Teaching English as a Second Language: A Classified Bibliography 9780824891534

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TEACHING ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE: A CLASSIFIED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Teaching English as a Second Language: A CLASSIFIED

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Yao Shen and Ruth H. Crymes

E a s t - W e s t Center Press —

Honolulu

© 1965 by the E a s t - W e s t Center P r e s s U n i v e r s i t y of Hawaii L. C. Card Number: 65-20583 Printed in the United S t a t e s of America

To our mothers

who taught me English a s my f i r s t l a n g u a g e RHC

who encouraged me toward English a s my second l a n g u a g e YS

PREFACE

This bibliography has been compiled to meet the increasing needs of two programs in Teaching English as a Second Language (TESL) at the University of Hawaii. The two programs are MATESL (Master of Arts in Teaching English as a Second Language) in the Department of Linguistics and TIP (Teacher Interchange Program) in the Asian Studies Department. Members of these programs are mainly East-West Center grantees. A limited number of non-grantees are accepted in the MATESL program. Because the core of a training program for language teachers is usually composed of courses in phonology, grammar, and methodology, entries in this bibliography are classified under these headings. To facilitate our readers' search for specific information, included or excluded, each of these three major sections is topically subclassified. Titles of journals which frequently or occasionally contain articles related to teaching English as a second language—listed according to country—make up the fourth major section of this bibliography. Such journals not only are sources of up-to-date information but also call attention to the vast scope of teaching English as a second language. Following the bibliography is an index of authors, with publication titles when no author is given. The titles selected for this bibliography do not necessarily imply our approval. Many are included in order to expose teachers of English as a second language (TESLs) to differences of opinion. Others, though out of date, are vii

included for their historical i n t e r e s t , not only b e c a u s e t h o s e TESLs who go on to advanced d e g r e e s need knowledge of historical backgrounds but b e c a u s e w e feel that all TESLs will be better equipped if they s e e their p r o f e s sion in its historical p e r s p e c t i v e . We have departed from the current p r a c t i c e of identifying a r t i c l e s by volume and by p a g e s and have c h o s e n i n s t e a d to identify them by volume and by the number within each volume (and not by the p a g e s ) . Some journals a s s i g n a s i n g l e number to a s i n g l e i s s u e ; others are not c o n s i s t e n t , sometimes a s s i g n i n g one number and sometimes more than one number to a s i n g l e i s s u e . In our ent r i e s , a d a s h between two numbers i n d i c a t e s a s i n g l e i s s u e ; an ampersand i n d i c a t e s more than one i s s u e . As our g r a n t e e s come mainly from Asian countries, this bibliography h a s been composed with their needs in mind— which i m p o s e s certain limitations. On the other hand, we are indebted to our g r a n t e e s ' thirst for information a s inspiration for this work. We have a l s o benefited from the interest of our c o l l e a g u e s and other friends. Our appreciation g o e s to Prof e s s o r Howard McKaughan, chairman of the Department of L i n g u i s t i c s , for his encouragement, and deep thanks go to P r o f e s s o r Ronald S. Anderson, chairman of the Asian Studi e s Department, for his co-operation. January,1965 Honolulu

Yao Shen Ruth H. Crymes

viii

ABBREVIATIONS OF JOURNALS CITED AA ACLS AD ADLS AJP AL AMM AS CCC CE CT DP ELT ENL ETF ETM FR GL GSE HER IC IJAL IRAL JASA LL LLTL LMP

American Anthropologist American Council of Learned S o c i e t i e s Newsletter American Documentation Advances in Documentation and Library S c i e n c e American Journal of Psychology Anthropological Linguistics American Math. Monthly American Speech Journal of the Conference on C o l l e g e Composition and Communication C o l l e g e English China Today The Dental Practitioner English Language Teaching English: A New Language English Teaching Forum English Teachers' M a g a z i n e The French Review General Linguistics Gothenburg Studies in English Harvard Educational Review Information and Control International Journal of American Linguistics International Review of Applied Linguistics The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Language Learning The Language Laboratory and the Teaching of Literature Le Maitre Phonetique ix

