Tecumseh's Bones 9780773572522

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Tecumesh's Bones

McGill-Queen's Native and Northern Series Bruce G. Trigger, Editor i When the Whalers Were Up North Inuit Memories from the Eastern Arctic Dorothy Harley Eber z The Challenge of Arctic Shipping Science, Environmental Assessment, and Human Values David L. VanderZwaag and Cynthia Lamson, Editors 3 Lost Harvests Prairie Indian Reserve Farmers and Government Policy Sarah Carter 4 Native Liberty, Crown Sovereignty The Existing Aboriginal Right of Self-Government in Canada Bruce Clark 5 Unravelling the Franklin Mystery Inuit Testimony David C. Woodman 6 Otter Skins, Boston Ships, and China Goods The Maritime Fur Trade of the Northwest Coast, 1785—1841 James R. Gibson 7 From Wooden Ploughs to Welfare The Story of the Western Reserves Helen Buckley 8 In Business for Ourselves Northern Entrepreneurs Wanda A. Wuttunee 9 For an Amerindian Autohistory An Essay on the Foundations of a Social Ethic Georges E. Sioui 10 Strangers Among Us David Woodman n When the North Was Red Aboriginal Education in Soviet Siberia Dennis A. Bartels and Alice L. Bartels iz From Talking Chiefs to a Native Corporate Elite The Birth of Class and Nationalism among Canadian Inuit Marybelle Mitchell 13 Cold Comfort My Love Affair with the Arctic Graham W. Rowley

14 The True Spirit and Original Intent of Treaty 7 Treaty 7 Elders and Tribal Council with Walter Hildebrandt, Dorothy First Rider, and Sarah Carter 15 This Distant and Unsurveyed Country A Woman's Winter at Baffin Island, 1857-1858 W. Gillies Ross 16 Images of Justice Dorothy Harley Eber 17 Capturing Women The Manipulation of Cultural Imagery in Canada's Prairie West Sarah A. Carter 18 Social and Environmental Impacts of the James Bay Hydroelectric Project Edited by James F. Hornig 19 Saqiyuq Stories from the Lives of Three Inuit Women Nancy Wachowich in collaboration with Apphia Agalakti Awa, Rhoda Kaukjak Katsak, and Sandra Pikujak Katsak 20 justice in Paradise Bruce Clark 21 Aboriginal Rights and Self-Government The Canadian and Mexican Experience in North American Perspective Edited by Curtis Cook and Juan D. Lindau 22 Harvest of Souls The Jesuit Missions and Colonialism in North America, 1632-1650 Carole Blackburn 23 Bounty and Benevolence A History of Saskatchewan Treaties Arthur J. Ray, Jim Miller, and Frank Tough 24 The People of Denendeh Ethnohistory of the Indians of Canada's Northwest Territories June Helm 25 The Marshall Decision and Native Rights Ken Coates z6 The Flying Tiger Women Shamans and Storytellers of the Amur Kira Van Deusen 27 Alone in Silence European Women in the Canadian North before 1940 Barbara E. Kelcey

2 8 The Arctic Voyages of Martin Frobisher An Elizabethan Adventure Robert McGhee 29 Northern Experience and the Myths of Canadian Culture Renee Hulan 30 The White Man's Gonna Getcha The Colonial Challenge to the Crees in Quebec Toby Morantz 31 The Heavens Are Changing Nineteenth-Century Protestant Missions and Tsimshian Christianity Susan Neylan 3 2 Arctic Migrants/Arctic Villagers The Transformation of Inuit Settlement in the Central Arctic David Damas 33 Arctic Justice On Trial for Murder - Pond Inlet, 1923 Shelagh D. Grant 34 Eighteenth-Century Naturalists of Hudson Bay Stuart Houston, Tim Ball, and Mary Houston 3 5 The American Empire and the Fourth World Anthony J. Hall 36 Uqalurait An Oral History of Nunavut Compiled and edited by John Bennett and Susan Rowley 3 7 Living Rhythms Lessons in Aboriginal Economic Resilience and Vision Wanda Wuttunee 38 The Making of an Explorer George Hubert Wilkins and the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1916 Stuart E. Jenness 39 Chee Chee A Study of Aboriginal Suicide Alvin Evans 40 Strange Things Done Murder in Yukon History Ken S. Coates and William R. Morrison 41 Healing through Art Ritualized Space and Cree Identity Nadia Ferrara

4Z Coming Home to the Village Aboriginalizing Education Peter Cole 43 Something New in the Air The Story of First Peoples Television Broadcasting in Canada Lorna Roth 44 Listening to Old Woman Speak Natives and Alternatives in Canadian Literature Laura Smyth Greening 45 Robert and Francis Flaherty A Documentary Life, 1883-1922 Robert J. Christopher 46 Talking in Context Language and Identity in Kwakwaka'wakw Society Anne Marie Goodfellow 47 Tecumseh's Bones Guy St-Denis

TECUMSEH'S

E

B O

S N GUY ST-DENIS

McGILL-QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY PRESS

Montreal & Kingston • London • Ithaca

> McGill-Queen's University Press 2005 ISBN 0-773 5 - 2 - 8 4 3 - i Legal deposit second quarter 2005 Bibliotheque nationale du Quebec Printed in Canada on acid-free paper that is 100% ancient forest free (100% post-consumer recycled), processed chlorine free. This book has been published with the help of a grant from the Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences, through the Aid to Scholarly Publications Programme, using funds provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. McGill-Queen's University Press acknowledges the support of the Canada Council for the Arts for our publishing program. We also acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Book Publishing Industry Development Program (BPIDP) for our publishing activities. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication St-Denis, Guy, 1960Tecumseh's bones / Guy St-Denis. (McGill-Queen's native and northern series; 47) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7735-2.843-1 I. Tecumseh, 1768?-1813—Death and burial, 2. Thames River (Ont.), Battle of, 1813. I. Title. II. Series. E99.S35t35 2005

97ti.O3'4'o92

02004-906609-9

Designed and typeset by studio oneonone in 10/13 Sabon

For John Dal Castledine 192.7-1999 A native of Dunderdin, Western Australia

List of Illustrations I xiii Preface I xv INTRODUCTION I 3

ONE

Shaping the Mystery I 10 TWO A Patriotic Fiasco I 22 THREE

Racists and Revisionists I 38 FOUR Confusing the Issue I 56 FIVE Beyond the Exhumation I 70 sIx Charlatans, By and Large I 86 SEVEN

Ambitious Warriors I 101 EIGHT A Monument or Two 115 Conclusion | 138 A Chronology of the Mystery I 143 Acknowledgments I 165 Notes I 169 Bibliography I 253 Index I 267

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Illustrations

Following page 2I Tecumseh Tecumseh's Graveyard, a map Lossing's sketch of the battlefield, 1860 The battlefield as it appeared in 1883 A recent photograph of the battlefield Following page 3 7 Richard H. Oates George H.M. Johnson Jacob Smith Daniel Wilson Timothy Snake Following page 85 Abigail Smith Albert Greenwood Oshahwahnoo, alias John Nahdee The St Anne's Island exhumation Matthew Fisher

xiv Illustrations

Following page 100 Albert Tobias Tecumseh K. Holmes Katherine B. Coutts The Tecumseh boulder Jasper Jones The Nahdee expedition Following page 137 A casket for Tecumseh Fred Landon Tecumseh's cairn, Walpole Island The Tecumseh Monument, Gore of Zone Township

Preface

My first encounter with the mystery of Tecumseh's bones was in the summer of 1972,. I was eleven years old that summer, which was the same summer my father decided our family would be better off in the country. We soon found ourselves living in an old farmhouse out in the middle of nowhere, and surrounded by an agrarian landscape I repeatedly disparaged as being completely "dull and boring." It was quite a predicament, but I managed to cope by seeking out anything that offered the slightest semblance of interest. Much to my surprise, this quiet corner of southwestern Ontario soon began to reveal its fair share of curiosities. There were, among other things, a forest-shrouded "Indian" reserve, a murky meandering river, and - most intriguing of all - a ranch-style house. Clad with imitation peeled logs and stained a reddish hue, this ranch-style house looked for all the world like a ranger's station in a national park ... except that there was no such park for miles around. It was a profound mystery and one that continued to deepen, until a well-intentioned grown-up ruined everything with an unsolicited explanation. The ranch-style house, as it turned out, was not a misplaced ranger's station, but rather a museum - although not a real museum like Madame Tussaud's. Quite the contrary. Our local repository was dedicated to the "dull and boring" history of a long-vanished church mission. With this revelation, I promptly redirected my energies to other curiosities. I had an abrupt change of heart, however, when a visiting cousin recalled the many treasures he had seen displayed just beyond the museum's faux log facade. Of course, all this talk of treasure could mean only one thing. Pirates! There certainly was nothing "dull and boring" about pirates. It was a point I reiterated until my parents finally agreed to a tour of the Fairfield Museum.

