218 64 159MB
English Pages [320] Year 1983
Ta§kun Kale Keban Rescue Excavations Eastern Anatolia Anthony McNicoll With a contribution by Roland Fletcher
Britis h Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Monograph No.6 BAR International Series 168 1983
B.A.R.
122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England
GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B .se. , M.A., D.Phil. D .R. W alker, M.A.
B.A.R. -S168, 198J: 'Ta�kun Kale'.
©
An thon y McNicoll, 1983.
The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860542155 paperback ISBN 9781407331683 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860542155 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com
P REFACE
I n 1 968,
d uring t he c onstruction o f a huge h ydro-electric barrage
o n the u pper Euphrates,the M iddle E ast T echnical U niversity i nitiated t he K eban D am Area S alvage P roject l owing f ive y ears
( fig.
n umerous a rchaeological s ites
1 ).
( METU)
Over t he
f ol-
i n t he p rojected f lood
z one were s urveyed a nd e xcavated by Turkish a nd f oreign t eams working w ith t he p ermission o f t he D irectorate G eneral o f A ntiquities u nder t he aegis
o f t he METU.
O ne o f t he t hreatened s ites was T a O wn K ale,
t he e xcavation o f which f ormed o ne f acet o f t he B ritish I nstitute o f A rchaeology a t Ankara's multi-disciplinary A 5v an P roject, p rogramme d eveloped a nd d irected by D r D .H.
a r escue
F rench a s p art o f t he
I nstitute's c ontribution t o the w ider s alvage o perations
( French
1 973: 7 3-77). The T a5kun K ale r escue d ig was a brief o ne, f ifteen w eeks s pread o ver the 1 970, i ng a ccount o f t he a basic, I t i s
s tratigraphy,
l asting a t otal o f
1 971 a nd 1 973 s easons.
The
f ollow-
a rtefacts a nd a rchitecture c onstitutes
s keletal r ecord o f the d ig, w ith a m inimum o f i nterpretation.
f ollowed by R oland F letcher's a nalysis o f t he a rchitectural
o rganization o f t he k ale,
and s ome briefer a ppendices.
E ventually o ther
s pecialist a ccounts and i nterpretations - p articularly o f t he e nvironm ental material a nd o f the c opious a nimal a nd human bones r ecovered f rom the s ite
-w ill,
i t i s hoped , be
f orthcoming t o f lesh o ut f urther
the bones. I owe a d ebt o f g ratitude t o many p eople a nd o rganizations who h elped me e xcavate a nd publish t his F irstly, was
s ite.
t he l ocal authorities.
g ranted t o D r D .H.
F rench,
P ermission t o d ig a t T a kun K ale
D irector o f the A 5v an P roject, b y t he
Turkish D irectorate-General o f Antiquities u nder B ay Burhan T ezcan. During t he T a5kun K ale s easons t he D irectorate was r epresented by B ayan Oya K ozaman i r r i ek
S econdly, a bout
( 1970),
B ay K emal C an
t he f inanciers.
a nd B ay Y ilmaz
Most o f t he e xcavation f unds,
£ 5,000 o ver t hree s easons,
d irectly t o t he A van P roject,
c ame
University provided g rants
t otalling
f rom t he B ritish A cademy e ither
o r more c ircuitously t hrough t he B ritish
I nstitute o f A rchaeology a t Ankara. the
( 1971)
( 1973).
The M eyerstein F und o f Oxford
i n 1 971 a nd 1 973.
I n 1 979, grants f rom
S ydney U niversity S pecial R esearch P roject G rants
e nabled m e t o
o rganize t he k ale p ottery a nd t o h ave p lans a nd s ections p repared. I n 1 982,
s ix m onths
s tudy l eave,
g iven by T he U niversity o f S ydney,
e nabled me t o d eliver t he c oup d e g race t o t his r eport. T hirdly,
t he backers.
D avid F rench
( Director o f t he B ritish I nsti-
tute o f Archaeology a t Ankara a nd o f the A van P roject) was t he motive f orce b ehind t he e xcavations a t T a5kun K ale. T he A 5 -v an P roject w as h is p roject a nd h e i nspired i t i n a ll i ts
e lements, whether b y c on-
v incing the u nconvinceable i n L ondon o r by r ousing t he t roops i n t he f ield w ith s upper-time h arangues
o ver t he D DT-soaked g rapes -
harangues which c overed t opics r anging f rom t he out-and-out l ibellous through the pure K ritik o f B inford
( 1967)
t o D avid's v ision o f t he
f irst multi-disciplinary e xpedition i n T urkey.
My o ther major b acker
was t he l ate D ame K athleen K enyon, w ithout whose s upport t he 1 973 s eason, which g ave u s a bout 6 6% o f t he p lan o f t he f ortress a nd 5 0% o f t he p lan o f t he c hurch, w ould n ot have t aken p lace. And f inally t he e xcavation s taff,
u npaid a nd p aid.
T he u npaid
s taff was a s f ollows: 1 970
S tephen M itchell, S hereen R atnagar, Walter,
1 971
R ichard M cKane, Avis H arrell, T eissier,
1 973
C olin R iddler, D erek
U lge G öker, Anthony T ollington N icholas M itchell, B eatrice
G eoffrey P robert, U rge G öker, J onathan H unn
M elek D ervie, M erle L angdon, T urhan K ämil, Mary F rost P ierson, M arian P hillips,
D avid W illiams,
G eorge W illcox
T he a rchitects w ere T amara W inikoff ( 1970-71) a nd S arah M ahaffy ( 1973).
C onservators w ere P amela P ratt
( 1970-71)
a nd Ann W ood ( 1973).
H ouse s upervisors w ere S ionid Alban-Jones a nd P at C onroy J an D iamant and Monika H elms
( 1970-71).
( 1971),
a nd
D raughtsman i n 1 970-71 was
T amara W inikoff a nd i n 1 973 J ean C arpenter.
T he c ataloguing o f the
p ottery a nd s mall f inds was c arried out b y M argaret Wheeler. I s ometimes t hink t hat i t w ould b e w orthwhile t o have i n e very d ig r eport t he d irector's h onest e stimate o f t he c apabilities o f i ndividual t rench s upervisors,
a long w ith a t able s howing who d ug which t rench.
B ut i n t he c ase o f T aekun K ale, would b e i nvidious.
a r escue e xcavation,
s uch a n e stimate
M eticulous brush-and-trowel work i n 1 970 a nd 1 971
was s ucceeded by a p ick-and-shovel a pproach i n 1 973. Whatever t he d emands made o f t hem, the s upervisors s tuck t o their t ask f rom the s etting f orth i n t he c old p re-dawn d ark, t hrough t he blazing h eat o f t he parched m idday t ill t he k nock-off d rinkies n n t he r oof a t d usk, when, a s t he r eturning c attle r aised d ust a nd t he s torks c licked t heir b eaks a ll a round u s, t he d ay's events w ere c elebrated o r bemoaned. T he paid workers w ere l ocal v illagers ( fig. 2 ).
f rom A gvan and f rom F atmali
T hey a re n ow d ispersed, t heir l and f looded.
The T urkish
c ountryman h as a ll t he v irtues o f t he " old-fashioned B ritish l abourer" o f whom Wheeler
( 1954:
1 ) 48)
s poke n ostalgically i n t he e arly
' 50s.
W ithout t heir muscle we c ould h ave moved o nly o ne-tenth o f t he s oil. W ithout t heir f riendship a nd t hat o f t heir f amilies i n t he v illages, o ur s ojourns a t A evan w ould h ave b een l ess t han o ne-tenth e njoyable. D uring a ll t he s easons a t A evan o ne p erson i n particular, B ay Turgay S unguroglu o f E läzi , i n many ways.
s howed u s c onstant k indness and h elped u s
T urgay B ey's l ongstanding f amily c onnexion w ith A evan
a nd h is i nfluence t here were a lways a b enefit t o the d ig. S ince t he d igging e nded i n 1 973 t he bulk o f t he work h as t aken p lace i n s hort bursts s natched b etween o ther d uties a s i s t he c ase, a las,
i n most w rite-ups o f d igs.
I llness a lso h as c aused d elays.
1 974 I a nd my w ife , T amara W inikoff,
s pent a t hree-week s tudy s eason i n
E l zig working o n t he e xcavated material.
T hereafter t he write-up
p roceeded i n f its a nd s tarts, w ith t he h elp o f t he f ollowing: G ee, J on H osking,
S herry-lee Evans,
I owe a l ot t o R oland F letcher, t oo.
L orraine
D avid W illiams a nd S tephen H art. R oland's e nthusiasm a nd p ersuasive-
n ess i n t he c ause o f s patial a rchaeology w ere a s timulus d uring t he d ark e ndless d ays o f p ot p rofile paste-ups.
11
I n
T he p ottery, plans a nd
s ections, which a re t he r eal c rux o f t he r eport, were d rawn f or t he publication b y T amara W inikoff. photographic a ssistance,
R ichard K .
H arding g ave v aluable
a nd M rs P at S mith d isplayed h er c ustomary
s kill and p atience t o c reate a n o rderly t ypescript o ut o f a n a lmost i llegible m anuscript. The i nstance,
i nscriptions w ere e xamined by P rofessor G . a nd l ater by D r S .
t he c oins by Mrs H elen B rown, D r J ames Allan.
B rock.
S egal i n t he
f irst
I w as h elped i n t he e xamination of
and i n t he s tudy o f t he g lazed p ottery by
I o we much i nspiration t o S tephen M itchell,
publication A van K ale i s t he y ing o f T a kun K ale's yang.
whose
S tephen
s aid many t hings t hat I would have l iked t o s ay a bout t he . A van P roject material m ore
s kilfully t han I c ould.
To t his c ast o f s cores g o my t hanks. T a kun K ale a s
A ll have c ontributed t o make
g ood a d ig and publication a s p ossible:
i ts
s hortcomings
a nd f aults a re m ine a lone. This publication i s
d edicated t o t he m emory of K athleen K enyon.
A nthony M cNicoll, U niversity o f S ydney,
111
1 983
L IST O F C ONTENTS P reface P lates a nd F igures B ibliography a nd A bbreviations C hapter 1
x i
B asic d ata
1
L ocation a nd s urroundings A ims, e xcavation t echniques a nd a nalysis C hapter 2
7
T he k ale A rchitecture S tratigraphy D ating O verall s equence o f o ccupation
C hapter 3
T he c hurch a rea
2 3
A rchitecture S tratigraphy D ating C hapter 4
O ther a reas
5 3
C hapter 5
P ottery
5
R ecording a nd p resentation M edieval g lazed p ottery - w are a nd manufacture - c atalogue M edieval u nglazed p ottery - ware a nd manuf acture - c atalogue 1 st c entury B .C.
C hapter 6
g roup a nd C P 1 g roup - ware a nd manuf acture - c atalogue
S mall f inds
1 78
C oins J ewellery, m etal o bjects, f aience, g lass, c arved s tone C hapter 7
S ummary
C hapter 8
I dentifying s patial d isorder - R oland F letcher
1 88
A ppendices
1 .
S ummary o f t he a rchitectural d evelopment o f t he l ate m edieval f ortress - R oland F letcher
2 42
2 .
Ambiguities a nd c onfusions r elating t o t he 2 44 a rchitecture o f t he f ortress - R oland F letcher
3 .
T he i nscriptions
4 .
- S ebastian B rock
O ccurrence o f s hapes o f p ots i n s elected r ooms o f t he l ate m edieval f ortress - J on H osking i v
2 47 2 50
PLATES
F rontispiece.
T askun Kale.
V iew o f part
1 .
R 12.
G ateway o f t he l ate m edieval 2 m .
2 .
R 11.
W alls
3 .
5 11.
Walls of r oom 2 .
4 .
S 12.
C lay o bjects i n r oom 2 .
5 -
S 12.
o f r oom 3 6.
R ooms
2 a nd 3 .
t ower.
f ortress.
V iew W .
S cale:
2 m .
V iew S W.
S cale:
1
V iew N .
V iew E .
S cale:
i n .
S cale:
1 m .
N ote KP I I b locking of d oorway i nto
V iew S E.
S cale:
5 , 6 and 7 .
2 m .
6 .
S ll.
R ooms
7 -
5 10.
R oom 1 2.
Tandir a nd v ent.
8 .
R 9 .
R ooms
2 7,
9 -
R 10.
Wall o n S s ide of r oom 3 0.
2 9,
o f s ite l ooking s outh.
V iew N E.
2 4 a nd 2 2.
S cale:
2 m .
V iew E .
S cale:
V iew N E.
S cale:
V iew S .
m .
0 .30 2 m .
S cale:
1 .50 m .
K P I s urface r uns u nder i t. 1 0.
Q 10 E .
T ower r oom 3 1 s howing KP I I b locking.
V iew E .
S cale:
1 m . 1 1.
R 10.
S unken a rea i n r oom 3 2 w ith l arge s torage j ar C N 4 318
4 8, 1 6) in s itu.
( fig. 1 2.
R 10.
1 3.
R 11.
R oom 3 2.
V iew N .
R oom 3 6.
V iew SW .
V iew E .
S cale
S cale:
( in r oom 3 0):
S cale
0 .50 m . 2 m .
( on f ortress wall):
2 m .
C hurch a rea beyond. 1 4.
R 11.
R oom 3 6.
1 5.
R 11/12.
B aulk.
V iew N E.
S cale:
2 m .
C arved s tone r e-used i n g ateway o f f ortress.
A
c rude a nd l argely i neffectual a ttempt has b een made t o r emove t he c ross. 16.
Q 9 E .
V iew f rom a bove.
S cale:
0 .50 m .
C urtain wall with e arlier wall r unning f rom i t S SW .
T he e arlier wall was
a nd was
r etained a s
a buttress.
1 7.
R 10.
C hristian burial.
1 8.
1 21.
A shlar blocks of wall
d iagonally
c ut w hen t he c ircuit was built
H ead west.
V iew E . V iew N .
S cale: S cale :
0 .50 m .
0 .50 m .
5 .
V iew N .
S cale i n 1 0 cm .
5 .
V iew S .
S cale:
d ivisions. 1 9.
1 21 W .
2 0.
1 21.
A shlar b locks B locks wall
i n wall
a nd f ootings
o f wall
4( background).
1 m .
5( foreground) w ith C P 1
V iew S E.
K 21.
S ( early)
2 2.
K 21.
N ( CP 1 ) p ier a nd f ootings. T op 1 .: C P 2 r ubble a nd mud m ortar wall; a bove p ier: C P 1 c emented s tonework.
2 3.
K 21.
P it
S cale:
2 4.
K 21.
S cale:
S cale:
S cale i n d m .
s kull a nd two h ooves.
N ose
0 .50 m .
I nner a psidal f ace o f wall 1 , S E.
V iew S .
2 m .
c ontaining horse's
p oints W .
( 1.).
2 m .
2 1.
V iew N .
p ier a nd C P 1 wall
S cale:
0 .50 m .
( CP 1 ,
C P 2 a bove).
V iew
2 5.
K 21 .
Outer 2 m .
2 6 .
H 21.
Wall 4 ( CF 1 ). N ote t hreshold a nd j amb o f r e-used a shlars. V iew S . S cale: 1 i n .
2 7.
J 22.
Wall 1 0/11 ( CF 1 ). N ote m oulded l intel b lock i n f oreg round, a nd r e-used j amb . V iew E NE . S cale: 2 m .
2 8.
K 21.
W all 1 ( CP 1 a nd 2 ), i nner f ace. V iew N NE. S cale: 2 m .
2 9.
H 21.
W all 4 a nd t iles
3 0.
J 22.
R obbed wall 1 4 a nd t iled f loor.
3 1.
J 21, J 22 a nd K 21 .
G eneral v iew o f C F 2 c hurch f rom S W . r ight.
3 2.
J 21 .
C hapel w ith c arved s tones i n s itu .
3.
( E)
f ace o f wall 1 ( CF 1 a nd 2 ).
G lazed p ottery:
( CF 1 ).
V iew
W .
S cale:
F oundations e xposed .
V iew N .
S cale: V iew N E.
1 i n . S cale:
0 .10 m .
K ale i n background V iew E NE.
1 : white g laze w ith g reen b lobs o n r im C N124 c : w hite g laze s graffito s herds w ith b rown, y ellow a nd g reen s plashed C N108 r : b lue g laze with black u nderpaint C N122
3 4 .
G lazed p ottery:
t op r ow 1 . t o r : s graffito w hite a nd g reen g laze C N126, k hakhi w ith y ellow s tripes C N127, s graffito l ight g reen
c entre:
w ith b rown s plash C N59 k hakhi w ith l ight g reen s tripes C N53
b ottom , 1 . t o r : s graffito whitish g laze w ith y ellow a nd g reen s plash C N5, whitish g laze w ith g reen a nd brown s plash C N99, s graffito whitish w ith b rown g laze C N16 3 5.
g reen g laze a nd s graffito g reen
G lazed p ottery:
g laze t op 1 . c entre 1 . b ottom 1 . 3 6 .
: t o r : t o r : t o r
C N80, C N103, C N3, C N150 C N118, C N2, C N142, C N1, C N77 C N110, C N115, C N102, C N137, C N147 b rown g laze a nd s graffito b rown
G lazed p ottery:
g laze t op 1 . c entre 1 . b ottom 1 . 3 7.
: C N106, C N83, C N22 t o r N133, C N130, C N104 : C t o r N132, C N8 : C t o r s graffito, whitish w ith g reen a nd brown g laze, g reen g laze a nd
G lazed p ottery:
s graffito g reen g laze
3 8.
t op 1 .
t o r :
b ottom 1 .
t o r :
c Ni4o, c Ni49, cm48 c N84, C N93 c hampleve a nd s graffito s plash
G lazed p ottery:
p ottery t op 1 . c entre b ottom 1 . 3 9 & 4 0.
: C N152, C N40, C N113 t o r :C N157 : C N156, C N144, C N143 t o r
C arved s tones f rom c hapel v i
L IST O F F IGURES
1 .
A natolia,
s howing l ocation o f T agkun K ale
2 .
A gvan d istrict
3 .
T agkun s ite,
4 .
K ale p lans, ( a) s howing r oom n umbers, a nd ( b) a rea n umbers
5 .
R econstruction - b irds-eye v iew o f k ale f rom S W
6 a .
Q 9
l ocation o f t renches s howing
N a nd E s ections
b .
Q 10 E s ection
7 a .
R 12 N s ection
b .
R 10 W s ection
8 a .
S 12 N s ection
b .
S ll S s ection
9 .
S chematic s equence o f o ccupation o n t he k ale - 3 rd m illennium B C t o 2 0th c entury AD
1 0.
P lan o f c lassical a nd C P 1 r emains
1 1.) 1 2.)
P rofiles a nd e levations o f a rchitectural e lements f rom t he C F 1 a nd h ellenistic buildings
1 3 .
R estored p lan o f C F 1 basilica
1 4.
P lan o f C F 2 c hurch a nd c hapel
1 5.
Architectural c ross s ections o f t he c hapel:
1 6.
R econstruction - b irds-eye v iew o f t he C F 2 c hurch a nd
a . b .
E e levation N e levation
c hapel f rom S W 1 7.
P lan o f C F 2 /3 c hurch a nd c hapel, a nd C F 3 g raveyard
1 8a .
H 2 1
b . 1 9a .
S a nd W s ections 1 21 W
b . 2 0a .
N a nd E s ections S a nd W s ections
1 22
b . 2 1a .
N a nd E s ections
N a nd E s ections S a nd W s ections
J 21
E s ection
b .
S s ection
C .
W s ection
2 2a .
J 21 W N a nd E s ections
b .
S a nd W s ections
2 3a .
J 22
N s ection
b .
E s ection
c .
S s ection v ii
F IGURES
( CONTD)
d . 2 4a.
W s ection K 21
N s ection
b .
S s ection
c .
W s ection
2 5.
S ection c oding c onventions
2 6.
Proportions o f g reen, b rown a nd multicoloured g lazes o n 0 1 a nd 0 2 r imsherds
2 7.
N umbers a nd p roportions o f m edieval g lazed,
u nglazed a nd
E arly B ronze s herds 2 8-82. L ate m edieval
( KP I /II a nd C P 2 /3) p ottery
2 8-30.
G lazed 0 2 p ottery ( kale)
3 1.
G lazed 0 1 a nd 0 2 p ottery ( kale)
3 2-35 .
G lazed 0 2 p ottery ( kale)
3 6 .
G lazed 0 1 a nd 0 2 bases
3 7.
G lazed 0 1 a nd 0 2 b ases a nd C 2 p ottery ( kale)
3 8.
G lazed 0 5 a nd 0 1/2 f ragments
3 9.
G lazed 0 2, 0 5 a nd C 2 p ottery ( church)
4 0.
G lazed 0 1 a nd 0 2 p ottery ( L15) a nd g lazed c olour c oding
( kale)
( kale)
c onventions
4 1 -4 8 . Unglazed C l p ottery ( kale) 4 9-50.
U nglazed C l a nd C 2 p ottery ( kale)
5 1-54.
U nglazed C 2 p ottery ( kale)
5 5-61 .
U nglazed C 3 p ottery ( kale)
6 2-65.
U nglazed 0 2 p ottery ( kale)
6 6-69 . Unglazed 0 3 pottery ( kale) 7 0.
U nglazed 0 1 a nd 0 4 p ottery
( kale)
7 1-74.
U nglazed X I p ottery ( kale)
7 5 .
U nglazed 0 a nd C bases
7 6.
U nglazed X 3-7 p ottery ( kale)
7 7 .
U nglazed m oulded,
7 8.
U nglazed 0 1,
7 9 .
U nglazed 0 3 a nd 0 5 p ottery ( church)
8 0.
U nglazed C l a nd C 2 p ottery ( church)
8 1.
U nglazed C 2 a nd C 3 p ottery
( church)
8 2.
U nglazed C 3 a nd X I p ottery
( church)
8 3 .
U nglazed X 6, m iscellaneous s herds a nd bases
( kale)
s tamped a nd i ncised s herds
0 2 a nd 0 3 p ottery
v iii
( kale)
( church)
( church)
FIGURES (CONTD) 84-88. Hellenistic and CP 1 pottery
84.
85.
Hellenistic 02 and 03 pottery
Hellenistic 03, 0 and C bases, and Cl-3 pottery
86.
CP 1 and CP 1
(?); 02 and 01 pottery
88.
CP 1 and CP 1 pottery
(?); C3, C5, 0 and C bases, X3 and 04
87.
CP 1 and CP 1 (?);
03, 04, C2 and C3 pottery
89-92. Small [inds 89.
90.
91.
Jewellery and other metal objects
Metal impi'ements and accoutrements and arrowheads
Faience and glass beads, carved bone, miscellaneous clay objects and glass
92-114. Spatial Analysis
92.
93.
94.
95.
Serial patterns of central tendencies
Variation trends
Relationship between serial patterns and variation trends
Class intervals and distribution shape
96.
"Noise" effects and central tendency/variation descriptions
98.
Merging of distributions
100.
Ta�kun Kale.
Room arrangement
Ta�kun Kale.
Sequence and frequency of medians 1 to 8 m.
97.
99.
101.
102.
Splitting polymodal distributions
Visual ranges
Ta�kun Kale. Distributions for spacings with median values less than 1 m.
103.
Ta�kun Kale.
Visual range around doors
105.
Ta�kun Kale. Final I
Visual ranges on roof and in courtyard.
104.
Ta�kun Kale.
106.
Ta�kun Kale.
108.
Ta�kun Kale.
107.
109. 110. 111.
Ta�kun Kale.
Tandir and the circuit wall
Visual range in courtyard.
Visual range in courtyard.
Initial III Final II
Proposed arrangement in Initial II
Ta�kun Kale. Rooms requiring subdivision if dimensions greater than 5 m. are to be removed from the serial arrangement
Ta�kun Kale. End State, s ,T io i3
C -P1
CA 1 1,e( A A
P i 4› ,5E -
"2 g 17
F ig.
-
3
7 1 2 -CN X -e t
2 5
2
S ection c oding c onventions 5 4
C HAPTER
5
T HE P OTTERY
R ecording a nd p resentation F rom t he o f t he
f irst d ay o f e xcavation i n 1 970 p ottery f ormed t he bulk
f inds a t T a kun K ale.
D uring t he
f irst t wo s easons r ecording
a nd d rawing o f t he c eramic material was h aphazard;
o nly i n t he
s eason w as a s atisfactory s ystem o f c oping w ith t he mass
f inal
o f p ottery
a dopted. D uring t hat s eason, M argaret Wheeler, our c ataloguer, a pplied t o t he f inds a s ystem which was d evised i n I taly by D r Alwyn C otton d uring t he 1 960s.
M argaret Wheeler h erself had u sed i t a t h er o wn
s ite of S anta Rufina i n I taly;
t he s ame s ystem
( with modifications)
h as b een u sed s ubsequently a t K andahar i n Afghanistan a nd a t P ella i n J ordan. The a im o f t he s ystem i s t o have a r ecord o f every p otentially d iagnostic
s hape r ecovered f rom t he
s ite a nd t o r ecord what wares a nd
what quantities c ame f rom e ach d eposit. potsherds a re washed and l aid o ut o n mats
After e xcavation t he l abelled t o d ry.
a re e xamined, wares and q uantities a re n oted, s herds a re t hen d iscarded.
d ecorated p ieces) n ecessary,
s herds
i ncluding a ll s ieved f ragments).
( usually t he r ims,
a re bagged f or e xamination,
d rawing.
d rying t hey
( At T a kun K ale t he p ottery of two t renches
( S12 and R 11) was r etained i n t oto, P otentially d iagnostic
After
a nd t he bulk o f t he
E xamples
h andles,
bases a nd
c ataloguing,
a nd i f
o f e ach ware n oted a re a lso r etained
f rom e ach d eposit. I nto what a t T a kun K ale was c alled f or brevity
' the t ype s eries'
- a ctually a c ollection o f a ll t he d ifferent s hapes which t he s ite p roduces - g oes a lready i n t he
e very p iece o f pottery which l ooks ' type s eries'.
d ifferent
f rom t hose
Each n ew s hape i s r ecorded i n t hree
d ifferent p laces: 1 .
A c ontrol o r c atalogue book.
( At T a kun K ale s eparate books w ere
u sed f or t he g lazed a nd u nglazed p ottery).
T he primary f unction
of this book was t o g ive t o e ach n ew s hape a n umber number' t he
- h enceforward a bbreviated a s C N) which i s
s herd.
T he b ook a lso r ecords basic
t he s ort o f v essel, what s heet i t i s ( if a ny).
(catalogue i nscribed o n
d ata s uch a s provenance,
d rawn o n,
i ts photograph
At T a kun K ale t he g lazed ware C Ns b egan a t 1 ,
and t he
u nglazed C Ns a t 4 001. 2 .
A c ard i s
f illed o ut.
d escribed,
c ard a p hoto o f t he t hen b e 3 .
On i t t he ware a nd s hape o f t he p ot a re
a long w ith i ts
s ize a nd a ny d ecoration.
f ull s cale d rawing i s
s tuck.
On t o t his The c ard may
f iled a ccording t o v essel s hape o r ware.
F or e ach d eposit d ug a l ayer s heet i s k ept. t o t he s herd c ount a nd r esume o f wares, s herd s hape
On t his,
i n addition
t he n umber o f e ach n ew
i s r ecorded.
F or a f ragment o r v essel w ith a s hape which i s a lready i n t he ' type 1 .
s eries',
t he r ecording i s
T he c ard o f t he
' type'
s impler.
w ith which t he n ew p iece i s c omparable
5 5
( let
u s c all t he
' type' x )
i s t aken f rom t he f ile
( it i s r etrieved
t hrough t he c atalogue), a nd t he n ew p iece's p rovenance a rea a nd l evel)
i s n oted o n x 's c ard,
( trench,
a long w ith a ny v ariation i n
ware o r d ecoration. The s herd t hen h as marked o n i t " cf. x ", a nd i t i s r eturned t o t he b ag of s herds o f t he l ayer f rom w hich i t c omes. 2 .
On the l ayer s heet i s r ecorded " cf. x ".
Thus t he s ystem p ermits
r etrieval of i nformation c oncerning t he t otality o f o ccurrences of p articular f orms o f p ottery, and p rovides a t t he s ame t ime a c omplete r ecord o f what was present i n a ny g iven l ayer.
O n a
l arge s ite t he u se o f a c omputer w ill p robably b e i nescapable f or the f inal analysis; o n a s maller s ite l ike T agkun K ale r etrieval of i nformation f rom t he r ecording s ystem i s p ossible i n t he t raditional m anner. But e ven on a s mall s ite by t he e nd o f t he d ig t he l ayer s heets were numbered i n hundreds.
S ince i t h as t urned out t hat t he m ajority
o f t he material f rom Tagkun K ale b elongs t o o ne p eriod,
a nd a s t here
appears t o b e d iscontinuity between a ll t he p eriods r epresented o n t he s ite,
there s eems n o p urpose i n publishing a ll the l ayer s heets.
h ave,
h owever, b een u sed by J on H osking i n h is e xamination o f t he
T hey
o ccurrences o f t he v arious s orts o f v essels i n s ome o f t he k ale r ooms ( Appendix 4 ).
L ayer s heets w ill have v alue, i t s eems t o m e, o n t hose
s ites where o ccupation l asts a c entury o r m ore. I n t he c atalogue o f t his p ublication e ach s hape d epicted h as the f ollowing i nformation: 1 .
Publication n umber.
2 .
C atalogue n umber, prefixed C N
( this i s t he n umber o n t he s herd o r
v essel a t E läzig). 3 .
Phase.
4 . 5 . 6 . 7 .
I ts p rovenance I ts
( CP = C hurch P hase;
K P = K ale P hase).
( trench, a rea w ithin t rench,
d eposit).
d escription ( shape, ware and d ecoration).
P arallels
f rom T agkun K ale
P revious p ublication,
( the " cf.
s herds").
i f any.
T he e mphasis t hen i s o n the s hape o f t he v essel. of a ll s herds were r ecorded, s pection.
N o c hemical
While t he wares
t hey were d efined s imply by v isual i n-
o r m icroscopic a nalyses w ere c arried o ut.
Under these c ircumstances c lassification b y ware s eems
inappropriate.
Again,
t echnologist,
t he m aterial h as n ot b een e xamined by a c eramic
s o that f iner p oints o f p otting may well h ave e scaped u s; t he v ast majority o f v essels w as wheel-made, but w e c ould s ay l ittle m ore t han that. An advantage o f p resentation by s hape i s t hat i t e nables o ne t o o rganize
t he p ottery i n t wo major and i nterwoven c ategories - a n
o bjective o ne - i .e. j ective o ne - i .e. f or.
s imply a ccording t o s hape a nd s ize,
a nd a s ub-
a ccording t o what o ne b elieves t he v essel w as u sed
The o bjective c ategorization t akes p recedence
c ategories a re 0 (pen) and C (losed). The 0 c ategory i s s ubdivided a s
f ollows:
0 1 -
s mall t o m edium,
o pen,
s hallow v essels.
02 -
small t o m edium,
o pen,
d eep v essels.
03 -
l arge,
o pen,
d eep v essels.
5 6
;
i ts t wo major
0 4 -
v essels with l arge,
f lat bases and l ow,
u sually v ertical
s ides. 0 5 -
m iscellaneous.
T he C c ategory i s
d ivided a s
t all,
f ollows:
C l -
l arge,
C 2 -
small t o medium,
u sually n ecked v essels. t all,
C 3 -
s mall t o m edium,
s quat,
C 4 -
t andirs
C 5 -
m iscellaneous.
u sually n ecked v essels. n ecked o r h ole-mouthed v essels.
( cooking ovens).
B oth c ategories a re s ubdivided a ccording t o s hape a nd s ize v ariations. X 1 -
l ids,
X 2 -
bread c ookers,
X 3 -
t iles,
X 4 -
water p ipes,
X 5 -
s moking p ipes,
x 6 -
pot s tands,
X 7 -
s trainers.
f orm a c ategory o f t heir o wn. The
1 .
f unctions o f the T .K . 1 .
S torage
2 .
P reparation
3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 .
P ortage
p ottery may b e c lassified a s
f ollows:
Overlapping u se
C ooking E ating a nd d rinking Ablution M iscellaneous,
i ncluding f unerary
S torage ( a)
ars rpithoi" S torage j
( =C1)
T o c ontain water,
Function
g rain,
f lour,
c haff e tc.
S hort-
o r l ong-term s torage. U sually a n ecked v essel,
D escription
b e c arried w ith e ase, 1 5 k g.
o r m ore.
g enerally t oo l arge t o
having a n e mpty w eight of
S torage
j ars a re u sually dug
i nto t he g round f or s tability a nd of water s torage) ( b)
S torage b owls
( =03)
T o c ontain m ilk, yoghurt,
Function
( in t he c ase
c oolness.
brine.
curds, whey,
c heese
i n
S hort-term s torage.
S torage bowls a re g enerally l ighter t han s torage
D escription
j ars,
a nd c an b e moved e mpty o r
f ull.
b ecause of t heir r im:base p roportion
H owever, (2 . '3 :1),
m oving them when f ull i s a h azardous o peration. 2 .
P reparation o f f ood ( a)
B owls
Function
( =01-03), :
and c ooking v essels
( =C3)
T o h old i ngredients b eing prepared f or c ooking o r f or t he t able,
5 7
and t o s erve a s m ixing b owls.
D escription
: B oth o pen a nd c losed v essels.
P robably t he l imi-
t ing f actor i s t he l ength o f t he s tirring s poon! ( b)
J ugs a nd J uglets
F unction
( =C2)
T o h old s mall q uantities o f o il o r water t o m ix i nto d ishes b eing p repared.
D escription
3 .
S mall t o m edium n ecked v essels, s uitable f or p ouring. S ometimes w ith h andle a nd s pout.
P ortage ( a)
W ater j ars/jugs/"flagons"
( =C2)
F unction
F or c arrying water f rom s tream o r s pring.
D escription
U sually a t all, n ecked v essel, s imilar i n s hape t o a s torage j ar, but s mall e nough t o b e c arried e asily b y o ne p erson w hen f ull. h andles f acilitate c arriage.
( b)
C ooking/serving t rays
S ometimes
( =04)
P rimarily f or c ooking c ertain d ishes which r equire
Function
a l arge s urface a rea. Also u sed a s s erving d ishes. T he m odern a luminium e quivalent i s a u niversal f eature o f t he T urkish l okanta, a nd i s a lso s een b eing c arried t o a nd f ro i n p resent-day v illages.
4 .
C ooking ( a)
T andirs/ovens
F unction
( b)
( =C )O
F ixed p osition o vens, u sually c oil-built, s moothed i nside a nd o ut a nd f ired i n a h ole i n t he g round.
C ooking v essels
( =C3)
F unction
C ooking f ood, p arching g rain.
D escription
G enerally g lobular b ody w ith a f airly w ide n eck.
( c)
B owls/ Avec
( stew ) p ots
( =02)
M ost c ommonly s imply f or e ating f ood; ab owl m ay a lso b e u sed f or c ooking. T oday i ndividual por-
F unction
t ions o f s tew ( meat a nd v egetables, m ixed v egetabl es) a re o ften c ooked i n b owls. S mall t o m edium o pen v essel, c ustomarily w ith a
D escription
g reater w idth t han d epth. ( d)
B read C ookers
(4 (2)
F or c ooking f lat, r ound b read.
F unction
F lat, r ound p latters w ith s lightly u pturned e dges
D escription
l ike a t ray. T he m odern e quivalent, m ade o f s heet i ron, i s u sually s et o n a t hree- o r f our-legged i ron s tand d irectly o ver t he f ire.
N o s tands
w ere f ound a t T a kun K ale.
5
E ating a nd d rinking ( a)
B owls
F unctiCm
( =02) : F or e ating f rom .
5 8
O ften i nvolves l iquids - m eat
j uices, D escription ( b)
P lates
g ravy,
S ee 2 (c)
s oup.
a bove.
( =01)
F unction
:
F or e ating f rom.
D escription
:
Small t o m edium o pen s hallow v essel.
( c)
Jugs a nd j uglets
Function
F requently u sed f or f ruit.
( =C2)
T o c ontain d rinking water, w ine o r a yran ture o f yoghurt and water)
( a m ix-
f or i mmediate
c onsumption. D escription
Small t o m edium s ized n ecked v essels, f or p ouring.
6 .
A blution Jugs and j uglets Function
' :
D escription
T .
s uitable
S ometimes w ith handle a nd s pout.
( =C2) T o c ontain water f or washing.
: A s
5 (c) a bove.
M iscellaneous , i ncluding F unerary ( a)
L ids
( =X1)
F unction
T o c over v essels o f d ifferent k inds, m ost c ommonly c ooking p ots.
D escription
F lat,
c ircular u tensil w ith c entral k nob o r one
o r two handles o n t op. ( b)
P ipes
( =X4)
Function
:
D escription
: C ylindrical o bject,
( c)
T iles
D rainage. o pen a t b oth e nds.
( =X3)
Function
• Roofing a nd f looring.
D escription
: 1 .
( d)
L amps
R oofing. ( i)
P antile
( ii)
F lat t ile:
( Laconian t ile):
c urved i mbrex.
r ectangular t egulus.
( =C5, 0 5)
Function
L ighting.
D escription
( i )
O pen s hape l ike a s mall bowl w ith p inched
( ii)
r im t o f orm n ozzle. C losed s hape w ith s mall h oles
f or o il a nd
n ozzle. ( e)
S moking p ipes
( =X5)
Function
: T o h old burning t obacco.
D escription
:
( f)
P ot s tands
Function
H ubble-bubble bowl. ( =X6) T o s tand c ooking p ots a nd v essels w ith unstable bases o n.
D escription
M edium t o l arge s ized r ing o f f ired p ottery.
5 9
( g)
S trainers
( =X7)
Function
T o e nable e asy s eparation o f l iquids a nd s olids.
D escription
F lattish o r b owl s haped p erforated v essel.
( h)
F unerary v essels:
Function
Juglets
Unknown.
( =C2) a nd l amps
( =05)
P resumably b elieved t o b e u seful a nd/or
p leasing t o t he d ead i n a n a fter-life. D escription
Small j uglets, p resumably t o c ontain l iquid ‚and a p inched s pout l amp.
M edieval g lazed p ottery:
m anufacture a nd w are
T he bulk o f t he l ate m edieval p ottery f ound a t T askun K ale w as l ocally made. At n earby A svan t he r emains o f t hree p ottery k ilns w ere f ound i n the M edieval I I h orizon o f t he 1 2th a nd 1 3th c enturies ( Mitchell 1 980:
4 9-55);
t hey w ere e vidently u sed t o f ire o nly g lazed
v essels, and a lthough t hey were n o l onger i n u se a t t he t ime o f T askun's o ccupation i n t he l ate 1 3th a nd e arly 1 4th c enturies, t hey a re s triking evidence that s ufficient e xpertise was available l ocally t o produce the t echnologically s ophisticated f ine g lazed p ottery. T his b eing s o, t here s eems l ittle r oom t o d oubt t hat t he s impler p lain a nd painted p ottery was a lso manufactured i n t he n eighbourhood. of t he
t medreset
o f M edieval I II,
C F 2 c hurch a t T agkun, hüyük;
A t A svan t he c onstruction
c ontemporary w ith t he
put a h alt t o t he p otters'
f ortress a nd
a ctivities o n t he
a lthough t he s ucceeding potteries w ere n ot l ocated,
o ne g lance
a t t he g lazed wares o f Asvan and T agkun s uffices t o s how that t he s ame ' school'
o f potters c ontinued their production f rom t he 12th t hrough
i nto t he 1 4th c enturies. ( Compare f or e xample t he l eaf and s piral m otifs of f ig. 3 2 , 5 3 with A v. 1016 and 8 13, t he a rcade motifs o f f ig.
2 9,
of f ig.
1 5 and 1 7 w ith A v.
7 86,
9 ) 41 a nd
3 7, 1 04 with A v. 924, e tc.).
9 75, the woven basketry motif
A t t he s ame t ime i t must b e
a cknowledged t hat t he A gvan d istrict was p art o f t he c eramic k oine o f the L evant d uring t he 1 2th, 1 3th a nd 1 4th c enturies, r eceiving t echnic al i nformation a nd f ashions f rom t he s urrounding a reas, whose i nfluences affected s hape a nd d ecoration o f t he g lazed pottery. The g lazed ware o f T askun i s e xtremely c onsistent i n f abric and c olour.
I t i s w ell l evigated w ith a v ery f ine g rit t emper, a nd i t i s
c onsistently f ired b etween Plight r eddish brown',
5 YR 6 /4 and 5 YR 7 /6 i n t he Munsell r ange
' pink',
a nd
' reddish y ellow ').
brown g laze t ends t o b e f ired t o a r edder c olour - a bout O ther variants
i nclude t he l amp C N112
mystery o bject C N109 C N 1 00
( fig.
( fig.
( fig.
3 9, 133) 1 0YR
3 7, 1 08) 7 .5YR 8 /4 .
8 /3
3 8, ;
1 17)
P ottery w ith a
7 YR 6 /4 . 6 /6 ; the
2 .5YR
t he b lue g lazed base
But s uch variants a re f ew a nd i t i s
my v iew t hat t he bulk o f t he g lazed p ottery was f abricated f rom the o ne s ource o f c lay. C ontrast the Korucutepe material a nalysed by Bakirer ( 197) 4:100). A s
f ar a s c ould b e s een, before b eing g lazed t he v essels w ere
s lipped o n t he i nside a nd over the e xterior w ith a t hin white p aint; o nly t he l ower part o f t he e xterior s urface a nd t he base were u nslipped. T hrough t he s lip t he p attern,
i f any, was i ncised w ith a p ointed i m-
p lement.
s how u p d ark t hrough t he s ubsequent
T he r esultant l ines
g lazing - khakhi o r black with a g reen g laze, d ark brown o r b lack with a y ellow g laze, d ark b rown o r black w ith a brawn g laze. A p roblem i s posed by a n unglazed f ragment
( fig.
6 o
7 7, 2 40), a g rey ware s herd w ith
a n i ncised pattern, which _ was presumably i ntended t o b e g lazed, a d ecoration o f t his a ppears t hen,
o r t hat g lazing s ometimes o ccurred d irectly o nto t he
s urface o f t he v essel. K orucutepe B akirer
I n h er e xamination o f t he g lazed p ottery a t
( 197 ) -:
1 02)
o bserved t hat many o f t he i ncised l ines
h ad been p ainted w ith moss g reen o r b lack paint b efore g lazing, o rder t o m ake t he d esign s tand o ut. ( 1980:
i n
This t echnique was n ot o bserved
a t Ta5kun, but M itchell r eports i t i n h is
M itchell
I t
t hat o ccasionally i ncision o ccurred b efore t he a pplica-
t ion o f t he s lip,
g lazed w ares
f or
s ort w ithout a g laze would b e v ery unhygienic.
d escription o f t he A zvan
7 5).
7 3-75) d ivides t he l ocally manufactured g lazed
( 1980:
p ottery o f Av ian i nto f ive c ategories: 1 .
F inely b odied p olychrome s graffito ware
2 .
R obust b odied p olychrome s graffito ware
3 .
R obust b odied p olychrome s graffito ware,
u sually g reen g lazed,
s ome b rown
4 .
R obust b odied m onochrome ware, mostly g reen,
s ome y ellow a nd
brown g laze
5 .
P olychrome
' splashed' ware.
The TaQkun g lazed p ottery f its well i nto t hese c ategories, e xcepting t he probable i mports d iscussed b elow ( pls
3 3-38).
By f ar the m ost c ommon c olour o f g laze i s g reen, which v aries f rom a p ale, a lmost white, s hade t o a d ark, j ungle g reen o r khakhi s ometimes o n o ne a nd the s ame p ot ( pl.
3 6) a nd yellow,
( pl.
3 5).
a re much l ess f requent,
O ther c olours, b rown a nd t he n umber o f blue
g lazed f ragments r ecovered f rom t he s ite c an b e c ounted o n t he f ingers o f both h ands. P olychrome i s a lso c omparatively u nusual ( pls 3 3) 4). T he f ollowing t able s hows t he p roportion o f c olours o n a ll t he r im s herds o f o pen s hapes r ecorded.
N o . o f r imsherds
F ig .
2 6
G reen
Y ellow
2 93
1 0
8 7.73
2 .99
B rown
P olychrome
1 8
5 .39
C olours o f g lazes o n 0 1 a nd 0 2 r imsherds
6 1
T otal
1 3
3 34
3 .89
1 00
T he c oat o f g laze was u sually a pplied b y h olding t he v essel b y i ts
f oot a nd d ipping i t i nto t he g laze;
p resumably i t was t hen t urned
u pright a nd t he g laze s willed a round t he i nterior t o g et a n e ven c oati ng b efore t he r esidue was t ipped o ut.
Evidently many v essels w ere
t hen l eft t o d ry m outh d own, a s a r esult o f w hich d rips o f g laze a re s ometimes s een a round t he r im ( e.g. 1 8)
C N121
[ fig.
3 1,
4 8]) .
C N77
( fig.
2 8,
5 ),
C N127
( fig .
2 9,
On t he p olychrome p ots a s econd c oat o f
g laze was a pplied s electively, a nd i f n eed b e, a t hird. T o d ry, s ome a t l east o f t he p olychrome p ots were k ept u pright, a s i s c lear i n t he c ase o f C N8
( fig.
2 8,
9 ), where t he t rickles o f g laze d own t he o uter
s urface a ppear t o h ave b een b roadened by t he g lazer t o f orm a p attern, but i n o ne p lace o n t his b owl a black d ribble r emains. On C N59 ( fig. 2 9,
1 7) t he g lazer a ppears t o h ave brushed t he r esidue o f t he s econd
g laze a round t he body i n two h orizontal l ines t o s pread t he d rops a nd t o h asten t he d rying o f t he g laze. T he m ajority o f t he T agkun K ale g lazed v essels w ere Bakirer g ives t he f igure o f 6 0% i ncised a t K orucutepe;
i ncised. T agkun was
r oughly t he s ame ( 58% o f a r andom c ount o f 1 20 p ieces). E xcision ( i.e. c hampleve) was r are; p robably l ess t han 2 % o f t he t otal o f g lazed s herds, t hough S tephen M itchell t ells m e t hat i t i s h is i mpression t hat t here was m ore o f t his s tyle a t T agkun t han t here was a t A gvan. T he i ncised motifs were p robably r apidly, i nstances,
c arelessly e xecuted.
a nd c ertainly i n many
G eometric a nd s emi-abstract m otifs
p redominate - c riss-cross patterns, whorls,
s cale p atterns, basketry
m otifs a nd h atched s quares a re f ound.
S tylized l eaves,
o gival a rch p atterns a nd p seudo-arabic
s cript a re among t he m ore r epre-
l eaf s crolls,
s entational d esigns. I nexplicably, n ot i ncised.
a ll s ix i ntact g lazed v essels
f ound a t T agkun a re
S imple g lazing w ithout o ther d ecoration s eems t o h ave
b een u sed o n c losed s hapes ( C2), a nd a lso o n o pen l amps ( 05), b ut s ince t he bowl CN96 ( fig. 3 2, 6 1) and o ther o pen s hapes a re a lso u ninc ised i t s eems i mpossible t o d raw any c onclusions a bout t he r elations hip o f s hape a nd d ecoration. D eep b owls a nd s hallow bowls o r p lates i nant g lazed s hapes a t T agkun K ale.
( 01 a nd 0 2)
a re t he p redom-
Only s eventeen o f t he o ne hundred
and f orty-one s hapes i n t his c atalogue a re n ot 0 1 o r 0 2,
and o f t hese,
e ight a re jugs o r j uglets
Among t he
( C2)
a nd f ive a re l amps
( 05).
o pen s hapes by f ar t he m ost n umerous i s t he b owl C N12 w ith f orty-five e xamples.