LR LS MS MSTEQ NC PB PCLS PJLT PMLA SIL SS ST TE

Linguists' Review Language and Speech Moderna Sprak MST(Manila Secondary Teachers)English Quarterly Nuovo Cimento Pacific Bridge Philippine Center for Language Study The Philippine Journal for Language Teaching Publications of the Modern Language Association of America Studies in Linguistics School and Society The Speech Teacher Teaching English

X

CONTENTS

Preface 1.

Phonology 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1. 4. 1. 5. 1. 6.

2.

Phonetics, 3 Phonology: Segmentals, 5 Phonology: Supra-Segmentals, 9 Phonology and Literature (Prosody), 13 Linguistic Geography, 14 General, 16

Grammar 2. 1. History of the English Language , 17 2. 2. Grammatical Tradition in English, 19 2. 3. Modern English Grammar, 20 2. 3. 1. Examples of Prescriptive Grammars , 20 2 . 3 . 2 . C l a s s i c Grammars, 21 2. 3. 3. U s a g e , 21 2. 3. 4. Basic Research in English Grammar, 22 2. 3. 5. Applications of the Findings of Basic Research, 24 2. 3. 6. Other Non-traditional Grammars and Discussions of Language,25 2. 3. 7. Collections of Articles on the English Language, 27

xi

2.3.8. 2. 3. 2. 3. 2. 3. 2. 3. 2. 3. 2. 3. 2. 3.

Generative-transformational Grammar, 28 8. 1. Introductory General Works,28 8. 2. More Difficult General Works , 29 8. 3. Particular Problems in Grammar, 30 8. 4. Phonology and Morphophonemics, 31 8. 5. Grammar and Semantics, 32 8. 6. Related Issues and Controversies, 32 8. 7. Technical Works for Those with Competence in Mathematics or Symbolic Logic, 33 2. 3. 9. Bibliographies , 34

3.

Methodology 3.1. 3.2. 3. 3. 3. 4. 3.5. 3.6. 3. 7. 3. 8. 3. 9. 3. 10. 3. 11.

3. 12. 3. 13. 3. 14. 3. 15. 3.16. 3. 17. 3.18.

Bibliographies, 35 General Methodology, 37 Textbooks: Pronunciation, Grammar, and Comprehensive Texts, 42 Vocabulary and Dictionaries, 52 Basic English , 56 ESL Conferences, Projects, Reports, 57 Audio-Visual Aids and Materials, 58 Programmed Learning, 61 History of Modern Language Teaching, 62 Teacher Training, 63 Language Learning and Language Teaching: Assumptions, Attitudes, Recent Developments, Evaluations, etc. ,64 Teaching: Identifying the Problems, 67 Teaching: Procedures and Techniques—General, 70 Teaching: Procedures and Techniques—Particular Language Features, 72 Tests and Testing, 73 Bilingualism, 75 Language and Culture, 76 Research, 77

xii

3.19. Reading and Literature» 78 3. 19. 1. Teaching Reading and Literature »78 3 . 1 9 . 2 . Readers, 83 3. 20. Writing and Composition , 87 3. 20. 1. Materials for the Student of English a s a Second Language, 87 3. 20. 2. Materials for the English Speaker, of Use to the Non-native English Speaker, 89 3. 20. 3. Spelling and Punctuation, 90 4.