xvi

Preface

A kindly old gentleman met us at the front door, and there delivered what must have been an oft-repeated introduction. Founded in 1792 by the Moravians (a Protestant sect adhering to Hussite doctrines), Fairfield was later burned to the ground by the Americans during the War of 1812. The determined Moravians returned, rebuilt on the other side of the river, and ministered to their Native converts until 1903, when they transferred responsibility for the mission to the Methodist Church of Canada. In 1925, the Methodists joined forces with the Presbyterian and Congregational denominations to form the United Church of Canada. This merger explained the presence of the old gentleman, who suddenly and deliberately revealed that he was a retired minister. We were in for a sermon. As the curator launched into a painfully detailed recital of the Moravian saga, I slowly edged my way back along a display case. Much to my disappointment, there were none of the much-anticipated treasures. All I found was a handful of charred artifacts from an everyday existence on the frontier. I decided it was time to leave. But in turning for the door, I was stopped in my tracks by a fierce-looking "Indian" which was really nothing more than a wooden bust capped by a feather headdress. "That's Tecumseh," the curator called out. "There's a monument to him just down the road ..." I fixed my gaze upon "Tecumseh," desperately hoping to avoid further notice. The curator, however, mistook my attempt to ignore him with a spellbound fascination for what he had to say. Speaking from across the room, he explained that Tecumseh was the Shawnee leader of a powerful "Indian" confederacy who opposed American encroachment upon tribal lands. He continued with the great chief's war record, including his alliance with the British during the War of 1812. Then came the part about Tecumseh's premonition of his own death on a nearby battlefield in 1813, and that was when I heard the magic words: "His body was never found." I wheeled around and focused my attention on the curator who, somewhat taken aback, went on to tell us all about the mystery of Tecumseh's bones. Native tradition held that a band of loyal warriors returned to the battlefield under the cover of darkness and carried Tecumseh's body deep into the woods for a clandestine burial. After camouflaging the grave, they swore an oath of secrecy and then went their separate ways. I had a grand time conjuring up mental images of the lugubrious scene, but the daydream was shattered when my father asked if anyone knew where Tecumseh was buried. Pointing in the direction of Moraviantown, the curator replied - in a suitably melodramatic tone - that it was a secret "no white man can ever know."

Preface

xvii

Before we left the museum, my father bought me a book on the Moravians, a toy tomahawk, and a model birchbark canoe. I never read the book, I broke the tomahawk, and I have no idea what became of the canoe. But somehow the story of Tecumseh's secret burial managed to survive my careless childhood. Years later, as I searched for ancestors among the columns of old newspapers, the occasional article about Tecumseh's grave would momentarily reawaken my earlier fascination. Invariably, however, each and every one of these accounts was dismissed as the fanciful product of an overactive imagination. It was easy to ignore disparate tidbits of historical romance, until they began to appear everywhere my research led me. Eventually, I decided to investigate. After the better part of a decade, I finally began to understand the origin and evolution of the mystery in all its many aspects. Following the War of 1812, most Upper Canadians in the western regions of the province believed that Tecumseh had been buried near the battlefield, and that his grave was well known to the Natives. This was the extent of their interest in the great chief's sepulchre. Then, in the mid-183os, their curiosity was aroused by politicians in the United States who began to argue over the identity of Tecumseh's killer in order to win votes. During the presidential campaign of 1840, one of William Henry Harrison's more zealous supporters attempted to dig up Tecumseh's bones for a political rally. This "Yankee fellow" must have thought it a fitting gesture, since Harrison commanded the American forces at the Battle of the Thames, in which contest Tecumseh was killed. But to the citizens of a British garrison town known as Amherstburg, it was a despicable outrage and one they decided to avenge in the most patriotic terms possible. Impressed by plans to reconstruct the recently desecrated monument honouring Sir Isaac Brock, whose memory likewise suffered abuse from across the border, the leading gentlemen of Amherstburg likewise proposed a monument to Tecumseh. While none of them thought it necessary to acquire the great chief's bones in order to achieve their lofty goal, they soon realized that calls for a mere cenotaph would never be answered by generous donations. The endeavour failed, but Amherstburg's example inspired subsequent monument drives. It also served as a valuable lesson. Success was contingent upon a level of financial support that only the government could provide. And the discovery of Tecumseh's bones came to be regarded as the most effective means by which to secure this support. The Natives of what is now southwestern Ontario reacted to the ghoulish fascination of their white neighbours by instituting a long

xviii

Preface

tradition of secrecy and deception. Nor were they alone in shaping the mystery of Tecumseh's bones. Every now and then, some white devotee of Tecumseh would come forward to give a self-serving slant on the Native version of events. This intertwining of Native and white fabrications produced a mass of conflicting variations on Tecumseh's burial, which effectively and continually discouraged any serious attempt to unlock the secret. In 1985, however, John Sugden provided a valuable synopsis of the mystery in Tecumseh's Last Stand. My own investigation followed several years later, and was soon characterized by a determined effort to trace the mystery's many strands back to their respective sources. During this involved process, I was obliged to consider the motives of the many contributors to the saga - both Native and white alike. It was only then that I was able to begin piecing together the fate that befell Tecumseh's bones.

Tecumseh's Bones

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Introduction

A SUDDEN BLARE OF BUGLES resounded through the open wood, and in the moment it took the British general to ask for an explanation the unnerving calls were repeated a second time. "That is the advance, Sir," his brigade-major tersely observed, "for the bugle is nearer."1 Major-General Henry Procter reacted by hastily leading his steed toward the front line of his defence. After a few steps, he heard the third call of the bugles and the first sporadic shots from the muskets of lurking American snipers. "Damn that gun," Procter cursed, "why does it not fire?"2 His brigade-major galloped off to investigate the cannon's silence, only to meet the gun crew in full flight. Turning his mount, the subordinate arrived back at Procter's side just as the American cavalry charged. A volley from the general's regiment slowed but did not stop the enemy advance, and with hordes of screaming mounted Kentucky riflemen bearing down upon them, the British regulars in the front line began to turn and run. "For shame men!" "For shame 4Ist!" "What are you running away for?" "Why do you not form?" 3 It was no use; the general's protests fell on deaf ears. The Battle of the Thames, or the Battle of Moraviantown as it is also known, was a humiliating defeat for the Forty-first Regiment of Foot. It was also the finishing stroke in a series of misfortunes that plagued the British army in the western sector of Upper Canada over the course of 1813. At the outset of the War of 1812, daring attacks on Michilimackinac and Detroit secured the colony's extended frontier border from the threat of American invasion. The man responsible for these bold initiatives was Major-General Isaac Brock, whose boldness subsequently cost him his life at the Battle of Queenston Heights, near Niagara Falls, in October of iSiz. 4 Brock's replacement as military commander of Upper Canada was Major-General Roger Hale Sheaffe, a good but cautious officer who thought it prudent to

4 Introduction

bolster defences in the central and eastern regions of the colony. Sir George Prevost, the governor-in-chief and military commander of British North America, was of a similar mind. Prevost further naively believed that Native warriors could be relied upon to combat the Americans in the west, with little or no assistance.5 This latter strategy made it especially difficult for the officer charged with the defence of the remote western regions to retain the Crown's Native alliances. Fortunately for then Colonel Henry Procter, Tecumseh had already cast his lot with the British.6 For several years prior to the war, Tecumseh - the charismatic warrior chief of the Shawnee Nation - had been organizing a Native confederacy with the express purpose of resisting American encroachment south of the Great Lakes. By 1811, Governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory considered the threat posed by this confederacy to be so menacing that he took military action against it.7 When the United States subsequently declared war on Great Britain in June of 1812, Tecumseh seized the opportunity to employ the British in his own struggle against the Americans. He was well aware that without the added strength of British arms, his loose confederacy stood little chance of halting the American appropriation of Native territories and that the Shawnee would be among the first to lose their lands to the likes of Harrison.8 His fears were allayed in August of 1812,, when a combined British and Native force captured Detroit. With this victory, the confederacy was effectively consolidated under Tecumseh's control. But in order to maintain Native support, the great chief required additional victories. Brock's boldness, he believed, promised many more to come. After Brock's untimely death, however, the British high command in the Canadas assumed a very reserved approach to the war in the western sector and, despite the threat posed by Harrison's massing of a large invasion force, Procter was left to fend largely for himself. Accordingly, when an advance party of the American army moved within range of Fort Maiden at Amherstburg in mid-January of 1813, Procter took action to both appease the Natives and deal the enemy a decisive blow. Although Tecumseh had long since taken his leave, Procter mobilized a combined British and Native expedition, marched it to the River Raisin in the southeastern Michigan Territory, and there defeated the Americans.9 Later, in April, he and Tecumseh launched a siege of Fort Meigs, on the Maumee River in northwestern Ohio, where the main body of the American invasion force was commanded by Tecumseh's old adversary, Major-General William Henry Harrison.