N ext a re C N28
three e xamples,
3 0,
3 ) 4,
CN45
( fig.
7 7) w ith n ineteen e xamples
( fig.
3 ) 4,
( fig.
2 9, 1 9)
7 7) w ith twenty-
3 ) 4) w ith t wenty e xamples,
C M 2 8
( though w ith s mall f ragments
( fig.
s uch a s
t hese t here i s l ess c ertainty a bout o verall s imilarity o f s hape) a nd CN2
3 3, 6 5) w ith f ourteen e xamples.
( fig.
a re u nique a t T agkun.
A lmost 7 0% o f t he s hapes
A ll t he d eep a nd s hallow b owls had r ing f eet,
which w ere presumably made i n t he u sual f ashion. v ery h igh.
T he j ugs,
T hey a re f requently
j uglets a nd l amps h ave f lat bases.
A s w ith t he evident c onsistency o f t he g lazed ware, s hapes.
s o w ith the
C ompared w ith t he u nglazed s hapes t here i s a p recision i n the
manufacture o f t he g lazed v essels' s hapes, which i s i ndicated b y t he c omparatively h igh o ccurrences o f parallels o f p opular s hapes. G lazed ware was a luxury ware. more t han 1 0% by n umber
I t i s d oubtful whether i t f ormed
( rather t han by w eight)
6 2
o f t he s herds a t T agkun.
T he f ollowing f igure g ives t he n umbers o f s herds i n e ach l ayer o f a k ale t rench , a nd t he p roportions o f t he t otals o f g lazed a nd p lain m edieval s herds a nd E B s herds. N ature o f D eposit
D eposit 1 301 .1 ) . 2 ) . 3 ) . 4 ) . 5 ) . 6 ) . 7 )
G lazed
P lain
E B
T otal
T opsoil
3 1
2 82
1 7
3 30
F loor o verlay
_ _
2 4
F allen m b f rom w alls
2 5
2 01
1 3 1
2 5 2 57
. 8 ) . 9 )
P it
. 10
F allen m b ( ?)
4 6
. 11
A shy
-
: i 12 ) 3)
B urnt m b
6
1 3
6
2 5
. 14
A shy
8
3 5
6
4 9
1 302 .1 ) . 2 ) . 3 . 4 .5 . 6
) ) ) )
T opsoil
F allen d ecayed m b
1
3 3 4 06
3 2 7
3 7 4 69
2 1
2 13
1 8
2 52
3 5
1 71
6 5
2 71
. 7 ) . 8
P it
. 9
S torage j ar
. 10
A rea a round s torage j ar
. 11
F allen m b
. 12 ) . 13 )
P it
. 14
F allen m b
. 15
P it
1
T opsoil
2
4 6
F allen m b
7
2 02
P it
2
4 2
1 303 .1 . 2 ) . 3 ) . 4 ) . 5 T OTAL % F ig .
1
1
1 5 _ _ 2
2 04
1 5
1 4 1 2 5 6
1 83 7 .69 2 7
-
) 4
1 960 8 2 .35
2 14 1 4
7 2 7 2 7 1 5 1 2 37 9 .96
2 1 8 3 7 5 2 24 4 5 2 380 l oo
N umbers a nd p roportions o f m edieval g lazed a nd p lain a nd E arly B ronze A ge s herds i n T rench R 10 ( trench r ecovery o nly)
6 3
" It h as r ecently b ecome c lear that g lazed s graffito p ottery, i dentical with o r a kin t o t he t ypes
f ound a t A gvan, was
f orm o f d ecorated p ottery i n much o f Anatolia, N . N W I ran i n t he 1 2th a nd 1 3th c enturies A .D."
t he c ommonest
S yria,
C yprus a nd
( Mitchell 1 980:
7 5).
I t
s eems t o m e t hat t o t he c lose o f t his s tatement we c ould add " and i ndeed i t r emained p opular i n E astern Anatolia t hrough the 1 4th c entury", a s t here i s e vidence t hat g lazed s graffito p ottery c ontinued t o b e d ominant w ell i nto t he 1 300s a t s ites s uch a s T askun K ale, K oruc utepe
( where B akirer 1 97 ) 4:
A .D.‚,
a nd a lso a t A gvan i tself ( Mitchell 1 980:
9 8 f .
d ates t he g lazed w are 7 7).
' ca.
1 200-1400
S tephen M itchell
h as c ited t he r elevant p ublications c oncerning s ites which h ave p roduc ed g lazed s graffito ware s imilar t o t he A svan d istrict material ( 1980: 7 5);
t he m aterial f rom t hese s ites i s g enerally l ess well d ated,
t here s eems n o n eed t o r epeat them h ere.
s o
An i nteresting g roup o f
c omplete v essels a t Dumbarton O aks ( Rice 1 966: 2 09-219) belonging t o t he s ame broad c eramic t radition d oes d eserve m ention. I t l acks d efinite p rovenance, but R ice o bserves t hat " In v iew o f t he o rientalizing n ature o f t he d esigns of s ome o f t hese v essels a s well a s o n t he b asis of t heir s hapes, a l ocation i n t he E ast M editerranean, p erhaps a s f ar s outh a s S yria,
s eems l ikely.
i s p ossible,
A d ate a s e arly a s t he t hirteenth c entury
t hough o ne i n t he e arly f ourteenth i s more l ikely."
W ith t his v iew a ccord M organ's e arlier c onclusions o n t he g lazed s graffito ware a t C orinth What d istinctions,
( 19) 42:
i f any,
g lazed p ottery o f A svan
1 59).
c an o ne s ee b etween t he M edieval I I
( 12th-13th c enturies)
o f T askun ( late 1 3th-early 1 ) 4th c enturies)? l ittle t o d istinguish t he two g roups.
a nd t he KP I -II p ottery I n m otifs there i s v ery
I n s hapes, h owever, w e m ay
d iscern a f ew d ifferences. 1 .
c ommon a t T askun 2 .
5 97 and 6 43-7 i s un) 4 5 and 4 7 a re g entler).
T he u pturned l ip with a marked a ngle o f A v. ( our f ig.
3 1,
Only o ne e xample o f a d eep bowl w ith a t hickened everted r im was
3 5, 9 1); they a re more c ommon i n t he A svan 5 96, 6 0) 4, 6 24, 6 29 , 6 30, 6 34 , 6 37, 6 77).
f ound a t T agkun ( fig. c orpus
3 .
( e.g.
A
v.
On the o ther h and,
s hallow b owls w ith f lattish o r f lat f laring
r ims a re i nfrequent a t A svan ( only A v. they w ere c ommon
( fig.
3 2,
1 013), whereas a t T agkun
5 2-61).
M any o ther v ariations c an b e s een,
but m ost o f t hem m ay b e s imply
o ddities r ather t han d ifferent c lasses. I mported g lazed p ottery was e xtremely u ncommon a t T askun K ale. 1 .
A f ew f ragments o f c hamplevg w ere f ound;
c onventionally t hese a re
d ated t o t he 1 2th o r 1 3th c enturies
3 8,
( fig.
1 19,
1 20,
a nd p l.
1 92 ( 'Gerru skeramik '), Fehgrväri 1973: 65-6 ( ' Garrus ware'), p ossibly a lso Y akobson 1 959 : 2 28-300, although
3)4 b;
S chnyder 1 975 :
h is g roup 7 A i s n ot s tated t o b e c hamplevg. 2 .
A f ew f ragments o f black underpainted blue g lazed ware m ay p ossibly b e 1 4th c entury M amluke
3 .
( pl. 3 3 - cf. Atil 1981: 159).
F ragments of c lear g lazed s graffito v essels w ith pale g reen a nd l ight b rown d ecoration more precisely p ainted t han most o f t his c lass
( pl.
3 ) 4a ) may originate outside the Asvan d istrict, p erhaps
6 4
4 .
in S yria
( cf.
A s ingle
f ragment o f g old lustre painted ware w ith white g round
was
R ice 1 966:
f ound i n 1 971
2 16).
( not i llustrated).
Samarra a nd t herefore e arly probably r eached t he
T his may i n f act b e f rom
( 10th o r 1 1th c entury).
I f s o,
i t
s ite a t t he e nd o f C P 1 .
A ll g lazed c eramic v essels o f K P I , K P I I , C P 2a nd C P w heelmade u nless o therwise s tated . A ll f igs s cale 1 :3 , u nless o therwise s tated .
65
2/3
a re
P ig .
2 8
C lai lvd h u m )
( kalc)
0 2 1
2
c f C N118
K P I s il 2 07. 14 R D 9 c m . laze s graffito i ., y ellow g laze t o M edium f ine o range w are ( 5YR 6 /6). W hite u ndcrpaint. Y ellow g im. s houlder o ., w hite p aint b elow. S imple c urving w all, r ounded r C N133
K P I /II
T 9-11 2 101.7
R D 2 0 c m . B uff w are ( 7.5yR 6 /4). Y ellow g laze, b rown s graffito i . Y ellow g laze w ith b rown p atch o ., b rown a round r im. L ower w all o . u nglazed. P arallels: S ll 2 00.5 b rown g laze i . a nd o . - t hinner b ody C 2 07.2 2 f rags b rown g laze i . a nd o . K P I 3 .
K P I I ( topsoil) 5 10 5 01.1 C N1 R D 1 4 c m . L ight g reen a bove d ark g reen g laze o ., l ower w all o . u nglazed. L ight g reen g laze F ine l ight p ink w are. round l ip i . C urved w all, r ounded r im. w ith k hakhi s graffito a 6 g reen g laze C P 2 /3 P arallels: J 22 7 01. 2 g reen g laze, b lack s graffito L 16 8 02 .2 g reen a nd b rown g laze K P 1 1 S 10 5 01. 4 d ark a nd l ight g reen g laze K P I 5 01. 5 g reen g laze - v ery s hallow K P I ? 5 02. 9 M cNicoll 1 973a: 1 74, f ig. 1 2, n o. 1 3 P reviously p ublished :
4
C N13 R D 2 4 c m . F ine p ink w are.
5
C N77 R D 1 5 c m . R ed-brownish w are. d rip o n r im .
6
K P I
8 11 6 04.1
G reen g laze u pper w all o . u nglazed b elow , g reen g laze i .
I ncurving w all, r ounded r im.
K P I /II G reen g laze i . a nd o .
c r il6
R 9 1 403.1
B lack s graffito i .
C urving w all, r ounded r im,
K P I
B lack g laze
S 10 5 01.5
R D 2 1.5 c m . F ine p ink w are. I nterior: k hakhi g laze w ith a pple g reen b and d emarcated b y s graffito l ines. E xterior: l ight g ree n g laze w ith s graffito o n u pper w all, w hite u nderpaint v isible b elow . S imple c urving w all , r ounded r im . P arallels: S ll 2 04.6 g reen g laze K P I 7
8
C N7 R D 1 6 c m . F ine l ight p ink w are. w all, s impler r im. P reviously p ublished:
K P I
5 11 201.13
B lack a nd k hakhi s graffito, d ark t o l ight g reen g laze i ., g reen g laze o . M eNicoll 1 972:
C R118
C urving
6 0, p l. 3 7, n o. 7 K P I
R 10 1 301.7
R D 1 6 c m M edium f ine o range w are P ale g reen g laze w ith k hakhi s graffito i ., d arker g reen g lazed u pper w all o ., u nglazed b elow . S imple c urving w all, r ounded r im. P arallels: S ll 2 07.4 y ellow g lazed, s graffito K P I 9
S 10 5 01.8 S ll 2 01.2
K P I /II K P I I ( topsoil)
c N8
R D 2 0 c m . F ine b uff w are 0 . ( bottom t o t op): z ones o f d ark b rown, y ellow-brown a nd w hitish g laze, l ower w all o . u nglazed . I ntentional ( 9) g laze d ribbles i n d ifferent s hades o f g reen a nd a n a ccidental b lack o ne r im d ownward. I nterior y ellow-brown w ith s graffito l ines. P arallels: 8 10 1 301.2 g reen g laze K P I I ( topsoil) S 10 9 D1.5 g reen g laze K P I 1 0
C N3
C urving w all,
s lightly b evelled r im i .
K P I I ( topsoil)
8 10 5 01.2
R D 2 2 c m . F ine p ink w are. L ight g reen g laze w ith t hick l ines o f k hakhi a nd t hin o nes o f d ark b rown o ., g reen t o w hitish g laze w ith b rown s graffito i . C urving w all, s imple r im. P arallels: 8 15 2 001.1 g reen g laze S 8 1 502.1 g reen g laze K P I /II $ ll 2 05.3 g reen g laze K P I I P reviously p ublished: M eNicoll 1 973a: 1 72, f ig . 1 2, n o. 3 1 1
C N99
K P I /II
R D 2 0.5 M edium c oarse p ink w are
( 5YR 7 /4).
5 8 1 502.1
D ark g reen g laze o ., l ower w all u nglazed.
I nterior:
p ale g reen
g laze w ith d ark g reen l ip. B and o f s graffito d esign w ith g reen d ark g reen a nd y ellow b rown g laze. C urving w all, s imple r im w ith s light c oncavities I . a nd o . i araliels: 1 2
C N12( , " R D n ) cm.
S ll
2 01.4
g reen a nd s peckled l ight b rown g laze K P 1 /II
( topsoil)
6
K P I I T 9-1I 2 301.2
M edium b uff-orange ( 5YR 6 /4). E xterior: g reen g lazed u pper w all, u nglazed b elow . a nd w hitish g laze, s graffito. C urving w all, r ounded r im. P arallels: C l) . 2 01.5 b uff w are, g reen a nd s peckled b rown g laze K r I I 2 05.6 b rown g laze K P I I 1 3
C N80 a nd 6 4
K P I I K P I I
( topsoil) ( topsoil)
I nterior:
g reen
R 10 1 302.2 5 10 5 01.2
R D 2 9 c m . O range w are, g reen g laze o ., g reen g laze w ith b lack s graffito i . F ig .
2 9
G lazed ' J a me
( kale)
0 2 1 4
C N147 R D
K P I /II
( topsoil)
S i) . 2 03.7/201.2
F ine o range w are. G reen g laze i . a nd o ., t wo l ines o f s graffito 1 . r m. P inchmarks i n w all o . P arallels: L 16 8 01.2 g reen g laze - s lightly m ore i ncurving S 10 5 02 .9) g reen g laze K P I -II a nd K P I a nd 5 03 .1) P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 972: 6 0, p l. 3 7, n o. 2
C urving w all t o u pright r ounded
1 5
c f C N5 P rovenance u nknown R D 2 1 c m . C lose p ink w are ( 5YR 6 /4). P ale l ight g reen g laze o . w ith a lternating b rown a nd d ark g reen g lazed c olumns o r o gival a rches. B lack s graffito. L ight g reen s cale p attern i . w ith b rown a nd d ark g reen c entres w ith s graffito.
1 6
C N5 K P I I S 10 5 01.4 R D 1 8 c m . F ine p ink w are. E xterior: l ight g reen g laze a bove r eserved a rea. I nterior: o live g reen s graffito d esign, b asic l ight g reen g laze w ith o ne a rea o f y ellow-brown g laze. C urving w all, r ounded r im. P arallels: Q 10 E 1 801.12 g reen g laze i . a nd o . K P I E li 6 04.1 g reen g laze i . a nd o . K P I 5 10 5 00.2 g reen g laze i . a nd o . C leaning 5 02 .2 g reen g laze i . a nd o . K P I P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 2, n o. 5
1 7
K P I S 10 5 01.5 C N59 Z I 2. R D 3 3 C F ine b uff w are. E xterior: g reen g laze w ith d ark g reen d ribble m arks f rom r im a nd r oughly h orizontal l ines i n d ark g reen. I nterior: d ark g reen/khakhi s graffito d esign ( arches w ith ° gives), b asically p ale g reen d esign, d ark g reen a round r im, b rown w ith o ne a rch. P arallels: L 16 8 02.2 g reen g laze 1 . a nd o ., t rickle o f b rown i . S ll 2 01.14 b rown g laze i . a nd o . K P I 2 03 .3 g reen g laze, b lack s graffito l ines i . K P I I 2 03 .4 d ecayed g reen g laze K P I I 2 05.2 g reen g laze - s lightly m ore c urved b ody K P I I 2 07.1 g reen g laze K P I I
1 8
S ll 2 01.2 K P I I ( topsoil) T 9-11 2 101.2 R D 1 6 c m. F airly f ine b iscuit c oloured ware. D ark g reen a bove u nglazed a rea o . L ight g reen g laze i . w ith o live b ands d ripping d own i nto t he b owl. D roplets o f g laze o n r im. C urved w all, r ounded r im. P arallels: 1 22 1 601.6 C P 2 S ll 2 05.9 g reen g laze, d ark i . w ith l ight s pots K P I
1 9
C N12 R D 2 0 c m . F ine p ink w are. G reen g laze 1 . P arallels: 1 21 1 203.1 g reen 1 22 1 601.4 g reen 1 603 . 14 g reen Q 9 E 1 700.1 g reen 1 700.2 g reen R 9 1 400.1 g reen 1 401.1 3e x. 1 401.1 g reen 1 10 1 301.3 g reen
C N127
8 11
K P I
E ll 6 04.1
a nd o ., l ower w all o . u nglazed. g laze C P 2 /3 g laze C P 2 g laze C P 2 g laze c leaning g laze c leaning g laze c leaning g reen g laze K P I /II ( topsoil) g laze K P I /II ? g laze K P I I ( topsoil)
1 301.5 1 301.7 1 301.10 1 302.1 1 302.5 1 302.6 1 302.10
g reen g laze K P I T 4e x. g reen g laze K P I m ulticolour g laze K P I 2 e x. g reen g laze K P I I g reen g laze K P I g reen g laze K P I g reen g laze K P I
6 02.2 6 03.2 6 04.1
g reen g laze g reen g laze g reen g laze p r ,r n
K P I K P I K P I K P T ?
6 7
( topsoil)
C urving w all, u pright r ounded r im.
S 9 5 10
1 103 .1 2e x. g reen g laze K P I /II 5 00.1 g reen g laze c leaning 5 00.2 g reen g laze c leaning 5 01.1 g reen g laze K P I I ( topsoil) 5 01.3 4e x. g reen g laze K P I I 5 01.8 g reen g laze K P I /II? 5 01.15 g reen g laze K P I I 5 02.9 g reen g laze K P I ? 5 03.1 g reen g laze K P I 5 04.1 g reen g laze K P I /II? R 15 2 001.1 g reen g laze 2 001.1 y ellow g laze w ith s graffito P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 2, n o. 1 2 2 0
C N4 K P I I S 10 5 01.3 R D 1 2 c m . F ine p ink w are. E xterior g reen g laze a bove r eserved a rea, i nterior g reen g laze w ith b rown b lobs. P reviously p ublished M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 2, n o. 4
2 1
C N97 R D 1 3 c m . F airly f ine p ink w are.
2 2
c f C N124 R D 1 0.5 c m . H arsh g ritty p ink w are ( 5YR 7 /4). a rea .
2 3
K P I G reen g laze i . a nd o .
0 . 10 E 1 801.11 S lightly c urving w all, u pright r ounded r im.
K P I I
S ll 2 01.4
G reen g laze w ith b lack s graffito i ., g reen g laze o . a bove u nglazed
I C P I K P I I
C N108
R 10 1 301.10 S ll 2 07.1
R D 1 1 c m . F ine p ink p aste. W alls o f t his a nd C N122 ( H22 1 602.2) a re t hinner t han a ll o thers a t T K . L ight g reen g laze i . a nd o ., w ith d ark s graffito d esigns s omewhat s imilar t o f ig. 2 9,15. P urple, b rown a nd d ark g reen b lobs o f g laze a pplied w ith o nly t he v aguest r egard f or t he d esigns. P ig .
3 0
G lazed w ares ( kale)
0 2 2 4
2 5
c f C N10 K P I R D 3 0 c m . F ine p ink w are. B rown g laze i . a nd o ., d ark o n r im i . n ated ,outturned r im w ith r ounded l ip, b evelled i . c f C N10 F ine p ink w are.
G reen g laze i . a nd o .
w ith b evel i . P reviously p ublished: 2 6
2 7
M cNicoll 1 973a:
S ll 2 02.8 B lack s graffito 1 .
C urving w all, a lmost c ari-
K P I E ll 6 02.2 C arinated b ody, i nward c urving u pper w all. O utward r ounded r im f ig. 1 2, n o. 1 0
C N10 K P I E li 6 04.1 R D 2 0 c m . F ine b rown w are ( originally p ink?). E xterior m edium g reen g lazed u pper z one, l ower z one r eserved. I nterior g reen b ubbled g laze, b urnt b lack. C urving w all, a lmost c arinated . S lightly o utturned r ounded r im , b evelled i . P arallels: H 21 1 201.1 g reen g laze C P 3 ( topsoil) 1 22 1 601.2 y ellow g laze C P 3 ( topsoil) J 22 7 03.9 b rown g laze C F 2 /3 0 . 9 E1 701.1 g reen g laze K P I /II? 1 702.1 2e x . g reen g laze K P I /II R 9 1 404.1 g reen g laze K P I /II? 1 400.1 g reen g laze c leaning 1 402.2 g reen g laze K P I /II? 1 403.1 b rown g laze K P I /II? R 10 1 300.1 2e x . b rown g laze a nd g reen g laze w ith s graffito c leaning 1 300.3 2 e x . g reen g laze c leaning 1 301.3 g reen g laze K P I I ( topsoil) 1 301.13 2 e x . g reen g laze K P I 1 302.2 g reen g laze K P I I ( topsoil) 1 302 .6 g reen g laze K P I • 1 303.1 g reen g laze K P I I ( topsoil) R 11 6 04.1 g reen g laze K P I 8 8 1 501.1 g reen g laze K P I I ( topsoil) $ 9 1 101.1 2e x. g reen g laze K P I /II? ( topsoil) S 10 5 00.6 g reen g laze c leaning 5 01.3 g reen g laze K P I I 9 01.4 2e x . g reen g laze K P I I 5 01.8 g reen g laze K P I /II? 9 01.12 g reen g laze K P I ? 9 01.18 2 e x. g reen g laze K P I 5 02.3 s maller e x. g reen g laze K P I 9 02.6 s maller e x. g reen g laze K P I C N115 R D 1 6 c m . M edium f ine b uff w are.
K P I
R 10 1 301.13
P ale g reen g laze i . a nd o ., h orizontal k hakhi s graffito i .
6 8
C urved w all, a l most_
c arinated, o utturned r im, r ounded w ith s light c oncavities 1 .
u nd o ., b evelled 1 .
2 8
C N39 K P I I 5 10 5 01.4 R D 2 1 c m . B rownish b uff w are. L ight g reen g laze 1 ., m edium g reen o . S lightly c urving w all, r ounded r im w ith s light c oncavity o . a bove h orizontal g roove, s lightly b evelled 1 . P arallels: Q 9 E1 701.1 2e x. g reen g laze K P 1 /II? ( topsoil) 1 702.1 b rown g laze K P I /II? ( topsoil) R 9 1 402.2 g reen g laze K P I /II S 10 5 01.5 g reen g laze K P I S ll 2 00 .9 s peckled g reen g laze, s graffito I . c leaning 2 01.4 3e x. g reen g laze K P I I 2 03 .7 d ark g reen g laze o ., l ight g reen i . K P I 2 05.6 g reen g laze K P I I 2 07.1 g reen g laze K P I I 2 07.2 2e x. g reen g laze K P I
2 9
C N110 K P I R 10 1 301.14 R D 2 8 cm. M edium f ine o range w are. G reen g laze i . a nd o . C urving w all, s light r idge a t b ottom o f r im w hich i s r ound, s lightly c oncave o . a nd 1 . a nd b evelled i . P arallels: L 16 8 01.4 g reen g laze - s mall f rag. S ll 2 01.2 s peckled g reen g laze, h orizontal s graffito 1 . K P I I ( topsoil) 2 03 .4 g reen g laze o ., g reen, b rown a nd w hite g laze w ith h orizontal k hakhi s graffito i . K P I I 2 04.2 g reen g laze K P I 2 05.4 g reen g laze K P I I
3 0
C N31 K P I I ( topsoil) 5 10 5 01.2 R D 2 1 c m . F ine l ight b rown w are. G reen g laze 1 . a nd o . C urved w all, a lmost c arinated,insloping. S light r idge a t b ase o f r im, r im c oncave o ., r ounded l ip, r ounded b evel 1 . P arallels: S 10 5 01.3 2e x. g reen g laze K P I I S ll 2 01.3 2 e x . g reen g laze K P I I 2 01.5 g reen g laze o . g reen, b rown a nd w hite g laze i . K P I 2 03 .13 g reen g laze K P I 2 03 .17 g reen g laze K P I I
3 1
C N151 K P I I ( topsoil) R D 2 2 c m . F ine p ink/buff w are. D ark g reen g laze. H orizontal s graffito l ines i . r idge b elow r ounded r im o ., r im s lightly c oncave i .
3 2
C N32
K P I I ( topsoil)
5 10 5 01.2 C urved, i nsloping w all,
s light
S 10 5 01.2
R D 1 6-17 c m . F ine p inkish buff w are w are. D ark g reen g laze, t hicker a nd d arker i nside r im. I ncurving w all, g rooved o . b elow r ounded r im . P arallels: R ll 6 02.2 g reen g laze K P I 5 10 5 00.2 g reen g laze c leaning 5 01.2 g reen g laze - l ip s lightly m ore o utturned K P I I ( topsoil) 5 01.4 g reen g laze K P I I 5 02.3 g reen g laze K P I 3 3
3 4
C N50 K P I S 10 5 02.4 R D 2 3 c m . C oarse l ight b rown g ritty w are. G reen g laze 1 . a nd o . S lightly c urving i nsloping w all, r ounded r im a bove b road g roove s wells e xternally a nd i s c oncave i nternally. C N45
K P I
R D 1 9 c m . P inkish b uff w are. G reen P arallels: H 22 1 603.3 L 16 8 05.1 R 10 1 301.14 1 302.2 R 11 6 03.2 S 10 5 00.3 5 00.5 5 01.5 5 01.8 5 01.9 5 01.18 5 02.3 5 02.5 5 03 .1 3 5
c f C N126 R D 2 1 c m. F ine b rown w are
S 10 5 01.5
g laze, d ark o . t han 1 . I nward s loping w all, r ounded r im n arrowed 1 . g reen g laze C P 2 /3 g reen g laze g reen g laze K P I g reen g laze K P I I ( topsoil) g reen g laze K P I g reen g laze c leaning 2e x . g reen g laze c leaning t hicker w all - g reen g laze K P I 3e x. g reen g laze K P I /II? g reen g laze K P 3 /Il? 2 e x . g reen g laze, o ne w ith s harper l ip K P I g reen g laze K P I g reen g laze K P I 2e x. g reen g laze K P I K P I I
( 7.5YR 6 /6).
5 11 2 01.5
G rceny b rown g laze 1 . w ith h orizontal b ands o f s graffito, m ixed g reen
a nd b rawn y ellow o . w ith g reen d ribbles f rom r im. u pper u pright w ith r oundlet ' r im.
6 9
D arker g reen a round r im 1 . a nd o .
C arinated w all,
C omment: 3 6
3 7
F ig .
n ot r eally c omparable w ith C N126.
C N35 R D 1 8 c m . F ine b rownish b uff w are. r oundish r im . P arallels: L 16 8 01.1 8 01.3 R 10 1 301.10 R ll 6 03.2 6 03.1 S 10 5 00.2 5 00.5 S ll 2 01.1 2 03.7 2 03.14 2 05.2 C N49 R D 2 1 c m . uff F ine p inkish b 1 22 P arallels: R 10 S 10
3 1
K P I I
S 10 5 01.3
G reen g laze i . a nd o .,
d arker a t r im .
U pright w all, s light c oncavities o .,
d ark g reen g laze g reen g laze 2e x. g reen g laze K P I g reen g laze K P I g reen g laze K P I I g reen g laze, t hicker w all c leaning g reen g laze c leaning 2e x. g reen g laze K P I I ( topsoil) g reen g laze K P I g reen g laze K P I g reen g laze K P I I K P I /II?
c lay. D ark g reen g laze i . a nd o . 1 603 .3 2e x. g reen g laze C P 2 /3 1 301.14 g reen g laze K P I 5 01.14 g reen g laze K P I
S 10 5 01.8 I ncurving w all.
S quarish r im.
G lazed w ares ( kale)
0 1 a nd 0 2 3 8
C N53 K P I S 10 5 01.18 R D 1 6 c m . F ine b rownish b uff c lay. D ark g reen g laze o . w ith s ingle h orizontal s graffito l ine. L ight g reen a round r im o . a nd i n v ertical s tripes o n k hakhi g round i . O blique w all, s imple r ound r im c urving u p s lightly.
3 9
C N 9 K P I R 11 6 03.2 R D 1 4 c m . F ine p ink w are G reen g laze w ith b lack b lotches o ., d ark g reen t o l ight g reen g laze w ith d ark b rown s graffito i . O blique w all, s imple r ound u pturned r im. P arallels: S 10 5 01.2 K P I I ( topsoil) 5 01.16 g reen g laze i . a nd o . K P I 5 01.17 g reen g laze i . a nd o . K P I P reviously p ublished: M eNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 2, n o. 9
4 0
C N130
K P I I
R D 2 0 c m . M edium f ine p utty b uff w are. o . w ith w hite s lip b elow . 4 1
Q 10 E 1 801.3
Y ellow b rown g laze w ith b rown b lack s graffito i ., y ellow b rown u pper z one
C N113
K P I I
R D 1 2 c m . F ine p ink w are ( 5YR
6 /4 ).
Q 10 E 1 801.3
Y ellow b rown g laze a round r im i . a nd o ., p atches o f y ellow a nd b rown i . a nd
y ellow o . 4 2
C N27 R D 2 3 c m . F ine p ink w are. r ounded l ip w ith P arallels: J 22 Q 10 S ll c f C N149
E P I I ( topsoil)
S 10 5 01.1
L ight g reen g laze w ith d ark p atches i ., k hakhi g laze o . F laring r im o f b awl ( ?), s light d epression i . 7 03.9 g reen g laze i . a nd o . w ith b lack s graffito C P 2 /3 E 1 801. 1 1 2 green g laze 1 . o ver r im, b ody o . w hite s lipped K P I 2 01.13 g reen g laze 1 . a nd o . w ith b lack s graffito K P I
4 3
$ 10 5 01.6 c r 146 K P I R D 2 0 c m . P inkish b uff c lay. K hakhi g laze i . a nd o . F laring r im o f b owl ( ?). R ounded l ip. P arallels: S ll 2 05.6 g reen g laze 1 . a nd o ., b lack s graffito K P I I 2 05.9 g reen g laze i . a nd o ., b lack s graffito K P I
4
C N119
K P I
R D 2 1 c m . O range w are.
G reen g laze i . a nd o .,
c oncave i ., r ounded l ip. 4 5
A 10 1 301.7
d ark g reen s graffito i .
F laring r im o f b owl ( ?).
R im s lightly
M ended w ith i ron r ivet.
C N142
K P
I /II
S ll 2 01. 4 /20 3.15/200.2
R D 2 4 c m . F ine l ight o range w are. G reen g laze o ., k hakhi a nd g reen g laze 1 . w ith k hakhi s graffito. O blique w all, n arrow u pright r im, r ounded l ip.
1 4 6
W hite s lip.
1 W ere?
G reen g laze 1 . a nd o ., n Itgl
l in
o f b lack t rx . iff lto o .
7 0
O blique w all, s imple r ounded l ip o n
r im w ith s light c oncavity i . 4 7
C NI41
K P T I
( topsoil)
S ll 2 01.2
R D 2 2 c m . F ine o range w are. L ight g reen g laze o ., u nd i . w ith d ark g reen s graffito. n arrow u pright r im , r ounded l ip. P arallels: S ll 2 01.2 g reen g laze, b lack s gruffito K P I I ( topsoil) 4 8
4 9
5 1
C N137
C leaning
T 9-11 2 100.2 u nglazed, b lack c graffito 1 .
C N78 K P I /II R D 2 2 c m . F ine o range w are. G reen g laze i . a nd o ver r im, b ody o . u nglazed. ( part o f b owl l ip ) , s quare r im . P arallels: R 10 1 303 .2 K P I C N43
3 2
B lack s graffito i .
O blique b ody,
S 10 5 01.4
G reen a nd k hakhi g laze i ., g reen o . g reen g laze g reen g laze
B ody f lares
8 9 1 403.1
K P I I
RD 2 2 c m . F ine b rownish b uff c lay . i sh r im , c oncavity i . P arallels: 5 10 5 01.5 5 01.8 F ig .
F laring w all,
C N121 K P I /II ( topsoil) Q ll E 2 201.1 R D 2 2 c m. F ine d rab w are. G reen g laze w ith b lack n gruffito 1 ., g reen g laze o n u pper e xterior, u nglazed b elow. A ngled w all, u pright r ound l ip, c oncavity u nder r im.
R D 2 0 c m . F ine o range b uff w are. G reen g laze 1 . a nd o ., l ower b ody o . o utwards, u pright , pointed r im w ith r ounded l ip. 5 0
W hite s lip.
•
O blique b ody ( part o f b owl l ip
,s quar-
K P I K P I /II?
G lazed w ares ( kale)
0 1 5 2
C N149 R D 2 0 c m . F ine p ink w are. wall, r idged i .
K P I I
S ll 2 05.8
G reen t o k hakhi g laze w ith b lack s graffito, k hakhi g laze o . S hallow b owl w ith s loping a t j unction w ith l ong r im s loping a t s ame a ngle a s b ody. R ounded l ip.
5 3
0 4148 K P I S ll 2 04.7 RD 2 2 c m . C lose o range ware. L ight g reen g laze i . w ith l eaf p attern i n d ark g reen a nd b rown g laze, k hakhi s graffito. G reen g laze o . S hallow b owl w ith s loping w all, r idged 1 . a t j unction w ith l ong r im s loping a t s ame a ngle a s b ody . R ounded l ip. P arallels: S ll 2 01 .12 K P I
5 4
C N44 K P I I 8 10 5 01.4 R D 2 0 c m . G rey w are. G reen g laze i . a nd o . T wo s graffito l ines a round r im 1 . S hallow b owl w ith s loping w all r idged 1 . a t j unction w ith l ong r im s loping a t am ore o blique ( flatter) a ngle t han t he b ody. R oundish l ip. P arallels: L 16 8 01.3 b rown g laze
5 5
c f. C N148 K P I S ll 2 01.12 R D 2 2 c m . H arsh g ritty p ink w are ( 5YR 8 /4). G reen g laze i . w ith b lack s graffito, g reen g laze o . S hallow b owl w ith s loping s lightly c urved w all r idged 1 . a t j unction w ith f lattish s lightly c oncave r im. R oundish l ip.
5 6
N o C N n o. K P I R D 2 8 c m. F ine p ink w are. G reen k hakhi g laze i . a nd o ., k hakhi b rown s graffito 1 . u p t o j unction w ith l ong o utward-flaring r im. R ounded l ip. P reviously p ublished : M cNicoll 1 973s: f ig. 1 2, n o. 1 8
5 7
S hallow b owl, b ody c urving
C N54 K P I s lo 5 01.18 R D 2 0 c m . P inkish b uff c lay, g reen g laze i . a nd o ver l ip o . B elow g laze o ., a b and o f w hite p aint, t hen r eserved s urface. D ark g reen s graffito 1 . S hallow b owl c urving u p s lightly t o j unction w ith o utward-flaring r im . T hickened l ip w ith t wo g rooves o . P arallels:
5 8
R h l6 04.1
8 9 S ll
1 400.1 2 04.9
g reen g laze 1 . a nd o . w ith b lack s graffito g reen g laze i . a nd o . K P I
C NY7 R D 3 2 c m
c leaning
K P I
R ll 6 02.2
F ine p ink w are. L ight g reen g laze i . a nd o ., d ark g reen p attern o n r im i . w ith d ark g reen s graffito. W all s loping t o r idge I . a t j unction w ith o utward-flaring c onvex r im. R ounded 1 1p. P arallels: o o 1 701.1 g reen g laze 1 . a nd o . w ith & graffito K P I /II ( topsoil) 8 9 8 10
1 400.1 1 301.3
g reen g laze 1 . a nd o . w ith s graffito g reen g laze 1 . a nd o . w ith s graffito
c leaning K P I I ( topsoil)
I3 01,5
g re . .n
K P I
lz«
1 . a r il
w ith z rrafrIto
T i
5 9 5 9
1 302.2 1 102.1
g reen g laze i . a nd o . w ith s graffito K P I I g reen g laze i . a nd o . K r I /II ( topsoil)
C N42
( topsoil)
K P I I
5 10 5 01.4
H D 2 1 c m . F ine p ink w are. L ight g reen g laze 1 . w ith d ark g reen s graffito. 1 .5 c m. b and o f l ight g reen g laze o ., w hite p aint b elow. S hallow b owl, w all c urves u p t o r idge 1 ., l ong s lightly c oncave r im c ontinues g eneral l ine o f w all. 6 0
S quarish l ip.
C N107
K P I
Q 10 E 1 801.6
R D 2 4 CM. L ight b rown f ine p aste f ired b rown t o g rey. D ark a pple g reen g laze, r ough t extured i ., w ith b lack s graffito a nd 1 c m. o ver l ip o . B ody r eserved b elow. S hallow b owl, w all c urves u p s lightly t o r idge i . B road o utward f laring r im . S quarish l ip. 6 1
T K73/73;
C N96
K T I I
R D 2 4 c m . F ine p ink b rown w are;
G reen g laze i . a nd o .
( topsoil)
1c m . o ver l ip o .
R 12 1 901.2 S hallow b owl, h eavy r ing b ase w ith s light
o mphalos. W all c urving t o r idge 1 . a t j unction w ith b road f laring r im. R ounded l ip. C omplete. P arallels: Q 9 E 1 704.1 g reen g laze 1 . a nd o . K P I /II? R 10 1 301.7 g reen g laze i ., r eserved o . K P I • 1 301.14 g reen g laze i ., r eserved o ., r im s lightly m ore c oncave K P I F ig .
3 3
G lazed w ares ( kale)
0 2 6 2
N o C N n o.
K P I
S ll 2 03 .7
R D a pprox . 3 2 c m . F ine p inkish w are, s imple d ark g reen g laze i . a nd o . r ounded o ., w ith s light c oncavity i . P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 972: 6 3
C N33
6 0,
f ig.
F ire b lackened.
3 7, n o.
B owl w ith s loping w all, , r im
4
K P I I ( topsoil)
R D 2 0 c m . F ine b rownish b uff w are.
S 10 5 01.2
G reen g laze o . w ith s tripes o f b lue ( =decayed g reen g laze?).
B lack s graffito.
I nterior g reen g lazed? B owl w ith w all c urving u pwards, f laring r ounded r im . P arallels: S 10 5 01.4 g reen g laze i . a nd o ., w all t hicker K P I I S ll 2 01.4 g reen g laze o . w ith b lack s graffito, y ellow g laze i . w ith b rown s graffito
K P i
6 4
K P I T
C N91
S 8 1 502 .1
R D 2 2 c m . F ine r eddish b rown w are ( 5YR 6 /4). G reen g laze i . a nd o . w ith b lack s graffito. w ard c urving w all j oining l ong o utsloping r im w ith n arrow u pright r ounded l ip. P arallels:
S ll
2 01.5 ) 2 01.13) 2 04.5 ) d ark g reen g laze i . a nd o ., s ome f rags w ith b lack s graffito. 2 05.6
)s ame v essel?
2 0 5 .9 ) 6 5
F langed b owl w ith u p-
C N2
K P
K P I I
R D 3 0 c m . F ine o range p ink w are.
P ossibly f rom
VI I
5 10 5 01.2
E xterior p lain d ark g reen g laze, i nterior b lotchy g reen g laze w ith b lack s graf-
f ito . C urving w all, o utturned r im, r ounded l ip. P arallels: 1 21 1 202.1 g reen g laze C P 2 /3 J 22 7 01.4 g reen g laze C P 2 /3 4 10 E 1 801.6 1 801.6 1 801.8 1 801.12 R 9 1 401.1 1 404.1 S 8 1 502.1
y ellow b rown g laze K P I 2e x . g reen g laze, b lack s graffito i . K P I 2 e x. g reen g laze, o ne w ith s graffito i . K P I d ark g reen o ., p ale g reen i . K P I g reen g laze K P I /I1 ( topsoil) g reen g laze K P I /II y ellow b rown g laze w ith s graffito i . K P I ?
5 9 5 10
g reen g laze g reen g laze g reen g laze
1 101.2 5 01.9 5 03.1
P reviously p ublished :
6
6 7
C N128 R D 9c m M edium g rey b uff w are.
M cNicoll 1 973a:
K P 1 /II ( topsoil) K P I /II K P I /II f ig.
1 2, n o. 2
Q 9. E
K P I /II? G reen g laze I . a nd o ver r im.
O utside r eserved.
r ounded r im p rotrudes o . w ith s light c oncavity o n t op. C N6 c m . K P I / 11? R D 1 6
1 704.1
W all s lopes o utward s lightly,
C up?
8 10 5 0 1 .8
F ine o range w are. L ight y ellow l eaf g reen g laze o ., s lightly d arker a t r im, l ime g reen g laze i . w ith d ark y ellow g reen a t r im . O live s graffito i . S hape a s n o. 6 5. P reviously p ublished:
6 8
M cNicoll 1 973a:
n o.
K P I
c m. C lose p ink w are
f ig. 1 2,
( 5YR 7 /4).
6
S ll 2 02.8
L ight g re i 2n g laze w ith b lack a g mffit9_£,. g r2en g laz .e.o.,
7 2
l ight a bove . d ark.
t ower b ody o . 6 9
r eserved .
c f C N2 R D 1 8 c m . F ine p inkish w are
B owl, w all c urving u p t o a s lightly e verted r im w ith r ounded l ip. K P I
( 5YR
6 /4).
S ll 2 02.8
Y ellow g laze 1 . a nd o ., d arker a t r im .
S hape a s n o. 6 5.
T O
C N11 K P I R 11 6 02.2 R D 2 0 c m . F ine p ink w are. D ark g reen g laze o ., i nterior g laze p robably o riginally g reen, d ecayed ( ?) t o i ridesc ent b lue a nd w hite. B owl, w all c urves t o u pright r im p inched i n i . a nd o ., r ounded l ip. P arallels: R 10 1 301.10 g reen g laze 1 . a nd o . K P I S 9 1 101.1 g reen g laze i . a nd o . K P I /I/ ( topsoil) 6 10 5 01.1 g reen g laze i . a nd o . K P I I ( topsoil) 5 02.4 g reen g laze i . a nd o . K P I P reviously p ublished: M c :Nicoll 1 973a: f ig . 1 2, n o. 1 1
7 1
C N102 K P I Q 10 E 1 805.2 R D 1 9 c m . M edium f ine p ink o range w are ( 5YR 6 /4). D ark g reen g laze o . a nd o ver l ip, p aler g reen g laze i . s graffito. W all c urves t o u pright r im b ulges o ut s lightly, b evelled i . R ounded l ip. P arallels:
7 2
7 3
S ll
7 5
7 6
K P I I
( topsoil)
C N153 C leaning S ll 2 00.9 R D 2 1 c m . F ine o range ware ( 5YR 6 /6). L ight g reen g laze i . w ith k hakhi s graffito; g reen g laze o ., d ark g reen s graffito. B owl,slightly i ncurving w all, e verted r im, b ulges o ., b evelled i . N o C N n o .
K P I
R D 1 8 c m . F ine p ink w are. s light b evel i . 7 4
2 01.2
B lack
S ll 2 01.14
B rown g laze i ., y ellow b rown g laze o .
W all s lopes i n s lightly, g rooves b elow l ip o .,
C N144 K P I R D a pprox. 2 0 c m . F airly f ine o range w are. B rown g laze i ., b rown g laze w ith y ellow d esign o . o . b elow r ounded, s lightly e verted l ip. C N82 R D 1 7 c m . F ine o range w are, g reen g laze i . a nd o . i . a nd r ounded l ip. C N146
S ll 2 01.6 U pright w all, t wo g rooves
K P I
R 10 1 302.3
B owl, i ncurving w all t o r idge i .
R im e verted w ith c oncavity
K P I I
S ll 2 05.2
RD a pprox. 1 4 c m . F ine o range p ink w are ( 5YR 6 /4 t o 7 /6), g reen g laze i . a nd o .
B owl w ith s lighted i ncurving t o e verted
r im w ith f lat t op. F ig .
3 4
G lazed w ares ( kale)
0 2 77
0 128
K P I I ( topsoil)
5 8 5 9 6 10
S ll
7 8
S 10 5 01.1
R D 2 2 c m . F ine p inkish b uff w are. G reen g laze i . a nd o . B owl, w all s lopes o ut t o s imple r ounded r im. P arallels: ( all g reen g lazed u nless o therwise n oted) J 22 7 02.1 C P 2 /3 7 02.2 C P 2 /3 L 16 8 02.1 ? Multi-coloured g laze 8 05.1 R 9 1 401.1 K P I /II? ( topsoil)
N o C N n o. R D 2 6 c m . H ard b uff w are.
1 502.1 1 101.1 5 00.2 5 00.3 5 01.1 5 01.3 5 01.4 5 01.5 5 01.8 9 01.9 5 01.18 5 02.9 2 01.1 2 01.10
K P I ? 2e x. K P I /II ( topsoil) c leaning c leaning K P I ( topsoil) K P I I 2e x. K P I I K P I 2e x. K P I /II? K P I K P I K P I ? w ith s graffito K P I I ( topsoil) K P I K P I
S ll 2 01.13
G reen g laze w ith b lack s graffito 1 ., g reen g laze w ith k hakhi a long r im o ., l ower b ody
r eserved. O utward-sloping w all, s light g rooves b elow r im i . a nd o . P reviously p ublished: M eNicoll 1 972: 6 0, p l. 3 7, n o. 5
7 3
S quarish l ip.
7 9
c N 3 7
K P I I
R D 2 4 e m . B rowninh b uff c lay, S mall 8 0
S IO 5 01.3
d ark p atchy g reen g laze 1 . a nd o .
W all w ith s teep o utward s lope, s quarish l ip.
f ra i ;ment o nly.
C N l54
K P I
S ll 2 05.14
R D 2 1 c m F ine o range w are ( 5YH 6 / 6 ) . G reen g laze i . a nd o ver r im . L ower b ody o . r eserved. w all s light i ndentation b elow r im w hich r ises v ertically o . t o r ounded l ip. 8 1
C N93 K P I /II? ( topsoil) R D 3 3 c m . F airly f ine r eddish b rown w are. G reen g laze i . a nd o . B lack s graffito i . t hinning t owards r im w hich k icks u p t o n arrow r ounded l ip.
8 2
C N120
K P I I?
8 3
F ig .
Q 11 E 2 201.1
B ody o . r eserved.
C N140 K P I I ( topsoil) R D 3 8 c m . M edium f ine o range w are. G reen g laze i . a nd o ., d arker o ver r im i . O ut-sloping w all, s light c oncavity b elow r oundish l ip. 3 5
Q 9 E 1 701.1 1 702.1 T hick o ut-sloping w all,
( topsoil)
R D 3 3 c m . M edium f ine o range w are. G reen g laze i a nd o ver r im . i ng w all, r idge o . b elow r ounded l ip.
T hick o ut-sloping
B lack s graffito i .
O ut-slop-
S ll 2 01.2 S graffito d ark b rown a nd k hakhi.