Journals Africa, s e e South Africa America, s e e United States of America Australia, 91 Austria, 91 Belgium,91 Burma,91 Canada,91 Ceylon, 92 China, 92 Colombia, 92 Czechoslovakia, 92 East Germany, 92 England, see United Kingdom, 92 France, 92 Germany, see East Germany and West Germany Greece,92 Holland, 92 Hong Kong,93 India, 93 Indonesia,93 Italy,93 Japan, 93 Kenya,93 Malaya, 93 Netherlands, see Holland xiii

New Zealand, 94 N i g e r i a , 94 P a k i s t a n , 94 P h i l i p p i n e s , 94 Poland, 94 Puerto Rico, 94 R u s s i a , s e e Union of Soviet S o c i a l i s t Republics South Africa, 94 S c o t l a n d , s e e United Kingdom Spain,94 Sweden, 94 Taiwan, s e e China Union of Soviet S o c i a l i s t R e p u b l i c s , 95 United Kingdom, 95 United S t a t e s of America, 95 W e s t Germany, 97 Yugoslavia, 97 Index , 99

xiv

Teaching English as a Second Language: A C l a s s i f i e d Bibliography

1.

1. 1.

PHONOLOGY

Phonetics

BROWN, R. W. , and D. C. Hildum. "Expectancy and the Perception of Syllables," Language, 32,No. 3(1956). FRY, D. B. "Duration and Intensity a s Physical Correlates of Linguistic Stress." JASA, 27,No. 4(1955). GREEN, P. S. Consonantal-Vowel Transitions, A Spectrog r a p h s Study. Travaux de L1 Institut de Phonetique de Lund 2. Lund: Institut de Phonetique, 1959. HARRELL, Richard S. "Some English Nasal Articulations," Language, 34,No. 4(1958). HEFFNER, Roe-Merrill S. General Phonetics. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin P r e s s , 1952. HOUSEHOLDER, Fred W. "Unreleased p t k in American English," in For Roman Takobson. The Hague: Mouton and Co ., 1956. JONES, Daniel. An Outline of English Phonetics. Cambridge, England: W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd., 1956. JOOS, Martin. Acoustic Phonetics . (1948), Supplement. KAISER, Louise. Manual of Phonetics. Holland Publishing Co., 1957.

3

Language. 24,No. 2 Amsterdam: North-

10.

LADEFOGED, Peter, and D. E. Broadbend. "On the Fusion of Sounds Reaching Different Sense Organs," TASA, 29. No. 6(1957).

11.

LIBERMAN, A. M., P. C. Delattre, and F. S. Cooper. "The Role of Selected Stimulus-Variables in the Perception of the Unvoiced Stop Consonants," ATP,65.No. 4(1952).

12 .

and L. J. Gerstman. The Role of Con sonant-Vowel Transitions in the Perception of the Stop and Nasal Consonants. Psychological Monographs No. 379. Washington, D. C. : The American Psychological Association, 1954.

13.

MALECOT, André. "Acoustic Cues for Nasal Consonants," Language, 32.No. 2(1956), Part 1.

14.

. "Vowel Nasality a s a Distinctive Feature in American English," Language. 36, No. 2(1960). P a r t i .

15.

MILLER, G. A. , and P. E. Nicely. "Analysis of Perceptual Confusions Among Some English Consonants," TASA, 27,No. 2(1955).

16.

PALMER, Harold E. A First Course in English Phonetics. Cambridge, England: W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd., 1930.

17.

PIKE, Kenneth L. Phonetics. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan P r e s s , 1944.

18.

SCHATZ, C. D. "The Role of Context in the Perception of Stops," Language, 30,No. 1(1954), Part 1.

19.

SHEN, Yao. Articulation Diagrams of English Vowels and English Consonants, 5th printing. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Bra un and Brumfield, 1965.

4

20.

SMALLEY, William A. Manual of Articulatory Phonetics, Parts 1 and 2, and Workbook Supplement. Tarrytown, N. Y. : Committee on Missionary Personnel, Division of Foreign Missions NCCC, 1 9 6 1 - 1 9 6 2 .

21.

STREVENS, Peter. No. 11(1961).

22.

"Sibilant Sounds of Speech,"

DP, 11,

. "Spectra of Fricative Noise in Human Speech," LS, 3(1960), Part 3.

23.

THOMAS, Charles K. American English. 1958.