Introduction

5

Despite heavy losses, the Americans remained undefeated in their fort.10 Procter and Tecumseh were forced to withdraw, but they returned the following summer for another try. Unable to breach the walls of Fort Meigs, or to lure an absent Harrison back to its defence, Procter turned his attention to Fort Stephenson on the nearby Sandusky River. While Tecumseh guarded against a possible counter-attack from Fort Meigs, Procter ordered an ill-fated assault.11 This time it was the British who suffered heavy losses, after which Procter was forced to retreat. Having failed to destroy Fort Meigs, the American supply line remained intact and Procter's situation at Fort Maiden soon became precarious. Lacking reinforcements, provisions, and ordnance, Procter's problems were further compounded by Native allies who were becoming increasingly disillusioned. His only hope was the successful outcome of an impending contest for naval superiority on Lake Erie. On 9 September 1813, a British flotilla, which had been hurriedly constructed at Amherstburg, sailed out into Lake Erie to engage an approaching American squadron. The next day, after a fierce battle off Put-in-Bay in the Bass Islands, the American Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry forced the surrender of his British counterpart, Commodore Robert Heriot Barclay. When news of the defeat reached Procter, he secretly ordered the evacuation of Fort Maiden.11 American control of Lake Erie not only compromised his own supply lines, it also left him vulnerable to attack. Procter concluded that his only course of action was to fall back to Chatham, about 104 kilometres inland from Amherstburg.13 It was a sound decision, but the coy manner in which the order was executed cost him considerable Native confidence. Only when Procter promised that he would make a stand on the lower Thames River was Tecumseh able to avert the mass exodus of his warriors.14 On 2.3 September, the British abandoned Fort Maiden and marched north to Sandwich (now part of Windsor). Four days later, as the Americans invaded Amherstburg, Procter's forces began a slow retreat toward Chatham. After two days of hard slogging along a bad road made worse by heavy rains, the British arrived at Louis Trudelle's farm on 2.9 September. They were then approximately eight kilometres beyond the mouth of the Thames, and still some twenty-one kilometres from Chatham.15 Procter later blamed the straggling families of his Native allies for the delay in reaching Chatham.16 Arguably, he could not allow Tecumseh and his followers to form the impression that their families were being deserted. However, Procter himself raised this very suspicion when he raced past them as they approached Trudelle's. It

6 Introduction

was no less disconcerting for his own rank and file. Although 'the secretive general was only going as far as Chatham in order to inspect its potential for defence, the sight of his carriage speeding off into the distance could hardly have been an inspiring sight.17 At Trudelle's farm, Procter stopped long enough to leave instructions for Lieutenant-Colonel Augustus Warburton to make camp there. The regiment remained at Trudelle's until the morning of i October, when reports of American vessels at the mouth of the Thames prompted an evacuation to Matthew Dolsen's farm, about five kilometres below Chatham.18 Word was sent to Procter, who then hastened back to his army and, late in the evening of the same day, ordered an ensign to investigate the American advance.19 After conducting some reconnaissance of his own, Procter satisfied himself that the reports of an American invasion fleet were unfounded. Once again he took leave of his army, so he could finish reviewing the place where he planned to make his stand against the Americans ... which was no longer Chatham. Procter had opted in favour of the Moravian mission at Fairfield, or Moraviantown as it was also known, located thirty-two kilometres above Chatham - and where his wife and family happened to be safely ensconced.10 During Procter's lengthy absence, Warburton received disturbing news late in the morning of 3 October. The ensign sent down river had been captured by Harrison's advance guard.11 Warburton prepared for battle, but Tecumseh and a number of other chiefs withdrew to Chatham where they expected to find Procter ready and waiting to repulse the Americans. Instead, they discovered the place deserted and unfortified. Interpreting this negligence as deceit, the Natives began to abandon the British in large numbers.21 In the meantime, Warburton decided to follow his allies to Chatham and, upon his arrival, found Tecumseh desperately attempting to check the dispersal of his confederates. Tecumseh's best efforts were of no avail, and soon only he and some 500 of his followers were left.23 Later that evening, the remaining chiefs of the confederacy grudgingly agreed to make a stand with Procter, who they were led to believe was fortifying the Moravian mission at Fairfield. When Warburton learned that the Natives were planning to join Procter, he decided to follow their lead for a second time.24 The next morning, 4 October, as the British regulars and Native non-combatants began their march, Tecumseh and his warriors waited in ambush for Harrison's soldiers. The Americans, however, had been alerted to the threat. Proceeding cautiously, they suffered only light casualties during the ensuing skirmish.25 News of Harrison's rapid pursuit reached Procter in Fairfield earlier

Introduction

7

that same morning of 4 October, and obliged the general to rejoin his soldiers. He accompanied them as far as Lemuel Sherman's farm, near modern Thamesville. Then, inexplicably, he returned to Fairfield.26 The regiment resumed its march early in the morning of 5 October, but as the regulars came within three kilometres of Fairfield their flitting general suddenly reappeared and ordered them to form for battle. Procter, alarmed by news that Harrison had captured his supply-laden gunboats, was convinced the Americans would soon overtake him.27 A six-pounder cannon was quickly positioned on the Longwoods Road, while the British regulars were formed into a line extending some Z3 1875." In Proceedings of the Ninety-Ninth General Meeting and Eighty-Eighth Anniversary of the Society of the United Brethren for Propagating the Gospel among the Heathen, Held at Bethlehem, August 26th, 1875. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Moravian Publication Office, 1875: Appendix A "Report of the Mission at New Fairfield, Canada, 1876." In Proceedings of the One Hundred and First General Meeting and Ninetieth Anniversary of the Society of the United Brethren for Propagating the Gospel among the Heathen, Held at Bethlehem, August $oth, 1877. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Moravian Publication Office, 1877: Appendix B Harvey, Henry. History of the Shawnee Indians. Cincinnati, Ohio: Ephraim Morgan and Sons, 1855; reprint ed., New York, New York: Kraus Reprint Company, 1971 Hetherington, Lynn. "Tecumseh." The University Magazine 8 (February 1909): 135-47 History of Toronto and County of York, Ontario. Toronto, Ontario: C. Blackett Robinson, 1885 Hitsman, J. Mackay. The Incredible War of 1812. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press, 1965 Hunter, A[ndrew] F. "Bibliography of the Archaeology of Ontario." In Ontario Sessional Papers, Annual Archaeological Report (appended to the report of the Minister of Education) 30, pt. i, no. i (1897-98): 67-87 Hyatt, A.MJ. "The Defence of Upper Canada in 1812." M.A. thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, 1961 "Procter, Henry." In Dictionary of Canadian Biography 6: 616-18 Illustrated Historical Atlas of the Counties of Essex and Kent. Toronto, Ontario: H. Belden and Company, 1880-81; reprinted., London, Ontario: Edward Phelps and Ross Gumming, 1973 Indian Treaties and Surrenders. 3 vols. Ottawa, Ontario: Brown Chamberlin, Queen's Printer, 1891 Johnston, Sheila M.F. Buckskin and Broadcloth: A Celebration of E. Pauline Johnson, Tekahionwake, 1861-1913. Toronto, Ontario: Natural Heritage, 1997 Keller, Betty. Pauline. Vancouver, British Columbia and Toronto, Ontario: Douglas & Mclntyre, 1981 Killan, Gerald. Preserving Ontario's Heritage: A History of the Ontario Historical Society. Toronto, Ontario: Ontario Historical Society, 1976

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Kinchen, Oscar A. The Rise and Fall of the Patriot Hunters. New York, New York: Bookman Associates, 1956 Klopfenstein, Carl Grover. "The Removal of the Indians from Ohio, 18x0-1843." Ph.D. dissertation, [Case] Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 1955 Kulisek, L.L. "Caldwell, William." In Dictionary of Canadian Biography 6: 101-4 Langton, H[ugh] H. Sir Daniel Wilson: A Memoir. Toronto, Ontario: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 192,9 Lauriston, Victor. Lambton's Hundred Years, 1849-1949. Sarnia, Ontario: Haines Frontier Printing Company, .[1949] Romantic Kent: More than Three Centuries of History, 1626-1952. Chatham, Ontario: County of Kent and City of Chatham, 19 5 z Leighton, Douglas. "Johnson, George Henry Martin." In Dictionary of Canadian Biography n: 451-3 "Johnson, John." In Dictionary of Canadian Biography n: 453-4 Lester's Sarnia and Point Edward Directory, 1931. Sarnia, Ontario: Earl A. Lester, 1931 London City and Middlesex County Directory, 1893. Toronto, Ontario: Might Directory Company, 1893 Long, M.H. "The Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada." In Canadian Historical Association Report of the Annual Meeting ... for 1954: i-n. Edited by George EG. Stanley. Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Historical Association, 1954 Lossing, Benson J. The Pictorial Field-Book of the 'War of 1812. New York, New York: Harper and Brothers, 1869 Lueger, Richard R.H. "A History of Indian Associations in Canada, 1870-1970." M.A. thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, 1977 MacCabe, Julius P. Bolivar. Directory of the City of Detroit, with its Environs, and Register of Michigan, for the Year 1837. Detroit, Michigan: William Harsha, 1837; reprint ed., Detroit, Michigan: R.L. Polk and Company, 1937 MacDonald, Allan J. "Lett, Benjamin." In Dictionary of Canadian Biography 8: 501-2, Mair, Charles. Tecumseh: A Drama. Toronto, Ontario: Hunter, Rose and Company, 1886 Mann, Frank. A History of Wallaceburg and Vicinity, 1804 to the Present. [Wallaceburg, Ontario: Standard Press], 1968 McAfee, Robert B. History of the Late War in the Western Country. Lexington, Kentucky: Worsley and Smith, 1816; reprint ed., Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms, 1966 Memorial of the Chippeway, Pottawatomy, and Ottawa Indians, of Walpole Island! Sarnia, Ontario: Canadian Book and Job Office, 1869 Meyer, Leland Winfield. The Life and Times of Colonel Richard M. Johnson of Kentucky. Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, no. 359. [New York, New York: Columbia University Press, 1932.]; reprint ed., New York, New York: AMS Press, 1967