G lazed w ares ( kale)
0 2 8 4
K P I /II? T 9-11 2 101.5 C N139 R D 2 8 cm. B uff w are. L ight b rown g laze i . w ith d ark b rown s graffito. B and o f d ark b rown g laze o ver l ip; b elow, o n b and o f l ight b rown g laze d ribble o f g reen g laze c ontinuing d own o ver w hite s lip a nd o n t o r eserved l ower b ody. D eep b owl w ith w all c urving i n t o r im t hickened o . ( "almond r im"). P arallels: p i l 2 01.3 b rown g laze K P I I 2 05.6 b rown g laze K P I I
8 5
C N7 K P I B D 1 0 c m. F ine p ink w are. D ark g reen g laze i . a nd o . B lack s graffito i . t hickened o . ( "almond r im"). P reviously p ublished : M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 2, n o. 7
8 6
8 7
8
C N30 B D 2 8 c m . F ine o range b rown w are. r ounded l ip. P arallels: S ll 2 01.2
K P I I
6 10 5 01.2
Bawl w ith w all c urving i n.
y ellow g laze w ith b rown s graffito
C N48 K P I /II? B D 1 2 c m . F ine p ink ish b uff w are. M edium t o d ark g reen g laze i . a nd o . t o u pright r ounded l ip. S light r idge b elow r im o . P arallels: S 9 1 101.1 g reen g laze K r I I ( topsoil)
C N143 F ine o range w are. l ines.
C arinated o . b elow
K P S 10 5 01.8 B lack sg raffito i .
K P I /II?
R D 2 4 c m. C oarse p inkish b uff w are w ith g rits. r ibbed r im w ith t hin r ounded l ip. 8 9
( topsoil)
L ight g reen g laze i . a nd o .
c l i 4 7
S 10 5 01.17 D eep b owl w all c urving i n t o r im
B owl, w all c urving
S 10 5 01.8
D ark g reen g laze i . a nd o .
D eep b owl w ith w all i ncurving t o l ong
K P I I . S ll 2 01.4 B rown g laze o . w ith g reen d ribbles, k hakhi b rawn g laze i . w ith g reen h orizontal
R im s herd o f u pright b owl w ith l ong u pright r im t hickened o .
W hittled i nto d isc s hape.
9 0
C N63 K P I I? 6 9 1 101.2 R D F ine b uff w are, g reen g laze i . a nd o . B owl ( ?), u pright w all, s quarish r im t hickened o . P arallels: J 21 W 1 001.9 g reen g laze C P 2
9 1
C N103 S urface R D 1 4 c m . F airly f ine p ink b uff w are. D ark g reen g laze 1 . a nd o ver r im, b ody o . r eserved. , B lack s graffito i . S mall b owl, c urved w all w ith p rotruding r im a nd r im a nd r ounded l ip.
F ig .
3 6
G lazed w ares ,
b ases ( kale)
0 1 a nd 0 2 9 2
C N26 B D 7 c m .
K P I
6 10 5 01.9
F ine b uff w are. Y ellow g laze i . U nglazed o . H igh P arallels: H 22 1 603.5 g reen g laze i . C P 2 /3
r ing b ase, s playing a nd n arrowing t o f oot.
Q . 10 E 1 801.2 g reen g laze i . K P I I ( topzoil) R IO 1 301.10 g reen g laze w ith s graff ito K P T
7 4
S 10 5 01.4 g reen g lare P reviously p ublished; M k :Nicoll 1 973a: 9 3
9 4
C N19 B D 8 c m . F ine p ink w are w ith s ome g rits. r ounded f oot. P arallels: J 22 7 01.24 g reen 1 . 16 8 01.5 b r cAn R 10 1 300.5 g reen 1 301.5 g reen P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll
K P I I f ig. 1 2,
K r 1
n o.
2 6
( topsoil)
6 10 5 01.1
G reen g laze i . w ith b lack s graffito, u nglazed o . g laze g laze g laze g laze 1 973a:
C N25
i . i . 1 . i .
L ow r ing b ase,
C F 2 /3 Kc leaning K P I f ig. 1 2, n o. 1 9 K P I ?
6 10 5 02.11
B D 8c m . F airly f ine o range w are. G reen g laze i . w ith o live c oloured s graffito. U nglazed o . r ing b ase o f m edium h eight. P arallels: R 10 1 300.4 m ulti-co loured g laze w ith o mphalos Kc leaning S 9 1 101.1 g reen g lazed K P I I ( topsoil) S bO 5 01.11 g reen g lazed K P I ? P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 2, n o. 2 5 9 5
C N22 K P I I B D 1 0.5 c m . F ine r eddish b rown w are. Y ellow b rown g laze i . w ith d ark b rown s graffito. r ing b ase, s quarish f oot w ith b evelled o uter e dge. P arallels: S 9 1 101.2 g reen g lazed K P I I? P reviously p ublished: M eNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 2, n o. 2 2
U pright s quarish
S 10 5 01.4 U nglazed o .
U pright h igh
9 6
C N23 K P I I 6 10 5 01.3 B D 7 .5 c m . F ine b uff w are. L ight g reen g laze i . w ith k hakhi s graffito. G reen g laze o . I nterior o f b ase o .unglazed. H igh r ing b ase, s playing t o s quarish f oot. P arallels: J 22 7 01.13 2e x . g reen g laze C P 2 /3 Q 9 1 700.1 2 e x. g reen g laze i ., o ne w ith s graffito K c leaning Q 10 E 1 800.1 g reen g laze w ith s graffito 1 . K c leaning 5 9 1 405.1 m ulti-coloured g laze i . K P I /II 5 10 1 302.4 g reen g laze i . K P I 6 8 1 502.1 g reen g laze i ., w ith o mphalos K P I ? S 9 1 101.1 g reen g laze i . K P I I ( topsoil) 1 102.1 g reen g laze i ., w ith o mphalos K P I I ( topsoil) P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 2, n o. 2 3
9 7
C N2 14 K P I B D 9 c m . F ine o range w are. D ark g reen g laze i . w ith b lack s braffito. s lightly t o s quarish f oot. P arallels: L 16 8 01.3 g reen g laze i . Q 9 1 701.1 g reen g laze i . K P I /II? ( topsoil) 1 702.1 g reen g laze i . K P I /II? 5 9 1 401.1 g reen g laze i . K P I /II ( topsoil) R 10 1 301.1 b rown g laze i . K P I I ( topsoil) 1 302.2 g reen g laze i . K P I 1 302.4 m ulti-coloured g laze i . K P I 5 9 1 101.2 g reen g laze i . K P 1 17 1 102.1 g reen g laze i . K P I I ( topsoil) P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 2, n o. 2 4
9 8
C N20
5 10 5 02 .1 U nglazed o .
K P I I ( topsoil)
S 10 5 01.1
B D 1 0.5 c m . F ine p ink w are. G reen g laze i . w ith b lack s graffito. U nglazed o . H igh u pright r ing b ase, s quarish f oot. P arallels: Q 10 E 1 801.12 b rown g laze i . K P I 6 9 1 400.1 g reen g laze i . Kc leaning 5 10 1 302.5 g reen g laze i . w ith s graffito K P I 9 9
C N114 B D 7 .5 c m . M edium f ine o range w are. g lazed o .
1 00
K P I I
P ale g reen, y ellow b rown a nd a ubergine g laze i . w ith k hakhi s graffito.
067 B D 8 c m . F ine o range w are.
U n-
G roove a t j unction o f w all a nd b ase o .
K P I I ( topsoil)
5 10 5 01.2
Y ellow b rown g laze i . w ith d ark b rown s graffito.
f oot. G roove a t j unction o f w all P arallels: 3 11 2 04.8 K P I 1 01
F ragment o f am etal ( iron?) r ivet.
Q 10 E 1 801.3
H igh r ing b ase, s playing t o r oundish f oot.
C N29 B D (c m . P inkish b uff w are.
H igh r ing b ase, s playing
H igh r ing b ase s playing t o r ounded
a nd b ase o .
K P 1 /117 O live g reen c laz . , I . w ith b la . 7 1 ( s grarr ac.
7 5
6 9
1 102.1
H igh r ing b f tn ,: s playing t u P ,ut.
I nner
w all o f b ane c oneuie o uter w ill b evelled t o f oot. F ig .
3 7
G lazed w ares ,
b ases
W all o f v eaael t hinner t han m ost o ther g lazed b ases.
( kale)
0 1, 0 2 a nd C 2 1 02
1 03
C N125 K P I /I1 ( topsoil) B D 8c m . M edium b uff o range w are. A pple g reen g laze i . w ith d ark g reen s graffito. f laring s lightly t o s quarish f oot. P arallels: S ll 2 01.2 b rown g laze i 7 K r I T ( topsoil) 2 02.8 2e x. g lazes l ost K P I C N79
T 9-11 2 101.2 U nglazed o .
K P I I ( topsoil)
B D 7c m . F ine o range w are. s quarish f oot. P arallels: R 10
G reen g laze i . w ith b lack s graffito.
•
1 300.4
g reen g laze i .
H igh r ing b ase
R 10 1 302.1 U nglazed o .
R ing b ase s lightly f laring t o
Kc leaning
1 0 4
K P I R 10 1 302.4 C R89 B D 5 cm. F airly f ine b uff w are. G reen g laze i . w ith d ark g reen s graffito. U nglazed o . R ing b ase. U pright w ith s loping i nner w all, b road g roove a t j unction o f b ase a nd b ody o . R ounded f oot.
1 05
C N36 B D 6 cm . F ine p inkish b uff ware.
1 06
C N94 B D 9 c m . F ine b uff w are.
1 07
C N69
G reen g laze i .
L ight g reen g laze i .
U nglazed o .
V ery s hallow r ing b ase o f j ar, r ounded f oot. R 9 1 404.1
U nglazed o .
N arrow r ing b ase, f laring t o s played f oot.
K P I /II ( topsoil) G reen g laze i . a nd o .
c n i 00
D isc b ase o f j ar,
R 9 1 401.1 s light p rotruding r ounded f oot.
K P I ?
B D 4 .5 c m . F ine c ream w are ( 7.5YR 8 /4).
S 8 1 502.1
R oyal b lue g laze i . a nd o .
r ing b ase s playing a nd n arrowing t o f oot. 1 09
S 10 5 01.3
K P I /II
B D 6 cm . F ine o range w are.
1 0 8
K P I I
C N58
F oot a nd b ottom o f b ase u nglazed.
s i o
K P I
B D 5 .5 c m . F ine b rownish b uff c lay. L ight g reen g laze i . w ith b lack s graffito. b ase b evelled o . t o r ounded f oot. 1 10
C N21
1 11
U nglazed o .
K P I I ( topsoil) K P I /II
B D 3 .6 c m . G reyish w are.
I ridescent b lue g laze i . a nd o .
C N139
G reen g laze i . a nd o .
5 01.16
H igh u pright r ing
S 10 5 01.1 S ll 2 01.2,
2 04.3
L ow r ing b ase, i nner s ide s lanting t o r ounded f oot.
K P I I ( topsoil)
R D 4c m. C lose o range b uff w are.
S hallow
O mphalos?
S 10 5 01.1
U pright n eck o f j uglet w ith s lightly e verted r ounded
l ip. 1 12
T K 7 3/67 C N 88 K P I R D 5c m ., H 3 1 c m ., B D 6 .4 c m. C lose o range b uff w are. G reen g laze i . a nd o ., b ottom 2 c m . a nd b ase u nglazed.
R 10 1 301.8 F lat-based j ug w ith
b ody w all c urving o ut t hen i n t o u pright n eck w ith t hickened r im s lightly p rotruding o . T wo h andles, r ound i n s ection, f rom j unction o f n eck a nd b ody t o m aximum g irth. T wo p airs o f s hallow h orizontal g rooves a round n eck a bove, a nd b ody b elow h andles, a nd a s ingle g roove a t n eck-body j unction. 1 13
C N56
K P I
R D 3 .75 c m. C lose g rey b rown w are.
G reen g laze i . a nd o .
S 10 5 03.1 N eck o f j uglet, c urving u p t o s lightly e verted r ounded
l ip. F ig .
3 8
G lazed p ares
( kale)
0 5 a nd 0 1/2 1 14
C N145 M ax. D 1 1.5 c m ., B D 5c m. F ine o range b uff w are ( 5YR
K P I I 6 /3 ) .
S ll 2 05.2
G reen g laze i . a nd o . e xcept b ase.
w all s lopes o ut t o s imple r ounded l ip. P arallels: S ll 2 04.8 g reen g laze
O pen l amp w ith p inched-in s pout,
B ase s lightLy c oncave u nderneath. K P I
1 14a T K 7 0/21 C N 1 31 M ax. L 8 .8 c m ., m ax W 7 c m ., H 3 .6 c m . F ine o range w are, e venly f ired ( 5 T h 7 /6). i nterior. O pen l amp w ith p inetv 2d s pvut.
K P I l
S ll 2 03.10
G reen g lazed p res e ,rved o . o nly a round l ip, a nd c overing a ll F lat b rae. W all s lopes o ut a nd t hen t urns u p t o r im. . 5 0 4 de :
7 6
1 : 1 .
1 15
F ine b rownish b uff w are. P arallele: H 2I 1 201.5 L 16 8 02 .1 R IO 1 301.2 3 10 5 01.2 1 16
1 17
K P I I
C N34 B O a nd B D u ncerta in G reen 2e x . g reen g reen g reen
C N101 R D a nd B D u ncertain are. M edium f ine p ink o range w n ozzle o f o pen l amp.
5 10 5 01.4
g laze 1 . a nd o . d ark g reen g laze g laze 1 . a nd o . g laze I . a nd o . g laze 1 . a nd o .
R im f ragment o f o pen p inched-nozzle l amp. 1 . a nd o . C P 2 ? K P I I ( topsoil) K P I I ( topsoil)
e I t
3 8 1 502.1
P ale g reen g laze i . a nd o .
B ottom o . u nglazed.
F ragment o f p inched-in
Q 10 E 1 801.9 C N112 K P I B D 4c m . . i ncluding b ase. F lat d isc b ase, t hi ck M edium f ine p ink w are ( 2.5YR 6 /6). G reen g laze i . a nd o ncertain - a l amp? w ard c urving w all. G roove i n w all a t b reak. F unction u
o ut-
1 18
C N123 K P I /II? R 9 1 403.1 R D 1 2 c m ., B D 8 c m ., H 1 3 c m . F ine b uff p ink ware. T iny s pot o f g reen g laze o n r im . F unnel-shaped o bject w ith f lattened f oot s lightly s playing o . W all u pright, t hen s loping t o r ounded r im w ith g rooves. A p ot s tand?
1 19
I ( topsoil) 3 10 5 01.2 C 1 140 K P I B ody s herd K ha l thi s graffito a nd b ackground t o r aised c hamplevg F ine g rey c lay. L ight g reen g laze i . a nd o . f loral d ecoration i . B owl f ragment.
1 20
C N152 K P I 5 11 2 01.14 B ody s herd F ine p urple g rey m etallic w are ( 103 5 /1-6/1). B rown g laze w ith g reenish t inge o . c hampleve p seudoc alligraphic d esign 1 . i n l ight g reen g laze o n a d ark b rown b ackground.
F ig .
3 9
G lazed p ottery f rom t he c hurch a rea
0 2 1 21
1 22
1 23
C N14 C P 2 R D 1 6 c m . F ine p ink w are. S lightly c arinated v essel w ith s imple u pright r ounded r im. S graffito s cale p attern i . P arallels: R 9 1 401.1 c lear g laze o ver w hite u nderpaint K P I I S 10 5 02 .3 g reen . g laze i . a nd o . K P I
J 22 7 02.2 G reen g laze i . a nd o .
J 22 7 03.10 C N8 C P2 / 3 R D 1 8 c m . I ncurving w all, w ith r im t hickened o . M edium g reen g laze 1 . a nd o ., w ith t wo d ark F ine p ink w are. g reen h orizontal s graffito l ines o . L ower b ody o . u nglazed. 1 401.1 g reen g laze i . a nd o . K P I I P arallels: 3 9 S 9 1 102.1 2e x. g reen g laze i . a nd o . K P I /II? 5 10 5 01.4 g reen g laze i . a nd o . K P I I 5 02.3 g reen g laze i . a nd o . K P I C N124
C P 2
K 21 1 03.1
R D 1 0 c m . F ine p ink b uff w are. C urved w all, s imple r ounded r im . W hite g laze i . a nd o ., d ark g reen b lobs o f g laze a round r im a nd t wo o n o . P arallels: S ll 2 01.4 2 e x. g reen g laze i . a nd o . w ith b lack s graffito i . K P I I 1 24
C N122 R D 2 2 c m . F ine g rey w are. g laze 1 . a nd o .
C P 2 O blique w all, s imple r im. D arker g laze a round r im.
1 22 1 602.2
B lack u nderpainted f loral d esign 1 . u nder g reenish b lue
0 5 1 25
C N129 C P Io r 2 B D 4c m ., i nner R D 3c m ., o uter R D 6 c m . M edium b uff p aste. F lat b ase, o uter w all s loping o ut, w hile i nner c urves i n. P arallels: T 9-11 2 101.6 g reen g laze i . a nd o . K P I I C ompare C U 1 12 ( fig . 3 8, 1 17).
3 21 1 209.2
1 26
C N70 C P 2 /3 L 5 .3 c m ., H 3 .1 c m. F ine o range w are. P inched s pout f ragment o f b low-lamp. C ompare C N34 ( fig. 3 8, 1 15)
H 21 1 201.5
1 27
C N66 L 6 .1 c m., H 4 .2 c m. P inched s pout f ragment o f b owl-lamp. C ompare C U 1 45 ( fig. 3 8, 1 14)
B ottle g reen g laze 1 . a nd o .
C P 2 /3
H 21 1 202.2
G reen g laze 1 . a nd o .,
7 7
f oot u nglazed.
0 1 a nd 0 2 b uses 1 28
N o C N n o . C P 2 H D 8 .5 e m. F ine b uff w are. H igh r ing b ase. G reen g la . :e 1 . P reviously p ublished: F rench e t a l. 1 972:60
1 29
C N116 C P 2 /3 1 22 1 603.3 A D 7 c m . M edium f ine o range w are. R ing b ase. D ark g reen g laze w ith b lack s graffito i n ' woven b asketry' i . S ome o f t he e graffito r ectangles a re c ross-hatched.
1 30
3 21 3 03.5
C N74 C P 3 B D 5c m . F ine o range w are. H igh r ing b ase. G reen g laze i . P arallels: . L 15 8 01.2 g reen g laze i .
J 21 1 001.3
C N136
J 22 7 01.14
p attern
C 2 1 31
C P 2 /3
R D 4c m ., B D 3 .7 c m., H 7 .3 c m . F ine p ink w are. S ma ll c losed f lat b ased v essel, b ulging b ody, s traight n eck, l ip t hickened o . g reen g laze i . a nd o . d arker o n l ower b ody o . B ase u nglazed. 1 32
C N106 C P 2 W 9 .2 c m ., H 9 .6 c m . L ight b rown m edium c oarse w are ( 10YR 6 /3). B ody f ragment o f 0 1 s hape. d ark s graffito p attern, p ossibly p art o f a b ird .
M edium
1 22 1 602.4 L ight y ellow b rown g laze i . w ith
U nglazed o .
x 4 o r 6 ( ?) 1 33
C N109
C P 2
H 22 1 603.4
B D 8 .5 c m ., R D 8c m ., H 5 .5 cm., c entral h ole D 3 c m . C halky p utty-green w are ( 10YR 8 /3 ) . T hick w alled o bject w ith m oulding o . a nd c entral h ole. g reen g laze o . F unction u ncertain.
P ale a pple
C 2 1 34
C N135 C P 2 /3 R D 4 .4 c m ., BD 4 .1 c m ., H 8 .3 c m . A s C N136 ( fig. 3 9, 1 31), but l ower b ody u nglazed.
1 35
C N98 C P 2 1 22 1 604.1 B D 5c m ., H 9 .7 cm. F ine r ed w are. S hallow d isc b ase, t hick w alled s welling b ody c urving i n t o n arrow n eck. R emains o f s trap h andle a nd s pout o n u pper b ody. G reen g laze i . a nd o . e xcept l ower b ody a nd b ase o .
1 36
C N134
C P 2 /3
R D 4 .3 c m ., B D 4 .3 c m ., H 8 .6 c m . ' A s C N135 ( fig . 1 39, 1 34) P arallels: S ll 2 05.4 b ase o nly
F ig . 0 1 1 37
4 0
J 22 7 01.9
3 22 7 01.25
K P
G lazed p ottery f rom £ 15
a nd 0 2 C N156
L 15 8 01.2
R D 1 6 c m . F ine y ellowish w are ( 10YR 6 /4). r im . B ody o . u nglazed.
S hallow v essel w ith e verted r im.
B rown a nd y ellow g laze i . a nd o ver
0 2
1 3 8
C N16a R D 2 2 c m. F ine p ink w are.
L 15 8 01.2 C urving w all o f d eep v essel, r im t hickened o .
G reen g laze i . a nd o .
( upper t hree c m.),
d arker o n r im a nd l ower s ector o . 1 39
N o C N n o.
L 15 8 01.3
R D 9c m . L ight p ink w are ( 5YR 6 /4).
T hick c urving w all t o n arrow u pright r ounded r im.
G reen g laze i . w ith
s plashes a nd s treaks o . 1 40
C N155
1 15 8 01.1
R D 2 3 c m . L ight p ink w are. 1 41
T hin u pright w all, s imple r im s lightly o utturned. L 15 8 01.3
C N157
W 8c m ., H 6 .7 c m . F ine y ellowish w are e .5YR 7 /4). F ragment o f l arge 0 2 v essel. G laze i n y ellow a nd b rown d epicting f lowers i . ( ND d rawing s hows g reen i nstead o f y ellow). B rawn g laze o . w ith v ertical s treaks o f y ellow. L ower s ector o .
u nglazed.
1 8
•
1 3 Fig.
28
Glazed
1 9
ware
( kale)
I 7
1
'
/
/
/ / ;
//
f ,
7 77 /7 ,7 , 7 7/7/ / /. e /2
I
/y
// /
// i ;
1 9
, w ome dw g o dem dmee kmee4
2 1
2 0
2 2 Fig.
29
Glazed
8 0
ware
( kale)
1 1 1
-
•-• ••• • ••• • +1 ,-••-• -• •••••••-• -• •
M I N
/
2 6
U . 2 8 2 7
/
3 0
3 1 3 2 3 3
/ 1 / 1 , 1 ä / 71 3 4 / L P
3 5
3 8 1
1
1
3 7 Fig.
30
Glazed
8 1
ware
( kale)
3 8
%
4 2
3 9
e e
1 4 f 4 6
4 8
k e' e " g r 5 1
Fig.
31
Glazed 82
ware
( kal e)
1 5 . 1
g
5 7
F ig.
3 2
G lazed ware
8 3
( kale)
6 2
6 3 d 7 .1 1 .
/ 9 # 07
v , 7 equir›
/M A I
M
/V
s e
6 9 11 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1fr
/
/
7 0
1 7 : 7 7 71 7 7 2
I7 3
7 4
7 6
7 5 Fig.
33
Glazed
8 ) 4
ware
( kale)
7 7
7 2 7 z2 7 . 7 '
. 7 7 7 1 2 ( i g7
7 9
8 2
F i
g
. 34
Glazed
8 5
ware
( kale)
h
8 4
8 7
8
8 9 9 0
F ig.
3 5
Glazed
8 6
ware
( kale)
9 2
A
9 3
9 4
9 7
99
‚
1 1 1 11
_3
1 00
F ig.
"
36
Glazed
8 7
ware
( kale)
1 . 4 eL f
1 4 3 1 08
13
1 1
F ig.
3 7
Glazed
8 8
ware
( kale)
‘ P e -
-,
„ , -
_ . . ” . . . r•
,
_ _' ,, _
1 6
15
14
( i ( v e r 1 7
A i e
i f l 5 . A m y, 1 20
1 4 1a , F ig.
3 8
Glazed ware
8 9
( kale)
L
1 2 1
1 22
1 23
1 24
1 25
/
J
7
y u . 47
f if
e
r
1 28
1 29
1 30
1 3 1
Fig.
3 9
Glazed
ware
from
9 0
the
church
area
1 37
1 38
,
1 40
1 4 1
GREEN LIGHT/DARK
KHAKI
BROWN DARK
WHITE
LIGHT/DARK
BLUE
UNDERYELLOW
PAINT Fig.
4 o
Glazed
ware
from
L15 91
and
glazed
conventions
U nglazed p ottery:
w ares a nd m anufacture
T he bulk o f the u nglazed ware s hapes s torage j ars,
s torage b owls,
B owls d o o ccur,
but n ot
i s
t hose o f l arge vessels
c ooking v essels, water j ars,
i n g reat
numbers;
and s o o n .
o bviously t his was a c lass
m ore s uitably e xecuted w ith a g lazed f inish . M ost o f t he u nglazed v essels a re wheel-made.
O nly o ccasionally
were v essels hand-moulded, a nd e ven more r arely w ere they made i n a mould. I n m ost v essels i nclusions c ould b e s een; t hese were g enerally l arger than those p articles, g rits.
( ?)
f ound i n t he g lazed p ottery,
g round-up p ottery,
a nd i ncluded q uartz
a nd most c ommonly white
M ica i nclusions a re a lso q uite c ommon .
o f g rittiness and c oarseness
( limestone?)
The o verall
i n most o f the w ares,
e ffect i s
a n otable e xception
b eing ware 7 , which i s c omparable w ith the g lazed ware. D ecoration i s a pplied,
i ncised,
i mpressed and p ainted.
P ainted
d ecoration i s most c ommon, w ith a p reference f or a matt red p aint o n the e xterior o f the v essel.
B rown i s a lso f ound,
b ut
i nfrequently.
O ccasionally the p aint
i s applied i n a p attern,
but more f requently i t
s imply c overs t he w hole o f t he u pper p art o f
the e xterior.
( fig.
C N4378
u sually c riss-cross,
5 3, 5 7) a nd C N4446 ( fig.
5 3, 5 9) a re made
o f a r ather f iner ware, which i s t hen s lipped with r ed paint b efore b eing d ecorated w ith a white painted d esign. P lastic v essels
a nd i mpressed d ecoration i s
t piecrustt
C N4446 i s a lso b urnished.
a lso c ommon.
On the l arge
i mpressions a re f requently f ound a round the r im .
O n s maller s torage v essels were i ncised wavy l ines, with a p ointed i mplement.
s tamped d esigns o ccur.
d ots
But most p opular
a nd o blique p arallel s lashes,
O n l ids
e xecuted
i n p articular i mpressed d esigns
were c ommon. A s mentioned,
v ery f ew e xamples o f v essels made i n moulds w ere
f ound a t T a kun Kale, l ocally made
( fig.
a nd i t
5 3,
i s u nlikely t hat this
5 6 a nd f ig.
s ort o f p ot was
7 7, 2 28-230).
The u nglazed medieval p ottery o f Ta kun K ale i s c lassified a ccordi ng t o s even b asic wares. a neous
s herds.
An e ighth c ategory was d evised f or m iscell-
The wares d efined by u s
p aste c omposition,
i nvolve d ifferent
f iring reduction o r o xidation,
a re therefore t reated a s
c riteria -
s urface f inish.
They
subordinate t o c lassification a ccording t o
s hape.
W are 1 ( W 1) - d ark w are D escription:
C oarse,
g ritty,
d rab a nd d ark,
e ned by l ater burning . a tmosphere. O ccurrence: W are 2 ( W2) D escription:
e ven when n ot b lack-
Apparently f ired i n a r educing
Munsell r eadings a round 5 YR 3 /1.
Less t han 1 2% o f type s eries.
V arious v essels.
- l ight w are G ritty a nd c oarse,
but n ot
f ired i n a reducing oven
a nd therefore l ighter t han Wl, t o which i t i s r el ated .
Munsell r eadings a round 5 YR 7 /4.
9 2
O ccurrence:
About
4 0% of t ype s eries.
b owls,
s ome s torage j ars,
M ost b owls,
s torage
s ome j ugs.
W are 3 ( W3) - b rown w are D escription:
C oarse, brown p aste w ith white g rits and o ccasional mica f lecks. Munsell r eadings a round 5 YR 5 /4.
O ccurrence:
About
2 4% of t ype s eries.
c ooking v essels;
Most c ommon w are f or
a lso f ound i n b owls.
W are 4 ( W4) - l ight b urnished w are D escription :
P aste s imilar i n a ppearance t o W2. has
q uality f or the p eriod" Munsell r eadings O ccurrence:
Outside s urface
a burnished s lip " of q uite e xceptionally g ood
U ncommon.
( Margaret Wheeler).
a round 5 YR 7 /4.
A f ew b owls,
a j ug.
W are 5 ( W5) - p lain w are D escription :
L ess g ritty than W2.
O ccurrence:
U sually buff o r p ink .
Munsell
a round 5 YR 6 /6 .
readings
I nfrequent - a bout
5 %.
Mainly j ugs.
W are 6 ( W6) - h ard c oarse p ink w are D escription:
G ritty,
hard,
a round 5 YR 6 /6
c oarse p aste.
Munsell r eadings
( although C N4178
[ 2.5YF
5 /4]
appears t o b e o f this c lass). O ccurrence:
U ncommon.
A f ew
' flagons
a nd bowls.
W are 7 ( W7) - f ine w are D escription:
B uff o r p ink f ine p aste. b rown.
U sually painted r ed o r
C omparable w ith t he ware o f g lazed v essels.
Munsell r eadings a round 5 YR 6 /4. O ccurrence:
U ncommon - a bout
3 .5%.
O nly b owls.
W are 8 ( W8) - i ndeterminate w ares D escription:
V arying c olours,
p astes and f irings make i t
i mpossible t o c lassify many s herds a s belonging t o o ne of the wares 1 -7 a bove.
A ll u nglazed c eramic v essels o f K P I , K P I I , C P 2a nd C P 2 /3 a re w heel-made u nless o therwise s tated . A l/ f igs s cale 2 :3 , u nless o therwise s tated .
9 3
W die mi uup tz . ;d _1 22tt , T2 2 P .1 71l a nd C P ; 1 7 . i) c Atalogua F ig .
4 /
U nglazod w ards
( k2Le)
C l 1
F ig .
T K73/63 C N 4 317 R D 2 8 c m ., H 7 8 c m., m ax. D 5 4 c m. C ourse p ink g rey w are ( W2). F lat b ase, r diges o . S cale.1:6. 4 2
K P I s lightly p rotruding.
S i] . 2 01.17 E gg-shaped b ody w ith f our e venly s paced
U nglazed w ares ( kale)
C l 2
C N 4 182 K P I I ( topsoil) R 9 1 401.1 R D 2 4 c m . G rey, g ritty p aste w ith w hite f lecks ( W2). N eck w all c urves s lightly i nward; s quarish r im f lares o utw ard a nd i s b evelled. F ainted r ed o . a nd o ver r im; i rregular l ine o f i ncised c ircles o n n eck o . P arallels: R 9 1 401.1 K P I I ( topsoil) Q 10 E 1 801.12 i ncised c ircles o n i nterior a ngle o f r im a nd o n n eck o ; s mall i ndentations o n l ower r im e dge 0 . K P I
3
C N4316 R D 2 8 c m . M edium c oarse p ink g rey w are, r im . P arallels:
1 22 R 12 S i ) .
1 602.6 1 903.1 2 31.2
K P I I ( topsoil) f ired s elf ( W2);
C P 2 h eavier v ersion K P I I ( topsoil)
4
c e 1443o R D 1 9 c m . C oarse g ritty b rown w are ( W3);
5
C N4472
R 10 1 302.1
n eck w all c urves o utward t o b evelled s quarish f laring
K P I I
K P I I
S ll 2 05.2; 2 07.1 ( 2 f rags) n eck w idens g ently t o b evelled s quarish f laring r im . R ed p aint o n
r im a nd o .
R D 1 6 c m . C oarse p ink w äre ( W2). 6
7
K P I N eck c urves s lightly o ut t o f laring b evelled s quarish r im.
C N4238 K P I R D 2 0 c m. D rab b rown g ritty w are, f ired s elf c olour a t s urfaces, b lack ( W3, 5 YR 5 /3). b evelled s quarish r im . P arallels: R 10 1 301.10 K P I C R4o66
9
F ig .
R 9 1 402.2 N eck u pright, f laring
K P I
R 11 6 02.3
R D 2 4 c m . G ritty c oarse r ed g rey w are, f iring r eddish b rown a t s urfaces ( W8). a lly s quarish b ut w ith r ounded e dges t o l ip. 8
S 10 5 01.5
U pright n eck, b evelled r im, g ener-
W 132 K P I R D 2 0 c m . C oarse b uff g rey w are ( W2). N eck c urves o ut s lightly t o f laring s quarish r im . t rudes t o f orm a r idge. P arallels: 1 21 1 202.14 C P 2 R 9 1 401.1 K P I I ( topsoil) c R4292 R D 2 4 c m C oarse o range w are ( W2, 5T h 6 /4). o f r im b ulges.
4 3
K P I
S 10 501 . 5 L ower e dge o f l ip p ro-
R 9 1 403 .1
U pri g ht n eck t o f laring b evelled r im.
L ip s quarish b ut u nderside
U nglazed w ares ( kale)
C l 1 0
C N4412 K P I B aulks 2 401.3 R D 3 0 c m ., H 8 0 c m ., m ax D 5 7.5 c m . D rab w are ( W8). O valoid b ody, f lat b ase, a bove w hich i s ab and w ith f inger-impressed d ecoration. A t t he p oint o f m aximum g irth i s a s econd u ndecorated b and. T he r im h as t wo o verhangs e ach o f w hich i s d ecorated w ith a r ow o f f inger i mpressions. S cale 1 :7.5
F ig .
4 4
U nglazed w ares ( kale)
C l 1 1
C N4436 R D 4 2 c m .
K P I
S ll 2 04.7
G rey b rown c oarse w are f iring b uff a t s urface ( W8, i . 1 0T h 3 /1; o . 1 0 T h 7 /3-8/4). N eck c urves i nto m assive s quarish e verted r im w ith r ounded e dges a nd r ecessed p iecrust d ecoration o n l ower e xterior e dge 1 2
C N4325 R D 3 2 c m . B rown c oarse w are w ith w hite g rits
R 15 2 001.2 ( W3).
_ Neck s lopes i n : t o m assive e verted l ip w ith r ounded .e
9 1 4
and,
1 3
B light c oncavity i n t op.
P ieerust d ecoration ( finger i mprecned) o n l ower e xterior e dge.
C N4064 R D 3 0 e m . O range c oarse w are ( W2).
T hick u pright n eck, m assive n quarinh e verted r im.
K P I
8 10 5 01.18
.
F inger-pinched a nd i mpresoeu
d ecoration a bove l ower e dge o f l ip. P arallels: 1 22 1 -o1.2 u ndecorated C P 2 /3 L 16 8 0 :.4 89 1 403.1 s maller i ndentations K P I P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig . 1 5, n o. 1 2 1 4
C N4063 K P I S 10 5 01.17 R D 2 4 c m. G rey c oarse w are ( WI). o range p aint o a nd p ossibly i . U pright n eck, r im t hickened a nd f laring s lightly. B elow r im o , ab and, t humb-impressed. P arallels: Q 11 2 201.1 l ighter i mpressions K P I I ( topsoil) 8 10 1 302.4 K P I S 10 5 01 .15 K P I I P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig . 1 5, 1 1
1 5
C 84315 K P I R D 2 9 c m . P utty g rey c oarse g ritty w are f ired s elf c olour ( W2). t ed r im . P iecrust d ecoration o n l ower l ip. P arallels: K 21 1 03 .8 C P S ll 2 05.6 m ore m assive K P I I
F ig .
4 5
Q l0 1 801.9 B ody c urves i n t o s hort u pright n eck w ith e ver-
U nglazed w ares ( kale)
C l 1 6
T K73/69 C N 4 318 . K P I R 10 1 302.9 . R D 3 2 c m ., H 1 03 c m ., m ax .D 7 1 c m. G rey p ink c oarse w are f ired s elf c olour ( W8). E gg-shaped b ody, f lat b ottom; t hree b ands a nd o ne r idge a round b ody. S hort i nward-sloping n eck, m assive o utturned r im w ith r ounded e dges. H ole 1 .8 c m. i n d iameter b ored i n b ody 5 8 c m. a bove b ase. 3ca le,c .1:b P arallels: T K 7 3/80 T 9-11 2 102.5 K P I /II T his v essel h as s ix r idges a nd ' piecrust' d ecoration o n i ts r im - H 9 8 c m., m ax. D 7 0 c m .
P ig .
4 6
U nglazed w ares
( kale)
C l 1 7
C N4060 K P I /II S 10 5 01.8 R D 3 0 c m . C oarse p urple w are, g rey c oat ( W8). N eck s loping i nwards, m assive s quarish e verted r im w ith f lat t op. P arallels: 1 21 1 201.2 C P 2 /3 1 21 1 202.2 C P 2 /3 8 21 W 1 207.4 s lightly s maller C P 2 /3 L 16 8 01.4 w ith f latter t op L 16 8 01.6 Q 9 E 1 704.1 2e x. K P I Q 10 E 1 801.2 K P I I Q 10 E 1 801.5 K P I I 8 9 1 403.2 s lightly s maller K P I R IO 1 302.4 1 C P I 1 303.1 K P I I S 9 1 102.1 K P I /II 8 10 5 01.3 K P I I 5 01.15 K P I I S ll 2 01.4 K P I I 2 01.15 K P I 2 07.1 w ith ' piecrust' K P I I P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 5, 8
1 8
c N4416 K P I I ( topsoil) R D 4 8 c m . C oarse, g ritty, b lack b rown w are, p ossible s elf s lip o . ( W1). n eck.
1 9
c n ialo R D 2 9 c m .
S ll 2 01.1 M assive r ounded e verted r im o n u pright
K P I /II
8 10 5 01.4; 5 01.16
O range b uff, c oarse, g ritty w are, f ired s elf c olour, s lightly p aler a t c ore ( W2). m assive e verted r im w ith s quarish a ngles. P arallels: 1 22 1 602.2 2 e x. C P 2 8 9 1 401 .1 K P I /II? 1 404.1 ' piecrust' K P I /II R IO 1 301.5 l ighter K P I 1 301.7 2 e x. K P I 1 302 .6 K P I 1 307 .10 3 e x. t piecrunt' K P I 0 9 1 101.1 K P I I : 1 10 7; ( K r
9 5
5 02.9;
I nward-curving n eck,
2 0
c N40 , 4 R D 2 4 cm. C rey r ed, c oarse, r im P arallels: R 9 R 10
K V I I g ritty w are,
S 10 5 01.4
f iring r eddish b rown a t s urfaces (0).
U pright n eck, t hickened, e verted
1 404.1 K P I /II 1 302.1 K P I I 1 303.3 r ed p ainted r im K P I I R 15 2 001.2 6 9 1 101.1 h eavier K P I /II? S 10 5 01.4 3e x. K P I I 5 01.13 w ith ' piecrust' K P I I 5 03.1 2e x. K P I S ll 2 01.2 K P I I 2 05.6 K P I I 2 07.1 K P I I H 21 1 201.2 2 e x. C P 2 /3 P reviously p ubliohed: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig . 1 5, 2 2 1
C N4298 R D 2 6 c m . B rown c oarse g ritty P arallels: Q 10 E L 16 L 16
2 2
K P I
R 10 1 301.4
w are, b lack c ore ( W3). I nward c urving w alls, t hickened, r ounded, p rotruding r im. 1 801.6 w ith i ndentations K P I 8 01.1 8 01.4
C N4407 K P I I? B aulk 2 404.2 R D 3 5 c m . C oarse d rab w are w ith w hite g rits ( W3 o r 8 ). T hick w all u pright i ., o utsloping o . T hick r im b ulging o ., t wo g rooves o n t op.
F ig .
4 7
2 3
C N4413 K P I /II? B aulk 2 401.3 R D 3 5 c m ., H 9 2.5 c m ., m ax. D 6 6 c m . D rab w are ( W2). G lobular f orm w ith f our r idges a round b ody. F lat b ase w ith p iecrust d ecoration a bove. M assive w hole m outh w ith t riangular r im, o n w hich a re f oun p airs o f i ndentations. S cale 1 :7.5
U nglazed w ares
F ig .
4 8
U nglazed w ares
( kale)
( kale)
C l 2 4
C N4053 K P I I R D 3 8 c m . G ritty, c oarse, d ark w are f iring p ink a t t he s urfaces r im, f lat o n t op, s light l ip o . P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 5, 1
.S 10
( W2).
5 01.3
H ole-mouth v essel, t hickened t riangular
2 5
C N4265 . K P I /II? Q 9 E 1 702.1 R D 2 8 c m. G ritty b rown w are ( W3). I nward c urving w alls t o h ole-mouth; p rotruding f lat t opped r im g rooved o ., w ith i ndentations a long l ower l ip. W avy i ncised l ines i n b ody o .
2 6
c N4288 R D 3 5 c m . C oarse b uff w are ( W2). S lightly i nclined P arallels: H 22 1 601.6 w ith ' piecr u st' L 16 8 01.3 L 16 8 02.1 S ll 2 01.1 w ith ' piecrust' 2 01.4 w ith ' piecrust' 2 05.8 w ith ' piecrust R 9 1 403.1 K P I /II? R 12 1 903.2 K P I
K P I /IIT
R 9 1 403.1
n eck, m assive p rotruding r im. d ecoration o n l ower e dge o f r im
C P 2 /3
d ecoration o n l ower e dge o f r im d ecoration o n l ower e dge o f r im d ecoration o n l ower e dge o f r im
K P I I K P I I K P I I
2 7
C N4070 K P I R 11 6 05.2 R D 2 8 c m . C oarse g ritty b rown b lack w are, f iring r ed o . B lack a nd g rey i . ( W8). I nward-inclining b ody, t ria ngular r im p rotruding o . w ith i ndented h oles o n f lat t op. P arallels: Q 9 E 1 702.1 r im p rotrudes a l ittle m ore t han t ype s herd K P I /II? P reviously p ublished: M eNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 5, 1 8
2 8
C N4154 K P I /II R D c a. 2 5 c m. G rey g ritty w are ( W2). U pright w all, s hort p rotruding t riangular r im. P arallels: R 10 1 303.5 K P I S 8 1 502.1 r im p rotrudes l ess t han t ype s herd K P I ?
F ig .
4 3
U nglazed w ares
S 9 1 101.2
( kale)
C l/C2 2 9
C N4346 C oarle b uff p aste
H IS 2, ) 01.1 f ired s elf o .,
g r ,7 a t c ore
( W?).
9 6
N eek c urves o .
t o l arge t riangular r im w ith f inger
i ndentations. $ 0
P ainted r ed o .
a nd a pproximately 2 c m.
C N4239 K P I /11? R D 2 2 c m . G ritty c ourse r ed w are w ith w hite s pecks, g rey c ore o r w hich i s d eoorated w ith s mall g ashes. O vnl P arallels: 4 10 E 1 805.2 u ndeoorated K P 1 1 10 1 303.4 u ndeooratcd K P I 0 11
F ig .
5 0
2 01.4
u ndecorated
1 .
o ver r im. 1 9 1 402.2
( W2).
U pright n eck, o utturncd r im,
t he l ower e dge
n haped i mpressions w ith h atched d esign a round n eck.
K P 1 I
U nglazed b u ms ( kale)
C 1/2 3 1
3 2
C N4067 K P I R D 2 2 c m. C oarse g ritty r eddish w are w ith g rey c ore (0). P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: F ig. 1 5, a l4428
R 11 6 02.4 U pright n eck, e verted r im w ith f lat t op. 1 5
K P I I
S ll 2 03.3
R D 1 6 c m . R ather c oarse g ritty p ink b rown w are, g rey c ore s quarish p rojecting r im. 3 3
C N4066 ( W3).
K P I ( W2).
P reviously published:
F rench e t a l 1 972:
C N4286
p l.
3 7,
1 2
K P I ( W3).
R 10 1 303.3 B ody w all c urves i nto u pright n eck, h eavy r im projects
R idge w ith i mpressed d ents o n n eck.
P arallels: 3 6
S ll 2 03.7
U pright n eck w ith s quarish p rojecting r im.
R D 2 5 c m. C oarse g ritty b rown w are, b lack a t c ore o .
R ll 6 02.4
U pright n eck w ith s quarish p rojecting r im.
N o C N n o. R D 1 6 c m. G ritty b uff w are
3 5
U pright n eck with
K P I
R D 2 0 c m. C oarse g ritty l ight b rown w are 3 4.
( W5 - s urfaces 7 .5YR 6 /4-7/4).
5 11
2 02.7
n o r idge - v ertical s lashes o n r im o .
C 1 14350
K P I /II7
T 9-11 2 101.7
R D 1 6 c m. V ery c oarse purple p ink ware w ith w hite f lecks a nd m ica ( W3 o r 8 ). d ed a nd p rotruding e xternally;
l ower r idge o n n eck e xternally.
N eck u pright, r im t hickened,
r oun-
D ecorated w ith t wo i ncised b ands o f
s traight l ines e nclosing s mall d iagonal g ashes. 3 7
C N4268
K P I /II?
Q 9 E 1 702.1
RD 1 5 cm. Coarse h ard g rey ware ( W1?). U pright n eck, s lightly c oncave i . b elow f lattish r im. b elow r im d ecorated w ith s mall c uts i n h erringbone p attern. 3 8
C N4071 D 1 6 c m. C oarse g rey ware
K P I ( W1?).
P reviously p ublished: 3 9
R 11 6 06.2
U pright n eck c urving o . M cNicoll 1 973a:
s lightly r ounded r im w ith e xternal r idge o n n eck o .
f ig. 1 5, 1 9
C N4343
K P I /II
R D 1 6 cm . C oarse p ink o range w are w ith w hite g rits w ith g rey c ore N eck u pright, P ig .
5 1
r im e verted a nd l ipped.
U nglazed wares
E xternal r idge
R 12 1 904.1, 1 901.1 ( W6 - 5 YR 6 /6).
R idges o n n eck a nd s houlder,
B ody c urves i n t o s houlder.
i ncised wa v y l ines o n n eck.
( kale)
C 2 4 0
C N4001
K P I I
S 10 5 01.3
RD 1 0 c m. F airly c oarse g ritty b uff ware ( W5 - 5 T h 6 /4). C onstricted n eck f laring o utwards t hen r ising s traight u p t o a lmond-shaped r im w hich t hickens o . O val h andle f rom f lare t o b ody. P arallels:
1 21
1 201.2 1 201.3
C P 2 /3 C P 2 /3
L 15
8 01.1
W 1
8 01.3 8 02.1 8 02.4 Q 10 E 1 801.3 1 9 R IO
1 401 3 e x. 1 302.10 K P I
6 9
1 101.1
K P I /II?
K P I /II
S 10 S ll
5 01.3 2 01.1
2 e x. K P I I
K P I I
9 7
4 1
C N4003 K P 1 R D 1 1 c m . F airly c oarse b uff w ore w ith d ark g rey c ore ( P5). n eck o .
S JO 5 01.18 U pright n eck;
r ound r im t hickened o .,
r idge o n
1 4 2
C N4289 R P 1 /Il? R 9 1 403.1 R D 1 0 c m. O range w are w ith f airly f ine g rits ( W5 - 5 11 1 6 /6). S welling b ody, e longated n eck f lares t o r idge o . t hen u pright t o a lmond-shaped r im t hickened o . O val h andle a ttached t o r idge o n n eck a nd u pper b ody. V ertical f inger i mpression a t b ase o f h andle, d aubs o f r ed p aint o n t he b ody ( not r epresented). P arallels: L 15 8 01.3 S ll 2 01.1 3e x. w ith r ed p aint K P I I 2 05.4 2e x. K P I
4 3
c N4214
K P I I
R D 9 c m . G ritty b rown w are ( W3).
F airly u pright n eck,
R 10 1 301.3
f laring s lightly t o r ounded t hickened r im.