24.

TRAGER, George L. Phonetics: Glossary and Tables. Occasional Papers No. 6(1958). 1. 2.

An Introduction to the Phonetics of New York: The Ronald Press Company,

Phonology: Segmentals

25.

AUSTIN, W. M. "Criteria for Phonetic Similarity," guage. 33,No. 4(1957), Part 1.

26.

BERGER, M. D.

BLOCH, Bernard.

28 . 29. 30.

Lan-

"Vowel Distribution and Accentual Promi-

nence in Modern English," 27.

SIL,

"Contrast,"

Word. 11, No. 3(1955). Language, 29, No. 1(1953).

"Phonemic Overlapping," AS, 16,No. 4(1941). . "A Set ofoPostulates Language, 24,N . 1(1948). for Phonemic Analysis," sis.

and G. L. Trager. An Outline of Linguistic AnalyBaltimore: Linguistic Society of America, 1942.

5

31.

BLOOMFIELD, Leonard. Language. & Co., 1933. Chapter 5.

New York: Henry Holt

32.

BRONSTEIN, Arthur. Pronunciation of American English. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1960.

33.

BUCHANAN, Cynthia D. A Programmed Introduction to Linguistics: Phonetics and Phonemics. Boston: D. C. Heath & Co., 1963.

34.

CHAO, Yuen Ren. "The Non-Uniqueness of Phonemic Solutions of Phonetic Systems," in Martin Joos, ed., Readings in Linguistics. Washington, D. C. : American Council of Learned Societies, 1957.

35.

FAUST, George P. (1954).

36.

FRANCIS, W. Nelson. The Structure of English. New York: The Ronald Press Company, 1954. Chapter 3.

37.

FRIES, Charles C., and Kenneth L. Pike. "Co-existent Phonemic Systems," Language, 25,No. 1(1949).

38.

GLEASON, Henry A., Jr. An Introduction to Descriptive Ling u i s t i c s . Rev. ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., 1961. Chapters 2 and 3.

39.

GREEN BERG, J. H. "Is the Vowel-Consonant Dichotomy Universal?" Word, 18,Nos. 1-2(1962).

40.

HALLE, M. "The Strategy of Phonemics," Word, 10,Nos. 2-3(1954).

41.

HARRIS, Zellig S. "Simultaneous Components in Phonology," Language, 20.No. 4(1944).

"Terms in Phonemics,"

6

CCC, 5,No. 1

42. HILL, A. A. "Consonant Assimilation and Juncture in English: A Hypothesis," Language, 31,No. 4(1955), Part 1. 43 .

Introduction to Linguistic Structures. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1958. Chapters 3, 4, and 5.

44.

. "Phonetic and Phonemic Change," 12,No. 1(1936).

45 .

Language,

"Various Kinds of Phonemes," SIL, 16,Nos. 1-2 (1962).

46.

47 .

HOCKETT, Charles F. A Course in Modem Linguistics. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1958. Chapters 2, 3, 7-13. Part 1.

A Manual of Phonology,

UAL, 21. No. 4(1955),

48 .

"A System of Descriptive Phonology," 18,No. 1(1942).

Language.

49.

. "Two Fundamental Problems in Phonemics," 7,No. 2(1949).

SIL,

50. JAKOBSON, Roman, and Morris Halle. Fundamentals of Language. The Hague: Mouton and Co., 1956. 51. JONES, Daniel. "The History and Meaning of the Term 'Phoneme'," LMP, July-December, 1957, Supplement. 52.

. The Phoneme: Its Nature and Use. England: W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd., 1950.

Cambridge,

53. JONES, Lawrence Gaylord. "English Consonantal Distribution," in For Roman Jakobson. The Hague: Mouton and Co., 1956. 7

54.

KURATH, H a n s . "The Binary Interpretation of English Vowe l s : A Critique," Language, 3 3 , N o . 2(1957).

55 .