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Sprague, Stuart S. "The Death of Tecumseh and the Rise of Rumpsey Dumpsey: The Making of a Vice President." The Filson Club History Quarterly 59, no. 4 (October 1985): 455-61 Stagg, [John] C.A. Mr Madison's War: Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the Early American Republic, 1783-1830. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1983 Ste. Croix, Lome. "Holmes, Benjamin." In Dictionary of Canadian Biography 9- 396-7 Stevenson, Hugh A. "James John Talman: Historian and Librarian." In Aspects of Nineteenth-Century Ontario: 3-18. Edited by F.H. Armstrong, H.A. Stevenson, and J.D. Wilson. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press, 1974 Sugden, John. Tecumseh: A Life. New York, New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1998 Tecumseh's Last Stand. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985 Thatcher, Benjamin B. Indian Biography. New York, New York: J. and J. Harper, 1832 Titley, E. Brian. A Narrow Vision: Duncan Campbell Scott and the Administration of Indian Affairs in Canada. Vancouver, British Columbia: University of British Columbia Press, 1986 Toronto City Directory, 1901. Toronto, Ontario: Might Directories, 1901 Tucker, Glenn. Tecumseh: Vision of Glory. New York, New York: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1956 Tupper, Ferdinand Brock. Family Records. [St Peter Port], Guernsey: Stephen Barbet, 1835 The Life and Correspondence of Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, K.B. London, England: Simpkin, Marshall and Company, 1845 Turner; Wesley B. British Generals in the War of 1812: High Command in the Canadas. Kingston, Ontario: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999 Vernon's City of Chatham Directory for the Year 1908. Hamilton, Ontario: Henry Vernon, 1908 Voegelin, Erminie Wheeler. Mortuary Customs of the Shawnee and Other Eastern Tribes. Prehistory Research Series, vol. 2, no. 4. Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana Historical Society, 1944; reprint ed., New York, New York: AMS Press, 1980 Watson, O[mar] K. "Moraviantown." Ontario Historical Society Papers and Records 28 (1932): 125-31 "Thomas Cowman's Reminiscences." Western Ontario Historical Notes 3, no. i (March 1945): 14-17 W[ilson], Dfaniel]. "Hints for the Formation of a Canadian Collection of Ancient Crania." Canadian journal 3 (October 1855): 345-7 Witherell, [Benjamin] F.H. "Death of Tecumseh." Third Annual Report and Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin 3 (1857): 312-15 Wood, Norman B. Lives of Famous Indian Chiefs. Aurora, Illinois: American Indian Historical Publishing Company, c. 1906

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Young, Bennett H. The Battle of the Thames. Filson Club Publications, no. 18. Louisville, Kentucky: John P. Morton and Company, 1903

NEWSPAPERS

Advance (Dutton, Ontario), 1910 Allen County Democrat (Lima, Ohio), 1859 Army and Navy Chronicle (Washington, D.C.), 1838 Border Cities Star (Windsor, Ontario), 1931, 1933-34 Bothwell Times (Bothwell, Ontario), 1879, 1904, 1912 Brantford Expositor (Brantford, Ontario), 1941 British Colonist (Toronto, Upper Canada/Canada West), 1840, 1853 Canadian Emigrant (Sandwich, Upper Canada), 1831 Canadian Home Journal (St Thomas, Ontario), 1876 Canadian Illustrated News (Hamilton, Canada West), 1863 Chatham Daily News (Chatham, Ontario), 1910, 1923, 1927, 1931, 1934, 1941, 1962 Chatham Daily Planet (Chatham, Ontario), 1901-02, 1907 Chatham Gleaner (Chatham, Ontario), 1846 Chatham journal (Chatham, Ontario), 1841-43 Chatham Tri-Weekly Planet (Chatham, Ontario), 1875, 1889 Chatham Weekly Planet (Chatham, Ontario), 1871, 1883 Christian Guardian (Toronto, Canada West), 1862 Chronicle and Gazette (Kingston, Canada West), 1841 Columbus Sentinel (Columbus, Ohio), 1832 Daily Advertiser (London, Ontario), 1876-77 Daily Planet (Chatham, Ontario), 1898 Daily Witness (Montreal, Quebec), 1876, 1889 Detroit Free Press (Detroit, Michigan), 1877 Evening Free Press (London, Ontario), 1909-10 Evening Globe (Toronto, Ontario), 1870 Evening Telegram (Toronto, Ontario), 1876 Farmer's Journal (St Catharines, Upper Canada), 1827 Forest Standard (Forest, Ontario), 1995 Free Press (London, Ontario), 1877, 1893-94, 1907, 1909 Glencoe Transcript (Glencoe, Ontario), 1898, 1918 Globe (Toronto, Canada West/Ontario), 1859, 1871, 1876-77, 1881, 1908-13, 1918, 1926, 1931, 1934 Globe and Mail (Toronto, Ontario), 1965 Hamilton Spectator (Hamilton, Ontario), 1907 Hamilton Times (Hamilton, Ontario), 1910 Herald (Thamesville, Ontario), 1903, 1905, 1909-13 Illustrated London News (London, England), 1856 Kentucky Gazette (Lexington, Kentucky), 1840

Bibliography

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London Advertiser (London, Ontario), 1876-77, 1909 London Daily Free Press (London, Ontario), 1942: London Evening Advertiser (London, Ontario), 1915, 192,6, 1931 London Evening Free Press (London, Ontario), 1911-13, 192.4, 192,6, 19x8, 1931, i933~35> 1948, i95°> !955> 1958, 1963, 1968 London Free Press (London, Ontario), 1877, 1894, 1916, 1950, 1968 Mail (Toronto, Ontario), 1872, 1874-76 Montreal Daily Transcript (Montreal, Canada East), 1860 Montreal Gazette (Montreal, Canada East), 1840-41, 1865 Montreal Transcript (Montreal, Canada East), 1842, 1849 Nation (Toronto, Ontario), 1876 New Era (Brockville, Canada West), 1842 Niagara Chronicle (Niagara, Canada West), 1844, 1849 Ottawa Citizen (Ottawa, Ontario), 1962 Planet (Chatham, Ontario), 1908-13, 1920 Rockville Republican (Rockville, Indiana), 1929 Sarnia Canadian Observer (Sarnia, Ontario), 1918, 1931, 1934, 1941, 1943 Sarnia Daily Observer (Sarnia, Ontario), 1911 Sarnia Observer (Sarnia, Canada West/Ontario), 1864, 1873, *%7&-> St Catharines Journal (St Catharines, Canada West), 1841 St Thomas Journal (St Thomas, Ontario), 1877 Thamesville Herald (Thamesville, Ontario), 1891, 1909-10, 1918, 1920-21, 1924, 1929, 1954 Toronto Daily Mail (Toronto, Ontario), 1881 Toronto Daily Star (Toronto, Ontario), 1926 Toronto Patriot (Toronto, Upper Canada), 1840 Transcript (Glencoe, Ontario), 1877 Wallaceburg News (Wallaceburg, Ontario), 1907, 1910-11, 1914, 1928-29, 1934 Weekly Spectator (Hamilton, Canada West), 1859 Western Herald (Sandwich, Canada West), 1841-42 Windsor Daily Star (Windsor, Ontario), 1941, 1955 Windsor Star (Windsor, Ontario), 1960, 1962-64

GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS CANADA

Legislative Assembly Journal, 1856 ONTARIO

Legislative Assembly Revised Statutes, 1877 Sessional Papers, 1897-98

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Index

Abraham, Roy H., 227^3 Adams, Philip, 112 Aikins, William T., 1871180 Algonac, Michigan, 118, 120, 122 Amherstburg: Upper Canada, 4-5; monument drive at, xvii, 13-15, 17-18, 20; Ontario, 84-6, 99 Annexation Association of Montreal, *9 Arnold, Christopher, 56 Arnold, Fred (of Kent Bridge, Ontario), 237^ Arnold, Frederick, 57, 2ozn6, 252^31 Arnold, George, 2iin83 Arnold, Isaac, 2iin83 Arnold, Polly, 1961165 Arnold, Thaddeus, 56-8, 2O2n4, n7, 2c>3ni9, 25oni5, 252n3i Arnold's Mill, 50, 54, 56-7, 85, 2O2n5, 254n28; designated a provincial highway, 224^1; and memorial park in honour of Tecumseh, 225n32; as Number Two Highway, 24in62; and Tecumseh boulder, 245n98. See also Number Two Highway Lossing, Benson J.: regards Oshahwahnoo as Tecumseh's second-in-command, 2ion8i; as source of Oshahwahnoo's age, 213n23; and Tecumseh's portrait, 243n86, and Tecumseh's attire as brigadiergeneral in British army, 247^:15

275 Louisville, Upper Canada, 10, 44 Lower, Arthur, 245n99 Macaulay Club, 56-7, 70, 84, 2O2n4 Macaulays, 57-8 Macdonald, Donald S., 133-4, 248ni27 Macdonald, George K, 99, 229n8o Maclnnes, T.R.L., 124 Mac,on, Jean-Baptiste: describes Tecumseh's grave, i74ni7 Madison, Wisconsin, 112 Mair, Charles, 53-4 Mann, Frank, 209n76 Marcus, Robert, 30 Marshall, E.D., 2O3ni9 Martello tower, 179^9 McCrae, Thomas, i82ni4 McDowell, John: farm of, 84, 87, 90, 22on83, 224n3i, 245n98; discovers skeleton, 224n28 McGill, Harold W, 120 McGill University Medical Faculty, i86n75 Mcllwraith, Thomas F., 235n67 McKinnon, Brair, 245^7 Melbourne, Ontario, 44 Merrifield, William K.: background of, 203 n io; and Thaddeus Arnold, 57, 203ni9; defends Joseph Johnson, 58-9; supports Tecumseh's streambed burial, 60-63; anc^ accounts of Tecumseh's death and burial, I97n69, 2O4n28; revises Johnson's story, 207^7 Methodist Church of Canada: and transfer of Moravian mission to, xvi; London Conference of, 58, 71 Michilimackinac, Michigan Territory, 3, i69n4 Ministry of Citizenship and Culture, 248ni4i Miskokoman, Peter, 232n26 Mississippi River, 92 Mitchell, George: accompanies expe-