R idge o n n eck
o . P ainted r ed o . a nd o ver r im i . P arallels: R 9 1 401.1 K P I /II? 4 4
C N4197 R D 9 c m . C oarse b uff w are n eck o . P arallels:
4 5
1 9 S 8 S ll
K P I /II ( W5).
U pright n eck i nclining s lightly i nwards.
1 403.2 1 502.1 2 01.14 2 03.7 2 04.5
K P I /II? 2e x. K P I ? K P r im l ost K P I K P 1
2 04.8 2 05.6
r im l ost K P I 2 f rags K P 1 1
C N4131
R 10 1 302.3 S ll 2 05.6 1 1 f rags S imple r ound r im . L edge o n l ower
K P I I
R D 1 0 c m . C oarse r ed w are
( W3).
8 10 5 01.13
B ody s lopes i n t o n eck w hich i nclines s lightly t o a lmond-shaped r im.
P ainted
r ed o . 4 6
c r i4004 K P I R D 1 0 c m . F airly c oarse b uff w are w ith l ight g rey c ore ( W5).
S 10 5 01.18 W all i nclining t o a lmond-shaped r im .
O valoid
s trap h andle j oins b elow r im . P arallels: 8 10 5 01.3 K P I I 5 01.9 K P I 4 ?
C N4086 R D 9 c m . P lain w are P arallels:
K P I I ( W5). S 10 S ll
4 8
U pright 5 01.4 5 03.1 2 03.7 2 05.8 2 07.1
n eck, s imple r ounded K P I I K P I K P I K P I I K P I I
C N4105
K T I I
R D 8 c m . C oarse g ritty p ink b rown w are P arallels: 4 9
S 10 5 01.3
1 22
1 604.2
( W5)
S 10 5 01.4
U pright n eck r idged o . b elow l ip.
C P 2
C N4087
K P I I
S 10 5 01.3
R D 8 c m P lain w are, p inkish p aste f ired s elf c olour ( W5).
U pright n eck, r ounded t hickened r im w ith s light
r idge b elow o . F ig .
5 2
U nglazed w ares
( kale)
C 2 5 0
C N4217
K P I I
R 9 1 401.1
R D 1 8 c m ., m ax D . 3 1 c m. G ritty l ight b rown w are, g rey c ore i n p laces ( W3). S hallow b ulbous l ower b ody, r idge o . a t m ax. g irth. B ody w all c urves g ently u pwards t o o utward f lering n eck w ith s lightly t hickened l ip. R ed p aint o . e xt ends o ver l ip i nto n eck. D ecoration : i ncised w avy l ines, s mall g ashes a nd s mall a pplique d iscs. P arallels: 5 1
S ll
2 03.3
C N4244 R D 1 2.5 c m . P utty c oloured p aste t o r idge o . P arallels:
B rown Q 10 K R IO 3 11
K P I I K P I
f ired s elf ( W5).
O utward
R 10 1 301.5 f laring n eck, r im s lightly c oncave t o r idge 1 ., r oundrd
p aint o n l ip 1 . a nd c . a nd d aubed o n n eck. 1 F :01.1 I T I I 1 301.5 K P I 2 05.3 K P I I
9 8
5 2
D N4445 R D 1 2 c m . c oarse g rey g ritty v ary,
K T 1 f iring p ink a t e urfaccs
8 11 ( W8).
: ' 0 . 1 .12
U pright n eck w ith s imple r ounded f laring l ip.
5 3
C N4345 K P 1 /11 ? Q 9 E1 704.1 R D 1 2 c m. G ritty b rown p aste w ith w hite f lecks a nd m ica ( Wi). O utward f laring n eck, r im t hickened i . S quarish s trap h andle w ith ' kick' f or t humb g rip s prings f rom b elow r im.
5 4
C N4136 K P I R D 1 3 c m . C oarse g ritty b äff w are ( W2). N eck f lares o utward. S imple r ounded r im. j ust b elow l ip. R ed p aint i . a nd o . P arallels: L 16 8 01.2 n o h andle, W 5, r ed p aint o .
5 5
P ig .
C N4148 R D 1 5 c m . C oarse g ritty b uff P arallels: Q 10 E R 10 8 9
5 3
K P I /II w are ( W2). 1 801.11 K P 1 302.10 K P 1 101.1 K P 1 102.1 K P
F laring n eck, s imple r ounded r im. I I I /II I /II
5 10 5 01.14 O valoid s trap h andle j oins
5 9 1 101.1 S trap h andle j oins t o l ip.
U nglazed w ares ( kale)
C 2 5 6
C N4357 K P I /II T 9-11 2 101.4 R D a pprox. 8 c m. B rown m edium f ine w are, l ight o ., d arker i . ( W3). F laring n eck a bove s welling g lobular b ody. H andle f rom s houlder t o m id-neck. F ilter i . a t j unction o f n eck a nd b ody. G rooves a round n eck. M oulded d ecoration o f f oliage. N OTE: T his i s t he o nly l arge f ragment o f a m oulded v essel r ecovered f rom T askun K ale. S ee a lso s herds f ig . 7 7, 2 28-23o
5 7
c r i4378 K P I /II? R 11/s12 B aulk 2 402.3 R D a pprox. 5 c m ., m ax .D 1 4 c m . O range b rown c oarse w are ( W4). C arinated b ody c urving i nward t o l ong s lightly f laring n eck. H andle j oins t o b ody j ust a bove c arination a nd m id-neck. S hort s pout j oined t o b ody j ust a bove c arination. T hick s lurry i ., r ed p aint o ., c riss-cross w hite p aint l ines a round b ody o . a nd i rregular w hite l ine a round b ase o f n eck. T wo g rooves a round m id-neck . P arallels: S ll 2 01.6 s maller; c oarse o range w are, r ed p aint o . K P I
5 8
C N4222 K P I R 10 1 301.8 R D a pprox. 8 .5 c m ., B D a pprox. 9 .3 c m ., m ax. D . 1 2.8 c m ., H 2 0.7 c m. B uff p aste, f ired s elf c olour ( W2). F lat b ase, b ulbous b ody n arrowing t o n eck w hich f lares t o l ip, w hich h as a s light o utward k ick. T refoil m outh, m ostly l ost; o valoid h andle j oined t o u pper b ody a nd j ust b elow l ip; d aubs o f r ed p aint o n u pper b ody a nd n eck.
5 9
C N4446 K P I I S ll 2 03.17 B D 1 0 c m ., m ax. D 1 2 .5 c m. C oarse w are, o range a t s urfaces, s lipped a nd b urnished v ertically t o a s trong r ed o . ( W4 - l OR 4 /4' 4 /6), g rey c ore. F lat b ottom, g lobular b ody i ncurving t o n arrow n eck. S trap h andle. R im l ost. W hite p ainted d esign ( tree?) m ostly l ost.
P ig .
5 4
U nglazed w ares
( kale)
C 2 6 0
C N4433 K P I s 11 2 03.7 R D 9 c m ., B D 1 3.5 c m ., m ax. D 1 9 .7 c m., h 2 9 c m. C oarse g ritty m icaceous b rown w are ( W3). F lat b ase, g lobular b ody, f laring n eck, s imple r ounded r im, p ossibly t refoil. H andle f rom m id-neck t o u pper b ody. R ed p aint o .
6 1
N o C N n o. K P I S ll 2 05.4 B D 8 .3 c m ., m ax. D 9 .7 c m ., H 1 5.7 c m . C oarse g ritty o range r ed w are ( W3?). F lat b ase, d umpy b ody, f laring n eck, s imple l ip, t refoil m outh, o val h andle, n ow l ost, f rom r im t o u pper b ody. R ed p aint o . P reviously p ublished: F rench e t a l. 1 972: p l. 3 7, 1 0.
6 2
C N4106 R D a pprox. 5 .5 c m . F ine b uff w are ( W2).
6 3
K P I I U pright n eck,
f laring s lightly t o r ounded l ip.
8 10 5 01.4 P ainted r ed o n t op o f l ip.
C N4002 K P I /1I? no 5 01.9 R D 8 c m. C oarse p lain w are ( W5). S houlder c urving c ontinuously i nto s lightly f laring n eck; s imple r im. o blong i n s ection f rom b elow l ip t o s houlder. P arallels: H 21 W 1 207.7 s maller v ersion. P ossibly p re-Medieval.
9 9
H andle,
r i g .
5 6
U nglazed w are°
( kale)
C 3 6 4
c N4308 K P I R 10 1 302.14 R D 2 2 c m . B rown w are, w hite g rits, f ired b rown, b rown g rey a t c ore ( W3). S welling b ody, u pright n eck, r ounded r im p rotruding t o s light r idge e xternally . I ncised w avy l ine b etween p arallel s traight l ines a t J unction o f n eck a nd b ody. P arallels: S ll 2 03.4 K P I I
6 5
C N4091 R D 2 4 c m. C oarse g rey w are P arallels: S ll
6 6
K P I /II
5 10 5 03.1
( W2). N eck u pright, r ounded r im s lightly t hickened. 2 01.1 ) P ossibly s ame v essel K P I I 2 01.2 )
c r 14264
K P I /II?
Q 9 E 1 702.1
R D 2 2 c m . G ritty b rown w are ( W3). B ulbous b ody c urving i n t o n eck w ith r ound s lightly f lared r im. s prings f rom l ip a nd s houlder.
S trap h andle
6 7
C N4251 K P I ? S 8 1 502.1 R D 1 7 c m , B rown w are f ired s elf c olour a t s urfaces, g reyish c ore ( W3 - 5 YR 5 /4). S welling b ody, u pright n eck, r ounded r im t hickened o . D ecorated w ith i ncised w avy a nd s traight l ines, d ots a nd a pplique d isc o n s houlder. S mall p rotuberance o n o . e dge o f r im. P arallels: 1 21 W 1 207.5 d ecoration o n n eck C F 2
6 8
C N4283 K P I R 10 1 302.5 R D 2 4 c m . C oarse b rown w are, w hite g rits ( W3). S welling b ody, u pright n eck, r ounded r im t hickened 1 . a nd o . I ncised w avy l ine b etween p arallel s traight o nes o n s houlder a nd t races o f b ands o f r ed p aint.
F ig .
5 6
U nglazed w areo ( kale)
C 3 6 9
C N4256 K P I /II? Q 9 E 1 701.1 R D 2 2 c m . G ritty b rown w are, w hite f lecks ( W3). S welling b ody, u pright n eck, s imple r ounded r im. S trap h andle f rom n eck t o b ody, f inger i mpression a t b ase. P arallels: K 21 1 03.1 C F 2
7 0
04246
7 1
D 2 2 c m . G ritty b rown w are ( W3 - 5 YR 4 -5/3). B ulbous b ody, u pright n eck, s lightly o utturned r im . I ncised l ines o n b ody j ust b elow j unction w ith n eck. P arallels: H 22 1 601.6 C F 2 /3 Q 10 E 1 800.1 K c leaning 1 80112 K P I 8 9 1 404.1 K P I /II S ll 2 02.11 K P I C N4027 K P I I 8 10 5 01.3
K P 1
R 10 1 302.6
R D 2 3 c m . F airly c oarse g ritty b rown w are ( W3 - 5 YR 5 /4).
B ody t ilts i nward t o s lightly o utward t ilting n eck.
R im i s f lat. S lashes d iagonally a t j unction o f n eck a nd b ody. P arallels: J 21 W 1 003.1 C F 2 S ll 2 01.3 K P I I 2 04.2 K P I 7 2
C N4312
K P I I?
R D 1 4 c m. C oarse b rown w are, w hite g rits f rom r im . P arallels:
7 3
S ll
2 01.4 2 04.8 2 07.1
( W3).
U pright n eck, o utflaring r im, s welling b ody.
K P I I K P I 2 e x. o ne w ith h andle s pringing f rom n eck
c N4156
Q 11 E 2 201.1 H andle s pringing
K P I
K P I
5 10 5 02.15
R D 2 0 c m . C oarse b rown w are, w hite g rits ( W3). B ulbous b ody, u pright n eck, f laring l ip. S trap h andle f rom l ip t o b ody. D iagonal s lashes o f v arying l ength o n n eck, v ertical s lashes a nd a pplique d isc o n h andle. 7 4
C N4101
K Y I I
R D 2 3 c m . C oarse g ritty p ink b rown p ast P arallels:
H 21 R 10 5 9
( W3).
S 10 5 01.4
U pright n eck, f laring r im w ith a ngle 1 .
S IO
1 202.1 1 302.1 1 102.1 1 101.1 5 01.15
c P2/3 e 1 1 K P I /II? h eavier K P I /11? K P I
S il
2 01.1
K P I I
1 00
R ed p aint 1 . a nd o .
2 01.4 2 01.12
w avy i ncised l ino o . K P I
K P I I
7 5
c 84185
K P 8 9 1 40 ).1 R D 3 5 c m. C oarse g rey b lack w are ( WI). U pright w all, t hickening a t i nternal a ngle o f r ounded l ip. B rown p aint o . a nd o ver l ip i . P arallels: L 16 8 01.5 2 e x. S ll 2 00.4 K c leaning
7 6
N o C N n o. K P I R D 2 0 c m. C oarse b lack w are ( W1). I nward s loping n eck, l ip s lightly e verted w ith a ngle i . l ines o . ( NB I ncised l ines a re n ot i ., a s s hown o n i llustration).
S ll 2 03 .7 T wo i ncised w avy
7 7
C 84276 K P I ? S 8 1 502.1 R D 2 0 c m . C oarse b rowny g rey p aste, w hite g rits ( W3). B ulbous b ody, u pright n eck, s lightly c urving o ut a t r im. I ncised w avy l ine b etween t wo p arallel i ncised l ines a t j unction o f n eck a nd b ody. D iagonal c rissc rossing b ands o f m att r ed p aint, f ire-blackened. P arallels: L 16 8 02.2 w ith s trap h andle S ll 2 05.4 n o p aint K P I 2 07.1 u ndercoated, W 1 K P I I
F ig .
5 7
U nglazed w ares ( kale)
C 3 7 8
W 028 K P I I S 10 5 01.3 R D 2 2 c m. C oarse g ritty m icaceous r eddish b rown w are ( W3). S welling b ody, s hort u pright n eck, o utward f laring r im b evelled 1 . P reviously p ublished : M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 4, 1 7
7 9
C N4395 R D 2 8 c m . C oarse d rab ware, b lackened o . ( W1). P arallels: J 22 7 02.2 C P 2 /3
L 16 S li
8 02 .4 2 01 .3
K P I /II?
B aulk 2 406.1
S welling b ody, s hort u pright n eck, o utward f laring r im b evelled i .
K P I I
8 0
c 84439 K P I I S i] . 2 05.6 RD 1 6 c m . • C- - s e g ritty g rey b rown p aste f iring b rown a t a n, f ace i . a nd o . ( W3). B ulbous b ody, s hort u pright n eck w ith s imple s quare r im. B asket-type s trap h andle. L ine o f i ndented d ots b etween t wo i ncised wavy l ines. M att r ed p aint o . a nd o ver r im.
8 1
C 84432
K P I
S ll 2 03.7
R D 1 3 c m . C oarse g rey b rown p aste, f iring b rown a t s urface o . ( W3). S welling b ody c urves i n s harply t o n eck, which i s u pright, s lightly o utcurved. S quare r im. C haracteristic c asserole s hape t o a ccommodate l id. 8 2
8 3
C 84022 K P I I R D 2 6 c m. C oarse p ink w are ( W2). U pright n eck, s lightly i nward s loping. R ed p aint 1 . P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 4, 1 N o C N n o.
K P I
S 10 9 01.3 R im t hickened o n o utside,
f lat o n t op.
S i] . 2 03 .7
R D 1 2 c m C oarse b lack ware ( W1). S welling b ody, u pright n eck s lightly o utcurved, r ounded r im . P reviously p ublished: F rench e t a l. 1 972: p l. 3 7, 1 5 F ig .
5 8
U nglazed w ares ( kale)
C 3
8 4
8 5
C N4247 K P I 8 10 1 302.6 R D 2 1 c m . C oarse d rab p aste f ired s elf a nd b lackened ( W2). G ently i ncurving b ody, r im f laring s lightly, b evelled 1 . S trap h andle a ttached b elow n eck a nd a t m aximum g irth. P arallels: 8 22 1 602.2 C P 2 Q 9 E 1 701.1 K P I /II? Q 10 E 1 801.3 K P I I? 8 10 1 302.10 K P I S 8 1 502.1 K P I ?
c 84135 R D 1 7 c m . C oarse g ritty b uff p aste f ired s elf ( W2).
K P I
S 10 5 01.13
W all c urves i n t o s lightly f laring l ip b evelled 1 .
1 01
S mall
h orizontal o val i mpressions o n u pper b ody o . P arallels: 0 8 1 501.1 2 e x. K V I I? S li 2 03.7 K P I 8 6
C N4040(a) K P I R D 2 0 c m . C oarse, d ark w are ( W1). W all i nclining i nwards; t hickened l ip b evelled i . P arallels: L 16 8 01.3 Q 9 E 1 703.1 K P I /II 8 10 1 301.7 K P I 8 15 2 001.1 S 10 5 01.2 3e x. K P I I 5 01.3 3e x. K P I I P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig . 1 4, 1 9
8 7
C 84032 R ll 6 34.1 R D 2 1.5 c m . C oarse d rab w are ( W2). S harply i ncurving b ody, n eck s lopes i n t o t hickened r im, b evelled i . a int o ., t wo w avy i ncised l ines o n s houlder o . P arallels: Q 9 E 1 702.1 3e x. K P I /II R IO 1 303.5 K P I S 10 5 01.3 K P I I S ll 2 05.2 W l, u npainted K P I I 2 05.7 p ossibly s ame v essel a s t ype s herd K P I P reviously p ublished ( inaccurate a ngle): M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig . 1 4, 1 1
8 8
8 9
9 0
C 84441 K P I R D 1 7 c m . B ody c urves i n g ently t o s hort n eck a nd f laring r im b evelled i . r ed p aint o . 0 14290 K P I /II? R D 1 9 c m. C oarse g ritty b rown w are w ith w hite a nd m icaceous s pecks i nternally P arallels: R 9 1 403.1 2 e x. K P I /II? S ll 2 01.1 K P I I C N4040(b)
9 1
C 84089
F ig .
5 9
U ngtazed w ares
R ed p aint i nside r im;
s plashes o f
R 9 1 403.1 ( W3).
I ncurving b ody, r oll r im b evelled
S 9 1 102.1
T hick i nclining w all c urving u p t o t hickened l ip w ith b evel i nternally. K P I I
R D 2 4 c m . C oarse r eddish b rown w are ( W3).
R ed
S ll 2 04.8
K P I /II?
R D 2 0 c m . F airly c oarse d ark w are ( W1).
S 10 5 01.18
S 10 5 01.2
T hick i nclining w all, e verted r im b evelled i .
R ed p aint i . a nd o .
( kale)
c 4 9 2
9 3
9 4
C 84203 K P I I R D 2 7 c m . G ritty g rey w are, w hite a nd m icaceous s peckles f ired s elf c olour ( W1). t o s imple r im b evelled i . R ed p aint o . a nd i . 3c m. o ver r im. C 84093 R D 2 1 c m . C oarse b rown w are ( W3). P arallels: S 10 5 01.5 c f C 84092
8 10 1 302.1 W all c urving s teeply u pwards
K P I
S 10 5 03.1
W all i nclining i nward t o s imple l ip b evelled i .
K P I I
R D 2 0 c m . C oarse w are f ired b rown r ed a t s urfaces ( W3).
1 3 10 1 303.1 F ire-blackened o .
I nward c urving w alls, s hort n eck
r ising t o s imple r im, b evelled i . P arallels: 8 21 1 201.3 C P 2 /3 L 16 8 01.1 8 02.2 8 01.4 W I, s lashed i ncisions o n s houlder R 10 1 301.5 K P I 1 301.9 K P I 1 303.1 K P I I 1 303.3 2e x. K P I S ll 2 02.4 K P I I 2 04.9 K P I 9 5
c r i4o92 D 2 4 c m . C oarse b rown w are ( W3).
5 10 5 03.1
K P I ? S hort i nsloping n eck, s light b evel o n s imple r im 1 .
1 02
9 6
C N4008 R D 1 4 e m.
K P I f
F airly f ine b uff w are (W). l neurving b ody, P arallels: 0 10 5 01.4 . 'e x. K P I I F revioualy p ublished: M eNicoll 1 973a: f ie.
5 10 5 01.3
r im t hickened u .,
f lat o n t op.
R od p aint o .
1 3. 8
9 7
C N4225 Nc leaning R 9 1 400.1 R D 1 3 c m . G ritty d ark w are, f ired a nd b urnt b lack ( WI). W all c urves i n t o u pright r im, b evelled i . P aral lels: SU 2 01.4 K P I I 2 04.7 K P I
F ig .
6 0
U nglazed w ares ( kale)
C 1 4 9 8
9 9
C N4253 K P I ? R D 1 5 c m ., e st. H 1 7 c m. G rey b uff w are ( W2). G lobular b ody, r idged o n s houlder o ., s imp le u pright r im. h orizontally a t r idge o n s houlder. P arallels: S ll 2 02.4 1 1 f rags o f s ome p ot K P I I 2 05.6 K P I I 2 05.7 l arger v ersion K P I 2 05.8 K P I I c r ;412o C N4146
S 8 1 502.1 S trap h andle j oined
no 5 01.8 S 9 1 101.1
K P I /II ?
C oarse g rey b uff w are ( W2). S hape a s f ig. 6 0, 9 8, b ut w all c urves i n t o b ase m ore s harply. P arallels: L 16 8 01.1 Q 9 E 1 701.1 r idge d ecorated w ith s mall s lashes K P I /II? Q 10 E 1 801.3 s lightly l arger K P I I R 10 1 301.10 K P I 1 302.5 r idge d ecorated w ith s mall d iagonal s lashes K P I 1 303.2 K P I R 15 2 001.1 2 e x. S 8 1 502.1 K P I ? S ll 2 05.6 K P I I 1 00
C N4029 K P I I . S 10 5 01.4 R D 2 1 c m . F airly c oarse m icaceous r ed w are ( W3), e xterior f ire-blackened. W all c urving g radually i nwards t o u pr ight s lightly t hickened, r ounded r im . R idge o n s houlder o . R ed p ainted c riss-cross p attern o . P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 4, 8
1 01
C N4031 K P I /II? R D 1 4 c m . C oarse g ritty b rown w are ( W3), e xterior f ire-blackened. P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 4, 1 0
6 10 5 01 8 S hape s imilar t o f ig .
6 0, 9 9, b ut t hicker w all.
1 02
C N4285 K P I R 10 1 302.5 R D 2 2 c m . L ight b rown w are ( W3). S welling b ody w all w ith r idge o n s houlder o ., s hort u pright n eck, t hickened r im, r ounded o ., b evelled. R ed p aint i . a nd o ., v ery l ight i ncised w avy l ine b elow r idge. P arallels: Q 10 E 1 801.2 K P I I
F ig .
e l
U nglazed w ares
( kale)
C 3 1 03
C N4028 R D 2 8 c m. R ather c oarse m icaceous p ink w are ( W2).
K P I I
S teeply r ising w all,
S 10 5 01.4 S ll 2 05.2 2 05.6 i ncurving s lightly t o s imple e verted l ip.
V ertical t humb o r f inger i mpression o n b ody o ., i ncised w avy a nd s traight l ines o . P arallels: S 10 5 01.2 K P I I 5 01.3 K P I I S ll 2 03.4 n o r ed p aint o r i ncisions K P I I P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 4, 7 1 04
C N4255 K P I ? R D 3 2 c m. B rown g ritty p aste r educed b lack i . a nd i n p atches o .
R ed p aint o .
R 10 1 301.9 ( W3).
W all r ising w ith s light i nward s lope t o
s imple r ounded r im . 1 05
C N4322
K c leaning
R D 2 4 c m . C oarse b rown p aste w ith w hite g rits, f ired b rown a nd b lack ( W3). o ., c oncave t o t hickened r idge i . P arallels: S ll 2 04.6 s maller e x. K P I
1 03
0 , 10 E 1 800.1 U pright w all, r im f laring s lightly
1 06
C N4026 R D 2 2 c m . F airly c oarne g rey b rown w are p rotruding i . P reviously p ublished:
1 07
K P I I
5 10 5 01.3
f iring r ed a t s urfaces ( W3).
M cNicoll 1 973a:
f ig.
W alt i nclines i nwards t o t h ickened r im
1 4, 5
C N4284 K P I 8 10 1 302 .5 M ax. D 3 1 c m . C oarse b rown w are w ith w hite g rits ( W3). G lobular b ody, r im m issing. S trap h andle f rom n eck t o m oulded r idge o n b ody a t p aint o f m aximum g irth . D ecorated w ith a pplique b lobs o f p ottery w ith i mp ressed d ot c entres, a nd w ith i npressed d ots a nd g ashes. F ainted r ed o . a nd i rregularly f or s ome d istance d own t he v essel. P arallels: Q . 10 E 1 801 K P I I
P ig .
6 2
U nglazed w ares
( kale)
0 2 1 08
C N4307 K P I R 10 1 302.14 R D 3 0 c m . M edium c oarse l ight b rown w are, f ired s elf c olour a t s urfaces, d arker a t c ore ( W2 - s urface 5 18 6 /4). I ncurving w all, s imple r ounded r im . H eavy m att r ed p aint i . a nd o . P arallels: Q 11 E 2 201.1 K P I I? S ll 2 01.2 K P I I 2 01.2 K P I I 2 01.4 2e x. K P I I 2 01.3 2 03.7 K P I 2 04.8 K P I • 2 05.2 K P I I
1 09
C N4429 K P I I S ll 2 03.3 R D 1 8 c m . M edium c oarse o range w are w ith s ome s mall g rits ( W2 - 5 YR 5 /4-6/4). W all c urves o ut t o c arination, t hen i n t o s imple r ounded r im . M att r ed p aint o ., a nd o n u pper s urface i .
1 10
C N4319
K P I
Q 10 E 1 801.11
R D 1 8 c m . M edium c oarse o range b uff w are w ith w hite s pecks ( W2 - 5 18 7 /h). W all c urves o ut t o s light c arination, t hen i n t o s imple r ounded r im . B rowny o range p aint i . a nd o ver r im t o c arination. P arallels: 1 , 16 8 01.1 S ll
8 03.3 2 01.1
K P I I
1 11
C N4213 R D 2 2 c m . C oarse p ink b uff w are
1 12
C N4015 K P I R D 1 0 c m . C oarse m icaceous b rownish w are f iring s elf c olour ( W2 - 7 .518 5 /4 -6 /4). r ound r im . M att r ed p aint i . a nd o . P arallels: R 10 1 302.4 b uff w are K P I S ll 2 01.2 r ed p aint o . o nly K P I I
1 13
K P I /II? ( W2 - 51 8 7 /6).
8 9 1 403 .1
C urving w all t o s imple r ounded r im.
C N4437
K P I
M att r ed p aint i . a nd o . R 11 6 04.1
R ounded s hape i ncurving t o
S ll 2 04.7
R D 2 2 c m. C oarse g ritty b uff p ink w are ( W2 - 5 YR 7 /4- 8 /3 ) . T hick c arinated b ody, u pper w all s loping i n s lightly t o f lat-topped r im w ith s light t hickening o . M att r ed p aint i . a nd o ., c rude d iagonal w hite p ainted l ines o . 1 14
C N4118
K P I I
8 10 1 302.2
R D 2 5.5 c m. C oarse g ritty o range w are ( W2 - 5 18 6 /6). C urving w all, s light c arination. S lightly o utturned r im, b evelled i . M att r ed p aint i . a nd o ., t hree i ncised w avy l ines o n u pper b ody o . P arallels:
1 15
8 9
8 21
1 203.2 1 401.1
C P 2 /3 n o i ncised d ecoration
R 10
1 302.4
K P I
C N4096
K P I /II?
K P I
8 10 5 01.13
R D 2 6 c m. C oarse g ritty g rey b rown w are ( W3 - 5 YR 4 /4). I nward-sloping u pper w all, r im s lightly t hickened a nd b evelled i . M att r ed p aint i . a nd o ., i ncised w avy l ines o . P arallels:
R IO 5 9
1 16
1 301.5 1 302.3 1 101.2
K P I K P I 3e x.
K P I /II?
C N4424 R D 1 6 c m. C lose p inkish w are, f iring r ed a t s urfaces b evelled i . B urnished o .
K P I I ( W8 - 2 .5YR 5 /4).
1 o4
S ll 2 01.4 C urving b ody, s light s houlder, r im
17
CN 435 1 1 R D 1 6 c m.
K P
1/11?
C oarse d rab w are w ith w hite 41 t i ( W1 - 5 YR 5 /h). t hickened o ., a sd s lightly b evelled I . 1 18
C N4 1. 42
0 . 3
u pper w i th
s lop lte
K P I I
R D 1 5 c m M edium c oarse p ink w are F ig .
T 9-11 2 101.7
C urved b ody
U nglazed w arve
( W2 - 5 YR 6 /6).
I n t o r ounded r im
S II 2 02.7
U pper w all c urves i n t o r ounded r im,
s lightly t hickened o .
( kale)
0 2 1 19
C N4288a K P 1 /II? R 9 1 104.1 R D 1 4 c m . B rown w are w ith w hite g rits ( W3 - 5 YR 5 /4). C urving w all w ith s lightly o utflaring r im b evelled i . H andle o val i n s ection, j oins a t r im a nd a t m aximum g irth. M att r ed p aint i . a nd o .
1 20
C N4083 K P I /II? D 3 0 c m . L ight b uff w äre, f ired s elf c olour ( W2 - 5 YR 6 /4-7/4). C urving w all, g rooves o n u pper b ody o . M att d ark b uff p aint o . a nd o ver r im. P arallels: 1 21 1 201.3 C P 2 /3 J 21 W1003.1 c oarser w are C P 2 R 9 1 104.1 K P I /II? R 10 1 301.2 K P I I 1 301.3 3e x. r ed p aint 1 301.7 r ed p aint k P I 1 301.10 K P I •1 302.10 s lightly l arger K P I 5 9 1 101.1 2 e x. K P I /II? S 10 5 01.3 2e x. K P I I 5 01.6 K P I SU 2 00.3 n o p aint K c leaning 2 01.3 K P I I 2 01.16 r ed p aint K P I 2 05.2 r ed p aint K P I T 2 05.6 c oarse w are K P I I 2 05.8 K P I I 2 07.2 K P I A ll e xamples p ainted s imilarly t o t ype s herd u nless s tated o therwise.
1 21
C N4154 R D 1 9 c m . B uff
K P I /II? ( W2 - 5 YR 6 /4).
o . a nd i . o ver l ip . P arallels: K 21 1 03.1 Q 10 E 1 801.2 1 9 1 401.1 R 10 1 300.5 S ll 2 01.2 1 22
1 23
5 10 5 01.9 r im b evelled i .
C urving w all, b evelled r im.
H orizontal
S 9 1 101.2 H orizontal g rooves o n b ody o ., m att r ed p aint
s lightly s traighter w all C P 2 K P I I v ery c oarse w are K P I /II? Kc leaning c oarse w are K P I I
C N4082 K P I I R D 1 8 c m B uff w are ( W2 - 5 11 7 /4). S lightly i nsloping v all, l ip b evelled i . p aint i . a nd o . P arallels: S ll 2 01.1 t hicker w all K P I I C N4012 K P I R D 1 8 c m G ritty p inkish g rey m icaceous w are ( W2 - 7 .5YR 6 /2 ) .
S 10 5 01.3 H orizontal g roove o ., m att r ed
R ll 6 04.1 C urving w all, b evelled r im.
T wo h orizontal
g rooves o ., m att r ed p aint o . a nd o ver l ip I . P arallels: H 21 W 1 207.4 S IO 5 01.4 5 01.14 S ll 2 05.6 P reviously p ublished : M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 3, 1 2 1 24
C N4140 R D 2 6 c m . C oarse p ink g rey w are. b lackened l ower w all o . P arallels: L 16 8 01 .1 1 9 1 401.1 R IO 1 302 .6 1 303.2
1 25
C N4327
K P I /II? C urved b ody, c arinated, b evelled r im .
S 9 1 101.1 P ainted w ith m att r ed p aint i . a nd o .,
s horter w all K P I /II? m ore r ounded l ip K P I c arination p ronounced K P I K P I
Q 10 E 1 801.6
R D 2 2 c m . M edium c oarse b rown w are f ired z elf c olour ( W3 - 5 YR 5 /4; b elow c arination 5 11 4 /1 5YR 3 /1). C urving b ody, c arlsate ,“ i nnloping w all a bove t hickened b evelled r im I . R ed p aint o . a nd o ver r im I . P arallels: : , 11 M1.2 2 e x. K r I T h : : I
1 05
F ig .
6 4
U ngl w ied w ar e ta
( kale)
0 2 1 26
1 27
C N4140 R D 3 0 c m . C oarse b uff w are, m icaceous ( W . ' - 5 41 6 /4). P arallels: S ll 2 01.3 s maller K P I I 2 01.4 s maller K P I I N o C N n o. F D 1 4 c m .
K t T /II?
S 10 5 01.8
C urving w all,
r ounded r im t hickened o .
K P I
S ll 2 02.8
C oarse g ritty b uff w are ( W2). R ed p ainted r im i . a nd o . F lat b ase, c urving w all, r ounded r im t hicke ned o ., l edge h andle(s). P reviously p ublished: F rench e t a l. 1 972: 6 0, p l. 3 7, 1 1 1 28
c f . C N4013 R D 3 5 c m . F airly f ine p ink w are
K P I ( W7 - 5 1 1 1 6 /4).
C urving w all,
R 11 6 04.1 r ounded r im t hickened o .
1 29
C N4342 K P I /II? T 9-11 2 101.2 R D 1 9 c m . F ine l ight b rown w are ( W7 - 5 YR 7 /4). P ainted d arker b rown i . a nd t o s houlder o . w ith w hite b lobs o n r im e xternally. C urving w all, r im t hickened o . P arallels: S ll 2 01.4 r ed p aint K P I I 2 05.3 K P I I
1 30
C N4011 R D 2 0 c m . F airly f ine o range w are ( W7 - 5 YR 7 /6). P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a:
1 31
K P I R ed p aint i . a nd o . f ig. 1 3, 1 1
R ll 6 02.4 S ll 2 05.9 C urving w all, u pright r im t hickened o .
C N4013 K P I R 11 6 04.1 R D 2 2 c m. F airly f ine b rown a nd p ink w are ( W7 - 5 YR 6 /4). P ainted r ed i . a nd o ., c urving w all, r im t hickened e xternally t o r idge. P arallels: S ll 2 05.7 2 e x. w ith r ed p aint K P I 2 05.2 ) 2 05.3 ) r ed p aint K P I I 2 05.6 ) 2 05.8 b rown p aint K P I I P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 3, 1 3
1 32
1 33
1 34
C N4009 K PI/II? S 10 5 01.8 R D 1 4 c m. F airly f ine p ink w are ( W7 - 5 11 7 /4). P ainted r ed i . a nd o . C urving w all i . r im t hickened o . P arallels: 6 9 1 401.1 2 e x. K P I /II? • C N4014 K P I 6 11 6 04.1 R D 2 8 c m . C oarse g ritty w are ( W2). T hick c urving w all, p lain u pright r im, s light g rooves o n b ody o . P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig . 1 3, 1 4 C N4417 R D 1 6 c m . H arsh b uff o range w are
K P I I ( W2 - 5 1 1 1 7 /4).
S ll 2 01.1
T races o f r ed p aint i . a nd o .
C urving w all, s light c arination,
U pright r ounded r im, t wo g rooves o n b ody o . P ig .
6 5
U nglazed w ares
( kale)
0 2 1 35
C N4431 R D 1 8 c m . C lose o range w are ( W2 - 5 YR 6 /4).
K P I
S ll 2 03.7
R ed p aint i . a nd o .
F airly t hin w all s lightly c urving t o s imple
r ounded r im. 1 36
N o C N n o. K P I 5 10 5 01.18 R D 2 0 c m . C oarse w are, b lack c cre, r ed a t s urfaces. W all s lopes o ut, r im t hins i ., b ulgec o . C ompare g lazed f rag . p rofile M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 2, 6 P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 2 4, 1 8
1 37
C N4328
K P
R D 2 4 c m. M edium c oarse w are w ith w hite g rits w all, o utturned p rotruding r im, 1 38
C N4085 R D 1 6 c m. P lain m icaceous w are p ointed a t e xterior.
Q 10 1 801.6
f ired r ed ( W2 - 5 11 6 /4).
R ed p aint o ver r im i . a nd o .
U pright
s lightly c oncave o n t op. K P I
f ired p inky b uff ( W2 - S IR 7 /4). H eavy r ld , ,, e a t r houider o .
1 06
S 10 50 3 .1 D rown p aint o .,
r e :1 I .
C urved w all,
l ip
P arallels:
1 39
1 40
1 41
1 42
3 10 S ll
5 01.3 : X . 11.1
r im t ip n prlght K P I /II? t iny f rog. K P l i
C N4187 Kc lrnning R D 1 8 o n . V ery c oarse g ritty w are f ired g rey b lack ( W8 - 5 YR 4 /2 - 5 YR 7 /4). n ounced w heel m arks i . P arallels: L 16 8 01.1 s maller, W 2 Q 10 E 1 801.2 r ed p aint 1 . a nd o . K P I I 8 10 1 301.7 r ed p aint 1 . a nd o . K P I 1 303 .6 r ed p aint I . a nd o . K P I 3 10 5 01.3 K P I I 8 15 2 001.1 r ed p aint i . a nd o . C N4099 K P I I R D 1 6 c m . G ritty w are f ired r ed g rey ( W2 - 5 YR 5 /2-5/3- 6 /3 ) . w all c urves u p t o r ounded r im . S trap h andle. I arallels: Q 10 E 1 801 .7 s maller K P I S ll 2 05.4 K P I 2 05.6 K P I I
C N4155 R D 2 0 c m . G rey b uff w are
( W2).
( W8).
R 9 R 10 S 9 S ll
R ed p aint i . a nd o .
8 01.2 8 02.2 1 401.1 1 301.5 1 101.2 2 05.4
8 10 1 302.3 s poradic b rown p aint 1 .
R ed p aint 1 . a nd o .
U pright w all, s light
S 9 1 101.2
U pright w all, s lightly i ncurved, r ounded r im w ith s light
K P I /II? 2 e x. K P I 2 e x. K P I /II? K P I
c N4426
K P I I
R D 1 8 c m . C oarse g ritty p inkish w are
F lat b ottom,
R 9 1 401.1
K P 1 /II?
c oncavity o . P arallels: L 16
1 44
R ed p aint o n h andle, o . a nd o ver r im .
K P I /Iii
R D 2 8 c m . G ritty d rab w are w ith w hite a nd m icaceous f lecks t hickening o . t o f orm r idge, r ounded r im . P arallels: Q 10 E 1 801.6 4g rooves o . K P I 8 10 1 302 .5 K P I S ll 0 05.6 K P I I 1 43
S 10 5 01.4
C N4196 K P I R D 1 9 c m C oarse w are, f ired b uff ( W2 - 7 .5YR 7 /4). U pper o . p ainted b rown , P arallels: L 16 8 01.4' Q 10 E 1 801.3 3g rooves K P I I c N4184
R IO 1 300.1 C urving w all, c arinllrd o ., p ro-
( W3 - 5 YR 4 /4).
S ll 2 01.5
R ed p aint i . a nd o .
S imple u pright w ail, r ounded r im .
A pplique d ecoration ( handle?) o . 1 45
C N4440
K P I I
R D 1 3 c m . H arsh g ritty b uff w are ( W2). o . G roove o n b ody o . 1 46
F ig .
C N4111 R D 1 5 c m . G ritty g rey p ink w are ( W2 - 5 YR 7 /4). o n t op, a nd a nother j ust b elow r im o . P arallels: R 10 1 301.10 K P I 6 6
S ll 2 05.8
R ed p aint o n r im a nd b elow r im o .
K P I
U pright w all, r ounded r im t hickened
8 10 5 01.5
R ed p aint i . a nd o .
C urving w all t o s quarish r im w ith a g roove
U nglazed w ares ( kale)
0 3 1 47
C N4100
K P I I
R D 4 8 c m . P inky g rey c oarse w are ( W2). R ed p aint 1 . a nd o . o verhang o ., a nd a ngle a t j unction o f l ip w all i . P arallels:
1 48
c N4423
8 9 S 10 S ll
1 401.1 5 01.4 2 01.3 2 05.6 2 05.10
S lo 5 01.4 W all l eaning o utwards, t hickened r im w ith s light
K P I I? K P I I K P I 2 e x. K P I I K P I K P I I
R D 4 8 c m . C oarze g ritty d rab o range w are ( W2). R ,d p aint 1 . a nd o n r im o . t hicken ,A 1 . a r id o . w ith s light o verhang o .
1 01
E ll 2 01.4 W ell c urving i nternally, a ngular r im
. 1 4 9
C N4041
N P I
R 11 6 04.1
R D 3 6 e m . C oarse g ritty r ed w are ( W .1. P od p aint I . a nd o ver r im o . W all c urving i nternally ,r im t hickened i . a nd o . w ith a ngle a t j unction o r l ip r uh l w all 1 . u nd o verhavg o . P arallels: 1 22 l 6o l s. 1 $ u npninted C I ' Q 9 E 1 704.1 K r I /11? 1 9 1 101.1 K P I /II? S i] . 2 01.2 K r I I P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: 1 78, f ig. 1 4, 2 0, w ith w rong a ngle. 1 50
1 51
1 52
C N4081 K P I R D 2 6 c m . C oarse g ritty, m icaceous w ore f ired b uff p ink ( W2). T races o f r ed p aint o n r im. r im b evelled i . a nd o . t o r ounded l ip. S welling o f h andle, b roken o ff . P arallels: 1 21 1 202 .2 h eavier C P 2 R 10 1 301.3 K P I I •1 302.2 l ighter K P I I 1 303.2 2e x. K P I SU 2 05.6 2 e x. K P I I C N4224 R D 3 6 c m . G ritty b rown w are w ith w hite f lecks ( W3). P arallels: 8 10 1 302.10 c ruder K P I S ll 2 01.4 K P I I C N4219
K c leaning
R 9 1 400.1
C urving w all, r im f laring s lightly o utwards.
K P
I / I ? R9 1 402.1
R D 3 6 c m . L ight b rown g ritty w are, f ired b rown o ., g rey i . ( W3). s lightly f laring r im, r ounded l ip. E xternal r idge. 1 53
C N4109
8 10 5 03.1 C urved w all, t hickened
R ed p aint o n i nner r im .
K P I I
O utward c urving w all,
0 10 5 01.4
R D 3 0 c m . C oarse g ritty p ink g rey w are ( W2), R ed p aint i . a nd o n t op o f r im. O utward c urving w all, t hickened a t j unction o f w all a nd l ip i ., s quarish r in, s light c oncavity b elow r im o . P arallels: S 9 1 101.2 K PI/II S ll 2 02.11 s maller K P I 2 05.6 K P I I 2 07.2 K P I 1 54
C N4107
K P I I
R D 3 6 c m. C oarse g ritty b uff w are, g rey c ore ( W2). b elow l ip o ., r im b e,,, Iled o . 1 55
• P ig .
8 10- 5 01.4
W all l eaning o utwards, i nternal r idge a t r im, c oncavity
C N4299 • K P I R D 3 9 c m . L ight b rown w are w ith w hite g rits ( W3). R ed p aint o n r im i . a nd o . e xternally w ith i nternal r idge a t l ip a nd w all j unction. 6 7
U nglazed w ares
R 10 1 301.14 O utward s loping w all, r im b evelled
( kale)
0 3 1 56
C N4438 R D 3 5 c m . C oarse g ritty w are, P arallels:
1 57
1 59
8 15
K P I I R ed p aint i . a nd o ver l ip.
2 001.1
w ith i piecrust'
8 10 5 01.2 W all c urving u p t o t hickened r im.
o n o uter r im
C N4147 K P I /II R D 3 4 c m . C oarse g ritty b rown w are ( W3). W all c urving u p t o t hickened r im. P arallels: R IO 1 301.1 K P I I S ll 2 01.1 K P I I
8 9 1 101.1
C i i4273
8 10 1 302.10
K P I
R D 3 2 c m . B rown c oarse w are ( W3). P arallels:
1 60
S ll 2 05.6 W all c urving u p t o t hickened r im.
8 01.1
C N4080 R D 3 5 c m . C oarse r ed w are ( W2). P arallels:
1 58
L 16
K P I I f iring p ink o ., b rown i ., g rey a t r im ( W8).
1 22 K 22 S ll
C N4418 R D 3 0 c m. C uor' gr .r / w are
1 602 .8 1 03.1 2 02.12 2 04.5
W alls c urve u p t o r im, 2e x. C P 2 g r ittier f abric W 1 K P I I W I K P I
t hickened o .
S light r idge b elow r im o .
C F 2
K r I I f ix i m b l9t-hy b lark u nI l Ight b rown o ., g r,y b r wn i .
i o8
0 11 2 01.1 ( W8).
U pright
w all,
r ounded
r im t hickened o ., b road n hallov g roove u nder l ip o . P arallel : S ll 2 07.2 K V I 1 61
C N4415 K P I I S i] . 2 01.1 R D 4 0 c m . V ery c oarne g ritty b rown w are, b lack c ore. W all c urving u pwards t o r im t hickened o . C rude i ncised m eander d ecoration o n t op o f r im. F our ( 7) k nob h andles. N ot w heeled.
1 62
C N4291 K P I /II2 R D 4 4 c m. C oarse r ed w are w ith w hite g rits. R ed p aint i . a nd o ver r im. f laring o ., r idge a t J unction o f l ip a nd w all i . P arallels: L 16 8 01.1 r ed p aint i ., m eander o n r im Q 9 E 1 704.1 2e x. r ed p aint i . K P I /II?
R 9 1 103.1 W all a ngled s teep ly o utwards, r im
1 63
C N4055 K P I I S 10 5 01.4 R D 1 4 0 c m. F airly c oarse r ed w are ( W2). W all s teeply a ngled o utwards, s quarish r im f laring o ., s lightly c oncave o n t op. P reviously p ublished : M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 5, 3
1 64
cgo68 K P I R D 3 6 c m. C oarse g ritty d ark w are ( W1). W all c urving u p t o r im t hickened o . r im o . P reviously published : M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 5, 1 6
R h l6 03.2 I ndentations w ith b lunt p oint i n
1 65
C N4061 K P I S 10 5 03.1 R D 2 8 c m . R ed b rown ware ( W8). R ed p aint J . a nd o . W all c urves u p t o r im f laring o . w ith s light g roove b elow l ip. P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 5, 9
F ig .
6 8
U nglazed w ares
( kale)
0 3 1 66
1 67
* 4069 K P I R D 4 8 c m . C oarse g ritty w are ( W2). U pright w all, r ounded, s lightly o utturned r im. P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig . 1 5, 1 7 c N4183
1 69
1 70
1 71
c R4084 R D 3 6 c m C oarse g ritty w are ( W2). P arallels: Q 9 E 1 704.1 R 10 1 301.1 1 302.1 1 302.6 1 303.2 S ll 2 01.1 2 01.6 2 05.2 R 15 2 001.1
R 9 1 -4 01.1
W all s lopes o ut t o s quarish r im.
K P I I
5 10 5 01.3
W all s lopes o ut t o t hickened s quarish r im. 2e x. o ne w ith r ed p aint K P 1 /112 K P I I K P I I K P I r ed p aint i . a nd o ver r im K P I 2 e x. K P I I K P I K P I I
C N4023 K P I I R D 2 8 c m . R ather c oarse g ritty w are, d ark c ore, p ink s urfaces r im, b evelled i . P reviously p ublished : M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 4, 2
1 9 I I
C N4306 R D 3 5 c m . C oarse b rown w are w ith w hite g rits 1
( W3).
