co uld you lend m e your dictionary?
a b c d e f 9 h
a b c d e f 9 h
6 Use a suitable modal to complete the sentences. Use some modals more than onc e So m et i m es there is more than one correct answer.
cun R
can't
could
m ust
mustn't
I wan t the salt please.
shouldn 't
m ay
6 Wr ite new sentences with similar meanings, using madals. More than one a I wa nt a glass of wa ter.
might
.................. you pass me th e salt
b It's a bad idea for y o u to go .
You . . ............. go .
c It's poss ible it' ll rain tom o rrow.
It .. ... ........ rain to mo rr ow.
d Do yo u have the ab ility to swim?
Do not park here.
J eff may not/can't/ m ig ht not ride a bicy cle . He never learn t to do it . I'm sure you can't/couldn't/must be tired . You w ere awake all night. It m ight/can/must be a nice weekend . If it is, we' ll go to th e beach . May/Should/Could you close th e window? I'm cold. Mobile phones can/m ust/m igh t be sw itched off during the fl ig ht. You really sho uld/cou ld/might stop smoking . That can/should/can't be a sp ider. It' s on ly got six legs. Tom isn 't here . He can/may/shouldn't be at home. You shouldn't/co uldn't/must n' t fo rg et your passport t his ti me ! Drivers can/may/sho uld g o m o re slowly . T here are too many accide nts .
answer may be possible.
please?
0
b Loc k the door, please . " "" ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
... __....
.,
,
,, .
_
"
"
,
c Do yo u want me to help yo u?
. ........... yo u sw im ?
. . __. __
Yo u ......... ......... park here .
Is it OK if J use your pho ne?
.
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d No smoki ng in t he library.
........ ...... I use your phone?
9 Thil l isn 't a bird . It's im possi ble!
Tha t ......... . be a bird !
h It's imp ortant that yo u stop smoki ng .
You ... ..... ....... stop smoking.
It's possible I' ll ask you to help m e.
I
Fred is unable to sing .
Fred .. ................ sing .
e It 's possible t hat yo u're right.
..__ .......... ask you to help me .
f) Find and correct five mistakes in the dialogue.
セ
Jo: Nick : Jo: Nick: Jo : Nick:
Bill m usts be here soon . He left hours ago ! I th ink you shou ld call him o n the mobile . He must to have it with him . I can't. My battery is fl at. M ust I borrow yours? Yes, sure . Here you are . No answer. Now w hat do I shou ld do? You shou ld stop wo rrying . I'm sure he won 't be lo ng. He m ays arrive any moment.
CEQ]
Modal verbs
o Review
Fix it notes
Modal verbs
A Never put s o n the t hir d perso n si ng u lar form of moda l verbs . B Use th e base f or m of t he verb (no t the to infinit ive) afte r moda l verbs.
C M od al verbs hav en't got inf init ives or partici pies.
• You never pu t s o n the thi rd pe rson singu lar for m of modal verbs. He can do it! NOT He--cans -do-it! It might rain. NOT h -mights-r-ain-; • You use the base form of th e verb, no t th e to infin it ive , after moda l ve rbs . I must go to the bank. NOT lmust-toqo-to the bank Jo can't come tonight. NOT -Je--e-a-n!t-w-eome-tonight: Note that modal verbs have n't go t i nf in it ives or pa rt icip les . You can't say 'to shou ld ' or 'ma y ing' or 'm usted' .
D Make modal questio ns and negat ive sen ten ces w ithout do .
• You make modal q uestions and negat iv e sentences wi tho ut do. Can I help you? NOT Do eaR! help 'fOU ? He shouldn 't say that. NOT He dOR 't should sa'o' that.
E
• You use can/can 't t o talk abo ut ab ility. I can swim. He can 't read.
Use can/can 't to talk abou t ab il ity . Use can, could or may t o ask for or give pe rm iss ion . Use can/co uld you to m ake a req uest.
F Use should/shouldn't t o ask for or g ive someo ne advice. G Use may, might and could t o t alk abo ut possibili t ie s.
H Use must and can't to make logi cal deduct ions.