2,76 dition to St Anne's Island, 2ion76, 2im83; as custodian of Tecumseh's bones, 69; returns bones, 70, 101; criticized for exhumation, 70-1; attempts to re-examine bones, 80; and Olive Hubble, 81; death of, 2im86 Mohawk, 41-2, 50-1 Montreal: Lower Canada, 12., 59; Canada East, 16-20 Montreal committee, 17-20 Moore Township, Ontario, 92 Moores, Thomas, 10-11, 13, 32, i73ni. See also Yankee fellow Moravians, xvi-xvii, 46 Moraviantown, battle of, 53, 109. See also Thames, battle of the Moraviantown fair board, 222H4 Moraviantown fall fair, 86, 88, 222n4 Moraviantown Reserve, Ontario: and mystery of Tecumseh's burial, xvi; and Timothy Snake, 24, 60, 62; Natives of, 25-6, 36-7, 123; and Frederick Jacobs, 28; and William Logan, 28; and Archibald Blue, 37; Native singers from, 43; and Jacob Pheasant, 44; and Albert Tobias, 58, 71, 84, 88, 98; burying ground at, 62; and Joseph Pheasant, 78; and Edwin Beattie, 86; and Tecumseh Celebration, 88; and Tecumseh's life, 99; and Tecumseh's monument, 94, 107, 119, 136; and Tecumseh's bones, 105; and Emerson Snake, 106-7, 112, 115; and Elias Dolson, 113; and Calvert Stonehouse, 116; proposed pageant at, 117; veterans at, 123; Delaware of, 123-4 Morgan, Lewis Henry, 41 Morpeth, Ontario, 62 Mowat, Oliver, 27, 29, 32, 35-6, i86n66 Muncey, 50 Muncey Reserve, Ontario, in Munceytown, Ontario, 213^3

Index Munro, John C., 136, 248^:41 Murphy, Thomas G., 109-11, 116-17 Museum of Indian Archaeology (London, Ontario), 23jn64 Mystery of Tecumseh's bones: and author, xv-xvi, xviii; and Fairfield Museum curator, xvi; and John Sugden, xviii; and William Henry Harrison, 9; and broken thigh bone, 2-7-8, 34, 77, 80-1, 103-4, 112-13, 140, 142, 2I7H52, 2I9H73,

23ini6, ni8, 235n67; and Daniel Wilson, 38; and scarlet (red) sash, 44-5, 142, i92n4i; and Abigail Smith, 60; and Albert Greenwood, 74; and William Leonhardt, 74; and medal, 100, 142, 240^3; and Arthur Carty, 108; and Hamilton Times, i89n94. See also Tecumseh's bones Nahdee, Isaac, 232^4 Nahdee, John: and Tecumseh's burial, 94, 228n69, 232^4; alias Oshahwahnoo, 97-8, 106, 121, 138, 140, 228n69, 2'39n38. See also Oshahwahnoo (of St Anne's Island, Ontario) Nahdee, McKenzie, 94-5 Nahdee, William, 94-6 Nahdee, Willie, 94, 106, 121, 232^4 Nahmabin, John, 107, 119-20, 2-33n37 Nangie. See Nahdee, John and Oshahwahnoo (of St Anne's Island, Ontario) Napoleon, 13, 80 National Historic Sites Division, 129 National Indian Council of Canada (Assembly of First Nations), 131. National Museums, no National Parks Branch, 109-10, 129 National Parks Historians, 128-30, 132-3, 243n89 Natty, John. See Nahdee, John; and

Index Oshahwahnoo (of St Anne's Island) Naudee, John. See Nahdee, John; and Oshahwahnoo (of St Anne's Island) Nelles, A.J., 24, 30, 183^117-18 17-18 New York, New York, 64 Niagara (Niagara-on-the-Lake): Canada West, 20; Ontario, 23, 28, 34 Northern Affairs and National Resources, 128, 130, 132, 134-5 Number Two Highway, 94, 125-6, 130, 224n3i, 24in62, z^snyy. See also Longwoods Road Oates, Richard H.: as York Pioneer, 22, i82n5; becomes president of United Canadian Association, 23; leads expeditions to Tecumseh's grave, 24-8; and reaction to discovery, 29; accused of desecrating missionary's grave, 29-32; reports to Mowat, 32-3; assists with Wilson's investigation, 33-4, i87n8o; endures editorial abuse, 35, 37; death and eulogy of iSynyj Ockawandah, 24-5, 30, 33, 138, i83ni6 Ojibwa, 51, 105, i84n3o, 232H26, n 33 Oneida, 50-1, 205^1 Oneida fall fair, 51-2 Oneida Reserve, Ontario, 50 Onondaga, Ontario, 24 Onondago, 51 Ontario Department of Highways, 125, 129, 244n9o Ontario Historical Society, 84-5, 92, 98-100, 126, 225n39 Ooshawunoo. See Oshahwahnoo (of St Anne's Island, Ontario) Orford Township, Ontario, 130 Orillia, Ontario: Champlain Monument at, 84; park at, 131 Oronhyatekha, 41-3, i9oni5, 18

277 Oshahwahnoo (of Kettle Point, Ontario), 97-99, 228n72, n74, 239n38. See also Bigknife, John Oshahwahnoo (of St Anne's Island, Ontario): at Battle of the Thames, 139, I72n4o, 25on8; as Tecumseh's aide-de-camp, 66-8, 2ion8i, 2i4n25; as Tecumseh's second-incommand, 106, 2ion8i; and Tecumseh's burial on St Anne's Island, 73, 97, 104, 106, 109, 121, 138, 140, 232n34; performs rituals over Tecumseh's grave, 72, 81, 2i3ni8, 2i9n76; denies involvement in Tecumseh's burial, 140, 25in2o; acknowledges mutilation of Tecumseh's body, 250^; deceives Olive Hubble, 21^79; and name association with Oshahwahnoo of Kettle Point, 97-8, 121, 228nn73~4; and Tecumseh's burial near Wardsville, 121, 228n69; featured in Walpole Island's pageant, 124; variations on his name, 227n68; age of, 2i3n23, 2i4n24; death of, 2iin82; grave of, 69. See also Nahdee, John Ottawa (Native people), 2O9n68 Ottawa, Ontario, 120, 136 Pancrees, Pete(r), 50-6, 88, 2oon94. See also Cowman, Thomas Panic of 1837, 16, I79n47 Parducci, Corrado J., 24on4i Paukeesa (Tecumseh's son): portrait of, 243n8 6 Perry, Oliver Hazard, 5 Perrysburg, Ohio: presidential election rally at, n, 14-15, I73n7 Peters, Johnston, 2iin2 Peters, William, 232n26, 233^0 Pheasant, Jacob: and Tecumseh's burial, 44, 47, 52, in, 138, 19^39, 234n63; Thomas Cowman's defamation of, 44-7, 50-1, 53,

278 192.1140, 1931142.; as Detroit medal recipient, 47; and blazed trees on Dickson farm, 47, 142.; and streambed burial, 78; as Nellis Pheasant's ancestor, 126; death of, 193^1 Pheasant, Joseph, 78 Pheasant, Monroe, 232^2.7 Pheasant, Nellis, 125-6, 241^63 Phillips, Wendell, 41, i9oni8 Pickard, Park, 235n67 Plain, Nicholas, 119, 233^9, 239^0 Pocklington, H. Lee, 118, 120, 122, 124, 238n2o Port Burwell, Ontario, 40 Potawatomi, 118, I7on8, 178^0, 2O9n68, 2i4n25 Prevost, George, 4 Price, Arthur, 244^2 Probett, Stephen, 10 Procter, Henry: at Fort Maiden, 4; at River Raisin, 4; at Fort Meigs, 4-5; at Fort Stephenson, 5; promotions of, I7on6; retreats up Thames River, 5-7, 44, 131; secretive nature of, I7oni7; at Fairfield, 6-7, I7in26; at Battle of the Thames, 3, 7-8, 48, 140; revenge against Tecumseh, 205^1; court martial of, 172^37 Procter, Mrs: imposes upon Moravians, I7in2o; makes advances toward Tecumseh, 2O5n3i; escapes from Battle of the Thames, zo6n$6 Prophet (the), n, 92-3, 225^2, 226n47 Prophetstown, Indiana Territory: destruction of, I7on7 Purves, Jack D., 102-4, 233n44 Queenston: Upper Canada, 14-15; Ontario, 22, 40 Queenston Heights: battle of, 3; and Brock's Monument, 22, 82; as

Index potential site for Tecumseh's monument, 23; and Tecumseh's bones, 24 Raymond, Ethel T., 224^7, 2.441193 Rebellions of 1837, 14, 179^5, n37 Responsible government, 19 Richardson, Augusta D., 62-4, 2O7n39, n4i, n43, 223n2o Richardson, Charles W., 207^9 Richardson, James H., i87n8o Richardson, John: with Forty-first Regiment, i7onn; and Tecumseh's grave, 12-13, I 74 ni 7> 2,5m2o; and Tecumseh's medal, 100; at Perrysburg, I73n7; career of, I74ni4, ni6; and Tecumseh's sash, I92n4i; and Oshahwahnoo as Tecumseh's aide-de-camp, 2ion8i; describes Tecumseh, 247ni2o Richardson, John Croley: and Tecumseh's death, 2O7n4i Ridgetown, Ontario, 28-9, 39, 46, 117 River Raisin, battle of, 4 Robb, Wallace Havelock, 117, 238ni7 Roberts, Charles, 169114 Roberts, Mr, 137 Robertson, John Ross, 26, i84n29 Rodney, Ontario, 40-1 Rosedale (Toronto), Ontario, 133 Rutherford, Wilfrid B., 103, 112, 23ini6