I mpressed r oundels b elow r im o .
S 10 5 01.3 ( W2).
c ra to65 K P I R D j 2 c m. C oarse w are w ith s traw t emper, b lack c ore, b uff s urfaces h andle. P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig . 1 5, 1 3
' plecrurt
L edge h andles.
K RI/II9
R D 3 5 c m . C oarse g ritty p aste, f ired g rey o ., r ed i . P arallels: 1 21 1 202 .13 C P 2 R 10 1 301.1 K P I I 1 302 .10 K P I 1 303.3 K P I R 12 1 903.2 K P I 1 68
R ll 6 04.1
S lightly c urving w all r ising t o r ounded
R 11 6 02.2 ( W8).
S traight o utward-sloping w all, l edge
Q 10 E 1 801.1
S lightly c urving o blique w all, r im b evelled i ., a pplied
m oulding b elow r im o .
1 09
1 . 12
C N426b K P I /IIT R D 3 7 c m . C oarse g rey w are ( WI). W all c urving t o s i ple u pright r im b evelled 1 . w ith u s harp e dged t ool b etween r im a nd r idge o .
1 73
C N4218 K P I I R D 2 8 c m . O range g ritty w are w ith w hite s pecks a nd m ica ( W3).
F ig .
6 9
U nglazed w ares
Q 9 E 1 702.1 T vo b ands o f z ig-zaga i mpressed
8 10 1 302.4 R ound,
f olded , u pright r im o nly
( kale)
0 3 1 74
cg344 R D 1 4 c m . V ery c oarse b rown w are w ith w hite g rits
1 75
C N4444 R D 4 6 c m . C oarse g ritty w are, l edge i .
K P I /II? ( W3).
Q 9 E 1 704.1
I ncurving w all, r ound r im s lightly f lattened. K P I
f ired b rown, g rey, b lack a nd r ed ( W8).
S ll 2 04.10 S lightly i nsloping w all, s quarish r im w ith
1 76
K P I /II T 9-11 2 101.6 C N4355 R D 5 9 c m . C oarse g ritty w are, g rey c ore, l ight b rown s urfaces ( W2). R ed p aint i . a nd o ver r im . F lat b ottom, c urved o utward i nclining w all. R ound f lattened r im p rotruding o . F our l ug h andles. S cale 1 :6 P arallels: L 16 8 01.5 s maller S ll 2 02.9 s maller K P I 2 05.6 2 e x. K P I I
1 77
C N4303 K P I I Q 10 E 1 801.1 R D 1 4 5 c m . F airly c oarse w are, p ale g rey c ore, b uff s urfaces ( W2). S lightly c urved o utward-inclining w all. d ed r im, t hickened o . L ug h andle ( one o f f our?) w ith v ertical d epression. S cale 1 :6
1 78
c r i4254 K P I /II 8 10 1 301.9 R D 5 1 c m . S ll 2 05.3 C oarse g ritty w are f ired r ed, p ink a nd g rey ( W8). O utward s loping w all, r ounded r im t hickened o ., f lat b ase. F our l ug h andles. H and-moulded. S cale 1 :6. F arallels:
F ig .
R oun-
7 0
Q 10 E 1 801.3
U nglazed w ares
K P I I
( kale)
C l a nd 0 4 1 79
C N4326 D 2 4 e r a .
K P I
Q 10 E 1 805.2
M edium c oarse ware w ith w hite g rits a nd m ica f lecks, f ired b uff ( W2). p aint o n t op o f r im . S teeply o utslcping w all , outturned s quarish r im.
R ed p aint i . a nd o ver r im;
1 80
C N4320 K P I /II Q 10 E 1 801.11 R D 2 4 c m . S ll 2 03.3 M edium c oarse w are w ith w hite f lecks, f ired l ight b rawn a t s urfaces, b rown g rey c ore ( W2 - s urfaces 7 .5YR 6 /4, c ore 7 .5YR . N6). B rown p aint i . a nd o ver r im . S teeply o utsloping w all, f lat o utturned r im w ith r ounded l ip. C riss-cross i ncisions o n t op o f r im . P arallels: S ll 2 03.3 K P I I
1 81
C N4143 R D 2 6-36 c m . C oarse g ritty p inky b uff w are ( W2). P arallels: R 9 1 401.1 K P I /II?
K P I /II?
S 9 1 101.1
F lat b ottom, c urved w all t o r ounded r im.
H and-moulded .
1 82
C N4245 K P I 8 . 10 1 301.5 R D 2 6 c m . C oarse g ritty l ight b rown w are ( W2), b lackened b y f ire o n b ase a nd s ides o . P ainted r ed i . a nd o n t op o f r im. F lat b ase, s tubby wall, r ound r im w ith ' pie c rust' g ashes o n t op.
1 83
c g3o9 R D 2 6 c m . C oarse w are,
1 84
K P I f ired d rab
( W2).
c ream
8 10 1 302.14
F lat b ase, s tubby w all s lightly c oncave o ., r ound r im.
2N4311 R D 2 0 c m . M edium c oarse p ink g rey w are ( W2
K P I /II? 5 YR 7 /6).
R ed p aint i . a nd o .
Q 11 E 2 201.1 F lat b ottom,
s lightly o utsloping
w all t apering t o r ounded r im. T wo i ncised w avy l ines o . P arallels: S ll 2 00.5 r im o nly Kc leaning 2 04.7 K P I 1 85
C N4422 P D 2 0 c m . V ery c onrr ,e g ritty o rang . J w are ( W2). r im. 0 . p rlille o f w all c un ay . ,.
K F I I T hick l id
S ll 2 01.3
b ase, l aw ,stubby, s lightly o utsloping w all,
1 10
s quarish
F ig .
7 1
U ngt , :oc ,e wows
X 1 14
C 84141 R D 2 7 e m . C oarse d rab w are ( W I). F la t, P arallels: Lg 8 01.4 ( 4 10 E 1 801.3 R 10 1 301.2 1 302.1 S IO 5 03.1 S ll 2 01.1 2 01.3 2 35.4 2 07.1
1 87
1 88
L P I /11
5 9 1 101.1
n lightly u pturned a t e dge w hich i s s lightly i ndented.
H P I I K P I I K P 1 1 2e x. 2e x. K 1 ' I I K P I K P I I
K P I K P I I
C 84188 K P I /II? R D 2 3.5 c m . c ritty b rown w are, b lack c ore ( W3). F lat, i ndented e dge. w heel-made r idges i n u pper s urface, o ne w ith i ndentations. C 84278
8 9 1 401.1 ' Pie c rust' i ndentations o n u pper r im,
K P I
8 10 1 303.2
R D 2 3 c m C oarse o range w are, g rey a nd b rown c ore ( W2). F lat, i ndented e dge. r im . H andle f rom e dge t o n ear c entre. P arallels: Q 10 E 1 801.3 n o ' pie c rust' K P I I S ll 2 01.4 n o ' pie c rust' K P I I
' Pie c rust'
i ndentations o n u pper
1 89
C 84351 K P I /II T 9-11 2 101.7 R D 2 2 c m . C oarse p urple g rey w are w ith w hite g rits a nd m ica f lecks ( W3). F airly f lat, w ith c onical d ome p ierced w ith s team-vents i n c entre; s quarish ,slightly u pturned e dge, s mall ' pie c rust' i ndentations o n u pper e dge. P arallels: S ll 2 01.5 e dge o nly - n o ' pie c rust' K P I I
1 90
C 84189 K P I /II? . 8 9 1 401.1 D 2 5 c m . G ritty b uff p ink w are, b lack c ore ( W2). F lat, t wo-facetted e dge, ' pie c rust' d ecoration o n u pper r im . P arallels: L 16 8 01.5 8 02.2 w ith r ed p aint o n u pper s urface a nd o ver r im Q 9 E 1 704.1 K P I /II? 8 10 1 301.10 K P I 1 302.10 K P I 1 303.3 K P I
1 91
C 84114 . R D 2 5 c m . C oarse g ritty d rab P arallels: L ly Q 10 E 5 10 S ll
1 92
K P I
C N4142 K P I /II R D 2 0 c m . C oarse g ritty d rab w are ( W1), r ed p aint o n t op. F lat, u pturned a t e dge. R andle s prings f rom t op c lose t o e dge. P arallels: H 22 1 604.2 c entral h andle C P 2 ü ll 2 04.10 m eander a t e dge a nd r ed p aint
1 93
F ig .
S 10 5 01.6
w are ( W1). F lat, o verhanging r ounded r im, s lashes i n u pper e dge. 8 01.3 1 805.1 K P I 5 01.8 n o d ecoration K P I /II? 2 03.7 t hinner K P I
C 84190 K P I /II? R D 2 5.5 c m . G ritty w are f ired b lack a nd g rey ( W1). R ed p aint o n t op. w ith r ow o f i ncised d ots. R im l eans o ut s lightly. P arallels: S ll 2 01.1 n o i ncisions K P I I 7 2
U nglazed w ares
S 9 1 101.1 E dge l eans o ut s lightly.
K P I 8 9 1 401.1 F lat, u pper e dge p inched u p, a nd d ecorated
( kale)
X 1 1 94
C 84216 K P 1 /Ii? R 9 1 401.1 P P 1 8 c m . G ritty w are, f ired b lack a nd b rown ( W1). F lat e dge t ilted u p. C entral, r oughly r ectangular k nob. R im i rregular. P arallels: L 16 8 02.1 t hicker, w ith ' pie c rust' a round r im.
1 95
C 84275 R D 2 6 c m. C oarne w are,
K P I f ired b rown a bove, b laek b elow, c ore t i nd h andle
c entral k nob w ith v ertical h ole i n c entre.
8 10 1 301.7 ( Wi).
T h l, :l t a nd f lat,
r ounded r im,
i nd ,: ntuttc ‚na i n u pper r im a nd a round k nob.
1 11
P arallela:
1 96
1 97
1 98
L 16
8 00.2 8 01.6
k nob l ost k nob l ost
S ll
2 05.2
k nob l ost
K P I T
C N4201 K P I I R 10 1 302.1 R D 2 4 c m . C oarse d rab w are ( W1). R ising s lightly t o c entre, r ounded r im, s trap h and le a ttached n ear r im. t ed r oundels a round u pper r im . P arallels: S ll 2 02.8 n o t race o f h andle K P I 2 05.2 K P I I C N4201 K P I D 3 2 c m . C oarse g ritty w are, d ark c ore, l ight b rown a t s urfaces ( W8). o n u pper s urface, s lashes o n r im. C N4115 R D 2 1 c m . C oarse g ritty p ink w are P arallels: S 10 5 01.8
I nden-
S ll 2 02.8 F lat, r ounded e dge.
K P I /II?
I mpressed ' tracks'
S 10 5 01.8
( W1). R ising t oward c entre, r idged u pper s urface, r ounded r im. K P I /II?
1 99
C N4272 K P I R 10 1 302.10 R D 2 4 c m . C oarse w are f ired r ed o n l ower s urface, b lack a nd b rown a bove ( W8). R ising t oward c entre, r idged u pper s urface, s mall u pturned r im . S trap h andle j oins s urface 3 c m . f rom r im.
2 00
C N4122 R D 3 0 c m . C oarse p ink w are ( W2). u pper s urface b y r im .
K P I /II?
S 10 5 01.8
R ising s lightly t oward c entre, r ounded r im .
T wo p arallel i ncised l ines i n
2 01
C N4252 K P I S 8 1 502.1 R D 2 8 c m . V ery c oarse g rey b rown w are ( W1). T hick, f lat, w ith s lightly u pturned r ounded e dges. N o t race o f h andle(s) o n s urviving p ortion ( more t han h alf t he o riginal u tensil). C ould b e 0 4.
F ig .
7 3
U nglazed w ares
( kale)
X 1 2 02
C N4097 R D 2 4 c m C oarse w are,
K P I I f ired b lack a t s urfaces, r ed c ore ( W8).
S 10 5 01.4 S 11 - 2 06.1 F lat, r ounded o blique e dge, c entral k nob.
2 03
C N4103 8 10 5 01.4 R D 1 4.5 c m . C oarse p ink a nd g rey w are ( W8). F lat r im, s lightly r ounded o blique r im g rooved a bove, ' pie c rust' d ecoration a round r im . S trap h andle. P arallels: 8 21 1 201.4 h eavier C P 2 /3
2 04
C N4427 R D 1 8 c m . O range c oarse g ritty w are ( W2). a nd r ound i ndentations.
2 05
2 06
2 07
F ig .
K P I
S ll 2 01.6
T hin l id w ith r ounded o blique r im.
' Pie c rust' d ecoration a round r im
C N4421 K P I I R D 2 6 c m . C oarse g ritty b lack w are f iring d ark b rown a t s urfaces ( W1). R ed p aint o n t op. n t op. e dge r ounded a nd s loping i n s lightly, f inger ( ?) i ndentations o P arallels: L 16 8 01.3 C N4113 K P I R D 2 4 c m . C oarse g ritty d rab w are ( W2). P ainted r ed o n t op a nd o ver r im. t op P arallels: 8 21 1 201.4 C P 2 /3 5 10 5 01.8 K P I /II?
U nglazed w ares
S imple f lat l id,
S 10 5 01.6 F lat l id, s quarish r im, g roove o n
C N4191 K P I I R D 2 8 c m . C oarse d rab w are ( W2). F lat b ottom b evelled u p t o s hort v ertical r im. I ndentations o n u pper e dge o f r im . P arallels: L 16 8 01.2 t hinner, n o i ndentations S ll 2 01.1 m assive K P I I 7 4
S i] . 2 01.3
5 10 1 301.2 C oncentriä r idges a bove.
( kale)
X 1 2 08
c r 444?0, K P I R D 3 0 c m . C ,ar t :e g ritty w are, g rey c are, b rown s i ,rfn .c . ,z ( W1).
1 12
S ll
2 01.7
V ery t hick l id, s qmhrinh r im w ith p rojection
o ntwardn a t b ottom e dge a nd u pwards a t u pper e dge. i nral I ci n 1 . 0 7.1 t hinner K P 1 0 09
C N4:43 R D 3 0 e r n .
K P I I
S 8 . 1 501.1
V ery c oarse g ritty b rown w are, w hite ! leeks. g rey ( ' ore, b lackened s urface ( W1). F lat l id, s quare r im. S trap h andle r ises v ertically f rom r im, c urving o ver a nd r unning o bliquely t o c entre. P ressed d own a t c entre w ith t humb. D veorated w ith s mall g ashen o n u pper e dge o f r im, a nd t hree a ppliqud h orse s hoes o n h andle. G ashes a t b ase o f h andle. 2 10
C N4088 K P I S 10 5 01.3 R D 2 3 c m . C oarse m icaceous r ed w are, g rey a t c ore. F lat l id, s quarish r im, c oncentric r aised r idges o n u pper s urface. P arallels: H 21 1 202.14 C P 2 J 21 W1003.1 C P 2 L 16 8 01.10 $ 9 1 403.2 K P I /II? R 10 1 301.1 K P I I 1 301.2 K P I I 1 302 .1 2e x. K P I I 1 302 .4 K P I 1 302.14 K P I 1 303 .3 K P I R 12 1 904.1 K P I S 10 5 01.4 K P I I 5 01.8 K P I /II? S ll 2 01.2 ' pie c rust' r im K P I I
2 11
C N4194 K P I I R 10 1 301.2 . R D 2 4 c m . G ritty d ark b rown w are w ith white a nd m ica f lecks ( W3). L id w ith s quarish r im a nd c entral f unnel. S trap h andle f rom r im t o s ide o f f unnel. C oncentric r idges o n u pper s urface. P arallels: S ll 2 01.3 s maller a nd t hinner K P I
2 12
C N4198 R D 2 2 c m . C oarse g ritty •r ed w are ( W2).
2 13
C N4305 R D 2 0 c m . C oarse l ight p ink b uff w are ( W2). t owards c entral ( ?) f unnel.
2 14
F ig .
C N4287 R D u"nown N o i nformation o n w are. f rom s ide o f f unnel. 7 5
K P I I
R 10 1 301.1
S imple l id w ith s quarish r im, r ises t o w ide f unnel a t c entre. K P I /II? L id,
Q 9 E 1 703 .1
f lat b ase, r ounded r im;
o n u pper r im c oncentric r idges r ising
K P I /II
R 9 1 404.1
F lat l id w ith c entral f unnel w ith s mall s team o utlet.
S trap h andle s pringing
U nglazed b ases ( kale)
0 a nd C 2 15
2 16
2 17
N o C N n o. K P I /II? R D 7c m . F ine o range w are, r ed p aint i nside ( possibly c lassical). P reviously p ublished : M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 4, 2 9 C N4052 D 7 c m . C oarse g ritty r ed a nd b lack w are ( W8). C N4049 R D 1 8 c m C oarse o range w are ( W2). P arallels: L 16 8 01.4 8 01.5 8 02 .3 R 10 1 302.3 S 9 1 101.1 5 10 5 02.1 5 02.10 5 02.10 5 03.1 S ll 2 01.13 2 02.9 2 03.6 2 04.2 2 05.2 2 05.4 2 05.6 2 07.;
S 10 5 01.8 S quarish h igh r ing b ase.
K P I
K P I /II? F lat b ase c urving t o o utward i nclining w all. 3e x 3e x. K P I 3e x. K P I K P I K P I ? K P I K P I K P I K P I K P I 2e x. K P I 3e x.
K P I I
2e x.
K P I
R h l6 02.4
H igh c onical f oot.
K P I /II
K P I I
1 13
$ 10 5 01.8
P reviously p ublished:
2 1 8
M uNieoll 1 973n:
2 20
F ig .
1 4,
2 8
K P I
R D 1 4 c m. C oarse g ritty l ight b rown w all. P arallels: 8 9 1 101.1 1 102.1 S ll 2 01.10 2 03 .4 2 04.8 2 05.2 2 05.6 2 05.8 2 07.1 2 19
1 7 1 1, f ig.
c r i 413 0 w are, r ed s urfacea, 2 e x. K r K P I /IIT 2 e x. K P 2 e x. K P K P I 4e x. K P K P I I K P I I 2e x. K P
g rey c ure
7 6
( W3).
F lat b ottom, a ng le t o o utward s ]op ing
I /II? I I I I I
I I
C N4144 K P I /II? R D 2 6 c m. C oarse d rab w are ( W8). F lat b ottom, p rotrusion a t b ase, P arallels: H 22 1 601.2 C P 2 /3 L 16 8 01.5 s light o utward l ean C N4263 R D 2 .5 c m . C oarse b uff w are
8 10 5 03.1
8 9 1 101.1 u pright w all.
K P I /II? ( W2), b lack c ore.
U nglazed w ares
Q 9 E 1 702.1
S olid b ase e nding i n s mall d isc, r ed p ainted.
( kale)
X 3, X 4, X 5, X 6 a nd X 7 2 21
2 22
2 23
2 24
2 25
T K 7 3/62 C N4361 K P I /II? D 1 0.5 c m . x 9 .0 c m . P ink w are ( W2). S tamped ( moulded) t ile f ragment w ith r aised c ross a nd s urround. s ame m ould a s n o. 1 15. T K 7 3/76 C N4333 K P I /II? D 1 9.6 c m . x 1 3.2 c m . P ink w are ( W2). S tamped ( moulded) t ile w ith r aised t wo c rosses a nd s urrounds. n o. 1 14. S cale 1 :6 C N4434 R D 1 3 c m . N o i nformation o n w are. N o C N n o. F ragment o f h ookah.
R 9 1 402.1 P robably f rom t he
T 9-11 2 101.3 P robably s ame m ould a s
K P I
S ll 2 03.7
P ipe w ith s lightly f laring w all, r im f langed o ., f lat t op. S urface
( kale)
M ould m ade.
C N 4 40 K P I /II? R D 5 2 c m. C oarse w are. L ow, s traight-sided o bject; f lat b ase, c urving i nterior. F unction(s) u nclear. P ot h older? S cale 1 :6
b aulk 2 406.1 L arge c entral a perture
2 26
C N4223 K P I 1 10 1 302.6 R D 1 5 c m. B uff o range w are. A nnular o bject, q uadrangular s ection w ith r ounded c orners, i ncised w ith c riss-cross l ines a round u pper r im o . a nd d iagonal s lashes a cross u pper s urface. F unction(s) u ncertain. P ot h older?
2 27
C N4212 K P 1 311? D 1 1.1 c m . x 8 .4 c m. D ark g ritty w are. C urving b ody s herd w ith n umerous h oles.
F ig .
7 7
M oulded ,
s tamped a nd i ncised s herds
2 28
C N4243 D u ncertain F airly f ine b uff w are ( W7? - 1 0YR 7 /3).
2 29
C N4117 D u ncertain F ine p ink w are
2 30
C N4215 D u ncertain B uff w are ( w8).
2 31
C N4425 D u ncertain
( w 7 ) .
1 9 1 403.1 F unction:
c ullender.
( kale) 1 9 1 405.1
K P I /II B ody s herd ,mdulded.
P robably a j ug.
K P I /II?
8 10 5 01.8
K P I I
1 10 1 301.3 S ll 2 05.6
K P I I
S ll 2 01.4
B ody s herd, m oulded .
B ody s herd, m oulded.
C oarse g ritty b uff w are P arallels: 2 11 2 07.1 2 07.2
( W5?). M oulded b ody s herd w ith c roon 2 e x. K P I I W 3 K P 1
oundel 0 . otched r i n i mpressed n
2 32
C N4I25 D u ncertain b u ff w are
2 33
2 34
2 35
3 10 5 01.9
K P I
( 1 477).
M oulded b ody s herd w ith J mpressed c ortwheel d esign.
C N4078 D u ncertain •C oarse g ritty b uff w are ( W2).
K P I I
S 10 5 01.2
M oulded b ody s herd w ith c ross w ithin i mpressed r oundel. .
C N4137 K P I D u ncertain W are n .a . B ody s herd w ith t hree i ncised h orizontal l ines. B etween m iddle e nd l ower, i ncised w avy l ine.
s Lo 5 01.14 B etween u pper a nd m iddle, s tabbed h oles.
04202 K P I I D u ncertain B uff o range w are ( W2). B ody s herd w ith r idge. A bove r idge o ., d ots; w avy l ines. D aubs o f o range p aint o .
R 10 1 302.1 b elow, i ncised s traight a nd
2 36
C N4192 K P I I R 10 1 301.2 Du ncertain G ritty b uff w are, g rey i nner f ace ( 28). B ody s herd w ith c ombed d ecoration - 6 -7 s traight p arallel l ines a bove a nd b elow 6 -7 w avy p arallel l ines.
2 37
C N4193 K P I I R 10 1 301.2 D u ncertain C oarse g rey r ed w are f ired g rey i . a nd r ed o . D ecorated w ith c ombed d ecoration - t wo s traight p arallel l ines a bove a nd b elow t wo w avy p arallel l ines.
2 38
C N 4 152 M ax. D a pprox. 1 6 c m. G ritty r ed w are w ith w hite f lecks
K P I /II ( W8).
S 9 1 101.2
B ody s herd w ith t wo i ncised l ines a bove i ncised c able p attern.
2 39
C N4420 K P I I S ll 2 01.2 H arsh g rey b rown w are, g rey s urface ( W3). S trap h andle, t op o r b ottom, w ith t riple r idge a ttachment. E ach r idge i s i ncised w ith f our p arallel l ines.
2 40
C N4079 D u ncertain M edium f ine g rey w are ( W87).
2 41
F ig .
C N4151 G rey g ritty w are ( W1). 7 8
K P I I
S 10 5 01.2
B ody s herd w ith i ncised d ecoration.
P ainted r ed a bove.
P robably i ntended t o b e g lazed.
K P I /II S 9 1 101.3 L ug ( 7) h andle, i ncised w ith l ines a nd d ots.
U nglazed w ares ( church)
0 1, 0 2, 0 4 2 42
C N4331 C P 2 R D 2 7 c m . F airly f ine o range w are ( W6). P ainted r ed a nd b urnished I . a nd o ver r im. s quarish l ip. P ossibly a C P 1 o r l ate h ellenistic r ubbish s urvival.
H 21 W 1 207.5 L ong o utward-sloping r im,
0 2 2 43
C N4471 C P 2 3 21 3 02.3 R D 3 6 c m . V ery c oarse g ritty w are, s urfaces a nd c ore m ostly p ink, w ith d ark p atches ( W8). H and f ormed f lat b ottomed,with s lightly o utsloping w e l a nd s ingle r ounded r im. F our l edge h andles w ith f inger i ndent ations l ow o . S cale 1 :6
2 44
C N4348 C P 2 R D 1 4 c m . V ery c oarse d rab w are ( W8) w ith c haff t emper a nd s uch p ebbles. H and f ormed, s loping w all r ounded r im w ith f inger i mpressed i ndentations o n l ip o .
2 45
T K 7 3/59 C N4362 R D 1 0 c m . C oarse b rown w are ( W3). S trap h andle, b roken.
2 46
C N4262 R D 2 3 c m . C oarse d rab w are ( W8).
2 47
C N4232
J 21 W 1 001.1
C P 2 /3
H 21 1 203.8
H and f ormed, t hin f lattish b ottom, t hick o blique w all w ith r ounded r im.
( W1 - 5 YR 2 /1).
C arinated w all,
C N4020 R D M r m . C lone p ink w are
C r 2 /3 ( W7).
f lattish b ottom, o ut-
f lattish b ottom, c urving w all w ith s imple r im s lightly i nturned.
C P 2 /3
R D 1 1 c m. G ritty b lock w are 2 48
C P 2 /3 H and f ormed,
H 22 1 602.6
R od p aint i .
a nd o .
H 21 1 202.4 t hin u pright r ounded r im. J 22 7 02.2
L ower b ody c urving t o s imple u pright r ound r im.
1 15
T wo b road
i wrizontn1 l ines i n b ody o . P arallels: H 22 . l (0P. Pe x. 1 9 R IO
R 11 S 10 S ll
1 404.1 1 301.5 1 301.7 1 302.6 1 302.10 6 04.1 5 03.1 2 01.4
C P 2
' pie c rust' o . K P I /II? K P I 2e x. K P K P I 3e x. ' pie c rust' o n r im o . K P I 3e x . K P I K P I
K P
2 49
C N4021 C P 2 3 22 7 03.12 R D 2 0 c m . C oarse buff w are ( W2 - 5 YR 6 / 14 ). F lat b ottom, w all s lopes o ut t o c arination t hen s loping s l ightly i n t o a s imple r im t hickened o . B and o f r ed p aint o n u pper o . P arallels: 1 21 1 201.2 C P 2 /3 1 22 1 603.5 C P 2 P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: 1 75-6
2 50
C N4234 R D 1 2 c m . C oarse b lackened w are ( WI - 5 71 3 /1). P arallels:
Q 9 E 1 702.1 8 8 1 502.1
C P 2 /3
1 21 1 202.13
S hallow b owl, u pright w all, h andle p rojecting a bove l ip.
K P I /II K P I ?
0 4 2 51
chl64
C P 2 /3
R D u ncertain : 1 2 0 c m . C oarse d rab w are ( W8). 2 52
S hort u pright w all w ith r ounded r im.
C N4280 R D c a. 3 0 c m . C oarse b rown w are w ith w hite g rits r ounded r im . P arallels: L 15
2 53
1 21 1 202.2 F lat tish b ottom.
C P 2 /3 ( W3).
1 21 1 202.14
F lat b ottom w ith p rojecting h eel, w all s lightly o utsloping,
8 00.2
C 11 4077
C F 2 /3
J 22 7 03.10
R D 5 0 c m . C oarse g ritty w are ( W2). S lightly o utsloping w all, b evelled i ., a nd p rotruding o . o n r im i ., s imple l edge h andle o . P arallels: Q 10 E 1 801.6 K P I R 9 1 400.1 Kc leaning 1 401.1 2 e x. r ed p aint, n o i ncision K 2 I /II? 1 302.3 K P I 1 303.4 K P 1 303.5 K P I 8 9 1 101.1 K P I /II P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a:
W avy l ine i ncision
1 , 9 10
2 54
C N4205 C P 2 /3 R D 4 4 c m. G ritty p ink t o l ight b rown w are w ith w hite g rits ( W3). p rojecting o . P arallels: 1 21 W 1 207.4 r ed p aint 1 . a nd o . C P 2 1 10 1 303.3 r ed p aint i . a nd o . K P I
2 55
c f . C N4074
C P 2 /3
R D 5 0 c m C oarse g ritty p ink w are 2 56
( W2).
d ecoration o . 7 . 9
H 21 1 202.1 W all c urving u p t o a ngle i ., r im c urving a nd
J 22 7 02.2
W all o utsloping, t hickened e verted r im w ith l ip b evelled i . a nd r idge o .
C N4301
C P 2 /3
R D 4 2 c m . C oarse b rown w are w ith w hite g rits ( W3).
F ig .
1 79-80
0 21 1 202.1
W all c urving u p t o s quare p rotruding r im w ith ' pie c rust'
S imple l edge h andle b elow r im.
U nglazed w ares
( church)
0 3, 0 5 2 57
C N4233 R D 2 2 c m . Outward c urving w all.
C P 2 /3
H 21 1 202.8
S quarish r im .
2 58
C N4076 C P 2 /3 3 22 7 03 .2 R D 3 6 c m . C oarse g ritty r ed w are, r ed p ainted ( W3). W all c urving o utward a nd t hickening t o s quarish l ip p rojecti ng o . P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: 1 79-80
2 59
C 1 74074 R D 3 6 c m .
C l ' 2 /3
n6
J 22 7 02.2
cun r$ , e xtIty p ink w are ( W I. W a ll e urv Ing n pv ,,rds a nd o ut f lat o n t op. h idge o n u pper b ody u . P arallels:
L t5 5 1 .1
8 01.9 2 01.14
r ed p atnt r ed p aint o n r im
s quarish t hlekened e verted r im,
K P 1
2 60
C N4339 R D 3 4 c m . R im c urving u p t o s quarish r im .
2 61
N o C N n o. C P 2 /3 H D 4 0 c m. C oarse r ed w are, b lack c ore ( W8). S traight w all, s loping o utward t o s imple r im. o n b ody o . P reviously p ublished : M eNicoll 1 973a: 1 79-80
C P 2 /3
K 21 1 03.1
J 22 7 02.2 L edge h andle h igh
2 62
C N4073 C P 2 /3 J 22 7 02.2 R D 3 0 c m . C oarse c reamy w are ( W2). P ainted s treaky b rown o . W all e arinated, t hen c urv ing i n a nd u p t o t hick s quarish e verted r im . T bu i rl i mpressed ' pie c rust' d ecoration o n l ower r im a nd s houlder o . P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: 1 79-80
2 63
C N4045 C P 2 /3 R D 4 0 c m . C oarse b uff w are ( W2). W all c urves u p t o c arination . n ounced a ngle a t j oint w ith b ody i .
2 64
J 22 7 03.2 S hort n eck a nd s quarish e verted r im w ith p ro-
c N4044 C P 2 /3 J 22 7 02.2 R D 3 0 c m . C oarse g ritty d ark w are ( W1). O utward s loping w all t hickened r im w ith i nternal b evel. P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: 1 77-8
0 5 2 65
F ig .
C N4365 B D 6 .2 c m., H 4 .7 c m, L 1 0.7 c m . V ery c oarse b rown w are w ith w hite g rits 8 ( )
C P 2 /3 ( W3).
R ed p aint i . a nd o .
K 21 1 03.7 e xcept l ower 1 .5 c m . a nd b ase.
U nglazed w ares ( church)
C l, C 2 2 66
C N4209 R D 3 6 c m . C oarse r ed w are ( W2).
C P 2
J 21 W 1 003.1 _ M assive w all i nsloping t o v ery s hort n eck a nd s imple r ound u pright r im w ith
r idge o . 2 67
2 68
C N4321 A D 3 6 c m . C oarse b rown w are w ith w hite g rits ( W3). o utward p rojecting r im . P arallels: S ll 2 00.5 Kc leaning C N4206 R D 2 7 c m . B uff g ritty w are
2 69
C P 2
H 22 1 603.5
I nsloping w all t o s hort u pright n eck a nd m assive s quarish
C P 2 /3 ( W2).
1 21 1 202.1
W all s lopes i n t o m assive o utward-projecting r ounded r im.
C N4349
C P 2
1 22 1 602.6
R D 2 3 c m . C oarse g rey b rown w are, f ired b lack, g rey a nd r eddish-brown o . ( W8). w ith r ounded e dges n arrowing t o o uter l ip. S mall r idge b elow l ip o . 2 70
C N4199 R D 4 5 c m . C oarse g ritty d rab w are ( W8).
W all s lopes i n t o e verted r im
1 21 1 201.3
C P 2 /3 W all c urves u p t o o utturned l ip w ith h eavy r idge o .
C 2 2 71
C N4269 R D 8 c m . H arsh p ink w are
C P 2 ( W5).
D aubs o f o range p aint o n n eck a nd h andle.
w ith p ronounced r idge a nd r im t hickened o . P arallels: S i] . 2 06.1 W 2 K P I I 2 72
C N4007
H 22 1 602.2 I ncurving w all o f b ody, u pright n eck
S trap h andle f rom n eck t o r idge t o u pper b ody.
C P2/3
J 22 7 03.2
R D 8 c m . F airly c oarse g ritty g rcyish w are f iring o range r ed a t s urface ( W3). S hape a s 2 69, w ith l onger n eck a nd l ess p ronounced r idging a nd t hickening. I ncised p arallel l ines a round n eck. P reviously p ublished: M eNicoll 1 973 m 1 75-6 2 73
C N4237
C P 2
J 21 W 1 002.3
H D 1 2 c m . N o r ecord o f w are. W a ll c urves i n t o u pright s e,k w ith s lightly e verted r im b evelled I . f rom u pper n eck t o u pp,r w !th u nd p are] i ' I ir es
1 11
S trap h andle
2 74
C N4006 C P 2 /3 J rY 7 03.2 R D 1 2 c m . F airly c oarse g ritty p ink w are ( W3). U pright n eck, s imple r ounded r im t hickened o . P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll I 973a: 1 75-6
2 75
C N4166 R D 1 6 c m . L ight o range b uff w ith o verhang o . P arallels: Q 9 1 9 1 10
2 76
F .
C N4165 R D 1 2 c m . C oarse b uff w are 8 1
C P 2 /3 w are
( possibly w 6).
1 701.1 1 h00.1 1 301.7
1 21 1 202.2
T hick u pright n eck w ith p ronounced r idge o .
C P 2 /3 ( W2).
U r igiazed w ares
a nd r im t hickened
K P I I Kc leaning K P I 1 21 1 202.2
U pright n eck, r idge o . j ust b elow t hickened l ip, s lightly f lat o n t op.
( church)
C 2, C 3 2 77
C N4178 C F 2 /3 1 21 1 201.5 R D 1 8 c m . C oarse p ink o range w are w ith w hite g rits ( W3). U pright n eck, t hickened r ounded r im p rotruding o ., ith w avy l ine b etween o n l ower n eck. r idge b elow . I ncised p arallel h orizontal l ines w P arallels: L 15 8 01.2 W 2 n o d ecoration Q 10 E 1 801.7 W 2 n o d ecoration 1 801.11 W 2 n o d ecoration R 9 1 401.1 W 2 n o d ecoration 1 402.1 W 2 n o d ecoration 1 12 1 904.1 K P 1 /II?
2 78
C N4314 C P 2 M ax. D 1 6 c m ., B D 1 0 c m . G lobular j ar w ith f lat b ase. M edium c oarse b rown w are w ith w hite g rits ( W3). u pper b ody. P arallels: 1 22 1 601.7 C N4335 - l arger - n ot d rawn C P.2
2 79
1 22 1 602.7 S tump o f h andle o n
C N4352 C P 2 K 21 1 03.2 R D 1 6 c m ., B D 1 4 c m., H 1 1 c m. C oarse d rab w are, g ritty ( W2/3 - 5 YR 5 /4). S welling b ody, s hort u pright n eck w ith r ounded r im. l ug h andle o n n eck. P ainted r ed o . a nd o ver r im i .
S mall
C 3 2 80
C N4334 C P 2 /3 1 22 1 601.7 R D 2 0 c m ., M D 3 4.5 c m. C oarse b rown w are w ith w hite g rits ( W3). G lobular b ody, s hort u pright n eck, r im s lightly t hickened o . T wo s trap h andles f rom r im t o u pper b ody. T wo i ncised h orizontal l ines o n n eck w ith s hort d iagonal g ashes b etween. D ark b rown p aint o ver r im a nd i n v ertical d ribbles d own t wo-thirds o f b ody o . P arallels: 1 21 W 1 207.7 C P 2 S il 2 00.11 K c leaning
2 81
C N4204 C P 2 /3 1 21 1 202.1 R D 2 4 c m . G ritty r ed b rown w are w ith w hite f lecks ( W3). S hape a nd d ecoration s imilar t o 2 80, b ut n eck c urves o ut t o s imple r ound r im. S hort d iagcnal g ashes o n n eck; p air o f l ong d iagonal l ines i ncised o n b ody.
2 82
C N4035 C P 2 J 22 7 03.12 R D 3 6 c m . C oarse g ritty m icaceous r ed w are ( W8). G lobular b ody, h olemouth w ith s quarish r im . P air o f d iagonal i ncised l ines o n u pper b ody w ith i rregular l ine o f d ots b etween.
2 83
C H4156 R D 2 8 c m. D rab c oarse w are P arallels: 1 21
C P 2 /3
1 21 1 201.2
( W1). W all c urves i n t o s hort o ut-curving n eck w ith s quared l ip. 1 202.13 C P 2 /3 1 203.1 C P 2 /3 1 22 1 601.2 C P 2 /3 Q 9 1 9
1 10 5 8 2 84
1 701.1 1 402.1 1 404.1 1 302.1 1 502.1
h eavier K P I /II? K P I /II? c oarse w ith i ncised l ines K P I I K P I
C N4208
C P 2 /3
R D 1 5 c m. G ritty g rey w are ( W1). i ncised l ine o n n eck o . P arallels:
L 16
8 01.2
1 3 0 2 . 1 +
K P I /II
J 2] W 1 001.4
S hape s imilar t o 2 83 w ith s light r idge o n l ip o . a nd g roove I . n o i ncision n o i ncizion 2 e x. n o i ncision
18
T hick w avy
8 10 0 11
F ig . C 3, 2 85
2 86
8 2
U nglazed w ares
1 300.4 2 00.9
u ndecorated K c leaning
2 01.2
2 e x.
2 03.10
n o i nci:,i on
K c leaning
n o i ncision
K P I I
K r I I
( church)
X 1 C N4036 R D 2 8 c m. R ather c oarse m icaceous r eddish w are, o utward-curving n eck w ith s imple r im.
C P 2 /3
J 22 70 3 .
r ed o range o . b lackened i .
C N4046
( W1).
B ody c urves i nward t o s hort
C P 2 /3
R D 1 4 c m. C oarse buff ware
( W2).
2
J 22 7 03.2
W all s lopes i n t o r idge a t s houlder,
s hort i nsloping n eck,
a nd l ip t hickened
o . w ith h orizontal g rooves o . P reviously p ublished: 2 87
M cNicoll 1 973a:
C N4033
C P 2 /3
R D 3 0 cm. C oarse g ritty g rey w are
( W8).
P ainted r ed o .
l ip a ngled o . P arallels: J 21 W 1 001.1 C P 2 /3 S 10 5 01.3 K P I I P reviously published: M cNicoll 1 973a: 2 88
1 77-8 J 22 7 02.2
W all s loping s lightly i . t hen c urving o ut t o r im w ith
1 77-8
C N4043
C P 2 /3
J22 7 02.2
R D 2 7.5 cm. G ritty m icaceous w are, b lackened o . ( WI). S quat b ulbous b ody, c urving i nward t o s hort, i nsloping n eck w ith e verted, s quarish l ip w ith a ngle i . P reviously published: M cNicoll 1 973a: 1 77-8 2 89
C 84237
C P 2
RD 1 8 cm . G ritty purply b rown w are.
I nsloping w all,
S light r idge a t j unction o f b ody a nd n eck. P arallels:
2 90
Q 9 E -1702.1 S b) . 2 01.3
I ncised w avy l ine o n b ody o .
C P 2 /3
C N4261
M cNicoll 1 973a:
1 77-8
•
C P 2 /3
2 92
2 93
S ll
2 05.2
n o g ashes
( W1).
P arallels:
8 01.6
L 16
C N4163
R ising s lightly a nd t hickening t o c entre;
1 21 1202.2 o n u pturned e dge l ight
' pie c rust'
d eco-
K P I I K P I I
C N4258
C P2/3
R D 1 2 c m. C oarse g ritty b rown w are, b lackened b elow ( W3).
H 22 1 601.5
S imple l id f lat o n t op a nd u nderneath w ith s quarish
R adiating l ines o f s mall p arallel g ashes o n t op.
C N4240
CP 2 /3
RD 2 0 c m. C oarse p ink g rey w are c rust'
( W8).
L id f lat o n t op a nd , u nderneath,
1 21 1 202.13 s lightly 3 lop ir ig e dge.
I mpressed
' pie
d ecoration o n u pper e dge a nd o n t or.
P arallels:
2 96
I ncised l ines.
C P.2/3
n o i ncision n o i ncision
' pie c rust'
1 21 1 204.4
F lat u nder a nd t opside, r ounded e dge.
r ation a nd i ncised l ines. P arallels: 8 9 1 401.1 S ll 2 31.1
2 95
F lat u nderside, r ounded e dge w ith
S welling f or h andle a t o uter e dge.
C P 2 /3
RD 1 0 cm. C oarse b lack ware
r im .
1 22 1 603.1
K P
C N4282
RD 3 0 c m. C oarse w are ( W8?).
2 94
( W1).
S piral r idging w ith h erringbone g ashes.
P arallels:
J22 7 03.2
l ong u pright n eck c urving g ently o utward t o t hickened r im w ith f lattish t op.
R D 1 3-16 cm. G ritty b rown c oarse w are, b lackened u nderneath a bove.
n arrow e verted r ounded l ip w ith a ngle 1 .
K P I /II K P I I
RD 2 2 c m. F ragment o f i nsloping w all,
2 91
J21 W 1 002.3
u pright n eck,
C N4037
P reviously published:
s lightly
L 15 S ll
C N4141a R D 2 0 c m. n a ra t h im
8 01.5 2 03.7
K P I C P 2 /3
uded,
L id s lightly c cnvex u nderneath w ith a ngular s loping e dge.
1 19
1 21 1 201.4 I rregularly p laced
F ig .
8 3
U nglazed w ares;
b asea
( church)
X 6 ( ?), X 2 o r 3 2 97
C N4181 R D 2 8 c m.
C P 2 /3
B uff o range w are w ith f lecks o f m ica (0).
F ragment o f a l arge c eramic
1 21 1 201.5 r ing w ith t rapezoidal s ection,
i nuised d esign o n t op. X 2 o r X 3
2 9 8
C N4180
C P 2 /3
M L 6 cm., m. 1 .4 c m. L ight b rown g ritty w are
( W3?).
1 21 1 201.5
F ragment o f a f lat o bject w ith e dge t urned u p.
I ncised c ircle o n l ower
s urface. 2 99
C N4210 R ivet W 1 .3 c m .,
CP 2 /3
3 21 W 1 003.1
C P 2 /3
1 22 1 601.2
L 3 .1 c m.
S herd w ith i ron r ivet i n s itu. P arallels: R 9 1 103.1 K P I /lI 3 00
C N4250 B D 3 .5 c m. G ritty c oarse b rown w are
3 01.
( W3).
P edestal b ase.
C N4249 B D 5 .5 cm . C oarse g ritty putty-coloured w are ( W8). s haved o ffwhile c lay w as l eather h ard. P arallels:
1 22 1 602.7 Q 9 E 1 704.1 Q 10 E 1 801.3
c p
R 10 R 12 S ll
K P I K P I 2 e x.
1 302.5 1 903.2 2 05.2
C P 2 /3 F lat b ottom, o utward s loping w all.
2 K P I /II? K P I I
K P I I
1 20
J 21 W 1 002.4 E dges o f b ase a pparently
Fig.
41
Unglazed 121
wares
( kale)
Fig.
42
Unglazed 122
wares
( kale)
Fig.
43
Unglazed 123
wares
( kale)
1 5
F ig.
4 4
Unglazed 1 _ 24
wares
( kale)
F ig.
45
Unglazed 125
wares
( kale)
1 9
1
Fig.
4 6
Unglazed
1 26
wares
( kale)
F ig.
4 7
Unglazed 121
wares
( kale)
2 4
2 5
2 8 p i
N
2 7
1 2 8
F i
F
.4 8
Unr,lazed
1 28
wares
( kale)
2 9
Fig.
49
Unglazed 129
wares
( kale)
) )
( 3 2
)
Fig.
5 0
Unglazed wares 130
( kale)
4 2
1
1 4 9
4 8 4 7
Fig.
5 1
Unglazed 131
wares
( kale)
5 2
5 1
5 5 F ig.
5 2
Unglazed 132
wares
( kale)
F ig.
5 3
Unglazed 133
wares
( kale)
(
6 3
Fig.
5 4
Unglazed
1 34
wares
( kale)
F ig.
5 5
Unglazed
1 35
wares
( kale)
7 4
) ; . " ';;
: -' ' '
'' " ' s .' "
: . s;' ' : -' •:
: 0. -
Z
7 7
Fig.
5 6
Unglazed
1 36
wares
( kale)
F ig.
5 7
Unglazed 131
wares
( kale)
/
',Z. : * . : 4 1" : ' : -. . ,: , : i W .• • . ' : ,. " •
8 8
9 0
Fig.
5 8
Unglazed 138
wares
( kale)
/ \
1
9 5
9 7
F ig.
7 5 9
Unglazed
1 39
wares
( kale)
9
1 02 F ig.
6 0
Unglazed
wares
( kale)
1 04 1
F ig.
61
Unglazed
wares
( kale)
15
17
18 Fig.
62
Unglazed 1 _ 43
wares
( kale)
S
1 20
1 2 1
1 22
1 24
1 23
1 25
Fig.
63
Unglazed
wares
( kale)
1 26
1 27
1 28
1 30
1 3 1
1 32
1 34
Fig.
6 4
Unglazed l45
wares
( kale)
1 38
1 40
1 42
Fig.
65
Unglazed
1 46
wares
( kale)
. . . .
Fig.
6 6
Unglazed 147
wares
( kale)
1 56 t
1 5
3
1%
1
159
1 60
1 6 1
1 47
S 3
Fig.
67
Unglazed
1 ) 48
wares
( kale)
1 6
% er
1 69
/V \ A7 7 NA JA A
1 73 F ig.
6 8
Unglazed
1 49
wares
( kale)
1 74
\
1 78
am -
Fig.
69
Unglazed 150
wares
( kale)
1 1 1 1 1 %
1 79
( l e 1 80
1 8 1
1 g111 1 1. 1 83
1 84
1 85
Fig.
70
Unglazed 151
wares
( kale)
1 88
1 89
1 90
W IWI _
1 9 1
Fig.
1
71
Unglazed 152
wares
( kale)
1 94
1 97
4 1 99
0.
0 .0 1 10 2 00
2 0 1 F ig.
72
Unglazed 1 53
wares
( kale)
( I o CO
00
o0
2 02
E M I » 2 04
2 06
m
a
_
2 07 Fig.
7 3
Unglazed 15 ) 4
wares
( kale)
2 08
M 2 10
a n
2 1 1
2 12
2 13
F ig.
74
Unglazed 1 55
J r %
wares
( kale)
2 17
2 19
Fig.
7 5
Unglazed
1 56
bases
( kale)
2 22
2 2 1
2 24
2 27
F ig.