• You use can , could or may to ask for or g ive pe rmission . No te t hat may is m o re forma l and less co mmo n th an can o r could. You also use can to ask for th ings. Can I stay up late tonight? Could we go out? May I borrow yo ur car? Can I have a drink? • You use can/could you to m ake a request. Could you pass me the salt ? Can you shut the door? • You use should/shouldn't t o ask for o r give someone advice . What should I say to Mum? You should apologize. Yo u shouldn't do th at. • You use may, might and could t o ta lk about poss ib ilities . It may rain during the night. Ja ck m ight be at home by now. The keys could be in the car. You use must and can't t o make logi cal deductions. Usua lly the ded uctio n is based on something you know now. You must be hungry. I know you haven 't eaten anything. That can't be an insect. It's got too many legs.
I Use must and mustn't to ta lk abo ut ob ligati ons.
Fo r more info rma tio n, see the Rev iew page op pos i te .
[>
•
You li se m ust nn d mustn't to talk about ob liga tion s. YOIi mustn 't park here. Passonqers 11111:1/ uw itc n o ff their mobile p honos.
Modals in the past Test it セ
Test it again
o Comp lete t he sentences. Use a moda l fro m t he list and t he correct form of the
o Choose th e best op t ion . a b c d
I tried and t ried bu t I can't/cou ld n't open the jar. Ho w nice of you to w rit e and thank me. You really had to/needn't have. When we were at school we must/had to wear school uniform . We all hated it. I heard a noise. I think it must have/should have been the cat jumping through the window. e You cou ld have/would have laug hed if you 'd seen his face! f I' m afraid I can't have/wasn't able to get in touch with George. 9 You might have/can't have seen lim. He left fo r the States last week. h I think you should have/had to apologized to Samantha. I needn't/didn't have to work last Sunday. I had a day off. Th at lett er must/might have arrived by now. I sent it yesterday.
a
verb in brac kets . could have tx 2) would have
might have didn't have to a What
you
b I' m not su re but I think it
.
c No one
.
.
..
(do) if you'd been me ?
(be ) t he pos tman who
.
(p red ict) last night's th u nd ersto rm . It was a
tota l surprise. d Do you think I
9 I think Tom . h We
(call ) Nick? (get up) early so we slept till eight. .. (send) me these flowers but I' m glad he did!
Phi l
n You should have watched the film last night. It was great. b I hadn't to go to work last week so I went to stay w ith f riends. c Pete must gone out. The door's locked. d I would have got full marks if I'd stud ied a bit harder. e We needn't to hurry we had plenty of time. J im can't swi m till he was twelve . The pho ne w as ringing when I came in . It might be Lisse. h Did you must get up early when you worked on the farm? W e shouldn' t have st ayed out so late . I'm tired now. Do yo u th ink that man we saw can have been the burglar?
.,
had to
knocke d j ust then .
e No ne of us
F ind the in correct sentences .
should have needn't have
..
............... (be) here. I th ink I saw his car. (clean) the flat because the kids had already done it.
a True or false?
セ
a Jo shouldn't have been so silly. Jo wasn't silly. b That must have been an eagle. I' m sure it was an eagle . c You couldn 't hav e been there . I' m sur e you weren 't there . d I didn't have t o go to school yesterday. I probably went to school.
True
D
False
D
True
D
False
D
True
D
False
D
True
D
False
D
C@]
Mo dals in the past
o Review
Fix it notes A Use must have + past participle t o say t hat yo u be lie ve t hat someth ing was true in the past. B Use can 't /co uldn 't have + past partic iple to say that you be lieve tha t something was imposs ib le in the past.
C Use didn't ha ve to /h ad to t o talk ab ou t t hi ngs t hat weren 't or were necessa ry in t he past . D Use needn 't have + past part ic ip le to say th at so meth ing wasn't necessary in t he past bu t t hat it happened anyway. E Us e should/shouldn't have + past partic ip le to say th at somethi ng was t he right or w rong th ing to do in the past.
Modals in the past • Yo u use must have + past participle to say that yo u bel ieve that something was t rue in t he past. Yo u usually believ e it was tru e because of something you know. It must have taken you ages to write that report. (I know it was a very lo ng report.)