Sac, 100 Salvation Army, 246nio8 Sampson, Joseph, 228n69 Sand Creek Massacre, 40, I9oni2 Sanderson, Arthur W, 2.37^ Sands, Sampson, 230^ Sands, William, 2iin2, n83 Sandwich (Windsor): Upper Canada, 5, 12; American occupation of, I7on5; Canada West, 17

Index Sarnia, Ontario, 71, 79, 92., 97, 103, nz Sarnia Reserve, Ontario, 105, 107-8, nz, 119 Saugeen Reserve, Ontario, z6, 184^31 Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, 41 Scott, Duncan Campbell: avoids involvement with Tecumseh's bones, 108-10, 116; and Marius Barbeau's report, no-n; enlists Ernest Cruikshank's assistance, no-n, 113; expresses pleasure with Cruikshank's report, 113, 2.36^8; and Ross Gray, 113-14; policy of non-intervention, 118; offers financial assistance for monument at battlefield, Z34n54; and dual identity of Oshahwahnoo, £39^8; retirement of, Z38nz3 Scott, Gordon L., 129 Scudimore, Thomas, i97n68, zojniy Scullard, Thomas, 70, 2,0m3 Seneca, 51 Seventh Fusiliers, 87 Shabbona, zi4nz5 Shahwuhno. See Oshahwahnoo (of Kettle Point, Ontario) Shakespeare, William, 93, zz6n45 Shane, Anthony, zi6n5i, zi9n7i, Z3ini7 Shaw, Thomas: and Tecumseh's grave, 13,I77nz7 Sha-wah-wan-noo. See Oshahwahnoo (of St Anne's Island, Ontario) Shaw-an-abb: describes Tecumseh's grave, I74ni7, 2,50^, Z5inzo Shawanaw. See Oshahwahnoo (of St Anne's Island, Ontario) Shawano. See Oshahwahnoo (of Kettle Point, Ontario) Shawano, Cornelius, 99-100, 106-7 Shawnee: and Tecumseh, xvi, 4, 23, 31, 34-5, 51-2-. 54, *3?n37,

2.79 Z5zn3i; territory of, 4; and Ockawandah, Z4; and Timothy Snake, 24, 30, 47, 5i-z, 60, I 95 n 59? 2,iznn; as Tecumseh's burial party, 41, 75, 192^39, ziznn; and Thomas Cowman's hatred of, 44-5, 5z, i99n86; and Jacob Pheasant, 44, 47, 5i-z, X 95 n 59; and Jonn Fisher's mother, 66; as Tecumseh's bodyguard, 74-5; and Jasper Jones, 92; and the Prophet, 9z~3; and John Bigknife, 98; settlements of, 117; and Tecumseh's parents, iz9; defeated at Battle of Tippecanoe, I7on7; and burial posts of, 178^0; and Joseph Johnson, I98n77; as branch of Delaware, zoon93; and Oshahwahnoo of Kettle Point, zz8n74; and Norman Curd, 2.39n37 Sheaffe, Roger Hale, 3 Sherman, David, Z5inz6 Sherman, Lemuel: farm of, 7, I7inz6 Sherman barn, Z4in66 Shobway, Silas, ioz~3, 105, Z3onio Shogonsh, George, Z3zni6 Simcoe, John Graves, 4Z, i9onz3 Sir John Carting, z2.-yn66 Six Nations Reserve: Upper Canada, 9z; Canada West, 92-3; Ontario, 2-4, 37, 4i, 64, 9i Smith, Abigail: background of, zo4nzi; and streambed burial, 59-60, 140, zo4nz3, nnz5~6; and Sarah Ann Laird, 61; and Augusta Richardson, 63; and Alexander Sussex, 78; and Albert Greenwood, 78, 89-90; and William Merrifield, zo4nz8, zo7n37 Smith, Chris, Z4on56 Smith, Henry N., 10 Smith, Hy, znn83 Smith, Jacob: and United Canadians'

z8o discovery, 29, 35, 37, 142; opposes monument to Tecumseh, 39-40, 43; and Thomas Gowman, 46; and Abraham Gulp, 217^3; death of, I93n49. See also J.S. Smith, James, 2.04112.1 Smith, Secretary (Wallaceburg Board of Trade), 80, 219^3 Snake, Emerson, 106-7, II2 ~ I 3) 115-17, 2.32^3, Z3 7 n4 Snake, Jewel. See Snake, Timothy Snake, Timothy: and Tecumseh's burial, 2,4, 30, 62, 138, 2O4nz6; Thomas Cowman's defamation of, 44-6, 50-1, 53, 192^40, I93n42-, 20on96; and Jacob Pheasant, 44-7, 50-3, in, 141-2.; opinion of Moravians toward, 46; and blazed trees on Dickson farm, 47, 141-2,; Nelles Timothy's defence of, 54; and Tecumseh's streambed burial, 60, 2O4nz8; fears Tecumseh's spirit, 63, 2O7n42; as Emerson Snake's ancestor, 106; resists Christian marriage, I94n52; death of, i83ni7, 1851151, I93n5i; burial of, 46; tombstone of, I94n53. See also Tollosh, Chief Springer, Benjamin: maps place of Tecumseh's death, I76nz3, 243^8 Springfield, Ohio, 117 St Anne's Island, Ontario: and Oshahwahnoo, 66, 68, 12,1; grave on, 67-9, 101; and Tecumseh's burial, 68, 71-3, 109, 121, 140, 2O9n67; expedition to, 69, 2iin83; and Tecumseh's bones, 69, 72-3, 97, 101, 104, 106, 121, 2O9n67; and Dr Mitchell, 70; and dark bend, 72; exhumation of grave on, 80; and Olive Hubble, 81; and John Nahdee, 98; and superstitious Natives, 2O9n67 St Clair River, 66-9, 106, 118, 122 St John's, Newfoundland, 16

Index St John's Anglican Church, Walpole Island, Ontario, 118, z^ynzs St Pierre, a man named, 2iin83 St Thomas, Ontario, 90 Stanley Park, Vancouver, British Columbia, 2o8n55 State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 112-13 Stephenson, Sydney, 22in87, n9i Stevely, Samuel, 64 Stone, Lucy, 41 Stonefish, Christopher, 124-5, 232nz7, 24on52 Stonefish, Fred, 232n27 Stonehouse, Calvert S., 109-10, 116-17 Sulman, George W., 56, 2oinz, 2O2H4

Surveyor General's Office, 141 Sussex, Alexander C., 78, 2i8n56 Suter, Ernest J., 233n43 Sutherland, Maxwell, 13 5-6 Sydenham River, 33, 48, 68. See also Big Bear Creek Talman, James J., 134-6, 248ni37 Taylor, John, 2iin83 Taylor, Roy, 2iin83 Tecumseh: birth of, 129; origin of name, 244n93; and clan symbols, 244^3, 25in28; abducted by Cree, 51-2; suffers hunting accident, 2i6n5i, 23ini6; resists American encroachment, xvi, 4, 42; plans for Native state, I9on23; meeting with William Henry Harrison, 53-4, 2oinio5; encounters Joseph Brenton, 59, 2O4n25; as Procter's ally, 4-5; as brigadier-general in British army, 132-3, 247nii5, ni23; retreats up Thames Valley, 5-6, 50, 59; at Arnold's Mill, 50, 54, 56, 85; conversation with Joseph Johnson, 50; has premoni-

Index tion of death, xvi; at Battle of the Thames, 7-9, 45, 49, 52, 54, 59, 74-6; deserted by Procter, zo5n3i; wounds inflicted upon, 74; death of, 8, ii, 49, 74-6, I98n73, 2.071141; assassination of, 61, zo5n3o, 215^6, 25oni6; dying words of, 54; exploitation by American politicians, 10-11; portrayed as noble savage, 15-16, 39; as Aztec, 51; as Shawnee, 52; as Delaware, 55; as clairvoyant, 90; character assessment of, 38-40, 43, 247nu6; centenary celebration of, 86-90, 98, 135, zzjnzz; designated person of national historic significance, 114, 126, 241^71; pageant depicting life of, 117, 123-5; artifacts of, n; portraits of, 87, 128, 132, 243n86; bust of, xvi; effigies of, 114, 128-9, 132-4, 246nii4, 247ni2o, 248ni24; statues of, 90, 121-2, 131, 133-4, 2O2n4; articles about, 44, 5i-5, 2.02n7, 203ni9, 2o8n5i, 223ni8; biographies of, 44, 52, 71, 73, 79-8o, 89, 103, 2i8n66, 223ni8, 247ni23; poems about, 12, 81, 117, 1741114, i75 nil » 2i9n75, 223n22; 238^:7; stories about, 44, 48. See also Mystery of Tecumseh's bones; Tecumseh boulder; Tecumseh's body/corpse; Tecumseh's bones; Tecumseh's burial; Tecumseh's grave; Tecumseh's monument Tecumseh boulder: and Katherine Courts, 82; and Tecumseh Celebration, 87; and Nahdee expedition, 94, 96, 227n6o; and Emerson Snake, 107; and Calvert Stonehouse, 116; and roadwork near, 125-7; and Ernest Criiikshank, 129; and inscription on, 130; on John McDowell's farm, 22on83,