"Some Q u e s t i o n s of English Phonology: A Reply," Language, 3 4 , N o . 2(1958), Part 1.

56.

LLOYD, Donald J., and Harry R. W a r f e l . American English in Its Cultural Setting. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956. Chapter 18.

57.

MOL, H. "The Relation Between P h o n e t i c s and Phonemics," L i n g u i s t i c s , l , N o . 1(1963).

58.

PIKE, Kenneth Lee. "On the Phonemic Status of English Diphthongs," Language. 2 3 . N o . 2(1947).

59 .

Phonemics. 6th printing. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan P r e s s , 1959.

60.

Principles of the International Phonetic A s s o c i a t i o n , The. London: International Phonetic A s s o c i a t i o n , University C o l l e g e , 1957.

61.

ROBERTS, Paul. Understanding English. New York: Harper & Row, P u b l i s h e r s , 1958. C h a p t e r s 7 and 8.

62.

SAPIR, Edward. "Sound Patterns in Language," 1,No. 2(1925).

63.

SHEN, Yao. English P h o n e t i c s . Ann Arbor, Michigan: Braun and Brumfield, 1962. C h a p t e r s 1 - 1 6 .

64.

SLEDD, James H. A Short Introduction to English Grammar. Chicago: Scott, Foresman & Company, 1959. C h a p ter 1.

65.

Language,

. "Some Q u e s t i o n s of English Phonology," g u a g e , 3 4 , N o . 2(1958). Part 1. 8

Lan-

66.

SWADESH, Morris. 10, No. 2(1934).

"The Phonemic Principle,"

Language,

67 .

"The Phonemic Treatment of Long Consonants," Language, 13, No. 1(1937).

68.

TRAGER, George L., and Henry L. Smith, Jr. An Outline of English Structure. SIL. Occasional Papers No. 3, 1951.

69.

TRUBETSKOI, Nikolai Sergieevich. Principes de Phonologie, J. Cantineau, trans. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck, 1957.

70.

TWADDELL, W. F. On Defining the Phoneme. Monograph No. 16, 1935.

71.

Language,

. "Phonemes and Allophones in Speech Analysis," JASA, 24,No. 6 (1952). 1. 3.

Phonology: Supra-Segmentals

72. ARMSTRONG, Lilias E., and Ida C. Ward. Handbook of English Intonation. 2nd ed. Cambridge, England: W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd., 1931. 73. ARNOLD, G. F. "Stress in English Words," Lingua, 6, Nos. 3 & 4(1961). 74.

BLOCH, Bernard, and George L. Trager. Outline of Linguistic Analysis. Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America, 1942.

75. BOLINGER, Dwight L. "Rhyme, Assonance, and Morpheme Analysis," Word,6,No. 2(1950). 76 .

"Stress and Information," AS, 33,No. 1(1958). 9

77.

. "Length, Vowel, Juncture," (1963).

Linguistics, l , N o . 1

78.

CROFT, Kenneth. A Practice Book of English Stress and Intonation. Washington, D. C. : English Language Services, Inc., 1961.

79.

DANES, Frantisek. "Sentence Intonation from a Functional Point of View," Word, 16, No. 1 (1960).

80.

First Texas Conference on Problems of Linguistic Analysis in English, April 1956. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 1962.

81.

FRIES, Charles C. The Structure of English. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1952. Chapters 8 and 13.

82.

GLEASON, H. A. An Introduction to Descriptive Linguisti c s . Rev. ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., 1961. Chapter 3.

83.

GLEITMAN, Lila R. "Pronominals and Stress in English Conjunctions," LL, l l , N o s . 3 - 4 ( 1 9 6 1 ) .

84.

HALLE, Morris. "Phonology in Generative Grammar," Word, 18, Nos. 1 - 2 ( 1 9 6 2 ) .

85.

HILL, Archibald A. Introduction to Linguistic Structures. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co. , 1958. Chapter 2.

86.