It must have rai ned last night. (The gro und is wet.) • You use cen't/coukin 't have + past part iciple to say t hat you bel ieve th at something was impossible in t he past. You usually bel ieve it was im po ssib le because of somet h ing you know. He can 't have come home very late . (I was still awake when he carne back.) He couldn 't have committed the murder. (He was somewhere else at the time.) • You use had to and didn't have to to ta lk about th ings t ha t were or weren't necessary in the past. I had to leave at ten . (I had another meeting to ge t t o .) I didn't have to wear a uniform at school. (The school rules didn 't require it .) • You use needn't have + past participle to say th at someth ing wasn 't necessary in the pas t but that it happened anyway. You needn 't have sent me the roses . (It wasn't necessary but I'm very gratefu l.) •
You use should/shouldn't have + past participle to say th at someth ing was the rig ht or w rong thing to do in the pas t . You should have gone home. (It was t he right t h ing to do but yo u didn't go.)
He shouldn 't have said that. (It was a bad t hing to do bu t he did it.)
F Use m ighUcould have + pas t part ici p le to say that something was a possibi lity.
G Use couldn 't/could and wasn 't able to /was able to to talk abo ut ab ility in the past.
H Us e w ould/wouldn 't have + past part icip le in th ird co nd iti o nal sentences.
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For ,Ill o re SHO th o Hov iuw pa gu o p posi te.
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• You use mighUcould have + past participle to say t hat someth ing was a possibility in the past. I think that might have been the postman. (I'm not su re but it' s possi ble.) Jane could have sent me the chocolates. (It's possib le it was Jane w ho sent them .) • You use could/cou ldn't and was/wasn 't able to to talk about abi lity in t he past.
I could/was able to read when I was four. He couldn't/wesn 't able to swim till he was ten . • You use would/wouldn't have + pas t participle in t h ird conditional sentences .
Tim would have helped yo u if he'd been here. (But he wasn't here so he didn't.) I wouldn 't have gone ou t if I'd known it was raining. (But I dld go 0 111.)
Verb patterns Test it セ
o
Test it again セ
o
Complete the sentences. Use t he correct form of t he verbs in brackets.
a Yo u w o n't believe th is ! J immy wan ts m e
"." .." ." "
tie give
b Carla says she'd prefer .. . .. ..... "" ... " ....." ...... (stay) in t han g o ou t to nig ht .
o Sally denied
(pl ay) tenni s w it h me somet ime? .. (eat ) th e sweets even t ho ug h it was
.. "
obvio us she had . W ill you let us
.
(wa tc h) TV if w e do o ur homewor k?
{) My g ran d fathe r ta ug ht us
"
"" ."
"
revise rem ind
like p refer
laugh see
regret hop e
(fish) with rods an d nets .
w an t be
talk take
enjoy
Down 1 I to say t hat you're wro ng th is time. 2 I to see yo u again on e day. her shoe laces. 5 She stopped to 7 Don't m ake me ! 8 Do you regr et not ... fo r the exa m ? 11 Do t he kids play ing te nnis? 12 Do es Tom to m arry Gisell a? 13 Jack per suaded his boss t o . .. h im a
Across 3 Who w ant s to .. . a m il liona ir e?
.. . (chat) to new peopl e.
" "
d Ar e yo u in te rest ed in
h I reg ret
Solve t he clues t o comp lete t he cro ssword. Use the correct form of t h e verbs below.
(go) ou t
with hi m!
c M ike loves
N
4 I'd ... to pay in cash. 6 Stop ... fo r a seco nd, pl ease! 9 We're loo king forward to . ,. you soo n. 10 Wou ld yo u ... to go fo r a walk? 14 He su gg est ed ... th e bus. 15 Please .. . me to pay th e gas bil l.
" (say) that I com p lete ly for got you r bi rt hday.
pay rise.
I w on 't next year. I'm so rr y bu t I do n't rem em ber Wh at do you ho pe
..
'r-
. (m eet) yo u befo re.
cz-
....... ...... ." . .... (b e) wh en you g row up?
3
nd and correct t he m istakes.
b c d
h I
J
4
I sugg ested t o hav e a pic nic at th e w eekend . She m ad e m e to do al l th e w ash ing u p and m ake th e beds! Tony always per suades m e relaxing. I can' t dr ink co ffee w ith o ut t o put three spoonfu ls o f suga r in it. he lect urer let me to hand in m y essay late. We sto pped having lunc h beca use w e w ere hu ng ry. So, w hat do yo u ad vise m e do in g? J ill w ill nev er fo rge t to los e her son i n t he sho pping cent re. Please don 't let m e for gett ing to post t his lett er. We all dislike to w ork here. Th e pay is terrible.