281 224n28; enhancements to, 22on83, 225n33; and Ada Brunner, 24in66 Tecumseh Farm. See McDowell, John, farm of Tecumseh Historical Society, 22on8i Tecumseh Memorial Association (Thamesville, Ontario), 83-4 Tecumseh Memorial Committee (Emerson Snake's), 116-17 Tecumseh Monument Association of Chatham, 83, zzinyi Tecumseh Monument Committee (Amherstburg, Ontario), 15-18, 20 Tecumseh monument fund (Chatham, Ontario), 83, 22in87 Tecumseh Monument Fund (London, Ontario), 64 Tecumseh Monument Fund Committee (York Pioneers), 23 Tecumseh Park, Chatham, Ontario, 57, 62, 72, 82, 84, 2O2n4, 22on85 Tecumseh Resurrection Party, 29, 32 Tecumseh Road, 17, i8on52, n54 Tecumseh's body/corpse: and Fairfield Museum curator, xvi; attempts to identify, 9, 12, 44; and William Henry Harrison, 9, 12, 141; burial of, 12, 59; and Ockawandah, 24; and Tecumseh's warriors, 24, 49-50, 138; and burial party, 24, 50, 59 139, 2O4n26, z^nz; and Thomas Gowman, 45; and Duncan Holmes, 45; and Washaway, 45; mutilations upon, 47, 63, 138-9, 141, I92n39, 2O3ni9, 25onn9~io, 25in24; and body guard, 49-50, 74, 249n2; and Abraham Holmes, 50; and Charles Mair, 54, 201; and William Merrifield, 59; and Abigail Smith, 59-60; and Augusta Richardson, 63; and Evelyn Johnson, 65; and Albert Greenwood, 67, 74, 89, 2o8n48; and Joseph Johnson, 74-5, 21^42;

2.82. and George Laird, 74; and Richard Johnson, 75; and retrieval of, 76; and Jasper Jones, 91; and Black Hawk, 100; and Marius Barbeau, in; and Ernest Cruikshank, 113; and Oshahwahnoo, 139; on battlefield, 141; and Jacob Pheasant, 192^9; and Timothy Snake, 2,04; exhumation of, 2.04112.6, 2O5n29; and Sarah Ann Laird, 205; and Anthony Shane, 2i6n5i; and Norman Gurd, 23ini9; and Jasper Hill, 249n2 Tecumseh's bones: and Yankee fellow, xvii; fate that befell, xviii; and monument funding, xvii; and leading gentlemen of Amherstburg, xviii; and Thomas Moores, 10; and John Richardson, i z; and United Canadians, 2.4-37, 39; and Jacob Smith, 29; and William Logan, 30; and Archibald Blue, 3 7; and Thomas Gowman, 46, 53; and Duncan Holmes, 46; and Matthew Fisher, 66, 72,; and Wallaceburg Board of Trade, 69; and George Mitchell, 69-71, 80; and Albert Greenwood, 77; and John McDowell, 90, 224n28; and McKenzie Nahdee, 94; and Wardsville, 96; and Nahdees, 97; and Andrew Hunter, 98-9; and Cornelius Shawano, 100; and Sarah White, 101; and Walpole Island veterans, 102-9, 112, 124-6; and John Nahmabin, 107, 119; and Duncan Campbell Scott, no, 236n78; and Marius Barbeau, in; and Jacob Logan, in; and Philip Adams, 112; and Ernest Cruikshank, 113, 126; and Norman Gurd, 121, 23ini8; and Oshahwahnoo, 121; and Delaware veterans, 123; and Fred Landon, 127; and James Dickson, 141-2, 252n35; and Park Pickard,

Index 235n67. See also Mystery of Tecumseh's bones Tecumseh's burial: by Native warriors, xvi, 12, 24-5, 30, 139, 142; story of, xvii; variations on, xviii; near battlefield, 13; and Ockawandah, 24-5, 30, 138; and John Ross Robertson, 26; and Frederick Jacobs, 28; and Robert Marcus, 30; and Timothy Snake, 30, 47, 53, 106, 138; as a commendable act, 31; and United Canadians, 3 6; and Thomas Gowman, 44-9, 51-2., 55-6; and Jacob Pheasant, 44, 47, 53, 138, 234n63; and Duncan Holmes, 45-6, 51; and Joseph Johnson, 48-51, 74, 139-40; credited to Delaware, 54; and Charles Mair, 54; and Thaddeus Arnold, 57; in streambed, 59-63, 78-9, 89-90, 140, 204n23, n28; and Matthew Fisher, 66, 68, 72, 97, 140; and Wallaceburg Board of Trade, 67; and Oshahwahnoo (of St Anne's Island), 68, 73, 97, 121, 138-40, 25in2o; and Norman Gurd, 71, 104, 109, 123, 23ini9; and Albert Tobias, 71, 84, 98, 113; and Albert Greenwood, 72-4, 82, 140; provision for, 74; at London, 9*> 93, 97', and Jasper Jones, 92; and Simon Jones, 92; and Margaret Brown, 93, 226n47; and Arthur Carty, 93; and John Nahdee, 94, 121, 228n69; near Wardsville, 95; and Nahdees, 95, 97; and Mrs Walker, 96; and Beattie Greenbird, 97, 100, 228n72; and Oshahwahnoo (of Kettle Point), 97; and Ernest Green, 98; and Cornelius Shawano, 99-100; on Walpole Island, 107; and Ira Hammond, 109; and Duncan Campbell Scott, 109; and Walpole Island veterans, 121, 124-5; and Delaware veterans,

Index 123; and Delaware warriors, 123; and Number Two Highway, 126; and Nellis Pheasant, 126; sanctity of, 138; and Fairfield Museum curator, 138; north of battlefield, 139; as invented by Native warriors, 139, 141; near Moravian mission, 139; Native case for, 139; and Abigail Smith, 140; location of, 141; and James Dickson, 142; on St Anne's Island, 2O9n67; and George Laird, 22yn58; and Jacob Logan, 235n64, n66; and Black Hawk, 25onn Tecumseh's grave: and author's interest in, xvii; and Thomas Moores, 10-11; and James B. Gardiner, 12; and John Richardson, 12; and Thomas Shaw, 13, 178^1; and Yankee fellow, 14; and George H.M. Johnson, 24, 36, 64; and AJ. Nelles, 24; and Richard Gates, 24, 26-7, 30; and Ockawandah, 24-5, 138; and Timothy Snake, 24, 30, 44, 47, 54, 63, 138; and United Canadians, 25, 29, 32; and William Watts, 29; and Robert Marcus, 30; and Daniel Wilson, 33; and Thomas Cowman, 45, 47; and Jasper Hill, 249n2; and Duncan Holmes, 45-6; and Shawnee opportunists, 45; and Jacob Pheasant, 47, 138, 142; and Albert Tobias, 58, 71; and William Merrifield, 59; and Albert Greenwood, 63, 65, 68, 72-4, 76-80, 88-90, 139, 2i8n6o; and Augusta Richardson, 63; and Evelyn Johnson, 64, 88; and Matthew Fisher, 66-9, 139-40; and Wallaceburg Board of Trade, 69, 80; and William Leonhardt, 73-4, 80; and Joseph Johnson, 74; and Joseph Johnson junior, 76; and Olive Hubble, 81; and Oshahwahnoo (of St Anne's Island), 81, 138; and Tecumseh Celebration, 88; and

283 Edwin Beattie, 90; and John Dearness, 92; and Margaret Brown, 92; and Jasper Jones, 93; and tombstone, 93, 233n43; and burial post, I77n26, I78n3o; and McKenzie Nahdee, 94; and Nahdees, 95, 97; and Arthur Carty, 96; London's claim to, 97; and Beattie Greenbird, 97; and Augusta Gilkison, 98; and Andrew Hunter, 99; and Willie Nahdee, 106; and Cornelius Shawano, 100, 107; and Jacob Logan, in; and Christopher Stonefish, 124; and roadwork near, 125-6; and Nellis Pheasant, 126; near battlefield, 139; and warriors, 139, 142; and Jacob Smith, 142 Tecumseh's monument: promoted for Amherstburg, xvii, 13, 15-18, 20, i8on5o; for Montreal, 16-20; and Chatham, 17-18, 56-8, 62-5, 70, 72, 78, 82-5, 22in87, n89, 1191; on battlefield, xvi, 22-3, 25-6; 38-9, 43-4, 98-100, 112-117, I J 9> 123-131, 2i8n56, n6o, 225^2, 229n82, 234n54, 237^, n82, 24in69; at London, 64-5, 93-4, 2o8n55; and Wallaceburg, 65-8, 71, 81, 89, 141, 22on8o; and Thamesville, 82-5, 87; on Walpole Island, 102, 104-5, IO7? 116-25; crypt proposed as, 109, 116; cairn on Walpole Island substituted for, 117-22, 124-5, i4*» 2.32n22, 236n79, 238n2i, 239n26, nzy; constructed near battlefield, xvi, 130-1, i33> 135-8, 141, 242-1173, nn79-8o, 244n9i, 245n96, 246nioo, 249ni, ni52 Terry, Mrs D.H., 222nio3 Thames, battle of the: and Tecumseh, xvii, 66, 100, 109, 119, 140-1, 247nii5, ni2o; and William Henry Harrison, xvii; and Forty-first Regiment, 3; account of, 7-9,