76
Unglazed 157
wares
( kale)
2 37 2 36
2 39 2 4 1
Fig.
7 7
Moulded,
s tamped
sherds
( kale)
158
and
incised
2 4
>
2 45
2 47
-M
IE R /
2 49
F ig.
78
2 5 1
2 a .
Unglazed wares 1 59
%1 11 2 52
( kale)
12 % 5
1 2 5 \ 2 60
2 e . Fig.
7 9
Unglazed
1 60
wares
( church)
02 6 6
‚
I
-2
2 9 1
2 75
2 76
Fig.
80
Unglazed
1 61
wares
( church)
,
2 8 1
Fig.
81
Unglazed 162
wares
( church)
8 5 ) 21
2 871
2 8 1
2 8 9 ) 2 g 11188111
2 92
29 91111
.
2 94
Fig.
82
Unglazed 163
wares
( church)
2 98
2 97
3 0 1
Fig.
83
1
Unglazed
wares;
1 64
3 0
1
bases
1
( church)
L ate h ellenistic p ottery F igs
8 4 and 8 5 show profiles of sherds of the f irst c entury B .C.
I n g eneral the g roup i s w ell s tratified,
t hough a small number o f
' rubbish s urvivals'
i ncluded.
f rom later l evels
i s
The g roup i s
c losely
p aralleled by the a ccurately d ated l ate h ellenistic p ottery o f A 5van, the h ellenistic B .C.
s ettlement of which h as a p recise e nd d ate o f 6 6/5
( Mitchell 1 980:
1 0-12).
F urther a field,
p ottery c omparable t o
the T a4kun K ale r epertoire h as b een f ound i n h ellenistic many Eastern Mediterranean s ites. c ome
T he most
f rom the major s ites o f Tarsus
O rontes
( Waage 1 9 ) 48)
o f the c eramic
( Jones 1 950),
a nd S amaria-Sebaste
s trata o f
f requently c ited g roups A ntioch-on-the-
( Kenyon 1957).
The merits
g roups f rom these a nd o ther s ites a re c ritically
a ssessed by Lapp
( 1961:
5 7-136).
Although a c onsiderable q uantity
o f n ‘ 2w material h as been e xcavated d uring the s ubsequent twenty years, a nd although r ecently e xcavated s ites i n P alestine a nd Transjordan o ffer p ossibilities o f c hronological r efinement Weinberg 1 971;
( e.g.
Tel A nafa -
P ella o f t he D ecapolis - M cNicoll e t a l.
s ynthesis r emains i ndispensible. t o the A . van c orpus
1 982) , Lapp's
But a ll s uch material i s
f or d ating the T a5kun hellenistic.
s econdary
Among the
parallels we n ote t he f ollowing: TK
F ig.
8 4, 1 cf. A v.
1 31
2
3 31
3
2 87
4 6 7 8 9
1 17-8 1 63 1 65 4 63 3 20 1 64
1 0 N eedless t o s ay, o ther,
a t
e tc.
e ach s ite there a re f orms u nparalleled a t the
but the d egree o f c orrelation i s
s ufficiently h igh t o b e c on-
f ident that the g roups c oincide or a t l east
overlap,
c hronologically.
I have suggested a bove ( p ) 4 7 )t hat Ta5kun may have c ontinued to b e u sed after the s ack of hellenistic A Gvan, but that suggestion i s b ased o n t he s lightest of e vidence.
A f ew f ragments o f pottery c ould
a s well b elong i n t he e arly 1 st c entury A .D. Among the l ate h ellenistic o r l ess was
u pright walls
f ound,
s hapes b owls w ith i ncurving o r more
( 02) predominate
and whilst two k inds
a s t he 1 st c entury B .C.
( fig.
o f b owl b ase,
8 ) 4 ).
N o c omplete p rofile
r ing a nd d isc,
a re
p ossible, the A 5v-a n a nalogies suggest that r ing bases, s uch a s f ig. 8 5, 2 5 a nd 2 7, were p referred i n this region. The f iner b owls a re made of a well l evigated f abric w ith f ired c olours b etween Munsell 2 .5YR and 1 0YR. This wide r ange makes o ne h esitate t o s ubdivide the g roup i nto i mported a nd l ocal wares. N or i s t he s urface t reatment a ny i ndication i n t his r espect. 1 OR r ange t o a muddy d ull b rown
S lips vary f rom a g lossy r ed i n the ( 10YR 4 )/1 ) o r black ( 10YR 3 /2), a nd
o ccur haphazardly a cross the r ange o f ware c olours. o f red over black s lips
The p redominance
i s c onsonant with the l ate h ellenistic d ate,
b ut i t s hould be e mphasized that burnishing o r p olishing the f abric w ithout the a pplication o f a ny s lip i s A ovan.
1 65
c ommon a t Ta5kun,
a s a t
8 4, 13, unique a t Ta5kun, may d ate a s
The c arinated b owl f ig. l ate a s
t he 1 st
c entury A .D.,
i n the H ellenistic
a lthough s imilar c arinated f orms o ccur
I I c ollection a t . A van
Among the c losed s hapes water j ars p redominate.
The
f abric
r anges
( e.g.
Av .
( C2 - f ig.
2 10-211).
8 5,
f rom f ine t o c oarse,
3 0-37)
a nd f iring
c olours a lso vary. T he a bsence o f s torage vessels a nd s torage b owls l eads o ne to s uspect that
t his
i ng o perations,
c ollection o f f ragments
a ccumulated d uring b uild-
a nd r epresents a l imited s election o f the l ate
h ellenistic r epertoire - s pecifically f or e ating a nd d rinking f rom, a nd f or c ontaining d rinking water.
T he C hurch P hase I G roup The bulk o f the material published i n t he C P 1 g roup c omes l ater c ontexts,
a nd must b e t reated w ith c aution.
f rom
I have p ut a
q uestion mark b eside t he p hasing o f most p ieces t o i ndicate m y o wn uncertainty. A s has b een s tated a bove ( pp. 3 6 f .) t here were f ew u ncontaminated C P 1 s trata,
a nd a lmost w ithout
c ontained
Thus we may e xpect t hat
o nly r oof t iles.
e xception they i n this g roup
there may be b oth e arlier a nd l ater material. Among the r easonably s ecure B owls,
Lamp,
f ig.
f ig .
8 6 , 4-5 8 8, 3 2
f ragments a re t he f ollowing: 3 rd-4th c ents,
c f.
( Harper, p ers.
c omm.)
5 th century or later, cf. HarabaOgun 1 970:
P late,
f ig.
8 6 , 12
l ate
Among the more d ubious p ieces a s medieval
( pers.
I I a t . A van,
f ig.
8 6 , 1 -3 and 6 ;
t hese a re p erfectly a cceptable
( burnished)
s lip
f ound a t T a5kun o n the K P I vessels
f ig.
d oubtful a re s ome
c f.
3 29-338
a re t he b owls
c omm .)
5 3,2
a nd i ndeed the u se o f a t hick white
painted pattern o ver a r ed i s
p l.
5 th - e arly 6 th c entury,
H ayes 1 970:
a ccording t o M itchell
Pa nik O reni
( fig. 8 6, 2 and 6 ) 5 3, 5 7 and 5 9 . Also
o f the bases, which may be hellenistic.
1 66
A ll U ulteniotia a nd C P .1 v ormels a re i d hocl-mude, F ig .
8 4
u nleen a tated o thorwiao.
H ateniatic
0 2 a nd 0 3 1
2 .
3
C N4398 H ell. P R D 1 6 c m . F ine o range p ink w are ( 5YR 6 /6), g lossy u elf s lip ( 5YR 6 /8) 1 . a nd o . s imple r ounded r im . C N4399 H ell. P R D 1 6 c m . F ine o range p ink w are ( 5YR 6 /6), o range t o p ink s lip i . a nd o . S hape a s 1 a bove, w ith m ore c urve. C N4396 H ell. P R D 1 3.5 c m . F ine p inky b uff w are ( 2.5YR 6 /4), m att r ed s lip ( 10R 5 /4) r ounded r im . T wo f ragments.
K 21 1 03.13 W all c urves s lightly u p t o
K 21 1 03 .13 ( various r eadings i n 5 YR r ange).
K 21 1 03.12 i . a nd o .
C urving w all, s imple u pright
I s
C N4397 H ell. P K 21 1 03.12 R D 1 2 c m . F ine p inky b uff w are ( 2 .5YR 6 /4), m att r ed F lip ( 10R 5 /4) i . a nd o . W all c urves u p t o s lightly i nc lined s imple r ounded r im . S light r idging o n b ody o . T wo f ragments.
5
C N4393 H ell. P R D 1 2 c m . C halky b uff w are ( 2 .5YR 6 /4), m att r ed s lip ( 10R 5 /4) i . a nd o .
6
C N4377 H ell. P R D 1 4 c m. F ine l ight b uff w are ( 10YR 7 /3), b lack s lip ( 10YR 3 /2) i . a nd o . r ounded i nclined r im . P arallels: L 16 8 01.2 2 e x. n o s lip
K 21 1 03.12 S hape a s 4 , a bove. H 21 1 204.13 I ncurving w all t hickening t o s imple
7
C N4400 H ell. P K 21 1 03.13 R D 1 6 c m . F ine w are f ired p ale g rey a t c ore, b uff ( 5YR 7 /6) a t s urfaces, s lightly d arker p ink b uff ( self?) s lip. C urving w all, s lightly i nclined. S imple r ounded r im .
8
C f. C N4379 H ell. P ( CP 1 /2 c ontext) K 21 1 03.5 R D 2 1 c m . M edium f ine c ream w are ( 7.5YR 7 /4) b urnished o . C urving w all, t hickening b elow s imple r ounded i nclined r im. P arallels: L 15 8 01.2 2e x. o ne s treaky b lack o . 8 02 .4
9
C N4379 R D 2 2 c m . W are a nd f inish a s 80bove.
1 0
1 1
H ell. P ( CP 1 /2 c ontext)
C N4377 RD 1 4 c m. F ine l ight b uff w are, b lack s lip i . a nd o . r ound r im . P arallels: L 15 8 01.2 2e x. n o s lip i g 9i 3c m.
K 21 1 03.5
S hape a lso s imilar, t hough r im i s l ess m arkedly i nturned. H ell. P
1 21 1 204.13
W all c urves a nd t hickens s lightly b elow i nclined s imple
H ell. P
F ine r ed w are ( 2.5YR 6 /6), g lossy b urnish ( 2.5YR 6 /8) 1 . a nd o .
1 67
1 21 1 204.12 W all c urves u p a nd t hickens s lightly
b elow s imple u pright r ounded r im . 1 2
C N4391 H ell. P R D 1 3 e m . F ine p ink o range w are ( 2.5YR 6 /6), t hin s elf s lip ( 2.5YR 6 /8) 1 . a nd o . b elow n arrow i nclined r ounded l ip.
K 21 1 03.12 W all s lopes 0 .;
r idge o .
1 3
C N4372 H ell. P ( CT ' 1 /2 c ontext) K 21 1 03.6 R D 1 5.5 c m . F ine b uff w are ( 10TH 5 /4) s lip 1 . a nd o . f ired r ed a t l ip, d ark b rown ( 10TH 4 /1 ) enewhere. L ower w all c urves o utwards a t l ow a ngle t o c arination; u pper w all, c oncave i n p rofile, c urves u p t o s imple
1 4
C N4394 H ell. F R D 1 6 c m . F ine b uff w are ( 2.5YR 6 /4), r ed s lip ( 101 5 /4) i . a nd o . r im t hickened o .
u pright r ounded r im .
1 5
1 6
C N4184 R D 1 7 c m . C oarse g ritty d rab w are, g rey a t c ore. C N4332
Hell. P
K 21 1 03.12
W all s loping o ut t o n arrow u pright r ounded l ip. 1 21 W 1 207.5
6 /4), f ired s elf c olour w ith d ark p atches ( 5TH 8 /1) a t s urfaces.
s imple r ounded u pright r im.
1 8
W all c urves i n t o u pright n eck w ith s quarish
H ell. P
R D 2 2 c m . C oarse b uff w ere ( 5TH
1 7
K 21 1 03.12
W all c urves t o
S light r idging o .
C N4364 H ell. P ( CP 1 c ontext) K 21 1 03.9 R D 2 6 c m . C oarse g ritty w are; c ompletely b lackened ( 7.5YR N 3). W all c urves t o s imple r ounded i nclined r im . C N4381
H ell. P ( CP 1 /2 c ontext)
K 21 1 03.5
R D 2 5 c m . C oarse p inky g rey w are w ith w hite g rits, b lackened o ., p inky b rown p aint i . a nd o ver r im. t o s imple r ounded i nclined r im . P arallels: K 21 1 03 .13 u npainted, c oarse b uff w are, b lackened i n p arts 1 9
C N4405
H ell. P
K 21 1 03.13
R D 2 5.5 c m . F airly c oarse b uff w are ( 7.5YR 6 /4), b urnished i . a nd o . a nd o . t o f lat-topped l ip. 2 0
C N4383
2 1
P ig . 0 3 2 2
K 21 1 03.12
W all c urves u p t o s imple r ounded r im;
s light r idge b elow l ip o .
C N4388 H ell. P R D 2 0 c m . P lain c reamy w are ( 10 T h 8 /4), t races o f b rown p aint i n b ands o . a nd o n l ip. b roadening i . a nd o . t o f lat-topped l ip. 8 5
K 21 1 0 .3 .12 W all c urves t o u pright r im
H ellenistic
b ases C N4310
H ell. P ?
R D 2 2 c m . M edium c oarse b rown w are w ith w hite g rits ( 5YR 5 /4). r ounded l ip. 2 3
W all c urves t o u pright r im, b roadening i .
H ell. P
R D 2 5 c m. C oarse g ritty d rab w are ( 5 T h 5 /3).
W all c urves
H 21 W 1 207.4
B ulbous b ody, s hort n eck, o utturned r im w ith
C N4354 H ell. P ( CF 2 c ontext) R D 2 3 c m . F ine b uff w are, o range p aint o . a nd o ver r im, b rown p aint 1 .
K 21 1 03.3 W all c urves u p t o e verted r im w ith
r ounded l ip. 0 a nd C b ases 2 4
C N4385
H ell. P
B D 7c m . P lain p utty c oloured w are ( 7.5YR 7 /2). 2 5
C N4386
L ow r ound-edged r ing b ase. H ell.
B D 4 .5 c m . F ine p ink o range w are ( 5YR
K 21 1 03.12
P
6 /4), p inkish p aint 1 ., a nd a d rop o r t wo o .
K 21 1 03.12 S mall r ing b ase o f al arge .
v essel. 2 6
C N4236
H ell. P ?
B D 9 c m . C oarse b uff w are. P arallels:
L 15
R ed p aint 1 . 8 02.3
L ow r ound-edged r ing b ase.
5 YR 8 /4 - n o r ed p aint
1 68
1 21 1 202.13
2 7
N o C H n o. B D 4c m.
H ell.
P ( CP 1 /3 c ontext)
S mall s harply m odelled r ing b ase. P reviously p ublished: F rench e t a l. 1 972: 2 8
2 9
C N4374 B D 4 .5 c m . W ell l evigated r ed w are r eserved. D isc b ase.
p l.
3 7, n o .
K 21 1 01.15
2 3.
H ell. P ( 2.5YR 5 /6) f ired h ard.
C N4324 B D 8 c m W ell l evigated p ale w are.
H 21 1 204.16
R ed p aint o .
( 10R 3 /6), a nd d ribbles 1 .
H ell. P ( surface) R ed s lip.
B ase o .
C hurch a rea,
s urface
S lightly s played r ing b ase.
C 2 3 0
3 1
3 2
3 3
C N4390 R D 7 c m . C oarse b uff w are r im .
H ell. ( 5YR 7 /4)
P
f iring p ink a t s urfaces.
K 21 1 03.12 N eck o f v essel, w all c urves o ut t o s imple r ounded
C N4392 H ell. P R D 6 c m . F ine b uff r ed w are ( 5TH 7 /4-8/4), r ed b rown s lip ( 10R 5 /4). C N4375 R D 8 c m . F ine w ell l evigated b uff w are ( 5TH 6 /4), u pright n eck, r im t hickened o . C N4402 RD 1 4.5 c m . H arsh g ritty p ink w are ( 2.5YR 6 /6).
K 21 1 03.12 U pright n eck, r im t hickened o .
H ell. P 1
K 21 1 03.10
r ed b rown p aint i . a nd o .
( 10R 4 /4).
W all c urves i n t o s hort
H ell. P
K 21 1 03.13
N eck o utsloping t o t riangular r im .
3 4
C N4401 H ell. P K 21 1 03.13 R D 1 2 c m. F ine b uff p ink w are w ith g rits ( 2.5YR 6 /6), r ed b rown p aint o n t op o f r im w ith s plashes o . ( 10R 4 /4). U pright n eck c urving o . s lightly t o r im, e verted, w ith s light o verhang a nd f lat t op.
3 5
c N4376 H ell. P 1 RD 1 2 c m . C lose b uff w are ( 5 T h 6 /6 a t c ore) f iring 7 .5YR 7 /4-8/4 a t s urfaces. c urving n eck w ith r ounded r im . P arallels: K 21 1 03. 12
3 6
3 7
c r i44o4 H ell. P RD 1 2 c m . C reamy w are ( 7.5YR 7 /2-8/2). P ossibly o riginally r ed s lipped. s loping n eck w ith s imple r ounded r im .
K 21 1 03.10 B ody s lopes i n t o s hort o utward
K 21 1 03 .13 W all s lopes i n t o s hort o utward-
C N4403 H ell. P ( CP 1 /2 c ontext) K 21 1 03.6 RD 9 .5 c m . H arsh g ritty p ink w are ( 2 .5YR 6 /4). W all s lopes i n t o s lightly o utward c urving n eck w ith r im t hickened o .
C 3 3 8
C N4387 H ell. P R D 1 2.5 c m . C lose c ream w are w ith g rits ( core 5T h 7 /4-8/4; s urfaces 7 .5YR 7 /4-8/4). e verted r im .
K 21 1 03.12 W all s lopes i n t o r ounded
C l o r C 3 3 9
C N4409 R D 2 8 c m. C oarse g rey b lack w are w ith w hite g rits. o utward c urving r ounded r im .
H ell. P
H 21 W 1 209.6
S welling b ody, w all c urves i n t o u pright n eck w ith s lightly
C 3 4 0
C N4382 R D 1 8 c m . C oarse d rab m icaceous w are w ith w hite g rits
H ell. P ( 5TH 5 /2), b lackened i n p laces.
K 21 1 03.12 T wo f ragments.
b ody. W all c urves i n t o s hort n eck w ith s lightly o utturned r im w ith a ngled l ip. f rom r im t o u pper b ody. P ig .
B e
B ulbous
T wo s trap h andles
C P 1a nd C? 1 ( ?)
0 2 1
C N4177 C P 1 1 ( CP 2 /3 c ontext) 1 21 1 201.5 R D 2 8 c m . O range w are ( 5TH 6 /4) b urnished s elf s lip I . a nd o . t o s hou lder. W all c urves o ut t o c arination, t hen i n s lightly t o s imple r im b evelled i . F our i ncised l ines, t wo s traight, t wo w avy b elow r im o . P arallels: 1 22 1 603 .4
1 69
2
C N4313 C P 1 7 ( CP 2 c ontext) 1 22 1 602.7 R D 2 4 c m. F airly w ell l evignted b uff w are ( 5YR 7 /4), d arker b uff s lip i . a nd o . w ith w hite p ainted c ries-cross l inen a bove c arinution. S hape a s p revious, b ut r ounded l ip.
3
C N4228 R D 2 2 c m . G ritty r ed w are ( 5YR 6 /6). s imple r im. P arallels: 1 22 1 601.2
C P 1 7
( CP 2 c ontext)
0 21 1 303.5
L ower w all c urves o ut t o e arination, u pper w all s lopes i n s lightly t o 3e x.
4 10 E 1 801.3 R 12 1 903.1 1 903.2
4
C 04019 .C P 1 7 ( CP 2 c ontext) J 22 7 02.2 R D 2 2 c m . F ine p ink w are ( 5YR 7 /4 -8 /4), r ed p aint i . a nd o . ( 2.5YR 5 /6). U pper w all o f b owl, s loping i nward s lightly t o s imple r ounded r im . T wo h orizontal g rooves b elow r im o .
5
C N4170 R D 1 5 c m . F ine p ink w are,
6
C P 1 ?
( CP 2 /3 c ontext)
r ed p ainted a nd b urnished i . a nd o .
1 22 1 202 .2
S hape a s p revious, b ut s maller.
C N4220 CP 1 7 ( CP 2 c ontext) R D 2 5 c m. W ell l evigated l ight o range w are ( 5YR 7 /4 -8 /4), t hick g lossy r ed s lip i . a nd o . p ainted d ots a nd l ines o . S hape a s p revious, b ut o nly o ne g roove.
J 21 W 1 001.9 ( 2.5YR 5 /6) w ith w hite
7
C N4297 C P 1 7 ( CP 2 c ontext) H 22 1 603 .4 R D 2 0 c m. C oarse b rown w are w ith w hite g rits ( 5YR 3 /1- 4 /1 ) . L ower w all c urves o ut t o c arination, u pper w all s lopes s lightly o utwards t o s imple r ounded r im. P arallels: 1 22 1 601.6 r ed p aint i .a ld o . 1 602.7 K 21 1 03 .1 r ed p aint i . a nd o . R 9 1 404.1 s moothed s urfaces 1 . a nd o .
8
C N4329 C P 1 7 ( CP 2 c ontext) 1 22 1 604.1 R D 1 3 c m. F ine p ink ware, g lossy r ed s lip 1 . a nd o ver r im. W all s lopes o ut s lightly t o s imple r ounded r im t hickened s lightly o .
9
1 0
C N4230 R D 2 6 c m . N o d ata o n w ere.
C P 1 7
( CP 2 /3 c ontext)
W all c urves o ut t hen i n s lightly t o r ounded r im t hickened m arked I . a nd s lightly o .
C N4171 • C P 1 7 ( CP 2 /3 C ontext) R D 2 0 c m . G ritty buff p ink w are ( 5YR 7 /3- 8 /3 ) , p urple r ed p aint i . a nd o . t o s houlder. c lines t o r im g ently b evelled i . a nd t hickened o .
1 1
1 2
1 22 1 203.5
C 04341 R D 1 7 c m . N o d ata o n w are.
1 21 1 201.4 W all c urves u p a nd i n-
T wo h orizontal g rooves o n b ody o .
C P 1 7 ( CP 2 c ontext)
K 21 1 03.1
W all c urves u p t o everted r im r oughly t riangular i n s ection.
C N4324 R D a pprox. 2 6 c m. F ine w are, r ed s lip i . a nd o .
C P 1 ( surface)
C hurch a rea
W all s lopes o ut t o u pright r im w ith r ounded l ip a nd p ronounced r idge
a t b ase o f r im o . 0 1 1 3
1 4
C N4200 C P 1 7 ( CP 2 /3 c ontext) R D 2 6 c m . F airly f ine b uff w are ( 5YR 7 /6), t hick g lossy r ed s lip i . a nd o . t urned r im w ith r ounded l ip. P arallels: 1 21 1 202.1 C N4149 R D 2 4 c m. H arsh r ed w are ( 5YR 7 /6),
C P 1 7 ( CP 2 c ontext) r ed p aint I . a nd o .
0 21 1 201.3 ( 101 5 /6).
W all s lopes o ut t o d own-
J 21 W 1 002.1
O blique w all c urves u pwards t o b road f lat r im w ith
r ounded l ip. F ig .
0 7
CP 1 q nd CP 1 ( ?)
0 3 1 5
C N4281 R D a pprox.
C P 1 7
( CP 2 /3 c ontext)
0 21 1 202.14
4 3 c m .
C oarse b rown w are w ith w hite g rits. W all c urves u p t o m assive e verted r im w ith b road b evelled l ip. C urved l edge h andle. s hort s lashes o n h andle a nd r im.
1 10
1 6
C N4174 R D 3 4 c m . W all s lopes o .
C P i t
( CP 2 /3 c ontext)
t o r ound r im t hickened I . a nd o .
1 21 1 201.4
R im b evelled 1 .
1 7
C N4167 C P 1 ? R D 3 4 c m . W all s lopes o ut t o r im t hickened i .
( CP 2 /3 c ontext)
1 8
C N4162 R D 3 4 c m. L ight b rown p ink g ritty w are. P arallels: R 15 2 001.2
C P 1 ?
( CP 2 /3 c ontext)
1 21 1 202.2
H 21 1 201.2
W all s lopes o ut a nd u p t o e verted r im .
S light r idge b elow r im o .
1 9
C N4369 C P 1 7 ( CP 1 /2 c ontext) R D 2 0 . e m . M edium c oarse p inky b uff w are ( 5YR 7 /6), f ired b uff i . ( 5YR 6 /4).
K 21 1 03.6
2 0
C N4235 C P 1 ? ( CP 2 /3 c ontext) 1 21 1 202.13 R D 2 4 c m . C oarse b rown w are w ith w hite i nclusions. O utward s loping w all, t hickened r im f lat o n t op. B road d iagonal s lashes o n r idges o n r im a nd b ody o .
W all c urves u p t o s imple s quare r im .
o 4 2 1
C N4242 C P 1 ? ( CP 2 /3 c ontext) 1 21 1 202.13 R D 2 1 c m . B rown g ritty w are, f ired b lack i . H and m ade. F lat b ase, r ising s lightly t o r idge o ., w all s loping o ut t o r ounded r im . I rregular m eandering i ncised l ine.
C 2 2 2
C N4158 R D 8c m . O range g rey ware.
C P 1 ?
( CP 2 /3 c ontext)
1 21 1 201.2
U pright n eck, r im t hickened o ., l ip r ounded.
2 3
C N4260 R D 8c m . G ritty r ed ware.
2 4
C N4380 C P 1 ? ( CP 1 /2 c ontext) K 21 1 03.5 R D 1 1.5 c m . W ell l evigated c ream w are ( 5YR 8 /4). h eck w all s lopes s lightly i nward, r ounded e verted r im .
2 5
C N4336 R D 1 0 c m . S hape a s n o.
2 6
C N4159 . R D 8c m . G ritty p ink w are.
2 7
C P 1 ?
( CP 2 c ontext)
1 22 1 601.5
W all c urves i n t o n eck, t hen s lightly o .
t o s imple u pright r ounded r im.
C P 1 2 3.
C N4371 R D 8c m . G ritty r ed w are.
S trap h andle w ith p rotrusion o r
R ed p aint o .
1 21 W 1 208.5 ' kick' s prings f rom r im.
C P 1 ? ( CP 2 /3 c ontext)
1 21 1 201.2
N eck w all s lopes g ently o utward, s lightly e verted r ounded r im, s welling b elow r im. C P 1 ?
( CP 2 c ontext)
1 22 1 601.5
W all c urves i n t o n eck, t hen s lightly o . t o s imple u pright r ounded r im.
R ed p aint o .
2 4
C N4380 C P 1 ? ( CP 1 /2 c ontext) K 21 1 03.5 R D 1 1.5 c m . W ell l evigated c ream w are ( 5YR 8 /4). N eck w all s lopes s lightly i nward, r ounded e verted r im.
2 5
C N4336 R D 1 0 c m . S hape a s n o.
2 6
2 7
C P 1 2 3.
C N4159 R D 8c m G ritty p ink w are.
S trap h andle w ith p rotrusion o r C P 1 7
1 21 W 1 208.5 ' kick'
s prings
f rom r im .
( CP 2 /3 c ontext)
N eck w all s lopes g ently o utward, s lightly e verted r ounded r im,
C N4371 R D 1 0 c m . W ell l evigated o range w are. h andle f rom r im , w i th
C P 1 ?
1 21 1 201.2 s welling b elow r im .
( CP 1 /2 c ontext)
N eck w all s lopes o . t o r im r idged o . w ith r ounded l ip.
K 21 1 03.6 B road s trap
' kick'.
C 3 2 8
C N4157 R D 1 6 c m . • G rey b uff w are ( 5YR 5 /4). o . a nd o ver r im i . P arallels: 1 21 . 1 2 ( )2.1 J 21 W 1 003.1 ü ll 2 01.1
C P 1 1 W all s lopes
( CP 2 /3 c ontext)
1 21 1 201.2
i n t o r ounded r im t hickened o . w ith s light b evel 1 .
1 11
R ed p aint
2 9
C N4139 R D 1 7 c m. F airly f ine b uff w are ( 5YR 6 /6).
F ig .
8 8
C l
C r J A
( 21 ) P /3 c ontext)
H 21 1 201.1
W all . c urves i ., w ith s light r idging o .
U pright n arrow r ounded r im.
1a nd C F 1 ( ?)
C 3 3 0
3 1
C N4168 R D 2 2 c m . G ritty b uff w are. P arallels: R IO 5 8
C l ' 1 2 H olemouth v essel. 1 302.1 1 501.1
( C r
2 /3 c ontext)
1 2 1 . 1 202.2
T hick w all s lopes i n t o s imple l ip.
C N4370 C l ' 1 ? ( Cr 2 c ontext) 1 21 1 03.6 R D 2 0 c m . M edium c oarse p inky b uff w are, b uff i . ( 5YR 6 /4) a nd p ink o . ( 5YR 7 /6). W all c urves i nward t o s quarish r im t hickened i . a nd s lightly b evelled. S ix p arallel i ncised g rooves o ., t wo b elow r im a nd f our l ower d own.
C 5 3 2
C N4360 C l ' 1 A rea H L 9 .7 cm., W 7 cm. F airly f ine p utty c oloured w are, b lackened. T op o nly o f m ould m ade l amp w ith f iller h ole a nd n ozzle. I mpressed d esign o f l ines a nd s lashes, a nd v estigial k nob h andle.
0 a nd C b ases 3 3
C M 4 221 H ell/Cr 1 ? ( CP 2 c ontext) J 21 W 1 001.7 B D 4 .5 c m. F ine b uff c lay, b rown t o b lack s lip i . a nd o . R ing b ase w ith r ounded f oot, o utward s welling w all.
3 4
C N4304 B ell/cl ' 1 2 ( CP 2 /3 c ontext) 1 21 1 202.13 B D 3 .5 c m . F ine w ell l evigated r ed w are, p olished o . R ing b ase, o uter e dge a nd f oot w ith r ight a ngle j unction, i nner e dge c urving i n. O utward s welling w all.
3 5
c r 14294 B D 9c m .
3 6
C N4270 H ell/Cr 1 ? ( CP 2 c ontext) B D 9 .5 cm. F airly f ine b uff w are ( 7.5YR 6 /4 -7 /4), t races o f r ed p aint i . f oot, s welling o .
H ell/CP 1 ?
( cl ' 2 /3 c ontext)
F airly f ine b uff w are ( 7.5YR 6 /4-7/4), r ed p aint i .
1 21 1 202 .20
H igh r ing b ase,
f oot s played a nd r ounded. 1 22 1 602.2
H igh r ing b ase, s played a nd r ounded
o h 3 7
C N4257 C P 1 2 ( cl ' 2 /3 c ontext) R D h o cm. C oarse b rown w are w ith g ritty w hite a nd m icaceous i nclusions.
1 22 1 603.2 F lat b ase w ith m assive r aised e dge.
1 3 3 8
C N4330 C l ' 1 1 21 1 204.9 M ax. d ims 3 5 x 2 2 c m . C oarse p ink b rown w are. F ragment o f a f lat t ile, t hickened e dge t riangular i n s ection. C hannel a long o ne e dge; p aired p arallel f inger i mpressed l ines f orm s altire p attern o n u pper s urface. S cale 1 :2
3 9
C N4302 C l ' 1 M ax. d ims a pprox. 1 1 x 1 1 c m . C oarse p ink b rown w are. F ragment o f a f lat t ile w ith t hickened e dge. o n u pper s urface.
4 0
N o C M n o. B D 8c m . C oarse w are.
C P 1 D isc b ase;
w all s wells o utwards.
1 72
F inger-impressed d iagonal l ines
1 22 1 602.3
2
4
3
5
8
f 9
1
1 4
1 7
S . •
Fig.
8 4
Hellenistic 1 13
2 4
2 2
2 3
1
2
N 2 7
>"
I
>
3 1
3 2
3 3
3 9
Fig.
85
Hellenistic
1 7 ) 4
; 1 -L - /
F
L
/
S 4 )
4 1 1
1 4
F ig.
8 6
CP
1 and 1 75
CP
1 ( ?)
2
Fig.
87
CF
1 and
1 76
CF
1 ( ?)
#
3 0
3 1
3 4
3 5
3 7
3 8
F ig.
8 8
CF
1 and 177
CP
1 ( ?)
6
C HAPTER
THE S MALL F INDS
Many o f the
s mall f inds
f rom Ta5kun K ale w ere r egistered i n the
s ame manner a s a t A5 v an K ale the n on-ceramic r egistered,
( see Mitchell 1 980:
2 29).
A majority o f
o bjects r ecovered f rom t he t renches w as
a s their c ondition a ppeared n ot t o warrant
j ects were r etained i n the s tudy c ollection; p hotographed .
n ot, i t.
s ome w ere d rawn and
A f ew of t hese p ieces a re i llustrated h ere,
f ull r ange of the
f inds.
i n the E läzig Museum,
t o s how t he
All the r egistered o bjects, which a re n ow
a re published b elow .
The medieval o bjects which the w ould g uess,
h owever, These o b-
e xcavations p roduced were,
o ne
a r easonable s ample o f the d urables t o b e f ound i n a r ural
c ommunity o f t he p eriod, w ith a s light b ias t owards projectile h eads, e xplicable i n t erms o f the f ortress. c loth,
k ilims,
w ooden o bjects,
c ommunity probably u sed, w e n ot c ommon,
Of t he perishable i tems - c lothes,
basketry,
f urnishings,
f ound n o t race.
e tc.
- which t he
B ronze a nd s ilver were
and were g enerally u sed o nly i n j ewellery and c oinage
i n the medieval s ettlement;
the c ommunity d id,
h owever,
u se i ron f or
many purposes. Among the j ewellery a re three p ieces a pparently alloyed.
T K 7 0/1
( fig.
8 9,
1 ),
i n p recious metal, a s ilver r ing,
than any of the more n umerous medieval r ings t races o f i nlay were o bserved,
i t
e arring A van 9 3
( fig.
8 9,
( Mitchell 1980:
7 )
( fig .
8 9,
Although n o
( Mitchell 1 980:
2 52).
The
l ooks e xtremely l ike the g old
2 51);
f acture a ppears t o h ave b een e mployed. c ross TK 7 1/35
f rom A van.
i s n ot u nlikely t hat a n iello
t echnique s imilar t o A van 1 02 was u sed s ilver e arring TK 7 1/40
a lbeit
i s f iner
the s ame t echnique o f manuN othing l ike the p ectoral
8 ) was f oune e lsewhere i n the A van p roject.
L ike the e arring d iscussed above,
i t w as f ound i n a C hristian
g raveyard . I ron was u sed mainly f or tools, o ccasionally f or a dornment, f airly c ommon
( TK 7 0/18 - f ig.
w ere b adly c orroded c haracteristic 2 ) 45);
9 0,
( fig .
u tensils a nd w eapons, f inger-rings.
1 5),
( S10 t rench n o.
e xample).
s cissors TK 7 0/10 1 980:
s uch a s
2 5,
a nd p ossibly
I ron knives w ere
but most o f those r ecovered ( fig.
9 0,
1 9)
i s
s hown a s a
These p robably h ad wooden handles. 9 0,
1 6)
a re s imilar to A van 3 6
The
( Mitchell
p erhaps these t oo h ad h andles o f wood a ttached t o the
metal s hanks.
F ig .
9 0,
f ound a t Ta5kun K ale;
2 5 -3 3 a re by n o means a ll t he a rrowheads most w ere a s c orroded a s n o.
3 1,
and a re n ot
Apart
perhaps d ates
f rom a n e arlier p eriod a nd w as reused i n the medieval
period,
f or i t was
h aft s ocket,
t hus
a ll of i ron.
I t
large b arbs 2 ) 46).
I t
f rom n o.
3 3 ( a b ronze t rilobed a rrowhead which
i llustrated.
f ound w ith a l ength o f i ron which f itted i nto i ts c onverting i t
i nto a t anged h ead),
the a rrows w ere
i s particularly n otable that this g roup i s w ithout
s uch a s c an b e
s een o n A 5 -v an 4 5,
4 6
a nd 4 7
( Mitchell 1 980:
i s possible that the barbless h eads a re f or war a rrows,
the p urpose o f which vas t o obtain maximum penetration, barbed h ead,
p robably f or hunting,
the q uarry a long w ith the s haft
whereas t he
was i ntended t o remain s tuck i n
i n o rder t o i mpede movement.
1 78
B y c omparison w ith A svan, 3 ) 4-39).
b eads were uncommon a t Taskun
( fig.
9 1,
All t he T askun e xamples were f ound s ingly, mostly i n the
g raveyard.
The p redominance o f b lue f aience o r
a n a muletic
o r p rophylactic
f unction?)
f rit
( indicative o f
c ontrasts w ith A svan, where a ll
the beads were s tone o r g lass. G lass v essels s eem t o have been l ittle u sed a t T askun. The g oblet o r hanging l amp TK 7 3/79 ( fig. 9 1, ) 4) dates to about the 4 th o r 5 th c entury;
i t was part o f the c hurch a pparatus a nd i s unique a t Taskun.
F or the u nguentaria TK 7 3/46-8 l lels.
( fig .
9 1,
) 4 5-7)
I h ave f ound n o para-
A s imilar f laring n eck a nd c ollar c an b e s een o n a 1 4th o r
1 5th c entury p iece i n the B enaki Museum
( Clairmont 1 977 :
but
Moreover, the n eck a nd c ollar
t he b ody of t his p iece i s bulbous.
s hape o ccurs b racelets;
o n v essels
o f e arlier periods.
o ne f ragment,
G lass was
p l . XXIII),
a lso u sed i n
i n twisted s trands of b lack g lass,
i s o f
much f iner workmanship than the e xample i llustrated by M itchell f rom A svan
( 1980:
2 52, n o.
1 05).
A t otal o f t wenty-three c oins was o ne w ere b ronze,
f ound a t T askun K ale.
o ne was b ronze w ith a s ilver wash,
S even o f t he c oins were i dentified p recisely, r easonable c ertainty.
Of these e leven p ieces,
o ne Artuqid,
I lkhanid.
a nd e ight
s ize f or d ating i nvolves r isks, mation which they p rovide a s
Twenty-
a nd one w as s ilver.
a nd f our more w ith two were Byzantine,
Obviously u sing a c ollection o f this but
I h ave c hosen t o treat the i nfor-
r eliable,
p articularly the e vidence o f
the Mongol c oins, which, taken w ith the b roader time-span o f the p ottery, i s d ecisive i n d ating the f ortress. S even of t he e ight I lkhanid c oins were f ound i n the f ortress, tween a bout
1 300 a nd 1 350 A .D.
( above,
P .
ei ndicating o ccupation b 1 9).
The two B yzantine c oins TK 7 0/6 a nd TK 7 0/15 tie i n w ith the a nonymous b ronze s eries of more than a s core o f c oins f ound a t A svan ( Mitchell 1980:
5 3-55);
with two Taskun s pecimens may b e c onsidered
the Artuqid c oin TK 7 1/39. i ndication that 1 2th c entury: s ized,
o n the s ite,
i n u se u ntil t he 1 1th o r
the e vidence o f j ust three c oins i s,
e xtremely s light,
cultivators.
I have s uggested t hat t hese may be an
t he C P 1 c hurch c ontinues
o r
i t must b e e mpha-
a nd may be the r esult of o ccupation e lsewhere
e ven s imply c asual l oss by passersby,
I nto t his
c ategory f alls the O ttoman
( ?)
h erdsmen o r c oin TK 7 0/9.
C oins o f T aekun K ale B yzantine 7 0/6
C onstantine V III
7 0/15
M ichael I V
9 89-1028
Thompson 1 954:113
AE
J21 3 01.2
1 034-1041
954:113 Thompson 1
AE
S ll 2 03.3
P oole 1 877:127
AE
L 15 8 01.3
a nd B asil I I
A rtuqids o f K äifa a nd A mid 7 0/39
N ur a l-Din M ohamad
1 174-85
1 19
I lkhanids 7 1/55 7 3/72 7 1/37 7 0/17 7 1/51 7 1/52 7 1/64
_ ? Uljaitu T ? Uljaitu A bü S atid A b üS atid A bt . S atrd ? Ab üS avid ? Abü S a qd
1 304-16 1 304-17 1 316-35 1 316-35 1 316-35 1 316-36 1 316-35
P oole 1 881:55-60
A E
R 11 6 02.5
P oole 1 881:88-93
AE A R
s ilver w ashed
A E A E AE AE
R 9 1 400.3 R 11 6 01.8 S ll 2 05.4 S 10 5 01.4 J 22 7 03.10 R 10 1 302.7
AE
J 22 3 02.2
AE A E A E A E A E AE
S 10 5 01.3 J 22 7 03.20 R 11 6 00.3 S 10 5 01.3 R 9 1 401.1 Q 10 1 805.1
AE A E
L 15 8 02.1 J 22 7 01.15
AE A E AE
R 11 6 06.1 S ll 2 01.4
O ttoman? 7 0/9
U nidentified w ith a rabic s cript 7 1/50 7 1/54 7 1/56 7 1/58 7 3/61 7 3/74
U nidentified 7 1/49 7 1/53 7 1/57 7 0/7 7 3/75 Q 9 E trench no. 1
A E
1 80
T 9-11 2 101.1 Q 9 E1 701.1
S mnll f inds:
F ig . 8 9
c atalogue
J ewellery a nd o ther wt al o bject°
1
T K 7 0/1 K P I 5 12 1 .1 D 2 9. c m ., T h. 1 .9 c m . S ilver a lloy ( ?) r ing . F inger-ring w ith d iamond-shaped b ezel w ith r aised h emispheroid p rotrusions a t c orners. W ithin b ezel a d iamond s hape w ith f our c ircular p unch m arks , s urrounded b y f our S -shaped p atterns o n a nnulus. L inear i ncised d ecoration o n e ither s ide o f b ezel a nd c oncentric c ircles.
2
T K 7 0/24 C leaning S ll 2 00.10 H 2 .8 c m ., W 2 .1 c m . B ronze p endant. B ronze o bject c onsisting o f p erforated d iamond s hape a ttached t o a r ing s hape, w hich i s i n t urn a ttached t o a p erforated r ectangle w ith c oncave s ides a nd s lightly c onvex ba se.
3
T rench n o. 6 W 2 .6 c m ., H 2 .6 c m . I ron r ing . R ing, p urpose u ncertain. p ottery r ivet.
4
K P I I D amaged .
5 10 5 01.4 F lat s piralform j oint o r b ezel, c orroded.
T rench n o. 6 K P I W 1 .7 c m ., H 1 .0 c m., T h . 0 .25 c m. I ron r ing . R ectangular, p ossibly a s a r esult o f d amage.
P ossibly a
R 11 6 04.1 A f inger r ing?
5
T rench n o. 4 C P 3 J 22 7 01.2 S urviving D 1 .8 c m ., b ezel W 0 .9 c m . F ragment o f a b ronze r ing. F inger ( signet?) r ing, w ith t hick o val b ezel o n w hich i s a n i ncised d esign ( pseudo-arabic?).
6
T K 7 3/65 D 1 .8 c m . B ronze r ing.
7
T K 7 1/40 C P 2 /3 J 22 2 01.20 ( Graves) D 2 .5 c m ., D o f d ecorative b all 1 .2 c m . S ilver a lloy ( ?) e arring. F ound w ith s keleton W ( grave u ndefined), w hich p resumably h ad h ad p ierced e ars. S ilver w ire h oop, h ook a nd e ye a ttachment, s trengthened a t w elded j unctions w ith s pherical b all b y t wisted s ilver v ire. S ilver b all o rnamented w ith t iny c irclets o f s pirally t wisted s ilver w ire a nd t wo t wisted s trands a round c ircumference. C ompare t he g old e arring A svan 9 3 ( Mitchell 1 980: 2 39, 2 51).
8
T K 7 1/35 C P 2 /3 J 22 2 01.25 ( Graves) H 4 .3 c m ., W 3 c m., T h . 0 .2 c m. S ilver a lloy c ross. P ectoral c ross, c ast, f ound w ith s keleton Z ( grave u ndef ined). A rms o f c ross f lat a t b ack, r ounded a t f ront, h ole f or s uspension a t t op. A t e xtremities o ne l arge a nd t wo s mall h emispheres.
9
C P 2 /3
1 21 1 202.16 ( Grave 1 1)
F lat s ection w ith t wo c onjoined b roader a reas m aking u p b ezel.
T K 7 0/20
C P 2
D epicted a s f ound.
J 21 3 04.2
L 6 .5 c m., W 3 .6 c m ., T h. 0 .8 c m. B ronze a rm o f c ross. F ragmentary a rm o f a c ast b ronze m altese c ross w ith d iamond-shaped f inial a t e nd o f a rm . I ts c ounterpart h as b een b roken o ff . F our g rooves i n a rm a nd t hree h emispherical h ollows i n f inial. T hese m ay h ave h eld i nlay.
1 0
T K 7 0/16
C P 2 /3
H 3 .5 c m ., W 2 .9 c m. F ragment o f nb ronze p laque.
J 21 3 01.3
T hin b ronze p laque w ith d ecoration o f h ammered h emispheres
a nd p endent
l ines. 1 1
T K 7 0/14
K P I I
L 3 .9 c m., D 0 .3 c m. B ronze p in o r f ibula b ow . 1 2
S ll 2 03.10
F ragment o f p in o r f ibula w ith c ircular s ection a nd h emispherical h ead.
T K 7 0/unnumbered
C P 2
( a) D0 .38 cm. C opper o r b ronze f ragment
o r a c hild's
J 21
t ogether. ( b) D 0 .25 c m. S ingle s trand c opper o r b ronze f ragment o f ac hild 's b racelet 1 3
T K 7 0/11
3 03 .5
b racelet ( T) c onsisting o f t hree s trands o f w ire t wisted
( ?).
1 11 2 04 .8
K P I
L 3 .4 c m ., D o f h ead 0 .4 c m. B ronze p in. B ent h ead w ith b ulbous h ead w ith i ncised l ines c onverging a t h ead. 1 4
T rench n o.
1 8
L 5 .7 cm., D 0 .2 c m . B ronze p in f ragment.
C P 2 /3 P in p o int l ost, f rom u ndefined g rave.
1 81
J 22 7 01.7 ( Graves) E ye f ormed b y b ending s haft.
F ig .
9 0
M etal i mplements a nd a ccoutrements a nd a rrowheads
1 5
T K 7 0/18 K P I S ll 2 03.7 L 1 7 c m ., W 3 .6 c m . I ron k nife b lade. P ointed a nd s lightly c urved k nife b lade, a lmost c omplete. T wo r ivets f or h afting t o w ooden o r b one h andle. S ome o f h aft a nd p ossibly o ther r ivets l ost.
1 6
T K 7 0/10 K P I I L 1 6.6 c m . I ron s cissors. E ight f ragments o f c orroded i ron s cissors. s haped h andle p reserved.
S ll 2 03.3 R ivetted a t p ivot.
B lades a nd o ne l yre-
1 7
T K 7 0/8 K P I $ ll 2 01.4 L 4 .1 c m ., T h. o f a rms 0 .12 c m. B ronze t weezers. S mall p air o f t weezers, s patulate e nds, i n f orm o f h air c lip. C omplete.
1 8
T rench n o. 1 5 C leaning L 6 .4 c m., w 1 .4 c m., T h . 0 .4 c m. F ragment o f i ron k nife b lade. S mall p iece ( point?) o f ak nife, c orroded.