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Verb patterns
@ a to go b to stay c chatting d playing e eating
+ F + C + B + A + B
f watch + G 9 to fish + F h to say + 0 i meeting + E j to be + C
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+ + + + + + + + + +
having do to relax 」イセ d tef;lttt putting ・エセ handin f heviflg to have 9 deffifj to do h telose losing I forflettfflg forget I tewerk working
b teee
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Verb patterns Using the -in g form • You use the -ing form (not the infinitive) after a prepositio n, e.g . about, at, in, like, of, without, etc . Is Charlie interested in music? We're really looking forward to seeing you. • You use the -ing form (not the infinitive) after some verbs, e.g. can't bear, can't stand, dislike, don't mind, enjoy, finish, go, hate, like, love, mean, suggest, etc. It means getting up really early but at least the flight is cheap. The verb go is very com mon when you're talking about sports. I suggested going to Majorca. Let 's go jogging/swimming/cycling .
Using the infinitive
Us e the infinitive after regret when it means t hat you are sorry about someth ing you're going to say. Use the infin it ive after stop when it means that yo u stop doing one thing in order to do another thing .
E Use the -ing form after remember and forget when you're ta lking about a memory. F Some verbs are followed by object + infinitive, e.g . advise, persuade, teach , want.
n
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. .
B Use the -ing form (not the infin itive ) after some verbs, e.g. deny, dislike, love, suggest.
F E
A
Answers to Test it again イ }
A Use the -ing fo rm (not the infinitive) after a prepos itio n, e.g. in, without.
C Some verbs are followed by the infinitive (not the -ing form), e.g. hope, would prefer.
F
ァ ッ to JJage 71. irest yourself again,
オ セ
o Review
Fix it notes
Answers to Test it Check your answers. Wrong answer? Read the right Fix it note to find out why.
G Use object + base form of the v erb after let and make.
• You use the infinitive (not t he -ing form) after some verbs, e.g. agree, decide, hope, learn, manage, need, promise, want, would like/love/hate/prefer, etc . She promised not to eat the sweets, He' d prefer to pay cash if that's OK.
Verbs that take both the -ing form and infinitive You use the -ing form or the infinitive after some verbs, e.g. forget, regret, remember, stop, try. Be careful ! The meaning of the verb changes. stop Sheila stopped to say hello. (She stopped wha t she was doing. She said 'Hello'.) Mary stopped saying she was hungry. (She kept saying she was hungry. T hen she stopped .) forget I forgot to lock the car. (It's unlocked.) I'll never forget meeting you for the first time. (It' s an importa nt m em o ry .) remember Do you remember meeting me for the first time? (Is it a memory you hav e?) Did you remember to lock the car? (Som etimes you fo rg et. ) r egr et I regret shouting at the dog. (I shouted. I'm sorry th at I did.) I regret to say you're fired. (I'm going to tell you you're fi red. I'm sorry about it. )
1"1
,
Fo r more information, see the Review page opposit e.
,[:>
Object + infinitive • You can put the object + infini tive after some verbs, e.g. advise, allow, encourage, tiolp, order, persuade, prefer, rem ind, teach, want, etc. We encoumqaa tho children to 108m French 8S well as Italian.
Action and state verbs Test it セ
Test it again セ
o Complete t he dia logues. Use t he sim p le or cont inuo u s for ms of th e verbs .
o Choose the best opt ion , A or B. If both op ti ons are possi b le, choose both .
If bot h f o rm s are possible, writ e bot h .
a Oh, no! Last week I ". " ,.." 50 kilos. This w eek it's 56! A weighe d B w as w eig h ing b Oonagh ..,." ... a letter when I ca lled in to see her. A wrote B was writing c Th ese kids .." ." ... too much noise. A m ake B are maki ng d Why on earth ..." ..... at me like that? Is th er e someth ing o n my f ace? A d o you look B are you looking e Billy ........ a word his teacher said thi s morn ing . A w asn't understanding B didn't und erstand Jo a house in Lucca. A has B is having 9 Anthonv amazed when I told him the news . A loo ked B was looking h I ....."" this headli ne! 'Man bites dog ' - it sounds absurd. A ' rn no t believing B do n' t be lieve We someone to love. A are all needing B all need Sarah says she .. ... a bit sick this morn ing . A feels B 's f eeling
Kim :
W hat 8
Nick:
Ib
. .... (you / do)?