. "Suprasegmentals, Prosodies, Prosodemes," Language, 3 7 , N o . 4(1961), Part 1.

87.

HOCKETT, Charles F. A Course in Modern Linguistics. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1958. Chapters 2 - 1 6 .

88.

KINGDON, Roger. The Groundwork of English Intonation. London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd., 1958. 10

89.

. The Groundwork of English S t r e s s . mans, Green & C o . , Ltd., 1958.

London: Long-

90.

LADEFOGED, P., M. H. Draper, and D. Whitteridge. "Syllable and S t r e s s , " MP, 3 , N o . 1(1958).

91.

LEE, W. R. "English Intonation, a New Approach," g u a . 5. No. 4(1956).

92 .

Lin-

"Some Features of the Intonation of Q u e s t i o n s , " ELT. 10,No. 2(1956).

93.

LLOYD, Donald J., and Harry R. W a r f e l . American English in Its Cultural Setting. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956. Chapter 18.

94.

McDAVID, Raven I . , Jr. "The D i a l e c t s of American Engl i s h , " in W. N e l s o n F r a n c i s , The Structure of American English. New York: The Ronald P r e s s Company, 1954. Chapter 9.

95.

MOL, H . , and E. M. Uhlenbeck. "The Linguistic Relev a n c e of I n t e n s i t y in S t r e s s , " Lingua, 5 , N o . 1(1956).

96.

PIKE, Kenneth Lee. The Intonation of American English. 5th printing. Ann Arbor, M i c h i g a n : University of M i c h i gan P r e s s , 1953.

97 .

Tone Languages. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan P r e s s , 1948.

98.

ROBERTS, Paul. English S e n t e n c e s . New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, I n c . , 1962. Chapter 25.

99.

. Understanding English. New York: Harper & Row, P u b l i s h e r s , 1958. Chapter 16.

11

100.

RUS, Louis. "An Extension of Fries' Function Words of Group A," LL, 7, Nos. 1-2(1956-1957).

101.

Second Texas Conference on Problems of Linguistic Analysis in English, April 1957. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 1962.

102.

SHEN, Yao. English Phonetics. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Braun and Brumfield, 1962. Chapters 17-20.

103 .

"The English Question, Rising or Falling Intonation," LL,6,Nos. 3-4(1956).

104.

. Isochronism. (1962).

SIL, Occasional Papers No. 9

105.

SLEDD, James H. A Short Introduction to English Grammar. Chicago: Scott, Foresman & Company, 1959. Chapter 1.

106.

STOCKWELL, Robert P. "The Place of Intonation in a Generative Grammar of English," Language, 36,No. 3 (1960), Part 1.

107.

Third Texas Conference on Problems of Linguistic Analysis in English, May 1958. Austin, Texas: University of Texas P r e s s , 1962.

108.

TRAGER, Edith Crowell. No. 1(1956).

109.

TRAGER, George L. "Some Thoughts on •Juncture 1 ," 16,Nos. 1-2(1962).

110 .

"Superfix and Sememe," GL, 2, SIL,

"The Theory of Accentual Systems," in Language, Culture, and Personality: Essays in Memory of Edward Sapir. Menasha, Wisconsin: Sapir Memorial Publication Fund, 1941.

12

and Henry Lee Smith, Jr. An Outline of English Structure. SIL, Occasional Papers No. 3 (1951). ULDALL, Elizabeth T. "Ambiguity: Question or Statement? or 'Are you asking me or telling me? 1 " in Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. The Hague: Mouton and Co., 1961. WANG, William S. Y. (1962).

"Stress in English," LL, 12,No. 1

WELLS, Rulon S. "The Pitch Phonemes of English," guage, 21,No. 1 (1945). 1. 4.

Lan-

Phonology and Literature (Prosody)

ABERCROMBIE, David. "A Phonetician's View of Verse Structure," Linguistics, l , N o . 1(1964). ALLEN, Harold B. , ed. Readings in Applied Linguistics. 2nd ed. New York: Appieton-Century-Crofts, 1964. Part VII Linguistics and the Study of Literature. BAKER, Sheridan. "English Meter IS Quantitative," 21,No. 6(1960).