R ll 5 00.3
1 9
T rench n o. 2 5 L 7 .5 c m ., w 0 .8 c m . I ron k nife ( ?) f ragment.
S lO 5 02.11
K P I ? V ery c orroded f ragment o f ( ?) c urved k nife b lade.
2 0
T rench n o. 9 K P I 8 11 6 01.8 D 2 .2 c m„ T h. 0 .3 c m. I ron r ing. C orroded l ength o f i ron, s haped i nto a c ircle w ith o ne e nd h ammered o ver t he o ther.
2 1
T rench n o. 1 4 D 3 .4 c m ., T h. 0 .8 c m. I ron r ing. V ery c orroded.
K P I
8 11 6 05.4
2 2
T K 7 0/25 D 3 .6 c m ., T h. 0 .9 c m. I ron r ing w ith a ttachment.
C F 2
J 21 3 04.4
2 3
T rench n o. 1 6 L 2 .7 c m. T hin c opper w ire.
2 4
T K 7 0/2 ( a) L 2 .7 c m., m ax I ron n ail f ragment, ( b) L 1 .5 c m., m ax I ron n ail f ragment,
A ttachment, w hich a ppears t o b e c omplete, i s c orroded t o r ing. C P 2 /
W o f w ith W o f w ith
J 22 7 04.2
C leaning, p robably K P I h ead 1 .2 c m. r ectangular h ead a nd s haft. h ead 1 .4 c m. r oughly r ound h ead a nd r ound s haft.
5 12 0 .1
-
2 6
T K 7 3/66 C leaning 8 9 1 400.1 L 7 .1 c m ., m ax. W 1 .0 c m . I ron a rrowhead. T ang w ith r ound s ection b roadens t o h ead, w hich i s r ectangular i n s ection a nd t apers t o p oint. C omplete.
2 7
T rench n o. 2 K P I L 6 .4 c m., W o f b inde 2 .0 c m., T h. o f b lade 0 .3 c m.
R ll 6 01.8
I ron l eaf a rrowhead. T ang, r ound s ection, w idens t o k nob a t j unction w ith h ead. c urved s ides; t he l eading h all ' a nd p oint a re l ost.
2 8
T rench n o.
2 4
K P 1 /II
f lat w ith
$ 10 5 01.14
L 5 .4 c m ., m ax. W 1 .2 c m ., T h. 0 .5 c m. I ron a rrowhead. C orroded a rrowhead, t ang r oundish i n s ection; 2 9
H ead i s
f lat t r iangular h ead.
T rench n o. 3 K P I I S 10 5 01.2 L 4 .3 e m., m ax. W 0 .9 c m. I ron a rrowhead. B roken t ang, r ound i n s ection; h ead r ectangular i n s ection t apering t o p oint, w hich i s l ost.
3 0
T rench n o. 1 1 K P I L 4 .9 c m ., m ax. W . 0 .7 c m . I ron a rrowhead f ragment. V ery c orroded, m ost o f h ead l ost.
S 10 5 02.1 T ang r ound i n s ection. R ll 6 02.2
3 1
T rench n o. 2 L 5 .2 c m ., m ax. W 0 .7 c m . I ron a rrowhead . E xtremely c orroded.
K P I
3 2
T K 7 0/3 K P I I S 12 3 .1 L 6 .4 c m ., m ax. W 1 .2 c m . I ron a rrowhead. C orroded a rrowhead w ith l ong t ang, w hich i s r ound i n s ection. H ead, r ectangular i n s ection, b roadens o ut f rom t ang, t hen t apers t o p oint.
3 3
T K 7 0/5
C P 2 /3
C omplete. J 21 3 01.1
L 3 .1 c m ., m ax. W 1 .2 c m . B ronze t rilobed a rrowhead. A rrowhead w ith t hree v anes a nd h afting s ocket. C omplete. d amaged a nd b ent: F ound w ith a f ragment o f a n i ron s haft ( ?) ( not i llustrated).
1 82
V anes s lightly
F ig .
9 1
F aience a nd g lass b eads,
c arved b one, m isc .
c lay o bjects a nd g ta 88
3 4
T rench n o. 3 W 1 0 c m ., H 1 .0 c m., T h. 0 .5 c m. B lue a nd g reen f aience b ead f ragment.
C P 2. / 3
J 22 7 01.17 ( Graves)
3 5
T rench n o. 2 M ax. D 1 .6 c m., T h. 0 .2 c m. B lue f aience b ead f ragment.
C P 2 /3
J 22 7 01.17 ( Graves)
3 6
T rench n o. 1 M ax. D 1 .5 c m., T h. 0 .3 c m. Aqua b lue f aience b ead o r b utton.
C leaning
R 11 6 00.1 ;
3 7
T rench n o. 1 M ax. D 1 .0 c m., W 0 .7 c m . Aqua b lue f aience ( 7) b ead f ragment.
C leaning
S 10 5 00.3
3 8
TK 7 0/12 H 1 .2 c m . O rnate g lass o r p aste b ead I rregular s hape.
C P 1
S ll 2 05.9
B lack a nd w hite b ead w ith a ppliedblobs.
D ecoration o f c urvilinear w horls.
R 11 6 02.2
3 9
TK 7 1/38 D 1 .1 c m ., T h. 0 .6 c m . G lass b ead. I ntact. C olour n ot r ecorded.
4 0
T rench n o. 1 3 K P I /II 5 10 5 01.8 L 2 .7 c m ., W 1 .4 c m ., T h. 0 .4 c m. C arved a nd d ecorated b one. B one c arved i nto a rrowhead s hape, w ith f our i ncised r oundels w ith c entral d ots o n o ne f ace o f h ead. P ossibly i nlay.
4 1
T K 7 1/41 H 2 .8 c m ., W 0 .8 c m ., T h. 0 .5 c m .
K P I .
R ll 6 01.8
C arved b one. 4 2
TK 7 0/26 C P 2 D 5 .9 c m ., H 7 .5 c m. C lay o bject. B ell-shaped f ired c lay o bject, p ointed t op, g rey c ore.
J 21 3 04.4 f lattish b ase s lightly d amaged.
R eddish o .,
4 3
TK 7 0/4 C P 3 K 21 1 01.2 D 6 .6 c m . C lay s tamp. C ircular f ired c lay s tamp; d esign o f s ix l ines, t hree h orizontal a nd t hree v ertical, e venly s paced a nd d ividing t he c ircle i nto s ixteen p arts. I n e ach p art a n i rregular i ncuse.
4 4
TK 7 3/79 C P 1 /2 K 21 1 03.4 H 1 1.2 c m ., R D 9 .2 c m ., B D 3 .9 c m. G lass g oblet o r h anging l amp. C omplete g oblet o r l amp w ith s lender s tem a nd s mall p edeatal b ase, o utward s loping v alls, f olded r im. I ndentation i n b ottom o f b owl. T hree a pplied v ertical h andles f rom r im t o u pper b ody. T ranslucent g reenish g lass. K raeling 1 938:
5 24,
f ig.
C rowfoot a nd H arden 1 931:
4 5
T K 7 1/48 R D 2 .2 c m .,
2 0, n o.
1 7 ( 376), p l. C XLI
2 06, p l. X XX,
5 0
C P 2 /3
J 22 7 01.16 ( Graves)
H 1 1.2 c m ., T h. 0 .2 c m.
U nguentarium. S mall b lown g lass b ottle w ith t hickened b ase ( thickness 1 .3 c m.). E longated b ody p inched i n a t s houlder; t hin c ollar, s lightly o utsloping n eck, s imple r ounded r im. O paque m ilky c olour. S mall c hip m issing f rom b ody. P hoto: M cNicoll 1 973a: 1 67, f ig . 9 ( left) 4 6
T K 7 1/47 C P 2 /3 J 22 7 00.11 ( Graves c leaning) R D 2 .2 c m., H 1 2.1 c m., T h. 0 .3 c m. U nguentarium . S n u ill b lown g lass b ottle. E longated b ody, p inched i n a t t he s houlder; l arge s welling j ust a bove b ase o f n eck, w hich s lopes o ut s lightly t o s imple r ounded r im. O paque y ellowish g reen c olour. S ome b lackening o n s urface; s piral s triations v isible o n b ody. I ntact. P hoto : M cNicoll 1 973a: 1 67, f ig. 9 ( right)
4 7
T K 7 1/46 C P 2 /3 J 22 7 01.11 ( Graves) R D 2 .4 c m., H 1 1.9 c m., T h. 0 .2 c m . U nguentarium . S mall b lown g lass b ottle. E longated, s lightly b ulbous b ody, p inched i n a t s houlder, s welling a bove n eck, w hich s lopes o utward s lightly t o s imple r ounded r im . O paque w hitish g lass. I ntact. P hoto: M cNicoll 1 973a: 1 67, f ig. 9 ( centre)
1 83
P l . 1 .
3 9 a nd 4 0
C arved s tones
T K 7 0/33 C F 2 H 5 1 c m ., W . 3 7 c m ., T h. 2 4 c m . R ectangular w orked b lock o f s tone.
J 21 3 03.2 L ight b rown r oughly w orked
s tone, d ecorated o n o ne f ace w ith f ive i ncised c rosses w ith t ips o f c rossbars d ivided . 2 .
T K 7 0/32 C F 2 H 4 9 c m ., W 3 6 c m ., T h. 1 7 c m. R ectangular w orked b lock o f s tone.
J 21 3 03.2 L ight b rown r oughly w orked
s tone, d ecorated o n o ne f ace. R ough m altese c ross i n r elief, w ith f inger-like s hapes r adiating f rom t he c orners o f t he c rossbars, a ll w ithin a s unken i nset c ircle, f rom t he b ottom o f w hich a re c ut t wo c hannels c urving a way f rom e ach o ther. 3 .
T K 7 0/29 C F 2 J 21 3 03.5 H 3 5 c m ., W 2 6 c m ., T h. 1 7 c m . R ectangular w orked b lock o f s tone. L ight b rown r oughly d ressed b lock, d ecorated o n o ne f ace w ithin a s unken c ircle a maltese c ross i n r elief. T wo c hannels r adiate f rom b ottom o f c ircle t o t he b ase o f t he s tone.
4 .
T K 7 0/31 C P 2 J 21 3 03 .5 H 5 6 c m ., W 3 7 c m ., T h. 1 2 c m . R ectangular w orked b lock o f s tone. L ight b rown r oughly worked s tone d ecorated o n o ne f ace. W ithin a s unken r oughly r ectangular f ield, a maltese c ross i n r elief w ith s emicircular n otches i n c rossbar e nds a nd f oot.
A r elief c ircle a t f oot,
a nd two
c hannels c ut i n b ase o f s tone.
5 .
T K 7 0/30
C F 2
J 21 3 03 .5
H 5 3 c m ., W 3 6 c m ., T h . 1 2 c m . R ectangular w orked b lock o f s tone. W hitish r oughly d ressed b lock o f s tone d ecorated o n o ne f ace . I n s unken r oughly r ectangular f ield, a r elief c ross w ith c urving e dges a nd c urving i ncised l ines. S emi-circular i ndentations i n e nds o f a rms, a nd t wo c hannels c ut f rom t he b ottom o f t he s unken a rea t o t he b ase o f t he s tone.
1 84
9
Fig.
89
Jewellery
and 185
o ther
metal
objects
2 4
1 7
2 61 •
C-
2 7
2 9
3 0
3 1 2 3
3 2 3
F ig.
9 0
Metal
implements
a nd
arrowheads
1 86
a ccoutrements
a na
3 4
3 5
3 6
5 s
4 1
4 3
\ \ -1 • \ • • . . • . .. .-
4 4
F ig .
4 5
9 1
4 6
r-- ) / . . / . _ -. . . --
4 7
F aience a nd g lass b eads, c arved b one, m isc. o bjects a nd g lass 187
c lay
C HAPTER 7
C ONCLUSIONS
The e xcavations a t T a4kun K ale p roduced e vidence o f s poradic o ccupation f rom t he 3 rd m illennium t o the 1 4th c entury A .D . c hapter I p ropose t o c onsider b riefly t hat
e vidence,
I n t his
a nd t he w ay i n
which i t was r ecovered a nd t reated.
1 .
T echnique o f e xcavation T a5kun K ale o pened my e yes t o t he s hortcomings of a d octrinaire
a pproach t o s tratigraphic
d igging.
On t he k ale w e w ere n ormally
e xcavating c omparatively c lose t o the s urface i n a n a rea which h ad b een p loughed.
S ometimes t he s triations o f t he s hare c ould be
d istinguished, m ore often n ot. o f the s ite s taff,
I n s pite o f the s kill a nd e xperience
a nd the u nderstanding o f the w orkmen
( who had
e xcavated f or two s easons a t Aovan k ale b efore w ork began a t T a5kun), d istinguishing s oil c hanges i n the u ppermost d eposits was i mpossible.
I t was
o ften
f or me a l esson i n t he l imitations of what a re
s ometimes c alled K enyon-Wheeler m ethods o f e xcavation.
This
i s n ot
t o s ay that t he o bservation of the s tratigraphy i s n ot a n i mportant t ask f or a ll e xcavators;
i t
i s s imply t hat
i n s ome s oils
s trata
c annot b e o bserved a ccurately n or c an s oil c hanges be r ecorded v isually with c omplete a ccuracy.
S ince t he T a5kun K ale e xcavations
I h ave m ore t han o nce h ad f ierce a rguments w ith c olleagues who m aintain that a ll s trata a re d istinguishable a nd c an b e a ccurately d rawn, a nd t hat t o a rgue t o t he c ontrary i s t o r eveal o ne's I t
i s my v iew t hat the d esire t o represent
o wn i ncompetence
e xcavated d eposits
unequivocally i n p ublished s ections may i n m any i nstances b e t he f irst
s tep i n t he r eport writer's
w inking of t he reader.
a t t he s outh e nd of t he f ortress i ndicated two p hases
s elf-deception a nd/or t he h ood-
F ortunately o n t he k ale t he burnt d eposit a nd t he a rchitecture i tself c learly
o f u se.
Excavation o f t he c hurch a rea was r eason.
H ere human burials
e qually v exing f or a d ifferent
a nd r obbing f or s tones had l ed t o t he
d isturbance o f m ost o f t he a rea e xcavated t o a d epth o f a s much a s 2 m .
Theoretically i t s hould have b een p ossible t o o bserve t he
s equence of g rave, be d one.
p it a nd r obber trench;
p ractically i t c ould n ot
Again, much of the p hasing h ad t o d epend o n o bservation
of building r ather than s oil s equence. Under these c ircumstances
i t would p robably have b een s ensible
t o a bandon the a ttempt t o e xcavate s tratigraphically over t he whole a rea a nd t o c oncentrate o n s mall a reas o f c areful s tratification while
' clearing
o r
' area e xcavating'
o r
' stripping'
d ecade l ater I would c ertainly l abour l ess f ugitive l evels. me then,
2 .
But
e lsewhere.
such a p olicy w ould have b een t oo r adical
running c ounter t o t he v iews o f my t eachers.
T he T ajkun K ale p ottery c atalogue Another a im of many N ear E astern a rchaeologists,
1 88
A
t o e xcavate a nd r ecord
v iz.
t he
f or
e stablishment
o f a c eramic typology o r t ype s eries
i n o rder t o d emon-
s trate a s equence o f c hanging s hapes t hrough t ime,
c ould n ot be
r ealized a t Ta2kun K ale.
c hronological
f ixed p oints
O ccupation was s poradic,
f ew a nd u ncertain,
a nd i ndividual periods
a ppear t o have b een c omparatively brief. o f the p ottery s hapes
c ould be o bserved,
of t he c omparable material type s eries,
o f o ccupation
I nternally n o d evelopment n or d oes t he c onsideration
f rom A 2van e nable t he
f ormation o f a
s ensu s tricto.
T hus t he c ollection of pottery f rom T a2kun K ale i llustrated i n t his
book i s
s imply a c ollection.
through t ime i n a ny major f orms, a spects
I t
d oes n ot d emonstrate c hange
a lthough I have p ointed out
of t he c ollection which d ifferentiate i t
M edieval I I g roup e xcavated a t A 2van. plain wares
s ome
f rom t he e arlier
I n n either g lazed wares nor
o f t he l ate medieval p eriod o f the A 2van d istrict c an
d evelopment be d iscerned;
w ithout t he e vidence o f t he c oins n o c loser
d ating t han the g enerally a ccepted
' 1200-1400 A .D.'
c ould b e o ffered.
I n v iew o f the u ncertainties of the r elationship b etween t he three major c hronological g roups - the H ellenistic,
C P I a nd K P I I/
C F 2 a nd 3 g roups - e ach i s presented i n the c atalogue i n i ts o wn s equence.
C onclusions a nd h ypotheses
3 .
I t i s c lear t hat part, possibly most, late medieval Ta2kun was C hristian.
o f the p opulation of
A C hristian building had s tood
a t Ta2kun f or c enturies before the l ate m edieval e xpansion; C hristianity c learly had d eep r oots throughout the r egion d uring t he Byzantine period . f irst
c hurch's u sers
u sed the
Although the l ocation o f t he g raveyard o f t he i s u nknown,
late medieval C hristians
e nvirons o f the s econd c hurch a s
c annot be proven t hat the o ccupants
c g raveyard.
of the l ate medieval v illage
were the o nes who buried their d ead a round t he c hurch, h ighly probable. the v illage was s tumps yard,
( 10 ha.
but
i t s eems
The s ize of t he C hristian c ommunity i s unclear;
i f
s pread o ver the s ame a rea a s the p ottery a nd wall + ) we m ight
by no means
e xpect a p opulation o f hundreds.
f ully e xcavated,
a bsence o f o ccupation build-up a nd the l atter suggests
t o j udge by the
e vidence o f the c oins.
a n o ccupation o f l ess than o ne,
a period f rom c a.
The g rave-
p roduced s ixty o r s o s keletons
f rom a p eriod o f o ccupation which was probably brief,
g enerations,
e vidently
O f c ourse i t
1 300 t o c a.
The
o r a t most u p t o two
1 350 A .D .
a t widest.
I n t he a bsence o f b one a nd p alaeobotanical a nalyses we c an o nly s peculate o n the b asis o f s ubsistence a t Ta2kun i n the 1 4th c entury. The physical a spect d etail by o thers
o f the A 2van d istrict has been d escribed i n
( Wagstaff 1 973,
e xtrapolating f rom modern t imes c hange
i n t he last
H illman 1 973 a nd M itchell
f ive c enturies) w e would e xpect that the
husbandry of s heep,
g oats a nd cattle was
have been k ept.
i n this
A s
e xtensively d ry-cropped. p racticed,
but
i t
1 980),
( there i s no evidence o f radical
c entury,
i mportant.
P igs may a lso
the s urroundings w ere p robably
S ome i rrigation agriculture may have been
i s o bvious t hat A 2van was much b etter p rovided with
land which c ould be i ntensively i rrigated. The a gricultural a dvantages of A 2van o ver Ta2kun r aise t he q uestion why the l atter was
o ccupied a t
1 89
a ll.
That t he l ate medieval
o ccupation was not a g reat s uccess s eems
e vident f rom i ts brevity .
B ut t he p recise r easons why i t was n ot a s uccess c umstances
i t was
a nd u nder what c ir-
a bandoned c annot n ow b e e stablished,
partly b ecause
d ata a re l acking a nd partly b ecause what d ata we have a re ambiguous. O nly h ypotheses c an b e offered. P erhaps the most A 2van.
i mportant m issing d ata c oncern n ot Ta2kun but
W e d o n ot k now whether there was
o r n ot.
the l ate 1 3th - e arly 1 4th c enturies. s ettlement a t t he f oot of the mound? not,
i t
a c ontemporary v illage t here
O n the kale o f A 2van S tephen M itchell f ound a medrese o f B ut was t here a lso I f a s
i s p ossible that the p opulation of A 2van was
r esettled a t Ta2kun i n t he l ate m edieval p eriod. this proposition i n a moment. that t here was
a n e xtensive
s eems l ikely there was f or s ome r eason
We s hall r eturn t o
I f i t i s o n t he o ther hand a ssumed
a l arge c ontemporary c ommunity a t A 2van,
i t s eems
l ikel7 t hat t he two v illages w ould have been c ompeting f or s ome r es ources; a nd if this were s o, the r esult o f t he c ompetition may h ave been t he a bandonment o f Ta2kun. T o r eturn t o t he r esettlement t heory: c entury Ta2kun Kale was
i n o ne way a t
l east 1 4th
a unique c ommunity i n t he A 2van d istrict.
was d ominated by a f ortress.
I t
S o f ar a s we k now n either A 2van n or a ny
o ther s ide i n the n eighbourhood had a f ort o r was
f ortified.
D iscussion
o f t he f ortress a t Ta2kun i s hampered t o s ome e xtent by the f act t hat a s
f ar a s we know i t
p eriod;
i s u nique
h ere we s hall d iscuss
i n f orm a nd s ize i n A natolia a t this i t
o nly a s
a f eature o f t he A 2van
d istrict. The f ortress, was
which d ominated t he l ate m edieval v illage a t T a2kun
u ndoubtedly t oo s mall a nd i nadequately e quipped w ith water s torage
f acilities t o provide a r efuge f or the whole c ommunity. t o house a nd protect
I t was b uilt
a g arrison o f two o r t hree s core s ouls.
u nlikely that the g arrison was
I t
s eems
i ntended t o w ithstand major m ilitary
a ttack, n or c ould i t have b lockeu e ffectively a well e xecuted raid s uch a s that
c arried o ut by the Arab f orces o f t he Hamdanid S ayf a l-
D awfa i n the 1 0th c entury.'
T he f unction o f the f ortress a nd i ts
g arrison then was t o e xercise l ocal c ontrol. placed f or s urveillance over the E läzig passes b y Ta2kun, A 2van.
The
i t
c ould n ot
i nterdict the c rossing o f t he Murat n ear
i nference i s t hat the purpose o f the
e nforce the w ill o f the g overnment t he peace, rulers
o f a g arrison o f this
The
s ort b y the e arly 1 4th c entury
o f Eastern Anatolia, the I lkhanids, f rom a s
i s n ot s uprising;
i nscrip-
f ar a part a s Ankara a nd Ani a ttest t o I lkhanid e fforts
to o rganize their Anatolian p ossessions f or r efs).
f ort was primarily t o
o n the l ocal p opulation a nd t o k eep
i n the manner o f t he j andarmalar o f modern Turkey.
e stablishment t ions
Whilst i t was well
( Harput)-A2van r oad where i t
What
( McNicoll 1 973a : 1 71, n . 5 , c omparable ' police p osts'
i s more s uprising i s that
o f s imilar d ate have not b een i dentified. There i s n o i ncontrovertible e vidence that c upied s olely by males, a s
q uerns
a nd l oomweights
s uggests t hat v arious
f requently a ssociated w ith w omen were n ot
1 .
I owe this r eference t o James t ine Anzitene'
t he f ortress was o c-
b ut the a bsence o f h ousehold e quipment d omestic tasks
c arried o ut
i n t he f ortress.
H oward-Johnson, whose paper
will a ppear s hortly a s part
s uch
' Byzan-
o f the proceedings of a
c onference o rganized by S tephen M itchell i n Swansea i n 1 981 o n the R oman a nd Byzantine f rontiers
1 90
o f E astern Anatolia.
T he c orollary i s t hat the g arrison was n ot l ocal. s oldiers t ian.
i s
a lso l ess than c ertain,
T his
T he r eligion o f t he
but t hey were p robably n ot C hris-
d eduction i s made f rom t he re-use i n the f ortress
o f a worked s tone, c arved o n i t
p robably f rom t he
i n r elief, was
f irst
( CP 1 )
c hurch;
g ateway
t he c ross
s ubsequently c rudely c hipped away.
T he
p osition o f t he s tone makes i t c ertain t his t his d esecration o ccurred d uring t he c onstruction o r o ccupation o f t he f ortress; i t i s u nlikely t o have been c arried out by C hristians. T o s um u p: 1 .
T he s ettlement,
C F 2 c hurch a nd t he
f ortress
the s trong a nd e ffective I lkhanid rulers c entury,
f i ljaiti a a nd A b i a S a'id.
f ifty years,
a nd p robably c onsiderably l ess.
S ome o r a ll o f t he v illage p opulation was
3 .
T he f ortress was
4 .
T he g arrison was probably n ot C hristian.
C hristian.
a n i nstrument of l ocal c ontrol.
The o nly c ontemporary building known a t A svan i s which presumably has
6 .
e arly 1 4th
T hey lasted n o m ore than a bout
2 .
5 .
d ate t o t he t ime o f
of t he
A svan i s
a medrese,
I slamic c onnotations.
i n s everal ways preferable t o T askun a s
t he s ite
f or a
v illage. F rom t hese d ata we put 1300 A .D.
I lkhanid a uthorities T askun.
f orward t he f ollowing hypothesis.
t he C hristian p opulation of A svan was t o
About
c ompelled by t he
move f rom A svan t o t he l ess
f avoured s ite o f
The reason f or t he I lkhanid a ction i s u ncertain, but may have
c oncerned t he Murat c rossing's medrese a nd i ts
s ecurity.
T he c onstruction o f t he
s urvival t hrough t he e arly 1 4th c entury may be e vidence
of a Muslim c ommunity a t A svan.
T he i nstallation of a n on-Christian
g arrison a t T askun p revented t he p opulation f rom moving back t o A svan. The e nd of t he s ettlement a t T askun i s t erms
o f t his hypothesis.
a lso e xplicable i n t he
The d eath o f A b i 1 S atid i n 1 335 A .D.
t he rapid d issolution o f I lkhanid rule i n Anatolia.
g arrison would have a llowed t he p opulation t o r eturn t o i ts a bode a t A svan.
f or s ometime after t he a bandonment of the v illage, f urniture
f avoured
Although t he g raveyard a t T askun may have been u sed
i n time t he c hurch f ell ( and r oof?),
a n o rderly
l ed t o
W ithdrawal of t he
( =reverent?)
i t a ppears
i nto d isuse a nd the c hapel was
t hat
s tripped of i ts
a lthough i ts heavy c arved s tones were l eft f ashion i n f ront of the undamaged a ltars.
o ccupation o f T askun K ale t hus
c ame t o a p eaceful
i n T he
e nd.
Envoi I n the e arly
' 70s, with the i mpending d estruction of t he v illage
of A svan b y the K eban Dam's waters, Most,
a las,
the c ommunity b egan t o d isperse.
d rifted off t o the l arger t owns.
o pted t o s tay i n the d istrict,
H owever,
a few f amilies
a nd c onstruction of Y eni A svan
( New
A svan) began o n the e dge of t he h igh water l ine s ome way s outh of Taskun Kale. The v illagers a sked i f they c ould u se t he s tones f rom Taskun,
but t hey w ere n ot m ine t o g ive.
a nyway.
1 91
I e xpect that t hey u sed them
R eport has f alls
i t t hat s ometimes, when t he l evel o f t he K eban Dam
f ar e nough,
the m ound of T a5kun K ale a ppears a bove water.
T a kun was never l ikely t o be a t ourist t hink t hat
i t m ight
a ttraction,
but
I l ike t o
o ne d ay be p ossible t o r ow out a cross
to revisit t he h igh p oint o f t he s ite where f irst e xcavation.
1 92
t he l ake
I d irected a n
C HAPTER
8
I DENTIFYING S PATIAL D ISORDER
by R oland F letcher
I ntroduction I n 1 978 T ony M cNicoll a sked me t o c arry o ut a s patial a nalysis o f the f ort of T askun K ale. My p urpose h ere i s t o d iscuss the m ethodology a nd the m ore g eneral c onsequences o f the a nalysis. The f ort was a dded to a nd a ltered d uring i ts u se a nd s everal p ossible d escriptions o f the s uccessive s patial c haracteristics o f t he f ort can be obtained .
I n addition the s ite h as b een affected by p ost-
d epositional d amage a nd was,
of n ecessity,
s electively e xcavated.
T he
s uccessive f orms o f the f ort a re i n c onsequence i ncompletely r epresented i n the r ecorded p lan.
The s ite o ffers the o pportunity t o s tudy
s patial c hanges a nd t o
i ndicate ways i n which d amage a nd s ampling c an
affect the s tudy o f s patial p atterns. pushed a s
f ar a s p ossible,
Analytic
p rocedures c an be
t o a ssess what p olicies may h elp o r h inder
the i nvestigation of s pace i n a rchaeological s ites. K ale
i s a methodological
My s tudy of T askun
e xperiment.
My p olicy h as b een t o u se c rude procedures both t o handle the p roblems which r esult
f rom an i nevitable partial r epresentation of the
o riginal s tructures a nd t o d escribe t he a rrangement f ort.
o f s pace i n the
These p rocedures c ould be u sed d uring f ieldwork a nd l ater o n
i n p reliminary a ssessments.
O ne purpose o f t his paper i s t o s how
than an i mpression o f t he d imensional character of a s tructure c an b e o btained b y s imple m ethods r equiring n othing more than s ome p aper, w riting i mplement a nd the a bility t o add a nd s ubtract. o logy f or d escribing the s patial a rrangement i ts results
i s,
a
The m ethod-
h owever,
n aive a nd
s uggest s everal ways i n which f urther r igour and
c larification c ould b e
i ntroduced .
My o verall i ntention i s to a ssess a p roposition that human c ommunities w ill b e l iable t o g enerate s patial d isorder a re t rying t o p roduce s patial o rder.
c an be understood i n terms of a m odel of t he w ays o rder i s g enerated.
e ven i f they
The o ccurrence of s patial d isorder
The c onsequences of s patial
a s a c orollary o f the n eed f or a c oherent
i n which s patial d isorder c an b e s een
s patial f ramework i f c ommunity
l ife i s t o r emain v iable. The s pecific r ole of this p aper i s t o a rgue that a s imple methodology c an i dentify the a bsence o f d imensional o rder a s well a s the p resence of s uch o rder.
I t hen w ish t o i llustrate the w ays
which s patial message model s c an a ffect o ur behaviour of human c ommunities,
i n
i nterpretation of the
a nd t o i ndicate h ow the methodology
n eeds t o be made m ore r igorous a nd s ophisticated.
B asis - t he s patial m essage m odel Human beings a re h abitually able t o p roduce c onsistent
1 93
p ersonal
s pacing b ehaviour w ithout b eing f ully aware that ( Hall 1 966). e lement
T acit,
t hey are d oing s o
r epetitious o rdering o f s pace i s an o rdinary
o f human d aily l ife.
P eople c an l ocate themselves a t s pecific
d istances r elative t o o ther p eople w ithout b eing a ware that
t hey a re
d oing s o,
a nd w ithout u sing a ny measuring d evice o ther than their e ye
a nd b rain
( Fletcher 1 977 :
b eings
) 4 9).
We c an therefore e xpect t hat h uman
a re a ble t o a rrange their material s patial c ontext
f ashion.
Just a s p ersonal s pacing b ehaviour i s
i ndicators
a bout h ow to l ocate o neself i n s pace,
e xpect that the material
f orm of a s ettlement
i n a s imilar
a c ollection o f s o l ikewise we c an
s hould a lso c arry a
s patial message of s ome k ind a bout h ow s pace i s t o b e o rdered . S tudies
o f o ther
s ettlements h ave
i ndicated that
the s tructures
o f a s ettlement a ct a s a c ommunication d evice t ransmitting a message a bou t ,
a way i n which s pace c an b e a rranged i n the h orizontal p lane
( Fletcher 1 980i). s ignals.
The m essage c onsists o f numerous dimensional
The w idth of a d oor i s a s ignal,
a p articular d imension.
The l ength of o ne wall o f a r oom i s a nother s ignal i n the d imensional message o f a s ettlement. What has a ppeared f rom t he s patial a nalyses
s o
f ar c arried o ut
i s that when w e o btain c entral t endency a nd variation d escriptions f or the d istribution of a ll the t ypes a s ettlement, ment
c ontains many d ifferent types of s pacings,
r oom length, o ccur
o f s pacings w e c an i dentify i n
those v alues t end t o f orm a p attern. r oom w idth,
i n c lumps
( fig.
I f the s ettle—
e .g.,
d oor w idth,
then the c entral t endency v alues t end t o
9 2)
( Fletcher 1 977 :
9 0).
S ettlement
s pace c an
a pparently c arry a d imensional message o f c onsiderable r edundancy. A g iven c ommunity a ppears t o u se v ery s imilar s pacings t o a rrange a wide variety o f f eatures w ith d iffering f unctions, made o f d ifferent materials a nd p roduced b y d iffering methods of c onstruction. e xample,
i n a s ettlement , s pacings a round 3 m .
1 11
1 1 1 1 ,
m .
m . —
i
C entra l T endency ( C T)
C luster C .T .
S epara t ion I n terval ( 5 . 1) m . 3 2-
i 1 1
1
0 F ig.
9 2
2
i i I
I
I
3
5
6
C luster C .T .
S erial p atterns o f c entral t endencies 1 94
F or
m ight h ave e xpression
S . 1 V ar iat ion ( V) 3 " .
i v
2 •
•••
1 0 -• • _
•
• •
g b t
•
1
•
•
•
••
_ __
2
•
••
•
_
••
•
•-• •
• •
• •
•
l be
•
•
J
1 M .
3
4
8
7
5
C .T .
> I
-A q i i i
i
i v
S . I V . 3 m -
i v
2
i i 0
i o
1 g 0-.•
-
„ . -••
• --
,
•. ..
. :• _ _ _ -_ _. 1 1
I . e l i
-
_
_ ___ 2
3
I i i
- 5 5 5
• •• •• • • _
1 I
• •
• •• • __ __ _
•
i
M• C .T .
4
5
> I
9 3
•
•: • •.1 1
i d•v •. •
• •
56 50 •
•
•
-- - i
i
F ig .
--
7 1_ _
i ‘ i
V ariation t rends 19 5
6
_ 3 1 v
8
i n g rave l ength, r oom w idth, length o f g aps b etween t imber p osts i n a p latform a nd s o o n.
I n the s ame s ettlement
o ccur i n r oom l ength,
s pacings a round 4 m . m ight
c ourtyard r adius, l engths of f encing a nd t he
g aps between r esidence u nits. What w e t hen f ind i s t hat these c lumps of c entral t endencies a re r elated t o e ach o ther i n a s imple way. The i nterval o f s eparation b etween e ach c luster t ends t o f all i nto a r egular p attern, c lusters
f or i nstance e ach s uccessive i nterval between t he
i s l arger t han the p receding i nterval
( fig.
9 2
) .
T he
r elationship b etween these s uccessive i ntervals c an b e d escribed by t he e quation f or t he r egression of t he i ntervals a gainst t he c entral t endencies
( fig.
9 3).
A s horthand d escription c an t hen be u sed b y
c omparing the o rder o f the s uccessive i ntervals w ith various s tandard d escriptions of s erial p atterns e .g. Arithmetic, G eometric a nd F ibonacci. F or e xample, a c onvenient mnemonic f or t he p attern i n F ig .
9 41 i s a n Arithmetic
s eries b ecause t he s uccessive i ntervals are
a pproximately c onstant. An e xample o f a n Arithmetic s eries i s 2 ,4,6, 8 ,10,12 where the c onstant i nterval i s 2 . B y c ontrast t he c onvenient mnemonic
f or f ig.
9 4ii w ould b e a F ibonacci s eries b ecause
the i ntervals i ncrease w ith the s ize o f t he c entral t endencies s uch t hat e ach s uccessive c entral t endency v alue i s the s um of the p receding t wo c entral t endencies. An e xample o f a F ibonacci s eries i s 1 ,2,3, 5 ,8,13,21 We t hen h ave t o r elate this pattern o f c entral t endencies t o the v ariation v alues.
What w e f requently f ind i s that the variation v alues
t end t o i ncrease a s the c entral t endencies i ncrease i n s ize ( fig. 9 3 ) . The n ature o f the t endency i s d ifferent f or d ifferent c ommunities. I n t erms o f a workable message there i s a s imple rule r elating v ariation t o s ignals.
The c lumps o f c entral tendency v alues l inked by t he
o rderly a rrangement o f i ntervals a re c omponents o f a message.
E ach
c entral t endency c lump i s d ifferent f rom i ts n eighbours. But t he d ifference d epends u pon the g ap b etween i t a nd t he a djacent c lump. The more that g ap i s n arrowed the h arder i t w ould b e t o d istinguish between them . What f ollows i s that t he v ariation a ssociated w ith a c entral t endency v alue must be l ess t han t he d ifference between i t and i ts " nearest" c omponent of the message a re t o b e r ecognisable t o a ny a ctor.
( fig.
9 3 )i f the d ifferences
This was i llustrated i n the s tudy of a G hanaian and a n E gyptian s ettlement
( Fletcher
1 9801)
by u sing the s tatistical c onvention o f
the Mean a nd S tandard D eviation.
T he r esult was a t rend of v ariation
values l ess than the major i ntervals between the s uccessive Means. The i mportant and u nexpected r esult o f t he s tudies s o f ar c arried out i s that s ituations c an a rise where s ome o f t he i ntervals i n a s equence a re l ess than t he v ariation v alues ( fig . 9 3). What h as happened i s that t he c entral t endency d ifference between t wo a djacent c lumps o f s pacings i s l ess than t he variation o ccurring f or t hose values. I n e ffect, that i nterval w ould be u nrecognizable t o t he c ommunity b ecause the e xpected v ariation i s
s o g reat that t he th ifference" would b e
i nsufficiently l arge t o a ppear a s s uch t o t hem . T he d imensional message i s c oherent u p t o t he c entral t endencies f or
which the a nomaly o ccurs.
A c oherent message c an o nly o ccur f or
s pacings l arger than those i nvolved i n t he a nomaly i f the s eries shifts t o much l arger i ntervals,
g reater t han the d egree o f variation
which c reates t he a nomaly ( figs 9 4i,
1 96
i i)
( Fletcher 1 977:
1 03).
S . I 3
I .
a
2 -
-
a
••
0 0 0 0- 2
-
0
4 IIIII
I
AR ITHMET IC
I
1 1 0
9
i
1
1 1 3 m C.T
12
I
S ER IES
5 . 1 V 5 rY 1 . a 4 -
-
3 a 2-
a
0
_ ---"
9 --
m . C3 1
0
I
I
--
; 1
F IBONACC I
F ig .
3 1 I
4
5 1
6
I
7 I
8
9
1 1 0
1 1 1
I
SER IES
9 4 ( i) & ( ii)
R elationship b etween s erial p atterns a nd v ariation t rends 1 97
1 2 I
A s
i s plain f rom these e xamples there i s n o i nevitability t o t he
relationship b etween v ariation a nd c entral t endency. k ind d escribed a bove c an,
and a pparently d o,
o ccur.
Anomalies o f t he I n the c ases d es-
c ribed h owever, the a nomalies d o n ot d estroy the o verall c oherence o f the s patial m essage. But a s ituation c an b e e nvisaged i n which t he amount
o f v ariation a ssociated w ith t he s pacing d istances
s ettlement c ould be a t odds with the i ntervals d istances.
F urthermore, we might a lso
i n the
of t he s eries o f s pacing
e xpect l oss
o f s erial o rder.
F or e xample, a s eries 2 ,4,6,8,10 c ould become i ncoherent w ith s ome s light s hifts i n the s pacing d istances e .g. 3 ,4.5,5.5,8.5,9. I nstead o f the
i nterval succession being a c onstant 2 i t h as been a ltered t o
1 .5(4.5-3),
1 (5.5-4.5),
3 (8.5-5.5),
0 .5(9-8.5).
I ncoherence c an
t herefore b e d efined w ithin the t erms o f t his methodology a nd t he d escription o f variation a nd c entral t endency which i t ( a)
( b)
I f the variation v alues g enerally e xceed i ntervals of the s eries. I f a v ariation a nomaly o ccurs w ith n o a lteration o f s eries
( c)
e mploys.
i nterval s ize f or l arger s pacings.
I f the i ntervals between c lusters o f c entral t endencies
c ease t o be amenable t o a s imple
s eries d escription. At this p oint o f " noise"
i t
i s u seful t o
i ntroduce a version of t he c oncept
i n c ommunication s ystems
h elps t o g ive s ome
( Cherry 1 966:
1 98-211,
2 78).
i dea of t he g eneral c lass o f p roblems t hat
i n s patial messages s hould c ause.
T his
i ncoherence
I t a lso s uggests a r elationship b e-
tween e nergy e xpenditure a nd message c oherence which offers a g eneral model
f or t he g rowth a nd d isintegration o f t he s patial m essage u sed
b y a c ommunity . O ne d ifficulty o f a ny message s ystem i s s ignalb e ous to the message.
A f amiliar e xample o f " noise"
t hat a re e xtrani s the c rackling
s ound c oming t hrough a t elephone a t the s ame t ime a s the s ounds o f a c onversation.
The c rackle c an become s o s evere that the c onversation
i s swamped, t he words c annot b e d istinguished f rom t he " noise". T he t • I t • n oise i n a telephone l ine i s a f unction o f various l imitations o f the way i n which the s ignals I f a l ot o f e nergy i s put
o f t he c oherent message are t ransmitted .
i nto
s hielding t he t ransmission s ystem f rom
outside i nterference a nd i nto r educing t he d egeneration of t he i ntended s ignals then the message will be c lear a nd audible.
Message c oherence
d epends u pon e nergy i nput t o c ontrol t he d eleterious
effects o f
t ransmission. T here i s a n e quivalent
s ituation with s patial m essages.
I n a
s ettlement the mode of transmission of a s patial m essage i s the c ons truction of s tructural f eatures.
T he f ew i nitial c onstructions i n a
s ettlement a re t herefore a weak transmission o f t he message. l iability i s that
The
f actors which c an affect t he f orm a nd s ize o f s truc-
tures w ill tend to d istort
o r mask a ny s patial message which the
builders m ight h ave been tacitly a ttempting t o e xpress.
I n s uch a
s ituation the o ccupants would b e l iving i n a s patial c ontext where " noise"
a nd c oherent message c ould n ot b e u nscrambled.
H owever,
a
s patial message c an be made c learer by t he addition of f urther s tructures,
i .e.
t he e xpenditure of more e nergy o n message t ransmission.
When s ome s pacing d istances o thers
a re being d isplayed m ore f requently t han
t here w ill b e the basis
f or a recognizable s patial message.
1 98
The more f eatures there a re c arrying the various p arts o f t he m essage, the more r edundancy i t w ill p ossess a nd the message c an b e m ore s ecure and c lear.
When a s ettlement c ontains m any s tructural
f eatures a
s ingle o ddity c reated b y a dverse c ircumstances o r human i diosyncracy will t end t o have l ittle e ffect o n the o verall message. The i rony o f t his p rocess of a ddition a nd i ts s ettlement lead t o
d ynamics
i s that
i t n eed n ot,
f urther c larification.
s ignificance f or
i n the l ong r un,
n ecessarily
One o f t he characteristics o f the
r epeated r eplication o f a message through t ime i s a tendency t oward c umulative e rror, e ventually i ncreasing t o s uch a l evel t hat the o riginal message i s s wamped w ith c onfusion. Unless l arge amounts o f e nergy c an be put i nto e diting t he i ntegrity o f t he message w ill be l ost. Two e xtreme p ossible s ituations c an a rise. o rder w ould s imply g o o n c umulating, p ossesses s ufficient
The f irst
i s that
e specially i f the c ommunity
e nergy t o d elete s tructures, whether o ld o r n ew
that happen n ot t o f it the p revailing pattern.
But m ore l ikely i s t hat
d isorder w ill i n t he e nd i ncrease t hrough t ime w ith more a nd m ore r eplication.
S ome o ld buildings a nd f eatures w ill tend t o s urvive;
s uccessive g enerations o f builders will p erceive a s lightly d ifferent s patial c ontext a nd build i n r elation t o their p erception; o ut
s tructures
i nvolves a c ost
a nd e diting
i n e nergy that the c ommunity m ight n ot
be able t o s ustain e ven i f i t c ould c onsciously r ecognize a n " out o f p lace"
f eature.
The i mplication i s that many s ettlements may n ever g et beyond t heir
e arly phase o f d evelopment b ecause t he c ommunity f ailed t o build
u p s ufficient c ontext. m ilieu
s tructures
q uickly e nough t o s upply a c oherent
s patial
Without s uch a c ontext the c ommunity w ould l ack a p redictable f or
i ts d aily l ife
( Fletcher 1 977 :
1 07).
T he theoretical
e xpectation i s that t he c ommunity s hould c ease t o f unction a s a v iable u nit,
just a s w ould happen i f a b asis
c oncensus
c lassifications were l ost w ithin a c ommunity.
a bout o ther k inds o f I f a s ettlement a ttains
a c oherent s patial p attern w e s hould then f ind l ater o n that b egin t o d isplay l oss o f s patial o rder. t his
a s the l ate p hase o f a s ettlement
We might
i t w ill
c ommonly r ecognise
s hortly b efore i ts a bandonment.
The s pace i n a s ettlement may therefore g o through a c ycle f rom l ack o f representation o f o rder, t o c umulative o rder a nd t hen t o c umulative d isorder a nd termination. R eview I t
i s
i mportant t o n ote t hat t here i s n o i mplication whatsoever
that the c ommunity which a pparently produced a d imensional message w ill b e aware t hat
i t h as d one s o,
let a lone be aware o f t he p recise
m athematical d escription o r the c onvenient mnemonic which we c an u se t o r efer t o t hat message. Material s patial behaviour i s a s pecific c ase o f t he u sual c haracteristic o f n on-verbal s ignalling t hat human beings a re r arely aware of i ts pattern, Rules
though they know that
of e tiquette a re t he most o bvious
s uch behaviour o ccurs.
i llustration
( Argyle 1 975 :
6 2).
Two c haracteristics o f n on-verbal s ignalling a re o f p articular r elevance.
The f irst
i s that
a small number o f a cts
1 99
i n i solation d o
n ot g ive much c lue t o r egularities p ossible.
i n b ehaviour.
S econdly,
e rror i s
People t end t o c onsciously n otice d ivergence f rom t he e x-
p ected a nd they a ct a gainst
i t
i f t hey h ave t he authority a nd/or t he
e nergy. D ivergence f rom the e xpected c an a lway s occur. p resume that
We s hould n ot
s ettlements w ill a lways d isplay p erfect dimensional o rder.
I ndividual builders c ould c reate s tructures t hat might s patial pattern a nd s patial a rrangements a re s o f ew s tructures that r are .
A t the o ther
t o a s ettlement
e xamples
l ack a c oherent
c ould l ack p attern w hen there
o f types o f s pacings
a re s imply
e xtreme a l arge number o f additions a nd a lterations
c ould i ntroduce s ufficient
p reviously e xisting pattern.
e rrors
t o o bliterate a
The c onsequence of p ersistent l oss o f
s patial message c oherence s hould b e the s ame a s the f ailure o f o ther c ommunication s ystems.
The c ommunity s hould c ease t o
p articular s ettlement that
i s
f unction i n t he
d isplaying a n i ncoherent
s patial pattern.
T his d oes n ot mean that the human g roup w ould n ecessarily d ie o ut. I t m ight, e nt
but m ovement,
s ettlement
c ontext
e ither i s
i ndividually o r a s a g roup,
a n a lternative.
t o a d iffer-
O rdered s patial m essages a re
n ot i nevitable,
they a re o nly t o be e xpected a s
n ecessary basis
f or,
v iable c ommunity l ife.
a c orollary o f,
a nd
I f we a re t o s tudy t his
i nteraction we n eed a methodology which i s c apable o f i ndicating w hether o r n ot a s erial p attern a nd the a ppropriate a ssociated variation t rend o ccur
i n a s ettlement.
P ART 1 - ANALYSIS
Research procedure i )
Analytic procedure The p rocedure u sed i s
p roduct o f w ork o n e ight two p roblems
s imple a nd t ediou s and i s a n e mpirical
s ettlements
i n G hana.