...
(m easu re) the staircase. We (need) a new carpet for it.
Boy:
Can you come upstairs? M y head d ....
Ie Mother:
OK . I f 9 .. , .. ,
,
,
, (hurt) .
(t hin k) I'm ill. __ . . . __ . .. __ .. __ . (come), don 't worry.
..
"., ,
,
,
,
(you/ w ant) an aspirin?
i . ; . . . "
Boss:
__ ,
.. (u nd erst and ) you
(not / Iike) working for us any more. Is that right? Employee: W ell , yes. i
t
_
.
(fee l) it's time I changed m y
caree r.
e Write the correct f o rm of t he verbs in brackets . a b c d e f 9 h
So, M r Jones, I h ...
I (know ) you love me rea ll y. Kare n (admire) Richard . Now I (taste) the sou p to see if it's got eno ugh salt in it. (y o u I want) anything or are you OK? Th e party's great, Mark. We (have) a fantastic t ime. N at ash a (not I mean) to be rud e to m e yesterday. I (b elong) to a birdwatching club and I lov e it ! You look sad . What (you / thin k) about? Th e judge (fee l) t hat the appropriate sent enc e is te n years in j ail. Loui se (not I understand) what you said .
Andy:
What k
Kate:
I' m not sure any more. This ham I bought yesterday _... __ .......
,
(we / have) for lu nch? I' m st ar vi ng.
.____ . . __ . (taste) a bit funny to me. Here, you try it .
e
C hoose the best optio n .
セ
a b c d e f 9 h
This can is containing/contains paraffin so be careful w it h it. Hi, Monica. I'm adm iring/admire y o ur garden . What's that rose called? I'm thinking/think we should go and live somewhere hot. How about you? We ha ve/re hav ing a lovely t ime i n Switzerla nd. I wish you were here. We w ent to a terr ib le restaurant. The soup was t asting/tasted like water. You seem/are seeming very worried. Is everything OK? It really isn't mattering/doesn't matter what I th ink. . That m otorbike costs/is costing too much . I' ll take the other one. Poor Debbie. She 's fee ling/feels she made the wrong decision . You strongly resemble/are strongly re sembling an old boyfriend of mine.
C@]
セ セュ
Act ion and state verbs
Check your answers. Wrong answer? Read the right Fix it note to find out why.
+ c + A bB c A, B + A + 0 dB e B . + 8
+ + gA hB + + i B j A,B +
(I) a A
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Answers to Test it C C B B E
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go to page 75. ifest yourself again.
Answers to Test it again
A Use action verbs in the si m ple or continuous form, depending on the situation . Follow the usual rules.
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Action and state verbs Verbs can express either states or actions. An action means that something happens. So m e typical action verbs are decide, go, jump, listen, run, speak and work.
A state means t hat something remains the same . Some typical stat e verbs are like, love, hate, know, believe and understand.
B Use the simple form (not the continuous) with most state verbs, e.g. believe, belong, know, mean, need, understand and wan t.
C Use the simple form (not th e continuous) when certain verbs, e.g. admire, feel, have , look, weig h, etc.. have stative meanings.
You use action and state verbs differently in English. Here are som e ru les to help you decide whether to use the simple or continuous form with certa in verbs.
Act ion verbs • You use action verbs in the simple or continuous form, depending on the situation. I often go to the cinema. Where are you going? Stan read fifteen books last m onth. Yesterday, I was reading a book by Duncan Forbes.
State verbs D Use the continuous form (not the simple) when certa in verbs, e.g. have, look, taste and think, have active m eani ngs.
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Review
E Use the simple or continuous form with a few state verbs, e.g. feel, when there's no difference in meaning .
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For more informa tion, see the Review page opposite.
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• You use the simple form (not the continuous) with most state verbs. This medication contains caffeine. NOT Fhismedication is-eontainifltl caffeine; Do you need anything? NOT Are-you-needing anything-? • You use the simple or continuous form with a few state verbs when there is no difference in meaning . These verbs are feel, ache and hurt. I'm feeling a bit depressed. OR I feel a bit depressed. My head's aching. OR My head aches. My tummy's hurting. OR My tummy hurts. Note: It's possible that you'll hea r native speakers using other state verbs in the continuous form. However, if you want to be sure you don 't make m ist akes, it's probably best to follow t hese rules .