CE,

EPSTEIN, Edmund L., and Terence Hawkes. Linguistics and English Prosody. SIL, Occasional Papers No. 7 (1959). HALPERN, Martin. "On the Two Chief Metrical Modes in English," PMLA, 77, No. 3 (1962). JOOS, Martin.

"Semology," SIL, 13.Nos. 3-4(1958).

Kenyon Review, The.

18,No. 3 (1956).

13

122.

KURATH, Hans. Phonology and Prosody of Modern English. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1964.

123.

LEVIN, Samuel R. Linguistic Structures in Poetry. Hague: Mouton and Co., 1962.

124.

MARKEL, Norman N . , and Eric O. Hamp. "Connotative Meanings of Certain Phoneme Sequences," SIL, 15, Nos. 3-4(1961).

125.

RUS, Louis C. "Structural Ambiguity: A Note on Meaning and the Linguistic Analysis of Literature with Illustrations from E. E. Cummings," LL, 6 , N o s . 1-2(1955).

126.

RYDER, Frank G. "Off-Rhymes and Consonantal Confusion Groups," Lingua, 12,No. 2(1962).

127.

SMITH, Henry Lee, Jr. "Toward Re-defining English Prosody," SIL, 14,Nos. 3-4(1959).

128.

SUTHERLAND, Ronald. "Structural Linguistics and English Prosody," CE, 20,No. 1(1958).

129.

WIMSATT, W. K., Jr., and Monroe C. Beardsley. Concept of Meter: An Exercise in Abstraction," 74,No. 5(1959).

1. 5.

The

"The PMLA,

Linguistic Geography

130.

AVIS, Walter S. "The 'New England Short o": A Recessive Phoneme," Language. 37. No. 4(1961), P a r t i .

131.

JONES, Daniel. Everyman's English Pronouncing Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 195a

132.

KENYON, J. S. and T. A. Knott. 14

A Pronouncing Dictionary

of American English. Springfield, M a s s a c h u s e t t s : G. & C. Merriam C o . , 1944. 33.

KURATH, H a n s , and Raven I. M c D a v i d , Tr.. The Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic S t a t e s . Ann Arbor, M i c h i gan: University of M i c h i g a n P r e s s , 1961. See a l s o S. J. K e y s e r ' s review of t h e above work, Language, 39, No. 2(1963).

34.

McDAVID, Raven I., Jr. "Some Social D i f f e r e n c e s in Pron u n c i a t i o n s , " _LL, 4 , N o s . 3-4(1952-1953).

35.

and V. G. McDavid. "h before S e m i - v o w e l s in the Eastern United S t a t e s , " Language, 2 8 , N o . 1(1952).

36.

McINTOSH, Angus. An Introduction to a Survey of Scott i s h D i a l e c t s . 3 v o l s . L e e d s , England: E. Arnold and C o . , 1962.

37.

ORTON, Harold, and Eugene Dieth. Survey of English D i a l e c t s (The Six Northern C o u n t i e s and the I s l e of Man). Vol. I. L e e d s , England: U n i v e r s i t y of L e e d s , 1963.

38.

REED, Carroll E. "The Pronunciation of English in the P a c i f i c N o r t h w e s t , " Language, 37, No. 4 (1961), Part 1.

39.

SIVERTSEN, Eva. Cockney Phonology. i t i e s P r e s s , I n c . , 1960.

40.

TRIM, J. L. M. "English Standard Pronunciation," 16,No. 1(1961).

41.

WETMORE, Thomas. Low Back and Low Central Vowels in t h e English of the Eastern United S t a t e s . P u b l i c a t i o n s of t h e American D i a l e c t Society No. 32. U n i v e r s i t y , Alabama: University of Alabama P r e s s , 1959.

15

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