I n e ssence t here a re
i n t rying t o s tudy patterns o f s ignals.
F irst, t o f ind
methods o f m easurement a nd p resentation that will i ndicate p resence o r a bsence o f o rder. r egularities
S econdly,
t o a ssess whether o r n ot a ny i dentified
d escribe the t hing they a re c laimed t o d escribe.
Measurement What to measure i s ( Hall 1 968).
Proxemics
d efined b y the t erms of p roxemic i s
a nalysis
c oncerned with s pacings b etween i nter-
a cting beings and w ith t he r elationship b etween p articular s pacing d istances a nd particular k inds p ossible measurements b etween a ctive,
of s ocial b ehaviour.
The u niverse of
i s l imited t o those s pacing d istances o ccurring
s imilar l inked e ntities,
s uch a s two people i n a n
i ntimate i nteraction o r the p eople i n a c onversation g roup. s pacing d istances a re c lassified i n t erms of the c ontext t hey o ccur.
L ikewise the d istances between i nert,
e ntities i n s ettlements a re a rranged i n c ategories a nd r oom length u sed i n this
( Fletcher 1 977:
6 0-67).
T he
i n which
s imilar l inked s uch a s
d oorwidth
D iagonals a cross r ooms a re n ot
s tudy because they a re members of a nother p ossible c lass
of s pace i nterrelationships.
2 00
1 0
7 T—
1
m 2
3
2 0-
1 0
3 2 0
1 0-
r n.
1
0
2
3
3 0 ^
2 0
1 0 -
r n
3
1 F ig.
9 5
C lass i ntervals a nd d istribution s hape 2 01
P resentation A method o f p resentation i s i tself a n a nalytic d evice, b ut i t a lso n ot t he o nly o ne p ossible, n or c an a ny p atterns i t s hows b e r egarded a s the o nly p ossible o nes.
i s
T he p resentation p roblem i s l ike
t he e mpirical s earch f or t he a ppropriate f ocal l ength f or a c amera l ens t o p roduce a s harp p icture o f t he t hings a t which i t i s p ointed . T he k ey f eature o f t his e xercise i s that a s t he f ocalle -ngth i s a ltered s o d ifferent k inds o f d etail w ill b ecome v isible, r anging d own t o t he m icroscopic.
A s y ou a lter t he n ature o f t he f ilm y ou w ill g et a v ariety
o f d ifferent i mages o f varying c larity n ot n ecessarily e quivalent w ith t he i mage t hat t he h uman e ye m ight p ick u p f rom t he s ome o bject. O nly a l imited r ange o f c amera a nd f ilm c haracteristics a re a ny u se i n p roducing a c lear p icture o f t hings a t a p articular s cale, f or i nstance t o o btain a n o verall p icture o f t he f eatures o f a l andscape . T he s ame o perational c haracteristics a pply t o a s tudy o f s patial, d imensional p henomena . A s y ou a lter t he p recision o f y our o bservation s o y ou w ill p erceive d ifferent f eatures a nd v aried r elationships b etween t hem . F or e xample, a s i s w ell k nown, d ifferent c lass i ntervals w ill p roduce d ifferent s hapes o f d istributions f rom the s ame s ample o f v alues ( fig. 9 5). What m ight b e r egarded a s t wo s eparate d istributions a t o ne c lass i nterval c ould b e r egarded a s o ne d istribution w hen the s ame v alues a re a rranged i n a l arger c lass i nterval. Two d ifferent d escriptions o f c entral t endency a nd v ariation c ould b e d erived f rom the t wo d ifferent p resentations. A ltering t he g rain o f d etail p roduces d ifferent k inds o f p atterns. What i s a t i ssue i s t he g rain o f d etail a ppropriate t o a g iven e nquiry. A p erceiving s ystem l ike t he h uman e ye a nd b rain must i nevitably b e w orking o n v arying c riteria o f s imilarity a nd d ifference w hich c hange a ccording t o the p recision w ith which o bservations a re b eing made. I f t wo o bjects 1 0 a nd 1 6 c m . a re b eing a ssessed f or s imilarity o r d ifference i n t erms o f l ength t hen a t a g rain o f d etail e quivalent t o a 5c m . c lass i nterval t hey w ould b e p resented a s d ifferent. Those s ame o bjects, when their s ize i s p resented a t a 1 0 c m . c lass i nterval f rom 1 0-20 c m . a re s imilar. T here c an b e n o a bsolute s tandard o f s imilarity a nd d ifference f or a p erceiving d evice, o nly a s tatement r elative t o t he g rain o f d etail b eing u sed . T hree m ain p oints f ollow f rom this r elativity . O ne i s t hat there c an b e m any d ifferent d escriptions o f t he r egularities o ccurring i n a s patial a rrangement. I f y ou a re c lose e nough t o a t apestry t o s ee t he warp a nd w eft d istinctly, y ou w ill n ot, a t the s ame t ime, b e a ble t o s ee t he e ntire p attern o f t he c olours o f t he t apestry. What k ind o f p attern i s r ecognized, i f a ny, d epends u pon the g rain o f o bservational d etail b eing u sed . Another c onsequence i s that w hen c omparing a v ariety o f t hings o f the s ame t ype e .g. v arious s ettlements, y ou n eed t o b e c onsistent i n the g rain o f o bservation d etail which y ou u se o therwise y ou w ill b e c omparing d ifferent l evels o f d etail. T he t hird p oint i s that y ou must l ikewise a pply a c onsistent a nalytic p rocedure a nd g rain o f d etail t o a s ite. I f y ou d o n ot, y ou w ill b e m ixing u p p atterns which r elate t o d ifferent l evels o f d etail w ithin the s ettlement. T he r esult w ill p robably b e v ery c onfusing . T he g rain o f d etail u sed i n t his s tudy i s e xpressed i n a p resentation u sing a 2 0 c m . c lass i nterval. T his i nterval has b een a pplied
2 02
t o the o ther s ettlements
i n which s erial p atterns a ssociated w ith
c oherent v ariation t rends h ave been r ecognized f or s pacings o f up t o
6 -8 m .
The i nterval i s a n e mpirical p roduct o f r esearch o n s everal
s ettlements a nd I a m n ow u sing i t a s a s tandard c omparative p rocedure. There i s n o c laim t hat i t i s t he o nly s cale of o perational d etail which s hould b e u sed, n or n eed we p resume t hat d imensional o rdering i s o nly e xpressed a t t his l evel. The p rocedure u sed i n t his s ettlement s pace,
s tudy i s merely o ne way o f p erceiving
a p olicy which a ppears t o w ork a s
a d escription o f the
d imensional a spect o f s patial b ehaviour by human g roups i n s ettlements. I t probably would n ot work f or the d escription o f i ndividual a ctivity a nd might well b e i nappropriate
i f t he analysis was t o b e r estricted
t o a ny o ne o f t he r esidence u nits i s t hat y ou would n ot the lens,
i n a s ettlement.
The c rude a nalogy
e xpect t o o btain a photo-micrograph i f you u se
f ocal l ength,
e xposure a nd f ilm that p rovides y ou w ith
e xcellent l andscape photographs.
T he p roblem o f " noise" We have t o c ope with the d istorting e ffects of p ost-depositional damage a nd s elective e xcavation,
and w ith the " noise" c reated by the
o ccupants o f the s ettlement.
S ome of the
by a reconstruction procedure
( see R econstruction P olicy p .210).
e ven then the e ffects of post
d epositional d amage c annot b e e ither
o bviated o r i gnored .
f ormer e ffects
c an be h andled But
P lainly a n analysis of m inutiae i s u nlikely to
be worthwhile s ince the s tudied s ample must b e p resumed t o i ncorporate i diosyncratic
a cbs by the o riginal o ccupants,
c ombined w ith t he e ffects
of damage o n p articular p arts o f the s ite. This o f t wo
i s
i ndeed what we f ind.
e xamples
I f d istributions w ith s ample s izes
n re u sed t o o btain c entral t endency v alues t hen n o
d imensional o rder i s e vident.
L ikewise i f d istritutions with fewer
than 5 v alues a re u sed to o btain variation v alues then n o t rend i s e vident. What a ppears i s l ow variation f or a ll c entral tendencies u p t o a bout 1 0 m . a t
The t rend of i ncreasing variation which we m ight
s ome p eriod i n t he g rowth o f the
f ort
i s
tribution s ample s izes a re therefore s et a t t endency t o b e o btained, S imilarly,
s wamped .
3o r m ore f or a c entral
a nd 5 o r m ore f or a v ariation v alue.
the s pecifications
f or d ividing p olymodal d istributions
i nto their u ni -modal c omponents c annot b e s ubtle e ither. o ccurrence i n modes, a nd d istance between modes s imple procedure.
e xpect
T he m inimum d is-
F requency o f
c annot be u sed i n a
T he u se of s uch a ttributes w ould i nvolve the u se o f
s tatistical d escriptions o f d istribution s hape. to c oncentrate o n the l east I f we i gnore c lass
Rather,
the m ethod has
f requently o ccurring d imensional v alues.
i ntervals which c ontain no d imensional values then
n o s erial o r variation p atterns a re e vident among t he i dentifiable d istributions.
The m inimal r equirement i s that a c lass
i nterval with
n o d imensional value i n i t h as t o be r egarded a s a d ivide b etween d istributions. D ealing with t he " bridge" values b etween two m odes requires more d iscussion.
Take a n i deal s ituation where the d imensional v alues a re
a rranged i nto d istinct a nd d iscrete m odes peak o ccurrences
i s a pparent.
t he addition of two v alues t he p eaks h ave n ot
i n e very c lass
d isappeared .
( fig.
9 6i).
T he p attern of
But this c ould b e s omewhat blurred by i nterval
But u nless 2 03
( fig.
s ome r ule i s
9 6ii).
Plainly
d evised t o
f 3 0 -
C. T
CT
1
1
CT
V
2 0-
•M . . . ..
. . ,
1 0-
1
0
2
f 3 0-
3
im 4
CT
V
2 0-
_
. 1 ,
• • • •
••
4•. ,
, ,
, , ,.
1 0-
III
1
o
1
3 F ig.
9 6
" Noise"
4
e ffects a nd c entral t endency/variation d escriptions 2 04
M.
d eal w ith the g eneral but l ow i ncidence of values a d escription o f t he e ntire c ollection o f v alues
i n a ll the i ntervals, c an r esult i n o nly o ne
c entral t endency d escription a nd o ne v ariation v alue,
a s
i f t he p attern
were b eing d escribed a t the g rain o f d etail e xpressed by a 1 m . i nterval
( fig .
9 6iii).
p rocedure c an b e d evised t o d eal w ith t he " noise"
s o that t he f iner
d etails a t the s maller c lass i nterval c an a lso b e d escribed. u re i s n eeded,
A proced-
a ppropriate t o t he g rain o f d etail, which w ill t end t o
s uppress the n oise but n ot o bliterate the p ossible message. t he
c lass
We need t o f ind o ut whether o r n ot a s imple
Obviously
s electivity w ith which n oise c an be h andled by a c rude p rocedure
w ill b e l imited. well!
A c rude method i s l iable to w ipe o ut t he m essage a s
T he procedure i s the e quivalent o f a djusting t he t reble c ontrol
o n a r adio to r educe t he amount o f h iss. I f y ou t ry t o c ut o ut a ll the i t • t n oise y ou a lso s uppress s ome o f the t reble s ounds o f the music thereb y m issing part o f t he message which i s b eing t ransmitted. The p olicy must avoid b eing t oo g ross a lso b e s uppressed .
o therwise t he message may
I f the r estriction o n " noise" i s n ot s ufficiently
v igorous then " noise" w ill prevail. o ccurrence i n a c lass
I n T a5kun K ale i f a s ingle v alue
i nterval i s r egarded a s
s ufficient
t o d efine a
d ivide b etween d istributions then n o s erial o r variation p attern c an b e i dentified.
This
c riterion f or s uppressing " noise" w ould a ppear
t o be i nsufficiently v igorous.
The p olicy c hosen therefore s pecifies
t hat a " bridge" b etween two modes two adjacent " bridge"
i s
c lass i ntervals
i s t o be i dentified when a t l east
e ach c ontain o ne d imensional v alue.
s plit t o c reatetwo d istributions
( fig.
This
9 7).
Many p ossible ways of c oping w ith " noise" c ould be d evised, o f them h ighly s ophisticated s tatistical o perations.
s ome
While I a m i n
n o d oubt that these w ill u ltimately b e n ecessary my purpose n ow i s much s impler.
All I aim t o d o i s
s how that a m inimum a rbitrary r uling,
c onsistently a pplied, c an be u sed t o p rovide a n i ndication o f the p resence o r a bsence o f d imensional o rder. I t h as t o be s hown that t he s uppression o f " noise" p rocedure d oes n ot t he o ccurrence o f o rder o r d isorder.
i nevitably p redefine e ither
S ince p resence a nd a bsence o f
o rder a re recognizable i n the T a5kun K ale d ata the l atter r equirement i s
s atisfied. A r elated p roblem i s the i ssue o f the c hanges
s hape which c an o ccur o ver t ime. c an,
by s uccessive additions,
d istribution
( fig .
9 8).
i n d istribution
Two i nitially s eparate d istributions
be t ransformed i nto a s ingle c ontinuous
B ut temporarily the two m erging d istributions
c ould be d escribed e ither a s o ne o r two d istributions. s ingle d istribution c an be s plit b y s uccessive d eletions t o c reate two d istributions
f rom o ne.
C onversely a o r
I n a ll s uch ambiguous
additions c ases
which o ccur i n T a5kun K ale, b oth the s eparate a nd c ombined d escriptions a re g iven. s hows
The a lternatives a re r anked.
s eparate d istributions,
g reater
e mphasis
When the preceding s tate
the s eparate d escriptions a re g iven
a nd v ice v ersa when the p receding s tate s hows
o ne
d istribution.
D escribing t he d istributions The e arly s tudies of d imensional o rder
( Fletcher 1 980i) u sed a
Mean and S tandard D eviation d escription of c entral tendency a nd variation a s
a c onvention e ven though the d istributions a re n ot
G aussian N ormal.
A n a lternative a nd s impler d escription was
2 05
s ought
E c r
_ c
c
. 0 i mre
— CO
0
0
2 06
( see E nd P aper ) 4 )
—0 )
1 0 FI b
0
1 S P
1 0 -
0
1
I 1
3
4
5
2
6
7
8
9
> > < .>
7
< -
M.
Ib
8
-> < —>
9
m .
II I b m.
2
f 1 0 -
3
7
8
9
4 -> II b
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
P - P rimary V alue S - S econdary V alue - V alue i ncluded i n b oth d istributions
F ig.
9 8
M erging o f d istributions 2 G (
7
8
9
which would g ive the s ame trend o f v ariation a s t he M . d escription.
I t was
c ould be s ubstituted
a nd S .
D .
f ound that a Median a nd 4 0% range d escription ( Fletcher 1 977:
9 6-97).
S uch a d escription c an
be p roduced q uickly a nd e asily a nd r equires n o m athematical a bility beyond s ubtraction.
A ssessing t he p roposed s erial p attern I dentifying d imensional o rder i n a s ettlement e xercise i n i tself .
What
p roposed o rder tells u s s ettlement. t ions
i s n ot a s ufficient
i s r equired i s a d emonstration t hat the
s omething a bout t he pattern o f s pace i n the
W e h ave t o be a ble t o a ssess whether o r not t he i mplica-
o f a d efined s eries have s ome c orrespondence w ith o ther
d escriptions o f s pace i n the s ettlement.
I n previous
s tudies a c ross-
c heck has b een p rovided by l ooking a t t he l ocation o f f eatures
i n
r elation to v isual c ommencement p oints a nd t he v isual f ields a round t hose p oints
( Fletcher 1 977:
9 8, 9 9 and 1 980i).
F or
e xample, when
y ou a re s tanding i n a d oorway you a re l ocated a t a v isual c ommencement p oint l ooking o ut
i nto s ome adjacent
f ield a round t he d oor.
s pace which c ontains t he v isual
What we t end t o f ind i s t hat there i s a c lear
a rea i mmediately i n f ront of t he d oor. the o ccurrence o f f eatures
s uch a s
T hat o pen a rea i s b ounded b y
f ireplaces
a nd s eating p latforms.
I s hall r efer t o t he d istance f rom the d oor t o t he n earest a s
a v isual r ange.
I t
i s this d istance which i s u sed a s
o n t he d imensional s eries The a rgument
( fig .
f eatures
a c ross-check
9 9).
i s that breaks i n the d imensional s eries s uch a s the
s hift t o a n ow s erial s equence a real l ayout o f t he f eatures
( fig .
9 ) 4)
' 7 hould b e r eflected i n the
i n a s ettlement.
T he b reak i n the s eries
s uggests that t he d istance a t which the b reak o ccurs
s hould be e x-
p ressed a s a b oundary o f s ome k ind i n r elation t o a v isual c ommencement r nint. a bout 1 m .
T f,
f or i nstance,
a n ew s eries begins f or s pacings
o f a real s pace s hould o ccur i n a n a rc a bout 1 m . ways
o f
we s hould f ind that a marked d ifference : i n the a rrangement
o f the s ettlement.
a way f rom t he d oor-
I n o ther words w e w ould e xpect t o s ee s ome
e xpression o f v isual ranges o f a bout 1 m .
i n the s ettlement.
I f s uch
a v isual r ange d id n ot o ccur t hen the s erial a nalysis w ould b e c alled i nto q uestion.
i i)
S ite p lan ( fig .
4a nd e nd p aper 7 )
T he s tudy o f T a kun K ale has b een c arried o ut e ntirely f rom t he p lan s upplied b y T ony a nd T amara M cNicoll.
My i nformation a bout
i t
c omes by personal c ommunication f rom t hem . W herever p ossible t he a im o f a s patial a nalysis a s many k inds o f s pacings s everal p roblems. d isturbance I t
a nd f eatures a s p ossible.
T he p lan i s p artial,
( damage)
s hould b e t o u se T a5kun K ale p oses
d ue t o p ost-occupation
a nd the n ecessities o f s elective e xcavation.
i s a lso a p alimpsest o f walls a nd d omestic
f ittings.
R ooms have
been a dded, walls a ltered a nd f eatures built o n t op o f e ach o ther i n the r ooms a nd the c ourtyard. F ortunately, i n Ta5kun K ale, t hough s ome c orners available. c orners.
o f r ooms a re m issing,
the w all a lignments a re u sually
A p rocedure c an be a pplied o n t he p lan t o r enovate the This p rocedure a lso s erves t o p rovide p lans of e arlier
s tates o f the f ort which have been affected by l ater a dditions.
2 08
( )
V .R . I
1 0 1
F ig.
9 9
n .
V isual r anges 2 09
I rretrievable d amage t o walling a nd the l ack of a s ecure s equence f or the d omestic
f ittings
s uch a s t andiz s ( hearth ovens)
a ccepted a s l iable d istorting f actors.
h ave t o b e
The a nalysis i s p redicated o n
a n o pinion that s patial o rder s hould b e recognizable e ven through s uch d istortion. S patial messages f ortunately a ppear to p ossess a h igh d egree o f r edundancy.
F or
e xample,
u sually r epeated by d imensions
1 977 :
9 0).
We m ight
a ny o ne v alue i n a s eries
f rom s everal t ypes of s pacings
i s ( Fletcher
t herefore e xpect t o r ecognize s patial p atterns
e ven when damage h as r educed the a vailable v ariety o f t ypes o f s pacings a nd f eatures
i n a s ite.
L ikewise,
e ven t hough a palimpsest
a nd d amage
may h ave blurred the p ositioning o f e ntities r elative t o v isual c ommencement p oints, by the s uperpositioning o f f eatures a nd the d isapp earance o f d oorways, we m ight
e xpect t hat
e nough w ill s urvive f or
the a ssessment o f s erial p attern i n c omparison to v isual ranges. I ronically the l ogical r equirement d isorder that
i s
s evere.
i nsufficient
f or i dentifying s patial
While d amage c ould m ake the
s ample s o p artial
e vidence f or p attern w ould s urvive,
d emonstrating
the p resence o f s patial d isorder r equires p ositive e vidence. a nalysis has t o
s how that
T he
dimensional a nd v ariation v alues p resent
the s ite a re c onsistent w ith s patial d isorder.
i n
Absence of p ossible
parts of a s eries would n ot be a cceptable e vidence o f d isorder. Absence merely makes d ecision i mpossible. i s t o s how t hat
A purpose of this a nalysis
d isorder c an b e i dentified a nd t o a ssess h ow much
d amage c an be a ccepted b ecause o f t he c ompensatory e ffect of the r edundancy i n s patial messages.
RECONSTRUCTION P OLICY
I ntroduction i he f ort has s ectors
s uffered v arying d egrees or d amage i n d ifferent
a nd i s a lso
e xcavated t o v arying d egrees of c ompleteness d e-
p ending u pon t he a rrangement f actors result
u ncertain while o ther s ectors t o u nknowns.
o f t he e xcavation g rid.
These two
i n the p lan o f p arts of t he s ite b eing i rretrievably c an be r econstructed w ith l ittle a ppeal
I h ave t herefore c hosen a s tandard r econstruction p roced-
u re a nd have then p ointed o ut the various p arts o f t he s ite f or which reconstruction becomes i ncreasingly u ncertain. u ncertainty i s
d escribed i n t erms
The magnitude o f t his
o f three d egrees of " repair".
T he
f irst d egree r equires o nly l imited e xtrapolation o f wall a lignment. The s econd d egree requires much l onger e xtrapolations, third d egree d ecisions have t o be made a bout
while i n t he
s ome t ermini o f wall
l ines.
P rocedure Throughout the p lan I h ave s pecified a s a r econstruction p rocedure t hat walls
c ontinue o n their k nown t rack t hrough baulks a nd a cross
t he a reas o f d amage.
S traight l ine p rojection o f the wall d irection
a nd p arallel c orrespondence o f the o pposite s ides of walls
a re u sed
where n o o ther i nformation i s available t o c omplete the s hapes of s ome r ooms. S traight l ines a nd p arallels a re u sed n ot because t hey a re c orrect, but because t hey c an b e a pplied with c onsistency . The k ey c orollary o f this policy i s that walls
i n T a5kun K ale
d o n ot run a bsolutely s traight n or a re their o pposite s ides p recisely 2 10
parallel.
The r estoration p rocedure d oes n ot therefore i nevitably
g uarantee an e xact
c orrespondence b etween the remnant a nd r estored
p arts o f the s ite.
N or c ould i t b e s aid t o i nevitably e xpress the
s nme s patial p attern s ince n o e xact c orrespondence of the r estoration a nd t he o riginal walls t hey r epresent c ould be e xpected. s acrifice
T he analytic
i s t he price f or a c onsistent p rocedure which puts the p lan
i nto a f orm u sable f or a d imensional s patial a nalysis but
d oes n ot
p redefine the i dentification o f s patial o rder. An additional r ule i s that n o i nvention c an b e made o f walls e ntirely c oncealed b y b aulks. 2 8 a nd 3 0.
S uch walls
c ould o ccur
i n r ooms
6 , 1 3,
H aving made the r ule I t hen h ave t o make o ne e xception!
The n ecessity arose b ecause o f the l ocation of t he b aulk between R 10 a nd R ll
( endpaper 1 ).
v erse wall.
I n my o pinion this baulk must c onceal a t rans-
There i s n o o ther c ase o f a t ransverse wall i n T a5kun
K ale terminating i n t his way t o p roduce a n L -shaped r oom .
Such a
r oom would b e a s evere a nomaly i n the a rrangement o f r ooms a round the c ourtyard
( fig.
1 00).
The p osition of the wall
i s d elimited by:
a
T ABLE 1 ( see e ndpaper 3 )
N otes
S tatoe
E nd s tate
S ite a s e xcavated
F inal I I
R ooms a dded a fter f ire
F inal I
D amaged b y f ire
I nitial I II
S ee a lternative i n S tart S tate I II
I nitial I I
S ee a lternative i n S tart S tate I I
S tart S tate I II 3 '
A lternative S tates . B oth c ould n ot o ccur i n o ne a ctual s tructural s equence
S tart S tate I I
R ooms 4 & 5 m ight a lso b e i ncluded
S tart S tate I
R ooms 4 & 5 m ight a lso b e i ncluded
I nitial I
3
2 11
-
2 12
T a2kun K ale .
N on-corresponding f eatures
S ubdivisions
M ain d ivisions
E stimate o f t ower p osition
b lock which p rojects f rom the i nner f ace o f t he c ircuit wall; p osition o f the w all b etween 3 3 a nd 3 2; The p roduct o f t his t he S ite. L onger,
f irst
t he
a nd t he N SW c orner o f u nit E ll.
d egree o f " repair"
i s t he E nd S tate o f
s traight l ine e xtrapolation o f wall l ine i s r equired i n
8 , 9 , 1 1 , 4 , 5 , 3 6 , 1 6 , 2 7 a nd
t he s econd d egree o f " repair", t o r estore t he s hape o f r ooms
1 8, 1 9 and 2 8.
I t a lso d efines t he l imits o f 1 ,
2 4 p rior t o t he r oom a dditions i n t he c ourtyard i n F inal I I
( see
s equence). T he t hird d egree o f " repair" r equires a d ecision a bout t he p osition o f t he n orth-west s ector o f t he c ircuit w all.
T he two e nds o f t he
i nner f ace o f t he c ircuit wall c an be d erived f rom t he s hape o f t he t ower a round r oom 2 5 a nd the f ragment o f c ircuit wall i n r oom 2 1.
T his
t hird s tage o f r epair,
T he
r estores t he s hape o f r ooms
2 1,
2 3 a nd 2 6.
m easurements f rom t his r elatively u ncertain t hird s tage a re i dentified o n t he d istribuLions. The S tate d escriptions f rom S tart S tate I t o F inal I I a re d erived f rom the 2 nd a nd 3 rd d egree r econstructions.
S equence ( Table 1 , e ndpaper 3 ) T he i nterior o f the f ort h as b een s o d isturbed by p loughing that o nly the b road o utline o f s tructural d evelopment c an b e o btained f rom t he vertica l
s tratigraphy.
H owever, the g rneral t rend o f i nterior
a dditions c an b e d erived f rom t he l ayout o f the r ooms, the various a buttments,
r earrangements o f a ccess a nd d ifferent k inds o f wall
c onstruction. T o c arry o ut the a nalysis n ecessary .
f ree i nvention, S econdly,
t o prevent
t hat the f ort h as n ever c ontained a ny major s tone o r
mudbrick wall f eatures ted .
s everal p rocedural r estrictions a re
F irst w e h ave t o a ssume a s a p arsimonious r ule,
f or which e vidence h as b een c ompletely e radica-
t he s equence c annot u sefully b e d escribed i n t erms o f
a dditions o f s ingle r ooms.
S uch a p olicy would r equire the p resenta-
t ion o f a l arge n umber o f p ossible r oom c ombinations. w ould b e t o l ittle g ain.
The e ffort
A m essage m odel d oes n ot require t hat e very
a ddition w ill b e c onsistent w ith t he e xisting m essage,
o nly that the
p ersisting o ccupation o f t he s ettlement w ill r equire t he adjustment o f a nomalies. a s
A ssessment i s n eeded n ot a t t he l evel o f e ach a ddition
i t o ccurred but r ather o f v arious
o verall S tates that t he f ort may
have p assed t hrough . T his w ill s uffice t o f ind o ut whether o r n ot the m ethodology c an p ick u p l oss o f o rder a s a n overall c haracteristic of the s ite. T he f ort a ppears t o h ave b een a ltered o n s everal o ccasions. o bvious
i s t he a symmetrical a rrangement o f r ooms
M ost
6 , 1 2, 1 4 a nd 2 2
( fig . ) t a ) within the courtyard s pace. T heir l ate o ccurrence i s e vident f rom the s tratigraphy. S everal p ossible d evelopment s equences c an b e s uggested f or t he e arlier d evelopment o f the i nternal a rrangements of T a5kun K ale.
These a re a ll b ased o n the p remise t hat the c ircuit
wall a nd main g ate were c ompleted f irst a nd that additions were t hen made w ithin t hat c ircuit. T he s equence p roposed d epends u pon t he overall s ymmetry o f t he f ort a round the Main g ate a nd c ourtyard.
2 13
C ommencing a t t he Main g ate two w ings o f r ooms e xtend a round the p eriphery o f t he f ort a nd m eet a t t he f ar e nd o f t he c ourtyard . S uccessive a dditions o f r ooms c an t herefore h ave o ccurred, s tarting b y t he M ain g ate a nd e nding w ith t he c ompletion o f a c ontinuous z one o f r ooms. After t hat, t he i nfilling o f t he c ourtyard s pace w ould h ave b egun ( endpaper 3 ). T he main p roblem w ith t he s equence i s t hat s everal E nd S tate r ooms c an b e r egarded a s s ubdivisions o f l arger r oom s paces, f or e xample 2 8 a nd 2 9 o r 1 5 a nd 1 6. T here i s n o w ay o f k nowing, f rom t he f eatures w e h ave s o f ar r ecognized i n t he s ite o r t he s tratigraphy whether t hese p ossible s ubdivisions o ccurred e arly o r l ate o r s cattered t hrough t he d evelopment o f t he f ort. T o c ope w ith t his p roblem I h ave c hosen t o p resent t he d istribut ion f rom e ach o f t he p ossible S tates o f t he f ort i n t wo f orms, w ithout t he s ubdivisions ( Condition a ) a nd w ith t hem ( Condition b ) ( endpaper
4 ) .
I n C ondition
( a ),
f or e xample,
2 8 a nd 2 9 a re t reated a s o ne r oom
w ith two l ong w alls r unning b etween t he c ourtyard a nd t he c ircuit wall, a nd t wo s hort w all s ides, o ne a t t he c ourtyard e nd a r id the o ther a t t he c ircuit w all e nd . B y c ontrast i n C ondition ( b) t his r oom s pace 2 8/29 i s r egarded a s t wo s eparate r ooms e ach w ith two l ong w alls a nd t wo s hort w alls. T he s ubdivision v alues a re i ntroduced f or t he e arliest S tate t hat c ould i nclude t hem . F inal I I(b) i s t he t erminal f orm of b oth c onditions. Another p roblem i s t he a lterations m ade t o t he M ain G ate ( 1) ( fig . 4 a a nd e ndpaper 1 ). O n s ome u nknown o ccasion a t hick w all was built a cross the i nternal a ccess t o t he g ate. I n S tart S tate I , I h ave a ssumed t hat t he a ccess w as u ninterrupted . I n F inal I I t hat b locking wall i s a n i nherent p art o f t he a lterations t o t he c ourtyard a rea. I t i s t heref2rc 2 ncluded i n F inal I I ( a) a nd (b ). F or t he o ther S tates t he o pen a ccess i s a llocated t o t he f orm w ithout s ubd ivision, C ondition ( a), a nd t he b locked a ccess t o C ondition ( b), t he f orm w ith s ubdivision. N o c laim i s b eing made t hat t he f ort a ctually d eveloped b y s hifts f rom o ne S tate t o t he n ext. T he p roposed s equence, w ith i ts t wo a lternative c onditions o f " room a malgamation" ( Condition ( a)) a nd "r oom s ubdivision" ( Condition ( b)) i s i ntended o nly t o p rovide p ossible d escriptions o f a n umber o f f orms t hrough w hich the f ort c ould h ave p assed . A ssessment o f t he c hange i n s patial p attern i n t he f ort i s made o n t he b asis o f the r ange o f p ossible f orms, n ot f rom a c laim t hat o ne p articular s equence o f a dditions a ctually o ccurred . T here i s s ome u ncertainty a bout t he l ayout o f t he f ort w hich h as t o b e a ccepted i n t he d escription s ince t here i s n o a pparent w ay t o r emedy t he p rob lem . T o s eek m ore p recision w ould b e t o d emand t oo much o f t he battered r emains o f t he f ort. T he p roposed s equence i s t herefore a s uccession o f f rozen moments i n w hat c an h ave b een a c ontinuous a nd g radual d evelopment. A ssessment i s d irected a t t he b road c haracteristics o f t he two a lternative C onditions o f t he s uccessive S tates. T he c haracteristics o f the s equence a re r eviewed i n t he l ight o f t he d imensional a nalysis. Review T he m ethodology p roceeds f rom a c onventionalized r econstruction 2 14
p rocedure which i s u sed to bring the f ragmentary p lan i nto a u seable f orm .
F rom t he l ayout of the f ort a nd i ts
i nternal s tructural
c haracteristics a broad s equence of d evelopment T he s tates of this
s tates c an be p roposed.
s equence h ave t o b e p resented,
of n ecessity,
i n two
a lternative c onditions of s ubdivided a nd a malgamated r oom s pace.
N o
e vidence i s a vailable o n when o r e ven whether particular r oom s ubd ivisions t ook p lace. s ize of tandir p lan.
Measurements of wall d imensions,
d oorwidth a nd
( hearth ovens) w ere o btained f rom the r econstructed
The d istributions of these v arious m easurements a re presented
u sing a 2 0 c m . whether
c lass
i nterval a nd a re p rocessed to c ontrol f or " noise"
f rom the b ehaviour of the o ccupants o r
e ffects.
C entral
t endency
f rom p ost-depositional
a nd v ariation d escriptions are g iven i n
t erms of M edian a nd 4 0% range.
These v alues a re n ow analysed to f ind
out whether o r n ot s erial a rrangements of medians a nd t rends of i ncreasing v ariation with i ncrease i n median values o ccur i n the s uccessive s tates o f the f ort.
R ESULTS I ntroduction O ne o f the m ain problems w ith the d imensional a nalysis o f T a5kun K ale
i s t he
s carcity o f c entral t endency v alues c ompared t o o ther
s ettlements. S ince a s erial s equence i s u sually r epresented by c lusters o f c entral t endencies a round c onsecutive m odal v alues the poor r epresentation i n any o ne S tate c an i tself be e xpected t o p roduce s mall s ample a mbiguities. T o d eal with t he p roblem o f u nder-representation, I h ave p resented t he d ata i n t erms o f the o ccurrence o f c entral tendencies over t ime i n two ways s een
( fig .
( fig.
1 02i,
i i).
This d ata has b een p resented
s o that the s equence of c entral tendencies c an b e e asily 1 02i)
a nd by f requency o f o ccurrence o f t he medians
s o
that t he m ost p owerful overall s ignals d uring t he g rowth of the
f ort
c an b e r ecognised ( fig. 1 02ii). All t hat c an b e s hown i s t hat s ome c entral t endency v alues a re f requently r epeated, w ith a s hift t oward l arger i ntervals between the l arger c entral t endencies u ntil the 7 .70 m .
v alues a re r eached.
p ossible.
N o d efinitive d escription o f a s eries
N or w ould the d escription h ave much meaning.
i s
The r ecurrent
c entral t endencies c an be e nvisaged a s l ying i n a f uzzy band of values a round e ach c omponent o f a s eries. that t he i ncrement
o f the i ntervals i s
All t hat c an b e s tated i s
s mall,
r esembling a n A rithmetic
s eries.
i )
D escription o f t he d istributions
0 t o 1m .
c entral t endencies
I n F inal I I/End S tate the medians f or d oor
s pace w idth,
t andir
d imensions a nd r oom 2 2 d o n ot p roduce a ny r eadily r ecognizable p attern ( fig.
1 01).
8 0 cm .
W all thickness s hows a marked p eak between 6 0 cm .
and a l esser p eak a t 1 -1.20 m .
( fig.
1 01).
T here i s
d ata t o c laim a ny s eries p attern b etween 0 a nd 1 m .
and
i nsufficient
Though there may
b e i ndications of c lusters a round 3 0-35 cm . a nd 6 4-66 c m . ( if w e l eave o ut t he 7 5 cm. median f or r oom 2 2) there a re s till n ot e nough v alues t o c laim t hat a p articular s eries c an be i dentified ,
1 t o 8r h
c entral t endencies
( fig .
1 02i ,
i i)
Throughout the s uccessive S tates there a re medians a t a pproximately 2 15
FIG .
1 01:
N otes
T andir r adii
1 9
T andir w idth
Tandir l ength
N ote:
4 0% r ange
. 30
. 12
3
. 35
5
. 66
. 04
8
. 64
. 17
. 90
. 16
3 2
D oor s pace w idth
M(m)
T andirs ( ovens) o ccur i n two f orms, r ound a nd o val. S ome o f t he o val t andirs a lso h ave o ne s traight s ide o r have o ther f eatures a ttached t o t hem e .g . t he r ibs p rojecting f rom t he t andir by t he a ccess t o t he Main g ate . T he d imensions w ere t aken f rom t he e xternal e dges o f t he l ip of t he tandir.
D oor s pace w idth r efers t o t he g ap w hich may have c ontained a d oor. I f t he d oors h ad wooden f rames t hen t he m edian w ould b e s maller, p ossibly a bout 7 0 c m .
F or R oom 2 2 i n F inal I I a nd t he E nd S tate there i s a m edian o f 3 0 c m .
N ote:
7 5 cm. and a 4 0% r ange v alue o f
f or w all d imensions.
" Oven" i n 3i s e xcluded . :
T andir i n 2 0 i s i ncluded i n r adii a nd w idth/length .
2 16
f 2 0
1 0
5
5
I . 1 1
1 1
l im e
i 2 I
1
I
1
2
N =19
r ad i i
1m . 3 9,
2
L1 1 1 ,
0
T and ir
99
w idth . 1m . 3
N = 5
l ength 1m . 3
N = 8
f 2 0
Li
dim
D oor s paces
N = 3 5
1 0
M IM I
0
1
2
1m • 3
f 4 0 Wa l l t h ickness
N = 7 9
3 0 . 2 0 _ . 1 0 m . 2
F ig.
1 01
T agkun Kale.
3
D istributions f or s pacings w ith
m edian values l ess t han 1 m . 2 17
I FT1 1
END ( 50 0/ 0
m .
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
6
7
8
i g
END
' l 8
gi ut ,c , "
( a )cond i ti on
FI F II I II I1 S I I I SI SI 4
3
5
( b )cond it ion
FI b
FI FI II I II I I S IN S i !
S 1
F ig.
I l
1 02(i)
T a kun Kale.
S equence a nd f requency o f medians 1 t o
P rimary values
8m .
2 3 Secondary
2 18
& a lternative values where d ifferent
c o
0
0 t r )
C '^
2 19
0
2 .00, 3 .10, 4 .20, 5 .30, 6 .60 i n . T here a re i nsufficient d imensions t o d isplay a 1 m . m edian i n a ny o f t he S tart S tates b ut t his m edian v alue a ppears i n e very o ther S tate o f t he f ort. A 7 .70 i n . m edian i s a bsent f rom S tart S tate I , I nitial I , a nd I nitial I I(a), I II(a) a nd F inal I (a) but i s p resent i n a ll t he o ther S tates a nd c onditions. T he ( a) c ondition d isplays a r epetitious p attern o f m edians e xcept i n S tart S tate I II w here t here i s a 4 .70 i n . m edian a nd i n F inal I I where t here i s a l oss o f c oherence w ith t he a ppearance o f m edians o f a bout 3 .70 m . which l ie b etween t he r ecurrent median v alues, 3 .20 a nd 4 .30 i n . i ntervals. T he
These i ntervening m edians b reak u p t he r ough s eries of
( b) c ondition d isplays a r epetitious p attern o f m edians e xcept
i n S tart S tates I I a nd I II(b). T he 3 .10 i n . a nd 4 .20 i n . v alues a re m ore s trongly r epresented t han i n t he ( a) c ondition . The i nterval i s r educed b y a 3 .30 i n . v alue i n F inal I a nd S tart S tate I II.
4 0% r ange v ariation ( endpaper 5 ) T he v ariation t rend f or S tart S tate I c ontains o nly t hree v alues. N or d o t he o ther S tart S tates c learly d isplay the e xpected t rend o f v ariation. F rom I nitial I o nwards a t rend f rom l ow v ariation v alues w ith s mall m edians t o l arge v ariation w ith l arger medians o ccurs throughout t he ( a) c ondition. I n t he ( b) c ondition o nly I nitial I a nd I I d isplay t he t rend o f v ariation. I nitial I II(b), F inal I (b), a nd F inal I I(b), a ll h ave h igh v ariation v alues f or m edians a round 3 a nd 4 i n ., which a re i nconsonant w ith t he e xpected t rend o f v ariation .
D iscussion S tart S tates I a nd I I(a) t rend i s p oorly r epresented. a nd 5 a re a dded,
d isplay s erial p attern but t he v ariation H owever,
i f o nly two f urther r ooms, 4
S tart S tates I a nd I I(a) d o d isplay a v ariation
t rend . S tart S tate I II a lways l acks s erial p attern 1 i dpaper 5 ). F rom I nitial I o nwards, the ( a) c ondition d isplays b oth s erial p attern a nd t he v ariation t rend,
e xcept t hat i n F inal I I t he s erial p attern
b reaks d own . B y c ontrast t he ( b) c ondition d isplays the s erial p attern b ut i nvolves s evere d isconsonance i n t he v ariation t rends f rom I nitial I II o nwards. The m ain p oints o f t he a nalysis a re: . 1.
T he F inal I I S tate, whether i n t he ( a) o r ( b) c ondition, e ither s erial p attern o r a c oherent t rend of v ariation. o f o rder i s d ue t o t he p resence o f n ew f eatures.
I t
l acks The l oss
i s n ot
c aused b y d amage d eleting c omponents o f t he e arlier p attern. 2 .
T he s ubdivision o f r ooms ( Condition ( b)) a ppears t o l ead t o a b reakdown o f t he t rend of v ariation i n t he l ater S tates o f the f ort.
While i t i s n ot p ossible t o b e s pecific a bout p articular
a lterations, the g eneral i mplication i s t hat t he s ubdivisions d id n ot a ssist t he o ccurrence o f a n o rdered s patial e nvironment.
3 .
The c onstruction o f t he c ourtyard c omplex i n F inal S tate I I w ith i ts a lterations t o a d jacent r ooms,
2 20
c ontributes t o t he l oss o f
s erial p attern a nd the breakup o f the v ariation trend.
4 .
The S tart S tates u nder-represent t he p ossible p attern. s light a ddition o f r ooms
a c lear v ariation t rend a s well a s a s erial pattern. I (a)
a nd S tart S tate I I(a)
d evelopment of t he f ort, S tate I II
B ut the
4 and 5 g ives S tart S tates I a nd I I(a) a re e qually l ikely moves
i f r ooms
B oth I nitial i n the e arly
4 and 5 were added f irst.
S tart
d oes n ot a ppear t o be a probable S tate of t he f ort,
a ccording t o the s patial m essage m odel.
i i)
V isual r anges
I ntroduction I n p reviously a nalysed s ettlements t here h ave been d isjunctions i n the s erial pattern where the i ntervals o f t he s eries h ave c oincided with the r ising t rend of v ariation. T here c ould a pparently be many d ifferent s hip between the s eries n ear Arithmetic
f orms o f this r elation-
i nterval a nd t he t rend o f v ariation.
s eries there s hould be a brupt j umps
i nterval s ize t o k eep a bove the r ising t rend of v ariation I n T askun K ale i t i n F inal I I 1 m .
( fig.
9 ) 4 ).
i s a pparent t hat the o verall t rend of v ariation
s wamps the s eparations b etween the medians o f l ess than
( endpaper
6 ) .
t rend i s a 2 9 cm . l ength .
I n a
i n the s eries
T he o nly s eparation v alue which l ies a bove the s eparation b etween medians
A s eries w ith a n i nterval of 2 9 cm .
v ariation t rend n ear the 1 m .
median.
f or tandir width a nd would b e s wamped b y the
T hough we d o n ot have a ny d irect
e vidence f or the n ature o f a ny s eries u p t o 1 m ., we d o know that n o i nterval i n s uch a s eries c ould h ave been l arger t han a bout The j ump t o the m uch l arger i nterval f rom 1 m . a s the f ormation o f a " new" F or t he arise
3 0 c m.
o nward b ecomes e xplicable
s eries a bove the t rend o f variation.
e arlier S tates of t he f ort the s ame c ircumstances then
s omewhere b eyond the
6 .60 m .
v alue,
p ossibly f or that v alue but
m ore l ikely a t a nd b eyond the 7 .70 m . median where t he s eries i nterval i s again s wamped by t he r ising t rend o f v ariation ( endpaper 6 ). There a re t hen odd d imensional values These v alues c ircuit wall. methodology.
9m .
8 .80 t o ( 35),
( 31)
the 1 t o values
s cattered b etween 8 .80 m .
a nd 1 3.45 m .
d erived f rom the i nternal a nd e xternal f açades o f t he
a nd
T hey c annot be o rdered i nto a s eries by the p resent T he s erial
i nterval a llows a median a t a pproximately
I ts o nly representatives i s the f açades b etween t owers ( 25).
The o nly i ndication o f a f urther
s eries b eyond
8m . v alues i s the o ccurrence o f a f ew w idely s eparated
( Table 2 ).
T able
2
1 5 m .
I nternal c ourtyard w idth D istance b etween c entres o f t owers
2 4 m .
I nternal c ourtyard l ength
3 8 m .
E xternal f ort w idth
4 6 m .
E xternal f ort l ength
We o nly h ave c oncrete e vidence f or a s erial pattern of s ome k ind f rom 1 t o
8i n . w ith a b reak a t e ither e nd. 2 21
The 1 m .
b reak i s more
m . I n terna l
M.
5
T and ir
4
m .5 E xterna l
T and ir
3
D oor /
1 i n .
v isual r ange
" Oven" N ote
:I n s ubdivided r oom s paces 1 0/11, 1 5/16,
oom 3 i n R
ars a nd p its d o n ot torage j :S o a 1 m . v isual c onform t r ange.
F ig.
1 03
A ccess c an h ave been t hrough t he r oof o r t hrough o ther w alls.
Ta kun Kale.
V isual r ange a round d oors. 2 22
2 6/27 a nd 28 /2 9 f our
t andir l ie c lose t o a w all.
c learly d efined than t he 7 .70 m .
l imit.
The 7 .70 m .
by t he h igh v ariation v alues o f I nitial I II(b) p aper
l imit i s
a nd F inal I I(b)
s wamped ( end-
6 ii).
V isual r anges The l imiting v alues i n the s ettlement,
o f the s erial p attern s hould h ave e xpression
e ither a s a v isual r ange out
f rom a v isual c ommence-
ment p oint l ike a d oorway o r a s the d istance f rom the c entre t o t he e dge of a n o pen s pace.
1m .
v isual r ange An i ndication o f a 1 m .
All the t andirs inside r ooms d oorway
v isual r ange o ccurs a round t he d oorways. o ccur a t o r beyond 1 m .
f rom t he n earest
( fig . 103 ) .
There i s o ne a berrant t andir, g ap l eading f rom r oom
I t into
r oom
l ocated i n a d oor s pace,
5 and
a u nique tandir
i n the
i n r oom 3
P ' roposed w alkway
0
T andir
( )
T andir a ssociated FI I FI I s tructures
T owers s chematic
0 5 i 0m C MC7 1 1 QME MEJ M
F ig .
1 04
T aekun K ale .
T andirs a nd t he c ircuit w all 2 23
. E f , 4 0 0 . . g Q ) .
E
M
I nitial I II M Z . , T " , z 3 M c . ) 1 - F 2 O M C O e n e t e . ) e s
g e
2 c o 0 I Z i Z ' c 1
0 c o i m H
• ' f b 0 0 c o
g ,
• e l
e o ez o -I -
e
c o • • '-(3
g i
1 ) 0 C O M M ( 7 3 7 3(
r 2A J . . 4 * §
. ,E §
§
q .
M ( 3 7 C O §
e i b 1 *•
0
• . 4 . '
e n
o
i s
2 C O M
' e l • c • •
2 24
< <