State and action verbs • Some v erbs can have bo th a state and an action mean ing . You use the simple form (not the co ntin uou s) when they have stative mean ings. For some examples, see page 86. Note: With verbs of perception (feel, hear, see, smell, taste) you often use can/can 't and could/couldn 't. I could tienr tho WHVtlS crash ing down on the beach. I cnn tnsto curry in tbls dish . Cnn you smell burning?
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o Choose the best optio n.
Choose t he best optio n, A or B.
a John ta lks and talks and ta lks and ye t he never savs/tells any t hing .
a Do n't me you've lost your keys again. A say B tell b French and Flem ish are in Belg ium. A talked B spoken us stroke the kang aro os. c It w as a g reat day. Th ey even A made B let d Why don 't yo u ........ rou nd to J ean's place and ask her out? A go B co me e Sh al l I ........_. you out so mewhere t o nig ht? A brin g B take f Can you ......... m e what t he ti m e is, please? A tell B say 9 W hat com pl ete ru bbish you . A speak B talk h 'Where's th e co rkscrew?' ' In the kitchen. I'll go and it.' A bri ng B fetc h Let's .......... to th e park. A go B come Liz _ .... the tr ut h. Ma rk lie d. A said B to ld
b I don't like my boss. He makes/lets me do all the photocopy ing . c Are you coming/going round to my place this eveni ng? d Do sto p ta lkir1g/speaking ru bbi sh. e Wh en yo u go/come ro und, co uld you bring my video back? f What language do th ey speak/talk in Uzbek ista n? 9 Please say/tell me w hat's wrong . h Let 's begin/start Word and w rit e th e letter. I'm go ing t o bring/fetch t he kid s fro m school now. Back in a sec. Oh, p lease make/let me stay up and w atc h the f il m.
a Find and cor rect t he mistakes in t he verbs in t hese sentences . a b c d e f 9 h
Cou ld yo u please t ell that ag ain ? I didn 't hear you properly. Hav e I ever said you I love yo u? 'Could you come here , please?' 'OK. I' m going.' He talks French w ell. I'll m ake you stay if you prom ise to be good . I can't beg in the eng ine. I thi nk there's someth ing wro ng with it. Could you fetch this video back to the shop fo r m e? Kate's br inging her dog to th e vet's. He's unwe ll. Lia said us a joke yesterday. It was ve ry funny. I'd love to come and liv e in Italy but I can't .
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m ake
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Use say (not tell) to talk about speech in general. Use tell (not say) when you're i nf o rm ing or instructing someone . Use tell in certa in f ixed express ions w ith joke, story, lie, etc .
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Fix it notes
Check your answers. Wrong answer? Read the right Fix it note to find out why,
Say, speak, tell and talk • You use say (not tell) t o talk about speech in general. Yo u use tell (not say) when you're info rm ing someone about something or giving them instructions. He said something funny the other day. What did you say? I told you not to climb on the chairs. I'll tell you how to get there. • Always put a personal direct object or someone's name after tell and told. Never put a personal direct object after say or said. We 're going to tell Katy about the article. Did you say something? • You use tell in certa in fixed expressions. Tell ties/e story/the time/e joke/the truth/the difference.
o Use come for a movement in the d irection of the speaker. Use go for a movement away from the speaker.
E Use bring to talk about a movement in the d irection of the speaker. Use take to talk about other movements. Use fetch w hen you mean 'go and br ing back' .
F Use make to force someone to do something. Use let to allow Someone to do something .
• You use speak wh en you 're referring to lang uages and to refer to the physical ab ility to speak. Of course he can't speak to you. He's a rabbit. I speak French and Italian. • You use talk in fixed expressions with rubbish, no nsense, sense, etc. and to refer to the act of speaking . Co m e and talk to me! Don 't talk rubbish. Let 's talk about it tonight.
Come and go ; bring, take and fetch • You use come to talk about a movement in the direction of the speaker or th e person you're speaking to . You use go to talk about a movement away from the speaker or the perso n you 're speaking to. Com e over here a second. I'd love to go to Venezuela . • You use bring to talk about a movement in the direction of the speaker or the person you're speaking to. You usa take to talk about other movements. Yo u use fetch when you mean 'go and bring back ' . Could you bring a bottle of w ine round? I'll take the laptop with me . My dog's good at fetching sticks.
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