284

172.1128; and Ockawandah, 2.4; militia not deployed at, 48; burial of Native dead after, Z5inz6; commemorated at Perrysburg, Ohio, n; and John Richardson, 12; and Jacob Smith, 29; and Thomas Gowman, 44; and Jacob Pheasant, 46; and Joseph Johnson, 49-50, 57, 140; and Nelles Timothy, 54; Charles Mair's depiction of, 54; and Joseph Brenton, 59; and William Merrifield, 62; Albert Greenwood's statistics of, 67; and Oshahwahnoo, 68, 106; and William Caldwell junior, 75-6; Albert Greenwood relives, 77; boulder in commemoration of, 82, 24in66; and Delaware of Moraviantown, 123, 139; pageant depicting, 124; site of, 129-30, 243n88; John Sugden's statistics of, 2O9n72; and Kent Historical Society, 225^2. See also Moraviantown, battle of Thames River: British and Natives retreat up, 5-7, 44; at Chatham, 10; and Mahlon Burwell's survey, 12; Tecumseh's last crossing of, 17; and Benjamin Holmes's capture, 18; and Duncan Holmes, 45; and Joseph Johnson, 48; and Arnold's Mill, 54, 56; and Tecumseh's burial, 60, 63, 227n58; and Tecumseh Celebration, 88; and Nahdee expedition, 95-6; and Moraviantown's pageant, 117; and Tecumseh's last stand, 130 Thamesville, Ontario, 7, 29-30, 62, 64, 81-5, 87-8, 94, 96 Thatcher, Benjamin B.: describes Tecumseh's grave, I75n2o Thatcher, J.E.: and Tecumseh boulder, 22on83 Tilbury, Ontario, 2O9n67 Timothy, Nelles R, 52-6, 88. See also Toma Pa-meh-laut Tippecanoe, battle of, I7on7

Index Titanic, 90 Tobias, Albert: remarks about Tecumseh's burial, 58; reacts to St Anne's Island exhumation, 71-2; recites story of Tecumseh's death, 84; participates in Tecumseh Celebration, 88; claimed to have knowledge of Tecumseh's grave, 98; and story of Tecumseh's burial, 113; reveals Timothy Snake's Native name, i83ni7; and Tecumseh's streambed burial, 2O4n28; and Timothy Snake, 2i2nn; and Albert Greenwood, 2i2ni5; death of, 235n 7 3 Tobias, Gottlieb, 62, 2O7nn4i~3 Tollosh, Chief, i83ni7. See also Snake, Timothy Toma Pa-meh-laut, 52, 54. See also Timothy, Nelles E Tooma pa me laut, 88. See also Hodgins, WE. Toronto, Ontario, 22, 33-4, 44, 130, 133 Trudeau, Pierre, 248ni27 Trudelle, Louis: farm of, 5-6, i7oni5 Tucker, Glenn, 247ni23 Turin, Ontario, 62 Turner, John N., 134, 248ni29 Tuscarora, 51 United Canadian Association, 23, 30, 35, i82nn United Canadians: and establishment of their society, 23; mission of, i82nio; Richard Gates elected president of, 23; first expedition to Tecumseh's grave, 23-5, 2.49114:, reaction to, 25-6; support for, 26-7; second expedition to Tecumseh's grave, 27-8; reaction to, 28-9; charge of desecration against, 29-3 2; and Daniel Wilson's investigation, 32-5; reaction to and fallout for after Wilson's findings, 35-8;

Index and Dr Graham, 44; and Thomas Cowman, 45; and George H.M. Johnson, 64; and Evelyn Johnson, 65; and Dr Smith, 39, i4Z United Church of Canada, xvi University of Toronto: and Daniel Wilson, 32; museum of, 34; University College at, 34, i86n75, i88n85, 252^2; archaeology department of, 109 University of Western Ontario, 127, J 34-5 Van Buren, Martin, 10-11, 14 Vincennes, Indiana Territory, 53 Vogler, Jesse, 1941156 Wabekenosha. See Hubble, Olive Walker, David, 96, zzyn6y Walker, Mrs, 96 Wallaceburg, Ontario, 66-73, 8o-8z, 89, 101, 109, 116 Wallaceburg Board of Trade, 65-71, 80-1, zi9n7i Walpole Island Reserve, Ontario: and St Anne's Island, 66, 97, izi; and Oshahwahnoo, 68, 140, I7zn4o; and George Mitchell, 69; and Joseph White, 70; and McKenzie Nahdee, 94; and Tecumseh's grave, 97; and Beattie Greenbird, 98; and Tecumseh's bones, 100, ioz-i3; izo-i, iz3~5, Z35n67; and Sarah White, 101; and Thomas Corless, 102-3; and Jack Purves, 102-3; and Wilfrid Rutherford, 103; and Ross Gray, 104, 113, 121, 236n79; and John Kiyoshk, 105; and Chippewa, 105-6, 2Z7n68; and Grand General Indian Council of Ontario, 105, no, 232H24; and Tecumseh's monument, 105, 107, 114, 118, 23znzz; and Willie Nahdee, 106; and Emerson Snake, 112, 115; and Tecumseh's crypt, 116; and band of,

285 118; and Archie Highfield, 118; and St John's Anglican Church, 118; and Sarnia Reserve, 118; and sod-turning ceremony, 118; and Charles Woodrow, 119; and American friends, 122; and Lee Barrett, 122; and Tecumseh's statue, izz; and Omar Watson, iz3; pageant at, iZ3, 125; and Delaware, 125; and Norman Gurd, 141, 25in2z; and Bear Creek Reserve, 187^6; singers from, I9zn35; and Andrew Jamieson, I98n75, znnSz, Z27n68, 25on8; and people of, 2O9n68; and John Richardson, 2ion8i; and Lightning Dodge, 2iin83; and Simpson Brigham, zzonSo; and Joseph Sampson, zz8n69; and Andrew Isaacs, Z3znz6; and George Isaacs, 232n26; and Charles Jacobs, 232nz6; and Solomon Kewayosh, Z3znz6; and Peter Miskokomon, Z3znz6; and William Peters, Z3znz6; and George Shogonsh, Z3znz6; and F.A. Ermatinger, 232nz6n3z Walpole Island Soldiers' Club: receives bones from Wilson Knaggs, 101; calls in Mountie and reporter, IQZ; at special session of Grand General Indian Council, 105; and monument to Tecumseh, 117-18; stages pageant in honour of Tecumseh, iz5; and Cruikshank's report, 126; blocks investigation into Tecumseh's bones, 141; and Nahdee family claim regarding Tecumseh's burial, 232^4; and international committee, 238ni9~zo. See also Walpole Island veterans Walpole Island veterans: and Ross Gray, 104, 108, 121; and special session of Grand General Indian Council, 104-5; and Cornelius Shawano, 106; and John Nahmabin,

2.86 107; impose their will on Grand Council, 107-8, no, 114; and Jacob Logan, 112,; ignore evidence of a broken thigh bone, iiz; and Emerson Snake's committee, 116; decide to fund monument themselves, 117; accept American financial assistance, 118; and Gar Wood, 118-19; praised for bravery during First World War, 119; improve relations with Sarnia Reserve, 12,0; plan to lay cornerstone, 12.0; propose slate of dignitaries to attend ceremony, izo, Z39H34; annoy Department of Indian Affairs, izo; anticipate statue of Tecumseh, izi-z, Z4on4o; inspired by Champlain Monument, Z46nio6; and plans to complete construction of cairn, izz, Z38ni8; finish cairn, izz; announce plans for ceremonial interment, izz; enlist Norman Gurd's assistance, IZ3; stage pageant and ceremonial reinterment, iz4; hostility toward, Z3znz6. See also Walpole Island Soldiers' Club Warburton, Augustus, 6 Wardsville, Ontario, 94, 96, 106, 108, izi Washaway, 45-6 Washington, D.C., 90 Watson, Omar K.: plans pageant to celebrate Tecumseh, 117, iz3, recognizes Duncan Holmes as Joseph Johnson, i$6n66 Watts, Edward, i83nzi Watts, William: farm of, Z5, 30, i83nzi, I94n57, Z49n4; bones discovered by, Z9 Waubishkink, 5Z, 54, 56. See also Holmes, Duncan; Johnson, Joseph Weeks, George N., Z34n6z Whig Party (American), n, 3z, I73 n 5

Index White, Joseph: retrieves bones, 70, zunz; resists attempts to view bones, 80, zi3nzi; hides bones, 101; reveals secret to Silas Shobway, ioz~3; death of, loz, z^on^ White, Sarah, loi-z, Z3oni Whitney, James, 85-7, zzznio3 Williams, Harrison B., 118, Z3on5, Z39nz6 Williams, Robert, Z3on5 Wilson, Daniel: investigates discovery of Tecumseh's bones, 3Z-6, 38, 45, 77-8, i87n8z, zo6n36; presented with Native skull, 47, I4Z, i86n75, Z5zn3z; as president of University of Toronto, i86n68; cranial interests of, i86nn73~4; and George Laird, zo6n36 Windsor, Ontario, 17, 99 Wisconsin (State) Historical Society. See State Historical Society of Wisconsin Wood, Gar, ii7-zo, izz, iz4, Z38ni9, nz4, Z39nz9 Woodrow, Charles S., 119 Wright, Robert Ramsay, i87n8z Wright, Walter (of London, Ontario), zo8n54 Wright, Walter (of Walpole Island, Ontario), Z3on5 Wyandot: skull, i4z, i86n75 Yankee fellow, 10-15, 44? I 74 n i 3> ni6. See also Moores, Thomas York Pioneer and Historical Society: aims of, iSini York Pioneers, zz~3, 35, iSini Zeisberger, David, i85n5Z Zone Township: Upper Canada, iz, 141; Ontario, iz9; Gore of, iz9